99 99 99 99 99 ,transcriber's ,note3 ,the original publication has been replicated faithfully except as shown in the ,,transcriber',s ,,amendments at the end of the text4 ,this etext presumes a mono-spaced font on the user's device1 such as ,courier ,new4 ,words in italics are indicated like this4 ,text emphasized with bold characters or other treatment is shown like this4 ,the author indicates questionable data with 7874 ,superscripts are indicated like this3 ,sta ,maria4 ,subscripts are indicated like this3 ,h#b,o4 ,examples of short and long vowels3 7a3 a with a breve overhead1 indicating a short vowel4 o3 o with a macron overhead1 indicating a long vowel4 oe is the oe ligature4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,cooley',s ,,cyclop,,dia ,,of ,,practical ,,receipts ,,and ,,collateral ,,information ,,in ,,the ,,arts1 ,,manufactures1 ,,professions1 ,,and ,,trades ,,including ,medicine1 ,pharmacy1 ,hygiene1 and ,domestic ,economy ,,designed ,,as ,a ,,comprehensive ,,supplement ,,to ,,the ,,pharmacop,,oe,,ia ,,and ,,general ,,book ,,of ,,reference ,,for ,,the ,,manufacturer1 ,,tradesman1 ,,amateur1 ,,and ,,heads ,,of ,,families ,,sixth ,,edition ,,revised ,,and ,,greatly ,,enlarged ,,by ,,richard ,v4 ,,tuson1 ,f4,i4,c41 ,f4,c4,s4 ,,professor ,,of ,,chemistry ,,in ,,the ,,royal ,,veterinary ,,college2 ,,formerly ,,lecturer ,,on ,,chemistry ,,at ,,the ,,charing ,,cross ,,hospital4 ,,vol4 ,i ,illustration ,,london ,j4 ,a4 ,,churchill1 ,,new ,,burlington ,,street #ahhj ,,printed ,,by ,,adlard ,,and ,,son ,,bartholomew ,,close4 ,,preface ,,to ,,the ,,sixth ,,edition ,some one has said that when a book reaches a fifth edition it scarcely requires a preface4 ,if such be true of a fifth1 it is probably still truer of a sixth edition1 and therefore this issue of ',cooley's ,cyclopdia' might fairly be sent forth to the public without any prefatory remarks whatever4 ,it is1 however1 desirable to point out that the present edition is larger than the last by about six hundred pages2 that much greater space than hitherto is devoted to ,hygine 7including sanitation1 the composition and adulteration of foods7 as well as to the ,arts1 ,pharmacy1 ,manufacturing ,chemistry1 and other subjects of importance to those for whom the work is intended4 ,the articles on what is commonly termed ',household ,medicine' have been amplified and numerically increased4 ,short accounts of the more common diseases1 their causes1 symptoms1 and treatment1 affecting the domesticated animals have been introduced4 ,here1 however1 it may be useful to repeat the cautions given in other parts of this volume1 as to the impropriety of unnecessarily meddling with the healing art or neglecting a prompt application 7where and when possible7 to a duly qualified practitioner in all cases demanding medical or surgical aid4 ,these remarks of ,mr ,cooley are as applicable to cases of ,veterinary as to those of ,human ,medicine4 ,numerous authors have necessarily been consulted2 a list of them1 and the titles of their works from which information has been derived1 will be found at the end of the second volume4 ,when extracts have been introduced verbatim the authority is quoted in the body of the book4 ,many of my scientific confrres have rendered me valuable aid in preparing this edition2 but ,i am particularly indebted to my accomplished and zealous friend ,mr ,john ,gardner for his hearty and constant co-operation2 to ,dr ,lionel ,beale for his kindness in revising the articles on ,urine1 ,urinary ,diseases1 c41 as well as for the use of cuts from his celebrated works on these subjects2 to my friend and former pupil ,mr ,f4 ,woodland ,toms for revising and rewriting the articles on ,sewage and ,water2 and to my assistants ,mr ,james ,bayne and ,mr ,cuthbert ,neison for correcting proof4 ,the laborious task of preparing a sixth edition of ',cooley' having been accomplished1 it is hoped that1 due consideration being given to the magnitude of the work and to the great variety of the subjects treated1 it will be found to be practically free from important errors1 and that it will meet with1 at least1 the same gratifying reception as that accorded to its predecessors4 ,,richard ,v4 ,,tuson4 ,,chemical ,,laboratory2 ,,royal ,,veterinary ,,college1 ,,london4 ,january1 #ahhj4 ,,preface ,the design of the present work is briefly1 but not completely expressed in its title-page4 ,independently of a reliable and comprehensive collection of formul and processes in nearly all the industrial and useful arts1 it contains a description of the leading properties and applications of the substances referred to1 together with ample directions1 hints1 data1 and allied information1 calculated to facilitate the development of the practical value of the book in the shop1 the laboratory1 the factory1 and the household4 ,notices of the substances embraced in the ,materia ,medica of our national pharmacopoeias1 in addition to the whole of their preparations1 and numerous other animal and vegetable substances employed in medicine1 as well as most of those used for food1 clothing1 and fuel1 with their economic applications1 have been included in the work4 ,the synonymes and references are other additions which will prove invaluable to the reader4 ,lastly1 there have been appended to all the principal articles referred to brief1 but clear1 directions for determining their purity and commercial value1 and for detecting their presence and proportions in compounds4 ,the sources from which ,i have derived the vast mass of materials forming this volume are such as to render it deserving the utmost confidence4 ,i have invariably resorted to the best and latest authorities1 and have consulted almost innumerable volumes1 both ,british and foreign1 during its compilation4 ,secondary channels of information have been scarcely ever relied on when original authorities were within my reach4 ,a large portion of the work has been derived from my personal experience and observations in the departments of applied chemistry and hygiene1 and from the processes of various laboratories and manufactories1 many of which ,i can the more confidently recommend from having either inspected or witnessed their employment on an extensive scale4 ,the indiscriminate adoption of matter1 without examination1 has been uniformly avoided1 and in no instance has any formula or process been admitted into this work1 unless it rested on some well-known fact of science1 had been sanctioned by usage1 or come recommended by some respectable authority4 ,the settlement of doubtful or disputed points has often occupied me a greater number of hours1 and not unfrequently a greater number of days1 than that of the lines of letter-press which convey the results to the public4 ,in all cases precedence has been given to the standard formul of our national pharmacopoeias1 and to those processes which long experience1 or well-conducted experiments1 have shown to be the most successful1 profitable1 and trustworthy4 ,in general1 the sources of information have been indicated1 for the purpose of enabling the reader to form a better estimation of their value4 ,whenever this is not the case1 in reference to borrowed formul and data1 the omission has arisen from the impossibility of determining to whom the merit is justly due4 ,i have endeavoured as much as possible1 in the present work1 to avoid confusion of the medical weights with those commonly used in trade and commerce--an attempt which1 so far as ,i am aware1 has not been successfully carried out in any other quarter4 ,for this purpose ,i determined to entirely abandon the usual arbitrary signs or characters employed to represent the divisions of the apothecaries' pound1 and to distinguish the two weights from each other1 by simply printing1 in different type1 the plain ,english names and abbreviations representing their several denominations4 ,the medical signs for the imperial gallon and its subdivisions have also been abandoned for their common ,english names4 ,it would have afforded me pleasure to have reduced all the quantities to one uniform standard1 had it been practicable1 or1 in all cases1 advisable4 ,under the names of most of the leading diseases that could be profitably noticed in the present work1 such explanations and directions have been given as accord with the prevailing opinions and practice of the faculty at the present day4 ,these1 when judiciously applied1 will prove invaluable to emigrants1 travellers1 voyagers1 and other parties beyond the reach of legitimate medical assistance2 and1 under opposite circumstances1 will1 in general1 enable those who have the care of the sick the better to second and carry out the instructions and efforts of the physician for the benefit of their charge4 ,here1 however1 it may be useful to repeat the cautions given in other parts of this volume1 as to the impropriety of unnecessarily meddling with the healing art1 or neglecting a prompt application to a duly qualified practitioner1 in all cases demanding either medical or surgical aid4 ,it is an indubitable fact that the best efforts of the inexperienced and uninitiated in the mysteries of medical science must be always enormously behind those of parties whose whole lives and study have been devoted to the subject4 ,the nature of a condensed alphabetical arrangement not permitting numerous articles to come under distinct heads1 or to be referred to under all their synonymes1 the casual reader may often be led to suppose that this book is most deficient where in reality it is the most copious4 ,in general ,i have attempted1 as much as possible1 to bring together subjects of a closely allied character1 and compounds which are analogous to each other1 either in constitution or the mode of their preparation4 ,thus1 most of the formul for ,mixtures1 ,ointments1 ,pills1 c41 follow in alphabetical order the general articles under these heads2 whilst those for the ,oxides1 ,salts1 c41 follow the names of their respective bases4 ,in like manner1 a notice of a number of preparations will be found included in that of their principal ingredients4 ,the names under which the leading substances appear are generally those which are most familiar to well-informed practical men1 and which have commonly reference to either their acknowledged chemical constitution1 or to some long-known and easily recognised quality4 ,the following extract conveys an important lesson on this subject1 with which ,i perfectly agree3--,we have been unwilling to make any unnecessary changes in the nomenclature of substances whose names are sanctioned by the usage of the present day2 for these names have been1 for the most part1 rightly assigned by our predecessors1 or confirmed by lapse of time4 ,we are indeed aware that every improvement in the knowledge of things ought to be embodied in their names2 but we must be careful1 in selecting or forming these names1 not to make those points appear certain and established which are as yet doubtful1 for it is safer to be in the rear than advance of natural history4#a ,footnote #a3 ,preface to the ,ph4 ,l41 #ahea4 ,i have exerted myself to the utmost to ensure the accuracy and completeness of this volume1 but ,i feel conscious that1 after all my efforts for this purpose1 some errors have crept into it1 that many subjects which deserve insertion in it have been omitted1 and that many others have been either imperfectly or too briefly noticed4 ,yet these failures1 however frequent1 may1 ,i trust1 admit of extenuation and apology4 ,to have attempted much is always laudable1 even where the enterprise is above the strength that undertakes it4 ,to rest below his aim is incident to every one whose fancy is active1 and whose views are comprehensive2 nor is any man satisfied with himself because he has done much1 but because he conceives little4 ,when ,i commenced this work ,i resolved to leave nothing within its legitimate limits unexamined or unelucidated2 and ,i flattered myself with a prospect of the hours which ,i should thus revel away in a pursuit so congenial to my desires--the treasures with which ,i expected every search into those neglected mines to reward my labour--and the triumph with which ,i should display my acquisitions to mankind4 ,but these were the dreams of a poet1 doomed at last to wake a ,cyclopdist4 ,the long task which ,i had undertaken soon exhibited its truly onerous character1 and daily grew in urgency1 until that which promised to be a pleasure had been transformed into an exhausting and continuous labour4 ,at first1 a sacrifice of the hours of leisure only seemed necessary to the undertaking--next1 those assigned to professional and business avocations were demanded1 and absorbed2 but1 ere long1 one by one1 the hours usually devoted to repose were sucked into the insatiable vortex1 until the bright beams of the rising sun not unfrequently illumined the lamp-lit study or the gloomy laboratory1 and surprised the author1 no longer an enthusiast1 at his still-enduring task4 ,but long ere this ,i had learned that to carry out my original resolutions in all their completeness and entirety was impossible1 and that to pursue perfection was1 like the first inhabitants of ,arcadia1 to chase the sun1 which1 when they had reached the hill where he had seemed to rest1 was still at the same distance from them4#b ,all ,i can further say in reference to this point is simply to assure the reader that three of the elements usually deemed essential to give value to a technological work--viz4 zeal1 industry1 and capital--have not been wanting in the production of the present one2--the first two depending on the author1 and the other chiefly on the liberality and enterprise of the publisher4 ,footnote #b3 ,dr ,samuel ,johnson's ,preface to his ,english ,dictionary4 ,as heretofore1 ,i beg to solicit my readers to apprise me of any inaccuracies or omissions in this volume which may come beneath their notice4 ,i shall also thankfully receive any hints or suggestions tending to the improvement of future editions of this work4 ,such communications1 to be useful1 must1 however be written on only one side of the paper4 ,parties who may thus kindly afford me assistance will1 in due course1 have their services publicly acknowledged2 and their names and addresses1 unless when otherwise requested1 will be published in full4 ,i have endeavoured to render the present volume as self-explanatory as possible1 and1 in general1 have appended ample directions to the several formul and processes that seemed to me likely to cause embarrassment to those inexpert in chemical manipulation2 but should any party find it otherwise1 ,i shall be happy to reply1 gratuitously1 to any reasonable questions tending to elucidate the difficulty4 ,in conclusion1 ,i may add that1 having now for nearly a quarter of a century devoted my attention to the applications of chemistry in most of the useful arts and manufactures1 both ,british and foreign1 and in sanitation1 ,i am in possession of many valuable processes and formul1 hitherto wholly unknown1 or but partially developed1 with various improved plans of factories1 laboratories1 ventilation1 c41 which the limits of this work will not permit me to describe in its pages1 but on which ,i should be happy to communicate with parties interested in the same4 ,persons desirous of establishing any new branch of manufacture1 or of improving an existing one1 or of determining the purity or value of articles of food1 wines1 liqueurs1 medicines1 c41 or of obtaining formul or processes which are not contained in this work1 may1 in like manner1 have their wishes complied with1 by enclosing to me samples1 or the requisite information4 ,,arnold ,j4 ,,cooley4 ,,names ,,of ,,those ,,who ,,have ,,contributed ,,to1 ,,or ,,assisted ,,in ,,the ,,revision ,,of1 ,,this ,,edition ,,john ,,attfield1 ,ph4,d41 ,f4,i4,c41 ,f4,c4,s41 ,professor of ,practical ,chemistry to the ,pharmaceutical ,society of ,great ,britain4 ,j4 ,,wortley ,,axe1 ,p4,c4,v4,m4,s41 ,professor of ,histology in the ,royal ,veterinary ,college4 ,,lloyd ,,bullock1 ,f4,i4,c41 ,f4,c4,s4 ,e4 ,l4 ,,barret1 ,b4,sc41 ,f4,i4,c41 ,f4,c4,s4 ,e4 ,,canton1 ,f4,r4,c4,s41 ,surgeon to ,charing ,cross ,hospital4 ,,spencer ,,cobbold1 ,m4,d41 ,f4,r4,s41 ,professor of ,parasitology and ,botany in the ,royal ,veterinary ,college4 ,,stephen ,,darby1 ,f4,c4,s4 ,,dr ,,de ,,vrij1 of the ,hague4 ,,john ,,gardner1 ,f4,i4,c41 ,f4,c4,s4 ,,william ,,harkness1 ,f4,i4,c41 ,f4,c4,s41 ,f4,r4,m4,s41 ,assistant ,chemist in the ,laboratory of the ,inland ,revenue ,department1 ,somerset ,house4 ,c4 ,w4 ,,heaton1 ,f4,i4,c41 ,f4,c4,s41 ,lecturer on ,chemistry at the ,charing ,cross ,hospital4 ,,edmund ,,neison1 ,f4,i4,c41 ,f4,c4,s4 ,,william ,,pritchard1 ,professor of ,anatomy in the ,royal ,veterinary ,college4 ,a4 ,e4 ,,sansom1 ,m4,d4 ,lond41 ,m4,r4,c4,p41 ,physician to the ,royal ,hospital for ,diseases of the ,chest4 ,j4 ,b4 ,,simonds1 ,principal of1 and ,professor of ,pathology in1 the ,royal ,veterinary ,college4 ,,john ,,spiller1 ,f4,i4,c41 ,f4,c4,s4 ,,john ,,stenhouse1 ,,ll4,d41 ,f4,r4,s41 formerly ,lecturer on chemistry in ,st4 ,bartholomew's ,hospital4 ,,abbreviations1 ,,etc41 ,,used ,,in ,,this ,,work ,these1 for the most part1 consist of the first syllable1 or the initial letter or letters of the words they stand for4 ,as ,prep41 preparation2 ,pur41 purity2 ,purif41 purification2 ,obs41 observations2 ,var41 varieties1 c4--,ph41 stands for pharmacopoeia2 ,b4 ,p41 for ,british ,pharmacopoeia2 ,ind4 ,ph41 for ,indian ,pharmacopoeia2 ,cod41 for ,codex4--,l41 ,e41 ,d41 ,p41 ,u4 ,s41 c41 associated with the last two abbreviations1 are the initial letters of the cities and countries which produced the respective works2 as1 ,london1 ,edinburgh1 ,dublin1 ,paris1 ,united ,states1 c4 ,when no dates are given1 the last editions of the pharmacopoeias are referred to4 lb41 oz41 dr41 respectively represent the pound1 ounce1 and drachm 7#a_/h oz471 ,,avoirdupois ,,weight4 ,this is the only weight employed in the ,british and last ,dublin ,pharmacopoeias4 lb41 oz41 dr41 and gr41 refer to the pound1 ounce1 drachm1 and grain1 ,,apothecaries' or ,,troy ,,weight4 ,the word 'drop' in all cases indicates a measured drop or minim4 ,the names of individuals which appear in this work are those to whom the immediately attached information or formula is usually attributed1 or on whose recommendation or authority it has been selected4 ' denotes the accented vowel or syllable4 '' that the following consonant coalesces with the preceding letter in utterance4 dagger that the name or the definition to which it is attached is 'obsolete1' 99 that the name or the definition to which it is attached is 'obsolescent1' little used1 or objectionable4 double-dagger that the name or the definition to which it is attached is 'colloquial1' or popular1 or used only in trade4 that the name or the definition to which it is attached is 'vulgar1' ,a ,,cyclop,,dia ,,of ,,practical ,,receipts1 ,,processes1 ,,and ,,collateral ,,information ,a--,,abbreviation ,a-1 ab-1 abs-4 ,l4 ,in composition1 from1 denoting distance1 departure1 separation1 or opposition2 as in aberration1 abstraction1 abnormal1 c4 ,a-1 an-4 ,gr4 ,in composition1 no1 not1 without1 denoting the absence or loss of some quality or thing2 as in achromatic1 anhydrous1 amorphous1 c4 ,,ab',,aca 7k7ah74 ,a species of vegetable fibre1 of several varieties1 obtained in the ,philippine ,islands1 and remarkable for its brilliancy1 strength1 and durability4 ,the finer kinds are woven into muslins1 and other delicate fabrics2 the coarser are formed into mats1 cordage1 and sail-cloth4 ,it has been recently employed in ,paris for the manufacture of various articles of furniture and dress2 including bonnets1 tapestry1 carpets1 network1 hammocks1 c4 ,the fibre1 and fabrics made of it1 may be bleached and dyed in a similar manner to flax and linen4 ,,abattoir4 ,a public slaughter-house for cattle1 c41 usually erected within the walls or precincts of a continental town or city4 ,,abbreviation4 ,one or more of the earlier letters of a word used to express the whole4 #a4 ,abbreviations in general use3-- ,a4,b41 ,bachelor of ,arts4 ,a4,d41 ,in the year of our ,lord4 ,a4,i4,c41 ,associate of the ,institute of ,chemistry4 ,a4,i4,c4,e41 ,associate of the ,institute of ,civil ,engineers4 ,a4,m41 ,master of ,arts4--,before noon4 ,a4,r4,a41 ,associate of the ,royal ,academy4 ,b4,a41 ,bachelor of ,arts4 ,bart41 ,baronet4 ,b4,c41 ,before ,christ4 ,b4,d41 ,bachelor of ,divinity4 ,b4,sc41 ,bachelor of ,science4 ,c4,b41 ,companion of the ,bath4 ,c4,e41 ,civil ,engineer4 ,c4,s41 ,civil ,service4 ,d4,c4,l41 ,doctor of ,civil ,laws4 ,d4,d41 ,doctor of ,divinity4 ,d4,g41 ,by the ,grace of ,god4 ,dr41 ,doctor4--,debtor4 ,d4,sc41 ,doctor of ,science4 ,d4,v41 ,god willing4 ,ed41 ,editor1 or ,edition4 e4g41 for example4 ,f4,c4,p41 ,fellow of the ,college of ,preceptors4 ,f4,c4,s41 ,fellow of the ,chemical ,society4 ,f4,g4,s41 ,fellow of the ,geological ,society4 ,f4,i4,c41 ,fellow of the ,institute of ,chemistry4 ,f4,l4,s41 ,fellow of the ,linnean ,society4 ,f4,r4,a4,s41 ,fellow of the ,royal ,astronomical ,society4 ,f4,r4,c4,p41 ,fellow of the ,royal ,college of ,physicians4 ,f4,r4,c4,s41 ,fellow of the ,royal ,college of ,surgeons4 ,f4,r4,g4,s41 ,fellow of the ,royal ,geographical ,society4 ,f4,r4,s41 ,fellow of the ,royal ,society4 ,f4,r4,s4,e41 ,fellow of the ,royal ,society of ,edinburgh4 ,h4,m4,s41 ,her ,majesty's ,ship4 ,h4,r4,h41 ,his 7or ,her7 ,royal ,highness4 i4e41 ,that is4 ,inst41 ,instant 7the present month74 ,i4,h4,s41 ,jesus the ,saviour of ,man4 ,k4,b41 ,knight of the ,bath4 ,k4,c4,b41 ,knight ,commander of the ,bath4 ,k4,g41 ,knight of the ,garter4 ,knt41 ,knight4 ,k4,st4,p41 ,knight of ,st4 ,patrick4 ,k4,t41 ,knight of the ,thistle4 ,l4,a4,c41 ,licentiate of the ,apothecaries' ,company4 ,lat41 ,latitude4 ,l4,d41 ,licentiate in ,dentistry4 ,,ll4,d41 ,doctor of ,laws4 ,l4,m41 ,licentiate in ,midwifery4 ,loc4 cit41 ,the part referred to4 ,lon4 or ,long41 ,longitude4 ,m4,a41 ,master of ,arts4 ,m4,b41 ,bachelor of ,medicine4 ,m4,c41 ,master of ,surgery4--,master of the ,ceremonies4 ,m4,c4,p41 ,member of the ,college of ,preceptors4 ,m4,d41 ,doctor of ,medicine4 ,m4,i4,b4,a41 ,member of the ,institute of ,british ,architects4 ,m4,r4,c4,p41 ,member of the ,royal ,college of ,physicians4 ,m4,r4,c4,s41 ,member of the ,royal ,college of ,surgeons4 ,m4,r4,c4,v4,s41 ,member of the ,royal ,college of ,veterinary ,surgeons4 ,m4,r4,i41 ,member of the ,royal ,institution4 ,m4,r4,i4,a41 ,member of the ,royal ,irish ,academy4 ,,ms41 ,manuscript4 ,,mss41 ,manuscripts4 ,mus4 ,doc41 ,doctor of ,music4 ,n4,b41 ,mark well4 ,nem4 con41 ,without opposition4 ,o4,h4,m4,s41 ,on ,her ,majesty's service4 ,op4 cit41 ,the work quoted4 ,per cent4 7often expressed by the sign 71 ,by the hundred4 ,ph4,d41 ,doctor of ,philosophy4 ,p4,m41 ,afternoon4 ,prox41 ,the next 7month74 ,p4,s41 ,postscript4 ,q4,c41 ,queen's ,counsel4 ,qy4 7871 ,query1 ,question4 ,r4,a41 ,royal ,academician--,royal ,artillery4 ,r4,e41 ,royal ,engineers4 ,r4,h4,a41 ,royal ,horse ,artillery4 ,r4,m41 ,royal ,marines4 ,r4,n41 ,royal ,navy4 ,tr41 ,translator4 ,ult41 ,the last 7month74 v4 or vide1 ,see4 ,w4,s41 ,writer to the ,signet4 1 ampersand1 and4 c41 et cetera1 ,and so on4 #b4 ,abbreviations used in ,prescriptions3-- ,a4 aa41 ana 7,greek71 of each4 ,equally by weight or measure4 ,abdom41 abdomen1 the abdomen1 the belly4 ,abs4 febr41 absente febre1 fever being absent4 ,ad #b vic41 ad secundum vicem1 to the second time2 or ad duas vices1 for two times4 ,ad gr4 acid41 ad gratam aciditatem1 to an agreeable acidity4 ,ad def4 animi1 ad defectionem animi1 to fainting4 ,ad del4 an41 ad deliquium animi1 to fainting4 ,ad libit41 ad libitum1 at pleasure4 ,add41 adde1 or addantur1 add1 or let them be added2 addendus1 to be added4 ,adjac41 adjacens1 adjacent4 ,admov41 admove1 admoveatur1 admoveantur1 apply1 let it be applied1 let them be applied4 ,ads4 febre1 adstante febre1 while the fever is present4 ,alter4 hor41 alternis horis1 every other hour4 ,alvo adstr41 alvo adstrict1 when the bowels are confined4 ,aq4 astr41 aqua astricta1 frozen water4 ,aq4 bull41 aqua bulliens1 boiling water4 ,aq4 com41 aqua communis1 common water4 ,aq4 fluv41 aqua fluviatilis1 river water4 ,aq4 mar41 aqua marina1 sea water4 ,aq4 niv41 aqua nivalis1 snow water4 ,aq4 pluv41 aqua pluviatilis1 or pluvialis1 rain water4 ,aq4 ferv41 aqua fervens1 hot water4 ,aq4 font41 aqua fontana1 or aqua fontis1 spring water4 ,bis ind41 bis in dies1 twice a day4 ,bib41 bibe1 drink4 ,,bb41 ,bbds41 ,barbadensis1 ,barbadoes1 as alo ,barbadensis4 ,b4,m41 balneum mari1 or balneum maris1 a warm-water bath4 ,b4 ,p41 or ,b4 ,ph41 ,british ,pharmacopoeia4 ,but41 butyrum1 butter4 ,b4,v41 balneum vaporis1 a vapour bath4 ,crul41 cruleus1 blue4 ,cap41 capiat1 let him 7or her7 take4 ,calom41 calomelas1 calomel1 subchloride of mercury4 ,c4 ,c41 cornu cervi1 hartshorn2 it may also signify cucurbitula cruenta1 the cupping-glass with scarificator4 ,c4,c4,u41 cornu cervi ustum1 burnt hartshorn4 ,cochleat41 cochleatim1 by spoonfuls4 ,coch4 ampl41 cochleare amplum1 a large 7or table7 spoonful2 about half a fluid ounce4 ,coch4 infant41 cochleare infantis1 a child's 7or tea7 spoonful4 ,coch4 magn41 cochleare magnum1 a large spoonful4 ,coch4 med41 cochleare medium1 a middling or moderate spoonful2 that is1 ,coch4 mod41 cochleare modicum1 a dessert-spoonful--about two fluid drachms4 ,coch4 parv41 cochleare parvum1 a small 7or tea7 spoonful2 it contains about one fluid drachm4 ,col41 cola1 strain4 ,col41 colatus1 strained4 ,colet41 coletur1 colat41 colatur1 let it be strained2 colatur1 to the strained liquor4 ,colent41 colentur1 let them be strained4 ,color41 coloretur1 let it be coloured4 ,comp41 compositus1 compounded4 ,cong41 congius1 a gallon4 ,cons41 conserva1 conserve2 also 7imperat4 of conservo7 keep4 ,cont4 rem41 or med41 continuentur remedia1 or medicamenta1 let the remedies1 or the medicines1 be continued4 ,coq41 coque1 boil2 coquantur1 let them be boiled4 ,coq4 ad med4 consumpt41 coque or coquatur ad medietatis consumptionem1 boil1 or let it be boiled to the consumption of one half4 ,coq4 ,s4 ,a41 coque secundum artem1 boil according to art4 ,coq4 in ,s4 ,a41 coque in sufficiente quantitate aqu1 boil in a sufficient quantity of water4 ,cort41 cortex1 bark4 ,c4 v41 cras vespere1 to-morrow evening4 ,c4 m4 s41 cras mane sumendus1 to be taken to-morrow morning4 ,c4 n41 cras nocte1 to-morrow night4 ,crast41 crastinus1 for to-morrow4 ,cuj41 cujus1 of which4 ,cujusl41 cujuslibet1 of any4 ,cyath4 the1 cyatho the1 in a cup of tea4 ,cyath41 cyathus1 vel1 a wine-glass2 from an ounce and half444 ,c4 vinar41 cyathus vinarius2 to two ounces and half4 ,deaur4 pil41 deaurentur pilul1 let the pills be gilt4 ,deb4 spiss41 debitur spissitudo1 due consistence4 ,dec41 decanta1 pour off4 ,decub4 hor41 decubits hor1 at the hour of going to bed1 or at bedtime4 ,de d4 in d41 de die in diem1 from day to day4 ,deglut41 deglutiatur1 let it be swallowed4 ,dej4 alv41 dejectiones alvi1 stools4 ,det41 detur1 let it be given4 ,dieb4 alt41 diebus alternis1 every other day4 ,dieb4 tert41 diebus tertiis1 every third day4 ,dil41 dilue1 dilutus1 dilute 7thin71 diluted4 ,diluc41 diluculo1 at break of day4 ,dim41 dimidius1 one half4 ,d4 in #b plo41 deter in duplo1 let it be given in twice the quantity4 ,d4 in p4 q41 dividatur in partes quales1 let it be divided in equal parts4 ,d4 ,p41 directione propria1 with a proper direction4 ,donec alv4 bis dej41 donec alvus bis dejecerit1 until the bowels have been twice opened4 ,donec alv4 sol4 fuer41 donec alvus soluta fuerit1 until the bowels have been loosened4 ,donec dol4 neph4 exulav41 donec dolor nephriticus exulaverit1 until the nephritic pain has been removed4 ,d41 dosis1 a dose4 ,eburn41 eburneus1 made of ivory4 ,ed41 edulcorata1 edulcorated4 ,ejusd41 ejusdem1 of the same4 ,elect41 electuarium1 an electuary4 ,enem41 enema1 a clyster4 ,exhib41 exhibeatur1 let it be administered4 ,ext4 sup4 alut4 moll41 extende super alutam mollem1 spread upon soft leather4 ,f41 fac1 make2 fiat1 fiant1 let it be made1 let them be made4 ,f4 pil41 fiant pilul1 let pills be made4 ,fasc41 fasciculus1 a bundle4 ,feb4 dur41 febre durante1 during the fever4 ,fem4 intern41 femoribus internis1 to the inside of the thighs4 ,f4 vens41 fiat vensectio1 let venesection be performed4 ,f4 ,h41 fiat haustus1 let a draught be made4 ,fict41 fictilis1 earthen4 ,fil41 filtrum1 a filter4 ,fist4 arm41 fistula armata1 a clyster-pipe and bladder fitted for use4 ,fl41 fluidus1 fluid4 ,f4 ,l4 ,a41 fiat lege artis1 let it be made by the rules of art4 ,f4 ,m41 fiat mistura1 let a mixture be made4 ,f4 ,s4 ,a41 fiat secundum artem1 let it be made according to art4 ,gel4 quav41 gelatina quavis1 in any jelly4 ,g4 ,g4 ,g41 gummi gutt gamb1 gamboge4 ,gr41 granum1 a grain2 grana1 grains4 ,gr4 vj pond41 grana sex pondere1 six grains by weight4 ,gtt41 gutta1 a drop2 gutt1 drops4 ,gtt4 quibusd41 guttis quibusdam1 with some drops4 ,guttat41 guttatim1 by drops4 ,har4 pil4 sum4 iij1 harum pilularum sumantur tres1 of these pills let three be taken4 ,h4 ,d41 or hor4 decub41 hor decubits1 at bedtime4 ,h4 ,p41 haustus purgans1 purging draught4 ,h4 ,s41 hor somni1 at the hour of going to sleep4 ,hor4 un4 sptio1 hor unius spatio1 at the expiration of one hour4 ,hor4 interm41 horis intermediis1 in the intermediate hours4 ,hor4 #aam mat41 hor undecim matutin1 at #aa o'clock in the morning4 ,ind41 indies1 daily4 ,in pulm41 in pulmento1 in gruel4 ,ind4 ,ph41 ,indian ,pharmacopoeia4 ,inf41 infunde1 infuse4 ,inj4 enem41 injiciatur enema1 let a clyster be thrown up4 ,jul41 julepus1 julapium1 a julep4 ,kal4 ppt41 kali prparatum1 prepared kali 7potass carbonas74 ,lat4 dol41 lateri dolenti1 to the affected side4 ,m41 misce1 mix2 mensur1 by measure2 manipulus1 a handful2 minimum1 a minim4 ,mane pr41 mane primo1 early in the morning4 ,man41 manipulus1 a handful4 ,min41 minimum1 a minim1 the #fjth part of a drachm measure4 ,m4 ,p41 massa pilularum1 a pill mass4 ,m4,r41 mistura1 a mixture4 ,mic4 pan41 mica panis1 crumb of bread4 ,mitt41 mitte1 send2 mittantur1 let them be sent4 ,mitt4 sang4 ad ozxij1 mitte sanguinem ad ozxij1 take blood to twelve ounces4 ,mod4 prscr41 modo prscripto1 in the manner directed4 ,mor4 dict41 more dicto1 in the way ordered4 ,mor4 sol41 more solito1 in the usual way4 ,ne tr4 s4 num41 ne tradas sine nummo1 do not deliver it without the money4 ,no41 numero1 in number4 ,n4 ,m41 nux moschata1 a nutmeg4 ,o41 octarius1 a pint4 ,ol4 lini s4 i41 oleum lini sine lign1 cold-drawn linseed oil4 ,omn4 hor41 omni hor1 every hour4 ,omn4 bid41 omni biduo1 every two days4 ,omn4 bih41 omni bihorio1 every two hours4 ,o4 ,m41 or omn4 man41 omni mane1 every morning4 ,o4 ,n41 or omn4 noct41 omni nocte1 every night4 ,omn4 quadr4 hor41 omni quadrante hor1 every quarter of an hour4 ,o4 ,o4 ,o41 oleum oliv optimum1 best olive oil4 ,ov41 ovum1 an egg4 ,oz41 the ounce avoirdupois4 ,p4 41 part4 qual41 partes quales1 equal parts4 ,p4 d41 per deliquium1 by deliquescence4 ,past41 pastillus1 a pastil1 or ball of paste4 ,p41 pondere1 by weight4 ,ph4 ,d41 ,pharmacopoeia ,dubliniensis4 ,ph4 ,e41 ,pharmacopoeia ,edinensis4 ,ph4 ,l41 ,pharmacopoeia ,londinensis4 ,ph4 ,u4 ,s41 ,pharmacopoeia of the ,united ,states4 ,part4 vic41 partitis vicibus1 in divided doses4 ,per4 op4 emet41 peract operatione emetici1 the operation of the emetic being over4 ,pocul41 poculum1 a cup4 ,pocill41 pocillum1 a small cup4 ,post sing4 sed4 liq41 post singulas sedes liquidas1 after every loose stool4 ,ppt41 prparata1 prepared4 ,p4 r4 n41 pro re nata1 occasionally4 ,p4 rat4 tat41 pro ratione tatis1 according to the age4 ,pug41 pugillus1 a pinch1 a gripe between the thumb and the two first fingers4 ,pulv41 pulvis1 pulverizatus1 a powder1 pulverised4 ,q4 l41 quantum lubet1 as much as you ,q4 p41 quantum placet1 please4 ,q4 s41 quantum sufficiat1 as much as may suffice4 ,quor41 quorum1 of which4 ,q4 ,v41 quantum vis1 as much as you will4 ,red4 in pulv41 redactus in pulverem1 reduced to powder4 ,redig4 in pulv41 redigatur in pulverem1 let it be reduced into powder4 ,reg4 umbil41 regio umbilici1 the umbilical region4 ,repet41 repetatur1 or repetantur1 let it1 or them1 be repeated4 ,s4 ,a41 secundum artem1 according to art4 ,scat41 scatula1 a box4 ,s4 ,n41 secundum naturam1 according to nature4 ,semidr41 semidrachma1 half a drachm4 ,semih41 semihora1 half an hour4 ,sesunc41 sesuncia1 half an ounce4 ,sesquih41 sesquihora1 an hour and a half4 ,si n4 val41 si non valeat1 if it does not answer4 ,si op4 sit1 si opus sit1 if it be necessary4 ,si vir4 perm41 si vires permittant1 if the strength allow it4 ,signat41 signatura1 a label4 ,sign4 n4 pr41 signetur nomine proprio1 let it be written upon1 let it be signed with the proper name 7not the trade name74 ,sing41 singulorum1 of each4 ,s4 ,s4 ,s41 stratum super stratum1 layer upon layer4 ,ss41 semi1 a half4 ,st41 stet1 let it stand2 stent1 let them stand4 ,sub fin4 coct41 sub finem coctionis1 towards the end of boiling1 when the boiling is nearly finished4 ,sum4 tal41 sumat talem1 let the patient take one such as this4 ,summ41 summitates1 the summits or tops4 ,sum41 sume1 sumat1 sumatur1 sumantur1 take1 let him or her take1 let it be taken1 let them be taken4 ,s4 ,v41 spiritus vini1 spirit of wine4 ,s4 ,v4 ,r41 spiritus vini rectificatus1 rectified spirit of wine4 ,s4 ,v4 ,t41 spiritus vini tenuis1 proof spirit4 ,tabel41 tabella1 a lozenge4 ,temp4 dext41 tempori dextro1 to the right temple4 ,t4 ,o41 tinctura opii1 tincture of opium4 ,t4 ,o4 ,c41 tinctura opii camphorata1 camphorated tincture of opium4 ,tra41 tinctura1 tincture4 ,ult4 prscr41 ultimo prscriptus1 last prescribed4 ,u4 ,s4 ,ph41 ,united ,states' ,pharmacopoeia4 ,v4 ,o4 ,s41 vitello ovi solutus1 dissolved in the yolk of an egg4 ,vom4 urg41 vomitione urgente1 the vomiting being troublesome4 ,v4 ,s4 ,b41 vensectio brachii1 bleeding from the arm4 ,zz41 zingiber1 ginger4 ,see ,,formula1 ,,prescriptions1 ,,symbols1 c4 ,,abdo',,men4 ,eng41 ,fr41 ,l4 ,in anatomy1 the belly1 or lower belly2 the great cavity of the body extending from the thorax1 or chest1 to the bottom of the pelvis4 ,it contains the stomach1 intestines1 liver1 spleen1 kidneys1 bladder1 c42 and in the female1 the uterus1 ovaria4 c4 ,,ab',,erne',,thy ,,medicines4 ,these originally consisted of a calomel pill1 and subsequently of a mercurial or 'blue' pill1 to be taken over-night1 followed by an aromatised black draught in the morning4 ,the quantity of either of the former1 for an adult1 was about #c gr4 to #c-a_/b gr41 increased a little in bulk by the addition of some liquorice powder2 that of the latter1 from #a to #a-a_/b fl4 oz4 ,as1 however1 when frequently taken1 these pills sometimes occasioned salivation1 which proved prejudicial to their sale1 a little compound extract of colocynth 7,ph4 ,l41 #ahcf7 was introduced into their composition1 by which this objection was obviated4 ,ultimately1 their composition was settled at #c gr4 of mercurial pill1 and #b gr4 of compound extract of colocynth2 and these proportions are still followed as the best by those who prepare and sell them4 ,persons who object to black draught1 will find a dose of castor oil1 or of any other mild purgative medicine that may be more agreeable to them1 equally efficacious4 ,the occasional use of these medicines seldom fails to prove highly beneficial to the plethoric1 bilious1 and dyspeptic4 ,in ordinary cases of constipation1 headache1 c41 arising from deranged stomach or liver1 wherein the administration of mercurials is not contra-indicated1 they will be found of great service4 ,it need scarcely be added that these medicines are named after ,mr ,abernethy1 the celebrated surgeon1 who is said to have frequently employed them in his practice4 ,,aberra',,tion4 ,eng41 ,fr4 ,syn4 ,,aberra',,tio1 ,l4 ,a wandering or deviation from the usual course1 or from the normal condition4 ,in optics1 the deviation of the rays of light from the true focus1 when inflected by a lens or speculum4 ,this arises from a difference in the physical nature of the rays1 from the figure of the lenses or specula1 or from the nature of the materials of which the media traversed are composed4 ,see ,,achromatism1 ,,lens1 c4 ,aberration of mind4 ,mental alienation or wandering2 insanity4 ,a term frequently applied1 in familiar language1 to a mild form of incipient insanity or dementia1 which is more or less occasional or continued1 trifling or severe1 according to circumstances4 ,the studious1 nervous1 slothful1 and those who are engaged in sedentary occupations and spend much of their time in ill-ventilated apartments1 or who indulge in irregular or vicious habits1 as well as 'fast livers1' are the most liable to this affection4 ,it also frequently arises from disordered physical health4 ,treat41 c4 ,change of scene1 out-door exercise1 agreeable company1 pleasing and continued mental occupation1 and due attention to diet1 clothing1 ventilation1 c41 with the judicious use of some mild aperient medicine and tepid bathing1 will generally alleviate1 and frequently effect a cure4 ,for the prevention of its accession1 or its recurrence1 care should be taken to promote the general health1 and also1 where necessary1 to elevate the spirits and to divert the mind4 ,,ablu',,tion4 ,eng41 ,fr4 ,syn4 ,,ablu',,tio1 ,l4 ,in a general sense1 washing1 cleansing1 or purification by water4 ,ablution4 ,in hygine and the toilet1 a washing of the whole body1 or any part of it4 ,the value of frequent and copious affusions of pure water to the surface of the body is well known4 ,during life1 the skin is continually subjected to abrasion1 and the processes of reproduction and decay1 by which the cuticle1 its exterior portion1 is being constantly thrown off as effete and useless matter1 in the shape of very minute scales or dust4 ,this1 mingling with the oily and saline products of the skin1 acquires sufficient adhesiveness to attach itself to the surface of the body and clothing1 as well as to attract the waste particles of the dress1 and the dust and soot floating in the atmosphere4 ,in this way1 if occasional ablutions be not had recourse to1 the channels of perspiration will become choked1 and the clothing itself rendered unwholesome and unfit for use4 ,the consequence of the pores of the skin being obstructed is impeded transpiration1 by which its functions1 as a respiratory organ1 are interfered with or suspended4 ,this adhering pellicle of refuse matter also acts as an irritant1 and forms a favorable medium for the absorption1 and the transmission into the body1 of effluvia1 miasmata1 poisonous gases1 and the infectious and contagious matters of disease4 ,the greater part of 7contagious7 poisons are conveyed to us through the external surface of our bodies2 and it is fully proved that poison1 already communicated1 has been by cleanliness removed1 before it could actually produce any bad effects4 ,i here allude1 in particular1 to frequent washing1 bathing1 rinsing the mouth1 combing and brushing the hair1 and often changing the linen1 clothing1 and bedding4 7,hufeland47 ,such are the immediate effects of neglected ablution of the skin2 the further consequences are of an equally serious character4 ,the blood being deprived of one of its sources of oxygen1 and one of the outlets for its carbon1 the functions of nutrition become imperfect1 and the animal temperature lessened4 ,the matters which would be thrown out of the system in the form of perspiration are retained1 and must be eliminated by other channels4 ,the lungs1 the kidneys1 the liver1 and the bowels1 are each1 in their turn1 overtasked to perform the functions of another organ4 ,the oppressed viscera suffer from exhaustion1 and incipient disease soon follows4 ,their particular offices are languidly performed1 the equilibrium of health is disturbed1 and skin diseases1 or consumption1 diarrhoea1 dropsy1 liver-complaints1 visceral obesity1 or some other serious diseases of the vital organs1 ensue4 ,when it is added1 that no dirty or imperfectly washed skin can long continue healthy1 and ceasing to be healthy must also cease to be agreeable and beautiful1 the argument in favour of the daily use of water of good quality to the whole surface of the body1 when possible1 will surely be complete4 ,the inculcation of habits of personal cleanliness cannot be too forcibly emphasized4 ,the fact1 however1 cannot be overlooked1 that in order to introduce habits of cleanliness amongst the poorer classes1 a plentiful supply of water1 combined with cheap baths1 are requisite4 ,every officer of health should inquire into the amount as well as the character of the water supply in the district over which he has supervision4 ,the body should be washed all over every morning with either cold or lukewarm water and soap4 ,this custom is more necessary for workmen employed in laborious and dirty occupations than for those who live sedentary lives2 but all people perspire1 and from every drop of perspiration the water evaporates1 and leaves a fraction of solid matter on and around the pores that excrete the perspiration4 ,if this solid matter be not washed off1 it accumulates and may derange the health4 ,instances have occurred in which persons suffering from extensive bodily burns have died1 not from the effect of the injury1 but from the destruction of the pores or excreting vessels1 with which the skin is covered4 ,it is well1 therefore1 to bear in mind that a dirty skin does not always come from without1 but also from within4 ,cold ablution1 that has been so indiscriminately recommended1 is not half so efficacious1 nor so safe1 as lukewarm4 ,the ,german aurists ascribe the presence of the large amount of deafness in ,england to our habit of washing the head and ears each morning with cold water4 ,ablution4 ,in medicine1 the washing the body1 externally1 as by bathing2 or internally1 by diluting drinks4 ,in ancient medicine1 according to ,galen1 internal ablution was accomplished by the use of profuse libations of milk-whey2 an object now aimed at1 by the hydropathists1 by the copious administration of pure cold water4 ,to neglect the daily ablution of an infant is to discard one of the greatest aids to its healthy development and physical wellbeing4 ,that disregard of this precaution is a fertile source of most of the skin diseases that affect infants and children there seems little question about amongst medical men4 ,water at a temperature ranging from #hj to #ij ,f4 should always be used4 ,mr ,chevasse1 in his ',counsel to a ,mother1' is emphatic in his advocacy of rain water4 ,he also advises the employment of ,castile soap1 and of glycerine soap1 should there be any excoriation of the skin4 ,of course the same remarks apply to children as to infants1 with this difference1 that the ablution is to be performed with water a few degrees colder2 and both infants and children should be rubbed dry with a dry soft towel4 ,there are doubtless many persons who deem themselves cleanly washed1 if in addition to their hands and arms1 neck and face1 undergoing duly daily ablution1 they wash their feet once a week4 ,these individuals cannot reflect that1 because of their less exposure to the depurating influence of the atmosphere1 the feet require to be more frequently washed than either the hands or face4 ,see ,,bathing1 ,,baths1 ,,hydropathy1 c4 ,,abnorm',,al4 ,eng41 ,fr4 ,syn4 ,,abnor',,mis1 ,l4 ,in medicine and the collateral sciences1 contrary to1 or without system or rule2 irregular2 deformed2 unnatural4 ,in a diseased or unhealthy state4 ,,abortion ,,in ,,cows4 ,abortion is the expulsion of the contents of the pregnant womb before the full period of gestation is complete1 and occurs much more frequently in cows than in any other of the lower animals4 ,abortion is often induced by shocks and injuries1 feeding on ergotised grasses1 but more commonly by causes which are less obvious4 ,thus1 bad smells1 pasturing on flooded meadows1 rich and stimulating food1 and even association with other cows while aborting1 are among the exciting causes of this malady4 ,the premonitory signs are an irritable excited state of the animal1 a discharge from the vagina1 looseness and fulness of the external organs of generation1 and1 occasionally1 sudden enlargement of the udder4 ,these symptoms may continue for several days1 and1 if noticed before straining or other signs of calving have appeared1 the animal should be copiously bled and placed in a comfortable loose-box1 kept as quiet as possible1 moderately supplied with soft laxative food1 and1 if the bowels be costive1 with a pound or two of treacle daily4 ,powerful purgatives are too irritant1 and must1 therefore1 be studiously avoided4 ,two ounces of laudanum1 with the same quantity of sweet spirits of nitre1 should be given twice a day until all danger is over4 ,to prevent the continuance and spread of the evil1 place the cow by herself as soon as she aborts2 remove and bury the foetus beyond the reach of other cows2 feed off the cow1 if practicable1 but if she be again bulled1 it ought not to be for several weeks1 and until the period of heat is passing off2 remove all disagreeable smells1 and see that the remainder of the herd are moderately fed and carefully watched1 so that the earliest symptoms of abortion may be noticed4 ,,abra',,sion4 ,eng41 ,fr4 ,syn4 ,,abra',,sio1 ,l4 ,the rubbing or wearing down of surfaces by friction4 ,in the arts1 the reduction or figuration of materials by the use of an abrasive tool1 or grinder1 of which the effective portion is an exact counterpart of the form to be produced4 ,abrasion4 ,in numismatics1 the 'wear and tear1' or waste of the substance of coins1 in the pocket and circulation4 ,it forms a large item in the expense of a metallic currency4 ,the means employed to obviate1 or to reduce it1 consist in either alloying the metal to render it tougher and harder1 or raising the borders so as to lessen the surface exposed to friction4 ,in well-formed coin both methods are adopted4 ,abrasion4 ,in pathology and surgery--#a4 ,a superficial removal or injury of the skin by fretting or friction4 ,treat41 c4 ,when the injured surface is large1 or exposed1 it should be protected from dirt and further injury1 by applying a piece of lint or soft linen rag1 covered with spermaceti cerate1 or some other simple ointment2 over which a piece of strapping1 or bandage of any sort1 may be placed to keep it on4 ,in many cases1 a piece of common sticking-plaster will be found quite sufficient4 #b4 ,a very superficial ulceration or excoriation of the intestinal or other mucous membrane4 ,treat4 ,aperients of castor oil1 demulcents1 and a light nutritious diet4 ,see ,,excoriations4 ,,abrus ,,precatorius4 7,ind4 ,ph47 ,indian ,liquorice ,plant4 ,habitat4 ,tropical portions of both hemispheres1 ,officinal part4 ,the root 7,abri ,radix1 ,indian ,liquorice74 ,occurs in pieces of various lengths1 from #a_/b to #a inch in diameter2 pale brown externally1 yellowish internally2 inodorous1 taste sweetish and mucilaginous1 much resembling officinal liquorice root4 ,properties and uses4 ,similar to those of liquorice1 for which it forms an excellent substitute4 ,preparation4 ,,extract ,,of ,,abrus 7,extractum ,abri74 ,prepared as ,extractum ,glycyrrhiz4 ,,abscess4 ,a formation of matter or pus1 resulting from inflammation1 either acute or chronic4 ,the symptoms are pain1 swelling1 heat1 and redness1 a conical projection on the swelling1 often with a white point at the apex4 ,abscess or suppuration may come on any part of the body4 ,when the local inflammation does not yield to cold lotions1 apply poultices2 a pledget of lint dipped in cold water and kept moist by means of oil-silk2 a slice of bread softened with boiling water or milk1 or linseed meal1 make the best poultices4 ,should the pain be severe add laudanum1 and additionally rub it round the swelling4 ,or apply common white paint by laying it on gently with a brush1 or else tincture of marigold or arnica in the same manner4 ,chronic abscesses in the glands in the neck are usually scrofulous1 and should be opened4 ,abscesses in the breast should not be opened too early1 or others are formed4 ,those in the gums may be cut early1 not so if in the tonsils4 ,after opening with a needle or lancet-point external abscesses1 continue to poultice till the hardness disappears1 then dress with spermaceti ointment spread on lint4 ,when the abscess is of a dangerous nature1 lose no time in consulting a medical practitioner4 ,treatment for horses and cattle4 ,mr ,finlay ,dun prescribes fomentations1 poultices1 counter-irritants1 the knife1 cauterisation1 carbolic-acid dressing1 stimulating injections1 and the administration of sulphites and chlorate of potash4 ,,absinthe4 ,fr4 ,,absinthium1 ,l42 ,,wormwood1 ,e42 ,,wermuth1 ,g4 ,this article is met with in commerce in the form of the dried herb with the flowers of ,artemisia ,absinthium1 having a whitish-grey appearance1 a soft feel1 an aromatic and unpleasant odour1 and an extremely bitter and aromatic flavour4 ,the plant is indigenous1 and grows in thickets1 in mountainous districts1 and on waste ground4 ,its odour is due to its containing an essential oil2 its bitterness is referable to absinthin1 a crystallisable principle which may be extracted from the herb by water or spirit4 ,the name absinthe is also given to an intoxicating liqueur which is extensively drunk on the ,continent1 and which unfortunately appears to be rapidly attracting consumers in this country4 ,the remarks on this subject by ,blyth in his admirable ',dictionary of ,hygine' are so pregnant with important facts that they will be here produced verbatim et literatim4 ,an analysis recently made at the ,conservatoire des ,arts shows that absinthe now contains a large quantity of antimony1 a poison which cannot fail to add largely to the irritant effects necessarily produced on the alimentary canal and liver by constant doses of a concentrated alcoholic liquid4 ,and we have recently received the results of some experiments made by ,m4 ,magnan1 of ,paris4 ,by means of successive distillations he has been able to isolate various products--7#a7 a blue oil2 7#b7 a yellowish oil2 7#c7 an oxygenated substance4 ,there was besides a yellowish residue left in the glass4 ,these various substances were tried on animals2 ten grammes of the yellow sediment given to a small dog produced no effect2 thirty centigrammes of the blue oil produced from eight to ten epileptiform attacks4 ,the oxygenated product proved1 however1 the most powerful toxic agent4 ,fifteen centigrammes of it1 injected into the veins of a large dog1 caused the most violent epileptic attacks1 which followed in rapid succession1 and ended in death4 ,there was an extraordinary rise of temperature1 from #ci to #db ,centigrade1 and the post mortem showed various apoplectic centres4 ,dr ,decaisne regards the terrible evil of this almost universal absinthe-drinking as the greatest national calamity that has ever befallen ,france1 and has made an eloquent appeal to the ,government to strike at once a decisive blow at the trade in this liqueur4 ,originally the only important ingredient in its composition besides alcohol was the essential oil of absinthium or wormwood2 and though this without doubt added something to the mischievous effects of the liqueur1 it would be impossible to trace to it1 or to the other comparatively trivial ingredients1 the more serious of the special results which are now observed to occur to victims of absinthe1 though the habitual drinking even in small doses of good absinthe is believed by ,dr ,decaisne1 sooner or later1 to produce disorders in the animal economy4 ,now various deleterious substances are added1 the most important of these being antimony4 ,as at present constituted1 therefore1 and especially when drunk in the disastrous excess now common in ,paris1 and taken1 as it frequently is1 on an empty stomach1 absinthe forms a chronic poison of almost unequalled virulence1 both as an irritant to the stomach and bowels1 and also as a destroyer of the nervous system4 ,the effect of absinthe is to produce a superabundant activity of the brain1 a cerebral excitement1 which at first is agreeable2 intoxication comes on rapidly2 the head swims1 and the effect produced is nearly the same as that of poisoning by a narcotic1 which certainly does not occur with an equal dose of brandy4 ,with the absinthe-drinker1 as with the opium-eater1 the excitement the spirit produces diminishes daily in intensity4 ,each day he is obliged to augment the dose in order to bring himself up to the right pitch4 ,the diseases brought on by the excessive drinking of ardent spirits are produced with greater rapidity by the use of absinthe4 ,the amount of absinthe consumed in ,london has during the last few years been enormously on the increase4 ,see ,,liqueurs4 ,,absinthin4 ,c#af;,h#bb,o#e4 ,the bitter principle of wormwood 7,artemisia absinthium74 ,a hard crystalline solid1 having an intensely bitter taste2 slightly soluble in water1 very soluble in alcohol1 less so in ether4 ,its physiological effects resemble those of extract of wormwood4 ,dose4 #a_/b gr4 to #b gr41 or more2 in dyspepsia2 as a stomachic1 to promote the appetite1 c42 as a substitute for quinine in intermittents2 and in worms4 ,,absinth',,ium4 ,l4 ,see ,,absinthe4 ,,absolute4 ,syns4 ,,absolutus1 ,l42 ,,absolu1 ,fr42 ,,undebingt1 ,g4 ,in chemistry1 pure1 unmixed2 as absolute alcohol1 pure spirit of wine1 i4e4 free from water4 ,,absorbed' 7-sorbd'74 ,syn4 ,,chilled2 ,,absorb1 ,fr4 ,in painting1 a term among ,french connoisseurs1 to represent that state of a picture in which the oil has sunk into the canvas or ground1 leaving the colours 'flat1' and the touches indistinct4 ,the remedy consists in rubbing the surface of the picture1 previously well cleaned1 with a soft sponge dipped in a little drying oil1 and after some days varnishing it2 when it should be kept in a warm room until perfectly dry4 ,,absorb',,ent4 ,syn4 ,,absorb',,ens1 ,l42 ,,absorbant1 ,fr42 ,,absorbirend1 ,ger4 ,imbibing2 that imbibes or sucks up2 variously applied in science and art4 7,see below47 ,absorbent ,ground4 ,in painting1 a picture-ground prepared wholly or chiefly in distemper or water colour1 in order that the redundant oil in the colours subsequently applied may be immediately 'absorbed1' by which expedition is permitted1 and brilliancy imparted to them4 ,absorbent ,surfaces4 ,in the arts1 these are usually rendered non-absorbent1 preliminary to their being bronzed1 gilded1 painted1 or varnished1 by giving them one1 or more1 coats of thin size1 so as to destroy their porosity2 care being taken to allow each coat to become thoroughly dry before the application of the next one2 and also1 finally1 to remove any unabsorbed excess of size from the surface1 by means of a sponge dipped in warm water4 ,this applies to ,,alabaster1 ,,paper1 ,,wood1 ,,plaster ,,casts1 c42 and to ,,walls and ,,ceilings which are not exposed to the weather1 and which there is not time to prepare with drying oil4 ,see ,,bronzing1 ,,maps1 ,,varnishing1 c4 ,absorption and consequent adherence in porous moulds1 as those of plaster1 are usually prevented by thoroughly saturating the pores of the mould with melted tallow1 or a mixture of tallow and bees' wax2 or for delicate objects or the electrotype1 with white wax4 ,the 'dry moulds' are either heated before the application of these substances1 or they are boiled in them2 any portion that may finally remain unabsorbed1 being carefully removed with cotton-wool or a soft rag4 ,another method is to wash the moulds over two or three times with drying oil1 or to boil them in it2 after which they must be exposed to the air for some days1 to dry and harden4 ,before being used for plaster1 composition1 c41 the surface of these prepared moulds require to be slightly moistened with sweet oil4 ,plaster moulds are generally prepared for sulphur1 wax1 and gutta percha casts1 by simply placing them 7upright7 with the back immersed in a little water1 contained in any shallow vessel1 as a saucer or plate2 and letting them remain there until moisture begins to appear on the surface4 ,the materials to be cast1 or moulded1 should then be used at the lowest possible temperature1 to prevent the formation of air-bubbles4 ,the adherence of wax or mixtures containing it1 and of gutta percha1 is best prevented by moistening the surface of the mould 7whether of plaster1 metal1 or gutta percha71 immediately before use1 with soft soap reduced to the consistence of thin cream with water4 ,see ,,casts1 ,,moulds1 ,,electrotype1 c4 ,,absorb',,ents4 ,in anatomy and physiology1 two distinct sets of small1 delicate1 transparent vessels1 which imbibe or suck up fluid substances1 and convey them to the blood4 ,they are termed lacteals or lymphatics2 the former take up the chyme from the alimentary canal1 the latter pervade almost every part of the body in which they absorb lymph4 ,absorbents4 ,in botany and vegetable physiology1 the origins of the different vessels constituting the vascular tissue1 as they are found in the root1 where they imbibe or suck up the nutritive fluids from the soil4 ,see ,,plants and ,,vegetables4 ,absorbents4 ,in agriculture and chemistry1 substances which possess the power of withdrawing moisture from the atmosphere2 as soils1 argillaceous earths1 c4 ,also 7but less frequently7 substances which neutralise acids2 as chalk1 lime1 and magnesia4 ,absorbents differ from 'deliquescent salts'2 the latter attract moisture and dissolve in it2 whilst the former merely suck it into their pores1 as a sponge does water4 ,see ,,absorption4 ,absorbents4 ,syn4 ,,absorben',,tia1 ,l4 ,in medicine and pharmacy1 substances which remove acidity from the stomach and bowels4 ,of these the principal are--magnesia1 carbonate and bicarbonate of magnesia1 prepared chalk1 and the carbonates and bicarbonates of potash1 soda1 and ammonia4 ,the first four are popularly called earthy absorbents2 and the others1 alkaline absorbents4 ,see ,,antacids4 ,the following absorbent mixtures are taken from ,dr ,kirby's valuable work1 ',selected ,remedies'3 #a4 ,infusion of rhubarb1 #a-a_/b oz42 compound spirit of ammonia1 #a-a_/b dr42 compound infusion of gentian to #f oz4 ,two tablespoonfuls to be taken #c times a day4 #b4 ,bicarbonate of potash1 #a-a_/b dr42 syrup1 #b drs42 compound spirit ammonia1 #a-a_/b dr42 compound infusion of gentian to #f oz4 ,two tablespoonfuls to be taken #c times a day4 #c4 ,bicarbonate of soda1 #a-a_/b dr42 spirits of chloroform1 #a-a_/b dr42 infusion of calumba to #f oz4 ,two tablespoonfuls to be taken #c times a day4 ,,absorp',,tion4 ,eng41 ,fr4 ,syn4 ,,absorp',,tio1 ,l42 ,,einsaugung1 ,ger4 ,the act or the power of absorbing1 in various applications4 7,see below47 ,absorption4 ,in agriculture1 the power possessed by soils of absorbing moisture from the atmosphere4 ,the more a soil is divided by labour and vegetation1 the greater is its absorbent power1 and1 consequently1 its fertility4 ,indeed1 the latter chiefly depends on its capacity for imbibing moisture1 and may be illustrated by reference to recent and disintegrated lava4 7,leslie47 ,the finely divided state1 most penetrable by the delicate fibres of plants1 appears to derive its superior power of acting on atmospheric vapour from the augmentation of its surface and the multiplication of its points of contact4 7,ure47 ,this method of increasing the fertility of a soil is well known to scientific farmers1 and seldom neglected by them4 7,loudon47 ,that soil must be regarded as the most fertile which possesses this power in the greatest degree4 ,garden-mould has the highest absorbent power of any mineral substance4 7,leslie47 ,process of ascertaining the ,,absorbent ,,power ,,of ,,soils1 and other substances4 ,thoroughly dry the article by the suitable application of a heat not exceeding #bab ,fahr41 continued for several hours1 and transfer it1 while still warm1 into a clean dry phial furnished with a perfectly tight ground-glass stopper4 ,when cold1 quickly and cautiously introduce it1 along with a delicate hygrometer1 into a large wide-mouthed glass bottle1 the atmosphere of which has been previously rendered as damp as possible1 by suspending a piece of moistened rag or filtering paper in it4 ,it must now be kept closed for some hours1 when the hygrometer will indicate the degree of dryness of the enclosed air1 and1 consequently1 the absorbent power of the substance examined4 ,obs4 ,experiments of this nature are only relatively correct1 and must be performed under exactly similar circumstances1 to furnish reliable comparative results4 ,the whole process1 in each case1 must be as similar as careful manipulation can possibly make them4 ,with this reserve1 they will be found invaluable to the agriculturist4 ,absorption4 ,in chemistry the passage of gases and vapours into liquid and solid substances4 ,thus1 water absorbs the oxygen of the air1 lime absorbs water1 charcoal absorbs ammoniacal and other gases4 ,absorption4 ,in medicine and toxicology1 see ,,medicines and ,,poisons4 ,absorption4 ,in perfumery1 see ,,enfleurage4 ,absorption4 ,in physics1 see ,,heat1 ,,light1 ,,refrigeration1 c4 ,absorption4 ,in physiology 7animal and vegetable71 the function of sucking1 or taking up1 of appropriate substances1 by the 'absorbent vessels4' ,it is one of the chief vital functions1 the primary object of which is to convey to the circulatory organs the proper supply of the materials necessary for the support and growth of the body2 and subsequently1 to remove and convey to these organs its effete and useless portions1 in order to their ultimate elimination from the system4 ,absorption4 ,in surgery1 the natural process by which tumours and their contents1 morbid growths1 and1 sometimes1 even healthy glands1 c41 are gradually taken up and disappear1 by the action of the 'absorbents4' ,absorption 7of ,surfaces1 ,moulds1 c74 ,see ,,absorbent ,,surfaces4 ,,absterg',,ents4 ,syn4 ,,abstergen',,tia1 ,l4 ,in medicine and pharmacy1 substances which cleanse or clear away foulness from the surface of the body or sores2 as soap1 lotions1 c4 ,see ,,detergent1 which has a nearly similar meaning1 and is in more general use4 ,,ac',,ari 7-ri74 ,l42 prim4 ,gr4 ,syn4 ,,acar',,idans2 ,,acar',,ides 7dez72 ,,acarid',i4 7-e-e74 ,in entomology1 a division of arachnidans1 including the mite and tick4 ,all the species are either microscopic or extremely minute1 and possess such tenacity of life as to resist for some time the action of boiling water1 and to live with comparative impunity in alcohol4 ,leuwenhoek had one that lived eleven weeks glued on its back to the point of a needle1 without food4 ,the following are well known--,,acarus ,,autumna',,lis1 the harvest-bug or wheal-worm2 ,a4 ,,domes',,ticus1 the domestic tick2 ,a4 ,,dysente',,ri1 the dysentery-tick2 ,a4 ,,fari',n1 the meal mite 7fig4 a72 ,a4 ,,ri'',,cinus 7r7ic-71 the dog-tick2 ,a4 ,,sac',,chari1 the sugar-mite 7fig4 b72 ,a4 ,,si'',,ro1 the cheese-mite 7fig4 c72 ,a4 ,,scabie',i1 the itch-insect 7fig4 d74 ,the irritation of the skin1 caused by these vermin1 may be relieved by a lotion of equal parts of sal volatile and water2 and they may be destroyed by tobacco water1 or a lotion or ointment of stavesacre4 ,see ,,itch1 ,,mange1 ,,parasites1 ,,pediculi1 ,,scab1 c4 ,acarus ,farin1 or meal-mite 7fig4 a74 ,this insect is found only in damaged flour1 and is more frequently met with in the flour of the leguminos 7beans1 peas7 than in that of the gramine 7wheat1 rye1 oat74 ,now and then a single acarus may occasionally be found in good flour1 but even one should be regarded with suspicion1 and the flour should afterwards be frequently examined to see if they are increasing4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 a4 ,mag4 #bej diams4 ,acarus ,sacchari1 or sugar-mite 7fig4 b74 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 b4 ,mag4 #bfj diams4 ,most of the brown sugars of commerce are infested by this pest1 which is of a size sufficiently large to be visible to the naked eye4 ,the following method of proceeding will lead to its detection3 ,dissolve #b or #c teaspoonfuls of sugar in a large wineglass of tepid water1 and let the solution remain for an hour or so1 at the expiration of which time the acari may be found1 some on the surface of the liquid1 some attaching themselves to the sides of the glass1 and some at the bottom1 mixed up with the copious and dark sediment1 made up of fragments of cane1 woody fibre1 grit1 dirt1 and starch granules1 which usually subside on dissolving even a small quantity of sugar in hot water4 ,when first hatched this acarus is hardly visible4 ,acari of all sizes--that is1 in all stages of growth--may be met with in most samples of sugar4 ,dr ,hassall1 in seventy-two samples of sugar which he examined1 found sixty-nine containing them4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 c4 ,acarus ,siro1 the cheese-mite 7fig4 c74 ,the dry and powdery parts of decayed cheese1 which by careful watching may very frequently be seen in movement1 consist almost wholly of this insect and their eggs in different stages of development4 ,the cheese-mite can hardly be seen without the aid of the microscope4 ,they are very tenacious of life1 even when kept without food4 ,mr ,blyth says that under these circumstances it is no uncommon sight to see them killing and devouring each other2 and that cheese is rapidly destroyed by them2 they crumble it into minute pieces1 and emit a liquid substance which causes the decayed parts to spread speedily4 ,they may be destroyed by being exposed to a strong heat1 or by putting the cheese for a short time in whisky4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 d4 ,acarus ,scabiei1 the itch-insect 7fig4 d74 ,the parasitic character of the disease known as the itch was first demonstrated by ,dr ,bononio1 who on turning out the contents of one of the little bladders that show themselves between the fingers of those affected with the complaint1 and placing the fluid under the microscope1 discovered a minute animal1 very nimble in its movements1 covered with short hairs1 having a short head1 a pair of strong mandibles or cutting-jaws1 and eight legs1 terminating in remarkable appendages1 each provided with a sucker and set4 ,it has no eyes2 but when disturbed it quickly draws in its head and feet1 and then somewhat resembles the tortoise in appearance1 its march being precisely the same4 ,it usually lays sixteen eggs1 which are carefully deposited in furrows under the skin1 and ranged in pairs2 these are hatched in about ten days4 ,to find the itch-insect1 says ,mr ,jabez ,hogg1 the operator must carefully examine the parts surrounding each pustule2 he will then see a red line or spot communicating with it2 this part1 and not the pustule1 must be probed with a fine-pointed instrument4 ,the operator must not be disappointed by repeated failures4 ,,accident',,al ,,colours4 ,see ,,colours 7,complementary74 ,,accidents4 ,black eye4 ,bathe the eye frequently with a soft piece of linen rag dipped in a lotion composed of one part of tincture of arnica and seven parts of water4 ,burns and ,scalds4 ,refer to ,,burns and ,,scalds4 ,charcoal1 combustion of1 poisoning by4 ,refer to ,,carbonic ,,anhydride4 ,choking1 or suffocation from substances sticking in the throat4 ,refer to ,,choking4 ,cut ,finger4 ,refer to ,,cuts4 ,precautions against ,fires4 ,refer to ,,fires4 ,precautions against ,lightning4 ,to take refuge under a tree during a thunderstorm accompanied by lightning is to expose oneself to a double danger--firstly1 because by keeping the clothes dry these are prevented becoming the non-conductors they would be if damp2 and secondly1 because the tree1 serving as a point of attraction for the lightning1 conducts it to the ground1 and in doing so frequently rends the trunks or branches1 and kills any person or animal who happens to be close to1 or in contact with1 it at the time4 ,never1 therefore1 if overtaken by a storm of thunder and lightning fly to the dangerous cover of a tree1 pillar1 hay-rick1 wall1 or hedge1 but seek shelter in the nearest dwelling2 or if this is not at hand1 get to a part of the road or field where there is no object to attract the lightning1 and there remain till the storm has expended itself4 ,also avoid particularly the proximity of iron gates1 palisades1 bronze statues1 bell wires1 iron railings1 and such like4 ,when in the house1 do not sit or stand near the windows1 doors1 or walls1 but place yourself in the middle of the room1 unless there should be a lamp or chandelier hanging from the ceiling4 ,franklin recommends persons to keep away from the neighbourhood of fireplaces4 ,treatment of persons struck by lightning4 ,in case of any person being struck by lightning1 immediately strip the body and throw bucketsful of cold water over it for ten or fifteen minutes2 continued frictions and inhalations of the lungs must also be employed1 and electricity should be tried if it be possible4 ,accidents by ,poison4 ,the means to be adopted in cases where poison is taken1 if the poison be known1 are embodied in the antidotes1 which will be found given in this volume under the respective poisons4 ,under all circumstances1 however1 medical aid should be sought as expeditiously as possible1 since many of the antidotes themselves being of a dangerous1 if not poisonous1 character1 should only be administered under medical supervision4 ,pending the arrival of the doctor1 no time should be lost in giving an emetic1 consisting of a teaspoonful of flour of mustard in half a pint of warm water1 supplemented by copious draughts of warm water1 and tickling the throat with the finger if necessary4 ,fish poisoning4 ,it is a not unfrequent occurrence to find fish when eaten giving rise to a species of poisoning of a more or less violent form1 such as a sense of weight at the stomach1 accompanied with nausea1 vertigo1 headache1 heat about the head and eyes1 pains in the stomach1 thirst1 and often an eruption of the skin resembling nettle-rash4 ,these symptoms may be sometimes due to the nature of the fish itself2 sometimes to its being in a state unfit to be taken as food1 as1 for instance1 when it is in a stale or decomposing condition2 and occasionally to the peculiarity of constitution of those who partake of it1 even if in a perfectly fresh condition4 ,whenever any of the symptoms above described follow from eating fish1 an emetic of mustard and water 7a teaspoonful of mustard in half a pint of water7 should be administered4 ,if subsequently a rash should appear1 it would be well to take a dose of brisk purgative medicine1 and1 if necessary1 a few doses of carbonate of soda #c or #d times during the day4 ,poisonous ,mushrooms4 ,the same treatment should be followed as for fish4 ,with some people the edible mushroom acts as a poison4 ,sinks4 ,see that these be securely trapped1 and in the event of any unpleasant smell from them1 pour down some disinfectant1 such as chloride of lime1 carbolic acid1 or ,condy's fluid4 ,the foul emanations from a sink ought to be regarded as of a most dangerous and pestilential nature4 ,accidents to ,children4 ,many1 if not most1 of the casualties to which children are exposed are given above1 together with the best course to be pursued in the event of their being overtaken by any of them4 ,there are1 however1 a few forms of disaster which seem more especially peculiar to children4 ,of these we may select-- ,swallowing a piece of broken glass4 ,in this case avoid giving purgatives1 but give solid farinaceous food1 so as to envelope the glass and enable it to pass through the bowels without causing injury by coming in contact with them4 ,swallowing a coin4 ,give a dose or two of castor oil1 and examine the stools until the coin is perceived4 ,a small coin sticking in the windpipe4 ,seize the child by the legs1 letting his head hang downwards1 then administer several brisk blows on the back with the palm of the hand1 when very frequently the coin will be coughed out of the mouth and on to the floor4 ,if this plan do not succeed1 send immediately for medical aid4 ,,accli',,mate1 or ,,accli',,matise4 ,in botany and zoology1 to inure a plant or animal to a climate to which it is not indigenous4 ,when so inured it is said to be ,,acclimated4 ,in medicine1 to habituate the body to a foreign climate1 so that it may not be peculiarly liable to its endemic diseases2 or to become so habituated4 ,thus1 a person who has resided several years at ,new ,orleans without an attack of yellow fever1 or having had an attack has satisfactorily recovered1 is said to be ,,accli',,matised4 ,,accom',,paniments4 ,in cookery and housekeeping1 see ,,trimmings4 ,,accumula',,tion4 ,eng41 ,fr4 ,syn4 ,,accumula',,tio1 ,l4 ,in medicine1 a term applied when the effects of the first dose of any substance still continue when the second is administered 7accumulation of action72 or when several doses of insoluble substances remain inactive in the system until their energy is developed by chemical influence 7accumulation of doses74 ,see ,,medicines1 ,,poisons1 c4 ,,aceph',,alans4 ,syn4 ,,aceph',,ala1 ,,cuv4 ,in malacology1 a class of aquatic mollusca1 having no apparent head1 but a mouth between the folds of their mantle4 ,several of them1 as the oyster1 cockle1 mussel1 scallop1 c41 are consumed for food4 ,,acerb',,ity4 ,syn4 ,,acerb',,itas1 ,l42 ,,acerbit1 ,fr42 ,,herbigkeit1 ,ger4 ,in chemistry1 c41 sourness1 with bitterness and astringency1 or harshness4 ,see ,,cider1 ,,fruit1 ,,wine1 c4 ,,acerbo',s ,,anti-,,rheumatic ,,and ,,anti-,,catarrh ,,oil4 ,for various horse diseases4 ,gum euphorbium1 #aj parts2 absolute alcohol1 #aj parts2 olive oil1 #hj parts4 ,digest in a warm-water bath for #bd hours1 then boil until all the spirit has evaporated1 and1 when cold1 strain through cotton4 7,hager47 ,,acer',,ides4 ,plasters that do not contain wax4 ,,aces',,cent4 ,syns4 ,,aces',,cens1 ,l42 ,,acescent1 ,,aigrelet1 ,fr42 ,s,,urlich1 ,ger4 ,in chemistry1 c41 growing sour2 slightly tart or acid2 having a tendency to sourness1 or to run into the acetic fermentation1 as wine1 beer1 malt-wort1 c4 ,hence1 ,,aces',,cence or ,,aces',,cency 7acescen'tia1 ,l42 acescense1 aigreur1 ,fr42 surlichkeit1 ,ger471 the tendency to become slightly acid1 or the quality of being so4 ,see ,,acetification1 ,,malt-,,liquors1 ,,wine1 ,,wort1 c4 ,,aceta'',,rious 7-tare'-e-7us74 ,used for salads 7as plants72 relating to salads 7which see74 ,,ac',,etate 77as'-74 ,syn4 ,,ace',,tas1 ,l42 ,,acetate1 ,fr42 ,,essigs,,ure ,,salze1 ,ger4 ,in chemistry1 a salt consisting of ,c#b;,h#c,o#b 7sometimes called the acid-radical of the acetates7 with hydrogen1 a metal1 or a compound basic radical2 e4g41 ,hydrogen acetate 7acetic acid7 ,,hc#b;,h#c,o#b ,potassium acetate ,,kc#b;,h#c,o#b ,lead 7plumbic7 acetate ,pb7,c#b;,h#c,o#b7b ,ammonium acetate ,,nh#d;,c#b;,h#c,o#b ,salts of acetic acid 7,,hc#b;,h#c,o#b7 with the alkaloids are likewise termed acetates2 e4g41 ,morphia acetate ,c#ag;,h#ai,,no#c 4 ,c#b;,h#d,o#b ,prep4 ,that of the commercial acetates1 and of many others1 is noticed under the respective metals4 ,in general1 they may all be formed by direct solution of the carbonate1 hydrate or oxide of the metal whose acetate it is desired to form1 in dilute acetic acid2 or from a solution of an acetate and of another salt of the metal1 by double decomposition4 ,in either case1 the resulting solution must be carefully evaporated by a gentle heat1 and1 where possible1 crystallised4 ,prop41 c4 ,all the neutral acetates1 except those of molybdenum and tungsten1 are more or less soluble in water1 several so much so as to be uncrystallizable2 many dissolve in alcohol2 they suffer decomposition at a dull red heat1 and by distillation1 at that temperature1 yield acetone and water1 or acetone and acetic acid1 and leave a carbonaceous residuum2 at a full red-heat1 those of potassium1 sodium1 barium1 strontium1 calcium1 and magnesium1 are converted into carbonates1 whilst the other metallic acetates leave behind the pure metal1 or its oxide4 ,the aqueous solutions of the alkaline acetates soon turn mouldy and suffer decomposition4 ,no more of them should1 therefore1 be dissolved at once than is required for immediate use4 ,char41 tests1 c4 ,the acetates are known--#a4 ,by evolving fumes of acetic acid1 recognisable by its peculiar and characteristic odour1 on the addition of strong sulphuric acid3--#b4 ,by evolving the vapour of acetic ether 7known by its peculiar and agreeable odour7 when heated with a mixture of about equal parts of concentrated sulphuric acid and alcohol4 ,,ac',,etated 77as'-74 ,in chemistry and pharmacy1 combined or impregnated with acetic acid or vinegar4 ,,ace',,tic4 ,syn4 ,,ace',,ticus1 ,l42 ,,ac,,tique1 ,fr4 ,of or relating to vinegar2 made with acetic acid1 as perfumes1 c4 7,see below47 ,,acetic ,,acid4 ,,hc#b;,h#c,o#b4 ,syn4 ,,pyrolig',,neous ,,acid 7pure72 ,,acid ,,of ,,vinegar2 ,,acidum ,,ace',,ticum1 ,l42 ,,acide ,,acetique1 ,fr42 ,,acido ,,acetico1 ,it42 ,,essigs,,ure1 ,ger42 ,,azynzuur1 ,dut42 ,,eisel1 ,sax4 ,when free from water it crystallises on cooling1 and is distinguished as--,,acetic ,,hydrate1 ,,hy',,drated ,,acetic ,,acid1 ,,monohy',,drated ,a4 ,a41 ,,gla',,cial ,a4 ,a41 ,,monohydrated ,a4 ,a41 ,,ace',,tum ,,glacia',,le1 ,,acidum ,,ace',,ticum ,g41 ,l41 c4 the sour principle of vinegar4 ,var4 ,commercial acetic acid is found under the form of the pure acid of the chemist and pharmaceutist 7glacial and dilute71 and of vinegar1 of which there are several varieties1 which are noticed under their respective heads4 ,sources4 ,fermented liquors2 the vinegars of commerce2 alcoholic liquors2 wood1 from which it is obtained1 as pyroligneous acid1 by distillation2 the commercial acetates of soda1 potassa1 lime1 lead1 copper1 c4 ,the pure acetic acid of the chemist and of commerce is almost wholly obtained from the acetates1 either by the action of a strong acid1 which seizes on the base1 setting the acid free2 or1 by dry distillation1 in which the high degree of heat employed separates the acetic acid from the base in the form of vapour4 ,it is also obtained by the oxidation of alcohol4 ,prep4 ,the following are the principal processes at present adopted to obtain pure acetic acid3-- #a4 ,from the ,acetates in the moist way3-- a4 ,from ,,acetate ,,of ,,soda3-- #a4 ,commercial acetate of soda 7i4e41 the 'pure acetate' of the pyroligneous acid works71 in crystals1 is put into the body of a stout copper still1 and a deep cavity being made in the centre of the mass1 about #ce of sulphuric acid of a sp4 gr4 of not less than #ahd is poured in2 the walls of the cavity are then thrown in upon the acid1 and the whole briskly agitated1 for a very short time1 with a large wooden spatula2 the head of the still is next luted on1 and the distillation conducted at a gentle heat1 the receiver being changed as soon as the distillate begins to acquire a slight empyreumatic odour4 ,the product1 when the process is well managed1 is an almost colourless acid of the sp4 gr4 of fully #aje1 containing about #dj of glacial acid1 or between #cd and #ce of anhydrous acid4 ,any trace of colour or empyreuma is removed by agitation with some well-washed and recently ignited vegetable charcoal1 or with a very small quantity of recently ignited purified animal charcoal1 and subsequently passing it through a prepared calico bag-filter2 or by allowing it to stand1 for about a fortnight1 in barrels containing some beech-wood chips2 after which it is ready for sale1 either as the ordinary acetic acid or pure pyroligneous acid of commerce1 or 7on dilution1 c47 as vinegar4 #b4 ,the acid of sp4 gr4 #aje 7obtained as above7 is distilled with fused chloride of calcium1 the distillate being run into a refrigerator2 the crystals that form are drained at a temperature below #dj or #de ,fahr41 and after removal to a warmer temperature1 where they liquefy1 and agitation with a little peroxide of lead1 are submitted to a second distillation1 as before2 and this is repeated until the whole of the acid crystallises at #ea ,fahr4 ,the product is the glacial acetic acid of commerce4 ,obs4 ,the above are the processes usually adopted1 on the large scale1 in this country4 #c4 7,m4 ,mollerat's process--without distillation47 ,pure commercial acetate of soda1 in coarse powder1 is placed in a hard glazed stoneware or glass pan or receiver set in a cool situation1 and #ce or #cf of concentrated sulphuric acid1 of the sp4 gr4 #ahdc1 added1 in such a manner that the acid may flow under the powder1 and little heat be generated by the operation2 the whole is then allowed to remain in contact 7covered7 for some hours1 when crystalline grains of sulphate of soda are found covering the bottom and sides of the vessel1 and hydrated acetic acid1 partly liquid and partly in crystals1 the upper portion4 ,the temperature being now slightly raised to a point just sufficient to cause the liquefaction of the crystals of acetic acid 7i4e41 to from #fb to #fe ,fahr471 the fluid is poured off1 and a very small quantity of pure acetate of lime added to it gradually1 until it ceases to yield any trace of free sulphuric acid on evaporation4 ,after sufficient repose it is carefully decanted for use4 ,an excellent commercial strong acetic acid is thus obtained1 without distillation1 owing to the insolubility of sulphate of soda in acetic acid2 and from which glacial acid may be procured by refrigeration4 ,if1 however1 the process be badly managed1 or the proportions of the ingredients be not carefully observed1 the product will be contaminated with either a little sulphuric acid or saline matter4 ,it is also important to the success of this process that it be performed in a cool apartment1 and in well-cooled vessels4 ,perfectly pure acetic acid may easily be obtained by rectification from this acid4 ,the above plan of superseding a troublesome distillation is one of the greatest improvements yet introduced into the manufacture of acetic acid4 #d4 7,liebig's process47 ,pure acetate of soda1 thoroughly dried and finely powdered1 #c parts1 is placed in a capacious retort1 and pure concentrated sulphuric acid1 #ig parts1 poured over it through the tubulature4 ,one eighth of the acetic acid passes over by the heat developed by the reaction of the ingredients4 ,the heat of a sand bath is next applied and continued until the contents of the retort become quite liquid4 ,the distillate1 carefully rectified1 yields two parts of pure acid1 containing only #bj per cent4 of water4 ,on exposing the latter portion which comes over in a closed vessel to a temperature below #dj ,fahr41 crystals of hydrated acetic acid are deposited4 ,the weaker1 or liquid portion1 being poured off1 the crystals are again melted and re-crystallised by cooling4 ,the crystals of the last operation1 separated from the liquid1 and carefully drained in a cool and closed vessel1 are perfectly pure hydrated acetic acid4 ,obs4 ,the above is an excellent process for obtaining a chemically pure acid4 ,the excess of sulphuric acid left from the process may be recovered by distillation2 or the whole residuum may be employed in a second distillation with fresh acetate4 ,illustration3 7,c47 ,a ,liebig's ,condenser4 7,the other reference letters are self-explanatory47 ,although a retort is recommended by ,liebig for the distillation1 and is usually adopted1 on the small scale1 for the purpose1 a flask closed by a cork perforated by two tubes1 as exhibited by the engr41 will be found more convenient and safe2 as the product is then less likely to be contaminated by the 'spirting' of the ingredients over the brim of the vessel4 ,the heat of a diffused gas-flame may also be often advantageously substituted for a sand bath4 b4 ,from ,,acetate ,,of ,,potash3-- #a4 ,acetate of potash 7fused and powdered7 is placed in a still1 or other suitable vessel1 and #ej of the strongest sulphuric acid 7'oil of vitriol' of fully #ahd sp4 gr47 being added1 the mixture is distilled to dryness1 as before4 ,the product is #ej to #ea of the weight of the acetate employed1 with a sp4 gr4 of about #ajgce to #ajgd1 containing about #ff of anhydrous acetic acid1 or nearly #hj of ordinary glacial acid4 ,by rectification from a little dried acetate of lead a perfectly pure acid of almost any strength may be obtained4 ,the ingredients are nearly in equiv4 proportions4 c4 ,from ,,acetate ,,of ,,lead3-- #a4 7,ure47 ,take of dried acetate of lead1 #d parts2 strongest oil of vitriol1 #a part4 ,distil slowly to dryness4 ,nearly equal to the last4 #b4 7,liebig47 ,acetate of lead1 #c parts2 sulphuric acid1 #h parts2 as before4 #c4 7,dollfuss' ,concentrated ,acetic ,acid47 ,take of dried acetate of lead1 #ab oz42 sulphuric acid1 #f oz42 distil #g ounces4 d4 ,from ,,acetate ,,of ,,lime3-- #a4 7,christl47 ,raw acetate or pyrolignate of lime 7prepared by ,vlckel's process71 #ajj parts1 is mixed with hydrochloric acid 7#bj ,baum1 or sp4 gr4 #aaeae71 #abj parts2 and after #ab hours1 distilled in a copper vessel1 with a gradually applied heat4 ,the product is #ajj parts or lbs4 of acetic acid of #h ,baum 7sp4 gr4 #ajeef71 containing about #dg of hydrated acid1 only slightly coloured and empyreumatic1 fit for various manufacturing purposes4 ,the advantage of this process is the low price of hydrochloric acid1 and the product not being contaminated with sulphuric or sulphurous acid4 ,obs4 ,it will be found that pyrolignate of lime generally contains #fj to #gj of neutral acetate2 but should it contain either more or less1 a proportionate quantity must be employed4 ,when the proper proportions are used the distillate gives only a scarcely perceptible turbid cloud when tested with nitrate of silver4 ,if the hydrochloric acid used has the sp4 gr4 #aaf1 a less quantity being employed1 the product will have the sp4 gr4 of #ajeh to #ajfa1 and will then contain from #dh to #ea of the monohydrate1 or #da or #db of anhydrous acetic acid4 ,the resin sometimes found floating on the mixed ingredients should be carefully removed1 by skimming1 before distillation4 ,as acid of the above strength is rarely required1 and as the distillation is more easily conducted when the ingredients are less concentrated1 a little water may be conveniently added either before or towards the end of the distillation4 ,hence the following proportions have been recommended3-- #b4 7,vlckel47 ,acetate of lime 7as last71 #ajj parts2 hydrochloric acid 7sp4 gr4 #aaf71 #ij to #ie parts2 water1 #be parts2 mix1 and proceed as before4 ,prod4 #if to #ih parts of an excellent acid1 well adapted to trading purposes1 having a sp4 gr4 about #ajej1 and containing nearly #dj of hydrated acetic acid4 ,it has been correctly remarked1 that the acetic acid produced with hydrochloric acid is always of better quality than that produced with sulphuric acid2 being not only less coloured1 but also entirely free from sulphurous acid4 ,the distillation uniformly proceeds with ease and regularity1 and the whole of the acetic acid passes over between #bab and #bdh ,fahr42 by which the danger of contamination with other products1 resulting from a high degree of heat1 is obviated4 #c4 ,an ,acetic acid sufficiently strong and pure for many ordinary purposes may be obtained without distillation1 by pouring strong sulphuric acid1 #fj parts1 diluted with water1 #e parts1 on well-dried acetate of lime1 #ajj parts2 digesting1 with occasional agitation in a close vessel1 decanting the clear liquid1 and straining the remainder4 ,illustration3 ,a1 ,furnace4 ,b ,b ,b ,b1 ,glass receivers4 ,c1 ,stoneware retort4 ,d1 ,bottle containing vinegar4 ,e ,e ,e ,e1 ,basins containing water4 ,f ,f ,f ,f1 ,supports for basins4 ,g1 ,welter safety-tube4 ,h1 ,supply-pipe of cold water4 ,i ,i ,i ,i1 ,cocks to supply water to the basins4 ,j1 ,water main4 ,l1 ,adapter connecting retort and globes4 ,,ii4 ,from the ,acetates by dry distillation with a sulphate3-- a4 ,from ,,acetate ,,of ,,lead3-- #a4 ,acetate of lead 7dried71 #e parts2 and sulphate of iron 7gently calcined71 #b parts2 are separately powdered2 and after thorough mixture1 carefully distilled1 by the heat of a sand bath1 into a well-cooled receiver4 ,an economical process for a strong acid1 under certain circumstances2 but one now seldom adopted4 #b4 7,bardollier's ,strong ,acetous acid47 ,dried acetate of lead1 #aj oz42 calcined green vitriol1 #ab oz42 as the last4 b4 ,from the ,,acetates ,,of ,,copper3--,by substituting acetate or diacetate of copper1 in equiv4 proportions1 or better with excess of the sulphate4 ,seldom used4 c4 ,from ,,acetate ,,of ,,potash1 as the last4 ,,iii4 ,from the ,acetates per se3-- a4 ,from ,,acetate ,,of ,,copper3--,,aromatic ,v4dagger2 ,,spirit ,,of ,,verdigrisdagger2 ,,spiritus ,,ven',,erisdagger1 ,l42 ,,esprit ,,de ,,venus1 ,fr42 ,,acidum ,,ace',,ticum1 7,ph4 ,l4 #aghg47 ,process4 ,carefully dry crystallised verdigris 7diacetate of copper7 by a very gentle heat1 and introduce it into a large stoneware retort 7see engr471 the bottom of which has been previously coated with a mixture of clay and horse-dung1 to render it more capable of standing the fire4 ,next place it in a suitable furnace1 and connect it1 by an adapter1 with #c or #d double tubulated globes1 the last of which must be furnished with a vertical tubulature1 to which a double ,welter's safety-tube should be adapted2 the other end being immersed in a basin half-filled with distilled vinegar or water1 while the funnel portion communicates with the atmosphere4 ,then place each globe in a basin of water1 kept cool by a stream constantly passing through it2 and cover the upper portion with cloths kept continually wet with cold water4 ,after #ae or #bj hours1 fire may be applied1 and must be so regulated that the drops follow each other with considerable rapidity from the end of the adapter1 whilst the bubbles of air cause no inconvenience at the other end of the apparatus4 ,if otherwise1 the fire must be damped a little4 ,the operation should be continued1 and the fire gradually increased1 until vapour ceases to come over1 known by the globes gradually cooling1 notwithstanding the heat of the furnace4 ,the operation being concluded1 the whole may be allowed to cool1 and the acid collected preparatory to rectification4 ,this may be effected in a similarly arranged apparatus1 except that it must be wholly of glass2 and the retort should not be much more than half-filled4 ,the operation must now be very carefully conducted1 and discontinued before barely the whole of the acid has distilled over2 as the last portion is apt to injure the flavour and colour of the rest4 ,the first portions which come over are very weak1 and should be kept separate1 until the sp4 gr4 reaches to about #acgb1 when the receiver should be changed1 and the product collected in separate portions1 as noticed below4 ,obs4 ,good diacetate of copper yields1 by careful management1 at a temperature of #djj to #efj ,fahr41 fully one half its weight of a greenish-coloured acid1 of the sp4 gr4 of about #ajfa1 containing above #ej of hydrated acetic acid1 or #dc of anhydrous acid4 #bj lbs4 of the ordinary acetate yields #i-c_/d lbs4 of this rough acid1 leaving a residuum of about #f-a_/b lbs4 of metallic copper mixed with a little charcoal1 in the retort2 the remainder 7nearly #b_/ajths of the acid in the acetate7 being decomposed by the heat1 and lost4 ,this #i-c_/d lbs4 of crude acid yields by rectification1 and dividing the products1 #a_/b lb4 of acid of the sp4 gr4 #ajbc2 #c lbs4 of the sp4 gr4 #ajdb2 and #f lbs4 of the sp4 gr4 #ajfe2 exclusive of a little acetone which comes over with it4 ,in the first distillation1 the strongest acid is found in the third receiver1 and the weakest in the first4 ,the acid obtained in this way is always accompanied with a little fragrant pyro-acetic spirit2 which renders it preferable for aromatic vinegar and perfumery4 ,it dissolves camphor1 resins1 and essential oils with facility4 ,this is one of the oldest methods of obtaining glacial acetic acid1 and the product is still preferred for some purposes4 ,it is the ,,radical ,,vinegar of the alchemists1 and it is that which is preferred by the perfumers4 ,well-dried acetate of lead1 or of iron1 as well as several other acetates1 may be substituted for acetate of copper in the above process2 but are less economical and convenient4 ,in all cases1 great care must be taken to avoid over-firing1 as thereby the quantity obtained is lessened1 and the quality injured4 ,the residuum of the distillation is pyrophoric and frequently inflames spontaneously1 on exposure to the air4 ,due caution must be therefore observed regarding it4 ,,iv4 ,from ,wood1 by dry distillation4 ,see ,,pyroligneous ,,acid4 ,the preparation of the purified acid1 by converting it into an acetate1 and subsequent distillation with a strong acid1 is noticed above4 ,illustration ,v4 ,from ,alcohol4 7,,alcohol ,,vinegar1 ,,german ,,acetic ,,acid47 ,in a bell-glass1 or an oblong glass case1 perforated shelves are arranged1 a few inches apart1 one above another1 on which are placed a number of small flat dishes of porcelain1 earthenware1 or wood4 ,these dishes are filled with spirit of wine or dilute alcohol2 and over each is suspended a watch-glass or capsule containing a portion of platinum-black2 the whole being arranged so that the platinum-black and the surface of the alcohol are not more than #a-a_/b to #b inches apart4 ,strips of porous paper are next so hung in the case1 that their bottom edges are immersed in the spirit1 to promote evaporation2 and lastly1 the apparatus1 loosely covered1 is set in a light place at a temperature of from #gj to #ij ,fahr4--the sunshine1 when convenient4 ,in a short time the temperature of the platinum rises1 and the formation of acetic acid begins2 and the condensed vapour trickles down the sides of the glass and collects at the bottom of the case1 whence it is removed once or twice a day4 7,see engr47 ,the product of a case of twelve cubic feet content1 with #g or #h oz4 of platinum-powder1 is capable of producing daily1 if well managed1 nearly #aca lb4 of hydrated acetic acid from #a lb4 of absolute alcohol2 #be lbs4 of platinum-powder and #cjj lbs4 of alcohol will1 in like manner1 furnish a daily supply of nearly #cej lbs4 of pure acid1 and of other strengths in proportion4 ,theoretically1 the product should be #acj parts of the hydrated acid for every #ajj parts of alcohol consumed2 but this is never quite obtained in practice1 owing to a small portion of the alcohol mixing with the newly formed acid1 and escaping decomposition2 and from another small portion of both the alcohol1 and of the newly formed aldehyd1 being carried off by the air that permeates the apparatus4 ,the platinum-powder does not waste1 and the most inferior spirit may generally be employed4 ,rationale4 ,in this process1 the alcohol 7as in other cases of acetification7 is first converted into aldehyd2 and this1 as rapidly as formed1 absorbs oxygen and passes into hydrated acetic acid4 ,the simultaneous formation of aldehyd during the oxygenation of that already formed1 may be detected by its odour4 ,obs4 ,during the mutual action of the platinum-black and the vapour of alcohol1 the temperature increases1 and continues to do so until all the oxygen contained in the air enclosed in the case is consumed1 when the acetification stops4 ,on opening the case for a short time1 to admit of a fresh supply of air1 the operation recommences1 thus showing its dependence on the oxygen of the atmosphere4 ,for this transmutation1 #ajj grains of alcohol require #ga grains 7equal to #bjj cubic inches7 of oxygen1 or about #ajjj cubic inches of atmospheric air4 ,to render the process continuous and rapid1 a fresh supply of air must1 therefore1 be constantly provided4 ,this may be effected by either having a loosely covered opening at the top of the case1 and several much smaller ones near its lower part2 or 7and preferably7 by means of two small glass tubes passing through the lid or cover1 one of which terminates just below the point of insertion1 whilst the other divides into branches which reach to within a short distance from the bottom1 as shown in the engraving4 ,in this way a very slow current of fresh air will always be kept up in the apparatus4 ,illustration ,in practice1 we find1 that by loosely spreading the platinum-black on pieces of platinum-gauze1 and supporting these on small tripods or bars of glass or porcelain 7or even wood71 the watch-glasses and their troublesome suspension may be dispensed with2 as also may be the strip of porous paper1 provided a temperature of not less than #ij ,fahr4 be maintained in the case or acetifier1 which may easily be done by the application of artificial heat in the absence of sunshine4 ,on the large scale1 a case of wood with a glass roof1 or even a well-seasoned cask or vat may be employed1 in which case the temperature of the apparatus must be kept up either by means of steam-pipes or flues1 or by the supply of warm air4 ,on the small scale1 a hand bell-glass placed on a dish1 with a single watch-glass or piece of platinum-gauze1 and a single capsule containing alcohol1 may be used1 provided the bell-glass be supported on three very small wedges1 to admit of a supply of air4 ,a modification of this is sometimes employed1 in which the alcohol is supplied1 in drops1 to the platinum-black1 by means of a long1 tubular funnel passing through the mouth of the bell-glass1 and having its lower extremity drawn to a very fine point1 as shown in the engr4 ,to ensure success1 the platinum-black should be either fresh-prepared1 or recently washed and very gently heated1 before placing it in the acetifier4 ,spongy platinum1 though ordered by many chemical compilers1 does not answer well for this process4 ,by the above elegant and economical process1 perfectly pure acetic acid of considerable strength may be produced from even impure alcohol2 but it is impossible in this way to obtain a concentrated acid without a subsequent operation1 because the action of platinum-black on absolute alcohol1 or even on strong alcohol1 is so violent that the platinum soon begins to glow1 and inflammation ensues4 ,unfortunately the revenue laws of this country1 until lately1 stood in the way of the adoption of this beautiful process1 unless duty-paid alcohol or methylated spirit be employed2 but there is no statute that prevents an individual employing pure spirit1 of any strength1 on the small scale1 for private consumption4 ,in ,germany1 and in the ,united ,states of ,america1 vinegar is manufactured on this plan1 and from the low price of crude alcohol there1 it will no doubt prove ultimately to be the cheapest source of both pure acetic acid and culinary vinegars4 ,,vi4 ,miscellaneous ,formul3-- #a4 ,an excellent acetic acid1 of considerable strength1 may be made by soaking fresh-burnt and perfectly dry charcoal in common vinegar1 and then subjecting it to distillation4 ,the water comes over first1 and on increasing the heat1 the acid follows4 ,vinegar-bottoms and waste vinegar may be used4 #b4 ,by exposing vinegar1 or dilute acetic acid1 to the air in very cold weather1 or to freezing mixtures1 the water separates in the form of ice1 and the strong acetic acid may be obtained by draining it into suitable glass vessels1 observing to do so at a temperature sufficiently low to keep the water solid4 ,said to answer well in cold climates4 #c4 ,acetic acid containing #bj of water may be deprived of a good deal of its superfluous water by standing over dry sulphate of soda4 7,liebig47 ,it may then be used either with or without distillation4 #d4 ,acetic acid1 of ordinary strength1 may be concentrated to any degree1 by rectification once1 or oftener1 from dry acetate of potash or soda1 rejecting the first and last portions4 ,the same acetate may be used repeatedly4 ,the temperature need not exceed #djj1 and must not rise above #egj ,fahr4 ,,acetic ,,acid4 7,b4 ,p47 ,syn4 ,,acidum ,,aceticum4 ,water mixed with #cc of hydrated acetic acid4 ,prepared by distilling acetate of soda with sulphuric acid4 ,colourless sour liquid4 ,sp4 gr4 #ajdd4 ,prop4 ,pure hydrated acetic acid is a thin1 colourless liquid above #fb ,fahr42 at #ej to #ee it crystallises in large1 brilliant1 colourless1 transparent needles and plates1 and even at #fj if a crystal of the acid be dropped in2 at #dj it is a solid crystalline mass4 ,sp4 gr4--liquid1 #ajfc 7,mollerat7 to #ajfce 7,mohr72#c--;crystallised1 #aace at #ee ,fahr4 7,ure74 ,odour1 intensely pungent when concentrated1 but grateful1 fragrant1 and refreshing1 when diffused2 taste1 intensely sour and acrid1 becoming agreeable and refreshing1 on sufficient dilution with water2 volatile2 inflammable1 burning with a white flame2 vapour of boiling acid highly combustible2 dissolves camphor1 resins1 gum resins1 volatile oils1 gelatin1 gliadin1 coagulated albumen1 and fibrin 7as muscle or the crassamentum of the blood72 it coagulates casein1 but not liquid albumen 7as the serum of the blood and white of egg73 miscible with alcohol1 ether1 and water in all proportions2 boils at #bdh ,fahr42#d and is decomposed at a red heat4 ,its salts are called ,,acetates 7which see74 ,footnote #c3 #ajfd--;,h4 ,m4 ,witt 7,ure's ',dict41 of ,arts1 ,m4 ,m41' #eth ed472 #ajfc to #ajfe--,muspratt 7',chemistry1 ,theor4 ,prac41' p4 #b72 #ajfbif--,pereira 7#dth ed472 #ajfbi--;,brande2 #ajfb--,ure2 #ajeg--;,berzelius 7',jahr4 ber41' xvi1 #aib73--variations evidently arising from difference of purity in the acid examined1 or from difference of temperature4 ,the sp4 gr4 #ajhj1 with other numbers given by ,prof4 ,lehmann 7',chemistry1' ,day's ,transl471 is probably a misprint4 ,footnote #d3 ,this is the boiling-point given by the best authorities1 and confirmed by ,gerhardt 7',chimie ,organique1' i1 #gah74 ,ure made it #bcj7;an error corrected in #eth ed471 ,lehmann says #bdcadj1 and others give it at #bce1 #bdj1 c4 ,an acid of about #hj 7sp4 gr4 #ajgc to #ajgdc71 its maximum density1 boils at #bai to #bbj ,fahr4 ,char41 ,tests1 c4--#a4 ,free acetic acid reddens litmus paper1 like the other acids2 and may be readily recognised by its odour and volatility3--#b4 ,sesquichloride of iron being added1 and the acid then nearly saturated with ammonia1 the fluid acquires a deep dark-red colour4 ,estim4 ,see ,,acetimetry4 ,organic mixtures that cannot be thus tested1 or from which the acid cannot be obtained by simple distillation1 may be neutralised1 if acid1 with carbonate of lime1 boiled for a few minutes1 cooled1 filtered1 the lime precipitated with dilute sulphuric acid1 and the whole submitted to distillation1 when the acid contents of the distillate may be estimated as above4 ,pur4 ,by heat1 it escapes 7entirely7 in vapour2 nothing is precipitated on the addition of either hydrosulphuric acid1 nitrate of silver1 or chloride of barium4 ,sometimes it is contaminated with sulphurous acid1 which may be recognised by putting a fluid drachm of the acid1 mixed with an ounce of distilled water and half a drachm of pure hydrochloric acid1 also a few pieces of granulated zinc1 into a flask4 ,while effervescence continues suspend a slip of white blotting-paper1 moistened with solution of sub-acetate of lead1 in the upper part of the flask above the liquid1 for about five minutes4 ,the paper should not be discoloured1 and thus indicate the absence of sulphurous acid4 ,adult4 ,the acetic acid of the shops is chiefly adulterated with water4 ,sulphurous acid and lead are accidental contaminations2 that of the latter often reaches #b1 making the acid poisonous4 ,phys4 eff41 c4 ,in its concentrated state it is a corrosive and an acrid poison4 ,taken internally1 it acts by dissolving the animal tissues1 and by thus destroying the organisation causes death1 like the other acids4 ,in the dilute form it acts as a stimulant1 rubefacient1 alterative1 refrigerant1 and escharotic4 ,uses4 ,acetic acid is much employed by the chemist and pharmaceutist1 in the manufacture of various preparations1 and in analysis2 by the perfumer1 in the composition of several of his most refreshing and agreeable scents2 and in medicine1 as an antiseptic1 stimulant1 rubefacient1 alterative1 refrigerant1 and escharotic4 ,acetic acid 7,b4 ,p47 applied by means of a piece of rag tied to the end of a small stick1 is a nearly certain cure for ring-worm and scaldhead--one or two applications generally effecting a cure1 and the severe smarting it causes is only of short duration2 as a caustic1 it removes warts and corns2 a piece of lint or blotting-paper wetted with it and applied to the skin 7evaporation being prevented71 forms a useful extemporaneous blister4 ,it was once employed as a disinfectant2 but is now only used as a fumigation1 to disguise the unpleasant smell of the sickroom and crowded assemblies4 ,it is a popular refreshing scent in faintings1 asphyxia1 and nervous headache2 and is a valuable rubefacient1 astringent1 and local stimulant4 ,it is also used as a rubefacient and caustic in veterinary practice4 ,in the arts1 the commercial acid 7pure pyroligneous acid7 is used by the engraver to etch his plates2 as an antiseptic in pickling and preserving animal and vegetable substances used as food1 and anatomical preparations2 in dyeing and calico printing1 and in the manufacture of medicated vinegars and other pharmaceutical preparations4 ,in the dilute state1 its properties and applications are similar to those of ordinary vinegar1 and are noticed under that head4 ,poisoning from acetic acid is rare4 ,when concentrated1 it is capable1 by its corrosive and solvent action1 of perforating the coats of the stomach and digestive canal2 and it colours the mucus of these organs by the chemical action it exerts upon the blood4 ,vinegar in an excessive quantity acts in a similar way1 but in a slighter degree4 ,the treatment and antidotes are similar to those directed in cases of poisoning by the other acids4 ,see ,,poisons4 ,duty1 ,excise1 c4 ,see ,,vinegar4 ,gen4 commentary4 ,acetic acid1 on the large scale1 is principally prepared from acetate of soda1 which yields by a comparatively inexpensive1 and not a difficult operation1 an acid sufficiently strong and pure for commercial purposes1 without the necessity of rectification4 ,in this process shallow vessels of wood or of copper formed without rivets or solder 7except silver solder7 in those parts exposed to the action of the acid1 are generally employed for the purpose of the distillation4 ,a coil of drawn copper pipe1 heated by steam having a pressure of #cj to #dj lbs4 to the inch1 traverses the bottom of the apparatus1 to impart the necessary heat4 ,the refrigerator consists of well-cooled earthenware1 ,berlin ware1 or glass vessels2 and the adopter pipe is also of the same materials4 ,another common form1 which is even still more convenient1 is a stout copper still1 furnished with a cast-iron jacket to hold high-pressure steam1 the usual refrigeratory being employed4 ,in a few instances the space between the still and jacket is filled with sand1 oil1 tallow1 or fusible metal2 in which case the apparatus is set in brickwork1 and heated by a naked fire4 ,stills of earthenware are also frequently employed2 and even worms and condensers of silver1 or silvered copper1 are sometimes used1 and with advantage4 ,with a leaden worm the product is always contaminated with a little of that metal2 the efforts of the manufacturer to the contrary1 by the exclusion of air1 and by rejecting the first and last portions of the distillate1 only lessening and not preventing this evil4 ,a lute 7if any7 composed of linseed meal and water1 with or without a little powdered plaster of paris1 may be employed2 but flat bands and short tubes of well-seasoned vulcanised india rubber are infinitely more convenient and efficacious4 ,the ingredients being placed in the still1 and well but hastily stirred together with a wooden spatula1 the head is luted on1 and the distillation soon afterwards commenced4 ,the chief care now should be to increase the heat gradually as the distillation proceeds2 and when a steam-heat is not used1 to carefully avoid over-firing1 particularly towards the close of the operation4 ,a little acetic ether is added by some manufacturers4 ,in this way #d lbs4 of acid of the sp4 gr4 #ajej1 is obtained for every #c lbs4 of acetate of soda employed4 ,should rectification be had recourse to1 the addition of about #b or #c of bichromate of potash1 peroxide of manganese1 or red oxide of lead1 will remove empyreuma1 if present4 ,the first of these substances is the most effective2 the power of the others being in the order in which they are printed4 ,in distilling the weaker acids and vinegars1 it is found useful to add from #be to #cj of chloride of sodium1 which1 by raising the boiling-point of the liquid1 allows the acid the more freely to pass over 7,stein72 but this addition proves disadvantageous when any sulphuric acid is present1 in which case sulphate of soda may be employed instead4 ,if this addition be not made1 the whole of the acid cannot be obtained without distillation to dryness1 and the generation of empyreuma4 ,on the small scale1 glass retorts are usually directed to be used1 but glass alembics or flasks are more convenient and safe1 as already noticed4 ,in the preparation of the pure acid1 care should be taken that the acetate of soda does not contain common salt1 as the carbonate of soda prepared by calcination1 and frequently used to form the acetate1 is generally contaminated with it1 and yields up its hydrochloric acid or chlorine during the process of distillation1 thus vitiating the product4 ,in all the methods given the product becomes more concentrated in proportion to the dryness of the acetate and the strength of the oil of vitriol or muriatic acid employed4 ,by using the one dry1 and the other concentrated1 glacial acid may always be obtained by collecting separately the last two fifths that come over1 and submitting this to refrigeration4 ,according to ,melsens1 pure ,,glacial ,,acetic ,,acid is most advantageously obtained by distilling pure and dry acetate of potash with an excess of strong and moderately pure acetic acid1 rejecting that which first passes over4 ,acetate of soda may be safely dried at a temperature of #djj to #dej1 provided care be taken to avoid ignition from contact with sparks4 ,a less heat is1 however1 quite sufficient to drive off the whole of its water of crystallisation4 ,it is known to be dry by its assuming the appearance of a smooth oily liquid whilst hot4 ,if1 whilst heated1 it emits fumes1 it is suffering decomposition4 ,the same applies to the other commercial acetates4 ,crystallised acetate of soda loses about #b_/eths of its weight by thorough drying4 ,when acetate of soda and sulphuric acid are the ingredients employed in the production of acetic acid1 sulphate of soda is formed1 which1 in the large way1 the chemist returns to the manufacturer of acetate of soda 7i4 e4 to the pyroligneous acid maker71 who employs it in the decomposition of fresh acetate or pyrolignite of lime4 ,in this way the same soda-salt is employed over and over again1 acting merely as the vehicle for the separation of the crude acetic acid in the solid form1 and its easy and cheap transportation from one point to another4 ,this ingenious method of mutual assistance resulting from the application of chemical science to provide for the wants of everyday life1 offers some explanation of the extraordinarily low price at which acetic acid may now be purchased4 ,the acetic acid of commerce 7pure pyroligneous acid7 is almost wholly obtained from the acetates of soda and lime4 ,the principal supply of crude acetate 7pyrolignite7 of soda is from ,america1 ,norway1 and ,sweden2 but much is also obtained from our home manufactories4 ,see ,,acetification1 ,,acetimetry1 ,,fermentation1 ,,pyroligneous ,,acid1 ,,sodium1 7,acetate of71 ,,vinegar1 c4 ,more recently1 acetic acid has been obtained by decomposing with hydrochloric acid the double salt of chloride of calcium and acetate of lime1 mentioned by ,fritzsche 7',ann4 de ,poggend1' xxviii1 #abc74 ,for this purpose1 solutions of acetate of lime and chloride of calcium are mixed and evaporated1 the combined salts readily crystallising in large needles4 ,these are freed from the mother-liquor and distilled with common muriatic acid4 ,the acid furnished by this method requires redistillation1 and is1 moreover1 contaminated with some of the fatty products always present in the crude pyrolignite4 ,anhydrous ,acetic ,acid4 ,syn4 ,,acetic ,,anhydride4 ,acetic acid deprived of the elements of water4 ,acetic ,acid4 ,water4 ,acetic ,anhydride4 #b;,c#b;,h#d,o#b - ,h#b,o ,c#d;,h#f,o#c4 ,aromat'ic ,acetic ,acid4 ,syn4 ,,aromatic ,,vinegar2 ,a4 ,,spirit ,,of ,v42 ,,acidum ,,ace',,ticum ,,aromat',,icum1 ,l4--,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,e4 #ahci47 ,dried rosemary and origanum1 of each #a oz42 lavender flowers1 #a_/b oz42 bruised cloves1 #a_/b dr42 acetic acid 7sp4 gr4 #ajfh71 #a-a_/b pint2 macerate for #g days1 express1 and filter4 ,a fragrant and refreshing perfume4 ,omitted in ,ph4 ,e4 #ahda and ,p4 ,b4 #ahfg4 #b4 7,ph4 ,e4 #ahag47 ,as the last1 but using distilled vinegar instead of the strong acid of the ,pharmacopoeia4 ,inferior4 #c4 7,p4 ,cod4 #ahci7 ,camphor1 #b oz42 oil of lavender1 #aj gr42 oil of cinnamon1 #bj gr42 oil of cloves1 #cj gr42 concentrated acetic acid1 #a pint4 ,very fragrant and refreshing4 #d4 7,ph4 ,bor4 #ahdg2 ,cod4 ,med4 ,hamb4 #ahde47 ,oil of cloves1 #a dr42 oils of lavender and citron1 of each #b scrup42 oils of bergamot and thyme1 of each #a scrup42 oil of cinnamon1 #aj drops2 strongest acetic acid1 #a oz42 mix4 ,limpid2 yellow-brown2 highly fragrant and refreshing4 ,see ,,acetic ,,acid 7,camphorated71 and ,,vinegar 7,aromatic74 ,beaufoy's ,acetic ,acid4 ,a superior commercial acetic acid 7i4 e4 purified pyroligneous acid71 having a sp4 gr4 of about #ajdd2 or containing about #bh of real acetic acid1 or #cb to #cc of the hydrated acid4 ,same strength1 c41 as ,,acetic ,,acid ,p4 ,b4 ,cam'phorated ,acetic ,acid4 ,syn4 ,,camphorated ,,vinegar2 ,,acidum ,,ace',,ticum ,,camphora',,tum1 ,l4--,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,e4 #ahda47 ,camphor1 #a_/b oz42 pulverise it by means of a few drops of spirit of wine1 and then dissolve it in acetic acid 7,ph4 ,e471 #f-a_/b fl4 oz4 #b4 7,ph4 ,d4 #ahej47 ,camphor1 #a oz42 rectified spirit1 #a fl4 dr42 pulverise1 and dissolve in strong acetic acid 7acid4 acet4 fort4 ,ph4 ,d471 #aj fl4 oz4 ,obs4 ,this preparation is intended as a substitute for the aromatic acetic acid of the shops and previous pharmacopoeias4 ,it is also useful as an embrocation1 in rheumatism and neuralgia2 as an extemporaneous vesicant and counter-irritant2 and as a fumigation in fevers1 c4 ,dilute' ,acetic ,acid4 ,syn4 ,,acidum ,,aceticum ,,dilu',,tum1 ,l4 ,acetic acid1 #a pint2 distilled water1 #g pints2 mix1 ,sp4 gr4 #ajjf4 ,one fluid ounce corresponds to #af grains of anhydrous acid 7#cfc per cent474 ,glacial ,acetic ,acid4 ,syn4 ,,acidum ,,aceticum ,,glaciale4 ,acetate of soda1 #bj oz41 is liquefied by a gentle heat1 stirred till it becomes pulverulent1 and then further heated until it fuses2 it is at once removed from the fire1 and1 when cool1 the mass is broken up1 placed in a #c-pint stoppered retort connected with a ,liebig's condenser1 and then treated with sulphuric acid1 #h fl4 oz4 ,when the distillation slackens heat is to be applied1 and the process continued until #f fl4 oz4 of acetic acid have passed over4 ,if a little of the product strikes a blue colour when mixed with a solution of iodate of potassium containing mucilage of starch1 the whole product must be agitated with perfectly dry black oxide of manganese1 #a_/d oz41 and redistilled4 ,sp4 gr4 #ajfe2 contains #he of anhydrous acid4 ,,acetic ,,anhydride4 ,see ,,anhydrous ,,acetic ,,acid4 ,,acetica4 ,l4 ,medicated vinegars4 ,,acetidux1 ,dr ,,delfer',s4 ,made by ,dllinger1 of ,berlin4 ,for the radical and painless removal of warts1 corns1 hard skin1 c4 ,a solution of #e grms4 of chromic acid in #ae grms4 of water4 7,schdler47 ,,acetification4 ,syn4 ,,acetifacio1 ,l42 ,,acetification1 ,fr42 ,,essigmachen1 ,,einsa,,ern1 ,ger4 ,in chemistry1 the act or process of converting into vinegar2 also the state of undergoing such conversion4 ,acetic acid is produced either by the partial dehydrogenation and subsequent oxidation of bodies containing its elements1 or by their destructive distillation4 ,the first is effected--by their exposure1 in a finely divided state1 to the action of air or atmospheric oxygen1 as in the quick process of making vinegar2 or--by submitting them1 in combination with ferments1 to contact with a free supply of atmospheric air1 as in the old field process of making vinegar2 or--by exposure to the direct action of chemical or mechanical oxidizing agents1 as condensed air 7platinum-black process71 chromic and nitric acid1 c4 ,in general1 it is alcohol more or less dilute1 particularly as it exists in fermented liquors1 which is thus converted into acetic acid4 ,in the second process 7destructive distillation71 wood is the substance usually employed1 and heat is the agent which develops the acid4 ,the conversion of alcohol into acetic acid is not immediate and direct4 ,the atmospheric oxygen first oxidises two atoms of its hydrogen1 aldehyd and water being formed2 and this aldehyd uniting with one atom of oxygen produces one molecule of ,,acetic ,,acid4 ,the changes are represented in the following equations3-- ,alcohol4 ,oxygen4 ,aldehyd4 ,water4 #a4 ,c#b;,h#f,o ,o ,c#b;,h#d,o ,h#b,o ,aldehyd4 ,oxygen4 ,acetic ,acid4 #b4 ,c#b;,h#d,o ,o ,,hc#b;,h#c,o#b ,after the first formation of aldehyd1 the two processes1 unless artificially checked1 go on simultaneously1 as long as any undecomposed alcohol is present4 ,the conversion of alcohol into acetic acid1 although greatly accelerated by the presence of nitrogenised organic matter 7according to ,mulder1 of a fungus--the ,mycoderma ,vini or ,vinegar ,plant71 is rather a case of eremacausis 7slow combustion7 than of fermentation4 ,acetification effects combination1 as shown by the foregoing equations1 whereas fermentation resolves complex bodies into simpler ones1 e4g4 sugar into alcohol and carbonic anhydride4 ,moreover1 the presence of ferments is not essential to the change1 since pure alcohol becomes acetified when exposed to the oxidising agents already named4 ,another remarkable distinction between acetification and fermentation is1 that the former requires the continued presence of atmospheric oxygen2 whilst the vinous fermentation after being once established1 proceeds perfectly without it4 ,during the oxidation of the alcohol of vegetable solutions1 some of the other organic matters present also suffer change4 ,a white gelatinous mass 7mother of vinegar7#e is commonly deposited2 but this is a secondary result of the process1 and not1 as formerly supposed1 one essential to it4 ,in ordinary cases acetification occurs only at or near the surface of the liquid2 which accounts for the length of time required for the operation under the old process of 'fielding1' and the shorter time in which it is accomplished by the improved process of ,mr ,ham4 ,it proceeds favorably at temperatures ranging from #fj to #ij ,fahr42 and most rapidly at #ie ,fahr4 7,liebig74 ,in the 'quick process' of making vinegar a temperature of #ij to #ib is generally aimed at2 but it often rises to #ajj1 or even to #aje1 ,fahr4 ,as the temperature falls acetification proceeds more slowly1 and at #df to #ej ,fahr4 it ceases altogether 7,liebig74 ,footnote #e3 ,it has generally been asserted that this substance contains vibriones1 and other low forms of organised life2 but ,mulder describes it1 under the name mycoderma aceti1 as a plant of the order 'fungi4' ,it is formed at the expense of the constituents of the vinegar1 and often causes whole vats of it to pass into water4 ,aldehyd 7see above7 is an exceedingly volatile substance1 and easily dissipated by a slight heat4 ,it is1 therefore1 of the highest importance to duly regulate the temperature1 as well as the supply of air1 during acetification4 ,in the 'quick process' of making vinegar the loss from this cause is always considerable1 and often very great4 ,this loss may be diminished by passing the heated air1 as it escapes from the acetifier1 through a porcelain or silvered copper worm or refrigerator1 set in a chamber containing water of a temperature not higher than #dj to #de ,fahr42 the connection being made at the lower end of the worm1 whilst the upper end is open to the air4 ,on the small scale1 as in the platinum-black process1 the loss may be almost entirely prevented by causing the upper air tube to pass through a vessel containing ice or a freezing mixture2 or by uniting it with the lower end of a ,liebig's condenser4 ,in liquors undergoing the vinous fermentation1 a portion of the newly formed alcohol is invariably acetified whenever the temperature rises above #ea ,fahr42 and at a higher temperature1 this proceeds with a rapidity often highly injurious to the quality of the liquor4 ,in this way there is frequently a useless loss of the alcohol1 which is rendered more apparent by the incipient1 and sometimes the actual1 souring of the liquor4 ,,acetim',,etry4 ,syn4 ,,acetom',,etry2 ,,ac,,tom,,trie1 ,fr42 ,,acetime',,tria1 c41 ,l4 ,the art or process of determining the quantity of pure acetic acid in vinegar1 or in any other liquid4 ,the plans generally adopted for this purpose are-- ,i4 ,from the saturating power of the acid1 as in the common methods of acidimetry3-- #a4 ,the molecular weight of commercially pure bicarbonate of potash1 in crystals1 being #ajj1 whilst that of absolute acetic acid is #fj1 it is evident that every ten grains of the bicarbonate will exactly equal #f grains of the acid4 ,to apply this practically1 we have only to exactly neutralise #ajj gr4 of the vinegar or solution under examination with the bicarbonate1 observing the usual precautions2 then1 as #aj is to #f1 so is the number of grains used1 to the per-centage strength required4 ,in this1 as in other like cases1 it is convenient to form a test-solution with the bicarbonate1 by dissolving it in sufficient water to fill the #ajj divisions of any simple form of 'acidimeter1' as a1 b1 or c2 when the quantity of the solution1 and1 consequently1 of the salt used1 may be read off at once from the graduated portion of the tube4 ,still greater accuracy may be obtained by dissolving the bicarbonate in exactly #ajjj gr4 of distilled water contained in a ',schuster's alkalimeter1' previously very carefully weighed2 in which case each grain of the test-solution will indicate #a_/ajth of a grain1 or #ja of absolute acetic acid1 whilst every #aj grains will be equal to #a grain1 or #a4 ,illustration ,the test-solution may also be prepared from bicarbonate of soda1 or from the carbonates of soda or potash1 care being taken that the quantity of the salt dissolved be in proportion to its molecular weight4 #b4 7,brande47 ,a small piece of white marble1 clean and dry1 is weighed1 and then suspended by a silk thread in a weighed sample 7say #ajj or #ajjj grs47 of the vinegar or acid under examination2 the action being promoted by occasionally stirring the liquid with a glass rod1 until the whole of the acid is saturated1 as shown by no further action on the marble being observable on close inspection4 ,the marble is then withdrawn1 washed in distilled water1 dried and weighed4 ,the loss in weight which it has sustained will be nearly equal to the acetic acid present1 or strictly1 as #ej 7marble7 to #fj 7absolute acetic acid74 ,the only precautions required are1 to avoid striking the piece of marble with the rod whilst stirring the solution1 or causing loss of substance in it after its withdrawal2 and to allow ample time for the action of the acid on it4 ,if the sample consists of strong acid1 it should be diluted with twice or thrice its weight of water before suspending the marble in it4 #c4 7,ure47 #ajj grains of the sample under examination is slightly reddened with tincture of litmus1 and ammonia of the sp4 gr4 #jiib is added drop by drop 7from an acetimeter holding #ajjj water-gr4 measure1 divided into #ajj divisions7 until precise neutralisation is effected1 indicated by the blue colour of the litmus being restored4 ,the number of the divisions of the acetimeter used1 multiplied by #fj1 and the first two right-hand figures of the product cut off as decimals1 gives a number which represents the exact quantity of absolute acetic acid in the sample4 ,in practice1 it is found more convenient to keep the test-ammonia ready tinged with litmus4 ,the mode of estimating the per-centage of acetic acid in beers1 when finding their original gravities1 is a slight modification of the above4 ,a test-solution of ammonia is prepared of such a strength that a given bulk of it will exactly neutralise one per cent4 of absolute acetic acid in an equal bulk of beer1 so that1 if #ajj fluid grains of the solution are sufficient to neutralise the acid in #ajjj fluid grains of beer1 such beer contains one tenth per cent4 of acid4 ,a solution of ammonia1 diluted with distilled water until it has the sp4 gr4 #iihf at #fj1 is of the exact strength required4 ,an acetimeter holding #ajjj grains1 and graduated downwards to #ajj equal divisions1 is filled to #j of the scale with the test-ammonia1 which is then added1 drop by drop1 to #ajjj measured grains of the beer1 until neutralisation takes place4 ,every division of the acetimeter 7corresponding to ten fluid grains71 so emptied1 indicates #ja per cent4 of acetic acid in the beer4 ,the progress of the neutralisation is tested from time to time with a slip of reddened litmus paper1 which should be suffered to become faintly blue before ceasing to add the ammonia4 ,by this method the exact per-centage of absolute acetic acid in any sample may be accurately determined4 ,the only precaution necessary is to be certain that the 'test-ammonia' has the required sp4 gr4 7#iihf74 ,test-solutions may also be prepared with pure potash or pure soda4 ,,ii4 ,from the specific gravity of the liquid after it has been neutralised with hydrate of lime3-- ,common hydrate of lime 7freshly slaked lime71 in powder1 is added gradually to the sample under examination1 until it is saturated1 when the sp4 gr4 of the resulting clear solution of acetate of lime is taken by ,taylor's ,,acetimeter4 ,this instrument is so adjusted and graduated as to float at the mark on the stem called 'proof1' in a solution containing #e of absolute acetic acid 7,no4 #bd vinegar74 ,for vinegars stronger than proof small weights are provided1 each of which indicates an additional #e per cent4 ,to ascertain the per-centage of real acid1 #e must therefore be added to the acetimeter number4 ,thus1 without being loaded1 the instrument1 floating at the 'proof mark1' indicates a vinegar of #e2 with one weight1 a vinegar of #aj2 with two weights1 #ae1 and so on4 ,according to this system of notation1 each #e is called a 'vinegar4' ,an acid of #aj is said to contain two vinegars2 one of #ae1 three vinegars1 c4 ,it is also common to speak of the degrees of the acetimeter as proof or over-proof4 ,thus1 ,no4 #bd vinegar is said to be proof2 one of #e acetimeter degrees1 #e over-proof2 one of #aj degrees1 #aj over-proof1 c4 ,for malt and wine vinegars1 which contain gluten and mucilage1 this method is not strictly accurate1 as a portion of these substances escapes precipitation by the lime1 and consequently alters the specific gravity4 ,a small weight marked ',m' is generally supplied with the acetimeters for trying such vinegars4 ,,iii4 ,from the specific gravity3-- ,the sp4 gr4 of the sample 7carefully determined by any of the usual methods7 is sought in one of the following ,tables1 when the corresponding per-centage content of acetic acid is at once seen4 ,this method furnishes reliable results only with pure1 or nearly pure solutions which do not contain much above #ej of glacial acid1 or which have a sp4 gr4 not higher than #ajfb4 ,it is also more to be depended on for weak solutions than strong ones4 ,by carefully diluting a strong acid with an equal weight1 or twice or thrice its weight of water1 and allowing the mixture to again acquire its normal temperature1 the sp4 gr4 may be taken as a guide in all cases in which great accuracy is not required4 ,when such dilution is made it only becomes necessary to multiply the indication furnished in the ,tables by #b1 #c1 or #d1 as the case may be4 ,as1 however1 authorities are not agreed as to the precise sp4 gr4 of the monohydrate or glacial acid1 and of its solutions1 extreme accuracy must not be expected by this method4 ,,table ,i4--,adapted to the ,specific ,gravities of common vinegar4 ,by ,messrs ,j4 and ,p4 ,,taylor4 per sp4 gr4 cent4 #ajjhe contains of anhydrous or real acetic acid #e #ajagj #aj #ajbeg #ae #ajcbj #bj #ajdgj #cj #ajehj #dj ,,table ,,ii4--,exhibiting the quantity of ,,absolute or ,,glacial ,,acetic ,,acid 7,,hc#b;,h#c,o#b71 in acetic acid of successive strengths4 ,by ,mr ,,cooley4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,absolute ,absolute ,absolute ,absolute ,acetic ,sp4 ,gr4 ,acetic ,sp4 ,gr4 ,acetic ,sp4 ,gr4 ,acetic ,sp4 ,gr4 ,acid1 ,acid1 ,acid1 ,acid1 per cent4 per cent4 per cent4 per cent4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,pure acid1 #ge #ajgca #di #ajeic #bc #ajcbj or #ajj #ajfcj #gd #ajgcb #dh #ajehb #bb #ajcaa #ii #ajfdh #gc #ajgbh #dg #ajefh #ba #ajbib #ih #ajffc #gb #ajgba #df #ajeeg #bj #ajbge #ig #ajfgg #ga #ajgah #de #ajeec #ai #ajbfd #if #ajfhe #gj #ajgac #dd #ajedd #ah #ajbec #ie #ajfif #fi #ajgaa #dc #ajece #ag #ajbda #id #ajgjd #fh #ajgjh #db #ajebe #af #ajbbi #ic #ajgjh #fg #ajgjb #da #ajeah #ae #ajbah #ib #ajgae #ff #ajgja #dj #ajeac #ad #ajbjj #ia #ajgba #fe #ajfic #ci #ajejb #ac #ajagc #ij #ajgbf #fd #ajfib #ch #ajdib #ab #ajagb #hi #ajgbi #fc #ajfhe #cg #ajdhb #aa #ajafa #hh #ajgcj #fb #ajfgi #cf #ajdgc #aj #ajaej #hg #ajgca #fa #ajfge #ce #ajdfj #ji #ajaca #hf #ajgcb #fj #ajfgb #cd #ajddi #jh #ajaba #he #ajgcc #ei #ajffe #cc #ajdci #jg #ajajb #hd #ajgcd #eh #ajffb #cb #ajdbe #jf #ajjhe #hc #ajgcdc #eg #ajfec #ca #ajdac #je #ajjga #hb #ajgce #ef #ajfde #cj #ajdjb #jd #ajjeg #ha #ajgch #ee #ajfda #bi #ajcib #jc #ajjdb #hj #ajgdc #ed #ajfcb #bh #ajchj #jb #ajjbe #gi #ajgdb #ec #ajfbh #bg #ajcfd #ja #ajjab #gh #ajgdj #eb #ajfaf #bf #ajceb ,pure #ajjjj #gg #ajgci #ea #ajfaj #be #ajcda water4 #gf #ajgcf #ej #ajfjb #bd #ajccj ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,concluding remarks4 ,before applying the above processes1 account should be taken of any mineral acid which may be present in the sample1 such being not unfrequently added to vinegar to impart artificial strength2 and in those depending on the sp4 gr41 gum1 gluten1 c41 must also be allowed for4 ,the methods depending on the saturating power of the acid will be found appropriate to acetic acid of all strengths1 when unadulterated with the mineral acid4 ,the method based on the sp4 gr4 is also very convenient1 and is sufficiently accurate for distilled vinegars and for pure acids of moderate strength4 ,it is found that the decimal fraction of the sp4 gr4 of pure or nearly pure vinegar is doubled by its conversion into acetate of lime4 ,thus1 #ajjhe in vinegar becomes #ajagj when converted into a solution of acetate of lime4 ,in malt vinegar1 however1 #jjje may be deducted from the sp4 gr4 for mucilage and gluten4 ,the quantity of foreign matter present in vinegar may therefore be approximatively ascertained1 by deducting the decimal of the sp4 gr4 of the solution of acetate of lime from double that of the decimal part of the sp4 gr4 of the vinegar4 ,thus3--the sp4 gr4 of a sample of vinegar being #ajad1 and after saturation with hydrate of calcium #ajbc1 the sp4 gr4 of the pure vinegar would be #ajji1 and that due to foreign matter #jje4 ,for-- #jbh - #jbc #jje and-- #ajad - #jje #ajji ,the reason why proof-vinegar is called1 in commerce1 ,no4 #bd1 is that #a fl4 oz4 of it requires exactly #bd gr4 of pure anhydrous carbonate of soda to neutralise it4 ,weaker vinegars are represented in the same 'notation' by the ,nos4 #bb1 #bj1 #ah1 c41 according to their respective strengths estimated by their saturating power4 ,,acetine4 ,an essence for the removal of corns4 ,concentrated vinegar 7#ajd sp4 gr47 slightly tinged with fuchsine1 #ae grms4 7,hager47 ,,acetine1 ,,hochstetter',s4 ,prepared by ,j4 ,c4 ,f4 ,witte1 ,berlin4 ,a remedy for corns1 warts1 and hard skin4 ,diluted vinegar1 coloured with blue carmine1 #af grms4 7,schlder47 ,,acetolats4 ,fr4 ,syn4 ,,esprits ,,ac,,tiques4 ,in ,french pharmacy1 medicated vinegars obtained by distillation4 ,,acetoles4 ,fr4 ,in ,french pharmacy1 medicated vinegars obtained by maceration4 ,,acetous ,,fermentation4 ,see ,,acetification4 ,,acetum4 ,l4 ,vinegar4 ,,acetyl4 ,syn4 ,,acetyle4 ,a name originally given to a hypothetical body1 having the formula ,c#b;,h#c1 and regarded by ,berzelius as the radical of the acetates and their congeners4 ,the acetyl of ,gerhardt 7,c#b;,h#c,o7 is1 however1 according to that chemist1 the true radical of the acetates4 ,williamson1 in order to remove the confusion of terms occasioned by the application of the same name to compounds of different composition1 proposed the title of othyl for the radical ,c#b;,h#c,o4 ,,achar4 ,see ,,pickles4 ,,aceiile',,ine 7-k7il-74 ,a peculiar bitter principle obtained from achill a millefolium 7,linn471 or yarrow4 ,a',,chor1 7-k7or74 ,gr4 ,see ,,scald-,,head4 ,,achromat',,ic 77ak-ro-74 ,syn4 ,,achromatique1 ,fr4 ,in optics1 devoid of colour2 bodies that transmit light without decomposition1 and consequently1 without the formation of coloured rings or fringes2 applied to compound lenses1 prisms1 c41 and to instruments fitted with them4 ,,acro',,matism4 ,syn4 ,,achromatisme1 ,fr4 ,in optics1 the state of being achromatic2 the absence of coloured fringes in the images of objects seen through a lens or prism4 ,light is not homogeneous1 but decomposable by refraction1 absorption1 or reflection1 into coloured rays of unequal refrangibility4 ,a ray of white light1 in passing through a glass prism1 is entirely separated into the coloured rays forming the 'prismatic spectrum1' and when it passes through a lens1 an analogous resolution into coloured rays still occurs1 though not so readily observed1 and that to an extent often incompatible with distinct vision4 ,now1 if a convex lens be regarded as a number of prisms united by their bases round a common centre1 and a concave lens1 as a similar number of prisms with their apices in contact1 the action of lenticular and prismatic glasses on light will be reduced to a common principle4 ,a beam of light thrown on a simple converging lens not only suffers refraction at the spherical surface 7,,spherical ,,aberration71 but the different coloured rays of which it is composed1 from the causes mentioned1 being unequally bent or refracted1 diverge from their original course 7,,chromatic ,,aberration71 forming as many foci on the axis of the lens as there are colours1 and fall separately1 instead of together1 on the eye or object which receives them4 ,hence arise the coloured fringes or halos that surround objects viewed through ordinary glasses1 and which form the great impediments to the construction of perfect lenses4 ,this effect1 like the refractive power and focal distance1 varies in degree in different diaphanous substances4 ,the correction of the chromatic aberration of lenses is commonly effected by combining two1 or more1 made of materials possessing different 'dispersive' powers4 ,thus1 the spectrum formed by flint glass is longer than that formed by crown glass1 for the same deviation4 ,when the two are combined1 so as to form a compound lens1 the one tends to correct the 'dispersion' of the other4 ,on this principle ,,achromatic ,,glasses are generally formed in this country4 ,a convex lens of crown glass is combined with a weaker concave lens of flint glass1 the latter counteracting the dispersion of the former1 without materially interfering with its refractive power4 ,the resulting combination is not absolutely achromatic1 but is sufficiently so for all ordinary purposes4 ,according to ,dr ,blair1 a compound lens perfectly achromatic for the intermediate1 as well as for the extreme rays1 may be made by confining certain fluids1 as hydrochloric acid1 between two lenses of crown glass4 ,in order to produce nearly perfect achromatism in the object-glasses of telescopes1 microscopes1 cameras1 c41 a concave lens of flint glass is commonly placed between two convex lenses of crown or plate glass1 the adjacent surfaces being cemented with the purest ,canada balsam1 to prevent the loss of light by reflection from so many surfaces4 ,obs4 ,the production of perfect achromatism in lenses is a subject not less fraught with difficulty than with practical importance to the astronomer1 the mariner1 the microscopist1 and the photographer2 and it has hence engaged the attention of the leading mathematicians and artists of ,europe up to the present time4 ,all the larger object-glasses lately manufactured are said to consist of only two lenses2 the resulting achromatism proving sufficiently exact for all useful purposes4 ,those of recent production have come chiefly from the workshops of ,dollond1 of ,london1 and the opticians of ,bavaria and ,switzerland4 ,the achromatism of prisms depends upon the same principles1 and it is effected in the same way as that of lenses4 ,,acic',,ular4 ,needle-shaped2 slender or sharp pointed2 spicular2 in botany1 applied to leaves1 and in chemistry1 to crystals4 ,the last are also sometimes termed ,,acic',,ul4 ,,acid1 ,syn4 ,,acidum1 ,l42 ,,acide1 ,fr42 ,,acido1 ,ital42 ,s,,ure1 ,g4 ,in familiar language1 any substance possessing a sour taste4 ,in chemistry1 substances are said to be acid1 or to have an acid reaction1 when they are capable of turning blue litmus red4 ,in chemistry1 also1 the term acid is applied to a very large class of compounds containing hydrogen 7hydrogen salts71 and in which one or more atoms of that element may be replaced by an equivalent quantity of a metal or other basic radical2 e4g4-- #a4 ,the one atom of hydrogen in hydrochloric acid 7,h,cl7 may be replaced by sodium1 producing the salt sodium chloride 7,na,cl74 #b4 ,the one atom of hydrogen in nitric acid 7,,hno#c7 may be replaced by silver1 producing the salt silver nitrate 7,ag,n,o#c74 #c4 ,one atom of hydrogen in acetic acid 7,,hc#b;,h#c,o#b7f may be replaced by the basic radical ammonium 7,,nh#d71 producing the salt ammonium acetate 7,,nh#d;,c#b;,h#c,o#b74 ,footnote #f3 ,symbols indicating the number of atoms of replaceable hydrogen occupy the foremost position in the formul of acids1 as shown in the text4 ,acids which1 like those mentioned in the foregoing examples1 contain one atom of replaceable hydrogen are called monobasic2 those which contain two such atoms 7e4g4 sulphuric acid1 ,h#b,,so#d2 tartaric acid1 ,h#b;,c#d;,h#d,o#f71g dibasic2 those which contain three such atoms 7e4g4 phosphoric acid1 ,h#c,,po#d2 citric acid1 ,h#c;,c#f;,h#e,o#g71g tribasic2 and so on with acids of higher basicity4 ,acids of greater basicity than unity are frequently termed polybasic4 ,footnote #g3 ,see footnote1 p4 #bf4 ,besides containing replaceable or basic hydrogen1 acids are further characterised by the property of combining with alkaloids to form salts2 e4g4-- ,sulphuric ,acid4 ,quinia4 ,h#b,,so#d #b;,c#bd;,h#bd,n#b,o#b ,quinia ,sulphate4 7,c#bj;,h#bd,n#b,o#b7b 4 ,h#b,,so#d ,acetic ,acid4 ,morphia4 ,,hc#b;,h#c,o#b ,c#ag;,h#ai,,no#c ,morphia ,acetate4 ,c#ag;,h#ai,,no#c 4 ,,hc#b;,h#c,o#b ,dibasic ,acids4 ,see ,,acid4 ,fatty ,acids4 ,acids separable from fats or oils2 e4g4 stearic acid1 oleic acid1 butyric acid1 c4 ,inorganic ,acids4 ,same as ,,mineral ,,acids 7which see74 ,mineral ,acids4 ,acids chiefly or wholly derived from the mineral kingdom4 ,in medicine1 sulphuric1 hydrochloric1 and nitric acids1 are commonly so called4 ,monobasic ,acids4 ,see ,,acid4 ,organic ,acids4 ,acids formed by1 or derived from organic substances2 e4g4 acetic acid1 tartaric acid1 uric acid1 c4 ,polybasic ,acids4 ,see ,,acid4 ,pyro-acids4 ,acids resulting from the decomposition by heat of other acids1 e4g4 gallic acid1 when heated1 yields pyro-gallic acid4 ,tribasic ,acids4 ,see ,,acid4 ,,acidifica',,tion4 ,eng41 ,fr4 ,syn4 ,,acidifica',,tio1 ,l4 ,in chemistry1 the act1 process1 or state of acidifying1 or of making1 becoming1 or impregnated with acid4 ,,acidim',,eter4 ,syn4 ,,acidom',,eter2 ,,acidime',,trum1 c41 ,l42 ,,acidim,,tre1 ,fr4 ,an instrument or apparatus employed in acidimetry4 ,the ordinary acidimeters of the chemist are small tubes1 constructed to hold exactly #ajjj grains of distilled water1 at #fj ,fahr41 within the limits of their scale1 which is accurately graduated into #ajj divisions4 ,they are used to contain the alkaline solutions 7,,test-,,liquors1 ,,normal or ,,standard ,,solutions7 employed in the following processes4 ,beaum's ,acidimeter1 and others of the same class1 are ,,hydrometers1 and are described under that 'head4' ,,acidim',,etry4 ,syn4 ,,acidom',,etry2 ,,acidime',,tria1 c41 ,l42 ,,acidim,,trie1 ,fr4 ,the estimation of the strength or quantity of acid1 in a free state1 contained in any liquid4 ,it is the reverse of 'alkalimetry4' ,acidimetrical assays are understood to refer to the relative strengths of the same acids 7i4 e41 the quantity of real acid of the same kind contained in the solutions examined71 and not to the comparative strengths of acids of different composition or names4 ,acidimetrical processes4 ,these are founded chiefly on the capacity of the acids to saturate the bases2 and1 in some of the liquid acids1 on the specific gravity4 a4 ,,volumetrically3-- #a4 ,the sample of the acid to be examined 7#ajj gr41 or any convenient aliquot part thereof7 is placed in a suitable glass vessel1 and if it be one of the stronger acids1 diluted with six or eight times its weight of water1 or if solid 7as oxalic1 or citric acid71 dissolved in a like quantity4 ,this liquid is then exactly neutralised with an alkali4 ,this point is usually determined1 by the addition of a small quantity of litmus solution1 which turns just blue when the solution is neutralised1 but when a carbonate is used for the alkaline solution1 the acid must be boiled a short time after each addition to expel the carbonic acid4 ,the quantity of the alkaline solution consumed for this purpose represents an equivalent quantity of acid1 and thus gives us the acid content of the sample under examination4 ,the common practice is to dissolve one equivalent of the alkaline test in grains or grammes in water1 and to make up the solution to exactly #ajjj parts by measure 7i4 e41 #ajjj 'water-grains' or grammes71 so as to accurately fill the #ajj divisions of an acidimeter2 when the quantity1 in grains or grammes1 of the sample tested1 bears the same proportion to the equivalent number of the acid under examination1 that the number of acidimeter divisions of the test-liquor consumed bear to the per-centage of acid sought4 ,thus3--suppose #ej gr4 of a sample of sulphuric acid take #be acidimeter divisions 7#cjj parts or water-grains measure7 of the test-liquid to neutralise it1 what is its content of real acid8 ,the equivalent of sulphuric acid is #di 7half its atomic weight72 so1 by the rule of proportion1 #ej 3 #di 33 #be 3 #bd-a_/b ,it therefore contains #bd-a_/b parts of real sulphuric acid1 in #ej4 ,if the #ajjj parts or grain-measures1 instead of the number of the acidimeter divisions1 be taken for the calculation1 it will1 of course1 be necessary to point off the first right-hand figure of the result as a decimal4 ,thus2 repeating the above example-- #ej 3 #di 33 #bej 3 #bde ,or1 since the equivalent of the test-liquid is #ajj1 it will bear the same proportion to the equiv4 of the acid examined as the number of the acidimeter divisions of the test-liquid consumed in neutralising #ajj gr41 do to the per-centage sought4 ,thus3--#ej gr4 of hydrochloric acid take #de acidimeter divisions to effect neutralisation1 what is its real strength8--,the equiv4 of hydrochloric acid is #cfe3 therefore-- #ajj 3 #cfe 33 #de 3 #afdbe and1 since only #ej gr4 7instead of #ajj gr47 were examined-- #afdbe #b #cbhe ,some operators prefer employing #ajj gr4 instead of the equivalent weights of the given tests in making their test-solutions1 in which case each gr4 or #ajjjth part represents #a_/ajth1 and each acidimeter degree #a gr4 of the alkali or carbonate employed2 when a similar proportion will obtain to that first above given4 ,in technical analysis it is more convenient if the number of acidimeter divisions of the 'test-liquid' consumed express the per-centage strength of the acid1 without further calculation4 ,for this purpose the number of grains of the acid taken for the assay should correspond to the equivalent number of such acid 7see ,table ,i1 below72 or to some convenient aliquot part of it1 as the #a_/b1 #a_/d1 #a_/e1 or #a_/ajth2 the per-centage answer1 in the last case1 being doubled1 quadrupled1 c41 according to the aliquot part taken4 ,the reason of this is obvious4 ,for the test-solutions1 ammonia1 and the dry and crystallised carbonates and bicarbonates of potash and soda1 are used1 and are made by dissolving in water their constituents except ammonia1 of which #ajjj grains1 or one litre1 of solution of specific gravity #jiib contains exactly one equivalent4 #ec grains 7or grammes7 of pure anhydrous carbonate of soda1 prepared by gradually heating to redness the crystallised salt1 constitute one equivalent 7half the atomic weight71 and #fi grains 7or grammes7 of pure dry carbonate of potash4 ,of the crystallised salt #adc grains of carbonate of soda will be required1 and #hd grains 7grammes7 of the crystallised bicarbonate of soda1 and #ajj of the crystallised bicarbonate of potash4 ,occasionally solutions containing in one thousand parts1 #ej of pure carbonate of lime or chalk1 or #bh of pure caustic lime1 are used4 ,besides these1 a process known as ,kiefer's is practised1 and an ammoniacal solution of oxide of copper is employed as the 'test-liquor1' and the 'point of neutralisation' is known by the turbidity observed as soon as the free acid present is completely saturated4 ,the normal solution or test-liquor is prepared by adding to an aqueous solution of sulphate of copper1 pure ammonia water1 until the precipitate1 which at first forms1 is just redissolved1 carefully avoiding excess4 ,or better1 by adding a rather strong solution of sulphate of copper1 to a quantity of a rather strong solution of ammonia containing exactly #ag gr41 or one equiv4 of pure ammonia1 as long as the precipitate which forms is redissolved on agitation2 the resulting liquid being afterwards diluted with pure distilled water1 until it accurately measures #ajjj water-grains1 or fills #ajj divisions of an acidimeter1 at #fj ,fahr4 ,in either case1 the strength of the resulting 'test-solution' must be carefully determined by means of standard sulphuric acid1 and adjusted1 if necessary4 ,this method answers well with all the stronger acids 7excepting oxalic acid71 even when dilute2 and it has the advantage of not being affected by the presence of a neutral metallic salt with an acid reaction1 as sulphate of copper1 or of zinc4 ,besides this process a solution of lime in sugar may be used1 as proposed by ,m4 ,peligot1 and made as follows3-- ,pure caustic lime is carefully slaked by sprinkling with water1 and #ej grains 7or grammes71 made up by water to a milky solution1 and #ajj grains of pure sugar candy dissolved in #ajjj grains of water1 are added1 and the whole well shaken4 ,it is allowed to settle in a closed bottle1 and the clear solution poured off and diluted1 until #ajjj grains neutralise exactly #ajj grains of pure hydrochloric acid of sp4 gr4 #aahab4 ,of course it only answers with acids whose calcium salts are readily soluble in water4 b4 ,,gravermetrically3-- ,the test-liquors or standard solutions of the above methods are made up so as to weigh exactly #ajjj grains1 instead of to 'measure' #ajj acidimeter divisions4 ,every grain of the test-liquor thus represents #a_/ajth gr4 of alkali2 and every #aj gr41 #a gr4 of alkali2 or respectively1 #a_/ajth per cent4 and #a per cent4 ,the vessel used for containing the solutions is carefully weighed whilst empty1 and #ajjj gr4 being placed in the opposite scale1 the test-solution1 containing exactly one equivalent of base1 is poured in1 and the whole made up with distilled water 7if necessary7 so as to restore the balance to an equilibrium4 ,after the process of neutralisation1 the acidimeter1 with its contents1 is again placed in the scales2 its previous weight still remaining there4 ,the number of grains required to restore the equilibrium of the balance 7i4e41 the loss of weight71 gives the exact weight of the test-liquor consumed4 ,in all other respects the process is the same as in the 'volumetrical method' already described4 ,another method for estimating the strength of the sample of acid is by weighing the amount of carbonic acid expelled during saturation4 7,method of ,fresenius and ,will47 ,this depends on the weight of gaseous carbonic acid which a given weight of the acid-sample under examination is capable of expelling from pure bicarbonate of soda 7or of potash71 which is estimated by the loss of weight in the acidimeter1 or apparatus1 after the gas1 rendered perfectly dry by passing through sulphuric acid1 has escaped into the air4 ,,table ,i4--,weights of the respective acids equivalent to the given weight of the principal bases1 hydrogen being taken as unity4 #ea ,acetic acid 7anhydrous74 #fj 7crystallised or glacial74 #ii ,arsenious acid 7dry74 #ce ,boracic acid 7anhydrous74 #ag gr4 of pure ammonia4#h #fb 7crystallised74 #ca anhydrous soda4#i #bb ,carbonic acid 7dry74 #dj hydrate of soda4#i #fg ,citric acid 7crystallised74 #ec dry carbonate of soda4#aj #he ,gallic acid 7dried at #bab74 #adc crystallised carbonate of #id 7crystallised74 soda4#aa #abg-a_/b ,hydriodic acid 7dry or gaseous74 #hd crystallised bicarbonate #bg ,hydrocyanic acid 7anhydrous74 of soda4 #cf-a_/b ,hydrochloric acid 7dry or gaseous74 #dg anhydrous potassa4#i #aji 7liquid1 sp4 gr4 #aafb74 #ef hydrate of potassa4#i are #aff-a_/b ,iodic acid4 #fi dry carbonate of potassa4#aj exactly #ed ,nitric acid 7anhydrous74 #ajj crystallised bicarbonate neutralised #fc 7liquid1 monohydrated1 sp4 gr4 of potassa4 by #aeag to #aeba74 #ej pure chalk4 #fg-a_/b 7liquid1 sesquihydrated1 sp4 gr4 pure marble4 #aejcc to #aejd74 #bh pure caustic lime4 #gb 7liquid1 binhydrated1 sp4 gr4 #cg hydrate of lime 7fresh74 #adhf74 #dd dry carbonic acid 7when #ij 7liquid1 sp4 gr #adb74 the bicarbonate of #cf ,oxalic acid 7anhydrous74 potassa or soda is #fc 7crystallised74 used for testing in #gb ,phosphoric acid 7anhydrous74 the process of ,fresenius #ha 7glacial74 and ,will74 #ej ,succinic acid 7dry or anhydrous crystals74 #bb dry carbonic acid 7when #ei 7ordinary crystals74 a dry carbonate is #dj ,sulphuric acid 7anhydrous74 used74 #di 7liquid1 monohydrated1 sp4 gr4 #ahdhe74 #ge ,tartaric acid 7crystallised74 #bab ,tannic acid 7carefully dried74 ,footnote #h3 #ajjj water-grains measure of pure liquor of ammonia1 sp4 gr4 #jiib1 contains exactly #ag gr41 or #a equiv4 of pure gaseous ammonia4 ,a standard liquor of this strength may be most conveniently prepared by cautious dilution of a stronger solution1 until a hydrostatic bead1 corresponding to the sp4 gr41 floats indifferently in the middle of the new solution1 at #fj ,fahr4 ,by keeping two hydrostatic beads in the solution--the one made barely to float1 and the other barely to sink--we shall always be able to detect any change of strength or temperature which it may suffer2 since the loss of a single hundredth part of a grain of ammonia per cent41 or the difference of a single degree of heat1 will cause the beads to vary their positions4 ,to preserve its integrity it must be kept in a well-stoppered bottle4 7,see below47 ,footnote #i3 ,these substances1 as well as 'test-solutions' containing them1 must be perfectly free from carbonic acid1 and must be carefully preserved to prevent the absorption of carbonic acid from the atmosphere4 ,mohr states that a dilute solution of either of them is best preserved in a flask or bottle well closed with a cork fitted with a small bulb tube 7resembling a chloride of calcium tube71 filled with a finely triturated mixture of sulphate of soda and caustic lime1 and bearing a very thin open tube in the exit aperture4 ,fresenius1 and most other foreign chemists1 prefer 'test-solutions' of pure soda4 ,with test-solutions containing caustic alkalies1 exact neutralisation of an acid is not only more easily effected1 but more readily perceived1 particularly when either solution is tinted with litmus4 ,footnote #aj3 ,prepared by gradually heating the pure crystallised carbonate to redness4 ,from being uniform in composition1 and easily procured or prepared1 they are much employed2 preference being usually given to the soda-salt4 ,footnote #aa3 ,the crystals must be free from attached water1 but not the least effloresced4 ,oper4 ,a determined amount of the acid under examination is accurately weighed into the flask ,a 7see engr472 and if it be a concentrated acid1 or a solid1 it is mixed with or dissolved in #f or #h times its weight of water4 ,the little glass tube 7e7 is then nearly filled to the brim with pure bicarbonate of soda1 in powder1 and a fine silken thread is tied round the neck of the tube1 by means of which it can be lowered down into the flask 7,a71 so as to remain perpendicularly suspended when the cork is placed in the latter2 the cord being held between the cork and the mouth of the flask4 ,the flask 7,b7 is next about half filled with oil of vitriol1 and the tubes being arranged in their places1 as represented in the engr42 and time having been allowed for the mixture of acid and water to cool completely1 after the increase of heat caused by mixing1 the whole apparatus is very accurately weighed4 ,the cork in the flask 7,a7 is then slightly loosened1 so as to allow the little tube containing the bicarbonate of soda to fall into the acid1 and is again instantly fixed ,,air-,,tight in its place4 ,the evolution of carbonic acid now commences1 and continues until the acid in the flask 7,a7 is neutralised4 ,when this takes place1 which is easily seen by no bubbles being emitted on shaking the apparatus1 the flask 7,a7 is put into hot water 7#abj to #acj ,fahr471 and kept there1 with occasional agitation1 until the renewed evolution of gas has completely ceased4 ,the little wax stopper is then taken off the tube 7a71 the apparatus taken out of the hot water1 wiped dry1 and suction applied1 by means of a perforated cork1 or a small india-rubber tube1 and the mouth1 to the end of the tube 7d71 until the sucked air no longer tastes of carbonic acid4 ,the whole is then allowed to become quite cold1 when it is replaced in the balance 7the other scale still containing the original weights71 and weights added to restore the equilibrium4 ,illustration3 7,a7 ,a wide-mouthed flask1 capable of holding #b-a_/b to #h oz41 containing sample for trial 7f74 7,b7 ,ditto1 capable of holding #a-a_/b to #b oz41 partly filled with oil of vitriol 7g74 7a1 c1 d7 ,tubes fitting air-tight in the flasks by means of the corks 7i7 and 7j74 7b7 ,piece of wax fitting air-tight on the end of a4 7e7 ,small tube capable of holding about #a drachm of powdered bicarbonate of soda or potash4 7h7 ,open end of the tube 7d74 7k7 ,silk cord fastened to the tube 7e74 ,the loss of weight represents the exact quantity of dry carbonic anhydride1 or anhydrous carbonic acid gas1 that has been expelled from the bicarbonate of soda1 by the action of the acid in the sample examined4 ,the quantity of real acid it contained is then deduced by the following calculation3--,one equivalent of gaseous carbonic anhydride1 or anhydrous carbonic acid 7 #dd7 bears the same proportion to one equivalent of the acid in question1 as the amount of the carbonic anhydride expelled does to the amount of the acid sought4 ,thus1 suppose a dilute sulphuric acid expels #c gr4 of carbonic anhydride1 the arrangement is-- #dd 3 #di 33 #c 3 #ccdi ,consequently the sample operated on contained #ce 7nearly7 grains of true sulphuric acid4 ,instead of the above calculation1 we may multiply the weights of the respective acids required to expel #a gr4 of carbonic acid 7as exhibited in the following table7 by the number of gr4 of dry carbonic acid evolved during the above operation4 ,the product represents the per-centage strength1 when #ajj gr4 of the acid have been examined4 ,when only #ej1 #be1 #bj1 or #aj gr4 have been tested1 this product must1 of course1 be doubled1 quadrupled1 c41 as the case may be4 ,,table ,,ii4 ,multipliers4 ,acetic acid 7anhydrous7 #aaei 7hydrated or glacial7 #acfd ,citric acid 7crystallised7 #aebc ,hydrochloric acid 7dry or gaseous7 #hbi 7sp4 gr4 #aaf7 #bdgh ,nitric acid 7anhydrous7 #abbg 7sp4 gr4 #ae7 #aebc 7sp4 gr4 #adb7 #bjde ,oxalic acid 7crystallised7 #adcb ,sulphuric acid 7anhydrous7 #iji 7sp4 gr4 #ahdhe7 #aaad ,tartaric acid 7anhydrous7 #aejj 7crystallised7 #agje ,even this easy calculation may be avoided1 in technical analysis1 by simply taking for the assay such a weight of the respective acids as is capable of disengaging exactly #aj gr4 of dry carbonic acid from the bicarbonate4 ,in this case1 the loss of weight in grains1 from the operation1 multiplied by #aj1 at once indicates the exact per-centage strength sought4 ,the proper weight of any acid to be taken to give per-centage results is found by simply dividing ten times the equiv4 of that acid by #dd4 ,for1 taking sulphuric acid as an example1 as-- #dd3 #di 33 #aj 3 #aaacah or #aaac nearly4 ,on this principle are obtained the weights to be taken1 as given in-- ,,table ,,iii4 ,grains4 ,acetic acid 7anhydrous7 #aaei 7hydrated or glacial7 #acfd ,citric acid 7crystallised7 #aebc ,hydrochloric acid 7dry or gaseous7 #hbi 7sp4 gr4 #aaf7 #bdgh ,nitric acid 7anhydrous7 #abbg 7sp4 gr4 #ae7 #aebc 7sp4 gr4 #adb7 #bjde ,oxalic acid 7crystallised7 #adcb ,sulphuric acid 7anhydrous7 #iji 7sp4 gr4 #ahde7 #aaad ,tartaric acid 7anhydrous7 #aejj 7crystallised7 #agje #b4 ,a convenient modification of the preceding method of acidimetry consists in using the common apparatus figured in the margin and employing fused chloride of calcium to dry the evolved carbonic acid gas1 instead of concentrated sulphuric acid4 ,the mode of conducting the process and obtaining the results is precisely the same as in that last explained1 and need not1 therefore1 be repeated4 ,in this case1 however1 suction must be applied to the small tube 7g71 instead of 7d7 in the accompanying engraving4 ,obs4 ,these methods1 though apparently complicated1 are not difficult to perform1 when once well understood4 ,the application of heat after the completion of the operation is indispensable1 as1 if it were neglected1 from #jc to #jd of a gr4 of carbonic acid would be retained in the liquid4 ,the bicarbonate of soda must be pure1 and perfectly free from any neutral carbonate or sesquicarbonate of soda4 ,to ensure this1 the bicarbonate of commerce is reduced to a uniform powder1 put into a glass jar1 and covered with its own weight of cold distilled or rain water1 and allowed to stand for twenty-four hours1 with frequent stirring4 ,it is then placed upon a funnel1 the tube of which is stopped with loose cotton1 so as to allow the lye to drain off4 ,it is next washed several times with small quantities of cold distilled or rain water1 and after being dried by pressure between some sheets of blotting-paper1 without the aid of heat1 is kept for use in a well-closed glass bottle4 ,before use1 it may be tested to ascertain its purity4 ,if pure1 it neither reddens turmeric paper1 nor gives a brick-red precipitate with a solution of bichloride of mercury4 ,pure bicarbonate of potassa may be used instead of bicarbonate of soda2 but in either case it is always proper to use an excess1 so as to leave some undecomposed carbonate after the operation has ended4 ,the presence of a little sodium chloride or sulphate in the bicarbonate will not interfere in the least1 but the absence of every trace of neutral carbonate is a sine qu non4 ,illustration3 7a7 ,wide-mouthed flask1 containing the sample for examination1 hermetically stopped by the cork 7e7 and supporting the tubes 7b7 and 7c74 7b7 ,bulbous tube1 containing fragments of fused chloride of calcium1 terminating in a capillary tube 7g74 7c7 ,bent tube1 reaching nearly to the bottom of the flask 7a74 7d7 ,small tube containing bicarbonate of soda4 7e7 ,cork fitting bottle 7a71 and the tubes 7b7 and 7c71 hermetically4 7f7 ,silken thread1 suspending the small tube 7d74 ,the two above methods of estimating the amount of acid are only superior to the generally used methods first described1 when the presence of colouring matter interferes with the reaction of the litmus used to show the point of neutralisation4 ,observations4 ,when great accuracy is required in conducting the neutralisation of the solution in estimating volumetrically with litmus as an indicator1 it is proper to prepare and keep standard solutions of sulphuric acid and oxalic acid1 with which occasionally to try the alkaline test-liquor4 ,the only difficulty in the process is to avoid over-saturation of the acid-sample4 ,great care must be taken not to exceed the precise point of neutralisation of the acid4 ,after adding each portion of the test-liquor1 the solution should be well stirred up1 and as soon as the effervescence becomes languid the greatest caution must be observed in adding more4 ,the proper point is arrived at when the liquor ceases to redden litmus1 and does not alter the colour of turmeric paper2 if it turns the latter brown1 too much of the test-liquid has been added1 and the operation becomes useless4 ,towards the end of the experiment1 when great precision is required1 a gentle heat may be applied1 in order to expel the free carbonic acid in the liquor2 but otherwise this is unnecessary4 ,the peculiar soapy odour gradually acquired by the liquor as it nears saturation will materially assist the operator when testing vinegars1 and some of the other vegetable acids4 ,a good method is to tint either the acid-sample or the test-liquid with a few drops of litmus1 as noticed under ,,acetimetry2 when the reddish shade will gradually deepen into 'purple1' or the purple into 'red1' as the point of saturation is approached2 and the blue colour will be perfectly restored as soon as this point is reached4 ,dr ,ure recommends keeping the ammonia-test ready tinged with litmus1 and the same applies to other test-liquors4 ,in commerce1 the strength of acids is frequently reckoned with reference to a standard1 termed #ajj acidimetric degrees4 ,this is taken from the circumstance that #ia gr4 of commercial oil of vitriol1 of a sp4 gr4 of #ahde1 exactly saturate #ajj gr4 of dried carbonate of soda4 ,an acid requiring only #ce1 #ej1 or any other number of grains of the carbonate to saturate it1 is in like manner termed of so many degrees strong2 the number of grains representing in each case an equal number of degrees4 ,this method originated with the ,french chemists1 and though only conventional1 and principally confined to commercial purposes1 is especially adapted to practical men but little conversant with chemistry1 yet very ready in retaining or calculating anything on the centesimal scale1 from its similarity to monetary language and reckoning4 ,,acid',,ity4 ,syn4 ,,acid',,itas1 ,l42 ,,acidit1 ,fr42 ,s,,ure1 ,ger4 ,in chemistry1 the state of being acid4 ,in physiology1 c41 the impression given to the organs of taste by tart or acid substances4 ,sourness4 ,see ,,fermentation1 ,,malt-,,liquors1 ,,wines1 c4 ,gas'tric ,acidity4 ,acidity of the stomach2 a common and well-known symptom of weak or disordered digestion4 ,treat41 c4 ,small doses of absorbents or antacids1 three or four times daily1 to which some tonic bitter1 as calumba1 cascarilla1 chamomile1 gentian1 or orange-peel1 may be added4 ,stomachic stimulants1 as capsicum1 ginger1 mustard1 or wine1 c41 taken with1 or after1 meals1 are also useful4 ,the diet should be light and nutritious2 and acescent vegetables1 over-ripe fruit1 and weak new beer or other liquors avoided as much as possible4 ,the bowels should be kept regular1 but not open1 by the occasional use of mild aperients1 as rhubarb1 aloes1 castor oil1 senna1 or mercurial pill1 or compounds containing them4 ,excessive looseness or diarrhoea may be checked by a few doses of carbonate of soda1 chalk-mixture1 or astringents4 ,in ,,infancy this affection is usually accompanied by restlessness1 continual crying1 drawing up of the legs forcibly towards the body1 hiccups1 vomiting1 diarrhoea1 sour eructations1 griping pains1 green stools1 and debility2 often followed1 when the irritation is considerable1 by convulsions4 ,the treatment consists in relieving the bowels of all offending matter by a few doses of rhubarb-and-magnesia4 ,the looseness or diarrhoea may be checked by a few small doses of carbonate of soda or chalk mixture2 or better1 in an infant which is fed by lime-water 7#a or #b fl4 oz47 mixed with as much milk4 ,two or three drops of caraway1 cinnamon1 dill1 or peppermint water1 on sugar 7not with the food7 will tend to promote the expulsion1 and prevent the undue generation of gases4 ,the flatulence usually disappears with the acidity4 ,the occasional administration of #a to #c gr4 of quicksilver-with-chalk 7'grey powder'71 will frequently remove the complaint1 and prevent its recurrence1 when all other means fail4 ,the diet of both nurse and infant should be carefully regulated4 ,see ,,antacids1 ,,dyspepsia1 c4 ,treatment for ,horses4 ,alkalies1 their carbonates and bicarbonates2 alterative doses of aloes with alkalies2 chalk1 carbonate of magnesia2 mineral acids2 bismuth1 arsenic1 nux vomica1 or strychnia4 ,,acids1 ,,effects ,,of1 ,,on ,,vegetation4 ,this subject has been ably investigated of recent years by ,dr ,angus ,smith and ,mr ,rothwell1 and the practical importance of their labours is shown by the circumstance that an ,act of ,parliament passed in #ahge renders it penal for the proprietors of alkali works to condense not less than #ie per cent4 of the hydrochloric acid evolved in the process of manufacturing 'soda1' also to allow air1 smoke1 or chimney gases to escape into the atmosphere containing more than one fifth of a grain of hydrochloric acid per cubic foot4 ,every owner of an alkali work is likewise required to 'use the best practical means of preventing the discharge into the atmosphere of all other noxious gases arising from such work1 or of rendering such gases harmless when discharged4' ,the injurious effects of acids on vegetation are indicated chiefly by the shrivelled-up appearance which the leaves of herbage1 trees1 c41 exhibit in the vicinity of chemical works in which the condensation of noxious gases 7hydrochloric acid1 sulphurous acid1 sulphuric acid1 sulphuretted hydrogen1 nitric acid1 and oxides of nitrogen and chlorine7 is not effectually carried out4 ,according to ,mr ,rothwell1 'in fields exposed to acid vapours handfuls of dead grass may be pulled up in the spring1 smelling strongly of the vapour1 and that trees1 under similar influences1 become bark-bound4' ,the following is a list of trees arranged in the order of their susceptibility4 7,rothwell47 ,forest ,trees4 ,larch1 spruce fir1 ,scotch fir1 black ,italian poplar1 ,lombardy poplar1 ash1 oak1 elm1 birch1 alder1 sycamore4 ,fruit ,trees4 ,damson1 greengage1 ,halewood plum1 ,jacob plum1 pears1 apples1 cherries4 ,shrubs1 ,evergreens1 and ,wild ,plants4 ,british laurels1 ,portugal laurels1 ,aucuba ,japonica1 ,barberry evergreen1 hazel1 guelder rose1 sloe thorn1 hawthorn1 raspberries1 gooseberries1 blackberries1 gorse1 hollies4 ,farm ,crops4 ,potatoes1 mangel1 white clover and rhubarb1 red clover1 trefoil1 rye-grass1 wheat1 oats1 barley1 common turnips1 swedes4 ,second list of ,plants affected by ,noxious ,vapours1 mixing the classes according to the effects produced on each4 ,i4 ,fern--only in the summer4 ,scotch firs1 spruce1 and larches--a little in winter4 ,clover 7white and red71 trefoil1 rye-grass1 poplars1 hawthorn1 potatoes--receive damage in winter to roots4 ,,ii4 ,wheat receives some damage in winter4 ,oats in ,may1 when in the grass state1 soon receive damage4 ,barley1 mangel1 common turnips1 rhubarb4 ,,iii4 ,laurels 7,british and ,portugal71 aucubas1 yews1 holly1 gorse--receive damage in winter1 but more in summer4 ,old grass meadows and pastures receive much damage in winter4 ,,iv4 ,ashes1 oaks1 hazels1 horse-chestnuts1 walnuts1 ,spanish chestnuts1 sloe thorn4 ,v4 ,swedish turnip and cabbages1 damson1 other fruit trees1 beech1 elm1 birch1 alder1 sycamores4 ,,acidul4 ,l4 pl4 ,in medicine1 mineral waters rich in carbonic acid4 ,,acidulated4 ,syn4 ,,acidulatus1 ,l42 ,,acidul1 ,fr4 ,blended or flavoured with an acid2 made slightly sour4 ,see ,,kali 7,acidulated71 ,,drops1 ,,lozenges1 c4 ,in chemistry1 the addition of an acid to a neutral or alkaline liquid until it reddens blue litmus paper4 ,,acidum4 ,l4 ,an acid4 ,,acne4 ,syn4 ,,pimpled ,,face4 ,there are two forms of this affection4 #ast4 ,in young persons of both sexes2 generally in phlegmatic habits4 ,the disease shows itself by hard pimples1 with a small black spot on the apex1 unaccompanied with redness or inflammation at first1 but after a while they become red and inflamed1 and sometimes suppurate1 with a greasy look of the skin between them4 ,in this form of acne the black spots should be picked out with a needle or a small pair of tweezers4 ,a long piece of thick matter1 like a worm1 is extracted2 but is no worm4 ,afterwards wash the face with water in which a small piece of ,quillar bark has been steeped1 or with bitter almond emulsion1 or borax1 one drachm1 water #d oz4 ,when there is no inflammation1 use ,eau de ,cologne1 or a few drops of oil of rosemary dissolved in spirit of wine1 taking a small dose of magnesia in the morning1 or milk of sulphur daily4 ,when the pimples are very sluggish the cautious application of tincture of iodine1 or of ointment of nitrate of mercury1 will be found serviceable4 #bnd4 ,arises from intemperance4 ,in this case a gradual change of habits is essential4 ,the use of soap should be avoided1 and recourse had to warm fomentations of slippery elm1 or thin oat gruel4 ,the following should be applied to the pimples3--,cold cream1 #a oz41 ,goulard's extract #bj drops1 mixed together2 or lemon juice diluted1 or solution of borax in water4 ,the internal administration of the mineral acids combined with bitter tonics1 or small doses of iodide of potassium1 will be found effectual4 ,treatment4 ,fomentations1 poultices1 chloride of zinc solution externally2 sulphur and alteratives internally4 ,,acology4 ,syn4 ,in medicine1 the doctrine of1 or a discourse on1 remedies or the materia medica4 ,,aconite4 7-nite74 ,syn4 ,,acon',,itum1 ,l42 ,,aconit1 ,fr43 ,,akonitum1 ,,eisenhut1 ,,sturmhut1 ,ger4 ,monkshood2 wolfsbane4 ,in botany1 a genus of exogenous plants4 ,nat4 ord41 ,ranunculace2 ,sex4 syst41 ,polyandria ,trigynia4 ,they are characterised by showy purple or yellow helmet-shaped flowers growing in panicles1 deeply cut leaves1 and perennial 7usually7 tap-shaped or tapering roots4 ,the whole plant is highly poisonous1 the roots being more poisonous than the leaves4 ,in medicine and materia medica1 the plant ,aconitum ,napellus 7which see74 ,symptoms4 ,numbness and tingling in the mouth and throat1 which are parched2 followed by giddiness1 dimness of sight1 and 7sometimes7 delirium1 but seldom complete coma2 there is numbness and tingling of the limbs1 a loss of power in the legs1 7in some cases7 frothing at the mouth1 severe abdominal pains1 nausea1 vomiting1 and diarrhoea2 tremors or twitchings of the voluntary muscles1 7sometimes7 convulsions 7in animals1 but not in man72 sharp cries2 pupil 7generally7 dilated1 very rarely contracted2 pulse fitful and sinking2 skin cold and livid2 difficulty of breathing2 general prostration2 loss of sensation or feeling1 insensibility1 general trembling1 fainting1 and sudden death4 ,the eyes are often glaring2 and1 in some cases1 the patient is completely paralysed1 yet retains consciousness to the last4 ,the case generally proves fatal in from #a to #h hours4 ,if it last beyond this period there is hope of recovery4 7,fleming47 ,antidotes4 ,ammonia1 or brandy1 with artificial respiration if necessary3 cold affusion and friction1 with warm towels to the back and limbs4 ,see ,,alkaloids4 ,,aconite ,,leaves 7,b4 ,ph474 ,syn4 ,,aconiti ,,folia1 ,l4 ,the fresh leaves and flowering tops of aconitum napellus1 ,linn41 gathered when about one third of the flowers are expanded1 from plants cultivated in ,britain4 ,char4 ,leaves smooth1 palmate1 divided into five deeply cut wedge-shaped segments2 excizing slowly1 when chewed1 a sensation of tingling4 ,flowers numerous1 irregular1 deep blue1 in dense racemes4 ,prep4 ,extractum aconiti4 ,,aconite ,,root4 7,b4 ,ph474 ,syn4 ,,aconiti ,,radix1 ,l4 ,the dried root of aconitum napellus4 ,imported from ,germany1 or cultivated in ,britain1 and collected in the winter or early spring before the leaves have appeared4 ,prep4 ,aconitia1 the active principle2 ,linimentum ,aconiti1 #a ounce to #a fluid ounce2 ,tinctura ,aconiti1 #ed-a_/b grains to #a fluid ounce4 ,char4 ,usually from one to three inches long1 not thicker than the finger at the crown1 tapering1 blackish-brown1 internally whitish4 ,a minute portion1 cautiously chewed1 causes prolonged tingling and numbness4 ,,aconiti ,,folia4 ,see ,,aconite ,,leaves4 ,,aconiti ,,radix4 ,see ,,aconite ,,root4 ,,aconitia4 ,c#cj;,h#dg,o#g,n4 7,b4 ,p47 ,syn4 ,,aconitia1 ,l4 ,an alkaloid obtained from aconite4 ,take of ,aconite root1 in coarse powder1 #ad pounds4 ,rectified spirit ,distilled water of each ,solution or ammonia a sufficiency4 ,pure ether ,diluted sulphuric acid ,pour upon the aconite root three gallons of the spirit1 mix them well1 and heat until ebullition commences2 then cool and macerate for four days4 ,transfer the whole to a displacement apparatus1 and percolate1 adding more spirit1 when requisite1 until the root is exhausted4 ,distil off the greater part of the spirit from the tincture1 and evaporate the remainder over a water bath until the whole of the alcohol has been dissipated4 ,mix the residual extract thoroughly with twice its weight of boiling distilled water1 and when it has cooled to the temperature of the atmosphere1 filter through paper4 ,to the filtered liquid add solution of ammonia in slight excess1 and heat them gently over a water bath4 ,separate the precipitate on a filter1 and dry it4 ,reduce this to coarse powder1 and macerate it in successive portions of the pure ether with frequent agitation4 ,decant the several products1 mix and distil off the ether until the extract is dry4 ,dissolve the dry extract in warm distilled water acidulated with the sulphuric acid2 and1 when the solution is cold1 precipitate it by the cautious addition of solution of ammonia diluted with four times its bulk of distilled water4 ,wash the precipitate on a filter with a small quantity of cold distilled water1 and dry it by slight pressure between folds of filtering paper4 ,characters and ,tests4 ,a white1 usually amorphous1 solid1 soluble in #aej parts of cold1 and #ej of hot water1 and much more soluble in alcohol and in ether2 strongly alkaline to reddened litmus1 neutralising acids1 and precipitated from them by the caustic alkalies1 but not by carbonate of ammonia or the bicarbonates of soda or potash4 ,it melts with heat1 and burns with a smoky flame1 leaving no residue when burned with free access of air4 ,when rubbed on the skin it causes a tingling sensation1 followed by prolonged numbness4 ,it is a very active poison4 ,,aconitia1 ,,crystallised4 ,c#bg;,h#dj,,no#aj4 ,exhaust the root of wild aconite1 carefully picked and powdered1 with very strong alcohol1 to which #a per cent4 of tartaric acid has been added4 ,distil at a gentle heat1 and sheltered from the air1 to recover the alcohol4 ,treat the extract with water to separate all the fatty and resinous matters4 ,the solution which contains the aconite in the state of acid tartrate is first shaken with ether to remove colouring matters1 and then the alkaloid is set free by the addition of alkaline bicarbonate1 until the cessation of effervescence4 ,a fresh treatment with ether of this alkaline solution removes the alkaloid1 which crystallizes upon the concentration of the ethereal liquid1 with an addition of petroleum spirit4 ,the crystals are colourless tables1 rhombic or hexagonal1 according to the modifications produced principally in the acute angles4 ,crystallized aconitia is soluble in alcohol1 ether1 benzine1 and chloroform2 insoluble in petroleum oils and glycerine4 ,,aconitia ,,nitrate1 ,,crystallised4 ,crystallised aconitine q4 s42 nitric acid1 sp4 gr4 #addb1 q4 s4 ,saturate the nitric acid with the aconitine and evaporate4 ,voluminous crystals are easily obtained 7from ',formul for ,new ,medicaments adopted by the ,paris ,pharmaceutical ,society'74--',pharm4 ,journal4' ,owing to the decomposition which this alkaloid undergoes in the animal organism1 as well as to its liability to decompose during the process of evaporation1 and exposure to the air1 it often becomes extremely difficult1 if not impossible1 to obtain it in a separate state in conducting a post-mortem examination4 ,the physiological effects seem to furnish the most prominent and characteristic evidence of its presence in such cases1 or at any rate these may serve as a valuable guide to the toxicologist4 ,uncrystallised aconitia is sometimes contaminated with delphinia1 as well as with aconella1 another constituent of aconite root4 ,for the dissection of these see ,,alkaloids4 ,one fiftieth of a grain of aconitia is stated to have killed a dog4 ,antidotes4 ,see ,,aconite4 ,,aconitic ,,acid4 7,identical with ,pyrocitric ,acid47 ,an acid extracted by ,peschier from aconitum napellus1 and by ,bracconnot from equisetum fluviatile4 ,it exists in these plants chiefly in the form of aconitate of calcium4 ,properties4 ,a white1 colourless1 semi-crystalline mass4 ,,aconitina4 ,see ,,aconitia4 ,,aconitine4 ,see ,,aconitia4 ,,aconi',,tum4 ,l4 ,aconite4 ,the pharmacopoeial name of aconitum napellus7see below74 ,aconitum ,ferox4 7,ind4 ,p47 ,habitat4 ,temperate and sub-,alpine ,himalaya1 at #aj1jjj to #ad1jjj feet elevation1 from ,gurhwal to ,sikkim4 ,officinal part4 ,the dried root 7,aconiti ferocis ,radix71 in common with those of other ,himalayan species1 viz41 aconitum napellus1 a4 palmatum1 and a4 luridum1 constitutes the drug well known in the bazaars of ,upper ,india under the ,hindostani name of ,bish or ,bikh4 ,it occurs in the form of tuberous roots of a more or less conical form1 from two to three inches in length1 and from half an inch to one inch in thickness at their upper end4 ,they have usually a shrunken appearance1 and are covered with a dark shrivelled bark2 fracture shining and resinous2 sometimes waxy1 varying in colour from pale to deep brown4 ,some specimens are white and spongy2 and these1 it is asserted1 are superior in activity to the more compact kinds4 ,inodorous2 taste at first slightly bitter1 leaving a peculiar sense of numbness on the tongue and fauces4 ,active principle1 aconitia4 ,medical ,properties and ,uses4 ,similar to those of aconitum napellus of ,europe4 ,preparations4 ,this root may be advantageously used for the manufacture of aconitia1 the proportion of this alkaloid being much larger than in the ,european drug2 and also for the preparation of ,linimentum ,aconiti4 ,from its greater activity1 however1 it is unsuited for the preparation of this tincture1 which is intended for external use4 ,aconitum ,hetorophyllum4 7,ind4 ,p47 ,habitat4 ,western temperate ,himalaya1 at #hjjj to #ac1jjj feet elevation2 from ,indus to ,kumaon4 ,officinal part4 ,the dried root 7,aconiti heterophylli ,radix74 ,ovoid tuberous roots1 tapering downwards to a point1 from one to one and a half inches or more in length1 and from three eighths to half an inch in thickness4 ,the surface1 which is covered with a thin greyish epidermis1 is slightly wrinkled longitudinally1 and marked here and there with root scars4 ,it is inodorous1 and of a bitter taste1 devoid of acridity4 ,does not contain aconitia4 ,it may be readily distinguished from other roots sold in the bazaars under the same vernacular name 7,atis7 by its characteristic bitterness4 ,properties4 ,tonic and antiperiodic4 ,it may be administered internally with safety1 as it contains no poisonous principle4 ,therapeutic uses4 ,in convalescence after debilitating diseases1 and in intermittent and other paroxysmal fevers1 it has been found an efficient remedy4 ,doses4 ,tonic1 #e to #aj grains thrice daily2 antiperiodic1 #bj to #cj grains of the powdered root every three or four hours1 irrespective of the presence of pyrexia4 ,aconitum ,napell'us4 ,linn4 ,syn4 ,,aconi',,tum1 ,ph4 ,l41 ,e41 ,d42 ,,aconitnap,l1 ,,chaperon ,,de ,,moine1 ,fr42 ,,eisenhut1 ,,blauersturmhut1 ,ger4 ,early blue wolfsbane1 or deadly aconite4 ,hab4 ,various parts of ,europe2 grows wild in ,england1 flowering in ,june and ,july4 ,the fresh and dried leaves 7,,aconiti ,,fo'',,lium71 ,ph4 ,l4 ,e4 ,the root 7,,aconiti ,,ra',,dix71 ,ph4 ,l4 ,d4 ,this is the species of aconite ordered in the pharmacopoeias1 and commonly used in medicine4 ,when chewed it imparts a sensation of acrimony1 followed by a pungent heat of the lips1 gums1 palate1 and fauces1 which is succeeded by a general tremor and chilliness4 ,the juice applied to a wound or the unsound skin affects the whole nervous system4 ,even by remaining long in the hand1 or on the bosom1 it produces unpleasant symptoms4 ,fatal cases of poisoning1 by eating the root in mistake for horseradish1 have been common of late years4 ,the two roots may be1 however1 easily distinguished from one another2 when scraped aconite emits an earthy1 and horseradish its well-known pungent odour4 ,moreover1 the shape of the roots is very different4 ,in the accompanying figure a represents aconite root1 and b horseradish root4 ,illustration ,the leaves should be gathered as soon as the flowers appear4 ,the root should be taken up in autumn4 ,when the whole plant is employed1 it should be gathered as soon as the flowers begin to open4 ,the strength 7richness in aconitia7 varies considerably with the time of the year4 #a oz4 of the fresh root contains #a_/d to #c_/d gr4 of aconitia2 #a lb4 of the dried ,english root contains from #ab to #cf gr4 7,herapath74 ,the leaves possess the greatest activity just before flowering2 the root1 after it4 ,the root is at all times fully six times as strong as the leaves or herb4 ,the wild plant contains much more aconitia than that which is cultivated4 ,the herb1 and all its preparations1 lose their efficacy if long kept4 ,the powder1 more particularly1 cannot be relied on4 ,mr ,holmes says it is difficult to find in a commercial sample of aconite root one root in a dozen1 which upon fracture appears sound and in good condition4 ,properties1 ,antidotes1 c4 ,see ,,aconite4 ,tests1 c4 ,see ,,aconite4 ,uses1 c4 ,in small doses aconite is narcotic1 powerfully diaphoretic1 and sometimes diuretic2 in larger ones1 the symptoms are similar to those produced by aconitia4 ,it acts as a powerful sedative on the heart's action1 and destroys sensibility without disturbing the mental faculties4 ,it has been given in chronic rheumatism1 gout1 paralysis1 scirrhus1 scrofula1 cancers1 venereal nodes1 epilepsy1 amaurosis1 intermittents1 c42 but its exhibition requires the greatest possible caution4 ,as a topical benumber it has been used with great advantage in painful affections depending on increased sensibility of the nerves4 ,externally it is most valuable for the cure of neuralgic and rheumatic pains4 ,in neuralgia1 no remedy1 ,i believe1 will be found equal to it4 ,one application of the tincture produces some amelioration2 and after a few times' use1 it frequently happens that the patient is cured4 ,in some cases1 the benefit appears almost magical4 ,in others1 however1 it entirely fails to give permanent relief4 ,i do not think that in any 7case7 it proves injurious4 ,when it succeeds1 it gives more or less relief at the first application4 ,when the disease depends on inflammation1 aconite will be found1 ,i think1 an unavailing remedy4 ,in rheumatic pains1 unaccompanied with local swelling or redness1 aconite is frequently of very great service4 7,pereira1 iii1 #fia47 ,dose1 of the powder1 #a to #b gr41 gradually increased to #f or #h4 ,dr ,stocrk was the first who gave wolfsbane internally1 about the year #agfb4 ,it has since been successfully employed in ,germany in cases of chronic rheumatism1 gout1 c41 some of which were of long standing and had resisted every other remedy4 ,in ,england it has been less extensively used4 ,aconitum ,panicula'tum4 ,panicled wolfsbane2 a species formerly ordered in the ,ph4 ,l42 and1 with a4 napellus1 also in the ,ph4 ,u4 ,s4 ,it is less active than the officinal species4 ,a',,corn4 ,syn4 ,,glans4 ,,quer',,cus1 ,l4 ,the seed or fruit of the oak4 ,in the early ages of the world1 acorns probably formed one of the principal articles of the food of man4 7,ovid1 ,met41 i1 #ajf2 ,virgil1 ,georg41 i1 #h2 c47 ,in modern times1 during periods of scarcity1 they have been consumed as food on the ,continent4 ,besides starch1 they contain a peculiar species of sugar1 which crystallises in prisms1 and is unfermentable2 they also contain tannic and gallic acids4 ,mannite and dulcose are the substances which it most nearly resembles4 7,m4 ,dessaignes47 ,during the autumn1 acorns are said to be sometimes poisonous to cattle and sheep4 ,supposed cases of so-called acorn poisoning are best treated by withdrawing the supply of acorns1 or removing the animals from the pastures on which the acorns fall1 and by the administration of aperients1 alkalies1 and stimulants4 ,,ac',,orus ,,cal',,amus4 ,see ,,sweet ,,flag4 ,,acotyle',,dons 7-ko-te-le'-74 ,syn4 ,,acotyle',,dones 7d7on-ez2 ,l41 prim4 ,gr471 ,jussieu2 ,,acotyl,,dons1 ,fr42 ,,ohne ,,samenlappen1 ,ger4 ,in botany1 plants whose seeds are not furnished with distinct cotyledons or seed-lobes4 ,acotyledonous plants form one of the two great divisions of the vegetable kingdom1 according to the natural system4 ,they are remarkable by increasing chiefly in length1 by additions to their end2 and not by addition to the outside1 as in ,exogens2 nor to the inside1 as in ,endogens4 ,they are also termed ,,asex',,ual and ,,flowerless ,,plants1 and answer to the ,,cryptogamia of the ,linnean system4 ,see ,,acrogens1 ,,cellulares1 ,,thallogens1 c4 ,,acous',,tics 7-kow'-74 ,the science of audition and sound2 that branch of physics which treats of their cause1 nature1 and phenomena4 ,the doctrine of the production and transmission of sound is termed ,,diacous',,tics2 that of reflected sound ,,catacous',,tics4 ,acoustics4 ,in medicine1 remedies employed to relieve deafness4 ,see ,,deafness and ,,drops1 ,,acoustic4 ,,acquetta4 ,,it41 ,little ,water4 ,syn4 ,,aqua ,,toffana2 ,a4 ,,toffania2 ,,acquetta ,,di ,,napoli ,,della ,,toffana1 ,,it4 ,a celebrated poison1 prepared by an ,italian woman named ,toffano1 or ,tophana1 and in great request in ,rome about the middle of the #agth century4 ,the composition of this poison has been a matter of frequent controversy4 ,pope ,alexander ,,vii1 in his proclamation1 described it as aquafortis distilled into arsenic4 ,this would produce a concentrated solution of arsenic acid4 ,the ,emperor ,charles ,,vi1 who was governor of ,naples during ,toffano's trial1 declared to his physician1 ,garelli1 that it was arsenic 7arsenious acid7 dissolved in aqua cymbalari4 ,according to ,gerarde this cymbalari was an aquatic species of pennywort1 highly poisonous4 ,the only objection to the latter statement is the smallness of the dose1 regard being had to the comparative insolubility of arsenious acid2 but if the woman ,toffano prepared two poisons1 as is probable from history--one1 a single dose of which was fatal1 and another1 of which the dose required repetition1 and which was more gradual in its activity--the discrepancy will be at once removed4 ,,ac',,rid4 ,syn4 ,,ac',,er1 ,,ac',,ris1 ,l42 ,,acre 7cre71 ,fr42 ,,beissend1 ,,scharf1 ,ger4 ,in chemistry and medicine1 sharp1 pungent1 acrimonious4 ,acrid substances are such as excite a sensation of pungency and heat when tasted1 and which irritate and inflame the skin2 as mustard1 turpentine1 cantharides1 c4 ,,acridity4 ,syn4 ,,acret1 ,fr42 ,,acritudo1 ,l4 ,the quality of being acrid4 ,,ac',,rimony4 ,syn4 ,,acrimo',,nia1 ,l42 ,,acrimoni1 ,,acret1 ,fr42 ,,scharfe1 ,ger4 ,in medicine and chemistry1 the quality or property of inflaming1 irritating1 corroding1 dissolving1 or destroying other bodies4 ,,acrogens4 ,syn4 ,,acrogen1 ,l42 ,,acrog,,nes1 ,fr4 ,in botany1 acotyledonous or cryptogamic plants1 in which stems and leaves1 or an organisation approaching leaves1 are distinguishable2 which have stomates or breathing spores on their surface1 are propagated by spores1 and increase by the growth of the stem at the point only4 ,ferns and club-mosses are examples of this class of plants4 ,,acrolein4 ,syn4 ,,acrylic ,,alcohol4 ,this substance occurs amongst the products of decomposition when glycerine or any of its compounds is subjected to ordinary distillation4 ,it derives its name from its violently irritant effect upon the mucous membranes of the eyes and respiratory organs4 ,it is best prepared by the process of ,redtenbacher 7see ',leibig's ,ann41' xlvii1 #aad71 by distilling in a capacious retort1 a mixture of glycerine with phosphoric anhydride1 or with hydric-potassic sulphate 7the acid sulphate or bisulphate of potash72 the vapours must be condensed in a properly cooled receiver1 which is luted on to the retort and provided with a tube opening into a chimney having a good draught4 ,the distilled liquid separates into two layers1 the upper one consisting of acrolein1 and the lower one of an aqueous solution of the same substance mixed with a quantity of acrylic acid4 ,this distillate1 after digestion with finely powdered litharge1 with the object of neutralising the acid1 must be rectified by the heat of a water bath3 the acrolein so obtained must be submitted to a second rectification from calcic chloride4 ,all these operations must be conducted in vessels filled with carbonic anhydride 7carbonic acid7 because acrolein becomes rapidly oxidized when exposed to the air4 ,acrolein is a clear colourless liquid1 lighter than water1 boiling at about #abe ,f4 ,it has great refracting power and a burning taste2 when pure it is neutral to test paper4 ,,ac',,rospire 7-spire74 ,syn4 ,,acrospi',,ra1 ,l42 ,,plumule1 ,fr42 ,,blattkeim1 ,ger4 ,the shoot or sprout of a seed1 when it begins to grow2 the part of a germinating seed termed the plume1 or plumula4 ,when the growth of a seed begins to be developed1 the germ1 from which the stem originates1 shoots forth under the form of a delicate curved fibre1 which1 gradually bursting its covering1 makes its appearance at the end of the seed4 ,the fibrils of the radicle first sprout forth from the tip of the grain2 a white elevation appears1 that soon divides into three or more radicles1 which rapidly grow larger1 and are succeeded by the plumula1 which peeps forth at the same point1 in the form of a pale green leaflet1 which1 twisting thence beneath the husk to the other end of the seed1 ultimately bursts its prison-house1 and becomes a perfect leaf4 ,see ,,germination and ,,malting4 ,,actinic ,,rays4 ,see ,,actinism4 ,,actinism4 ,syn4 ,,actinic ,,rays2 ,,chemical ,,rays4 ,a term given to a supposed principle accompanying the heat and light of the sunbeam4 ,actinic rays chiefly exist beyond the violet extremity of the solar spectrum1 and are characterised by the power of exciting chemical change1 e4g41 the decomposition of certain silver salts 7in photography72 the combination of a mixture of chlorine and hydrogen1 c4 ,the so-called vital functions of animals and plants are also greatly influenced by the actinic or chemical rays4 ,,actinograph4 ,an instrument for registering the intensity of the chemical influence 7actinism7 of the sun's rays4 ,,act1 ,,towns ,,improvement ,,clauses1 #ahdg 7#aj #aa ,vict41 c4 #cd71 ,the following provisions of this ,act are incorporated in the ,public ,health ,act1 #ahge1 and refer exclusively to urban districts3-- #a4 ,with respect to naming the streets and numbering the houses4 #b4 ,with respect to improving the line of the streets and removing the obstructions4 #c4 ,with respect to ruinous or dangerous buildings4 #d4 ,with respect to precautions during the construction and repair of sewers1 streets1 and houses4 #e4 ,with respect to the regulation of slaughter houses4 ,notices for alterations under the #fith1 #gjth1 and #gast sections1 directions under the #gcrd section1 and orders under the #gdth section of the said ,towns ,improvement ,clauses ,act1 may1 at the option of the urban authority1 be served on owners instead of occupiers1 or on owners as well as occupiers1 and the cost of works done under any of these sections may1 when notices have been so served on owners1 be recovered from owners instead of occupiers2 and when such cost is recovered from occupiers1 so much thereof may be deducted from the rent of the premises where the work is done as is allowed in the case of private rates under the ,act4 ,,ac',,tual4 ,real1 effectual1 absolute2 as opposed to that which is merely virtual or potential4 ,in surgery1 a red-hot iron1 or any other heated body1 used as a cautery1 is termed the ,,actual ,,cautery2 whilst a caustic or escharotic so employed is called the ,,potential ,,cautery4 ,,actual ,,cautery4 ,see ,,actual4 ,,acute'4 ,syn4 ,,acut',,us1 ,l42 ,,aigu1 ,fr42 ,,heftig1 ,,hitzig1 ,,spitzig1 ,ger4 ,sharp1 pointed1 sensitive4 ,applied to the senses1 as acute hearing1 eyesight1 c4 ,in pathology1 diseases exhibiting violent symptoms1 and whose course is short1 are said to be acute diseases4 ,,adapter4 ,in chemistry1 a tube placed between two vessels 7commonly a retort and receiver7 for the purpose of uniting them or increasing the distance between them1 so as to facilitate the condensation of vapour in distillation4 7,see figure47 ,illustration ,,adder',s ,,tongue4 ,syn4 ,,common ,,adder',s ,,tongue2 ,,ophioglos',,sum ,,vulga',,tum1 ,linn4 ,a perennial plant1 of the natural order ,filices 7,,dc471 growing wild in ,england4 ,it is found in our woods and pastures1 and flowers in ,may and ,june4 ,it was once used to form a celebrated traumatic or vulnerary ointment and is still highly esteemed among rustic herbalists4 ,,adeps4 ,syn4 ,,lard4 ,see ,,adeps ,,pr,,paratus1 ,,fat1 and ,,lard4 ,,adeps ,,benzoatus4 ,syn4 ,,benzoated ,,lard4 ,,adeps ,,pr,,paratus4 ,syn4 ,,axunge2 ,,prepared ,,lard4 ,,adhe',,sion 7-he-zhn74 ,syn4 ,,adh',,sio1 ,l42 ,,adhesion1 ,fr42 ,,anh,,ngung1 ,,arxlebung1 ,ger4 ,the act or state of sticking or being united4 ,adhesion4 ,in physics1 the force with which bodies remain attached to each other when brought into contact2 e4g41 ink adheres to paper1 paint adheres to wood1 c4 ,it differs from 'cohesion' in representing the force with which different bodies cling together2 whereas cohesion is the force which unites the particles of a homogeneous body with each other1 e4g41 particles of iron cohere and form a mass of iron2 particles of water cohere and form a mass of water1 c4 ,adhesion4 ,in pathology1 the morbid union1 from inflammation1 of parts normally contiguous but not adherent4 ,adhesion4 ,in surgery1 the reunion of divided parts1 by the adhesive inflammation2 as when incised wounds heal by what is termed the 'first intention4' ,,adhe',,sive4 ,syn4 ,,adh,,si',,vus1 ,l42 ,,adh,,sif1 ,fr42 ,,adh,,sive1 ,,verwachsend1 ,ger4 ,in pharmacy1 c41 having the quality or property of sticking or adhering4 ,hence adhe'siveness4 ,,ad',,ipocere 7-sere74 ,syn4 ,,grave-,,waxdouble-dagger2 ,,adipoce'',,ra1 ,l42 ,,adipocire1 ,fr42 ,,fetewachs1 ,ger4 ,a substance resembling a mixture of fat and wax1 resulting from the decomposition of the flesh of animals in moist situations1 or under water4 ,it is chiefly margarate of ammonium4 ,lavoisier proposed to produce this substance artificially1 for the purposes of the arts4 ,attempts have since been made to convert the dead bodies of cattle 7carrion7 into adipocere1 for the purposes of the candle-maker and the soap-boiler1 but without success4 ,besides1 dead animal matter can be worked up more profitably than in making artificial adipocere4 ,hatchettine or rock-fat is sometimes called 'adipocere'2 and bog-butter is a substance nearly similar to it4 ,,ad',,jective4 ,syn4 ,,adjecti',,vus1 ,l42 ,,adjectif1 ,fr4 ,in dyeing1 depending on another1 or on something else2 applied to those colours which require a base or mordant to render them permanent4 ,see ,,dyeing4 ,,ad',,juvant4 ,eng41 ,fr4 ,syn4 ,,ad',,juvans1 ,l42 ,,aidant1 c41 ,fr4 ,assistant2 helping4 7,as a substantive--7 ,in prescriptions1 see ,,prescribing 7,art of74 ,,adulteration4 ,strictly speaking1 this term ought only to be applied to the practice of adding substances to articles of commerce1 food or drink1 for the purposes of deception or gain1 but a wider interpretation is frequently placed on the word than the definition given by magistrates and analysts1 these latter often regarding accidental impurity1 or even1 in some instances1 actual substitution as acts of adulteration4 ,the following definition of an adulterated substance has been adopted by the ,society of ,public ,analysts-- ,a substance shall be deemed to be adulterated-- ,a4 ,in the ease of food or drink3 #a4 ,if it contain any ingredient which may render such article injurious to the health of a consumer4 #b4 ,if it contain any substance that sensibly increases its weight1 bulk1 or strength1 or gives it a fictitious value1 unless the amount of such substance present be due to circumstances necessarily appertaining to its collection or manufacture1 or be necessary for its preservation1 or unless the presence thereof be acknowledged at the time of sale4 #c4 ,if any important constituent has been wholly or in part abstracted or omitted1 unless acknowledgment of such abstraction or omission be made at the time of sale4 #d4 ,if it be an imitation of or sold under the name of another article4 ,b4 ,in the case of drugs3 #a4 ,if when retailed for medical purposes under a name recognised in the ',british ,pharmacopoeia' it be not equal in strength and purity to the standard laid down in that work4 #b4 ,if when sold under a name not recognised in the ',british ,pharmacopoeia' it differs materially from the standard laid down in approved works on materia medica1 or the professed standard under which it is sold4 ,limits4 ,the following shall be deemed limits for the respective articles referred to3 ,milk shall contain not less than #ij per cent41 by weight1 of milk solids1 not fat1 and not less than #be per cent4 of butter fat4 ,skim ,milk shall contain not less than #ij per cent4 by weight1 of milk solids not butter fat4 ,butter shall contain not less than #hj per cent4 of butter fat4 ,tea shall not contain more than #hj per cent4 of mineral matter1 calculated on the tea dried at #ajj ,c41 of which at least #cj per cent4 shall be soluble in water1 and the tea as sold shall yield at least #cj per cent4 of extract4 ,cocoa shall contain at least #bj per cent4 of cocoa fat4 ,vinegar shall contain not less than #c per cent4 of acetic acid4 ,the practice of fraudulent adulteration has been indulged in for centuries4 ,in every civilised state there have been enactments against it4 ,the ,romans had their inspectors of meat and corn4 ,in ,england an ,act to prohibit adulteration was passed as early as #abfg1 and penalties against it were in force in #aeha1 #afjd1 #ahcf1 #ahea4 ,in #ahbb1 ,accum published a work having the sensational title of ',death in the ,pot1' and in #ahee appeared ,dr ,hassall's book1 ',food and its ,adulterations4' ,the information conveyed in these works1 added to the revelations of the ',lancet' ,sanitary ,commission1 and the contributions to scientific literature on the subject of food by ,letheby1 ,pavy1 ,parkes1 ,blyth1 and others1 together with the published evidence given before the ,house of ,commons ,commission appointed to carry out an inquiry into the subject1 roused public attention to such a degree as to lead to the passing by the legislature of the ,adulteration ,acts4 ,the sophistications may be divided into several distinct classes3 #a4 ,to give weight or volume1 such as water added to butter1 plaster of paris to flour1 c42 red earths to annatto1 sand to tea-leaves1 c42 water to milk1 c42 all these1 therefore1 are substitutions of worthless or very cheap articles which take the place of the real4 #b4 ,to give a colour which either makes the article more pleasing to the eye1 or else disguises an inferior one1 e4g41 ,prussian blue1 black lead1 c41 to green teas2 annatto to cheese1 c42 arsenite of copper to sweetmeats1 c4 #c4 ,substitutions of a cheaper form of the article1 or the same substance from which the strength has been extracted put in the place of the real1 e4g41 tea mixed with spent leaves1 c4 #d4 ,a very small class where the adulteration is really added with no fraudulent intent1 but to enhance the quality of the goods sold--alum to bread in small quantities4 ,the following1 according to ,blyth 7',dic4 of ,hygine'71 is a list of articles most commonly adulterated1 with the names of the substances used in their sophistication3-- ,,aconitia with other alkaloids1 e4g41 delphinia1 aconella1 c4 ,,ale1 common salt1 ,cocculus indicus1 grains of paradise1 quassia1 and other bitters1 sulphate of iron1 alum1 c4 ,,allspice1 mustard husks4 ,,anchovies1 other fish1 and colouring matters1 e4g41 ,armenian bole1 ,venetian red1 c4 ,,annatto1 all sorts of starch1 soap1 red ferruginous earths1 carbonate and sulphate of lime1 salts1 c4 ,,arrowroot1 various other fecula1 such as sago1 tapioca1 potato1 and others4 ,,balsam ,,of ,,copaiba1 turpentine and fixed oils4 ,,beef 7,,potted71 ,armenian bole4 ,,bismuth1 carbonate of lead1 sometimes arsenic 7this latter is an impurity not intentional74 ,,bloaters 7,,potted71 ,armenian bole4 ,,brandy1 water1 burnt sugar1 c4 ,,bread1 potatoes 7mashed71 alum1 inferior flour1 c41 c4 ,,butter1 water1 salt1 colouring matter1 lard1 tallow1 and other fats4 ,,cajuput ,,oil1 copper1 camphor dissolved in oil of rosemary1 and coloured with copper as a substitute4 ,,calamine1 coloured sulphate of baryta4 ,,calomel1 sulphate of baryta1 chalk1 white precipitate1 white lead1 pipe-clay1 c41 c4 ,,calumba1 tinged bryony root1 root of ,frasera ,walteri1 and others4 ,,camboge1 starch1 c4 ,,camphor1 a substitution of ,borneo camphor has been made4 ,,cantharides1 golden beetle1 artificially coloured glass1 c4 ,,carbonate ,,of ,,lead1 sulphate of baryta1 sulphate of lead1 chalk1 c41 c4 ,,carmine 7,,cochineal71 sulphate of baryta1 bone black1 c4 ,,cassia 7,,senna71 leaves of ,solenostemma argel1 and other foreign leaves4 ,,castor ,,oil1 other oils1 often small quantities of croton oil4 ,,cayenne1 ground rice1 vermilion1 ,venetian red1 turmeric4 ,,champagne1 gooseberry and other wines as substitutes1 different colouring matters1 c4 ,,cheese1 annatto1 bole 7,armenian71 and other colouring matters4 ,,chicory1 colouring matters1 such as ferruginous earths1 and burnt sugar1 ,venetian red1 c41 and different flours1 such as wheat1 rye1 beans1 c41 and sometimes sawdust4 ,,cider1 lead 7as an impurity1 not intentional74 ,,cigars1 substitutions of hay and other rubbish1 inferior tobacco1 leaves sometimes darkened by some brown vegetable dye4 ,,cinnamon1 cassia1 clove stalks1 and different flowers4 ,,claret1 brandy1 and substitution of inferior wines4 ,,cloves1 clove stalks4 ,,cocoa ,,and ,,chocolate1 cheaper kinds of arrow-root1 such as ,tous les mois and ,east ,indian1 animal matter1 corn1 sago1 tapioca1 c4 ,,coffee1 chicory1 roasted wheat1 rye flowers1 and colouring matters1 such as burnt sugar1 c4 ,,cod-,,liver ,,oil1 other oils mixed with it4 ,,colocynth 7,,compound ,,extract ,,of71 the extract is not unfrequently made with the pulp and seeds4 ,,confectionery1 injurious colouring matters1 such as arsenite of copper1 chromate of lead1 c4 ,,confection1 ,,aromatic 7,,aromatic ,,chalk ,,powder71 expensive ingredients omitted1 turmeric substituted for saffron1 c41 c4 ,,copal1 gum dammar1 resin1 c4 ,,curry-,,powder1 red lead1 ground rice1 salt4 ,,cusparia ,,bark1 the bark of ,strychnos ,nux ,vomica is said to have been substituted4 ,,custard ,,and ,,egg ,,powder1 turmeric1 chrome yellow1 and different flours4 ,,elaterium1 starch1 flour1 chalk1 c4 ,,epsom ,,salts1 chloride magnesium1 chalk1 c4 ,,ether1 alcohol4 ,,flour1 other and inferior flours1 as the flour from rice1 bean1 ,indian corn1 potato1 c41 sulphate of lime1 alum4 ,,gelatine1 salt and sugar4 ,,gin1 water1 sugar1 capsicum1 flavouring matters of different kinds1 turpentine1 alum1 tartar4 ,,ginger1 turmeric1 and husks of mustard1 flour from wheat1 sago1 c4 ,,guaiacum ,,resin1 other resins4 ,,honey1 flour1 cane sugar1 c4 ,,hops1 ,cocculus indicus1 grains of paradise1 c41 c4 ,,iodide ,,of ,,potassium1 water1 carbonate of potash1 chlorides of soda and potash1 iodate of potash1 iodine1 c4 ,,iodine1 water1 plumbago1 charcoal1 black oxide of manganese1 c4 ,,ipecaquanha1 other roots1 extraneous woody fibre2 when in powder1 chalk1 flour1 c41 have been added4 ,,isinglass1 gelatine4 ,,jalap1 raspings of guaiacum1 false jalap root1 c4 ,,lard1 carbonate of soda1 salt1 potato1 flour1 and lime4 ,,lemon ,,juice1 a mixture of sugar and water1 acidulated with sulphuric acid1 has been substituted4 ,,liquorice1 rice1 chalk1 gelatine1 and different flours4 ,,magnesia1 ,,magnesia ,,sulphate1 lime1 carbonate of magnesia4 ,,magnesia1 ,,carbonate1 lime1 sulphate1 c41 c4 ,,marmalade1 apple1 or turnip pulp4 ,,mercury1 lead1 tin1 zinc1 bismuth1 c4 ,,mercury ,,green ,,iodide ,,of1 red iodide of ,,mercury ,,red ,,oxide ,,of1 brick-dust1 red lead1 c4 ,,mercury ,,ammoniated 7,,white ,,precipitate71 chalk1 carbonate of lead1 plaster of ,paris1 c41 c4 ,,milk1 water4 ,,mustard1 turmeric1 wheat flour4 ,,myrrh1 gum bdellium1 and other gum resins4 ,,oatmeal1 barley flour1 rubble4 ,,opium1 stones1 sand1 clay1 vegetable extracts1 sugar1 treacle1 water1 c4 ,,pareira ,,root1 different roots substituted4 ,,pepper1 linseed meal1 different flours1 mustard husks1 c4 ,,pickles1 salts of copper1 acetate of copper4 ,,porter ,,and ,,stout1 sugar1 treacle1 water and salt4 ,,potash1 carbonate1 sulphate1 and chloride of potash1 lime1 iron1 and alumina4 ,,potash1 ,,acetate ,,of1 sulphates1 and chlorides of potash4 ,,potash1 ,,carbonate ,,of1 sulphates1 and chlorides of potash4 ,,potash1 ,,bicarbonate ,,of1 carbonate of potash4 ,,potash1 ,,citrate ,,of1 sulphates of potash4 ,,potash1 ,,chlorate ,,of1 chloride of potassium4 ,,potash1 ,,tartrate ,,of1 tartrate of lime4 ,,potash1 ,,nitrate ,,of1 sulphate or chloride of potassium4 ,,preserves1 salts of copper4 ,,quinine1 sulphate of lime1 chalk1 magnesia1 cane-sugar1 sulphate of cinchonine1 c4 ,,rhubarb1 turmeric1 and inferior varieties substituted for ,turkey4 ,,rum1 water1 cayenne1 burnt sugar4 ,,sago1 potato flour4 ,,sauce1 treacle1 salt1 cochineal1 ,armenian bole1 and other colouring matters4 ,,scammony1 chalk1 starch1 guaiacum1 jalap1 dextrin1 c4 ,,senega1 guiseng1 gillenia4 ,,senna1 leaves of cynanchum argel4 ,,sherry1 sulphates of potash1 soda1 brandy1 burnt sugar1 c4 ,,snuff1 carbonate of ammonia1 glass1 sand1 colouring matter1 c4 ,,soda1 ,,bicarbonate1 carbonate and sulphate of soda4 ,,soda1 ,,carbonate1 sulphate of soda4 ,,soda1 ,,phosphate ,,of1 phosphate of lime4 ,,spices1 colouring materials1 substitutions1 and different flours4 ,,squills 7,,powdered71 wheat flour4 ,,sugar 7,,moist71 sand1 flour1 c4 ,,sulphur1 sulphurous acid 7as an impurity74 ,,sulphuric ,,acid1 lead1 water1 arsenic1 hydrochloric acid1 c4 ,,tapioca1 mixing inferior starches with the pure tapioca4 ,,tea1 sand1 iron filings1 exhausted tea leaves1 foreign leaves2 and in green teas1 black lead1 ,prussian blue1 ,china clay4 ,,tobacco1 inferior tobacco1 water4 ,,turmeric1 yellow ochre1 carbonate of soda1 or potash4 ,,uva ,,ursi 7,,bearberry ,,leaves71 leaves of red whortleberry1 and others4 ,,vinegar1 sulphuric acid1 and metallic impurities4 ,,wines1 water1 jerupiga1 bitartrate of potash1 substitution of inferior wines1 brandy1 spirits1 and various other matters4 ,,zinc1 ,,oxide ,,of1 chalk1 carbonate of magnesia4 ,the ,sale of ,food and ,drugs ,act has now supplemented several ,acts which were passed during the present century for the prevention of adulteration4 ,an ,act prohibiting the mixture of injurious ingredients with intoxicating liquors remains unrepealed1 as do also one or two statutes relating to trade frauds as for example the ,adulteration of ,seeds ,act1 #ahji4 ,these latter have not been incorporated in the ,sale of ,food and ,drugs ,act4 7e74 ,l4 ,for words sometimes written with this initial diphthong1 and not found below1 look under ,e4 ,,gi',,rinon 7-ji'-74 ,gr4 ,see ,,ointment4 ,,gypti',,acumdagger 7-j7ip-ti'-74 ,lat4 ,syn4 ,,unguen',,tum ,,gyptiacum1 ,l4 ,oxymel or liniment of verdigris4 ,the name originated with ,hippocrates1 who is said to have learned its composition in ,egypt4 ,,ol',,ipile 7-p7ile74 ,a hollow ball of metal1 having a slender neck with a very small orifice1 contrived to exhibit the conversion of water into steam by the action of heat1 and to account for the natural production of winds4 ,it was known to the ancients1 is mentioned by ,vitruvius1 and was studied by ,descartes and others4 ,it has been used in surgery to produce eschars1 in the same cases as moxas2 the effect of the steam being limited by means of a piece of perforated pasteboard4 ,when filled with alcohol1 and the jet of vapour inflamed1 it is sometimes employed as a blowpipe4 ,m4 ,soyer used an apparatus of this kind to supply the heat in his portable furnace4 ,the liquid1 however1 which he employed was camphine4 ,a',,er1 7a'-7er74 ,l4 prim4 ,gr4 ,air4 ,a',,erated 7a'-7er-rate-7ed74 ,in chemistry1 c41 impregnated with carbonic acid4 ,see ,,alkali1 ,,lemonade1 ,,waters1 ,,mineral4 ,,ae'',,rial 7a-ere'-e-7al74 ,belonging to the air or atmosphere2 produced by1 consisting of1 depending on1 or partaking of the nature of the air4 ,,aerifica',,tion 7a-7er-e-74 ,syn4 ,a,,rifica',,tio1 ,l42 ,a,,rification1 ,,gaz,,ification1 ,fr4 ,in chemistry1 the conversion of a body into gas4 ,a',,eriform 7a'-7er-74 ,syn4 ,a,,riform',,is1 ,l42 ,a,,riforme1 ,,gaz,,iforme1 ,fr4 ,,luftformig1 c41 ,ger4 ,in chemistry1 air-like1 gaseous4 ,,aerol',,ogy4 ,syn4 ,a,,rolo',,gia1 ,l42 ,a,,rologie1 ,fr41 ,ger4 ,in physics1 a discourse or treatise of the air4 ,in physiology and hygine1 the doctrine of the air1 more especially with regard to its salubrity and action on organised beings4 ,,aerom',,eter4 ,syn4 ,a,,rome',,trum1 ,l42 ,a,,rom,,tre1 ,fr4 ,an instrument used in arometry4 ,,aerom',,etry4 ,syn4 ,a,,rome',,tria1 ,l42 ,a,,rom,,trie1 ,fr42 ,,luftmesskunst1 c41 ,ger4 ,in chemistry and physics1 the art of measuring gases1 and of determining their densities4 ,,aeronaut',,ics4 ,syn4 ,a,,ronautique1 ,fr4 ,the art of sailing in1 or of navigating the air4 ,see ,,balloons4 ,,aeropho',,bia4 ,l4 ,syn4 ,a,,rophobie1 ,fr4 ,in pathology1 a dread of air 7wind72 a common symptom in hydrophobia1 and occasionally present in hysteria and phrenitis4 ,,aerostat',,ics4 ,syn4 ,a,,rostat',,ica1 ,l42 ,a,,rostatique1 ,fr4 ,that branch of pneumatics which treats of air1 and other elastic fluids1 in a state of rest4 ,,aerosta',,tion4 ,eng41 ,fr4 ,syn4 ,a,,rosta',,tio1 ,l4 ,the art of weighing the air2 arial suspension and navigation4 ,see ,,balloons4 ,,ru',,go 7e-74 ,l4 ,the rust of brass1 bronze1 or copper2 verdigris4 ,,sculin4 ,c#ba;,h#bd,o#ac4 ,a crystalline fluorescent substance existing in the bark of the horse-chestnut 7sculus hippocastanum7 and of other trees of the genera sculus and ,paria4 ,in the above-named sources sculin is associated with another fluorescent body called ,pariin4 '',,ther4 ,see ,,ether4 ,,ithe'',,rea 7-ther-74 ,l4 pl4 ,ethers4 ,,sthet',,ics 7ez-74 ,syn4 ,,sthet',,ica1 ,l4 ,medicines or agents which affect sensation4 ,see ,,an,,sthetics and ,,hyper,,sthetics4 ,,thiops4 ,see ,,ethiops4 ,,affec',,tion4 ,eng41 ,fr4 ,syn4 ,,affec',,tio1 ,l4 ,in pathology1 a term nearly synonymous with disease4 ,,affinity4 ,syn4 ,,chemical ,,affinity2 ,,affinitas1 ,l42 ,,affinit1 ,fr42 ,,verwandtschaft1 ,ger4 ,if oil and water be shaken together they produce no change upon one another1 as is proved by their separating into two layers with their properties unaltered1 when the mixture is allowed to remain at rest for a short time4 ,such bodies are said1 in chemical language1 to have no affinity for one another4 ,if iodine and metallic mercury be rubbed together in a mortar they will unite in definite proportions by weight1 and form a combination possessing properties totally distinct from those of its constituents4 ,thus1 iodine is a greyish1 metallic-looking solid1 convertible into a violet vapour by heat1 perceptibly soluble in water1 and capable of producing a blue compound with starch4 ,mercury is a metallic1 silvery-looking liquid4 ,the product of their union 7biniodide of mercury7 is a scarlet powder1 destitute of metallic lustre1 convertible into vapour by heat1 without the production of violet fumes1 insoluble in water1 and incapable of developing a blue colour with starch4 ,again1 the greenish-yellow and intensely poisonous gas1 chlorine1 unites in definite proportions by weight with the soft1 wax-like1 and highly poisonous metal sodium to produce the white crystalline solid chloride of sodium 7common salt71 a compound which1 except in very large quantities1 is not only not poisonous1 but actually beneficial to health4 ,such combinations are called chemical compounds1 and the force which binds their constituents together is distinguished from all other attractive forces by the term affinity or chemical affinity4 ,bodies united by affinity are also said to have united chemically4 ,affinity is in most cases exerted between different substances1 in which respect it resembles adhesion2 but bodies united by adhesion1 e4g4 ink to paper1 paint to wood1 c41 unlike those united by affinity1 suffer no change of properties4 ,affinity is exerted at immeasurable distances1 therefore substances to be submitted to its influence must be brought into 7apparently7 actual contact4 ,this condition is frequently fulfilled by the vaporisation1 fusion1 or solution of one or more of the bodies to be submitted to its action4 ,in many instances substances which have no affinity for one another at ordinary temperatures manifest this power when heated4 ,whenever chemical union takes place1 heat is invariably evolved2 conversely1 the decomposition of a chemical compound is always accompanied by an apparent loss of heat or reduction of temperature4 ,finally1 the most striking phenomena characteristic of1 and accompanying1 chemical affinity are1 development of heat1 change of properties1 and union in definite or constant proportions by weight4 ,,affusion4 ,in chemistry1 the washing of a precipitate1 c41 for the purpose of removing soluble matters4 ,in medicine1 affusion is of three kinds3-- #a4 ,lotions1 which consist in washing a part of the body with a sponge or rag soaked in a liquid4 #b4 ,aspersions1 which consist in throwing a liquid drop by drop1 like rain1 upon the body4 #c4 ,shower baths1 which consist in allowing a number of small streams of water to fall from a height upon the surface of the body4 ,if the water fall from a considerable height1 affusion is then termed douche by the ,french4 ,,aft',,er-,,damp4 ,syn4 ,,choke-,,damp4 ,carbonic acid gas resulting from explosion of air and fire-damp 7light carbonetted hydrogen7 in coal mines4 ,,aft',,er-,,pains4 ,those following childbirth4 ,the only remedy is patience2 they may1 however1 be frequently alleviated by small doses of morphia or liquor opii sedativus4 ,heated cloths and warm fomentations are sometimes useful1 particularly if assisted by moderate but sufficient pressure on the abdomen1 by means of a broad bandage4 ,they seldom follow with severity the first birth4 ,treatment for ,animals4 ,remove clots from parts1 raise the hind-quarters4 ,give clysters of linseed tea1 lukewarm1 and laudanum or belladonna extract4 ,syringe out parts with ,condy's fluid considerably diluted4 ,give internally belladonna1 opium1 or chloroform4 ,draw away milk4 ,,aft',,er-,,wash 7w7osh74 ,in the art of the distiller1 the liquor in the still after the spirit has been drawn over4 ,,ag',,aric4 ,eng41 ,fr4 ,syn4 ,,agar',,icum1 ,,agar',,icus1 ,l42 ,,bl,,tterschwamm1 ,,pilz1 ,,schwamm1 ,ger4 ,in botany1 a genus of fungi1 of numerous species1 embracing the mushrooms and champignons4 ,of these plants1 some are edible2 others poisonous4 ,the term is also commonly applied to the boletus found on oaks 7,,touchwood71 and on larches 7,,male ,,agaric74 ,see ,,mushrooms4 ,fly-agaric4 ,syn4 ,,fly ,,mush',,room2 ,,agar',,icus ,,musca'',,ria1 ,linn42 ,,amani',,ta ,m4 ,one of the most narcotic and poisonous of our fungi1 producing1 in small doses1 intoxication and a pleasing species of delirium2 for which purpose it is commonly employed in ,kamschatka4 7,hooker47 ,it possesses the singular property of imparting an intoxicating quality to the urine1 which continues for a long time after taking it4 ,this secretion is1 therefore1 commonly saved by the natives during a scarcity of the fungus4 ,thus1 with a few amanit1 a party of drunkards may keep up their debauch for a week2 and the intoxication so produced is capable of being propagated through five or six individuals4 7,langsdorff47 ,water in which it has been boiled is poisonous2 but the boiled fungus itself is inert4 ,the liquid from it is used as a fly-poison2 whence the name mushroom is derived4 ,it may be known by its rich orange-red colour in autumn4 ,,ag',,ate 7-ate1 -7etdouble-dagger74 ,eng41 ,fr4 ,syn4 ,,acha',,tes 7-ka'-tez71 ,l4 ,a semi-pellucid uncrystallised species of quartz1 remarkable for its hardness1 variety of colour1 and susceptibility of receiving a high polish4 ,it is an aggregate of various siliceous minerals1 of which chalcedony appears generally to be the base4 ,carnelian1 jasper1 amethyst1 and other similar minerals1 often enter into its composition4 ,the colours are often delicately arranged in stripes1 bands1 or clouds4 ,those which take an angular form1 as the ,scotch pebble1 are called ,,fortification ,,agates4 ,it is the least valuable of the precious stones1 and is chiefly made into rings1 seals1 beads1 burnishers1 c41 on account of its hardness4 ,its powder is used for cleansing and polishing iron1 brass1 c41 and to sharpen edge-tools4 ,,ageing ,,liquor4 ,dissolve #c lbs4 of chlorate of potash in #d galls4 of boiling water4 ,add #bj lbs4 of powdered white arsenic to #bj lbs4 of solution of caustic soda at #fj ,tw41 and boil until the arsenic is completely dissolved4 ,add the latter solution to the former1 with stirring1 until the mixture stands at #bh ,tw4 ,,ag',,nail4 ,see ,,whitlow4 ,,agrypnot',,ics 7-gr7ip-74 ,syn4 ,,anthypnot',,ics 7-h7ip-72 ,,agrypnot',,ica1 ,,anthypnot',,ica1 ,l4 ,in medicine and pharmacology1 agents or substances which prevent sleep2 as tea1 coffee1 digitalis1 vinegar1 c4 ,a',,gue 7-g7u74 ,ague may be defined as febrile phenomena occurring in paroxysms1 and observing a certain regular succession1 characterised by chill1 abnormal heat1 and unnatural cutaneous discharge1 which prove to be a temporary crisis and usher in a remission4 ,these phenomena are developed in an uninterrupted series or succession more or less regular1 which pass into each other by insensible stages4 ,ague is paludal fever1 and has always been observed to prevail in marshy moist districts1 and in low1 swampy humid countries1 in which seasons of considerable heat occur4 ,the neighbourhood of marshes1 or of a district which has been at some recent time under water2 the banks of extensive lakes1 and the shores of rivers and seas where the water flows sluggishly1 and in some places stagnates2 shallow rivers2 extensive level tracts of forest land1 where moisture is always present2 and the surface of the land constantly covered with excavation from the ground1--these are the terrestrial physical conditions1 in which marsh and littoral fevers are almost universally to be found1 although it must be admitted that there are some marshy districts in which the disease does not show itself4 ,in these latter localities the effects of the miasmatic poison1 show themselves in cholera or typhus4 ,no precise knowledge of the nature and source of this subtle poison which1 in default of a better name we call malaria1 has yet been acquired2 indeed it has yet to be proved that malaria has a distinct existence4 ,science has as yet been unable to discover the presence of any poisonous principle in the air of ague on other regions4 ,ague may exist without any alteration of structure being set up2 but in the milder forms of this fever a greater number of organs and tissues are morbidly altered than perhaps in any other form of disease4 ,the parts so affected are the liver1 spleen1 lungs1 heart1 brain1 and the serous and mucous membranes of the body generally4 ,within certain limits1 the specific action of the malarial poison may be said to be in the inverse ratio of the intensity of the fever which attends its action4 ,the affections of the liver and spleen also vary greatly according to the locality in which the patient is attacked2 for instance1 whilst in some parts of ,india the spleen is the organ principally involved1 in other districts of the same continent it is the liver4 ,in ,england1 under proper medical treatment1 the patient usually recovers without any manifest derangement either of structure or impairment of function of any organ or tissue4 ,the liver may1 however1 become affected if the patient suffering from the disease has been neglected for any length of time4 ,notwithstanding the opinions of ,finke and ,professor ,colin1 there appears to be considerable ground for the supposition that ague may be caused by drinking marsh and surface water4 ,in an interesting paper on the ',indian ,annals' for #ahef1 ,mr ,bettington1 of the ,madras ,civil ,service1 says3--,it is notorious that the water produces fever and affections of the spleen4 ,in confirmation of this assertion1 he brings forward what seems to be some remarkably strong evidence4 ,he cites cases of villages placed under the same conditions as to marsh-air in some of which fevers were prevalent1 whilst in others they were absent2 and he found on inquiry that whilst the latter villages were supplied with pure water1 the inhabitants of the former had to drink marsh or mullah water1 full of vegetable dbris4 ,in one village there were two sources of supply--a spring and a tank1 the first fed by surface1 and the other by marsh water4 ,those only who partook of the tank water were attacked by fever4 ,again1 in ,tulliwaree the fever was so universal that scarcely any inhabitant escaped it4 ,in this village ,mr ,bettington caused a well to be dug1 and the result was that the fever disappeared4 ,similar cases have occurred in this country4 ,twenty years ago ,mr ,blower1 of ,bedford1 directed the attention of medical men to a case that occurred in a village1 in which ague had nearly disappeared when a well was dug2 and to another instance which occurred in the village of ,houghton4 ,in this parish almost the only family which escaped ague was that of a farmer2 the members of this family partook of well water2 whilst those who did not escape the disease drank ditch water4 ,in the ',indian ,annals' for #ahfg is a paper by ,dr ,moore1 confirming the opinion that ague may be produced by the causes already stated1 and ,m4 ,commaille 7',rec4 de ,mm4 de ,med4 ,mil41' ,nov41 #ahfh7 states that in ,marseilles1 paroxysmal fevers1 formerly unknown1 have made their appearance1 since the water supply to that city has been drawn from the ,marseilles ,canal4 ,in his report for #ahgj ,dr ,townsend1 the ,sanitary ,commissioner for the central provinces of ,india1 states that the natives of ,india hold an opinion that the use of river and tank water during rainy seasons 7when the water always contains an increased quantity of vegetable matter7 will almost always cause ague4 ,boudin 7',trait de ,gographie et de ,statistiques ,mdicale1' #aheg1 t4 i1 p4 #adb71 records an extraordinary case4 ,eight hundred soldiers1 in good health1 embarked in three vessels to pass from ,bona1 in ,algiers1 to ,marseilles1 in the year #ahcd4 ,they all arrived at ,marseilles the same day4 ,in two vessels there were #fhj men1 without a single sick one amongst them4 ,in the third vessel1 the ,argo1 there had been #abj soldiers2 #ac died during the short passage1 and of the #ajg survivors no less than #ih were disembarked suffering from all forms of paludal fevers4 ,we may presume that the diagnosis was correct1 since ,boudin himself examined the men4 ,when the vessels started the crew of the ,argo had not a single sick man aboard4 ,the crew and soldiers of all the boats were exposed to the same atmospheric conditions4 ,the influence of air must1 therefore1 be excluded4 ,there is no mention of food1 but it has never been suggested that food has ever been concerned in the production of malarious fever4 ,it was a very different matter1 however1 with the water supply4 ,in two of the vessels the water was good1 whilst the ,argo had been supplied with marsh water1 which was offensive to the smell1 as well as unpalatable4 ,this latter was supplied to the soldiers1 whilst the crew drank uncontaminated water4 ,amongst those who deny that marsh water is the cause of ague must be quoted ,professor ,colin4 ,the professor1 who is regarded as an authority on intermittent fever1 in his work ,de l',ingestion des ,eaux ,marcageuse comme cause de la ,dysenterie et des ,fivres intermittentes1' instances numerous cases in ,algiers and ,italy in which impure marsh water gives rise to indigestion1 diarrhoea1 and dysentery1 but in no case to intermittent fever2 and he states that in all his observations he has never met with an instance of ague having such an origin4 ,without contesting the case of the ,argo1 he views it with considerable suspicion1 and doubts whether ,boudin is correct in his details4 ,finke also states that1 in ,hungary and ,holland1 marsh-water is daily drank without causing any ill-effects4 ,the inhalation of the fumes of oxide of zinc appears to produce in workers of this metal a variety of ague termed by ,shackrah brass ague1 and by ,dr ,greenhow1 brass-founder's ague4 ,the symptoms of the malady are tightness and oppression of the chest2 with indefinite nervous sensations1 followed by shivering1 an indistinct hot stage1 and profuse perspiration4 ,these attacks1 however1 are not periodical4 ,it is open to doubt whether the malarious poison exists in the form of a gas1 for the observations of microscopists go to show the extreme minuteness of the germs of disease1 which are probably not more than #a_/gjjjjth of an inch in size1 and it is regarded as probable that the real cause of ague is the entry into the circulation of some low forms of spores of fungi1 or of some minute animalcules4 ,ague is always to be met with in places where fungi grow1 and is always associated with what ,pettenkofer calls the ground air--that is1 the air contained in the interstices of the soil1 no inconsiderable volume of which is drawn into every house which has a fire on the floor which rests on the earth4 ,that animalcules 787 may exist in the blood is evidenced by the discovery of ,dr ,lewis1 who found hair-like worms in the circulation2 and whilst considering this point1 we must bear in mind that the remedial agents employed to check ague1 quinine1 arsenic1 c41 are drugs capable of destroying animal life1 and it is not impossible that they may exercise a beneficial effect in destroying the spores or animalcules to which the disease may be due4 ,the best means to be employed to combat malarial fevers in any district are thorough and efficient drainage 7and it must be remembered that drainage purifies both the ground-air and the ground water7 and a supply of wholesome water free from decomposing vegetable matter4 ,that the adoption of the above means cannot fail to succeed is incontestably proved by the fact1 that during the last #bjj years1 ague in ,england has diminished to a wonderful extent1 in short1 as good drainage and a pure water supply have prevailed1 there has been a proportionate diminution of paludal poisoning4 ,during the protectorate of ,cromwell great mortality prevailed in ,london1 from the ravages of ague2 at that time ,london was as swampy as the fens of ,lincolnshire4 ,see ,,fever 7,intermittent74 ,ague-cake4 ,the popular name of a tumour felt under the false ribs on the left side1 formed by enlargement and induration of the spleen1 following protracted ague2 also1 sometimes1 of indurations of the liver following ague4 ,ague-drop4 ,see ,,drops4 ,ague-salt 7s7olt74 ,disulphate of quinine4 ,ague-tree4 ,sassafras4 ,ague-weed4 ,the herb thorough-wort 7',eupato''rium perfolia'tum1' ,linn474 ,,aig',,remore 77eg'r-mor74 ,fr4 ,pulverised charcoal in the state it is used to make gunpowder4 ,illustration3 ,attelettes from ,soyer4 ,,aiguillette 7,,attelette74 ,fr4 ,in cookery1 a term applied to several small dishes1 from the articles of which they consist being mounted on silver needles1 or skewers1 with ornamental handles or tops4 7,see engr47 ,they form one of the varieties of the 'hors-d'oeuvres' of ,soyer2 and are commonly served on a napkin4 ,the skewers should be about four inches long1 and of the thickness of an ordinary packing needle4 ,the person eating what is served on them takes the head of the skewer between the thumb and fingers of the left hand1 and picks it off with his fork4 ,those noticed by ,soyer are-- ,aiguillettes l'perlan 7smelts72 ,aiguillettes aux ,huitres 7oysters72 ,aiguillettes de ,filets de ,sole 7soles72 ,aiguillettes de ,homard 7lobsters72 ,aiguillettes de ,langue de ,boeuf 7ox-tongue72 ,aiguillettes de ,ris de ,veau 7sweetbread of veal72 ,aiguillettes de ,volaille la ,jolie ,fille 7fowl72-- all of which are prepared in a nearly similar manner1 merely varying the sauces1 c41 to suit the article and palate4 ,see ,,attelettes1 ,,hors-,d',,oe,,uvres1 c4 ,,ahornzucker 7genuine ,american maple sugar74 ,for coughs1 hoarseness1 and all affections of the throat and chest caused by cold4 ,the raw maple sugar as imported4 7,hager47 ,,ailanthus4 ,the inner bark of the ailanthus glandulosa1 a common tree growing in northern ,china1 said by ,dr ,dudgeon to have proved very successful in dysentery4 ,the ailanthus glandulosa is also well known throughout the ,united ,states4 ,professor ,htet1 of ,toulon1 tried the effect of the powdered bark1 leaves1 and various preparations of the bark or drugs1 with the result of their administration being attended with purgative effect--and the discharge of worms4 ,the powdered bark has been given in small cases of tape-worm in the human subject1 with marked success4 ,the dose of the powder found sufficient for the expulsion of the tapeworm was from seven or eight to thirty grains4 ,,ail',,ment4 ,pain1 indisposition2 disease4 ,its use is generally restricted to the non-acute1 and milder forms of disease4 ,,air4 ,eng41 ,fr4 ,syn4 ,aer1 ,l4 7from ,greek3 ar ,gr472 ,,luft1 ,ger42 ,,atmospheric ,,air2 ,,the ,,atmosphere4 ,this name was formerly given to any ariform body2 thus1 by the old chemists ammoniacal gas was called alkaline air2 oxygen1--dephlogisticated1 vital1 or empyreal air2 carbonic anhydride 7carbonic acid71 fixed air2 hydrogen1 inflammable air2 heavy carbonetted hydrogen1 olefiant gas1 heavy inflammable air2 nitrogen1--mephitic1 phlogisticated1 or nitrous air4 ,at the present time the term air is usually restricted to the gaseous envelope surrounding the solid and liquid parts of our globe4 ,air1 ,atmospheric 7or simply1 ,the ,air74 ,the air chiefly consists of a mechanical mixture of four volumes of nitrogen and one volume of oxygen1 or more accurately-- ,by volume4 ,by weight4 ,nitrogen #gia #gfh ,oxygen #bji #bcb ----- ----- #ajj #ajjab ,footnote #ab3 ,at a meeting of the ,paris ,academy of ,sciences1 held on the #cast of ,december1 #ahgg1 it was announced that ,m4 ,cailletet had succeeded in liquefying atmospheric air4 ,we may premise our description of the functions of the constituents of the atmosphere by the following quotation from ,mr ,blyth's ',dictionary of ,hygine and ,public ,health'3--,one of the most important properties of air is its power of penetration and its universality4 ,air is1 indeed1 present everywhere2 there is scarcely a solid1 however compact it may appear to be1 which does not contain pores1 and these pores filled with air4 ,the soil contains no small quantity2 indeed1 if it were not so the numberless insects1 worms1 c41 which burrow in its interstices would cease to exist4 ,the most compact mortar and walls are penetrated with it1 and water of natural origin contains a large quantity of air in solution4 ,the atmosphere is supposed to extend to a very great height1 from #bjj to #cjj miles2 it used to be considered only five 7forty-five7 miles high1 but observations on shooting stars1 c41 show that this opinion is erroneous4 ,owing to the force of gravity1 the air is much denser near the earth1 and gets more attenuated layer by layer as you ascend4 ,if1 then1 the atmosphere were possessed of colour1 it would be very dark just round the globe1 and the tint would gradually fade into space4 ,the air is by no means wholly gaseous2 it contains1 indeed1 an immense amount of life1 and small particles derived from the whole creation4 ,in the air may be found animalcules1 spores1 seeds1 pollen cells of all kind1 vibriones1 elements of contagion1 eggs of insects1 c41 and a few fungi1 besides formless dust1 sandy1 and other particles of local origin2 for example1 no one can ride in a railway carriage without being accompanied with dust1 a great portion of which is attracted by a magnet1 and is1 indeed1 minute particles of iron derived from the rails4 ,the purest air has some dust in it4 ,there probably never fell a beam of light from the sun since the world was made which did not show1 were there eyes to see it1 myriads of motes2 these1 however1 generally speaking1 are quite innocuous to man--some1 indeed1 may possibly be beneficial4 ,another most important property of air is its mobility2 on the calmest day and in the quietest room there are constant currents of air which rapidly dilute any noxious odours of gases4 ,the chief functions of the oxygen are to maintain respiration and support combustion1 while the office of the nitrogen is to dilute the oxygen and control its energy4 ,besides nitrogen and oxygen1 aqueous vapour1 carbonic anhydride1 ammonia1 and nitric acid are met with in the atmosphere1 the last especially during and shortly after thunder storms4 ,although1 doubtless owing to local conditions1 trifling variations may occur in the proportion of oxygen present in the atmosphere1 this variation is so trifling that the difference of the amount in air from places separated by very long distances will be found in the second decimal place only2 thus1 whilst a portion of air taken during a balloon ascent by ,mr ,green gave on analysis #bjhh per cent4 by vol41 ,dr ,frankland found in air collected by himself on the summit of ,mont ,blanc #bjif per cent4 by vol4 ,a still nearer approximation in uniformity in the amount of oxygen present in atmospheric air is exhibited in the following table1 which gives the results of #ie analyses by ,regnault on air obtained from nine different localities3-- #ajj from ,paris gave in #ajj parts1 by vol4 of oxygen #bjiac to #bjiii #i from ,lyons and around gave in #ajj parts1 by vol4 of oxygen #bjiah to #bjiff #cj from ,berlin gave in #ajj parts1 by vol4 of oxygen #bjijh to #bjiih #aj from ,madrid gave in #ajj parts1 by vol4 of oxygen #bjiaf to #bjihb #bc from ,geneva and ,switzerland gave in #ajj parts1 by vol4 of oxygen #bjiji to #bjiic #ae from ,toulon and ,mediterranean gave in #ajj parts1 by vol4 of oxygen #bjiab to #bjihb #e from ,atlantic ,ocean gave in #ajj parts1 by vol4 of oxygen #bjiah to #bjife #a from ,ecuador gave in #ajj parts1 by vol4 of oxygen #bjifj #b from ,pichincha gave in #ajj parts1 by vol4 of oxygen #bjidi to #bjiha ------ ------ ,mean of all foregoing #bjidi #bjihh of the ,paris specimens #bjif ,vapour of water is essential to the respiration of animals and plants1 in order that the organs concerned in this operation may be kept in a soft and moist condition4 ,carbonic anhydride is evolved during combustion1 putrefaction1 and fermentation2 it is also a product of the respiration of animals1 and highly poisonous to them1 even when diluted with large proportions of air4 ,this gas is1 however1 greedily absorbed by plants1 which decompose it2 they assimilate the carbon and return the oxygen to the atmosphere1 ready to be again consumed in supporting the life of the animal world4 ,dr ,angus ,smith has defined a very pure air to be one that contains with #bjii per cent4 of oxygen #jcj of carbonic acid 7anhydride74 ,this latter varies in amount in the atmosphere of cities1 as will be seen upon inspection of the subjoined table1 extracted from ,dr ,smith's work ',air and ,rain'3-- ,per cent4 ,air of ,madrid1 outside the walls1 mean of #ab analyses1 by ,luna #jde ,mean of #ab analyses1 within the walls of ,madrid1 by ,luna #jea ,mean of #ad analyses1 by ,angus ,smith1 in ,manchester suburbs #cfi ,in ,manchester streets #djc ,usual weather #jdjc ,during fogs #jfgi ,de ,saussure's analyses show that there is more carbonic acid on the mountains than in the plains1 as might be inferred from the comparative absence of vegetation in elevated positions4 ,dr ,pietra ,santa states that the air of hills or mountains1 at the height of #bcjj feet1 is lighter than common air1 contains a smaller proportion of oxygen1 and is impregnated with a largely increased amount of aqueous vapour4 ,it also contains a large quantity of ozone4 ,he considers such a climate peculiarly soothing to persons suffering from chest diseases4 ,dr ,angus ,smith's analysis of the air from the mountainous districts of ,scotland confirms the above statement of ,dr ,pietra ,santa's4 ,the heaths and mountains of that country are remarkably healthy localities1 and the air from them gave on analysis #bjid per cent4 by vol4 of oxygen1 and only #jcc of carbonic acid4 ,ammonia is derived from the putrefaction of animal and vegetable substances4 ,it is from atmospheric ammoniacal compounds that plants obtain much of the nitrogen which is essential to the formation of many parts of their structure4 ,nitric acid1 like ammonia1 is absorbed1 and its nitrogen assimilated1 by plants4 ,in addition to the gases and vapours already enumerated1 as well as others which exist in minute quantity1 or which are of only occasional occurrence1 ,pasteur and other investigators have discovered in the air living germs which are capable of exciting putrefaction and fermentation1 and which are competent1 in some instances1 to engender disease when they are injected into the blood of animals4 ,in fact1 the spread of infectious diseases1 e4g41 smallpox1 typhus fever1 cattle plague1 c41 is attributed to the presence in the atmosphere of the germs of such maladies4 ,these germs are believed to be living beings1 which develope and multiply at the expense of the tissues of the larger animals into whose systems they have found entrance4 ,air1 ,vitiated4 ,as has been stated in the previous article1 the air consists chiefly of two gases1 oxygen and nitrogen4 ,in all open places it has a similar composition1 as might be concluded from the constant mingling which takes place by the agency of currents continually in movement1 although sometimes to an inconsiderable extent only4 ,dr ,angus ,smith regards air as very pure when it contains not less than #bjii per cent4 by volume of oxygen1 and #jjcj of carbonic anhydride 7acid74 ,according as the proportion of the former gas diminishes and that of the latter increases beyond certain limits in the air by which we are surrounded1 it becomes more or less deteriorated and unfit to be breathed1 particularly as the increased amount of carbonic acid is1 in crowded dwellings1 assembly rooms1 theatres1 and confined inhabited spaces1 associated with deleterious and putrescent exhalations from the person4 ,the following tables exhibit the amount of carbonic acid in close places in ,london4 ,per-centage ,i4 by volume4 ,chancery ,court1 closed doors1 #g feet from the ground1 ,march #c #aic ,same1 #c feet from ground #bjc ,chancery ,court1 doors wide open1 #d feet from ground1 #aadj1 ,march #e #jejg ,same1 #abdj p4m41 #e feet from ground #jde ,strand ,theatre1 gallery1 #aj p4m4 #aja ,surrey ,theatre1 boxes1 ,march #g1 #ajcj p4m4 #bah ,olympic1 #aacj p4m4 #jhag ,same1 #aaee p4m4 #ajad ,victoria ,theatre1 boxes1 ,march #bd1 #aj p4m4 #abf ,haymarket ,theatre1 dress circle1 ,march #ah1 #aacj p4m4 #jgeg ,queen's ,ward1 ,st4 ,thomas's ,hospital1 #cbe p4m4 #jeb ,edward's ,ward1 ,st4 ,thomas's ,hospital1 #ccj p4m4 #jeb ,victoria ,theatre1 boxes1 ,april #d4 #jgf ,effingham1 #ajcj p4m41 ,april #i1 ,whitechapel #abf ,pavilion1 #ajaa p4m41 ,april #i1 ,whitechapel #aeb ,city of ,london ,theatre1 pit1 #aaae p4m41 ,april #af #beb ,standard ,theatre1 pit1 #aa p4m41 ,april #af #cbj ,dr ,angus ,smith states that out of #cci specimens of air obtained from various mines he found #ce normal or nearly so1 #ha decidedly impure1 and #bab exceedingly bad2 he also adds that owing to the frequent firing of charges of gunpowder within the mines1 and from other causes1 the atmosphere is further contaminated with sulphuretted hydrogen1 sulphate1 carbonate1 sulphide1 sulphocyanide of potassium1 and nitrate of potassium1 carbon1 sulphur1 carbonate of ammonia1 organic matter1 sand1 and sulphurous and arsenious acids4 ,the air of large cities1 which are the seats of manufacturing industry1 is always more or less charged with the exhalations given off by chemical and other works4 ,the sulphuric-acid works contribute sulphuric1 sulphurous1 nitrous1 and arsenious acids2 copper works1 in which pyrites is employed1 give off large quantities of sulphurous acid1 mixed with arsenic and a little copper2 manure works1 in many cases1 send out compounds of fluorine1 besides sulphuric acid2 glass works1 sulphuric and hydrochloric acids2 and alkali works1 hydrochloric acid 7although in small quantities71 which very frequently contains arsenic4 ,of ammonia1 ,angus ,smith remarks3 ,it is one measure of the 'sewage' of the air2 it is the result of decomposition4 ,it is not1 in these small quantities1 hurtful1 so far as we know4 ,the ammonia is in no case free1 but combined probably with hydrosulphuric1 hydrochloric1 and sulphuric acid in towns4 ,in country places it is1 at all events partly1 united to carbonic acid4 ,,ii4 ,london ,air4--,carbonic ,acid1 ,metropolitan ,railway1 ,november1 #ahfi4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,carbonic ,oxygen1 ,date4 ,place4 ,time of ,day4 ,acid1 per cent4 per cent4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- #ahfi4 ,tunnel between ,gower ,street ,nov4 #ab4;and ,king's ,cross ,stations2 #aj a4m4 #aej #bjfj specimen taken at the open window1 first-class carriage4 #ab4,tunnel between ,gower ,street and ,king's ,cross ,stations2 #gcj p4m4 #jgh #bjgi specimen taken at the open window1 first-class carriage4 #ab4,tunnel ,praed ,street2 specimen taken at the open #ajcj a4m4 444 #bjga window1 first-class carriage4 #ae4,specimen taken during journey between ,gower ,street #ajae a4m4 #cch #bjff and ,king's ,cross1 first-class carriage1 window open4 #ae4,same #c p4m4 #aee #bjgj #ae4,same #aa p4m4 #aej #bjgd ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,average #adeb #bjgj ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,angus ,,smith4 ,the ,air of ,mines 7,metalliferous74 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,name of ,mine1,description of place1,thermo-,number ,oxygen1,carbonic and depth where taken and time meter1 of ,men per ,acid1 from surface1when taken4 ,fahr4 working cent4 per in fathoms4 in it4 cent4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,hurst ,end1 #cjj ft4 beyond 444 #b 444 #aii a rise1 #i ft4 high1 #g ft4 wide4 ,old ,gang ,end of level 444 #b #bjeh #dh ,end of level 444 #b 444 #bh 7a7 ,rise #g ft4 444 #b #bjbe #ci high1 #acb ft4 from current4 ,grassington 7b7 ,end of cross 444 #b #bjid #jf cut1 #dhj ft4 from rise4 ,end1 #dhj ft4 from 444 #b #aiec #aei rise4 ,rise #fj ft4 high in 444 #b #aieb #agb shale4 ,end1 #fj ft4 from 444 #b #bjdg #ajf rise4 7c7,end1 #hdj ft4 444 #b #bjjh #id from rise4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- 7a7 ,air machine4 7b7 ,unusual amount of dust4 7c7 ,crystals were chiefly hexagons4 ,,angus ,,smith4 ,the following table1 showing the amount of ammonia present in rain collected at the different places named1 is from ,dr ,smith's work1 ',air and ,rain4' ,,comparative4 ,,ammonia4 ,that of ,valentia 7,ireland7 taken as #a or #ajj4 ,ireland1 ,valentia #a ,scotland1 sea-coast1 country places1 west #bfi ,scotland1 inland1 country places1 west #bif ,scotland1 sea-coast1 country places1 average #daj ,scotland1 sea-coast1 country places1 east #eea ,england1 inland1 country places1 east #eid ,england1 sea-coast1 country places1 west #ajee ,german specimens #ajfa ,london1 #ahfi #aiag ,scotland1 towns 7,glasgow not included7 #babb ,st4 ,helen's #becc ,runcorn #begb ,england1 towns #bhfg ,liverpool #bihi ,manchester1 #ahfi #cecc ,manchester1 #ahfi and #ahgj1 average #ceid ,manchester1 #ahgj #cfed ,glasgow #ejee ,the effects resulting from breathing an impure atmosphere are necessarily dependent upon the extent of the pollution and other conditions4 ,when the contamination is moderate the first effect is headache1 accompanied with lassitude1 and a general paleness of the face and skin1 owing to a diminution of the red corpuscles of the blood or to their imperfect aration2 the pulse becomes lowered1 and at the same time the breathing is accelerated4 ,when in addition to breathing such air from day to day is superadded the misfortune of an insufficiency of food1 scrofula and consumption very often follow4 ,dr ,guy has demonstrated the great mortality that is caused by consumption in those trades in which workmen pursue their calling in hot1 close1 gas-lit rooms1 in comparison with those who pass most of their time in the open air4 ,the amount of air required by each person in a room is no less than #bajj feet per hour2 when the ventilation does not supply this amount of fresh air1 the apartment smells stuffy1 the furniture becomes coated with a film of organic matter1 unless constantly cleaned1 and the carbonic acid becomes increased beyond its normal quantity4 ,dr ,parkes has shown that bronchitis and consumption are more frequently than not contracted by those who live in an atmosphere of foul air4 ,in the years #ahcd to #ahdg the proportion of deaths in the ill-ventilated prison of ,leopoldstadt in ,vienna was #hf per #ajjj1 out of which number #ead per #ajjj was due to phthisis or consumption2 while in the well-ventilated ,house of ,correction in the same city the deaths were #ad per #ajjj1 of which #gi were from phthisis2 hence #dce cases per #ajjj of the deaths were clearly traceable to foul air and nothing else4 ,mr ,noel ,hartley1 in his valuable little manual1 ',water1 ,air1 and ,disinfectants1' says3 ,during the outbreak of cattle plague in #ahff1 in sheds containing twenty to thirty cows--which the owners kept closed to such an extent that all chinks in the doors and windows were stuffed with straw and matting1 under an ignorant belief that thus the plague could be kept out--very frequently the entire stock died in two or three days after the first appearance of disease2 while in other cases where animals were housed in a well-cleaned and tidily-kept shed1 with a plentiful supply of fresh air1 not only did some of them escape the disease altogether1 but the deaths were reduced to one third of the number of beasts attacked4 ,the large supply of fresh air necessary in hospitals for contagious diseases is fully recognised by medical men1 and more especially so in ,america4 ,wounds carefully protected from contact with impure air do not suppurate1 and organic fluids do not putrefy4 ,on the other hand1 in a bad atmosphere sores become unhealthy1 and are difficult to heal1 erysipelas and hospital gangrene frequently set in1 while the best prevention and the best means of cure for such afflictions is the greatest possible exposure to fresh air4 ,vitiated air1 as a consequence of over-crowding1 aids the spread of measles1 scarlet fever1 and the much to be dreaded smallpox2 it brings on ophthalmia1 a troublesome inflammation of the eyes1 and is not unfrequently the cause of the ricketty and scrofulous condition of children4 ,although exposure to cold does cause such affections as bronchitis1 pneumonia1 cold in the head1 sore throat1 and other affections of the respiratory organs1 it is more frequently the case that they are the result of a sudden change of temperature1 such as experienced in coming out of a crowded assembly in a close1 badly-ventilated building1 than by actually cold weather4 ,this is decidedly and strikingly shown by the fact which ,dr de ,chaumont has quoted1 that the ,british ,army when in the ,crimea1 when lodged in tents during extremely rigorous weather1 experienced a wonderful condition of health1 such a thing as a cold being an unknown complaint2 but when some of the men were placed in huts which were much warmer1 and into which there was a smaller circulation of fresh air1 the sick rate increased1 and coughs and colds began to put in an appearance4 ,persons who during summer and winter sleep with their windows more or less open cannot endure a night spent in the chamber with the chimney closed and the window shut4 ,a less refreshing sleep occupies the night1 and a somewhat feverish sensation is felt next morning4 ,if in cold weather the window be opened only one inch at the top1 the difference in the air in the bedroom is something quite beyond comprehension to those who have not paid attention to these things4 ,see ,,ventilation4 ,air1 ,analysis of4 ,priestley's discovery of oxygen gas in #aggd prepared the way for the knowledge of the real composition of air1 which was discovered about the same time by ,scheele and ,lavoisier4 ,scheele's method of operating was by exposing some atmospheric air to a solution of sulphide of potassium4 ,lavoisier effected the same object by the combustion of iron wire and phosphorus1 and subsequently by heating mercury on a flask filled with air for some time1 just below its boiling point4 ,these1 however1 were but elementary methods1 which1 however creditable to the ingenuity of the great founders of modern chemistry1 not only failed in accuracy1 but took no account of the presence and amount of two most important constituents in the atmosphere1 viz4 carbonic anhydride 7acid7 and ammonia4 ,determination of ,aqueous ,vapour4 ,to effect this an aspirator must be used 7see ,,aspirator74 ,this instrument is easily made1 and is not expensive4 ,the accompanying figure will illustrate the arrangement generally adopted3 a is an aspirator made of galvanised iron or sheet zinc4 ,it holds from #ej to #bjj litres 7from #aa to #dd gallons74 ,by this means a known volume of air is drawn through the tubes marked b1 c1 d1 e1 which may be filled with pumice-stone moistened with strong sulphuric acid2 but if the carbonic acid is to be estimated as well1 b and c are filled with moist hydrate of lime 7potash used to be employed1 but hydrate of lime is to be preferred1 as the potash absorbs oxygen71 and d and e as above4 ,each of the tubes is accurately weighed previously to connecting them with the apparatus4 ,illustration ,it is imperative to have each of the tubes connected by perfectly air-tight joints4 ,the gain of weight in d and e gives the water in b and c the carbonic acid4 ,determination of ,carbonic ,acid4 ,a better and perhaps more exact means of determining the carbonic acid is that invented by ,,pettenkofer4 ,it may be briefly described as follows3--,baryta water of definite strength is prepared and accurately standardised by a standard solution of oxalic acid4 ,a portion of this baryta water is then made to act upon a definite quantity of air4 ,it will absorb the whole of the carbonic acid in that air4 ,the alkalinity of the liquid will in consequence be diminished2 it will take less of the oxalic-acid solution than before1 which shows so much less caustic baryta1 and from which the carbonic acid absorbed may be easily calculated4 ,the actual ,analysis4 ,two kinds of baryta water may be used1 the one containing #g grammes to the litre1 the other three times that strength2 #a c4 c4 of the stronger #c m4 grms4 of carbonic acid2 #a c4 c4 of the weaker #a m4 grm4 ,the baryta water is best kept in the bottle represented below4 ,illustration ,the bottle 7a7 contains the baryta water4 ,it has an accurately-fitting double-perforated stoppered caoutchouc4 ,the left-hand tube is connected with the tube 7b7 containing pumice-stone moistened with potash1 while the right-hand one is a syphon4 ,when required for use the stop-cock 7f7 is opened1 and suction applied by a glass tube to ,f4 ,the syphon is thus filled and the stop-cock closed4 ,if a pipette is required to be filled its nozzle is inserted at ,f1 the stop-cock compressed1 and the fluid immediately rises into the pipette4 ,the air entering the bottle as the fluid decreases in a is1 of course1 thoroughly deprived of its carbonic acid by the tubes at b4 ,the first thing to be done is to standardise the baryta solution by a solution of oxalic acid1 containing #bhfcf grammes of crystallised oxalic acid to the litre4 ,thirty c4 c4 of baryta solution are run into a small flask1 and the oxalic acid run in from a ,mohr's burette with float1 the vanishing-point of the alkaline reaction being ascertained by delicate turmeric paper4 ,as soon as a drop placed on turmeric paper does not give a brown ring the end is attained4 ,the actual analysis is performed by filling a bottle of known capacity1 with the aid of a pair of bellows1 with the air to be analysed1 then distributing over its sides #de c4 c4 of the baryta water it is left for half an hour4 ,the turbid water is poured into a cylinder1 closely secured1 and allowed to deposit2 then take out #cj c4 c4 by a pipette of the clear fluid1 run in the solution of oxalic acid1 multiply the volume used by #ae1 and deduct the produce from the c4 c4 of oxalic acid used for #de c4 c4 of the fresh baryta water4 ,a different method has been suggested by ,dr ,angus ,smith1 viz4 to measure the carbonic anhydride by the turbidities of the baryta water2 this is1 in fact1 a colorimetric test4 ,for rough approximative results ,dr ,smith's process will be found a very useful and convenient one4 ,it depends upon the fact that the amount of carbonic acid in a given quantity of air will not produce a precipitate in a given quantity of lime or baryta water unless the carbonic acid is in excess4 ,the following is one of his tables3--,columns #a and #b give the rates of carbonic acid in the quantity of air which will produce no precipitate in half an ounce of lime water4 ,column #c is the same as column #b2 but #adaf c4 c4 7half an ounce7 is added to give the corresponding size of the bottle1 and column #d gives the size of the bottle in ounces4 ,to be used when the point of observation is no precipitate4 ,half an ounce of baryta water contains about #jh gramme of baryta4 ,air at #j ,c4 and #gfj millims4 ,bar4 ,carbonic ,acid ,volume of ,size of bottle ,size of bottle in the ,air1 ,air in cubic in cubic in ounces per cent4 centimtres4 centimtres4 ,avoirdupois4 #jc #ahe #aii #gjf #jd #aci #aed #edb #je #aaa #abe #ddd #jf #ic #ajg #cgh #jg #gi #ic #cca #jh #gj #hd #bif #ji #fb #gf #bfi #aj #ef #gj #bdf #aa #ea #fe #bbi #ab #df #fj #bad #ac #dc #eg #bja #ad #dj #ed #aij #ae #cg #ea #aha #bj #bh #db #adh #be #bb #cf #abi #cj #ai #cc #aaf #dj #ad #bh #ajd #ej #aa #be #hi #fj #i #bc #hi #gj #h #bb #gh #hj #f #bj #gb #ajj #ee #aig #gj ,mr ,wanklyn's process for the determination of carbonic acid in the atmosphere is as follows3--,a solution of carbonate of soda is first made as follows3 #ddg grammes of gently-ignited carbonate of soda are dissolved in one litre of water1 giving a solution of such a strength that #a c4 c4 contains exactly #a c4 c4 of carbonic acid 7 #aig milligrammes of ,,co#b72 a large quantity of baryta water 7strength about #ja per cent47 is prepared4 ,if now #ajj c4 c4 of clear baryta water be treated with #a c4 c4 of carbonate of soda1 just described1 a certain degree of turbidity is produced4 ,if #b c4 c4 of the solution be taken another degree of turbidity is produced1 and so on4 ,if1 then1 a bottle capable of holding #bjjj c4 c4 of air1 together with #ajj c4 c4 of baryta water1 be filled with the sample of air to be tested1 there will be a certain depth of turbidity produced by shaking it up4 ,having got the air to expend itself on #ajj c4 c4 of baryta water the degree is to be found by comparison with another #ajj c4 c4 of baryta water1 in which a like turbidity has been induced by means of the standard solution of carbonate4 ,every c4 c4 of soda solution counts for a c4 c4 of carbonic acid in two litres of air4 ,a consumption of #a c4 c4 will correspond to #je volumes of carbonic acid per cent4 ,good air should accordingly not take more than #a c4 c4 of soda solution1 air which takes already #b c4 c4 being already bad4 ,in order practically to carry out this method of estimating carbonic acid the following apparatus is required3--,several bottles capable of holding #bbaj c4 c41 and well stoppered 7failing bottles of exactly the right capacity ,winchester quart bottles will answer72 a small pair of bellows2 several colourless glass cylinders marked at #ajj c4 c4 capacity--the ,nesslerising cylinders will answer for this purpose--a graduated pipette or burette to deliver tenths of a c4 c4 of solution1 the standard solution of carbonate of soda1 and the baryta water1 which may be of moderate strength4 ,the testing is managed thus3 ,winchester quart bottles having been made clean are rinsed with distilled water1 and allowed to drain a little4 ,they are then closed with their stoppers1 and are ready for use4 ,the operator having provided himself with two or three of these bottles and a small pair of bellows enters the room the air of which is to be tested4 ,the stopper is then removed from one of the bottles1 and some air of the room blown through with the bellows1 and then the stopper is replaced1 and the bottle carried away to be tested4 ,the testing is done by pouring into the bottle #ajj c4 c4 of clear baryta water1 shaking up for two or three minutes1 and then pouring out into a cylinder of colourless glass1 and observing the depth of the turbidity in various lights and against various backgrounds4 ,the turbidity is to be exactly imitated by means of the standard solution of carbonate of soda4 ,in order to imitate the turbidity produced by a ,winchester quart full of good air only #a c4 c4 of this solution of carbonate of soda is required4 ,if #b c4 c4 or more than #b are required1 the air is bad and the ventilation is defective4 ,in place of the first c4 c4 of solution of carbonate of soda the carbonic acid naturally present in a ,winchester quart of good average air may be used1 and a little practice and intelligence will suggest the necessary precautions4 ,estimation of the ,oxygen4--,to determine this ,angus ,smith has recourse to the endiometer4 ,five or six of ,bunsen's endiometers were used at once and the mixed gases were exploded by means of a powerful battery and a ,ruhumkorff's coil4 ,in his ',inorganic ,chemistry1' ,miller thus explains the principle upon which the action of the endiometer is based3 ,by means of the endiometer various gaseous mixtures may be analysed with great exactness4 ,many different forms of this instrument are in use4 ,one of the most convenient is ,hoffmann's4 ,it consists of a stout syphon tube4 7,see next figure47 ,into the sides of the tube1 near the sealed end1 two platinum wires 7a1 b7 are fixed for the purpose of transmitting an electric spark through the cavity of the tube4 ,the sealed limb is accurately graduated to tenths of a c4 c4 or other suitable divisions4 ,suppose it be desired to ascertain the proportion of oxygen in atmospheric air4 ,the instrument is first filled with mercury1 after which a small quantity of air is introduced2 the bulk of the air is accurately measured1 taking care that the liquid metal stands at the same level in both tubes1 which is easily effected by adding mercury1 or by drawing off the mercury if needed1 through the caoutchouc tube1 which is fixed upon the small inlet tube just above the bend1 and which is closed by means of a screw tap 7c74 ,illustration ,a quantity of pure hydrogen1 about equal in bulk to the air1 is next introduced1 and the bulk of the mixture is then accurately measured4 ,the open extremity of the tube is now closed with a cork1 below which a column of atmospheric air is safely included4 ,this portion of air acts as a spring1 which gradually checks the explosive force1 when the combination is effected by passing a spark across the tube by means of the platinum wires4 ,the mixture is then exploded by the electric spark4 ,the remaining gas now occupies a smaller volume1 owing to the condensation of the steam which has been formed4 ,mercury is1 therefore1 again poured in the open limb until it stands at the same level in both tubes1 and the volume of the gas is measured a third time4 ,one third of the reduction of the bulk experienced by the gas will represent the entire volume of oxygen which the mixture contained4 ,liebig's method is as follows4 ,it is based upon the fact that an alkaline solution of pyrogallic acid absorbs oxygen3 #a4 ,a strong measuring tube holding #cj c4 c41 and divided into one fifth or one tenth c4 c41 is filled to two thirds with the air intended for analysis4 ,the remaining part of the tube is filled with mercury1 and the tube is inverted over that fluid in a tall cylinder widened at the top4 #b4 ,the volume of air confined is measured--a quantity of solution of potash of #ad sp4 grf4 7#a part of dry hydrate of potash to #b parts of water71 amounting from #a_/djth to #a_/ejth of the volume of the air1 is then introduced into the measuring tube by means of a pipette with the point bent upwards 7see drawing71 and spread over the entire inner surface of the tube by shaking the latter4 ,when no further diminution of volume takes place the decrease is read off4 ,the carbonic acid is thus removed4 ,illustration #c4 ,a solution of pyrogallic acid containing #a gramme of the acid in #e or #f c4 c4 of water is introduced into the same measuring tube by means of another pipette similar to the above4 ,the mixed fluid 7the pyrogallic acid and the solution of potash7 is spread over the inner surface of the tube by shaking the latter1 and when no further diminution of volume is observed the residuary nitrogen is measured4 #d4 ,the solution of pyrogallic acid mixing with the solution of potash of course dilutes it1 causing thus an error from the diminution of its tension2 but this error is so trifling that it has no appreciable influence upon the results4 ,it may1 moreover1 be readily corrected by introducing into the tube1 after the absorption of the oxygen1 a small piece of hydrate of potash1 corresponding to the amount of water in the solution of the pyrogallic acid4 ,there is another slight error on account of a portion of the fluid adhering to the inner surface of the tube1 so that the volume of the gas is never read off with absolute accuracy4 ,in conducting these endiometric experiments the necessary corrections for temperature and barometric pressure must1 of course1 be made4 ,estimation of the ,nitrogen4 ,the amount of this gas is usually determined by deducting the aqueous vapours1 oxygen and carbonic acid1 from the volume of air examined4 ,determination of ,ammonia and ,organic ,matter4 ,these are best determined by drawing a known volume of air through absolutely pure water4 ,to obtain this latter it is best to redistil distilled water1 to reject the first portions1 then to add an alkaline solution of permanganate of potash1 and to discard any portions of the distillate which give the slightest reaction with the ,nessler test4 ,the water through which the air is drawn must be kept cool1 and afterwards submitted to the proper tests1 which will be found under ,,ammonia and ,,water ,,analysis4 ,mr ,blyth says1 ,solid bodies such as vibrionic germs1 dust1 fungi1 c41 may be obtained by using an aspirator1 and drawing the air either through a drop of glycerine or water4 ,organic matter may also be obtained by suspending glass vessels filled with ice water1 over or in the places to be investigated1 and submitted to the microscope4 ,high powers1 such as immersion lenses1 are requisite for the investigation of germs1 c4 ,of these germs ,dr ,angus ,smith says3--,they may probably be divided into many kinds--the useful and the deleterious1 those which promote health and those which bring disease4 ,the idea of any of them bringing health is not founded on anything positive1 but we can scarcely imagine these numberless forms to be all useless4 ,the idea that they bring disease is1 ,i think1 one well confirmed4 ,see a paper by the same author ,on the ,air and ,rain of ,manchester4 ',memoirs of the ,literary and ,scientific ,society of ,manchester1' vol4 x4 ,see ,,air1 ,,vitiated4 ,,air-,,gas4 ,air deprived of its carbonic acid and moisture1 and then impregnated with the vapours of very volatile fluid hydrocarbons1 such as benzine and benzoline1 can be used as an illuminating agent4 ,it is requisite1 however1 to use burners with wide openings1 and to apply a low pressure1 because if the current be too rapid the flame becomes too much cooled1 and is readily extinguished4 ,apparatus for preparing air-gas have been devised and constructed by ,marcus1 ,mille1 ,methei1 and others4 ,illustration ,,air-,,pump4 ,an instrument designed for the removal of air from closed vessels4 ,the simplest form of air-pump is the exhausting syringe1 which consists of a cylinder fitted with a stop-cock1 and having a valve at the bottom opening inwards4 ,another valve opening outwards is attached to a piston working inside the cylinder1 and by screwing the instrument on to a vessel1 and alternately elevating and depressing the piston1 all except a very small quantity of residual and comparatively inelastic air is pumped out of the vessel 7,figs4 a and b74 ,the accompanying figures show relative positions of the valve during 7a7 the elevation1 and 7b7 the depression of the piston4 ,in the usual and more convenient form of air-pump1 a brass tube passes from the bottom of the syringe and terminates in the centre of a disk of brass or glass ground accurately2 the vessel from which the air is to be exhausted has its edge very accurately ground1 and is mounted upon the plate as shown in the subjoined figure4 ,illustration ,air-pump1 ,bunsen's ,water4 7,see figure on page #ec47 ,this consists of a wide glass tube1 a1 into which another tube1 b1 b'1 b''1 passes air-tight4 c is an india-rubber tube connecting a with the water supply1 d is a clamp to stop the flow of water through c4 e is another clamp to regulate the flow1 f is a reservoir to prevent any water which may accidentally come over from getting into j4 g is a plug to let out any water from f4 h is a screw for connecting a air-tight to a piece of tubing1 which should pass #cb feet1 if possible1 below the level of a4 i is a piece of strong india-rubber tubing to connect the pump with the vessel to be exhausted4 ,the water rushes in at c and down h1 carrying bubbles of air with it till the exhaustion is complete4 ,the figure illustrates a common application of this pump to the rapid filtration of liquids which ordinarily pass through paper with difficulty4 a is represented as being about half full of water4 k is a funnel fixed air-tight in the india-rubber stopper of the bell-jar j4 l is a small cone of platinum foil to prevent the paper filter which fits into it from being broken4 m is a plate of ground glass1 n is a beaker to receive the filtrate4 ,illustration3 ,bunsen's water-air-pump4 ,air-pump1 ,sprengel's4 ,this apparatus depends on the principle of converting the space to be exhausted into a torricellian vacuum4 ,in the subjoined figure1 c1 d is a glass tube longer than a barometer1 open at both ends1 and connected by means of india-rubber tubing with a funnel1 ,a1 filled with mercury and supported by a stand4 ,mercury is allowed to fall in this tube at a rate regulated by a clamp at ,c2 the lower end of the tube1 c1 d1 fits in the flask ,b1 which has a spout at the side a little higher than the lower end of c1 d2 the upper part has a branch at x to which a receiver ,r can be tightly fixed4 ,when the clamp at ,c is opened1 the first portions of mercury which run out close the tube and prevent air from entering below4 ,as the mercury is allowed to run down the exhaustion begins1 and the whole length of the tube from x to d is fitted with cylinders of air and mercury1 having a downward motion4 ,air and mercury escape through the spout of the bulb ,b1 which is above the basin ,h1 where the mercury is collected4 ,it is poured back from time to time into the funnel ,a1 to be repassed through the tube until the exhaustion is complete4 ,illustration3 ,sprengel's air-pump4 ,,airy',s 7,dr47 ,,nature',s ,,medical ,,treatment is the title of a pamphlet which recommends four secret remedies against #aff diseases3 a4 ,the ,pain ,expeller1 a mixture of about #ce parts of tincture of capsicum1 #bj parts of diluted spirit1 and #bj parts of spirit of ammonia4 b4 ,sarsaparillian1 a fluid extract of sarsaparilla and ,china root1 containing #a per cent4 of iodide of potassium4 c4 ,pills composed of powdered iron1 jalap resin1 jalap powder1 and marsh mallow powder1 made into a mass with some bitter extract4 ,each pill weighs #ja gramme4 d4 ,calming ,pastilles are thick1 hard tablets1 composed of sugar1 with oil of anise1 and coloured with liquorice juice4 7,hager47 ,,akusticon 7an ear essence74 ,a proved remedy for every kind of ear disease1 by ,pserhofer4 ,this may be imitated by dissolving in common glycerine one fifth of its weight of fir tar1 filtering1 and adding a few drops of cajeput oil dissolved in spirit 7,hager47 ,,al-4 ,ar4 ,an inseparable article equivalent to the ,english the4 ,it is found in many chemical and other words derived from the ,arabic2 as alchemy1 alcohol1 alembic1 almanac1 c4 ,,al',,abaster4 ,syn4 ,,alb,,tre1 ,fr42 ,alabas'ter1 ,alabastri'tes1 ,alabas'trum1 ,l4 ,a soft1 white species of calcareous and of gypseous stone1 used by sculptors4 ,there are several varieties1 all of which may be ranged under two heads3-- #a4 ,,calca'',,reous ,,alabaster2 ,,orient',,al1 ,a42 ,,calc-,,sin',,ter4 ,a sub-variety of carbonate of calcium1 formed by the deposition of calcareous particles in the caverns of limestone rocks4 ,it has a foliated1 fibrous1 or granular structure1 and a pure1 soft1 rich1 semi-translucent whiteness1 generally agreeably variegated with undulating zones or stripes of various shades of yellow1 red1 or brown4 ,this variety is that most esteemed by sculptors1 and for the manufacture of alabaster ornaments4 ,the ancients used it for ointment and perfume boxes4 ,at the baths of ,san ,filippo 7,tuscany71 the process of its formation may be examined by the observer4 ,the natural spring of boiling water holds carbonate of lime in solution by means of sulphuretted hydrogen1 which1 escaping into the air1 leaves the lime as a precipitate1 which is gradually deposited in a concrete form4 7,m4 ,alex4 ,brogniart47 #b4 ,,gyp',,seous ,,or ,,common ,,alabaster2 ,,gypsum4 ,a natural hydrated sulphate of calcium1 containing a little carbonate of calcium4 ,that from the quarries of the ,paris basin contains about #ab of the latter substance4 ,when calcined or roasted1 and powdered1 it forms the substance known under the name of ,,plaster ,,of ,,paris4 ,the more compact1 fine-grained specimens of this variety are1 like the preceding one1 sculptured into almost numberless articles of ornament and utility1 such as vases1 clock-stands1 statuettes1 c4 ,the inferior kinds only are manufactured into the 'plaster of ,paris' of the shops4 ,the best specimens are obtained from the lower beds of the gypsum quarries1 and are white1 and granular1 not unlike ,carrara marble4 ,it takes a high polish2 but from its softness and liability to become discoloured1 articles formed of it require more careful treatment than even those of 'calcareous alabaster4' ,alabaster is wrought1 turned1 and fashioned1 in a nearly similar manner to the softer varieties of marble4 ,the tools resemble those employed for the like operations in ivory and brass4 ,machinery is now often applied to this purpose4 ,alabaster is polished1 first with pumice-stone1 and then with a paste or pap made of whiting1 soap1 and milk or water2 and lastly1 with dry flannel4 ,a better method1 however1 is to rub it first with dried shave-grass 7equisetum71 and afterwards with finely powdered and sifted slaked lime formed into a paste with water4 ,the surface is then 'finished off' by friction with finely powdered talc or ,french chalk1 until a satiny lustre is produced1 or with putty powder1 in a similar way to marble4 ,alabaster is engraved with tools resembling those employed for other soft minerals4 ,it is etched by covering every part of the surface1 except that to be acted on1 with a solution of white wax in oil of turpentine 7#a to #d71 thickened with a little finely powdered white lead1 and subsequent immersion in water acidulated with acetic acid or hydrochloric acid1 for the calcareous variety2 and in spring water1 for #bj to #ej hours 7according to the effect desired71 for the gypseous variety4 ,the varnish is washed off with oil of turpentine1 and the etched parts carefully brushed over with finely powdered gypsum4 ,alabaster is joined and repaired by means of white of egg1 or rice glue1 thickened with finely powdered quicklime2 or by a paste of newly baked and finely powdered gypsum1 mixed up with the least possible quantity of water4 ,calcareous alabaster is usually cleaned with a brush and warm soap-and-water1 or with tepid water to which a few grains of carbonate of soda or of ammonia have been added2 followed in either case by rinsing in clean water4 ,if much discoloured1 thoroughly cover the article with a paste of freshly slaked lime and water1 and let it remain twenty-four hours2 then wash off the paste with soap and water1 rubbing hard the stains4 ,delicate objects in gypseous alabaster can only be safely cleaned with benzol1 or with pure oil of turpentine4 ,if necessary1 the surface must be repolished4 ,grease spots may be removed from either variety with a little benzol or oil of turpentine4 ,alabaster is occasionally stained or coloured1 and1 for the calcareous variety1 in a similar way to marble1 except that heat is not employed2 and for the gypseous variety1 in the manner noticed under ,,plaster ,,of ,,paris4 ,the gypseous variety is also bronzed and hardened in a similar way to that adopted for casts in the latter substance4 ,obs4 ,gypseous alabaster is dissolved by water2 and the beauty of both varieties is almost irrecoverably destroyed by grease1 coloured oils1 varnishes1 smoke1 c4 ,it is1 therefore1 unfitted for garden ornaments1 or other objects exposed to the rain or weather1 unless it be painted or bronzed2 and is even then very perishable4 ,contact with acids1 alkalies1 and ammoniacal and sulphurous fumes1 also injure1 and1 if prolonged1 destroy it4 ,even an uncorked phial of smelling-salts placed on a mantel-piece beside an alabaster vase will soon destroy its beauty4 ,thus1 all delicate objects in alabaster should be protected by a glass shade4 ,alabaster1 ,orient'al 7,factitious74 ,figures1 basso relievos1 c41 of considerable hardness and beauty1 may be formed by imitating the process adopted at the baths of ,san ,filippo1 before referred to4 ,proc41 c4 ,moulds of sulphur are placed either vertically or obliquely in an open tub or cistern1 having a freely perforated bottom4 ,surmounting the whole are two or more pieces of wood in the form of a cross or star4 ,the sulphurous calcareous water1 falling on this cross1 is scattered into spray or streamlets1 and losing the gaseous portion which holds the lime in solution1 deposits it in the form of oriental alabaster on the surface of the moulds4 ,in from #a to #d months1 according to the nature of the article1 a sufficiently thick deposit is obtained4 ,the object is then removed from the mould1 and trimmed and polished4 ,it is found that the more vertical the position of the mould1 the finer is the grain of the resulting deposit4 ,the water of the ,spring of ,san ,filippo may be exactly and easily imitated by the chemist2 and the whole process offers a new and valuable ornamental art for the amusement and profit of the ingenious and enterprising4 ,alabaster1 ,shand's ,chinese4 ,carbonate of lime4 7,chandler47 ,alabaster ,tablets1 ,john ,swine's ,chinese4 ,carbonate of lime4 7,chandler47 ,,alamode' 77al-7ah-mod74 ,fr41 la mode4 ,according to the prevailing mode or fashion4 ,in cookery1 applied to several dishes1 but more particularly to one of beef 7alamode beef71 commonly shortened by the lower class of ,londoners into alamode4 ,see ,,beef1 ,,stewing1 c4 ,,alan',,tine4 ,eng41 ,fr41 ,ger4 ,syn4 ,,alanti',,na1 ,l4 ,a substance identical with inulin1 found in the roots of garden angelica 7'angelica archangelica1' ,linn474 ,,alba',,ta4 ,l41 ,eng4 ,a name given to several alloys resembling silver4 ,see ,,alloys1 ,,german ,,silver1 c4 ,,albion 7,parisian74 ,will preserve the skin white and free from wrinkles4 ,an aromatic water with chloride of lead and calomel suspended in it4 7,landerer47 ,,albolith4 ,a cement powder prepared by ,w4 ,riemann1 ,breslau4 ,made with calcined magnesia 7obtained from magnesite7 and chloride of magnesium4 ,it is recommended for painting walls1 stairs1 and wooden articles4 7,hager47 ,,albu',,men4 ,eng41 ,l4 ,syn4 ,,albumin2 ,,albumine1 ,fr42 ,,eiweiss1 ,,eiweistoff1 ,ger4 ,literally1 the white of egg2 a peculiar nitrogenous substance which enters largely into the composition of animal bodies4 ,it abounds in the blood1 muscles1 bones1 coagulable lymph1 vitreous and crystalline humour of the eye1 fluid of dropsy1 c4 ,the white of egg consists of nearly pure albumen dissolved in water4 ,a substance identical with albumen is found in many vegetables4 ,it enters largely into the composition of all the emulsive seeds4 ,according to ,seguin1 it exists in considerable quantity in all those vegetables and fruits that afford a vinous liquor without the addition of yeast4 ,prep4 ,the white of egg and the serum of blood1 when strained through muslin1 furnish albumen1 in solution1 in a sufficiently pure state for all the ordinary purposes of the arts4 ,pure solid albumen may be prepared as follows3-- #a4 ,agitate strained white of egg with #aj or #ab times its bulk of alcohol1 collect the precipitated flocculi on a muslin filter1 and suffer it to dry at a temperature not exceeding #abj ,fahr4 #b4 ,add a little water to white of egg1 mix1 filter1 exactly neutralise with acetic acid1 and then largely dilute with pure cold water2 the precipitate which falls may be collected on a filter and washed4 ,strained serum of blood may be used instead of white of egg1 in both the above forms4 ,comp41 c4 ,the following is the composition of albumen according to ,lieberkhn3-- ,carbon #ecc ,hydrogen #ga ,nitrogen #aeg ,oxygen #bba ,sulphur #ah ---- #ajjj ,chatin found iodine in the white of egg2 it also contains chloride1 sulphate1 phosphate1 and carbonate of sodium1 phosphate of calcium1 and traces of potassium in it2 but1 unlike the sulphur1 none of these substances form a constituent part of pure albumen1 though probably always present in white of egg4 ,prop4 ,pure solid albumen 7unaltered by heat7 is nearly colourless1 inodorous1 and tasteless2 scarcely soluble in water1 but readily so in water1 containing an exceedingly small quantity of caustic soda or potash1 and in a strong solution of nitrate of potassium4 ,when dried by a gentle heat it shrinks into a translucent horny mass2 and when exposed to a sufficient temperature1 yields the usual ammoniacal odour and products of animal matter4 ,its solution 7as white of egg7 is solidified or coagulated by a heat of from #ade to #afe ,fahr41 forming a white1 opaque mass2 when very dilute1 on boiling 7only7 it separates in fine light flocks4 ,when thus coagulated1 it is insoluble in water at a less temperature than #cjb ,fahr4 7,whler and ,vgel71 unless alkalised4 ,ordinary solutions of albumen give precipitates with sulphuric1 hydrochloric1 nitric1 and metaphosphoric acids1 with tannin and astringent solutions1 and with most of the metallic salts2 but are not affected by either acetic acid or tribasic 7common7 phosphoric acid4 ,alcohol1 in quantity1 also precipitates albumen4 ,strong oil of vitriol turns it black in the cold1 but on applying a gentle heat1 a gorgeous1 red-coloured liquid is produced4 ,strong hydrochloric acid gives a deep violet-blue solution4 ,white of egg or serum exposed in a thin stratum to the air1 dries up into a pale1 yellow1 gum-like substance1 and in this state may be kept for any length of time1 retaining its property of redissolving when immersed in slightly warm water4 ,tests4--#a4 ,both heat and alcohol 7or strong spirit7 coagulate it3--#b4 ,a solution of perchloride of mercury dropped into a fluid containing albumen occasions a white precipitate3--#c4 ,subacetate of lead acts in the same way4 ,either of the last two will render turbid a solution containing only the #a-bjjjth part of fresh white of egg1 or the #a-aj1jjjth part of dry albumen3--#d4 ,tannin and tincture of galls give yellow1 pitchy precipitates3--#e4 ,if dry caustic potash or soda be triturated with either liquid or solid albumen1 ammoniacal fumes are evolved1 and the mixture on calcination yields ferrocyanide of potassium3--#f4 ,its coagulability by heat1 and its incoagulability by acetic acid1 distinguish it from casein4 ,uses1 c41 ,independently of its value as an alimentary substance1 albumen is largely employed in photography as a glaze or varnish1 for fixing colours in calico printing1 as a cement1 c41 and more particularly as a clarifier for wines1 syrups1 vegetable solutions1 and other liquids4 ,its efficacy for the last purpose depends on its entangling the impurities in its meshes during coagulation1 and either rising to the surface with them as a 'scum1' or sinking with them as a precipitate4 ,in ,france it is prepared on an extensive scale1 at the abattoirs1 by being spread in thin layers to dry2 the source of supply being of course the stream of the blood of the slaughtered animals4 ,when the liquid operated on does not spontaneously coagulate albumen1 it is necessary to apply heat to it4 ,in cases of poisoning by the mineral acids1 corrosive sublimate1 nitrate of silver1 sulphate of copper1 bichloride of tin1 or sugar of lead1 the white of egg 7or indeed the yolk as well7 is one of the best antidotes that can be administered4 ,albumen1 ,flake4 ,syn4 ,,albumen ,,in ,,powder1 ,,solid ,a41 ,,soluble ,a41 ,,planter',s ,a4 ,prep4 ,expose strained white of egg or serum of bullock's blood1 in a thin stratum1 to a current of dry air1 until it concretes into a solid transparent substance1 resembling horn4 ,in this state it may be kept any length of time1 or it may be further dried until brittle1 and then reduced to coarse powder4 ,use4 ,it is extensively employed as a 'clarifier' in the sugar plantations of the ,west ,indies1 and elsewhere4 ,it is prepared for use by soaking and stirring it with cold water until it is dissolved1 when it is whisked to a froth in the usual way1 and agitated with the liquid to be clarified4 ,albumen1 ,iodised4 #a4 ,to the white of every egg employed add #g-a_/b grains of iodide of potassium dissolved in an equal weight of distilled water4 ,beat the mixture to a froth1 let it stand until insoluble matters have settled1 pour the clear portion into a wide-mouthed bottle1 and keep in a cool place4 #b4 ,dissolve #ej grains of iodide of potassium and #aj grains of bromide of ammonium in #b-a_/b oz4 of distilled water1 and add #abj minims of strong liquor ammoni4 ,add this solution to #aj oz4 of albumen1 let the mixture stand to settle1 and filter4 ,this preparation is said to keep good for a long time4 ,albumen1 ,solution of 7,b4 ,p474 ,take of white of one egg2 distilled water1 four fluid ounces4 ,mix by trituration in a mortar1 and filter through clean tow1 first moistened with distilled water4 ,this solution must be recently prepared4 ,albumen1 ,vegetable4 ,this substance1 long considered to be a distinct proximate principle peculiar to the vegetable kingdom1 has been shown1 by recent researches1 to be identical with animal albumen4 ,it is particularly abundant in carrots1 turnips1 cabbages1 green stems of peas1 and oleaginous seeds4 ,,albu',,men4 ,in botany1 the solid1 fleshy1 or horny substance found in many seeds1 between the integuments and the embryo4 ,it is the part that furnishes the flour of the 'cereals1' the flesh of the 'cocoa-nut1' and the great mass of the seeds of coffee and other vegetables4 ,however poisonous the plants which produce it may be1 this substance is never deleterious4 ,,albumenised ,,paper4 ,a ,french paper highly glazed1 having a fine surface1 and made by ,rive2 a ,german paper having a more uniform texture1 and made by ,saxe2 also a paper by ,towgood1 are recommended for the preparation of albumenised paper4 ,positive paper may be albumenised as follows3--,add #ae grains of finely pulverised common salt to the white of every egg used1 and whisk until the mixture is entirely converted into a white froth4 ,allow this froth to stand in a glazed earthenware pan which must be rather larger than the sheets of paper to be albumenised1 for about twelve hours4 ,at the end of this pour the clear portion of the liquid into a flat porcelain tray4 ,mark the inferior side of the paper1 slightly damp it1 lift it by its ends1 and float it carefully on the prepared albumen1 keeping its inferior and dry side uppermost4 ,then raise the paper at each end1 and if any air bubbles are seen remove them with a card or brush and replace the paper in the bath4 ,remove the paper from the bath and suspend it at the corners by clips4 ,albumenised paper should be kept dry by enclosing it in tin or zinc cases4 ,,albumenoids4 ,a term applied to albumen1 fibrin1 casein1 and similar bodies4 ,,albu',,menous4 ,syn4 ,,albumino',,sus1 ,l42 ,,albumin1 ,,abumineux1 ,fr42 ,,eiweisstoffhaltig1 ,ger4 ,formed of1 containing1 or having the properties of albumen4 ,albuminous ,plants4 ,in botany1 all plants whose seeds contain albumen in a separate state2 as in the cereals1 palms1 c4 ,albuminous ,principles or ,substances4 ,albumen1 casein1 fibrin1 gluten1 c4 ,,alburn',,um4 ,l4 ,syn4 ,,alburn992 ,,sapwood4 ,in botany1 the white and softer parts of the wood of exogenous plants1 lying between the inner bark and the heartwood4 ,it consists of empty or nearly empty tubes or cells1 which gradually acquire solidity by the deposition of resins1 tannin1 and other products of vegetation1 and in time becomes wood4 ,it is through the alburnum that the ascending sap chiefly flows4 ,,alcaraz',,za4 ,sp4 ,a species of porous earthenware1 or a vessel formed of it1 made in ,spain from a light1 sandy marl1 and but slightly fired4 ,their value as 'coolers' arises from the copious evaporation of the water1 which gradually transudes4 ,a similar ware and articles are made in ,france1 under the name of ,,hygrocera',,men2 and in ,england1 under the names of ,,porous ,,ware1 ,,water ,,coolers1 ,,wine ,,coolers1 ,,butter ,,coolers1 c4 ,the following are forms said to be used in our potteries3-- ,prep4 #a4 ,take of sandy marl1 #b parts2 brine1 q4 s42 make a dough1 and then knead in of common salt1 in fine powder1 #a part4 ,bake the pieces slowly1 and lightly4 #b4 ,good clay1 #b parts2 fine siliceous sand1 #c parts2 brine1 q4 s42 common salt1 #a to #b parts2 as before4 #c4 ,powdered clay1 #b parts2 powdered charcoal1 #c parts 7by weight72 water q4 s4 to form a stiff dough4 ,the kilning must be so arranged that the heat is applied gradually1 and the vessels exposed to a current of hot air2 and it must be continued until all the charcoal is burnt out1 carefully avoiding over-firing4 ,,al',,chemy 7-k7im-74 ,syn4 ,,al',,chymy 7-k7im-72 ,,hermetic ,,art992 ,,alchem',,ia1 ,,alchym',,ia1 ,l42 ,,alchimie1 ,fr42 ,,alchemie1 ,ger42 ,,alchimia1 ,it4 ,the romantic forerunner of the modern science of chemistry4 ,an imaginative art or science1 having for its objects the discovery of a substance 7,,philosopher',s ,,stone7 capable of transmuting the baser metals into gold--a panacea1 or universal remedy 7,,elixer ,,vit71 by which disease and death were to be avoided by its possessor--an alkahest1 or universal solvent--a universal ferment2 and other like absurdities4 ,a mixed metal formerly used for utensils was also called by this name4 ,,al',,cohol4 ,c#b;,h#f,o4 ,eng41 ,l42 ,b4 ,p4 ,syn4 ,,al',,kohol1 ,eng41 ,l42 ,,alco,l1 ,,alcohol1 ,fr42 ,,alkohol1 ,h,,chst ,,rectifieirter ,,wein-,,geist41 ,ger42 ,,alco,,le1 ,it4 ,a term commonly applied to one kind of spirit--that obtained by the distillation of any fermented saccharine liquid1 and forming the characteristic principle of wines1 beers1 spirits1 and other intoxicating liquors4 ,etym4 ,kohol1 a ,hebrew-,syriac word1 is the name given to a preparation of powdered antimony used by ,oriental ladies to paint their eyebrows4 ,in course of time this term was applied to other fine powders1 and ultimately to highly rectified spirits4 ,hist41 c4 ,although the art of distillation was probably known at a comparatively early age of the world1 the preparation of pure rectified spirit is a discovery of modern times4 ,it was not until the #acth century that ,raymond ,lully first showed the way to concentrate spirit by means of carbonate of potash2 after which date pure concentrated spirit gradually rose into note as an article of trade and commerce in ,europe4 ,in the #afth century its distillation was in common practice in these countries4 7,burns47 ,by means of chloride of calcium1 ,dr ,black obtained alcohol of sp4 gr4 #jhjj 7about ,a4,d4 #agfj72 and ,richter afterwards procured it of a sp4 gr4 so low as #jgif at #fj ,fahr4 7,crell's ',annals1' #agif47 ,lavoisier first demonstrated the composition of alcohol 7about #aghj74 ,its analysis was subsequently perfected by ,m4 ,saussure1 jun41 and confirmed by ,,mm4 ,dumas and ,boullay1 and ,gay-,lussac2 and by many others since4 ,nat4 ,hist4 ,alcohol is peculiar to the organic kingdom1 being exclusively produced1 in the natural way1 by the process of fermentation4 ,sources1 c4 ,dilute alcohol may be procured1 by the ordinary process of distillation1 from all fermented liquors4 ,when drawn from wine 7as in ,france71 it constitutes ,,brandy2 when from the refuse juice of the sugar-cane1 it is called ,,rum2 when from malt1 grain1 or molasses 7as in ,england71 it is called ,,malt1 ,,raw-,,grain or ,,molasses ,,spirit2 and when from rice or palm-wine1 ,,arrack4 ,brandy1 rum1 ,hollands1 and whisky1 contain only about half their volume of alcohol2 and gin much less4 ,when distilled from any of these spirituous liquors1 the alcohol contains1 besides water1 variable quantities of essential oils1 ethers1 and other flavouring matters1 which1 by one or more redistillations with charcoal or lime1 it for the most part loses1 and then becomes commercial spirit of wine4 ,by a further rectification from chloride of calcium1 lime1 carbonate of potash1 or any other substance having a strong affinity for water1 the water is retained1 and a strong spirit passes over containing not more than #aj per cent4 of water4 ,by repeating the process1 and using the proper precautions1 it may be obtained almost entirely free from water1 and is then called absolute or anhydrous alcohol4 ,preparation ,i4 ,of ,absolute ,alcohol3-- a4 ,alcohol 7highly rectified spirit71 of #he 7sp4 gr4 #hce to #hbb71 is mixed1 in a tubulated retort1 with about half its weight of fresh-burnt quick-lime1 in coarse powder2 and the whole1 after securely stopping the neck with a cork1 and agitation1 is allowed to repose for several days4 ,the alcohol is then carefully distilled off1 drop by drop1 by the heat of a water bath1 until the weight of the distillate nearly equals that of the 'anhydrous alcohol' in the spirit operated on4 ,the sp4 gr4 of the product should be #gie or #gif2 but by carefully repeating the process with the distillate and a fresh quantity of lime1 and prolonging the last digestion with the latter for several weeks1 absolute alcohol of the sp4 gr4 #gicha at #fj ,fahr4 may be easily obtained4 b4 7,drinkwater2 ,fownes47 ,the strongest rectified spirit of wine is digested in a stoppered bottle for several days1 with about half its weight of anhydrous carbonate of potash1 in powder1 frequent agitation being had recourse to2 the alcohol1 after repose1 is then decanted1 and treated with sufficient fresh-burnt quick-lime to absorb the whole of the spirit4 ,after #dh hours' digestion1 the spirit1 when distilled1 will have the sp4 gr4 #gic at #fj ,fahr4 c4 7,liebig2 ,ure47 ,alcohol of about #ij is saturated with fused chloride of calcium1 in powder1 and after repose for a few hours in a stoppered bottle1 is submitted to distillation as before4 ,the product should nearly equal the quantity of dry alcohol in the sample4 ,ure recommends equal weights of the spirit and chloride to be taken2 and the process to be stopped as soon as about half the volume of the spirit employed has passed over1 or the distillate acquires a higher sp4 gr4 than #gia at #fh1 or #gif at #fj ,fahr4 d4 7,b4 ,p4 #ahfg47 ,take of rectified spirit1 #a pint2 carbonate of potash1 #a-a_/b ounce2 slaked lime1 #aj ounces4 ,put the carbonate of potash and spirit into a stoppered bottle and allow them to remain in contact for two days1 frequently shaking the bottle4 ,expose the slaked lime to a red heat in a covered crucible for half an hour1 then remove it from the fire1 and1 when it has cooled1 immediately put the lime into a flask or retort1 and add to it the spirit from which the denser aqueous solution of carbonate of potash1 which will have formed a distinct stratum at the bottom of the bottle1 has been carefully and completely separated4 ,attach a condenser to the apparatus1 and allow it to remain without any external application of heat for twenty-four hours2 then applying a gentle heat1 let the spirit distil until that which has passed over shall measure #a-a_/b fluid ounce2 reject this1 and continue the distillation into a fresh receiver until nothing more passes at a temperature of #bjj ,fahr4 e4 7,poggendorff47 ,saturate alcohol with caustic potash1 then add half its volume of water1 and distil at a low temperature4 ,,ii4 ,of ,hydrated or ,commercial ,alcohol3-- a4 7,,alcohol1 ,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf47 ,take of rectified spirit 7sp4 gr4 #jhch71 #a gal42 chloride of calcium1 #a lb42 proceed as above1 and distil #g pints and #e fl4 oz4 ,sp4 gr4 of product #jhae4 ,it contains about #g of water1 by weight1 and #e by volume4 b4 7,,alcohol1 ,ph4 ,d4 #ahbf47 ,rectified spirit1 #a gal42 pearl-ashes 7dried and still hot71 #c-a_/b lbs42 mix1 digest in a covered vessel1 with frequent agitation1 for seven days2 then decant the clear portion1 and add to it of chloride of calcium1 #a lb42 agitate to effect solution1 and distil off the spirit until the mixture in the retort begins to thicken4 ,sp4 gr4 of product #jhaj4 ,it contains about #e of water1 by weight4 c4 7,without distillation47 ,rectified spirit is agitated1 in a closed vessel1 with anhydrous carbonate of potash 7prepared by heating the salt to redness1 and still slightly warm71 until the powder sinks to the bottom undissolved2 the carbonate is then added in considerable excess1 and the agitation repeated at short intervals for some hours or even days2 lastly1 after sufficient repose1 the clear upper portion is decanted4--,obs4 ,if a clean spirit1 and pure carbonate of potash 7or at least one perfectly free from caustic potash or any other impurity soluble in strong spirit71 be used1 an alcohol sufficiently pure and free from water for many common purposes may be thus obtained2 otherwise the product contains a little potassa1 c41 which can only be removed by distillation4 ,for some purposes1 however1 this would not be objectionable4 ,sp4 gr4 about #hab4 ,illustration3 ,a1 ,a bottle with two necks1 the upper furnished with a ground-glass stopper4 ,b1 ,loop of cord to hang the apparatus up by4 ,c1 ,bladder1 containing spirit1 filled by means of the bottle ,a4 ,d1 ,neck of bladder accurately secured to the under neck of the bottle ,a4 ,,iii4 7,sommering4--,,varnish-,,maker',s ,,alcohol47 ,the bladder of an ox or calf1 thoroughly cleansed from fat1 and washed and dried1 is nearly filled with rectified spirit1 and then securely fastened and suspended in any dry situation1 at a temperature of about #abb ,fahr4 ,in from six to twelve hours1 when the heat is properly maintained1 the spirit is generally sufficiently concentrated1 and in a little time longer is rendered nearly free from water 7anhydrous71 or of the strength of #if to #ih4--,obs4 ,the same bladder will serve for more than one hundred operations4 ,if not kept very nearly full1 a portion of the spirit escapes through the empty part4 ,to prevent this accident1 a bottle with a double neck1 of the shape represented in the engr41 may be employed2 by which means the bladder may be kept constantly full during the process4 ,after the first or second time of using1 the bladder gives alcohol sufficiently pure for all ordinary purposes4 ,before hanging the apparatus up1 it is better to enclose it in a coarse potato-netting1 to prevent any accident arising from the strain on the neck of the bladder4 ,sommering recommends both the inside and outside of the dry bladder to be smeared over #b or #c times with a strong solution of isinglass2 but this is not necessary to the success of the process4 ,,iv4 ,rectified ,spirit4 7,b4 ,p4 #ahfg47 ,spiritus ,rectificatus4 ,alcohol with #af per cent4 of water2 obtained by the distilling of fermented saccharine fluids4 ,sp4 gr4 #jhch4 ,v4 ,proof ,spirit4 7,b4 ,p4 #ahfg47 ,spiritus ,tenuior4 ,take of rectified spirit1 #e pints2 distilled water1 #c pints4 ,mix4 ,sp4 gr4 of product #jibj4 ,prop4 of ,alcohol4 ,light1 transparent1 colourless2 highly volatile and inflammable1 burning with a pale blue and smokeless flame2 very mobile2 odour1 agreeable2 taste1 strong and pungent2 miscible in all proportions with water1 with the evolution of heat1 and temporary expansion1 but ultimate condensation of the mixture1 some hours elapsing before the union is complete1 and the normal temperature restored4 ,the mixture has a higher sp4 gr4 than the mean of its constituents2 and this is greatest when #ed vols4 of alcohol are mixed with #digg vols4 of water1 the resulting compound measuring only #ajj volumes4 ,it absorbs water from moist air2 dissolves resins1 essential oils1 camphor1 bitumen1 soaps1 sugar1 carbonic and boracic acid1 iodine and the iodides1 lime1 ammonia1 soda1 potash1 the alkaloids1 wax and spermaceti 7when boiling71 all the deliquescent salts 7except carbonate of potassa71 and various other substances4 ,it curdles milk1 coagulates albumen1 and 7in quantity7 separates both starch and gum from their mucilages4 ,it boils1 in the air1 at #agc ,fahr41 when in the anhydrous state4 ,when diluted with water its boiling point rises in proportion to the amount of water added4 ,it boils1 in vacuo1 at #ef ,fahr4 ,every volume of boiling alcohol yields #dhhc vols4 of vapour at #bab ,fahr4 ,its sp4 gr4 is #jgichaa at #fj ,fahr41 that of its vapour being #afacc4 ,it has never been frozen2 when cooled to -#aff ,fahr41 it acquired the consistence of castor oil1 but did not solidify4 ,it contracts by cold2 between -#ae and #ii ,fahr41 this occurs with great regularity1 at the rate of #jjjdg part of its volume for every degree of the thermometer4 ,its evaporation1 like that of ether1 produces intense cold4 ,the products of its combustion are carbonic anhydride and water4 ,it acts as a powerful antiseptic on organic substances immersed in it1 and is in consequence extensively employed in the preservation of anatomical preparations4 ,with the acids it forms ethers4 ,phys4 eff4 ,alcohol is a narcotico-acrid poison4 ,in small doses it occasions excitement and intoxication2 in larger ones1 delirium1 somnolency1 coma1 apoplexy1 and death4 ,it acts as a violent nervous stimulant1 and1 by abstracting water from the soft tissues of the stomach and prim vi1 destroys their organisation4 ,it is alike poisonous to all animals2--#b drs4 will kill a dog4 ,all strong spirits act in the same way1 the effect being proportionate to the state of concentration and the quantity taken4 ,on plants it acts as a rapid and fatal poison4 ,ant41 c4 ,copious internal use of tepid water1 with cold affusions to the head and spine1 and injection of cold water into the ears4 ,in the absence of vomiting1 a strong emetic should be given1 or the stomach-pump used4 ,ammonia may be used as a stimulant1 and1 added to water just in sufficient quantity to flavour it1 is one of the best antidotes4 ,the head should be kept elevated1 and bleeding had recourse to1 if cerebral congestion threatens4 ,tests in cases of death4 #a4 ,the odour of the contents of the stomach and ejected matters1 and their ready inflammability4 #b4 ,the spirit may be separated by digestion with water1 filtration1 the addition of carbonate of potash1 and distillation4 ,comp41 c4 ,its per-centage composition is-- ,dumas and ,brande and ,ure4 sp4 ,boullay4 ,ure4 gr4 #jhab4 ,carbon #ebcg #ebah #dghe ,hydrogen #acja #acjd #abbd ,oxygen #cdfa #cdgh #ciia ------- -------- -------- #iiii #ajjjj #ajjjj ,this nearly represents #b equivalents of carbon1 #c eq4 of hydrogen1 and #a of oxygen4 ,the atom of alcohol is now regarded as a multiple of these numbers1 and formed by the breaking up of one atom of grape sugar 7,c#ac;,h#bh,o#aa7 into #d eq4 of alcohol1 #h eq4 of carbonic acid1 and #d eq4 of water4 ,it was formerly regarded as a compound of #a eq4 of olefiant gas1 and #a eq4 of water2 but it is now generally viewed as ,,hydrate ,,of ,,the ,,oxide ,,of ,,ethyle 7,c#b;,h#e4;,,ho71 or a compound of ethylene and water 7,c#b;,h#d4;,h#b,o74 ,grape sugar alone yields alcohol2 cane sugar1 before it undergoes the vinous fermentation1 being first converted into this substance by contact with the ferment4 ,purity4 ,the presence of water is shown by the specific gravity 7see ,,alcoholometry72 the absence of other foreign matter by the following tests3-- #a4 ,its colour and transparency is not affected by the addition of a little colourless oil of vitriol 7,liebig71 or by a solution of nitrate of silver1 and subsequent exposure for some time to solar light 7,vgel71 unless either essential oil or organic matter be present1 when it assumes a reddish tinge4 #b4 ,it should be neutral to test-papers1 colourless1 leave no residue on evaporation1 and be miscible1 in all proportions1 with water and with ether4 #c4 ,its boiling point should never be less than #agj ,fahr42 a lower temperature suggests the presence of wood spirits1 or acetone1 or one of the ethers4 ,to detect wood spirit 7wood naphtha7 see ,nessler's ,test4 ,for the reverse of this adulteration--the evasion of the duty by the introduction of spirit1 under the disguise of naphtha1 turpentine1 c4--see those articles4 #d4 ,the presence of water in alcohol may be detected1 not only by the sp4 gr41 but also by white anhydrous sulphate of copper burning blue when dropped into it4 #e4 ,potassium placed on alcohol does not take fire1 unless a considerable per-centage of water be present4 ,tests1 c4 #a4 ,it may generally be recognised by its volatility1 inflammability1 odour1 taste1 miscibility with water1 power of dissolving camphor and resins1 and other qualities already described4 #b4 ,if a few fibres of asbestos be 'moistened' with a saturated solution of bichromate of potash in oil of vitriol1 and exposed to the smallest possible portion of hot alcohol vapour1 it is almost instantly turned green1 owing to the formation of oxide of chromium4 ,in practice1 the asbestos may be inserted in the neck of a retort1 or even of a bulbed glass-tube containing a few drops of the suspected solution1 when the effect occurs as soon as distillation commences4 ,ether and pyroxylic spirit produce a nearly similar result2 but the 'first' of these is distinguished from alcohol by its not being miscible with water in all proportions2 and the 'other' by ,nessler's ,test2 whilst both may be readily distinguished by their peculiar and characteristic odour4 #c4 ,dissolve #c pts4 crystallised carbonate of soda in #aj pts4 water4 ,to this solution add #a pt4 of liquid to be tested1 and heat to about #afj ,fahr4 ,lastly1 add iodine in small pieces1 till it has entirely dissolved1 and the liquid has become colourless4 ,if alcohol be present1 iodoform will make its appearance on cooling1 and sink to the bottom in the form of a yellow powder4 ,as a similar result is obtained with wood spirit1 this must be proved to be absent before applying this test4 ,the only reliable method of proving that a sample is ethylic alcohol is the production of ether1 by acting on the suspected liquid with sulphuric acid4 ,see ,,ether4 ,uses4 ,in the arts1 alcohol is used by the varnish-maker to dissolve resins2 by the perfumer1 to extract the odour of plants1 and dissolve essential oils1 soaps1 and other similar substances2 by the pharmaceutist1 to prepare tinctures and other valuable medicinals2 by the instrument-maker1 to fill the bulbs of thermometers required to measure extreme degrees of cold2 by the photographer1 in the preparation of collodion2 by the chemist1 in analysis1 and in the manufacture of numerous preparations2 by the anatomist and naturalist1 as an antiseptic2 and by the physician1 for various purposes and applications as a remedy4 ,it is also frequently burnt in lamps1 and in parts of the world where it is inexpensive1 it is employed in the manufacture of vinegar4 ,its uses1 when dilute1 as in the 'spirituous liquors' of commerce1 are well known4 ,in medicine1 it is employed both concentrated 7'alcohol1' 'rectified spirit'7 and dilute 7'proof spirit1' 'brandy1' 'gin1' c471 as a caustic1 irritant1 stimulant1 tonic1 c4 ,it has also been used in a multitude of other cases1 and has been applied to an almost infinite variety of other purposes4 ,illustration ,gen4 commentary4 ,the selection of any one of the processes given above for the preparation of alcohol must greatly depend on the convenience or position of the operator4 ,chloride of calcium1 and quick-lime1 from their powerful affinity for water1 and easy application1 are the hygrometric substances most generally employed2 but the processes involving the use of the other substances and methods already noticed1 have all of them advantages under particular circumstances4 ,gay-,lussac has recommended the use of caustic baryta instead of lime2 and others have employed dry alumina1 as an absorbent of the water prior to distillation4 ,common proof spirit may be concentrated until its sp4 gr4 falls to about #jhbe1 by simple distillation in a water bath2 at which sp4 gr4 it contains only about #aa of water1 by weight1 and is then nearly as volatile as pure alcohol4 ,a convenient apparatus for the preparation of alcohol1 on the small scale1 is that figured in the engr41 and which will be self-explanatory to every one competent to use it4 ,the tank 7i7 should be supplied with ice-cold water2 and the receiver 7g7 should be covered with cloths kept continually wet with water of the same temperature4 ,the capsule or basin 7c7 is a water bath heated by the little gas furnace 7d74 ,on the large scale1 for commercial alcohol1 a copper still1 fitted with a glass refrigeratory and receiver1 is commonly employed4 ,by surrounding the capital of a still1 or other like apparatus1 by a water bath kept at the proper temperature1 the alcoholic richness or content of the product may be regulated to the greatest nicety1 for any desired strength4 ,the different statements of chemical authors as to the boiling point1 specific gravity1 c41 of alcohol1 already noticed1 may be referred to their having either experimented with samples which have not been absolutely anhydrous1 or to their not having made the proper corrections for temperature1 and for the different materials of which their vessels and instruments were composed--some probably having been made of glass1 and others of brass or some other metal4 ,in some instances the differences are more apparent than real1 as in the ,tables by ,tralles and ,lowitz2 in the former of which water1 at its lowest sp4 gr41 is taken as the standard4 ,until recently1 the only known source of alcohol was the fermentation of saccharine solutions4 ,its production by synthesis1 though often attempted1 is1 however1 erroneously said to have always failed4 ,it had long been employed as an occasional source of bicarburetted hydrogen 7olefiant gas7 at a high temperature2 but ,m4 ,berthelot succeeded in reproducing it1 from bicarburetted hydrogen1 by agitating the latter1 in a closed vessel1 with sulphuric acid and metallic mercury 7',journ4 de ,chimie ,med41' #ahee1 p4 #age72 and ,henry ,flennel1 nearly thirty years before ,m4 ,berthelot's discovery1 found that pure olefiant gas is absorbed by agitation with concentrated sulphuric acid1 with the formation of sulphovinic acid1 and that by subsequent dilution with water1 and distillation1 alcohol passes over into the receiver4 ,,alcoholate4 ,syn4 ,,alcohate2 ,,alcoholas1 ,l4 ,a salt in which alcohol appears to replace the water of crystallisation1 as is the case with certain chlorides1 nitrates1 c4 ,some of them may be formed by simple solution and crystallisation of the salt in alcohol4 7,graham47 ,they are all very unstable1 being readily decomposed by water4 ,,alcoholic4 ,syn4 ,,alcoholicus1 ,l42 ,,alcoholique1 c41 ,fr42 ,,alkoholisch1 ,ger4 ,pertaining to1 containing1 of the nature of1 or made with1 alcohol4 ,,alcoholica4 ,l4 ,syn4 ,,alco,,liques1 ,fr42 ,,weingeist-,,verbindungen1 ,ger4 ,in pharmacy1 liquids containing1 or preparations made with1 alcohol1 as a characteristic ingredient4 ,,alcoholisation4 ,eng41 ,fr4 ,syn4 ,,alcoholisatio1 ,l42 ,,alco,,lisation1 c41 ,fr42 ,,alkoholiserung1 ,ger4 ,in chem4 and pharm41 the development of the characteristic properties of alcohol in a liquid1 or the use of it either as an addition or a menstruum2 also the act or process of obtaining alcohol from spirit by rectification4 ,illustration ,,alcoholom',,eter 7-l7om'-74 ,syn4 ,,alcohol',,meter 7h7ol'-2 -h7om'-double-dagger72 ,,alcoholom,,trum1 ,l42 ,,alco,,lom,,tre1 ,,alco,m,,tre1 ,,alcoholm,,tre1 c41 ,fr4 ,an instrument or apparatus used in alcoholometry4 ,alcoholometers are simply 'hydrometers' adapted to the densities of alcohol1 either concentrated or dilute4 ,some of these1 as ,,baum',s1 ,,carter',s1 c41 merely indicate the number of degrees corresponding to the state of concentration of the liquid4 ,others1 of a like construction1 as those of ,,richter 7a71 ,,tralles 7b71 and ,,gay-,,lussac 7c71 have their stems so graduated as at once to indicate the proportion per cent4 of alcohol present1 either by weight1 or by volume1 at some standard temperature4 7,see engr47 ,a third class1 as those of the ,abb ,,brossard-,,vidal1 ,,field1 c4 are essentially thermometers1 with scales which indicate the boiling points of spirits of different strengths1 instead of the common thermometric degrees2 whilst to a fourth class belong the alcoholometer of ,m4 ,,silbermann1 which is based upon the known rate of expansion of alcoholic liquors by heat1 expressed in alcoholometric degrees2 and that of ,m4 ,,geissler1 which depends on the measurement of the tension of the vapour of the liquid1 as indicated by the height to which it raises a small column of mercury4 ,in ,,syke',s ,,hydrometer1 used by officers of the ,revenue1 the scale of the instrument is enormously extended by the use of movable weights1 with each of which it becomes1 in fact1 a separate instrument1 adapted to a certain range of specific gravities4 ,a very convenient alcoholometer for ordinary purposes 7d7 has been lately produced by some of the instrument makers4 ,it is of the usual form1 but its stem on one side exhibits the per-centage richness of the sample in alcohol by volume2 and on the other1 the per-centage by weight4 ,thus1 both results may be obtained at one trial4 ,this instrument is sometimes called ,,richter',s ,,alcoholometer1 in ,england4 ,a further improvement1 still more recently introduced1 is a similar 'double-scale' instrument1 showing the degrees of ,sykes on one side1 and carrying a small spirit-thermometer in the bulb1 to which a scale is fixed ranging from #ce to #hb ,fahr4 ,,alcoholom',,etry4 ,syn4 ,,alcohol',,metry 7-h7ol'-2 -h7om'-double-dagger72 ,,spirit ,,testingdouble-dagger2 ,,alcoholme',,tria1 ,l42 ,,alco,,lom,,trie1 ,,alco,m,,trie1 c41 ,fr4 ,in chemistry1 the art or process of ascertaining the richness of spirits in alcohol4 ,in commerce1 the determination of the quantity of spirit of a certain strength1 taken as a standard1 present in any given sample of spirituous or fermented liquors4 ,in ,england1 this standard is called proof spirit4 ,hist41 c4 ,the great importance of being able accurately to determine the strength of spirits in the ,united ,kingdom1 on account of the high duties levied on them1 has induced the ,government authorities1 at various times1 to investigate the subject4 ,in #agij1 the matter was referred to ,sir ,c4 ,blagden1 then ,secretary to the ,royal ,society1 who instituted an extensive series of experiments to determine the real specific gravities of different mixtures of alcohol and water4 ,the results of his labours and researches were put forward1 with ',gilpin's ,tables1' in #agid1 but no practical measures appear to have been taken in consequence4 ,in #ahcb a committee of the ,royal ,society1 at the request of the ,lords of the ,treasury1 examined into the accuracy of the ,tables1 and the construction and application of the instrument 7,,syke',s ,,hydrometer7 now used by the ,revenue officers1 on which they reported favorably1 and declared that they were sufficiently perfect for all practical and scientific purposes4 ,the errors introduced into calculations of the strength of spirits by these tables were found to be quite unimportant in practice1 and did not1 in any one instance1 amount to unity in the fourth place of decimals4 ,this method adapts the specific gravity as the test of the strength of spirits1 and is founded on the fact that alcohol is considerably lighter than water1 and that 7with proper corrections for condensation and temperature7 the sp4 gr4 regularly increases1 or decreases1 according to the relative proportions in which the two are mixed4 ,several other methods of alcoholometry have been proposed1 founded upon--the variations in temperature of the vapour of alcohol of different strengths--the heat involved by its admixture with water--its dilatation by heat--the tension of its vapour--the insolubility of carbonate of potash in alcohol--its volatility1 boiling point1 c4 c41 the more important and useful of which are noticed further on4 ,the method adopted by the ,boards of ,inland ,revenue and ,customs is1 however1 the one which is almost exclusively employed in trade and commerce in ,great ,britain1 not only on account of its simplicity and correctness1 but for the purpose of the results exactly coinciding with the results obtained by the ,revenue officers4 ,,methods ,,of ,,alcoholometry4 #a4 ,methods based on the specific gravity1 or per-centage strength1 by ,,volume3-- ,illustration a4 ,with ,,sykes' ,,hydrometer4 ,revenue system4 ,the engraving below represents ,sykes' hydrometer1 as made by ,mr ,bate1 under the directions of the ,commissioners of ,inland ,revenue and ,customs4 ,it consists of a spherical ball or float1 with an upper and lower stem1 and is made of brass1 which 7in the more expensive instruments7 is usually coated with gold1 to prevent corrosion from damp1 and the acidity so generally present in spirituous liquors4 ,the upper stem 7,a7 is about four inches long1 and is divided into ten parts1 each of which contains five subdivisions4 ,there are nine movable weights of the form b1 of different sizes1 numbered respectively #aj1 #bj1 #cj1 c41 to #ij1 each of which represents so many of the principal divisions of the stem1 as its number indicates4 ,in use1 one of these weights is slipped on to the lower stems2 and thus1 by means of them1 the instrument acquires a range of above #ejj divisions1 or degrees1 extending from the ,revenue 'standard alcohol' 7sp4 gr4 #hbe7 to water4 ,it is so formed as to give the sp4 gr4 with almost perfect accuracy1 at #fb ,fahr4 ,when loaded with the weight #fj it sinks in proof spirit to the line marked 7,p7 on the narrow edge of the stem at #ea ,fahr42 and1 by further placing the square weight or cap 7also supplied with the instr47 on the top of the upper stem1 it floats exactly at the same point in distilled water4 ,this weight or cap is found to weigh #dcff grs41 which is practically #a-abth of the total observed weight of the instrument1 and its poise #fj1 and hence shows the difference between the gravity of proof spirit and water1 as explained hereafter4 ,the whole is fitted up in a neat mahogany case1 accompanied with a thermometer1 and a book of tables containing corrections for temperature1 c4--,process4 ,a glass tube of the form of fig4 ,b is filled to about the mark 7a7 with the sample for examination2 the thermometer is then placed in the liquor1 and stirred about for two or three minutes 7observing not to breathe upon the glass1 nor hold it in the hand71 and the temperature noted4 ,the hydrometer is next immersed in a similar manner1 and gently pressed down in the liquor to the #j on the stem with the finger2 it having been previously loaded with any one of the nine weights that will cause it to float with the surface of the spirit at some point on the graduated part of the scale4 ,the indication at the point cut by the surface of the liquor1 as seen from below1 added to the number of the weight with which the float is loaded1 gives a number which must be sought in the hook of ,tables1 which is always sold with the instrument4 ,in this book1 at the page headed ,temperature as observed by the ,thermometer1 and against the part of the column appropriated to the given indication 7weight71 will be found the strength per cent41 expressed in degrees over or under proof1 by ,,volume1 in whole numbers or decimal parts4 ,in reading off the indication1 to ensure accuracy1 it is necessary to allow for the convexity of the liquor at the part where it immediately rests against the stem4 ,obs4 ,in an instrument requiring so much care and skill in its manufacture the purchaser should be careful to procure a perfect one4 ,a very slight blow1 friction from continual wiping with a rough cloth1 and other apparently trivial causes1 tend to injure so delicate an instrument4 ,the shape of the weights occasionally vary2 some being intended to be attached to the hydrometer at the bottom of the spindle1 and others to rest on its top4 ,the first plan is1 perhaps1 the best1 as it tends to make the instrument float with greater steadiness in the liquor2 but1 at the same time1 it renders its adjustment by the maker a matter of greater difficulty4 ,in employing this instrument1 the ,revenue officers are instructed to take the nearest degree above the surface of the mercury1 when it stands between any two degrees of the thermometer2 and the division on the scale of the hydrometer next below the surface of the liquid1 when it cuts the stem between any two lines2 thus giving the difference in favour of the trader in both cases4 ,by means of the ,table at page #fd the hydrometer indication1 or the degrees over or under proof1 of the ,revenue system1 may be converted into 'real specific gravities1' by mere inspection2 and the corresponding 'per-centage richness' in alcohol of any sample may be found1 either by ,,weight or ,,volume4 ,the specific gravities in this table are such as1 on being referred to ,gilpin's ,tables1 will give the expressions of proof strength answering to the whole indications of the ,revenue hydrometer4 ,intermediate values at fifths of indications may be had by taking proportional differences between the nearest tabular numbers4 ,thus1 to find the specific gravity that should stand opposite to ,indication #gjf1 we first obtain the difference between the densities standing in a line with ,indications #gj and #ga respectively1 and then say1 as #a 3 #jf 33 #jjaib4 #jjaae1 and #idace #jjaae #idbej1 the specific gravity required4 b4 ,with ,,glass ,,alcoholometers4 ,that of ,tralles1 and most others of a like description 7as made in ,england71 gave the per-centage strength1 by ,,volume1 with tolerable accuracy1 at the standard temperature of #fj ,fahr4 ,gay-,lussac's ,,alco,,metre1 which closely resembles that of ,tralles1 is adjusted for the temperature of #ei ,fahr4 7#ae ,cent474 ,all of these1 to give at once accurate results1 must1 of course1 be employed at the 'normal temperature' of the instrument4 ,as1 however1 in practice1 the experiment cannot be conveniently performed at any 'fixed' temperature but only at that of the atmosphere1 it is obvious that certain corrections are constantly required in order to obtain results of any value4 ,perfect accuracy requires that table for every variation of the thermometer1 founded on actual experiments1 should accompany each instrument2 as1 without them1 tedious and difficult calculations are necessary1 which1 in the hurry of the cellar and laboratory1 or by persons inexpert at figures1 are not easily performed4 ,a series of such ,tables were prepared by ,gay-,lussac1 and1 with his instrument1 are those which are almost exclusively used in ,france4 ,for rough purposes1 in the absence of ,tables or nicer calculations1 it may be useful to know that1 for commercial spirits1 at ordinary temperatures1 a variation of-- ,by ,,volume1 #e ,fahr4 is equal #ajj of ,alcohol2 #agid of ,proof to 7about7 or 7about7 spirit4 #a #jbj #jcei #e ,cent4 #ahj #cbbi #a #jcf #jfdf ,by ,,weight1 #e ,fahr4 is equal #jhj of ,alcohol2 #afb to 7about7 or 7about7 #a #af #cb #e ,cent4 #adc #bi #a #bh #eh ,,table ,i4--,showing the ,densities and ,values of ,spirits at #fj ,fahr41 corresponding to every ,indication of ,sykes' ,hydrometer4 ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,per ,cents4 of ,sykes' ,absolute ,alcohol4 ,hydrometer ,strength ,specific ------------------- ,indication4per cent4 ,gravity4 ,by ,by ,measure4 ,weight4 ---------------------------------------- --------- ,o4,p4 #j #fgj #haebj #iebh #ibgh #a #ffa #hagae #idgh #ibjh #b #fec #hahhi #idca #iadb #c #fde #hbjfa #ichd #ijgh #d #fcf #hbbea #iccc #ijjg #e #fbg #hbdda #ibhj #hicf #f #fah #hbfbb #ibbi #hhfg #g #fji #hbhjj #iagg #hgii #h #fjj #hbigh #iabe #hgcj #i #eia #hcaea #ijgd #hffc #aj #ehb #hccbc #ijbc #heif #aa #egc #hcdid #higb #hecj #ab #efd #hcffa #hiba #hdfe #ac #eee #hchbg #hhgj #hdjj #ad #edf #hciic #hhag #hccc #ae #ecg #hdaec #hgfg #hbgj #af #ebg #hdcca #hgaj #haii #ag #eag #hdeji #hfea #habf #ah #ejg #hdfhj #heie #hjeh #ai #dig #hdhea #heci #gihi #bj #dhg #hejbb #hdha #giai #ba #dgf #hebje #hdai #ghdd #bb #dff #hecgb #hcfa #gggd #bc #def #heecg #hcjd #ggjg #bd #ddf #hegjj #hbdg #gfci #be #dce #hehgh #hahe #geff #bf #dbd #hfjee #haba #gdib #bg #dac #hfbbi #hjei #gdai #bh #djb #hfdjb #giig #gcdg #bi #cia #hfegd #gicd #gbge #cj #chj #hfgde #ghga #gbjc #ca #cfi #hfiae #ghjh #gacb #cb #ceg #hgjii #ggdj #gjed #cc #cde #hgbhb #gfga #figg #cd #ccd #hgdej #gfjh #fijf #ce #cbb #hgfbg #geda #fhcb #cf #caj #hghji #gdgb #fgee #cg #bih #hgihh #gdjc #ffgi #ch #bhe #hhagi #gcbi #feih #ci #bgc #hhcee #gbfj #febc #dj #bfj #hhedd #gahf #fddc #da #bdh #hhgaf #gaag #fcfh #db #bce #hhija #gjdc #fbhi #dc #bbb #hijhf #fifi #fbaj #dd #bji #hibfh #fhie #facb #de #aif #hidea #fhba #fjec #df #ahc #hifbi #fgdg #eigf #dg #afi #hihbb #fffg #ehib #dh #aef #hiiig #feic #ehae #di #adb #ijahb #fead #egcd #ej #abh #ijcfg #fdcd #efeb #ea #aad #ijeea #fced #eegj #eb #ajj #ijgcb #fbgd #edhi #ec #hf #ijiac #faid #edji #ed #ga #iaajg #faji #ecbc #ee #ef #iabii #fjbd #ebch #ef #db #iadgi #eidc #eaeg #eg #bg #iafff #eheh #ejgc #eh #ac #iahci #eggh #diid ,u4,p4 #ei #jc #ibjcg #efhf #dijd #fj #ai #ibbbh #eeif #dhag #fa #cd #ibdjh #eeaj #dgcc #fb #ej #ibeig #edai #dfdf #fc #fg #ibgih #ecbb #deec #fd #hc #ibihd #ebcj #ddfe #fe #ajj #icagf #eacf #dcgf #ff #aag #iccfg #ejci #dbhd #fg #ace #icehf #dicd #dahf #fh #aec #icgeh #dhca #djij #fi #aga #icidi #dgbi #ciif #gj #ahi #idace #dfbi #cijd #ga #bjh #idcbg #debj #chjd #gb #bbg #ideah #ddji #cgjc #gc #bdg #idgji #dbif #cfja #gd #bfg #idhii #dahb #cdih #ge #bhh #iejib #djfc #ccib #gf #caj #iebhh #cidj #cbhb #gg #ccb #iedhd #chaj #cafh #gh #cef #iefgg #cfgf #cjej #gi #cha #iehgg #cecb #bibd #hj #djf #ifjfh #ccij #bhja #ha #dcc #ifbei #cbda #bfgc #hb #dfa #ifdeg #cjgg #becb #hc #dia #iffea #bijh #bchh #hd #ebb #ifhdf #bgca #bbch #he #eee #igjdi #beci #bjgg #hf #eij #igbed #bcda #aiaa #hg #fbe #igdeh #baci #agdb #hh #ffj #igffj #aida #aegh #hi #fid #igheg #agdf #adaf #ij #gbh #ihjeg #aeea #abef #ia #gfa #ihbfa #aceh #ajig #ib #gib #ihdeb #aahe #ief #ic #hbc #ihfeg #ajjd #hjh #id #heb #ihhff #hbh #ffe #ie #hhj #iijdg #fhc #edh #if #ijg #iibea #ebe #dbj #ig #icc #iiddh #chj #cjc #ih #iei #iifeh #bca #ahd #ii #ihb #iihea #iig #gic #ajj 444 #ajjjjj 444 444 ---------------------------------------- --------- ,this ,table above has been copied1 by permission1 from ,loftus's ',inland ,revenue ,officer's ,manual1' and its correctness verified by ,w4 ,h4 ,johnston1 ,esq41 ,surveying ,general ,examiner4 ,,table ,,ii4--,table for finding the ,specific ,gravity of any ,spirit at #fj ,fahr41 when the ,specific ,gravity at any other ,temperature is given4 ,water taken as #ajjj4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,correction ,correction ,specific gravity4 for each ,specific gravity4 for each degree4 degree4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- #haj to #hbj #dge #iaj to #ibj #dcd ---------------------------------------- -------------- #hbj #hcj #dgc #ibj #icj #dbd ---------------------------------------- -------------- #hcj #hdj #dgb #icj #idj #djf ---------------------------------------- -------------- #hdj #hej #dga #idj #iej #cha ---------------------------------------- -------------- #hej #hfj #dga #iej #ifj #cdj ---------------------------------------- -------------- #hfj #hgj #dff #ifj #igj #bfi ---------------------------------------- -------------- #hgj #hhj #dfj #igj #ihj #afe ---------------------------------------- -------------- #hhj #hij #def #ihj #iij #jij ---------------------------------------- -------------- #hij #ijj #dej #iij #ajjj #jhd ---------------------------------------- -------------- #ijj #iaj #ddb ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,thus1 by making the proper ,,addition to the apparent strength per cent41 when the observed temperature is ,,below the normal temperature of the instrument1 or a corresponding ,,subtraction1 when it is ,,above it1 the strength of the sample may be determined sufficiently near for all practical purposes4 ,the following ,table1 taken from ,loftus's ',inland ,revenue ,officer's ,manual1' will be found of great value in making these corrections1 and has the merit of being easily applied4 ,an example will show how this ,table is to be used4 ,example4--,if a quantity of spirit is of the sp4 gr4 #hid at #gc1 what will be its sp4 gr4 at #fj8 ,here the sp4 gr4 being between #hij and #ijj1 we must add #dej for each degree of temperature between #gc and #fj4 ,the sp4 gr4 at #fj would1 therefore1 be #hid 7#dej #ac7 #hiihe4 ,when the temperature is below #fj1 the correction for each degree must be subtracted4 ,when1 however1 very accurate results are desired1 and the necessary ,tables are not accessible1 the sample for trial must be brought to the normal temperature of the instrument1 in the manner explained under ,,hydrometry4 c4 ,from the ,,specific ,,gravity4 ,the temperature having been taken by a thermometer1 and the specific gravity ascertained by any of the usual methods1 but preferably by means of an accurate glass hydrometer1 it merely becomes necessary to refer to ,table ,i1 where1 against the number expressing the specific gravity1 the alcoholic content per cent41 by volume1 of the sample examined1 will be found for #fj ,fahr41 subject to the corrections just referred to1 when the temperature is either above or below this point4 ,if the precise specific gravity sought cannot be found in the ,table1 the difference between it and the next greater specific gravity must be taken for the numerator of a fraction1 having for its denominator the difference between the greater and the next less specific gravity in the table4 ,this fraction1 added to the per-centage of alcohol in the fourth column of the table1 opposite the greater sp4 gr41 will give the true per-centage sought4 ,thus1 the sp4 gr4 #ifjea is not in the table1 and the next greater number is #ifjfh2 the former must1 therefore1 be deducted from the latter1 and the difference 7#ag7 put as the numerator of the fraction1 having for its denominator #aia1 the difference between #ifjfh and #iehgg4 ,the fraction 7#ag_/aia7 #jhi1 so found1 added to the per-centage strength opposite #ifjfh in the third column1 gives #ccihi as the true per-centage of alcohol in the given sample4 ,the per-centage by volume may be converted into per-centage by weight1 by multiplying the former by #gichaa1 the sp4 gr4 of absolute alcohol1 and dividing the product by the sp4 gr4 of the sample4 ,the quotient is the number of pounds of alcohol in #ajj pounds of the given spirit4 ,thus3--,suppose #ajjj grains by measure of alcohol to weigh #iejib grains1 and to contain 7see ,table ,i7 #djfc per cent4 by volume of absolute alcohol1 what per cent4 by weight does the sample contain8 #gichaa #djfc #cbbebedjic1 and this product divided by #iejib #cciag1 the true per-centage by weight of absolute alcohol in the sample4 #b4 ,method based on the specific gravity1 or per-centage strength by ,,weight3-- ,the specific gravity is ascertained and the ,table used in precisely the same manner as in the method by volume1 already described4 ,the per-centage by weight may be converted into per-centage by volume1 by multiplying the former by the sp4 gr4 of the sample1 and dividing the product by the sp4 gr4 of absolute alcohol4 ,this is merely the reverse of the operation described above4 ,obs4 ,the preceding methods of alcoholometry1 as well as all others depending on the sp4 gr4 refer to ,,unsweetened ,,spirits only2 and are inapplicable to those holding sugar in solution1 or any other organic matter capable of altering the sp4 gr4 ,for sweetened spirits1 fermented worts1 wine1 beer1 c41 one or other of the following processes must be adopted3-- #c4 ,other methods1 adapted to either ,,sweetened or ,,unsweetened ,,spirits1 ,tinctures1 ,fermented ,liquors1 c4-- a4 ,by ,,distillation as originally proposed by ,m4 ,gay-,lussac4 #cjj parts of the liquor under examination 7measured in a graduated glass tube7 are placed in a retort or small still1 and a quantity exactly equal to one third 7i4e41 #ajj parts71 carefully drawn over2 a graduated glass tube#ac being used as a receiver1 and the operation stopped as soon as the distillate reaches the hundredth degree4 ,the 'alcoholic strength' of the distilled liquor is then ascertained by any of the usual methods1 and the result divided by three1 when the per-centage of alcohol in the original liquor is at once obtained4 ,if1 from want of attention1 more than #ajj parts should be distilled over1 the number which expresses the relation of the volume of the distilled product to the original bulk of the liquor tested1 must be employed as the divisor4 ,thus1 if #ajf parts of liquor have distilled over 7instead of #ajj71 containing #cc of alcohol1 the #cjj must be divided by #ajf1 which gives #bhc1 and the #cc by this #bhc1 which gives #aaff1 the true proportion of alcohol in the original liquor4 ,the strength at 'proof' may be calculated from this in the usual way4 ,footnote #ac3 ,mulder1 in his ',chemistry of ,wine' recommends this receiver to be shaped like a bottle1 with its neck1 or tubular part1 bent at right angles above the line of its scale2 and that it should be set in the centre of a glass jar kept filled with very cold water4 ,to ensure accurate results1 the acidity 7if any7 of the liquor must be neutralised with carbonate of sodium1 prior to distillation4 ,it is also advisable to add #h or #aj of common salt to the liquor in the retort or still2 this1 by raising the boiling point1 causes the whole of the spirit to pass over into the receiver before the distillate has reached the required measure4 ,this applies more particularly to weak liquors4 ,with those of greater strength 7as the stronger wines71 it is better to distil over #aej parts1 and divide the result by #b instead of #c4 ,to liquors stronger than #be by volume of alcohol1 or above #eb to #ed under proof1 add about an equal volume of water to the liquor in the still1 and draw over a quantity equal to that of the sample tested2 when the alcoholic strength of the distillate gives1 without calculation1 the true strength sought4 ,to liquors stronger than #dh to #ej 7#ad to #ab u4 p471 add thrice their bulk of water1 and do not stop the process until the volume of the distillate is double that of the sample tested1 when the per-centage obtained must also be doubled4 ,in each case a proportionate quantity of salt is employed4 ,,revenue ,,method4 ,the following is the method adopted in the ,inland ,revenue and ,customs ,laboratories for the estimation of the per-centage of alcohol in wines1 liqueurs1 c4 ,a measure flask is filled up to a mark on its neck1 with the wine1 which is then carefully transferred to a distilling flask or retort1 the traces of wine remaining in the former vessel being rinsed out with small quantities of distilled water1 and the rinsings added to the wine in the latter vessel4 ,about two thirds of the contents of the retort are then distilled over into the clean measure flask1 and made up to the original bulk with distilled water1 at the same temperature as the sample was previous to distillation4 ,the strength is then taken by ,sykes' hydrometer1 and this 7if u4 p47 deducted from #ajj1 gives the per-centage of proof spirit in the wine4 ,thus3-- ,strength of distillate #gdf u4 p4 #bed per cent4 proof spirit4 b4 ,from the ,,temperature of the ,,vapour1 as originally proposed by ,grning4 ,the bulb of a thermometer is thrust through a cork into the head of the still1 or other vessel employed1 and the temperature of the vapour in which it is immersed being noted1 is sought in the following table3-- ,,table ,,iii4--,showing the ,alcoholic ,content1 by ,,volume1 of ,boiling ,spirits1 and of their ,vapour1 from the ,temperature of the latter1 as observed by a ,thermometer4 ,by ,,gr,,ning4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,temperature of ,alcoholic content ,alcoholic content ,temperature of ,alcoholic content ,alcoholic content the ,vapour4 of the ,distillate of the ,boiling the ,vapour4 of the ,distillate of the ,boiling ,fahr4 per cent4 ,liquid per cent4 ,fahr4 per cent4 ,liquid per cent4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- #agjj #ic #ib #ahih #ga #bj #agah #ib #ij #aibj #fh #ah #agbj #ia #he #aidj #ff #ae #agbh #ij-a_/b #hj #aifd #fa #ab #agdj #ij #ge #aihf #ee #aj #agdf #hi #gj #bjaj #ej #g #agfj #hg #fe #bjcj #db #e #aghc #he #ej #bjed #cf #c #ahjh #hb #dj #bjgg #bh #b #ahcj #hj #ce #bajj #ac #a #ahej #gh #cj #babj #j #j #ahgd #gf #be ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,this method is admirably adapted to the purposes of the distiller and rectifier1 as it furnishes a ready means of approximately determining the strength of the spirit passing over1 at every part of the process of distillation1 as well as that of the wash left in the still4 c4 ,from the ,,boiling ,,point1 as originally proposed by ,m4 l',abb ,brossard-,vidal4 ,this method is founded on the fact1 that the boiling points of mixtures of alcohol and water1 unlike water alone1 are scarcely disturbed by the addition of saline1 saccharine1 or extractive matter within certain limits4 ,it hence offers a ready means of determining the proportion of alcohol present in spirits1 wines1 fermented liquors1 c41 with sufficient accuracy for all ordinary purposes4 ,in applying it1 a thermometer1 with a large bulb and a narrow bore1 and a movable scale graduated from #ahj to #bab ,fahr41 is usually employed4 ,before using it as an alcoholometer1 it is set1 with its bulb immersed1 in a small metallic boiler 7brass or copper7 containing distilled water1 which is then raised to the boiling-point1 and the #bab of the scale accurately adjusted on a level with the surface of the mercury1 should it vary from that point4 ,this is necessary on account of variations of atmospheric pressure causing corresponding variations of the boiling-points of liquids4 ,it is then ready for several hours' operations1 and1 generally1 for an entire business day1 without further adjustment4 ,the little boiler is next filled with the liquor to be examined1 and the lamp again lighted4 ,the temperature as shown by the scale of the instrument at the commencement of full ebullition being ascertained1 may be sought in one of the following ,tables1 against which the alcoholic content of the liquor will be found 7nearly74 ,,table ,,iv4--,exhibiting the ,,boiling ,,points of ,mixtures of ,alcohol and ,water of the given strengths4 ,by ,,gr,,ning4 ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,alcohol ,alcohol ,boiling point4 per cent4 ,boiling point4 per cent4 ,fahr4 by volume4 ,fahr4 by volume4 ---------------------------------------- --------------- #bjecd #e #agiif #ee #aiibb #aj #agidb #fj #aieh #ae #aghg #fe #aibch #bj #aggfb #gj #ahiej #be #agfed #ge #ahgaf #cj #agedf #hj #ahe #ce #agdib #he #ahcch #dj #agdb #ij #ahbab #de #agcad #ie #ahaeh #ej #agb #ajj ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,,table ,v4--,showing the ,,boiling ,,points of 'under proof' spirit4 ,by ,dr ,,ure4 ---------------------------------------- ---- ,boiling points4 ,per-centage ,corresponding ,fahr4 strength4 ,sp4 ,gr4 ---------------------------------------- ---- #aghe ,proof4 #ibjj #agige #aj ,u4,p4 #icba #ahjd #bj #idbj #ahba #cj #ieaf #ahcd #dj #ifjj #ahef #ej #iffe #ahi #fj #igbi #aiah #gj #ighf #aifd #hj #ihej #bjb #ij #iibj ---------------------------------------- ---- ,obs4 ,this method does not answer well with spiritous liquor above 'proof1' owing to the variations of their boiling point being so slight as not to be easily observed with accuracy2 but with liquors under 'proof1' and particularly with wines1 beer1 and other fermented liquors1 due care being observed1 it gives results closely approximating to those obtained by distillation1 and sufficiently accurate for all ordinary purposes4 ,in testing strong alcoholic solutions it is1 therefore1 proper to dilute them with twice their bulk of water2 and commercial spirits1 with an equal bulk of water2 the results obtained being doubled or tripled as the case may be4 ,illustration d4 ,from the ,,expansion of the ,,liquid when heated3 ,silbermann's ,,dilatatometer4 ,the expansion of alcohol between #j and #bab ,fahr4 is triple that of water2 and between #gg and #abb ,fahr4 it is much greater4 ,between -#ad and -#ih ,fahr4 the rate of expansion is about the #jjjdgth part in volume for every degree of ,fahrenheit's scale4 ,the measurement of this expansion has been proposed as a new and ready method of alcoholometry1 adapted to nearly all spirituous and fermented liquors4 ,silbermann's instrument1 which is based on it 7see engr471 simply consists of a flat brass or ivory plate 7,a71 on which are fixed a mercurial thermometer 7,d7 graduated from #bb to #ej ,cent4 7 #gg to #abb ,fahr472 and the ,,dilatatometer 7,b71 which is a glass pipette open at both ends4 ,a valve of cork1 or vulcanised india rubber1 closes the tapering end 7c72 this valve is attached to a movable rod 7,c7 which is fastened to the supporting-plate1 and connected with a spring 7f7 and a handle 7g7 bearing a four-threaded screw1 by which the lower orifice of the pipette can be opened or closed at will4 ,in use1 the pipette is filled with the liquor under examination1 to a little above the zero point 7#j7 on the scale4 ,this is effected by suction1 by means of a little piston of leather 7i71 which fits tightly in the long and wider limb of the pipette2 the valve 7d7 being previously opened by turning the knob 7h74 ,the proper quantity of liquor being introduced1 and the lower end closed1 the piston is moved up and down two or three times1 for the purpose of drawing the air-bubbles and absorbed air out of the liquid1 the presence of which would vitiate the results of the trial4 ,to allow the piston to be withdrawn without any shock1 or the danger of dividing the column abruptly1 the rod attached to it is made hollow throughout4 ,in using it the operator applies the ball of his forefinger to the top of the piston-rod 7,e71 in order to create a vacuum as he raises it2 and then withdraws it1 to readmit the air when he thrusts it down or removes it from the tube4 ,the excess of liquid 7if any7 in the pipette is then run off until its upper surface is exactly level with the zero 7#j7 of the scale1 at #be ,c41 to which it is raised by immersion in a water bath of that temperature1 as observed by the thermometer2 which is done by very cautiously turning the rod which depresses the valve4 ,the whole apparatus is now again immersed in the water bath2 and1 held by the upper portion of the plate1 kept in gentle motion with the hand1 until the temperature rises to exactly #ej ,c41 when the coefficient of expansion is obtained1 and hence also the proportion of alcohol--the scale of the instrument being so graduated1 from actual experiments previously made upon mixtures of known composition1 as to give1 at once1 the per-centage of alcohol by ,,volume 7nearly74#ad ,footnote #ad3 ',comptes ,rendus1' xvii1 #dah4 ,illustration e4 ,from the ,,tension of the ,,vapour3--,geissler's ,,alcoholometer4 ,this method1 for which we are indebted to ,m4 ,geissler1 of ,bonn1 depends on the measurement of the tension or elastic force of the vapour of the liquid1 as indicated by the height to which it raises a small column of mercury4 ,the spirit1 wine1 or other liquor1 of which it is desired to ascertain the strength1 is put into the little flask 7a71 which1 when completely filled1 is screwed on to the curved glass-tube which contains the mercurial column 7which is inverted for the purpose71 and is closed by the stop-cock 7b74 ,the instrument 7see engr47 is then placed erect1 and the flask and lower part of the tube immersed in a water bath1 as in the previous method4 ,the number1 on the graduated scale of the instrument corresponding to the height of the mercury1 at the boiling point of the liquor under examination1 gives the per-centage of alcohol by ,,volume 7nearly74 ,this method furnishes approximative results with great facility and expedition2 and1 with proper care1 these do not vary more than #a_/c to #a_/b of #a1 from those obtained by distillation4 ,we find1 that by having the diameter of the part of the tube at which the surface of the mercury is acted on by the vapour a little larger than that of the longer limb1 and by previously abstracting the air from the sample1 as in ,silbermann's method1 or even by agitation and exposure in an open vessel1 the two may be made to correspond almost exactly4 f4 ,from the ,,difference between the sp4 gr4 ,,before and ,,after ebullitiom3--,taberi's method and ,,oe,,nometer4 ,the sp4 gr4 of the sample is first accurately determined by any of the usual methods4 ,it is next carefully evaporated1 in an open vessel1 to one half its volume4 ,the residuum1 when cold1 is made up with pure water to exactly its original measure at its original temperature1 and the sp4 gr4 again ascertained4 ,the difference between the two being due to the spirit originally present1 furnishes the means of calculating a new sp4 gr41 from which the per-centage richness of the sample may be obtained by mere inspection of the ,tables4 ,the observed sp4 gr4 is the true one1 whenever the liquor1 after ebullition and restoration to its original volume1 has the same sp4 gr4 as water 7i4 e41 #ajjj71 at #fj ,fahr4 ,taberi employs a peculiar instrument1 which he calls an oenometer2 but its use is not essential to his method of alcoholometry4 ,the results are1 of course1 only approximative1 though sufficient for all ordinary purposes4 ,prof4 ,mulder1 however1 says that he prefers it to any of the previous methods2 and that the results1 with care1 are almost as accurate as those obtained by distillation4 g4 ,by means of ,,carbonate ,,of ,,potash3-- g4 a4 7,brande's ,method47 ,the liquor for trial is poured into a long1 narrow glass tube 7graduated centesimally71 until the vessel is half-filled1 and1 after the solution of about #ab or #ae of a strong solution of subacetate of lead1 or a little finely powdered litharge1 is agitated until the colour is entirely1 or nearly removed4 ,anhydrous carbonate of potash1 in powder1 is next added1 until it sinks undissolved1 even after prolonged agitation of the liquid4 ,the whole is now allowed to repose for a short time1 when the alcohol is seen floating on the top of the aqueous portion of the liquid in a well-marked stratum4 ,its quantity1 read off by means of the graduations of the tube1 and doubled1 gives the per-centage richness of the sample in alcohol1 by volume4 ,this process answers well with cordials1 wines1 and the stronger ales2 but with very weak liquors it is not to be relied on4 ,the whole operation may be performed in two to five minutes1 and 7with these exceptions7 furnishes very reliable approximative results4 ,in most cases the decolouring part of the process may be omitted4 ,the alcohol thus separated has a sp4 gr4 of from #hjfa to #haah1 and contains #c or #d of water2 but for ordinary purposes it may be regarded as pure alcohol4 #d4 ,alcoholometry of ,,minute ,,quantities of liquid4 ,when only a few drops1 or a quantity too small for the application of the preceding methods1 can be obtained1 an organic analysis may be had recourse to1 and the quantity of absolute alcohol calculated from that of the resulting carbonic anhydride and water2 care being previously taken to free the sample from other volatile bodies1 if it contains any of them4 ,gen4 commentary4 ,the duties on spirits in ,england are charged on the number of proof gallons they contain1 which is ascertained by gauging or weighing the spirit1 and then trying its strength by ,sykes' hydrometer4 ,the per-centage of proof spirit multiplied by the number of gallons gives the net amount of proof spirit to be charged4 ',,proof ,,strength' is an arbitrary standard1 adopted for the purpose of facilitating calculations1 for which it is well suited2 although pure alcohol would1 for this purpose1 be more simple4 ,as defined by ,act of ,parliament1 #eh ,geo4 ,,iii1 c4 #bh1 proof spirit is such as shall1 at the temperature of #ea of ,fahrenheit's thermometer1 weigh exactly twelve thirteenth parts of an equal measure of distilled water4 ,taking1 therefore1 water at #ea ,fahr4 as unity1 the sp4 gr4 of proof spirit at #ea ,fahr4 is #ab_/ac of #ajjj or #ibcjh4 ,when such spirit is raised to the temperature of #fj ,fahr41 its density is #iaihd4 ,spirit at proof contains very nearly equal weights of absolute alcohol and water2 the exact proportions according to recent experiments are3-- ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,by ,,volume4 ,by ,,weight4 --------------------------------------- ,sp4 gr4 at ,bulk before ,bulk after admixture #fj ,fahr4 admixture4 and condensation4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,alcohol4 ,water4 ,alcohol4 ,water4 #ajjjj #ajcjh #ajjjj #hahj #agebc #iaihd #dibd #ejgf #egjf #dffh #ajjjj ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,the standard alcohol of the ,revenue authorities1 and that on which ,gilpin's ,tables are founded1 is a spirit of the sp4 gr4 #hbe at #fj ,fahr41 which is said to contain1 by weight1 #hi of pure alcohol of #gif2 and #ibf of alcohol1 by volume1 which corresponds to about #fbe o4 p4 ,it is of great importance to the spirit dealer to be able to estimate correctly the number of 'proof gallons' in any quantity of his commodities1 or in the whole or any portion of his stock1 as disagreeable errors frequently result from ignorance on this point4 ,calculations of this kind are extremely simple4 ,thus1 when we find1 by the hydrometer1 that a given sample of spirit is #aj per cent4 over-proof1 it means1 that #ajj gallons of such spirit contain as much alcohol as #aaj gallons of proof spirit4 ,in over-proof spirit1 the per-centage o4 p4 always represents the quantity of water which the given spirit requires to reduce it to proof4 ,by adding this per-centage over-proof to #ajj1 we obtain a number which1 multiplied by any number of gallons1 and divided by #ajj1 gives the exact number of proof gallons which is contained in any quantity of the spirit referred to4 ,thus3--,a puncheon of rum gauged at #ia galls41 and shown by the hydrometer to be #ba o4 p41 contains-- #ba o4 p4 of sample added to #ajj #aba ,no4 of gallons of rum #ia ------ #aajaa ,no4 of gal4 of proof-spirit #aajaa _/ #ajj #aajaa ,in like manner when a spirit is said to be #aa u4 p41 or under-proof1 it means that #ajj gal4 of such spirit contains #aa gal4 of water1 and #hi gal4 of 'proof spirit4' ,by deducting the per-centage under-proof from #ajj1 we not only obtain the number of proof gal4 contained in #ajj gal4 of such spirit1 but1 as in the last case1 a factor which multiplied by any number of gal41 and divided by #ajj1 gives the exact number of 'proof gallons' contained in any quantity of the given strength4 ,thus3--,an ullage brandy piece containing #de gal4 of spirit at #aj u4 p41 would have the proof value of-- ,per cent4 u4 p4 of sample #aj1 subtracted from #ajj #ij ,no4 of gall #de --- #djej ,quantity of proof spirit #djej _/ #ajj #djej ,or exactly #dj-a_/b gallons4 ,the strength of absolute alcohol 7sp4 gr4 #gich7 is estimated at #ge-a_/d over-proof4 ,it therefore contains #age-a_/d of 'proof spirit1' whilst proof spirit 7sp4 gr4 #iaihd7 contains #egjf of 'absolute alcohol1' both being by measure or volume4 ,thus-- 7meas4 of alc4 #age-a_/d7 _/ #ajj equiv4 meas4 of pf4 spt4 ,and-- 7meas4 of pf4 spt4 #egjf7 _/ #ajj equiv4 meas4 of abs4 alc4 ,from which we derive the 'constant multipliers' #agebe 7or roughly #a-c_/d71 and #egjf1 applicable to any number of volumes or gallons4 ,for-- meas4 of alc4 #agebe equiv4 meas4 of pf4 spt4 and-- meas4 of pt4 spt4 #egjf equiv4 meas4 of alc4 ,to ascertain what quantity of a spirit at any given strength is equiv4 to or contains #ajj lbs4 of absolute alcohol1 we have only to divide the constant number #bbjgg by the proof value per cent4 of such spirit4#ae ,thus--for a spirit #ab u4 p4--this would be ,footnote #ae3 ,this number is obtained thus3-- #ajj _/#gicha #abf 7nearly71 #abf #agebe #bbjgg4 #ajj - #ab #hh of proof spirit2 and-- #bbjgg _/ #hh #bea gal4 7nearly74 ,that is1 #be-a_/aj gal4 of such spirit would contain #ajj lbs4 of absolute alcohol4 ,by removing the decimal point one place to the right1 we have the equiv4 measure of #ajjj lbs4 ,by removing it one1 two1 or three places to the left1 we have it respectively for #aj lbs41 #a lb41 and #a_/aj lb42 from which the equiv4 for all other weights may be easily obtained4 ,by reversing the above operation1 the measure of alcohol corresponding to any given weight of spirit1 at any strength1 may also be easily found4 ,the weight of #a gal4 of absolute alcohol being #gich lbs42 that of #a gal4 of proof spirit1 #ib lbs12 and that of the 'alcohol' in #a gal4 of proof spirit1 #dec lbs42 the weight of any number of gallons or volumes of either1 and their equivalents1 may be easily found4 ,thus3-- gallons of alc4 #gich lbs4 weight of alc4 pf4 sp4 #ib lbs4 w4 of pf4 spt4 and-- gallons of alc4 #afaba lbs4 weight of pf4 spt4 pf4 spt4 #dec content in lbs4 weight of alc4 ,in these cases a knowledge of the first four rules of decimal fractions is necessary1 or1 at least1 advantageous2 as the ,excise officers carry their calculations to two figures of decimals1 or #a_/ajjths4 ,their plan is to reject the third decimal figure when less than #e2 but to carry #a to the next figure on the left hand1 when it exceeds #e4 ,thus1 #edcb is set down as only #edc2 but #edcg is written #edd4 ,in the delicate chemical processes of the laboratory1 even greater accuracy is observed4 ,formerly1 spirit was said to be #a to #c1 #a to #d1 c41 over-proof1 by which it was meant that #a gal4 of water added to #c or #d gals4 of such spirit would reduce it to 'proof4' ,on the other hand1 #a in #e1 or #a in #h1 under-proof1 meant that the #e or #h gals41 as the case might be1 contained #a gal4 of water1 and the remainder represented the quantity of 'proof spirit4' ,this method of calculation has now long given way to the 'centigrade system1' which not only admits of greater accuracy1 but is quite as simple4 ,it should be adopted by every spirit-dealer in ,england1 from being that which is employed by the ,revenue officers1 whose 'surveys' it is absolutely necessary that the trader should understand1 in order that his own estimation of his stock and his business calculations should correspond with theirs4 ,several other methods of alcoholometry1 besides those already noticed1 have been adopted at various times1 but the majority of them possess so little accuracy as to be quite inapplicable to the purposes of trade1 and of the laboratory4 ,thus1 the strength was at one time estimated by what was called the 'proof4' ,a little of the spirit was poured upon a small quantity of gunpowder1 contained in a spoon or saucer1 so as just to moisten it1 and was then inflamed4 ,if at the end of the combustion the gunpowder took fire1 the spirit was held to be 'above proof1' if it only languidly fizzed away1 or slowly burnt1 the spirit was said to be 'proof1' but if the gunpowder failed to ignite1 the spirit was esteemed 'below proof4' ,hence arose the terms 'proof' and 'proof spirit1' which have since been adopted by ,act of ,parliament4 ,another method was that of dropping oil into the spirit2 if the oil floated1 the spirit was considered to be 'under proof1' if it sunk1 it was rated as 'proof' or 'over-proof4' ,the 'gunpowder test' is quite fallacious2 for1 if a certain quantity of a spirit is capable of firing the gunpowder1 a little excess of a spirit #bj or #be stronger will often fail to do so1 so much water being formed as to prevent the ignition4 ,the ',,preuve ,d',,holland' test1 of the ,french1 or the ',,bead1' is still frequently employed by persons unacquainted with the use of the hydrometer4 ,it consists in shaking the spirit in a phial1 and observing the size1 number1 and duration of the bubbles or beads1 as they are called4 ,the larger and more numerous these are1 and the more rapidly they break and disappear1 the stronger the spirit is presumed to be4 ,this method is unreliable1 as the presence of sugar or acid1 even in minute quantities1 will sometimes give to a weak sample the appearance of one many degrees stronger4 ,,lovi',s ,,beads are also often employed to ascertain approximately the strength of spirit1 when a hydrometer is not at hand4 ,the insufficiency of most of the methods of alcoholometry here referred to1 throws us back on the ,revenue ,system 7,sykes' hydrometer71 or on the specific gravity for unsweetened spirits4 ,for sweetened spirits1 as cordials1 wines1 beers1 c41 there are none of the tests which give such accurate results as the distillation test1 previously described as the ,revenue ,method4 ,the spirituous liquors of commerce being sold by measure1 and not by weight1 the methods of alcoholometry which give the results1 per cent41 by volume1 are those we have chiefly explained4 ,in the laboratory1 the method by weight is that most generally employed in delicate processes and in analyses4 ,by weight1 the per-centage of alcohol remains the same for all temperatures1 for the same sample2 whilst by volume1 the per-centage varies with the temperature of the liquid4 ,this variation explains the cause of many of the sudden apparent decreases and increases1 which occur in large stocks of spirits4 ,persons purchasing spirits during very warm weather1 and paying for them according to their apparent quantity and strength1 lose considerably by selling the same spirit when the weather becomes colder1 without being conscious of such loss from the hydrometer4 ,the reason of this is obvious1 for1 whilst the relative proportions of the alcohol to the water continue the same1 the sp4 gr4 and the volume alter with the temperature2 the latter being increased by warmth1 and decreased by cold1 in exact opposition to the former4 ,accuracy requires1 in all cases1 that a spirituous liquor should be tested for its strength at the temperature at which it was measured2 and measured at the same temperature at which its strength was determined4 ,a consideration of these facts has led some of the great houses to introduce the system of weighing their spirits1 instead of measuring them1 the weight of an imperial gallon at #fj ,fahr4 being taken as the standard gallon4 ,this is the method adopted by the ,inland ,revenue1 at all distilleries1 for assessing the duty1 and will be readily understood by the following example3-- ,cwts4 qrs4 lbs4 ,gross weight of full cask #ac #b #bg ,tare #b #b #e ------------ ,net weight of spirit #aa #j #bb or #abed lbs4 ,let us suppose the hydrometer indication to be #dcj1 the weight per imperial gallon would be #hijc lbs4 7see ,table ,,vi71 and #abed #hijc #adj gallons4 ,,table ,,vi4--,table for determining the ,weight per ,gallon of ,spirits by ,sykes' ,hydrometer4 ,a ,indication on ,sykes' ,hydrometer4 ,b ,weight per ,gallon4 ,a ,b ,a ,b ,a ,b ,a ,b ,a ,b #j #hade #h #heji #f #hhgh #d #ibfd #b #iffg #b #haeg #ba #heab #h #hhha #f #ibfg #d #ifga #d #hafa #b #heaf #db #hhhe #h #ibga #f #ifgd #f #hafd #d #heai #b #hhhi #fc #ibge #h #ifgh #h #hafh #f #hebc #d #hhib #b #ibgi #hd #ifhb #a #haga #h #hebf #f #hhif #d #ibhc #b #ifhf #b #hagd #bb #hecj #h #hhii #f #ibhf #d #ifij #d #hagh #b #hecc #dc #hijc #h #ibij #f #ifid #f #haha #d #hecg #b #hijg #fd #ibid #h #ifih #h #hahe #f #hedj #d #hiaa #b #ibih #he #igjb #b #hahh #h #hedd #f #hiad #d #icjb #b #igjf #b #haia #bc #hedg #h #hiah #f #icje #d #igaj #d #haie #b #heea #dd #hibb #h #icji #f #igad #f #haih #d #heed #b #hibf #fe #icac #h #igah #h #hbjb #f #heeh #d #hibi #b #icag #hf #igbb #c #hbje #h #hefa #f #hicc #d #icba #b #igbf #b #hbjh #bd #hefe #h #hicf #f #icbd #d #igcj #d #hbab #b #hefh #de #hidj #h #icbh #f #igcc #f #hbae #d #hegb #b #hidd #ff #iccb #h #igcg #h #hbai #f #hege #d #hidg #b #iccf #hg #igda #d #hbbb #h #hegi #f #hiea #d #icdj #b #igde #b #hbbe #be #hehb #h #hied #f #icdd #d #igdi #d #hbbi #b #hehf #df #hieh #h #icdh #f #igec #f #hbcb #d #hehi #b #hifb #fg #iceb #h #igeg #h #hbcf #f #heic #d #hife #b #icef #hh #igfa #e #hbci #h #heif #f #hifi #d #icfj #b #igfe #b #hbdb #bf #hfjj #h #higb #f #icfc #d #igfi #d #hbde #b #hfjc #dg #higf #h #icfg #f #iggc #f #hbdi #d #hfjg #b #hihj #fh #icga #h #iggg #h #hbeb #f #hfaj #d #hihd #b #icge #hi #igha #f #hbee #h #hfad #f #hihg #d #icgi #b #ighe #b #hbeh #bg #hfag #h #hiia #f #ichb #d #ighi #d #hbfb #b #hfbj #dh #hiie #h #ichf #f #igib #f #hbfe #d #hfbd #b #hiii #fi #icij #h #igif #h #hbfi #f #hfbh #d #ijjb #b #icid #ij #ihjj #g #hbgb #h #hfca #f #ijjf #d #icih #b #ihjd #b #hbge #bh #hfce #h #ijji #f #idja #d #ihjh #d #hbgi #b #hfci #di #ijac #h #idje #f #ihab #f #hbhb #d #hfdb #b #ijag #gj #idji #h #ihaf #h #hbhf #f #hfdf #d #ijba #b #idac #ia #ihbj #h #hbhi #h #hfdi #f #ijbd #d #idag #b #ihbd #b #hbib #bi #hfec #h #ijbh #f #idbj #d #ihbh #d #hbif #b #hfef #ej #ijcb #h #idbd #f #ihcb #f #hbii #d #hffj #b #ijcf #ga #idbh #h #ihcf #h #hcjc #f #hffc #d #ijci #b #idcb #ib #ihdj #i #hcjf #h #hffg #f #ijdc #d #idcf #b #ihdd #b #hcji #cj #hfgj #h #ijdf #f #iddj #d #ihdh #d #hcac #b #hfgd #ea #ijej #h #iddd #f #iheb #f #hcaf #d #hfgg #b #ijed #gb #iddh #h #ihef #h #hcbj #f #hfha #d #ijeh #b #ideb #ic #ihfj #aj #hcbc #h #hfhd #f #ijfa #d #idef #b #ihfd #b #hcbf #ca #hfhh #h #ijfe #f #idei #d #ihfh #d #hccj #b #hfib #eb #ijfi #h #idfc #f #ihgb #f #hccc #d #hfie #b #ijgc #gc #idfg #h #ihgf #h #hccg #f #hfii #d #ijgf #b #idga #id #ihhj #aa #hcdj #h #hgjb #f #ijhj #d #idge #b #ihhd #b #hcdc #cb #hgjf #h #ijhc #f #idgi #d #ihhh #d #hcdg #b #hgji #ec #ijhg #h #idhc #f #ihib #f #hcej #d #hgac #b #ijia #gd #idhg #h #ihif #h #hced #f #hgaf #d #ijie #b #idia #ie #iijj #ab #hceg #h #hgbj #f #ijih #d #idie #b #iijd #b #hcfa #cc #hgbc #h #iajb #f #idih #d #iijh #d #hcfd #b #hgbg #ed #iajf #h #iejb #f #iiac #f #hcfh #d #hgcj #b #iaaj #ge #iejf #h #iiag #h #hcga #f #hgcd #d #iaad #b #ieaj #if #iiba #ac #hcge #h #hgcg #f #iaag #d #iead #b #iibe #b #hcgh #cd #hgda #h #iaba #f #ieag #d #iibi #d #hchb #b #hgde #ee #iabe #h #ieba #f #iicd #f #hche #d #hgdh #b #iabi #gf #iebe #h #iich #h #hchi #f #hgeb #d #iacb #b #iebi #ig #iidb #ad #hcib #h #hgee #f #iacf #d #iecc #b #iidf #b #hcie #ce #hgei #h #iaci #f #iecg #d #iiej #d #hcii #b #hgfc #ef #iadc #h #ieda #f #iiee #f #hdjb #d #hgff #b #iadg #gg #iede #h #iiei #h #hdjf #f #hggj #d #iaea #b #iedi #ih #iifc #ae #hdji #h #hggc #f #iaed #d #ieec #b #iifg #b #hdab #cf #hggg #h #iaeh #f #ieeg #d #iigb #d #hdaf #b #hgha #eg #iafb #h #iefa #f #iigf #f #hdai #d #hghd #b #iaff #gh #iefe #h #iiha #h #hdbc #f #hghh #d #iagj #b #iefi #ii #iihe #af #hdbf #h #hgia #f #iagc #d #iegc #b #iihi #b #hdbi #cg #hgie #h #iagg #f #iegf #d #iiid #d #hdcc #b #hgii #eh #iaha #h #iehj #f #iiih #f #hdcf #d #hhjb #b #iahe #gi #iehd #h #ajjjc #h #hddj #f #hhjf #d #iahi #b #iehh #ajj #ajjjg #ag #hddc #h #hhji #f #iaib #d #ieib #b #hddf #ch #hhac #h #iaif #f #ieif #d #hdej #b #hhag #ei #ibjj #h #ifjj #f #hdec #d #hhbj #b #ibjd #hj #ifjd #h #hdeg #f #hhbd #d #ibjg #b #ifjh #ah #hdfj #h #hhbg #f #ibaa #d #ifab #b #hdfd #ci #hhca #h #ibad #f #ifae #d #hdfg #b #hhce #fj #ibah #h #ifai #f #hdga #d #hhch #b #ibbb #ha #ifbc #h #hdgd #f #hhdb #d #ibbf #b #ifbg #ai #hdgh #h #hhde #f #ibbi #d #ifca #b #hdha #dj #hhdi #h #ibcc #f #ifce #d #hdhe #b #hhec #fa #ibcg #h #ifci #f #hdhh #d #hhef #b #ibda #hb #ifdc #h #hdib #f #hhfj #d #ibde #b #ifdg #bj #hdie #h #hhfc #f #ibdh #d #ifea #b #hdih #da #hhfg #h #ibeb #f #ifee #d #hejb #b #hhga #fb #ibef #h #ifei #f #heje #d #hhgd #b #ibfj #hc #iffc asterism ,for further information in connection with ,alchoholometry see ,,alcohol1 ,,beer1 ,,brewing1 ,,distillation1 ,,ebullioscope1 ,,hydrometer1 ,,hydrometry1 ,,liqueurs1 ,,malt-,,liquors1 ,,organic ,,substances1 ,,saccharine1 ,,specific ,,gravity1 ,,spirit1 ,,sugar1 ,,syrups1 ,,tinctures1 ,,wine1 ,,wort1 c4 c4 ,,alcohol2 ,,effects ,,of ,,alcoholism4 ,without entering into the controversy as to whether the moderate consumption of alcohol1 or its total disuse1 is the more conducive to personal health and comfort--whether1 as ,dr ,anstie and others have asserted it acts1 when prudently taken1 as a food--or whether1 as other medical authorities contend1 even its moderate use is a disturbing factor in the human economy--there need be no qualification of the assertion1 that when the drinking of spirituous liquids of any kind is indulged in to excess1 the habit1 if persisted in1 must sooner or later terminate in impaired health1 serious disease1 and premature death4 ,a powerful array of facts could be brought in support of this statement4 ,for instance1 in ,,nelson',s statistics we find it mentioned that-- ,a temperate person's ,an intemperate person's chance of living is-- chance of living is-- ,at #bj #ddb years4 ,at #bj #aef years4 #cj #cfe #cj #ach #dj #bhh #dj #aaf #ej #babe #ej #ajh #fj #adbhe #fj #hi ,the average duration of life after the commencement of habits of intemperance is-- ,among mechanics1 working and labouring men #ah years4 traders1 dealers1 and merchants #ag professional men and gentlemen #ae females #ad ,again1 ,dr ,dickinson1 writing on the morbid effects of alcohol in persons who trade in liquor1 gave the results of an examination of #adi traders in liquor1 as compared with #adi persons of various trades4 ,the general results were diseases of the liver much more common in those who dealt in alcoholic drinks4 ,in the lungs tubercle affected sixty-one persons of the alcoholic1 forty-four of the non-alcoholic4 ,tubercle in the brain1 liver1 kidneys1 spleen1 bowels1 mesenteric glands1 and peritoneum were twice as common in the alcoholic as in the non-alcoholic4 ,the verdict1 therefore1 is unavoidable that alcohol 7in excess7 engenders tubercle in the brain1 inflammations1 atrophy1 hmorrhages2 in the heart and vessels atheroma1 hypertrophy1 and other affections1 were all more common in the alcoholic than in the non-alcoholic series4 ,the evidence in kidney disease did not appear so conclusive1 but some forms of kidney disease appear to be increased4 ,the author sums up thus3--,alcohol causes fatty infiltration and fibroid encroachment2 it engenders tubercle1 encourages suppuration1 and retards healing2 it produces untimely atheroma1 invites hmorrhage1 and anticipates age4 ,the most constant fatty change1 replacement by oil of the material of epithelial cells and muscular fibres1 though probably nearly universal1 is most noticeable in the liver1 the heart1 and the kidney4 ,alcohol also seems to be the cause of special diseases1 besides those more common and generally known ones1 delirium tremens1 alcoholism1 c4 ,of these we may mention one recorded by ,m4 ,,galezowski1 a peculiar affection of the eyes1 which the doctor found very prevalent during the siege of ,paris in #ahgj-a4 ,in the five months of the siege fifty patients were affected by it1 whilst during the twelve months preceding the siege only nineteen were to be found4 ,dr ,,galowski ascribed the malady to the habit of taking alcoholic drinks in the morning fasting4 ,a peculiar kind of palsy has also been referred to alcoholic poisoning4 ,the following table1 compiled by ,dr ,joseph ,williams1 lends support to the fact that an indulgence in alcohol is either the cause of insanity1 or that it tends to its increase3 ,proportion ,total caused by admission4 intemperance4 ,charenton #hee #acd ,bictre and ,salptrire #bjab #dad ,bordeaux #aef #bj ,turin1 #ahcj-ca #aeh #ag #ahca-cf #cij #gf ,gard #bji #d ,united ,states #eea #adf ,palermo #ahi #i ,caen #fj #af ,dundee #ad #d ,m4 ,parchappe #afg #df ,m4 ,batten #bhh #ed ---- --- #ejai #idj ,commenting on these figures1 ,mr ,walter ,blyth remarks1 ,there may be another explanation of the fact that many mad people have been great drinkers4 ,a large proportion of those subject to insanity are driven by their morbid minds to drink2 so that it may be that insanity causes drink1 and not drink causes insanity4 ,many medical writers who are no advocates for the total abandonment of alcohol limit its consumption1 in healthy people1 to one or two fluid ounces a day1 in the form of wine1 beer1 or spirits and water2 two fluid ounces is1 we believe1 the quantity apportioned daily to every able-bodied seaman in the ,royal ,navy4 ,any slight habitual departure from this standard--even when the evidences of excess are not perceptible to others--all authority1 historical1 pathological1 and physiological 7unless it be given as a medicine71 shows to be injurious4 ,the researches of ,anstie1 ,parkes1 and ,count ,wollowicz1 appear to prove that any quantity of alcohol exceeding an ounce and a half taken by an adult showed itself in the urine1 a circumstance which these writers look upon as tending to show that the system has taken more alcohol than can be used in the body itself4 ,in slight doses the action of alcohol is to produce a sedative effect upon the nerves1 to redden slightly the lining membrane of the stomach1 and to stimulate the secretion of the gastric juice4 ,thus1 in small doses alcohol may1 and doubtless does1 promote appetite4 ,in excess1 however1 all these effects are turned to evil1 and then ensue an inflammatory condition of the stomach1 compression of the gland ducts from thickening of the tissue around them1 excessive mucous secretion1 and great loss of appetite4 ,when carried into the circulation it greatly increases the force of the heart's action1 and at the same time paralyses1 as it were1 the restraining nervous supply to the arteries and small vessels1 so that they can no longer oppose themselves to the blood-current1 but dilate4 ,this action in a small degree1 occurring in persons of a weak and languid circulation1 is no doubt beneficial2 on the other hand1 when in excess1 it is most dangerous1 and is a cause of the greater part of the diseases of the heart and great vessels4 ,there appears to be a slight fall of temperature with moderate doses of alcohol1 a very decided fall with excessive doses2 the muscular and nervous systems are transitorily stimulated1 and may do more work when small doses are given in cases of fatigue1 but in other cases there is a marked torpor of the nervous and a want of co-ordination of the muscular system4--,,blyth4 ,notwithstanding the researches of ,percy1 ,strauch1 ,masing1 ,lallemand1 ,duroy1 ,parkes1 ,dupr1 ,anstie1 ,thudichum1 and others1 there is still a considerable divergence of opinion as to how alcohol is eliminated from the body4 ,by some of the authorities just named it is affirmed to be eliminated as aldehyd1 by others as carbonic acid2 as to the latter1 the experiments of ,dr ,e4 ,smith show that the carbonic acid is decreased when brandy and gin are drunk1 and increased by rum4 ,the only probable supposition1 which facts support1 tends to show that the alcohol is turned into acetic acid in the body1 some of which unites with potash and other bases1 and some is destroyed4 ,all are pretty well agreed that in the form of spirits alcohol as a food is valueless1 but that in the form of beer and wine it is possessed of a slight dietetic power1 naturally varying with the amount and nature of the different substances held in solution in these beverages4 ,the imports of spirits into this country1 in the seven years from #ahej to #aheg1 amounted to #gj1gdj1ihj gallons2 whilst the imports in the seven years following1 viz4 from #aheg to #ahfd1 were #gh1jaf1jga gallons1 showing an increase of #g1cje1jia gallons4 ,the population has1 however1 increased in the time1 and a deduction on that account1 as well as correction on one or two other heads1 are required2 still1 that there is an increase is indisputable4 ,as respects ,france1 a considerable increase in the consumption of spirits has taken place of late years1 as the following table by ,m4 ,husson will illustrate3 ,the ,mean ,consumption of ,spirits for each ,inhabitant4 ,litres4 ,litres4 ,from #ahbe to #ahcj #hif yearly4 #jbd daily4 #ahca #ahce #hgd #jbc #ahcf #ahdj #ajae #jbf #ahda #ahde #aaad #jca #ahdf #ahej #aajc #jcj #ahea #ahed #adbe #jci ,in the ,united ,states1 during the period from #ahjg to #ahbh1 the average was #bg litres for every inhabitant1 which is even greater than the highest of the two sets of figures just quoted4 ,the demoralisation of the ,french army during the late ,franco-,prussian war has been also unanimously ascribed to the excessive consumption of spirituous liquids4 ,the following results of an inquiry instituted in #ahgj by the ,massachusetts ,board of ,health into the comparative sobriety of different nations are gathered from an able paper which appeared in the ',medical ,times and ,gazette' of ,april #aeth1 #ahgb1 by ,dr ,druitt1 in which he dissects and summarises the results in question4 ,dr ,druitt writes3 ,highest in the scale of temperance come the ,turks and ,arabs2 next the ,iberians1 ,levantines1 ,greeks1 and ,latin races2 lower down the ,japanese1 ,scandinavians1 ,belgians1 and the ,irish ,celt2 lowest of all the so-called ,anglo-,saxon of either continent4 ,professor ,levi contributes to our knowledge on this subject by giving the following statistics3--,in #ahfj the committals for drunkenness in ,england and ,wales were #hh1jjj1 and in #ahgj #acd1jjj1 an increase of #ej per cent4 ,in ,manchester the increase from #ahfj to #ahgj was #cge per cent41 or computed according to the increase of population #cec per cent4 ,in ,london drunkenness is in the proportion of #edc per #ajjj1 in ,leeds #gdj1 in ,manchester #caac1 and in ,liverpool #dbhb4 ,it must1 however1 be remembered that these figures are based on mere committals1 which greatly depend on the activity of the police1 and the noisy or quiet character of the drunkard4 ,we quote the following from ,dr ,blyth's work on ',hygiene1' without1 however1 attempting either to endorse or controvert what he says on the subject4 ,whether is ,alcohol necessary or not4 ,all experience1 both at home and abroad1 shows by facts that cannot be disputed that a person can do quite as hard work without alcohol as with it2 and probably as the limits between moderation and excess are easily passed1 and as the generality of mankind1 even without intending it1 err on the latter side1 the result is that a comparison between total abstainers and even temperate men generally terminates in favour of the former4 ,it would appear that total abstainers live longer1 are better citizens1 and can do more work than the rest of mankind4 ,the figures of the ,united ,kingdom ,temperance and ,general ,provident ,institution go far to prove the above4 ,this insurance society is divided into two sections4 ,one section consists of abstainers1 the other of persons selected as not known to be intemperate4 ,the claims for five years anticipated in the temperance section were #ajj1ddf1 but the actual claims were only #gb1fgf4 ,in the general section of the anticipated claims were #aif1ceb2 the actual claims no less than #ccj1big4 ,in war the march of #bjjj miles in his ,war of ,independence by ,cornwallis and his troops 7#aghc71 the ,maroon war of ,jamaica1 the #djj miles' march of an ,english army across the ,desert from ,komer1 on the ,red ,sea1 a march of #ajjj miles in the ,kaffir war1 experiences at sieges1 in action1 in hot1 temperate1 and cold climates1 where abstinence was either forced through circumstances or followed1 shows to every unprejudiced mind that soldiers endure more fatigue1 are healthier1 and fight better1 without stimulants than with them2 and this fact is endorsed by every commander of the present day4 ,the excess and abuse of spirits1 as before remarked1 lost the ,french their military prestige in the ,franco-,german war4 ,in very hot and very cold climates the ,indian observers and the ,arctic explorers all unite in condemning its 7that is1 the use of alcohol7 use in the slightest excess1 or even in moderate doses4 ,it does not warm the body in cold climates1 and the reaction that follows the exciting of the circulation is followed by a dangerous depression2 whilst in hot it combines with the climate1 and quickly produces disease4 ,,alcoholic ,,drinks1 ,,effects ,,of4 ,in addition to the serious injury to health caused by an excessive or imprudent indulgence in spirituous stimulants 7see previous article71 even a moderate and not injudicious use of them may often be attended with very disagreeable consequences--a more or less mild or modified form of poisoning1 in fact--if the beverages themselves are1 as very frequently happens1 contaminated1 either accidentally or intentionally1 with certain objectionable ingredients4 ,these ingredients are described under the articles ,,beer1 ,,wines1 and the various ,,spirits1 such as ,,gin1 ,,brandy1 ,,absinthe1 c4 ,of spirit drinking it may be observed1 that this dangerous practice is intensified by what is to be feared is the too prevalent custom of taking them undiluted1 or neat1 as it is termed4 ,there is no doubt that they constitute the very worst form of alcoholic drinks1 and shorten the lives of those who indulge in them to excess more summarily than any other intoxicating potion4 ,the greatest and most ineradicable drunkards are almost always found to be spirit drinkers4 ,liebig remarked that less bread was consumed in families where beer was drunk1 and there seems to be little doubt that the different species of beer1 including porter and ale1 when pure and free from adulteration1 act1 although in a small degree1 as food4 ,probably there are some who will agree with1 whilst others will dissent from1 ,benjamin ,franklin1 who said there was more sustenance in a penny loaf than in a gallon of beer4 ,the starchy extractive matters of the beer no doubt perform the same function in the animal economy that sugar does4 ,it is well known that those who drink freely of beer mostly become corpulent1 as witness the portly forms of draymen4 ,the hop contained in the beer has doubtless tonic and stomachic qualities4 ,we can speak with less certainty about the free acids contained in malt fluids4 ,it is very certain that some people cannot drink a glass of beer without experiencing rheumatic pains in the joints1 which effect is generally ascribed to the acidity of the beer2 but which is really supposed to be due to the decreased elimination of urea and pulmonary carbonic acid from the system caused by the alcohol of the beer4 ,the heavy low-priced beers occasion drunkenness of a peculiarly violent and savage kind1 a fact which strongly favours the inference that this form of intoxication is due to some toxic agent1 used as an adulterant4 ,of wines1 the clarets and subacid wines are undoubtedly antiscorbutic in properties1 and light wines as beverages are preferable to the stronger4 ,port1 sherry1 beer1 stout1 and ale are almost universally condemned in cases where there is a tendency to gout4 ,the light clarets and ,rhine wines are far more desirable beverages when this is the case1 and the ,german wines are said to be valuable drinks in many lithic affections4 ,it seems probable that the ethers and the vegetable salts1 together with the sugar contained in wines1 perform the most important part in the human economy4 ,it has been proposed to introduce the red subacid wines as drinks for our sailors1 because of their antiscorbutic qualities4 ,some of the alcoholic drinks prepared in ,india frequently cause temporary madness4 ,,alcoholism4 ,,alcohol2 ,,effects ,,of ,,alcoholism4 ,,al',,cohols4 ,in chemistry1 a term applied to compounds possessing a composition1 formul1 and chemical properties similar to those of ordinary alcohol4 ,they form a series presenting an unmistakable symmetry1 and differ from one another by well-marked gradations1 as shown below3-- ,methyl-alcohol 7wood spirit74 ,,ch#d,o ,ethyl-alcohol 7ordinary alcohol7 ,c#b;,h#f,o ,amyl-alcohol 7fsel-oil7 ,c#e;,h#ab,o ,capryl-alcohol ,c#h;,h#ah,o ,cetyl-alcohol ,c#af;,h#cd,o c41 c4 ,alcohols4 ,in commerce1 pure spirits of a greater strength than about #eh o4 p4 7sp4 gr4 #hcce71 or containing more than about #he by ,,weight1 or #ij by ,,volume1 of pure alcohol1 are commonly so called4 ,alcohols4 ,in perfumery1 rectified spirit of wine1 or commercial alcohol1 holding essential oils or other odorous matters in solution4 ,alcohols4 ,in ,fr4 pharmacy1 alcoholic tinctures and essences4 ,,alcoolatifs 7alcolatifs74 ,f4 ,syn4 ,,alcoholati',,va1 ,l4 ,in ,fr4 pharmacy1 alcoholic solutions of liniments1 embrocations1 c41 whether made by distillation1 maceration1 or solution4 ,,alcoolats 7alcolats74 ,fr4 ,in ,fr4 pharmacy1 spirits2 applied by ,bral1 ,henry and ,guibourt1 and others1 to medicated distilled spirits4 ,,alcoolatures 7alcolatures74 ,fr4 ,syn4 ,,alcoholatu'',,ra1 ,l4 ,in4 ,fr4 pharmacy1 alcoholic tinctures1 elixirs1 c4 ,m4 ,bral confines the term to vegetable juices preserved by alcohol4 ,,alcooles 7alcools74 ,fr4 ,tinctures2 the 'teintures alcoholiques' of the ,fr4 ,codex4 ,,alcooliques 7alcoliques74 ,fr4 ,syn4 ,,alcohol',,ica1 ,l4 ,in ,fr4 pharmacy1 alcoholic or spirituous solutions4 7,bral47 ,,al',,cornine 7-n7in74 ,eng41 ,fr4 ,syn4 ,,alcor',,nocine 7-s7in72 ,,alcor',,neum1 ,,alcorni',,na1 ,l4 ,a crystallisable substance1 apparently intermediate between fat and wax1 discovered by ,biltz1 in alcornoco bark4 ,,alcorno',,co4 ,syn4 ,a4-,,bark2 ,,alcornoque1 ,fr42 ,,alkornoc1 ,a4-,,rind1 ,ger4 ,the bark of an unknown tree of ,south ,america4 ,it is astringent and bitter1 and has been highly extolled as a specific in phthisis2 but appears to possess little medicinal virtue4 ,the bark of the young branches of the cork tree 7quercus suber71 used in tanning1 is also sometimes called alcornoco-bark2 but possesses none of the characters of the former article4 ,,al',,decay4 ,the galls on the leaves of myrobalanus chebula 7,gaertn471 a forest-tree of ,bengal4 ,equal to the best oak-galls4 ,,al',,dehyd 7-hid74 al-7cohol7-dehyd 7rogenatus74 ,c#b;,h#d,o4 ,syn4 ,,hydrated ,,oxide ,,of ,,acetyle2 ,,hydrate ,,of ,,othyle992 ,,hydroxide ,,of ,o499 ,literally1 dehydrogenated alcohol4 ,in chemistry1 a peculiar ethereal liquid1 first obtained in a pure form by ,liebig1 from alcohol4 ,it is produced under various circumstances1 particularly during the destructive distillation of certain organic matters1 and in several processes of oxidation4 ,the following are the most convenient methods of preparing it3-- ,prep4 #a4 7,liebig47 ,sulphuric acid1 #c parts2 is diluted with water1 #b parts2 and as soon as the mixture has cooled1 alcohol of #hj1 #b parts1 is added2 and1 subsequently1 peroxide of manganese 7in fine powder71 #c parts4 ,the whole1 after agitation1 is then distilled at a very gentle heat1 from a spacious retort into a receiver surrounded with ice1 the connection between the two being perfectly air-tight4 ,the process is continued until frothing commences1 or the distillate becomes acid which generally occurs when about one third 7#c parts7 has passed over4 ,the distillate is next agitated in a retort1 with about its own weight of fused chloride of calcium1 in powder2 after which about one half only is drawn over at a very gentle heat 7#he to #ij ,fahr471 by means of a water bath4 ,this rectification is repeated in a precisely similar way4 ,the last distillate is ,,anhydrous ,,aldehyd only slightly contaminated with foreign matters4 #b4 7,liebig47 ,aldehyd-ammonia1 #b parts1 is dissolved in an equal weight of distilled water2 and1 after being placed in a retort1 sulphuric acid1 #b or #c parts1 previously diluted with rather more than its own weight of distilled water1 and allowed to cool1 is added4 ,the whole is now distilled1 by means of a water bath1 into a receiver surrounded with ice1 or 7preferably7 a freezing-mixture1 the temperature of the bath at first being very low1 and the operation being stopped as soon1 or rather before the water begins to boil4 ,the distillate is then placed in a retort connected with a well-cooled receiver1 as before2 and after all the joints are made perfectly tight1 powdered fused chloride of calcium1 in weight equal to that of the liquid in the retort1 is added through the tubulature4 ,the heat produced by the hydration of the chloride causes the distillation to commence1 after which it is carried on1 by means of a water bath1 at a temperature ranging from #hj to #hb ,fahr4 ,this rectification being very carefully repeated1 the last distillate is ,,pure ,,anhydrous ,,aldehyd4 ,prop41 c4 ,limpid1 colourless1 ethereal1 neutral1 inflammable2 mixes in all proportions with alcohol1 ether1 and water2 odour peculiar1 penetrating1 and1 when strong1 exceedingly suffocating1 the vapour1 in quantity1 producing spasmodic contraction of the thorax2 boils at #gb ,fahr4 7#gj--,ure1 #eth ed472 sp4 gr4 #gij at #fj1 and #hjj at #cb ,fahr42 sp4 gr4 of vapour1 #aecb2 by exposure to air it is gradually converted into acetic acid1 and speedily so under the influence of platinum-black2 heated with caustic potash1 a brown substance resembling resin 7,,aldehyd-,,resin7 is formed2 gently heated with protoxide of silver1 or its solutions1 metallic silver is deposited on the inner surface of the vessel1 in a uniform and brilliant film1 whilst ,,aldehydate ,,of ,,silver remains in solution2 heated with hydrocyanic acid it yields ,,alanine4 ,by age1 even in close vessels1 it passes into one or more isomeric compounds 7,,elaldehyde2 ,,metaldehyde71 with change of properties4 ,aldehyde for experiments should1 therefore1 be always recently prepared2 and it must be kept in a well-stopped bottle1 in a very cold place1 and preferably in ice4 ,obs4 ,aldehyd is important for its assumed position in the acetyl-series1 and the part which it plays in the process of acetification1 c4 ,the word is now also commonly employed1 by chemists1 as a generic term for any organic substance which1 by assimilating two atoms of hydrogen1 yields1 or would yield1 a compound having the composition or properties of an alcohol2 or which1 by taking up one atom of oxygen1 yields an acid4 ,many of the essential oils 7as those of almonds1 cinnamon1 and cumin7 are composed principally of bodies which may thus be called aldehyds4 ,one of the most valuable properties of these substances1 is their strong tendency to combine with the bisulphites of ammonium1 potassium1 and sodium2 and by which they may be separated from complex mixtures4 ,,al',,dehyd-,,ammo',,nia 7-h7id-74 ,an ammonia-compound of aldehyd1 discovered by ,dbereiner and ,liebig4 ,prep4 7,liebig47 ,aldehyd 7of process ,no4 #a1 above7 is mixed with an equal volume of ether1#af in a flask surrounded with ice1 or 7what is better7 a freezing-mixture2 and is then saturated with dry gaseous ammonia4 ,the crystals which soon form1 after being washed with ether1 and dried by means of bibulous paper and a short exposure to the air1 are pure aldehyd ammonia4 ,footnote #af3 ,some authorities recommend the use of twice this quantity of ether4 ,prop41 c4 ,it smells like a mixture of turpentine and ammonia2 melts at #afe to #agj2 volatilises1 unchanged1 at #bab ,fahr42 decomposed by exposure to the air2 very soluble in water2 soluble in alcohol1 and more or less so in most other menstrua1 except ether2 acids decompose it4 ,with sulphuretted hydrogen it forms thialdine4--,use4 ,chiefly to make pure aldehyd 7which see74 ,,al',,der 7awl'-74 ,syn4 ,,al',,der-,,tree2 ,,al',,nus 77al-71 ,l42 ,a4 ,,glutino',,sa 7,gaertn472 ,,betu',,la ,,alnus1 ,linn42 ,,aune1 ,,aulne1 ,fr42 ,,erle1 ,ger4 ,a well-known ,english tree1 chiefly growing in moist grounds near rivers4 ,its wood is used for hurdles1 for various articles of turnery and furniture1 and when converted into charcoal1 for making gunpowder2 it possesses considerable durability under water2 but is otherwise of little value4 ,bark and leaves very astringent1 and reputed vulnerary2 decoction used as a gargle in sore throat1 and1 in double the dose of cinchona1 as a febrifuge in agues2 bark and sap used in dyeing and tanning4 ,the following belong to different nat4 orders and genera to the preceding3-- ,alder1 ,black4 ,syn4 ,,win',,ter-,,berry2 ,,pri',,nos ,,verticilla',,tus1 ,linn4 ,a tree growing in the ,united ,states of ,america4 ,bark febrifuge1 tonic1 and astringent2 berries tonic and emetic4 7,bigelow47 ,it has been much recommended in dropsies1 diarrhoea1 intermittents1 c4 ,dose 7of the dried bark71 #a_/b to #a dr41 #c or #d times a day4 ,alder-tree1 ,black4 ,syn4 ,,berry-,,bearing ,,alder-,,tree2 ,,rham',,nus ,,fran',,gula1 ,linn4 ,a large shrub found in the woods and thickets of ,england1 c4 ,wood1 ,,black ,,dog',,wood2 bark1 bitter1 emetic1 purgative2 used to dye yellow2 root-bark1 a drastic purgative2 berries1 purgative1 emetic2 unripe berries yield ,,sap-,,green2 charcoal of the wood esteemed the best for gunpowder4 ,,ale4 ,syn4 ,,barley ,,wine992 ,,aile1 ,fr42 ,,weiss-,,bier1 ,ger42 ,,ael1 ,,eale1 ,sax42 ,,cerevis',,ia ,,alba1 ,c4 ,,lupula',,ta1 ,a',,la991 ,,al',,la991 ,l4 ,pale-coloured beer1 prepared from lightly dried malt1 by the ordinary process of brewing4 ,the ale of the modern brewer is manufactured in several varieties1 which are determined by the wants of the consumer1 and the particular market for which it is intended4 ,thus1 the finer kinds of ,burton1 ,east ,india1 ,bavarian1 and other like ales1 having undergone a thorough fermentation1 contain only a small quantity of undecomposed sugar and gum1 varying from #a to #e per cent4 ,some of these are highly 'hopped1' or 'bittered1' the further to promote their preservation during transit and change of temperature4 ,mild or sweet ales1 on the contrary1 are less attenuated by lengthened fermentation1 and abound in saccharine and gummy matter4 ,they are1 therefore1 more nutritious1 though less intoxicating1 than those previously referred to4 ,in brewing the finer kinds of ale1 pale malt and the best ,east ,kent hops of the current season's growth1 are always employed2 and when it is desired to produce a liquor possessing little colour1 very great attention is paid to their selection4 ,with the same object1 the boiling is conducted with more than the usual precautions1 and the fermentation is carried on at a somewhat lower temperature than that commonly allowed for other varieties of beer4 ,for ordinary ale1 intended for immediate use1 the malt may be all pale2 but1 if the liquor be brewed for keeping1 and in warm weather1 when a slight colour is not objectionable1 one fifth1 or even one fourth of 'amber malt' may be advantageously employed4 ,from #d-a_/b lbs4 to #f lbs4 of hops is the quantity commonly used to the quarter of malt1 for 'ordinary ales1' and #g lbs4 to #aj lbs4 for 'keeping ales4' ,the proportions1 however1 must greatly depend on the intended quality and description of the brewing1 and the period that will be allowed for its maturation4 ,the stronger varieties of ale usually contain from #f to #h of 'absolute alcohol1' ordinary strong ale1 #d-a_/b to #f2 mild ale1 #c to #d2 and table ale1 #a to #a-a_/b2 7each by volume72 together with some undecomposed saccharine1 gummy1 and extractive matter1 the bitter and narcotic principles of the hop1 some acetic acid formed by the oxidation of the alcohol1 and very small and variable quantities of mineral and saline matter4 ,for the adulterants of ale1 see ,,porter4 ,see ,,beer1 ,,brewing1 ,,fermentation1 ,,malt-,,liquors1 c4 ,ale1 ,dev'onshire ,white4 ,a liquor once generally drunk1 and still in demand1 in the neighbourhood of ,kingsbridge and ,modbury1 ,devon4 ,prep4 ,ordinary ale-wort 7preferably pale7 sufficient to produce #a barrel1 is slowly boiled with about #c handfuls of hops1 and #ab to #ad lbs4 of crushed groats1 until the whole of the soluble matter of the latter is extracted4 ,the resulting liquor1 after being run through a coarse strainer1 and become lukewarm1 is fermented with #b or #c pints of yeast2 and1 as soon as the fermentation is at its height1 is either closely bunged up for 'draught1' or is at once put into strong stoneware bottles1 which are then well corked and wired4 ,obs4 ,white ale is said to be very feeding1 though apt to prove laxative to those unaccustomed to its use4 ,it is drunk in a state of effervescence or lively fermentation2 the glass or cup containing it being kept in constant motion1 when removed from the mouth1 until the whole is consumed1 in order that the thicker portion may not subside to the bottom4 ,ales1 ,med'icated4 ,syn4 ,,bryt',,oles2 ,,brutol,s1 ,fr42 ,,cerevis',i ,,medica',t1 ,l4 ,in pharmacy1 ale prepared by macerating medicinal substances in it1 either at the ordinary temperature of the atmosphere1 or when heated2 infusions and decoctions1 in which ale or beer is employed as the menstruum4 ,the old dispensatories enumerate several medicated ales2 such as ,,cerevisia ,,oxydor',,cica1 for the eyes2 ,c4 ,,anti-,,arthrit',,ica1 for the gout2 ,c4 ,,cephal',,ica1 for the head2 ,c4 ,,epilep',,tica1 against epilepsy2 c4 ,preparations of this kind are now seldom ordered by the faculty1 and their use is chiefly confined to the practice of empirics1 and to domestic medicine4 ,bark1 rue1 savine1 antiscorbutic plants1 aromatic bitters1 and stomachics1 are the substances most commonly administered in this way4 ,ale in which wormwood1 gentian1 orange-peel1 and the like1 have been steeped1 taken warm early in the morning1 is much esteemed as a restorative tonic by drunkards and dyspeptics4 ,see ,,beer1 ,,purl1 c4 ,,ale',,berry4 ,a beverage made by boiling ale with spice1 sugar1 and bread-sops2 the last commonly toasted4 ,a domestic remedy for a cold4 ,,ale',,gill 7g hard74 ,ale or beer flavoured or medicated by infusing the leaves of ground ivy in it2 pectoral1 stomachic1 and nervine4 ,,ale',,wife4 ,the clupea serrata1 an ,american species of herring4 ,its proper name is a'loof1 although the established pronunciation and common orthography is ale-wife4 ,illustration ,,alem',,bic4 ,syn4 ,,moors',,headdagger2 ,,alem',,bicus1 ,l42 ,,alambic1 ,fr42 ,,destillirkolben1 ,ger4 ,an old form of distillatory vessel usually made of glass or earthenware1 but sometimes of metal4 ,the body 7a7 which holds the liquid for distillation is called the ,,cu',,curbit2 the upper part 7b7 the ,,head or ,,cap',,itol2 7c7 is the ,,receiver4 ,it is still employed in the laboratory1 in the distillation of articles that are apt to spurt over into the neck of the common retort1 and thus vitiate the product4 ,,aleurom',,eter4 ,syn4 ,,aleurom,,tre1 ,fr4 ,an instrument for determining the quantity and quality of gluten in wheat-flour1 invented by ,m4 ,boland4 ,it essentially consists of a hollow copper cylinder1 about #f inches long1 and #c_/d of an inch internal diameter4 ,this tube has two principal parts2 the one1 about #b inches long1 is closed at the lower end1 forming a kind of cup1 into which the gluten is placed2 it screws into the remainder of the cylinder4 ,the cup being charged with a sample of gluten1 and the upper part of the cylinder being screwed on1 it is exposed in an oven1 or 7preferably7 in an oil bath1 to a temperature of #cej to #chj ,fahr4#ag ,from the length of the tube the gluten occupies in swelling1 as measured by a graduated scale1 its quality is determined4 ,the 'crude gluten' of good wheat-flour augments to four or five times its original volume1 when thus treated2 but that from bad flour does not swell1 becomes viscid and semi-fluid1 and generally gives off a disagreeable odour2 whilst that of good flour merely suggests the smell of hot and highly baked bread4 ,footnote #ag3 ,mr ,mitchell recommends the heat to be #dbj2 whilst ,dr ,masprett gives #bhd ,fahr4 as the proper temperature2 but of these the first is too high1 and the other too low4 ,about #baj gr4 are also ordered to be taken for examination2 but the exact quantity is immaterial4 7,see ,mitchell's ',falsification of ,food4'7 ,,al',,ga4 7-g7a74 ,l4 ,sea-weed4 ,a common name of grass-wrack 7'zostera marina'--,linn471 though not one of the alg4 ,,al',g4 77al'-je74 ,l4 pl4 ,syn4 ,,al',,gals2 ,,alg 7,,dc471 ,,al',,gales 7,lindl471 ,l42 ,,algues1 ,,varech1 ,fr42 ,,alge1 ,,meergrass1 ,,seegrass1 ,ger4 ,sea-weeds4 ,in botany1 an order of ,thallogens living in water or very moist places1 nourished throughout their whole surface by the medium in which they live1 having no distinct axis of vegetation1 and propagated by zospores1 coloured spores1 or tetraspores4 ,linnus defines them--plants1 the roots1 leaves1 and stems of which are all in one4 ,the alg consist either of simple vesicles lying in mucus1 or of articulated filaments1 or of lobed fronds formed of uniform cellular tissue4 ,those that vegetate in salt water are popularly called ,,sea-,,weeds 7fu'ci1 ,l47 and ,,la',,ver 7ulv1 ,l472 those found in fresh water ,,confer',v4 ,one of their divisions 7the ,zosperme7 comprehends the lowest known forms of vegetable life1 being merely adhering cells1 emitting1 at maturity1 seeds or sporules having a distinct animal motion4 ,in ,oscillatorias1 the whole plant twists and writhes spontaneously2 and ,zymenas actually copulate like animals4 ,some of the ,alg possess great beauty4 ,in the lower grades the colour is green2 in the higher1 red or purple4 ,prop41 ,uses1 c4 ,none of the ,alg are poisonous4 ,several are nutritious1 emollient1 and demulcent1 from containing mucilage 7carrageenin71 starch1 sugar 7mannite71 and a little albumen2 and are hence used as esculents4 ,the ash from the dried weed varies in different varieties from #i to fully #be2 and contains variable quantities of potassa1 soda1 lime1 magnesia1 iron1 manganese1 and silica1 with sulphuric acid1 phosphoric acid1 chlorine1 and a little iodine and bromine4 7,schweitzer2 ,forchhammer2 ,gdechens47 ,sea-weeds1 their charcoal1 and their ashes1 have been long regarded as alterative and resolvent2 and anti-phthisic virtues have been attributed to them by ,laennec and others4 ,they were formerly much given in scrofulous affections and glandular enlargements2 but their use is now almost superseded by that of iodine and its preparations4 ,dr ,stenhouse has proposed some of the alg as furnishing an economical source of mannite4 ,the sea alg are used for manure2 their ashes form ,,kelp4 ,the following table1 showing the results of several analyses of different kinds of alg1 and illustrating the very large amount of nitrogen contained in them1 is from ,mr ,walter ,blyth's excellent dictionary of ',hygiene and ,public ,health4' ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,per cent4 ,protein ,kinds of ,alg4 ,water4 ,dry matter4,nitrogen incontained in dry matter4dry matter4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,chondrus crispus1 #agib #hbjh #aecd #iehg bleached1 from ,bewlay ,evans4 ,chondrus crispus1 #badg #ghec #badb #acchg unbleached1 ,ballycastle4 ,gigastina mamillosa1 #baee #ghde #baih #acgcg ,ballycastle4 ,chondrus crispus1 #aigi #hjba #adhe #ibha bleached1 second experiment4 ,chondrus crispus1 #aiif #hjjd #beaj #aefhg unbleached second experiment4 ,laminaria digitata1 or #bach #ghfb #aehh #iibe dulse tangle4 ,rhodomenia palmata4 #afef #hcdd #cdfe #bafef ,porphyra laciniata4 #agda #hbei #dfej #bijfb ,irida edulis4 #aifa #hjci #cjhh #aicjj ,alaria esculenta4 #agia #hjji #bdbd #aeaej ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,from the above1 we learn the important fact that the sea-weeds found on our coasts are amongst the most nutritious of vegetable substances1 and that they1 when dry1 are even richer in nitrogenous matter than either oatmeal or ,indian corn in the same state4 ,the following are the chief varieties of alg which are used as food by the dwellers on our coasts as well as on the continent3--,,porphyra ,,laciniata and ,,vulgaris1 called laver in ,england1 stoke in ,ireland1 and slouk in ,scotland4 ,,chondrus ,,crispus1 called carrageen or ,irish moss1 and also pearl-moss1 and sea-moss4 ,,laminaria ,,digitata1 known as the sea-girdle in ,england1 tangle in ,scotland1 and red-ware in the ,orkneys2 and ,,laminaria ,,saccharina1 ,,alaria ,,esculenta1 or bladder-lock1 called also henware1 and honey-ware by the ,scotch4 ,,ulva ,,latissima or ,,green ,,laver--,,rhodomenia ,,palmata or dulse of ,scotland4 ,under the name of marine sauce the ,,laver was esteemed a luxury in ,london1 where it may now occasionally be met with in the shops of provision merchants4 ,the employment of the ,,chondrus ,,crispus or ,carrageen in the form of an aliment for consumptive and weakly persons1 would seem from the analysis of it given above to be fully justified4 ,in preparing the alg for food1 they must be soaked in water to remove the saline matter1 and where they are possessed of a bitter flavour this may be removed by adding a little carbonate of soda to the water4 ,they should then be stewed in water or milk till they are tender4 ,the best flavourings are pepper and vinegar4 ,see ,,jelly4 ,,algaro',,ba4 ,syn4 ,,ca'',,rob-,,tree1 ,,st4 ,,john',s ,,bread2 ,,cerato',,nia ,,sil',,iqua1 ,linn4 ,a leguminous tree of southern ,europe1 ,palestine1 and part of ,africa4 ,pods 7,,algaroba ,,beans71 used for food1 and to improve the voice2 they contain a sweetish1 nutritious powder1 and are supposed to have been the 'locusts' on which ,st4 ,john fed in the wilderness2 their decoction has been used as a pectoral in asthma and coughs4 ,algaroba or ,algarovil'la4 ,the astringent pods of prosopis pallida1 p4 siliquastrum1 and ,inga ,marth 7,south ,american trees71 bruised and more or less agglutinated by the extractive exudation of the seed and husks4 ,they are used in tanning1 for which purpose they have been strongly recommended2 indeed that of ,chili1 and of ,santa ,martha 7,new ,carthagena71 is said to possess four times the power of good oak bark 7,ure72 and in dyeing are only inferior to oak-galls4 ,,algontine4 ,a mouth and tooth wash4 ,an aqueous solution of nitrate of potassium1 aromatised with oil of peppermint1 tincture of myrrh1 and tincture of cinnamon4 ,,algophon 7,bernhard1 ,salzburg74 ,for pains in decayed teeth4 ,a solution of ethereal oil of mustard 7#b grms47 in spirit of cochlearia 7#cj grms471 coloured green by saffron and litmus4 7,wittstein47 ,,al',,iment4 ,eng41 ,fr4 ,syn4 ,,alimen',,tum1 ,l42 ,,nahrung1 ,,speise1 ,ger4 ,food2 nutriment2 anything which nourishes or supports life4 ,,aliment',,ary ,syn4 ,,alimenta'',,rius1 ,l42 ,,alimentaire1 ,fr42 ,,zur ,,nahrung ,,geh,,rig1 ,ger4 ,pertaining to food or aliment2 nutrimental2 nourishing4 ,alimentary ,canal'4 ,syn4 ,,alimentary ,,duct2 ,,cana',,lis ,,alimenta'',,rius1 ,l4 ,in anatomy1 the cavity in the bodies of animals into which the food is taken for the purpose of being digested2 the whole passage or conduit extending from the mouth to the anus4 ,in some of the lower animals this is a simple cavity1 with only one opening2 when the same aperture which admits the food also gives egress to the excrementitious matter4 ,in others it is a true canal1 with both a mouth and an outlet4 ,another step1 and we find this canal is divided into a stomach and intestines4 ,in the higher grades1 a mouth1 pharynx1 and oesophagus precede the stomach4 ,birds have one or two sacculi or crops added to the oesophagus4 ,the stomach of the ruminants consists of four sacs or parts1 each of which may be regarded as a separate stomach2 that of the bottle-nose whale contains no less than seven of such sacs4 ,the part below the stomach1 forming the intestines1 is also variously subdivided1 complicated1 and connected4 ,in man1 these subdivisions are termed--,,duodenum1 ,,jeju',,num1 ,,il',,eum1 ,c',,cum1 ,,co',,lon1 and ,,rec',,tum2 the lower end or orifice of the last being called the ,a',,nus4 ,the existence of an alimentary canal is said to be the only true characteristic of an animal4 ,plants have no common receptacle for their food1 nor canal for carrying away effete matter2 but every animal1 however low in the scale of being1 possesses an internal cavity which serves it as a stomach4 ,alimentary ,sub'stances4 ,syn4 ,,aliments2 ,,mate'',,ria ,,alimenta'',,ria1 ,l4 ,substances employed as food4 ,,alimenta',,tion4 ,eng41 ,fr4 ,syn4 ,,alimenta',,tio1 ,l42 ,,nahrhaftigkeit1 ,ger4 ,the act1 process1 power1 or state of nourishing1 or being nourished4 ,,al',,izari4 ,tur41 ali-zari4 ,the commercial name of madder in the ,levant4 ,,alizarin4 ,c#aj;,h#f,o#c 4 #b;,h#b,o4 ,syn4 ,,lazaric ,,acid4 ,a red colouring matter obtained from madder4 ,prep4 #a4 ,exhaust madder with boiling water1 and precipitate the decoction by sulphuric acid4 ,wash the precipitate1 and1 while yet moist1 boil it with a concentrated solution of hydrate of aluminum in hydrochloric acid1 and mix the solution with hydrochloric acid2 red flakes of impure alizarin deposit4 ,dissolve this precipitate in alcohol or in dilute ammonia1 and treat the solution with hydrate of aluminum4 ,boil the aluminum compound thus formed with carbonate of sodium1 and1 after freeing it from resinous impurities by digestion with ether1 decompose it with hot hydrochloric acid4 ,wash the alizarin thus separated1 dry it by simple exposure to air1 and purify it by repeated crystallisation out of alcohol4 #b4 ,sublime on a paper an alcoholic extract of madder4 ,this method yields the purest alizarin4 ,props4 ,red prisms2 sublimes at #dai ,f42 odourless1 tasteless1 and neutral to test-paper2 sparingly soluble in water1 even at the boiling temperature2 soluble in alcohol and ether2 not decomposed by hydrochloric acid2 dissolved1 without decomposition1 by strong sulphuric acid2 soluble in solutions of the alkalies and their carbonates2 acids precipitate alizarin from its alkaline solutions in orange-coloured flakes2 alumina decolorises an alcoholic solution of alizarin1 forming a red lake4 ,,alizarin1 ,,artificial4 ,c#ad;,h#h,o#d4 ,this colour was first obtained by ,graebe and ,liebermann in #ahfi from anthrachinon1 an oxidation product of anthracen1 this latter being a substance which is formed during the destructive distillation of coal-tar4 ,these chemists converted anthracen into antichinon by means of nitric acid4 ,the crude anthracen is previously purified by treatment with benzoline 7petroleum spirit71 aided by heat1 and by being subjected to the action of the centrifugal machine to fusion1 and to sublimation4 ,according to the original method of preparing alizarin1 the anthrachinon was first converted into a dibromide of anthrachinon by treatment with bromine1 and this bromated compound1 by further treatment either with caustic potash or soda at a temperature of #ahj to #bjj ,c41 converted into alizarin-potassium 7or alizarin-sodium if caustic soda has been used71 from which the alizarin is set free by means of hydrochloric acid4 ,alizarin is now procured from anthrachinon by treatment at a temperature of #bfj ,c41 with concentrated sulphuric acid of #ahd sp4 gr41 the anthrachinon being converted into a sulpho-acid2 this acid is next neutralised with carbonate of lime1 the fluid decanted from the deposited sulphate of lime1 and carbonate of potash added to it1 with the object of throwing down all the lime4 ,the clear liquid is then evaporated to dryness1 the resulting saline mass is converted into alizarin-potassium by heating it with caustic potash4 ,from the alizarin-potassium thus obtained the alizarin is set free by the aid of hydrochloric acid4 ,in another method the preparation of anthrachinon is avoided1 and anthracen employed directly1 by first converting it1 by means of sulphuric acid and heat1 into anthracen sulphonic-acid4 ,after having been diluted with water1 the solution of this acid is treated with oxidising agents 7peroxides of manganese1 lead1 chromic acid1 nitric acid71 and the acid fluid is afterwards neutralised with carbonate of lime4 ,when peroxide of manganese has been used1 the manganese is also precipitated as oxide4 ,the oxidised sulpho-acid having been previously converted into a potassium salt1 the latter being heated with caustic potash1 alizarin is obtained4 ,the details of these two processes will be found set forth in the terms of the patent taken out by ,messrs ,caro1 ,graebe and ,liebermann1 further on4 ,the following method of preparing alizarin from anthracene paranaphthalene and their homologues is by ,girard4 ,the material used is that which distils between #bij and #cfj2 it is purified by distillation and pressure1 the portion which passes over1 between #cjj and #cje1 being collected separately4 ,this mixture is treated with potassium chlorate and hydrochloric acid1 whereby it is converted into tetra-chlorinated products4 ,these are oxidised either by nitric acid in the water bath1 or by a metallic oxide 7red or brown oxide of lead71 and sulphuric or acetic acid4 ,in the first place a mixture of dichloranthraquinine and chloride of chloroxyanthranyl are obtained4 ,these substances are treated in presence of a metallic oxide 7oxide of zinc1 oxide of copper1 or litharge71 with an alcoholic solution of sodium acetate4 ,the metallic oxide removes the last atom of chlorine from the sodium chloroxyanthranilate1 and converts it1 like the dichloranthraquinine1 into alizarin4 ,the purification is effected by means of benzine1 petroleum1 c41 which dissolve out the foreign matters1 and by successive precipitation from the alkaline solutions by mineral acids4 ,the foreign matters may also be separated by means of a little alum1 when it is necessary to work with neutral potash or soda salts4 ,another method for the preparation of alizarin has been patented by ,dale and ,schorlemmer4 ,it is as follows3 #a part of anthracen is boiled with #d to #aj parts of strong sulphuric acid1 then diluted with water1 and the solution neutralised with carbonate of calcium1 barium1 potassium1 or sodium4 ,the resulting sulphates having been removed by nitration or crystallisation1 the solution is heated to between #ahj and #bfj with caustic potash or soda1 to which a quantity of potassium nitrate or chlorate has been added1 about equal in weight to the anthracen1 as long as a blue-violet colour is thereby produced4 ,from this product the alizarin is separated in the usual way by precipitation with an acid4 ,several other patents have been taken out for the preparation of artificial alizarin4 ,the specification of ,messrs ,caro1 ,graebe1 and ,liebermann1 and dated ,june #beth1 #ahfi1 was the first which was taken out in ,england4 ,we quote it here because it enters more fully into detail than any of the others4 ,our invention is carried into effect by means of either of the two processes which we will proceed to describe4 ,in the one process we proceed as follows--,we take about one part by weight of anthraquinone and about three parts by weight of sulphuric acid of about specific gravity of #adhh1 and introduce the same into a retort1 which may be made of glass1 or porcelain1 or of any other material not easily acted upon by sulphuric acid1 and the contents are then to be heated up to about #bfj ,centigrade1 and the temperature is maintained until the mixture is found no longer to contain any appreciable quantity of unaltered anthraquinone4 ,the completion of this operation may be ascertained or tested by withdrawing a small portion of the product from time to time1 and continuing the operation at the high temperature until such product upon being diluted with water is found to form a substantially perfect solution1 thereby indicating that the anthraquinone has become either entirely or in greater part converted into the desired product4 ,the products thus obtained are then allowed to cool1 and are diluted with water2 carbonate of lime is then added in order to neutralise and remove the excess of sulphuric acid contained in the solution2 the mixture is then filtered1 and to the filtrate carbonate of potash1 or carbonate of soda1 by preference in solution1 is to be added until carbonate of lime is no longer precipitated2 the mixture is then filtered1 and the clear solution is evaporated to dryness1 by which means the potash or soda salts of the sulpho-acids of anthraquinone are obtained1 and which are to be treated in the following manner3--,we take about one part by weight of this product1 and from two to three parts by weight of solid caustic1 soda1 or potash2 water may be added or not1 but by preference we add as much water as is necessary to dissolve the alkali after admixture2 we heat the whole in a suitable vessel1 and the heating operation is continued at a temperature of from about #ahj to #bfj ,centigrade1 for about one hour1 or until a portion of the mixture is found upon withdrawing and testing it to give a solution in water1 which being acidulated with an acid1 for example1 sulphuric acid1 will give a copious precipitate of the colouring matters4 ,the heating operation having been found to have been continued for a sufficient time1 the resulting products are then dissolved in water1 and we either filter or decant the solution of the same1 from which we precipitate the colouring matters or artificial alizarin1 by means of a mineral or organic acid1 such1 for example1 as sulphuric or acetic acid4 ,the precipitated colouring matters thus obtained are collected in a filter or otherwise1 and after having been washed may be employed for the purpose of dyeing and printing1 either in the same way as preparations of madder are now used or otherwise4 ,in carrying out our other process we proceed as follows3--,we take about one part by weight of anthracene and about four parts by weight of sulphuric acid of specific gravity of about #ahdh1 and the mixture being contained in a suitable vessel1 is heated to a temperature of about #ajj ,centigrade1 and which temperature is to be maintained for the space of about three hours2 the temperature is then to be raised to about #aej ,centigrade1 which temperature is to be maintained for about one hour1 or until a small portion of the product when submitted to the two subsequent processes hereinafter described is found to produce the desired colouring matters2 we then allow the result obtained by this operation to cool1 and dilute it with water1 by preference in the proportion of about three times its weight4 ,to the solution thus obtained we add for every part of anthracene by weight which had been employed in the previous operations1 from about two to three parts by weight of peroxide of manganese1 preferring to employ an excess1 and we boil the whole strongly for some time1 and in order fully to ensure the desired degree of oxidation the mixture may be subsequently concentrated1 and by preference be evaporated to dryness1 and the heat be continued until a small portion of the oxidised product1 when submitted to the subsequent processes hereinafter described will produce the desired colouring matters4 ,we then neutralise and remove the sulphuric acid contained in this mixture1 and at the same time precipitate any oxides of manganese that may be held in solution1 by adding an excess of caustic lime1 which we use by preference in the form of milk of lime1 and we add the same until the mixture has an alkaline reaction4 ,we then filter1 and add to the filtrate carbonate of potash or soda1 until there is no further precipitation of carbonate of lime4 ,the solution is then filtered and evaporated to dryness1 and we thus obtain the potash or soda salts of what we call the sulpho-acids of anthraquinone4 ,in effecting the conversion of the oxidised products thus obtained into colouring matters1 or into what we call artificial alizarin1 we proceed as follows3--,we take one part by weight of this product1 and from two to three parts by weight of solid caustic soda or potash1 and water may be added or not1 but by preference we add as much water as may be necessary to dissolve the alkali4 ,after admixture we heat the whole in a suitable vessel1 and continue the heating operation at a temperature of about #ahj to about #bfj ,centigrade for about one hour1 or until a portion of the mixture is found to give a solution in water1 which upon acidulation with an acid1 for example1 sulphuric acid1 is found to give a copious precipitate of the colouring matters4 ,the heating operation having been found to have been continued for a sufficient time1 we then dissolve the product in water1 and either filter or decant the solution of the same1 from which we precipitate the colouring matters or artificial alizarin by means of a mineral or organic acid1 such1 for example1 as sulphuric or acetic acid4 ,the precipitated colouring matters thus obtained are collected on a filter or otherwise1 and after having been washed may be employed for the purpose of dyeing and printing1 either in the same way as preparations of madder are now used or otherwise4 ,instead of acting upon anthracen by means of sulphuric acid of the density before mentioned1 fuming sulphuric acid may be employed1 but we prefer to use the ordinary kind before described4 ,in order to effect the process of oxidation1 before referred to1 other oxidising agents may be used in the place of the oxide of manganese1 before mentioned1 such1 for example1 as perioxide of lead1 or chromic1 nitric1 or other acids capable of effecting the desired oxidation may be employed4 ,mr ,w4 ,h4 ,perkin's patent is similar in principle to that of ,messrs ,caro1 ,graebe1 and ,liebermann1 and is dated only one day later4 ,the following is an outline of a patent taken out in ,france in ,may1 #ahfi1 by ,,mm4 ,broenner and ,gutzkon1 for the manufacture of artificial alizarin4 ,one part of anthracen is heated with two parts of nitric acid1 sp4 gr4 #ac to #ae4 ,the anthraquinone thus produced is washed and dissolved at a moderate heat in sulphuric acid4 ,mercuric nitrate is now added1 which converts the anthraquinone into alizarin1 ,the mass thus formed is dissolved in an excess of alkali1 which precipitates the oxide of mercury1 and retains the colouring matters in solution4 ,the alkaline liquor is decanted and neutralised with sulphuric acid1 and the precipitate thus formed is washed and collected4 ,if not quite pure the treatment with alkali must be repeated4 7,the complete specification of this patent is published in the ',moniteur ,scientifique1' vol4 xi1 p4 #hfe47 ,in ,england a large quantity of artificial alizarin is manufactured by the process of ,mr ,perkin1 and is used as a substitute for madder and madder extract1 in ,turkey red dyeing and topical styles4 ,the largest makers of artificial alizarin on the continent are ,messrs ,gessert ,frres1 of ,ebelfort1 ,messrs ,maister1 ,lucius and ,co41 of ,hchst1 near ,frankfort1 and the ,badische ,anilin und ,soda ,fabric1 ,mannheim4 ,the following recipes for printing with artificial alizarin are extracted from ,mr ,crookes' ',practical ,handbook of ,dyeing and ,calico ,printing'3 ,,reds4 #e lbs4 alizarin paste 7#aj per cent472 #af lbs4 thickening2 #a lb4 acetate of alumina1 at #ae ,tw42 #a_/b lb4 acetate of lime1 at #be ,tw4 ,,pinks4 ,the above diluted with #b or #c parts of thickening4 ,for double printing1 when deep red is printed on first1 the goods must be steamed one hour before the second printing takes place4 ,after the second printing the goods are again steamed for one hour1 and aged for twenty-four hours2 they are then passed through one of the following baths1 at from #abj to #adj ,f41 remaining in the bath not longer than #a to #a-a_/b minute3-- #bej gals4 water2 #fj lbs4 chalk2 #c lbs4 tin crystals4 ,or1 #bej gals4 water2 #dj lbs4 chalk2 #aj lbs4 arseniate of soda4 ,the goods are then washed1 and cleaned as follows3-- ,take1 for #aj pieces of fifty yards each1-- #ast4 ,soaping at #abj ,f41 #c lbs4 soap2 #a_/d lb4 tin crystals4 #bnd4 ,soaping at #afj ,f41 #c lbs4 soap2 #crd4 ,soaping at #age ,f41 #c lbs4 soap4 ,wash between each soaping4 ,,red ,,for ,,mosaics4 #h lbs4 alizarin paste 7#aj per cent472 #aj quarts thickening2 #i-a_/b oz4 nitrate of alumina1 at #bc ,tw42 #ai oz4 acetate of alumina1 at #ae ,tw42 #ac oz4 acetate of lime1 at #be ,tw4 ,or1 #aj lbs4 alizarin paste 7#aj per cent472 #aj quarts thickening2 #ac oz4 nitrate of alumina1 at #bc ,tw42 #ai oz4 acetate of alumina1 at #ae ,tw42 #af oz4 acetate of lime1 at #be ,tw4 ,,another ,,red ,,without ,,oil4 #h-a_/b lbs4 alizarin paste 7#aj per cent472 #i-a_/b lbs4 acetic acid1 at #ab ,tw42 #c-a_/b lbs4 wheat flour2 #e pints water4 ,boil well and stir till cold2 then add-- #a lb4 acetate of lime1 at #bi ,tw42 #b lbs4 nitrate of alumina1 at #bc ,tw42 #c lbs4 hyposulphite of lime1 at #ac ,tw4 ,,purple4 #c lbs4 alizarin paste 7#aj per cent472 #aj quarts purple thickening2 #f oz4 pyrolignite of lime1 at #ah ,tw42 #ab oz4 acetate of lime1 at #be ,tw4 ,the printed goods are steamed for an hour or two1 and then aged from twenty-four to thirty-six hours4 ,they are then padded in the chalk and arseniate of soda bath2 after which they are washed and soaped in a single soap-bath without tin crystals2 and1 if needful1 cleaned in a weak solution of bleaching powder4 ,,thickening ,,for ,,reds4 #ab lbs4 wheat starch2 #dj quarts water2 #d quarts acetic acid1 #ii ,tw42 #a-a_/d lbs4 gum tragacanth2 #b lbs4 olive oil4 ,boil well together1 and stir till cold4 ,,thickening ,,for ,,purple4 #aj lbs4 starch2 #bg quarts water2 #c quarts acetic acid2 #a-a_/h lbs4 gum tragacanth2 #b lbs4 olive oil4 ,boil well together1 and stir till cold4 ,the mordants in the above recipes are prepared as fellows3 ,,acetate ,,of ,,alumina4 ,stir #cj lbs4 of hydrate of alumina into six quarts of acetic acid1 warm1 filter1 and reduce to the specific gravity required4 ,the hydrate of alumina is prepared by dissolving #gb lbs4 of alum in #ajj gals4 of water1 and #fb lbs4 soda in #ajj gals4 of water4 ,the two solutions are mixed1 this precipitate is washed eight times by decantation1 collected on a filter and pressed4 ,it must be dissolved on the filter before it gets dry4 ,,nitrate ,,of ,,alumina4 #b lbs4 nitrate of lead2 #b lbs4 alum2 #b quarts water4 ,dissolve and filter off the liquid from the precipitate1 and dilute to proper standard4 ,the reds are turned more yellow by nitrate than by acetate of alumina1 and when the former is used more acetate of lime is taken in addition4 ,,acetate ,,of ,,lime4 ,a solution of acetate of lime at #be ,tw4 contains #be per cent4 of acetate of lime2 generally #a_/ajth of the weight of alizarin paste is required2 but with a fresh quantity of alizarin it is safer to ascertain1 on a small scale1 the amount needed4 ,,brown4 #ac-a_/d lbs4 alizarin paste 7#ae per cent472 #i quarts thickening2 #b lbs4 nitrate of alumina1 at #bi ,tw42 #ae oz4 acetate of alumina1 at #ai ,tw42 #ae oz4 red prussiate potash1 dissolved in water2 #a lb4 #a oz4 acetate of lime1 at #bi ,tw4 ,to obtain a yellower shade1 for every quart of mixed colour1 #a oz4 bark liquor1 at #cj ,tw41 may be added4 ,old spoiled red colours may be advantageously used for browns by adding per quart1 #c_/d oz4 to #a oz4 red prussiate1 dissolved in water4 ,,alkali4 ,syn4 ,,alkali1 ,fr42 ,,langensalz1 ,ger4 ,this word has been used in various senses1 but is now usually applied to four substances only1 viz4 the hydrates of potassium1 sodium1 lithium1 and ammonium 7the latter being supposed to exist in the aqueous solution of ammonia74 ,in a more general sense it is applied to the hydrates of barium1 strontium1 and calcium1 which1 for the sake of distinction1 are called the alkaline earths4 ,the following properties are characteristic of the alkalies3--7#a7 ,they are soluble in water1 the alkalies proper more so than the alkaline earths4 7#b7 ,they change the hue of many vegetable colouring matters2 thus1 they turn reddened litmus blue1 yellow turmeric brown1 and syrup of violets and infusion of red cabbage green4 7#c7 ,they neutralise the strongest acids4 7#d7 ,they precipitate most of the heavy metals from solutions of their salts as hydrates or oxides4 7#e7 ,they saponify the fixed oils and fats4 7#f7 ,they exert a caustic or corrosive action on animal and vegetable substances4 ,,alkali ,,acts4 ,the principal alkali ,act is the #bf and #bg ,vict41 c4 #bd1 amended by #cg and #ch ,vict41 c4 #dc1 the amended ,act having come into operation in #ahge4 ,every alkali work must be carried on so as to ensure the condensation of not less than #ie of muriatic acid evolved therein2 and it must be so condensed that in each cubic foot of air1 smoke1 or chimney gases1 escaping from the works into the atmosphere1 there is not contained more than one fifth part of a grain of muriatic acid4 ,penalty for first conviction1 #ej2 for second and other offences1 #ajj1 or less 7#bf and #bg ,vict41 c4 #abd1 s4 #d2 #cg and #ch ,vict41 c4 #dc1 s4 #d74 ,the owner of every alkali work is also bound to use the best practicable means of preventing the discharge into the atmosphere of all other noxious gases arising from such work2 or of rendering such gases harmless when discharged4 ,the noxious gases are defined to be sulphuric acid1 sulphurous acid 7except that arising from the combustion of coals71 nitric acid1 or other noxious oxides of nitrogen1 sulphuretted hydrogen and chlorine 7#cg and #ch ,vict41 c4 #dc1 ss4 #e and #h74 ,the owner is liable for any offence against the ,alkali ,acts1 unless he prove that the offence was committed by some agent1 servant1 or workman1 and without his knowledge1 in which case the agent1 c41 is liable 7#bf and #bg ,vict41 c4 #abd1 s4 #e74 ,every alkali work must be registered2 penalty for neglect #e per day 7ibid41 s4 #f74 ,powers are given to owners to make special rules for the guidance of their workmen 7ibid4 s4 #ac74 ,,alkalim',,etry4 ,syn4 ,,alkalime',,tria1 ,l42 ,,alcalim,,trie1 ,fr4 ,in chemistry1 the estimation of the strength of the commercial alkalies2 the art or process of determining the quantity or proportion of pure caustic alkali1 or of its carbonate1 in any given sample or simple solution4 ,it is the reverse of 'acidimetry1' and it should be understood that it does not apply to alkalies occurring under any other form or condition than those just mentioned4 ,alkalimetric assays are now also frequently and conveniently extended to the estimation of the alkaline earths and their carbonates1 as hereafter noticed4 ,alkalimetrical processes4 ,these1 like those of 'acidimetry1' are for the most part founded on--the capacity of the bases to saturate acids--the estimation of the quantity of dry carbonic acid liberated from a given weight of an alkaline carbonate under the influence of a stronger acid2 and1 in the case of the pure alkalies1 the sp4 gr4 of their solutions4 ,from any one of these results the exact amount of alkali1 or of alkaline carbonate1 present in a sample1 is easily found or calculated4 ,these processes are1 indeed1 precisely similar to those described under ,,acidimetry2 but here the unknown quantity sought is the alkali1 instead of the acid4 ,assay4 ,the ,,sample is drawn from as near the centre of the cask containing the alkali as possible1 and at once placed in a wide-mouthed bottle1 which is then closely corked up and numbered4 ,before proceeding to the assay1 the contents of the bottle are thrown on a piece of dry paper1 the lumps crushed small1 and the whole reduced to coarse powder as rapidly as possible4 ,the number of grains required for the trial are then at once weighed1 placed in a phial or small glass tube1 and agitated with about #a_/b oz4 of hot water4 ,after a short time allowed for repose1 the clear liquid is poured off into a beaker-glass or other vessel in which the trial is to be made4 ,this process is repeated with a second and a third quantity of water1 or until nothing soluble remains1 shown by the last washings not affecting the colour of turmeric paper4 ,the greatest care must here be taken not to waste the smallest portion of the liquid1 which would render the results inaccurate4 ,to the solution in the beaker-glass a little solution of litmus is added1 unless the acid is tinted with it when it is unnecessary4 ,the solution is now heated until near its boiling point1 and a piece of white paper or porcelain put behind it1 to better show up the changes of colour4 ,the alkaline solution is now treated with the standard test-acid1 which is poured carefully from an alkalimeter or ,mohr's burette1 until the solution1 after turning a purple red1 suddenly assumes a pink colour4 ,neutralisation being thus effected1 the operator allows the sides of the alkalimeter or burette to drain1 and then either 'reads off' the number of divisions which have been consumed1 or 7if using the test-acid by weight7 determines the quantity by again weighing the alkalimeter4 ,the common practice is to allow two drops 7 #a_/eth of an alkalimetrical division by ,,volume1 or #b gr4 by ,,weight7 for over-saturation1 which is1 therefore1 deducted from the 'observed quantity' of the test-liquor employed4 ,in testing solutions of the ,,pure or ,,caustic ,,alkalies1 the colour1 on neutralisation1 suddenly changes from blue to pink or red1 without any intermediate vinous or purple colour being produced4 ,the quantity of test-acid used gives the absolute or per-centage composition of the sample examined1 according to the constitution of the test-acid used4 ,standard ,acids4 ,the various test-acids in use as described below1 each being used by different operators as they think best4 ,the most convenient test-acid1 or normal solution1 both for commercial and chemical assays1 is perhaps dilute sulphuric acid1 which1 when intended to be used ,,volumetrically1 has the sp4 gr4 #ajcb at #fj ,fahr41 and contains in #ajj alkalimetrical divisions #ajjj water-grains measure1 or #a litre1 exactly #di gr4 7or grammes7 of sulphuric acid2 and when intended to be used ,,gravimetrically1 or by weight1 has the sp4 gr4 #ajcc1 and contains in #ajjj gr4 7or grammes7 weight exactly #di gr4 7grammes7 of sulphuric acid2 and1 in both cases1 consequently corresponds to #a equiv4 of every other base4 ,these dilute acids are easily prepared by mixing #a part of the concentrated acid with #aa or #ab parts of distilled water2 the precise quantity depending on the strength of the acid employed1 and must be so arranged that #ajjj grains shall exactly neutralise #ajjj grains of water containing #ec grains of pure anhydrous sodium carbonate4 ,this acid 7as well as all those hereafter mentioned7 may be kept faintly tinged with litmus1 which is often more convenient than tinging the alkaline solution at the time of making the assay4 ,it will at once be seen that every alkalimeter division of the first of the above acids1 and every #aj gr4 of the second1 represent the #a_/ajjth part1 or #a of alkali whenever the equivalent weight#ah of the latter is taken for the assay4 ,every #a-ajth part of an alkalimeter-division 7or every drop71 and every grain weight 7when a ,schster's alkalimeter is employed7 then respectively represents the #a_/aj of #a2 and the result sought is obtained without the necessity of any calculation4 ,footnote #ah3 ,see ,table ,,ii1 at the end of this article4 ,this is obvious--for if the equivalent of a pure alkali or of its carbonate 7i4 e4 one of #ajj7 requires an equiv4 7#ajj alkalimeter-divisions1 or #ajjj gr47 of test-acid to saturate it1 an alkali or alkaline carbonate of #ge1 #ej1 or #be1 will respectively require only #ge1 #ej1 or #be divisions1 or #gej1 #ejj1 or #bej gr42 and so of other strengths in proportion4 ,the only precaution necessary is always to take the standard weight for the assay answering to the equiv4 of the denomination of the per-centage result sought4 ,thus1 in testing a carbonate of potash1 we may either wish to determine its per-centage richness in 'dry carbonate1' or in 'pure potassa1' the latter being usually the case4 ,to obtain the first1 we must take #fi gr4 for the assay2 and to obtain the second1 #dg gr4 ,with ,,caustic ,,alkalies1 or mixtures containing them1 the weight1 in grains1 taken for the assay1 must always correspond to the equiv4 of the pure base4 ,see ,table ,,ii1 at the end of this article4 ,in commercial assays1 when #ajj gr4 7or some aliquot part thereof7 are taken for trial1 the per-centage result is obtained from the number of alkalimeter-divisions1 or the number of grains1 of the test-acid consumed1 by the common ,rule of ,proportion4 ,thus3--,a crude sample of potash having taken #ij alkalimeter-divisions of test-acid to neutralise it1 would contain-- #ajj 3 #dg 33 #ij 3 #dbcj or nearly #db-a_/c per cent4 of pure potassa4 ,if only #ej1 #be1 or #bj gr4 are tested1 the result must1 of course1 be double1 quadruple1 c41 as the case may be4 ,or the third term of the proportion may be multiplied by the denominator of the fraction representing the aliquot part4 ,this1 in the case of #ej gr4 7repeating the above example71 would be-- #aj 3 #dg 33 #de #b 3 #dbcj as before2 but even these easy calculations may be simplified1 as is shown below4 ,one of the advantages1 and not the least1 attending the use of test-acids corresponding to equivalents1 is1 that by means of the simple ,rule of ,three1 the per-centage quantity of alkali may be found whether #ajj or any other number of grains have been submitted to trial4 ,for--,the weight of the sample tested 7in grains7 bears the same relation to the equivalent weight of the alkali under examination1 that the number of alkalimeter-divisions or of the grains of test-acid consumed do to the per-centage of alkali sought4 ,thus1 with a sample of #cc gr4 of pearlash taking #ce alkalimeter-divisions or #cej grains 7every #aj gr4 being #a7 of test-acid for neutralisation1 this would be-- #cc 3 #dg 33 #ce 3 #dihe or nearly #ej per cent4 of pure potassa4 ,by substituting the equiv4 of the dry carbonate of potash 7#fi71 for that of pure potassa used above1 the quantity of that article corresponding to the same weight of the pure alkali may be at once found4 ,repeating the last example this will be-- #cc 3 #fi 33 #ce 3 #gcah or nearly #gc-a_/d per cent4 ,the same applies to all the alkaline bases and their carbonates4 ,for commercial purposes1 there is used1 amongst others1 an empirical solution1 as a test-acid for potassa1 soda1 and ammonia1 to save the necessity of calculation4 ,this is dilute sulphuric acid having a sp4 gr4 of about #ajga2 #ajj alkalimeter-divisions 7#ajjj water-grains measure7 exactly saturate #ajj gr4 of pure potassa1 or #aac gr4 of anhydrous carbonate of soda4 ,the number of measures consumed1 read off by mere inspection from the scale of the alkalimeter1 gives the exact per-centage of alkali in the sample examined1 for ,,potash2 and by multiplying it by #ff1 that for ,,soda also4 ,by employing #cfb as the multiplier1 it gives the like result for ,,ammonia4 ,in fact1 occasionally1 in order to save the necessity of any calculation1 two 'test-acids' are frequently employed--the one for potash and the other for soda4 ,these are made by diluting sulphuric acid to a sp4 gr4 of near #ajga and #ajhf respectively2 #ajjj grains1 by measure1 of the first neutralising exactly #ajj grains of pure potassa1 or #aac of pure anhydrous soda carbonate1 and the latter neutralising exactly #ajj grains of pure soda1 or #aga gr4 of pure anhydrous sodium carbonate4 ,there is another system of preparing standard acids by means of a ,faraday's alkalimeter4 ,a strong acid is prepared by diluting sulphuric acid to a sp4 gr4 of #aabfh at #fj1 and #deeg grains exactly neutralise #ajj of anhydrous carbonate of soda4 ,the glass tube here referred to1 and known as ,faraday's ,,alkalimeter1 is graduated centesimally1 in the usual manner2 but opposite the numbers #bba1 #dhfb1 #eddc1 and #fe1 are cut the words 'soda1' 'potassa1' 'carbonate of soda1' and 'carbonate of potassa1' to indicate the quantity of the test-acid to be employed for each of these substances4 7,see engr47 ,it is used by pouring the test-liquor into it until it reaches the line marked against the alkali1 or carbonate1 under examination1 the remaining divisions being filled up with pure water1 and the whole well mixed by placing the thumb on the orifice of the tube and shaking it well4 ,the measure of the resulting dilute acid must then be very carefully observed1 and more water added1 if required1 to bring it up to the zero 7#j7 or #ajjj gr4 on the scale2 careful agitation being again employed as before4 ,the test-acid thus prepared is then added1 with the usual precautions1 to the sample until exact neutralisation is effected4 ,the quantity consumed for this purpose1 read off from the graduated scale1 expresses the exact per-centage of the pure ,,alkali1 or of its ,,carbonate1 as the case may be1 contained in the sample examined1 provided #ajj gr4 have been taken for the assay4 ,illustration ,another method sometimes used is that of ,m4 ,mohr1 and practised as follows3--,the alkaline solution1 slightly coloured blue with litmus1 is strongly super-saturated with a standard acid 7sulphuric or oxalic7 of known strength1 supplied from an alkalimeter in the usual manner2 the last traces of carbonic anhydride being removed by boiling1 shaking1 blowing into the flask1 and1 finally1 sucking out the air4 ,a standard solution of caustic soda 7of a strength exactly corresponding to that of the test-acid already used7 is now cautiously added1 drop by drop1 until the colour1 rendered yellowish-red by the acid1 just appears of a light blue4 ,the difference between the quantity of the solution of the test-alkali and of the test-acid consumed1 expresses the exact quantity of acid neutralised by the alkali1 and hence also its strength4 ,besides the above methods1 the alkaline carbonates are analysed1 by the loss of carbonic anhydride 7carbonic acid7 they suffer1 by being decomposed by a strong acid4 ,the best method in use is that of ,,mm4 ,fresenius and ,will1 and depends on the same principle1 and is performed in a similar manner and in a similar apparatus to that described under ,,acidimetry2 the only difference being that here the uses of the small tube 7e7 is dispensed with1 and that the alkali is tested under the form of carbonate1 instead of bicarbonate4 ,oper4 ,the smaller flask 7,b7 is about half filled with concentrated sulphuric acid1 and the sample of alkali1 in solution 7under the form of carbonate71 being placed in the larger flask 7,a71 water is added until it is about one third full4 ,the tubes are then fitted into the apparatus quite air-tight2 the end of the tube 7b7 is fastened with a piece of wax1 and the whole is very carefully weighed4 ,the apparatus is now removed from the scales1 and a perforated cork1 or a small piece of india-rubber tube1 being temporarily applied to the end of the tube 7h71 a few bubbles of air are sucked out of the flask 7,b7 by means of the lips2 the consequence of which is1 that on removing the mouth the acid in 7,b7 ascends to a certain height in the tube 7c74 ,if in a short time this little column of liquid maintains its height in the tube1 it is a proof that the apparatus is perfectly air-tight1 and as it should be4 ,suction is now again cautiously applied to the tube 7h7 and a little of the acid in 7,b7 made to flow over into the flask 7,a71 the quantity being proportionate to the vacuum produced by suction1 and capable of being regulated at will4 ,no sooner does the acid come into contact with the carbonate in the flask 7,a7 than the evolution of carbonic acid commences1 and this1 from the construction of the apparatus1 having to pass through the concentrated sulphuric acid1 is rendered quite dry before it can escape by the tube 7d7 into the atmosphere4 ,whenever the effervescence flags1 a little more acid is sucked over1 until the whole of the carbonate is decomposed2 after which an additional quantity is made to pass into 7,a71 so as to raise the temperature considerably1 for the purpose of expelling all the gas absorbed by the fluid during the operation4 ,as soon as this is effected1 the wax is removed from the aperture 7b71 and suction applied to 7h71 until all the carbonic acid in the apparatus is replaced by atmospheric air4 ,the whole is now allowed to cool1 and 7together with the piece of wax removed7 is again accurately weighed4 ,the loss of weight gives the exact amount of dry carbonic anhydride1 or anhydrous carbonic acid1 which was contained in the specimen1 from which the weight of ,,pure ,,alkali is readily estimated1 as every #bb gr4 of dry carbonic acid gas evolved represents exactly #ca gr4 of pure ,,soda1 #dg gr4 of pure ,,potassa1 c4 c42 these numbers being the equivalents of the respective substances from which the per-centage strength may be found by the rule of proportion1 as before explained4 ,thus1 in the case of a #ajj-;gr4 sample of carbonate of soda which has lost #ae-a_/d gr4 of carbonic acid1 by the assay1 this would be-- #bb 3 #ca 33 #ae-a_/d 3 #badh or nearly #ba-a_/b per cent4 of pure soda4 ,if #ec1 the equiv4 of anhydrous carbonate of soda1 be taken1 instead of #ca 7the eq4 of pure soda71 the answer would have been1 in the terms of that substance1 #cfgdh1 or nearly #cf-c_/d per cent4 ,when an aliquot part of #ajj gr4 has been taken for the assay1 either the result1 or the third term of the proportion1 must1 of course1 he multiplied by the denominator and divided by the numerator of the fraction representing such aliquot part4 ,by multiplying the weight of carbonic anhydride lost1 by the numbers opposite the names of the respective alkalies and their carbonates in the second column of the following ,table the equivalent per-centage value of the carbonates examined may be obtained in terms corresponding to the various denominations named therein1 when #ajj gr41 or any aliquot part of #ajj gr41 have been tested2 the result1 in the latter case1 being1 of course1 multiplied as before4 ,by taking certain standard weights for the assay1 the quantity of carbonic acid evolved may be made to furnish the per-centage strength or value of the specimen in the terms of either the pure or carbonated alkalies1 whether in their anhydrous or hydrated state4 ,the numbers in the second column of the following ,table represent the quantity in grains and decimal parts of each of the substances named in the first column1 equivalent to one grain of carbonic anhydride4 ,these numbers1 as already mentioned1 may be employed as factors for converting any numbers representing grains of that acid into the equivalents of these substances1 true to #d places of decimals2 and further1 they furnish us with the data for determining the exact number of grains which must be tested1 so that the loss of weight in carbonic anhydride shall at once give us the per-centage richness of the sample in the terms of the denomination for which it is taken4 ,the numbers in the third column of the ,table1 formed by simply moving the decimal point of the numbers in the second column one figure further to the right1 indicate the weights to be taken for the assay1 so that the loss of weight1 reckoned in tenths of a grain1 exactly represents the per-centage strength in the terms sought4 ,the weights corresponding to the numbers in the fifth column give the same results1 provided the loss of weight is reckoned in quarter-grains2 those in the sixth column effect the same when the loss of weight is reckoned in half-grains2 whilst those in the last column require that the gas eliminated should be counted in grains1 and are simply the numbers in the second column of the ,table multiplied by #ajj1 or reproduced by moving the decimal point two figures to the right4 ,,table ,i4--,multipliers and ,standard ,weights for the ,principal ,alkalies and their ,carbonates4 7,,cooley47 ,,key3 ,a - ,factors or ,multipliers for converting the weight of carbonic acid expelled into real strengths4 ,b - ,quantity 7in grains7 to be taken1 so that the per-centage value of the sample tested shall be shown in the terms of any of the denominations given1 by the weight of the evolved ,carbonic ,acid reckoned-- ,c - in tenths of a grain4 ,d - ,whole numbers and decimals4 ,e - ,nearest common numbers4 ,f - in quarter-grains4 ,g - in half-grains4 ,h - in grains4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,b ---------------------------------------- -- ,,names1 c ,c -------------- ,a ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,,ammonia 7pure1 gaseous7 #ggbgc #ggbg #g-c_/d #ai-a_/c #ch-e_/h #gg-c_/j ,carbonate of ammonia 7neutral1 anhydrous7 #aggbgcaggbgag-c_/d #dd-e_/af #hh-e_/h #agg-a_/d ,carbonate of ammonia 7neutral1 crystallised7 #aiggc #aiggcai-c_/d #di-g_/af #ih-g_/h #aig-c_/d ,sesquicarbonate of ammonia 7translucent7 #bfhah #bfhahbf-ac_/af #fg-a_/aj #acd-a_/ajbfh-a_/e ,bicarbonate of ammonia 7crystallised7 #ceiji #ceijice-i_/aj #hi-ac_/afagi-e_/h #cei-a_/aj ,,potassa 7anhydrous7 #bacfd #bacfdba-a_/b #ec-a_/b #ajg #bac-c_/h ,hydrate of potassa #bededfbedeebe-e_/aa #fc-e_/h #abg-a_/d #bed-a_/b ,carbonate of potassa 7anhydrous7 #cacfd #cacfdca-c_/h #gh-a_/b #aeg #cac-a_/b ,carbonate of potassa 7granulated7 #cggbg #cggbgcg-a_/b #id-c_/aj #ahh-e_/h #cgg-a_/d ,carbonate of potassa 7crystallised7 #ciede #ciedeci-e_/h #ii #aih #cie-a_/b ,bicarbonate of potassa 7crystallised7 #deded #dededde-a_/b #aac-c_/d #bbg-a_/b #ded-a_/b ,,soda 7anhydrous7 #adjia #adji #ad-a_/aj #ce-a_/d #gj-a_/b #ada ,hydrate of soda #ahahb #ahahbah-a_/e #de-a_/b #ia #ahb ,carbonate of soda 7anhydrous7 #bdjia #bdjiabd-a_/aj #fj-a_/d #abj-a_/b #bda ,carbonate of soda 7crystallised7 #fe #fe #fe #afb-a_/b #cbe #fej ,sesquicarbonate of soda 7dry2 theoretical7 #bijia #bijiabi-a_/aj #gb-a_/b #ade #bij ,sesquicarbonate of soda 7,ph4 ,l41 #ahcf7 #cgbgc #cgbgccg-a_/d #ic-a_/d #ahf-a_/b #cgc ,sesquicarbonate of soda 7average commercial7 #cgied #cgiedch #id-g_/h #ahi-c_/d #cgi-a_/b ,bicarbonate of soda 7crystallised7 #chahb #chahbch-a_/e #ie-a_/b #aia #chb ,,lithia 7pure1 anhydrous7 #fhah #fhah #f-ac_/af #ag-a_/bj #cd-a_/aj #fh-a_/e ,,baryta 7pure1 caustic7 #cdggc #cdggccd-d_/e #hf-g_/h #agc-g_/h #cdg-c_/d ,,lime 7pure1 caustic7 #abgbg #abgbgab-c_/d #ca-c_/d #fc-e_/h #abg-a_/d ,,magnesia 7pure1 anhydrous7 #ijiji #ijia #i-a_/aa #bb-c_/d #de-a_/b #ia ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,in this ingenious method of alkalimetry it is absolutely necessary that the whole of the alkali in the specimen tested should be in the state of neutral carbonate4 ,if a sample of potash contains any caustic alkali 7as the potashes and pearlash of commerce generally do71 ,fresenius and ,will direct it1 previously to being tested1 to be triturated with its own weight of pure quartzose sand1 and about one third of its weight of carbonate of ammonia2 and the resulting mixture1 placed in a small iron capsule1 or a porcelain crucible1 to be moistened with water1 and exposed to a gentle heat until it becomes quite dry1 and all the ammonia is expelled4 ,if the sample contains any bicarbonate or sesquicarbonate1 it must be heated to dull redness before being placed in the apparatus and tested4 ,in the case of crude soda 7particularly soda ash71 the proportion of carbonate of ammonia should be equal to at least one half the quantity operated on4 ,with both alkalies1 if the sample contains sulphides1 sulphites1 or hyposulphites1 the same method is to be followed1 except that solution of ammonia1 instead of water1 is to be employed for moistening the powder4 ,to remedy the error which would arise from the apparent amount of carbonic anhydride liberated during the assay1 being swelled by the disengagement of 'sulphuretted hydrogen' or sulphurous acid from these substances1 a small quantity of neutral 7i4 e4 yellow7 chromate of potash may be added to the alkaline solution in the flask 7,a72 by which they will be converted into sulphates1 sulphur1 and water1 which will remain in the apparatus1 the carbonic acid only being evolved4 ,as most sorts of soda of commerce contain one or other of the substances 7just7 named1 and as it is far more simple to add at once some chromate of potassa to the soda solution1 than to test the latter for either of the three salts1 it is always advisable to make it a rule1 in the examination of ,,soda1 to add some chromate of potassa4 7,fresenius47 ,if the sodium or other carbonate under analysis contains much chloride1 the addition of more sulphuric acid than necessary must be avoided1 and the carbonic anhydride expelled by gently heating over a warm bath1 and not by the addition of excess of acid4 ,illustration ,to obviate the difficulties1 and to give greater precision and delicacy to volumetrical assays1 the instrument known as ,mohr's ,,alkalimeter1 or ,mohr's ,,burette1 and which is figured in the margin1 may be employed4 ,by means of it the test-acid in the graduated tube 7a7 may be added to the alkaline solution in 7f71 in any quantity at a time1 however minute1 by merely pressing the handles of the clamp 7d7 with the thumb and finger4 ,the terminal tube 7e7 has its lower orifice very small1 and it is connected with the burette by means of a small piece of vulcanised india-rubber tube1 on which the clamp 7d7 acts4 7,see engr47 ,the inner cylindrical part of the arm 7b7 is lined with cork1 to prevent injury to the glass burette1 and to hold it the more firmly4 ,generally the alkali in the specimen examined may be in either the caustic or carbonated state1 or it may consist of any mixture of caustic alkali1 or carbonates2 but it is absolutely necessary for accurate results1 that it should be free from sulphides1 sulphites1 and hyposulphites1 as sulphuric acid acts upon these substances as well as on carbonates4 ,the presence of chlorides does not interfere with the accuracy of the assay1 unless a higher degree of heat is employed than that necessary for the expulsion of the absorbed carbonic acid4 ,the ,,soda-,,ash of commerce generally contains all these substances besides common salt1 sulphate of soda1 and insoluble matter1 which do not interfere4 ,rough samples of ,,pot-,,ashes and ,,pearl-,,ash also generally contain some sulphides1 though not a large quantity4 ,various plans have been proposed to avoid this source of error4 ,the best is that of ,,mm4 ,fresenius and ,will1 given above1 in which the value of the carbonates is estimated by their yield of carbonic anhydride4 ,the difference between an assay of a sample of the unprepared alkali and of another which has been treated as above1 indicates the quantity of impurities contained in them under the forms just referred to4 ,the presence of these substances in the commercial alkalies may be detected by the following tests3-- ,sulphides4 ,the addition of sulphuric acid causes the evolution of an odour like that of rotten eggs4 ,the sample in solution yields a black precipitate with acetate of lead4 ,but the most delicate test is the splendid violet-blue colour with nitro-prusside of sodium4 ,sulphites and ,hyposulphites4 ,a solution of the alkali1 insufficient for saturation1 being added to sulphuric acid tinged reddish yellow with bichromate of potash1 occasions a greenish tinge 7owing to the formation of oxide of chromium71 when these are present4 ,hydrochloric acid added to a clear solution1 after some time1 causes a turbidity and odour of sulphurous anhydride4 ,chlorides yield a copious curdy precipitate with nitrate of silver1 soluble in ammonia1 and reprecipitated by excess of nitric acid4 ,the amount of pure caustic alkali in a sample of alkali is best determined by ,fresenius's method1 as follows3--,the total amount of pure alkali1 both caustic and carbonated1 expressed in per-cents4 of carbonate of soda or carbonate of potassa1 is ascertained by any of the usual methods4 ,the apparent quantity of alkali per cent4 is then determined1 without previous treatment of the sample with carbonate of ammonia1 by the method of ,will and ,fresenius 7p4 #hf74 ,the difference between the results indicates the per-centage of dry caustic alkali present2 or if the volumetric method be in use1 it can be often fairly estimated by adding the first portions of the test-acid very gradually to the sample1 carefully observing the effect4 ,when the effervescence at length commences the weight or measure of the test-liquor expended shows the quantity of pure caustic alkali under treatment 7nearly74 ,the result depends upon the fact1 that little or no carbonic-acid gas is expelled from the liquid on the addition of the test-acid1 until the caustic portion is very nearly neutralised4 ,the quantity of ,,water or ,,moisture1 per cent41 present in an alkaline carbonate1 is indicated by the loss of weight which #ajj gr4 suffer on gentle ignition in a loosely-covered iron dish or platinum crucible4 ,so also with samples containing caustic alkali1 except that here the water of hydration 7 #a equiv4 #i7 is not expelled from the 'caustic' portion1 and must therefore be determined by calculation4 ,other matters deserving the serious attention of the operator are--hitting the exact point of neutralisation1 and--preparing the test-acids of the proper strength4 ,the method of effecting the former correctly has been already referred to in this article1 and is also fully noticed under ,,acetimetry and ,,acidimetry4 ,test-acids may be very simply prepared by gradually diluting concentrated sulphuric acid with water until it is reduced to the proper strength2 the dilution being made in a glass vessel containing a 'hydrostatic bead' exactly corresponding to the desired specific gravity of the dilute acid4 ,when the proper point is reached1 and the mixture has again acquired the normal temperature of #fj ,fahr41 the bead rises from the bottom of the vessel1 and floats about indifferently in the middle of the liquid4 ,the sp4 gr4 may then he carefully ascertained by means of an hydrometer or a specific gravity bottle2 after which the strength must be accurately determined by means of a standard solution of either pure anhydrous carbonate of soda or pure caustic soda4 ,an acid of any given strength or saturating power may also be prepared in the following manner3--#di parts of commercial sulphuric acid 7oil of vitriol71 sp4 gr4 #ahbe1 contain nearly #dj parts or #a equiv4 of anhydrous sulphuric acid2 if we1 therefore1 wish to prepare a dilute acid containing in every #ajjj grains weight1 or measure1 exactly #a equiv4 of hydrated sulphuric acid1 we have only to make #di gr4 of such acid up to #ajj gr4 weight or measure with pure water4 ,after it has recovered the proper temperature1 its sp4 gr41 or rather its saturating power1 must be carefully tried1 and1 if necessary1 readjusted4 ,as1 however1 it very often happens that the oil of vitriol employed is not so strong as that above referred to1 it is better first to test its strength with pure anhydrous carbonate of soda1 and to calculate the quantity required by the ,rule of ,proportion4 ,every #ec gr4 of the dry carbonate are equal to #dj gr4 of 'dry sulphuric acid4' ,suppose we find the oil of vitriol to contain only #gb of hydrated acid1 then-- #ajj 3 #dj 33 #gb 3 #eeee or1 instead of only #dj gr41 fully #ee-a_/d gr4 will be required1 which are to be made up with water to #ajjj gr41 as before4 ,finally1 the diluted acid must be very carefully re-tested1 and if found correct1 at once put into a well-stoppered bottle1 and labelled1 for use4 ,too much care cannot be taken to ensure the test-liquid1 whether for alkalies or acids1 being of the proper strength1 of which the specific gravity alone is an insufficient proof4 ,in practice1 so small a quantity only of test-acid as that referred to above is1 of course1 seldom made2 but as any larger quantities are mere multiples of the smaller one1 the necessary proportions to be employed are easily calculated4 ,the common plan is to prepare one or more gallons or quantities of #aj lbs4 each1 and to preserve the liquid in stoppered green glass ',winchester-quart bottles1' so that it may be always ready for use4 ,although1 as may be inferred from the text1 sulphuric acid is generally used as the standard acid1 yet oxalic acid in pure crystals is recommended by ,m4 ,mohr1 and answers admirably1 and is prepared and used exactly in the same manner4 ,,table ,,ii4--,alkalimetrical ,equivalents4 ,grains4 #ag ,,ammonia 7pure or gaseous74 #dc-a_/b ,carbonate of ammonia 7neutral1 hydrated74 #ei ,sesquicarbonate of ammonia 7,ph4 ,l42 translucent1 hydrated74 #gi ,bicarbonate of ammonia 7crystallised74 #dg ,,potassa 7anhydrous74 #ef ,hydrate of potassa 7pure caustic potassa74 #fi ,carbonate of potassa 7anhydrous74 #hc 7granulated1 commercial74 #hg 7crystallised74 #ajj ,bicarbonate of potassa 7crystallised74 ,grains #ca ,,soda 7anhydrous74 #bb ,carbonic anhydride #dj ,hydrate of soda 7pure caustic 7dry74 soda74 #fc ,oxalic acid #ec ,carbonate of soda 7anhydrous74 7crystallised74 #adc 7crystallised74 #di ,sulphuric acid are #hd ,bicarbonate of soda 7liquid1 equivalent 7crystallised74 monohydrated1 to #hc-a_/b ,sesquicarbonate of soda sp4 gr4 #ahdhe74 7average commercial74 #ge ,tartaric acid #hd ,bicarbonate of soda 7crystals1 7crystallised74 or cryst4 powder1 #ajjj ,dilute sulphuric acid free from moisture74 7sp4 gr4 #ajcc74 ,water--gr4 measure4 #ae ,,lithia4 #ajjj ,dilute sulphuric #bd ,hydrate of lithia4 acid 7sp4 gr4 #ajcb74 #cg ,carbonate of lithia4 #gf-a_/b ,,baryta 7pure1 caustic74 #he-a_/b ,hydrate of baryta4 #ih-a_/b ,carbonate of baryta4 #bh ,,lime 7pure1 caustic2 i4 e4 quick-lime74 #cg ,hydrate of lime 7slaked lime74 #ej ,carbonate of lime 7chalk2 marble74 #bj ,,magnesia 7pure1 calcined74 #db ,carbonate of magnesia 7dry1 neutral74 #dh-a_/b 7ordinary commercial74 #eb ,,stronia 7pure1 caustic74 #fa ,hydrate of strontia4 #gd ,carbonate of strontia4 ,,alkaloid4 ,syn4 ,,vegetable ,,alkali1 ,,organic ,,base2 ,,alkalo,,des 7pl41 -,,ides1 or -,,id71 ,l42 ,,alcalo,,de1 ,,alcali ,,organique1 ,fr4 ,in chemistry1 a name commonly given to any proximate principle of vegetable origin possessing alkaline or basic properties1 however feeble4 ,in its most extended sense the term embraces all organic bases1 whether obtained from the animal or vegetable kingdom1 or produced artificially4 ,the alkaloids form a numerous and important class of bodies4 ,they exist in nature nearly always in the form of salts1 the acid being often1 like themselves1 peculiar to the plant1 or class of plants1 in which they are found2 whilst the medicinal activity of the latter1 in most cases1 almost entirely depends on their presence4 ,prep4 ,the following general methods of procuring the alkaloids will be found applicable to such as full directions are not given for under their respective heads3-- #a4 7,when the base is insoluble in water1 non-volatile1 and existing in the plant in an insoluble form47 ,the bruised plant is boiled or macerated in water acidulated with hydrochloric or acetic acid1 and the liquor1 after filtration1 is neutralised with an alkali 7ammonia1 potassa1 lime1 or magnesia72 the resulting precipitate is purified by re-solution in dilute acid1 digestion with a little animal charcoal1 and subsequent crystallisation1 or re-precipitation with an alkali2 or the first precipitate is purified by dissolving it once1 or1 if necessary1 several times1 in boiling alcohol1 which yields the pure alkaloid either on cooling or by evaporation4 #b4 7,when the base is insoluble in water1 and non-volatile1 but existing in the plant as a soluble salt47 ,the bruised or sliced plant is boiled or macerated in water1 and the filtered liquor precipitated and otherwise treated as before4 #c4 7,when the base is soluble in water1 and non-volatile47 ,an infusion made with very dilute acid1 hydrochloric or acetic1 is concentrated by a gentle heat2 and the residual liquor treated with potassa 7or concentrated solution of ammonia7 and ether conjointly2 after repose1 the ethereal solution is decanted and evaporated4 ,for those alkaloids which are insoluble in ether 7as morphia and cinchonia71 the previous process may be adopted4 #d4 7,when the base is both soluble in water and volatile47 ,the vegetable1 in a bruised or divided state1 or its extract1 is alkalised with potassa and distilled2 the distillate is neutralised with dilute oxalic or sulphuric acid1 and carefully evaporated to dryness2 the residuum is next digested in alcohol1 and the resulting tincture agitated with potassa and ether1 the former being in quantity just sufficient to seize on all the acid2 lastly1 the ethereal solution thus formed1 on careful evaporation1 leaves the alkaloid nearly pure4 ,it may be further purified by cautious distillation4 ,as some of the alkaloids are soluble in excess of the alkaline precipitant1 over-saturation should be carefully avoided2 or the precipitant may be used under the form of carbonate or bicarbonate4 ,when lime and magnesia are employed1 they are boiled for a few minutes with the solution4 ,props4 ,alcoholic or aqueous solutions of the alkaloids generally exhibit an alkaline reaction with vegetable colours4 ,like the alkalies1 also1 they combine with acids to form salts which1 when dissolved in water1 are capable of producing the ordinary phenomena of saline double decomposition4 ,their taste is usually intensely bitter4 ,the majority of the natural alkaloids contain carbon1 hydrogen1 nitrogen1 and oxygen1 and are1 at ordinary temperatures1 solid1 and not volatile without decomposition4 ,some natural alkaloids contain carbon1 hydrogen1 and nitrogen only2 these are1 for the most part1 liquid at ordinary temperatures1 and can be distilled without decomposition4 ,the greater number of the artificial alkalies are composed of carbon1 hydrogen1 and nitrogen2 some1 however1 contain oxygen in addition4 ,alkaloids have also been obtained artificially1 in which nitrogen is replaced by phosphorus1 arsenic1 antimony1 or bismuth4 ,most of the alkaloids1 as they are obtained in the free state1 correspond in function to ammonia1 ,,nh#c1 rather than to the fixed alkalies2 that is to say1 they form salts by direct union with acids1 without elimination of water or any other substance4 ,in order to make them strictly comparable to the fixed alkalies1 they require1 like ammonia1 the addition of water 7,h#b,o7 to their formul2 they may then be considered as hydrates of compound radicles analogous to ammonium4 ,physiological action4 ,the alkaloids generally possess great medicinal power2 some of them act with terrific energy1 and are the most violent poisons with which we are acquainted4 ,perfectly pure aconitia is about #bjj times more poisonous than arsenic1 and at least #ej times more poisonous than ordinary medicinal prussic acid4 ,the greater number act on animals in the same way as the plants which produce them1 provided they are given in proportionately small doses4 ,many of them1 when judiciously administered1 are most valuable medicines4 ,pois41 ,ant41 c4 ,some of the alkaloids act as narcotic or stupefying poisons2 others are classed with the narcotico-acrid poisons1 or those which produce both narcotism and irritation of the parts they touch4 ,the general symptoms produced by opium and its preparations may be taken as an example of the former2 those from aconite and strychnia1 of the latter4 ,in large doses of the greater number1 narcotism predominates2 in smaller ones1 irritation2 they are rarely coexistent4--,treatm4 ,no common antidote to the effects of this class of substances has yet been discovered4 ,the only safe treatment1 of at all general application1 is to immediately clear the stomach by means of a strong and quick-acting emetic 7as sulphate of zinc71 or the stomach-pump1 and to administer copious and continued draughts of astringent vegetable solutions 7as of tannin1 nut-galls1 oak-bark1 or what is always at hand--very strong tea or coffee74 ,these may be followed by or combined with a smart purge of castor oil1 as soon as the stomach is thoroughly cleared of the poison4 ,m4 ,bouchardat strongly recommends a solution of iodine1 #c gr41 and iodide of potassium1 #f gr41 in pure water1 #af fl4 oz41 in cases of poisoning by ,,opium1 ,,aconite1 ,,colchicum1 ,,deadly ,,nightshade1 ,,hemlock1 ,,nux ,,vomica1 c41 or by the alkaloids obtained from them--,,aconitine1 ,,atropia1 ,,colchicina1 ,,conia1 ,,morphia1 ,,strychnia1 c41 or their salts2 but not where foxglove or digitalin has been taken4 ,the stomach having been well emptied by an emetic1 the solution is to be given by wine-glassfuls for some time2 the vomiting being still encouraged during the early part of the administration of the antidote4 ,in the case of narcotics 7as opium1 morphia1 c471 this is to be followed by the free use of a strong infusion of coffee4 ,according to ,dr ,garrod1 purified animal charcoal is an 'excellent antidote' to many of the alkaloids1 including those above enumerated1 when taken in poisonous doses2 as it not merely absorbs them1 but1 for the most part1 renders them inert4 ,to be serviceable it should be recently prepared and fresh-burnt2 and should be given in doses of about an ounce at a time1 diffused in warm or tepid water1 and frequently repeated4 ,the vomiting which follows its use1 owing to the warm water1 proves advantageous2 but after a sufficient time may be lessened by employing less water1 or cooler or even cold water4 ,drowsiness1 if present1 may be combated by the subsequent use of strong coffee or tea1 as before4 ,we have seen this plan succeed in several cases4--,lesions4 ,these1 like the symptoms1 vary4 ,in some cases there are redness and inflammation of the stomach and intestines1 and turgescence of the vessels of the lungs and brain2 in others1 these appearances are either slight or wholly wanting4 ,wherever there has been much cerebral disturbance1 traces of congestion are usually discernible4 ,detec41 ,tests1 c4 ,the identification of the pure alkaloids is extremely simple2 but their detection1 when combined with organic and colouring matters1 is a task of considerable difficulty4 ,one or other of the following plans may be adopted for this purpose3-- #a4 7,merck47 ,the matter under examination is digested1 for several hours1 with concentrated acetic acid1 added in sufficient quantity to produce a strongly acid reaction2 the fluid portion is then strained from the insoluble matter1 and the latter being washed with water acidulated with acetic acid1 the mixed liquors are gently evaporated to dryness in a water bath2 the residuum of the evaporation is boiled first with rectified spirit1 and next with rectified spirit acidulated with acetic acid2 the mixed liquors are again evaporated1 the residuum redissolved or diluted with distilled water1 and carbonate of soda or potassa added to feebly alkaline reaction1 and the whole1 after evaporation to the consistence of a syrup1 set aside to repose for #bd hours2 it is now again diluted with water1 filtered1 and the insoluble portion washed with cold distilled water1 and digested with concentrated acetic acid2 this last solution is diluted with distilled water1 and decoloured with pure blood-charcoal 7if it be necessary72 the fluid1 either at once1 or after cautious evaporation1 may then be tested for the alkaloids1 in the usual manner4 ,the charcoal previously used should also be tested in the way described below4 ,this method answers admirably with all the ,,non-,,volatile ,,alkaloids1 and may be applied to the stomach and viscera1 and their contents1 and to food1 c41 in cases of poisoning4 #b4 7,stas47 ,the suspected matter1 in a finely divided state1 is digested1 at #afj to #afe ,fahr41 with twice or thrice its weight of strong alcohol acidulated 7according to the quantity7 with #a_/b dr4 to #b or #c dr41 or more1 of pure oxalic or tartaric acid4 ,after a sufficient time1 and when the whole has become quite cold1 it is thrown on a filter1 and the undissolved portion1 after being squeezed dry1 is washed with strong alcohol4 ,the mixed and filtered alcoholic liquids are then evaporated at a temperature not exceeding #ie ,fahr41 and1 if no insoluble matter separates1 the evaporation is continued nearly to dryness2#ai but if fatty or other insoluble matter separates during the process of concentration1 the concentrated fluid is passed through a moistened filter1 and the filtrate evaporated nearly to dryness1 as before4 ,the residuum is next digested with absolute alcohol1 in the cold1 the insoluble portion1 after filtration1 washed with alcohol1 and the mixed filtrates again evaporated in the air1 or in vacuo4 ,the acid residue is now dissolved in a little distilled water1 and bicarbonate of soda added as long as effervescence ensues4 ,to this mixture #d or #e times its volume of ether is added1 and after lengthened agitation 7the bottle or tube being held in a cold wet cloth71 the whole is allowed to repose for a short time4 ,a little of the supernatant ether is now removed to a small glass capsule or watch-glass1 and allowed to evaporate spontaneously4#ai ,when this leaves oily streaks upon the glass1 which gradually collect into a small drop1 which emits1 when gently heated1 a disagreeable1 pungent1 and stifling odour1 the presence of a ,,liquid ,,volatile ,,base or ,,alkaloid is inferred2 whilst a solid residue or a turbid fluid with small solid particles floating in it1 indicates a ,,non-,,volatile ,,solid ,,base4#bj ,in either case the blue colour of reddened litmus is permanently restored by the residuum4 ,if no residuum is left on the capsule1 some solution of pure soda or potassa is added to the liquid1 the whole well agitated for several minutes1 and the ether 7after repose7 decanted2 an operation which is repeated with fresh ether a second1 third1 and even a fourth time4 ,the base1 or bases 7if any are present71 will now be found in the mixed ethereal solution1 which is1 therefore1 tested as before4 ,the presence of an alkaloid being detected1 the mixed ethereal solutions are allowed to evaporate spontaneously1 care being taken1 if a volatile alkaloid be present1 to neutralise the liquid with an acid before the final evaporation4 ,the last residuum is then tested for the particular alkaloid present1 as before4#ba ,footnote #ai3 ,the evaporation1 according to ,stas1 should be conducted under a bell-glass over sulphuric acid1 with or without rarefaction of the air2 or in a tubular retort through which a current of air is made to pass4 ,footnote #bj3 ,a merely disagreeable animal odour1 without pungency1 is here disregarded4 ,footnote #ba3 ',bulletin de l',acadmie de ,md4 ,belgique1' ix1 #cjd2 ',jahrb4 f4 prakt4 ,pharm1' xxiv1 #cac2 c4 ,this method1 according to ,stas1 answers well for all the ,,alkaloids which are soluble in ether2 including--,,aconitia1 ,,aniline1 ,,atropia1 ,,brucia1 ,,codeia1 ,,colchicina1 ,,conia1 ,,delphia1 ,,emetina1 ,,hyoscyamine1 ,,morphia 7871 ,,nicotia1 ,,petinine1 ,,picoline1 ,,solanine1 ,,strychnia1 ,,veratria1 c4 ,by means of it ,stas found nicotia in the heart-blood of a poisoned dog4 ,with such alkaloids as are1 however1 only very sparingly soluble in ether 7as morphia for instance71 the result must1 necessarily1 be doubtful4 ,to detect these1 as well as all the alkaloids which are insoluble in ether1 it is1 therefore1 necessary1 as directed by ,otto1 to add to the alkaline fluid left by the decantation of the ether1 sufficient solution of soda to dissolve the morphia1 c4 7if any has separated71 and after the expulsion of the last traces of the ether by a gentle heat1 to add a concentrated solution of hydrochlorate of ammonia1 and to allow the mixture to repose for some time in the open air4 ,when ,,morphia is present1 it separates under the form of small crystals4#bb ,or the alkaline liquor may be diluted with distilled water1 and treated with charcoal1 and this with alcohol1 in the manner noticed under method #d 7below74 ,footnote #bb3 ,otto's ',how to ,detect ,poisons4' #d4 7,graham and ,hoffmann--slightly modified47 #b or #c oz4 of purified animal charcoal are digested in about #a_/b gal4 of the 7neutral or only slightly acid7 aqueous fluid under examination1 with frequent agitation1 for #aj to #ab hours1 or longer4 ,the liquid is then filtered1 and the charcoal left on the filter is washed twice with cold distilled water4 ,the charcoal is then boiled for #a_/b an hour with about #a_/b a pint of rectified spirit of #hj or #ij2 the ebullition being conducted in a flask having a very long tube1 open at both ends1 fitted air-tight through the cork1 to prevent loss of the alcohol by evaporation4 ,the spirit1 which now contains the alkaloid 7if any was present in the original liquor71 is next filtered whilst hot1 and the filtrate is submitted to distillation until the whole of the alcohol is removed4 ,a small quantity 7commonly a few drops7 of solutions of potassa is then added to the residual aqueous liquor1 followed by #a to #b fl4 oz4 of pure ether1 after which the whole is well agitated for several minutes1 and allowed to repose for a short time4 ,lastly1 the supernatant ether is decanted1 and allowed to evaporate spontaneously1 when the residuum 7if any7 left in the capsule may be tested by reagents1 as before4 ,this method was devised for the detection of ,,strychnia and ,,nux ,,vomica in malt-liquors2 but it is equally applicable to the detection of ,,any ,,alkaloid which is soluble in ether4 ,the ,,charcoal ,,test may also be employed to detect alkaloids which are insoluble in ether2 but then the base must be sought in the aqueous residuum obtained by the evaporation of the alcohol4#bc ,footnote #bc3 ',journ4 of the ,chem4 ,soc41' v1 #agc4 ,the presence of the alkaloids and their salts1 in clear solutions1 may be thus determined3-- ,i4 7,fresenius74--#a4 ,the solution is rendered very slightly alkaline with dilute solution of potassa or soda1 added drop by drop3-- a4 ,no precipitate is formed2 total absence of the alkaloids4 7,see #d1 below47 b4 ,a precipitate is formed3--solution of potassa or soda is added1 drop by drop1 until the liquid exhibits a strong alkaline reaction3-- ,greek3 a4 ,the precipitate redissolves2 absence of ,brucia1 ,cinchonia1 ,narcotina1 ,quina1 ,strychnia1 and ,veratria2 probable presence of ,,morphia4 ,greek3 b4 ,precipitate does not redissolve1 or not completely2 probable presence of one or more of the first six of the above-named alkaloids3--the fluid is filtered from the precipitate1 mixed with either bicarbonate of soda or of potassa1 gently boiled nearly to dryness1 and treated with water4 ,if it dissolves completely2 absence of morphia2 an insoluble residue indicates ,,morphia4 #b4 ,the precipitate #a4 b4 ,greek3 b4 is washed with cold distilled water1 dissolved in a slight excess of dilute sulphuric acid1 neutralised with a saturated solution of bicarbonate of soda1 and allowed to repose a few hours3#bd-- ,footnote #bd3 ,before setting the glass aside the liquor should be well mixed1 and the glass stirrer vigorously rubbed against the sides of the vessel4 a4 ,no precipitate2 absence of ,cinchonia1 ,narcotina1 and ,quina3--the solution is gently evaporated nearly to dryness1 and treated with cold water3--if it dissolves completely1 pass on to #d2 if there is an insoluble residue1 it may contain ,brucia1 ,strychnia1 or ,veratria4 7,see #c47 b4 ,a precipitate3--the filtered fluid is treated as directed at #b a42 the precipitate is washed with cold distilled water1 dissolved in a little hydrochloric acid1 ammonia is added in excess1 and subsequently a sufficient quantity of ether1 agitation being had recourse to3-- ,greek3 a4 ,the precipitate formed by the ammonia redissolves completely in the ether1 and the clear fluid separates into two layers2 absence of ,cinchonia2 probable presence of ,,quina or ,,narcotina4 ,greek3 b4 ,the precipitate produced by the ammonia does not redissolve in the ether1 or not completely2 probable presence of ,,cinchonia1 and perhaps also of ,quina or ,narcotina4 ,the filtered liquid may be tested for these alkaloids as at a4 #c4 ,the insoluble residuum after the evaporation of the solution #b4 a41 or of the filtrate #b4 b41 is now dried in a water bath1 and digested with absolute alcohol3-- a4 ,it dissolves completely2 absence of strychnia2 probable presence of ,,brucia1 ,,quina 7871 or ,,veratria3--the alcoholic solution is evaporated to dryness1 and1 if quina has been already detected1 the residue is divided into two portions1 one of which is tested for ,brucia1 the other for ,veratria4 b4 ,it does not dissolve1 or not completely2 probable presence of ,,strychnia1 and perhaps also of ,brucia and ,veratria3--the filtered fluid is divided into two portions1 and tested separately as at a4 #d4 ,the original liquid #a4 a4 may contain ,salicine1 a proximate vegetable principle closely allied to the alkaloids3--a portion is boiled with hydrochloric acid for some time2 the formation of a precipitate shows the presence of ,,salicin4 7,see #b1 below47#be ,footnote #be3 ,for further information on this subject1 see the admirable ',system of ,qual4 ,chem4 ,anal41' by ,dr ,c4 ,r4 ,fresenius4 ,churchill4 ,,ii4 7,larocque and ,thibierge47 ,terchloride of gold is recommended1 by these writers1 as a more decisive test for the alkaloids than the 'double chloride of gold and sodium' commonly employed for this purpose4 ,the following are the colours of the precipitates which it produces with the aqueous solution of their salts3--,,brucia1 milk-brown1 passing into coffee-brown1 and lastly chocolate-brown3--,,cinchonia1 sulphur yellow3--,,morphia1 yellow1 then bluish1 and lastly violet2 in this last state the gold is reduced1 and the precipitate is insoluble in water1 alcohol1 the caustic alkalies1 and sulphuric1 nitric1 and hydrochloric acid2 it forms with aqua regia a solution which is precipitated by protosulphate of iron3--,,quina1 buff-coloured3--,,strychnia1 canary-yellow3--,,veratria1 pale greenish-yellow4 ,all these precipitates1 with the exception mentioned1 are very soluble in alcohol1 insoluble in ether1 and only slightly soluble in water4 ,those with morphia and brucia are sufficiently marked to prevent these alkalies from being mistaken for each other2 and those with brucia and strychnia are1 in like manner1 easily distinguishable4 ,,iii4--,mr ,wanklyn discriminates the different alkaloids from the estimation of the ammonia they evolve4 ,his process is as follows3--,a small flask with a lateral tube1 and connected with a ,liebig's condenser1 is charged with about #be c4 c4 of an alkaline solution of permanganate potash made by dissolving #bjj grammes of caustic potash and #h grammes of crystallised permanganate of potash in #a litre of water4 ,a minute quantity of the alkaloid carefully and accurately weighed is now introduced1 and the mixture slowly distilled4 ,the most satisfactory results are obtained by treating from #a to #e milligrammes of the alkaloid in this way1 but quantities so small as #a_/ajth of a milligram will in skilled hands give accurate results4 ,the ammonia is formed in the distillate by ,nesslerising it1 as described under ,,water ,,analysis4 ,for all practical purposes the poisonous alkaloids may be divided into four classes3 7a7 ,those which yield from #e to #b per cent4 of ammonia4 7b7 ,those which yield from #b to #c per cent4 of ammonia4 7c7 ,those which yield from #c to #e per cent4 of ammonia4 7d7 ,those which yield a larger quantity than #e per cent41 e4g4 ,i4 ,,nh#c per cent4 ,,solanine yields half its nitrogen as ,ammonia #jih ,,ii4 ,,morphia yields half its nitrogen as ,ammonia #bih ,,codeine1 ditto1 ditto #bhg ,,papaverine1 ditto1 ditto #bej ,,veratria1 ditto1 ditto #bhg ,,iii4 ,,atropia yields all its nitrogen as ,ammonia #egc ,,narcotine1 ditto1 ditto #daa ,,strychnia yields half its nitrogen as ,ammonia #eji ,,brucine1 ditto1 ditto #dcb ,,aconite1 ditto1 ditto #cej ,,coneine1 ditto1 ditto #dfj ,,iv4 ,,nicotine yields half its nitrogen as ,ammonia #ajdi ,,iv4 ,dr ,guy1 as well as others1 have made researches1 having for their object the determination of the exact temperature at which the poisonous alkaloids melt and sublime4 ,a very minute speck of the substance is placed on a porcelain plate or copper disc1 and a square or oval of microscope-covering glass is placed over it1 supported by a thin ring of glass or any other convenient substance4 ,heat is then applied to the plate or copper1 and the temperature1 as indicated by a thermometer at which the substance fuses or volatilises1 is carefully noted4 ,,cantharidine sublimes as a white ,fahr4 ,cent4 vapour without change of form or colour4 #bab #ajj ,sublime4 ,melt4 _/---------- _/---------- ,sublime1 melt and ,fahr4 ,cent4 ,fahr4 ,cent4 ,,morphine yield carbonaceous #ccj #afe #cdj #aga ,,strychnine residue4 #cde #agd #dcj #bbd ,melt4 ,sublime4 _/---------- _/---------- ,fahr4 ,cent4 ,fahr4 ,cent4 ,,aconitine #adj #fj #djj #bjd ,,atropine ,melt1 change #aej #ff #bhj #ach ,,veratrine colour1 sublime1 #bjj #ic #cfj #ahb ,,brucine and #bdj #aaf #djj #bjd ,,digitalin deposit carbon4 #caj #aed #caj #aed ,,picrotoxin #cbj #afj #cbj #afj ,,solanine #dbj #bae #dbj #baf ,selmi's method of extracting poisonous alkaloids in forensic investigations4 ,the alcoholic extract of the viscera1 acidified and filtered1 is evaporated at #fe ,c41 the residue taken up with water1 filtered to separate fatty matters1 and decoloured by means of basic acetate of lead1 leaving the solution in contact with the air for #bd hours4 ,it is then filtered1 the lead precipitated by means of sulphuretted hydrogen1 and the solution after concentration repeatedly extracted with ether4 ,the ethereal solution is then saturated with dry carbonic anhydride1 which generally causes a precipitate of minute drops adhering to the sides of the vessel1 and containing some of the alkaloids4 ,the ethereal solution is then poured into a clean vessel1 mixed with about half its volume of water1 and a current of carbonic anhydride passed for about twenty minutes1 which may cause the precipitation of other alkaloids not precipitated by dry carbonic anhydride4 ,usually the whole of the alkaloids present in the ether are thrown down by these means1 but if not1 the solution is dehydrated by agitation with ,barium oxide1 and then a solution of tartaric acid in ether added to the clear liquid1 taking great care not to employ excess of acid4 ,this throws down any alkaloid that may remain4 ,in order to extract any alkaloids that may still remain in the viscera1 they are mixed with ,barium hydrate and a little water1 and then agitated with purified amylic alcohol2 the alkaloids may subsequently be extracted from the alcohol by agitation with very dilute sulphuric acid4 ,a knowledge of the different solubilities of the alkaloids will be found an important auxiliary in their analysis4 ,the following is a summary of the relative solubility of the most important of them4 ,the figures denote the number of parts of the liquid required for their solution3-- ,absolute alcohol4--,strychnine insoluble2 brucine soluble4 ,amylic alcohol4--,solanine 7#ajfa72 digitalin sparingly soluble2 morphine 7#acc72 strychnine 7#abb72 veratrine1 brucine1 atropine1 aconitine1 and picrotoxin1 freely soluble4 ,benzol4--,all the poisonous alkaloids1 except solanine1 are soluble in benzol4 ,chloroform4--,solanine 7#ej1jjj72 morphine 7#feej72 strychnine 7#h72 the rest freely soluble4 ,ether4--,solanine 7#ijjj72 morphine 7#ggbe72 strychnine 7#adjj72 aconitine 7#ggg72 brucine 7#ddj72 veratrine 7#ajh72 atropine1 picrotoxin1#bf and digitalin1 very soluble4 ,footnote #bf3 ,digitalin and picrotoxin1 although not alkaloids1 are inserted in the above list1 because they have a general similarity in chemical properties to them2 and for the convenience of the toxicologist4 ,water 7cold74--,strychnine 7#hccc72 veratrine 7#ghfj72 morphine 7#daff72 aconitine 7#aghc72 solanine 7#agej72 brucine 7#ijj72 atropine 7#dad72 picrotoxin 7#aej72 digitalin very soluble4 ,the principal ,alkaloids and their ,salts1 in the state of powder1 or with 'conia' and 'nicotia1' in the state of an oily looking liquid1 may be thus distinguished3-- #a4 a4 ,the powder is treated with nitric acid3--,it is coloured red2 probable presence of ,brucia1 ,delphia1 ,morphia1 or commercial ,strychnia4 ,if the reddened acid becomes violet on the addition of 'protochloride of tin1' it is ,,brucia2 if it becomes black and carbonaceous1 it is ,,delphia4 ,if the powder is fusible without decomposition1 and strongly decomposes iodic acid1 it is ,,morphia2 if it is not fusible without decomposition1 and does not decompose iodic acid1 it is ,,strychnia4 b4 ,if instead of a red1 the powder strikes a green colour with nitric acid1 it is ,,solania2 if it is insoluble in 'ether1' and not reddened by 'nitric acid1' it is ,,emetia2 if soluble in ether1 not reddened by 'nitric acid1' but melts and volatilises when heated1 it is ,,atropia2 if it is thus affected by ether or nitric acid1 but does not volatilise1 it is ,,veratria4 7,see #b1 below47 #b4 a4 ,the powder1 or 7with 'conia and nicotia'7 concentrated liquor1 is treated with a drop or two of concentrated sulphuric acid3--,a red colour is produced2 probable presence of ,brucia1 ,nicotina1 ,salicine1 or ,veratria4 ,if the reddened mixture has at first a roseate hue1 turning deep red on the addition of nitric acid1 it is ,,brucia2 if the original substance moistened with solution of potassa evolves the odour of tobacco1 it contains ,,nicotine2 if the red colour produced by the acid is permanent and of an intense blood-hue1 and the powder agglutinates into lumps like resin1 it is ,,salicine2 if the colour is at first yellowish1 changing to blood-red1 and ultimately to crimson and violet1 it is ,,veratria4 b4 ,if instead of the substance being 'reddened' by strong sulphuric acid1 no particular action ensues in the cold1 it contains either ,conia or ,strychnia2 if a small fragment of bichromate of potassa being now dropped in1 produces a rich violet colour1 it is ,,strychnia2 if the original matter on being heated1 or treated with solution of potassa1 evolves a penetrating1 disagreeable odour1 somewhat analogous to that from 'hemlock1' or to a mixture of those from tobacco and mice1 it is ,,conia4 ,reactions with ceroso-ceric oxide4 ,this oxide exhibits characteristic colours with several alkaloids1 especially with ,,strychnine4 ,when strong sulphuric acid is poured upon strychnine1 and then a small quantity of ceroso-ceric oxide added1 a fine blue colour is produced1 similar to that which strychnine exhibits with potassium bichromate1 but much more permanent4 ,the blue colour gradually changes to cherry-red1 and then remains unaltered for several days4 ,this reaction is capable of detecting one part of strychnine in a million parts of liquid4 ,,brucine similarly treated acquires an orange-colour1 gradually changing to yellow2 ,,morphine1 olive-brown1 finally brown2 ,,narcotine1 brown cherry red1 finally wine-red2 ,,codeine1 olive-green1 finally brown2 ,,quinine1 pale-yellow2 ,,cinchonine and ,,theine remain colourless2 ,,veratrine becomes reddish-brown2 ,,atropine1 dingy yellowish-brown2 ,,solanine1 yellow at first1 finally brownish2 ,,emetine1 brown2 ,,colchicine1 first green1 then dirty brown2 ,,aniline1 after a long time1 acquires a blue colour extending from the edges inwards2 ,,conine becomes light-yellow4 ,,piperine colours the sulphuric acid blood-red1 and is turned dark-brown1 almost black by the cerium oxide 7,sonnenschein74 ,reactions with picric acid4 ,this acid is a very good precipitant for alkaloids1 affording a very delicate test for many of them1 and may perhaps also serve for separating them one from another4 ,the precipitation takes place even in solutions containing a large excess of sulphuric acid1 and is sometimes complete4 ,precipitated are1 ,,brucine1 ,,strychnine1 ,,veratrine1 ,,quinidine1 ,,cinchonine1 and most of the opium alkaloids2 not precipitated1 ,,morphine1 ,,atropine 7,english71 ,,pseudo-,,morphine1 ,,caffeine1 and all glucosides 7,hager74 ,the presence of one or more of the alkaloids being shown by any of the preceding methods1 a portion of the original clear solution or powder1 or of the precipitates or filtrates above referred to1 must be treated with their characteristic tests1 as given under the individual notices of these articles1 so as to set at rest all doubt as to their identity4 ,no single test must ever be relied on as a positive proof4 ,the presence of ,brucia1 ,morphia and ,strychnia may be determined in substances which after being mixed with the salts of these alkaloids have undergone the acetous1 vinous1 or putrefactive fermentation1 as shown by ,orfila1 ,,mm4 ,larocque and ,thibierge1 and many other eminent chemists and toxicologists1 and confirmed1 in numerous cases1 by our own experiments4 ,opium and morphia may thus be readily detected in beer1 wine1 soup1 and milk4 ,a paper by ,professor ,,dragendorf in the ',american ,chemist' for ,april1 #ahgf1 may be consulted with advantage4 ,concluding ,remarks4 ,it is a singular fact that none of the organic bases found in plants have yet been formed artificially1 although several analogous substances have been thus produced4 ,closely allied to the alkaloids there also exists an extensive series of neutral proximate principles1 which differ from those substances chiefly in the absence of basic properties1 and in most of them being destitute of nitrogen4 ,they are usually bitter1 and1 like the alkaloids1 generally represent the active properties of the plants in which they are found2 whilst some of them possess considerable medicinal energy4 ,of this kind are asparagin1 elaterin1 gentianin1 picrotoxin1 salicin1 c4 ,these two classes of bodies1 though actually distinct1 are frequently confounded4 ,see ,,alkali1 ,,organic ,,bases1 ,,poisons1 ,,proximate ,,principles1 ,,vegetables1 ,,nomenclature1 c42 also the individual alkaloids under their respective heads4 ,,alkaloids ,,of ,,aconite4 ,the nature of the active principle of aconite root does not appear to have been satisfactorily determined4 ,messrs ,groves1 ,wright1 and ,williams contend that the ,aconitum napellus yields an active crystalline alkaloid1 which they distinguish as ,aconitine1 and to which they assign the formula ,c#cc;,h#dc,,no#ab2 they add that additionally the root contains more or less of another active alkaloid1 which they term ,pseudaconitine1 and which is represented by the formula ,c#cf;,h#di,,no#aa2 they also assert that the extract of the roots contains varying quantities of certain decomposition products resulting from the saponification of the above bases by the acids1 which are produced by the breaking up of part of the aconitine4 ,the name of these decomposition products is ,aconine and ,pseudaconine4 ,of ,aconitum ferox they report that it yields a comparatively large quantity of ,pseudaconitine and a small quantity of ,aconitine4 ,they further affirm that the so-called aconitine of commerce is a mixture of true aconitine and pseudaconitine with variable quantities of their alteration products1 aconine and pseudaconine1 and of certain amorphous unnamed alkaloids4 ,messrs ,paul and ,kingzett contest the accuracy of these deductions1 and dispute the correctness of the formula given to aconitine4 ,dr ,paul doubts whether the alkaloid to which the active properties of the root are ascribed has ever yet been obtained in an isolated condition4 ,he thinks it probable that the substance obtained from aconite root was to a great extent a salt of an acid1 like aconitic acid4 ,for further information the reader is referred to the ',pharmaceutical ,year ,book' for #ahgc1 #ahgd1 #ahge1 #ahgf1 and #ahgg4 ,,al',,kanet4 ,syn4 ,,anchu',,sa1 ,l42 ,,orcanette1 ,fr42 ,,orkanet1 ,ger42 ,,or',,chanet991 ,,dyer',s ,,al',,kanet1 ,d4 ,,bu',,gloss994 ,the anchu'sa tincto''ria 7,willd42 lithosper'mum tincto''rium--,linn471 a deciduous herbaceous plant1 with a perennial1 dark blood-red root4 ,hab4 ,asia ,minor1 ,greece1 ,hungary1 c4 ,it is also largely cultivated in the neighbourhood of ,montpellier4 ,the dried root 7,,alkanet ,,root2 ,,radix ,,anchus1 ,r4 ,a4 ,,tinctori7 is chiefly imported from the ,levant4 ,it contains a beautiful blood-red colour1 which it freely gives out to oils1 fats1 wax1 spirits1 essences1 and similar substances1 by simply infusing it in them1 and is consequently much employed to colour these articles4 ,wax tinged with it1 and applied on warm marble1 stains it of a rich flesh-colour1 which sinks deep into the stone1 and possesses considerable durability4 ,its spirituous tincture also imparts a deep red to marble4 ,prop41 c4 ,the colouring matter of alkanet was regarded by ,pelletier as a fatty acid 7,,anchusic ,,acid72 but it has since been shown to be a species of resin 7,,anchusine1 ,,pseudo-,,alkannine1 ,p4-,,alkanium74 ,according to ,dr ,john1 good alkanet root contains #e-a_/b per cent4 of this substance4 ,anchusine melts at #adj ,fahr42 is scarcely soluble in water1 to which it only imparts a dirty red colour1 but is very soluble in alcohol1 oils1 and acetic acid4 ,alkalies turn it blue4 ,it is found wholly in the root-bark4 ,in selecting this article1 the smaller roots should therefore be chosen1 as they possess more bark than the larger ones1 in proportion to their weight4 ,exposure to ammoniacal fumes1 or even handling it much with the fingers1 changes its red to a crimson or purplish hue4 ,uses1 c4 ,it is much employed by druggists and perfumers to colour oils1 lip-salves1 plasters1 pomatums1 c42 by varnish-makers1 to tinge their varnishes and lacquers2 by statuaries to stain marble2 by dairy-farmers1 to colour cheese2 by wine-merchants and bottlers 7in the form of tincture71 to stain beforehand the corks of their port-wine bottles1 in order to imitate the effects of age1 and as colouring and flavouring for factitious port wine2 and by dyers1 and others4 ,a species of crimson rouge was formerly prepared from it 7hence its name74 ,,allanto',,ic ,,acid4 ,see ,,allantoin4 ,,allan',,toin4 ,c#h;,h#f,o#f,n#d4 ,syn4 ,,allanto',,ic ,,acid991 ,,amniot',,ic ,a4dagger ,,am',,nic ,a4dagger2 ,,allanto',,na1 ,l4 ,a substance discovered by ,vauquelin and ,buniva in what they imagined to be the liquor amnii of the cow1 and hence named by them amniotic acid4 ,it was afterwards shown by ,dzondi and ,lassaigne to exist in the fluid of the allantos1 and not of the amnios4 ,it has since been produced artificially by ,whler and ,liebig4 ,prep4 #a4 ,the allantoc fluid of the foetal calf is evaporated to #a-dth or #a-eth of its volume1 and then set aside for some time4 ,the crystals thus obtained are purified by re-solution1 digestion with animal charcoal1 and re-crystallisation4 #b4 7,whler and ,liebig47 ,uric acid1 #a part2 is dissolved in water1 #bj parts2 and freshly precipitated and well-washed binoxide of lead is added to the solution until the colour ceases to change2 the liquid is next filtered while hot1 evaporated until a pellicle forms on the surface1 and then set aside to crystallise2 the crystals being purified as before4 ,prop41 c4 ,small1 but very brilliant prismatic1 transparent1 colourless crystals2 tasteless2 neutral2 soluble in #afj parts of cold water1 and in much less at #bab2 nitric acid converts it into ,,allanturic ,,acid2 oil of vitriol resolves it into ammonia1 carbonic acid1 and carbonic oxide2 hot concentrated solutions of the caustic alkalies change it into ammonia and oxalic acid4 ,,allantox',,icum4 ,l4 ,syn4 ,,allantox',,icum1 ,l4 7prim41 ,gr474 ,the poison developed1 during putrefaction1 in sausages made of blood1 liver1 c4 ,it often proves speedily fatal4 7,kraus47 ,,allgemeine ,,flusstinctur 7,sulzberger1 ,salzungen74 ,for the relief of a number of diseases1 among which are cholera and sea-sickness4 ,aloes1 #a part2 spirit of wine1 #b parts4 7,spau47 ,,allia',,ceous 7-sh'us74 ,syn4 ,,allia',,ceus1 ,l42 ,,alliac1 ,,ailiac1 ,fr42 ,,knoblauchartig1 c41 ,ger4 ,garlick-like2 an epithet applied to substances having the odour or properties of garlic or onions4 ,alliaceous ,plants4 ,chives1 garlic1 leeks1 onions1 rocambole1 shallots1 c4 ,,alliga',,tion4 ,syn4 ,,alliga',,tio1 ,l4 ,in commercial arithmetic1 a rule for ascertaining the price or value of mixtures1 and for determining the proportions of the ingredients that must be taken to produce mixtures of any given price1 value1 or strength4 ,the first is called ,,alligation ,,me',,dial2 the second1 ,,alligation ,,altern',,ate4 ,its principles and applications are explained under ,,mixtures 7,arithmetic of74 ,,allop',,athy4 ,syn4 ,,allopa',,thia1 ,l4 7from ,greek3 allos1 other1 different1 and ,greek3 pathos1 affection or disease1 ,gr472 ,,allopathie1 ,fr4 ,in medicine1 the method of curing disease by the use of remedies which tend to produce a condition of the system1 either differing from1 opposed to1 or incompatible with the condition believed to be essential to the disease it is sought to cure4 ,it is commonly employed to distinguish the ordinary system of medical practice from homoeopathy 7which see74 ,hence 7an7 ,,allop',,athist1 and the corresponding adjective ,,allopath',,ic 7allopath'icus1 ,l474 ,,allot',,ropy4 ,syn4 ,,allot',,ropism2 ,,allotro',,pia1 ,,allotropis',,mus1 ,l4 ,literally1 a difference in character2 another form of the same substance4 ,in chemistry1 a term invented1 by ,berzelius1 to express the state or condition1 or the change of character1 assumed by certain substances at different temperatures1 or under different treatment1 whilst their nature and composition continue the same4 ,it more particularly relates to colour1 hardness1 solubility1 texture1 c4 ,boron1 carbon1 silicon1 iron1 sulphur1 and phosphorus1 afford striking examples of the changes here referred to4 ,,allox',,antin4 ,c#h;,h#d,n#d,o#g4c;,h#b,o4 ,a crystallisable substance1 first obtained by ,dr ,prout from uric acid4 ,prep4 #a4 ,uric acid1 #a part2 is boiled in water1 #cb parts2 dilute nitric acid being added until solution is complete2 the resulting liquid is evaporated to #b_/crds its volume1 and then set aside for #aj or #ab hours2 the crystals1 which are deposited1 are purified by re-solution and crystallisation4 #b4 ,sulphuretted hydrogen gas is passed1 in a full stream1 through a moderately strong aqueous solution of alloxan1 in the cold4 ,the alloxantin1 which is deposited as a crystalline mass1 is purified by draining1 cautious washing with cold water1 re-solution in boiling water1 and re-crystallisation4 ,the impure mother-liquor from which crystals of alloxan have separated1 if diluted with water1 may be used for this purpose4 ,prop41 c4 ,crystals1 small colourless1 transparent1 four-sided1 oblique rhombic prisms2 scarcely soluble in cold water2 solution reddens litmus2 with baryta water it gives a characteristic violet-coloured precipitate1 which disappears on heating2 and with nitrate of silver a black precipitate of that metal2 the crystals are reddened by ammoniacal vapours4 ,,alloy'4 ,syn4 ,,alliage1 ,fr42 ,,legirung1 ,,vermischung ,,durch ,,schmelzen1 ,ger4 ,in coinage1 a compound of the precious metals with another1 or others1 of less value2 also the least valuable metal1 or metals1 in such compounds4 ,in chemistry and metallurgy1 combinations of the metals with each other usually obtained by fusion4 ,when mercury is one of the component metals1 the compound is termed an ,,amalgam4 ,prep41 c4 ,no ,general rules can be given for this purpose4 ,alloys of metals differing greatly in fusibility1 are commonly made by adding the more fusible one1 either in the melted state1 or in small portions at a time1 to the other melted1 or heated to the lowest possible temperature at which a perfect union will take place between them4 ,the mixture is usually affected under a flux1 or some material that will promote liquefaction1 and prevent volatilisation and unnecessary exposure to the air4 ,thus1 in melting lead and tin together1 for solder1 resin1 or tallow is thrown upon the surface2 in tinning copper1 the surface is rubbed with sal ammoniac2 and in combining some metals1 powdered charcoal is used for the same purpose4 ,quicksilver combines with many metals in the cold1 forming ,,amalgams4 ,comp4 ,the following ,table exhibits the composition of the more important compounds of this class3-- ,table of the principal ,alloys4#bg ,,names4 ,,combining ,,metals4 ,,albata ,see ,german ,silver4 ,,amalgams ,mercury and other metals4 ,,bath-,,metal ,copper and zinc4 ,,bell-,,metal ,copper and tin4 ,,brass ,copper and zinc4 ,,britannia ,,metal ,tin with antimony1 copper1 and bismuth4 ,,bronze ,tin and copper4 ,,bronze ,,aluminium ,copper and aluminium4 ,,cannon-,,metal ,tin and copper4 ,,dutch ,,gold ,copper and zinc4 ,,fusible ,,metal ,bismuth1 lead1 and tin4 ,,german ,,silver ,copper1 nickel1 and zinc1 with1 sometimes1 a little iron and tin4 ,,gold 7standard7 ,gold with copper4 ,,gold 7old standard7 ,gold with copper and silver4 ,,gun-,,metal ,see ,cannon-metal4 ,,mosaic ,,gold ,copper and zinc4 ,,or-,,molu ,copper and zinc4 ,,pewter 7common7 ,tin and lead4 ,,pewter 7best7 ,tin with antimony1 bismuth and copper4 ,,pot-,,metal1 ,,cock-,,metal ,copper and lead1 with1 sometimes1 a little zinc4 ,,queen',s ,,metal ,tin with antimony1 bismuth1 and copper4 ,,shot-,,metal ,lead with a little arsenic4 ,,silver 7standard7 ,silver and copper4 ,,solder ,tin and lead4 ,,speculum-,,metal ,tin and copper1 and arsenic4 ,,stereotype-,,metal ,lead1 antimony1 and bismuth4 ,,tombac1 ,,red ,,tombac ,copper and zinc4 ,,tutania ,see ,britannia metal4 ,,type-,,metal ,lead and antimony4 ,,white ,,copper 7,packfong2 ,copper and arsenic4 ,whitetombac7 ,footnote #bg3 ,for the proportions of the component metals1 refer to the alloys under their respective heads4 ,prop41 c4 ,alloys generally possess characteristics unshared by their component metals4 ,thus1 copper and zinc form brass1 which has a different density1 hardness1 and colour to either of its constituents4 ,whether the metals tend to unite in atomic proportions1 or in any definite ratio1 is still undetermined4 ,the evidence afforded by the natural alloys of gold and silver1 and by the phenomena accompanying the cooling of several alloys from the state of fusion1 goes far to prove that such is the case4 7,rudberg47 ,the subject is1 however1 one of considerable difficulty1 as metals and metallic compounds are generally soluble in each other1 and unite by a simple fusion and contact4 ,that they do not combine indifferently with each other1 but exercise a species of elective affinity not dissimilar to other bodies1 is clearly shown by the homogeneity and superior quality of many alloys in which the constituent metals are in atomic proportions4 ,the variation of the specific gravity and melting-points of alloys from the mean of those of their component metals1 also affords strong evidence of a chemical change having taken place4 ,thus1 alloys generally melt at lower temperatures than those required for their separate metals4 ,they also usually possess more tenacity and hardness than the mean of their constituents4 ,matthiessen found that when weights are suspend to spirals of hard-drawn wire made of copper1 silver1 gold1 or platinum1 they become nearly straightened when stretched by a moderate weight2 but wires of equal dimensions composed of copper-tin 7#ab of tin71 silver-platinum 7#cf of platinum71 and gold-copper 7#hd of copper71 scarcely undergo any permanent change in form when subjected to tension by the same weight4 ,the same chemist gives the following approximative results upon the tenacity of certain metals and wires hard drawn through the same gauge 7,no4 #bc73 ,breaking strain for3 lbs4 ,copper #be-cj ,tin under #g ,lead #g ,tin-lead 7#bj lead7 about #g ,tin-copper 7#ab copper7 #g ,copper-tin 7#ab tin7 #hj-ij ,gold #bj-be ,gold-copper 7#hd copper7 #gj-ge ,silver #de-ej ,platinum #de-ej ,silver-platinum 7#cj platinum7 #ge-hj ,on the other hand1 their malleability1 ductility1 and power of resisting oxygen is generally diminished4 ,the alloy formed of two brittle metals is always brittle2 that of a brittle and a ductile metal1 generally so2 and even two ductile metals sometimes unite to form a brittle compound4 ,the alloys formed of metals having different fusing-points are usually malleable whilst cold1 and brittle whilst hot4 ,the action of the air on alloys is generally less than on their simple metals1 unless the former are heated4 ,a mixture of #a part of tin and #c parts of lead is scarcely acted on at common temperatures2 but at a red heat it readily takes fire1 and continues to burn for some time like a piece of bad turf4 ,in like manner1 a mixture of tin and zinc1 when strongly heated1 decomposes both moist air and steam with almost fearful rapidity4 ,the specific gravity of alloys is never the arithmetical mean of that of their constituents1 as commonly taught2 and in many cases considerable condensation or expansion occurs4 ,when there is a strong affinity between two metals1 the density of their alloy is generally greater than the calculated mean2 and vice vers1 as may be seen in the following ,table3-- ,alloys having a density-- ,greater than the mean of ,less than the mean their constituents3-- of their constituents3-- ,copper and bismuth1 ,gold and copper1 palladium1 iridium1 tin1 iron1 zinc1 lead1 ,gold and antimony1 nickel1 bismuth1 silver1 cobalt1 ,iron and antimony1 tin1 bismuth1 zinc1 lead1 ,lead and antimony1 ,nickel and arsenic1 ,palladium and bismuth1 ,silver and copper1 ,platinum and molybdenum1 ,tin and antimony1 ,silver and antimony1 lead1 bismuth1 palladium1 lead1 ,zinc and antimony4 tin1 zinc4 ,every alloy1 says ,dr ,ure1 is1 in reference to the arts and manufactures1 a new metal1 on account of its chemical and physical properties4 ,a vast field here remains to be explored4 ,not above sixty alloys have been studied by chemists1 out of many hundreds which may be made1 and of these very few have yet been practically employed4 ,very slight modifications often constitute very valuable improvements upon metallic bodies4 ,see ,,analysis1 ,,assaying1 ,,brass1 ,,bronze1 ,,electrotype1 ,,german ,,silver1 ,,gold1 ,,metals1 ,,specific ,,gravity1 c4 ,,all',,spice4 ,see ,,pimento4 ,,allu'',,vial4 7-l'oov'-y7al74 ,syn4 ,,allu'',,vious992 ,,allu'',,vius1 ,l42 ,d',,alluvion1 ,fr4 ,in geology1 applied to partial deposits of mud1 sand1 gravel1 c41 left by rivers and floods upon land not permanently submerged beneath water2 in agriculture1 applied to soils so formed or deposited4 ,,allu'',,vium4 ,l41 ,eng4 ,syn4 ,,alluvion1 ,fr42 ,,anfl,,ssung1 ,,anschwemmung1 ,ger4 ,in geol4 and agr41 alluvial deposit or soil4 ,see ,,soils1 c4 ,,al',,lyl 7-l7il74 ,c#c;,h#e4 ,in chemistry1 the radical of the essential oils containing sulphur1 as those of assafoetida1 garlic1 horseradish1 mustard1 onions1 c41 which are either sulphides or sulphocyanides of allyl4 ,its probable existence was first shown by ,captain ,reynolds1 who succeeded in producing several of its derivatives4 ,it has since been obtained1 in a separate state1 by the action of sodium upon iodide of allyl4 ,it is an oily substance with a high boiling point4 ,allyl1 ,sulphide of1 7,c#c;,h#e7b,s2 obtained 7artificially7 by acting on sulphocyanide of allyl with sulphide of potassium4 ,see ,,oil ,,of ,,garlick4 ,allyl1 ,sulphocy'anide of1 ,c#c;,h#e;,,cns2 obtained by submitting iodide of allyl to the action of sulphocyanide of potassium2 or by gently heating a mixed alcoholic solution of sulphide of allyl and bichloride of mercury1 with sulphocyanide of potassium4 ,see ,,oil ,,of ,,mustard 7,,volatile74 ,,al',,mond 7ah'-m7und74 ,syn4 ,,amyg',,dala 7also -,,us1 -,,um9971 ,l42 ,,amande1 ,fr42 ,,mandel1 ,ger41 ,dut41 ,dan41 ,swed4 ,the 'almond-tree' 7amyg'dalus commu'nis--,linn42 ,ph4 ,l41 ,e41 and ,d42 ,amandier--,fr471 a tree of the nat4 ord4 ,rosace1 indigenous to ,persia1 ,syria1 and the north of ,africa2 but also extensively cultivated in southern ,europe4 ,the almond-tree is about the size of the peach-tree1 which it much resembles in appearance4 ,it is incapable of ripening its fruit in this country1 and is1 therefore1 only grown here for the sake of its beautiful vernal flowers4 ,there are several varieties1 of which the most important are the sweet and the bitter1 so named from the flavour of the seed or kernel4 ,these1 for the most part1 resemble each other in appearance4 ,de ,candolle 7',prodromus1' ii1 #ecj7 gives five varieties of this species3--,a4 ,,ama'',,ra 7bitter-almond72 ,a4 ,,dul',,cis 7sweet-a472 ,a4 ,,fragilis 7tender-shelled a472 ,a4 ,,macrocar',,pa 7large-fruited a41 pista'chio a41 sultana a472 ,a4 ,,persico',,des 7peach a474 ,almond1 ,per'sian4 ,the peach4 ,,al',,monds4 ,syn4 ,,amyg',,dal1 ,l42 ,,amandes1 ,fr42 ,,mandeln1 ,ger4 ,the seed or kernels of the almond-tree4 ,they are met with in commerce both in the shell 7,,amyg',,dal ,,cum ,,putam',,ine1 -7in-e1 ,l471 and shelled 7,,amygdal1 ,l474 ,in the retail shops1 most commonly in the latter form4 ,those rancid1 broken1 or worm-eaten should be rejected4 ,almonds1 ,bitt'er4 ,syn4 ,,amyg',,dal ,,ama'',r1 ,l42 ,,amygdala ,,amara1 ,ph4 ,e42 ,,amandes ,,am,,res1 ,fr42 ,,bittere ,,mandeln1 ,ger4 ,a variety imported from ,mogadore1 chiefly characterised by possessing the bitter flavour1 and when rubbed with water1 the odour of peach-kernels4 ,they are also smaller and thicker than the sweet almond4 ,uses1 c4 ,bitter almonds are used to relieve the flavour of sweet almonds1 to clear muddy water1 and to flavour confectionery1 liqueurs1 c4 ,by pressure1 they yield their bland oil 7,,oil ,,of ,,almonds2 ,o',,leum ,,amyg',,dal1 ,l472 the resulting cake 7,,bitter-,a4 ,,cake2 ,,placen',,ta ,a4 ,,amar1 ,l47 is distilled for the volatile oil 7,,essential ,,oil ,,of ,a42 ,o4 ,a4 ,a41 ,l471 and is afterwards again pressed into cakes 7,a4-,,cake71 and used to fatten pigs1 and for other purposes4 ,bitter almonds are now seldom employed in medicines1 although it is said that they have cured 'intermittents' when bark had failed 7,bergius71 and that their emulsion has been found useful in pulmonary and dyspeptic affections1 hooping-cough1 and asthma2 and externally as a lotion in acne4 7,thomson47 ,in large quantities they are poisonous1 and even in the smallest quantities have been known to produce nettle-rash 7urticaria7 and other unpleasant symptoms4 ,they have long been in repute as an antidote to intoxication4 ,the ancient bacchanals chewed them at their orgies1 to lessen the effects of wine1 and to enable them to take it in larger quantities with impunity4 ,almonds1 ,blanched' 7bl7ancht'-74 ,syn4 ,,amyg',,dal ,,decortica',t1 ,l4 ,almonds from which the husk or seed-coat has been removed4 ,this is effected by soaking them for a short time in warm water1 until the skin can be easily removed by pressure between the thumb and forefinger4 ,they are then peeled1 rinsed in cold water1 drained1 and dried4 ,when intended for the table1 the last is effected by wiping them with a soft towel2 but when they are intended to be powdered1 or kept1 they are dried by a very gentle heat in a stove1 or in the sun4 ,almonds1 ,burnt'4 ,syn4 ,,roasted ,,almonds2 ,,almond ,,coffee4 ,used to colour and flavour liqueurs and confectionery2 and formerly1 as a substitute for coffee4 ,almonds1 ,guia'na4 7ghe-ah'-n7a2 g hard74 ,brazil-nuts4 ,al'monds1 ,in'dian4 ,the fruit of terminalia catappa 7,linn474 ,they are oleaginous1 and nutritious2 and are used as a substitute for almonds4 ,almonds1 ,ja'va 7jah'-74 ,the nuts or kernels of canarium commune 7,linn474 ,they are eaten1 made into bread1 and pressed for their oil4 ,almonds1 ,sweet'4 ,syn4 ,,almonds2 ,,amyg',,dal1 ,l42 ,a4 ,,dulces1 ,ph4 ,d42 ,,amygdala1 ,a4 ,,jordan',,ica1 ,ph4 ,l42 ,a4 ,,dulcis1 ,ph4 ,e41 ,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf2 ,,amandes1 ,,amandes ,,douces1 ,fr42 ,s,,sse ,,mandeln1 ,ger4 ,these are the well-known dessert or table fruit of the name1 and are the kind always referred to when 'almonds' 7simply7 are spoken of or ordered4 ,comm4 var4--#a4 ,,jor',,dan ,,almonds1 which are the finest1 and are imported from ,malaga4 ,of these there are two kinds2 the one1 above an inch in length1 flat1 and with a clear brown cuticle1 sweet1 mucilaginous1 and rather tough2 the other1 more plump1 and pointed at one end1 brittle1 but equally sweet with the former4--#b4 ,,valen',,tia ,a4 7which come next in quality7 are about #c_/hths of an inch broad1 not quite an inch long1 round at one end1 and obtusely pointed at the other1 flat1 of a dingy brown colour1 with a dusty cuticle4--#c4 ,,bar',,bary and ,,ital',,ian ,a41 which resemble the latter1 but are generally smaller and less flattened4--#d4 ,a variety1 of medium quality1 imported in baskets from ,spain4 ,uses1 c4 ,sweet almonds are nutritive1 emollient1 and demulcent2 but frequently disagree with weak stomachs4 ,the husk is apt to occasion indigestion and nausea4 ,owing to a peculiar idiosyncrasy of some habits1 dyspepsia1 diarrhoea1 oedematous swelling of the face1 and urticaria 7nettle-rash71 sometimes1 though seldom1 follow the use of unblanched almonds4 ,blanched almonds do not produce these inconveniences1 and1 therefore1 should be preferred for the table4 ,in medicine1 almonds are employed chiefly under the form of emulsion1 confection1 c41 and to suspend oily substances in water4 ,their uses for dietetical purposes are well known4 ,preparations of them are also employed as cosmetics4 ,the cake left after expressing the oil 7,,almond-,,cake7 is used for washing the skin1 which it is said to render beautifully soft and clear4 ,see ,,almond ,,paste1 c4 ,,al',,nightdagger 7awl'-74 ,a cake of wax with a wick in the midst4 ,the forerunner of1 and a rude form of the modern dumpy night-lights called ,,mortars4 ,,al',,oe 77al'-o74 ,syn4 ,,al',o 7-o-e71 ,l41 ,fr4 7or ,,alo,s71 ,ger41 ,ital41 ,sp41 ,belg41 ,dan41 ,dut41 ,swed4 ,the aloe-tree4 ,in botany1 a genus of plants of the nat4 ord4 ,liliace 7,,dc74 ,the species1 of which there are several1 are succulent plants or small trees with endogenous stems1 and stiff1 fleshy1 hard1 pointed leaves1 abounding in a purgative principle 7,,aloes71 which is obtained from them by either evaporating the expressed juice or the decoction4 ,they are all natives of warm climates1 and most of them are indigenous to southern ,africa4 ,hist4 ,hebrew3 a-nx1 aehleem 7aloe-trees71 were known to the sacred historians2 and both the plant and the inspissated juice are described by ,dioscorides#bh and ,pliny4#bi ,footnote #bh3 ,lib4 iii1 c4 xxv4 ,footnote #bi3 ',hist4 ,nat41' lib4 xxvii1 c4 v4 ,uses1 c4 ,in ,africa1 the leaves of the ,guinea aloe are made into ropes1 fishing-lines1 bow-strings1 stockings1 hammocks1 c4 ,the leaves of another species are used to catch and hold rain-water4 ,the expressed juice and decoction are also used by the natives as a distaff4 7,vide infr47 ,comparative trials1 made in ,paris1 of the strength of cordage and cables formed of hemp1 and of the aloe from ,algiers1 are said to have shown the great superiority of the latter4 ,fabroni obtained a fine violet colour from the recent juice of the aloe1 which has been proposed as a dye for silk4#cj ,footnote #cj3 ',annales de ,chimie1' xxv1 #cje4 ,american ,aloe4 ,the agave ,americana 7,linn47 is a plant unconnected with the preceding1 and belonging to the nat4 ord4 ,bromeliace4 ,it is found in all parts of tropical ,america1 and is largely cultivated on the shores of the ,mediterranean2 and less frequently1 as an exotic plant in this country4 ,it grows to the height of about #bj feet1 and takes many years to produce its gigantic and magnificent pyramid of flowers2 shortly after which it perishes1 exhausted1 as it were1 by its efforts in bestowing its rare beauty on the floral world4 ,the vulgar belief is that it blossoms only once in a century2 but1 as stated by the late ,mr ,loudon1 it flowers sooner or later according to the culture bestowed on it4 ,its sap yields a kind of honey 7,,agave ,,honey71 and by fermentation an intoxicating liquor 7,,pulque72 desiccated juice1 mixed with wood ashes1 is used as soap1 and lathers either with sea or fresh water2 leaf-fibre1 used as hemp to make thread and twine4 ,,al',,oe-,,resin4 ,syn4 ,,resi',,na ,,al',o,s1 ,l4 ,the resinous matter deposited by a decoction of aloes as it cools4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,l4 #agdf47 ,boil aloes1 #a part1 in water1 #h parts1 and allow the decoction1 strained whilst hot1 to repose until the next day2 then wash the deposited ,,resin1 and dry it by a gentle heat4 ,it is probably a mixture of aloine and oxidised extractive4 ,,al',,oes 7-oze74 ,syn4 ,,bitt',,er ,,aloesdouble-dagger2 ,,al',o 7-o-e71 ,l42 ,,alo,s1 ,,suc ,d',,alo,s1 ,fr42 ,,aloe1 ,,glausinde ,,aloe1 ,ger4#ca ,the inspissated juice or extract of several species of aloe4 ,footnote #ca3 ,also see ,,aloe1 7above74 ,comp41 ,prep41 c4 ,aloes is a complex resinous substance containing a body called aloin1 which is its active or purgative principle4 ,it is completely soluble in boiling water1 and in alcohol or rectified spirit4 ,the decoction deposits an impure resin or resinoid on cooling4 ,phys4 eff41 ,uses1 c4 ,aloes is a warm stimulating purgative1 in doses of #c to #aj gr42 whilst even #a or #b gr4 seldom fail to produce one motion without pain or inconvenience4 ,it is considered highly serviceable in hypochondriacal1 hysterical1 and dyspeptic affections1 particularly in phlegmatic habits1 and in cases arising from deficiency of bile4 ,as an emmenagogue1 and a vermifuge1 few medicines are more valuable4 ,it acts on the large intestines1 and principally on the rectum2 and1 therefore1 should be administered with caution1 or only in small doses1 where there is a tendency to prolapsus or piles1 and in cases where uterine stimulants 7as in pregnancy1 c47 would be improper4 ,it is remarkable with regard to it1 that it operates almost to as good a purpose in a small as in a large dose2 and one or two grains will produce one considerable dejection1 and twenty grains will do no more1 except it be that in the last dose 7case7 the operation will be attended with griping1 c4 ,it is one of the best cures for habitual costiveness4 7,cullen47 ,many of the effects complained of arise from its slow solubility in the prim vi1 and may be obviated by administering it in a liquid form1 or in a solid form combined with soap1 which renders it freely soluble in the juices of the stomach4 ,aloes is more frequently taken than1 perhaps1 any known purgative4 ,it enters into the composition of a majority of the aperient medicines prescribed by the faculty1 and forms the principal ingredient of nearly all the advertised purgative1 antibilious1 and universal pills of the nostrum-mongers4 ,the fact of aloetic pills not acting until about #h to #aj hours after being swallowed--so that if taken on retiring to rest at night they do not generally disturb the patient before the usual time of rising in the morning--has contributed more than anything else to make such remedies popular with parties whose habits or business avocations would be otherwise interfered with4 ,aloes is also extensively used in veterinary practice4 ,it is the most valuable and reliable purgative for the horse of the whole materia medica2 but is less to be depended on for cattle1 sheep1 and hogs4 ,barbadoes aloes is the best for this purpose4 ,cape aloes are1 however1 often employed1 when #a-dth more must be given4--,dose 7of the former71 for a ,,horse1 #d to #h dr42#cb--;,,cattle1 #c to #f dr4 7followed by a purging drench72--,,hogs1 #e to #ae gr42--,,sheep1 #ae to #cj gr42#cc--;,,dogs 7small ones71 #aj to #cj gr41 7middle-sized7 #bj to #dd1 or even #fj gr41 7large7 #c_/d to #a dr41 or even #b dr4 ,footnote #cb3 ,aloes takes from #ah to #cj1 or even #cf hours1 to operate on a horse4 ,footnote #cc3 ,aloes1 however large the dose1 often fails to purge sheep4 ,in very large quantities it is poisonous to them4 ,aloes is also used in dyeing2 and as a colouring matter in stains1 lacquers1 and varnishes4 ,aloes1 and several of its preparations1 are likewise extensively employed to adulterate porter4 ,var4 ,these1 arranged in the order of their reputed medicinal value1 are--,socotrine1 ,hepatic1 ,barbadoes1 ,cape1 c42 and alphabetically1 as given below3-- ,aloes1 ,barba'does4 ,syn4 ,,aloes ,,in ,,gourds2 ,,al',o ,,barbaden',,sis1 ,l41 ,ph4 ,l4 ,e4 ,imported from ,barbadoes and ,jamaica1 usually in gourds2 sometimes in boxes4 ,the best is the inspissated juice of the cut leaf of alo vulga''ris2 an inferior quality is prepared from the decoction4--,char41 c4 ,opaque1 lustreless1 of a liver colour1 a little tending to black1 with a bitter nauseous taste1 and a very disagreeable odour1 especially when breathed on2 powder a dull olive-yellow4 ,it is the 'hepatic' aloes of most continental writers1 and said to be the ,greek3 ,alo of ,dioscorides4 ,it is more active than the other varieties of aloes2 but is also more apt to occasion hmorrhoids1 and to gripe1 than any of them4 ,aloes1 ,cab'alline 7-line47 ,syn4 ,f,,oe,t',,id ,,aloes1 ,,horse ,a42 ,,alo ,,caballi',,na1 ,a4 ,,guinien',,sis1 ,l42 ,,alo,s ,,caballin1 ,fr4 ,from alo ,in'dica 7,o',shaughnessy72 or from alo spica'ta by long and careful boiling4 7,lindley47 ,used only by farriers4 ,scarcely known in ,english commerce4 ,aloes1 ,cape4 ,syn4 ,,alo ,,capen',,sis1 ,a4 ,,lu',,cida 7,geiger71 ,l4 ,imported from the ,cape of ,good ,hope1 and obtained from alo spica'ta1 and other ,cape species4 ,odour stronger and even more disagreeable than that of ,barbadoes aloes2 colour deep greenish-brown2 appearance shining and resinous2 fracture generally glassy2 powder a lively greenish-yellow2 almost completely soluble in boiling water1 decoction paler than that of other kinds4 ,it is weaker than ,barbadoes or even hepatic aloes1 and is more apt to gripe1 c41 than the latter4 ,a finer kind1 known as ',bethelsdorp aloes1' imported from ,algoa ,bay1 is more of a liver colour1 and softer than the preceding1 and hence often called ,,cape ,,hepatic-,,aloes4 ,aloes1 ,hepat'ic4 ,syn4 ,,bombay' ,,aloes991 ,,east-,,india ,a4991 ,,liver-,,coloured ,,socotrine ,a4992 ,,alo ,,hepat',,ica1 ,ph4 ,l4 ,d42 ,a4 ,,in',,dica1 ,ph4 ,e4 ,imported from ,bombay and ,madras4 ,it is usually said to be obtained from uncertain species of aloes2 but it is almost certain that it is the juice of the ,socotrine aloes plant which has been solidified without the aid of artificial heat4#cd--;,char41 c4 ,opaque1 of a liver colour1 bitter taste1 and an unpleasant odour4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,it is less odorous1 darker coloured1 and more opaque than ,socotrine aloes2 its powder has also a duller colour1 and weak spirit leaves much undissolved matter4 ,its decoction on cooling frequently deposits a yellow powder4 ,the finer and brighter varieties of hepatic aloes are commonly sold for ',socotrines1' and their medicinal virtues are nearly similar4 7,see below47 ,footnote #cd3 ,pereira1 ',elem4 ,mat4 ,med4 and ,therap41' vol4 ii1 #ahh1 #dth ,ed42 ',pharm4 ,journ41' vol4 xi4 ,aloes1 ,in'dian 7various72--#a4 ,deep brown or black1 very opaque1 and less soluble than ordinary aloes4 ,scarcely known in commerce4--#b4 ,several varieties ranging in character from ',cape aloes' to 'hepatics1' and occasionally to ',barbadoes1' obtained from several species4 ,aloes1 ,mo'cha 7-k7ah74 ,syn4 ,,alo ,,de ,,moch1 ,l4 ,imported from ,muscat4 ,an inferior kind of ,indian aloes4 7,christison47 ,it is obtained from the same plant as produces genuine hepatic aloes4 7,lindley47 ,it holds an intermediate position between ',cape' and 'hepatics1' but contains much impurity2 the latter often amounting to upwards of #be4 ,some specimens are1 however1 of excellent quality4 ,when melted and 'doctored1' it is sold for ,barbadoes1 hepatic1 and even ,socotrine aloes4 ,aloes1 ,soc'otrine 7-tr7in2 s7uk'-double-dagger74 ,syn4 ,,soc',,otorine ,,aloes1 ,,smyr',,na ,a41 ,,tur',,key ,a42 ,,alo ,,socotri',,na1 ,ph4 ,l42 ,,alo1 ,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf2 ,a4 ,,socotri',,na1 ,ph4 ,e4 ,the juice of the cut leaf of uncertain species hardened by the air4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,genuine ,socotrine aloes is generally supposed to be obtained from alo spica'ta2 but is referred by ,de ,candolle to a distinct species1 ,a4 ,,socotri',,na2 and by ,martius1 also to a4 purpuras'cens4 ,formerly this variety was brought from the ,island of ,socotra or ,zocotora 7hence the name71 by way of ,smyrna and ,malta2 but it is now chiefly obtained from ,bombay and ,madras4--,char41 c4 ,colour garnet red to golden red2 smell peculiar and aromatic1 not unlike a decaying russet apple1 especially when fresh-broken1 or breathed on1 or warmed2 taste permanently and intensely bitter2 fracture conchoidal2 softens in the hand1 and becomes adhesive1 yet retains considerable brittleness2 powder bright golden-yellow colour2 central portions of the lumps often soft1 especially when first imported4 ,it is brittle1 bitter1 of a reddish-brown colour1 and an aromatic odour4 ,light permeates thin recently broken lamin4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,in thin pieces1 translucent and garnet red2 almost entirely soluble in spirit of the strength of sherry4 ,very rare4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,socotrine aloes are always preferred for medicinal purposes1 and are the only variety used in perfumery1 varnishes1 and other nice purposes in the arts4 ,aloes1 ,strained4 ,syn4 ,,melted ,,aloes2 ,,alo ,,cola',,ta1 ,l4 ,proc4 #a4 ,the aloes are melted in a copper pan1 by the heat of steam or a water bath1 and are then pressed through a strong hair or wire sieve1 and allowed to cool4 #b4 ,as above1 but with the addition of about twice its weight of water2 the decoction being strained and evaporated4 ,obs4 ,mocha1 ,indian1 and other common aloes1 treated in this way and coloured1 are frequently sold for melted or strained ',socotrines' and 'hepatics4' ,the colouring matter usually employed is the precipitated carbonate of iron 7sesquioxide71 or ,venetian red1 in very fine powder1 with1 sometimes1 a little annatto4 ,this fraud is not readily detected by mere inspection1 by those unaccustomed to these matters2 and hence the impunity with which it is perpetrated4 ,the object in melting aloes is to deprive it of the foreign matters1 as sand1 leaves1 pieces of wood1 c41 which the commoner kinds generally contain in large quantities4 ,the action of the heat drives off much of their nauseous smell1 at the same time that it deepens their colour1 and renders their appearance more translucent and resinous1 to the disguise of their original nature4 ,the operation1 on the large scale1 is usually carried on at night1 in consequence of the horribly nauseous fumes evolved1 which may be smelt at a great distance1 and contaminate the clothes of those engaged in it for a long time afterwards4 ,,al',,oes ,,hemp4 ,a plant growing in ,peru1 the ,east and ,west ,indies1 and ,mexico 7,a4 ,americana1 ,a4 vivapara1 ,a4 foetida1 c471 where the leaf is cultivated for its fibre1 which is generally of a yellowish-white colour1 and used for rope-making4 ,,al',,oes ,,wood4 ,syn4 ,,al',,oe-,,wood2 ,,eaglewood2 ,,agal',,lochum 7-k7um71 ,,lig',,num ,,al',o,s1 ,l4 ,,agal',,lochi1 ,l4 ,a4 ,,ve'',,ri1 ,l4 ,,aq',,uil1 ,l4 ,,aspal',,athi1 ,l42 ,,agalloche1 ,,bois ,d',,alo,s1 ,fr42 ,,aloeholz1 ,ger42 ,,calam',,bac1 ,,calam',,bouc1 ,ind42 ,,xylo-,,al',o,sdagger4 ,a name applied to the wood of alex'ylon agal'lochum 7,lam471 a leguminous tree of ,cochin ,china2 and1 though apparently less correctly1 to that of aquila''ria agallochum and a4 ova'ta 7,lour471 trees of tropical ,asia1 belonging to a different nat4 order4 ,both are highly fragrant and aromatic2 used in fumigations and pastilles1 and occasionally by cabinet makers and inlayers4 ,the essential oil of the wood1 dissolved in spirit1 was regarded by ,hoffmann as one of the best cordials and invigorants known4 ,the same has also been said of a tincture of its resin4 ,the same name and synonyms are popularly applied to the resin of the above woods 7,,aloes-,,wood ,,resin71 of which there are two varieties3--the one1 light and porous1 and filled with a highly fragrant resinous substance2 the other1 denser and less resinous4 ,it is an oily concretion in the centre of the tree1 the result of disease1 which gradually hardens1 and1 in time1 kills it4 ,it is highly fragrant1 and is said to be nervine1 cephalic1 cardiac1 and stimulant4 ,the powder is regarded as tonic and astringent4 ,of all perfumes this is said to be the one most esteemed by oriental nations4 ,,aloe',,tic4 ,syn4 ,,alo,t',,icus1 ,l42 ,,alo,,tique1 ,fr4 ,of or belonging to aloes4 ,in medicine1 pharmacy1 c41 applied to any preparation containing aloes as a characteristic ingredient2 made or obtained from aloes4 ,substantively1 an aloetic medicine4 ,,al',,oin 7-o-7in74 ,c#ag;,h#ah,o#g4 ,eng41 ,fr4 ,syn4 ,,al',,in2 ,,alo',,na1 ,l4 ,the ,messrs ,t4 ,h4 ,smith1 of ,edinburgh1 have applied this name to a crystalline substance1 which they assert to be the pure cathartic principle of aloes4 ,their process is to evaporate to the consistence of a syrup1 in vacuo1 a solution obtained by exhausting a mixture of aloes and sand1 with cold water1 and then to set it aside for a few days4 ,the resulting dark crystalline mass is purified by pressure between folds of bibulous paper1 and repeated crystallisation from hot water4 ,barbadoes aloes are commonly used for the purpose2 but soft or semi-liquid ,socotrine aloes1 or the unevaporated ,socotrine-aloes juice1 is probably its best source4 ,tilden gives the following process for the preparation of aloin3--,the aloes crushed small is to be dissolved in nine or ten times its weight of boiling water acidified with sulphuric acid4 ,after cooling and standing for a few hours1 the clear liquid is decanted from the resin1 and evaporated4 ,the concentrated solution deposits a mass of yellow crystals1 which can be purified by washing1 pressure1 and recrystallisation from hot spirit4 ,after several recrystallisations the aloin is obtained in the form of beautiful yellow needles1 which are pretty soluble in water and in alcohol1 but soluble with difficulty in ether4--,dose1 #a to #b gr4 ,,alope',,cia 7-sh'7a74 ,l4 ,syn4 ,,al',,opecy1 ,,fox'-,,evil2 ,,alop,,cie1 ,fr42 ,,fuchsraude1 ,ger4 ,in pathology1 baldness from disease1 often extending to the beard and eyebrows2 as distinguished from 'calvities1' or ordinary baldness arising from attenuation of the scalp or defective nutrition4 ,see ,,baldness4 ,,alpac',a4 ,a species of ,llama1 popularly known as the ,,peruvian ,,sheep1 an animal intermediate between the camel and sheep1 having long silky hair1 nearly as fine as that of the ,cashmere goat4 ,it was introduced to the ,british manufacturers in #ahcd1 when only #egjj lbs4 of it was imported2 but it soon became an important article of commerce1 the quantity imported having gradually risen to above #b-a_/d millions of lbs4 in #ahec2 whilst the price has risen from about #i;d4 to #bs4 #g;d4 the lb41 in the same time4 ,the name is also given to fabrics woven from the wool of this animal2 and to others in fine wool1 made in imitation of them4 ,the gigantic factory1 c41 erected at ,saltaire1 ,yorkshire1 in #aheb1 for this manufacture1 covers about #ab acres of land4 ,see ,,llama4 ,,alpenkrauter-,,brust-,,teig 7,grablowitz1 ,gras74 ,pectoral cakes of ,alpine herbs4 ,gum arabic1 #ajj parts2 sugar1 #bjj parts2 extract liquorice1 #a part2 saffron1 #a_/hth part4 ,each box contains #dh lozenge-shaped yellowish cakes4 ,made into a mass with decoction of marsh mallow4 7,hager47 ,,alpenkrauter ,,gesundheit',s ,,liqueur 7,rudolph ,bohl74 ,medicinal liqueur of ,alpine herbs4 ,a bottle containing #cej grammes of a liqueur which is an extract of star anise1 cassia1 frangula bark1 centaury1 chicory1 gentian1 and a little aloes4 7,hager47 ,,alpenkrauter-,,magenbitter 7,hauber74 ,stomachic bitters of ,alpine herbs4 ,a brown liqueur of bitter1 spirituous1 and slightly aromatic flavour1 containing in #ajj parts3 oil of anise1 #je2 oil of cloves1 #je2 aloes1 #ae2 alcohol1 #dj2 water1 #ej4 #aeg grammes in each bottle4 7,wittstein47 ,,alpha-,,orsell',,ic ,,acid4 ,see ,,orsellic ,,acid4 ,,alpine ,,rose ,,soap1 ,,swiss4 ,a preservative against syphilitic infection 7,g4 ,a4 ,sarpe1 ,zurich74 ,a glass cylinder corked and sealed1 about #b inches long1 and containing a hard brownish-grey mass weighing #ab grammes1 prepared thus3--,ammonia1 #a part2 sublimate1 #c parts2 tannin1 #b parts2 chloride of lime1 #bd parts2 ,castile soap1 #aij parts2 oil of cloves1 #a part2 spirit of wine1 q4 s4 7,hager47 ,,al',,quifou 7-ke-foo74 ,syn4 ,,black ,,lead-,,ore1 ,,potter',s ,,ore4 ,a native sulphide of lead used by potters to give a green glaze to coarse wares4 ,,alstonia ,,scholaris4 7,ind4 ,ph47 ,habitat4 ,common in forests throughout ,india4--,officinal part4 ,the bark 7,alstoni cortex74 ,it occurs in thick1 irregular1 more or less contorted pieces1 easily broken4 ,it consists of a rough greyish epidermis1 investing a buff or pale cinnamon-coloured bark2 internally1 still lighter in colour1 and of a spongy texture1 having a very bitter taste1 but devoid of odour4--,properties4 ,astringent1 tonic1 anthelmintic1 antiperiodic--,therapeutic uses4 ,in chronic diarrhoea and the advanced stages of dysentery2 also as a tonic in debility after fevers1 and other exhausting diseases4--,dose4 #c to #e grains1 either alone or combined1 in bowel affections1 with small doses of ipecacuanha and extract of gentian4--,preparations4 ,,tincture ,,of ,,alstonia 7,tinctura ,alstoni74 ,take of alstonia bark1 bruised1 #b-a_/b ounces2 proof spirit1 #a pint4 ,macerate for seven days in a closed vessel1 with occasional agitation2 filter1 and add sufficient proof spirit to make #a pint4 ,or prepare by percolation1 as ,tincture of ,calumba4--,dose1 #a to #b fluid drachms4 ,alstonia1 ,infusion of4 7,infusum ,alstoni47 ,take of alstonia bark1 bruised1 #a_/b an ounce2 boiling water1 #aj fluid ounces4 ,infuse in a covered vessel for an hour and strain4--,dose4 ,from #a to #b fluid ounces twice or thrice daily4 ,a good serviceable tonic4 ,,al',,terative 7awl'-t7er-7a-t7iv74 ,syn4 ,,al',,terant992 ,,al',,terans 77al'-71 ,l42 ,,alt,,rant1 ,,alt,,ratif1 ,fr4 ,in medicine1 having power to alter2 applied to substances and agents which occasion a change in the habit or constitution1 and thus re-establish the healthy functions of the body1 or any part of it1 without producing any sensible evacuation or other obvious effect4 ,,alterative ,,extract1 or ,,golden ,,medical ,,discovery 7,dr ,pierce1 ,buffalo71 for the cure of all severe1 acute1 chronic1 or long-standing coughs1 inflammations1 hoarseness1 scrofulous1 and syphilitic diseases4 ,a clear light-brown fluid1 #bbj grms41 composed of #ae grms4 purified honey1 #a grm4 extract of lettuce1 #b grms4 laudanum1 #ajj grms4 of proof spirit tasting of fusel oil and wood spirit1 and #aje grms4 water4 7,hager47 ,,al',,teratives 7-t7ivz74 ,syn4 ,,alteran',,tia1 ,l42 ,,alt,,ratifs1 c41 ,fr4 ,alterative medicines or agents4 ,the preparations of mercury and iodine1 when properly administered1 are the most useful members of this class2 and are those which are now the most generally employed4 ,,althe',,in 77al-the'-7in74 ,syn4 ,,alth',,ina1 ,l4 ,the name given by ,braconnot to a substance identical with asparagin1 which he discovered in the 'marsh-mallow' 7alth'a officina'lis1 ,linn474 ,,althoff ,,water 7aqua mirabilis71 for torpid ulcers4 ,wine vinegar1 #gej parts2 sulphate of copper1 #ajj parts2 potash1 #be parts2 ammonia1 #cj parts2 salt of sorrel1 #h parts2 ,french brandy1 #cge parts4 ,digest for a few days in a glass vessel and distil to dryness from a glass retort4 7,wittstein47 ,,al',,udel 7-u-74 ,in chemistry1 a pear-shaped glass or earthen pot open at both ends1 formerly much used for connecting other vessels in the process of sublimation4 ,a number of them joined together are still employed for the distillation of quicksilver1 in ,spain4 ,,al',,um ,k#b,,so#d4;,al#b7,,so#d7c4bd;,aq4 ,syn4 ,,pot',,ash-,,alum1 ,,sul',,phate ,,of ,,aluminum ,,and ,,potassium1 ,,common ,,alum2 ,,alu',,men1 ,a4 ,,potas',,sicum1 ,l42 ,,alun1 ,,sulfate ,d',,alumine ,,et ,,de ,,potasse1 ,fr42 ,,alaun1 ,ger42 ,,alume1 ,ital4 ,the principal alum-works in ,england1 until recently1 were those of ,lord ,glasgow1 at ,hurlett and ,campsie1 near ,glasgow1 and those of ,lords ,dundas and ,mulgrave1 at ,whitby1 ,yorkshire 7est4 #afjj72 but those of ,mr ,spence1 at ,manchester1 and at ,goole 7,yorkshire71 and of ,mr ,pochin1 at ,manchester1 are now among the largest1 if they be not actually the largest in the world4 ,there are also extensive alum-works at and near ,newcastle-on-,tyne2 but none of importance1 that we know of1 in any other part of these realms4 ,nat4 hist4 ,alum is found native in some places 7,,native ,,alum71 either effloresced on the surface of bituminous alum-schist 7,gttwigg1 ,austria72 or united with the soil in the neighbourhood of volcanoes 7,solfatara1 ,naples72 when it may be obtained by simple lixiviation and evaporation1 a little potash being commonly added to convert the excess of sulphate of alumina present into alum4 ,it is also found in certain mineral waters 7,east ,indies74 ,sources4 ,the alum of commerce is usually obtained from schistose pyritic clays1 commonly termed alum-ores1 aluminous shale1 a4-schist1 c42 and from alum-rock1 a4-stone1 or alunite4 ,at ,la ,tolfa1 ,civita ,vecchia1 where the best ,roman-alum is produced1 the source is stratified alum-stone4 ,on the ,continent1 and in ,great ,britain1 it is generally pyritaceous clays1 volcanic aluminous ores1 aluminous shale1 or alum-slate4 ,these minerals contain sulphide of iron1 alumina1 bitumen or carbon1 and frequently a salt of potassium4 ,of late years large quantities of alum have been prepared on the banks of the ,tyne from aluminous clay4 ,prep4 ,the manufacture of alum is technically said to be conducted according to the natural process when prepared from alum-schist or alum-ore2 and according to the artificial process when made by acting on clay with sulphuric acid1 and adding a potassium salt to the resulting lixivium4 ,the manufacture of alum and of sulphate of alumina from such materials as contain only alumina1 to which consequently sulphuric acid and alkaline salts have to be added1 has come largely into practice in ,england4 ,the materials employed are1 in addition to clay1 cryolite or ,greenland spar1 a fluoride of aluminum and soda2 bauxite1 a hydrate of alumina1 of more or less purity2 and slag4 ,the following are the details of these processes3-- a4 ,from ,,alum-,,ore1 ,,aluminous ,,schist1 or ,,shale1 c43-- ,illustration #a4 ,the mineral 7alum-ore1 a4-schist1 c47 is placed in heaps1 and moistened from time to time with water1 when it becomes gradually hot1 and falls into a pulverulent state4 ,this decomposition commonly occurs either wholly1 or partially1 on the floor of the mine4 ,if the ore does not possess this property on mere exposure to air and moisture1 it is broken into pieces and laid upon a bed of brushwood and small coal1 to the depth of about four feet1 when the pile is fired and fresh lumps of the alum-mineral thrown on1 until the mass becomes of considerable height and size4 ,the combustion1 as soon as established1 is conducted with a smothered fire1 until the calcination is complete2 care being taken to prevent fusion1 or the disengagement of either sulphurous or sulphuric acid1 from contact between the ignited stones and the carbonaceous fuel4#ce ,to promote these ends the pile1 at the proper time1 is 'mantled' 7as the workmen call it7 or covered with a layer of already calcined and exhausted ore1 in order to protect it from high winds and heavy rains2 as also to moderate the heat1 and let it proceed gradually1 so that the sulphur present may not be lost or wasted by volatilisation4 ,the roasting is finally checked by a thicker 'mantling1' and the whole allowed to cool4 ,by this time the pile has usually lost about one half its bulk1 and become open and porous in the interior1 so that the air can circulate freely through the mass2 the latter1 in dry weather1 as the heap cools1 being usually promoted by sprinkling a little water on it1 which1 by carrying down some of the saline matter1 renders the interior still more open to the atmosphere4 ,the whole1 when cold1 or nearly cold1 is1 if necessary1 still further exposed to the action of air and moisture4 ,the time required to calcine the heap properly1 including that taken by the burned ore to cool1 varies1 according to its size and the state of the weather1 from three to nine1 or even twelve months4 ,the residuum of the calcination is next placed in large stone or brick cisterns1 and edulcorated with water1 until all the soluble portion is dissolved out2 the solution is then concentrated in another stone cistern1 so made that the flame and heated air of its reverberatory furnace sweep the whole surface of the liquor4 7,see engr47 ,the evaporation is continued until it just barely reaches the point at which crystals are deposited on cooling2 when it is run off into coolers4 ,after the sulphate of iron1 always present1 has been deposited in crystals1 the mother-liquor1 containing the sulphate of aluminum1 is run into other cisterns1 and a saturated solution of chloride of potassium1 or of sulphate of potassium1 or 7sometimes7 impure sulphate or carbonate of ammonium1 or a mixture of them1#cf is added until a cloud or milkiness ceases to be produced on addition of more4#cg ,it is next allowed to settle and get thoroughly cold1 and the supernatant 'mother-liquor' being drawn off with a pump or syphon1 the precipitate1 which is alum in the form of minute crystals 7technically termed 'flour'71 is well drained1 and subsequently washed by stirring it up with a little very cold water1 which is then drained off1 and the operation repeated a second time with fresh water4 ,a saturated solution of the pulverulent alum 7'flour'7 is next formed in a leaden boiler1 and the clear portion is run or pumped off1 while boiling hot1 into crystallising vessels1 called roaching casks 7see engr471 the staves of which are lined with lead1 and nicely adjusted to each other4 ,after the lapse of a week or ten days1 the hoops and staves of these 'casks' are removed1 when a thick crust of crystallised alum is found1 which exactly corresponds in form and size to the interior of the cask4 ,a few holes are then made in the sides of this mass1 near the bottom1 to allow the contained mother-liquor to drain off1 after which the whole is broken up and packed in casks for sale4 ,sometimes the alum thus obtained1 or the lower portion of it1 is washed with a little very cold water1 and1 if discoloured1 or small or slimy1 is purified by a second crystallisation4 ,footnote #ce3 ,the generality of alum-minerals require roasting2 and their own bituminous matter is1 in many cases1 sufficient to produce the heat required1 which need not necessarily exceed #fjj to #fej ,fahr41 provided it be continued for a sufficient period4 ,it is only when they are less bituminous or carbonaceous that slack or saw-dust1 c41 is employed4 ,footnote #cf3 ,for pure ,,potash-,,alum a salt of potash only must be employed4 ,when ammonia 7usually in the form of gas-liquor or gas-sulphate7 is used as the precipitant1 the product is ,,ammonia-,,alum4 ,the ordinary alums of commerce are now generally mixtures of the two4 ,footnote #cg3 ,the respective quantities required to produce #ajj parts of alum from the sulphate of alumina liquor are-- ,chloride of potassium #aeg ,sulphate of #ahd ammonium #aci ,in practice1 the exact quantity required may be found by a previous trial of a little of the aluminous liquor2 but the indications mentioned in the text will always show the operator when a sufficient dose is added4 ,illustration #b4 ,as ammonia-alum 7,spence's process2 see below71 but using a potash-salt as the precipitant1 either wholly or in part1 instead of ammonia2 and1 in the latter case1 supplementing the deficiency of potash with ammonia1 as there explained4 b4 ,from ,,aluminous ,,clay and ,,oil ,,of ,,vitriol3-- #a4 ,clay1 free or nearly free from carbonate of lime and oxide of iron1 is chosen for this purpose4 ,it is moderately calcined 7in lumps7 in a reverberatory furnace1 until it becomes friable2 great care being taken that the heat be not sufficient to indurate it1 which would destroy its subsequent solubility4 ,it is next reduced to powder1 sifted1 and mixed with about #de of its weight of sulphuric acid 7sp4 gr4 #ade71 the operation being conducted in a large stone or brick basin arched over with brickwork4 ,heat is then applied1 the flame and hot air of a reverberatory furnace being made to sweep over the surface of the liquor4 ,the heat and agitation are continued for #b or #c days1 when the mass is raked out and set aside in a warm place for a few weeks 7#f to #h71 to allow the acid the more perfectly to combine with the clay4 ,at the end of this time the newly-formed sulphate of alumina is washed out1 the solution evaporated until of a sp4 gr4 of about #ach 7#abd for 'ammonia-alum'71 and the salt of potash added4 ,the remaining operations resemble those above described4 ,good alum may be produced by this process at about two thirds the cost of rock or mine alum4 #b4 7,process of ,mr ,pochin47 ,fine ,china clay is heated in a furnace1 and mixed with a suitable proportion of sulphuric acid2 the latter being considerably diluted with water1 in order to moderate its action1 which would otherwise be far too violent4 ,the mixture is then passed into cisterns furnished with movable sides1 where1 in a few minutes1 it heats violently and boils4 ,the thick liquid gradually becomes thicker1 until it is converted into a solid porous mass2 the pores being produced by the bubbles of steam which are driven through it1 owing to the heat resulting from the reaction of the ingredients on each other4 ,this porous mass 7,,alum-,,cake2 ,,concentrated ,,alum7 appears perfectly dry1 although retaining a large amount of combined water4 ,it also contains all the silica of the original clay1 but in such a state of fine division1 that the whole appears homogeneous2 whilst it imparts a dryness to the touch which can scarcely be given to pure sulphate of alumina4 ,from this substance a solution of pure sulphate of alumina is easily obtainable by lixiviation1 and allowing the resulting solution to deposit its silica before using it1 but for many purposes the presence of the finely divided silica is not objectionable4 ,the sulphate of alumina solution so obtained is adapted to all the purposes in dyeing for which alum is now employed2 the sulphate of potash or of ammonia in the latter being an unnecessary constituent1 and one merely added to facilitate the purification and subsequent crystallisation of the salt4 ,to obtain ,,alum from the porous alum-cake1 the proper proportion of acid having been used in its preparation1 or subsequently added1 it is only necessary to precipitate its concentrated solution with a strong solution of a salt of potash1 or of ammonia1 or a mixture of them1 and to otherwise proceed as before4 ,ratio4 ,in the above process the sulphide of iron of the shale or schist is converted by atmospheric oxygen into sulphate of iron and sulphuric acid2 the sulphuric acid decomposes the clay1 setting silica free1 and producing sulphate of aluminum4 ,the sulphate of iron is mostly got rid of by concentrating the solution of the mixed sulphates1 and the mother-liquors are converted into alum by the addition of the salt of potassium4 ,when chloride of potassium is used1 it yields chloride of iron and sulphate of potassium1 the latter combining with the sulphate of aluminum1 and the former remaining behind in the mother-liquor4 ,see ,,alums 7in ,chemistry74 ,comp4 ,potassium alum has the formula ,k#b,,so#d4;,al#b7,,so#d7c4bd;,aq4 c4 ,from ,,cryolite4 #a4 7,thomson's method47 ,decomposition of cryolite by ignition with carbonate of lime4 ,from the ignited mass the aluminate of soda is obtained by lixiviation with water1 and into the solution carbonic acid gas is passed1 when there result precipitated hydrated gelatinous alumina and carbonate of soda1 which remains in solution4 ,if it be desired to obtain the alumina as an earthy compact precipitate1 bicarbonate of soda is used instead of carbonic acid4 ,while the clear liquor is boiled down for the purpose of obtaining carbonate of soda1 the precipitated alumina is dissolved in dilute sulphuric acid2 this solution is evaporated for the purpose of obtaining sulphate of alumina 7the so-called concentrated alum71 or the solution after having been treated with a potassa or an ammonia salt is converted into alum4 #b4 7,sauerwein's method47 ,decomposition of cryolite by caustic lime by the wet way4 ,very finely ground cryolite is boiled with water and lime1 the purer the better1 and as free from iron as possible1 in a leaden pan4 ,the result is the formation of a solution of aluminate of soda1 and insoluble fluoride of calcium 7lime74 ,when the fluoride of calcium has deposited1 the clear liquid is decanted1 and the sediment washed1 the first wash-water being added to the decanted liquor1 and the second and third wash-waters being used instead of pure water at a subsequent operation4 ,in order to separate the alumina from the solution of aluminate of soda1 there is added to the liquid while being continuously stirred very finely pulverised cryolite in excess1 the result of the decomposition being alumina and fluoride of sodium1 7soda74 ,when no more caustic soda can be detected in the liquid1 it is left to stand for the purpose of becoming clear4 ,the clarified solution of fluoride of sodium is then drawn off1 and the alumina treated as above described4 ,the solution of fluoride of sodium having been boiled with caustic lime yields a caustic soda solution1 which having been decanted from the sediment of fluoride of calcium is evaporated to dryness4 ,recently the fluoride of calcium occurring as a by-product has been used in glass-making4 #c4 ,the decomposition of cryolite by sulphuric acid yields sulphate of soda convertible into carbonate by ,leblanc's process1 and sulphate of alumina free from iron4 ,this method of decomposing cryolite is1 however1 by no means to be recommended1 as owing to the liberation of hydrofluoric acid1 peculiarly constructed apparatus are required1 whilst the sulphate of soda has to be converted into carbonate4 d4 ,from ,bauxite4 ,this mineral1 occurring in some parts of ,southern ,france1 in ,calabria1 near ,belfast1 and in other parts of ,europe1 consists essentially 7viz4 #fj per cent47 of hydrate of alumina1 more or less pure4 ,in order to prepare alums and sulphate of alumina from it1 the mineral is first disintegrated by being ignited with carbonate of soda1 or with a mixture of sulphate of soda and charcoal2 in each case the lixiviation of the ignited mass yields aluminate of soda1 from which1 by the processes already described under ,cryolite1 alum1 or sulphate of alumina1 and soda are prepared4 e4 ,from blast-furnace slag4 ,lrmann recommends the slag to be decomposed by means of hydrochloric 7muriatic7 acid4 ,from the resulting solution of chloride of aluminum the alumina is precipitated by carbonate of lime1 any dissolved silica being precipitated at the same time4 ,the alumina is dissolved in sulphuric acid1 leaving the silica4 ,illustration ,prop4 ,alum crystallises in regular octahedrons1 often with truncated edges and angles2 7see engr472 and sometimes in cubes1 but only when there is a deficiency of acid in its composition1 with the alkali in slight excess of the proper quantity4 7,lwel47#ch ,it is slightly efflorescent in dry air3 soluble in #ah parts of cold water1 and in rather less than its own weight of boiling water2 tastes sweet1 acidulous1 and very astringent2 is styptic2 and reddens litmus4 ,when heated it melts1 loses its water of crystallisation1 and becomes white and spongy 7,,dried ,,alum72 a strong heat1 short of whiteness1 decomposes it1 with the evolution of oxygen and a mixture of sulphuric and sulphurous anhydride2 calcined with carbonaceous matter it suffers decomposition1 and furnishes a pyrophoric residuum 7,,homberg',s ,,pyro',,phorus74 ,ignited with alkaline chlorides1 hydrochloric acid is liberated2 which also occurs when their concentrated solutions are boiled together4 ,ammonia precipitates pure hydrate of aluminum from potassium alum2 but only a subsulphate from the simple sulphate of alumina4 ,sp4 gr4 #agbd2 but1 when containing ammonia1 often so low as #agaj4 ,footnote #ch3 ,the ordinary alum1 of commerce1 consisting of large crystalline masses1 which do not present any regular geometrical form2 but by immersion in water for a few days1 octahedral and rectangular forms are developed on its surface4 7,daniell47 ,tests1 c4 ,it is easily recognised by its crystalline form1 its taste1 and by its complete solubility in water4 ,its aqueous solution gives a white gelatinous precipitate soluble in excess2 a platinum wire moistened with the solution imparts a violet colour to the blowpipe flame2 and chloride of barium gives a white precipitate insoluble in nitric acid4 ,pur4 ,when pure1 its solution is not darkened by tincture of galls1 sulphuretted hydrogen or ferrocyanide of potassium2 neither does it give any precipitate with solution of nitrate of silver4 ,heated with caustic potassa1 or quick-lime1 it does not evolve fumes of ammonia4 ,adult41 c4 ,the principal impurity1 and one which renders alum unfit for the use of the dyer1 is iron4 ,this may be readily detected by the blue precipitate it gives with ferrocyanide of potassium1 or the black precipitate with sulphide of ammonium1 which are very delicate tests4#ci ,lime1 another very injurious contamination1 may be detected by precipitating the alumina and iron 7if any7 with ammonia1 and then adding oxalate of ammonia to the boiled and filtered liquid4 ,the liquid filtered from the last precipitate 7oxalate of lime7 may still contain magnesia1 which may be detected by the white precipitate caused on the addition of an alkaline phosphate4 ,common alum frequently contains ammonia1 from urine1 or the crude sulphate of the gas-works1 having been employed in its manufacture4 ,powdered alum is frequently adulterated with common salt1 in which case it gives a white curdy precipitate with nitrate of silver1 turning black by exposure to the light4 ,footnote #ci3 ,good ,english alum contains less than #ja of iron4 ,the best ,roman or ,italian alums seldom contain more than #jje of iron-alum1 notwithstanding their exterior colour4 ,phys4 eff4 c4 ,in small quantities alum acts as an astringent2 in larger doses as an irritant4 ,it acts chemically on the animal tissues and fluids1 is absorbed1 and has been discovered in the liver1 spleen1 and urine 7,orfila71 the last often becoming acid 7,kraus74 ,externally1 it is astringent4 ,the almost general use of alum by the ,english bakers is one of the most fertile sources of dyspepsia and liver and bowel complaints in adults2 and of debility and rickets in children4 ,bad teeth and their early decay is another consequence of the daily use of alum in our food4 ,the bone matter 7phosphate of lime7 of bread1 instead of being assimilated by the system1 is either wholly1 or in part1 converted into a salt of alumina1 which is useless and incapable of appropriation4 ,when alum has been taken in poisonous doses an emetic should be given1 followed by warm diluents and demulcents1 containing a little carbonate of soda2 and subsequently by a purgative4 ,uses1 c4 ,the applications of alum in the arts and manufactures are numerous and important4 ,it is used to harden tallow and fats2 to render wood and paper incombustible2 to remove greasiness from printers' blocks and rollers2 to prepare a paper for whitening silver and silvering brass in the cold2 to help the separation of the butter from milk2 to purify turbid water2 to dress skins2 to fix and brighten the colours in dyeing2 to make lake and pyrophorus1 c41 c4 ,it is also extensively used for clarifying liquors1 and for many other purposes connected with the arts and everyday life4 ,in medicine1 alum is used as a tonic and astringent1 in doses of #e to #bj gr42 as a gargle 7#a dr4 to #a_/b pint of water72 and as a collyrium and injection 7#aj to #ae gr4 to #f oz4 of water74 ,in lead colic1 #a_/b to #a dr4 of alum 7dissolved in gum-water71 every #c or #d hours1 is said to be infallible4 ,powdered alum is frequently applied with the tips of the fingers1 in cases of sore throat and ulcerations of the mouth1 c4 ,a teaspoonful of it is said to be one of the very best emetics in croup4 7,dr ,meigs47 ,alkalies1 alkaline carbonates1 lime1 magnesia1 acetate of lead1 astringent vegetables1 c41 are incompatible with it4 ,gen4 commentary4 ,in addition to the particulars of its manufacture given above1 we may add1 that the plan of getting rid of the ferric salts there referred to has to some considerable extent been successfully replaced by that of precipitating the alum1 instead of the sulphate of iron1 by adding alkaline matter to the lixivium4 ,the crystalline precipitate is purified by draining1 re-solution1 and re-crystallisation2 whilst the sulphate of iron and ,epsom-salts contained in the mother liquor are obtained by subsequent evaporation and crystallisation2 after which a fresh crop of alum may be got from it1 by the use of an alkaline precipitant1 as before4 ,in estimating the strength of his solution the alum-maker takes as a standard a measure or sp4 gr4 bottle capable of holding exactly #hj pennyweights of distilled water4 ,the excess of the weight of liquor1 in pennyweights1 over #hj1 or that of water1 is called so many 'pennyweights strong4' ,thus one of #ij pennyweights 7#ij dwt47 is said to be '#aj dwt4 strong1' or simply1 'one of #ij dwt4' ,these numbers correspond to #b-a_/b degrees of ,twaddle's hydrometer1 and may easily be found by dividing ,twaddle's degrees by #be or #b-a_/b2 or by multiplying them by #d1 and pointing off the right-hand figure of the product for a decimal4 ,the result is in alum-makers' pennyweights4 ,by a patent now expired 7,weisman's1 #ahci7 the ferric salts are precipitated by the addition of a solution of ferrocyanide of potassium 7prussiate of potash72 after which the supernatant clear liquor1 which is now a solution of nearly pure sulphate of alumina1 is decanted1 and evaporated for future operations1 until it either forms1 on cooling1 a concrete mass1 which is moulded into bricks or lumps1 for the convenience of 'packing1' or until it is sufficiently concentrated to be converted into ,,alum by the addition of a salt of potash or of ammonia in the usual manner4 ,the product1 in each case1 is perfectly free from iron4 ,by a like addition of the ferrocyanide to a solution of ordinary sulphate of aluminia or alum1 the dyer may himself easily render them free from iron1 or iron-alum2 when1 as mordants for even the most delicate colours1 they are equal to the very best ,roman alum4 ,another process has been patented 7,barlow ,gore1 #ahea7 for the manufacture of alum from the ash or residue of the combustion of ,boghead-coal1 which1 though hitherto regarded as almost valueless1 actually contains about #cj of alumina4 ,it has not1 however1 been found a convenient material for the purpose4 ,by the latest and most approved processes the least possible quantity of boiling water or liquor is employed for making the solutions1 so that they may crystallise without evaporation1 and thus economise fuel2 and the mother-liquors of previous operations are constantly employed for this purpose1 when possible4 ,nor is anything which is convertible to use1 from the drainage of the heaps1 to the liquor and slime of the roaching casks1 allowed to be wasted4 ,by whatever process1 or from whatever materials alum is obtained1 it is absolutely necessary for the successful and economical conduct of its manufacture1 that the precise composition of the mineral or minerals employed should be exactly known4 ,this can only be determined by actual analysis1 which should be extended to several parts of the same bed1 and particularly to the upper and lower strata1 which frequently differ in composition from each other1 and thus require different treatment1 or may be most advantageously employed in combinations with each other4 ,the necessity of this will be seen by reference to the composition of the following minerals1 of which the top contains a larger proportion of iron-pyrites than the bottom1 and the two require to be mixed1 to equally diffuse the sulphuric acid generated by the calcination1 c41 to which they are subjected4 ,the following is the per-centage composition of certain alum shales3-- ------------------------------------- ,whitby1 ,yorkshire4 7,richardson47 ------------------ ,top ,bottom rock4 rock4 ------------------------------------ ,sulphide of iron #dbj #hej 7pyrites7 ,silica #ebbe #aeaf ,protoxide of iron #hdi #faa ,alumina #ahge #ahcj ,lime #abe #bae ,magnesia #ia #ij ,oxide of manganese traces traces ,sulphuric acid #acg #bej 7,,so#c7 ,potassa #ac traces ,soda #bj traces ,chlorine traces traces ,coal #dig #hbi ,water #bhh #jj ,loss #dfj 787 ------------------------------------ #ajj #ajj ------------------------------------ ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,campsie1 near ,glasgow4 7,ronalds47 ---------------------------------------- --------- ,top ,top ,bottom rock4 rock4 rock4 ---------------------------------------- --------- ,sulphide of iron #djeb #chdh #ifc787 7pyrites7 ,silica #aedj #aeda #bjdg787 ,protoxide of iron 444 444 #bah ,alumina #aace #aafd #ahia787 ,lime #adj #bbb #dj ,magnesia #ej #cb #bag ,oxide of manganese #ae 444 #ee ,sulphuric acid 444 444 #je ,potassa #ij 444 #abf ,soda 444 444 #ba ,carbon or #bgfe787 #bhhj 787 bituminous matter ,coal 444 444 #hea ,water 444 444 #hed ,loss #bac787 #cac #aei787 ---------------------------------------- --------- #ajj #ajj #ajj ---------------------------------------- --------- ,alum-rock1 or alum-stone1 is a species of impure alunite1 and is not of very common occurrence4 ,that of ,tolfa1 near ,civita ,vecchia1 according to ,klaproth1 consists of-- ,silica #efe ,alumina #ai ,sulphuric acid 7,,so#c7 #afe ,potassa #d ,water #c ,loss #a ------ #ajj which exhibits an excess of about #c of sulphuric acid1 and about #ad of alumina1 more than are requisite to form alum with the #d of potassa2 proportions which1 therefore1 require to be supplemented with a potassium salt during the process of manufacture4 ,the alum-stone of ,mont d',or contains1 according to ,cordier1 #ad of oxide of iron4 ,the presence of lime in alum-ore is most prejudicial1 owing to its affinity for sulphuric acid being greater than that of either alumina or iron4 ,ores containing it in any quantity are1 therefore1 unfitted for the manufacture of alum4 ,magnesia is also prejudicial2 but in this case the sulphate of magnesia left in the mother-liquors is not wholly valueless1 as it may be crystallised and sold as ',epsom-salt1'--a thing which is actually done in some ,english alum-works4 ,the potash-salt employed by the alum-makers is either the sulphate or the chloride--chiefly the latter2 its sources being the waste liquor of soap-works1 saltpetre refineries1 and glass-houses4 ,wood-ashes1 although rich in potash1 do not answer well unless freed by lixiviation from the large amount of carbonate of lime which is always present in them4 ,the ammonia-salt used in making alum is generally the crude sulphate prepared from the ammoniacal liquor of gas-works1 or that from the manufacture of sal-ammoniac by the destructive distillation of animal matter4 ,both these liquors may be used without previous conversion into sulphate of ammonia whenever there is an excess of sulphuric acid in the aluminous solution4 ,soda-salts are seldom1 if ever1 used as precipitants in the manufacture of alum1 on account of the easy solubility of the resulting ,,soda-,,alum--a property which unfits them for this purpose4 ,see ,,alums1 ,,ammonia1 ,,dyeing1 ,,mordants1 ,,potash1 ,,sulphuric ,,acid1 c4 7also below74 ,alum1 ,ammonia4 7,,nh#d7b,,so#d 4 ,al#b7,,so#d7c 4 #bd ,aq4 ,syn4 7,,alumen2 ,,alum2 ,b4 ,p471 ,,alu',,men ,,ammonia',,tum1 ,l42 ,,alun ,d',,ammoniaque1 ,a4 ,,ammoniacal1 ,fr4 ,this is an alum in which the sulphate of potassium is replaced by an equivalent of sulphate of ammonium4 ,it is prepared by adding crude sulphate of ammonium to solution of sulphate of aluminum2 or gas-liquor1 putrid urine1 c41 to the acid-sulphate4 ,much of the common alum1 especially that prepared on the ,continent1 contains both potassium and ammonium2 and recently enormous works for its manufacture have been established in ,england4 ,as an astringent1 and as a source of alumina in dyeing1 it resembles potash-alum 7i4 e4 ordinary alum74 ,it may1 however1 be readily distinguished from the latter by the fumes of ammonia which are evolved when it is moistened and triturated1 or heated1 with caustic potassa or quick-lime2 and by the residuum of its exposure to a white heat being pure alumina4 ,see ,,alum 7ant74 ,alum1 ,basic4 ,a variety of alum found native at ,tolfa4 ,on calcination and subsequent lixiviation it yields ordinary alum4 ,a like substance falls as a white powder1 when newly precipitated alumina is boiled in a solution of alum4 ,alum1 ,baum's4 ,alum-white4 ,see ,,white ,,pigments4 ,alum1 ,dried2 ,alum1 ,burnt4 ,syn4 ,,alu',,men ,,us',,tum1 ,a4 ,,exsicca',,tum 7,b4 ,p472 ,,alun ,,sec1 ,fr42 ,,gebrannter ,,alaun1 ,ger42 ,,alume ,,calcinato1 ,ital4 ,alum deprived of its water of crystallisation by heat4 ,prep4 ,take of alum1 #d oz4 ,heat the alum in a porcelain dish or other suitable vessel1 till it liquefies1 then raise and continue the heat1 not allowing it to exceed #djj1 till aqueous vapour ceases to be disengaged1 and the salt has lost #dg per cent4 of its weight4 ,reduce the residue to powder1 and preserve it in a well-stopped bottle4 ,prop41 c4 ,similar to those of common alum1 but it is rather more astringent1 and is less soluble4 ,when moistened1 or placed in contact with water1 it resumes its water of crystallisation with evolution of heat4--,dose1 #aj to #bj gr42 in colic 7especially painters' colic71 hmoptysis1 c4 ,it is chiefly used as an escharotic1 to destroy 'proud flesh1' c4 ,it must be kept in a stoppered bottle4 ,alum1 ,chrome4 ,see ,,alums 7in ,chemistry74 ,alum1 ,i'ron 7-7urn74 ,syn4 ,,alu',,men ,,fer',,ricum1 ,,sul',,phas ,,fer',,ri ,,et ,,potas',s1 ,,fer',,ri ,,perox',,idi ,,potassio-,,sul',,phas1 c41 ,l4 ,comp4 ,k#b,,so#d 4 ,fe#b7,,so#d7c4bd;,aq4 ,prep4 ,take of peroxide of iron1 #i lbs42 sulphuric acid #ad lbs42 dissolve1 dilute the mixture with water1 q4 s41 and add of potassium sulphate1 #aj lbs42 evaporate1 and crystallise4 ,prop41 c4 ,crystals1 beautiful octahedrons of a pinkish or pale violet colour4 ,it is strongly recommended1 by ,dr ,tyler ,smith1 as a chalybeate tonic1 and has been used by him1 at ,st4 ,mary's ,hospital with marked success4 ,it has also been used as a mordant1 in dyeing black4--,dose1 #a_/b gr4 to #e gr4 ,alum1 ,ro'man4 ,syn4 ,,red ,,alum991 ,,roach ,a41 ,,roche ,a41 ,,rock ,a4992 ,,alu',,men ,,roma',,num1 ,a4 ,,ru',,brum1 ,a4 ,,ru',,peum1 c41 ,l42 ,,alun ,,romain1 ,a4 ,,de ,,roche1 ,fr42 ,,alume ,,di ,,rocca1 ,it4 ,in small fragments1 covered with a reddish powder 7,,alumen ,,rubrum ,,ve'',,rum72 originally imported from ,civita ,vecchia1 where it occurs native4 ,it is much esteemed by dyers from being nearly free from iron-alum4 ,that now sold for it in ,england is ordinary alum coloured with ,venetian red1 ,armenian bole1 or rose-pink 7,,alumen ,,rubrum ,,spu'',,rium74 ,this is done by shaking the fragments in a sieve over a vessel of hot water1 and then stirring them up with the colour1 until the surface is uniformly tinged with it4 ,in genuine roach-alum the colour not only covers the surface1 but also partially pervades the substance of the crystals4 ,the name was formerly also applied to a pure white variety of alum1 prepared at ,tolfa2 but it is now1 in ,english commerce1 exclusively given to common alum artificially coloured4 ,alum1 ,saccharated4 ,alum1 #f oz41 white lead #f drms41 sulphate of zinc #c drms41 sugar #a-a_/b oz4 ,mix the ingredients reduced to powder into a paste1 with vinegar and white of egg4 ,used in eye waters and cosmetic washes4 ,alum1 ,so'da4 ,syn4 ,,sulphas ,,alumin ,,et ,,sod1 ,l4 ,comp4 ,na#b,,so#d 4 ,al#b7,,so#d7c 4 #bd;,aq4 ,an alum in which the potassium sulphate of common alum is replaced by a like salt of sodium4 ,it does not occur in commerce4 7,vide supr et infr47 ,,alum-,,earth4 ,alumina4 ,,alum ,,mor',,dants4 ,in dyeing1 mordants having for their basis either common alum or the acetate or sulphate of aluminum4 ,see ,,alums and ,,mordants4 ,,al',,um-,,root4 ,syn4 ,,amer',,ican ,,san',,icle2 ,,heu',,chera 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s471 ,l4 ,the root of heuchera ,america'na 7,linn471 a plant of ,north ,america4 ,it is powerfully styptic and astringent2 and is used chiefly as an external application in cancer4 ,,alum-,,white4 ,see ,,white ,,pigments4 ,,al',,ums4 ,syn4 ,,alu',,mina 7pl4 of alu'men71 ,l4 ,in chemistry1 a term applied to a series or group of salts having potassium alum for their type1 which they resemble in crystalline form and constitution4 ,it is found that the aluminum of common alum may be replaced by any other metal having a like nature1 without affecting the leading characteristics of the salt2 and further1 that in the newly formed compound1 as in potassium-alum1 the second sulphate may also be replaced under the like conditions4 ,all the alums crystallise in octahedrons or cubes1 and they all contain the same number of molecules of water4 ,the alums of commerce 7or alums proper7 all contain aluminum sulphate and an alkaline sulphate4 ,prep4 ,all the alums may be made by mixing together solutions of the respective sulphates in equivalent proportions1 when crystals may be obtained by evaporation in the usual manner4 ,the presence of sulphuric acid1 in slight excess1 assists their crystallisation4 ,,al',,umed 7al'7umd74 ,mixed or impregnated with alum4 ,in dyeing1 mordanted with alum4 ,,alu',,men 7-l'oo-74 ,l4 ,alum2 the pharmacopoeial name of alum4 7,see above47 ,,aluminium4 ,syn4 ,,aluminum 7which see74 ,,aluminous4 ,in mineralogy1 of1 resembling1 or containing aluminum4 ,in chemistry1 containing or obtained from alum4 ,,aluminum4 ,eng41 ,fr41 ,l4 ,syn4 ,,aluminium1 ,eng41 ,fr41 ,l42 ,,alumium1 ,ger4 ,a metallic radical or element very abundantly distributed1 united with silica4 ,discovered by ,m4 ,whler1 who succeeded in obtaining it as a grey metallic powder 7,a4,d4 #ahbg72 and later 7#ahde71 under the form of globules exhibiting the leading characteristics of the metal4 ,in #ahed1 ,m4 ,dumas announced to the ',academy of ,sciences1' that ,m4 ,st4 ,clair ,deville had procured pure aluminum from clay1 and exhibited several specimens of considerable size and beauty4 ,the result was a general impression that it might be easily obtained in any quantity1 and ultimately at a reasonable price2 expectations which have been only partly1 though to a great extent fulfilled1 owing to the expense and trouble of the process1 notwithstanding recent improvements4 ,prep4 7,m4 ,deville2 ,a4,d4 #ahed-ei47--;,a quantity of chloride of aluminum1 varying from #bjj to #cjj grammes 7say from #f to #aj oz471 is introduced into a wide glass or porcelain tube1 between two plugs of asbestos to retain it in position1 and a current of hydrogen 7thoroughly dried by passing first through concentrated sulphuric acid1 and then through a tube containing fused chloride of calcium7 passed over it2 a gentle heat being at the same time applied to the part of the tube containing the chloride1 to drive off any free hydrochloric acid which might have been formed by the action of the air upon it4 ,a small porcelain boat1 containing sodium1 is now introduced at the other extremity of the glass tube1 which is then again closed2 and when the sodium is fused1 the chloride is sufficiently heated to cause its vapour to come into free contact with it4 ,a powerful reaction ensues1 with the evolution of much heat1 and this continues as long as any undecomposed sodium remains to act on the passing vapour4 ,the mass in the boat1 which is now a mixture of the double chloride of aluminum and sodium1 in which small globules of the newly reduced metal are suspended1 is allowed to cool in the hydrogen2 after which it is treated with water1 to remove the soluble double chloride4 ,the residuum1 consisting of small globules of aluminum1 is1 lastly1 reduced to a solid button or mass1 by fusion1 at a strong heat1 under a layer of the fused double chloride of aluminum and sodium4 ,on a large scale two cast-iron cylinders are employed1 instead of the glass or porcelain tube just referred to2 the anterior one of which contains the chloride of aluminum1 and the posterior one a tray holding the sodium1 of which #aj or #ab lbs4 are commonly operated on at once4 ,these cylinders are united by means of a smaller intermediate one1 filled with clean scraps of iron1 which serve to separate iron1 free hydrochloric acid1 and chloride of sulphur1 from the vapour of the chloride of aluminum1 as it passes through them4 ,during the passage of the vapour of the chloride this smaller cylinder1 or tube1 is kept heated to from #djj to #fjj ,fahr42 but the two other cylinders are only very gently heated1 since the chloride is volatilised at a comparatively low temperature1 and the reaction between it and the fused sodium1 when once commenced1 usually generates sufficient heat for the completion of the process4 ,occasionally a mixture of the double chloride of aluminum and sodium1 #dj parts2 chloride of sodium #bj parts2 fluor spar1 #bj parts2 each separately dried1 powdered1 and then blended together2 sodium1 in small pieces1 #g-a_/b to #h parts1 are used instead of the last4 ,it is likewise made from a mixture of cryolite and fused chloride of potassium1 of each1 in powder1 #e parts2 sodium1 #b parts2 a cast-iron crucible being employed2 the resulting minute globules being collected and fused to a button under a layer of the double chloride of aluminum and sodium4 ,prop41 c4 ,aluminum1 when quite pure1 closely approaches silver in appearance1 except in being rather less white and lustrous than that metal4 ,ordinary specimens1 called pure1 have a slight bluish tint or tin-white colour1 with a perfect lustre1 but far inferior to that of pure silver4 ,sp4 gr4 #bef1 which by hammering may be raised to #bfg4 ,it is both ductile and malleable2 fuses at a temperature between the melting-points of zinc and silver2 is not affected by either damp or dry air1 or by oxygen at ordinary temperatures1 or by water whether cold or boiling2 even steam1 at a red heat1 is only slowly decomposed by it4 ,it is not acted on by nitric acid1 however concentrated1 unless boiling1 and then very slowly2 nor by dilute sulphuric acid1 sulphuretted hydrogen1 and the sulphides1 or even the fused hydrates of the alkalies4 ,it is1 however1 readily dissolved by hydrochloric acid1 with the evolution of hydrogen1 even in the cold2 and by a concentrated mixture of nitric and sulphuric acid4 ,it is feebly magnetic1 conducts electricity about eight times better than iron1 and is more electro-negative than zinc4 ,commercial specimens1 owing to the presence of iron and silicon1 and often zinc1 usually slowly tarnish in damp air1 and possess the other properties described above in a somewhat diminished degree4 ,in a finely divided state1 particularly in the state of powder or minute scales in which it was originally obtained1 when heated to redness1 it catches fire and burns with great rapidity in the air1 and in oxygen gas with intense brilliancy1 the product in each case being alumina4 ,aluminum unites with the other metals1 forming ,,alloys1 of which some promise to be of great value in the arts4 ,an alloy of #ajj parts of aluminum with #e parts of silver may be worked like the pure metal1 but is harder and susceptible of a finer polish1 whilst its property of not being affected by sulphuretted hydrogen and acids remains unimpaired2 even #c of silver is said to be sufficient to impart to it the full brilliance and colour of pure silver4 ,an alloy containing #aj of gold is softer and scarcely so malleable as the pure metal4 ,with #h of iron1 or #aj of copper1 it still remains tough and malleable2 but a larger proportion of either of these metals renders it brittle4 ,the presence of #b or #c of zinc destroys its ductility and malleability1 and also impairs its colour and lustre2 whilst less than even #a_/d of bismuth renders it brittle in a high degree4 ,small quantities of aluminum added to other metals change their properties in a very remarkable manner4 ,thus1 copper alloyed with #aj2 of aluminum has the colour and brilliancy of gold1 is harder than bronze1 very malleable1 and may be worked at high temperatures easier than the best varieties of iron2 and with #bj is quite white1 and closely resembles silver4 ,with more than #ab of aluminum the alloy is harder1 but brittle4 ,the alloy formed of #ajj parts of silver with #e parts of aluminum is as hard as the silver of our coinage1 whilst the other properties of the latter metal remain unaltered4 ,uses4 ,the valuable properties of aluminum adapt it to numerous applications in the arts and everyday life4 ,hitherto these have been very limited1 owing to its comparatively high price2 which1 notwithstanding it has fallen considerably1 is still sufficient to prevent its general or even extensive application4 ,the 'eagles' of the ,french army have been made of it1 as well as certain articles of jewelry1 plate1 c41 as brooches1 bracelets1 chains1 spoons1 and other ornamental and useful objects4 ,owing to its low sp4 gr41 it has been used as a suitable material for the minute decimal weights of chemists1 for military helmets1 trumpets1 c4 ,a few cornet--pistons1 for which its lightness and sonorousness admirably adapt it1 have actually been made of it4 ,its power of resisting oxygen1 sulphuretted hydrogen1 moisture1 c41 would render it invaluable as a coating to metals1 particularly iron and lead1 to protect them from rust or corrosion1 did not its price intervene4 ,as an internal coating for water-pipes1 cisterns1 c41 no other substance1 except gold and platinum1 is so well adapted4 ,in chemistry1 capsules1 tubes1 c41 either made of or coated with it1 may be often advantageously substituted for those of platinum4 ,in addition to what has been said above1 it may be observed that1 in preparing aluminum1 the chief care should be to avoid accidents or failure by the employment of too high a temperature1 and to avoid the product being contaminated with other metals or with carbon4 ,to ensure the purity of the metal is a matter of the greatest difficulty1 owing to the facility with which foreign matters are taken up1 during the process1 from the materials of which the apparatus is composed2 and from the substances from which it is prepared being seldom absolutely pure4 ,indeed1 it is not too much to assert that chemically pure aluminum has not yet been obtained2 and that even a very close approximation to it is of very rare occurrence4 ,whenever a copper boat is used to hold the sodium1 the product is always contaminated with copper4 ,chloride of aluminum always contains some of the chlorides of iron and silicon1 both of which are volatile1 and probably takes up a further portion from the porcelain or earthenware used to form the apparatus4 ,sodium also is seldom uncontaminated with carbon or some compound of it2 in which case1 and likewise when it is not carefully freed from the naphtha in which it has been preserved1 the product always contains carbon4 ,the crucible1 whether of porcelain or iron1 in which the final fusion is made1 also contributes to contaminate the metal4 ,hence the inferior whiteness and brilliancy of commercial specimens of aluminum2 a metal which1 in its absolutely pure state1 may be reasonably inferred to be as superior in the above respects to silver as silver is to tin4 ,commercial aluminum contains from #hh to #id per cent4 only of pure aluminum1 and from #a to #d per cent4 of iron1 #a_/b to #c per cent4 of silicon1 and from #a to #f per cent4 of copper4 ,aluminum salts are generally colourless1 soluble1 and crystallise with difficulty1 and are distinguished as follows3-- ,tests4--#a4 ,ammonia and the alkaline carbonates throw down a bulky white precipitate 7hydrate of aluminum7 from solutions of its salts1 which is insoluble in excess of the precipitant4--#b4 ,pure potassa and soda throw down white gelatinous precipitates1 freely soluble in excess of the precipitant2 from which the hydrate of aluminum is reprecipitated by chloride of ammonium1 even in the cold3--#c4 ,phosphate of ammonium gives a white precipitate--#d4 ,iodide of potassium produces a white precipitate1 passing into a permanent yellow3--#e4 ,sulphuretted hydrogen gives no precipitate3--#f4 ,sulphydrate of ammonium precipitates alumina from these solutions3--#g4 ,bisulphate of potassium1 added to concentrated solutions1 gives a precipitate of octahedral crystals of alum3--#h4 ,at a red heat its salts part with some of their acid2 at a white heat1 most of it1 if not all3--#i4 ,aluminum compounds1 ignited on charcoal before the blowpipe1 and afterwards moistened with a solution of nitrate of cobalt and again strongly ignited1 give an unfused mass1 which1 on cooling1 appears blue by day1 and violet by candlelight2 a test1 however1 which is inapplicable to fusible compounds of aluminum1 and such as are not free1 or nearly free1 from other oxides4 ,aluminum1 ,acetate of4 ,syn4 ,,acetate ,,of ,,alumina4 ,prep4 ,pure hydrate of aluminum is digested1 to saturation1 in strong acetic acid1 in the cold2 and the resulting solution1 after being filtered or decanted1 is either evaporated by a very gentle heat to a gelatinous1 semi-solid consistence 7its usual form71 or is preserved in the liquid state4 ,by spontaneous evaporation it may be obtained in long1 transparent crystals4 ,red liquor4 ,from alum1 in powder1 #d parts2 warm water1 q4 s4 to dissolve2 acetate of lead1 in powder1 #c parts2 the solution and mixture being effected by lengthened agitation in a tub or other wooden vessels1 and the clear liquid1 after repose for a sufficient time1 decanted or drawn off from the sediment4 ,from alum1 #b parts2 7dissolved in7 warm water1 q4 s42 solution of pyrolignite of lime 7#bj ,baum71 #c parts2 as before1 but allowing a longer time for the subsidence of the precipitate1 and taking more care in the decantation than when acetate of lead is employed4 ,by decomposing a solution of crude sulphate of alumina with neutral or monobasic acetate of lead4 ,prop4 ,its characteristic property is the feeble affinity existing between its acid and base1 which1 when it is used as a mordant1 is counterbalanced by that of the fibres of the cloth or yarn to which it is applied4 ,in other respects it resembles the other simple salts of alumina4 ,uses1 c4 ,in dyeing and calico printing1 as a mordant4 ,in medicine1 properly diluted1 in chronic diarrhoea2 and1 mixed with syrup of poppies1 in slight cases of hmoptysis 7spitting of blood74 ,it has been employed by ,m4 ,gannal as an injection to preserve animal bodies1 which it will do for years4--,dose1 #a_/b to #a dr4 daily1 in divided portions1 taken in thin mucilage or syrup1 or in barley-water2 as an injection1 #aj to #bj gr41 to water1 #d to #f fl4 oz41 in gonorrhoea1 leucorrhoea1 c4 ,aluminum1 ,chloride of4 ,al#b;,cl#f4 ,syn4 ,,sesquichlo'',,ride ,,of ,,aluminum2 ,,alumin',,ii ,,chlori',,di1 c41 ,l4 ,prep4 ,a thick paste made of dry precipitated alumina1 lampblack1 and oil1 is strongly heated in a covered crucible until all the organic matter is carbonised4 ,the residuum is transferred to a porcelain tube fixed across a furnace1 one end of which is connected with another tube containing dry chloride of calcium1 and the other end with a small tubulated receiver4 ,the porcelain tube is then heated to redness1 whilst chlorine1 dried by passing through the chloride-of-calcium tube1 is transmitted through the apparatus4 ,in one or two hours1 or as soon as the tube is choked1 the whole is allowed to cool1 and the newly-formed ,,sesquichloride collected and preserved in mineral naphtha for use4 ,on the large scale3--,chlorine1 dried as before1 is passed over a mixture of pure clay1 lamp-black1 and coal-tar1 contained in an iron retort1 similar to that used in the manufacture of coal-gas 7previously ignited by means of a suitable furnace71 and connected with a cool chamber accurately lined with tiles of earthenware4 ,the vapours of the ,,sesquichloride condense in this chamber1 as a yellowish crystalline mass1 which is collected and preserved as before4 ,prop41 c4 ,it is volatile at a dull red heat2 excessively greedy of moisture2 and very soluble1 with decomposition1 hydrochloric acid and alumina being formed4 ,once dissolved1 it cannot be again recovered4 ,its chief use is in the preparation of aluminum4 ,obs4 ,although alumina1 like magnesia1 is freely soluble in hydrochloric acid1 the sesquichloride of aluminum contained in this solution cannot be obtained in the anhydrous state1 or even the solid form1 by its evaporation2 the chloride suffering decomposition1 with the formation of hydrochloric acid1 which is volatilised1 and alumina1 which is left behind4 ,aluminum1 ,ni'trate of4 ,al#b7,,no#c7f4 ,syn4 ,,nitrate ,,of ,,alumina2 ,,alu',,min ,,ni',,tras1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,similar to that of the acetate and citrate4 ,its concentrated acid solution deposits rhombic crystals1 containing #ah equiv4 of water4 ,aluminum1 ,oxide of 7,al#b,o#c71 and ,hydrate of 7,al#b7;,,ho7#f74 ,syn4 ,,alumina4 ,prep4 ,aluminum is precipitated as a hydrate from solutions of aluminum salts on the addition of an alkali or alkaline carbonate2 and this precipitate1 after being thoroughly washed and dried1 on ignition loses its water and becomes anhydrous4 ,the following are the best formul for the purpose3-- ,alum is dissolved in about #bj times its weight of distilled water1 and the solution is dropped slowly into pure solution of ammonia1 until the latter is nearly but not entirely saturated1 when the whole is set aside for some time4 ,the clear supernatant liquid is then decanted1 and the precipitate is carefully and thoroughly washed three or four times with tepid distilled water2 after which it is collected on a filter1 again well washed with water1 and1 lastly1 pressed and dried between bibulous paper1 either without heat1 or at a temperature not higher than #abj ,fahr4 ,the product is pure hydrate of ammonium1 and is converted into anhydrous alumina by exposure to a white heat in a covered crucible4 ,the residuum1 after ignition1 is pure ,,anhy',,drous ,,alumina1 or ,,sesquiox',,ide ,,of ,,alumin',,um4 ,a solution of alum is slowly added to a solution of carbonate of ammonia1 avoiding excess2 and the resulting precipitate1 after being washed and pressed1 is dried at a heat of from #abj to #ahj ,fahr4 ,prop41 c4 ,a soft white powder4 ,the hydrate is freely soluble in the acids and in solution of caustic potassa and soda 7from which it is precipitable by sal ammoniac72 when anhydrous 7as after ignition71 it is scarcely acted on by acids1 and when perfectly indurated1 or crystallised1 it is wholly insoluble2 but on ignition with alkalies1 alkaline ,,alu',,minates are formed1 and the alumina is then readily dissolved by acids1 forming salts1 which are mostly colourless1 non-volatile1 and soluble2 they have a very astringent and somewhat sweetish taste1 redden litmus paper1 and lose their acids by ignition4 ,its most remarkable1 or rather useful property1 is its strong affinity for the fibres of organic bodies1 as cotton1 flax1 silk1 wool1 c41 which are capable of taking it from its salts2 and also for organic colouring matters4 ,hence its great use in dyeing1 and in bleaching liquids and the preparation of lakes4 ,hydrate of aluminum agitated or digested with liquids containing vegetable colouring matter1 combines with the latter1 and either entirely1 or to a great extent1 removes it from the solution4 ,moist precipitated alumina1 dried at a heat between #gj and #hj1 contains above #eh of water2 dried at #bab ,fahr41 about #cb of water4 ,estim4 ,aluminum is weighed as oxide1 after ignition4 ,the solubility of the moist or recently precipitated hydrate in solution of ammonia enable us to separate it from the ,,alkaline ,,earths which1 when present1 are thrown down with it4 ,uses1 c4 ,the moist hydrate is used in several processes in the arts4 ,it is the base of cobalt-blue1 the lake-pigments1 c4 ,in medicine1 it is employed as an antacid and astringent1 in acidity of the stomach1 cholera1 diarrhoea1 and dysentery2 in which it is said to be superior to the other absorbent remedies4 7,ficinus47 ,it has also been highly recommended in the vomiting and diarrhoea of infancy4 7,durr2 ,neumann2 ,weese2 c47--,dose4 ,children #c to #aj gr42 adults1 #e or #f to #bj or even #cj gr41 three to six times daily1 suspended in water1 by mucilage or simple syrup4 ,aluminum1 ,sil'icate of4 ,al#b7,si,o#b7c4 ,syn4 ,,sil',,icate ,,of ,,alumina4 ,a substance which1 in its hydrous form1 is the chief and characteristic ingredient of common clay2 and which also occurs1 in combination1 in several other important and abundant minerals4 ,aluminum1 ,sul'phate of4 ,al#b7,,so#d7c4 ,syn4 ,,sesquisul',,phate ,,of ,,alumina1 ,,neutral ,s4 ,,of ,a41 ,,alu',,min ,,sul',,phas1 ,a4 ,,sesquisul',,phas1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,saturate dilute sulphuric acid with hydrate of aluminum1 gently evaporate1 and crystallise4 #b4 7,crude1 commercial47 ,by mixing clay and oil of vitriol1 in the way described under ,,alum4 ,the product is the ',,concentrated ,,alum' of the dyers4 ,prop4 ,its crystals are needles and thin pearly plates2 soluble in #b parts of water2 taste astringent1 and somewhat sweetish2 reaction acid2 a full red heat expels its acid1 leaving a residuum of pure alumina2 with the sulphates of potassium1 sodium1 and ammonium1 it forms alum4 ,uses1 c4 ,in the arts1 chiefly as a substitute for alum2 the sulphate of potassium in the latter1 being found to be an unnecessary and costly ingredient1 only useful to purify the salt from iron1 by forming a compound of easy crystallisation2 an object that may be effected with greater certainty by cheaper methods4 ,in medicine1 as a wash for foul and ill-conditioned ulcers2 and as an astringent and antiseptic injection4 ,m4 ,gannal has successfully employed a solution of this salt to preserve animal bodies1 by throwing it into the arteries4 ,even an enema of #a quart of it1 or an injection of a like quantity into the oesophagus1 will suffice to preserve a body for several weeks4 ,the mineral called ,,al',,unite or ,,alu',,minite1 found near ,newhaven 7,sussex71 is a native subsulphate or basic sulphate 7,,disul',,phate7 of alumina4 ,aluminum1 ,sulphide of4 ,al#b,s#c4 ,syn4 ,,sul',,phide ,,of ,,aluminium1 c4 ,a substance best obtained by passing the vapour of bisulphide of carbon over pure alumina1 at a bright red heat4 ,it is instantly decomposed by water1 with the evolution of sulphuretted hydrogen4 ,see ,,aluminum 7above74 ,aluminum ,tann'ate4 ,syn4 ,,tannate ,,of ,,alumina1 ,eng42 ,,alu',,min ,,tann',,as1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,take of pure hydrate of aluminum 7dried at #ij ,fahr471 #a part2 tannic acid 7dried at #bab71 #b parts2 triturate them together for some time1 adding just sufficient water to bring them to the consistence of a syrup1 and carefully evaporate to dryness at a heat not higher than #abj ,fahr42 lastly1 reduce the residuum to powder4 ,uses1 c4 ,a combination of certain constitution1 which is said to have been found very useful in obstinate vomiting and diarrhoea1 in dysentery1 and particularly in hmoptysis1 hmorrhage1 c4--,dose1 #c to #ab or #ae gr4 ,aluminium ,bronze4 ,see ,,bronze ,,aluminium4 ,,al',,vine 7-v7in74 ,syn4 ,,alvi',,nus1 ,l43 ,,alvin1 ,fr4 ,of or from the belly or intestines2 relating to the intestinal secretions4 ,,amabele4 ,consists of crushed millets4 ,see ,,millet4 ,,am',,adou 7-7ah-doo74 ,syn4 ,,german ,,tinder1 ,,touch',,wood1 ,,pyrotech',,nic ,,sponge1 ,,spunkdouble-dagger1 ,,surgeon',s ,,ag',,aric1 ,a4 ,,of ,,the ,,oak1 c42 ,,agar',,icus ,,quer',c,s1 ,a4 ,,quer',,nus1 ,a4 ,,chirurgo'',,rum1 ,,fun',,gus ,,quer',c,s1 c41 ,l42 ,,amadou1 ,,agaric ,,amadouvier1 ,fr42 ,,zunderschwamm4 ,ger4 ,a soft1 spongy1 combustible substance1 being the prepared flesh of bole'tus fomenta''rius 7,linn471 an indigenous species of fungus found on the oak1 birch1 and a few other trees 7,,real ,,amadou or ,,oak-,,agaric72 for which b4 ignia''rius 7,linn471 a like fungus1 found on the willow1 cherry1 plum1 and other trees1 is frequently substituted4 ,collec41 ,prep41 c4 ,the outer bark of the fungus 7collected in ,aug4 or ,sept47 having been removed with a knife1 the inner spongy substance is carefully separated from the woody portion lying below1 and after being cut into slices1 is well beaten with a mallet until sufficiently soft and pliable4 ,sometimes it is first boiled in water1 in order to separate the epidermis and porous parts1 and to free it from soluble matter2 after which it is beaten as before4 ,in this state it is used in surgery1 c4 ,to complete its manufacture for ,,tinder1 it is soaked once1 or oftener1 in a strong solution of saltpetre 7,,red ,,amadou2 ,,brown ,a472 or in a thin paste made of gunpowder and water1 which is thoroughly forced into the pores 7,,black ,a472 after which it is dried1 and well rubbed to free it from loose matter4 ,the first is the more cleanly2 the last the more combustible4 ,uses1 c4 ,a light brown or reddish-brown substance4 ,in surgery1 pharmacy1 c41 it is used to stop local bleeding1 to spread plasters on1 as a compress1 and for other like purposes4 ,when covered with resin-plaster it forms an excellent article for the protection of abraded surfaces4 ,a small piece thus prepared1 of a circular shape1 having a round hole cut in the middle1 the size of the apex of the corn1 is one of the very best corn-plasters known2 as from its great softness it at once protects the part from pressure1 and removes the cause4 ,as a material for shoe-socks it is superior to all other substances4 ,the amadou for surgical purposes must not contain nitre4 ,,amal',,gam4 ,eng41 ,ger4 ,syn4 ,,amal',,gama1 ,l42 ,,amalgame1 ,fr4 ,in chemistry and metallurgy1 an alloy containing quicksilver2 more particularly one in which that metal plays a conspicuous part4 ,medallists improperly apply this term to all soft alloys4 ,mercury unites with many of the metals by mere contact2 and with some of them1 as gold1 silver1 tin1 and lead1 in certain proportions1 without losing its fluidity4 ,in a few cases1 as with potassium1 this union is attended with considerable violence1 and with the production of light and heat4 ,prep4 ,most of these compounds may be formed by agitating or rubbing the mercury with the other metal1 or metals1 in the state of filings or small fragments1 either with or without heat2 or with the easily fusible metals1 by adding it to them in the melted state2 care been taken1 in both cases1 that the heat be not sufficient to volatilise the mercury4 ,prop41 ,uses1 c4 ,some amalgams are solid1 and not unfrequently crystalline2 others are fluid4 ,of the latter several crystallise after a time1 becoming solid2 being1 probably1 merely solutions of the solid amalgams in excess of mercury4 ,the amalgams of gold1 silver1 tin1 zinc1 c41 are extensively employed in gilding1 silvering and dentistry1 and in other useful arts and manufactures4 ,amalgam1 ,ammonium4 ,an unstable compound produced when a globule of mercury is placed in a small cavity formed in a piece of sal ammoniac1 and the negative pole of a powerful galvanic battery is brought into contact with the metal1 and the positive pole1 with the ammoniacal salt4 ,in a few seconds the new compound 7ammonium amalgam7 of the consistence of butter is formed4 ,on withdrawing the influence of the battery1 the whole returns to its former condition4 ,by putting an amalgam of sodium into the moistened cavity of the sal ammoniac1 similar results are obtained4 ,the phenomena attending the formation of this new substance have been urged as evidence of the existence of the theoretical basic radicle ,,ammonium4 ,amalgam1 ,elec'trical4 ,prep4 #a4 ,take zinc and grain-tin1 of each1 #a oz42 melt them in an iron ladle1 remove it from the fire1 and add of mercury 7hot71 #c oz42 stir the whole well together with an iron rod1 pour it into a well-chalked wooden box1 and agitate it violently until cold2 or1 instead of this1 it may be briskly stirred until cold1 and then powdered4 ,it should be preserved in a corked glass bottle4 #b4 7,la ,baum47 ,zinc1 #b oz42 grain-tin1 #a oz42 bees' wax1 #a_/b oz42 melt1 add of mercury1 #f oz41 and otherwise proceed as before4 ,preferred by some to all other mixtures4 #c4 ,zinc1 #b oz42 mercury1 #e oz4 ,use4 ,to cover the cushions of electrical machines4 ,a little of the powder is poured on a piece of paper1 crushed smooth with a flat knife1 and then spread thinly on the surface of the cushion or rubber1 previously slightly smeared with tallow2 or the powder may be rubbed down with a little tallow1 prior to the application of it4 ,amalgam1 ,gild'ing4 ,syn4 ,,amalgam ,,of ,,gold4 ,prep4 ,take of grain-gold1 #a part2 mercury1 #h parts2 put them into a small iron saucepan1 or ladle1 and apply a gentle heat1 using a smooth piece of iron as a stirrer2 when the solution or combination is complete1 pour it out on a clean plate or smooth stone slab4 ,use4 ,to gild brass1 copper1 c41 in the common process of wash or fire-gilding4 ,a less proportion of gold than the above is used when a thin and cheap gilding is required2 as by increasing the quantity of the mercury the same weight of the precious metal may be extended over a much larger surface4 ,amalgam1 ,sil'vering4--a4 ,for ,,metals4 ,syn4 ,,amalgam ,,of ,,silver4 ,prep41 ,uses1 c4 ,as the last1 but substituting silver for gold4 b4 ,for ,,glass4 ,prep4 #a4 ,lead1 tin1 and bismuth1 of each1 #a oz42 bees' wax or resin #a_/d oz42 melt1 skim off the dross1 cool to the lowest point at which the mixture will remain liquid1 and add of quicksilver #aj oz42 mix well with an iron rod4 #b4 ,lead and tin1 of each1 #a oz42 bismuth1 #b oz42 quicksilver1 #d oz42 as the last4 ,uses1 c4 ,for silvering the insides of hollow glass vessels1 globes1 convex mirrors1 c4 ,the glass being thoroughly cleaned and dried1 is carefully warmed1 and the amalgam1 rendered fluid by a gentle heat1 is poured in1 and the vessel turned round and round1 so as to bring the metal into contact with every part which it is desired to cover4 ,at a certain temperature it will be found to readily adhere to the glass4 ,the excess is then poured out1 and the vessel set aside to cool4 ,amalgams1 ,tooth4 ,see ,,dentistry and ,,tooth-,,cements4 ,amalgam1 ,var'nisher's4 ,prep4 ,melt grain-tin1 #d oz41 with bismuth1 #a oz42 add quicksilver1 #a oz41 and stir till cold2 then grind it very fine with white-of-egg or with varnish1 and apply the mixture to the figure or surface with a soft brush4 ,it is used in several of the ornamental trades4 ,amalgamating ,salts4 ,boil a solution of pernitrate of mercury with excess of equal parts of powdered persulphate and perchloride of mercury1 and decant the liquid portion of the result for use4 ,chiefly used for amalgamating the zinc plates of galvanic batteries1 also as a substitute for mercury in gilding by the amalgam process4 ,,amal',,gamated4 ,syn4 ,,amalgama',,tus1 ,l42 ,,amalgam1 ,fr4 ,compounded or blended with quicksilver2 formed into an amalgam4 ,,amalgama',,tion4 ,eng41 ,fr4 ,syn4 ,,amalgama',,tio1 ,l42 ,,verquicken1 ,ger4 ,the act or process by which an amalgam is formed2 hence loosely1 the mixing or blending of different things4 ,in the art of the refiner1 the operation of separating gold and silver from their ores by means of mercury4 ,,am',,andine 7-dene74 ,prep4 #a4 7,transparent47--a4 ,fine new white or pale honey1 #d oz42 white soft-soap 7prepared from lard and potassa71 #b oz42 mix thoroughly in a marble mortar1 adding #a or #b teaspoonfuls 7if necessary7 of solution of potassa1 until a perfectly homogeneous paste or cream is produced2 then rub in1 by degrees1 and very gradually1 of oil of almonds1 #g lbs4 7or q4 s471 previously mixed with essential oil of almonds1 #a oz42 essence 7oil7 of bergamot1 #c_/d oz42 oil of cloves1 #a_/b oz42 and balsam of ,peru1 #c dr4 ,the product1 which should have a rich1 transparent1 jelly-like appearance and behaviour1 is1 lastly1 put into pots for use or sale4 b4 7,g4 ,w4 ,s4 ,piesse47 ,simple syrup1 #d oz42 white soft-soap 7see above71 #a oz42 oil of almonds1 #g lbs4 7previously scented with--72 essential oil of almonds and bergamot1 of each #a oz42 oil of cloves1 #a_/b oz42 the whole being mixed1 c41 as before4 ,both the above are of very fine quality4 ,glycerin1 in the proportion of about #a_/b oz4 to each lb4 of the products1 added with the soap1 improves their softening quality4 #b4 7,opaque47--a4 ,from white potash-soap and gum-mucilage 7thick71 of each #c oz42 new white honey1 #f oz42 and the yelks of #e large eggs2 well mixed together1 and afterwards intimately blended first1 with oil of almonds 7scented as before1 or at will71 #b lbs42 and afterwards1 with thick pistachio-milk 7made of the fresh-peeled nuts and rose-water71 #e fl4 oz4 b4 ,from almond-paste1 honey1 white potash-soap1 and glycerin1 of each4 #a oz42 yelk of #a egg2 oil of almonds1 #a_/b pint 7holding in solution--72 essential oil of almonds1 #a dr42 balsam of ,peru1 #a_/b dr4 ,uses1 c4 ,to whiten and soften the skin1 and to prevent it chapping4 ,a small portion1 about half the size of a filbert1 with a few drops of warm water1 produces a very white and rich lather1 with which the hands and face are lightly rubbed1 and the skin1 in a short time1 gently wiped with a small napkin1 whilst the water on it is still milky4 ,the manufacture of ,,amandine is a matter of some difficulty and labour4 ,the details essential to success are given under ,,emulsines4 ,it is sometimes coloured1 which is done by infusing or dissolving in the oil1 before using it1 a little--spinach-leaves1 for ,,green2 and palm-oil1 or annatto1 for ,,yellow and ,,orange4 ,a beautiful ,,scarlet or ,,crimson tinge may be given to it by a little liquid rouge or carmine 7ammoniacal71 added just before removing it from the mortar4 ,see ,,emulsines1 ,,olivine1 ,,paste1 c4 ,,amani',,ta ,,musca'',,ria4 ,the fly-agaric or fly-mushroom4 ,see ,,agaric4 ,,amanitine4 ,syn4 ,,amanitina1 ,l4 ,the name given by ,letellier to the poisonous principle of amani'ta muscaria1 and some other species of fungi4 ,it is brown1 uncrystallisable1 and soluble4 ,,amara4 ,l4 ,in medicine and pharmacology1 the bitter tonics4 ,,amaranth4 ,syn4 ,,amaranth',,us1 ,l42 ,,amarante1 ,fr4 ,the flower love-lies-bleeding 7amaranthus caudatus--,linn474 ,in poetry1 an imaginary flower that never fades4 7,milton47 ,in chromatics1 a colour inclining to purple4 ,,amaryth',,rine4 ,a bitter principle found1 in certain lichens1 associated with erythrine 7which see74 ,,amasi4 ,this1 the native name given by the natives of ,central ,africa to sour milk1 which they prepare by adding to the new milk1 a small quantity of milk previously allowed to become sour4 ,the milk thus acidified is considered by them far more wholesome than new milk4 ,,amaurosis4 ,syn4 ,,gutta ,,serena1 ,,suffusio ,,nigra4 ,a diminution or total loss of sight1 arising from paralysis of the retina or optic nerve4 ,,am',,ber4 ,syn4 ,,elec',,tron1 ,gr42 ,,elec',,trum1 ,,suc',,cinum 7,ph4 ,d471 ,l42 ,,ambre1 ,,succin1 ,fr42 ,,bernstein1 ,ger42 ,,lynx-,,stonedagger1 ,,la',,pis ,,lyn',,cisdagger1 ,l4 ,a well-known yellowish1 semi-transparent1 fossil resin1 of which trinkets and the mouth-pieces of pipes are commonly made4 ,nat4 hist41 c4 ,amber is found in detached pieces on the sea-coast1 and is dug up in diluvial soils4 ,that of commerce comes chiefly from the southern coasts of the ,baltic1 where it is cast ashore between ,knigsberg and ,memel2 and from ,ducal ,prussia1 ,saxony1 ,poland1 ,sicily1 and ,maryland 7,u4,s471 where it is dug out of beds or mines4 ,it has also been found on the shores of ,norfolk1 and small pieces are occasionally dug up in the gravel pits round ,london4 ,it is probably an antediluvian resin2 and when found on the coast1 is supposed to be disengaged1 by the action of the sea1 from neighbouring beds of lignite or fossil coal4 ,much diversity of opinion for a long time prevailed amongst naturalists and chemists as to the origin of amber1 some referring it to the vegetable1 others to the mineral1 and some even to the animal kingdom2 its natural history and analysis affording something in favour of each4 ,the vegetable origin of amber has1 however1 been recently shown by various facts1 and is now generally admitted4 ,according to ,sir ,david ,brewster1 its optical properties are those of an indurated vegetable juice4 7',ed4 ,phil4 ,journ41' ii47 ,insects and fragments of vegetables are frequently found imbedded in it2 and this in a manner which could only have occurred when the resin was a viscid fluid4 ,microscopical researches have led to the conclusion that it is the production of some species of pine1 closely allied to the pinus balsamea4 7',entom4 ,trans41' i ii47 ,manuf4 ,amber is ,,worked in a lathe1 ,,polished with whiting and water or rottenstone-and-oil1 and ,,finished ,,off by friction with flannel4 ,during the operation the pieces often become hot and electrical1 and fly into fragments2 to avoid which they are kept as cool as possible1 and only worked for a short period at a time4 ,the workmen are said to often suffer considerably from electrical excitement4 ,amber is ,,joined and ,,mended by smearing the surface of the pieces with linseed or boiled oil1 and then strongly pressing them together1 at the same time holding them over a charcoal fire1 or heating them in any other convenient way in which they will not be exposed to injury4 ,the commoner varieties are ,,hardened and rendered ,,clearer1 either by boiling them in rape oil for about #bd hours1 or by surrounding the pieces with clean sand in an iron pot1 and exposing them to a gradually increasing heat for #cj or #dj hours4 ,during this process small fragments are kept in the sand at the side of the pot1 for the purpose of occasional examination1 lest the heat be raised too high1 or be too long continued4 ,prop41 c4 ,hard2 brittle2 tasteless2 glossy2 generally translucent1 but sometimes opaque1 and occasionally1 though rarely1 transparent2 colour generally yellow or orange1 but sometimes yellowish-white2 becomes negatively electric by friction2 smells agreeably when rubbed or heated2 fracture conchoidal and vitreous or resinous2 soluble in the pure alkalies1 and1 without decomposition1 in oil of vitriol1 which then becomes purple2 insoluble in the essential and fixed oils without long digestion and heat2 soluble in chloroform2 melts at about #eej ,fahr42 burns with a yellow flame1 emitting at the same time a peculiar fragrant odour1 and leaving a light and shiny coal4 ,by dry distillation it yields inflammable gases1 a small quantity of water1 a little acetic acid1 a volatile oil 7,,oil ,,of ,,amber2 ,o',,leum ,,suc',,cini1 ,l47 at first pale1 afterwards brown1 thick1 and empyreumatic1 and an acid 7,,succin',,ic ,,acid2 ,,acidum ,,succin',,icum1 ,l472 with residual charcoal #ab to #ac4 ,sp4 gr4 #ajfe to #aji1 but usually about #ajgj4 ,it cannot be fused without undergoing more or less chemical change4 ,ident4 ,amber may be known from mellite and copal1 both of which articles are occasionally substituted for it1 by the following characteristics3--#a4 ,,mellite is infusible by heat1 and burns white3--#b4 ,a piece of ,,copal1 heated on the point of a knife1 catches fire1 and runs into drops1 which flatten as they fall3--#c4 ,,amber burns with spitting and frothing1 and when its liquefied particles drop1 they rebound from the plane on which they fall 7,m4 ,hay73--#d4 ,neither mellite nor copal yields succinic acid by distillation2 nor the agreeable odour of amber when burnt2 nor do they become so readily electric by friction4 ,uses4 ,it is chiefly made into mouth-pieces for pipes1 beads for necklaces1 and other ornaments and trinkets4 ,it is also used as the basis of several excellent varnishes4 ,in medicine1 it was formerly given in chronic coughs1 hysteria1 c4--,dose 7of the powder71 #aj to #fj gr4 ,remarks4 ,the finer sorts of amber fetch very high prices4 ,a piece #a lb4 in weight is said to be worth from #aj to #ae4 #ejjj dollars a few years since were offered in ,prussia for a piece weighing #ac lbs41 and which1 it was stated by the ,armenian merchants1 would fetch from #cj1jjj to #dj1jjj dollars in ,constantinople4 ,it is more valued in the ,east than in ,england2 and chiefly on account of the ,turks and other ,orientals believing it to be incapable of transmitting infection4 ,in the royal cabinet1 ,berlin1 there is a piece weighing #ah lbs41 supposed to be the largest ever found4 ,the coarser kinds alone are employed in medicine1 chemistry1 c4 ,amber1 ,ac'id of99 77as'-74 ,succinic acid4 ,amber1 ,bal'sam of4 ,syn4 ,,bal',,samum ,,suc',,cini1 ,l4 ,the thick matter left in the retort after the rectification of oil of amber2 and which it resembles in its properties4 ,amber1 ,facti''tious 7-t7ish'-74 ,syn4 ,,suc',,cinum ,,facti'',,tium1 ,l4 ,mellite1 copal1 and anime1 have each been substituted for amber1 especially for small fragments of it4 ,recently an imitation has been produced by acting on gutta percha with sulphur1 at a high temperature1 which1 either alone or in combination with copal1 is said to have been extensively passed off for genuine amber4 ,amber1 ,liq'uiddagger4 ,see ,,liquid-,,ambar4 ,amber1 ,oil of4 ,see ,,oils4 ,amber1 ,re'sin of4 ,see ,,pyr,,tine4 ,amber1 ,salt of4 ,succinic ,acid4 ,amber1 ,sol'uble4 ,prep4 ,fragments of amber are cautiously heated in an iron pot1 and as soon as it becomes semi-liquid1 an equal weight of pale boiled linseed-oil1 previously made hot1 is very gradually stirred in1 and the whole thoroughly blended4 ,used as a cement for glass and earthenware1 and thinned with oil of turpentine to make varnishes4 ,it will keep any length of time if preserved from the air4 ,,amber-,,cam',,phor4 ,see ,,pyr,,tine 7,crystalline74 ,,am',,ber ,,drinkdagger4 ,amber-coloured malt liquor4 ,,am',,ber-,,seed4 ,musk-seed 7which see74 ,,am',,ber-,,tree4 ,the popular name of a species of anthospermum1 an evergreen shrub1 of which the leaves1 when bruised1 emit an agreeable odour4 ,,am',,bergris 7-gr7is2 gresedouble-dagger74 ,syn4 ,,grey ,,amber992 ,,ambragri'',,sea 7gr7izh'-e-7a71 ,l42 ,,ambregris1 ,fr42 ,,ambra1 ,,ambar1 ,ger4 ,an odorous1 solid substance1 found floating on the sea in tropical climates1 and in the ccum of the cachalot or spermaceti whale 7physeter macrocephalus74 ,it has been supposed by some to be a morbid secretion of the liver or intestines1 analogous to biliary calculi2 but according to ,mr ,beale1 it consists of the mere indurated fces of the animal1 perhaps 7as suggested by ,brande and ,pereira7 somewhat altered by disease4 ,some of the semifluid fces1 dried with the proper precautions1 had all the properties of ambergris4 7,beale47 ,it is occasionally found in masses weighing from #fj to #bbe lbs4 ,prop41 c4 ,solid1 opaque1 ash-coloured1 streaked or variegated1 fatty1 inflammable2 remarkably light2 highly odorous1#dj particularly when warmed1 cut1 or handled--the odour being peculiar and not easily described or imitated1 of a very diffusive and penetrating character1 and perceptible in minute quantities2 rugged on the surface2 does not effervesce with acids2 melts at #adj to #aej ,fahr4 into a yellowish resin-like mass2 at #bab flies off as a white vapour2 very soluble in alcohol1 ether1 and the volatile and fixed oils4 ,it appears to be a non-saponifiable fat1 analogous to cholesterine4 ,sp4 gr4 #jghj to #jibf4da ,footnote #dj3 ,it has a pleasant musk-like odour1 which is supposed to be derived from the squid 7'sepia moschata'7 on which the animal feeds1 the horny beaks of which are often found imbedded in the masses4 7,pereira47 ,it has a smell resembling that of dried cow-dung4 7,redwood1 ',gray's ,supplement1' #aheg1 p4 #fjf47 ,footnote #da3 ,sp4 gr #ghj to #hif--;,brande2 #ijh to #ibj--,pereira4 ,pur4 ,from the high price of genuine ambergris it is very frequently1 if not nearly always1 adulterated4 ,when quite pure and of the best quality1 it is--#a4 ,nearly wholly soluble in hot alcohol and ether1 and yields about #he of ambreine3--#b4 ,it almost wholly volatilises at a moderate heat1 and when burnt leaves no notable quantity of ashes2 a little of it exposed in a silver spoon melts without bubble or scum2 and on the heated point of a knife it is rapidly and entirely dissipated3--#c4 ,it is easily punctured with a heated needle1 and on withdrawing it1 not only should the odour be immediately evolved1 but the needle should come out clean1 without anything adhering to it 7,normandy73--#d4 ,the ,chinese are said to try its genuineness by scraping it fine upon the top of boiling tea4 ,it should dissolve 7melt7 and diffuse itself generally4 ,black or white is bad4 ,the smooth and uniform is generally factitious4#db ,footnote #db3 ,ure's ',dict4 of ,a41 ,m4 ,m41' #eth ,ed41 i1 #abh4 ,uses1 c4 ,it is highly prized for its odour1 which is found greatly to improve and exalt that of other substances2 hence its extensive use in perfumery4 ,in medicine it was formerly given as an aphrodisiac1 in doses of #c to #aj gr4 ,a grain or two1 when rubbed down with sugar1 and added to a hogshead of claret1 is very perceptible in the wine1 and gives it a flavour1 by some considered as an improvement4 7,brande47 ,ambergris ,facti''tious4 ,an article of this kind1 met with in the shops1 is thus made3--,orris-powder1 spermaceti1 and gum-benzoin1 of each1 #a lb42 asphaltum1 #c or #d oz42 ambergris1 #f oz42 grain-musk1 #c dr42 oil of cloves1 #a dr42 oil of rhodium1 #a_/b dr42 liquor of ammonia1 #a fl4 oz42 beaten to a smooth hard mass with mucilage1 and made into lumps whilst soft4 ,this fraud is readily detected4 ,,am',,breine 7-bre-7in74 ,syn4 ,,ambrei',,na1 ,l42 ,,ambreine1 ,fr42 ,,ambarstoff1 ,ger4 ,the fatty1 odorous principle of ambergris4 ,prep4 ,digest ambergris in hot alcohol 7sp4 gr4 #jhbg7 until the latter will dissolve no more1 then filter4 ,the ,,ambreine will be deposited as the solution cools1 in an irregular crystalline mass1 which may be purified by recrystallisation in alcohol4 ,prop41 c4 ,melts at about #ij2 volatilises at #bab to #bbj ,fahr42 nitric acid converts it into ,,ambreic ,,acid4 ,it closely resembles cholesterine4--,prod4 #he4 ,,ambrette' 7-br7et'74 ,fr4 ,musk-seed4 ,,ambrosia1 ,,ring',s ,,vegetable 7,tubbs1 ,peterborg1 ,u4,s474 ,a liquid with a sediment1 containing #a per cent4 of lead4 7,chandler47 ,,ameisen ,,balsam4 ,von ,dr ,livingstone 7,ahnelt1 ,charlottenburg74 ,balsam of ants4 ,castor oil1 #gb grms42 balsam of ,peru1 #b grms42 bergamot1 #e drops4 7,hager47 ,,american ,,pills 7,a4 ,h4 ,boldt1 ,lexington74 ,for full-blooded1 corpulent persons1 and for those of sedentary habits1 for irregular menstruation1 and against contagious diseases4 ,made of scammony1 rhubarb1 and soap4 7,schdler47 ,,american ,,medicines1 ,dr ,,sampson',s 7,new ,york74 ,two kinds of pills of coca3--,no4 #a4 #he pills composed of coca extract and coca powder1 and each pill containing about #jjjf grm4 of a morphia salt4 ,no4 #b4 #ej pills1 also of coca1 and each containing #jje grm4 of powdered iron4 ,both kinds are rolled in lycopodium4 7,hager47 ,,american ,,pills ,,for ,,asthma4 ,gilded pills made of gum ammoniacum4 ,,american ,,schampoo-,,fluid ,,for ,,promoting ,,the ,,growth ,,of ,,the ,,hair4 ,spirit of wine and rum1 with some carbonate of ammonia and potash4 ,,american ,,drops ,,for ,,toothache 7,majewsky1 ,warsaw7 have been found of various composition4 ,some which profess to have taken a prize at the ,vienna ,exhibition were composed of ,french brandy1 containing common salt1 and coloured with cochineal4 ,the first was a spirituous solution of an ethereal oil with some oil of cloves1 coloured rather reddish2 ,no4 #b was a similar solution with some oil of peppermint and tincture of rhatany2 and ,no4 #c was merely a diluted solution of ,no4 #b4 7,hager47 ,,american ,,universal ,,blood-,,purifying ,,herb ,,tea 7,dr ,kuhr71 for women's diseases1 hysteria1 nervous debility1 epilepsy1 stomachic complaints1 asthma1 hmorrhoids1 gout1 rheumatism1 worms1 and much besides4 ,white horehound1 marsh mallow1 liquorice wood1 and sassafras1 of each1 #aj parts2 anise1 coriander and fennel1 of each1 #e parts2 red poppy petals1 #d parts2 lavender flowers1 #b parts2 senna1 peppermint1 millefoil flowers1 and valerian root1 of each1 #a part4 7,kuhr and ,selle47 ,,am',,ethyst 7-th7ist74 ,syn4 ,,purple ,,rock-,,crystal2 ,,am,,thyste1 ,fr42 ,,amethys',,tus1 ,l4 ,a beautiful sub-species of quartz or rock crystal1 of a violet-blue colour of varying intensity1 in great request for cutting into seals1 brooches1 and other like articles of ornament4 ,it was known and prized in the earliest ages of antiquity4 ,among the ancients1 cups and vases were made out of this mineral2 and it was an opinion of the ,greeks and ,persians1 that an amethyst bound on the navel would counteract the effects of wine1 and that wine drank out of an amethystine vessel would not intoxicate4 ,see ,,gems4 ,amethyst4 ,in chromation1 dyeing1 c41 a rich variety of deep violet colour4 ,hence1 ,,amethyst',,ine 77in71 c4 ,amethyst1 ,orient'al4 ,a rich violet-blue variety of transparent1 crystallised corundum4 ,,am',,ianth 7-e-7anth74 ,syn4 ,,amianth',,us1 ,,amian',,tus1 ,l42 ,,amiante1 ,fr4 ,the whiter and more delicate varieties of asbestos1 particularly those which possess a satiny lustre4 ,,am',,idin 7-e-d7in74 ,eng41 ,fr4 ,syn4 ,,am',,ydine2 ,,amidi',,na1 ,l4 ,a substance noticed by ,saussure in starch-paste1 when long kept4 ,according to ,caventou1 it is formed at once by the action of boiling water on starch4 ,it forms the interior substance of the starch-grains1 and its properties are intermediate between those of starch and gum4 ,it is1 indeed1 the soluble part of starch1 of which a perfect solution can only be obtained by prolonged ebullition in a large quantity of water4 ,,amid',,ogen4 ,,nh#b4 ,literally1 the generator of amides2 in chemistry1 the name given by ,kane to an hypothetical body1 composed of two atoms of hydrogen and one of nitrogen4 ,it forms ,,amides by combining with other bodies4 ,amidogen ,ba'ses4 ,in chemistry1 'amines' in which only one equiv4 of hydrogen is replaced by an organic radical2 and hence called ,,primary ,,mon',,amines4 ,,ammonia4 ,,nh#c4 ,syn4 ,,ammonia ,,gas1 ,,ammoniacal ,,gas1 ,,anhydrous ,,ammonia1 ,,terhydride ,,of ,,nitrogen2 ,,ammoniaque1 ,fr42 ,,ammoniak1 ,ger4 ,at the present day the ammonia of commerce is chiefly prepared from the ammoniacal liquor of the gas-works and the manufactories of ivory black1 animal charcoal1 c4 ,lant or stale urine is also an important source of ammonia4 ,in these places a large quantity of crude ammoniacal liquor is produced2 to which either sulphuric or hydrochloric acid is added1 by which it is converted into a salt1 which may be obtained nearly pure by evaporation1 and one or more crystallisations1 and1 in the case of the hydrochlorate and carbonate1 subsequent sublimation4 ,other sources and processes have been sought out and occasionally adopted for the preparation of the principal salts of ammonia 7its sulphate1 carbonate1 and hydrochlorate72 some of which have been patented1 but few of them have got into general use1 or have been carried out on the large scale4 ,for many years the manufacture of ammonia and its compounds has incessantly engaged the attention of ,european chemists4 ,many unsuccessful attempts have been made to directly convert the nitrogen of the atmosphere into ammonia4 ,of these we may mention one which consisted in passing a mixture of nitrogen1 carbonic oxide and steam over red-hot hydrate of lime1 whereby ammonia and carbonic acid are formed4 ,a plan for the indirect application of atmospheric nitrogen in the preparation of ammonia was suggested by ,margueritte1 in which it was proposed that cyanide of barium should be prepared1 and its nitrogen converted into ammonia by the aid of a current of superheated steam at #fjj ,c4 ,according to the description of this process in a patent1 not1 however1 in practice1 native carbonate of baryta is calcined with about #cj of coal-tar1 for the purpose of rendering the mass porous as well as more readily converted into caustic baryta at a lower temperature4 ,the carbonaceous mass is1 after cooling1 placed in a retort1 and kept at a temperature of #cjj ,c41 while air and aqueous vapour are forced in1 the result being the formation of ammonia in considerable quantity1 and carbonate of baryta1 which is again used4 ,ammonia is evolved from ball soda while cooling2 during the formation of cyanogen and cyanide of potassium in blast furnaces2 and the formation of sal-ammoniac in the process of iron smelting4 ,ammonia1 in a state of combination1 is found1 in variable quantities1 among the saline product of volcanoes1 in sea and rain water1 in bituminous coal1 in urine1 in guano1 and in the atmosphere1 especially that of large towns4 ,the minute stellated crystals sometimes found on dirty windows in ,london1 and other populous cities1 consist of sulphate of ammonia4 ,it is also found in clayey and peaty soils1 and in minute quantity in good air and water4 7,brande2 ,fownes2 ,letheby47 ,in the free state it exists in the juices of some plants1 and in the living blood of animals1 and it is freely developed during the decomposition of azotised vegetable substances1 and during the putrefaction of animal matter4 ,illustration ,prep4 ,a mixture of fresh hydrate of lime with an equal weight of sal ammoniac 7both dry and in fine powder7 is introduced into a glass flask or retort1 the beak of which communicates with one end of a ,u-shaped tube filled with small fragments of recently burnt quick-lime1 and from which extends another glass tube1 about #ah inches long1 having its further end bent up ready to be placed under a gas-jar1 on the shelf of a mercurial pneumatic trough4 7,see engr47 ,the joints being all made air-tight by collars of india rubber1 heat is applied by means of a spirit-lamp1 and as soon as the air contained in the apparatus is expelled1 the gas is collected for use4 ,it cannot be dried by means of chloride of calcium4 ,powdered quick-lime may be substituted for the hydrate in the above process2 in which case the evolved gas is anhydrous1 but a much greater heat is then required for its liberation4 ,comp4 ,ammonia is a compound of #c volumes of hydrogen1 and #a vol4 of nitrogen1 condensed into two volumes2 and by weight of #hbce parts of nitrogen1 #agfe parts of hydrogen1 or1 in other words1 of one atomic weight of nitrogen and three of hydrogen1 having the formula ,,nh#c4 ,prop4 ,gaseous1 colourless1 invisible2 highly pungent1 acrid1 irritating and alkaline2 irrespirable1 unless very largely diluted with air2 extinguishes combustion2 burns slowly in oxygen2 sp4 gr4 #jehi2 #ajj cub4 inches weigh #ahbf gr4 ,under a pressure of #fe atmospheres1 at #ej ,fahr41 it forms a transparent1 colourless liquid of the sp4 gr4 #jgca2 at #fj ,fahr4 this liquid expanded into #ajji times its volume of ammoniacal gas2 at -#dj ,fahr41 and the ordinary atmospheric pressure1 it forms a subtle colourless liquid1 which at -#ajc ,fahr4 freezes into a white1 translucent1 crystalline substance4 7,faraday47 ,it is highly basic2 all its salts are either volatilised or decomposed at1 or under1 a red heat--those with a volatile acid sublime unchanged--those with a fixed acid lose their ammonia4 ,it is decomposed into its elements by transmission through a red-hot tube2 and when in contact with metallic oxides or spongy platinum1 at the same temperature1 the newly evolved hydrogen unites with the oxygen of the oxide or of the atmosphere1 forming water4 ,water at #ej ,fahr4 absorbs #fgj times its volume of this gas1 and the solution has the sp4 gr4 #jhge4 ,its concentrated aqueous solution boils at #acj1 and freezes at -#dj ,fahr4 ,tests1 c4 ,ammonia is recognised by--#a4 ,its pungent odour3--#b4 ,by turning vegetable blues green1 and vegetable yellows brown2 but which soon regain their previous colours1 especially on the application of heat3--#c4 ,by producing dense white fumes when brought in contact with those of hydrochloric acid3--#d4 ,by the ,nessler test 7see ,,water1 ,,quantitative ,,and ,,qualitative ,,analysis ,,of73--#e4 ,if a saturated solution of arsenious acid is mixed with a solution of nitrate of silver 7strength #b7 a trace of ammonia causes the formation of try-argentic arsenite3--#f4 ,bttger says a very delicate test for ammonia is afforded by an aqueous solution of carbolic acid4 ,on adding to a liquid containing the smallest quantity of ammonia1 or an ammoniacal salt1 a few drops of this solution1 and then a small quantity of a filtered solution of chloride of lime1 the liquid becomes green1 especially when warmed4 ,phys4 eff41 c4 ,inhaled1 undiluted with air1 it is an irritant poison1 producing spasms of the glottis1 convulsions1 and death2 even when diluted it acts as a powerful acrid1 and local irritant2 applied to the skin it causes vesication4 ,the use of the pungent odour of common 'smelling salts1' in syncope1 headache1 c41 is well known4 ,largely diluted with air1 it has been recently highly extolled in chronic hoarseness1 asthma1 c42 and as an antidote to the fumes of bromine1 chlorine1 and hydrocyanic acid4 7,smee47 ,ant41 c4 ,the vapour of acetic acid or common vinegar1 freely inhaled4 ,it may be produced by sprinkling a little on a piece of hot iron1 as a heated shovel4 ,if bronchial inflammation follows1 it must be treated by purgatives and a low diet2 and1 if severe1 and the patient be plethoric or robust1 by venesection or cupping4 ,uses4 ,ammonia is employed in numerous processes in chemistry and the arts2 but chiefly in the form of 'liquor of ammonia1' 'spirits of hartshorn1' c41 and in combination1 under the form of salts4 ,in its pure or gaseous state it possesses little practical interest4 ,ammonia1 ,solution of4 ,syn4 ,,solution ,,of ,,ammonia1 ,,liquor ,,ammoni1 ,,ammonium ,,hydrate1 ,,ammonia1 ,eng42 ,,ammoniaque ,,liquide1 ,,dissolution ,d',,ammoniaque1 ,,esprit ,,de ,,sal ,,ammoniac1 ,fr42 ,,atzender ,,ammonium-,,liquor1 ,,salmiak-,,geist1 ,ger42 ,,liquore ,,di ,,ammoniaco1 ,ital4 ,ammonia gas readily dissolves in water1 one volume of water absorbing about #fgj volumes of ammonia1 much heat being liberated1 and the solution increases greatly in volume4 ,this solution is regarded in two very different lights2 firstly and most generally as simply a solution of gaseous ammonia1 a view rendered most probable by its general physical and by many chemical reactions2 by a few1 however1 it is looked upon as a solution of ammonium hydrate4 ,illustration ,prepared by distilling1 in a tubular retort1 equal parts of sal ammoniac1 hydrated lime1 or slaked lime and water1 and passing the gas evolved through a set of ,wolff's bottles partially filled with water1 as in the figure above4 ,illustration3 ,a1 ,cylindrical ,iron ,retort4 ,b1 ,furnace for ditto4 ,c ,c ,c ,c1 ,stoneware ,receivers4 ,d ,d ,d ,d1 ,connecting ,pipes4 ,e ,f1 ,waste ,pipe and ,receiver4 ,g1 ,safety ,tube4 ,commercially this article is prepared on the large scale1 from a mixture of about equal parts of fresh-slaked lime and sal-ammoniac or sulphate of ammonia1 which is heated in an iron cylinder or retort connected with a set of 'refrigerators1' the latter consisting of a row of stoneware bottles with double necks1 containing water1 and kept very cold4 ,the general arrangement of the apparatus used in this manufacture is exhibited above1 and with the accompanying references1 will be easily understood4 ,the 'condensers1' when in use1 are surrounded with cloths 7not shown in the engr47 kept wet with very cold water1 whilst constant current of cold air is commonly made to pass over them4 ,the pipe 7,d7 leading from the retort is also several feet long1 and is advantageously passed through a wooden screen in order that the radiated heat of the retort and brickwork of the furnace may be intercepted as much as possible4 ,two different methods of proceeding are adopted in this process4 ,in the one the dry pulverulent ingredients are mixed together1 and the resulting gas distilled over into the water placed in the receivers4 ,in the other the lime is made into a 'pap' with water1 and the ammonia-salt1 in coarse powder1 being added1 the whole is rapidly blended together1 before closing the retort1 and applying heat4 ,in either case a proportionate quantity of water is put into the condensers1 and the operation is nearly similar2 but the latter method requires the least heat1 and so far as the receivers and refrigerators are concerned1 is1 perhaps1 the one most easily managed4 ,it is that which is always1 and necessarily followed1 when sulphate of ammonia is employed4 ,prop41 ,uses1 c4 ,highly pungent1 caustic1 and alkaline2 lighter than water1 and presenting in a liquid form most of the characteristics of pure ammonia4 ,when strongest has a sp4 gr4 of #hge1 and contains about #ci per cent4 of ammonia1 but the usual strong ammonia of commerce has a sp4 gr4 of but #hh4 ,the liquor ammonia fortior1 ,b4 ,p41 has a sp4 gr4 of about #hic1 and contains #cbe per cent4 of ammonia1 while the liquor ammoni ,b4 ,p4 has a sp4 gr4 of about #idj1 and contains about #aj per cent4 of ammonia4 ,as a medicine it is antacid1 diaphoretic1 rubefacient1 stimulant1 and counter-irritant2 and is used in various affections in which these remedies are indicated4 ,as a vesicant it is superior to cantharides1 and as a caustic it is used with advantage in the bites of rabid animals1 especially those of serpents and insects4 ,its vapour is a common nasal stimulant in faintings1 epilepsy1 c4 ,in its concentrated form it is a corrosive poison4--,dose1 #e to #be drops1 in cold water1 or milk and water4 ,it enters into the composition of several valuable external remedies1 and is in constant employment in the chemical laboratory1 both as a reagent and for the preparation of other compounds4 ,ant41 c4 ,when the fumes have been inhaled1 the patient should be exposed to a current of fresh air2 and when the liquid has been swallowed1 vinegar or lemon-juice mixed with water may be administered2 followed by an emetic1 or1 on its failure1 by the stomach-pump4 ,estim4 ,the quantity of gaseous ammonia in pure water of ammonia is easily determined from the specific gravity of the liquid1 or from its saturating power4 ,when impure or mixed with other substances1 a given weight of the sample is placed in a small retort1 the end of which is made to dip into a vessel containing dilute hydrochloric acid4 ,a strong solution of caustic potassa is then poured into the retort1 and heat applied by means of a small spirit lamp4 ,when all the ammonia is distilled over1 the acid solution is evaporated to dryness1 by the heat of a water bath1 and the residuum 7chloride of ammonium7 weighed4 ,each grain of the chloride thus found represents #cahjd gr4 of pure ammonia2 #ece parts of the former being equivalent to #ag of the latter4 ,if the article for examination be a solid substance 7as a salt71 it may be dissolved in water1 or in dilute acid1 before being put into the retort4 ,in accurate experiments in the laboratory1 ammonia is usually ,,weighed either as chloride of ammonium 7see above71 or as ammonio-bichloride of platinum 7,,nh#d;,cl1 ,pt,cl#b72 every gr4 of the latter representing #jgfad gr4 of pure ammonia4 ,sometimes1 though rarely1 the quantity of ammonia is determined from the volume of nitrogen eliminated from it1 of which #ad gr4 represent #ag gr4 of ammonia4 ,concluding remarks1 ,patents1 c4 ,whatever form or process may be adopted for the preparation of liquid ammonia1 it is absolutely necessary to keep the receivers as cool as possible1 by means of snow1 ice1 or a current of very cold water1 for the purpose of promoting the absorption of the gas1 and to prevent its loss4 ,on the small scale1 the glass receivers or bottles may be most conveniently surrounded with ice1 or a freezing mixture1 and two1 or more of them1 should be furnished with safety-tubes1 to prevent accidents4 ,on the large scale1 a capacious oblong retort1 usually of iron 7but sometimes1 though seldom1 of lead71 with a large opening or tubulature conveniently situated for inserting the 'charges1' and withdrawing the residuum of the distillation1 is employed4 ,the tubulature1 or opening1 is closed by means of a large and accurately ground iron stopper1 or with a door secured by screws1 as the case might be4 ,the stopper is well greased before insertion1 and is removed by means of a powerful lever4 ,should it become so firmly fixed that it cannot be displaced in the usual manner1 a cloth moistened with cold water1 and carefully wrapped round it1 without touching the neck of the retort1 will generally cause it to contract sufficiently to enable the operator to remove it with facility4 ,sometimes a large iron kettle1 with a moveable and accurately fitting lid secured in its place like that of a ',papin's digester1' and having a large and long tubulature in its centre1 is employed instead of a retort1 over which it has the advantage of exposing a larger opening for the removal of the residuum of the process4 ,in either case the distillatory vessel is imbedded in sand supported by fire-brick1 and is not exposed directly to the heat of the furnace4 ,before commencing the distillation the joints are all well luted1 to avoid leakage4 ,an excellent plan is to pass the gas1 as it leaves the retort1 through a silver or pewter 'worm' or 'refrigerator' set in a tub supplied with a stream of very cold water2 by which it will be sufficiently cooled before it reaches the 'receivers' to obviate the necessity of any further attention to them than keeping the cloths wrapped round them constantly moistened with cold water4 ,the lower end of the 'worm' should be connected1 by means of a balloon-shaped 'adopter1' with the 'still1' and the upper end with the first 'receiver1' the use of the balloon being to intercept any volatilised ammonia-salt that might be accidentally driven over by the heat being too high1 or too suddenly raised4 ,the heat should be gradually applied1 and very gradually raised1 to prevent any of the sal ammoniac or sulphate being volatilised undecomposed2 and even towards the end of the process it should not even approach redness4 ,the lime is best 'slaked' and 'papped' with about #d parts of water2 as a lower heat is then required to expel the gas1 and it passes over more easily and fully than when less water is employed4 ,this is absolutely necessary when the sulphate is the ammonia-salt used2 as otherwise the residuum of 'sulphate of lime' would become so hard that it could not be easily removed from the retort4 ,the gas being wholly expelled from the retort1 or other distillatory vessel1 it is disconnected from the receivers1 and 7when sal ammoniac has been employed7 the heat is raised sufficiently high to fuse the residual chloride of calcium1 which is then at once baled or poured out4 ,glass retorts often suffer fracture at this point2 but if they escape now1 it generally happens that they are broken when heat is applied for a second operation4 ,hence1 according to ,prof4 ,muspratt1 it is rare to find a retort1 even when carefully handled1 that will stand two operations4 ,when crude sulphate of ammonia is employed it is advisable to have only a little water in the first receiver1 which is placed there merely to purify the gas which passes through it1 and to retain any traces of volatile empyreumatic or oily matter which may be carried over with it4 ,pure solution of ammonia is most easily obtained from 'sal ammoniac1' but crystallised sulphate of ammonia1 often crude1 is more commonly employed1 on account of its lower price4 ,the preparation of pure solution of ammonia admits of no other improvements than such as merely affect the form of the apparatus employed to produce it2 and hence1 unlike the ammonia-salts of commerce1 has been little meddled with by inventors and patentees4 ,among the plans having for their object the production of an ammoniacal solution1 more or less concentrated1 fitted for many of the purposes of the arts1 and for the preparation of salts1 but not for chemical and medical use1 besides those of ,reece1 ,spence1 ,crane and ,jullien1 c41 already noticed1 may be mentioned-- #a4 ,that of ,watson 7,patent dated #ahch7 in which gas-liquor mixed with a proper quantity of fresh-slaked lime is distilled from a spacious retort or still into a receiver containing cold water1 until much steam passes over with the gas1 when the strong alkaline liquor forming the distillate1 and called the first portion1 is drawn off4 ,the distillation is then continued1 when a weaker and impurer solution is obtained1 called the second portion4 ,the first portion is then reintroduced into a retort or still with a small quantity of fresh lime1 and the distillation repeated4 ,the product the patentee calls the first portion of the second distillation4 ,the latter is a strong ammoniacal liquor sufficient for all the purposes of scouring1 cleaning1 conversion into commercial ammonia-salts1 c4 ,it may be further purified by a third distillation2 the second portion of each operation being transferred again to the still with the next fresh charge of gas-liquor4 #b4 ,a modification of ,coffey's still1#dc patented by ,mr ,w4 ,e4 ,newton 7#ahda71 under the name of the ',,ammonia ,,still1' is now extensively and successfully employed in this manufacture4 ,by its use ammonia may be obtained from 'gas-liquor1' 'bone-spirit1' or any other ammoniacal liquor or solution1 and even from solutions of the salts of ammonia1 of almost any density1 and of considerable purity2 and this by a process which is continuous and inexpensive4 ,the body of the apparatus is formed of wood1 the chambers are lined with lead1 and the diaphragms are of perforated sheet iron4 ,the management of the apparatus varies with the form in which it is desired to obtain the product4 ,when the ammonia is required to leave the upper chamber of the rectifier in the form of gas1 either pure or impure1 the steam which ascends1 and the current of 'ammoniacal liquor' which descends1 are regulated in such relative proportions that the latter remains at or near the atmospheric temperature during its passage through some of the upper chambers1 becoming successively hotter as it descends1 until at length it enters into ebullition2 in which state it passes through the lower chambers1 either to make its escape1 or to enter a cistern provided to receive it4 ,if1 on the contrary1 the ammonia is required to leave the upper chamber in combination with the vapour of water1 the supply of steam entering below must be in such proportion to that of the ammoniacal liquor supplied from above1 that the latter may be at or near the boiling temperature in the upper part of the apparatus4 ,crude liquor and ammonia-salts1 before being thus submitted to distillation1 are1 of course1 first treated with a proper quantity of quick-lime--in the one case to remove most of the impurities1 and in the other to set the ammonia free by seizing on its acid4#dd ,footnote #dc3 ,an engr4 and description of this still1 as employed for spirit1 is given under ,,distillation 7which see74 ,footnote #dd3 ,for a full description of the ,,ammonia-,,still1 see ,newton's ',patent ,journ41' ',pharm ,journ41' xiii1 #fd2 c4 ,the water or solution contained in the first bottle or the first receiver is found to be the strongest1 provided it has been kept well cooled2 and that in the others1 of progressively decreasing strength4 ,by mixing the contents of one bottle with another a solution of almost any strength may be made4 ,it is also easy to prepare liquor of ammonia of any required strength1 or to ascertain the strength of that in the receivers1 by observing the expansion of the liquid4 ,water1 when fully saturated with ammonia1 expands from #c volumes to #e vols42 and in less1 but corresponding proportion1 according to the quantity absorbed4 ,all that is necessary in practice is1 that each receiver be furnished with a gauge-pipe by which the degree of expansion may be noted4 ,on the small scale1 graduated glass receivers may be used4 #c4 ,mallet's ,apparatus4 ,this1 which is employed in many of the large gas works1 is shown in vertical section in the accompanying woodcut4 ,steam is forced into large receptacles1 which are filled with gas water1 by which means the carbonate of ammonia is volatilised4 ,when lime1 as is sometimes the case1 is added1 ammonia gas is evolved1 and this being conveyed into weak sulphuric acid1 sulphate of ammonia is the result4 ,illustration ,the apparatus consists of two cylindrical boiler-plate vessels1 ,a and ,b4 ,a is heated directly by the fire1 and has a leaden tube1 c1 which dips into the liquid contained in ,b1 this vessel being so placed as to catch the waste heat from the fire4 b and e are man-holes2 a and a' are stirrers4 ,by means of the tube d the fluid from ,b can be run off into ,a4 ,gas-water is poured into both vessels1 and lime added2 ammonia is liberated1 whilst carbonate of lime and sulphide of calcium are formed1 and these latter remain in the vessels after the volatilisation of the ammonia4 ,the vessel ,d is also filled with ammoniacal water1 and when the operation is in action this water1 already warmed1 is run by the aid of the tube h from ,d into ,b4 ,e is a gas-water tank1 from which ,d is filled by means of g4 ,the ammonia set free in ,a is1 with the steam1 conveyed by the pipe c into ,b1 thence through c' into the wash-vessel ,c1 and thence again through c'' into the first condenser1 ,d4 ,the partially condensed vapour now passes into the condensing vessel ,f1 the worm of which is surrounded by cold water4 ,the dilute ammonia is collected in ,g1 and forced by means of the pump 7,r7 into ,c1 from whence it is occasionally removed by means of a syphon into either ,a or ,b4 ,the non-condensed ammoniacal gas is carried from ,g through a series of ,wolfe's bottles1 the first bottle 7,h7 containing olive oil1 with the object of retaining any hydrocarbons that may be present in the gas2 the bottle ,j contains caustic soda-ley1 in order to purify the ammonia and retain impurities2 the bottle ,k is half filled with distilled water4 ,the ammoniacal gas having passed through ,k1 is conveyed to the large wooden tank 7lined with lead7 ,l1 filled with diluted sulphuric acid1 if it is intended to prepare sulphate of ammonia1 or with water1 if solution of ammonia be required4 ,the vessel ,l is placed in a tank of water2 i is a small pipe for introducing acid1 while the tube leading to ,m serves to carry off any unabsorbed ammonia1 ,m being likewise filled with acid4 #d4 ,by means of ,rose's apparatus1 the ammoniacal gas-liquor mixed with one third of slaked lime is heated in a boiler to a temperature of from #if to #ajj1 the ammoniacal gas evolved being passed into hydrochloric acid1 and thence through charcoal into vessels containing from #abj to #aej litres of water1 which is converted into liquid ammonia of a sp4 gr4 #jibj4 #e4 ,in ,lunge's apparatus the gas-water is heated in a boiler1 and the liberated ammoniacal gas passed into sulphuric acid4 ,solution of ammonia is now seldom made by the druggist1 or on the small scale1 the large manufacturing chemists supplying it at a very low rate1 and of very superior quality4 ,in the shops it is kept of two or three strengths4 ,the estimation of the strength of ammonia solutions in commerce is known as ammonimetry1 and depends upon their specific gravities4 ,the per-centage richness of solutions of ammonia1 or of its carbonates1 may be most accurately determined1 by ,,alkalimetry4 ,for all the ordinary purposes of commerce1 and of the laboratory1 the strength of pure solutions of ammonia may1 however1 be inferred1 with sufficient correctness1 from their density2 and to this the term ,,ammoniometry is usually restricted4 ,the specific gravity of the sample being found either by the hydrometer#de or specific gravity bottle1 in the usual manner1 its per-centage strength may be seen by inspection of the following ,table and the ,table on p4 #abg4 ,footnote #de3 ,an hydrometer specially weighted and graduated for this purpose is called an ,,ammonim',,eter1 ,,ammoniom',,eter1 or ,,ammo',,nia-,,me',,ter 7,,ammonim',,etrum1 ,,ammoniom',,etrum1 c41 ,l47 ,,table ,i4--,showing the per-centage of ,,pure ,,ammonia1 and of ,,ammonia-,,water of #ijjj1 in ,water of ,ammonia1 of the given specific gravities1 at #fj ,fahr4 ,by ,dr ,,ure4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,sp4 ,gr4 by ,water of ,pure ,water1 experiment4 ,ammonia ,ammonia1 per per cent4 of #ijj1 cent4 per cent4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ #ijjj #ajj #bfejj #gcejj #ijde #ie #beage #gdhbe #ijij #ij #bchej #gfaej #iacc #he #bbebe #ggdge #iagg #hj #babjj #ghhjj #ibbg #ge #aihge #hjabe #ibge #gj #aheej #hadej #icbj #fe #agbbe #hbgge #icfc #fj #aeijj #hdajj #idaj #ee #adege #hedbe #idee #ej #acbej #hfgej #ieaj #de #aaibe #hhjge #iefd #dj #ajfjj #hidjj #ifad #ce #ibge #ijgbe #iffb #cj #giej #ibjej #igaf #be #ffbe #iccge #igfh #bj #ecjj #idgjj #ihbh #ae #cige #ifjbe #ihhg #aj #bfej #igcej #iide #e #acbe #ihfge ---------------------------------------- ------------ asterism ,strengths corresponding to sp4 gr4 which are not in the above ,tables may be found by the 'method of differences' explained under ,,alcoholometry4 asterism ,the sp4 gr4 of any sample of liquid ammonia1 expressed in three integers1 deducted from #iih1 and the remainder divided by #d1 gives a number which represents the per-centage strength1 nearly4 7,ure47 ,this rule may be sometimes conveniently employed for rough calculations1 in the absence of ,tables4 ,ammonia1 ,carbonates of4 7,b4 ,p47 ,syn4 ,,ammoni ,,carbonas4 ,see ,,ammonium1 ,,sesquicarbonate ,,of4 ,,table ,,ii4--,exhibiting the relations between the ,,specific ,,gravity of ,solution of ,ammonia and the ,,per-,,centage ,,strength1 for every variation of #jjabe sp4 gr41 from #hgejj to #ajjjjj1 at #fb ,fahr4 ,abridged from the larger ,table of ,mr ,j4 ,j4 ,,griffin4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,sp4 ,gr4 of,pure ,ammonia,sp4 ,gr4 of,pure ,ammonia,sp4 ,gr4 of,pure ,ammonia the ,liquid per cent41 the ,liquid per cent4 the ,liquid per cent41 ,ammonia4 by ,weight4 ,ammonia4 by weight4 ,ammonia4 by weight4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- #hgejj #cdfid #iagej #bahcg #ifjjj #ajaai #hgfbe #cdbih #iahge #badgg #ifabe #igij #hggej #ccijc #ibjjj #baaah #ifbej #idfb #hghge #cceji #ibabe #bjgfj #ifcge #iace #hhjjj #ccaag #ibbej #bjdjc #ifejj #hhjh #hhabe #cbgbe #ibcge #bjjdf #iffbe #hdhc #hhbej #cbcce #ibejj #aifia #ifgej #haeh #hhcge #caidf #ibfbe #aiccg #ifhge #ghcd #hhejj #caeeh #ibgej #ahihc #igjjj #geaa #hhfbe #caagb #ibhge #ahfca #igabe #gahi #hhgej #cjghe #icjjj #ahbhj #igbej #fhfg #hhhge #cjdjj #icabe #agibi #igcge #fedg #hijjj #cjjaf #icbej #agegi #igejj #fbbg #hiabe #bifcc #iccge #agbca #igfbe #eijh #hibej #bibeb #icejj #afhhc #iggej #eeij #hicge #bhhga #icfbe #afecf #ighge #ebgc #hiejj #bhdib #icgej #afaij #ihjjj #dief #hifbe #bhacc #ichge #aehdf #ihabe #dfda #higej #bggcf #idjjj #aeejb #ihbej #dcbf #hihge #bgcei #idabe #aeaeh #ihcge #djaa #ijjjj #bfihd #idbej #adhaf #ihejj #cfih #ijabe #bffaj #idcge #addge #ihfbe #cchf #ijbej #bfbcg #idejj #adace #ihgej #cjgd #ijcge #behfe #idfbe #acgie #ihhge #bgfc #ijejj #bedic #idgej #acdef #iijjj #bdec #ijfbe #beabc #idhge #acaai #iiabe #badd #ijgej #bdged #iejjj #abghb #iibej #ahce #ijhge #bdchf #ieabe #abddf #iicge #aebg #iajjj #bdjai #iebej #abaaa #iiejj #abbj #iaabe #bcfec #iecge #aaggg #iifbe #iad #iabej #bcbhh #ieejj #aaddd #iigfj #fji #iacge #bbibd #iefbe #aaaaa #iihge #cjd #iaejj #bbefa #iegej #ajghj #ajjjjj #j #iafbe #bbaih #iehge #ajddi or ,water4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- asterism ,the specific gravity of mixtures of pure solution of ammonia and pure water is precisely the mean of the specific gravities of their constituents4 7,davy2 ,dalton2 ,christison47 ,in all solutions of ammonia1 a quantity of anhydrous ammonia1 weighing #bab-a_/b gr41 displaces exactly #cjj gr4 of water1 and reduces the sp4 gr4 of the liquid to the extent of #jjabe4 7,griffin47 ,the strongest solution of ammonia which it is possible to prepare at #fb ,fahr4 has the sp4 gr4 #hgejj1 and contains #cdfid of pure ammonia1 by weight1 or #ba1bea gr4 per gallon4 7,griffin47#df ,footnote #df3 ,mr ,griffin1 in his ',system of ,ammonimetry1' calls every #bab-a_/b gr4 of anhydrous ammonia a ,,test-,,atom2 and every #g water gr4 measure1 a ,,septem4 ,thus1 a gallon of water 7 #aj lbs7 contains #ajj1jjj septems4 ,the degrees of his ,,ammonia-,,meter range from #a to #ajj1 and indicate the number of test-atoms of ammonia in one gal4 of the liquid4 ,,ammonium4 ,the name given to a group of atoms1 which play the part of a compound basic1 radical1 or metallic element4 ,this substance1 whose formula is ,,nh#d or 7,,nh#d7b1 has never been isolated1 although capable of forming most stable salts with the various acid radicals4 ,several attempts have been made1 however1 to obtain this compound radical1 or group of elements1 in a free state1 and with more or less success1 but on account of its great instability it invariably decomposes when set free into ammonia and hydrogen4 ,ammonium salts are some of the most important chemical agents1 and are usually recognised as follows1 ammonia solution1 however1 usually acting in exactly the same manner as a solution of ammonium hydrate3--,by imparting a deep blue tint to solutions of salts of copper4 ,by exhalation of ammoniacal gas 7recognised by its odour71 when triturated or mixed and heated with caustic potassa1 soda1 or lime4 ,added to a solution of bichloride of platinum1 they produce a heavy yellow1 crystalline precipitate1 consisting of minute octahedrons easily discernible under the microscope4 ,with protonitrate of mercury1 a black precipitate4 ,with bichloride of mercury1 a heavy1 white precipitate4 ,with a concentrated solution of tartaric acid1 a crystalline1 white precipitate1 nearly similar to that given with salts of potassa4 ,they are nearly all soluble in water1 volatile1 and crystallisable4 ,except the carbonate1 they are almost invariably estimated by conversion into ammonia1 and estimation by volumetric analyses1 as in alkalimetry4 ,in the laboratory1 however1 for exact purposes1 they are converted into the double chloride of ammonium and platinum4 ,ammonium ,salts3-- ,ammonium1 ,acetate of4 ,,nh#d;,c#b;,h#c,o#b4 ,syn4 ,,ammo'',,ni ,,ace',,tas1 ,l42 ,,acetate ,d',,ammoniaque1 ,fr42 ,,essigs,,ures ,,ammoniak1 ,ger4 ,prep4 #a4 ,take of acetate of lime or of potassa and sal ammoniac1 equal parts2 mix and distil at a gentle heat4 ,the oily liquid 7,,binacetate ,,of ,,ammonium1 ,,hnh#d7;,c#b;,h#c,o#b7b71 in the receiver forms a radiated crystalline mass on cooling4 ,dry gaseous ammonia passed into this salt1 melted by a gentle heat1 transforms it into the solid and inodorous neutral acetate1 ,,nh#d;,c#b;,h#c,o#b4 #b4 ,strong acetic acid is saturated with ammonia or carbonate of ammonium1 and the solution evaporated over sulphuric acid in vacuo2 the resulting crystals1 after being carefully drained1 are dried by pressure between bibulous paper4 ,prop41 c4 ,long1 slender crystals1 or a crystalline mass1 freely soluble in both alcohol and water1 and deliquescent in the air2 taste sharp and cooling1 and somewhat sweetish4 ,its solutions cannot be evaporated without loss of the ammonia2 even the salt passes off in large quantities with the vapour of water4 ,its aqueous solution becomes alkaline on keeping1 from decomposition of the acid4 ,distilled with anhydrous phosphoric acid1 it is converted into ,,acetonitrile4 ,an aqueous solution of this salt was introduced into the ,materia ,medica by ,boerhaave1 and has since been extensively used as a diaphoretic and febrifuge1 under the popular name of ,,mindererus ,,spirit1 after ,minderer or ,mindererus1 who extensively employed it and extolled its virtues4 ,when pure1 both the salt and its solutions are neutral to test-paper1 and are wholly volatilised by heat4 ,see ,,solutions4 ,ammonium1 ,arseniate of4 7,,nh#d7c;,as,o#d4 ,syn4 ,,ammoni ,,arse',,nias1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,,neutral47 ,saturate a warm concentrated solution of arsenic acid with carbonate of ammonium in slight excess2 evaporate by a gentle heat1 that crystals may form on cooling4 #b4 ,ammonium1 ,binarseniate of4 ,h7,,nh#d7b;,as,o#d4 ,as above1 but adding an additional equiv4 of the acid1 as soon as any excess of ammonia has been expelled by the heat employed to evaporate the solution4--,dose 7of either74 #a-bdth to #a-abth gr42 in phthisis1 certain skin diseases1 c4 ,see ,,solutions 7and below74 ,ammonium1 ,arsenite of4 ,,nh#d;,as,o#b4 ,syn4 ,,ammoni ,,ar',,senis1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from a hot concentrated solution of arsenious acid1 and sesquicarbonate of ammonium1 as the last4--,used 7chiefly7 to make arsenite of iron4 ,the properties and physiological effects of the above arsenical preparations are for the most part similar to those of arseniate and arsenate of potassa4 ,they are all poisonous4 ,ammonium1 ,benzoate of4 ,prep4 #a4 ,dissolve benzoic acid in ammonia solution to saturation1 then further add ammonia in slight excess1 and crystallise by refrigeration1 or in vacuo4 #b4 7,,liquid2 ,,solu',,tio ,,ammoni ,,benzoa',,tis1 ,l47 ,as the last1 but without evaporating the solution4 ,prop41 c4 ,very soluble and very difficult to crystallise4 ,if the solution is boiled for a short time and then abandoned to spontaneous evaporation1 crystals of ,,acid ,,benzoate ,,of ,,ammonium are deposited4 ,it is used chiefly as a chemical test2 but has been recently recommended in chronic bronchitis1 old coughs1 c42 and to check the formation of chalk-stones and urinary calculi4--,dose1 #aj to #ae gr42 7of the solution7 #ae drops to #a fl4 dr41 or more4 ,see ,,benzoic ,,acid4 ,ammonium1 ,bromide of4 ,,nh#d;,br4 ,syn4 ,,ammo'',,nii ,,bromi',,dum1 ,a4 ,,bro',,mis1 ,l42 ,,hydrobromate ,d',,ammoniaque1 ,,bromure ,d',,ammonium1 ,fr4 ,a salt which is obtained from hydrobromic acid1 bromide of iron1 c41 by similar processes to those adopted for the iodide4 ,the following process for the preparation of bromide of ammonium is from the formula for the new medicaments adopted by the ,paris ,pharmaceutical ,society3 ,add bromine very slowly to a solution of ammonia1 with continual stirring1 until the liquid remains faintly and persistently coloured by a slight excess of bromine4 ,it forms white prismatic crystals2 and1 in its general properties1 resembles bromide of potassium4 ,it is volatile1 and easily decomposed4 ,used as a nervine in hysterics2 especially useful for sleeplessness where there is no organic disease2 given in epilepsy when bromide of potassium fails4--,dose1 #b to #bj grains4 ,ammonium1 ,carbonates of#dg-- ,footnote #dg3 ,for complete information respecting the various carbonates of ammonia consult ,dr ,divers' papers in the ',journal of the ,chemical ,society4' ,ammonium1 ,carbonate of4 ,syn4 ,,neutral ,,carbonate ,,of ,,ammonium4 ,equal parts of dry sal ammoniac and sodium carbonate are heated to form the neutral ammonium carbonate of commerce1 which sublimes4 ,solid crystalline substance1 with a strong ammoniacal odour1 volatile and soluble4 ,uses1 c4 ,in the solid form it is not now used in medicine2 but it is indirectly employed in several liquid preparations in which the sesquicarbonate is ordered4 ,it is superior to any other preparation of ammonia for filling smelling bottles2 as it is not only more pungent1 but does not lose its pungency by keeping4 ,it volatilises more quickly than the sesquicarbonate1 and the residuum1 unlike that of the latter salt1 continues as odorous as ever4 ,it is the basis of several of the most popular and esteemed advertised smelling salts of the shops4 ,spirit of hartshorn is an impure solution of this salt1 originally obtained by distilling hartshorn or bones4 ,ammonium1 ,sesquicarbonate of4 ,probably #b,,nh#d;,,hco#c ,,nh#d,,nh#b;,,co#c1 i4 e4 a mixture or compound of bicarbonate of ammonium and carbamate of ammonium4 ,syn4 7,,carbonate ,,of ,,ammonia1 ,,ammoni ,,carbonas4 ,b4 ,p474 ,,carbonate ,d',,ammoniaque1 ,fr42 ,,kohlensaures ,,ammoniak1 ,ger4 ,it is prepared on a very large scale commercially as follows3--,sal ammoniac or sulphate of ammonia1 and chalk1 equal parts1 both dry and in powder1 are mixed as before1 and sublimed from a series of iron retorts or iron pots1 into a well-cooled and capacious receiver lined with lead or earthenware2 or1 more generally1 into such a receiver connected1 by iron or lead pipes1 with a second and similar one containing a stratum of water1 to absorb the free ammonia evolved during the process4 ,the so-called ,volcanic ,ammonia is evolved during the manufacture of borax1 from carbonate of soda and boracic acid4 ,it is largely used in pharmacy4 ,prop4 ,the carbonate of ammonia1 of commerce1 usually occurs in the form of white1 fibrous1 translucent1 or semi-translucent cakes1 generally about two inches thick4 ,it is less volatile and pungent than the neutral carbonate2 soluble in #d parts of water at #ee ,fahr41 #cc parts at #fb1 #be parts at #if1 and #b parts at #abj2 boiling water and alcohol decompose it1 with the evolution of carbonic acid gas and ammonia2 by age or exposure to air1 the surface assumes an opaque white colour1 from its carbonate flying off1 and the remaining bicarbonate being less volatile4 ,unlike the carbonate1 it can neither be resublimed nor digested or distilled with either alcohol or water1 without suffering decomposition4 ,sp4 gr4 #jiff4 ,the exact composition of this salt varies1 according to its method of preparation4 ,uses1 c4 ,it is commonly employed by bakers to give lightness to their fancy goods1 and to make extemporaneous bread and pastry2 by the chemist and pharmaceutist1 for the preparation of other salts of ammonia1 and in analysis1 c4 ,in medicine it is used as a stimulant1 antispasmodic1 antacid1 and diaphoretic1 in acidity of the stomach1 dyspeptic affections1 gout1 scrofula1 hysteria1 lowness of spirits1 epilepsy1 c42 and in the convulsions attending dentition4 ,it has been recently recommended1 by ,dr ,barlow1 in diabetes4 ,it is also employed to make effervescing draughts2 and externally as a counter-irritant and stimulant4 ,its use as a nasal stimulant in headaches1 fainting1 c41 is well known4 ,in large doses it is emetic2 in excessive doses poisonous4 ,its long-continued use1 in quantity1 is often productive of very serious consequences--slow fever1 debility1 emaciation1 scurvy1 loss of teeth1 hmorrhage1 general cachexy1 and even death4 ,the antidote and restorative treatment are1 the free use of lemon-juice1 wine or malt-liquors1 new milk1 and antiscorbutic vegetables1 with a generous diet1 of which the red meats form a large proportion4--,dose4 ,as a stimulant or diaphoretic1 #e to #ae gr41 dissolved in cold water2 as an emetic1 #bj to #cj gr41 in tepid water1 repeated if necessary2 as an effervescing saline draught1 #ae to #cj gr4 ,a few grains 7#h or #aj7 dissolved in a tumbler of cold water is an excellent 'refresher' in lowness of spirits1 or after fatigue2 and is highly esteemed by drunkards2 being1 in each case1 preferable to 'spirit of sal volatile1'--,doses for ,animals4 ,,horse3 #a to #b drachms4 ,,cattle3 #b to #d drachms4 ,,sheep3 #bj grains to #a drachm4 ,,pig3 #bj grains to #a drachm4 ,,dog3 #c to #aj grains2 in bolus1 pill1 or cold gruel4 ,concluding remarks1 ,patents1 c4 ,in extension of the above it may be added that1 on the large scale1 the distillation is usually carried on in cast-iron retorts1 similar in size1 shape1 and character to those employed in the manufacture of coal-gas1 and of which five1 or more1 are commonly set horizontally in the same furnace4 7,see engr47 ,each retort has its mouth 7a71 through which the 'charge' is introduced1 closed with a movable door1 which is securely fastened in its place1 in the manner shown in the engr42 and is furnished1 at the upper part of its further end1 with an iron pipe 7c71 to carry off the evolved vapours to the condenser or receiver4 ,the latter consists of two large square wooden chambers 7,b1 ,c71 lined with lead1 and either fitted with movable covers1 secured by water-joints1 or with doors in the side1 to permit of the easy removal of the sublimed salt4 ,the first receiver communicates with the second by means of a large lead tube 7d7 near its centre1 and by another tube 7d'71 somewhat smaller1 and nearer the bottom1 but above the surface of the stratum of water in the second receiver1 before alluded to4 ,these chambers have also a lead pipe 7e1 e71 stopped during the process with a plug or cock of lead1 to allow of the liquid product of the distillation1 c41 to be drawn off1 or run into another receiver or cistern1 at will4 ,both chambers are placed on strong wooden supports1 or scaffolding1 to bring them on a level with the retorts4 ,when the impure sulphate or other ammonia-salt is used in the manufacture of the sesquicarbonate 7which is generally the case71 the resulting salt being impure and discoloured1 is resublimed in iron pots 7f1 f1 f71 furnished with movable leaden heads1 which are kept cool by a current of air passing over them2 a little water being introduced into the subliming pots to render the product translucent4 ,the heat is applied either by means of a flue passing from the retort-furnace 7,a1 b71 or by a water bath heated in the same manner2 the latter being the preferable method1 as the temperature should not be greater than about #bjj ,fahr41 and need not exceed #aej to #aee4 ,these pots are arranged in sets1 as shown at ,d in the engraving4 ,illustration ,the charge of a retort usually consists of about #gj to #gb lbs4 of sulphate of ammonia or #eg to #eh lbs4 of the hydrochlorate to #a cwt4 of chalk2 or in these proportions4 ,the product is about #dj lbs4 of the crude salt1 which1 by careful resublimation1 yields about #ci lbs4 of marketable carbonate of ammonia4 ,carbonate of ammonia1 like the chloride and sulphate1 is now scarcely ever prepared on the small scale1 that of commerce being not only cheaper1 but sufficiently pure for all the purposes of medicine and the arts4 ,ammonium1 ,bicarbonate of4 ,,hnh#d;,,co#c4 ,prep4 ,by digesting cold water on sesquicarbonate of ammonia in considerable excess1 until the whole of the pungent neutral carbonate is dissolved out4 ,if the salt is reduced to powder the operation is facilitated4 ,to powdered sesquicarbonate of ammonia add boiling water just sufficient to dissolve it1 and immediately close the vessel2 crystals form as the liquid cools1 containing #b-a_/b equiv4 of water4 ,prop41 c4 ,for the most part similar to the sesquicarbonate1 except in having a taste and smell which is only faintly ammoniacal1 and hence more palatable4 ,crystallises in oblique prisms1 which1 as usually obtained1 contain about #bc of water4 ,it requires #h parts of cold water to dissolve it4 ,it is distinguished from the previous carbonates by the almost entire absence of ammoniacal odour1 and by its solution giving no immediate precipitate with chloride of barium1 but by standing1 or on the addition of a little liquor of ammonia1 a white earthy precipitate1 accompanied with the evolution of carbonic acid gas4 ,a saturated solution of this salt1 evaporated by a very gentle heat1 or refrigerated1 gives small prismatic crystals having neither smell nor taste4 ,uses1 c4 ,similar to those of the other carbonates4--,dose1 #f or #g to #bj or #be gr4 ,ammonium1 ,chloride of4 ,,nh#d;,cl4 ,syn4 ,,muriate ,,of ,,ammonia1 ,,sal ,,ammoniac1 ,,hydrochlorate ,,of ,,ammonia2 ,,chlorohydrate ,d',,ammoniaque1 ,,sel ,,ammoniac1 c41 ,fr42 ,,salmiak1 ,ger4 ,a substance which1 as already noticed1 appears to have been originally obtained1 by sublimation1 from the soot of camels' dung1 in ,egypt4 ,in this country1 at the present day1 it is manufactured chiefly from the crude ammoniacal liquors obtained as secondary products in the manufacture of coal-gas and animal charcoal4 ,prep4 #a4 ,from ,,gas-,,liquor3--,the crude ammoniacal liquor of the gas-works is1 either at once1 or after distillation1#dh neutralised with hydrochloric or sulphuric acid1 the choice being given to the one which is the cheaper and more accessible at the place where the works are situated4 ,when hydrochloric acid is employed1 the ,,saturation is usually effected by allowing the acid to flow from a large wooden vessel or tank lined with lead or gutta percha into a large underground reservoir or tank containing the ammoniacal liquor1 and having an exit-tube passing into the chimney or shaft of the steam-engine1 to carry off the sulphuretted hydrogen and other offensive gases liberated during the mixture4 ,sometimes the gas-liquor is accumulated in enormous covered wooden tuns1 capable of holding from #aj1jjj to #bj1jjj gallons1 or more2 and the acid is added by raising the gutta-percha carboys containing it by means of cranes1 and then thoroughly mixing it with the liquor by means of powerful 'agitators1' whilst the offensive fumes are either passed off as before1 or made to traverse the fire of the steam-engine before entering the chimney-shaft4 ,the quantity of acid employed to effect saturation must1 of course1 depend on the ammoniacal strength of the gas-liquor operated on4 ,the usual proportions are #a-a_/b to #b lbs4 of the former1 to each gal4 of the latter2 but in all cases sufficient should be added to impart a very faint acid reaction to the mixture4 ,this last having been effected1 the saline solution1 now containing hydrochlorate of ammonia1 is1 after repose1 ready to be pumped or run off into the evaporators4 ,footnote #dh3 ,this is now generally conducted in a large wrought-iron boiler1 connected with a rude modification of ,coffey's still2 the object being to obtain the liquor freer from tar and more concentrated4 ,the ,,evaporation of the crude saline solution is usually carried on in large square or rectangular cast-iron vats1 of very moderate depth1 and capable of holding from #ajjj to #aejj gallons1 or more4 ,these are encased in brickwork1 and are heated by a furnace1 of which the flues pass in a sinuous course beneath the lining of brickwork on which the vats or pans rest4 ,during the concentration of the liquid1 the tar1 c41 which separates and floats on the surface1 and which thus seriously impedes evaporation1 is1 from time to time1 removed by skimming4 ,as soon as the sp4 gr4 reaches #abe1 any excess of acid in the solution is exactly neutralised with a little fresh ammoniacal liquor2 by which any waste of acid is prevented1 at the same time that any ferric salt present1 and which would contaminate the ultimate product1 is precipitated as sesquioxide4 ,after settling for a short time1 the hot liquor is ready to be transferred to the crystallisers4 ,the vessels employed in the ,,crystallisation are pans or tubs1 usually circular and about #g or #h feet wide1 by #b-a_/b to #c feet deep2 and are generally set on the ground1 or are embedded either partially or wholly in it4 ,the saline liquor being pumped or run into them at a little below the boiling temperature1 crystallises as it cools2 the only interference being occasional stirring or agitation1 to prevent the formation of large crystals1 which would be inconvenient in the subsequent part of the process4 ,the time occupied in the crystallisation varies1 according to the size of the 'crystallisers1' and the weather1 from #c or #d to #h or even #aj days4 ,the 'mother-liquor' of the 'crystallisers' is pumped back into the evaporating pans for further concentration4 ,the crude blackish salt 7hydrochlorate7 thus obtained is contaminated with tarry and oleaginous matter1 free acid1 water1 c42 from part of which it is freed by exposing it in a layer about #d inches deep1 on a cast-iron plate gently heated by a zigzag flue of a small furnace1 until all the water is expelled2 care being taken that the heat never rises high enough to volatilise the salt4 ,this operation is generally performed under a dome1 or the expanded throat of a large chimney4 ,the salt will now have become of a greyish-white colour1 and is ready for the next operation4 ,illustration ,the crude dried salt of the last process is finally purified by sublimation4 ,for this purpose cast-iron-pots lined with clay1 and heated from below and by flues round their sides1 are employed4 7,see engr47 ,the crude grey salt is beaten down into these pots until they are about #b-crds filled1 when the heads or capitols are fitted on1 and heat applied4 ,the latter are very heavy1 being usually made of lead 7sometimes of iron71 and have the form of a dome1 or a hemispherical cup1 with a small tube or hole at the apex1 in which a plug is loosely placed1 to permit the escape of steam4 ,these domes or heads are so made as to fit closely and firmly on the flat rim or flange of the 'sublimers1' and are retained in their places1 during use1 both by their weight1 and by #b or #c clamps provided for the purpose4 ,they are also furnished with #c rings1 set at equal distances1 to allow of their being lifted off1 or moved1 by means of a pulley and chains4 ,the due application and regulation of the heat is here of the utmost importance4 ,if the temperature employed be too high1 the sublimed salt will be contaminated with empyreumatic matter1 while some of it will be carried beyond the dome and lost2 and if it be extreme1 the head may be altogether blown off1 and the contents of the pan scattered about the building2 whilst on the other hand1 if the heat employed be too low1 the resulting cake of sal ammonia will be soft1 spongy1 and either grey or yellowish4 ,the proper temperature is said to be known by two or three drops of water readily boiling1 and being dissipated in vapour1 when placed on the head or cover of the sublimer2 but it should not 'spit' or 'dance about1' or be raised by the heat out of contact with the metal4 ,the usual practice is to keep the fires briskly up until the sublimers and their surroundings attain a sufficient degree of heat2 they are then slackened1 and maintained at a mean temperature4 7,muspratt47 ,the sublimation occupies from #e to #i days2 but it is customary to raise the heads once1 or even twice a week1 to ascertain the progress made2 the fires having been purposely neglected or checked for some hours previously4 ,the process is finally stopped before the whole of the crude salt in the pots is volatilised2 since the heat required for that purpose would lead to the decomposition of the carbonaceous impurities1 and cause them to emit volatile hydrocarbons1 which would materially lessen the purity and beauty of the product4 ,the unsublimed portion in the pots forms a conical mass1 which is technically called the 'yolk4' ,this is shown in the second engr4 7see below71 in which the latest improvements in the form of the subliming apparatus are also exhibited4 ,illustration ,the sublimation having been carried to a sufficient extent1 the fires are allowed to die out4 ,the domes1 after cooling1 are lifted off1 and the attached hemispherical cakes or 'bells' of ,,sal ,,ammoniac or ,,hydrochlorate ,,of ,,ammonia at once removed4 ,these vary from #b to #e inches in thickness1 and from #de or #ej lbs4 to #ajjj lbs41 and upwards1 in weight1 according to the size of the sublimers in which they have been produced4 ,they are generally nearly pure1 except in the outer part which has been in contact with the metal4 ,from the subliming-house they are taken to the store or packing-house1 and after having been scraped1 to remove the discoloured portion before alluded to1 are either preserved entire1 or are broken up into convenient pieces1 which are then packed in casks or barrels1 and in either state are ready for the market4 ,when sulphuric acid#di is used to neutralise the ammoniacal liquor1 the process is generally1 for the most part1 the same as when hydrochloric acid is employed2 but here the brown salt obtained by the crystallisation1 and subsequent desiccation1 is crude ,,sulphate ,,of ,,ammonia1 instead of the hydrochlorate4 ,it is intimately mixed with about an equal weight of chloride of sodium 7common salt7 before being put into the sublimers4 ,footnote #di3 ,sp4 gr4 #acc to #ach4 ,in some cases1 particularly where the ammoniacal liquor is rich in carbonate of ammonia1 gypsum is employed as a source of sulphuric acid4 7,see below47 ,another method is to convert the solution of the crude sulphate into a solution of the hydrochlorate1 during the process1 by the addition of chloride of sodium4 ,both these last methods are described below4 #b4 ,from ,,bone-,,liquor1 c4#ej--,the ammoniacal liquor technically called 'bone-liquor' or 'bone-spirit1' and formerly known under the name of 'spirit of hartshorn1' is essentially a solution of carbonate of ammonia more or less contaminated with volatile empyreumatic oil4 ,its conversion into ,,sal ,,ammonia may be easily effected by saturating it with hydrochloric acid1 evaporating the resulting neutral solution in lead or iron boilers until a pellicle begins to form1 then pumping or running off the hot liquors into the crystallisers1 and1 lastly1 draining and drying the crystals4 ,the salt thus obtained may be purified either by sublimation or by recrystallisation4 ,the whole series of processes closely resemble those already described1 except in being less troublesome1 owing to the absence of the tarry and other foreign matters which impede and complicate them when gas-liquor is employed4 ,footnote #ej3 ,that employed in ,england is chiefly obtained1 as already mentioned1 from the manufacturers of bone-black or animal charcoal2 but1 on the ,continent1 the liquor obtained by a like destructive distillation of various animal offals 7blood1 flesh1 horn1 hoofs1 woollen rags and waste1 hair1 scrapings of hides1 leather cuttings1 c47 is employed for the same purpose4 ,the preparatory process by which this liquor is obtained is essentially the same in each case2 except that with animal offal the temperature should not exceed a red-brown heat1 in order that the resulting charcoal may afterwards serve to make ferrocyanide of potassium and ,prussian blue4 ,these liquors have usually a density ranging between #h and #i ,baum 7,ure2 sp4 gr4 #ajef to #ajfc74 ,another method adopted1 particularly on the ,continent1 and one equally applicable to any crude ammoniacal liquor rich in free ammonia or its carbonates1 is to employ sulphate of lime instead of sulphuric acid to neutralise the alkali4 ,for this purpose the ammoniacal liquor is passed through a series of three or four covered wooden filters lined with lead1 each containing a layer of crushed gypsum to the depth of #c or #d inches4 ,these filters are usually set on 'stages' one above another1 and each communicates with a cistern placed beneath it by means of a leaden pipe furnished with a stop-cock4 ,this last is not opened untill the liquor has remained some little time in the filter2 and a pump throws back once1 or oftener1 upon each filter1 what has already passed through it1 before it is allowed to run into the next lower one4 ,the 'liquor' in each filter is not allowed to stand higher than from #b to #c inches above the surface of the gypsum2 and the lowest or last filter is supplied with fresh gypsum at each separate charge of fresh liquor4 ,a little water is lastly passed through the filters to wash out the portion of ammoniacal liquor absorbed or retained by the filtering media4 ,in this way the gypsum of the filters is converted into carbonate of lime at the expense of the carbonate of ammonia in the solution2 whilst the ammonia of the latter decomposes the gypsum1 and becomes converted into sulphate of ammonia1 which1 with some free ammonia1 is found in the filtrate4 ,sulphuric acid is next added to the filtered liquor to completely neutralise the free and carbonated alkali still existing in it2 after which it is evaporated in a leaden boiler1 with frequent skimming to remove floating oil1 until of the sp4 gr4 #aafj4 ,chloride of sodium 7common salt71 in sufficient quantity to convert all the sulphate of ammonia in the liquid into hydrochlorate1 by double decomposition1 is now added1 with constant stirring2 after which the clear portion is either pumped or syphoned off into a somewhat deep reservoir or tank1 where it is allowed to settle4 ,the liquid after sufficient repose is pumped from the reservoir to the boilers1 and evaporated1 with frequent agitation1 so long as the sulphate of soda now existing in it falls to the bottom in granular crystals4 ,these crystals are1 at intervals1 scraped to the cooler portion of the pan or boiler1 whence they are removed by copper rakes and shovels1 into draining-hoppers1 placed near the edges of the pan4 ,the liquor in the boiler is now a strong solution of sal ammoniac1 but still containing a little sulphate of soda1 from which it has to be freed by crystallisation4 ,with this object it is further concentrated1 and then run or pumped into the crystallisers4 ,in #cj or #dj hours1 or longer1 the mother-liquor is run or pumped off4 ,the mass of newly-formed crystals is then drained1 and slightly washed1 first with a little weak solution of sal ammoniac1 and next with a very little cold water2 after which they are again well drained4 ,the crude ,,hydrochlorate ,,of ,,ammonia1 thus obtained1 is converted into the pure salts1 by desiccation and sublimation1 as before4 ,in ,france1 where this method is very generally employed1 the sublimation is commonly conducted in stoneware or earthenware balloons or bottles coated with loam1 of about #ah to #bj inches in height in the body1 and either surmounted with inverted 'cups' or 'heads' #aj or #ab inches high1 or simply covered with a tile1 when 7in the latter case7 the sublimate collects in the upper part or neck of the balloon1 which is above the action of the fire4 ,a number of these vessels are set on the dome of a furnace1 which is perforated with holes or slits1 to allow the heat to pass through2 whilst their necks or heads are sheltered from the action of the fire by plates of iron or earthenware1 having semi-circular indentations on their edges1 so that when placed together they form a level surface1 through which the necks of the sublimers protrude1 and fit closely4 ,the fire is nicely regulated1 so as to cause the salts to condense in the upper and cooler part of the vessels1 or in the heads1 as the case may be2 and great care is taken to occasionally clear the necks with a skewer1 to prevent choking1 and consequent bursting4 ,in ,scotland1 where a similar process is also commonly pursued1 the sublimers1 according to ,dr ,ure1 are generally cast-iron pots1 lined with fire-proof tiles2 the condensation being effected in globular heads of green glass1 with which each of the iron pots are capped4#ea ,footnote #ea3 ,ure's ',dict4 of ,arts1 ,m41 ,m41' #eth ,edn41 i1 p4 #adc4 ,ratio4 ,gas-liquor contains carbonate of ammonium 7chiefly71 with chloride1 sulphate1 hydrosulphate1 cyanide1 sulphocyanide1 c41 of the same radical4 ,on neutralisation with hydrochloric acid1 or sulphuric acid1 these are converted into chloride or sulphate of ammonium1 according to the acid used4 ,by sublimation with chloride of sodium1 the sulphate of ammonium is converted1 by double decomposition1 into chloride of ammonium1 which sublimes2 and sulphate of sodium1 which remains in the subliming pot4 ,a similar change occurs when the solution of the sulphate1 prior to crystallisation1 is decomposed by the addition of chloride of sodium1 or any other chloride4 ,when the 'gas-liquor' is at once converted into chloride of ammonium by the addition of hydrochloric acid1 the sublimation merely purifies the salt4 ,like changes occur when bone-spirit is employed4 ,comp4 ,chemically considered1 this salt consists of equal ,,volumes of gaseous ammonia and hydrochloric acid gas condensed into the solid form2 or1 by ,,weight1 according to the ammonia-theory1 of-- ,atoms4 ,equiv4 wt4 ,per cent4 ,ammonia 7,,nh#c7 #a #ag #cagh ,hydrochloric acid 7,h,cl7 #a #cfe #fhbb --- ----- ------ ,hydrochlorate of ,ammonia 7,,nh#c;,h,cl7 #a #ece #ajj ,or1 according to the 'ammonium-theory1' of-- ,atoms4 ,equiv4 wt4 ,per cent4 ,ammonium 7,,nh#d7 #a #ah #ccfe ,chloride 7,cl7 #a #cee #ffce --- ----- ------ ,chloride of ,ammonium 7,,nh#d;,cl7 #a #ece #ajj ,prop4 c4 ,the sal ammoniac of commerce is found under the form of large white hemispherical1 cup-like cakes or masses 7or in large fragments which are sections of them71 possessing a tough1 fibrous1 semi-crystalline texture1 and very difficult to powder4 ,it is odourless1 has a saline taste somewhat sharp or acrid1 and sublimes without either fusion or decomposition4 ,it slightly reddens litmus2 dissolves in rather less than #c parts of cold water1 and in about #a part of boiling water2 is soluble in alcohol2 and when crystallised from water1 under favorable circumstances1 forms distinct octahedra1 or cubes1 usually small and aggregated together in rays or feathery masses4 ,by slowly evaporating its aqueous solution1 it may be sometimes obtained in cakes an inch in thickness4 ,it is anhydrous4 ,sp4 gr4 #adej4 ,pur4 ,it should give a colourless solution with water2 wholly sublime with heat2 and neither chloride of barium1 nor sulphuretted hydrogen1 should affect its solution4 ,a solution1 to which a few drops of nitric acid have been added1 should not yield a blue precipitate with ferrocyanide of potassium4 ,it often contains sesquichloride of iron1 and sometimes lead2 both of which may be readily detected by the above tests4 ,its complete volatility may be easily determined by heating1 in the flame of a candle1 a small fragment held on the point of a knife4 ,tests4--#a4 ,it is known to be a salt of ammonium by its cooling ammoniacal fumes when triturated with lime1 or when moistened with caustic potassa or soda3--#b4 ,it is shown to be a chloride by its solution yielding1 with nitrate of silver1 a white curdy precipitate1 insoluble in boiling nitric acid1 soluble in ammonia4 ,uses1 c4 ,in the arts1 chiefly in the coating and soldering of metals1 and the preparation of alloys2 in dyeing2 and in the manufacture of ammonia-alum2 also1 in large quantities1 to give a factitious pungency to snuff4 ,in chemistry1 as a reagent2 and1 owing to the cold produced during its solution1 to form frigorific mixtures4 ,in medicine it is chiefly used externally1 as a stimulant and resolvent or discutient2 and occasionally1 internally1 as a diuretic1 stimulant1 resolvent1 alterative1 tonic1 c41 particularly in chronic inflammations of the mucous and serous membranes1 in chronic glandular and visceral enlargements and indurations1 and in amenorrhoea4 ,in rather large doses1 frequently repeated1 it is said to prove often highly beneficial in chronic enlargement and induration of the prostate gland 7,m4 ,ren ,vanoye72 and also in other like cases4--,dose1 #e to #bj gr41 #c or #d times daily1 either in powder or solution1 mixed with some demulcent2 as a discutient or resolvent lotion1 #a to #a-a_/b oz41 to #a_/b pint of water1 either with or without #d or #e fl4 oz4 of spirits or strong vinegar 7often serviceable in chilblains72 as a weak lotion1 or a collyrium or injection1 #a to #d dr41 to water1 #a pint4 ,in very large doses it is poisonous2 the treatment is emetics and mucilaginous or demulcent drinks4 ,concluding remarks1 ,patents1 c4 ,the methods already described are those by which commercial hydrochlorate of ammonia is usually if not almost entirely obtained2 the various improvements or modifications1 from time to time introduced1 affecting chiefly the minor details1 and the form or size of the apparatus and machinery employed1 and not the general principles on which the processes are based4 ,one of the most important of these has for its object the entire removal of the iron present in the crude salt1 some of which1 if it be not removed before sublimation1 is volatilised and contaminates the ultimate product4 ,to obviate this evil1 ,mr ,brewer passes a few bubbles of chlorine through the hot concentrated solution of the salt1 previous to its crystallisation2 by which the protochloride of iron is converted into the perchloride1 which1 being acted on by the ammonia always present in the liquor1 is precipitated as ferric hydrate1 with the formation of a small additional quantity of sal ammoniac4 ,the only precaution necessary is to avoid employing more chlorine gas than is necessary to peroxidise the iron2 as beyond this a portion of the ammonia-salt itself is decomposed1 with the evolution of nitrogen4 ,the temperature of the liquor is kept up1 after the action of the chlorine1 until the whole of the brown flocculent oxide of iron has subsided1 when it is at once decanted or filtered into the crystallisers4 ,another modification which has been adopted in two or three places is to effect neutralisation of the crude ammoniacal liquor by distilling it1 and passing the fumes in at the lower end of a hollow shaft or column filled with coke1 down which the acid trickles2 the resulting solution of sulphate or chloride of ammonium being received in proper cisterns1 conveniently situated near the base of the column4 ,in ,mr ,spence's method of obtaining ammonia-salts from gas-liquor or bone-spirit1 a series of 7usually four7 cylindrical boilers1 or reservoirs1 so placed that the contents of each upper one may be drawn off into the one next below it are employed4 ,each boiler has an exit-pipe which carries the vapour generated in it to that next above it1 whilst that of the highest boiler passes off to a trunk containing the acid necessary to form the salt4 ,the top boiler is connected with the reservoir of gas-liquor 7which is already mixed with milk of lime7 by a charging pipe furnished with a stop-cock turned by a floating ball1 so as to keep the surface of the liquor constantly at the same height4 ,high-pressure steam enters the lower boiler1 by which its ammonia is driven through the connecting pipe into the next boiler1 and so on in succession1 until it leaves the highest boiler in a concentrated state1 and thus enters the acid-tank4 ,when this last contains moderately strong hydrochloric or sulphuric acid1 the resulting solution of ,,chloride or ,,sulphate ,,of ,,ammonium 7as the case may be7 is sufficiently concentrated to be at once run off into the crystallisers4 ,as soon as the liquor in the lowest boiler is exhausted of its ammonia1 its contents are drawn off1 and replaced by that of the next boiler1 which is followed by a like descent throughout the whole series4 ,among improvements having for their object the substitution of cheap chlorides#eb for the more expensive commercial acids1 may be mentioned those of-- ,footnote #eb3 ,particularly such chlorides as are the 'waste or bye products' of other manufactures4 #a4 ,mr ,laming 7,patent dated #ahdc71 who employs a strong solution of ,,chloride ,,of ,,calcium for converting the ammonia of gas-liquor into the hydrochlorate4 #b4 ,mr ,hills 7,patent dated #ahdf7 employs ,,chloride ,,of ,,magnesium#ec in the same way2 and by a subsequent patent proposes to convert the ammonia eliminated in the distillation of coal into the hydrochlorate1 by mixing ,,chloride ,,of ,,magnesium with the coal in the retorts1 or by introducing the chloride into a retort appropriated for the purpose4 ,the heat dispels the chlorine of the chloride1 in the form of hydrochloric acid1 and this1 uniting with the ammoniacal vapour1 forms hydrochlorate of ammonia1 which is retained in the liquor of the condenser4 ,from this liquor the salt is obtained by evaporation1 c41 in the usual way4 ,footnote #ec3 ,of the ,epsom-salt works1 c4 #c4 ,mr ,croll 7,patent dated #ahdi7 converts the crude ammoniacal vapours that issue with the gas from the common retorts into the hydrochlorate1 and obtains a solution of it by passing the gas through a solution of crude ,,chloride ,,of ,,manganese#ed 7#a cwt4 of the salt to about #dj galls4 of water71 contained in one of the ordinary vessels used for purifying coal-gas4 ,the manganic solution absorbs the ammonia and its salts1 converting them into the hydrochlorate1 whilst a corresponding proportion of oxide of manganese is precipitated4 ,as soon as the liquor in the purifier is fully saturated1 it is drawn off1 and replaced by a fresh quantity2 whilst the saturated liquor containing the hydrochlorate1 after subsidence1 or filtration1 is evaporated1 c41 as before4 ,crude ,,chloride ,,of ,,iron may be substituted for the chloride of manganese1 in the above process3 as may also ,,sulphate ,,of ,,manganese1 but then the product1 of course1 will be sulphate of ammonia1 instead of the hydrochlorate4 ,footnote #ed3 ,obtained from the chloride-of-lime works4 ,the portion of the precipitated oxide of manganese saved from the process may be reconverted into the chloride1 by mixing #c parts of it with #d parts of common salt1 and heating the mixture to low redness1 scarcely perceptible in the dark1 for #b to #c hours4 #adj lbs4 of the calcined mass1 with #dj galls4 of water1 forms a solution that may be again pumped into the purifier4 #d4 ,mr ,laming 7,patent dated #ahej7 also proposes the use of various salts and mixtures for retaining and condensing the ammoniacal vapour of coal-gas as it passes from the retorts through the purifiers4 ,of these the principal are ,,chloride ,,of ,,calcium obtained by decomposing chloride of iron by hydrate of lime2 ,,chloride ,,of ,,iron1 obtained by decomposing sulphate of iron with chloride of sodium2 ,,chloride ,,of ,,magnesium2 a mixture of ,,sulphate ,,of ,,lime and ,,sulphate ,,of ,,iron2 or of moist precipitated oxide of iron with carbonate of lime1 carbonate of magnesia1 or magnesian limestone2 or one containing sulphate of magnesia1 or chloride of magnesium or calcium1 or one or more of them1 in combination with oxide of copper1 either with or without lime or magnesia1 or with both or either of them or their carbonates4 ,these salts1 or compounds1 are mingled with sawdust1 or some other porous substance not acted on by the gas1 before being put into the purifiers2 and after they become saturated with the vapour1 the newly-formed hydrochlorate or sulphate 7according to the salt or mixture employed7 is washed out of the mass with water4 ,besides the usual sources of ,,sal ,,ammoniac 7and the other ammonia-salts of commerce7 it has been proposed to obtain it from guano1 peat1 shale1 c41 as noticed under ,,sesquicarbonate ,,of ,,ammonia 7supr72 the substance employed to effect the neutralisation or decomposition of the ammoniacal liquor being1 in this case either hydrochloric acid or a chloride4 ,in ,young's ,patent 7#ahda7 for 'obtaining ,,ammonia and its ,,salts1' a mixture of #b parts of guano1 and #a part of hydrate of lime1 is distilled in a retort placed vertically1 at a moderate heat1 gradually increased until the bottom of the retort becomes red hot4 ,the ammoniacal portion of the fumes evolved are absorbed by the cold water contained in a suitable condenser2 whilst the other gases eliminated by the process pass off uncondensed4 ,by subsequently passing carbonic acid gas into the liquor of the condenser1 a solution of ,,carbonate1 ,,bicarbonate1 or ,,sesquicarbonate of ,,ammonia is formed4 ,by nearly filling the condenser with diluted hydrochloric or sulphuric acid1 instead of with water1 a solution of ,,hydrochlorate or of ,,sulphate ,,of ,,ammonia is obtained4 ,stale urine saturated with hydrochloric acid1 or with sulphuric acid diluted with about twice its weight of water1 yields ,,sal ,,ammoniac1 or ,,sulphate ,,of ,,ammonia 7according to the acid used7 on evaporation4 ,hydrochlorate of ammonia is now wholly prepared on the large scale1 and never by the dealer or retailer1 by whom it is only occasionally refined or purified1 in small quantities1 for chemical and medical purposes4 ,the sal ammoniac of commerce is found to be sufficiently pure for all its ordinary applications in the arts2 but when wanted of greater purity1 it is broken into pieces1 and resublimed from an earthenware vessel into a large receiver of earthenware or glass4 ,the product 7,,refined ,,sal ,,ammoniac1 ,,double-,,refined ,s4 ,a42 ,,ammoni ,,hydrochlo'',,ras ,,pu'',,ra1 ,,sal ,,ammoni',,acus ,,depura',,tusdagger1 ,l47 is popularly known as ,,flowers ,,of ,,sal ,,ammoniac 7flo'res sa'lis ammoni'aci1 ,l471 from being in a finely divided crystalline state4 ,the chemically pure chloride of ammonium may be prepared by bringing its gaseous constituents--ammonia and hydrochloric acid--into contact4 ,during the combination much heat1 and even light1 is generated1 and the anhydrous solid salt is precipitated in a minutely divided state1 which1 under the microscope1 is seen to be crystalline4 ,it may be also more easily and conveniently prepared by saturating pure and moderately dilute hydrochloric acid with ammonia or its carbonates1 and evaporating the solution until a pellicle forms1 when crystals of the chloride separate as the liquid cools4 ,a similar but rather more violent reaction occurs when gaseous chlorine is brought in contact with gaseous ammonia1 or is passed into a nearly saturated solution of ammonia or its carbonates2 but in this case nitrogen is evolved at the expense of the ammonia2 moreover1 the process is attended with danger4 ,the manufacture of sal ammoniac is usually a distinct business1 and is carried on to a very great extent in the neighbourhood of ,london4 ,indeed1 the ,london makers now supply the chief portion of that used in ,england4 ,a large quantity is now1 however1 made at ,manchester and ,liverpool4 ,a small quantity is imported from ,germany4 ,that from ,brunswick is in the form of sugar-loaves4 ,an inferior quality is also imported1 in chests1 from the ,east ,indies4 ,the red bands frequently seen in the sal ammoniac of commerce are said to arise from the workmen falling asleep1 and allowing the fire to go down1 and then suddenly raising the heat too high4 7,muspratt47 ,they consist chiefly of ammonio-chloride of iron4 ,ammonium1 ,citrate of4 7,,nh#d7b;,,hc#f;,h#f,o#g4 ,syn4 ,,diammonium ,,citrate1 ,,citrate ,,of ,,oxide ,,of ,,ammonia2 ,,ammon'',,ni ,,cit',,ras1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,a concentrated solution of pure citric acid1 gently heated1 is saturated with sesquicarbonate of ammonium1 in fine powder 7about #g parts to #f71 and slightly in excess2 and the resulting liquid is crystallised by refrigeration in close vessels1 or by evaporation in vacuo4 ,if heat be employed in the evaporation of the solution1 an acid citrate will be formed4 ,uses1 c4 ,chiefly as a chemical test4 ,an extemporaneous citrate1 made with lemon-juice and drunk effervescing1 is employed as a saline draught1 and a mild aperient and diaphoretic1 in fevers1 c4 ,ammonium1 ,ferrocyanide of4 7,,nh#d7d ,fe,c#f,n#f 4 #c;,aq4 ,syn4 ,,ferrocyanate ,d',,ammoniaque1 ,fr4 ,prep4 #a4 ,saturate a solution of hydroferrocyanic acid with sesquicarbonate of ammonium1 in slight excess2 evaporate the solution at a heat below ebullition1 and crystallise by refrigeration4 #b4 ,digest ferrocyanide of lead or of iron in a solution of sesquicarbonate of ammonium1 at a gentle heat1 for some time2 then filter1 evaporate1 and crystallise4 ,prop41 c4 ,it is isomorphous with ferrocyanide of potassium2 it is easily crystallisable1 very soluble in water1 and is decomposed by ebullition4 ,ammonium1 ,iodide of4 ,,nh#d;,i4 ,syn4 ,,hydriodate ,,of ,,ammonia2 ,,ammo'',,nii ,,iodi',,dum1 ,l42 ,,hydriodate ,d',,ammoniaque1 ,fr4 ,prep4 ,an aqueous solution of hydriodic acid is neutralised with ammonia1 or ammonium sesquicarbonate1 in slight excess2 and the resulting liquid is either carefully1 but rapidly1 evaporated to dryness over a water bath1 or it is concentrated by the same means1 and then caused to deposit crystals by refrigeration2 in both cases care is taken to keep a slight excess of ammonia present during the evaporation4 ,the crystals are dried by pressure between folds of bibulous paper2 and the product1 in either form1 preserved in a stoppered bottle4 ,pure iodine is triturated with a little distilled water1 and solution of ammonium sulphydrate added1 in small quantities at a time1 with continued trituration1 until the red colour of the iodine has entirely disappeared4 ,the solution1 after being gently boiled for a few seconds1 to expel the sulphuretted hydrogen present1 is filtered1 slightly alkalised1 with ammonia1 and evaporated or crystallised1 as before4 ,prop41 c4 ,colourless2 deliquescent2 freely soluble in water1 and in spirit2 air and light turn it yellowish or brownish1 with partial decomposition4 ,it closely resembles iodide of potassium1 than which it is more active1 and thought to be better suited to irritable and relaxed habits4--,dose1 #a to #aj or #ab gr4 ,ammonium1 ,lac'tate of4 ,syn4 ,,ammo'',,ni ,,lac',,tas1 ,l4 ,an uncrystallisable salt prepared by saturating ammonia1 or its carbonate1 with lactic acid4 ,it has been found useful in rickets1 and in dyspepsia and worms1 when occurring in debilitated habits4 ,for this purpose it is best taken fresh-prepared1 as a draught1 flavoured with syrup of orange-peel1 #c or #d times daily4 ,see ,,lactate and ,,lactic ,,acid4 ,ammonium1 ,nitrate of4 ,,nh#d,,no#c4 ,syn4 ,,ammo'',,ni ,,ni',,tras1 ,l42 ,,nitrate ,d',,ammoniaque1 ,fr4 ,prep4 ,saturate nitric acid 7diluted with #c or #d times its weight of water7 with sesquicarbonate of ammonium1 evaporate by a gentle heat1 and crystallise4 ,when not required in a crystalline form1 it is usually evaporated to dryness at about #bab ,fahr42 and the heat being carefully raised to about #bej1 the fused salt is poured out on a polished slab of iron or stone1 and when solidified broken up and put into bottles4 ,prop4 ,when the evaporation of the solution is conducted at a heat under #ajj ,fahr41 the salt is obtained in beautiful hexagonal prisms2 when at #bab1 in long silky fibres2 when by rapid evaporation and fusion1 it forms a white1 compact1 and usually foliated mass4 ,it dissolves in about twice its weight of water2 is slightly deliquescent2 melts at #bcj1 and is decomposed into nitrous gas and water at #dfj ,fahr4 ,it deflagrates1 like nitre1 on contact with heated combustible matter4 ,uses1 c4 ,chiefly to prepare nitrous oxide or laughing gas 7of which nearly #d-a_/b cubic feet may be procured from every lb4 avoir472 and with water1 to form freezing mixtures1 for which purpose it may be used for any number of times by simply evaporating the solution to dryness1 when the salt1 obtained unaltered1 is ready for another operation4 ,care1 however1 should be taken not to expose it to too great a heat1 as at a certain temperature it deflagrates with violence4 ,it is occasionally employed in the laboratory to promote the combustion of organic bodies during incineration2 and sometimes1 though seldom1 in medicine1 as a diuretic and diaphoretic4 ,it is said to reduce the frequency of the pulse1 and the animal heat1 without affecting the head1 chest1 or stomach4 7,wibmer47--,dose1 #aj to #cj gr4 ,ammonium1 ,nitro-sulphate of4 ,syn4 ,,ammo'',,ni ,,nitro-,,sul',,phas1 ,l4 ,dissolve sulphite of ammonium1 #a part2 in solution of ammonia1 #e parts2 and pass nitric oxide gas through the solution2 rapidly wash the crystals that form with solution of ammonia1 dry in bibulous paper1 without heat1 and preserve them in a well-stopped bottle4--,dose1 #aj to #bj gr42 in typhoid fevers1 c4 ,ammonium1 ,oxalate of4 7,,nh#d7b;,c#b,o#d4 ,syn4 ,,ammo'',,ni ,,ox',,alis1 ,l42 ,,oxalate ,d',,ammoniaque1 ,fr4 ,neutralise a hot solution of oxalic acid with sesquicarbonate of ammonia2 evaporate and crystallise4 ,prop4 ,it forms beautiful1 colourless1 long1 rhombic prisms1 which effloresce in the air2 slightly soluble in cold water2 freely soluble in hot water2 heated in a retort1 it yields ammonia1 carbonate of ammonia1 cyanogen1 and carbonic acid1 together with oxamide1 which sublimes4 ,uses1 c4 ,in chemistry1 chiefly as a test for calcium 7with which it produces a white precipitate soluble in nitric acid71 and to separate lime from magnesium1 solutions of the salt of which it does not precipitate4 ,a ,,binox',,alate may also be formed2 but it possesses no practical interest4 ,ammonium1 ,phosphate of4 7,,nh#d7c,,po#d4 ,syn4 ,,ammo'',,ni ,,phos',,phas1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,saturate a solution of phosphoric acid with sesquicarbonate of ammonium1 in slight excess2 gently evaporate and crystallise by refrigeration4 ,diuretic1 discutient1 and antilithic4--,dose1 #c to #aj gr41 or #bj to #cj drops of a saturated solution1 #c or #d times a day2 in gout1 rheumatism1 and calculus1 accompanied with the lithic-acid diathesis2 also in rickets and certain forms of dyspepsia4 ,ammonium ,suc'cinate4 ,syn4 ,,ammo'',,ni ,,suc',,cinas1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,succinic acid1 #a part2 water1 #d parts2 dissolve1 neutralise with solution of ammonia1 or of ammonium carbonate1 in slight excess1 and evaporate1 and crystallise as directed under the 'benzoate' or 'phosphate1'--,dose1 #b to #aj gr4 ,ammonium1 ,sul'phate of4 7,,nh#d7b,,so#d4 ,syn4 ,,sulphate ,,of ,,ox',,ide ,,of ,,ammonia2 ,,ammo'',,ni ,,sul',,phas1 ,l12 ,,sulfate ,d',,ammoniaque1 ,fr42 ,,schwefelsauer ,,ammonium ,,salz1 ,ger42 ,glauber's ,,secret ,,saltdagger1 ,g4 ,,secret ,,sal ,,ammoniacdagger1 ,,sal ,,ammoni',,acum ,,secre',,tum ,,glaube'',,ridagger1 c4 ,crude sulphate of ammonia exists in considerable quantity in the soot from pit-coal2 and it is obtained1 as a secondary product1 from the ammoniacal liquor of gas-works and animal charcoal manufactories4 ,these last are its chief sources4 ,it is also found native1 associated with sal ammoniac1 in the neighbourhood of volcanoes1 under the name of 'mascagnine' or 'massagnine1' ,prep4 #a4 7,medicinal47 ,saturate dilute sulphuric acid with sesquicarbonate of ammonia1 in slight excess2 filter1 gently evaporate1 and crystallise4 #b4 7,commercial47 ,from gas-liquor or bone-spirit1 saturated with weak oil of vitriol1 and1 the clear portion of the liquid1 after repose decanted1 concentrated by rapid evaporation1 and crystallised1 in the manner noticed under ,,ammonium1 ,,chloride ,,of4 ,prop4 ,crystals1 long1 flattened1 six-sided prisms2 soluble in #b parts of cold1 and #a of boiling water2 fuses1 with loss of one atom of water1 at about #bhj ,fahr42 and is volatilised1 with entire decomposition1 at about #ece4 ,even its solution1 by long boiling1 becomes acid from loss of ammonia4 ,the anhydrous salt does not exist4 ,uses1 c4 ,pure sulphate of ammonia is diuretic1 aperient1 resolvent1 and stimulant4--,dose1 #aj to #cj gr4 ,it is now seldom employed in medicine4 ,the crude sulphate is principally used in the preparation of sal ammoniac and sesquicarbonate of ammonia1 and for manure4 ,a mixture of #aj of this sulphate with #bj of bone-dust1 some gypsum1 and farm-yard manure1 forms a very fertilising compost1 applicable to a great variety of soils 7,ure72 and we may add--greatly superior to a very large portion of what is now so commonly vended under the name of 'guano4' ,concluding remarks1 ,patents1 c4 ,the manufacture of sulphate of ammonia1 on the large scale1 has been unavoidably explained in treating on the salts of that base already noticed4 ,all that is necessary is to saturate with sulphuric acid the solution of ammonia1 crude or otherwise1 and obtained in any manner2 and then to evaporate the solution until the salt crystallises out4 ,at other times1 however1 instead of adding the acid to the ammoniacal liquor1 the latter1 either at once1 or after treatment with lime1 is submitted to distillation1 and the evolved alkaline vapour is passed into the acid 7previously somewhat diluted71 contained in a large receiver or cistern1 or a series of them2 the salt being obtained from the resulting solution in the usual manner4 ,by re-solution and a second crystallisation the sulphate is generally obtained sufficiently pure for all commercial purposes2 but when the salt is intended for use as manure1 or 7unless very rough7 for conversion into sal ammoniac1 this need not be had recourse to4 ,among modifications and improvements1 not previously noticed1 may be mentioned-- #a4 ,that of ,dr ,richardson 7,patent dated ,jan41 #ahej71 who mixes ,,sulphate ,,of ,,magnesia with the crude ammoniacal liquor1 and thus forms a double sulphate of magnesia and ammonia1 from which he obtains the ,,sulphate ,,of ,,ammonia by sublimation4 #b4 ,that of ,michiel 7,patent dated ,april1 #ahej71 who prepares sulphate of ammonia by means of ,,oxysulphate ,,of ,,lead obtained by roasting galena 7sulphide of lead71 by exposing it in a crushed state and thin layers for #b or #c hours1 to the heat of a reverberatory furnace4 ,the resulting mixture of sulphate and oxide of lead is reduced to the state of coarse powder1 and well worked up with the ammoniacal liquor1 when ,,sulphate ,,of ,,ammonia and sulphide and carbonate of lead are produced by the mutual reaction of the elements present4 ,the first is removed by treatment with water2 and the residuum serves for the manufacture of lead compounds1 or may be reduced to the metallic state by fusion in the usual manner4 #c4 ,that of ,mr ,laming 7,patent dated ,aug41 #aheb71 in which a stream of ,,sulphurous ,,acid ,,gas is transmitted through the liquor containing the ammonia1 either in the free state or as carbonate1 by which ,,sulphite ,,of ,,ammonia is formed4 ,this salt he oxidises1 and thus converts into the ,,sulphate ,,of ,,ammonia1 by agitation and free exposure to the air4 ,sulphate of ammonia1 like the hydrochlorate1 may also be obtained by saturating stale urine with the acid1 and subsequent evaporation and crystallisation4 ,see ,,ammonia2 ,,ammonia1 ,,carbonates ,,of2 ,,ammonium1 ,,chloride ,,of1 and ,,manures1 c4 ,ammonium1 ,sulphide of 7neutral74 7,,nh#d7b,s4 ,prep4 ,saturate strong solution of ammonia with pure sulphuretted hydrogen gas2 then add a second portion of solution of ammonia1 equal to that first used1 and preserve it in a well-stoppered bottle4 ,ammonium1 ,sulphydrate of4 ,,nh#d;,,hs4 ,syn4 ,,sulphide ,,of ,,ammonium1 ,,hydrosulphide ,,of ,,ammonium1 ,,hydrosulphate ,,of ,,ammonia4 ,prep4 ,by passing sulphuretted hydrogen gas1 to saturation1 through a mixture composed of strong solution of ammonia1 #a part1 and distilled water1 #d parts4 ,props4 ,prepared as above1 it has a very foetid odour4 ,when pure it is wholly volatilised by heat1 and does not disturb a solution of sulphate of magnesium4 ,mineral acids decompose it1 with the evolution of sulphuretted hydrogen4 ,by keeping1 it decomposes and acquires a yellow colour4 ,this yellow coloration does not1 however1 render it unfit for use as a reagent2 but it must be borne in mind that it will now deposit sulphur when mixed with acids4 ,in this state it proves valuable as a reagent to detect hydrocyanic acid1 and as a solvent to separate metallic sulphides thrown down by sulphuretted hydrogen4 ,uses1 c4 ,it is principally employed by chemists as a reagent to precipitate metals1 to separate metallic sulphides1 c42 and by the perfumers as a mordant in dyeing hair4 ,in medicine it has been used by ,cruickshank1 ,rollo1 and others1 to check the morbid appetite1 and to increase the action of the stomach and general tone of the system in diabetes mellitus4 ,it has also been used by ,brauw1 ,gruithuisen1 and others1 in old pulmonary and vesical catarrhs4 ,it is a powerful sedative1 lessening the action of the circulatory system1 causing nausea1 vomiting1 vertigo1 drowsiness1 c4--,dose1 #c to #f drops1 three or four times daily1 mixed with pure water1 and instantly swallowed4 ,in large doses it is poisonous4 ,ant4 ,very dilute solution of chlorine1 or of chloride of lime or soda1 followed by a powerful emetic1 or the stomach-pump4 ,when the vapour has been respired1 free exposure to fresh air1 with the head a little elevated1 and copious affusions of cold water1 with moderate draughts of brandy-and-water1 and the use of the smelling-bottle 7ammoniacal7 should be adopted4 ,if need be1 artificial respiration should be attempted1 and the air around the patient should be slightly impregnated with the fumes of chlorine or chloride of lime4 ,ammonium1 ,persulphide of4 ,syn4 ,,boyle',s ,,fuming-,,liquor1 ,,hoffman',s ,,vol',,atile ,,spirit ,,of ,,sulphur1 c42 ,,ammo'',,ni ,,perhydrosul',,phas1 ,a4 ,,perhydrosulphure',,tum1 c4 ,authorities differ as to the constitution of this liquid1 which1 since its introduction by ,beguin in #afej1 has passed under more 'aliases' than perhaps any other preparation4 ,its precise position amongst the ammonia-compounds is still undecided4 ,prep4 #a4 7,beguin47 ,sulphur1 #a lb2 quick-lime1 #a_/b lb2 sal ammoniac1 #d oz42 mix and distil4 #b4 7,boyle47 ,sulphur and sal ammoniac1 of each1 #e oz42 quick-lime1 #f oz42 as last4 #c4 7,liebig47 ,agitate the common hydrosulphate of ammonia with pure sulphur1 until the latter ceases to be dissolved2 and1 after repose1 decant the clear liquid4 ,prop41 c4 ,an orange-yellow1 fuming1 foetid liquid1 of an oily consistence1 having the characteristics of the common sulphydrate in a remarkable degree4 ,it may prove an excellent medicine4 ,useful for wounds and ulcers4 7,beguin47 ,diluted with three parts of spirit of wine1 it formed the ,,liquor ,,antipodag',,ricus of ,f4 ,hoffman2 of which we are told that about #cj drops acted as a strong sudorific2 and applied externally1 mixed with camphor1 it relieved pain like a charm4 7,hoffman47 ,the sulphides of ammonium are now scarcely ever employed as remedies4 ,ammonium1 ,sul'phite of4 7,,nh#d7b,,so#c4g;,aq4 ,syn4 ,,ammoni ,,sulphis1 ,l4 ,prepared by passing sulphurous acid gas into a solution of ammonia4 ,it is crystallisable and very soluble in water4 ,ammonium1 ,sulphocyanide of4 ,,nh#d;,,cns4 ,prep4 #a4 ,neutralise hydrosulphocyanic acid with ammonia1 and gently evaporate the solution to dryness1 by the heat of a water bath4 #b4 ,digest hydrocyanic acid with yellow sulphydrate of ammonium1 and1 after a time1 evaporate as before4 ,a deliquescent1 white1 saline mass1 very soluble in water1 but seldom employed out of the laboratory in a pure state4 ,of late it has been obtained in quantity as a crude product of the gas-liquors4 ,ammonium1 ,tartrates of4 ,of these there are two3-- ,ammonium1 ,neutral ,tartrate of4 7,,nh#d7b;,c#d;,h#d,o#f4 ,syn4 ,,ammo'',,ni ,,tar',,tras1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,saturate a solution of crystallised tartaric acid1 #aej grs42 with sesquicarbonate of ammonium1 #aah grs42 and either evaporate the solution at a gentle heat1 and crystallise2 or evaporate to dryness1 and powder the residuum4 ,prop41 c4 ,prismatic crystals1 or a crystalline mass2 soluble and efflorescent4 ,its medicinal properties and doses resemble those of citrate of ammonium4 ,ammonium1 ,bitartrate of4 ,,nh#d;,,hc#d;,h#d,o#f4 ,syn4 ,,ammo'',,ni ,,bitar',,tras1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,to a strong solution of tartaric acid add another of sesquicarbonate of ammonium1 or of tartrate of ammonium1 as long as a precipitate falls2 which must be collected and dried4 ,prop41 c4 ,a crystalline powder1 only slightly soluble in water1 closely resembling ordinary cream of tartar4 ,it is diaphoretic1 diuretic1 and deobstruent1 and is frequently1 though improperly1 sold for the preceding preparation4 ,ammonium1 ,valerianate of4 ,,nh#d;,c#e;,h#i,o#b4 ,syn4 ,,ammo'',,ni ,,valeria',,nas1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,saturate valerianic acid with strong solution of ammonia1 and evaporate the resulting liquid to a syrupy consistence at a heat under #age ,fahr42 then add twice its volume of alcohol1 and1 after agitation1 allow it to crystallise by spontaneous evaporation4--,dose1 #b to #h or #aj gr42 in neuralgia1 epilepsy1 hypochondriasis1 hysteria1 low fevers of an intermittent kind1 c42 also in dyspepsia and debility complicated with these affections4 ,,ammoni',,acal4 ,eng41 ,fr4 ,syn4 ,,ammoniaca',,lis1 ,l4 ,pertaining to1 or possessing the odour or properties of1 ammonia4 ,see ,,ammonia1 c4 ,,ammoni',,acum4 ,syn4 ,,gum ,,ammoniacum1 ,g4 ,,ammo'',,niacdagger2 ,,gomme ,,ammoniaque1 ,fr42 ,,ammoniak1 ,ger4 ,a gummy-resinous exudation from the stem of dorema ammoniacum1 in tears and masses1 of a pale cinnamon colour1 brittle1 and when broken has a white and shining surface4 ,collected in ,persia and the ,punjaub4 7,b4 ,p47 ,gum ammoniacum has an unpleasant odour1 especially when heated1 and a nauseous and slightly bitter taste4 ,it is a mild1 stimulating expectorant and emmenagogue2 and its effects on the system resemble those of assafoetida except in being weaker4 ,externally1 it is resolvent4--,dose1 #aj to #cj gr4 in pills or emulsion4 ,doses for ,animals4 ,,horse1 #b to #d drachms4 ,,cattle1 #b to #d drachms4 ,,sheep1 #a_/b to #a-a_/b drachm4 ,,pig1 #a_/b to #a-a_/b drachm4 ,,dog1 #aj to #bj grains4 ,either by bolus or emulsion4 ,ammoniacum1 ,strained'4 ,syn4 ,,prepared ,,ammoniacum2 ,,ammoni',,acum ,,pr,,para',,tum 7,ph4 ,l471 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,l4 #ahea47 ,boil ammoniacum in water just sufficient to cover it2 strain the mixture through a hair sieve1 and constantly stirring1 evaporate in a water bath1 until1 on cooling1 it becomes hard4 ,the product1 owing to a loss of volatile oil1 is much weaker than the unprepared gum-resin4 ,the process is only necessary with rough lump ammoniacum4 ,ammo''niated4 ,syn4 ,,ammonia',,tus1 ,l4 ,in pharmacy1 perfumery1 c41 applied to preparations containing ammonia4 ,,ammo',,nio-1 ,ammon'ico-4 ,in chemistry1 a common prefix to double salts containing ammonia2 as ammonio-citrate1 a4-chloride1 or a4-tartrate of iron1 c4 ,see the respective metals4 ,,amontillado4 ,sp4 ,see ,,sherry and ,,wine4 ,,amorph',,ous 7-morf'-us74 ,syn4 ,,amorph',,us1 ,l42 ,,amorphe1 ,,informe1 ,,difforme1 ,fr42 ,,amorphisch1 ,,misgebildet1 ,,missgestaltet1 ,ger4 ,shapeless4 ,in chemistry and mineralogy1 applied to substances devoid of regular or crystalline form2 as a lump of chalk1 the majority of precipitates1 c4 ,the corresponding substantives are ,,amorph',,ism1 ,,amorph',,ousness99 7amorphis'mus1 ,l42 amorphisme1 ,fr474 ,,amphib',,ia 7f7ib'-y'7a74 ,l4 pl42 prim4 ,gr4 ,syn4 ,,amphib',,ians 7-y7anz71 ,,amphib',,ials 7-y'7alz74 ,animals that possess the faculty of living both in water and on land4 ,in modern zoology it is restricted to those animals which possess both gills and lungs2 as the batrach'ia or frog tribe4 ,the term is also often applied1 colloquially1 to otters1 seals1 walruses1 crocodiles1 c41 none of which can breathe under water1 although1 from the languid nature of their circulation1 they are able to remain a long time in it4 ,,amphib',,ious 7y'7us74 ,syn4 ,,amphib',,ius1 ,l42 ,,amphibie1 ,fr42 ,,beydlebig1 ,ger4 ,in botany and zoology1 having the faculty of growing or living both on land and in water4 ,see ,,amphibia4 ,,am',,phitype 7-fe-74 ,see ,,photography4 ,,amygdalin4 ,c#bj;,h#bg,,no#aa4c;,aq4 ,this substance exists in bitter almonds4 ,it crystallises in pearly white plates1 which are odourless and almost tasteless4 ,it is nearly insoluble in hot and cold water and in cold alcohol1 but soluble in boiling alcohol4 ,to prepare amygdalin1 boil well-pressed cake of bitter almonds twice in strong alcohol2 strain through linen1 and press the residue2 remove any oil that may appear1 heat the liquid again1 and filter4 ,in a few days part of the amygdalin crystallises out4 ,concentrate the residuary liquor to a sixth part1 and add ether1 which will throw down the amygdalin4 ,press it between blotting paper1 wash it with ether1 and set aside to crystallise4 ,,amyg',,daloid 7-loyd74 ,syn4 ,,amygdaloid',,al2 ,,amygdalo',,des 7-dez71 ,l42 ,,amygdalo,,de1 ,fr4 ,almond-shaped4 ,in mineralogy1 amygdaloid is 'toadstone4' ,,amykos 7,galen1 ,upsala74 ,a cosmetic and mouth-wash4 ,claims to be prepared according to an ,english patent4 ,it is an aqueous extract of #dbj grms4 cloves1 boiled in a gallon of water1 in which #dbj grms4 of pure glycerine are dissolved1 and to which #baj grms4 of borax are added4 7,hager47 ,,amykosaseptin is linen saturated with a hot solution of borax4 7,nystrm47 ,,amyla',,ceous 77am-e-la'-sh'7us74 ,syn4 ,,amyla',,ceus1 ,l42 ,,amylac1 ,fr4 ,of or like starch2 consisting of or abounding in starch2 starchy4 ,see ,,food1 ,,nutrition1 ,,starch1 c4 ,,am',,yl 7-7il74 ,c#e;,h#aa4 ,the radical of the fusel-oil compounds 7,,amyl-,,series74 ,amyl1 ,acetate of4 ,c#e;,h#aa;,c#b;,h#c,o#b4 ,syn4 ,,pear-,,oil4 ,prep4 ,from fusel-oil1 #a part2 acetate of potassa 7dry71 #b parts2 concentrated sulphuric acid1 #a part2 distilled1 with the usual precautions1 from a glass retort into a cool receiver4 ,the distillate is purified by washing it with very dilute solution of potassa1 and redistilling it from fused chloride of calcium4 ,a little litharge added to the liquid in the retort1 before rectification1 will remove any sulphurous odour1 should it be present4 ,prop41 c4 ,liquid1 limpid1 colourless2 insoluble in water2 soluble in alcohol2 boils at #bgb ,fahr42 alcoholic solution of potassa converts it into an acetate of that base1 with reproduction of fusel-oil4 ,obs4 ,the odour and flavour of this preparation are those of the ,jargonelle pear4 ,it is now extensively manufactured1 and1 after dilution with alcohol1 is sold under the name of ,,essence ,,of ,,jargonelle ,,pear1 for flavouring liqueurs and confectionery4 ,amyl1 ,vale'rianate of4 ,c#e;,h#aa;,c#e;,h#i,o#b4 ,syn4 ,,apple-,,oil1 ,a4-,,essence1 c4 ,this compound is abundantly formed during the preparation of valerianic acid from potato oil1 and is recognised by the offensive odour of rotten apples evolved during the process4 ,by treating the crude product of the distillation with a weak solution of pure potassa1 the valerianic acid is removed1 and the volatile oil obtained nearly pure4 ,dissolved in rectified spirit it forms the ',,apple-,,essence' now so much employed as a flavouring ingredient for confectionery and liqueurs4 ,see ,,fruit ,,essences1 ,,valerianic ,,acid1 c4 ,,amyl ,,nitrite4 ,syn4 ,,amyl ,,nitris1 ,b4 ,p4 ,produced by the action of nitric or nitrous acid on amylic alcohol4--,dose4 ,by inhalation1 the vapour of #b to #e minims4 ,to be used with caution4 ,it may be produced by passing a stream of nitrous acid gas through purified amylic alcohol at a temperature of #acb ,c4 ,for other methods of preparing it consult ',wood and ,bache's ,united ,states ,dispensatory1 #ahgg4' ,mr ,umney 7',pharm4 ,journal'7 says that true nitrite of amyl should be made by passing nitrous acid into amylic alcohol which has been previously submitted to a fractional distillation1 until the portion retained for use has a boiling point of #acb ,c4 ,a nitrate so prepared1 when deprived of any excess of acid it may contain by rectification over fused carbonate of potash1 will have a boiling point of #ih-ii ,c4 ,,am',,ylene 7-e-lene74 ,c#e;,h#aj4 ,eng41 ,fr4 ,syn4 ,,am',,ilene992 ,,amyle',,na1 ,,amyle',,num1 ,l4 ,a peculiar volatile1 liquid hydrocarbon1 discovered by ,cahours4 ,prep4 ,from fusel-oil repeatedly distilled along with either anhydrous phosphoric acid1 or a concentrated solution of chloride of zinc2 the product being repeatedly rectified at a low temperature1 until the boiling point sinks to #ajb ,fahr4 ,prop41 ,uses1 c4 ,an ethereal liquid1 lighter than water1 having an aromatic odour1 slightly alliaceous4 ,sp4 gr4 of vapour1 #bfh4 ,its vapour was several times successfully employed1 by the late ,dr ,snow1 as a substitute for ether and chloroform in producing ansthesia1 being1 though less agreeable1 also less pungent1 and consequently easier to breathe1 than either of them2 but its use has since been given up owing to doubts as to its safety1 two or three deaths having followed its inhalation4 ,,anadoli 7,kreller1 ,nuremburg74 ,an oriental tooth-powder4 ,powdered soap1 #db parts2 starch powder1 #dd parts2 levantine soapwort1 #ab parts2 oil of bergamot and lemon to flavour4 7,wittstein47 ,,an,,mia4 ,deficiency of blood4 ,,an,,sthe',,sia 77an-ez-the'-zh'7a2 -sh'7a2 -theze'y'7ar74 ,l42 prim4 ,gr4 ,syn4 ,,anesth,,sie1 ,fr4 ,in pathology1 diminished or lost sense of feeling4 ,in surgery and obstetrics1 the production of temporary ansthesia1 for the purpose of rendering operations painless1 relieving the pangs of childbirth1 c41 is effected by the use of-- ,,an,,sthet',,ics4 ,syn4 ,,an,,sthet',,ica1 ,l42 ,,anesth,,tiques1 ,fr4 ,in pharmacology and surgery1 substances or agents which diminish or destroy sensibility1 or which relieve pain4 ,in its full extent this term includes both anodynes and narcotics2 but it is now more generally confined to those substances which greatly diminish common sensibility1 or entirely remove susceptibility to pain4 ,among the most useful1 safe1 and powerful of this class are chloroform1 ether1 nitrous oxide1 and intense cold2 besides several chlorinated compounds1 such as the bichlorides of ethylen1 methylen1 and carbon4 ,more than #aejj years ago the ,chinese are said to have used a preparation of hemp1 or ma-yo1 to annul the pain attendant upon cauterisation and other surgical operations4 ,mandragora 7mandrake7 was employed for a similar purpose by the ,greeks and ,romans2 and we learn that as early as the thirteenth century the vapour from a sponge filled with tinctures of mandragora1 opium1 and other sedatives was used for a similar purpose4 ,baptista ,porta1 in his work on natural magic printed in #aeig1 mentions a quintessence extracted from medicines by somniferous menstrua1 of the nature of which he leaves us in ignorance4 ,this quintessence was to be preserved in leaden vessels very perfectly closed1 lest the aura should escape1 for the medicine would vanish away4 ,furthermore1 he adds1 when it is used1 the cover being removed1 it is applied to the nostrils of the sleeper1 who draws in the most subtle power of the vapour by smelling1 and so blocks up the fortress of the senses1 that he is plunged into the most profound sleep1 and cannot be roused without the greatest effort4 ,dr ,iron suggested that the volatile substance was sulphuric ether1 which he says had been described more than fifty years before ,porta wrote his book4 ,in the year #ahjj ,sir ,humphry ,davy suggested the employment of nitrous oxide1 or laughing gas1 as it was then termed1 for minor operations in surgery1 and in #ahbh ,dr ,hickman proposed carbonic acid as an ansthetic4 ,the vapour of sulphuric ether had been used in his practice by ,dr ,pearson as early as #agie1 for the relief of spasmodic asthma4 ,the fact that sulphuric ether was capable of producing insensibility was demonstrated by ,american physicians2 viz4 by ,godwin in #ahbb1 ,mitchell in #ahcb1 ,jackson in #ahcc1 and ,wood and ,bache in #ahcd2 but the first practitioner to employ it to prevent the pain of an operation was ,dr ,morton1 a ,boston dentist1 who successfully used it for this purpose in #ahdf4 ,on the #aith of ,december of the same year ,mr ,liston1 of ,university ,hospital1 ,london1 and ,mr ,robinson1 a dentist1 operated upon patients who had been rendered insensible by means of the inhalation of the vapour of ether4 ,throughout the year #ahdg ether was employed as an ansthetic both in ,england and ,france1 but towards the end of that year the ansthetic properties of chloroform were pointed out by ,flourens4 ,the first1 however1 to introduce this agent into surgical and obstetric practice was ,dr ,i4 ,t4 ,simpson1 of ,edinburgh4 ,in #ahdi a work on the inhalation of ether was published by ,dr ,snow1 who afterwards introduced a new ansthetic1 viz4 amylene1 which was capable of producing effects similar to those of chloroform2 but as two patients out of but a small number who inhaled the vapour of amylene died1 this latter soon fell into discredit1 and consequent disuse4 ,except in dental practice1 in which nitrous oxide gas is the ansthetic invariably employed1 chloroform is almost universally used in surgical operations1 one advantage it possesses over ether being its much more rapid action1 although this latter property must be regarded as one which constitutes the risk which1 although very slight 7when the exceedingly small per-centage of deaths resulting from its administration is taken into account71 undoubtedly attends its inhalation4 ,dr ,sansom says of chloroform3--,the cause of its danger is its power of paralysing the cardiac and other motor sources of circulation4 ,this property resides in large and sudden doses of its vapour4 ,he strongly recommends its dilution by air and alcohols4 ,he further remarks that all ansthetics modify the endosmotic condition of the blood discs1 and contends that they affect the supply of arterial blood by altering the calibre of the channels which convey it4 ,he advocates the substitution of one ansthetic for another during the inhalation4 ,methylene dichloride1 introduced by ,dr ,b4 ,w4 ,richardson1 is said to possess the disadvantage of causing considerable depression4 ,the mode of administering these agents is by causing the patient to inhale their vapour mixed with air4 ,sometimes they are poured on to a sponge or a handkerchief1 or piece of lint1 either of which is then applied to the mouth and nostrils of the patient in such a manner that the air which passes into his lungs is saturated with the vapour4 ,except in extemporised cases1 however1 this method is pretty well abandoned1 a proper apparatus having supplanted the sponge or handkerchief1 c4 ,part of the apparatus consists of a graduated bottle containing the ansthetic1 by means of which the operator is enabled to tell how much of this latter is being consumed1 and thus to regulate the quantity inhaled4 ,the first effect that results from the administration of ansthetics is a form of intoxication1 caused by the action of the ansthetic agent on the cerebral lobes1 and as this action extends to the cerebellum1 the patient becomes incapable of directing his movements--an effect like that caused by intoxication from alcohol4 ,in the next stage the spinal cord is attacked1 unconsciousness supervenes1 and all powers of motion and sensation are lost4 ,the individual is now said to be in a state of ansthesia2 but the heart continues to beat1 respiration is not impeded1 and the other essential functions of the body go on as usual4 ,should1 however1 the exhibition of the ansthetic agent be incautiously continued too long1 the bodily temperature falls1 the movements of respiration and circulation become impaired1 the heart ceases its action1 and death finally ensues4 ,the introduction of ansthetics into surgical practice has been of great and invaluable service to the operator4 ,the patient being motionless and free from pain1 the surgeon is enabled to perform the operation at his ease1 and consequently more efficiently2 moreover1 in the reduction of dislocations and of hernia1 the muscles being flaccid1 the obstacle produced by their contraction is removed4 ,m4 ,velpeau endeavoured to produce local ansthesia1 or insensibility of the part of the body to be operated upon1 by means of a freezing mixture composed of ice and salt2 this method1 however1 was found impracticable1 and was soon abandoned4 ,since then local ansthesia as introduced by ,dr ,richardson1 when had recourse to1 is effected by means of a spray of ether directed on the part1 the intense cold produced by the rapid evaporation of the ether entirely depriving the part of sensation4 ,it is said that the pain resulting from the application of this method is a great barrier to its use4 ,amongst ansthetics1 nitrous oxide gas occupies an important place1 its use1 as before stated1 being almost wholly confined to operations in dental surgery4#ee ,as in the case of ether1 the ,american practitioners were the first to employ nitrous oxide as an ansthetic4 ,attention was directed to its ansthetic properties in #ahdd by ,mr ,horace ,wells1 an ,american dentist1 but little interest seems to have been awakened by his application of it1 since it was not until #ahfc that ,dr ,cotton1 of ,new ,york1 drew attention to the subject by performing an operation on a patient under its influence4 ,footnote #ee3 ,the ',british ,medical ,journal' for #ahfh states it was used successfully at the ,ophthalmic ,hospital1 ,moorfields4 ,in ,march1 #ahfh1 ,dr ,evans1 residing in ,paris1 after a visit from ,dr ,cotton1 directed the attention of medical men in ,england to the value of nitrous oxide as an ansthetic in dental surgery1 and shortly afterwards it was first employed to produce ansthesia at the ,dental ,hospital4 ,nitrous oxide is obtained from nitrate of ammonia1 and the particulars of its preparation may be found by referring to the article ,,nitrous ,,oxide4 ,immense quantities of the gas are used in dental operations4 ,it has been computed that in #ahgj ,messrs ,coxeter and ,barth could not have prepared much less than #fj1jjj gallons in ,london alone4 ,to fit it for transit it is reduced by compression4 ,fifteen gallons may thus be diminished in volume until it fills an iron bottle holding a quart4 ,five or six gallons of the gas are1 on an average1 required for each patient4 ,in the preparation of nitrous oxide for surgical purposes ,dr ,evans advises it to be made at least #bd hours before it is used1 and further recommends its being thoroughly washed4 ,an apparatus for the preparation of the gas was devised by ,mr ,porter1 a description of which will be found in the ',transactions of the ,odontological ,society of ,great ,britain' for #ahfh1 in which also mention is made of a face-piece for its administration1 the invention of ,mr ,clover4 ,by means of this latter instrument the desiderata that the nitrous oxide should be inhaled without admixture with atmospheric air1 and contamination arising from the expired air given off by the patient1 are accomplished1 for it has been found that when excitement and talking attend the inhalation of the gas1 these effects are due to the presence of the carbonic acid thrown off by the lungs4 ,when inhaled in the ordinary way1 nitrous oxide gas induces exhilaration and narcotism1 without asphyxia4 ,when1 however1 the atmospheric air is carefully excluded1 it produces1 as we have just seen1 ansthesia without exhilaration4 ,the time required to produce ansthesia varies from #be to #abj seconds1 by from #aj to #fj inhalations4 ,a patient has been subjected for #aj minutes to its action without experiencing any unpleasant symptoms or after effects4 ,mr ,randle says it is perfectly safe in all short operations1 and possibly in long ones also1 provided there is due admission of air at proper intervals4 ,it seems tolerably certain that nitrous oxide is largely absorbed by the blood-corpuscles1 and it is probable that its presence in them may temporarily act to the exclusion of oxygen1 and thus prevent for a time that combination of oxygen with hmoglobin upon which the red colour of the corpuscles depends4 ,chemistry1 however1 has failed to show that nitrous oxide is decomposed in the blood1 or that it exerts any of the chemical properties of oxygen on the constituent elements of the blood4 ,whenever the slightest ansthetic effect is communicated to the nervous system1 a simultaneous effect is produced upon the medulla oblongata1 the spinal chord1 as well as upon the cerebrum and cerebellum4 ,the whole available force in the body is undoubtedly due to oxidation4 ,this oxidation is accomplished by means of the blood1 and it is therefore evident that a continuous flow of oxygenated blood to the nerve centres is necessary as a source of power and of sensibility1 as well as for the reintegration of nerve tissue4 ,any deficiency of oxygen in the blood is followed by a decreased arterialisation of the whole volume of the blood4 ,under these conditions the exhalation of carbonic acid is relatively less rapid than its formation1 and life cannot continue if the blood in the arteries becomes thoroughly venous1 as well in colour as in character4 ,that nitrous oxide1 when inhaled1 changes the colour of the blood-corpuscles is evidenced by the livid appearance of the face and mucous surfaces2 the latter1 indeed1 is a characteristic accompaniment of its administration1 and the darkened colour of the blood may be observed as it flows from the severed vessels4 ,this colour of the blood is probably in part due to uneliminated carbonic acid2 but that nitrous oxide possesses in a high degree the property of darkening the blood-corpuscles may be easily demonstrated by directing a jet of the gas for a few seconds upon a little arterial blood in a test tube4 ,yet1 from what has previously been advanced on this point1 this latter result may more strictly be due to physical than to chemical causes4 ,an interruption of the circulation in any part of the organism is soon followed by local insensibility in the tissues from which the blood supply may have been withdrawn2 and it is beyond dispute that1 during the ansthetic state1 the circulation of the blood through the capillary system becomes diminished in velocity4 ,a tendency to stasis begins to appear1 accompanied at the same time by a considerable reduction in the supply of arterial blood4 ,these are facts that admit of experimental demonstration1 as does also another fact1 viz4 that during the period of insensibility produced by the inhalation of nitrous oxide the brain itself is in a state of comparative anmia4 ,in short1 it appears most probable that an arrest of the capillary circulation through the brain1 to which several writers have attributed a potential influence as the cause of ansthesia1 is simply1 so far as it may exist1 a result of it4 ,the ansthesia produced by the inhalation of nitrous oxide would1 therefore1 appear to be referable to an altered condition of the blood1 whereby the molecular dynamic changes are interfered with1 this interruption being probably due either to the retention of carbonic acid1 or to the presence of nitrous oxide2 or1 as the result of both conditions1 to the exclusion of oxygen4 ,for minor operations nitrous oxide possesses many advantages over other ansthetics4 ,the principal of these is its safety4 ,in ,america1 in #bjj1jjj cases in which it had been administered1 there was only one case of death4 ,furthermore its use is not contra-indicated in patients having any constitutional derangement1 nor for women who are either pregnant or suckling4 ,nitrogen1 coal-gas1 and carbonic acid have also been employed as ansthetics4 ,the ',british ,medical ,journal' for ,june #acth1 #ahfh1 contains an account of some experiments performed by ,dr ,burdon ,sanderson1 at ,middlesex ,hospital1 with nitrogen4 ,it seems to have been longer in producing insensibility than nitrous oxide1 but no lividity of countenance accompanied1 nor sickness or headache followed1 its administration4 ,,analep',,tic4 ,syn4 ,,analep',,ticus1 ,l42 ,,analeptique1 ,fr4 ,restorative2 that recruits the strength lost by sickness4 ,analep'tics4 ,syn4 ,,analep',,tica1 ,l42 ,,analeptiques1 ,fr4 ,in pharmacology1 c41 restorative medicines and agents4 ,,anal',,ysis 7-e-s7is74 ,eng4 ,l41 ,gr4 ,syn4 ,,analyse1 ,fr42 ,,ausl,,sung1 ,,zerlegung1 ,ger4 ,in a gen4 sense1 the resolution of anything1 whether an object of the senses or of the intellect1 into its elementary parts4 ,in chemistry1 the resolution or separation of a compound body into its constituent parts or elements1 for the purpose of either determining their nature1 or1 when this is known1 their relative proportions4 ,it is divided into ,,qual',,itative ,,analysis and ,,quan',,titative ,,analysis2 and these again into ,,prox',,imate ,,analysis and ,,ul',,timate ,,analysis4 ,the first consists in finding the components of a compound1 merely as respects their nature or names2 the second1 in finding not merely the component parts1 but also the proportions of each of them2 the third gives the results in the names of the proximate or immediate principles or compounds which1 by their union1 form the body under examination2 whilst the fourth develops the chemical elements of which it is composed4#ef ,an analysis may also be made to determine whether a certain body is or is not contained in a compound 7as lead in wine72 or it may be undertaken to ascertain all the constituents present2 the extent of an investigation being merely limited by the object in view4 ,footnote #ef3 ,thus1 suet consists of olein1 palmitin1 and stearin4 ,these would form the 'terms' of the ,,proximate ,,analysis of this substance4 ,but olein1 palmitin1 and stearin consist of carbon1 hydrogen1 and oxygen4 ,the ,,ultimate ,,analysis of suet would1 therefore1 have reference to the elements carbon1 hydrogen1 and oxygen4 ,for success in chemical analysis a thorough acquaintance with the various properties of bodies is required1 as well as aptitude in applying this knowledge in discriminating them1 and separating them from each other4 ,judgment and expertness in manipulation are1 indeed1 essential qualifications4 ,the method pursued must likewise be such as to attain the object in view with unerring certainty1 and in the most expeditious manner4 ,the mere knowledge of the reagents1 and of the reactions of other bodies with them1 will not suffice for the attainment of this end4 ,this requires the additional knowledge of a systematic and progressive course of analysis1 or1 in other words1 the knowledge of the order1 and succession1 in which solvents1 together with general and special reagents1 ought to be applied1 both to effect the speedy and safe detection of every individual component of a compound or mixture1 and to prove with certainty the absence of all other substances4 ,if we do not possess this systematic knowledge1 or if in the hope of attaining an object more rapidly1 we adhere to no method in our investigations and experiments1 analysing becomes 7at least in the hands of a novice7 mere guesswork1 and the results obtained are no longer the fruits of scientific calculation1 but mere matters of accident1 which sometimes may prove lucky hits1 and at others total failures4 7,fresenius47 ,,analysis1 ,,spectrum4 ,more than half a century ago ,sir ,john ,herschel employed the prism in the analysis of coloured flames1 and in #ahcd ,fox ,talbot1 by means of the same instrument1 distinguished the difference between the spectra given by strontium and lithium1 notwithstanding the similarity of the two in colour4 ,but it was reserved for ,messrs ,kirchkoff and ,bunsen1 as the inventors of the spectroscope1 to devise the only efficient method of analysing flame1 and1 at the same time1 to furnish chemists with a means whereby they may detect with unerring certainty the presence of any known element by observing the spectrum it gives when such element is submitted to a temperature sufficiently high for it to emit a luminous vapour4 ,that certain chemical substances when heated in the flame of the spirit-lamp or the blow-pipe1 or any other source of comparatively white light1 imparted characteristic colours to the flame1 was a fact that had long been known to chemists2 for example1 when a salt of sodium was so treated1 an intense yellow colour was imparted to the flame4 ,a salt of potassium produced under the same circumstances a violet1 strontium1 a crimson colour1 c4 ,these results could only be produced when the substance under examination contained but one of the salts in question4 ,if more than one were present1 this method of qualitative analysis was comparatively1 if not wholly1 valueless1 because the specific colour communicated to the flame by the presence of one element would be masked1 and1 consequently1 destroyed by the colour developed by the vapour of another or other elements4 ,for instance1 so much more vivid is the yellow colour given to flame by sodium salts than the violet tint imparted by those of potassium1 that a very small trace of sodium prevents the unaided eye from perceiving the violet1 even when the potassium compound is present in large quantity4 ,very different optical effects1 however1 follow if the rays from the various-coloured flames are made to pass through a prism4 ,as is well known1 if a ray of ordinary white light is made to traverse a prism1 when it issues from the prism it has become decomposed or dissected into seven luminous rays of as many different colours1 the coloured image thus produced being called a prismatic spectrum1 or simply a spectrum4 ,this phenomenon is owing to the prism refracting or bending out of its course the beam of light sent through it1 and to each coloured ray of which the beam is made up being differently refracted4 ,if1 however1 instead of the white flame coloured flames are examined by means of a prism1 the light being allowed to fall through a narrow slit upon the prism1 it is at once seen that the light thus refracted differs essentially from white light1 inasmuch as it consists of only a particular set of rays1 each flame giving a spectrum containing a few bright bands4 ,thus1 the spectrum of the yellow soda flame contains only one fine bright yellow line1 whilst the purple potash flame exhibits a spectrum in which there are two bright lines1 one lying at the extreme red1 and the other at the extreme violet end4 ,these peculiar lines are always produced by the same chemical element1 and by no other known substance2 and the position of these lines always remains unaltered4 ,when the spectrum of a flame tinted by a mixture of sodium and potassium salts is examined1 the yellow ray of sodium is found to be confined to its own position1 whilst the potassium red and purple lines are as plainly seen as they would have been had no sodium been present4#eg ,footnote #eg3 ,roscoe4 ,equally characteristic and well-defined spectra1 the bands in which have each an invariable and fixed position in the spectrum1 are also produced when the coloured flames arising from heating to the requisite point the remaining salts of the alkalies and alkaline earths are examined by the prism4 ,on the opposite page the first spectrum shows some of the fixed dark lines that are always observed when a solar beam is examined by the spectroscope4 ,these lines are compared with the position of some of the more important bright lines furnished by the spectra of the metals of the alkalies and alkaline earths1 when their chlorides are heated upon a loop of platinum wire introduced into the flame of a ,bunsen gas-burner4 ,the characteristic bright lines given by each metal are denoted by the letters of the ,greek alphabet1 the earliest letter indicating the most strongly marked lines4 ,in the potassium spectrum the most characteristic bright lines are the red line ,k ,greek3 a1 and violet line ,k ,greek3 b4 ,in the case of sodium nearly the whole of the light is concentrated on the intense yellow double line ,na ,greek3 a4 ,in the lithium spectrum a crimson band1 ,li ,greek3 a1 is the prominent line2 ,li ,greek3 b is seldom visible1 but at the elevated temperature of the voltaic arc an additional blue line becomes very intense4 ,in the spectrum of csium two lines in the blue1 ,cs ,greek3 a and ,cs ,greek3 b1 are strongly marked4 ,in rubidium the lines ,rb ,greek3 a and ,rb ,greek3 b in the blue1 and ,rb ,greek3 g in the red are almost equally specific4 ,thallium is recognised by the intense green line ,il ,greek3 a4 ,the spectra of the metals of the alkaline earths are equally definite1 though more complicated4 ,by means of the spectroscope quantities so inconceivably minute as the #cc1jjjth of a grain of chloride of rubidium1 the #agj1jjjth of a grain of chloride of csium1 the #b1ejj1jjjth of a grain of sodium1 and the #f1jjj1jjjth of a grain of lithium1 have been detected1 and have revealed themselves to the sight by their characteristic bands in the spectrum4 ,hence it is that in making use of this branch of analysis the chemist has been enabled to show the universality of many elements hitherto regarded as being very sparingly distributed throughout the globe4 ,thus lithium1 which until lately was supposed to be one of the rare elements1 has been found as a constituent of tea1 tobacco1 milk1 blood1 and in almost all spring waters4 ,furthermore1 the prodigiously sensitive reactions afforded by the spectroscope have not only revealed the presence of infinitesimal quantities of known elements1 but have led to the discovery of new ones which had escaped detection by the older and less delicate processes of analysis4 ,it was by means of spectrum analysis that the two alkali metals1 csium and rubidium1 were discovered by ,bunsen and ,kirchkoff in #ahfj in a mineral water at ,durkheim1 and that ,mr ,crookes in #ahfa discovered the metal thallium in the deposit found in the flue of a pyrites furnace2 whilst still more recently ,messrs ,reich and ,richter1 in a spectrum examination of a zinc ore from ,freiberg1 discovered the metal indium4 ,illustration ,the most brilliant spectra are given by those salts which are the most easily volatilised1 such as the chlorides1 iodides1 and bromides of the different metals4 ,but it is only the metals of the alkalies and alkaline earths that give spectra that are characteristic4 ,when it is desired to obtain the spectra of the other metals1 they may be raised to the requisite temperature by means of the electric spark1 which in passing through the two points of the metal operated upon volatilises a minute quantity of it1 and thus enables it to emit its particular light4 ,the electric sparks are best obtained by means of ,ruhmkorff's coil4 ,thus each metal may be made to yield a spectrum which specially belongs to it1 and to it alone4 ,when the electric discharge is sent through a compound gas or vapour1 owing to the intense temperature generated separation of its constituents must take place1 since the spectra produced are those of the elementary components of the gas4 ,the permanent gases give each their peculiar spectrum when they are strongly heated1 by which they may be recognised2 thus the spectrum of hydrogen is composed of three bands1 one being bright red1 one green1 and the other blue4 ,nitrogen gives a very complicated spectrum4 ,the accompanying figure exhibits a very complete form of the spectroscope adapted to a single prism4 ,illustration ,p represents a flint-glass prism supported on the cast-iron tripod ,f1 and retained in its place by the spring c4 ,at the end of the tube ,a nearest the prism is a lens1 placed at the distance of its focus for parallel rays from a vertical slit at the other end of the tube4 ,the width of the slit can be regulated by means of the screw e4 ,one half of this slit is covered by a small rectangular prism designed to reflect the rays proceeding from the source of light ,d1 down the axis of the tube1 whilst the rays from the source of light ,e pass directly down the tube4 ,by this arrangement the observer stationed at the end of the telescope ,b is able to compare the spectra of both lights1 which are seen one above the other1 and he can at once decide whether their lines coincide or differ4 a and b are screws for adjusting the axis of the telescope so as to bring any part of the slit at e into the centre of the field of vision4 ,the telescope as well as the tube ,c is moveable in a horizontal plane around the axis of the tripod4 ,the tube ,c contains a lens at the end next to the prism1 and at the other end is a scale formed by transparent lines on an opaque ground2 it is provided with a levelling screw1 d4 ,when the telescope has been properly adjusted to the examination of the spectrum1 the tube ,c is moved until it is placed at such an angle with the telescope and the face of the prism1 that when a light is transmitted through the scale the image of this scale is reflected into the telescope from the face of the prism nearest the observer4 ,this image is rendered perfectly distinct by pushing in the tube which holds the scale nearer to the lens in ,c1 or withdrawing it to a greater distance1 as may be required4 ,the reflected lines of the scale can then be employed for reading off the position of the dark or bright lines of the spectrum1 as both will appear simultaneously overlapping each other in the field of the telescope4 ,by turning the tube ,c round upon the axis of the tripod any particular line of the scale can be brought to coincidence with any desired line of the spectrum4 ,stray light is excluded by covering the stand1 the prism1 and the ends of the tube adjoining it with a loose black cloth4 ,the dispersive power upon the spectrum may be much increased by using several prisms instead of one4 ,kirchkoff used four prisms in his experiments upon the solar spectrum4 ,great care must be observed in placing the prisms2 the refracting edge of each prism must be exactly vertical1 and the position of minimum deviation for the rays to be observed must be obtained4 ,the preceding remarks have reference to the spectra produced when the vapours of certain elements are evolved in flame derived from artificial sources4 ,when1 however1 solar light is examined by the spectroscope1 results entirely the reverse follow4 ,if a beam of sunlight be sent through the slit of the spectroscope1 the prismatic image is seen to be intersected by a number of fine black lines1 varying in thickness and intensity1 and invariably occupying the same relative position in the solar spectrum4 ,these lines were first noticed so far back as #ahae by a ,german optician1 ,frauenhofer1 after whom they were named ,frauenhofer's lines2 but it was not until the invention of the spectroscope that the origin of these lines could be accounted for4 ,by so arranging the instrument as to cause the spectrum from a solar beam1 and that from a metallic element1 to fall upon the field of the telescope1 so that the solar spectrum shall be above the other1 both being perfectly parallel2 the bright bands or lines of the metal are all seen to be continued in the dark solar lines1 for1 as may be seen by consulting the plate of the different spectra1 several lines are sometimes produced by one element alone4 ,if1 for instance1 the sodium and solar spectra are thus compared1 the bright yellow sodium line will be found to agree exactly not only in position1 but also in intensity and breadth1 with one of the dark solar ones4 ,and the same thing occurs when the comparison is made with many of the other metals1 the bright lines in the respective spectra furnished by them are each coincident with a particular dark line in the solar spectrum1 and from every dark line in the latter a corresponding bright one can be found amongst the spectra of the metals4 ,from what has just been stated1 the inference seems irresistible that this coincidence between the dark solar lines and the bright lines of the metals cannot be accidental1 but must be due to some intimate connection between them1 and that this is the case can be proved beyond refutation by a simple experiment1 in which the bright metallic lines can be changed into dark ones1 corresponding in every particular with those of the solar spectrum4 ,thus the bright yellow soda lines coincident with ,frauenhofer's lines can be converted into dark ones by allowing the rays from a strong source of white light to pass through a flame coloured with sodium1 and then making them fall upon the slit of the spectroscope4 ,if we examine the spectrum obtained by this means1 instead of seeing the usual bright double band upon a black ground1 there will be presented to our sight a double dark line1 corresponding exactly with the position and width of the sodium line1 and instead of the black ground there will be a continuous spectrum of white light1 as in the solar spectrum4 ,the explanation of this remarkable phenomenon is due to ,kirchkoff1 and is as follows3--,when any substance is heated sufficiently to render it luminous1 rays of a certain and definite degree of refrangibility are given out by it2 whilst the same substance has also the power of absorbing rays of this identical refrangibility4 ,in the above experiment1 therefore1 the yellow flame absorbed the same kind of light as it gave out1 a corresponding decrease of intensity in its own particular position in the spectrum occurred1 and a dark line showed itself in consequence4 ,in the same manner and under similar conditions the spectra of many other substances have been reversed4 ,reasoning on these facts1 ,kirchkoff has been able to account for the presence in the solar spectrum of ,frauenhofer's dark lines4 ,he supposes that in the luminous atmosphere surrounding the sun the vapours of various metals are present1 each of which would give its characteristic system of bright lines2 but behind this incandescent atmosphere containing metallic vapour is the still more intensely heated solid or liquid nucleus of the sun1 which emits a brilliant continuous spectrum1 containing rays of all degrees of refrangibility4 ,when the light of this intensely heated nucleus is transmitted through the incandescent photosphere of the sun1 the bright lines which would be produced by the photosphere are reversed1 and ,frauenhofer's dark lines are only the reversed bright lines which would be visible if the intensely heated nucleus were no longer there4 ,the correctness of this theory has been rigorously tested by ,kirchkoff himself1 who submitted the solar spectrum to a most minute and searching examination4 ,as a result of the knowledge thus obtained1 the presence of certain metals in the sun's atmosphere was an inevitable deduction4 ,the metals hitherto detected in the solar photosphere are--iron1 sodium1 magnesium1 calcium1 chromium1 nickel1 barium1 copper1 zinc1 strontium1 cadmium1 cobalt1 manganese1 aluminium1 and titanium4 ,hydrogen also exists in large quantity as an incandescent gas1 and gives rise to the red protuberances that may be observed during a total eclipse4 ,during the total eclipse of #ahfi1 ,m4 ,janssen1 a ,french astronomer1 was enabled to obtain and figure the specimen of these red protuberances1 which1 taken exclusively from that source of light1 gave not dark lines1 but bright ones1 corresponding in position with those of hydrogen1 magnesium1 and sodium4 ,the fixed stars1 unlike the moon and planets1 which shine only by reflected light1 are not merely illuminated by self luminous bodies1 and yield spectra1 which show them to contain many elements known to us2 their spectra are crossed by dark lines similar to1 but not identical with those given by the sun's light4 ,the spectrum yielded by the star ,aldebaran shows it to contain hydrogen1 sodium1 magnesium1 calcium1 iron1 tellurium1 antimony1 bismuth1 and mercury2 in the spectrum of ,sirius only sodium1 magnesium1 and hydrogen have been found2 whilst in that of ,orionis there is an absence of hydrogen4 ,most of the nebul and comets give spectra in which there are only bright lines4 ,it is hence inferred that these celestial bodies are composed of masses of glowing gas1 and1 unlike the sun and stars1 do not consist of a solid or liquid mass surrounded by a gaseous atmosphere4 ,in the nebul hydrogen and nitrogen only have been found2 and in comets1 principally carbon4 ,,ananas ,,hemp 7,ananassa sativa1 ,s4 ,brumelia ananas1 as well as other species74 ,this hemp comes from the ,west ,indies and ,central and ,south ,america1 where the common ananas is cultivated4 ,it is rather inferior to some varieties for spinning4 ,,anastatic ,,printing4 ,see ,,printing and ,,zincography4 ,,anatherin ,,balsam4 ,the following formula is published by the ,netherlands ,society3--,tincture of myrrh1 #afj grms42 tincture of catechu1 #hj grms42 tincture of guaiacum1 #dj grms42 tincture of rhatany1 #dj grms42 tincture of cloves1 #cj grms42 spirit of cochlearia1 #bj grms42 oil of cassia1 #bj drops2 otto of roses1 #a drop2 proof spirit1 #fcj grms4 ,,anatherin ,,balsam 7,j4 ,g4 ,popp1 ,vienna74 ,a mouth-wash4 ,red sandal wood1 #bj parts2 guaiacum wood1 #aj parts2 myrrh1 #be parts2 cloves1 #ae parts2 cinnamon1 #e parts2 oils of cloves and cinnamon1 of each1 #b_/c part2 spirit1 #ij per cent41 #adej parts2 rose water1 #gbe parts4 ,digest and filter4 ,dr ,hager1 who gives the above1 says that on the expiration of the patent the following formula was published1 but that a preparation made from that process had only a distant resemblance to the actual compound4 ,myrrh1 #a part2 guaiacum wood1 #d parts2 saltpetre1 #a part2 to be macerated for a night with corn brandy1 #abj parts2 spirit of cochlearia1 #ahj parts4 ,then distil of this #bdj parts1 in which are to be digested for #ad days garden rue1 cochlearia1 rose leaves1 black mustard1 horseradish1 pellitory root1 cinchona bark1 club-moss1 sage-vetiver1 and alkanet root1 of each #a part4 ,strain and filter1 and to each #abj parts of the filtrate add #a part of spirit of nitrous ether4 7,hager47 ,,anatom',,ical4 ,syn4 ,,anatom',,icus1 ,l42 ,,anatomique1 ,fr42 ,,anatomisch1 ,ger4 ,belonging to anatomy or dissection4 ,anatomical ,prepara'tions4 ,objects of interest in both surgical and pathological anatomy1 and specimens in natural history1 preserved by subjecting them to antiseptic processes1 to which is also frequently added injection with coloured fluids 7which subsequently harden71 amalgams1 or fusible metal1 in order to display more fully the minute vessels1 or the microscopic anatomy of the several parts4 ,see ,,fusible ,,alloy1 ,,injections1 ,,preparations1 ,,putrefaction1 ,,skeletons1 ,,solutions1 c4 ,,anch',,ovy 7-cho'-74 ,syn4 ,,anchois1 ,fr42 ,,anchove1 ,,anschove1 ,ger42 ,,acciughe1 ,,anchiove4 ,it42 ,,anchova1 ,port41 ,sp4 ,the clu'pea encrasic'olus 7,linn471 a small fish of the herring tribe1 closely resembling the ,english sprat4 ,it is common in the ,mediterranean1 and occurs in the greatest abundance and of the finest quality about the island of ,gorgona1 near ,leghorn4 ,it is taken in the night1 during ,may1 ,june1 and ,july4 ,anchovies are prepared for sale or exportation by salting or pickling them--the heads1 intestines and pectoral fins having been first removed1 but not the scales1 and afterwards packing them1 along with rock-salt1 in the small kegs in which they are imported into this country4 ,the small fish are valued more than the larger ones4 ,for the table they are often fried to a pale amber colour1 in oil or butter2 having previously been scraped clean1 soaked for an hour or two in water1 wiped dry1 opened 7without dividing the fish71 and had the back-bones removed4 ,before being put into the pan they are usually highly seasoned with cayenne2 and after being again closed1 are dipped into a rich light batter4 ,they are also divided into fillets1 and served as sandwiches1 or in curried toasts4 ,anchovies are also extensively potted 7,,potted ,,anchovies71 and made into butter 7,a4-,,butter71 and into sauce 7,a4-,,sauce71 particularly the last4 ,the anchovy has a fine and peculiar flavour1 and is eaten as a delicacy all over ,europe4 ,it was known to the ,greeks and ,romans1 who prepared from it a kind of garum for the table4 ,it is said to be aperitive1 stimulant1 and stomachic4 ,the high price of genuine ,gorgona anchovies has led the fraudulent dealer to either substitute for them1 or mix with them1 fish of a less expensive kind4 ,the most frequent ,,substitutions are ,dutch1 ,french1 and ,sicilian fish of allied species or varieties1 sardines and even the common sprat4 ,the genuine ,gorgona fish is about the length of one's finger2 and may be known by its silvery appearance2 by the greater thickness of its head1 which is sharp-pointed1 with the upper jaw considerably the longest1 and the mouth deeply divided2 the dusky brown colour of its back1#eh and the pink salmon colour of its flesh4 ,when only #c months old1 its flesh is pale2 when of #f months1 rather pink2 when of #aj to #ab months 7or in its prime71 a beautiful deep pink colour2 and when much older1 darker1 but less lively4 ,the fin-rays1 varying in number with the age of the fish1 are-- ,yarrell4 ,hassall4#ei ,dorsal #ad1 #af 7874 ,pectoral #ae1 -- ,ventral #g1 -- ,anal #ah1 #ai 7874 ,caudal #ai1 #bf 7874 ,these fins are delicate in structure and greenish-white2 and the membranes connecting the rays almost transparent4 ,the length of the head1 compared with the length of the body alone1 is as #a to #c2 the depth of the body but #b-crds of the length of the head1 and compared to the length of the whole fish is as #a to #g2 the tail is deeply forked1 the gill covers are elongated1 and the scales of the body large and deciduous4 ,the breadth of the eye is #a-eth of the length of the whole head4#fj ,dutch fish may be generally known by being deprived of the scales1 and the ,french fish by their larger size2 and both by the paler or whiter colour of their flesh2 and sardines and sprats by the flesh being white4 ,the genuine fish may also be known by the pickle1 after repose or filtration1 being of a clear pinkish colour1 without any red sediment2 whilst that from spurious kinds is turbid and red only when agitated1 and deposits a heavy red sediment 7,armenian bole1 ,venetian red1 or red ochre7 on repose4 ,see ,,butter1 ,,potting1 ,,powders1 ,,sauces1 c4 ,footnote #eh3 ,the colour of the top of the head and back is1 in the recent fish1 blue1 with a tinge of green4 7,yarrell47 ,footnote #ei3 ,counted1 by ,dr ,a4 ,h4 ,hassall1 in fish in the preserved state4 ,footnote #fj3 ,yarrell's ',british ,fishes'4 ,anchovies1 ,brit'ish4 ,see ,,sprats4 ,,anchu',,sic ,,acid 7-ku'z7ik74 ,see ,,anchusine4 ,,anchu',,sine4 7-ku'z7in74 ,eng41 ,fr4 ,syn4 ,,anchu',,sic ,,acid991 ,,pseu',,do-,,alkann',,ine991 ,,pseudo-,,alka'',,nium992 ,,anchusi',,na1 ,l4 ,the resinoid constituting the colouring matter of alkanet-root 7which see74 ,,anchylo',,sis 77angk-e-74 ,l42 prim4 ,gr4 ,syn4 ,,ankylo',,sis1 ,,ancylo',,sis 77an-se-71 ,l42 ,,ankylose1 ,fr41 ,ger4 ,in pathology1 stiffness or immobility of a joint naturally moveable4 ,anchylosis is either true or complete1 as when the extremities of the bones forming a joint are reunited and immovable2 or false1 or incomplete1 where the affection depends upon a contraction of the tendons and ligaments surrounding the joints1 which nevertheless admit of a small degree of motion4 ,for the first there is no available remedy2 for the second gentle and progressive flexion and extension of the part daily 7carefully avoiding violence71 friction with oleaginous and stimulating liniments1 and the use of the hot bath1 vapour bath1 or hot-air or ,turkish bath1 and electricity1 have been strongly recommended1 and have frequently proved successful4 ,,ancylo',,sis4 ,see ,,anchylosis4 ,,anditropfen 7,kirchner and ,menge ,arolsen71 for weak digestion4 ,senna1 #bj parts2 rhubarb1 #c parts2 jalap1 #f parts2 zedoary root1 #b parts2 ginger1 #b parts2 galangal1 #c parts2 soda1 bicarbonate1 #e parts2 sugar1 #ae parts2 water1 #cjj parts2 spirit1 #fe parts4 ,after digestion this is to be strained and mixed with an infusion of #cj parts of yarrow 7with the flowers7 in #cjj parts of hot water4 ,after standing some time filter4 7,hager47 ,,andrographis ,,paniculata4 7,ind4 ,ph47 ,syn4 ,,kariy,t4 ,habitat4 ,commonly in shady places all over ,india4--,officinal part4 ,the dried stalks and root 7,andrographis ,caules et ,radix1 ,kariyat1 ,creyat74 ,the stem1 which is usually met with1 with the root attached1 occurs in pieces of about a foot or more in length1 quadrangular1 of a lightish-brown colour1 and persistent bitter taste4--,properties4 ,bitter tonic and stomachic1 very analogous to quassia in its action4--,therapeutic uses4 ,in general debility1 in convalescence after fevers1 and in the advanced stages of dysentery4 ,preparations3-- ,compound ,infusion of ,kariyt 7,infusum ,andrographis compositum74 ,take of ,kariyt1 bruised1 #a_/b an ounce2 orange-peel and coriander fruit1 bruised1 of each1 #fj grains2 boiling water1 #aj fluid ounces4 ,infuse in a covered vessel for an hour and strain4--,dose4 ,from #a-a_/b to #b fluid ounces1 twice or thrice daily4 ,compound ,tincture of ,kariyt 7,tinctura ,andrographis composita74 ,take of kariyt root1 cut small1 #f ounces2 myrrh and aloes1 in coarse powder1 of each #a ounce2 brandy1 #b pints4 ,macerate for seven days in a closed vessel1 with occasional agitation2 strain1 press1 filter1 and add sufficient brandy to make two pints4--,dose4 ,from #a to #d fluid drachms4 ,said to be tonic1 stimulant1 and gently aperient1 and to prove valuable in several forms of dyspepsia1 and in torpidity of the bowels4 ,,andropogon 7,,cymbopogon7 ,,citratum4 ,lemon ,grass4 7,ind4 ,ph47 ,habitat4 ,commonly cultivated in gardens in ,india2 also in ,ceylon1 upon a large scale1 for the sake of its volatile oil4--,officinal part4 ,the volatile oil 7,oleum ,andropogi ,citrati1 ,lemon ,grass ,oil1 ,oil of ,verbena71 obtained by distillation from the fresh plant2 of a pale sherry colour1 transparent1 extremely pungent taste1 and a peculiar fragrant lemon-like odour4--,properties4 ,stimulant1 carminative1 antispasmodic1 and diaphoretic2 locally applied1 rubefacient4--,therapeutic use4 ,in flatulent and spasmodic affections of the bowels1 and in gastric irritability4 ,in cholera it proves serviceable by aiding the process of reaction4 ,externally1 as an embrocation in chronic rheumatism1 neuralgia1 sprains1 and other painful affections4 ,dose4 ,from #c to #f drops1 on sugar or in emulsion4 ,for external application it should be diluted with twice its bulk of soap liniment or any bland oil4 ,,andropogon 7,,cymbopogon7 ,,nardus4 ,,citronelle4 7,ind4 ,ph47 ,habitat4 ,madras ,peninsula and ,ceylon4 ,the volatile oil of this plant has similar properties to ,a4 citratum4 and is used for the same purposes4 ,,andropogon ,,pachnodes4 7,ind4 ,ph47 ,the volatile oil of this plant possesses similar properties to that of ,a4 citratum1 and is used for the same purposes4 ,,anelec',,tric 77an-e-74 ,non-electric2 a non-electric4 ,,anemom',,eter 77an-e-74 ,syn4 ,,anemom',,etrum1 ,l42 ,,an,,mom,,tre1 ,fr42 ,,windmesser1 ,ger4 ,an instrument or apparatus for measuring the force or velocity of the wind1 or of a current of air4 ,various contrivances have been adopted for this purpose4 ,the anemometer of ,dr ,lind being also applicable to the determination of the draught of a chimney1 and the strength of air-current1 in ventilation1 may be usefully described here3-- ,illustration ,uses and ,appl4 ,the open end 7a7 is kept1 by means of a vane1 presented to the wind1 which acting on the surface of the water1 or other liquid in b1 raises the level of the fluid in the arm 7c74 ,the difference of the level of the fluid in the two arms of the instrument is the measure of the force of the wind4 ,to estimate the draught of a flue or chimney1 the arm 7c7 is placed in the chimney1 and the orifice 7a7 in the apartment4#fa ,footnote #fa3 ,the anemometers now generally used in meteorological observations are those of ,mr ,follet ,osler1 ,dr ,robinson1 and ,dr ,whewell4 ,for a description of these instruments1 see ,phillip's ',report on ,anemometry1' the ',trans4 of the ,brit4 ,assoc41' #ahdf1 ',trans4 ,royal ,irish ,acad41' c4 ,,anemom',,etry4 ,syn4 ,,anemome',,tria1 ,l42 ,,an,,mometrie1 ,fr42 ,,windmessen1 ,ger4 ,in meteorology1 physics1 c41 the art or act of measuring the velocity or force of the wind1 or of ascertaining its direction4 ,,anem',,one 77a-n7em'-o-ne74 ,syn4 ,,anem',,ony2 ,,anem',,one1 ,l41 ,gr42 ,,an,,mone1 ,fr4 ,the wind-flower4 ,in botany1 a genus of beautiful flowering herbaceous plants1 of the nat4 ord4 ,ranunculace4 ,the double flowers of some of the species are among the most elegant ornaments of our gardens4 ,others are used in medicine4 ,they are all acrid and stimulating4 ,anem'ones1 ,sea4 7-o-nez74 ,syn4 ,,an',,imal-,,flowersdouble-dagger1 ,,sea ,,sun',,flowersdouble-dagger4 ,animals of the genus actin'ia1 so called from the resemblance of their claws or tentacles1 when expanded1 to the petals of a flower4 ,they are of various colours1 are generally fixed by one end to rocks or stones in the sand1 and are very voracious1 being accused of occasionally swallowing a mussel or a crab as large as a hen's egg for a meal4 ,they belong to the highly organised polypes of ,cuvier4 ,,anemon',,ic ,,acid4 ,see ,,anemonine4 ,,anemonin4 ,a crystalline substance found in the leaves of several species of anemone1 viz4 ,a4 pulsatilla1 ,a4 pretensis1 ,a4 nemorosa4 ,water distilled from these leaves1 after some weeks1 deposits a colourless inodorous substance1 which softens at #aej ,c1 giving off water and acrid vapours4 ,it is purified by repeated crystallisation from boiling alcohol4 ,anemonin is a poisonous body4 ,it causes slight irritation when applied to the skin4 ,by the action of alkalies anemonin is transferred into anemonic acid4 ,,anem',,oscope 77an'-e--,brande1 ,mayne74 ,syn4 ,,anemosco',,pium1 ,l42 ,,an,,moscope1 ,fr42 ,,anemoskop1 ,ger4 ,an instrument to measure the force and velocity of the wind4 ,see ,,anemometer4 ,,an',,eroid 7-royd7#fb4 ,in physics1 c41 not fluid1 or not depending on water or a fluid for its action2 applied to a certain form of barometer 7which see7 ,footnote #fb3 ,that is--,greek3 a1 without1 ,greek3 nros1 7the7 watery1 ,greek3 eidos1 form1 as correctly given by ,brande4 ,by some strange mistake1 ,dr ,mayne1 in his new ',expository ,lexicon1' gives ,greek3 a1 priv41 ,greek3 ar1 air1 terminal -ides1 as the derivation of this word2 and marks it 'ane'roid1' ,,aneurism4 ,a tumour on an artery1 produced by the rupture of the inner coat of the vessel1 and the blood getting between it and the outer coat4 ,,angel',,ica 7-j7el'-74 ,l41 ,port41 ,sp42 ,ph4 ,e4 ,d4 ,syn4 ,,garden ,,angelica2 ,,ang,,lique1 ,fr42 ,,angelika1 ,a4-,,wurzel1 ,,angelkraut1 ,ger4 ,the angelica archangel'ica of ,linnus1 an aromatic herbaceous plant with a biennial1 fleshy root1 indigenous to the north of ,europe1 but frequently found wild in ,england1 and largely cultivated in our gardens4 ,dried root 7,,angelica1 ,ph4 ,e471 aperient1 carminative1 diaphoretic1 and tonic2 much esteemed by the ,laplanders1 both as food and medicine2--fruit or seed 7,,angelica1 ,ph4 ,d47 resembles the root1 but is weaker4 ,the whole plant has been extolled as an aromatic tonic4 ,as a masticatory1 it leaves an agreeable glowing heat in the mouth4 ,the aromatic properties of this plant depend on a peculiar volatile oil and resin4 ,uses1 c4 ,it has been recommended in diarrhoea1 dyspepsia1 debility1 and some fevers2 but is now seldom used in medicine4 ,dose1 #cj gr4 to #a dr4 ,the dried root and seeds are used by rectifiers to flavour gin and liqueurs2 and the fresh root1 tender stems1 stalks1 c41 are made by the confectioners into an aromatic candy4 ,see ,,candying1 ,,liqueurs1 c4 ,angelica ,atropurpu''rea4 ,linn4 ,syn4 ,,amer',,ican ,,angelica2 ,,angelica1 ,ph4 ,u4 ,s4 ,hab4 ,north ,america4 ,resembles garden angelica1 but placed by some botanists in a separate1 though allied genus4 ,it is a popular remedy for flatulent colic1 indigestion1 and cardialgia1 in the ,united ,states2 and is there regarded as tonic1 cordial1 and aphrodisiac4 ,,angel',,ic ,,acid4 ,,hc#e;,h#g,o#b4 ,a volatile substance1 noticed by ,l4 ,a4 ,buchner1 jun41 in angelica-root4 ,it has a pungent sour smell1 and a biting acid taste2 is sometimes fluid and oleaginous1 and sometimes crystallised in striated prisms4#fc ,footnote #fc3 ,schmidt's ',jahrb41' #ahdb4 ,,ango',,la ,syn4 ,,ango',,la-,,wool1 ,,ango'',,ra-,w41 ,,ango',,na-,w41 c42 ,,poil ,,de ,,chevron ,d',,angora1 ,fr42 7,engoor'1 ,engour'1 or ,engu'ri7 ,,tiftic1 ,tur4 ,the wool of 'ca'pra ,angoren'sis' or the ,angora-goat1 of which the shawls of ,cashmere are made1 and others in imitation of them4 ,it is also used to make plush1 light cloths for paletts which are repellent of wet1 c42 and is extensively employed in ,france in the manufacture of lace more brilliant than that of ,valenciennes and ,chantilly1 and at half the price4 ,see ,,alpaca1 ,,shawls1 ,,wool1 c4 ,,angostu',,ra1 ,angustu'ra4 7-ture'-7a74 ,see ,,cusparia4 ,angostura1 ,false4 ,see ,,brucea1 ,,cusparia and ,,strychnos4 ,,angostu'',,rine1 ,angustu'rine 7-7in74 ,see ,,cusparin4 ,,anhydride4 ,most1 if not all modern chemists1 adopting ,,gerhardt',s practice of limiting the title of acid to a particular class of substances which contain hydrogen1 now regard all true acids as salts of hydrogen4 ,formerly many bodies1 such as silica or white arsenic1 were looked upon as acids1 though if we adopt the foregoing definition they are not really so until they have combined with water4 ,such bodies1 because they contain no hydrogen1 are now distinguished as anhydrides2 the substances1 for example1 familiarly known as carbonic1 sulphurous1 and phosphoric acids1 must1 upon the above principle1 be designated carbonic1 sulphurous1 and phosphoric anhydrides4 ,we may also define an anhydride to be an oxide which forms an acid on treatment with water4 ,,anhy',,drous 7-dr7us2 an'hydrous1 as marked by ,brande1 is less usual74 ,syn4 ,,an',,hydrus1 ,l42 ,,anhydr1 ,fr42 ,,wasserfrei1 ,ger4 ,free from water2 dry4 ,in chemistry and mineralogy1 a term frequently applied to substances1 as acids1 alcohol1 gases1 salts1 minerals1 c41 which do not contain either free or combined water4 ,,gases may generally be rendered anhydrous by passing them through a tube containing fused chloride of calcium1 or 7e4g4 ,,ammonia and two or three others7 quick-lime1 in coarse powder2 and some of them1 by passing them through concentrated sulphuric acid4 ,,salts may generally be dried by cautiously submitting them to the action of heat1 or by exposure to a very dry atmosphere2 and alcohol1 and many other volatile fluids1 by careful distillation from chloride of calcium1 or some other highly hygrometric substance4 ,,an',,il4 ,fr41 ,sp41 ,l4 ,the indigof'era anil of botanists--one of the plants yielding 'indigo'--a native of ,america1 but now largely cultivated in the ,east ,indies4 ,see ,,indigo 7and below74 ,,an',,iline#fd 7-een74 ,eng41 ,fr4 ,c#f;,h#g,n4 ,syn4 ,,phenyl',,amine2 ,,anili',,na1 ,,anili',,num1 c41 ,l4 ,a peculiar volatile organic base first noticed by ,unverdorben in empyreumatic bone-oil1 and afterwards obtained by ,runge from coal-tar1 and by ,fritzsche1 ,zinin1 ,a4 ,w4 ,hofmann1 and others1 as a product of various reactions1 processes1 and decompositions1 particularly those attending the destructive distillation of organic bodies4 ,footnote #fd3 ,for a detailed account of the methods of preparing aniline commercially1 and of the dyes obtained therefrom1 see ',dictionnaire de ,chimie1' par ,a4 ,wurtz4 ,,prep4 ,aniline is now almost invariably obtained1 on the large scale1 either directly or indirectly from coal-tar or indigo2 and chiefly from the basic oil or naphtha1 or the nitrobenzol1 of which the former is the principal source4 ,the following are the leading commercial and experimental processes3 #a4 ,from ,,coal-,,tar or ,,coal-,,tar ,,naphtha3--,the basic oil or basic portion of coal-tar or coal-tar naphtha1 forming the latter1 denser1 and least volatile products of the distillation or rectification of these substances1 is strongly agitated1 for some time1 along with hydrochloric acid in slight excess1 a glass globe1 or1 on the large scale1 a suitable vessel of lead1 or of enamelled iron1 being employed for the purpose2 the clear portion of the liquid 7containing the hydrochlorates of the bases present7 is then decanted and carefully evaporated over an open fire until acrid fumes begin to be disengaged1 when it is again decanted or filtered2 the clear liquor1 or filtrate is next treated with potash or milk of lime in excess1 by which the bases--chiefly aniline and chinoline--are liberated under the form of a brownish oil2 the whole of the resulting mixture is now submitted to distillation1 the portion which passes over at or about #cfj ,fahr41 and which consists chiefly of crude aniline1 being collected separately2 the product is purified by rectification and recollection1 once or oftener1 at the same temperature1 and1 lastly1 by fresh treatment with hydrochloric acid and careful distillation with excess of potash1 or milk of lime1 as before4 #b4 ,from ,,nitrobenzol3--a4 7,zinin47 ,an alcoholic solution of nitrobenzol1 after saturation with ammonia1 is treated with sulphuretted hydrogen1 until1 after some hours1 a precipitation of sulphur takes place2 the brown liquid is then repeatedly saturated with fresh sulphuretted hydrogen1 until no more sulphur separates1 the reaction being aided by occasionally heating or distilling the mixture2 an excess of acid is next added1 and1 after filtering the liquid1 and the removal of the alcohol and unaltered nitrobenzol by ebullition or distillation1 the residuum is lastly distilled with caustic potash1 in excess4 ,the ,,aniline found in the receiver may be rendered quite pure by forming it into oxalate of aniline1 repeatedly crystallising the salt from alcohol1 and finally distilling it with excess of caustic potassa1 as before4 ,the following is a cheaper and more convenient process2 and probably the best1 or one of the best1 that has yet been invented for obtaining aniline3-- b4 7,m4 ,bchamps47 ,from nitrobenzol distilled along with basic protacetate of iron2 or1 what is better1 by distilling a mixture of iron-filings1 #b parts1 and acetic acid1 #a part1 with about an equal volume of nitrobenzol1 the reaction being assisted1 whenever the effervescence flags1 by the application of a gentle heat4 ,the liquor found in the receiver consists of aniline and water1 from which the first1 forming the lower portion1 is obtained1 after sufficient repose in a separator2 or more easily1 by adding a very little ether1 which by dissolving in the aniline1 causes it to rise to the surface1 when it is at once decanted4 ,a very spacious glass or earthenware retort must be employed in the process1 as the mass swells up violently2 and it must be connected with the receiver1 on the small scale1 by means of a ,liebig's condenser1 and1 on the large scale1 by an ordinary worm-pipe and tub1 kept in good action by a sufficient flow of cold water4 ,the apparatus for carrying out ,bchamp's method was devised by ,nicholson1 and is exhibited in the subjoined plate4 ,it consists essentially of a cast-iron cylinder 7,a7 of #aj hectolitres 7#bbj cubic gallons7 capacity4 ,a stout iron tube is fitted to this vessel1 reaching nearly to the bottom of the cylinder4 ,the upper part of this tube is connected with the machinery 7,g71 while the surface of the tube is fitted with steel projections4 ,the tube serves to admit steam1 as well as acting as a stirring apparatus4 ,sometimes1 instead of this tube1 a solid iron axle is employed1 and in this case there is a separate steampipe 7,d74 ,through the opening at ,k the materials for making aniline are put into the apparatus1 while the volatile products are carried off through ,e4 ,h serves for emptying and cleaning the apparatus4 ,the ,s-shaped tube connected with the vessel ,b acts as a safety valve4 ,when it is intended to work with this apparatus there is poured into it through ,k #aj parts of acetic acid at #h ,b4 7sp4 gr4 #ajfj71 previously diluted with six times its weight of water2 next there are added #cj parts of iron filings1 or cast-iron borings1 and #abe parts of nitrobenzol1 and immediately after the stirring apparatus is set in motion4 ,the reaction ensues directly1 and is attended by a considerable evolution of heat and vapours4 ,gradually more iron is added until the quantity amounts to #ahj parts4 ,the escaping vapours are condensed in ,f1 and the liquid condensed in ,r is from time to time poured back into the cylinder ,a4 ,the reduction is finished after a few hours4 ,illustration #c4 ,from ,,indigo3--,powdered indigo is added to a boiling and highly concentrated solution of caustic potash1 as long as it dissolves and hydrogen gas is liberated2 the resulting brownish-red liquid is evaporated to dryness1 and the residuum is submitted to destructive distillation in a retort1 which1 owing to the intumesence of the mass1 should be strong and spacious4 ,the ,,aniline is found in the receiver under the form of a brownish oil mixed with ammoniacal liquor1 and by separation from the latter1 and subsequent rectification1 is obtained nearly colourless4 ,it may be further purified1 as in the preceding processes4--,prod4 #ah to #bj of the indigo employed4 #d4 ,by fusing1 with proper precautions1 a mixture of isatine and hydrate of potassium 7both in powder72 a retort connected with a well-cooled receiver1 being employed as the apparatus4 ,said by ,profs ,a4 ,w4 ,hofmann and ,muspratt to be the most eligible process for isolating aniline4#fe ,footnote #fe3 ,muspratt's ',chemistry1' i1 #eii4 #e4 ,from anthranilic acid mixed with powdered glass or sand1 and rapidly heated in a retort4 #f4 ,by treating an alcoholic solution of benzine with a little zinc and hydrochloric acid4 #g4 ,by heating phenyl-alcohol with ammonia in sealed tubes4 ,in ,zinin's process the nitrobenzol is dissolved in alcohol1 and the solution1 after the addition of ammonia1 is saturated with sulphuretted hydrogen4 ,after standing some time the solution deposits a large quantity of sulphur1 and the liquid yields aniline4 ,many other reducing agents have been proposed for the conversion of nitrobenzol into aniline1 such as arsenite of sodium1 powdered zinc1 c41 but on the large scale they have all been found inferior to the process of ,bchamp4 ,kremer's process consists in heating one part of nitrobenzol in a proper apparatus with five of water and two and a half of zinc dust4 ,when the reaction is completed the aniline1 amounting to about #fe of the weight of the benzol1 is distilled off in a current of steam4 ,prop41 c4 ,a thin1 oily1 colourless liquid1 with a faintly vinous odour1 and a hot and aromatic taste2 very volatile in the air2 miscible in all proportions with alcohol and ether2 very slightly soluble in water2 neutral to ordinary test-paper1 but exhibiting an alkaline reaction to dahlia-petal infusion and paper2 dissolves camphor1 sulphur1 and phosphorus1 and coagulates albumen2 possesses a high refractive power2 and precipitates the oxides of iron1 zinc1 and alumina1 from solutions of their salts1 and neutralises the acids1 like ammonia4 ,with the acids it forms numerous crystallisable compounds of great beauty1 and which are easily formed1 and are precisely analogous to the corresponding salts of ammonia4 ,these1 on exposure to the air1 acquired a rose colour1 in many cases gradually passing into brown4 ,its boiling-point is #cei to #cfj ,fahr42 sp4 gr4 #ajbh4 ,tests4--#a4 ,chromic acid gives a deep greenish or bluish-black precipitate with aniline and its salts3--#b4 ,hypochlorite of lime strikes an extremely beautiful violet colour1 which is soon destroyed3--#c4 ,the addition of two or three drops of nitric acid to anhydrous aniline produces a fine blue colour1 which1 on the application of heat1 passes into yellow1 and a violent reaction ensues1 sometimes followed by explosion3--#d4 ,with bichloride of platinum it yields a double salt 7platino-chloride of aniline7 analogous to the like salt of ammonia4 ,these reactions distinguish it from all other substances4 ,commercial aniline is a mixture consisting in great part of aniline1 paratoluidine 7solid71 and orthotoluidine in variable proportions4 ,in addition it contains small amounts of metatoluidine1 nitrobenzol1 odorine1 c41 but for all practical purposes it may be regarded as a mixture of aniline and toluidine4 ,these anilines are obtained from a portion of the light coal-tar naphtha boiling between certain temperatures1 by treating it first with nitric acid to convert it into the nitro-compounds1 and then reducing these with iron and acetic acid1 as already described under ,bchamp's process4 ,it is very plain that as the coal-tar naphtha contains variable proportions of benzol and toluidine1 the resulting product must also vary in the quantities of aniline and toluidine it will contain4 ,in order to distinguish between various samples of commercial aniline1 ,reimann submits them to fractional distillation and compares the results4 ,he places #ajj c4 c4 of the sample to be tested in a retort fitted with a thermometer and heated by means of an oil bath4 ,the liquid as it distils is received in a narrow graduated cylinder1 and the amount that passes over between every #e ,c4 7#i ,f47 is noted4 ,in order to obtain standards for comparison he first distilled a sample of light aniline1 or kuphaniline1 as he terms it1 then one of heavy aniline or baraniline2 afterwards mixtures of the two in varying proportions4 ,in the accompanying table the results are given4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ----- ,centigrade ,k4 #ajj #ij #he #hj #ge #fj #ej #be #j ,b4 #j #aj #ae #bj #be #dj #ej #ge #ajj ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ----- ,below #ahj #h-a_/b #g #b-a_/b #e-a_/b #g 444 #g #e-a_/b 444 #ahj--ahe #ed #ej #bi-a_/b #bb #e-a_/b #g #d-a_/b #b-a_/b #b #ahe--aij #cd #cd #ef-a_/b #ee-a_/b #ee-a_/b #cg #g-a_/b #d-a_/b #a-a_/b #aij--aie 444 #e #g-a_/b #h-a_/b #ae #cc #db #ag #h #aie--bjj 444 444 444 444 #i 444 #ai #cf #ah #bjj--bje 444 444 444 444 #d-a_/b #af #aj #af #ci #bje--baj 444 444 444 444 444 444 #c-a_/b #h #ai #baj--bae 444 444 444 444 444 444 444 #d-a_/b #g ,residue #c-a_/b #d #d #h-a_/b #c-a_/b #g #f-a_/b #e #e-a_/b ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ----- ,to ascertain the quality of any sample it is only necessary to distil it in the manner already described1 and compare the results with those in the above table4 7,for further information consult ,wagner's ',chemical ,technology1' ,calvert's ',dyeing and ,calico ,printing1' edited by ,stenhouse and ,groves2 ,crooke's ',practical ,handbook of ,dyeing and ,calico ,printing1' ,ure's ,dictionary1 edited by ,hunt47 ,uses1 c4 ,chiefly in dyeing1 for the production of colouring matter of various rich shades of purple and violet1 some approaching pink1 by the action of chromic acid2 and of a splendid crimson1 by the action of various oxidising agents4 ,it forms the basis of the celebrated new dyes for silks lately patented by ,mr ,w4 ,h4 ,perkin1 and others1 and which are not only more delicate and gorgeous in tint1 but also more permanent1 than any produced by other substances4 ,besides numerous salts1 various substitution compounds of aniline have been formed1 all of which possess vast scientific interest1 and several are likely to prove of importance in the arts4 ,see ,,dyeing1 ,,indigo1 ,,tar ,,colours1 c4 7also below47 ,aniline1 ,chro'mates of4 ,prep4 #a4 7,,neutral ,,chromate47 ,from sulphate or oxalate of aniline and chromate of potash1 by double decomposition4 #b4 7,,bichro',,mate3--,mr ,w4 ,h4 ,perkin47 ,sulphate of aniline and bichromate of potash1 in equivalent quantities1 are separately dissolved in water1 and the solutions1 after being mixed1 are allowed to stand for several hours4 ,the whole is then thrown upon a filter1 and the black precipitate which forms is washed and dried4 ,it is next digested in coal-tar naphtha 7--8 benzol71 to extract a brown resinous substance2 after which it is digested in alcohol1 to dissolve out the colouring matter 7,,bichromate ,,of ,,aniline71 which is left behind on distilling off the spirit1 as a coppery friable mass4 ,patented4 ,aniline1 ,cy'anide of4 ,benzonitrile4 ,aniline1 ,ox'alate of4 7,c#f;,h#g,n7#b;,c#b,o#d4 ,obtained by saturating an alcoholic solution of oxalic acid with aniline2 the salt separating as a crystalline mass4 ,it is very soluble in hot water2 much less so in cold water2 only slightly soluble in alcohol2 and insoluble in ether4 ,it may be crystallised from hot water or boiling alcohol4 ,used chiefly to form other salts4 ,aniline1 ,sul'phate of4 7,c#f;,h#g,n7#b,,so#d4 ,prepared by saturating aniline with dilute sulphuric acid1 and gently evaporating the liquid until the salt separates4 ,by re-solution in boiling alcohol1 it crystallises out1 as the liquor cools1 under the form of very beautiful colourless plates1 of a silvery lustre4 ,it is freely soluble in water1 and in hot alcohol2 scarcely soluble in cold alcohol2 and insoluble in ether4 ,it is chiefly employed in the preparation of the new aniline dyes4 ,,animal',,cule 7-kule74 ,eng41 ,fr42 pl4 animal'cules4 ,syn4 ,,animal',,culum 7pl41 animal'cula#ff71 ,l42 ,,thierchen1 ,ger4 ,in zoology and physiology1 a microscopic animal1 or one so extremely small1 that it is either invisible1 or not distinctly discernible1 without the aid of a lens or microscope2 more especially one that is not perceptible to the naked eye4 ,a mite was anciently thought the limit of littleness2 but there are animals #bg1jjj1jjj of times smaller than a mite4 ,a thousand millions of some of the animalcula found in common water are said to be collectively of less bulk than a single grain of sand2 yet their numbers are so prodigious as sometimes to give the fluid they inhabit a pale red or yellow tinge4 ,the milt of a single codfish is said to contain more of these minute animals than there are people in the whole earth4 ,animalcula were first scientifically observed by ,leuwenhoek about the year #afgg4 ,assisted by the microscope he unveiled1 as it were1 he created a new world for future naturalists and microscopists to explore4 ,footnote #ff3 ,animalcul for the plural1 sometimes heard and met with1 is a barbarism2 yet one not wholly confined to the vulgar1 for we find it in ,vincent's edition of ,haydn's admirable ',dict4 of ,dates1' not merely twice1 or oftener1 in the text1 but as a 'title-word1' and also in some other works where we might least expect it4 ,take any drop of water1 says ,professor ,rymer ,jones1 from our rivers1 from our lakes1 or from the vast ocean itself1 and place it under the microscope2 you will find therein countless living beings moving therein in all directions with considerable swiftness1 apparently gifted with sagacity1 for they readily elude each other in the active dance they keep up4444 ,increase the power of your glasses1 and you will soon perceive inhabiting the same drop1 other animals compared to which the former were elephantine in their dimensions1 equally vivacious and equally gifted4 ,exhaust the art of the optician1 strain your eyes to the utmost1 until the aching sense refuses to perceive the little quivering movement that indicates the presence of life1 and you will find that you have not exhausted nature in the descending scale4 ,amongst the most remarkable discoveries of modern science must be reckoned that of fossil animalcules in such abundance as to form the principal part of extensive strata4 ,this discovery is due to ,ehrenberg1 who found the ,polierschiefer 7the polishing slate or tripoli7 of ,bilin to be almost entirely made up of the siliceous shields of a minute fossil animalcule1 the length of one of which is about #a_/bhhth of a line1 so that about #bc1jjj1jjj of animalcules must have gone to form a cubic line1 and #da1jjj1jjj1jjj to form a cubic inch of the rock4 ,ehrenberg succeeded in discovering the formation of similar strata in deposits of mud at the bottom of lakes and marshes1 the mud swarming with living animalcules1 probably in their turn to be fossilised4 ,the bergmehl1 or mountain meal of ,sweden and other parts of ,europe1 which is sometimes used as an article of food1 is entirely composed of the remains of animalcules2 not merely1 however1 of their siliceous shields1 for it contains a considerable per-centage of dry animal matter4 ,some animalcules prefer waters impregnated with iron1 and their death gives rise to an ochreous substance in which iron is a principal ingredient4 ,,an',,ime 77an'-7im-e74 ,eng41 ,l41 ,sp4 ,syn4 ,,gum-,,an',,ime1 ,a4-,,res',,in2 ,,anim1 ,fr42 ,,animeharz1 ,,kourbarillharz1 ,ger42 ,,courbaril1 ,,jutaiba1 ,nat4 ,a pale brownish-yellow1 transparent1 brittle resin1 which exudes from the hymena courbaril 7,linn47 or locust-tree1 the h4 martiana1 and other species of hymena growing in tropical ,america4 ,it contains about #b of volatile oil1 which gives it an agreeable odour2 melts without decomposition2 is 7nearly7 insoluble in alcohol and in caoutchoucine1 but forms a gelatinous mass in a mixture of the two4 7,ure47 ,it burns readily1 emitting a very fragrant smell4 ,sp4 gr4 #ajed to #ajeg4 ,uses1 c4 ,as a fumigation in spasmodic asthma2 in solution as an embrocation2 and in powder as a substitute for gum guaiacum4 ,in this country it is chiefly employed to make varnishes and pastilles 7which see74 ,,an',,ion 7-y'7un--,br41 ,we42 7a-ni'-7un--,smart74 ,literally1 'upward going1' in electro-chemistry1 a substance which is evolved from the surface where the electrical current is supposed to enter the electrolyte2 an electro-negative body1 or one which passes to the positive pole1 or anode1 in electrolysis1 as opposed to a ,,cation4 ,see ,,anode1 ,,ions1 c4 ,,an',,isated4 ,syn4 ,,anisa',,tus1 ,l42 ,,anis1 ,fr4 ,in pharmacy1 the art of the liqueuriste1 confectioner1 c41 applied to articles or preparations impregnated or flavoured with aniseed4 ,,an',,ise 7-7is74 ,syn4 ,,ani',,sum1 ,,pimpinel',,la ,a4 7,linn471 ,a4 ,,officina',,le1 ,l42 ,,anis1 ,fr42 ,,anis1 ,,gemeiner ,,anis1 ,ger4 ,an annual plant of the nat4 ord4 ,umbellifer 7,,dc474 ,hab41 ,egypt1 ,scio1 and the ,levant2 but largely cultivated in ,malta1 ,spain1 ,germany1 and various other parts of ,asia and ,europe4 ,a considerable quantity is cultivated at ,mitcham1 in ,surrey1 chiefly for the use of the rectifiers of ,british spirits4 7,stephenson47 ,fruit1 aniseed4 7,see below47 ,,an',,iseed4 ,syn4 ,,an',,ise1 ,,an',,ise-,,seed2 ,,sem',,ina ,,ani',,si1 ,,fruc',,tus ,a41 ,l42 ,,anis1 ,a4 ,,vrai1 ,,graines ,d',,anis1 ,,semence ,d',,anis1 ,fr42 ,,anis1 ,,anisamen1 ,ger42 ,,anis1 ,sp42 ,,anice1 ,it4 ,the aromatic fruit or seed of the pimpinella anisum just noticed4 ,prop41 ,uses1 c4 ,its aromatic properties depend on the presence of volatile oil4 ,the seed and oil1 and a spirit and a water prepared from them1 are officinal in the pharmacopoeias4 ,both the seed and its preparations are reputed stimulant1 stomachic1 carminative1 pectoral1 diuretic1 and emmenagogue4 ,they are commonly used to relieve flatulence and colicky pains1 and to prevent the griping effects of certain cathartics2 and they have long been popular remedies for coughs1 colds1 and other breath ailments4 ,they are esteemed especially useful in warming the stomach and expelling wind1 particularly during infancy and childhood2 the distilled or flavoured water being usually employed4 ,nurses also take the latter to promote the secretion of milk1 to which it at length imparts its peculiar odour and flavour4 ,in veterinary practice the powdered seed is used as a carminative1 pectoral1 and corroborant4 ,the essential oil is said to be poisonous to pigeons4 7,vogel2 ,hillefield47 ,aniseed is principally used to flavour liqueurs1 sweetmeats1 and confectionery4--,dose 7of the powder71 #aj gr4 to #a or #b dr42 for a horse1 #a_/b to #a oz42 cattle1 #c_/d to #b oz4 ,pur41 c4 ,powdered aniseed is nearly always adulterated1 the adulterant being generally linseed meal4 ,sometimes1 as for the horse1 the latter is entirely substituted for it1 a few drops of oil of aniseed being added to give it smell4 ,the adulteration is not readily detected by the uninitiated1 owing to the strong odour of aniseed2 but readily by the microscope4 ,the fruit of myrrhis odorata 7sweet cicily71 and of illicium anisatum 7star-anise71 also possess the odour and flavour of common aniseed2 indeed1 most of the essential oil now sold as 'oil of aniseed' is star-anise oil4 ,see ,,liqueurs1 ,,oils1 ,,spirits1 ,,waters1 c4 ,anise1 ,star'4 ,the fruit or seed of illi''cium anisa'tum 7,linn471 an evergreen tree growing in ,japan and ,china4 ,the odour and properties of both the seed and oil greatly resemble those of common anise4 ,they are both employed by the liqueuriste4 ,see ,,aniseed 7above71 c4 ,,anisette' 77an-7iz-7et'74 ,fr4 ,aniseed cordial4 ,see ,,liqueurs4 ,,anisochilus ,,carnosum4 ,nat4 order ,,labiat4 ,an ,indian plant4 ,it is stimulant1 diaphoretic1 and expectorant2 is used in quinsy1 and by the native doctors of ,travancore in catarrhal affections4 ,dr ,bidie1 an ,indian practitioner1 characterises it as a mild stimulating expectorant1 and as such particularly useful in the coughs of childhood4 ,its properties depend upon a volatile oil4 ,,anisomeles ,,malabarica4 ,an ,indian plant4 ,nat4 order ,labiat4 ,few plants are held in higher esteem1 or more frequently employed in native practice in ,southern ,india1 than this4 ,an infusion made of the leaves is very generally used in affections of the stomach and bowels1 catarrhal complaints1 and intermittent fevers4 ,dr ,wright says that in addition to its internal use in the case of fevers1 patients are made to inhale the vapour of a hot infusion1 so as to induce copious diaphoresis4 ,an infusion of the leaves is reported to be powerfully diaphoretic1 and to have been found very useful in the low continuous fevers of the natives4 ,an oil obtained by distillation from the leaves is likewise stated to be an effectual external application in rheumatism4 ,,ani',,sum4 ,aniseed4 ,,anneal',,ing4 ,syn4 ,,nealingdagger2 ,,le ,,recuit1 ,fr42 ,,das ,,anlassen1 ,ger4 ,the art of tempering by heat3 appropriately1 the process by which glass1 porcelain1 c41 are rendered less frangible1 and metals which have become brittle by fusion1 or long-continued hammering1 again rendered tough and malleable4 ,glass vessels1 and other articles of glass1 are annealed by being placed in an oven or apartment near the furnaces at which they are formed1 called the 'leer1' where they are allowed to cool very slowly1 the process being prolonged in proportion to their bulk4 ,steel1 iron1 and other metals are annealed by heating them and allowing them to cool slowly on the hearth of the furnace1 or in any other suitable place1 unexposed to the cold4 ,steel is also annealed by being made red-hot1 and in that state is placed in a heap of dry saw-dust till cold1 when it will be found quite soft4 ,cast-iron is rendered tough and malleable1 without 'puddling1' by embedding it in ground charcoal or hmatite1 and thus protected1 keeping it exposed at a high temperature for several hours1 after which the whole is allowed to cool very slowly4 ,prince ,rupert's drop may be mentioned as an example of unannealed glass1 and common cast-iron of unannealed metals1 to which heads the reader is referred4 ,,annot',,ta4 ,syn4 ,,anot',,to1 ,,annat',,to1 ,,annat',,ta2 ,,arnat',,to1 ,,arnot',,to1 ,c42 ,,orlea',,na1 ,,ter',,ra ,o4991 c41 ,l42 ,,roucol1 ,,rocou1 ,,roucou1 ,fr42 ,,orleans1 ,ger4 ,a colouring matter forming the outer pellicle of the seeds of the bix'a orella'na 7,linn471 an exogenous evergreen tree1 common in ,cayenne and some other parts of tropical ,america1 and now extensively cultivated in both the ,e4 and ,w4 ,indies4 ,it is usually obtained by macerating the crushed seeds or seed-pods in water for several weeks1 ultimately allowing the pulp to subside1 which is then boiled in coppers to a stiff paste1 and dried in the shade4 ,sometimes a little oil is added in making it up into cakes or lumps4 ,a better method is that proposed by ,leblond1 in which the crushed seeds are simply exhausted by washing them in water 7--8 alkalised71 from which the colouring matter is then precipitated by means of vinegar or lemon-juice2 the precipitate being subsequently collected1 and either boiled up in the ordinary manner1 or drained in bags and dried1 as is practised with indigo4 ,annotta so prepared is said to be four times as valuable as made by the old process4 ,prop4 ,good annotta is of a brilliant red colour2 brighter in the middle than on the outside2 feels soft and smooth to the touch2 has a good consistence1 and a strongly characteristic but not a putrid smell4 ,it is scarcely soluble in water2 freely soluble in alcohol1 ether1 oils1 and fats1 to each of which it imparts a beautiful orange colour1 and in alkaline solutions which darken it2 acids precipitate it of an orange red hue2 strong sulphuric acid turns it blue4 ,its most important property is the affinity of its colouring matter for the fibres of silk1 wool1 and cotton4 ,pur4 ,annotta is very frequently adulterated2 indeed1 nearly always so4 ,to what extent the sophistication of annotta is carried may be judged from the statement of ,mr ,blyth1 who says that on examination of thirty-four samples of various kinds1 as imported and obtained from ,english makers and as purchased from dealers1 he found only two that were genuine4 ,as annotta is often used to give colour to different articles of diet1 it is important that it should be as pure as possible2 otherwise injurious effects detrimental to health may be caused by partaking of any food to which it is added4 ,now1 amongst the list of adulterants given below are three1 at least1 unmistakeable poisons1 viz4 red lead1 orange chrome1 and sulphate of copper4 ,it is but right to state of the first of these substances 7red lead7 that ,mr ,blyth says it is extremely doubtful whether it is now employed to the extent it formerly was4 ,he also ascribes its presence in annotta to the impure ,venetian red which is used1 the employment of this colour being a necessity because of the large quantities of flour and lime which are mixed with the annotta1 which thereby becomes so reduced in colour that it is essential to have recourse to salt1 alkalies1 and the red earths to restore it to its original standard4 ,the adulterants are generally meal1 flour1 or farina1 and often chalk or gypsum1 with some pearlash and oil1 or even soap1 to give it an unctuous character2 turmeric1 ,venetian red1 red ochre1 orange chrome1 or even red lead1 to give it 'colour1' and common salt1 and sometimes even sulphate of copper1 to prevent decomposition--the last two being poisonous4 ,sometimes a little carbonate of ammonia is also added to it to improve the colour4 ,when quite pure it contains about #bh of resinous colouring matter1 and #bj of colouring extractive matter 7,dr ,john71 and should leave only a small quantity of insoluble residuum after digestion in alcohol1 whilst the ash resulting from its incineration should not exceed #a-a_/b to #b4 ,the quantity1 colour1 c41 of the ash will give an easy clue to the inorganic adulterants1 if any are present1 which may be then followed up by a chemical examination4 ,the presence of red lead may be detected by heating it on a piece of charcoal in the reducing flame of the blowpipe1 by which a small bead of metallic lead will be obtained4 ,if it contains chalk1 ochre1 gypsum1 c41 the undissolved residuum of the washed ash gives the amount of the adulteration 7nearly74 ,microscopical ,examination of ,annotta4--,when annotta is subjected to a microscopical examination the outer red portion will be found to present an almost homogeneous appearance1 whilst the surface of the seed proper will be seen to consist of narrow or elongated cells or fibres disposed in a vertical direction1 while the inner white portion will be seen to be made up of cells filled with starch corpuscles1 well defined1 of medium size1 and resembling in the elongated and stellate hilum the starch granules of the pea and bean4 ,when the annotta is manufactured1 and an unadulterated sample is examined1 but little structure is met with4 ,portions of the outer cells may be seen2 and in those samples which in the course of their preparation have not been subjected to the action of boiling water1 a few starch granules may be observed4 ,since annotta1 when manufactured1 presents so few evidences of structure1 we are easily able1 with the microscope at our command1 to detect the presence of most foreign vegetable substances4 ,these consist of turmeric powder1 wheat1 rye and barley starch1 and sago flours4 ,the salt and alkali present in the fraudulent annotta generally greatly alter the appearance of the turmeric4 ,most of the colouring matter of the cells is discharged1 so that the starch corpuscles contained within them become visible4 ,loose starch granules of turmeric may also be frequently seen1 and in a much enlarged condition1 owing to the action of the alkali upon them4 ,the following process for conducting the assay of annotta is given by ,mr ,blyth3-- ,in order to estimate the commercial value and detect adulteration in a sample1 the quickest and best way is the following3 ,weigh accurately a gramme in a small platinum dish2 dry in the water-bath for a couple of hours1 then weigh2 the loss is the water4 ,finely powder1 and digest it for some hours in alcohol2 then boil1 filter and treat with successive portions of alcohol until all the colouring-matter is dissolved2 filter1 evaporate the filtrate down and weigh2 the result is the resin4 ,the insoluble portion will in a good commercial specimen consist of woody matter1 extractive1 gluten1 c4 ,for the ash weigh another gramme in a platinum dish2 dry for a short time over the water-bath2 then powder and burn until it ceases to lose weight4 ,it is prudent to fuse a little on charcoal with carbonate of soda before the blow-pipe before burning it in a platinum vessel1 as there may be lead in the annotta4 ,the ash should then be submitted to the various reagents in order to detect lime1 alumina1 c4 ,a correct determination of ash and resin is all that is required to definitely pronounce upon the purity or impurity of the samples4 ,the following is the analysis of a fair commercial sample3-- ,the sample was in the form of a paste1 colour deep red1 odour peculiar1 but not disagreeable4 ,water #bdb ,resinous colouring matter #bhh ,ash #bbe ,starch and extractive matter #bde ---- #ajjj ,the following is an analysis of an adulterated specimen4 ,the sample was in a hard cake of a brown colour1 with the maker's name stamped upon it1 and marked patent2 texture hard and leathery1 odour disagreeable3 ,water #acd ,resin #aaj ,ash1 consisting of iron1 chalk1 salt1 alumina1 silica #dhc ,extractive matter #bgc ---- #ajjj ,thus1 in the one the resin was #bh1 the ash #bb2 in the other the resin was only #aa1 the ash no less than #dh4 ,uses1 c4 ,to colour varnishes and lacquers2 as a pigment for painting velvet and transparencies2 as a colouring matter for cheese 7#a oz4 to #a cwt4 of curd71 for which purpose it is not injurious1 if pure2 and as a dye-stuff for cotton1 silk1 and wool1 particularly the second1 to which it imparts a beautiful orange-yellow hue1 the shade of which may be varied from 'aurora' to deep orange by using different proportions of pearlash with the water it is dissolved in1 and by applying different mordants before putting it into the dye-bath1 or different rinsing liquids afterwards4 ,the hues thus imparted are1 however1 all more or less fugitive4 ,annotta ,cake4 ,syn4 ,,flag ,,annotta2 ,,orlea',,na ,,in ,,fo',,liis1 ,l4 ,from ,cayenne2 bright yellow1 firm and soft to the touch2 in square cakes1 weighing #b or #c lbs4 each4 ,annotta ,egg4 ,syn4 ,,lump ,,annotta2 ,,orlea',,na ,,in ,o',,vulis1 ,l4 ,generally inferior4 ,annotta1 ,eng'lish4 ,syn4 ,,trade ,a41 ,,reduced' ,a42 ,,orlea',,na ,,reduc',,ta1 ,l4 ,a fraudulent mess commonly prepared from egg or flag annotta1 gum tragacanth1 flour1 or farina1 chalk1 soap1 train-oil1 ,venetian red1 or bole1 common salt1 water1 mixed by heat in a copper pan1 and formed into rolls4 ,sold for genuine annotta1 from which it is readily distinguished by its inferior quality and its partial solubility in alcohol4 ,annotta1 ,liq'uid4 ,see ,,solution ,,of ,,annotta 7below74 ,annotta1 ,pu''rified4 ,see ,,orelline4 ,annotta ,roll4 ,syn4 ,orlea'na in rot'ulis1 ,o4 ,,in ,,bac',,ulis1 ,l4 ,from the ,brazils2 hard1 dry1 brown outside1 yellow within4 ,when pure1 this is the variety most esteemed1 and the one preferred for colouring cheese4 ,annotta1 ,solu'tion of4 ,syn4 ,,essence ,,of ,,annotta1 ,,extract ,,of ,a41 ,,annotta-,,dye1 c42 ,,solu',,tio ,,orlea',n1 ,,extrac',,tum ,o41 c41 ,l4 ,a strong aqueous solution of equal parts of annotta and pearlash1 the whole being heated or boiled together until the ingredients are dissolved4 ,sold in bottles4 ,see ,,annotta 7above71 ,,nankeen ,,dye1 c4 ,,annuals4 ,plants which bear flowers and fruit in the same year when raised from seed4 ,,an',o-4 ,gr4 ,in composition1 upwards1 c42 as in anocathar'tic 7emetic74 ,,an',,ode4 ,literally1 'upward way1' in electro-chemistry1 the 'way in1' or that by which the electric current is supposed to enter substances through which it passes1 as opposed to the ,,cathode1 or that by which it goes out2 the positive pole of a voltaic battery4 ,,an',,odyne 7-dine74 ,syn4 ,,ano',,dynus 7-d7in7us-71 ,l42 ,,anodin1 ,fr42 ,,schmerzstillend1 ,ger4 ,that allays pain2 soothing2 atalgic4 ,anodynes4 ,syn4 ,,ano',,dyna 7sing41 ano'd7ynum71 ,l42 ,anodins1 ,,rem,,des ,a41 ,fr4 ,in medicine and pharmacy1 substances and agents which allay pain4 ,some 7as the ,,paregorics7 act by actually assuaging pain2 others 7,,hypnotics7 by inducing sleep2 whilst a third class 7,,narcotics7 give ease by stupefying the senses1 or by lessening the susceptibility to pain4 ,among the principal anodynes are opium1 morphia1 henbane1 camphor ether1 chloroform1 chloral hydrate1 and other medicines of the like kind2 to which must be added spirituous liquors1 wines1 and the stronger varieties of malt liquor4 ,the frequent use of anodynes begets the necessity of their continuance4 7,w4 ,cooley47 ,anodyne1 ,in'fantile 7-ile74 ,syn4 ,,ano',,dynum ,,infan',,tile 7-t7il-e71 ,l4 ,prep4 ,take of syrup of poppies1 #a oz42 aniseed-water1 #c oz42 ,french brandy1 #c_/d oz4 7or rectified spirit1 #a_/b oz472 calcined magnesia1 #a_/d oz42 mix4 ,an excellent anodyne and antacid for infants4--,dose4 ,a small teaspoonful as required4 ,,anodyn 7,mller1 ,berlin47 ,chiefly for rheumatic pains1 toothache1 c4 ,oil of rosemary1 #cj drops2 oil of thyme1 #aj drops2 camphor1 #e grms42 spirit of ammonia1 #ab grms42 spirit1 #fj grms4 7,hager47 ,,anodyn',,ia 7-d7in'-y'7a74 ,freedom from pain2 ansthesia4 ,,an',,orexy4 ,syn4 ,,anorex',,ia1 ,l42 ,,anorexie1 ,fr41 ,ger4 ,in pathology1 want of1 or morbidly diminished appetite1 without loathing of food4 ,it is usually symptomatic of other affections4 ,see ,,appetite1 ,,dyspepsia1 c4 ,,anosmin ,,foot ,,powder 7,dr ,oscar ,bernar1 ,vienna74 ,an unfailing remedy for sweaty feet and bad odour of the feet4 ,powdered alum1 #ba parts2 maize meal1 #a part4 7,hager47 ,,anosmin ,,foot ,,water 7,koch71 for a similar purpose4 ,an aqueous solution of tartaric acid4 ,,ano ,,zabaglione 7-b7al-y'o'-na74 ,prep4 ,put #b eggs1 #c teaspoonfuls of sugar1 and #b small glassfuls of sherry or marsala1 into a chocolate cup1 placed in boiling water1 or over the fire1 and keep the mixture rapidly stirred until it begins to rise and thicken a little2 then add #a or #b teaspoonfuls of orange-flower water or rose water1 and serve it up in wine-glasses4 ,a pleasant ,italian domestic remedy for a cold4 ,,ant 77ant74 ,syn4 ,,emm',,et1 ,,pis',,mire99double-dagger 7p7iz'-72 ,,formi',,ca1 ,l42 ,,fourmi1 ,fr42 ,,ameise1 ,ger42 ,,met1 ,sax4 ,this well-known little insect belongs to the family formic''id1 and the order hymenop'tera4 ,like the bee1 it is a social animal1 lives in communities which may be compared to well-regulated republics1 and is of three sexes--male1 female1 neuter4 ,those belonging to the last alone labour and take care of the ova and young4 ,the red ant contains ,,formic ,,acid 7acid of ants71 and a peculiar ,,resinous ,,oil4 ,both of these may be obtained by maceration in rectified spirit4 ,a tincture so prepared1 and flavoured with aromatics1 constitutes ,hoffman's ,,eau ,,de ,,magnanimit1 once greatly esteemed as an aphrodisiac4 ,see ,,formica1 ,,formic ,,acid1 ,,formyle1 c4 ,,antac',,id 7-t7as'-7id74 ,syn4 ,,antac',,idus1 ,l42 ,,antacide1 c41 ,fr42 ,s,,uretilgend1 c41 ,ger4 ,an agent which neutralises acids or removes acidity4 7,see below47 ,,antac',,ids 7-t7as'-7idz74 ,syn4 ,,antac',,ida1 ,l42 ,,antacides1 c41 ,fr4 ,antacid substances4 ,in medicine1 c41 substances which remove or prevent acidity of the stomach1 and thus tend to relieve heartburn1 dyspepsia1 and diarrhoea4 ,the principal antacids are potassa1 soda1 ammonia1 lime1 and magnesia1 with their carbonates and bicarbonates4 ,,ammonia is one of the most powerful1 and when the acidity is conjoined with nausea and faintness1 or is accompanied with symptoms of nervous derangement or hysteria1 is undoubtedly the best2 when great irritability of the coats of the stomach exist1 ,,potash is to be preferred2 when the acidity is accompanied with diarrhoea1 carbonate of lime 7prepared chalk71 lime-water1 or ,carara-water2 and when with costiveness1 ,,magnesia4 ,they may be advantageously combined with some simple aromatic1 as ginger1 cinnamon1 or peppermint4 ,their preparation1 doses1 administration1 c41 will be found under each in its alphabetical place2 and formul containing them1 under ,,draughts1 ,,lozenges1 ,,mixtures1 c4 ,,antal',,gics 7-t7al'-74 ,syn4 ,,antal',,gica1 ,l4 ,medicines which relieve pain2 anodynes4 ,,antal',,kalines 77ant-7al'-k7a-l7inz74 ,syn4 ,,antalkali',,na1 ,l4 ,agents or medicines which correct alkalinity4 ,all the acids except the carbonic are antalkaline4 ,,an',,te-4 ,in composition1 before1 contrary1 opposite2 generally in the first sense4 ,see ,,anti-4 ,,antepidemicum ,,universale 7,h4 ,mller1 ,copenhagen74 ,a valuable universal remedy for all sorts of contagious diseases in man or domestic animals4 ,a fluid like water1 with a weak1 almost imperceptible1 odour of acetic ether4 ,is composed of spring water1 in which perhaps two or three drops of pure carbolic acid are dissolved1 and a few drops of acetic ether added to disguise it4 7,hager47 ,,anthelmin',,tics1 ,anthelmin'thics 7-th7el-74 ,see ,,vermifuges and ,,worms4 ,,an',,thiarine 7-7in74 ,see ,,anthirine4 ,,anthok',,yan4 ,syn4 ,,succ',,us ,,vi',,ol ,,prepara',,tus1 ,l4 ,the expressed juice of the sweet or purple violet 7vi'ola odora'ta--,linn471 defecated1 gently heated in glass or earthenware to #aib ,fahr41 then skimmed1 cooled1 and filtered2 a little rectified spirit is next added1 and the following day the whole is again filtered4 ,it must be kept well corked1 and in a cool situation4 ,uses1 c4 ,chiefly to make syrup of violets1 to colour and flavour liqueurs1 and as a chemical test4 ,the ,london druggists obtain it principally from ,lincolnshire4 ,,an',,thony',s ,,fire1 ,saint 7-to-n7iz74 ,see ,,erysipelas4 ,,anthosenz 7,dr ,hess1 ,berlin74 ,general tonic and anodyne balsam4 ,oil of cloves1 #d parts2 oil of geranium1 #b parts2 pine-apple essence1 #a part2 spirit1 #ej parts2 coloured with alkanet root4 7,hager47 ,,an',,thotype4 ,see ,,photography4 ,,anthracene4 ,c#ad;,h#aj4 ,anthracene is one of the last products passing over in the dry distillation of coal-tar4 ,dr ,calvert says it is found most abundantly in the ten or fifteen per cent4 which comes over between the temperature at which soft pitch is produced and that at which hard pitch is formed4 ,coal-tar contains very variable quantities of anthracene1 those tars procured from coals which are richest in naphtha yielding it most abundantly4 ,the coals of ,south ,staffordshire give the largest yield1 whilst the ,newcastle coals give very little4 ,in consequence of the solubility of anthracene in the oily hydrocarbons which accompany it1 owing to slight elevation of temperature1 its extraction can only be carried on advantageously in cold weather4 ,gessert prepares anthracene from coal-tar as follows3 ,he places the last pasty portions 7the 'green grease'7 of the coal-tar distillation 7which must not be carried beyond the point at which white pitch is formed7 first in a centrifugal machine1 and then in a hydraulic press at #dj1 or subjects the mass heated to #cj-dj directly to pressure in a filter press4 ,the pressed mass consists of about #fj of anthracene2 for further purification it is boiled with light tar-oil or petroleum naphtha1 and finally heated till it melts4 ,the residue contains #ie of anthracene4 ,the following method for the purification of crude anthracene contaminated with oily matters is by ,schuller3--,the crude anthracene is carefully heated to commencing ebullition in a capacious retort connected with a tubulated receiver of glass or earthenware1 the lower aperture of which is closed with a fine wire sieve4 ,a strong current of air is then blown into the retort with a pair of bellows1 whereby the anthracene is driven over in a very short time nearly pure and dry1 and condenses in the receiver as a faintly yellowish showy mass4 ,by this method a quantity of anthracene1 the purification of which by re-crystallisation or sublimation would take several days1 may be purified in as many hours2 moreover it is obtained in a pulverulent form1 in which it is very readily acted on by oxidising agents4 ,anthraquinone prepared from crude anthracene may also be obtained by this method in the form of a light yellow powder1 resembling flowers of sulphur4 ,fritzsche obtained anthracene in crystals exhibiting a beautiful violet colour by exposing a solution of anthracene in coal-tar naphtha to sunshine1 until the solution became colourless4 ,pure anthracene assumes the form of fluorescent transparent crystals1 consisting of four- or six-sided plates1 which when seen by transmitted light are of a very pale blue colour1 but of a pale violet by reflected light4 ,the process for obtaining pure anthracene is a very troublesome one4 ,mr ,crookes says3--,a trustworthy method for determining the amount of pure anthracene either in commercial anthracene or in crude green grease is the following3--,the melting-point of the sample in question is first determined4 #e to #aj grammes are sufficient for the operation4 ,it is put between thick folds of blotting paper1 and placed under a press1 between plates which have been previously warmed4 ,the anthracene remaining upon the paper after pressure is weighed4 ,the residue after it has been boiled with a certain quantity of alcohol1 filtered1 washed with cold alcohol and dried1 is weighed as pure anthracene4 ,it is now advisable to determine the melting-point of the purified product1 which will generally be #baj ,c4 ,anthracene is only slightly soluble in alcohol1 but rather more so in ether and bisulphide of carbon4 ,it is more soluble in hot1 but less so in cold benzene4 ,petroleum boiling between #afj and #aie ,f4 dissolves less than benzene4 ,anthracene dissolves in concentrated sulphuric acid with a green colour1 and forms conjugated monsulpho or bisulpho-anthracene acid1 according to the temperature employed4 ,chlorine and bromine give rise to substitution products4 ,nitric acid acts on it with great violence1 with formation of anthraquinone1 nitro-anthraquinone1 and other compounds according to the temperature and proportion of the substances taken4 ,with picric acid anthracene forms a compound crystallising in very bright ruby-red needles1 which by the aid of the microscope are seen to be prisms4 ,to prepare it a saturated solution of picric acid in water at #hj ,f4 is mixed with a saturated solution of anthracene in boiling alcohol2 on cooling the compound is deposited in the crystalline state4 ,it is rapidly decomposed by an excess of alcohol into picric acid and anthracene1 the solution assuming a yellow tint4 ,this reaction can be employed to distinguish anthracene from naphthalene and other hydrocarbons1 naphthalin under similar circumstances forming a compound which crystallises in fine golden yellow needles1 whilst chrysene gives rise to clusters of very small yellow needles4 7,calvert's ',dyeing and ,calico ,printing1' edited by ,stenhouse and ,groves74 ,another characteristic of anthracene1 noticed by ,fritzsche1 is its deportment under the microscope with a solution of binitro-anthraquinone in benzene4 ,in this reaction fine rhomboidal scales of a beautiful pink colour are formed1 the purity and brilliancy of the colour depending on the purity of the anthracene4 ,in the ',bul4 ,soc4 ,chim41' vii1 #bgd1 several reactions by which anthracene is formed are described by ,berthelot1 as by the action of heat on other hydrocarbons1 or by passing the vapours of ethylene1 styrolene1 and benzene through a porcelain tube heated to bright redness4 ,a great number of products are procured from anthracene1 by far the most important of these being artificial alizarin4 ,see ,,alizarin1 ,,artificial4 ,,an',,thracite 7site74 ,eng41 ,fr4 ,syn4 ,,anthrac',,olite1 ,,glance'-,,coal1 ,,stone'-,,coaldouble-dagger1 ,,mineral ,,char',,coal992 ,,anthraci',,tes1 ,l42 ,,glanzkohle1 ,ger4 ,a species of coal found in the transition-rock formation1 consisting chiefly of dense carbon4 ,it has a conchoidal fracture1 a semi-metallic lustre1 and a sp4 gr4 usually varying from #ad to #af4 ,it burns without either flame or smoke1 emits an intense heat1 and leaves scarcely any ash2 but it is difficult to kindle1 and requires a lively draught for its combustion4 ,it is the common fuel in the ,united ,states of ,america1 although1 until recently1 scarcely employed in ,europe1 and that chiefly in a few iron works and steam furnaces4 ,its adoption in this country would not merely at once remove the smoke nuisance1 but would produce a vast annual saving to the community4 ,by contracting the throat of the chimney a little1 and avoiding the use of the poker1 it may be burnt in a common grate4 ,the ,americans use a little charcoal as kindle1 and seldom supply fresh coal to the fire oftener than once or twice a day4 ,the inferior varieties of anthracite are technically and provincially called culm2 as is also the small and waste of the better kinds4 ,for the analysis1 geology1 calorific value1 c41 of anthracite1 see ,,coal1 ,,culm1 ,,evaporation1 ,,fuel1 ,,heat1 c4 ,de la ,beche describes ,anthracite as a variety of coal containing a larger proportion of carbon1 and less bituminous matter1 than common coal4 ,in the ',memoirs of the ,geological ,survey' we read3--,we see the same series of coal beds becoming so altered in their horizontal range that a set of beds bituminous in one locality is observed gradually to change into anthracitic in another4 ,taking the coal measures of ,south ,wales and ,monmouthshire1 we have a series of accumulations in which the coal-beds become not only more anthracitic toward the west1 but also exhibit this change in a plane which may be considered as dipping south-south-east1 at a moderate angle1 the amount of which is not yet clearly ascertained1 so that in the natural sections afforded1 we have bituminous coals in the high grounds and anthracite coals beneath4 ,this fact is readily observed either in the ,neath or ,swansea valleys1 where we have bituminous coals on the south and anthracite on the north2 and more bituminous coal-beds on the heights than beneath1 some distance up these valleys1 those of the ,nedd and ,tawe4 ,though the terms bituminous coal and anthracite1 have been applied to marked differences1 the changes are that there is no sudden modification to be seen4 ,to some of the intermediate kinds the term free burning has been given1 and thus three chief differences have been recognised4 ,the term ,culm is applied both to an inferior kind of anthracite only worked for lime-making and mixing with clay and to the small pieces of anthracite obtained in working the beds of true anthracite4 ,it is also known under the names of ,blind-coal1 ,glance-coal1 and ,kilkenny-coal4 ,there are three distinct trades in anthracite4 ,the first one is that where the coal is sold just as it is brought from the pit4 ,this is termed ,through ,culm1 and is used for lime-burning4 ,this coal is inferior in quality to that from which the large coal has been removed1 and is sometimes called ,bastard ,stone-coal4 ,the trade in the ,neath district is exclusively of this kind4 ,in ,swansea and ,llanelly it is partly of this kind and partly of the kind where the large coal is picked out and sold as stone-coal for the various purposes to which that coal is put1 the small pieces being left for shipment to places where it is required for lime-burning1 under the name of stone-coal culm4 ,no through culm is shipped from ,pembrokeshire4 ,four thousand tons almost in the condition of dust are annually shipped from ,swansea1 under the name of ,lambskin1 being sent to ,cardiganshire1 where it is used solely for mixing with clay4 ,this mixture1 which is known under the name of ,fireballs1 is used for household purposes4 ,this mixture1 made of the ordinary stone-coal culm1 is also in very general use throughout parts of ,pembrokeshire and ,carmarthenshire4 ,anthracite coal is found in this country at ,bideford in ,devonshire1 at ,walsall in ,staffordshire1 in the western divisions of the ,south ,wales coalfield1 in ,ireland1 and near ,edinburgh4 ,it is very abundant in ,america4 ,in the ',transactions of the ,american ,geologists' it is stated by ,professor ,roger that in the great ,apalachian coal-field1 #gbj miles in extent1 with a chief breadth of #ahj miles1 the coal is bituminous towards the western limit1 where it is level and unbroken1 becoming anthracite towards the south-west1 where it becomes disturbed4 ,anthracite coal is also found in the coal-measures of ,france1 more particularly in the departments of ,isre1 the high ,alps1 ,gard1 ,mayenne1 and of ,sarth4 ,about #db1bga1jjj kilogrammes 7of #bb1jdf avoirdupois pounds each7 form the annual yield4 ,anthracite is also obtained in ,belgium4 ,anthracite is not an original variety of coal1 but a modification of the same beds which remain bituminous in other parts of the region4 ,anthracite beds1 therefore1 are not separate deposits in another sea1 nor coal-measures in another area1 nor interpolations among bituminous coal2 but the bituminous beds themselves altered into a natural coke1 from which the volatile bituminous oils and gases have been driven off4--,lesley on ,coal4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,locality4 ,name of ,coal4 ,carbon4,volatile,ashes4 matter4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,bituminous4 ,birtley ,works1 ,newcastle-on-,tyne #fjej #ceej #djj ,alfreton1 ,derbyshire #ebdf #dbej #bjd ,anthracite4 ,neath ,abbey ,pwlferon ,vein1 #iajh #hjj #jib #eth bed ,swansea ,peacock ,coal #hijj #gej #cej ,ystalyfera ,brass ,vein #ibdf #fjd #aej ,cwm ,neath ,nine-feet ,vein #icab #ebb #aej ,france ,anthracite1 common #giae #gce #acbe ,cte-d',or #hbfj #hfj #hhj ,mais ,saize #hchj #gej #iej ,pennsylvania ,beaver ,meadow #ibcj #fdb #abh ,shenoweth ,vein #idaj #adj #dej ,black ,spring ,gap #hjeg #gae #cbh ,nealey's ,tunnel #hibj #edj #edj ,massachusetts ,mansfield ,mine #igjj #ajej #cjj ,rhode ,island ,portsmouth ,mine #hehd #ajej #cff ,westphalia ,shafberg1 #hbjb #hfi #ibi ,alexander ,seam ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,anthracite1 the exclusive employment of which is for iron-making1 steam engines1 and for domestic uses in the ,united ,states1 was some #fj years since regarded as incombustible refuse1 and as such looked upon as rubbish and thrown away4 ,the foregoing analyses of bituminous and anthracite coals will sufficiently show the difference between the two4 ,principal ,localities of ,anthracite and ,anthracitous ,coal4 ,weight ,specific of a ,,europe4 ,gravity4 cubic yard in lbs4 ,south ,wales--,swansea #abfc #baca ,cyfarthfa #accg #bbef ,ynscedwin #aced #bbhd ,average #adde #bbgh ,ireland--,mean #adde #bcgf ,france--,allier #achj #bbjg ,tantal #acij #bbhc ,brassac #adcj #bdac ,belgium--,mons #acjg #baje ,westphalia #acje #bbgh ,prussian ,saxony #adff #bdgd ,saxony #acjj #baic ,average of ,europe #bbha ,,america4 ,pennsylvania-- ,lyken's ,valley #acbg #bbdj ,lebanon ,co41 ,grey ,vein #acgi #bcbg ,schuylkin ,co41 ,lorberry ,creek #adgb #bdhd ,pottsville1 ,sharp ,mount #adab #bchb ,peach #addf #bddj ,salem ,vein #aegd #bfdi ,tamaqua1 ,north ,vein #afjj #bgjj ,maunch ,chunk #aeej #bfae ,nesquehoning #aeeh #bfdf ,wilkesbarre1 best #adgb #bhhd ,west ,mahoney #acga #bcac ,beaver ,meadow #afjj #bgjj ,girardville #afjj #bgjj ,hazelton #aeej #bfae ,broad ,mountain #agjj #bhfi ,lackawanna #afji #bgae ,massachusetts--,mansfield #agaj #bhhb ,rhode ,island--,portsmouth #ahaj #cjed ,average in ,united ,states #bfja ,the calorific value of anthracite coal is well shown by the following results from ,dr ,fyfe's experiments1 to compare ,scotch and ,english bituminous coals with anthracite1 in regard to their evaporative power1 in a high-pressure boiler of a #d-;horse engine having a grate with #hae square feet of surface2 also in a waggon-shaped copper boiler1 open to the air1 surface #ah feet1 grate #aee3-- ,,key3 ,a - ,pounds burnt per hour on the ,grate4 ,b - ,duration of the ,trial in hours4 ,c - ,temperature of the ,water4 ,d - ,pounds of ,water evaporated from the initial ,temperature by #a lb4 of coal4 ,e - ,pounds of ,water at #bab from a lb4 of ,coal4 ,f - ,coal per hour on one sq4 ft4 of ,grate4 ,g - ,time in seconds of consuming #a lb4 of ,coal4 ,h - ,pounds evaporated per hour from each sq4 ft4 of surface4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,kind of ,fuel employed4 ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ,g ,h ,remarks4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,middlerig ,scotch #hacc #i #de #fff #ggd #ajjj #ddbg 444 ,pressure #ag lbs4 coal per square in4 ,scotch coal1 #ajh #e #agj #ffb #fhi #acbe #cccc 444 ,ditto4 different variety from preceding ,,anthracite #dgid #h-a_/b #de #hgc #ajaj #ehh #geji 444 ,ditto4 ,scotch coal1 from #hbd #h-a_/b #ej #ech #fij #eca #dcfhi #cae ,lower pressure1 near ,edinburgh open copper boiler4 ,english bituminous #fjg #hd #ej #ghd #ijg #cia #ejcjh #cjf ,ditto4 coal ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------- ,space will not admit of our entering fully into the question of the evaporative power of anthracite1 but its advantages under certain conditions are fully established4 ,,an',,thracoka',,li4 ,eng41 ,l4 ,syn4 ,,anthrakoka',,li1 ,,anthrak',,ali2 ,,an',,thracoka',,li1 ,hamb4 ,c4 #ahde4 ,prep4 #a4 7,polya47 ,carbonate of potassa1 #f oz42 quick-lime1 #c-a_/b oz42 water1 #d pints2 proceed as directed for solution of potassa1 then evaporate the clear liquid1 in an iron capsule1 to about #f fl4 oz41 add of finely powdered mineral coal #e oz41 boil1 with constant stirring1 to dryness1 and continue the stirring at a reduced heat1 until the whole is converted into a homogeneous black powder1 which must be at once placed in small1 dry1 and well-stoppered phials4 #b4 7,hamb4 ,c4 #ahde2 ,ph4 ,baden1 #ahda47 ,hydrate of potassa1 #g dr42 melt1 add of cannel coal1 #e dr41 and then proceed as before4 ,prop4 c4 ,a deliquescent black powder1 with a caustic taste1 and empyreumatic smell2 #aj gr4 with #a fl4 oz4 of water1 after filtration1 forms a clear1 dark brown solution1 giving a precipitate with acids1 without effervescence4--,dose1 #a to #c gr41 twice or thrice daily2 and externally1 made into a pomade or ointment 7#a_/b to #a dr41 to lard1 #a oz472 in skin diseases 7particularly herpetic eruptions71 scrofula1 chronic rheumatism1 c4 ,it has been highly extolled by ,dr ,gilbert1 and by its inventor1 ,dr ,polya2 but apparently undeservedly4 ,anthracokali ,sulphuretted4 ,syn4 ,,anthracokali ,,sulphuretum1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,polya47 ,as formula #a 7above71 but adding sulphur1 #d dr41 immediately after stirring in the powdered coal4--,dose1 use1 c41 as the last4 ,see ,,fuligokali4 ,,anthracom',,eter4 ,syn4 ,,antracom',,etrum1 ,l42 ,,anthracom,,tre1 ,fr42 ,,kohlens,,uremesser1 ,ger4 ,an apparatus used to determine the heating power or commercial value of coal1 or other fuel2 also an instrument for finding the proportion of carbonic acid in any gaseous mixture4 ,,anthrapurpurin4 ,c#ad;,h#h,o#e4--;,a colouring matter obtained as a secondary product in the preparation of alizarin from anthracen4 ,it may be prepared by dissolving the crude colouring matter in a dilute solution of carbonate of soda1 and shaking up the resulting solution with freshly precipitated alumina1 which combines with the alizarin1 leaving the anthrapurpurin in solution4 ,this is filtered off from the alizarin lake1 heated to boiling1 and acidified with hydrochloric acid4 ,the colouring matter which is precipitated is thrown on to a filter1 washed and dried4 ,anthrapurpurin has about the same affinity for mordants as alizarin4 ,it forms red with alumina1 and purple and black with iron mordants4 ,the reds are much purer and less blue in colour than those of the alizarin1 whilst the purples are bluer and the blacks more intense4 ,the anthrapurpurin colours resist soap and light quite as effectively as those produced with alizarin4 ,when employed to dye ,turkey-red1 anthrapurpurin gives a very brilliant scarlet shade of colour1 which is of remarkable durability4 ,,anthypnotics 7-th7ip-74 ,syn4 ,,antihypnot',,ics 7-h7ip-71 c4 ,see ,,agripnotics4 ,,an',,ti-4 ,gr41 ,greek3 anti1 against4 ,in composition1 before1 against1 contrary to1 corrective of1 c41 more especially representing antagonism or opposition2 whilst the ,latin ante- is generally used in the sense of before1 having reference to precedence either of place or time4 ,anti- is a common prefix in ,english words derived from the ,greek and ,latin1 especially those connected with pharmacology and medicine1 the final i being either dropped or retained 7but generally the first7 before a1 e1 and h2 as in antacid1 antibilious1 anti-emetic1 anthelmintic1 anti-corbutic1 antiseptic1 c41 whether used as adjectives or substantives4 ,these compounds1 which are very numerous1 are in general self-explanatory4 ,,an',,tiarine 7-7in2 -ti'--,brande74 ,eng41 ,fr4 ,syn4 ,,an',,thiarine1 ,eng41 ,fr42 ,,antiari',,na1 ,,anthiari',,na1 ,,antia'',,ria1 ,,upa',,sia 7-zh'7a71 ,l4 ,the active principle of the upas poison of ,java4 ,it is extracted from the partially inspissated juice 7upas poison7 of the upas tree by alcohol1 and may be obtained under the form of small pearly crystalline scales by careful evaporation4--,prod4 ,about #c-a_/b 7,mulder74 ,prop41 c4 ,soluble in #bg parts of boiling water2 freely soluble in alcohol2 scarcely so in ether2 heat decomposes it4 ,it is a frightful poison1 to which no antidote is known4 ,even a minute quantity introduced into a wound rapidly brings on vomiting1 convulsions1 and death4 ,it renders the heart insensible to the stimulus of the blood4 7,sir ,b4 ,brodie47 ,,anti-,,attri'',,tion 7-tr7ish'-7 ,eng41 ,fr4 ,syn4 ,,antifriction ,,grease1 ,,axle-,,grease1 ,,friction ,,compo'1 ,,lu',,bricating ,,compound1 c4 ,prep4 #a4 ,good plumbago 7black lead71 finely powdered and sifted1 so as to be perfectly free from grit1 is gradually added1 through a sieve1 to #e times its weight of good lard contained in an iron pan and rendered semi-fluid1 but not liquid1 by a gentle heat2 the mass being vigorously stirred with a strong wooden spatula1 after each addition1 until the mixture is complete1 and the composition smooth and uniform4 ,the heat is then gradually raised until the whole liquefies1 when the vessel is removed from the fire to a cool situation1 and the stirring1 which should have been unremitted1 continued until the mixture is quite cold4 ,it is applied in the cold state1 with a brush1 about once a day1 according to the velocity of the parts2 and is said to be fully #c-dths cheaper in use than oil1 tallow1 tar1 or any of the ordinary compo's4 ,when intended for uses in which it will be exposed to warmth1 and consequent waste by dripping1 a part1 or even the whole of the lard is replaced by hard strained grease or tallow1 or a little bees' wax is added during its manufacture4 #b4 ,black lead1 #a part2 tallow or grease1 #d parts2 ground together until perfectly smooth1 either with or without camphor1 #c to #e lbs4 per cwt4 ,expired patent4 #c4 ,scotch soda1 #fj lbs42 water1 #cj galls42 dissolve in a capacious boiler1 and palm oil and hard tallow1 of each #a-a_/d cwt41 and having withdrawn the heat1 stir vigorously as before1 until the mass is homogeneous and nearly solidified4 ,in hot weather the proportion of tallow is increased1 and that of the palm oil diminished2 in winter1 the reverse4 ,used for the axles of railway carriages and other coarse purposes4 ,for express trains all tallow is usually employed1 irrespective of the weather or season4 #d4 ,melt1 but avoid boiling1 #af lbs4 tallow1 and dissolve in it #b-a_/d lbs4 of sugar of lead2 then add #c lbs4 of black antimony4 ,the mixture must be constantly stirred till cold4 ,this composition is for cooling the necks of shafts1 and may be of service where the shafts are not of the proper length1 or the bearings are at fault4 #e4 ,lard1 #b-a_/b lbs42 camphor1 #a oz42 black lead1 #a_/b lb4 ,rub the camphor in a mortar1 into a paste with a small portion of the lard2 then add the remainder of the lard and the black lead1 and thoroughly mix4 #f4 7,railway ,grease47--,for summer use1 tallow1 #a cwt4 #c qrs42 palm oil1 #a cwt4 #a qr4 ,for autumn or spring1 tallow1 #a cwt4 #b qrs42 palm oil1 #a cwt4 #b qrs4 ,for winter1 tallow1 #a cwt4 #a qr42 palm oil1 #a cwt4 #c qrs4 ,melt the tallow in a boiler1 then add to it the palm oil as soon as the mixture boils1 and put out the fire4 ,when the mixture1 which should now be frequently stirred1 has cooled down to blood heat 7#ih to #ajj ,f471 it should be run through a sieve into a solution of from #ef to #fj lbs4 of soda in about #c galls4 of water4 ,thoroughly mix by stirring4 #g4 ,bean or rye flour1 #a cwt42 water1 #f cwt42 mix to a smooth paste1 raise the heat until the mixture boils1 and stir in first of milk of lime 7of about the consistence of cream71 #g cwt42 resin-oil1 #aj cwt42 and stir vigorously until cold4 ,inferior4 #h4 7,booth's47--a4 ,from ,scotch soda1 #a_/b lb42 boiling water1 #a gall42 palm oil or tallow1 or any mixture of them1 #aj lbs42 as before1 observing to continue the stirring until the mixture has cooled down to #fj or #gj ,fahr4 b4 ,soda1 #a_/b lb42 water and rape-oil1 of each #a gall42 tallow or palm-oil1 #a_/b lb42 as last4 ,expired patent4 #i4 7,mankettrick's47 ,from caoutchouc 7dissolved in oil of turpentine71 #d lbs42 ,scotch soda1 #aj lbs42 glue1 #a lb42 7dissolved in7 water1 #aj galls42 oil1 #aj galls42 thoroughly incorporated by assiduous stirring1 adding the caoutchouc last4 #aj4 7,,liard1 ,fr474 ,finest rape-oil1 #a gall42 caoutchouc 7cut small71 #c oz42 dissolve with heat4 ,uses1 c4 ,to lessen friction in machinery1 prevent the bearings rusting1 c4 ,the simplest are perhaps the best4 ,of late years several different liquid hydrocarbons obtained from coal1 and particularly paraffin oil1 have been extensively employed in this way4 ,see ,,friction1 ,,lubrication1 c4 ,,antibil',,ious 7-y7us74 ,syn4 ,,antibilio',,sus1 ,l42 ,,antibilieux1 ,fr4 ,an epithet of medicines that are supposed to remove ailments depending on disordered action of the liver4 ,aperients1 mercurials1 and aloetic purgatives generally1 belong to this class4 ,see ,,abernethy ,,medicines1 ,,bile1 ,,pills1 c4 ,,anticar',,dium4 ,see ,,reviver 7,black74 ,,anti-,,cholera ,,acid 7,h4 ,ludwig1 ,vienna2 also an ,american preparation74 ,a proved cure and preventive of cholera4 ,diluted sulphuric acid1 #a part2 wine1 #e parts2 water1 #aj parts4 7,hager1 ,buchner1 and ,wittstein47 ,,anti-,,cholera ,,water 7,eau ,anticholerique de ,duboc1 ,paris71 for lead colic and a preventive of cholera4 ,composed of water with some brandy and #a_/b per cent4 of sulphuric acid4 7,gmelin47 ,,an',,tichlore 7-klore74 ,among bleachers1 any substance1 agent1 or means1 by which the pernicious after-affects of chlorine are prevented4 ,washing with a weak solution of sulphite of soda 7which converts any adhering 'bleaching salt' into sulphate1 sulphide1 or chloride7 is commonly adopted for this purpose4 ,recently chloride of tin1 used in the same way1 has been recommended4 ,a cheap sulphite of lime1 prepared by agitating milk of lime with the fumes of burning sulphur1 and draining and air-drying the product1 has been lately patented in ,england and ,america1 by ,prof4 ,horsford1 under the name of ',,antichloride ,,of ,,lime1' ,see ,,bleaching1 c4 ,,an',,tidote 7-dote74 ,eng41 ,fr4 ,syn4 ,,antid',,otum1 ,,antid',,otus1 ,l42 ,,antidot1 ,,gegengift1 ,ger4 ,in medicine1 toxicology1 c41 a substance administered to counteract or lessen the effects of poison4 ,the principal poisons1 with their antidotes1 are noticed under their respective heads4 ,also see ,,poisons1 ,,toxicology1 c4 ,,anti-,,epilepticum 7,wepler1 ,berlin71 known as ,wepler's ,krampfpulver4 ,magnesia alba1 #e parts2 rad4 dictamni1 #ae parts2 rad4 zedoar1 #ab parts2 rad4 artemis1 #h parts2 soot1 #a_/b part2 ol4 valerian1 #a_/b part2 ol4 cajeputi1 #a_/d part4 ,dr ,hager is the authority for the above1 and he adds that formerly the same proprietor sold a remedy which consisted of a black powder made by carbonising hempen thread4 ,,antifer',,ment 7pop4 and more us41 in this sense1 an'tiferment'74 ,eng41 ,fr4 ,syn4 ,,antifermen',,tum1 ,l4 ,any substance which prevents or arrests fermentation4 ,several nostrums are sold under this name in the cider-districts4 ,the following are tried and useful formul3-- ,prep4 #a4 ,sulphite 7not sulphate7 of lime1 in fine powder1 #a part2 marble-dust1 ground oyster-shells1 or chalk1 #g parts2 mix1 and pack tight1 so as to exclude the air4 #b4 ,sulphite 7not sulphate7 of potassa1 #a part2 new black-mustard seed 7ground in a pepper-mill71 #g parts2 mix1 and pack so as to perfectly exclude air and moisture4 ,dose 7of either71 #a_/b oz4 to #a-a_/b oz4 per hhd4 #c4 ,mustard-seed1 #ad lbs42 cloves and capsicum1 of each #a-a_/d lb42 mix1 and grind them to powder in a pepper-mill4 ,dose1 #a_/d to #a_/b lb4 per hhd4 ,uses1 c4 ,the above formul are infinitely superior to those commonly met with in trade2 and are quite harmless4 ,a portion of any one of them added to cider1 or perry1 soon allays fermentation1 when excessive1 or when it has been renewed4 ,the first formula is preferred when there is a tendency to acidity4 ,the second and third may be advantageously used for wine and beer1 as well as for cider4 ,that of the third formula greatly improves the flavour and the apparent strength of the liquor1 and also improves its keeping qualities4 ,see ,,cellar-,,management1 ,,fermentation1 c4 ,,anti-,,fric',,tion ,,metal4 ,prep4 #a4 ,from tin1 #af to #bj parts2 antimony1 #b parts2 lead1 #a part2 fused together1 and then blended with copper1 #hj parts4 ,used where there is much friction or high velocity4 #b4 ,zinc1 #f parts2 tin1 #a part2 copper1 #bj parts4 ,used when the metal is exposed to violent shocks4 #c4 ,lead1 #a part2 tin1 #b parts2 zinc1 #d parts2 copper1 #fh parts4 ,used when the metal is exposed to heat4 #d4 7,babbet's47 ,tin1 #dh to #ej parts2 antimony1 #e parts2 copper1 #a part4 #e4 7,fenton's47 ,tin with some zinc1 and a little copper4 #f4 7,ordinary47 ,tin1 or hard pewter1 with or without a small portion of antimony or copper4 ,without the last it is apt to spread out under the weight of heavy machinery4 ,used for the bearings of locomotive engines1 c4 ,obs4 ,these alloys are usually supported by bearings of brass1 into which it is poured after they have been tinned1 and heated and put together with an exact model of the axle1 or other working piece1 plastic clay being previously applied1 in the usual manner1 as a lute or outer mould4 ,soft gun-metal is also excellent1 and is much used for bearings4 ,they all become less heated in working than the harder metals1 and less grease or oil is consequently required when they are used4 ,see ,,alloys1 ,,friction1 c4 ,,antigug',,gler4 ,a small bent tube of glass or metal inserted into casks and carboys1 to admit air over the liquor whilst it is being poured out or drawn off1 so that the sediment may not be disturbed4 ,,antihecticum ,,poterii4 ,fuse together #d parts of regulus of antimony1 and #e-a_/b of fine tin2 pour it on a metal plate1 reduce it to powder1 and deflagrate it in a red-hot crucible with #ae parts of nitre2 keep it hot for some time1 then wash it1 and dry it with a gentle heat4--,dose1 two to ten grains in hectic fevers4 ,,antilithic4 ,see ,,lithontryptics4 ,,antimo'',,nial 7-mone'y-'7al74#fg ,eng41 ,fr4 ,syn4 ,,antimonia',,lis1 ,l4 ,pertaining to1 composed of1 or containing antimony4 ,in medicine and pharmacy1 applied to preparations or remedies 7,,antimo'',,nials2 ,,antimonia'',,lia1 ,l47 in which antimony1 or one of its compounds1 is the leading or characteristic ingredient4 ,footnote #fg3 ,antimon'ial 7--,mayne7 is a barbarism4 ,,antimo',,niated4 ,syn4 ,,antimonia',,tus1 ,l4 ,mixed or impregnated with antimony2 antimonial4 ,,antimon',,ic ,,acid4 ,syn4 ,,acidum ,,antimon',,icum1 ,l42 ,,acide ,,antimonique1 ,fr42 ,,antimons,,ure1 ,ger4 ,prep4 #a4 ,pure metallic antimony1 in coarse powder1 or small fragments1 is digested in excess of concentrated nitric acid1 until the oxidation and conversion is complete2 the excess of nitric acid is then removed by evaporation nearly to dryness1 and the residuum thrown into cold distilled water2 after which the powder 7,,antimonic ,,acid7 is collected on a calico filter1 washed with distilled water1 and dried by a gentle heat4 ,pure4 #b4 ,metallic antimony 7in powder71 #a part2 powdered nitre1 #f or #h parts2 are mixed and ignited or deflagrated in a silver crucible2 the mass1 when cold1 is powdered2 the excess of alkali washed out with hot water1 and the residuum 7,,antimoniate ,,of ,,potassium7 decomposed with hydrochloric acid2 lastly1 the precipitate 7,,antimonic ,,acid7 is washed and dried as before4 ,that obtained by the first process is dibasic1 and has the formula ,h#b,sb#b,o#f1 while that produced by the second process is tetrabasic1 and has the formula ,h#d,sb#b,o#g2 the former is called simply antimonic acid1 the latter metantimonic acid4 ,prop4 ,antimonic acid is a soft white powder1 sparingly soluble in water1 reddens litmus1 and is dissolved1 even in the cold1 by strong hydrochloric acid and by potash4 ,the hydrochloric solution1 mixed with a small quantity of water1 yields1 after a while1 a precipitate of antimonic acid2 but if diluted with a large quantity of water1 it remains clear4 ,ammonia does not dissolve it in the cold4 ,by heating with a large excess of caustic potash it is converted into metantimonic acid4 ,metantimonic acid is more readily dissolved by acids than antimonic acid1 and is dissolved by ammonia1 after a while1 even at ordinary temperatures4 ,it is also perfectly soluble in a large quantity of water1 and is precipitated therefrom by acids4 ,it is very unstable1 and easily changes into antimonic acid1 even in water4 ,,antimonic ,,anhydride 7,sb#b,o#e74 ,syn4 ,,antimonic ,,oxide1 ,,anhydrous ,,antimonic ,,acid1 ,,pentoxide ,,of ,,antimony4 ,antimonic or metantimonic acid1 heated to a temperature below redness1 loses water and yields the anhydride1 ,sb#b,o#e4 ,antimonic anhydride is a yellowish-white powder1 tasteless and insoluble in water and acids4 ,boiled with a solution of caustic potash1 it is dissolved4 ,if fused with carbonate of potassium1 carbonic anhydride is expelled1 and a salt is produced from which antimonic acid is precipitated by acids4 ,,antimonious ,,acid4 ,see ,,antimony1 ,,tetroxide of4 ,,an',,timonetted4 ,syn4 ,,antimo'',,niuretted2 ,,antimonia',,tus1 ,l4 ,combined with or containing antimony4 ,see ,,hydrogen1 c4 ,,an',,timony 7-te-m7un-e74 ,syn4 ,,metal',,lic ,,antimony991 ,,reg',,ulus ,,of ,a4dagger2 ,,antimo'',,nium1 ,a4 ,,metal',,licum1 ,,stib',,ium1 ,,metal',,lum ,,antimo'',,niidagger1 ,a4 ,,reg',,ulusdagger1 c41 ,l42 ,,antimoine1 ,fr42 ,,antimon1 ,,spiessglanz1 ,,spiessglas1 ,,spiessglanzmetall1 ,ger42 ,,antimonio1 ,it41 ,sp4 ,the term formerly applied to the native sulphide or greyish-black semi-crystalline ore of antimony2 but now solely appropriated to the pure metal4 ,sources4 ,metallic antimony1 in combination with silver and iron 7,,native ,,antimony71 with sulphur 7,,grey ,,sulphide ,,of ,a471 or with nickel 7,,nickelif',,erous ,,sulphide ,,of ,a47 is found in ,bohemia1 ,hungary1 ,germany1 ,sweden1 ,france1 ,england1 ,borneo1 and ,america2 and oxidised1 combined with oxide of iron1 c4 7,,antimo'',,nial1 ,o',,chre1 ,,red ,,antimony1 ,,white ,a4#fh71 forming ores1 either small in quantity or of little value1 in various parts of the world4 ,of these the only one in sufficient abundance for smelting is the common sulphide known as 'grey antimony' or 'stibnite4' ,footnote #fh3 ,white ,a4 occurs in considerable quantities in ,borneo1 and is used after roasting as a white pigment for iron and other surfaces4 ,illustration3 a1 b1 ,grate and fire-place4 c1 ,bridge4 d1 ,air-channel4 e1 ,concave space for ore1 resting on a solid bed f1 formed of sand and clay4 g1 ,door for introducing the ore1 and abstracting residuary slag4 h1 ,pipe to convey away the liquid metal4 i1 ,chimney4 ,prep4 ,native antimony is freed from impurities by fusion4 ,the sulphide1 after being melted from the gangue1 is commonly oxidised by exposure on the concave hearth of a reverberatory furnace1 and is then reduced to the metallic state by fusion in crucibles with coal-dust1 crude tartar1 or some other deoxidising agent4 ,to free the product from iron1 it is generally fused1 or re-fused1 with a little antimonic oxide2 and when the ore contains arsenic1 iron1 or its oxide1 and an alkaline carbonate or sulphate1 are used in the same way4 ,it is seldom prepared on the small scale4 ,the following formul are in use1 or are recommended3-- #a4 ,on the ,,small ,,scale3-- a4 ,from tersulphide of antimony1 in coarse powder1 #b parts2 iron filings1 #a part2 fused together in a covered crucible1 at a heat gradually raised to dull redness4 b4 ,from the teroxide or the oxychloride of antimony1 fused together1 as before1 with twice its weight of crude tartar4 c4 7,ph4 ,castr4 ,ru4 #ahdj47 ,sulphide of antimony1 #af parts2 cream of tartar1 #f parts2 both in powder2 throw the mixture1 in small quantities at a time1 into a vessel 7an earthen crucible7 heated to redness2 when the reaction is over 7having closely covered the vessel71 fuse the mass1 and after a quarter of an hour pour it out1 and separate the metal from the slag4 d4 ,from sulphide of antimony1 #h parts2 crude tartar1 #f parts2 nitre1 #c parts2 as last4 e4 7,whler47 ,sulphide of antimony1 #aj parts2 nitre1 #ab parts2 dry carbonate of soda1 #ae parts2 deflagrate together2 powder the resulting mass1 and wash it thoroughly with boiling water2 lastly1 smelt the dried residuum with black flux4 ,all the preceding are nearly pure2 the impurity1 if any1 being traces of copper1 lead1 or iron4 f4 7,berzelius47 ,from metallic antimony1 in fine powder1 #b parts2 teroxide of antimony1 #a part2 fused together4 ,the product will be pure provided the antimony employed is free from lead4 g4 7,muspratt47 ,from antimony1 #i parts2 peroxide of manganese1 #a part2 fused together2 the resulting metal being re-fused with #a-ajth of its weight of carbonate of soda4 #b4 ,on the ,,large ,,scale--commercial3-- a4 ,see above 7before #a a474 b4 ,from sulphide of antimony1 #ajj parts2 iron 7in very small scraps71 #dj parts2 dry crude sulphate of soda1 #aj parts2 powdered charcoal1 #b-a_/b parts2 fused together4--,prod4 #fj to #fe parts of antimony1 besides the scori or ash1 which is also valuable4 c4 7,berthier47 ,sulphide of antimony1 #ajj parts2 hammerschlag 7rough oxide or iron from the shingling or rolling mills71 #fj parts2 crude carbonate or sulphate of soda1 #de to #ej parts2 charcoal powder1 #aj parts2 as last4--,prod4 #fe to #gj parts4 ,prop41 c4 ,bluish-white1 lustrous1 with a lamellar texture1 and a crystalline or semi-crystalline fracture1 with fern-leaf markings on the surface1 when pure 7star antimony72 extremely brittle 7may be powdered72 imparts brittleness to its alloys 7even #a-ajjjth part added to gold renders it unfit for the purposes of coinage and the arts72 melts at #hji-haj ,fahr41 or just under redness2 fumes1 boils1 and volatilises at a white heat1 and1 when suddenly exposed to the air1 inflames with conversion into the teroxide1 which is deposited in beautiful flowers or crystals2 when perfectly pure and fused without contact with air or foreign matter1 it bears an intense heat without subliming 7,thnard72 allowed to cool slowly from a state of perfect fusion1 it crystallises in octahedrons or dodecahedrons2 tarnishes1 but does not rust by exposure to air or moisture at common temperatures2 hot hydrochloric acid dissolves it1 with the formation of ,,trichloride ,,of ,,antimony2 nitric acid1 when concentrated1 converts it into ,,antimonic ,,acid2 and when dilute1 into ,,trioxide ,,of ,,antimony4 ,sp4 gr4 #fg to #fh4fi ,footnote #fi3 ,when perfectly pure1 #fgae--,ure4 ,tests4 ,metallic antimony may be recognised by the above properties2 its oxide1 salts1 c41 by the following reactions3--#a4 ,sulphuretted hydrogen gives1 with acid solutions1 an orange-red precipitate1 which is sparingly soluble in ammonia1#gj and insoluble in dilute acids2 but readily soluble in pure potassa and alkaline sulphides1 and in hot hydrochloric acid with the evolution of sulphuretted hydrogen gas3--#b4 ,sulphydrate of ammonium gives an orange-red precipitate1 readily soluble in excess of the precipitant1 if this latter contains sulphur in excess2 and the liquor containing the re-dissolved precipitate gives a yellow or orange-yellow precipitate on the addition of an acid3--#c4 ,ammonia and potassa1 and their carbonates1 give 7except in solutions of tartar emetic7 a bulky white precipitate2 that with ammonia and its carbonate being insoluble in excess of the precipitant2 that with potassa1 readily so2 whilst that with carbonate of potassium is only soluble on the application of heat3--#d4 ,a rod of zinc throws down metallic antimony1 as a black powder1 from all its solutions not containing free nitric acid4 ,if the experiment be made with a few drops of a solution of antimony containing a little free hydrochloric acid1 and a small platinum dish or capsule be employed1 the part covered by the liquid is soon stained brown or blackish1 and the stain is irremovable by cold hydrochloric acid1 but may be easily removed by warm nitric acid3--#e4 ,by ebullition of the acidulated liquid along with copper gauze1 foil1 or wire1 as noticed under ',reinsch's ,test4'#ga ,the peculiar violet-grey of the deposit is characteristic1 and may easily be distinguished from that given by arsenical solutions3--#f4 ,mixed with dilute sulphuric acid and poured on some metallic zinc in a gas-generating flask1 provided with a small bent tube 7see engr471 it yields ,,antimonetted ,,hydrogen 7,marsh's test71 recognised by burning with a bluish-green flame1 and furnishing dense white fumes which adhere readily to any cold substance 7as a porcelain plate7 held over it2 or1 if the plate be depressed upon the flame1 a deep black1 and almost lustreless spot of metallic antimony2 the fumes and spots in both cases being insoluble in water1 and in dilute solution of chloride 7crude hypochlorite7 of soda4 ,on heating the centre of the tube to redness with a spirit lamp1 the bluish-green colour of the flame lessens in intensity1 and a mirror of metallic antimony1 of silvery lustre1 forms inside the tube at the ignited part4 ,on passing dry sulphuretted hydrogen through the tube1 still heated by a spirit lamp1 this mirror assumes a reddish-yellow colour1 approaching black in its thicker parts2 and by exposure to a feeble stream of hydrochloric acid gas1 almost immediately1 or in a few seconds1 disappears1 being carried off by the gas1 which1 if passed into a little distilled water1 yields a solution of chloride of antimony1 which may be further submitted to any of the usual tests4#ga ,if the substance be in the solid state1 it must be reduced to powder and dissolved in water2 or if insoluble in that menstruum1 a solution must be obtained by digestion in either hot hydrochloric or nitrohydrochloric acid1 before proceeding to examine it by this method4 ,footnote #gj3 ,the like precipitate from a solution of antimonic acid in hydrochloric acid1 dissolves readily in ammonia1 particularly when heated4 ,footnote #ga3 ,see ,,arsenious ,,acid4 ,illustration3 a1 ,flask containing the suspected fluid1 dilute sulphuric acid1 and zinc4 b1 ,small tube1 at the one end having an almost capillary orifice1 where the gas is inflamed4 c1 ,spirit-lamp4 d1 ,support4 ,estim4 ,antimony is generally ,,weighed under the form of tersulphide2 but sometimes as antimonious anhydride1 and--though more seldom--as pure metal3-- #a4 ,a solution being obtained as above1 if necessary1 it is strongly acidulated with tartaric acid1 and the antimony thrown down as a sulphide by a stream of sulphuretted hydrogen4 ,after warming the solution and allowing it to cool1 the precipitate 7,,tersulphide7 is collected on a filter1 dried1 and weighed4 ,a small portion digested in strong hydrochloric acid will completely dissolve if it be the pure sulphide2 in which case the quantity of ,,antimony sought will be equal to #ga-a_/b 7#gae7 of the weight of the sulphide found 7very nearly74#gb ,should only part of the precipitate be soluble1 a known weight of it may be introduced into a flask1 and a considerable quantity of fuming nitric acid added1 drop by drop1 and afterwards1 a little hydrochloric acid1 the mixture being digested1 at a gentle heat1 until the reaction is complete1 and the whole of the sulphur is dissolved4 ,the resulting solution diluted with water1 strongly acidulated with tartaric acid1 and solution of chloride of barium added as long as it disturbs the liquid1 yields a precipitate1 of which the weight1 after it has been thoroughly washed1 dried1 and gently ignited1 multiplied by #acf1 gives the quantity of ,,sulphur in the sample2 and which1 deducted from the weight of the sulphide first found1 gives the quantity of pure ,,antimony1 as before4 ,footnote #gb3 ,tersulphide of antimony dried at #bab ,fahr4 still retains traces of water1 which is not wholly expelled until the heat reaches #cij-cib1 when it acquires a black colour and a crystalline appearance4 #b4 ,the quantity of ,,pure ,,antimony in commercial samples may be determined by treating them 7in powder7 with nitric acid1 which oxidises the antimony and leaves it in an insoluble state1 whilst it dissolves the other metals4 ,the resulting oxide is collected on a filter1 washed1 dried1 ignited in an open porcelain crucible1 and weighed--its weight multiplied by #ghih gives the quantity of pure metal sought4 #c4 ,dissolve a known weight of the sample in hydrochloric acid1 immerse a blade of pure metallic tin in the solution1 and keep the liquor acidulous1 and in a state of gentle ebullition by the heat of a sand bath1 when the whole of the ,,antimony will be precipitated under the form of a black powder1 and may be collected1 washed1 dried1 and weighed4 ,this is particularly adapted to alloys of antimony and tin4 ,see ,tests 7above7 and ,pur4 7below74 ,pur4 ,the antimony of commerce generally contains a little arsenic1 with variable quantities of iron1 lead1 sulphur1 and tin4 ,these impurities may be thus detected3-- #a4 7,arsenic47 ,by fusing the sample1 in powder1 mixed with about an equal weight of tartrate or bitartrate of potassium1 in a covered crucible1 for #b or #c hours1 and placing the resulting button1 which is an alloy of antimony and potassium1 in a ',marsh's apparatus' along with a little water1 when the disengagement of hydrogen gas will commence1 and may be tested in the usual manner4 ,see ,,arsenic4 #b4 7,iron47 ,dissolve the powdered sample in nitrohydrochloric acid1 dilute the solution with a large quantity of cold water1 filter1 and pass a current of sulphuretted hydrogen through the filtrate as long as it produces a precipitate2 again filter1 boil the filtered liquor for a few minutes to drive off the sulphuretted hydrogen1 and then test it with ferrocyanide of potassium1 which will give a blue precipitate if iron be present2 or supersaturate the last filtrate with ammonia1 and then add hydrosulphydrate of ammonium1 when1 under like conditions1 a black precipitate will be formed4 #c4 7,lead47 ,digest the powdered sample in hot nitric acid1 which will dissolve out the ,,lead but leave the antimony behind4 ,the whitish powdery residuum may be washed1 dried1 ignited1 and weighed1 as above2 the clear decanted liquor may now be mixed with the first washings1 evaporated to dryness1 the residuum re-dissolved in water1 and the solution submitted to reagents 7see ,,lead74 ,if lead is found to be present1 a solution of sulphate of sodium may be added until it ceases to disturb the liquid1 and the resulting precipitate 7sulphate of lead7 washed1 dried1 and gently ignited 7alone7 in a porcelain crucible2 the weight of the ignited residuum furnishes a number which1 multiplied by #fhc1 gives the weight of the ,,lead sought4 #d4 7,sulphur47 ,the solution in nitrohydrochloric acid1 when tested with either nitrate or chloride of barium1 gives a white precipitate of sulphate of barium1 insoluble in both water and acids1 which when dried1 ignited1 and weighed1 and the weight multiplied by #acf1 gives the quantity of ,,sulphur as before4 ,in this case1 as with the sulphides 7see above71 free sulphur maybe removed by digesting and washing the powdered sample in bisulphide of carbon1 previous to its solution in the acid1 by which the violence of the subsequent reaction will be lessened4 #e4 7,tin47 ,two samples of equal weight are taken2 the one is tested for ,,antimony1 as described above2 the other is dissolved in a mixture of equal parts of hydrochloric and nitrohydrochloric acid1 and a blade of zinc immersed in the solution 7see above72 the mixed precipitate of tin and antimony which forms is collected on a weighed filter1 washed1 dried1 and weighed4 ,the weight of antimony in the first sample subtracted from that now obtained1 leaves a remainder which indicates the quantity of ,,tin in the original sample4 ,phys4 eff41 c4 ,nearly all the salts and preparations of antimony are emetic and cathartic1 and in large doses poisonous--occasioning vomiting1 profuse alvine dejections1 acute colic1 and inflammation of the stomach and bowels1 often serious1 though rarely resulting in death4 ,,tartar ,,emetic and ,,butter ,,of ,,antimony are those from which accidents have principally occurred4--,ant41 c4 ,copious vomiting1 if it has not already occurred1 should be promoted1 and the recently prepared hydrated sulphide of iron administered in considerable doses1 followed or accompanied by mucilaginous drinks and diuretics4 ,if much prostration follows1 wine and stimulants may be had recourse to4 ,in the absence of hydrated sulphide of iron1 a solution of tannin1 or decoction of galls2 cinchona1 or oak bark1 or even powdered cinchona1 mixed with tepid water1 may be administered4 ,uses4 ,in the arts1 antimony enters into the composition of several useful alloys1 as ,,type-,,metal1 ,,pewter1 ,,britannia-,,metal1 ,,music-,,plate ,,metal1 c4 ,it is added to the alloy for concave mirrors1 to give them a finer texture2 to bell metal1 to render it more sonorous2 and to various other metals to increase their hardness and fusibility2 for the latter purpose it is employed in the casting of cannon balls4 ,concluding ,remarks4 ,in 'roasting' or oxidising the native sulphide of antimony on the bed of the reverberatory furnace1 as in the common method before referred to1 care must be taken to regulate and gradually raise the heat1 which1 until towards the end of the process1 need not be extreme1 and then only should it approach dull redness4 ,without this precaution much of the undecomposed sulphide will be lost by volatilisation4 ,during the whole time the 'charge' should also be well stirred with an iron spatula1 to ensure the constant exposure of every part of it to the atmosphere4 ,the process is complete when the whole mass assumes a greyish-white appearance4 ,earthen crucibles are commonly employed for the subsequent reduction1 and after being charged and covered over with ground charcoal1 are heated in a reverberatory furnace4 ,the product is the crude metallic antimony of commerce4 ,it is generally ,,refined by smelting it with about #a-hth of its weight of the refined sulphide1 and about #a-dth of its weight of carbonate or sulphate of soda2 but if there be much iron present1 more of the sulphide--even #a-dth--may be required2 for unless there be sufficient sulphur to combine with the whole of the iron1 the arsenic will not be oxidised1 but remain as a contamination4 ,when cold1 the metal is carefully separated from the slag1 and is frequently re-fused with a little fresh carbonate of soda 7#a to #a-a_/b part72 after which it is cast into pigs1 lumps1 or ingots4 ,the crude metal1 thus treated1 commonly yields #id of ,,refined ,,metal of tolerable purity4 ,should lead have been present in the sulphide or ore1 it remains after a second1 or even a third fusion1 although proportionately reduced in quantity2 and it can only be completely separated in the humid way4 ,it is1 therefore1 always desirable to select an ore free from lead4 ,antimony1 ,ash of4 ,syn4 ,,antimony-,,ash1 ,,calcined' ,,antimony992 ,,ci',,nis ,,antimo'',,nii1 ,,antimo'',,nium ,,calcina',,tum991 ,l4 ,prepared by roasting the common grey sulphide of antimony on an iron plate set under a chimney1 to carry off the fumes4 ,the product is a mixture of teroxide of antimony1 with some unburnt sulphide1 and a little antimonious acid4 ,prop41 c4 ,ash-grey2 emetic in small doses4 ,used chiefly as a cheap substitute for teroxide of antimony by the manufacturers of tartar emetic2 also to make metallic antimony4 ,antimony1 ,butt'er of4 ,see ,,antimony1 ,,trichloride ,,of4 ,antimony1 ,calx of4 ,syn4 ,,calx ,,antimo'',,nii1 ,l4 ,sometimes applied to antimony-ash1 but more commonly to crude1 unwashed diaphoretic antimony4 ,antimony1 ,calx of 7,sul'phurated74 ,syn4 ,,antimo'',,nii ,,calx ,,sulphura',,ta1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,hufeland47 ,calcined oyster-shells1 #aj parts2 sulphur1 #d parts2 crude antimony1 #c parts2 powder1 mix1 and calcine in a luted crucible for an hour4 ,emetic1 resolvent1 and alterative4--,dose1 #a to #f gr42 in gout1 rheumatism1 scrofula1 c4 ,antimony1 ,ce'ruse of4 ,syn4 ,,antimo'',,nii ,,cerus',,sa1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,bate47 ,as diaphoretic antimony 7over which it possesses no advantage71 merely using the metal instead of the sulphide4 ,an old preparation made by igniting antimony in the sun's rays1 by means of a lens1 was called ,,antimonii ,,cerussa ,,sola'',,ris4 ,antimony1 ,chlo''rides of 7klore'-idz73-- #a4 ,antimony1 ,trichloride of4 ,sb,cl#b4 ,syn4 ,,terchloride ,,of ,,antimony1 ,,antimonious ,,chloride1 ,,chlo'',,ride ,,of ,,antimony1 ,,sesquichloride ,,of ,a41 ,,butter ,,of ,a41 ,,cau',,stic ,,antimonydagger1 c42 ,,antimo'',,nii ,,chlori',,dum1 ,a4 ,,terchlori',,dum1 ,a4 ,,bu',,tyrum991 c41 ,l42 ,,chlorure ,d',,antimoine1 ,,beurre ,d',,antimoine1 c41 ,fr42 ,,antimon-,,chlorid1 ,,spiessglanz-,,butter1 ,ger4 ,this is the substance of which common chloride1 or butter of antimony1 of the shops1 is an impure concentrated solution containing free acid4 ,prep4 #a4 ,,solid1 ,,anhydrous3-- a4 ,pure commercial tersulphide of antimony1 in coarse powder1 #a part2 concentrated hydrochloric acid1 #e parts2 are mixed in a capacious stoneware or glass vessel set under a chimney with a quick draught1 to convey away the fumes1 the whole being constantly stirred1 and1 as the effervescence slackens1 a gradually increasing gentle heat applied until solution is complete2 the resulting liquid is put into a retort1 and distilled1 until each drop of the distillate1 as it falls into the aqueous liquid which has previously passed over into the receiver1 produces a copious white precipitate2 the receiver is then changed1 and the distillation continued1 when pure ,,trichloride ,,of ,,antimony passes over1 and solidifies on cooling to a white and highly crystalline mass1 which must be carefully excluded from the air4 b4 ,from pure metallic antimony1 #b parts2 bichloride of mercury1 #e parts2 both in fine powder2 mixed and distilled in a retort with a large neck1 by a gentle sand-heat1 into a suitable receiver4 ,chemically pure4 #b4 ,,liquid3-- a4 7,,liquor ,,antimonii ,,chloridi1 ,b4 ,p47 ,syn4 ,,solution ,,of ,,chloride ,,of ,,antimony4 ,prep4 ,take of black antimony1 #a lb42 hydrochloric acid1 #d pints2 place the black antimony in a porcelain vessel2 pour upon it the hydrochloric acid1 and1 constantly stirring1 apply to the mixture1 beneath a flue with a good draught1 a gentle heat1 which must be gradually augmented as the evolution of gas begins to slacken1 until the liquid boils4 ,maintain it at this temperature for fifteen minutes2 then remove the vessel from the fire1 and filter the liquid through calico into another vessel1 returning what passes through first1 that a perfectly clear solution may be obtained4 ,boil this down to the bulk of two pints1 and preserve it in a stoppered bottle4 ,characters and ,tests4 ,a heavy liquid1 usually of a yellowish-red colour4 ,a little of it dropped into water gives a white precipitate1 and the filtered solution lets fall a copious deposit on the addition of nitrate of silver4 ,if the white precipitate formed by water be treated with sulphuretted hydrogen it becomes orange-coloured4 ,the specific gravity of the solution is #adg4 ,one fluid drachm of it mixed with a solution of a quarter of an ounce of tartaric acid in four fluid ounces of water1 forms a clear solution1 which1 if treated with sulphuretted hydrogen1 gives an orange precipitate1 weighing1 when washed and dried at #bab1 at least #bb grains4 b4 7,commercial47--a4 ,take of ash or calx of antimony1 #c-a_/d lbs42 common salt1 #b lbs42 oil of vitriol1 #a-a_/b lb42 water1 #a lb42 proceed as before4 ,prod41 #b-a_/b lbs4 c4 ,from roasted sulphide or glass of antimony1 #g lbs42 salt1 #bh lbs42 oil of vitriol1 #ba lbs42 water1 #ad lbs42 as before4 d4 ,from crude sulphide of antimony 7powdered71 #be lbs42 strongest commercial hydrochloric acid1 #a cwt42 nitric acid1 #c-a_/b lbs42 as before2 the product being coloured with a little pernitrate of iron1 and made up to the sp4 gr4 #ad4 ,the quality is improved1 and the process more easily conducted1 if the crude antimony is roasted before dissolving it in the acid4 ,the same applies to the other formul4 ,prop41 c4--a4 ,,solid4 ,when pure1 and nearly free from water1 it somewhat resembles butter1 melts with a gentle heat1 and partially crystallises on cooling2 is very deliquescent1 and quickly passes into an oily liquid when exposed to damp air2 very soluble in strong hydrochloric acid2 water1 according to its quantity1 more or less decomposes it4 ,when perfectly pure and anhydrous1 it forms a white and highly crystalline mass1 rapidly decomposed by air and moisture4--b4 ,,solution4 ,the sp4 gr4 of the solution of the shops varies from #abe to #ad1 in which state it is a transparent fuming yellow liquid 7unless when artificially coloured71 and extremely acid and caustic4 ,submitted to distillation1 it at first parts with its water and excess of acid1 after which the salt itself is volatilised4 ,by changing the receiver as soon as the distillate concretes on cooling1 or produces a copious white precipitate on falling into the liquid already passed over1 the pure ,,anhydrous ,,trichloride may be readily obtained4 ,phys4 eff41 ,ant41 ,lesions1 c4 ,see ,,antimony4 ,uses4 ,in medicine1 only externally1 and chiefly as a caustic or escharotic to the wounds caused by rabid and venomous animals1 and to repress excessive granulations in ulcers4 ,in pharmacy1 as a source of both oxychloride and oxide of antimony4 ,the residuum in the retort when corrosive sublimate is used1 is sulphide of mercury1 and was formerly called ,,cinnabar ,,of ,,antimony4 #b4 ,antimony1 ,pentachlo''ride of4 ,sb#b;,cl#e4 ,syn4 ,,perchlo'',,ride ,,of ,,antimony2 ,,antimo'',,nii ,,pentachlori',,dum1 ,l4 ,prepared by passing a stream of chlorine gas over metallic antimony in fine powder1 and gently heated4 ,a mixture of ,,trichloride and ,,pentachloride ,,of ,,antimony is found in the receiver1 from which the latter may be separated by careful distillation4 ,it is a colourless volatile liquid1 forming a crystalline compound with a small quantity of water1 but decomposed by a larger quantity4 ,antimony1 ,cro'cus of4 ,syn4 ,,saff',,ron ,,of ,,antimony1 ,,liv',,er ,,of ,a42 ,,cro',,cus ,,antimo'',,nii ,c4 ,,metallo'',,rum1 ,,he',,par ,,antimonii1 ,l42 ,,crocus ,d',,antimoine1 ,,saffran ,d',a41 ,fr4 ,prep4 #a4 ,from black sulphide of antimony1 and saltpetre1 equal parts1 deflagrated together by small portions at a time1 and the fused mass 7separated from the scori7 reduced to fine powder4 #b4 7,,ant4 ,,crocus1 ,ph4 ,l4 #aghh17 ,sulphide of antimony1 #a lb42 nitre1 #a lb42 common salt1 #a oz42 as before4 ,prop41 c4 ,its medicinal properties closely resemble those of diaphoretic antimony4 ,it is a mixture of sulphate of potassium1 antimoniate of potassium1 teroxide of antimony1 oxysulphide of antimony1 sulphide of potassium1 and undecomposed trisulphide of antimony1 in variable and undetermined proportions4 ,when repeatedly washed or boiled in water1 and dried1 it forms the ,,washed ,,saffron ,,of ,,antimony 7,c4 ,a4 ,,lo',,tus1 ,l47 of old pharmacy1 and has then lost its sulphate of potassium1 caustic potash1 and sulphide of potassium4 ,formerly used to make tartar emetic4 ,see ,,antimony1 ,,liver ,,of4 ,antimony1 ,crude4 ,native sulphide of antimony melted from the gangue4 ,antimony1 ,diaphoret'ic4 ,syn4 ,,calx ,,of ,,antimony1 ,,calcined' ,a41 ,,antimo'',,niate ,,of ,,pot',,ash1 ,,stib',,iated ,,ka',,lidagger1 ,,diaphoretic ,,min',,eraldagger1 c42 ,,antimo'',,nium ,,diaphoret',,icum1 ,a4 ,,calcina',,tum1 ,,calx ,,antimo'',,nii1 ,c4 ,a4 ,,anglo'',,rumdagger1 ,,potas',s ,,antimo'',,nias1 ,,kali ,,stib',,icumdagger1 c41 ,l4 var42 ,,antimoine ,,diaphor,,tique1 ,,biantimoniate ,,de ,,potasse1 ,fr4 ,an old preparation with numerous synonyms1 of which the first two of the above are those which are now chiefly in use4 ,prep4 #a4 ,sulphide of antimony1 #a part2 nitre1 #c parts2 powder1 mix1 and deflagrate by spoonfuls in a red-hot crucible1 then calcine for half an hour1 and when cold powder the residuum4 #b4 ,,washed ,,diaphoretic ,a41 ,w4 ,,calx ,,of ,a42 ,,antimonium ,,diaphoreticum ,,lo',,tum1 ,a4 ,d4 ,,ablu',,tum 7,ph4 ,bor4 #ahdg71 ,a4 ,,calcina',,tum 7,ph4 ,l4 #aghh72 ,,antimoine ,,diaphor,,tique ,,lav1 c41 ,fr43--a4 7,ph4 ,l4 #aghh47 ,as the last1 but the powder is subsequently deprived of soluble matter by repeated washings with water1 after which it is collected and dried4 b4 7,ph4 ,bor4 #ahdg47 ,metallic antimony1 #a part2 nitre1 #b parts2 as above1 but drying the washed powder at a heat not exceeding #ajd ,f4 ,prop41 c4 ,a white or greyish-white powder1 without either smell or taste2 gently diaphoretic and laxative2 its activity greatly depending on the quantity of acid in the stomach4--,dose1 #a to #f gr41 or even #aj gr42 for horses1 #a to #c or #d dr4 ,it was formerly in high repute2 but is now almost superseded by the present pharmacopoeial preparations4 ,antimony1 ,e'thiops of4 ,syn4 ',,thiops ,,antimonia',,lis1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,from metallic mercury1 #a part2 sulphide of antimony1 #b parts2 triturated together until the globules of the former entirely disappear4--#b4 ,sulphide of antimony1 #c parts2 black sulphide of mercury1 #b parts2 triturated together for some time4 ,an old remedy in certain skin diseases1 still highly esteemed by some provincial practitioners4--,dose1 #c to #e gr41 gradually increased to #bj or #cj gr4 ,antimony1 ,flow'ers of4 ,syn4 ,,flo'',,res ,,antimo'',,nii1 ,l42 ,,fleurs ,d',,antimoine1 ,fr4 ,prep4 ,throw powdered sulphide of antimony1 by spoonfuls at a time1 into an ignited tubulated retort with a short and very wide neck1 until as many 'flowers' collect in the receiver as are required4 ,an impure oxysulphide of antimony1 with variable portions of trioxide1 and undecomposed tersulphide4 ,emetic in doses of #a to #c grains4 ,antimony1 ,flowers of 7,ar'gentine74 -7in4 ,syn4 ,,white ,,ox',,ide ,,of ,,antimony1 ,,snow ,,of ,a4dagger2 ,,antimo'',,nii ,,flo'',,res ,,argenti',,ni1 ,a4 ,,nixdagger1 ,l42 ,,fleurs ,,argentine ,d',,antimoine1 ,,oxyde ,,blanc ,d',,antimoine1 ,fr4 ,prep4 ,melt metallic antimony in a vessel freely exposed to the air1 and furnished with a cool place for the 'flowers' to rest on1 and collect them as deposited2 or1 and what is better1 heat the metal to a full red or white heat in a covered crucible1 and then suddenly expose it to the air1 when it will inflame1 and the oxidised vapour condense as 'flowers' on any cool surface 7as a partially inverted wide-mouthed flask7 held at a little distance over it4 ,the product is ,,trioxide ,,of ,,antimony in a crystalline form1 and received the name of argentine flowers from its silvery whiteness and beauty4 ,antimony1 ,flowers of 7,helmont's74 ,syn4 ,,flo'',,res ,,antimo'',,nii ,,helmon',,tii4 ,an old preparation formed by dissolving sulphide of antimony in aqua regia1 expelling the free water and acid by heat1 and subliming the residuum with an equal weight of sal ammoniac4 ,violently emetic1 even in small doses1 and unfit for internal use4 ,antimony1 ,flowers of 7,red74 ,syn4 ,,flo'',,res ,,antimo'',,nii ,,ru',,bri1 ,l4 ,from sulphide of antimony1 and sal ammoniac1 both in fine powder1 mixed and sublimed together4 ,resembles the last4 ,antimony1 ,ful'minating4 ,see ,,fulminating ,,compounds4 ,antimony1 ,glass of4 ,syn4 ,,vit',,rified ,,antimony991 ,v4 ,,ox',,ide ,,of ,a4991 ,,grey ,o4 ,,of ,a4992 ,,antimo'',,nii ,,vit',,rum1 ,,antimo'',,nium ,,vitrifica',,tum1 ,a4 ,,vitrifac',,tum 7,ph4 ,l4 #aghh71 ,,ox',,ydum ,,antimonii ,,vitrificatum1 c41 ,l42 ,,verre ,d',,antimoine1 ,,oxysulfure ,d',,antimoine ,,silicat1 ,fr4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,l4 #aghh47 ,roast sulphide of antimony in a shallow earthen vessel1 over a moderate fire1 stirring it constantly with an iron rod1 until it turns whitish-grey and ceases to emit fumes at a red heat2 put the residuum into a covered crucible which it shall only two thirds fill1 and expose it to an intense heat 7gradually raised71 until it fuses1 then pour it out on an iron plate4 ,if calcined too much1 a little more crude antimony may be added to make it run well4 ,comp41 ,prop41 c4 ,a mixture of sulphide and oxide of antimony contaminated with a little silica and iron4 ,in fine powder it is emetic1 in doses of #a to #c gr42 but owing to the uncertainty and violence of its operation1 is now seldom employed4 ,it has been used as a cheap source of the ,,teroxide by the manufacturers of tartar emetic4 ,antimony1 ,glass of 7,cera''ted74 ,syn4 ,,antimo'',,nii ,,vit',,rum ,,cera',,tum1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,dr ,young ,ph4 ,l4 #agdf47 ,glass of antimony1 in very fine powder1 #a oz42 yellow wax1 #a dr42 melt together in an iron ladle1 and keep it over a gentle fire free from flame 7constantly stirring7 for about half an hour1 or until it acquires a snuff colour1 then pour it out on a piece of white paper 7or a plate71 and when cold1 powder it4--,dose1 #b to #aj gr41 in dysentery1 c4 ,antimony1 ,li'ver of4 ,syn4 ,,he',,par ,,antimo'',,nii1 ,l42 ,h,,par ,d',,antimoine1 ,,oxysulfure ,d',,antimoine ,,silicat1 ,fr4 ,prep4 ,from sulphide of antimony1 #a part2 and dry carbonate of sodium or potassium1 #b parts2 melted together1 and heated until it acquires the proper colour1 and then cooled and powdered4 ,comp41 ,uses1 c4 ,a mixture of trioxide of antimony1 sulphide of potassium1 carbonate of potassium1 and undecomposed trisulphide of antimony4 ,it is chiefly used by farriers1 in doses of #a to #b dr41 as an alterative purge for horses1 in greasy heels1 c42 and sometimes by chemists1 as a source of the crude oxide4 ,crocus of antimony1 before noticed1 sometimes passes under the name1 and is sold for it4 ,antimony1 ,ore of4 ,syn4 ,,antimony-,,ore4 ,native sulphide of antimony4 ,antimony1 ,oxide of4 ,the ,b4 ,p4 name for ,antimony1 ,trioxide of 7which see74 ,antimony1 ,oxides of4 ,antimony forms with oxygen three definite compounds1 viz the-- ,trioxide or antimonious oxide ,sb#b,o#c ,tetroxide or antimonoso-antimonic or oxide ,sb#b,o#d ,sb#b,o#c4 ,sb#b,o#e ,pentoxide or antimonic oxide ,sb#b,o#e ,antimony1 ,trioxide of4 ,sb#b,o#c4 ,syn4 ,,teroxide ,,of ,,antimony1 ,,antimonious ,,oxide 7,b4 ,p4 ,,oxide ,,of ,,antimony1 ,eng42 ,,antimonii ,,oxidum1 ,l474 ,prep4 7,b4 ,p47 ,take of solution of chloride of antimony1 #af fluid oz42 carbonate of soda1 #f oz42 water1 #b galls42 distilled water1 a sufficiency4 ,pour the antimonial solution into the water1 mix thoroughly1 let the precipitate settle1 remove the supernatant liquid by a siphon1 add one gallon of distilled water1 agitate well1 let the precipitate subside1 again withdraw the fluid1 and repeat the processes of affusion of distilled water1 agitation1 and subsidence4 ,add now the carbonate of soda previously dissolved in two pints of distilled water1 leave them in contact for half an hour1 stirring frequently1 collect the deposit on a calico filter1 and wash with boiling distilled water until the washings cease to give a precipitate with a solution of nitrate of silver acidulated by nitric acid4 ,lastly1 dry the product at a heat not exceeding #bab4 ,char4 and ,tests4 ,a greyish-white powder1 fusible at a low red heat1 insoluble in water1 but readily dissolved by hydrochloric acid4 ,the solution1 dropped into distilled water1 gives a white deposit1 at once changed to orange by sulphuretted hydrogen4 ,it dissolves entirely when boiled with an excess of the acid tartrate of potash4 ,uses4 ,chiefly in making tartar emetic and some other salts of antimony2 also in the preparation of pulvis antimonialis4 ,therapeutically1 it is a diaphoretic and febrifuge4--,dose1 #a to #d grains4 ,antimony1 ,pentoxide of4 ,see ,,antimonic ,,anhydride4 ,antimony1 ,tetroxide of4 ,sb#b,o#d or ,sb#b,o#c4,sb#b,o#e4 ,syn4 ,,antimonoso-,,antimonic ,,oxide1 ,,antimonious ,,acid4 ,found natural as ,cervantite or ,antimony ochre4 ,prepared by heating antimonic anhydride1 by roasting the trioxide or trisulphide1 or by the action of excess of nitric acid on finely powdered metallic antimony4 ,thus prepared1 it is a white solid1 unalterable by heat2 slightly soluble in water1 more so in hydrochloric acid4 ,antimony1 ,oxychloride of4 ,sb,o,cl4 ,syn4 ,,powder ,,of ,,algaroth4 ,thrown down as a white precipitate when trichloride of antimony is poured into water4 ,continued washing with water deprives it of nearly the whole of its chlorine1 and converts it into the trioxide1 a change which is more completely effected by aqueous solutions of the alkalies or their carbonates4 ,antimony1 ,oxysulphide of4 ,the compound ,sb#b,o#c4b,sb#b,s#c occurs native as red antimony4 ,antimony blende1 ,kermesome1 ,rothspiessglanzerz1 ,crocus of antimony1 ,glass of antimony1 and similar preparations1 are believed by some authorities to be crude oxysulphides of antimony4 ,see ,,antimony1 ,,sulphurated4 ,antimony1 ,red4 ,see ,,oxysulphide ,,of ,,antimony1 before noticed4 ,antimony1 ,reg'ulus of4 ,syn4 ,,reg',,ulus ,,antimo'',,nii1 ,l4 ,metallic antimony obtained by fusion4 ,alloys formed by fusing antimony with iron1 tin1 lead1 or copper1 and a little tartar1 were respectively called ,,mar',,tial ,,regulus ,,of ,,antimony 7r4 antimo''nii martia'lis1 ,l471 ,r4 ,a4 ,,jovia',,lis 7,l471 ,r4 ,a4 ,,saturni',,nus 7,l471 ,r4 ,a4 ,,ven',,eris 7,l471 c4 7,see below47 ,antimony1 ,ru'by of4 ,syn4 ,,medic',,inal 7-d7is'-7 ,,reg',,ulus ,,of ,,antimony2 ,,antimo'',,nii ,,rubi',,nus1 ,,reg',,ulus ,,medicina',,lis1 ,r4 ,a4 ,m41 c41 ,l4 ,from crude sulphide of antimony1 #e parts2 fused with carbonate of potassa1 #a part2 and the purified portion separated from the scori4 ,see ,,liver ,,of ,,antimony4 ,antimony1 ,saff'ron of4 ,see ,,crocus ,,of ,,antimony4 ,antimony1 ,smelt'ed4 ,syn4 ,,antimo'',,nium ,,purifica',,tum1 ,l4 ,crude antimony melted and poured into small conical moulds4--,uses1 c4 ,same as the ordinary tersulphide4 ,antimony1 ,snow of4 ,see ,,antimony1 ,,flowers ,,of4 ,antimony1 ,sulphurated4 ,b4 ,p4 ,syn4 ,,oxysulphuret1 or ,,precipitated ,,sulphide ,,of ,,antimony1 ,,golden ,,sulphide ,,of ,,antimony4 ,mix black antimony #aj oz4 with solution of soda #d-a_/b pints1 and boil for two hours1 with frequent stirring1 adding distilled water occasionally to maintain the same volume4 ,strain the liquor through calico1 and before it cools add to it by degrees dilute sulphuric acid till the latter is in slight excess4 ,collect the precipitate on a calico filter1 wash with distilled water till the washings no longer precipitate with chloride of barium1 and dry at a temperature not exceeding #bab ,f4--,dose1 #a to #e grains4 ,antimony1 ,sulphantimonate4 ,syn4 ,,schlippe',s ,,antimonial ,,salt4 ,mix eight parts of effloresced sulphate of soda1 six of black antimony1 and three of charcoal1 and expose to a red-heat in a covered ,hessian crucible till the fused mass ceases to throw up a scum4 ,boil the residue in a porcelain vessel with one part of sulphur and sufficient distilled water1 and set the filtered liquor aside for crystallisation4 ,antimony1 ,pentasulphide of 7,sb#b,s#e71 is a yellowish-red powder1 obtained 7#a7 by passing hydrosulphuric acid gas through a mixture of pentachloride of antimony1 water1 and tartaric acid2 or 7#b7 through antimonic anhydride suspended in water4 ,it is insoluble in water2 hot hydrochloric acid decomposes it1 producing trichloride of antimony1 sulphur1 and hydrosulphuric acid4 ,with the more basic metallic sulphides it unites to form a class of salts called sulphantimonates4 ,antimony1 ,trisulphide of4 ,sb#b,s#c4 ,syn4 ,,tersul',,phide ,,of ,,antimony1 ,,sul',,phide ,,of ,a41 ,,sul',,phuret ,,of ,a41 ,,black ,s4 ,,of ,a41 ,,sesquisul',,phuret ,,of ,a41 c42 ,l',,antimoine ,,sulfure1 ,,sulfure ,d',,antimoine1 c41 ,fr42 ,,schwefel-,,spiessglanz1 ,,anderthalb1 c41 ,ger4 ,this is the grey or greyish-black substance commonly known as crude antimony1 black antimony1 or sulphide of antimony1 in commerce1 and from which the other compounds of antimony are chiefly obtained4 ,nat4 hist41 ,sources1 c4 ,see ,,antimony4 ,the crude ore is freed from earthy impurities in the following manner3--,the crushed ore is submitted to 'eliquation' in order to separate the ,,sulphide from the gangue or earthy matter with which it is contaminated2 after which it is remelted and run into 'loaves' or large cakes1 in which form it is sent to market4 ,formerly the operation was performed by introducing the ore into large pots or crucibles having a hole in the bottom1 and which1 after being closely covered1 were set in a circle around a suitable furnace1 by which they were heated4 ,at the present time the process is commonly conducted in a 'reverberatory furnace1' similar to that figured in the engraving4 ,illustration3 a1 b1 ,grate and fire-place4 c1 ,bridge4 e1 ,concave space for ore formed by a solid bed 7f7 of clay and sand1 and having a 'hole' near the bottom extending nearly horizontally through the wall of the furnace to 'run off' the fused sulphide4 g1 ,door for introducing ore1 and removing residuum4 h1 ,chimney4 i1 ,damper1 chain1 and lever4 ,native trisulphide of antimony treated in this way and ground to powder constitutes the ,,black ,,antimony 7,,antimonium ,,nigrum71 ,b4 ,p4 ,antimony1 ,trisulphide of 7artificially prepared74 ,saturate an aqueous solution of tartar emetic with hydrosulphuric acid2 an orange precipitate will be thrown down4 ,this precipitate1 when collected on a filter1 washed1 and dried1 is the pure trisulphide4 ,prop41 c4 7,native47 ,anhydrous1 inodorous1 insipid1 opaque1 brittle1 easily pulverisable1 and of a dark leaden-grey or steel colour2 it has a striated crystalline texture1 and breaks with a rough spicular fracture2 is insoluble in both water and alcohol2 soluble1 with decomposition1 in hot strong acids and alkaline solutions2 melts at a red heat1 and is partly dissipated in white fumes1 leaving an impure grey-coloured oxide mixed with some undecomposed tersulphide 7,,antimony-,,ash74 ,its powder is black1 of peculiar richness1 and stains the fingers4 ,sp4 gr4 #df to #dfb4 ,the pure precipitated 7amorphous7 tersulphide is of orange colour2 is darkened by a gentle heat1 with loss of water1 and at a higher temperature passes from the amorphous to the crystalline condition1 at the same time that it assumes the colour and appearance of the native sulphide4 ,it dissolves in hot hydrochloric acid1 evolving hydrosulphuric acid1 and producing a solution of trichloride of antimony4 ,pur4 ,the crude commercial sulphide frequently contains lead1 iron1 copper1 and arsenic1 and sometimes manganese4 ,its goodness is commonly estimated by its compactness and weight1 the largeness and distinctness of the stri1 and the volatility of its sulphide4 ,uses1 c4 ,chiefly as a source of metallic antimony1 and of the oxide in the preparation of other antimonials4 ,exhibited alone1 it possesses little activity unless it meets with acid in the prim vi1 when it occasionally acts with considerable violence both as an emetic and cathartic4--,dose1 #aj to #cj gr41 in powder2 as an alterative and diaphoretic in rheumatism1 gout1 scrofula1 and glandular affections1 and in lepra1 scabies1 and some other skin diseases4 ,it is a favourite alterative in veterinary medicine1 particularly in skin diseases4 ,farriers and grooms frequently mix a little of it with the food of horses to improve their coat and promote their 'condition1'--,dose4 ,for a ,,horse1 #a to #d dr41 in fine powder1 often combined with nitre and sulphur2 for ,,cattle1 #a_/b to #a oz41 or even #a-a_/b oz42 ,,dogs1 #e or #f to #bj or #cj gr42 ,,hogs1 #bj to #cj gr41 twice or thrice daily4 ,according to ,dr ,paris1 it is one of the ingredients in ,spilsbury's ,drops4 ,it is also an ingredient in ,tisane de ,feltz4 ,antimony1 ,tartarated4 ,k,sb,o,c#d;,h#d,o#f4;,aq4 ,syn4 ,,tartarized ,,antimony1 ,,tartar ,,emetic1 ,,emetic ,,tartar1 ,,potassio-,,tartrate ,,of ,,antimony1 ,eng42 ,,antimonium ,,tartaratum1 ,b4 ,p4 ,prep4 ,various methods have been devised for the preparation of this compound1 but the following1 which is taken from the ',british ,pharmacopoeia1' is to be preferred3-- ,take of oxide of antimony #e oz41 acid tartrate of potash in fine powder #f oz41 distilled water1 #b pints4 ,mix the oxide of antimony and acid tartrate of potash with sufficient distilled water to form a paste1 and set aside for #bd hours4 ,then add the remainder of the water1 and boil for a quarter of an hour1 stirring frequently4 ,filter1 and set aside the clear filtrate to crystallise4 ,pour off the mother-liquor1 evaporate to one third1 and set aside1 that more crystals may form4 ,dry the crystals on filtering paper at the temperature of the air4 ,char4 and ,tests4 ,in colourless transparent crystals exhibiting triangular facets1 soluble in water1 and less so in proof spirit4 ,it decrepitates and blackens upon the application of heat4 ,its solution in water gives with hydrochloric acid a white precipitate1 soluble in excess1 and which is not formed if tartaric acid be previously added4 ,twenty grains dissolve without residue in a fluid ounce of distilled water at #fj1 and the solution gives with sulphuretted hydrogen an orange precipitate which1 when washed and dried at #bab1 weighs #iia grains4 ,phys4 eff41 ,doses1 c4 ,externally tartar emetic acts as a powerful local irritant1 causing a pustular eruption1 which permanently marks the skin2 for this purpose it is used in the form of solution1 ointment1 or plaster4 ,internally1 in small doses 7#a_/af to #a_/h1 or even #a_/f gr471 it acts as a diaphoretic and expectorant2 in somewhat larger doses 7#a_/f to #a_/b gr47 it excites nausea1 and sometimes vomiting1 occasioning depression and relaxation1 especially of the muscular fibre2 in larger doses 7#a to #b or #c gr47 it acts as an emetic and sudorific 7and often as a purge71 depressing the nervous functions1 and producing a feeling of feebleness1 exhaustion1 and relaxation1 greater than that caused by other emetics2 in certain doses 7#a_/b to #c1 or even #d gr471 it is used as a sedative and antiphlogistic1 to reduce the force of the circulation1 c42 in excessive doses it acts as an irritant poison1 and has in some instances caused death2 and even small doses1 frequently administered and long continued1 have brought on a state of weakness1 prostration1 and distaste for food1 which has led to a fatal termination4 ,it is usually exhibited dissolved in distilled water1 either with or without the addition of a little simple syrup4 ,in acute rheumatism1 inflammation of the lungs or pleura1 chorea1 hydrocephalus1 and apoplexy1 it is said to have been given in doses of #b to #d1 or even #f gr41 with advantage1 by ,laennec1 ,rasori1 and others2 but these extreme doses are not always safe1 and cannot be commendable when smaller ones 7#a_/d to #a_/b gr41 repeated every two hours7 appear equally beneficial1 and distress the patient less4#gc ,in doses of #a_/b gr4 to #c_/d gr4 each1 combined with calomel1 it is a powerful and excellent alterative in acute rheumatism and many skin diseases4 ,of all our sudorifics it is perhaps the most valuable1 and the one most generally available4 ,triturated with #af to #bj times its weight of sulphate of potassa1 it forms an excellent substitute for antimonial powder and ,james's powder1 as a diaphoretic1 in doses of #b to #d gr4 ,footnote #gc3 ,in consequence of the violent vomiting 7and it might be added--prostration7 which 7even7 #a gr4 has sometimes produced1 ,i have found patients positively refuse to continue the use of the medicine4 ,pereira ',th4 ,m4 ,m41' #dth ed41 i1 #geb4 ,whenever much gastric or intestinal irritation is present1 tartar emetic should be avoided1 or very cautiously administered1 and then combined with an opiate1 or some other sedative4 ,it should also be given with caution to children2 as1 according to ,messrs ,goodlad and ,noble1 even in small doses it sometimes acts as a poison on them4 ,in veterinary medicine it is employed to promote diaphoresis and expectoration1 and to reduce arterial action1 particularly in fevers1 and catarrhal affections1 the dose for ,,horses being #bj gr4 to #a dr41 or even occasionally #a-a_/b dr41 in gruel1 thrice daily2 also sometimes as a diuretic and vermifuge1 in doses of #a to #b dr41 combined with tin-filings1 for #b or #c successive days1 followed by a purge of aloes4 ,the usual dose for ,,cattle is #bj gr4 to #a dr42 ,,sheep1 #e or #f to #bj gr42 ,,swine 7chiefly as an emetic71 #b to #e or #f gr42 ,,dogs 7chiefly as an emetic71 #a to #c gr4 ,it is sometimes1 though seldom1 used externally1 as a counter-irritant1 in chest affections1 c42 but its employment thus requires caution4 ,pois41 c4 ,that from large doses has been already noticed under ,,antimony 7which see74 ,in poisoning the treatment is the entire disuse of all antimonials1 followed by tonics1 a light nutritious diet1 the use of lemon-juice or ripe fruit1 a little wine1 warm baths1 and mild restoratives generally4 ,antimony1 ,tar'tarised4 ,see ,,antimony1 ,,tartarated4 ,antimony1 ,vit'rified4 ,see ,,antimony1 ,,glass ,,of4 ,,anti-,,miasmaticum4 ,a disinfecting powder1 manufactured first in ,berlin in #ahff1 and described as prepared by steam4 ,quicklime slaked with a solution of sulphate of iron and mixed with turf ashes1 also probably containing some carbolic acid4 ,fluid anti-miasmaticum is a solution of sulphate of iron in impure acetic acid4 7,hager47 ,,antiphlogis',,tic 7-flo-j7is'-74 ,syn4 ,,antiphlogis',,ticus1 ,l42 ,,antiphlogistique1 ,fr42 ,,antiphlogistisch1 ,ger4 ,in medicine1 the common epithet of remedies1 agents1 and treatment 7,,antiphlogis',,tics2 ,,antiphlogistica1 ,l471 which lessen inflammatory action1 or allay the excited state of the system which accompanies it4 ,of these the principal are bleeding1 purging1 a low diet1 cooling beverages 7as water and acidulous drinks71 and sedatives generally4 ,,antipsilothron1 for preventing loss of hair 7,hegewald1 ,berlin74 ,a brownish-yellow1 clear1 pleasant-smelling liquid1 which consists of a filtered extract of #be grms4 of nutgalls1 with #ej grms4 strong spirit and #cj grms4 water2 perfumed with several ethereal oils4 ,the liquid is not made turbid by dilution with water4 ,sold in square bottles containing about #hj grms4 ,the directions strongly recommend the supplementary use of a ,swiss vegetable oil1 which probably ,switzerland has never seen4 7,hager47 ,,anti-,,rheumatic ,,drops 7,roll1 ,amsterdam74 ,a turbid1 dark-brown liquid1 which consists of a solution of spirituous extract of aconite in a decoction of couch-grass root1 and to which some tincture of opium with saffron and oil of valerian have been added4 ,,anti-,,rheumatic ,,salve1 ,mrs ,,hungerford',s 7,wedecke1 ,berlin74 ,recommended for acute and chronic rheumatism1 gout1 and nervous pains4 ,camphor1 #a grm42 carbolic acid1 #a grm42 simple cerate1 #ab grms4 7,schdler47 ,,antiscorbu',,tic 7-skor-bu'-74 ,syn4 ,,antiscorbu',,ticus1 ,l42 ,,antiscorbutique1 ,fr42 ,,antiscorbutisch1 ,,gut ,,wider ,,den ,,scharbock1 ,ger4 ,good against scurvy4 ,in medicine1 an epithet of remedies1 agents1 c4 7,,antiscorbu',,tics2 ,,antiscorbu',,tica1 ,l471 used in scurvy4 ,lemon-juice1 ripe fruit1 milk1 the salts of potassa1 green vegetables1 potatoes1 meal-bread1 fresh meat1 and raw or lightly boiled eggs1 belong to this class4 ,,antisep',,tic4 ,syn4 ,,antisep',,ticus1 ,l42 ,,antiseptique1 ,fr42 ,,antiseptisch1 ,f,,ulnisswidrig1 ,ger4 ,an epithet of substances1 agents1 c4 7,,antisep',,tics2 ,,antisep',,tica1 ,l471 that impede1 arrest1 or prevent putrefaction4 ,the principal antiseptics in common use are culinary salt1 saltpetre1 spices1 sugar1 vinegar1 carbolic acid1 creasote1 and alcohol2 to which may be added intense cold1 desiccation1 and the exclusion of air4 ,among ,,antiseptic ,,medicines1 bark1 dilute acids1 quinine1 wine1 spirits1 camphor1 charcoal1 and yeast1 take the first rank4 ,see ,,putrefaction1 ,,solutions 7,antiseptic71 c4 ,,antispasmod',,ic 7-sp7az-74 ,syn4 ,,antispas',,tic2 ,,antispasmod',,icus1 ,l42 ,,antispasmodique1 ,fr42 ,,krampestillend1 ,ger4 ,in medicine1 an epithet of substances and agents 7,,antispasmod',,ics2 ,,antispasmod',,ica1 ,l47 which allay spasms and convulsions4 ,it is frequently incorrectly applied to anodynes and narcotics1 which soothe pain1 but do not repress muscular spasm4 ,ammonia1 assafoetida1 bark1 camphor1 castor1 chalybeates1 chloral hydrate1 chloroform1 ether1 ,indian hemp and cannabine1 musk1 opium1 saffron1 and valerian1 with many other similar substances1 are regarded as antispasmodics4 ,,anti-,,spasmodic ,,syrup1 for hooping-cough 7,dessaga1 ,strasburg74 ,a pleasant syrup1 leaving a slightly sharp taste1 containing a little carbonate of potash1 and faintly coloured with rosaniline4 7,hager47 ,,antisudin1 a remedy for sweaty feet 7,mandowski1 ,annaberg74 ,powdered alum4 7,hager47 ,,ants 77ants74 ,see ,,ant1 ,,formic ,,acid1 ,,gardening1 ,,insects1 c4 ,,aort',a ,l41 ,ger4 ,syn4 ,,aorte1 ,fr4 ,in anatomy1 the main trunk of the arterial system1 arising immediately from the left ventricle of the heart1 and giving origin to all the other arteries of the body1 except the pulmonary artery and its ramifications1 which permeate the air-vesicles of the lungs4 ,,ap',,atite 7-tite74 ,in mineralogy1 native tricalcium phosphate 7phosphate of lime74 ,it is found in ,devonshire and ,cornwall1 and abundantly in ,spain1 whence it is imported for use as manure1 and recently particularly for the manufacture of ,,artificial ,,guano4 ,its powder phosphoresces on burning coals4 ,it differs from phosphorite in not containing fluorine4 ,apatite 7phosphate of lime of similar constitution to bone-earth1 ,ca#c7,,po#d7b7 is found in every fertile soil1 and of which it is an essential ingredient4 ,,ape'',,rient 77a-pere'-7e-7ent2 -p7er'-1 as marked by ,mayne and ,smart1 though etym4 correct1 is less usual74 ,syn4 ,,aper',,itive 7-t7iv72 ,,aper',,iens1 ,l42 ,,ap,,ritif1 ,fr42 ,,abf,,hrend1 ,,ffnend1 ,ger4 ,in medicine1 opening1 laxative1 gently purgative2 usually applied as an epithet to substances and agents 7,,ape',,rients2 ,,aperien',,tia1 ,,aperiti',,va1 ,l47 which1 in moderate doses1 and under ordinary circumstances1 gently1 but completely1 open the bowels2 and in this respect rank between the simple laxatives on the one hand1 and the stronger purgatives and cathartics on the other4 ,among these may be named as examples--,aloes 7when combined with soap or aromatics71 ,castile soap1 castor oil1 compound extract of colocynth 7in small doses71 compound rhubarb pill1 confection of senna1 cream of tartar1 ,epsom salts1 ,glauber's salt1 phosphate of soda 7tasteless purging salt71 pil4 rufi1 seidlitz powders1 cold-water compress over the abdomen1 c4 ,several of these1 in larger doses1 become active purgatives or cathartics4 ,see ,,purgatives1 also ,,draughts1 ,,mixtures1 ,,pills1 c4 ,a',,piol 7-pe-ole2 or -7ol74 ,prep4 ,the soft alcoholic extract of parsley-seed is either digested or agitated for some time with ether2 after sufficient repose in a cool place1 the ethereal solution is decanted1 and the ether removed by distillation2 the residuum is purified by solution in rectified spirit1 and agitation first with a little litharge1 and next with animal charcoal2 after which the spirit is removed by distillation from the filtered solution4 ,prop41 c4 ,a yellow1 oily1 non-volatile liquid1 having a peculiar smell1 and a highly disagreeable taste2 soluble in alcohol1 ether1 and chloroform2 insoluble in water2 and coloured red by strong sulphuric acid4 ,sp4 gr4 #ajgh4 ,in small doses it excites the pulse and nervous system2 and in larger ones it causes headache1 giddiness1 vertigo1 c4 ,it is said to be powerfully febrifuge1 and has been highly extolled by ,,mm4 ,joret and ,homalle as a substitute for quinine in intermittents4#gd ,it has also been found useful in intermittent neuralgias and the nocturnal sweats of phthisis4 ,dose1 #e to #ae drops1 in capsules4 ,footnote #gd3 ,according to ,drs ,g4 ,o4 ,rees and ,a4 ,s4 ,taylor1 #ff out of #aaf cases were cured by it in their practice2 but according to the ,french ,commission1 the cures are only #db1 and in many of these only temporary4 ,a',,pis4 ,l4 ,the bee4 ,in entomology1 a genus of hymenopterous insects of the family anthoph'ila or mellif'era1 section apia''ri4 7,latreille47 ,the mouth has two jaws1 and a proboscis infolded in a double sheath2 the wings are four2 the two foremost covering the hinder ones when at rest4 ,the sexes are three--prolific females or queens1 unprolific females or workers commonly 7termed neuters71 and males or drones4 ,the females and working bees have a sting4 ,the honey or hive bee is distinguished from the other species of this genus by having the femora of the posterior pair of legs furnished with a smooth and concave plate on the outer side1 and fringed with hair1 forming a basket or pocket for the reception and conveyance of the pollen of plants2 and also in being destitute of spines at the extremity4 ,the ,linnan genus includes nearly #fj species4 ,see ,,bee4 ,apis ,mellif'ica4 ,linn4 ,the honey bee4 ,,aplanat',,ic4 ,in optics1 applied as an epithet to lenses1 of which the figure1 as well as the materials of which they are composed1 are such that1 with a given index of refraction1 the amount of aberration1 both chromatic and spherical1 is insignificant1 or the least that can be possibly obtained4 ,see ,,aberration1 ,,achromatism1 ,,lens1 c4 ,,aplotaxis ,,auriculata4 ,nat4 ord41 ,,composit4 ,a plant growing in the ,north ,western ,himalayas4 ,it was first shown by the late ,dr ,hugh ,falconer to be the source of the ,costus ,arabicus of the ancients1 which ,dr ,royle had previously identified with the ,patchuck or ,koot root met with in the ,indian bazaars4 ,dr ,irvine states that formerly1 when opium was not produced in ,rajwarra1 this root was extensively smoked as a stimulant4 ,he adds1 that it is said to be a narcotic when thus used1 and that formerly great quantities went to ,china for smoking purposes4 ,it is chiefly used as a perfume1 as for protection of bales of cloth against insects4 ,,apo-4 ,gr4 ,in composition1 from2 denoting derivation1 separation1 opposition1 or departure4 ,it is a common prefix in words from the ,greek1 and is etymologically the same as the latin ab-4 ,,apoc',,nyine 7-p7os'-e-n7in74 ,syn4 ,,apocyni',,na1 ,l4 ,a bitter1 crystallisable substance1 found in ap7o''cynum cannabi'num 7,linn471 or the ,indian hemp of ,north ,america4 ,see ,,alkaloid4 ,,apomorphine4 ,syn4 ,,apomorphia4 ,c#ag;,h#ag,,no#b4 ,a remarkable base1 obtained from morphia by ,matthiessen and ,wright4 ,it is possessed of powerful emetic properties4 ,introduce into a strong glass tube1 closed at one end1 #a part of pure morphia1 and #bj parts of pure hydrochloric acid2 these should not occupy more than one fifteenth of the tube4 ,seal the open end1 and place the glass tube in another of cast iron1 closed with a screw1 and heat the whole in an oil-bath at a temperature between #adj and #aej ,c41 during three hours4 ,after cooling1 the morphine has been converted into apomorphine1 which can be purified as follows3 ,the tube is opened1 and the liquid it contains diluted with water and neutralised by bicarbonate of soda2 then an excess of this salt being added1 the apomorphine is precipitated with any morphia that may remain4 ,the liquid is decanted1 and the precipitate is exhausted with ether or chloroform1 which dissolves the apomorphine only4 ,to the ethereal or chloroformic liquor are afterwards added a few drops of hydrochloric acid to saturate the base4 ,crystallised apomorphine then separates spontaneously1 and is deposited on the sides of the vessel4 ,these crystals are washed rapidly with cold water1 and purified by crystallisation from boiling water4 ,the apomorphine can be obtained by precipitating a concentrated solution of this hydrochlorate by bicarbonate of soda2 the precipitate is white1 but turns green rapidly in the air4 ,it should be washed with a little cold water1 and promptly dried to avoid this alteration4 ,,ap',,oplexy 7-pl7eks-e74 ,syn4 ,,apoplex',,ia1 ,,apoplex',,is1 ,l4 7from ,greek3 apo-plss1 ,i astound1 or strike down1 ,gr472 ,,apoplexie1 ,fr42 ,,schlagfluss1 ,ger4 ,a disease so named on account of the suddenness and violence of its attacks4 ,symp4 ,sudden suspension or loss of the powers of sense and motion2 the heart continuing to beat and the lungs to act1 but generally with difficulty4 ,during the fit the patient usually lies in a state resembling sleep1 or the stupor induced by drunkenness4 ,in some cases there is paralysis of one side of the body1 and convulsions of the other4 ,in the sanguineous or sthenic variety1 or the one which is most common1 the pulse is hard and full1 the countenance flushed and bloated1 and the breathing stertorous2 in the serous or asthenic variety1 the pulse is feeble1 the skin cold1 and the countenance pale4 ,the presence of convulsions is indicative of great danger4 7,dr ,cheyne47 ,in both cases the patient is generally found lying on his back1 in a state of complete insensibility1 which defies every effort to arouse him2 the eyelids almost cover the eyes1 which are fixed and devoid of intelligence1 whilst the pupils scarcely change their dimensions under the varying influence of light and darkness2 the lips are usually purple or very dark2 and both the lips and nostrils have generally a slight trembling movement communicated to them by the deep and laborious breathing of the patient4 ,treat4 ,in this disease1 more than perhaps any other1 medical aid should be immediately sought4 ,in the mean time the patient should be placed in an easy posture1 in a well-ventilated apartment1 and in the sanguineous or sthenic variety1 in as erect a position as possible2 but in the asthenic variety1 when the face is pale1 with the head and shoulders only moderately elevated4 ,the neckcloth should be removed1 and the clothes loosened1 and the head and neck laid bare4 ,crowding round the patient should be particularly avoided1 and a free exposure to fresh air secured in every possible way4 ,when medical aid cannot be immediately procured1 blood should be freely taken 7say #ae to #bj fl4 oz41 or more7 from the arm1 by any person competent to do so2 unless the face be pale1 and the pulse feeble1 when cupping at the back of the neck1 or leeches behind the ears1 should be substituted for ordinary bleeding4 ,cold water should be dashed on the head1 the legs placed in pretty warm water1 and blisters or mustard poultices applied between the shoulders4 ,in the mean time #h or #aj gr4 of calomel may be administered1 and its action subsequently promoted by the use of saline purgatives and stimulating clysters4 ,when there is a difficulty of swallowing1 a couple of drops of croton oil may be applied to the tongue2 or it may be poured on sugar1 before placing it in the mouth4 ,indeed1 this mode of relieving the bowels should be adopted in all extreme cases1 as soon as possible4 ,emetics should be carefully avoided4 ,the only exception to this rule is1 when the stomach is distended by a heavy undigested meal2 when an emetic is hazarded as the less of two evils4 ,nasal stimulants1 as smelling salts or aromatic vinegar1 should also be avoided4 ,if the bleeding has not afforded some relief1 it may be repeated in from #c to #e hours4 ,when these means prove successful1 the remainder of the treatment may consist in the administration of mild purgatives and diaphoretics1 and the avoidance of stimulating food or drinks1 and of other like exciting agents4 ,prev41 c4 ,the premonitory symptoms of apoplexy are giddiness1 pain and swimming in the head1 loss of memory1 faltering in speech or using one word for another1 diminished sensibility either of body or mind1 or both1 drowsiness1 noises in the ears1 specks floating before the eyes1 nightmare1 frightful dreams1 laborious respiration1 heavy yet unrefreshing sleep1 an inclination to sigh without any moral cause1 cramp in the legs at night when there is no irritation of the bowels to account for them1 c4 c4 ,when any of these symptoms occur 7especially in free livers7 aperient medicines and a light diet should be at once had recourse to1 and wine1 beer1 and spirits avoided as the most dangerous poisons4 ,if the symptoms increase or continue1 active purgation1 a still lower diet1 and even bleeding may be had recourse to4 ,pure air1 early rising1 regular habits1 gentle muscular exercise1 and loose1 easy clothing1 are powerful preventives of apoplexy4 ,by attending to the admonitions of nature1 and adopting the simple means which are within the reach of all1 it is indisputable that many fatal cases of apoplexy might have been avoided1 and a still larger number lessened in severity4 ,robust1 plethoric persons1 with short thick necks1 are universally accounted the most liable to apoplexy4 ,in them the fit generally comes on without warning2 and when once attacked with this malady they are especially liable to its recurrence4 ,but it must be recollected that the possessor of no particular constitution or temperaments1 to whatever class it may belong1 enjoys immunity from the attacks of apoplexy--a disease more fatal among ,englishmen than the natives of other countries4 ,obs4 ,a loss of consciousness exists alike in apoplexy1 epilepsy1 narcotism from opium and opiates1 complete intoxication1 and common fainting4 ,these may be distinguished by observing that--in ,,epilepsy there are almost always convulsions1 and more or less rigidity of the limbs1 with 7generally7 foaming at the mouth and gnashing or grinding of the teeth1 and frequently1 the utterance of noises often not unlike the barking of a dog2 whilst stertor and laborious breathing1 as a rule1 are absent3--in the stupor produced by ,,opium1 ,,morphia1 c41 the face is pale1 calm1 and perspiring1 and the respiration is tranquil and without stertor2 whilst the patient can1 in almost all cases1 be temporarily aroused to consciousness and kept awake by being made to walk between two attendants2 the odour of opium or laudanum is also frequently perceptible in the breath or ejected matter3--in the insensibility of ,,intoxication the pulse is usually feeble1 and the patient may be temporarily roused by violent shouting in the ear1 or by the application of nasal stimulants1 particularly the common smelling-bottle 7if strong72 and the breath1 and ejected matter 7if any71 smells of liquor3--in ordinary ,,fainting the face and lips are pale1 the breathing quiet1 the pulse scarcely perceptible1 the limbs mobile1 and the fit lasts only a few minutes4 ,treatment for ,horses4 ,give in the first place a strong stimulant internally1 and apply mustard embrocations to the belly and spine4 ,bleed1 should the pulse be small and indistinct4--,in the parturient apoplexy of cows4 ,bleed in the very earliest stage2 give salts and croton2 diluents2 no solid food2 let the body and legs be rubbed and clothed2 use catheter2 apply ice and refrigerants to head and neck2 give frequent clysters of linseed gruel2 remove milk every hour1 and apply rubefacients to the spine4 ,,aposep',,edin 7-d7in74 ,a substance found in putrid cheese1 and supposed to be a product of the fermentation of caseine4 ,mulder and others have shown that it is merely impure leucine4 ,,ap',,ostemedagger 7-teme or -t7em74 ,syn4 ,,ap',,ostemdagger2 ,,aposte',,madagger1 ,l4 ,an abscess or collection of purulent matter in any part of the body4 ,,appara',,tus4 ,l41 ,eng42 class4 pl41 appara'tus2 ,eng4 pl41 appara'tuses--,webster4 ,syn4 ,,appareil1 ,fr42 ,,apparat1 ,,ger,,thschaft1 ,ger4 ,in technical language1 the instruments1 utensils1 and mechanical arrangements1 employed in any operation1 experiment1 or observation1 or in any art or trade4 ,apparatus4 ,in anatomy and physiology1 a catenation of organs all ministering to one general purpose or function2 as the digestive apparatus1 respiratory a41 c4 ,,app',,etite4 ,syn4 ,,appeti',,tus1 ,l42 ,,ap,,tit1 ,fr42 ,,apetit1 ,,begierde1 ,,esslust1 ,ger4 ,the natural desire of gratification1 whether corporeal or mental4 ,in physiology1 the instinctive inclination to perform certain natural functions1 as those of digestion and generation2 but appr41 the natural desire for food4 ,in psychology and philosophy1 the ,,appetites 7pl47 are affections of the mind directed to general objects1 as fame1 glory1 or riches2 these when subsequently turned to particular objects1 constitute the ,,passions1 as envy1 gratitude1 revenge1 or love4 ,in its common and unqualified sense1 the word appetite is confined to the desire for food2 and in that sense chiefly concerns us here4 ,the sensations of hunger and thirst are seated in the stomach1 and their recurrence at proper intervals is a necessary consequence of vital action1 and is essential to the existence of the body in a state of vigour and health4 ,any alteration from their normal condition indicates diseased action of the stomach1 or of the nervous system or circulation2 or it may result from vicious habits4 ,a healthy appetite for food is usually a most certain indication that nature requires a supply2 but in the indulgence of this appetite certain regulations should be observed1 and a boundary should be put to mere animal gratification4 ,by slowly eating and thoroughly masticating the food1 the stomach becomes gradually and equally distended1 and the individual feels himself satisfied only after he has taken a quantity sufficient for the nourishment of his body2 but1 on the contrary1 if the food be swallowed rapidly1 and without proper mastication1 it presses heavily and roughly against the sides of the stomach1 and induces a sensation of fulness before a sufficient meal has been made4 ,the consequences are1 that hunger soon returns1 and the party must either have recourse to food between the usual time of meals1 or suffer the consequences of imperfect nutrition4 ,exercise and labour1 within certain limits1 promote the healthy functions of the stomach and bowels1 through the action of the muscles of the abdomen increasing the peristaltic motion of these viscera4 ,an inordinate appetite in persons leading a sedentary life is generally indicative of the food passing off imperfectly digested1 or of the coats of the stomach being relaxed1 or even diseased4 ,more food is required in winter than in summer1 in consequence of the greater radiation of the heat of the body2 and hence the increased appetite which is usually an accompaniment of that season4 ,in persons who lead a more sedentary life in winter than in summer1 either no change of this kind occurs1 or the reverse is the case2 the want of exercise producing a diminution of appetite corresponding to the increase of it that would otherwise result from the seasonal change of atmospheric temperature1 or even greater4 ,deviations of the appetite from the healthy standard1 or the normal condition1 constitutes ,,defective or ,,diseased ,,appetite4 ,deficiency or loss of appetite 7,,an',,orexy2 ,,anorex',,ia1 ,l47 generally arises from disordered stomach2 but is also frequently symptomatic of other affections1 particularly dyspepsia1 biliousness1 feverishness1 and organic diseases of the lungs1 stomach1 and prim vi4 ,it is a common consequence of sedentary life1 and of extreme mental anxiety1 excitement1 or exhaustion4 ,the treatment will necessarily vary with the cause4 ,in simple spontaneous cases the appetite may generally be improved by outdoor exercise1 and the occasional use of mild aperients1 especially salines and aloetics4 ,when the affection arises from the stomach being loaded with bile and crudities1 an emetic in the evening1 followed by a stomachic purgative the next morning1 with an occasional aperient afterwards1 will seldom fail to effect a cure4 ,with heavy drinkers a gradual reduction of the quantity of the strong liquors usually consumed is generally followed by a restoration of the appetite and digestive powers4 ,the change thus gradually effected in the course of #h or #aj days is often almost magical4 ,the excessive use of liquors--especially of spirits1 wine1 or beer1 or even of warm weak ones1 as tea1 coffee1 soup1 c4--is always prejudicial4 ,hence drunkards are particularly subject to defective appetite2 and teetotallers and water-drinkers to a heartiness often almost approaching voracity4 ,see ,,bile1 ,,dyspepsia1 c4 ,depraved appetite 7,,pi',,ca1 ,l471 or a desire for unnatural food1 as chalk1 cinders1 dirt1 soap1 tallow1 c41 when an idiopathic affection or when depending on vicious tastes or habits 7as is often the case in childhood71 it may be treated by admixing very small doses of tartar emetic or ipecacuanha with the objectionable food or articles4 ,when symptomatic of pregnancy1 a plentiful and nutritious diet1 including the red meats1 with a little good malt liquor or wine1 may be adopted with advantage4 ,when symptomatic of chlorosis1 to this diet may be added the use of chalybeate tonics1 and sea or tepid bathing2 when of dyspepsia1 a light diet1 bitter tonics1 free exercise1 fresh air1 and cold bathing1 will generally effect a cure4 ,insatiable appetite 7,,canine ,,appetite1 ,,voracity2 ,,bulim',,ia1 ,l47 is generally symptomatic of pregnancy1 or worms1 or diseases of the stomach or the viscera immediately connected with it2 but sometimes exists as a separate disease1 and is even said to be occasionally hereditary4 ,when it occurs in childhood1 worms may be suspected1 and vermifuges administered4 ,in adults1 a common cause is imperfect digestion1 arising from stomach complaints or gluttony1 when the languor and gnawing pains of disease are mistaken for hunger4 ,in this case the diet should be regulated and the bowels kept gently relaxed with mild aperients1 and tonics 7as bark and steel71 or bitters 7as orange-peel and gentian71 may be administered4 ,when pregnancy or vicious habits are the cause1 the treatment indicated under ,,depraved ,,appetite may be adopted4 ,when the affection is occasioned by acidity in the stomach1 an emetic1 followed by the moderate use of absorbents or antacids1 will generally effect a cure4 ,in those cases depending on a highly increased power of the stomach in effecting rapid and complete digestion1 its contractile force and morbid activity may be often allayed by the copious use of salad oil1 fat meat1 c41 by the cautious use of opiates1 or by the use1 or freer use1 of tobacco 7either smoked or chewed1 or both74 ,a cathartic daily1 with a dose of blue-pill1 or mercurial powder1 every second or third day1 is also often advantageous4 #be or #cj drops of solution of potassa1 in broth1 twice or thrice daily1 has also been recommended4 ,see ,,bile1 ,,dyspepsia1 ,,worms1 c4 ,,app',,le 77ap'l74 ,syn4 ,,ma',,lum1 ,,po',,mum1 ,l42 ,,pomme1 ,fr42 ,,apfel1 ,ger42 ,,appel1 ,dut42 ,,aple1 ,swed4 ,this well-known fruit is the product of the cultivated varieties of pyrus malus 7,linn471 or the crab-apple of our hedges2 a tree of the nat4 ord4 ,rosace4 ,the date of its amelioration from the wild state is probably very remote1 as several kinds are noticed by ,pliny in a manner that would lead to the inference of a high antiquity4 ,pippins1 or 'seedling improved apples1' are said to have been introduced into this country from the ,south of ,europe towards the end of the #afth century4 ,don enumerated #adjj varieties of the cultivated apple2 there are now probably above #afej4 ,rennet apples 7,,poma ,,renettia7 are those ordered in the ,p4 ,cod4 to be used in pharmacy4 ,in botany and composition1 the term apple 7,,pomum7 is used to designate any large1 round1 fleshy fruit1 consisting of a 'pericarp1' enclosing a tough 'capsule' containing several seeds2 as love-apple1 pine-apple1 c4 ,the wood of the apple-tree is much used in turnery2 that of the crab-tree is generally preferred by mill-wrights for the teeth of mortise-wheels4 ,the expressed juice of #a cwt4 of ripe apples1 after the free acid has been saturated with chalk1 yields from #aa to #ac lbs4 of a very sweet1 but uncrystallisable sugar4 ,apples have been analysed by ,fresenius1 and were found to have the following composition3-- ,,soluble ,,matter-- ,sugar #geh ,free acid 7reduced to equivalent in malic acid7 #ajd ,albuminous substance #jbb ,pectous substances1 c4 #bgb ,ash #jdd ,,insoluble ,,matter-- ,seeds #jch ,skins #add ,pectose #aad ,ash from insoluble matter included in weights given #jac ,water #hejd ---------- #ajjjj ,love'-appledouble-dagger4 ,the tomato4 ,mad'-appledouble-dagger4 ,the larger ,mecca or ,bussorah gall4 ,they are also called ,,dead-,,sea ,,apples1 ,a4 ,,of ,,sodom1 c4 ,see ,,galls4 ,acid of ,apples4 ,malic acid4 ,a',,pricot4 ,syn4 ,a',,pricockdagger2 ,,armeni',,acum ,,ma',,lum1 ,,pr,,co',,tium1 ,l42 ,,abricot1 ,fr42 ,,aprikose1 ,ger4 ,the fruit of armeniaca vulgaris 7,lamb42 prunus armeniaca1 ,linn471 a rosaceous tree indigenous in ,armenia1 ,cachmere1 c41 and now cultivated in every temperate region of the world4 ,under the name of prcox it was known in ,italy in the time of ,dioscorides2 but it was not introduced into ,england until the reign of ,henry ,,viii 7,a4,d4 #aedj74 ,its cultivation has since been zealously attended to by our gardeners1 and it is now one of the choicest and most esteemed of our wall-fruits1 and is particularly valued for desserts4 ,it is reputed to be nutritious1 easy of digestion1 laxative1 and stomachic4 ,the seeds are bitter and saponaceous4 ,apricots are principally eaten as gathered2 but are also dried1 candied1 and made into jam4 ,in confectionery1 the ,brussels and ,breda varieties are preferred to the larger and sweeter kinds4 ,see ,,fruit1 ,,preserves1 c4 ,apricots1 ,brianon'4 ,the fruit of armeniaca brigantiaca 7,pers474 ,acidulous2 seeds or kernels1 by expression1 yield ,,huile ,,de ,,marmote4 ,a',,qua 7-kw7a74 ,l4 ,water4--,,aqua ,,destilla',,ta or ,a4 ,,distilla',,ta1 is distilled water2 ,a4 ,,fluvia',,lis or ,a4 ,,ex ,,flu',,mine 7-7in-e71 river-water2 ,a4 ,,fonta',,na1 spring-water2 ,a4 ,,mari',,na or ,a4 ,,ma'',,ris1 sea-water2 ,a4 ,,minera',,lis1 mineral water2 ,a4 ,,niva',,lis or ,a4 ,,ex ,,ni',,ve1 snow-water2 ,a4 ,,pluvia',,lis1 ,a4 ,,plu'',,via1 or ,a4 ,,im',,brium1 rain-water1 soft water2 ,a4 ,,putea',,na or ,a4 ,,ex ,,pu',,teo1 well1 pump1 or hard water4 ,aqua4 ,in chemistry and pharmacy1 this word was formerly applied to numerous preparations and articles now included under other heads4 ,see ,,eau1 ,,esprits1 ,,hair-,,dyes1 ,,liquors1 ,,solutions1 ,,waters1 c4 ,aquafor'tis4 ,l4 ,literally1 'strong water1' the name given by the alchemists to the acid obtained by distilling a mixture of nitre and sulphate of iron4 ,the word is still commonly employed by mechanics and artists to designate the impure fuming nitric acid of commerce1 and is thus also retained in trade4 ,by these parties concentrated nitric acid is called 'spirit of nitre4' ',double aquafortis' merely differs from the other in strength4 ,see ,,nitric ,,acid4 ,aqua ,amarella4 ,a compound for hair-dyeing2 is prepared with sugar of lead1 common salt1 and water4 ,aqua ,gr'ca1 ,a4 ,orienta'lis4 ,see ,,hair-,,dyes4 ,aqua ,mari'na4 ,l4 ,the beryldagger4 ,aqua ,mirab'ilisdagger4 ,l4 ,literally1 'wonderful water1' a cordial and carminative spirit distilled from aromatics1 and formerly reputed to possess many virtues4 ,aqua ,re'gia4 ,l4 ,nitrohydrochloric acid1 originally so called1 by the alchemists1 from its power of dissolving gold4 ,aqua ,toffa'nia4 ,l4 ,see ,,acquetta4 ,aqua ,vi'tdagger4 ,l4 ,literally1 'water of life1' a name familiarly applied to the leading native distilled spirit4 ,thus1 it is whiskey in ,scotland1 usquebaugh in ,ireland1 geneva in ,holland1 and eau de vie or brandy in ,france4 ,when the term is employed in ,england1 ,french brandy is understood to be referred to4 ,see ,,alcohol1 c4 ,aqua ,vit ,aromatico-,amara4 7,f4 ,bolle1 formerly ,j4 ,b4 ,claude1 ,berlin74 ,galangal ginger1 aa1 #b parts2 orange berries1 ,european centaury1 gentian1 cinnamon1 angelica1 aa1 #a part2 alcohol1 #cj parts2 water1 #bf parts4 ,digest and filter4 7,hager47 ,,aquarium4 ,a tank or vessel made of glass1 containing either salt or fresh water1 and in which either marine or fresh-water plants and animals are kept in a living state4 ,in principle1 the aquarium depends upon the interdependence of animal and vegetable life4 ,the carbonic acid evolved by the animals is decomposed under the influence of solar light by the plants1 and the oxygen necessary for the maintenance of the life of the animals is thus eliminated1 whilst the carbonic acid essential to the existence of the plants is supplied by the animals4 ,the aquarium1 therefore1 must be stocked both with plants and animals1 and for the welfare of both1 something like a proper proportion should exist between them4 ,but even under these conditions the water should be frequently arated1 whether the aquarium contains fresh or salt-water4 ,this may be done by simply blowing through a glass tube which reaches to near the bottom1 or1 still better1 in the following manner3--,take a glass syringe which can be easily worked4 ,having filled it with water1 hold it with the nozzle about two inches from the surface of the water in the aquarium1 into which the contents are to be discharged quickly and with a sort of jerk4 ,by this means a multitude of small bubbles are forced down into the fluid4 ,this operation should be several times repeated4 ,a simpler method is to take out a portion of the water from the aquarium and to pour it back again from a height4 ,when1 as not infrequently happens1 the aquarium is provided with a fountain1 this of course ensures a continual change of water2 but even where this is the case the joint presence both of plants and animals is advantageous to the health of both4 ,when sea-water cannot be procured for the marine aquarium a substitute for it may be made as follows3--,mix with #igj1jjj grains of rain-water #bg1jjj grains of chloride of sodium1 #cfjj of chloride of magnesium1 #gej of chloride of potassium1 #bi of bromide of magnesium1 #bcjj of sulphate of magnesia1 #adjj of sulphate of lime1 #ce of carbonate of lime1 and #e of iodide of sodium4 ,these all being finely powdered and mixed first1 are to be stirred into the water1 from which a stream of air may be caused to pass from the bottom until the whole is dissolved4 ,on no account is the water to be boiled1 or even to be heated4 ,into this water1 when clear1 the rocks and seaweed may be introduced4 ,as soon as the latter are in a flourishing state the animals may follow4 ,care must be taken not to have too many of these1 and to remove immediately any dead ones4 ,the loss that takes place from evaporation is to be made up by adding clear rain-water4 ,the presence of a number of molluscous animals1 such as the common periwinkle1 is necessary for the consumption of the vegetable matter continually given off by the growing plants1 and of the multitudinous spores1 particularly of the conferv1 which would otherwise soon fill the water1 rendering it greenish or brownish1 and turbid4 ,in a fresh-water aquarium the bottom should be covered with a layer of fine sand and shingle1 and in this the weeds should be planted4 ,the best for this purpose are valesneria spiralis1 anacharis1 and chara vulgaris4 ,a few water-snails should also be put in2 the best are planorbis1 paludina1 and amphibia glutinosa4 ,one plant and two or three snails should be used for each gallon of water put into the aquarium4 ,,aquatint',a4 ,l41 ,fr4 ,syn4 ,a',,quatint1 ,eng42 ,,acquatinta1 ,it4 ,a species of etching on copper1 producing an effect resembling a drawing in ,indian ink4 ,a',,queous 7-kwe-74 ,syn4 ,,aquose'992 ,a',,queus1 ,,aquo',,sus1 ,l42 ,,aqueux1 ,fr42 ,wsserig1 ,wsserhaltig1 ,ger4 ,watery2 made with1 containing1 or resembling water4 ,in chemistry and pharmacy1 applied to solutions1 extracts1 c41 prepared with water4 ,,ar',,abesque 7-b7esk74 ,fr4 ,in the ,arabian manner2 more particularly applied to a species of capricious1 fantastic1 and imaginative ornamentation1 consisting of foliage1 stalks1 plants1 c41 to the entire exclusion of the figures of animals4 ,the designs of this class1 now so much employed in cloth and leather binding1 are produced by the pressure of hot plates or rollers having the pattern engraved on them4 ,see ,,moresque4 ,,ar',,abin 7-b7in74 ,c#ab;,h#bb,o#aa4 ,eng41 ,fr4 ,syn4 ,,soluble ,,gum2 ,,arabi',,na1 ,l4 ,the pure soluble principle of gum acacia4 ,prep4 ,dissolve white gum arabic in pure water1 filter the solution1 and add alcohol as long as it produces curdiness2 collect the precipitate1 and dry it by a gentle heat4 ,prop4 c4 ,very soluble in water2 basic acetate of lead1 alcohol1 and ether1 precipitate it from its solutions4 ,it is isomeric with crystallised cane sugar4 ,it possesses no practical superiority over the best gum arabic1 except its paler colour4 ,,ar',,able 77abl74 ,syn4 ,,arab',,ilis1 ,l42 ,,arabile1 ,,labourable1 ,fr42 ,,pfl,,gbar1 ,ger4 ,in agriculture1 fit for or under tillage or aration2 ploughed4 ,arable ,land4 ,in agriculture1 land which is chiefly or wholly cultivated by the plough1 as distinguished from grass-land1 wood-land1 common pasture1 and waste4 ,see ,,land1 ,,soils1 c4 ,,arachis ,,hypog,a4 ,syn4 ,,ground ,,nut ,,plant4 ,hab4 ,cultivated throughout the tropics of the ,old and ,new ,world4 ,officinal part4 ,the oil of the seeds 7,oleum ,arachis1 ,ground ,nut ,oil74 ,obtained by expression4 ,limpid1 clear1 light yellow1 almost inodorous1 or with a faint smell and bland taste4 ,sp4 gr4 #jiaf4--,prop4 and ,uses4 ,this oil affords a cheap and excellent substitute for olive oil for pharmaceutical and other purposes4 ,the following notice1 by the ,editor of this work1 appeared in ',the ,veterinarian' for ,october1 #ahgf3-- ,having in the course of my analytical practice had occasion to examine some samples of ,marseilles earth-nut cake1 ,i take the opportunity of communicating the results obtained1 in the hope of furnishing interesting information respecting a material which is chiefly employed in the sophistication of the more expensive feeding cakes1 but which ,i think might in some instances be with advantage substituted for them4 ,arachis seeds constitute one of the varieties of food termed pulse1 and the oil which exists in them to the extent of from #dj to #ej per cent41 is rapidly being introduced in the making of soap in this and other countries4 ,it is an article also of the ,indian ,pharmacopoeia4 ,by pressure the seeds yield all but about #g per cent4 of their oil1 and the material which remains after the expression of the greater part of the oil is sent into commerce as earth-nut or ground-nut cake4 ,sometimes the husks of the seeds are first removed and only the kernels subjected to pressure for the sake of the oil2 the cake so produced is called 'decorticated earth-nut cake1' at other times the entire seeds are subjected to this treatment1 and then the resulting cake is known as 'undecorticated earth-nut cake4' ,the following table shows the composition in #ajj parts of both descriptions of cake1 as well as that of linseed cake of first-rate quality2 the last analysis being added for the sake of comparison3-- ,table showing the ,centesimal ,composition of ,decorticated and ,undecorticated ,earth-nut ,cake and ,linseed ,cake4 ,decorticated ,undecorticated ,linseed ,earth-nut ,cake4 ,earth-nut ,cake4 ,cake4 ,moisture #ieh #ibh #aagb ,fat and heat producers ,oil #gdj #fii #abjj ,starch digestible fibre1 c4 #bgfc #bcff #bebi ,flesh-formers 7albumenoids7 #dbhage #cbhagf #cbfd ,indigestible fibre #ghg #bchj #aagi ,ash #dga #cde #fdg ------ ------ ------ #ajjjj #ajjjj #ajjjj ,footnote #ge3 ,containing #fhe of nitrogen4 ,footnote #gf3 ,containing #ebe of nitrogen4 ,from the foregoing analyses it will be seen that both descriptions of earth nut are exceedingly rich in flesh-formers1 and that they contain a moderately large amount of oil4 ,they also possess a sweet agreeable flavour1 and are1 ,i believe1 very digestible4 ,as these may1 ,i am informed1 be bought at from #f to #h per ton1 it is evident that farmers would do well to give earth-nut cakes a trial in the feeding of their stock4 ,pure linseed cake does not contain starch1 but in its stead mucilage4 ,the feeding qualities of starch and mucilage are1 however1 very similar4 ,,araroba4 ,syn4 ,,araroba ,,powder4 ,,bahia ,,powder4 ,,goa ,,powder4 ,the pith or medulla of the stem and branches of a leguminous tree 7a species of ,centrolobium7 growing in ,brazil4 ,it is in extensive use amongst the natives of ,india1 who employ it in affections of the skin4 ,it has been applied with success in shingles and ring-worm1 in the form of ointment made as follows3-- ,araroba in powder #bj grains4 ,acetic acid #aj drops4 ,benzoated lard #a ounce4 ,dr ,attfield found the powder to contain from #hj to #hd per cent4 of chrysophanic acid1 to which substance its remedial powers are doubtless due4 ,it is now the chief source of this acid4 ,,ara',,tion994 ,in agriculture1 ploughing2 culture by ploughing2 tillage4 ,lands in a state of aration' are those under tillage4 ,,ar',,bor4 ,l4 ,a tree4 ,the seventh family of vegetables in ,linnus's system4 ,in anatomy and chemistry1 a term formerly applied to membranes and substances having some real or fancied resemblance to a tree or vegetation4 ,an ar'boret is a little tree2 an arborist1 or ar'boratordagger1 is one who studies or cultivates trees4 ,,arbutin4 ,c#ab;,h#af,o#g4 ,a substance obtained by ,,kawalier from the leaves of the red bearberry ,arctostophylos uva ursi1 and by ,,zwenger and ,,himmelmann from the leaves of a species of winter-green1 ,pyrola ,umbellata4 ,it is prepared by precipitating the aqueous decoction of the leaves of either of these plants1 with basic acetate of lead1 filtering1 removing the excess of lead with sulphuretted hydrogen1 and either treating the filtrate with animal charcoal and leaving it to crystallise or evaporating and digesting the residue with a mixture of eight parts of ether and one part of alcohol1 which dissolves out the arbutin1 and deposits it on evaporation in the crystalline state4 ,,arca',,num ,l4 ,syn4 ,,arcane1 ,fr42 ,,geheimnis1 ,ger4 ,a secret4 ,in alchemy1 a term applied to various preparations without any precise meaning4 ,arcanum is a thing secret1 incorporeal1 and immortal1 which can only be known to man by experience2 for it is the virtue of each thing1 which operates a thousand times more than the thing itself4 7,ruland7 ,in ancient medicine and pharmacy2 a nostrum4 ,the word is still occasionally used in the plural 7,,arca',,na1 secrets1 mysteries71 in the titles of books2 as1 ',arcana of ,chemistry1' a book professing to contain a full exposition of the mysteries of that art4 ,among the old chemists1 ,,arcanum ,,al',,bum was 'pulvis ,viennensis albus virgineus' 7see ,,powders72 ,a4 ,,bec',,chicum1 a sweetened aqueous solution of liver of sulphur2 ,a4 ,,coralli',,num1 red oxide of mercury that had been digested in a solution of potash1 washed with water1 and then had spirit of wine burnt on it 7once a favourite mercurial and escharotic72 ,a4 ,,duplica',,tum1 sulphate of potash2 ,a4 ,d4 ,,cathol',,icum1 roots of colchicum and plantain 7worn as an amulet against fevers and pestilential diseases72 ,a4 ,,ludeman',,ni1 oxide of zinc2 ,a4 ,,tar',,tari1 acetate of potassa2 ,a4 ,,vi',t1 elixir vit2 c4 ,,arche',,us 7-ke'-7us2 7ar'99--,mayne74 ,l4 ,syn4 ,,arch',,us1 ,l4 ,a term invented by ,paracelsus1 and employed by the alchemists and older physicians1 to imply the occult cause of phenomena1 as well as the sub-causes or agents by which the effects were accomplished4 ,van ,helmont and ,stahl ascribe certain vital functions to the influence and superintendence of a 'spiritus archus' or intelligent vital principle4 ,according to others1 the powers of ',archus' were indefinitely extended4 ,he or it was an occult power of nature1 the artificer of all things1 physician-general to the universe1 c4 c41 to the utmost bounds of absurdity and confusion4 ,from this word comes the adj4 ,,arche',,al or ,,arch',,al1 hidden1 operative4 ,,arch',,il 7artsh'-7il74 ,syn4 ,,arch',,el991 ,,or',,chil2 ,,archil',,la1 ,,orchil',,la 7ch as k71 ,l42 ,,orseille1 ,fr41 ,ger42 ,,oricello1 ,it4 ,a violet-red1 purple or blue colouring matter or dye-stuff1 obtained from several species of lichens1 but of the finest quality from roccella tinctoria 7,,dc471 and next from r4 fuciformis 7,,dc474 ,the archil of commerce is met with as a liquid paste1 or as a thin liquid dye or stain of more or less intensity4 ,the ordinary archil or orchil of the shops 7,,orchil-,,liquor7 is under the last form2 and is known as either ,,blue ,,or ,,red ,,archil--distinctions which arise as follows3-- ,prep4 #a4 ,,blue ,,archil3--,the bruised or coarsely ground lichen is steeped for some time in a mixture of stale urine1 or bone-spirit1 and lime or milk of lime1 or in any similar ammoniacal solution1 contained in covered wooden vessels in the cold2 the process being repeated until all the colour is extracted4 #b4 ,,red ,,or ,,crimson ,,archil3--,the materials are the same as for the last variety1 but rather less milk of lime is used1 and the 'steep' is generally made in earthen jars placed in a room heated by steam1 technically called a stove4 ,the two kinds merely differ in the degree of their red or violet tint--the addition of a small quantity of lime or alkali to the one1 or of an acid to the other1 immediately bringing them both to the same shade of colour4 ,prop4 ,archil has a disagreeable putrid ammoniacal odour4 ,its colouring matter is soluble in water1 alcohol1 urine1 ammoniacal and alkaline lyes1 and weak acid liquors2 alkalies turn it blue1 acids red2 alum gives with it a brownish-red precipitate1 and solution of tin a red one2 the alcoholic solution gradually loses its colour when excluded from the air4 ,its colouring matter consists chiefly of orcein4 ,pur4 ,archil is frequently adulterated with extract of logwood1 or of ,lima or ,sapan-wood4 ,it may be tested as follows3--#a4 ,a solution of #ej or #fj drops of pure archil in about #c fl4 oz4 of water slightly acidulated with acetic acid1 almost entirely loses its colour1 or presents only a yellowish tinge1 when heated to ebullition in a flask along with #ej drops of a fresh solution of protochloride of tin made with #a part of the salt to #b parts of water3--#b4 ,a drop of fluid extract of logwood treated in the same way1 gives a distinct violet tint1 which resists several hours' boiling2 but when only #c or #d per cent4 of logwood is present1 the boiled liquid has a permanent grey tint3--#c4 ,if the boiled liquid retains its red hue1 extract of ,sapan-wood is present3--#d4 ,the boiled liquor1 when the archil is pure1 re-acquires its colour by exposure to the air1 and the addition of an alkali1 particularly ammonia2 whilst the colour produced by logwood is destroyed only by an alkaline solution of tin1 and is restored by acids4 ,uses1 c4 ,it is employed to tinge the spirit used to fill the tubes of thermometers1 and to stain paper1 wood1 c4 ,the aqueous solution stains ,,marble1 in the cold1 of a beautiful violet colour1 of considerable permanence when not exposed to a vivid light4 ,marble thus tinged preserves its colour unchanged at the end of two years4 7,dufay47 ,its principal use is1 however1 in dyeing4 ,by proper management it may be made to produce every shade of pink and crimson to blue and purple4 ,unfortunately1 although the hues it imparts to silk and wool possess an exquisite bloom or lustre1 they are far from permanent1 and unless well managed1 soon decay4 ,it is hence generally employed in combination with other dye-stuffs1 or as a finishing bath to impart a bloom to silk or woollens already dyed of permanent colours4 ,in using it as a dye it is added to hot water in the required quantity1 and the bath being raised to nearly the boiling-point1 the materials are put in and passed through it1 until the desired shade is produced4 ,a mordant of alum and tartar is sometimes used1 but does not add to the permanence of the colour4 ,solution of tin added to the bath increases the durability1 but turns the colour more on the scarlet4 7,hellot47 ,milk of lime or salt of tartar is added to darken it2 acids or solution of tin to redden it4 ,a beautiful crimson-red is obtained by first passing the stuff through a mordant of tin and tartar1 and then through a bath of archil mixed with a very little solution of tin4 ,by the proper management of this dye1 lilacs1 violets1 mallows1 rosemary flower1 soupes au vin1 agates1 and many other shades may be produced on silk or cloth1 either alone or in conjunction with other dyes to modify it4 #a_/b lb4 of solid archil1 or its equivalent in a liquid form1 will dye #a to #b lb4 of cloth4 ,,herb-,,archil1 it is asserted1 will bear boiling1 and gives a more durable tint than the other lichens1 especially with solution of tin4 7,hellot47 ,recently ,mr ,lightfoot has patented a process for dyeing with archil with the aid of oil1 after the manner followed for producing ,turkey-red on cottons4 ,archil1 ,facti''tious3--#a4 ,from a mixture of onions 7in a state of incipient putrefaction7 with about #a-ajth to #a-abth their weight of carbonate of potash and some ammonia1 fermented together2 and adding1 after some days1 #a-gth to #a-hth of the weight of the potash used in a salt of lead4 ,the details of the process essential to success are1 however1 now unknown1 the secret having died with a relative of the writer of this article4 #b4 ,extract of logwood dissolved in juice of elderberries and putrid urine1 with the addition of a little pearlash for the ,,blue1 and a very little oxalic acid or oil of vitriol for the ,,red variety4 ,used to stain wood4 ,arch'il1 ,herb4 ,roccella tinctoria4 ,see ,,archil 7above71 ,,lichens1 and ,,mosses4 ,,are 77ar2 are--,eng474 ,fr4 ,see ,,measures4 ,,are',,ca4 ,l4 ,in botany a genus of ,east ,indian trees1 of the nat4 ord4 ,palm 7,,dc474 ,areca ,cate'chu4 ,l42 ,linn4 ,syn4 ,,are',,ca1 ,a4 ,,in',,dica1 ,a4 ,,faufel1 ,,be',,tel-,,nut ,,tree4 ,hab4 ,east ,indies4 ,fruit 7,,betel-,,nut71 astringent and narcotic2 husk of fruit 7,,penang or ,,pinang71 sialagogue and stomachic2 both are used as masticatories2 wood and nut yield an inferior or bastard sort of catechu2 charcoal of the nut highly esteemed as tooth-powder2 also given in tape-worm in doses of #a_/d oz4 and #a_/b oz42 said to be more efficacious in coarse than in fine powder4--,doses for ,animals4 ,,horse1 #d to #f drachms2 ,,cattle1 #d to #h drachms2 ,,dog1 #cj grains to #b drachms4 ,areca ,globulif'era4 ,l4 ,properties similar to the last4 ,areca ,olera'cea4 ,l42 ,willd4 ,cabbage-palm4 ,,arena',,ceous 77ar-e-74 ,syn4 ,,arena',,ceus1 ,l42 ,,ar,,nac1 ,,sablonneux1 ,fr42 ,,sandig1 ,,sandartig1 ,ger4 ,in agriculture1 mineralogy1 c41 sandy2 resembling sand2 friable4 ,,arena'',,rious 7-nare'-74 ,syn4 ,,arena'',,rius1 ,l42 ,,ar,,naire1 ,fr4 ,sandy1 arenaceous4 ,in agriculture and botany applied to soils 7,,arenarious ,,soils7 in which sand is the prevailing and characteristic ingredient2 also to plants that grow in sandy or arid soils4 ,,arena',,tion4 ,syn4 ,,saburra',,tion2 ,,arena',,tio1 ,l42 ,,ar,,nation1 ,fr42 ,,sandbad1 ,ger4 ,in medicine sandbathing2 a practice formerly prevalent1 in dropsy1 of applying hot sand1 either by immersion or otherwise1 to the feet1 legs1 or even the whole body4 ,,arenose' 77ar-e-nose'74 ,syn4 ,,ar',,enous992 ,,areno',,sus1 ,l42 ,,ar,,neux1 ,fr4 ,sandy2 arenaceous 7which see74 ,,areom',,eter 77a-re- or 7ar-re-2 are-e--,smart74 ,syn4 ,,areom',,etrum1 ,l42 ,,ar,,om,,tre1 ,fr4 ,literally1 a 'measure of lightness' or 'rarity1' originally applied to any instrument for determining the specific gravity of alcoholic and ethereal liquids2 but since applied1 like the word 'hydrometer1' to instruments adjusted to the densities of all liquids4 ,in this country the term is principally confined to the aromtres of ,baum1 on account of their general use by ,continental chemists4 ,the relations and equivalents of ,baum's scales1 as now adopted in ,france1 are shown in the first two of the following ,tables3-- ,i4--,corresponding ,,degrees of ,,baum',s ,,areometers and ,,real ,,specific ,,gravities3-- #a4 ,areometer for liquids ,,lighter than ,,water1 or ,pse-esprit4#gg ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ,degrees,specific,degrees,specific,degre es,specific,degrees,specific,degrees,spe cific ,baum4 ,gravity4,baum4 ,gravity4,baum4 ,gravity4,baum4 ,gravity4,baum4 ,gravity4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- #aj #ajjjj #ba #jicjj #cb #jhfij #db #jhbjb #eb #jggff #aa #jiicb #bb #jibda #cc #jhfci #dc #jhaef #ec #jggbe #ab #jihfe #bc #jiahc #cd #jhehh #dd #jhaaa #ed #jgfhd #ac #jigii #bd #jiabe #ce #jhech #de #jhjff #ee #jgfdc #ad #jigcc #be #jijfh #cf #jhdhh #df #jhjbb #ef #jgfjd #ae #jiffi #bf #jijab #cg #jhdci #dg #jgigh #eg #jgeef #af #jifje #bg #jhieg #ch #jhcia #dh #jgice #eh #jgebf #ag #jiedb #bh #jhijb #ci #jhcdc #di #jghib #ei #jgdhg #ah #jidhj #bi #jhhdh #dj #jhbie #ej #jghdi #fj #jgddi #ai #jidbj #cj #jhgie #da #jhbdi #ea #jghjg #fa #jgdaa #bj #jicei #ca #jhgdb ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------ ,footnote #gg3 ,these instruments were originally adjusted at the temperature of #ab-a_/b ,cent41 or #ed-a_/b ,fahr4 ,those now made in ,france are adjusted at #ae ,c41 or #ei ,f42 and those made in ,england1 at either #ei or 7more usually7 #fj ,fahr4 ,the standard temperature of the instrument must be known for its correct application4 #b4 ,areometer for liquids ,,heavier than ,,water2 ,pse-acide1 or ,pse-sirop4#gh ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ,degrees,specific,degrees,specific,degre es,specific,degrees,specific,degrees,spe cific ,baum4 ,gravity4,baum4 ,gravity4,baum4 ,gravity4,baum4 ,gravity4,baum4 ,gravity4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- #j #ajjjj #af #aaagf #cb #abffg #dg #addgf #fb #afhhi #a #ajjff #ag #aabei #cc #abggc #dh #adfae #fc #agjgi #b #ajacc #ah #aacdc #cd #abhha #di #adgeh #fd #agbgc #c #ajbja #ai #aadbh #ce #abiib #ej #adijb #fe #agdga #d #ajbgj #bj #aaeae #cf #acajc #ea #aejea #ff #agfgd #e #ajcdj #ba #aafjc #cg #acbag #eb #aebjj #fg #aghhb #f #ajdaa #bb #aafib #ch #acccc #ec #aecec #fh #ahjie #g #ajdhc #bc #aaghc #ci #acdea #ed #aeeaj #fi #ahcac #h #ajeef #bd #aahge #dj #acega #ee #aefga #gj #ahecg #i #ajfcj #be #aaifh #da #acfid #ef #aehcc #ga #ahgfe #aj #ajgjd #bf #abjfc #db #achah #eg #afjjj #gb #aijjj #aa #ajghj #bg #abafj #dc #acide #eh #afagj #gc #aibda #ab #ajheg #bh #abbeh #dd #adjgd #ei #afcdd #gd #aidhg #ac #ajice #bi #abceh #de #adbjf #fj #afebb #ge #aigdj #ad #aajad #cj #abdei #df #adcci #fa #afgje #gf #bjjjj #ae #aajie #ca #abefb ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ,,ii4--,corresponding ,,specific ,,gravities and ,,degrees of ,,baum',s ,,areometer for heavy liquids4#gh ,from the ,batavian ,pharmacopoeia4 ,footnote #gh3 ,see footnote on previous page4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ,degrees,specific,degrees,specific,degre es,specific,degrees,specific,degrees,spe cific ,baum4 ,gravity4,baum4 ,gravity4,baum4 ,gravity4,baum4 ,gravity4,baum4 ,gravity4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- #j #ajjj #af #aabe #cb #abhf #dg #adhe #fb #ageh #a #ajjg #ag #aacd #cc #abih #dh #aeja #fc #aggi #b #ajad #ah #aadc #cd #acji #di #aeaf #fd #ahja #c #ajbb #ai #aaeb #ce #acba #ej #aecb #fe #ahbc #d #ajbi #bj #aafa #cf #accd #ea #aedi #ff #ahdg #e #ajcf #ba #aaga #cg #acdf #eb #aeff #fg #ahgb #f #ajdd #bb #aahj #ch #acei #ec #aehc #fh #ahig #g #ajeb #bc #aaij #ci #acgb #ed #afja #fi #aiba #h #ajfj #bd #aaii #dj #achd #ee #afah #gj #aidf #i #ajfg #be #abaj #da #acih #ef #afcg #ga #aigd #aj #ajge #bf #abba #db #adab #eg #afef #gb #bjjj #aa #ajhc #bg #abca #dc #adbf #eh #afgf #gc #bjca #ab #ajia #bh #abdb #dd #addj #ei #afie #gd #bjei #ac #aajj #bi #abeb #de #aded #fj #agae #ge #bjhg #ad #aajh #cj #abfa #df #adgj #fa #agch #gf #baaf #ae #aaaf #ca #abge ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ,,areom',,etry4 ,syn4 ,,areome',,tria1 ,l42 ,,ar,,om,,trie1 ,fr4 ,the art or operation of ascertaining the specific gravity of liquids1 and hence also their strength or commercial value2 hydrometry4 ,see ,,areometer 7above71 ,,hydrometry1 ,,specific ,,gravity1 c4 ,,are',,cina4 ,c#bc;,h#bf,n#b,o#d4 ,an alkaloid discovered by ,pelletier and ,comol1 in white cinchona bark from ,arca4 ,it is extracted from the bark by the same process as ,quinine1 viz41 by boiling the bark with acidulated water1 treating the liquor with lime1 and digesting the lime-precipitate in alcohol4 ,the solution filtered at the boiling heat yields a very dark-coloured liquid1 which1 after a time1 deposits the greater part of the aricine in crystals4 ,an additional quantity may be obtained from the mother-liquor by expelling the alcohol by distillation1 treating the residue with a slight excess of hydrochloric acid1 separating the greater part of the colouring matter by means of a saturated solution of common salts1 then throwing down the aricine by ammonia1 dissolving the precipitate in alcohol1 decolourising with animal charcoal and crystallising4 ,,argamone ,,mexicana 7nat4 order ,,papaverace74 ,a tropical ,american plant1 now a common weed growing in almost every part of ,india4 ,a fixed oil is obtained from the seeds by expression1 which has long been employed as an aperient in the ,west ,indies4 ,in half-drachm doses it is said to act as a gentle aperient1 and at the same time it allays1 apparently by its sedative qualities1 the pain in colic4 ,the smallness of the dose1 and the mildness of its operation1 commend it to the notice of the medical practitioner4 ,its efficiency is impaired by keeping1 the freshly prepared oil proving more active and uniform in its action than that which has been long on hand4 ,it is reported to exercise a well-marked and soothing influence when applied to herpetic eruptions and other forms of skin disease4 ,by the natives of ,india the expressed yellow glutinous juice of the plant is held in high repute as a local application to indolent and foul ulcers4 ,,argent',,ine 7-7in74 ,syn4 ,,argenti',,nus1 ,l42 ,,argentin1 ,fr42 ,,silberfarben1 c41 ,ger4 ,silver-like2 pertaining to1 resembling1 or sounding like silver2 argental4 ,ar'gentine4 7-t7in74 ,eng41 ,fr4 ,german silver994 ,in mineralogy1 nacreous carbonate of lime1 from its whiteness and silvery lustre4 ,,argent',,um4 ,l4 ,silver4 ,in old chemistry and pharmacy1 ,,argentum1 ,,fugiti'',,vumdagger1 ,a4 ,,mo',,biledagger 7-7il-e71 was quicksilver2 ,a4 ,,mor',,tuumdagger1 dead silver1 grain-s2 ,a4 ,,musi',,vumdagger1 mosaic s41 silver-bronze2 ,a4 ,,nitra',,tumdagger1 lunar caustic2 ,a4 ,,vi',,vumdagger1 quicksilver2 ,a4 ,,zo,,tin',,icumdagger1 cyanide of silver2 c4 ,,ar',,gildagger 7j7il74 ,syn4 ,,argil',,la1 ,l42 ,,argile1 ,fr4 ,clay or potter's earth4 ,,argilla',,ceous 7-j7il-74 ,syn4 ,,argilla',,ceus1 ,l42 ,,argilleux1 ,fr42 ,,thonig1 ,,thonartig1 ,ger4 ,clayey2 pertaining to1 containing1 or of the nature of clay or argil4 ,in agriculture1 an epithet of soils 7,,argillaceous ,,soils7 of which clay is the principal or characteristic ingredient4 ,argil'lo-arena'ceous 7-j7il-74 ,in agr41 consisting chiefly of clay and sand4 ,argillo-calca''reous4 ,in agr41 consisting chiefly of clay and chalk4 ,,ar',,gol4 ,syn4 ,,argal992 ,,tar',,tarus ,,cru',,dus1 ,l42 ,,tartre ,,brut1 ,fr42 ,,weinstein1 ,ger4 ,crude bitartrate of potash1 as deposited by wine4 ,that from red wine is ,,red ,,argol2 that from white wine1 ,,white ,,argol4 ,see ,,tartar4 ,,arm',,ature 7-7a-ture74 ,syn4 ,,armatu'',,ra1 ,l4 ,in magnetism1 a piece of soft iron used to connect the poles of a horseshoe magnet1 for the purpose of preventing loss of power4 ,,ar',,nica4 ,l41 ,fr41 ,eng4 ,syn4 ,,arnique1 ,fr42 ,,arnika1 ,,wolverlei1 ,ger4 ,in botany1 a genus of plants of the nat4 ord4 ,composit 7,,dc474 ,in the ,ph4 ,u4 ,s41 arnica montana 7see below74 ,arnica ,monta'na4 ,l42 ,linn4 ,syn4 ,,arnica1 ,,moun',,tain ,a41 ,m4 ,,tobac',,co1 ,,german ,,leop',,ard',s ,,bane2 ,,panace',a ,,lapso'',,rum991 ,l4 ,,arnique1 ,a4 ,,des ,,montagnes1 ,,tabac ,,des ,,savoyards ,,et ,,des ,,vosges1 ,fr42 ,,arnika1 ,,falkraut1 c41 ,ger4 ,hab4 ,meadows of the cooler parts of ,europe1 ,north ,america1 and ,siberia4 ,it is now cultivated in our gardens4 ,flowers 7,,arnica1 ,ph4 ,u4 ,s41 ,castr4 ,ruth41 and ,bor47 and leaves1 diaphoretic1 diuretic1 stimulant1 and narcotic2 in large doses emetic and purgative2 root discutient2 whole herb diaphoretic1 stimulant1 and nervine4 ,prop41 c4 ,arnica acts as an energetic stimulant on the cerebro-spinal system1 and as an irritant on the stomach and bowels4 ,it is much employed on the ,continent1 and is given in a great variety of diseases--amaurosis1 chlorosis1 convulsions1 diarrhoea1 dysentery1 gout1 paralysis1 rheumatism1 c4 ,it is much used in ,germany1 instead of bark1 in intermittents1 putrid fevers1 and gangrene4 ,in ,france it is commonly employed as an excito-tonic in paralysis4 ,it has been greatly extolled1 as a restorative1 and in bruises and injuries from falls4 ,the ,savoyards and inhabitants of the ,vosges both smoke and 'snuff' the leaves4 ,in ,england it is little used except by homoeopaths4 ,it is said that no animal but the goat will eat this plant4 7,thomson47 ,its noxious properties chiefly depend on the presence of cytisine4--,dose4 ,flowers1 #e to #aj gr41 in powder1 with syrup or honey2 root1 #aj to #bj gr4 ,it is most conveniently administered under the form of infusion or tincture4 ,severe abdominal pains and vertigo1 and even tetanus and death1 have followed excessive doses4 ,obs4 ,according to ,dupuytren1 the emetic action of infusion of arnica depends on minute particles of the down of the plant which remain suspended in it1 and which may be removed by filtration4 ,see ,,infusions1 ,,tinctures1 c4 ,,arnatt',o1 ,arnott'o4 ,see ,,annotta4 ,,ar',,nicine 7seen74 ,this name has been applied to two substances--the one discovered by ,pfaff2 the other by ,bastick3-- ,arnicine 7of ,pfaff74 ,the resinous matter extracted by alcohol from the roots and flowers of mountain arnica1 and in which their acridity appears to reside4 ,arnicine 7of ,bastick74 ,syn4 ,,arnici',,na1 ,,arnici'',a 7nish'-y'7a71 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,bastick47 ,from the flowers1 by a similar process to that by which he obtains lobelina4 #b4 ,from the flowers 7or root71 as directed under ,,aricina4 ,prop41 c4 ,bitter2 acrid2 crystallisable scarcely soluble in water2 soluble in alcohol and ether2 forms salts with the acids1 the hydrochlorate and one or two others being crystallisable4 ,its physiological properties and dose have not as yet been accurately determined4 ,,aro',,ma4 ,l4 ,syn4 ,,arome1 ,fr42 ,,arom1 ,,geruchstoff1 ,ger4 ,the characteristic odour of substances1 particularly the peculiar quality of plants1 and of substances derived from them1 which constitutes their fragrance4 ,,aroma',,ta4 ,l4 ,see ,,aromatic4 ,,aromat',,ic4 ,syn4 ,,aromat',,icus1 ,l42 ,,aromatique1 ,fr42 ,,gew,,rzhaft1 ,ger4 ,fragrant2 odoriferous2 spicy2 applied chiefly to plants and their products 7,,aromatics1 ,a4 ,,plants2 ,,aromat',a1 ,,aromat',,ica1 ,l42 ,,aromatiques1 ,,pices1 ,fr42 ,,gewurz1 ,ger47 characterised by their spicy odour or aroma1 and warm pungent flavour1 and of which allspice1 cinnamon1 cloves1 lavender1 pepper1 rosemary1 sage1 c41 are well-known examples4 ,they are all stimulant1 carminative1 and antiseptic2 and from remote antiquity have been regarded as prophylactic and disinfectant4 ,aromatic4 ,in medicine1 pharmacy1 perfumery1 c41 applied to substances1 simple or compound1 characterised by an agreeable odour or carminative properties1 or both2 as aromatic confection1 a4 pastilles1 a4 vinegar1 a4 bark 7,,cortex ,,aromaticus1 white canella71 c4 ,,aromatic ,,sulphur-,,soap 7,ed4 ,heger74 ,for cleansing the teeth and mouth4 ,a hard sulphur-coloured soap externally2 on cutting1 greyish-brown4 ,composed of soap with #aj per cent4 of hyposulphite of soda1 perfumed with a scent resembling oil of balm4 7,hager47 ,,aromatique 7,albin ,mller1 ,brnn74 ,spirit 7#ij per cent471 #ej grms42 sugar1 #de grms42 extractive matter1 #d grms4 7composed of cinnamon1 cloves1 galangal1 zedoary1 angelica1 anise72 water1 #ha grms4 ,sold in wine-bottle-shaped bottles1 and recommended for all derangements of the digestive organs4 7,hager47 ,,arquebusade' 7ar-ke-b7o7o-zade'74 ,fr4 ,primarily1 the shot of an arquebuse2 but afterwards applied to an aromatic spirit 7,,eau ,d',,arquebusade1 ,fr471 originally employed as an application to gunshot 7arquebuse7 wounds4 ,,ar',,rack 7,syn4 ,,rack7 7arrack'--,brande74 ,ind4 ,syn4 ,,arac1 ,,arack1 ,,rackdouble-dagger2 ,,palm-,,spirit2 ,,ar',,ac',,ca1 ,,spir',,itus ,,pal',m1 ,s4 ,,suc',,ci ,p41 ,s4 ,,ory',z991 ,l42 ,,arack1 ,fr42 ,arak1 ,ger4 ,a spirituous liquor imported from the ,east ,indies4 ,the finer qualities are distilled from the fermented juice 7toddy1 palm-wine7 of the cocoa-nut tree1 palmyra tree1 and other palms2 and the other kinds1 from the infusion of unhusked rice 7rice-beer71 fermented with cocoa-nut or palm-juice1 either with or without the addition of coarse sugar or jaggery4 ,prop41 c4 ,it is colourless or nearly so1 but like other spirit1 when long kept in wood1 gradually acquires a slight tinge1 similar to that of old ,hollands4 ,the best kinds1 when of sufficient age1 are pleasant flavoured1 and are probably as wholesome as the other spirits of commerce2 but common arrack has a strong and somewhat nauseous flavour and odour1 depending on the presence of volatile oil derived from the rice1 and corresponding to that of corn-spirit4 ,the inferior qualities are hence more heating and apt to disagree with the stomach than the other commercial spirits4 ,in this country it is chiefly used to make punch4 ,when sliced pine-apples are put into good arrack1 and the spirit kept for some time1 it mellows down and acquires a most delicious flavour1 and is thought by many to be then unrivalled for making 'nectarial punch' or 'rack-punch4' ,obs4 ,batavian arrack is most esteemed2 then that of ,madras2 and next that of ,china4 ,others are regarded as inferior4 ,the common par'iah arrack is generally narcotic1 very intoxicating1 and unwholesome2 being commonly prepared from coarse jaggery1 spoilt toddy1 refuse rice1 c41 and rendered more intoxicating by the addition of hemp-leaves1 poppy-heads1 juice of stramonium1 and other deleterious substances4 ,arrack1 ,facti''tious4 ,syn4 ,,mock ,,ar',,rack1 ,,brit',,ish ,a42 ,,vauxhall',,nec',,tar2 c4 ,prep4 ,good old ,jamaica rum 7uncoloured71 rectified spirit 7#ed to #ef o4 p42 clean flavoured71 and water1 of each #a quart2 flowers of benzoin1 #a dr42 sliced pine-apple1 #a_/d oz4 7or essence of pine-apple1 #a_/b teaspoonful72 digest1 with occasional agitation1 for a fortnight2 then add of skimmed milk #a wine-glassful2 agitate well for #ae minutes1 and in a few days decant the clear portion4 ,the crude ,indian arrack1 when subjected to distillation until it has a sp4 gr4 #ibj1 is employed in ,india1 as proof spirit1 in the preparation of official tinctures1 and for other pharmaceutical purposes4 ,a very useful stimulating application1 known in ,india as toddy poultice1 and intended as a substitute for yeast poultice1 is prepared by adding freshly drawn toddy to rice flour1 till it has the consistence of a soft poultice1 and subjecting this to heat over a gentle fire1 stirring constantly till fermentation commences4 ,the light brown cotton-like substance from the outside of the base of the fronds belonging to the ,palmyra palm is employed by the ,cyngalese doctors as a styptic for stopping the hmorrhage of superficial wounds4 ,,ar',,row-,,root4 ,the common name of maran'ta arundina'cea 7,linn42 m4 ,indi'ca--,tuss472 a plant of the nat4 ord4 ,marantace 7,lindl42 ,cannace--,endl474 ,it was originally brought from the island of ,dominica to ,barbadoes1 by ,col4 ,james ,walker4 ,it has since been extensively cultivated in the ,west ,indies4 ,tubers yield true ,,arrow-,,root2 when fresh and good they contain about #bf of starch1 of which #bc may be obtained as arrow-root1 and the rest by boiling4 ,arrow-root4 ,syn4 ,,maran',,ta1 ,,am',,ylum ,,maran',t1 ,f,c',,ula ,m41 ,l42 ,,racine ,,fl,,chi,,re1 ,,pivot1 ,fr42 ,,pfeilwurz1 ,p4-,,satzmehl1 ,ger4 ,the starch or fecula obtained from the rhizoma or tubers of maran'ta arundina'cea 7,linn42 see above71 and which forms the true 'arrow-root' of commerce4 ,prep4 ,the fecula is extracted from the tubers when they are about #aj or #ab months old1 by a process similar to that by which the farina is obtained from potatoes4 ,in ,bermuda the tubers1 after being washed1 are deprived of their paper-like scales and every discoloured and defective part by hand2 they are then again washed and drained1 and next subjected to the action of a wheel-rasp1 the starch being washed from the comminuted tubers with rain-water2 the milky liquid is passed through a hair sieve1 or a coarse cloth1 and allowed to deposit its fecula4 ,this is then allowed to drain1 after which it is again carefully washed with clean water1 again drained1 and1 after being thoroughly dried in the air or sun1 is at once packed for market4 7,cogswell47 ,in ,st4 ,vincent 7on the ,hopewell ,estate71 a cylindrical crushing-mill1 tinned-copper washing machines1 and ,german-silver palettes and shovels are employed2 whilst the drying is effected in extensive sheds1 under white gauze1 to exclude insects4 ,in ,jamaica the washed tubers are generally pulped in deep wooden mortars2 machinery being seldom employed in any part of the process4 ,prop41 c4 ,a light1 dull1 dead-white1 tasteless1 inodorous powder or small pulverulent masses1 feeling firm to the fingers1 and crackling when pressed or rubbed2 viewed by a pocket lens it appears to consist of glistening particles1 which are shown by a microscope to be convex1 irregular1 ovoid or truncated granules1 most of them1 according to ,mr ,jackson1 being #jjaj of an inch in length1 and #jjjh of an inch in breadth2 mixed with others varying from about double to only half that size4 ,in its action with boiling water1 and its general properties it resembles the other starches2 than which1 however1 it is freer from any peculiar taste and flavour2 and thus agrees better with the delicate stomachs of invalids and infants than the ordinary farinas4 ,illustration3 ,west ,indian ,arrowroot 7,maranta ,arundinaca74 ,scale #a-ajjjth of an inch4 ,comp4 ,similar to that of the other starches4 ,pur4 ,a large portion of the arrow-root of the shops consists either wholly or in part of the fecula or farina of potatoes or of inferior starches such as cacuma1 or ,east ,indian arrow-root1 jatropha1 or ,brazilian arrow-root1 canna1 or tous les mois2 or is more or less mixed with sago-meal or rice-meal3 such materials can be readily detected by the microscope4 ,potato starch is known in commerce as ',,farina' or ',,british ,,arrow-,,root1' or simply 'arrow-root1' whereas genuine arrow-root is always described as ',bermuda1' ',st4 ,vincent1' ',st4 ,kitts1' or1 at least1 as ',west ,indian arrow-root4' ,the substitution of the inferior farinas for genuine arrow-root is not only fraudulent on account of their inferior value1 but is reprehensible in a hygienic point of view2 as some of them are offensive to a delicate stomach1 and exert of themselves1 and still more when carelessly manufactured1 a laxative action on the bowels2 whereas the effect of true arrow-root is that of a slight and soothing tonic4 ,uses1 c4 ,as an agreeable1 non-irritable article of diet for invalids and children1 in the form of cakes1 biscuits or puddings1 or boiled with milk or water and flavoured with sugar1 spices1 lemon-juice1 or wine1 at pleasure4 ,for young children a little caraway or cinnamon water is to be preferred4 ,it is especially useful in irritation or debility of the stomach1 bowels1 or urinary organs1 and in all cases in which a demulcent or emollient is indicated4 ,it must not1 however1 be employed to the entire exclusion of other food1 as1 being destitute of the nitrogenous elements of nutrition1 it is incapable alone of supporting life4 ,arrow-root jelly is prepared by first rubbing the powder up with a very small quantity of cold water1 and then gradually adding the remainder boiling1 stirring well all the time4 ,beef tea1 veal broth1 or milk may be used instead of water4 ,some persons boil it for a few minutes4 ,this jelly1 flavoured with a little genuine port wine and nutmeg1 is almost a specific in cases of simple diarrhoea arising from habit or debility4 ,obs4 ,arrow-root is imported in tins1 barrels1 and boxes1 from all the ,west ,india ,islands2 and from ,calcutta and ,sierra ,leone4 ,the best quality was1 until recently1 solely obtained from ,bermuda2 but of late equally fine samples have been produced on the ,hopewell ,estate1 ,st ,vincent1 and1 according to ,dr ,ure1 with the advantage of being prepared with the purest spring water1 in profusion1 instead of rain water4 ,in commerce1 the word arrow-root is now often loosely used as a generic term to indicate any white1 tasteless1 and edible starch or fecula4 ,arrow-root1 ,brazil'ian4 ,cassava-starch or tapioca-meal4 ,arrow-root1 ,east ,in'dian4 ,curcuma starch2 from the tubers of the curcuma angustifolia or narrow-leaved turmeric4 ,the maranta arundinacea is now also extensively cultivated in ,india under the name of maranta ,indica1 and the fecula therefrom extensively exported1 which might1 with equal propriety1 be called ,east ,indian arrow-root2 but this is not the case in commerce1 the whole passing as ,w4 ,i4 arrow-root irrespective of the place of its production4 ,arrow-root1 ,eng'lish4 ,potato-starch4 ,arrow-root1 ,portland4 ,from the underground tubers of arum maculatum 7,linn47 or wake-robin4 ,arrow-root1 ,tahi'ti4 ,tacca starch or ,otaheite salep2 from the tubers of tacca oceanica4 ,illustration3 ,rio1 or ,manihot ,arrow ,root4 ,scale #a-ajjjth of an inch4 ,,arse'',,niate4 ,syn4 ,,ar',,senate2 ,,arse'',,nias1 ,,ar',,senas1 ,l42 ,,ars,,niate1 ,fr42 ,,arse'',,niksaure ,,salze1 ,ger4 ,a salt consisting of ,as,o#d and a metal or other basic radical2 e4g41 ammonio-magnesium arseniate1 ,,nh#d,mg#i;,as,o#d4 ,,ar',,senic 7-se-n7ik74 ,as4 ,syn4 ,,arsenium2 ,,arsen',,icum1 ,,arse',,nium1 ,l42 ,,arsenik1 ,a4-,,metall1 ,ger4 ,,arsenico1 ,sp41 ,it4 ,the brittle1 grey-coloured metal1 or metalloid1 which forms the base of the white arsenic and orpiment of commerce4 ,discovered by ,geber in the eighth century1 but first accurately described by ,brandt 7,a4,d4 #aggc74 ,the poisonous properties of arsenious acid were not generally known for some centuries after its discovery4 ,as a medicine it was first employed in intermittents in ,hungary4 ,sources4 ,arsenic is peculiar to the mineral kingdom4 ,the metallic arsenic of commerce is obtained by roasting arsenical pyrites 7,,mispickel71 in earthen tubes1 or in tubular earthen retorts2 the arsenic sublimes1 and sulphuret of iron remains behind4 ,on the small scale it is prepared by sublimation from a mixture of arsenious acid and charcoal or black flux4 ,combined with oxygen it frequently exists in mineral waters2 and1 in a larger quantity1 in certain rivulets and streams4 ,prep4 ,a mixture of arsenious acid1 #a part2 and black flux1 #b or #c parts2 is exposed to a low red heat in a ,hessian crucible over which is luted a deep empty crucible1 or an earthen tube1 to receive the metal2 the latter being kept as cool as possible4 ,charcoal or even oil may be substituted for black flux1 and a retort of hard glass may be used1 with the same result4 ,or the following method may be used3--,white oxide of arsenic1 of commerce1 #b dr42 is placed at the sealed end of a hard ,german-glass tube 7#a_/b #ah inches71 and covered with about #h inches of dry and coarsely powdered charcoal2 the portion of the tube containing the latter is then raised to a red heat1 whilst a few ignited coals are placed beneath the oxide to effect its slow sublimation4 ,the sublimed metal gradually attaches itself to the inside of the tube at its cool extremity4 ,a small charcoal furnace similar to that used for organic analysis should be employed1 and the process conducted under a flue to carry off any fumes that may escape4 ,the open end of the tube should be loosely closed with a cork4 ,prop4 ,very brittle1 so much so that it may be easily powdered in a mortar2 lustre highly metallic2 colour steel-grey or bluish-white2 texture crystalline2 crystals rhombohedrons2 sublimes1 without fusion1 at #cef to #cfj ,fahr41 7and slowly at lower temperatures71 in close vessels unaltered1 but when exposed to the air with conversion into arsenious acid2 at a higher temperature1 in open vessels1 it burns with a pale-blue flame4 ,its vapour or fumes have a characteristic alliaceous odour2 it is slowly oxidised and dissolved by boiling water2 but may be preserved unchanged in pure cold water2 it rapidly tarnishes in the air1 particularly when moist1 a black film1 consisting of metallic arsenic and arsenious acid forming on its surface2 with chlorine1 iodine1 sulphur1 and hydrogen1 it unites to form definite compounds4 ,with oxygen it forms acids1 but no basic oxide4 ,it combines with the metals in a similar manner to sulphur and phosphorus1 the latter of which it resembles in many respects4 ,these compounds are termed ,,ar',,senides1 formerly ,,arseniurets4 ,sp4 gr4 #eg to #ei2 sp4 gr4 of vapour1 #ajcfb4 ,uses1 c4 ,with copper it forms a white alloy 7,,packfong72 and it is added to some other alloys to increase their whiteness1 hardness1 and fusibility4 ,in medicine it is only used in combination4 ,in the metallic state it is inert2 but1 from its great affinity for oxygen1 it rapidly becomes oxidised and poisonous2 and hence acts as a powerful poison when swallowed1 or when rubbed on the skin4 ,its fumes are also highly poisonous4 ,see ,,arsenious ,,acid 7and below74 ,arsenic1 ,tribro'mide of4 ,as,br#c4 ,syn4 ,,terbro',,mide ,,of ,,arsenic1 ,,sesquibro',,mide ,,of ,a42 ,,arsen',,ici ,,bromi',,dum1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,add metallic arsenic1 in powder1 cautiously and in a very small quantity at a time1 to pure bromine1 contained in a vessel set in ice or a freezing mixture1 until light ceases to be emitted2 then cautiously distil into a well-cooled receiver4 ,prop41 c4 ,solid below #fh ,fahr42 above it1 a yellowish fuming liquid1 which boils at #dbh ,fahr4 ,arsenic1 ,trichlo''ride of4 ,as,cl#c4 ,syn4 ,,chlo'',,ride ,,of ,a41 ,,arsen',,ici ,,terchlori',,dum1 c41 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,from a mixture of white arsenic1 #a part2 and bichloride of mercury1 #f parts2 both in powder1 carefully distilled into a well-cooled receiver4 #b4 ,gently boil powdered white arsenic for some time in hydrochloric acid to which a little nitric acid has been added2 then concentrate cautiously by evaporation1 and distil as before4 ,it is also produced1 with the disengagement of heat and light1 when powdered metallic arsenic is thrown into gaseous chlorine4 ,prop41 c4 ,a colourless1 volatile1 highly poisonous liquid1 decomposed by water into arsenious acid and hydrochloric acid4 ,it has been employed as a caustic in cancer and venereal warts2 but its use requires the greatest caution4 ,arsenic1 ,flu'oride of4 ,as,f#c4 ,syn4 ,,arsenic ,,trifluoride1 ,,terflu',,oride ,,of ,,arsenic4 ,a fuming volatile liquid1 prepared as the bromide4 ,arsenic1 ,trii'odide of4 ,as,i#c4 ,syn4 ,,teriodide ,,of ,,arsenic1 ,,iodide ,,of ,,arsenic2 ,,arsen',,ici ,,iodi',,dum1 ,a4 ,,teriodi',,dum1 ,l42 ,,arsenic ,,iodure1 c41 ,fr4 ,prep4 #a4 ,from finely-pulverised metallic arsenic1 #b parts2 iodide1 #aa parts2 mixed and gently heated in a bent glass tube1 or a suitable retort1 until combination is complete2 the heat being then raised1 and the sublimed iodide collected1 and at once put into a well-stopped phial4 #b4 ,arsenic1 in fine powder1 #a part2 iodine1 #e parts2 triturate them together1 place the mixture in a small flask or retort just large enough to contain it1 and apply a gentle heat until liquefaction is complete1 avoiding the formation of iodine vapour2 when the odour of iodine is no longer perceptible1 and the mass assumes a reddish-yellow colour and crystallises on the sides of the vessel1 the operation is complete1 without having recourse to sublimation4 ,a very easy and excellent process4 ,prop41 c4 ,a deep orange-red1 crystallisable solid2 soluble in water1 and highly volatile and poisonous4 ,its aqueous solution yields the iodine unchanged by rapid evaporation1 but when slowly concentrated and set aside1 white pearly plates are obtained1 consisting of arsenious acid and the teriodide4 ,as a medicine it combines the properties of both arsenious acid and iodine1 but its use requires great caution4 ,it has been successfully employed by ,dr ,a4 ,t4 ,thomson1 ,biett1 and others1 in obstinate skin diseases 7lepra1 impetigo1 herpes1 lupus1 psoriasis1 c471 and in real or stimulated cancer4--,dose1 #a_/af to #a_/ab gr4 7in pills or solution71 gradually increased to #a_/f or even #a_/c gr4 7,a4 ,t4 ,thomson47 ,externally1 #b-a_/b gr41 to lard #a oz42 of which #a dr4 may be used at a time4 7,biett47 ,arsenic1 ,disulphide of4 ,as#b,s#b4 ,syn4 ,,arsenic ,,bisulphide1 ,,bisul',,phide ,,of ,a41 ,,red ,,sul',,phide ,,of ,a41 c41 ,,realgar2 ,r,,algal1 ,,arsenic ,,rouge ,,sulfure1 ,,orpin ,,rouge1 c41 ,fr42 ,,rothes ,,schwefelarsenik1 c41 ,ger4 ,this substance is found native at ,solfaterra1 near ,naples1 and in several other volcanic districts2 but that of commerce is often prepared by distilling arsenical pyrites1 or a mixture of sulphur and white arsenic1 c41 in the proper proportions1 as noticed under ,,re,,lgar and ,,red ,,pigments4 ,prop41 c4 ,a fusible1 volatile substance2 scarlet or ruby-red in mass1 but orange-red in powder1 by which it is distinguished from cinnabar2 crystals1 oblique rhombic prisms4 ,sp4 gr4 #cc to #cf4 ,its chief use is as a pigment and in pyrotechny to make white fire4 ,the factitious sulphide has not the rich colour of the native mineral1 whilst it is much more poisonous4 ,it is improved by re-sublimation4 ,arsenic1 ,trisul'phide of4 ,as#b,s#c4 ,syn4 ,,tersul',,phide ,,of ,,arsenic1 ,,yellow ,,sul',,phide ,,of ,a41 ,,sesquisul',,phide ,,of ,a41 ,,or',,piment2 ,a4 ,,sesquisulphure',,tum1 ,,orpimen',,tum1 ,l42 ,,orpiment1 ,,sulfure ,,jaune ,d',,arsenic1 c41 ,fr42 ,,auripigment1 ,,operment1 ,,rauschgelb1 ,ger4 ,this sulphide1 like the last1 is found ready formed in nature2 and is prepared artificially1 by sublimation1 from a mixture of arsenious acid and sulphur1 as noticed under ,,orpiment and ,,yellow ,,pigments4 ,it also falls as a precipitate when a stream of sulphuretted hydrogen gas is passed through an acid solution of arsenious acid or of an arsenite4 ,prop41 c4 ,golden-yellow crystalline lumps1 or a fine golden-yellow powder2 crystals1 right rhombic prisms2 volatile2 fusible2 very soluble in pure alkalies1 by which it is distinguished from sulphide of cadmium2 and from trisulphide of antimony by being soluble in hydrochloric acid4 ,the factitious sulphide 7,,king',s ,,yellow7 of the shops often contains #hj to #ij of white arsenic2 and is1 therefore1 much more poisonous than the native trisulphide4 ,sp4 gr4 7native7 #cdd to #cfj4 ,use1 c4 ,as a dye1 as a pigment1 and as an ingredient in fireworks1 and in some depilatories4 ,silk1 woollen1 or cotton goods soaked in a solution of pure orpiment in ammonia1 and then suspended in a warm apartment or stove-room1 rapidly lose their ammonia1 and become permanently dyed of a superb yellow colour4 ,the native sulphides 7both red and yellow7 are much less soluble1 and hence less poisonous1 than those prepared artificially4 ,they also possess the richest colour2 and are1 therefore1 preferred by artists and dyers4 ,in former times1 orpiment1 like realgar1 was employed in medicine4 ,see ,,arsenic4 ,arsenic1 ,pentasul'phide of4 ,as#b,s#e4 ,syn4 ,,sulpharsen',,ic ,,acid1 c42 ,,arsen',,ici ,,pentasulphure',,tum1 c41 ,l4 ,when a stream of sulphuretted hydrogen is transmitted for some time through a solution of arsenic acid1 a precipitate of the ,,pentasulphide is deposited after some hours' repose4 ,its formation is accelerated by boiling the liquid4 ,prop41 c4 ,it greatly resembles the tersulphide in its appearance and general properties4 ,arsenic1 ,whitedouble-dagger4 ,see ,,arsenious ,,anhydride4 ,arsenic1 ,yell'ow4 ,trisulphide of arsenic4 ,,arsenic ,,acid4 ,h#c;,as,o#d4 ,syn4 ,,acidum ,,arsen',,icum1 ,l42 ,,acide ,,ars,,nique1 ,fr42 ,,arsenics,,ure1 ,ger4 ,prep4 #a4 ,arsenious acid1 in fine powder1 #b parts2 concentrated nitric acid1 #f parts2 hydrochloric acid1 #a part2 mix in a flask or tubulated retort1 and digest1 with heat1 until solution is complete2 after repose1 decant the clear portion and evaporate1 to the consistence of a thick syrup4 #b4 ,dissolve arsenious acid in hot hydrochloric acid1 and when the solution is cold add concentrated nitric acid1 in small quantities at a time1 until red vapours cease to be evolved1 then proceed as before4 ,prop4 ,thick syrup1 occasionally forming clear transparent crystals1 very deliquescent1 readily soluble in water1 and converted by heat into the anhydrous acid4 ,extremely poisonous4 ,arseniates4 ,prep4 ,most of the metallic arseniates may be formed by adding a solution of a soluble salt of the metal to another of an alkaline arseniate1 as long as a precipitate falls2 which must be collected1 washed1 and dried4 ,the alkaline arseniates may be prepared by adding the base or its carbonate to a solution of the acid1 to alkaline reaction1 and then evaporating and crystallising the liquid4 ,prop41 c4 ,the arseniates of the alkalies are soluble in water2 those of the earths and metals insoluble1 except in acids4 ,they are isomorphous with the corresponding phosphates4 ,tests4 ,nitrate of silver added to the solution of an arseniate gives a highly characteristic reddish-brown precipitate1 which distinguishes it from arsenious acid4 ,nitrate of lead gives a white precipitate1 and the salts of copper greenish-blue ones4 ,pure lump-sugar dissolved in an aqueous solution of this acid becomes1 in a few hours1 of a reddish colour1 and afterwards of a magnificent purple4 ,heated with charcoal it evolves a garlic-like odour1 and is reduced to the metallic state4 ,the suspected liquid being treated with sulphurous acid and boiled for a short time1 the arsenic acid loses oxygen and is converted into arsenious acid1 which may be tested for as such4 ,sulphuretted hydrogen does not precipitate a solution of arsenic acid1 or an acidified arseniate1 until after the lapse of several hours2 and alkaline and neutral solutions not at all4 ,,arsenic ,,anhydride4 ,as#b,o#e4 ,syn4 ,,anhydrous ,,arsenic ,,acid1 ,,arsenic ,,acid2 ,,acidum ,,arsenicum1 ,l42 ,,acide ,,ars,,nique1 ,fr42 ,,arseniks,,ure1 ,ger4 ,best prepared by igniting the arsenic acid1 in a platinum crucible1 at a low red heat1 as long as water is given off4 ,prop4 ,white deliquescent substance1 and violent poison1 readily soluble in water to the acid4 ,,arsenious ,,acid4 ,see ,,arsenious ,,anhydride4 ,,arse'',,nious ,,anhydride4 ,as#b,o#c4 ,syn4 ,,ar',,senious ,,acid1 ,,ar',,senic1 ,,white ,a42 ,,acide ,,ars,,nieux1 ,,arsenic ,,blanc1 ,,oxyde1 ,fr42 ,,arsenigs,,ure1 ,,arsenichste ,s41 ,ger42 ,,arsenico ,,bianco1 ,it42 ,a4 ,,blanco1 ,sp4 ,the arsenic1 or white arsenic1 of the shops4 ,sources4 ,the white arsenic of commerce is principally imported from ,germany1 where it is obtained in the process of roasting arseniuretted cobalt ores1 in making zaffre4 ,at ,altenburgh it is procured from arsenical iron pyrites 7mispickel72 and at ,reichenstein from native arsenide of iron4 ,about #ijj to #ajjj tons are also annually collected at ,cornwall1 being principally a secondary product of the process of roasting grey copper ore and white mundic4 ,the ,british arsenic works in that county are perhaps the finest in the world4 ,the usual plan is to roast the powdered ore in muffle-furnaces2 by which its arsenic is converted into arsenious anhydride1 which escapes as vapour 7smelting-house smoke71 and passing into the condensing-chambers1 is deposited in a pulverulent state1 forming the flowers of arsenic1 or rough white arsenic1 of the smelters1 7the giftmehl or poison-flour of the ,germans74 ,the crude article obtained in this way is purified by re-sublimation in suitable iron pots or other iron vessels1 before it is fit for sale4 ,it then forms a semi-transparent vitreous cake1 which gradually becomes opaque1 and of snowy whiteness1 by exposure to the air1 and at length acquires a more or less pulverulent state on the surface4 ,illustration ,in ,silesia the crude arsenious anhydride obtained from arsenical pyrites is refined by sublimation as follows3--,for this purpose the cast-iron vessels 7a7 are employed4 ,upon these are placed iron rings or collars 7b1 c1 d7 and a hood 7e71 communicating by means of tubes with a series of chambers1 of which the first only is shown in i4 ,the flanges of the cast-iron collars and all other joints having been thoroughly luted1 the fire is lighted and the heat so increased as to cause the semi-fusion of the arsenious anhydride1 which1 after cooling1 exhibits a peculiarly porcelain-like appearance1 at first being as transparent as glass4 ,prop4 ,crystals 7obtained by careful sublimation1 or by cooling a boiling aqueous solution71 usually transparent1 regular octahedrons 7fig4 #a71 but sometimes1 though rarely1 assume the form of tetrahedrons 7see #b74 ,when prepared on the large scale it forms large1 glassy1 colourless or yellowish-white1 transparent or semi-transparent cakes or porcelain-like masses 7vitreous arsenious anhydride1 glacial a4 a471 which soon becomes opaque on their exterior1 and often friable and pulverulent2 odourless2 volatilises at #chj ,fahr42 fumes odourless1 unless carbonaceous organic matter be present1 when they smell strongly like garlic2 heated under pressure it liquefies and forms a transparent glass2 taste faintly sweetish1 with a slight acidity and astringency1 not perceived until some minutes after being swallowed4 ,the opaque variety is soluble in #hj parts of water at #ei ,fahr41 and #ggb parts of boiling water2 but on cooling to #fj1 only about one third of this quantity continues in solution4 ,the transparent variety is soluble in #ajc parts of water at #ei1 and #ic parts of boiling water4 ,both soluble in alcohol1 syrups1 oils1 and spirits1 and freely so in alkaline lyes and hydrochloric acid2 organic matter generally impedes its solution2 solutions redden litmus2 heated with organic matter it is reduced to the metallic state4 ,sp4 gr4 #ce 7lowest opaque var47 to #ch 7highest transp4 var474 ,illustration ,arsenites4 ,true arsenious acid 7,h,as,o#b7 has never been obtained in a satisfactory condition1 but its salts are readily obtained by dissolving arsenious anhydride in a solution of the base1 or by double decomposition4 ,they are generally white1 nearly all insoluble1 except those of the alkalies1 and all soluble in acids4 ,tests1 ,detec41 c4 ,owing to the importance of the subject1 and for convenience and facility of reference1 the leading tests for the arsenites and arsenious anhydride are noticed alphabetically below2 to which a few general remarks on their application1 under the various circumstances that occur to the chemist and toxicologist1 are appended4 ,when not otherwise stated1 it is to be understood that they are to be applied to pure1 or nearly pure and colourless solutions of arsenious acid or the arsenites4 ,ammonio-nitrate of silver gives a well-marked yellow precipitate of arsenite of silver in an aqueous or arsenious anhydride solution which is soluble in ammonia and in dilute nitric acid4 ,crystallisation ,test4--,a very minute quantity of arsenious acid placed in a small tube 7arsenic-tube71 and heated in the flame of a spirit lamp1 gives a crystalline sublimate1 which collects on the cooler portion of the tube1 and which1 when examined by a pocket lens1 is found to consist of sparkling octahedral crystals 7see engr47 ,illustration3 7,magnified47 ,ellis's ,test4--,this is a modification of the 'nascent hydrogen test1' in which the suspected gas is passed through a tube containing slips of copper leaf or riband1 or still better pure oxide of copper1 gently heated2 the end of the tube communicating with the atmosphere being drawn to a capillary size1 at which the gas may be inflamed and tested1 as in ',marsh's ,apparatus4' 7,see engr47 ,if arsenic be abundant in the gas1 the copper will be almost instantly covered over with a coating of metallic arsenic2 and after continuing the heat for a few minutes it will present a beautiful silvery surface1 and may then be submitted to further examination4 ,illustration3 a1 ,flask containing the suspected fluid1 dilute sulphuric acid1 and zinc4 b1 ,funnel4 c1 ,tube containing the copper-leaf or c4-riband1 and heated by the lamp d4 e1 ,support4 f1 ,capillary end of tube c1 with the gas inflamed4 ,lassaigne's ,test4 7,adopted by the ,french ,academy47 ,this consists in passing the gas generated in the suspected liquid1 through a solution of nitrate of silver4 7,see engr47 ,when arsenic is present black flocculi of metallic silver are deposited1 and arsenious acid remains in solution mixed with nitric acid and some arsenide of silver4 ,the filtered liquor1 treated with ammonia1 will now give a characteristic yellow precipitate of arsenite of silver2 or a little dilute hydrochloric acid may be cautiously added to precipitate any remaining nitrate of silver1 and the liquid1 after filtration1 tested for arsenic either in a ,marsh's apparatus1 or with any of the liquid tests2 or it may be evaporated to dryness1 when its arsenious acid will be converted into arsenic acid by the nitric acid present1 and will then be found to give the usual brick-red precipitate of arseniate of silver with a solution of the nitrate of that metal4 ,see ,,marsh',s ,,test4 ,illustration3 a1 ,bottle containing dilute sulphuric acid1 zinc1 and suspected fluid4 b1 ,funnel for supplying the bottle with acid4 c1 c1 ,supports4 d1 ,tube filled with asbestos4 e1 ,bent tube to convey the liberated gas4 f1 ,glass vessel containing a solution of nitrate of silver4 ,marsh's ,test4 ,some of the suspected liquid is mixed with dilute sulphuric acid until strongly acid1 and is then poured upon some pure granulated zinc1 or clippings or other small pieces of zinc1 previously placed in the apparatus2 hydrogen gas is immediately evolved1 and1 if arsenic be present1 unites with it1 forming arseniuretted hydrogen gas1 which escapes by the aperture b 7see engr471 and may be recognised as follows3-- ,it possesses a garlic-like odour4 ,it burns with a bluish-white flame and emits a whitish smoke4 ,illustration3 a1 a1 ,bent glass tube1 containing dilute sulphuric acid1 zinc1 and suspected liquid4 b1 ,stop-cock and jet4 c1 ,plate of glass to receive the stain4 d1 ,support4 e1 e1 ,bands to keep the tube upright4 ,if a piece of window-glass1 or a white porcelain plate or saucer1 be held a short distance above the flame1 a fine pulverulent film of arsenious acid is deposited on it4 ,see 7fig47 above4 ,if the cold plate be held in the flame1 so as to slightly impede the combustion of the gas1 a blackish-brown deposit of metallic arsenic is obtained1 more or less deep1 brilliant1 and glistening4 ,both these deposits may be obtained simultaneously by holding nearly vertically over the flame a glass tube about #h or #aj inches long and #c_/hths of an inch in diameter4 ,see 7fig47 above4 ,a solution of arsenious acid may be obtained by letting the flame play upon #c or #d drops of water placed on the under side of the piece of glass or china1 to which the liquid tests may be then applied4 ,another plan is to apply drops of the liquid tests to the plate as above1 and to let the flame play on them successively4 ,the true arsenical spot or film is of a blackish-brown colour1 and generally of a very deep hair-brown1 usually surrounded at the circumference1 with a white film of arsenious acid2 whilst that of antimony1 which in some points is similar1 is of a deep black colour1 and but feebly lustrous1 and1 when viewed by transmitted light1 appears smoky black2 whereas an arsenical spot viewed in the same way appears brown4 ,it is further distinguished from others by--,treated with concentrated nitric acid1 it instantly disappears1 leaving upon the surface of the liquid traces of the metal1 which only dissolve on the application of heat4 ,this solution1 gently and carefully heated1 leaves a white residuum1 which1 when cold1 gives with a concentrated solution of nitrate of silver a dull-red precipitate of arseniate of silver4--,the nitric solution treated with a few drops of sulphurous acid1 and subsequently with sulphuretted hydrogen1 gives a canary-yellow precipitate of trisulphide of arsenic1 which readily redissolves1 forming a colourless solution with ammonia4--,the arsenical spot1 when heated1 is turned bright yellow by sulphuretted hydrogen1 and is then readily dissolved1 as before1 by ammonia1 and by its bicarbonate2 whereas one of antimony is turned of a deep orange-red1 or reddish-brown1 by sulphuretted hydrogen1 is not readily dissolved by ammonia1 and is scarcely or not at all affected by bicarbonate of ammonia4--,it is freely soluble in and removed by hypochlorite of soda2 a reagent which does not affect antimonial spots4 ,heated by a flame of pure hydrogen an arsenical stain rapidly disappears4 ,a mixed stain of antimony and arsenic does not disappear by the action of the last two reagents1 and is shown to contain arsenic by the two first tests above4 ,when hydrochloric acid is present zinc stains are sometimes formed1 but they do not resemble those from arsenic4 ,the flame which produces it is very pale blue or bluish-white2 whereas antimoniuretted hydrogen burns with a pale green or greenish-yellow flame1 and a white smoke1 both of which are characteristic4 ,illustration ,obs4 ,marsh's test is admirable for its simplicity1 delicacy1 and trustworthiness1 as well as for the ease of its application4 ,it is adapted to all liquids1 whether colourless or coloured1 which are not so glutinous as to inconveniently froth during the extrication of the hydrogen4#gi ,various modifications of the original apparatus have been proposed to obviate this difficulty2 among which the one chiefly deserving notice is figured in the margin4 ,it consists of a bent tube having two large bulbs blown in it1 and fitted with a stop-cock and jet in the usual manner4 ,in this case the grains or fragments of zinc are put into the lower bulb 7a74 ,it is1 however1 worthy of remark1 that1 with ordinary care and skill1 a simple wide-mouthed bottle1 furnished with a tube and cock1 will often be found to answer quite as well as more costly apparatus2 as the fluid is less liable to froth than in a narrow tube4 ,even a common quinine-phial1 or a #d-oz4 or #f-oz4 medicine phial1 fitted with a piece of glass tube of very small bore1 or even with a piece of a common tobacco-pipe1 for a burner 7see engr471 may be used when no more convenient instrument is at hand4 ,footnote #gi3 ,animal tissues and liquids containing organic matter are best prepared for testing for arsenic by ,marsh's test1 in the following manner proposed by ,odling3--,the tissue1 or the residue obtained by the evaporation of a liquid over a water-bath1 is to be thoroughly dried at a temperature of about #bab ,f41 then ground to powder or cut up into small pieces1 next drenched with the strongest hydrochloric acid and allowed to stand twenty-four hours in a warm place1 and finally distilled4 ,the distillate will contain arsenic 7if it existed in the material under examination7 comparatively free from organic matter1 and is1 therefore1 in a fit state to be introduced into ,marsh's apparatus1 as the organic matter1 which is the cause of frothing1 has been removed4 ,illustration ,a film of oil placed on the surface of the liquid tends considerably to lessen the frothing4 ,objec41 precau41 c4 ,objections have been raised to this mode of testing1 from the great frothing which often occurs with organic mixtures1 and from antimony and imperfectly charred organic matter also forming crusts somewhat resembling1 to the inexperienced eye1 those produced by arsenic4 ,but these objections are invalid1 because there are easy means of purifying the liquid before testing it1 and of discriminating between true arsenical spots or deposits and false ones4 ,another objection is1 that both zinc and sulphuric acid sometimes contain arsenic2 but to obviate this difficulty1 we have only to use them when perfectly pure2 and to test them by means of the apparatus before pouring the suspected liquid into it4 ,indeed1 these objections apply with equal force to all those tests which depend on the production of nascent hydrogen4 ,the precaution necessary to success1 and to reliable results1 is to set the apparatus with simple zinc1 acid1 and water1 and after it has worked a short time to test the evolved gas for arsenic 7as above72 when1 if no trace of that substance is detected1 the suspected fluid1 in which the organic matter 7if necessary7 has been destroyed by any one of the methods hereinafter pointed out1 may be added1 and the operation continued4 ,care should also be taken not to light the jet of gas before all the atmospheric air is expelled from the apparatus1 as without this precaution an explosion may take place4 ,modification of ,marsh's ,test4--,davy4 ,this process consists in the use of sodium amalgam instead of zinc and sulphuric acid1 both of which are liable to be contaminated with arsenic4 ,sodium1 on the other hand1 has never been found to contain arsenic1 and mercury only very rarely2 but should it exist in that metal1 it can be easily removed by digesting the mercury in dilute nitric acid1 and afterwards well washing it with water4 ,one part by weight of sodium to #h or #aj parts of mercury forms a very good amalgam4 ,the mercury is placed in a test-tube1 and the sodium gradually added in small portions2 the metals readily combine1 forming an alloy1 liquid whilst hot1 but hard and brittle when cold4 ,the author uses this amalgam by placing the suspected solution1 or solid substance1 along with a little water in a test-tube1 then adding a small piece of amalgam about the size of a grain of wheat1 and quickly covering it with a piece of white filtering paper or the lid of a porcelain crucible moistened with a dilute solution of silver nitrate slightly acidified with nitric acid4 ,if arsenic is present1 a dull black or deep brown stain on the paper or porcelain will be developed on the moistened part1 owing to the silver being reduced to the metallic state by the arseniuretted hydrogen4 ,the solution may be made by dissolving #bj gr4 of nitrate of silver in an ounce of distilled water acidulated with #b drops of strong nitric acid4 ,it is advisable to place between the moistened paper or lid and the tube a small disc of bibulous paper1 to prevent any particles of the liquid producing minute black spots1 and thus interfering with the results4 #a_/ajjjth part of a grain of arsenious acid in #a c4 c4 of distilled water gives a very decided effect in a few moments1 but much smaller quantities may be detected1 e4g41 the #a_/ajjjjjth or even #a_/ajjjjjjth part of a grain in #a c4 c4 ,this method is applicable not only to arsenic as arsenious acid1 but also to other compounds of arsenic1 soluble or insoluble in water1 e4g41 orpiment and realgar1 the alkaline arsenates1 and even the metal itself if in powder4 ,organic matter interferes but very little with this method4 ,antimony1 as in ,marsh's process1 will produce1 with the sodium amalgam1 results similar to those of arsenic2 this1 when brought into contact with the nitrate of silver1 forms a black antimonide of that metal4 ,fleitmann1 however1 pointed out that antimoniuretted hydrogen is not evolved from strongly alkaline solution1 and1 as in this case1 the action of the sodium amalgam is to render the mixture quickly alkaline1 only a very small quantity of antimony present will be evolved1 and by previously rendering the mixture strongly alkaline the evolution of that gas may be almost entirely prevented4 ,it may be occasionally necessary to determine whether the stains on the paper moistened by the silver solution are due to arsenic or antimony4 ,it is then best to digest the paper-stain in sulphide of ammonium1 the metal present being converted into a sulphide1 and dissolving in the excess of the alkaline salt1 leaving the silver sulphide undissolved2 the alkaline solution when evaporated will1 in the case of arsenic1 leave a bright yellow residue1 almost insoluble in hydrochloric acid2 whereas in the case of antimony an orange-coloured residue will remain soluble in that acid4 ,dr ,russell observes that hydrogen alone is capable of reducing silver solution to the metallic state1 but acknowledges that this action is exceedingly slow4 ,pellet1 on the other hand1 maintains that pure hydrogen when passed through solutions of soda and nitrate of silver has no action at the ordinary temperature2 but he states that the silver salt which has been fused possesses an alkaline reaction in solution1 and hydrogen thus produces a slight precipitate1 which can be prevented by adding a drop or two of nitric acid4 ,davy1 however1 found in his experiments only the faintest possible effect of the reducing action of pure hydrogen in solutions of caustic soda and nitrate of silver4 ,finally1 the author mentions that where paper is used with the silver solution we must not forget that the silver alone will after some time blacken the paper1 especially if exposed to light2 but this gradual change is very unlike the quick effect produced by arseniuretted or antimoniuretted hydrogen4 7',chem4 ,news1' xxxiii1 #eh-fc47 ,nascent ,hydrogen ,test4 ,the apparatus used may be similar to that figured in the engr4 ,the plan followed in the laboratory of ,giessen is to heat the long tube through which the gas passes to redness in several parts1 to produce distinct metallic mirrors2 and then to remove the tube from the hydrogen apparatus and transmit a very feeble stream of dry sulphuretted hydrogen through it1 the metallic mirrors being at the same time heated by means of a common spirit lamp from the outer towards the inner border or extremity4 ,if arsenic alone is present1 yellow trisulphide of arsenic is formed within the tube2 if antimony alone is present1 an orange-red or black trisulphide of antimony is produced2 and if the mirror consists of both metals1 the two sulphides appear side by side1 the sulphide of arsenic1 as the more volatile1 lying invariably before the sulphide of antimony4 ,if dry hydrochloric acid gas be now transmitted through the tube1 without application of heat1 no alteration will take place if sulphide of arsenic alone is present1 even though the gas be transmitted through the tube for a considerable time4 ,if sulphide of antimony alone is present1 this will entirely disappear2 and if both sulphides are present1 the sulphide of antimony will immediately volatilise1 whilst the yellow sulphide of arsenic will remain4 ,if a small quantity of ammonia be now introduced into the tube1 the sulphide of arsenic is dissolved1 and may thus be readily distinguished from sulphur1 which perhaps may have separated4 ,illustration3 a1 ,flask containing the suspected fluid1 dilute sulphuric acid and zinc4 b1 ,small tube1 at the one end having an almost capillary orifice1 where the gas is inflamed4 c1 ,spirit-lamp4 d1 ,support4 ,reduction ,test4 ,a small quantity of the suspected sample1 in the state of powder1 is mixed with twice its weight1 or more1 of some reducing agent or flux1 and the mixture is placed at the bottom of a very small glass tube1 and heated in the flame of a spirit lamp for some time1 when the arsenic gradually sublimes1 and condenses in the cooler portion of the tube1 under the form of a metallic crust1 mirror1 or ring4 ,a common test-tube1 if of very small diameter1 may be employed2 but those known as the reduction tubes of ,liebig1 ,rose1 or ,berzelius are undoubtedly the most convenient and efficient4 7,see engr47 ,liebig's method is by using a mixture of equal parts of dry carbonate of sodium and cyanide of potassium4 ,the suspected substance1 perfectly dry and in powder1 being first introduced into a ,berzelius' tube1 is then covered with #f times the quantity of this mixture1 and so that the whole will not more than half fill the bulb4 ,a very gentle heat is next applied1 to expel any adhering moisture from the powder and the tube1 after which a strong heat is applied to the bulb1 and continued for some time1 to effect the entire reduction and sublimation of the arsenical compound4 ,illustration3 a1 ,the arsenical mixture4 b1 ,arsenical ring4 ,the best fluxes to use are ferrocyanide of potassium dried at #bab ,f41 calcined bitartrate of potassium1 cyanide of potassium1 and powdered charcoal4 ,the metallic ring is proved to be arsenical by the properties and tests previously noticed4 ,should it be imperfectly formed1 or masked by decomposed organic matter1 the portion of the tube which contains it may be cut off with a file1 next coarsely powdered1 then reintroduced into another arsenic tube1 and the exposure to heat repeated4 ,the characteristics most simple and well-marked are-- ,the volatility of the deposit when heated1 shown by its escaping from the hotter portion of the tube and condensing on the cooler part higher up or further on4 ,its conversion into minute octahedral crystals of arsenious anhydride1 when repeatedly chased up and down the tube by the cautious application of the flame of a spirit lamp first to one part1 and then to another4 ,the character of these crystals with respect to volatility1 lustre1 transparency1 and form1 is so exceedingly well marked that a practised eye may safely identify them1 though their weight should not exceed the #a_/ajjth or even the #a_/bejth part of a grain4 ,a pocket lens is here serviceable4 ,the form of the crystals is very evident with a microscope of #d powers4 ,oxide of antimony never forms octahedrons1 but only prisms4 ,in employing this test1 particular care must be taken to avoid soiling the sides of the tube in inserting the mixture1 and that the substances operated on are perfectly dry2 as unless this is attended to1 the experiment does not succeed4 ,the common plan is to introduce the mixture through a small paper funnel or tube extemporised for the purpose4 ,the heat at first should be gentle1 and merely sufficient to expel any adhering moisture from the mixture and the inner surface of the tube2 after which 7except where otherwise ordered7 the upper portion of the mixture should be strongly heated1 and then the bulb or bottom of the tube exposed to the full flame4 ,after the operation is complete the bulb or lower portion of the tube is usually removed by a file1 and the portion containing the deposit hermetically sealed1 when it may be preserved1 unaltered1 for any length of time1 ready to be produced as evidence if required4 ,this test is usually regarded as decisive2 as we here actually obtain the arsenic in a solid form1 recognisable by the most unequivocal characters4 ,reinsch's ,test2 ,cupro-arsenical ,test4 ,the suspected solution is strongly acidulated with hydrochloric acid 7#a to #f or #h71 and after being raised to ebullition in a porcelain or glass vessel1 a piece of bright and clean metallic copper about #a_/b inch long and #a_/d inch wide in the form of gauze or foil1 but preferably the first1 is added1 and the whole boiled together4 ,the time required for the ebullition varies according to the strength of the solution2 when weak it should be continued for at least a quarter of an hour4 ,when the quantity of arsenic in the suspected liquid is very small1 at least half an hour should elapse before the removal of the copper4 ,in solutions containing a notable quantity of arsenic1 a few seconds is often sufficient to obtain a coating2 but which1 for safety sake1 may be extended to two or three minutes1 or even longer4 ,liquids rich in organic matter also require longer boiling than those nearly free from it4 ,the coated copper1 which has now acquired a characteristic iron-grey colour1 is then taken from the liquid1 carefully washed in distilled water1 in alcohol1 and 7if greasy7 in ether1 next dried on blotting-paper1 and then either cut into small pieces1 or rolled into a small coil or cylinder4 ,it is then heated in a reduction-tube over a spirit lamp1 when the metallic arsenic forming the coating is volatilised1 and yields a sublimate of minute octahedral crystals of arsenious anhydride2 or1 if the tube be very small1 or any reducing agent be added1 a bright metallic ring4 ,when the coating on the copper is sufficiently thick1 it may be scraped off with a knife1 and heated separately in an arsenic-tube4 ,this test is invaluable as affording a certain and ready means of abstracting arsenic from its solution1 whether pure or mixed with organic matter4 ,the contents of the stomach or other viscera may thus be at once examined1 without any tedious preliminary operations4 ,in this way ,dr ,christison discovered the presence of arsenic upwards of four months after interment2 and we have ourselves found it two years and eight months after interment4 ,the coated copper may be preserved unharmed for years4 ,dr ,taylor found that the #a-hth of an inch in one of these deposits that had been kept in paper nearly fourteen years gave a well-marked ring of octahedral crystals when heated4 ,illustration ,sulphuretted ,hydrogen ,test2 ,sulphur ,test4 ,this produces a bright yellow precipitate of trisulphide of arsenic 7orpiment7 in solutions containing a free acid2 but acts slowly and imperfectly on pure and neutral solutions1 and does not disturb those that possess an alkaline reaction4 ,the suspected liquid should therefore be slightly acidulated with hydrochloric or acetic acid before applying this test1 unless it be already acid1 when it is better first to neutralise it with an alkali1 and then to add the acid4 ,the transmission of the gas through the liquid 7see engr47 should be continued for at least half an hour2 when the end of the conducting tube1 after being well rinsed in the liquid1 is removed1 and the glass1 lightly covered with a piece of porous paper1 set aside in a temperature of about #ajj ,fahr41 until the odour of sulphuretted hydrogen is completely lost4 ,the precipitate is now collected on a small filter1 washed with pure water1 and dried by a gentle heat4 ,it is then placed in a watch-glass or small capsule1 and redissolved in a little liquor of ammonia1 which is then again expelled by heat2 or it may be at once submitted to confirmatory tests4 ,it is shown to contain arsenic by its ready and perfect solubility in ammonia1 and in solutions of the fixed alkalies1 their carbonates and bicarbonates1 and in alkaline sulphides2 by being nearly insoluble in hydrochloric acid1 even when concentrated and boiling2 and by yielding a metallic mirror when mixed with a flux and submitted to the reduction-test 7which see74 ,sulphuretted-hydrogen water and sulphydrate of ammonium act in a similar way to gaseous sulphuretted hydrogen2 but much less effectively4 ,illustration ,for accuracy1 the sulphuretted hydrogen should be washed by passing it through a small bottle containing a little pure water1 or dilute sulphuric acid1 before allowing it to enter the arsenical liquor4 ,the reduction of the newly precipitated sulphide is generally regarded as the most important part of the investigation1 and requires great care and attention4 ,an extremely elegant and sensitive method of effecting this is by heating the mixture in a stream of dry carbonic acid gas4 ,this method has been followed by ,drs ,babo and ,fresenius with the most satisfactory results1 and is thus performed3--7,a7 is a capacious flask for the evolution of carbonic acid1 half filled with rather large pieces of solid limestone or marble 7not chalk74 ,to one aperture of the doubly perforated cork1 a funnel-tube 7a7 is adapted1 which nearly reaches to the bottom of the vessel2 to the other aperture a tube 7b71 by means of which the gas evolved is conducted into a flask of smaller size 7,b71 in which it is washed and dried by concentrated sulphuric acid4 ,the tube 7c7 conducts the carbonic acid into the reduction-tube 7,c71 which is shortened in the engr41 and must be made of difficultly fusible glass4 ,when the apparatus is prepared1 the sulphide of arsenic intended for reduction is rubbed in a small basin1 previously heated in a water-bath1 with about twelve parts of a well-dried mixture consisting of #c parts of dry carbonate of sodium and #a part of cyanide of potassium 7prepared by ,liebig's method74 ,the mixed powder is then placed on a small strip of card-paper beat into the shape of a gutter1 which is next pushed into the reduction-tube up to the point 7f71 and the tube is turned half round4 ,in this manner the mixture is deposited without soiling any other part of the tube2 after which the strip of card-paper is cautiously withdrawn4 ,the reduction-tube is then1 by means of the cork 7e71 fixed in its place2 a moderate stream of carbonic acid gas is evolved by pouring hydrochloric acid into the funnel-tube 7a71 and the mixture carefully dried1 by very moderately heating the tube along its whole length1 by means of a small spirit lamp4 ,when the gas-stream has become so low that the bubbles pass through the sulphuric acid at intervals of about a second1 the spot 7k7 is heated to redness by means of a spirit lamp4 ,when this point is attained another strong spirit-flame is applied to the mixture1 progressing from 7d7 to 7f71 until all the arsenic is reduced and volatilised 7the first flame at the same time continuing in action at 7k774 ,the reduced arsenic recondenses at the spot 7g71 forming a mirror1 whilst an exceedingly small portion escapes at the capillary orifice 7h71 and fills the air with its garlic-like odour4 ,the second spirit lamp is at last slowly advanced towards the other lamp1 or the spot 7k71 so as to drive towards 7g7 all the arsenic which has adhered to the walls of the wider part of the tube4 ,both lamps are then removed1 the tube closed at the point 7h7 by fusion1 and heat applied1 progressing from the point 7h7 towards 7g71 to contract the mirror on that side also1 which increases its beauty and distinctness4 ,the tube is then cut off at 7f71 and hermetically closed and sealed4 ,in this state it becomes a permanent evidence which may be referred to in any future proceedings4 ,neither sulphide of antimony nor any other compound of antimony yields a metallic mirror or ring when treated in this way4 ,less than #a_/cjj gr4 of trisulphide of arsenic thus gives a very distinct and beautiful mirror2 and even #a_/ejj gr4 a clearly perceptible one4 ,voltaic ,test4 ,the wires from the opposite poles of a voltaic battery are immersed or brought in contact with a little of the arsenious solution placed in a capsule or on a piece of window glass4 ,if arsenic be present it is developed at the negative pole2 and if this be formed of copper wire1 it becomes whitened and assumes the appearance of polished steel or silver1 in consequence of the formation of arsenide of copper4 ,detection of ,arsenic in ,organic ,mixtures4 ,of the tests those which act by producing coloured precipitates are only applicable1 with any degree of certainty1 to perfectly limpid and colourless liquors4 ,those depending on the extrication of arseniuretted hydrogen are partially free from this inconvenience2 but even here1 if the suspected liquid be more than slightly charged with organic matter1 so much frothing ensues1 as to render the process nearly unmanageable4 ,in this respect ,reinsch's ,test possesses advantages over all others1 as it may be applied even to coloured liquids containing a considerable quantity of organic matter1 without these being subjected to any preliminary process1 and without danger of failure4 ,in some cases also1 as with liquids possessing only a slight degree of consistency or colour1 the arsenic may be separated1 after simple filtration and acidulation with hydrochloric acid1 by a stream of sulphuretted hydrogen1 in the usual manner4 ,the reduction-test is only applicable to solid arsenious acid1 or to compounds of arsenic obtained by means of other tests or processes4 ,in toxicological examinations the poison is almost always to be sought for in mixtures loaded with organic matter1 and under other conditions even more embarrassing4 ,soon after arsenic is swallowed it enters the circulation1 contaminates the various tissues1 localises itself in certain viscera1 and is eliminated in the excretions4 ,hence it becomes necessary not only to examine the solids and liquids in which it is suspected the poison has been administered1 the vomited matter1 and the contents of the stomach and prim vi1 but also1 in fatal cases1 the stomach itself1 the liver1 blood1 muscles1 and more especially the urine4#hj ,in such cases the stomach is the part first laid open1 and a careful examination is made of its contents and coats in order to detect any undissolved particles of the poison1 a pocket lens being employed1 if necessary1 in the search4 ,if any particles1 however minute1 are found they are carefully collected and submitted to the reduction-test4 ,if the reverse be the case1 the stomach 7cut into small pieces71 together with its contents1 is submitted to some further process1 to obtain a solution suitable for the application of the usual tests4 ,the liver1 also some muscle1 and any other portion of the body that may be selected1 are likewise separately treated in the same manner4 ,we have here both solid and liquid organic matter to operate on1 and the problem for solution is the abstraction of their arsenic in the simplest and most certain manner1 and in a form in which its presence may be demonstrated by tests4 ,this subject has long engaged the attention of the most eminent chemists and toxicologists1 and various plans have been proposed for the purpose1 among which the following appear to be the most valuable and that usually adopted3-- ,footnote #hj3 ,absorbed arsenic more particularly localises itself in the liver1 in which it may generally be found in from #ab to #ae hours after administration4 ,the liver also generally retains traces of arsenic long after it has been eliminated from the other viscera and the muscular tissues4 7,reinsch47 ,solids 7as the stomach1 liver1 c47 are cut into small fragments and boiled in a glass vessel with water acidulated with about #a-dth of its volume of hydrochloric acid1 until the tissues or fragments are entirely broken down into flakes or grains1 when the whole1 after filtration1 is again heated to the boiling-point1 and tested as described under ,reinsch's test 7see ,,antimony74 ,liquids do not require this preparation4 ,reinsch's test is inapplicable when1 as sometimes happens1 the arsenic sought after may be in the state of one of the sulphides--either as orpiment or realgar--a not improbable contingency1 when it is remembered that1 although arsenious anhydride or white arsenic is the form most generally used for criminal or suicidal purposes1 the yellow and the red varieties being largely employed in workshops where fireworks are manufactured1 have not unfrequently been had recourse to4 ,again1 when the examination of a corpse long buried and disinterred takes place1 it must be borne in mind that the arsenious anhydride taken by the deceased has1 by the decomposition of the body1 become converted into sulphide4 ,in these cases the hydrochloric acid necessary for the performance of ,reinsch's test fails to effect the solution of the sulphide4 ,mr ,blyth says3 ,it is found that the post-mortem change into orpiment is never quite complete1 so that for the detection of arsenic in solid organic substances1 such as the tissues of the body1 the best general method is most decidedly to convert the arsenic1 if present1 into the volatile chloride2 and according to ,dr ,taylor1 there is always sufficient arsenic 7if present at all7 unchanged into sulphide to ensure success4 ,the only necessary caution is that the substance be thoroughly dried1 and that the reagents be pure4 ,after drying it is placed in a retort with fuming hydrochloric acid1 and slowly distilled by the heat of a sand-bath4 ,the distillate contains chloride of arsenic 7if arsenic was present71 and may be submitted to further tests4 ,estim4 ,this may be effected in various ways3-- #a4 ,,gravimetrically3--,arsenic is usually ,,weighed under the form of arsenate of lead1 arsenate of sesquioxide of iron1 tersulphide of arsenic1 7metallic7 arsenic1 or 7directly7 as arsenious anhydride4 ,the last three only1 as the more simple and convenient1 will be noticed here3-- ,as trisulphide3--,the whole of the arsenic being precipitated by a stream of sulphuretted hydrogen1 with the necessary precautions1 in the manner already noticed1 the precipitate1 after being carefully collected1 washed1 and dried1 is purified by redissolving it in pure ammonia water1 and evaporating the resulting solution in a weighed watch glass or capsule by the heat of a water-bath4 ,it is then dried at a temperature not above #bab ,fahr41 and finally weighed4 ,each grain of the tersulphide so found corresponds to #hjdhg gr4 of arsenious acid1 or #fa gr4 of metallic arsenic4 ,as 7metallic7 ,arsenic3--,obtained by one of the processes already given4 ,each gr4 represents #acb gr4 arsenious acid4 ,as ,arsenious anhydride3--,obtained in a weighed capsule or tube1 either by the crystallisation or sublimation test4 ,the weight is the answer sought for arsenious anhydride4 ,each gr4 of this is equiv4 to #gegeh gr4 of metallic arsenic4 ,,volumetrically4 7,method of ,f4 ,mohr47 ,this depends on the fact that an aqueous solution of arsenious acid1 or of an alkaline arsenite1 when mixed with an excess of saturated solution of pure bicarbonate of soda and a little starch-paste1 has its arsenious acid converted into arsenic acid by a solution of iodine4 ,a standard solution of iodine is1 therefore1 an appropriate arsenim'eter for the above mixture4 ,the solution of iodine is added until the blue starch-reaction just begins to appear1 the arsenious solution having been previously exactly neutralised with pure carbonate of soda if acid1 or with pure hydrochloric acid if alkaline4 ,the results are accurate when no substance capable of oxidising or decomposing iodine is present in the liquid tested4 ,phys4 eff41 c4 ,arsenious anhydride or white arsenic is alike destructive to vegetable and animal life4 ,seeds soaked in any but a very weak solution of it lose their power of germination1 and buds plunged in it become incapable of expanding into flowers4 ,when applied to the leaves1 roots1 or stems1 absorption takes place1 and the plant soon perishes4 ,on combustion it evolves the characteristic garlic-like odour of arsenic1 and arsenic may be discovered in its substance by chemical tests4 ,according to ,jger1 ,gilgenkrantz1 and ,pereira1 a few of the lower order of the alg are occasionally developed in solutions of arsenious acid4 ,to all animals1 from the infusoria up to man1 arsenic proves deleterious1 although in different degrees1 the highest susceptibility of its effects existing in man on account of the superiority of his development4 ,in all of them death is preceded by inordinate actions and increased evacuations1 especially from the mucous surfaces4 ,difficult respiration1 thirst1 vomiting1 and convulsions are the leading symptoms which gradually develope themselves as we approach the higher grades of the system4 7,jger47 ,in very small or therapeutical doses1 properly administered1 it is a valuable medicine1 and acts as a tonic1 alterative1 and antispasmodic attenuant1 and externally as an escharotic4 ,in slightly increased medicinal doses1 or long-continued small doses1 nausea1 vomiting1 purging1 griping1 debility1 emaciation1 and all the effects of slow-poisoning1 occur in succession--a gradual sinking of the powers of life1 without any violent symptom2 a nameless feeling of illness1 failure of the strength1 an aversion to food and drink1 and to all the enjoyments of life4 ,redness of the conjunctiva and eyelids1 headache and giddiness1 spasms1 eczematous eruptions1 numbness and paralysis of the limbs1 and ptyalism1 are also frequent and well-marked symptoms of slow poisoning by arsenic4 ,in an excessive or poisonous dose the symptoms are rapid and violent1 usually indicating extreme gastro-intestinal inflammation and disorder of the cerebro-spinal system1 and often occasioning death in from one to three days4 ,the smallest fatal dose found recorded by ,christison is #d-a_/b gr41 taken in solution4 ,the subject was a child #d years old1 and death occurred in six hours4 #b-a_/b gr4 destroyed a robust girl in #cf hours4 7,letheby47 #b gr41 in solution1 are suspected to have caused the death of a full-grown woman4 #b or #c gr4 may be a fatal dose4 7,dr ,a4 ,taylor47 ,notwithstanding these facts much larger quantities have been taken1 under peculiar circumstances1 with comparative impunity2 and cases are not wanting in which even enormous quantities have produced very trifling effects4 ,the dose for animals is--,,cattle1 #e to #aj grains4 ,,horse1 #e to #aj grains4 ,,sheep1 #a to #b grains4 ,,pig1 #a_/b to #b grains4 ,,dog1 #a_/aeth to #a_/ajth of a grain4 ,under all circumstances arsenious anhydride is1 undoubtedly1 one of the most powerful of the mineral poisons2 and in whatever form or way it is introduced into the system it exerts the same deleterious influence4 ,in all cases1 in sufficient doses1 its action is to increase the secretions1 diminish the contractility of the voluntary muscles1 and to produce convulsions1 prostration and death4 ,arsenic is a non-accumulative1 irritant poison1 and exerts no decided chemical or corrosive action on the tissues4 7,taylor47 ,pois41 c4--,symp4 ,these sometimes begin to appear within half an hour after the poison has been taken1 or even sooner2 but much more generally1 not until after the lapse of some hours4 ,they usually commence with nausea and distress at the stomach1 followed by thirst1 often intense1 and a sense of burning heat in the bowels2 then come on constriction of the oesophagus1 violent vomiting1 severe colic pains1 tenesmus1 and excessive and painful purging1 the stools being occasionally bloody2 but pain1 vomiting1 c41 do not invariably occur4 ,the pulse is generally quick1 small1 feeble1 and irregular--sometimes scarcely perceptible1 and the heart's action is irregular and tumultuous4 ,the tongue is dry and furred2 the respiration difficult and panting2 the urino-genital apparatus is often affected2 there is pain and difficult micturition1 and sometimes entire suppression of urine2 faintings1 coldness of the limbs1 and cold sweats1 with other signs of debility1 intervene4 ,itching1 and eczematous eruptions of the skin1 trembling1 painful cramps1 and contractions of the extremities1 and violent convulsions often follow2 and after these1 a greater or less prostration of strength1 which induces a deceitful calm4 ,at length the heart's action abates1 the skin becomes suffused with a cold clammy sweat1 and the sufferer dies from exhaustion4 ,the progress1 succession1 and precise character of the symptoms are modified by the idiosyncrasy of the individual1 the quantity of the poison1 and the manner in which it has been taken2 and are seldom all present in the same person4 ,treatm4 ,if vomiting has commenced it should be promoted by tickling the throat1 and administering a large quantity of gelatinous hydrated peroxide of iron1 or other appropriate antidote1 in divided doses1 mixed with a large quantity of warm or tepid water1 strongly sweetened with sugar4 ,if vomiting has not commenced1 which is rare1 it must be excited by administering #ae to #bj gr4 of sulphate of zinc1 or ipecacuanha 7or in the absence of these1 a teaspoonful of flour of mustard7 in a tumbler of tepid water1 and tickling the throat as before4 ,if these means fail in rapidly inducing copious vomiting1 the dose must be repeated1 or the stomach-pump had recourse to4 ,altogether as much as #af to #ah oz4 of the hydrated peroxide of iron may be administered4 ,if the poison has been swallowed several hours previously1 and hence may have passed the pylorus1 a strong dose of castor oil or a purgative clyster may be administered1 and1 after its action1 another clyster containing the antidote4 ,as soon as the stomach and bowels are cleared1 diuretics and sudorifics should be given in abundance4 ,lastly1 any remaining irritation must be relieved by demulcent and soothing remedies2 or if urgent1 by slight general or local bleeding1 which cannot be earlier practised without danger2 and opium1 camphor1 and ether1 followed by tonics1 may be had recourse to1 to recruit the system4 ,lesions4 ,redness and inflammation of the whole prim vi2 and sometimes of the mouth1 fauces1 and oesophagus1 but more usually the contrary4 ,sometimes also1 though seldom1 there is no marked appearance of inflammation in the stomach and intestines4 ,the stomach is usually highly injected1 and frequently marked with extravasations2 lungs gorged with blood2 mucous lining of trachea reddened2 heart generally flabby1 and exhibiting deep red or blackish stains1 and the right cavities more or less loaded with blood2 the conjunctiva is sometimes very vascular2 and redness1 extravasation of blood1 and effusion of serum is occasionally seen in the brain4 ,the blood is frequently1 though not invariably1 fluid after death1 and dark coloured4 ,under certain circumstances1 the mucous membrane of the stomach and intestines is lined with a multitude of brilliant points or grains1 which have been mistaken for arsenious anhydride2 but which1 according to ,orfila1 are composed of fat and albumen4 ,placed on burning coals1 they decrepitate on drying1 and produce a species of explosion or detonation4 ,these grains are also met with in the stomach of persons who have not been poisoned4 ,digested in water1 the liquid obtained from them does not show the presence of arsenic when submitted to reagents4 ,ant4 ,in the order of their assumed efficiency3--,,moist ,,peroxide ,,of ,,iron4--,see under the preparations of ,,iron 7,arsenici ,antidotum1 ,g474 ,hydrated or gelatinous sesquioxide or peroxide of iron 7for an adult--a tablespoonful1 in water1 every #h or #aj minutes until #ab or #af oz41 or more1 have been taken74 ,hydrated sulphide of iron 7as the last74 ,gelatinous hydrate of magnesia 7as the last74 ,calcined magnesia 7taken as the first74 ,salad or olive oil1 or almond oil1 and oil or fats generally 7ad libitum71 are all highly effective in lessening1 if not destroying the action of arsenious anhydride4#ha ,albumen 7white of egg71 or liquids containing it 7in cold water1 ad libitum74 ,milk1 wheat-flour1 oatmeal gruel 7with water1 ad libitum74 ,lime water1 with milk 7as the last74 ,chalk1 with milk and water 7as the last74 ,infusion or decoction of bark1 or better1 of nut-galls 7as the last74 ,sugar or syrup 7ad libitum74 ,see ,treatm4 7above72 also the above substances under their respective heads4 ,footnote #ha3 ,dr ,blondlot1 in a paper communicated to the ,paris ,academy of ,sciences1 has come to the conclusion that the slightest quantity of greasy matter in contact with arsenious anhydride reduces its solubility to about #a-bjth of what it was before4 ,this explains at once why1 in certain judicial investigations1 arsenic has been sought for in vain in the liquid contents of the stomach1 when the food consisted partly of fatty substances1 such as broth1 milk1 c4 ,it likewise explains how arsenious anhydride1 taken in powder1 may sometimes remain a long time in the stomach before it produces any deleterious effect2 since1 in such cases1 its action is hindered by the presence of fatty matter4 ,jugglers often swallow arsenic with impunity1 because1 according to ,dr ,blondlot1 they previously take the precaution to drink milk and eat fat bacon4 ,hence1 in cases of poisoning by arsenic1 oils and fatty substances may be administered as real antidotes1 capable of suspending the action of the poison for a considerable time1 until more radical means of effecting a cure can be applied4 ,the people engaged in some of the arsenic-works regard salad oil as almost a certain antidote to this poison4 ,uses1 c4 ,arsenious anhydride and its compounds are extensively employed in the arts and medicine4 ,it is used by the dyer1 it furnishes the artist with several of his most beautiful pigments1 and the glass-maker and enameller with a flux or material to whiten and decolour their wares4 ,in agriculture1 it is used 7in solution7 as an anti-smut for seed-wheat2 and as an anti-vermin lotion or dipping for sheep and cattle4 ,in small 7therapeutical7 doses it is a valuable remedy in intermittent fevers1 chronic skin diseases 7especially lepra and psoriasis71 and in several nervous affections 7as neuralgia1 epilepsy1 chorea1 tetanus1 c474 ,it is the active ingredient of the tasteless ague-drop2 of ,fowler's and ,pearson's solutions2 and in the ,tanjore pills1 long celebrated in ,india for the cure of the bite of the cobra di capello and other venomous serpents1 as well as of hydrophobia4 ,it has been given in syphilis1 chronic rheumatism1 typhus1 and several other diseases1 with more or less advantage4 ,cautiously administered in phthisis1 it frequently restores the appetite and strength and greatly retards1 and in some cases arrests1 the progress of the disease4 ,it has been recently used to relieve toothache arising from caries4 ,externally1 it is employed in the form of powder1 lotion1 and ointment1 for the cure of cancer4 ,plunkett's ointment1 ,pte arsnicale1 ,davidson's ,remedy for ,cancer1 and several other like preparations1 owe their activity to arsenious anhydride4 ,water in which white arsenic has been steeped has become a favorite cosmetic wash with many ladies1 since its assumed property of softening the skin was announced in a certain popular periodical4 ,it is also the prime ingredient in the papier moure1 a popular fly paper4 ,its use1 whether internal or external1 is1 however1 attended with considerable danger in unskilful hands1 and should1 therefore1 never be adopted but under proper advice4--,dose1 #a_/bj to #a_/h gr41 made into pills with crum of bread and lump sugar2 or in solution1 #c to #e or #f drops1 twice or thrice daily1 gradually and cautiously increased to #ab1 or even #ae drops4 ,as a rule1 arsenical preparations should be taken soon after a meal1 and by no means on an empty stomach4 7,dr ,a4 ,t4 ,thomson47 ,the dose should be suspended1 or greatly reduced1 as soon as the conjunctiva is affected 7,hunt72 or if dryness of the mouth or throat1 or irritation of the stomach or bowels1 ensues4 ,mr ,maculloch found the pills more efficacious than the solution2 they act differently1 and cannot be substituted for one another4 ,arsenic is a favorite tonic and alterative with farriers1 who often administer it very carelessly to horses1 to the serious injury of these animals4 ,it is also a favorite with grooms1 who have imbibed the notion that small doses of it contribute to improve the condition of the skin4 ,the best-informed veterinarians1 however1 either wholly avoid it1 or use it with very great caution4#hb--;,dose 7for a ,,horse71 #b to #e or #f gr41 twice or thrice daily2 in farcy or glanders1 #aj to #ab gr4 ,in solution it is often employed as a wash or dipping to destroy vermin in cattle and sheep2 but its use is not free from danger1 particularly to the shepherds or dippers4 ,footnote #hb3 ,as a therapeutic agent for horses1 arsenious acid can be well dispensed with4 ,it is1 however1 employed by some as a tonic1 in doses of from #aj to #bj gr4 daily2 and by others as a vermifuge4 ,when injudiciously administered death has been the result4 ,by those of the old school it is extolled as a caustic1 and a very powerful one doubtlessly it is2 but there is this disadvantage attending its use--we cannot control its action1 and1 oftentimes1 a most extensive and painful wound is caused by it4 ,occasionally it is resorted to for the eradication of warts2 although a better plan is to extirpate them at once with the knife4 ,when1 however1 this is inadmissible1 #a part of arsenious acid1 in very fine powder1 may be mixed with #d parts of lard1 and a 7small7 portion of the compound applied1 with friction1 over and around the excrescence every other day1 for three or four times4 ,this will excite such a powerful sloughing action1 that in about #aj days the warts will be thrown off4 7,prof4 ,morton47 ,gen4 commentary4 ,the necessary length of the preceding article1 owing to the great importance of the subject in its relations to toxicology and medical jurisprudence1 has left us little space for further remark here4 ,in addition to what has been said on arsenical testing1 it may be useful to caution the reader of the absolute necessity of only employing tests and reagents which are themselves absolutely pure2 and in which the operator has1 by personal examination1 failed to detect the slightest trace of arsenic4 ,commercial sulphuric1 nitric1 and hydrochloric acids1 potash1 soda1 nitre1 iron1 and zinc1 frequently contain arsenic2 from which1 however1 they may be freed by chemical processes2 or they may be purchased in the pure state from respectable dealers in chemicals4 ,but no assurance of the vender should be regarded as a proof of their purity4 ,in all judicial investigations the absence of arsenic in the several tests and reagents1 and the apparatus employed1 must be demonstrated and sworn to4 ,we may further add1 that the results afforded by no single test can be depended on4 ,in matters of such vast importance1 the most ample confirmatory evidence must be sought4 ,marsh's1 ,reinsch's1 ,lassaigne's1 the sulphur1 and the ,reduction ,tests1 and their modifications1 are those now generally preferred by toxicological chemists2 each of which1 with its confirmatory tests1 are amply sufficient for the indisputable identification of arsenic4 ,modern toxicologists have abandoned most of the old processes for the detection of arsenic1 and have adopted one of two1 which have been found more expeditious as well as more certain4 ,these are the tests of ,marsh and ,reinsch1 preferably the latter4 ,,herapath',s ,,method is to obtain deposits by ,reinsch's ,test on #d or #e pieces of ,no4 #ac copper wire2 each piece being about #b-a_/b inches long1 and previously flattened and planished with a polished hammer for about one half its length4 ,the deposit1 with some of the adhering copper1 scraped from one of these coated pieces1 is sealed up hermetically in a tube for future production4 ,the scrapings from three pieces of wire are separately submitted to the sublimation test in tubes bent in the form of an obtuse ,v capillary at one end1 and about #c_/ajths of an inch in diameter at the other2 the capillary leg being about three times as long as the larger one4 ,the scrapings are placed in the bent part of the tube2 and the flame of a small spirit lamp is so applied as to slowly drive the sublimate into the narrower portion of the tube1 which is held rather higher than the other4 ,if the deposit so obtained be mercury1 it condenses in white shining globules2--if lead or bismuth1 it does not rise but melts into a yellowish glass1 which adheres to the copper2 if tellurium1 it falls as a white amorphous powder2 if antimony1 it does not rise at that low temperature2 but if it be arsenic1 it sublimes as arsenious anhydride1 which condenses as minute octahedral crystals1 looking1 with the microscope1 like very transparent grains of sand4 ,one of these tubes containing the sublimed arsenious anhydride is then sealed up1 like the first one1 for future production4 ,the capillary part of another tube containing the sublimate is then cut off1 and carefully boiled in a few drops 7#aj to #ae7 of distilled water2 and1 when cold1 #c or #d drops of the resulting solution is poured on a plate of white porcelain1 and to this1 by means of a glass rod1 one drop of solution of ammoniacal sulphate of copper is added4 ,the mixture is then carefully conducted on to a piece of white filtering-paper set on the surface of a smooth1 clean1 and dry chalk-stone1 by which the moisture is absorbed1 and the smallest portion of ,scheele's green produced by the test rendered more conspicuous4 ,the ammonio-nitrate of silver test is then applied1 in a similar manner1 to #c or #d drops of the remaining solution2 after which the pieces of paper with the spots are dried1 and sealed up in separate tubes1 as before1 observing to exclude the light from that containing the yellow precipitate of arsenite of silver4 ,a stream of sulphuretted hydrogen is then passed through the remaining tube containing the arsenical sublimate1 by which the latter is converted into the yellow tersulphide--this too is sealed up4 ,here are now five tests--the metal1 the acid1 arsenite of copper1 arsenite of silver1 and yellow tersulphide of arsenic4 ,it is now well known that certain soils contain arsenic1 either as arsenite of lime or sulphide of arsenic2 and which1 under favorable circumstances1 may permeate or be absorbed by a body1 after interment4 ,in judicial investigations following disinterment it is1 therefore1 necessary to examine portions of the cemetery-earth taken from the grave1 as well as from parts more or less distant from it4 ,for this purpose the earth should be thoroughly dried in a water-bath1 drenched with pure and concentrated hydrochloric acid1 and allowed to stand for twenty-four hours4 ,the mixture is then distilled1 and the distillate tested for arsenic by ,reinsch's or ,marsh's test4 ,should the product of one distillation yield no evidence of arsenic1 it should be returned to the retort1 if necessary1 a second or even a third time1 and the distillation repeated4 ,the practice of employing an alkaline solution of white arsenic as an anti-smut steep for wheat1 has lately arrested the attention of chemists4 ,m4 ,audouard states that he has detected traces of arsenic in the crops raised from seed-wheat thus treated4 ,but that which appears to be likely to prove much more dangerous is the introduction of arsenic into crops by the employment of crude superphosphate of lime as manure--a substance often rich in this poison4 ,dr ,edmund ,davy positively states that arsenic1 as it exists in artificial manures1 is taken up by plants growing where those manures have been applied6 ,he found cabbages and turnips taken from fields manured with superphosphate give unmistakeable evidence of being 'arseniated4' ,these facts have some important bearings2 for though the quantity of arsenic which occurs in such manures is not large when compared with their other constituents1 and the proportion of that substance which is thus added to the soil must be necessarily small1 still plants during their growth1 as in the case of the alkaline and earthy salts1 take up a considerable quantity of this substance4 ,further1 as arsenic is well known to accumulate in soils1 though not an accumulative poison in the animal system1 the effects after some time will probably be1 that vegetables raised on those continuously so manured will ultimately be found to contain such a proportion of arsenic as will exercise an injurious effect on the health of man and animals4 ,the statement of ,m4 ,audouard has been disputed by ,m4 ,girardin1 because he failed to detect arsenic in corn under the circumstances2 and it is also denied by ,dr ,a4 ,s4 ,taylor1 and others2 but our own experiments1 very carefully performed1 confirm the assertions of both ,audouard and ,davy4 ,the ultimate consequences of pouring into the ,thames such enormous quantities of disinfectants contaminated with arsenic1 as has been done during the last three or four years1 is another matter deserving consideration1 and one which has been ably pointed out by ,dr ,letheby1 in his reports as ,officer of ,health to the ,city of ,london4 ,dr ,lois has found arsenic1 often in large quantities1 in ordinary brass1 and brass utensils2 and we have ourselves repeatedly found arsenic in the ,britannia-metal1 ,german-silver1 and other cheap white alloys at present in such general use4 ,the preceding facts are recommended to the careful attention of medical jurists4 ,by an ,act of ,parliament#hc it is provided--#a4 ,that every vender of arsenic shall1 before the delivery of the same to the customer1 enter in a book or books kept for the purpose1 the date of sale1 name1 and residence of the purchaser1 in full1 his or her condition or occupation1 the quantity so sold1 and the purpose or purposes for which it is required1 in a form set forth in the schedule to the ,act2 which form or schedule shall be signed by the vender1 and by the said purchaser1 unless he be unable to write1 when such fact shall be recorded in the said schedule by the vender2 and this schedule1 when a witness is required to the sale1 shall also bear his signature1 together with his place of abode3--#b4 ,arsenic is not to be sold to a stranger1 unless in the presence of a witness acquainted with both vender and purchaser3--#c4 ,no person to sell arsenic unless it be previously mixed with at least #a oz4 of soot or #a_/b oz4 of indigo to the pound2 unless such admixture would be injurious to the object for which it is intended1 when not less than #aj lbs4 is to be sold at any one time3--#d4 ,penalty for evading the ,act1 either as vender1 purchaser1 or witness1 #bj3--e4 ,act not to extend to arsenic used in compounding prescriptions nor to the wholesale trade3--#f4 ,the word 'arsenic' to include 'arsenious anhydride1' and the arsenites1 arsenic acid and the arseniates1 and all other colourless poisonous preparations of arsenic4 ,see ,,arsenic1 ,,arsenic ,,acid1 ,,lotions1 ,,pills1 ,,sheep-,,dipping1 ,,soaps1 ,,solutions1 ,,wheat-,,steeps1 ,,iron1 ,,potassa1 ,,soda1 and other ,bases1 c4 c4 7also below74 ,footnote #hc3 #af8 ,vict41 c4 xiii1 #ahea4 ,self-detect'ing ,arsenious ,anhydride4 ,prep4 7,dr ,cattell47--#a4 ,ordinary white arsenic to which is added a small quantity of a mixture of dry calomel and quick-lime2 or of dried sulphate of iron and powdered gall-nuts4 ,the product is white1 but immediately turns black when mixed with liquids3--#b4 ,as the last1 but adding a mixture of thoroughly dried sulphate of iron and ferrocyanide of potassium4 ,strikes a blue3--#c4 ,as last1 but using dried phosphate of sodium and dried sulphate of iron4 ,strikes a green4 ,proposed as a method of preventing arsenic being used as a poison4 ,,arsenical ,,pigments1 ,,effects ,,of4 ,the composition of those substances which are compounds of copper with arsenious1 very frequently combined with acetic acid1 will be found under ,,green ,,pigments1 under their respective commercial names of ,,scheele',s ,,green1 ,,mineral ,,green1 ,,emerald ,,green1 and ,,schweinfurt ,,green4 ,the purity of tint and durability of these arsenical salts have1 not unnaturally1 caused them to be employed in many branches of industry1 the products of which are everywhere around us1 and as the colouring material of these1 they are placed in conditions very favorable to their being taken into the stomach or lungs4 ,this will be apparent when we name a few of the materials in which they are employed3--wafers1 candles1 wall-papers1 window curtains1 confectionery4 ,a curious illustration of the risks attending their use may be cited from the ',medical ,times and ,gazette' of ,april1 #ahed1 which states that some loaves found to contain arsenic were discovered on inquiry to have got the dangerous intruder from having been allowed to stand on shelves freshly painted a bright green colour4 ,arsenical-coloured wafers may be pronounced free from danger1 so long as they are kept out of the reach of children2 and although the arsenical vapours given off by burning a green wax taper would not be sufficient to induce toxic results1 the fact of the extreme sensibility of some people to the action of this poison1 when taken in by the lungs1 renders the use of these tapers a very objectionable one1 particularly if they are generally employed in a household4 ,the burning of wax candles1 coloured with arsenical green1 is1 of course1 still more strongly to be condemned1 because from its superior mass1 when compared with the taper1 the candle gives off a greater amount of the poisonous fumes4 ,an arsenical taper weighing #agfi grains was found upon analysis by ,mr ,bolas1 late of ,charing ,cross ,hospital1 to contain #jbgf grains of arsenious acid4 ,a ,christmas tree1 says ,mr ,blyth1 brilliantly illuminated with ,christmas candles1 may be taken as an extreme instance of the danger likely to arise from this source4 ,that the employment of arsenical green in the manufacture of sweetmeats was not abandoned in #ahgc may be evidenced from a circumstance quoted by ,mr ,blyth in his interesting work on ',hygine4' ,during the ,christmas of #ahgc a large cake in which was imbedded a green card labelled for the bairnies1 was seized in a baker's shop at ,greenock4 ,the card was coated with sugar1 and on being submitted to analysis1 was found to contain #gjd grains of arsenious acid4 ,a curious case1 illustrating the effect of arsenical wall-papers1 is furnished by ,dr ,dalzell1 of ,malvern4 ,he was attending a lady ill with scarlet fever1 and during the attack her husband occupied a small bedroom4 ,the first night he slept in it his slumbers were most unrefreshing and disturbed by horrible dreams1 and on rising in the morning he felt languid and weak1 had lost his appetite1 and had a dull headache4 ,towards the evening these unpleasant symptoms had nearly vanished4 ,on the second night 7when he occupied the same dormitory7 and on the day following the same disagreeable symptoms returned4 ,he then changed his bedroom1 and forthwith they troubled him no more4 ,a servant1 who next occupied the chamber1 was affected as her master had been4 ,dr ,dalzell suspecting the wall-paper as the cause1 examined it1 and found it to contain a large quantity of arsenic4 ,some little time since ,mr ,bolas examined a sample of wall-paper containing #bgec grains of arsenious acid in the square foot1 and in this case the pigment was so loosely fixed that the slightest friction was sufficient to detach a portion and diffuse it through the air4 ,nor is this surprising when we consider how slightly the arsenical colour is attached to the surface of the paper1 as well as how easily it may become liberated from it by the desiccation of the air of the room when heated by a fire4 ,this may be exemplified by drawing the sleeve of a black or dark-coloured coat over an arsenical wall-paper1 and observing the green deposit that is left on the garment4 ,after this we shall be prepared for the following statement3 ,hamberg drew1 by means of aspirators1 the air of a room1 the walls of which were papered with a very old green paper1 through various tubes containing cotton wool and silver nitrate4 ,on examination scarcely any solid particles could be discovered4 ,the cotton-wool was fused with sodium nitrate and carbonate1 and gave a little ferric oxide and a trace of arsenic1 but the solution of nitrate of silver gave decided evidence of arsenic1 as well as of sulphide of silver4 7',phar4 ,jour4'7 ,not many years since ,professor ,fleck showed that the arsenious acid in the ,schweinfurt green1 when in contact with moist organic substances1 and especially starch-sizing1 forms arseniuretted hydrogen1 which diffuses in the room1 and which is no doubt the cause of some of the cases of arsenical poisoning from green papers4 ,so that a contrary condition to a dry atmosphere1 viz4 a moist or damp one1 may also lead to results nearly1 if not quite as objectionable1 when rooms are papered with arsenical papers4 ,we have ,mr ,blyth's word for the assertion1 that the most dangerous of the arsenical papers1 viz4 those covered with a thick1 unvarnished1 loosely coherent layer of ,seheele's green are most frequently to be met with in our nurseries1 where the beds are placed next the wall1 and where the attrition of the bedclothes frequently removes portions of the poisonous colouring matter4 ,the fine cupro-arsenical dust which thus becomes diffused through the room1 now and then produces in children symptoms resembling those of violent catarrh4 ,some of the wall-papers of these nurseries have been found to yield #ah grains of arsenious acid in a square foot4 ,it would appear that the use of arsenical pigments is by no means restricted to green wall-papers4 ,very recently an analytical chemist examined a great number of samples of wall-papers of different colours1 and was surprised to find arsenic in most of them4 ,within the last year the writer examined the pigment which he could disengage without much difficulty from a very small piece of green muslin window curtain1 and found it yield a large quantity of arsenic4 ,in ,paris alone there are more than #ae1jjj people who earn their living by making artificial flowers1 a quarter at least of these workers being engaged in that branch of the manufacture in which ,schweinfurt green is used4 ,from the instances already adduced of the ill effects caused1 although in a mild degree1 by occasional and accidental exposure to arsenical pigments1 we shall be prepared to learn that the danger and the damage to health is very much more intensified when1 as in the case of these poor artisans1 the workman is constantly handling the deadly material1 and incessantly inhaling an atmosphere laden with its particles4 ,dr ,vernois has published a most interesting description1 which we subjoin1 of the artificial flower-maker at work4 ,he says3--,these greens are formed either from arsenite of copper alone1 or mixed in variable proportions with acetate of copper 7,english green74 ,arsenical greens are employed to colour different herbs1 to tint the fabric destined to prepare the leaves of artificial flowers1 as they are painted directly on the leaves or petals of flowers worked on cloths of various textures4 ,for these various purposes they buy the ,schweinfurt or the ,english green 7vert ,anglaise71 either in powder or in aqueous solution1 and add to it1 according to the effect desired1 a certain quantity of ,flanders glue1 starch1 gum1 honey1 or turpentine4 ,sometimes it is applied in the dry state1 in order to sprinkle it over the things already coloured by the arsenical green4 ,they frequently also1 in order to modify the colour1 mix with it a certain quantity of chromate of lead or picric acid4 ,the preparation of herbs is carried on as follows3--,the workman plunges into a shallow vessel1 containing a sufficiently liquid solution of ,schweinfurt green1 one or several stalks of natural plants1 perfectly dried1 and agitates them quickly1 seizing them by their roots with a pair of forceps4 ,this operation1 which is termed 'steeping1' stains the fingers1 the arms1 the person1 and the clothes of the workman1 and the surrounding objects are covered with traces of this kind of paint4 ,the plants thus prepared are hung on a line1 and there allowed to dry for thirty-four or forty-eight hours4 ,at the end of that time all the stalks are gathered and formed into bundles1 which are used finally for bouquets4 ,often enough1 to satisfy some freak of fashion1 they are sprinkled with powdered arsenite of copper4 ,this is the powdering4 ,the bouquet-work constitutes one of the principal dangers2 for the colouring matter not having been fixed by any mordant1 detaches itself in the form of a fine dust1 which penetrates the skin of the hands1 and which the workman breathes constantly4 ,this danger is still more increased when he handles bouquets covered with arsenical powder4 ,at other times1 however1 in the manufacture of the plants1 the ,schweinfurt green is diluted with a sufficient quantity of turpentine4 ,in this way the colour takes a smooth appearance1 not altered by contact with water1 and does not escape immediately in the form of powder by gentle handling2 but when it is thoroughly dry it falls to the ground in little flakes1 and may again rise in the air with ordinary dust4 ,thus the danger is modified1 a little retarded1 but always exists4 ,there are then in this speciality of the florist the operations of steeping1 drying1 powdering1 and arranging the flowers for bouquets1 which in their details place the workman or the purchaser under the more or less direct1 and more or less active influence of arsenical salt4 ,this particular industry is exercised under conditions which render it still more injurious2 for it is freely practised by a number of poor workpeople1 by households living in one or two rooms1 ill-ventilated1 ill-lighted1 and which they never sweep1 and of which the floor like the furniture1 and like the clothing of the workpeople1 is continually impregnated by pigment and covered with arsenical dust4 ,the preparers of the cloth destined for the manufacture of the artificial leaves by the aid of arsenical greens1 comprehend the portion of the work most exposed to deleterious action4 ,they use arsenite of copper alone1 mixed principally with starch1 and in rare instances associated with acetate of copper in variable proportions4 ,some use euble1 a mixture of picric acid and of greenish indigo1 in which they steep their stuffs4 ,other manufacturers use fabrics prepared with hot solutions by ordinary dyers4 ,according to the hue which the ,schweinfurt dyer wishes to obtain1 the workman commences by giving the stuff a yellow shade1 by plunging it into a solution of picric acid and pure alcohol4 ,he squeezes it between his fingers1 in order to completely impregnate it and dries it4 ,it is this preliminary operation which stains the workman's fingers yellow4 ,frequently the latter mixes picric acid by grinding it with the ,schweinfurt green1 and applies this paste immediately to the fabric4 ,the paste is prepared by kneading the ,schweinfurt green1 already treated with water1 with a solution of starch thick enough1 yet sufficiently liquid1 to be easily spread on the cloth4 ,during this working up the paste the fingers1 arms1 and hands of the workman are covered with arsenical solution4 ,this being ready1 the workman lays out his stuff1 distributes the paste over it1 then beats it between his hands1 in order to make the colouring matter thoroughly penetrate the cloth4 ,the longer it is beaten the better is the quality of the article4 ,during this operation the skin of the hands and arms is completely impregnated with the solution4 ,sometimes the cloth1 having been touched here and there with arsenical paste1 is attached to a hook in the wall1 and twisted different ways--wrung as it were4 ,in this way a very uniform colouring is obtained4 ,this process is as bad to the workman as the former4 ,lastly1 a process which is generally practised consists in placing the fabric1 stained or not with picric acid1 on a wooden table1 and distributing on both sides the arsenical preparation with a brush1 and then beating the stuff with a thick rubber4 ,in this way the hands and arms of the workman are much less exposed to the paste than in the preceding processes4 ,after the brushing and beating of the fabric comes the drying1 to which operation attention must next be directed4 ,once impregnated with the green colour by whatever process1 the pieces in squares of about #a metre #ej cent4 are hung on wooden frames1 furnished with teeth1 on which the borders of the cloth are transfixed4 ,during this simple operation the workmen stain themselves much4 ,when the stuffs are detached from the squares they are folded1 and from every crease falls a fine dust1 which may then be carried into the mucous membranes4 ,the workmen then are liable to all the accidents of the manufacturers of flowers1 especially in the operations of kneading the paste1 or during the beating1 brushing1 drying1 and folding of the cloths4 ,from the hands of the fabricator the fabrics are very often immediately consigned to the manufacturers of artificial flowers1 who press them1 figure them 7that is to say1 make the nerves71 arm them with a wire1 and mount them with flowers4 ,it may be at once understood how much all the manipulations ,i have just mentioned are liable to develop the arsenical dust4 ,the paste has not been fixed on the stuffs by any mordant2 the starch with which it is mixed has given it a very brittle consistence1 and has predisposed it to be easily detached from the cloth4 ,the stamping is effected by putting a certain number of folded pieces one above the other1 and submitting them to the pressure of a stamping instrument4 ,repeated blows of this instrument detach the paste in scales1 and cover with dust the fingers and person of the workman4 ,a series of small packets are taken from the stamping press1 which contain1 strongly pressed together1 from twelve to twenty-four leaves4 ,they are passed on to another workman1 who is charged with the folding4 ,this operation is performed by holding the little bundle of leaves between the thumb and index finger of the left hand4 ,the thumb of the right hand presses the edges quickly and sharply so as to separate the leaves one from another1 as you separate the leaves of a book recently bound4 ,during this process still more dust escapes4 ,then comes the figuring1 which by reason of successive blows applied to each leaf covers the body of the operator with the same pulverulent material4 ,fixing a wire to the leaves at their lowest part by the aid of gum follows that operation4 ,then the leaves are arranged together in dozens1 and passed to the bouquet manufacturers1 who mount them4 ,from thence they go to the milliners1 who adapt them to different articles of dress1 and sell them to the public4 ,through all this series of transformations there are the same manipulations1 the same production of dust1 the same action on the skin and mucous membrane1 only in a decreasing degree1 from the first preparer to the milliner4 ,there is1 however1 a process of preparing the cloth which diminishes notably the severity and frequency of the evils of the ,schweinfurt green4 ,it is that which immediately after the drying of the stuffs submits them at once to the calendrage4 ,this operation causes the arsenical paste to penetrate mechanically into the fibres of the stuff1 and gives it a smooth and glazed aspect1 which only permits imperfectly the production of the arsenical dust4 ,this process renders the successive workings of the cloth less injurious1 but it would be an error to consider it as inoffensive4 ,during the action of the press1 and especially during the separating and the fixing of the flowers1 a notable quantity of the toxic dust is still produced4 ,however well prepared the fabrics may be1 you have only to tear it1 to detach the coating under the form of a palpable powder4 ,it is only necessary to add that the waxing of the leaves1 after they have been separated and figured1 and before putting them into bouquets1 constitutes a protecting envelope against the effects of the powdered coating for workmen who then handle them1 as well as for women who wear them2 but this film of wax is only applied1 comparatively speaking1 to a small number of leaves1 for it alters the green and vivacity of its colour4 ,in the preparing of the stuffs in the process of drying1 ,dr ,vernois says3--,a new condition and serious results appear4 ,the multiplicity of sharp points fixed in the wooden squares inevitably pricks and scratches the skin of the workmen4 ,an inoculation of the arsenical salt immediately takes place1 as if it had been practised experimentally4 ,the skin irritates and inflames1 a vesicle first1 then a large pustule covers the orifice of the prick1 and undergoes all the stages of inflammation1 which produces suppuration and often gangrene1 below which a deep and painful ulceration is developed--all the more tedious to heal as the inoculation is renewed from day to day4 ,the action of picric acid mixed with the paste can only augment and aggravate the irritation of the wounds4 ,if the ulcerations are numerous the workmen may absorb the arsenious acid and be liable to serious results4 ,i have seen a certain number of workmen with glandular enlargements under the armpits1 and the hands in such a state that they were obliged to come to the hospital1 where they were only cured after one or several months of treatment4 ,the aspect of the hand was then characteristic to the greenish-yellow tint of all the skin1 and especially of the palmar aspect of the hands4 ,to the greenish crust under the nails was nearly always added a yellow colour of the nails1 produced by the repeated contact with picric acid4 ,when we add a generally diffused erythema1 then a series of black points1 or of inflamed pustules1 and sometimes a whitlow1 we shall have a faithful representation of the evils which most frequently present themselves in the preparers of stuffs1 for artificial flowers tinted with ,schweinfurt green4 ,amongst the endeavours to counteract the evils entailed upon the workers in this branch of industry may be mentioned the attempt to substitute chrome for ,schweinfurt green1 as the less poisonous of the two substances1 and the ingenious process of ,m4 ,brard-,zenzilin1 which consists in directly incorporating the arsenical colouring matter with a specially prepared collodion4 ,,ar',,senide4 ,syn4 ,,arsen',,iuret2 ,,arseniure',,tum 7-i-u-71 ,l42 ,,ars,,niure1 ,fr4 ,a combination of arsenicum with a metal 7including hydrogen71 in definite proportion4 ,,ar',,senite 7-nite74 ,syn4 ,,ar',,senis1 ,l42 ,,arsenite1 ,fr42 ,,arsenigs,,ure ,,salz1 ,ger4 ,a salt of arsenious acid4 ,,art4 ,eng41 ,fr4 ,syn4 ,,ars 7gen41 ar'tis2 pl41 ar'tes71 ,l42 ,greek3techn1 7tech'ne71 ,gr42 ,,kunst1 ,ger4 ,primarily1 strength1 power1 and hence also mental strength1 skill2 the application of knowledge or power to effect a desired purpose2 the power or ability of doing something not taught by nature or instinct2 practical skill guided by rules4 ,,science is knowledge--,,art1 practical skill in applying this knowledge4 ,,art is applied science2 whilst ,,science is knowledge obtained by observation1 experience1 and ratiocination4 ,this distinction is nowhere more fully seen than within the domain of chemistry1 where knowledge1 deduction1 great power of generalisation1 and great expertness are necessary elements of success4 ,art has filled the world with luxuries1 conveniences1 and comforts2 and art--the ,,arts--useful or fine--are the safest and surest civilisers of our race4 ,see ,,science4 ,,artesian ,,well4 ,a cylindrical perforation bored vertically down through one or more strata of the earth till it reaches a porous bed of gravel containing water1 this fluid being placed under such incumbent pressure that it rises up the perforation either to the surface1 or to a convenient height for the operation of a pump4 ,when they rise to the surface these wells are called spouting or flowing4 ,the name of these wells is taken from ,artois1 a province in the ,departement du pays de ,calais1 where their use was revived4 ,they have been in use for a long time in ,italy and in the ,east4 ,the accompanying drawing represents the manner in which rain may be supposed to distribute itself when it falls upon a portion of the surface of our globe4 ,the figure represents a geological section1 showing the succession of the different strata4 ,illustration ,the figure is supposed to represent two beds1 ,a1 ,b1 more porous1 and consequently more absorbent than the rocks by which they are interstratified4 ,the condensed dews and rains falling upon the distant hills pass rapidly by the outcrops of the strata to the lower levels1 until the entire mass becomes thoroughly saturated with water4 ,supposing two such beds as are represented in the section to exist1 fully charged with water1 it is evident that if we bored down into them through the rocks as represented at ,c1 ,d1 the water would rise through those wells or borings1 and spring out in the form of a jet to such a height above the surface as is due to the height of the hills from which the water has been obtained4 ,the fountain derived from ,b would necessarily flow as much higher as that derived from the bed ,a1 as is the height of ,b above ,a4 ,for particulars as to the modes of constructing artesian wells1 the reader is referred to ',trait sur les puits ,artesiens1' by ,m ,gamier1 and to ',considrations ,gologiques et physiques sur la thorie des puits forcs1 ou fontaines ,artsiennes1' by ,m4 le ,vicomte ,hericart de ,thury1 and to ',rudimentary ,treatise on ,well-digging1 ,boring1 c41' by ,j4 ,g4 ,swindell1 and also to ,ure's ',dictionary of ,arts1 ,manufactures and ,mines1' edited by ,mr ,robert ,hunt4 ,,arthani',,tine 7-t7in74 ,eng41 ,fr4 ,syn4 ,,artaniti',,ne2 ,,arthaniti',,na1 ,l4 ,a peculiar substance first obtained by ,m4 ,saladin1 by the action of alcohol on the tuberous stems of the herb arthrani'ta1 or sow-bread4 ,it is acrid1 colourless1 and crystalline1 and imparts its acridity to the plant4 ,,ar',,tichoke4 ,syn4 ,,cin',,ara1 ,,cyn',,ara2 ,,scol',,ymus1 ,l42 ,,artichaut1 ,fr42 ,,artischocke1 ,ger4 ,the cynara scol7ymus 7,linn471 a thistle-like perennial plant of the nat4 ord4 ,composit 7,,dc474 ,hab4 ,southern ,europe2 but now extensively cultivated in our gardens1 for its 'bottom1' or the sweet fleshy receptacle of its flowers1 which is eaten as a pot herb4 ,these are soaked in brisk boiling in water1 stalk-ends uppermost1 until tender2 and take #a_/b to #a hour according to their age4 ,sometimes they are preserved in brine 7,,pickled ,,artichokes72 and also after depriving them of the 'choke' and spiny hairs and blanching them by immersion in boiling water1 by drying in the sun 7,,dried ,,artichokes2 ,,culs ,d',,artichaut1 ,fr471 by which they retain their flavour for some time4 ,infusion of the flowers1 used with rennet4 ,as an esculent the artichoke resembles asparagus in its general properties2 but it is said to be more nutritious1 and even more diuretic4 ,artichokes1 ,jeru'salem4 ,the helianthus tuberosus 7,linn471 a perennial plant of the sun-flower family1 and quite distinct from the preceding4 ,hab4 ,the ,brazils4 ,the appellation ,jerusalem is believed to be a corruption of the ,italian word girasole--a sunflower1 to which botanical family the plant belongs4 ,it is cultivated in ,england for culinary purposes4 ,roots 7tubers7 resemble the artichoke in flavour2 but are considered far from wholesome1 being apt to produce flatulence and dyspepsia4 ,they are diuretic1 and impart the odour of turpentine to the urine4 ,they are cooked by boiling 7#ae to #be minutes1 according to size71 or frying2 in the former case served with melted butter4 ,they are also served mashed1 like turnips4 ,the flowers yield a volatile oil resembling that of turpentine4 ,composition of the ,jerusalem artichoke from an analysis by ,payen1 ,poisot1 and ,fevry3-- ,nitrogenous matter #ca ,sugar #adg ,inulin #ai ,pectic ,acid #ji ,pectin #jd ,cellulose #ae ,fatty matter #jb ,mineral matter #ac ,water #gfj ----- #ajjj ,from the above it will be seen that this esculent contains no nitrogen4 ,,artificial ,,foods4 ,see ,,farina4 ,,asarabac',,ca 77as-7a-74 ,syn4 ,,as',,arum1 ,a4 ,,europ',,um3 7,linn471 ,,nar',,dus ,,monta',,na991 c41 ,l42 ,,asaret1 ,a4 ,d',,europe1 ,,cabaret1 ,,azarum ,c41 ,,nard ,,sauvage1 ,,oreille ,d',,homme1 c41 ,fr42 ,,hazelwurtzel1 ,ger4 ,the ,greek3 asaron of ,dioscorides1 a small round1 hard1 stemless1 hardy herbaceous plant1 bearing chocolate-coloured flowers2 and of the nat4 ord4 ,aristolochie 7,,dc474 ,it grows freely in central ,france1 and is found in woods and shady places in ,lancashire1 ,westmoreland1 and other parts of ,england4 ,hab4 ,europe1 between #cg and #fj latitude4--,root rhizome 7,,as',,ari ,,ra',,dix7 has a pepper-like odour and an acrid taste3--,leaves 7,a4 ,,fo',,lia7 less odorous1 though bitter-tasted1 acrid1 and aromatic2 formerly officinal in the pharmacopoeias3--,whole plant 7,,asarabacca of the shops7 nauseant1 emetic1 and purgative4 ,before the introduction of ipecacuanha it was the common emetic 7#f to #i of the green leaves in whey72 but1 owing to the violence of its action1 it has long fallen into disuse4 ,its common name in ,france 7,,cabaret1 or public-house plant7 is said to have arisen from its frequent employment to relieve the stomach of those who had drunk too hard4 ,it is now almost solely used as a sternutatory or errhine1 and is probably one of the best4 ,according to ,grger#hd1 asarabacca contains three volatile1 oily principles1 which may be obtained by distillation with water3--,,volatile ,,oil 7o'leum as'ari73--,,as',,arite1 an odourless1 tasteless1 and crystalline solid2 fusible and volatilisable1 yielding white and very irritating fumes3--,,as',,arum-,,cam',,phor1 differing chiefly from the last in being precipitated1 by water1 from its alcoholic solution in cubes or six-sided prisms1 instead of delicate flexible needles4 ,also a brownish1 bitter1 crystallisable principle 7,,as',,arine1 ,,as',,arum-,,bit',,ter71 which is soluble in alcohol4 ,footnote #hd3 ,gobel and ,kemze1 ',pharm4 ,waarenk1' #ahcj-a4 ,uses1 ,dose1 c4 ,dried leaves1 #bj to #cj gr41 or root1 #aj to #ab gr42 as a purge or emetic4 ,as an errhine--leaves1 #c to #e gr42 root1 #a to #c gr42 in powder1 snuffed up the nose every day1 or every other day1 at bedtime4 ,it excites irritation and a copious watery discharge1 more or less muculent1 which frequently continues to flow for several days1 and occasionally proves highly useful in certain affections of the brain1 eyes1 mouth1 nose1 ear1 and throat1 on the principle of counter-irritation4 ,it has been found particularly serviceable in cephalalgia 7headache71 obstinate headache1 chronic ophthalmia 7inflammation of the eyes71 and some other lethargic affections4 7,dr ,a4 ,t4 ,thomson47 ,in dimness of sight 7especially that arising from fatigue or congestion71 deafness1 and slight paralytic affections of the mouth1 tongue1 lips1 or eyelids1 not of a serious organic character1 and particularly in chronic earache1 it also sometimes affords relief after other remedies have failed4 ,it constitutes the basis of several ,,cephalic ,,snuffs1 ,,asarabacca-,,snuff1 ,,baron ,,mckinsey',s ,,medicinal ,,powder 7or ,,snuff71 and several other like nostrums1 which are much extolled by their venders1 and sold at marvellously high prices4 ,see ,,patent ,,medicines1 ,,powders1 ,,snuffs1 c4 7also below74 ,,as',,arin 7-r7in74 ,c#bj;,h#bf,o#e4 ,syn4 ,,asarone4 ,a species of stearopten1 discovered by ,grtz1 in asarabacca4 ,it has an aromatic taste and an odour resembling camphor1 and is said to be emetic4 ,it is probably a mixture of asarum-camphor and some partially oxidised volatile oil4 7,see above47 ,as'arine 7of ,grger74 ,syn4 ,,asari',,na1 ,l4 ,the crystallisable bitter principle of asarabacca1 noticed above4 ,it is said to greatly resemble cytisine4 ,,as',,arite 7-rite74 ,see ,,asarabacca4 ,,asbes',,tos4 ,syn4 ,,asbes',,tus 7,greek3 asbestos1 incombustible1 unconsumable1 ,gr471 ,,amianth',,us1 ,,la',,pis ,a41 c41 ,l42 ,,asbeste1 ,,amiante1 ,fr42 ,,asbest1 ,,steinflachs1 ,ger4 ,in mineralogy1 a soft1 fibrous substance1 composed of flexible or elastic filaments which1 in their most highly developed form1 greatly resemble those of flax or silk1 and which bear exposure to a very considerable degree of heat without suffering decomposition4 ,it has been proposed to clothe our firemen in dresses of asbestos2 but without freedom of respiration could be insured in a heated and poisonous atmosphere1 this envelope would be of little service4 ,gloves are sometimes made of it1 for holding red-hot crucibles4 ,it is also used as a filtering medium for corrosive liquids4 ,a kind of felt made of asbestos is now used as a substitute for wire gauze to support beakers1 retorts1 c41 over lamps4 ,var4 ,of these there are several2 as ,,am',,ianth or ,,elas',,tic ,,asbestos1 ,,lig',,niform ,a41 ,,mountain-,,cork1 ,m4-,,leather1 ,m4-,,wood1 c42 varying from a grey1 brown1 or green colour1 to pure white1 and from extreme flexibility and softness1 to rigidity and hardness1 as indicated by the respective names4 ,,ascaris ,,lumbricoides4 ,a parasite belonging to the genus entozoa1 commonly known as the round worm1 and found in the intestines of man1 the horse1 the ox1 the pig1 and some other of the lower animals4 ,it is of a greyish-red colour and in size and general appearance like the common earthworm4 ,children are very frequently infested by them4 ,their usual habitat is the small intestines4 ,but they are occasionally found in the stomach1 and have been known to transport themselves into the gall-ducts1 frontal sinuses1 nostrils1 and mouth4 ,the males are smaller than the females and much more rare4 ,the females produce eggs in great numbers1 but it is doubtful if the young are ever developed in the intestine in which the parent worm dwells4 ,it is probable that the ova gain access to the intestines of the animals of which they eventually become the pests from various outer sources4 ,they are said to be very frequent in persons who partake much of raw leaves and roots4 ,dr ,paterson1 of ,leith1 noticed that families who drank certain water from a well supplied from a dirty pool1 which contained various vermiform animalcules1 were much infested with this particular species of intestinal worm2 whilst others in the same street1 who had recourse to a different water supply1 entirely escaped4 ,for medicinal treatment1 see ,,worms4 ,,ascaris ,,mystax4 ,a parasitic round worm infesting the cat4 ,it has been also occasionally found in man4 ,,ash4 ,syn4 ,,frax',,inus1 ,l42 ,,fr,,ne1 ,fr42 ,,esche1 ,ger4 ,the popular name of several species of valuable hardy trees bearing apetalous flowers 7except in the 'flowering ash'71 belonging to the nat4 ord4 ,oleace 7,,dc471 and gen4 ,fraxinus2 but appropriately the-- ,ash4 ,syn4 ,,comm',,on ,,ash2 ,,frax',,inus1 ,f4 ,,excel',,sior 7,linn471 ,f4 ,,apet',,ala 7,lamb471 ,f4 ,,or',,nus 7,scop471 ,l42 ,,fr,,ne1 ,f4 ,,commun1 ,fr42 ,,gemeine ,,esche1 ,ger4 ,a large tree common to our woods and hedges2 timber 7,,ash or ,,ash-,,wood7 used by carpenters1 cabinet-makers1 and machinists1 and much esteemed for its great toughness and elasticity2 bark febrifuge1 diuretic1 resolvent1 and tonic2 has been successfully exhibited in agues2 seeds acrid1 bitter1 and diuretic2 leaves purgative1 diuretic1 and febrifuge2 sometimes used instead of senna4 ,in southern ,europe it exudes an inferior kind of ,,manna1 and its medicinal properties are much greater than in our climate4--,dose4 7,leaves7 #a_/d oz4 to #a-a_/b oz4 7made into an infusion71 as a purge2 seeds1 #a dr41 as a diuretic1 c4 ,ash1 ,flow'ering4 ,syn4 ,,man',,na-,,ash2 ,,frax',,inus ,,or',,nus 7,linn471 ,l4 ,a small tree of southern ,europe4 ,yields ,,manna4 ,the 'round'-leaved flowering-ash' 7,,cala',,brian-,,ash2 ,,frax',,inus ,,rotundifo'',,lia1 ,lamarck7 is a smaller variety of the preceding1 and a native of ,calabria and the ,levant4 ,said to yield the best ,,manna4 ,the 'small'-leaved flowering-ash' 7,,frax',,inus ,,parvifo'',,lia1 ,lam47 is another manna-yielding species1 indigenous to ,asia ,minor4 ,,ash4 ,ashes 7which see74 ,,ash-,,balls4 ,the ashes of land-plants1 especially ferns1 damped and made into balls4 ,used as a substitute for soap in washing1 and in cleaning paint4 ,,ash',,ery4 ,amer4 ,a place where potash or pearlash is made or kept4 ,,ash',,es4 7-7iz74 ,eng4 pl4 ,syn4 ,,ash2 ,,ci',,nis1 ,l42 ,,cendres 7pl471 ,fr42 ,,asche1 ,ger4 ,the remains of anything burned4 ,in antiquity1 the remains of a body consumed on the funeral pyre2 and hence1 figuratively1 the remains of the dead4 ,the word1 in ,english1 has properly no singular2 although 'ash' is very commonly heard2 and is now almost exclusively used in composition1 as in pearlash1 potash1 soda-ash1 c4 ,ashes4 ,in commerce1 the residuum of the combustion of vegetable substances containing either carbonate of potassium 7'land-plants'71 or carbonate of sodium 7'marine plants'71 and from which the commercial alkalies are obtained4 ,their value depends upon their richness in 'alkali1' which is determined in the manner explained under ,,alkalimetry4 ,the word is also commonly employed as a general term for the crude carbonates of potash of commerce 7which see74 ,ashes of ,plants4 ,see following page1 on which will be found a table giving the chemical composition of the ashes of a few well-known plants used as food for men and animals4 ,see also ,,manures1 ,,plants1 ,,vegetation1 c4 ,a careful determination of the ash of different substances is of great use to the analyst1 by enabling him to detect adulteration2 for instance1 almost every plant on being burnt yields a very constant amount of ash1 and not alone the quantity is constant1 but the different proportions of the various components are also1 within certain limits1 tolerably unvarying4 ,many plants have the power of extracting from the soil certain elements2 for instance1 the ash of the tobacco contains lithium2 tea1 manganese2 seaweed1 iodine4 ,it seems by no means improbable that by the examination of the ashes of plants by means of the spectroscope new elements may be discovered4 ,appended is a short list of the amount of ash1 contained in a few important substances3-- ,total ,ash4 ,cayenne pepper1 from #e to #f per cent4 ,chicory #e ,cocoa #c to #d ,coffee #d ,flour #g to #ae ,mustard #c to #de ,pepper #dc to #e ,rice #e ,tea #ef ,turmeric #e to #f ,the ashes of plants are employed by the agriculturist according as the nature and proportion of the different salts they contain is suited to the soil and to the crops it is desired to raise4 ,m4 ,,soulange ,,bodin says that ashes hold the middle place between stable-dung and pasture manure4 ,they act mechanically by dividing soils that are too compact1 hygroscopically by absorbing moisture1 and they appear to have an action similar to lime in accelerating the decomposition of the mould4 ,they also probably exercise a stimulating effect on the soil4 ,in the case of low-lying lands they are particularly suited for very damp clayey soils4 ,in ,picardy the ashes of turf are made use of2 in ,england1 the low countries and the north of ,france1 coal ashes are employed4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,red ,wheat ,turnip ,peas4,beans4,clover4,sainfoin4,grain4,s traw4,barley4,oats4 ,root4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,potassa #dbdc #cfgb #ahdd #caij #bigf #ajea #bjjg #aggj #bcgj ,soda #cbg #jad #bgi 444 #ebf #ajc #def #chd #adge ,lime #egc #abjf #cejb #bdcj #bhh #eia #adh #ced #aahb ,magnesia #eib #fjj #aaia #ejc #aajf #abe #gde #gcc #cbh ,sesquioxide of ,iron #jdd #jfe #jih #jfa #jbc #jjg #jea #jdi #jdg ,sulphuric acid #fbc #dbh #cia #cbh #jaa #bad #jgi #aaj #afac ,silica #agd #aeb #djc #cbb #bbc #gceg #cbgc #chdh #bfi ,carbonic acid #dch #afc #abib #aebj #jbb 444 444 444 #ajdg ,phosphoric acid #biib #ccgd #ehb #ice #dhba #eea #cafi #bfdf #ica ,chloride of potassium 444 444 444 #fbd 444 444 444 #jib 444 ,chloride of sodium 444 #cbf #dac #jgh 444 444 444 444 #gje ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,total amount #iiifajjjj #iiie #iiif #iiif #iiii #iiih #iiif #iiic ,per-centage of dry ash in dry substance #bfj #bij #ghg #fcg #bje 444 #bej #bej #fjj ,per-centage of ash in the fresh substance #bbd #bed #fgg #efe #aha 444 #bbe #bbg #jge ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,lettuce ,leaves ,olive- ,turnip ,beet ,carrot,pota- and tree ,clupea ,leaves4 ,root4 ,root4toes4 ,stalks4 ,wood4 ,hops4 ,hay4 ,sprouts4 #he #hf #hg #hh #hi #ij ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,potassa #aaef #bafh #cgee #beda #bbcg #bjfj #bdhh #aaic #agbc ,soda #abdc #cac #abfc 444 #ahej 444 444 #ajg #aai ,lime #bhdi #aij #igf #bcd #ajdc #fcjb #baei #adgf #bceg ,magnesia #bfb #agi #cgh #dag #efh #bca #dfi #ecj #cja ,sesquioxide of ,iron #cjb #jeb #fgd #jej #bhb 444 #age #bge #jbh ,sulphuric acid #ajcf #cad #fcd #dga #che #cji #gbg #jbj 444 ,silica #hjd #adj #jgf #cfd #aahf #chb #aiga #ecdc 444 ,carbonic acid #fah #aebc #aeae 444 444 444 #bag 444 444 ,phosphoric acid #dhe #afe #hcg #ajch #ich #dgg #addg #fcd #dceb ,chloride of potassium 444 444 444 #abdj 444 #aji 444 444 444 ,chloride of sodium #abda #diea #dia ,trace #aeji 444 #cdb #bbg #aaai ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,total amount #iiif #iiif #iiiiajjjj #iiii #ajjjj #iiie #ajjjjajjjj ,per-centage of dry ash in dry substance #afdj #aacb #eab #dhf 444 #jeh #eie #fig 444 ,per-centage of ash in the fresh substance #aig #ajb #jgg 444 444 444 444 #fae 444 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,footnote #he3 ,griepenkerl4 ,footnote #hf3 ,griepenkerl4 ,footnote #hg3 ,a4 ,mller4 ,footnote #hh3 ,way4 ,footnote #hi3 ,hubert4 ,footnote #ij3 ,way4 ,coal ashes1 when mixed with excrement1 besides disinfecting the latter1 make an excellent manure4 ,,aspar',,agin 7-7a-j7in74 ,c#d;,h#h,n#b,o#c4 ,eng41 ,fr4 ,syn4 ,,althe',,ine1 ,,aspar',,amide1 ,,mal',,amide992 ,,asparagi',,na1 ,,asparagi',,num1 ,l42 ,,ag,,do,,le1 ,fr42 ,,spargelstoff1 ,ger4 ,a peculiar azotised principle discovered by ,vauquelin and ,robiquet in asparagus1 and since found in the potato1 marsh-mallow1 liquorice1 climbing vetch1 and several other plants4 ,many plants which do not naturally contain it may be made to yield it by growing them in dark damp cellars2 whilst many which only normally contain it in very small quantities are found to yield much more when allowed to vegetate in the same manner4 ,prep4 #a4 ,from ,,asparagus-,,sprouts3--,the expressed juice1 after being heated to the boiling-point 7to coagulate albumen7 and carefully skimmed and filtered1 is evaporated1 at a gentle heat1 to a syrupy consistence1 and then abandoned to spontaneous evaporation in a warm dry atmosphere for several days2 the resulting crystals being purified by cautious washing with very cold water or very strong alcohol1 re-solution1 and re-crystallisation4 ,the following are cheaper and more convenient processes4 #b4 ,from ,,marshmallow-,,root3--a4 ,the root 7chopped small1 or grated7 is macerated for several days in milk of lime1 in the cold2 the filtered liquid precipitated with carbonate of ammonium1 and the clear solution evaporated in a water-bath1 and otherwise treated as before4 b4 ,from the expressed juice1 #b parts2 milk of lime1 #a part2 agitated well together2 the liquid portion1 after some hours1 being decanted1 filtered1 and evaporated1 c41 as before4 #c4 ,from the ,,etiolated ,,shoots ,,of ,,vetches3--,the expressed juice of the young shoots when from #b or #c to even #ab or #ae inches long1 is gently simmered for #h or #aj minutes1 to coagulate the albumen2 and1 after straining or clarification1 the clear liquid is gently evaporated to the consistence of a thin syrup1 and set aside to crystallise1 as before4 ,the resulting brown crystals are purified by washing with very cold water1 re-solution in boiling water1 and re-crystallisation1 as in ,no4 #a2 or1 and what is better1 the hot liquid1 before evaporation to a syrup1 is digested for a short time with a little pure animal charcoal in coarse powder1 and then filtered1 when large and beautifully white crystals are obtained by the first operation4#ia ,an excellent and very economical process4 ,footnote #ia3 ,this use of animal charcoal may also be advantageously extended to the other formul4 ,mr ,c4 ,g4 ,williams1 in ,ure's ',dict4 of ,arts1 ,m41 ,m41' #dth ed41 directs the shoots to be used when of a length of #b inches2 but some authorities recommend them to be of #i1 #ab1 or even #ae inches4 ,the selection must1 however1 in many cases1 depend upon circumstances and convenience4 ,prop41 c4 ,crystals brilliant1 transparent1 colourless1 right rhombic prisms2 neutral to test-paper2 non-basic2 having a faint1 cooling1 and scarcely nauseous taste2 scarcely soluble in cold water2 freely soluble in hot water2 insoluble in strong alcohol and ether2 solution unaffected by alkaline sulphurets1 oxalate of ammonia1 acetate of lead1 or infusion of galls2 triturated with quick-lime1 ammonia is evolved2 heated to #bab ,fahr4 the crystals lose two equiv4 or #ab of water2 heated with water under pressure in a closed vessel1 or boiled along with an acid or an alkali1 or dissolved in a saccharine liquid and then submitted to fermentation it is converted into ammonium and aspartic acid2 aqueous solutions of asparagin and aspartic acid treated with a current of nitrous acid evolve pure nitrogen1 with the formation of malic acid which remains in solution4 ,it was called asparamide under the impression that it is aspartite of ammonia minus #a atom of water2 and malamide1 for similar theoretical reasons4 ,uses4 ,it is sedative and diuretic4--,dose1 #a to #f gr42 in dropsies1 heart-affections1 c4 ,,aspar',,agus4 ,l41 ,eng4 ,in botany1 a genus of low1 spiny plants1 with scale-like leaves1 many of which are shrubs and climbers1 of the nat4 ord4 ,asparage 7,,dc4742 ,liliace 7,lindl474 ,the following species1 which is that best known in ,england1 is1 however1 an exception to this description1 as it is neither climbing nor spinose4 ,asparagus ,officina'lis4 ,linn42 ,l4 ,syn4 ,,aspar',,agus1 ,,comm',,on ,a41 ,,gard',,en ,a42 ,,spar',,agus1 ,,spar',,row-,,grass1 ,,sper',,agedagger2 ,,asperge1 ,fr42 ,,spargel1 ,ger4 ,a well-known perennial plant1 and one of the oldest and most delicate of our culinary vegetables4--,young shoots1 from the underground eyes 7,,turio',,nes ,,aspar',,agi1 ,l471 the asparagus of our tables2 diuretic2 communicate a peculiar foetid odour to the urine1 and1 when eaten in excess1 occasion bloody urine and accelerate fits of gout2 formerly esteemed emmenagogue and aphrodisiac4--,root 7,,ra',,dix ,,aspar',,agi1 ,l471 properties resemble those of the young shoots1 but stronger2 one of the five 'greater aperient roots' 7,,rad',,ices ,,aperien',,tes ,,quin'',,que ,,majo'',,res1 ,l47 of old pharmacy4 ,the tops and roots1 though no longer officinal in the ,british ,pharmacopoeias1 are both occasionally employed as popular remedies in dropsy and stone--the first being eaten in the usual way at table2 and the second made into an infusion or decoction 7#a_/b oz4 to the pint71 taken ad libitum4 ,as an article of food1 asparagus1 in moderation1 is both wholesome and nutritious4 ,it is cooked by simply boiling it rather quickly until tender1 like the other soft green vegetables2 and is either served up plain1 or on toast with melted butter or sauce ,hollandaise in a boat 7,soyer2 ,rundell47 ,when very small and green1 it is frequently dressed and served like green-peas1 the tender portion of each shoot being cut into bits of equal size1 and about #a-crd of an inch long4 7,miss ,acton47 ,choice1 c4 ,the large grass is generally preferred2 although the smaller has the fullest flavour for a dish4 7,soyer47 ,unlike other plants1 the asparagus officinalis has not produced a single well-marked permanent variety by cultivation4#ib ,footnote #ib3 ,the young shoots of polygona'tum 7,solomon's ,seal71 and others1 have been substituted for asparagus4 7,lindley's ',veg4 ,king41' #crd ed41 #bjc47 ,asparagus ,petr'a4 ,l4 ,syn4 ,,rock'-,,aspar',,agus2 ,,corruda2 ,,aspar',,agus ,,acutifo'',,lia1 ,l12 ,,corrude1 ,fr4 ,resembles the last in its general qualities2 but is said to contain more asparagin4 ,,aspar',,amide 7-m7id74 ,see ,,asparagin4 ,,aspar',,tic ,,acid4 ,,hc#d;,h#f,,no#d4 ,syn4 ,,malam',,ic ,,acid2 ,,acidum ,,aspar',,ticum1 ,l42 ,,acide ,,aspartique1 ,fr4 ,an acid first obtained1 by ,plisson1 from asparagin1 by boiling it along with hydrate of lead or of magnesia4 ,its salts are called ,,aspar',,tates 7,eng41 ,fr42 ,,aspar',,tas1 ,l4 sing47 ,see ,,asparagin4 ,,as',,pen 7-p7en74 ,syn4 ,,asp991 ,,trem',,bling ,,pop',,lardouble-dagger2 ,,pop',,ulus ,,trem',,ula 7,linn471 ,l42 ,,tremble1 ,fr42 ,,aespe 7spe71 c4 ,ger4 ,a large tree1 of the nat4 ord4 ,amentace2 7,,dc471 not uncommon in the moist woodlands of ,england1 and found native on many of the ,scottish mountains4 ,it derives its name from the trembling motion of its leaves1 which1 owing to the peculiar flattening of the leafstalks1 are agitated by the slightest impulse of the air4 ,bark and leaves contain ,,pop',,ulin associated with ,,sal',,icin4 ,both bark and leaves have been used with advantage in strangury and intermittents4 ,,asphalt' 7-f7alt'74 ,asphaltum4 ,,asphalt',,um4 ,l41 prim4 ,gr4 ,syn4 ,,asphalt'1 ,,compact ,,bitumen1 ,,mineral ,,pitch1 ,,jew',s ,,pitch1 ,,foss',,il ,,bitu',,men1 ,,vit',,reus ,b41 c42 ,,asphal',,tus1 ,,bitumen ,,fos',,sile 7-e-le71 ,b4 ,,juda',,icum1 ,b4 ,,sol',,idum1 ,b4 ,,vit',,reum1 ,,mu',,miadagger1 ,m4 ,,minera',,lis991 c41 ,l42 ,,asphalte1 ,,bitume ,,massif1 ,b4 ,,solide1 ,,poix ,,juive1 c41 ,fr42 ,,asphalt1 ,,erdpech1 ,,judenpech1 c41 ,ger4 ,a black1 hard1 brittle1 and glossy variety of bitumen found on the shores of the ,dead ,sea 7hence called ,la'cus ,asphalti'tes71 on and near the shores of the ,great ,pitch ,lake of ,trinidad1 and as a mineral product in various other parts of the world4 ,prop41 c4 ,melts without decomposition1 and1 when pure1 burns without residue4 ,it is distinguished from other varieties of bitumen by its more difficult fusibility1 and by its fracture being clean1 conchoidal1 and vitreous4 ,distilled by itself it yields about #cf of a peculiar bituminous oil 7crude ,,petrolene71 together with combustible gases1 traces of ammonia and water4 ,to anhydrous alcohol it yields #e of a yellow resin1 soluble in rectified spirit and ether2 by digesting the residuum in ether1 a further #gj of a brownish-black resin is obtained1 which is freely soluble in the volatile oils and in about #e times its weight of mineral naphtha4 ,the portion 7#be7 left undissolved by ether is very soluble in the oils of turpentine and petroleum4 ,these three resinous principles dissolve altogether1 when digested1 in the oils of anise1 rosemary1 and turpentine1 and in the fixed oils4 7,john47 ,according to others1 asphaltum consists almost entirely of asphaltene4 7,boussingault47 ,paranaphthaline has been found in some varieties4 7,m4 ,laurent47 ,average sp4 gr4 #a to #afh4 ,by friction it affords negative electricity4 ,it is soluble in oil of turpentine1 benzole1 mineral and coal-tar naphtha1 the fixed oils1 solutions of the caustic alkalies1 and several other liquids1 by the aid of heat4 ,sources4 ,that of commerce is chiefly obtained from the shores of the ,dead ,sea2 but much of that of the shops is a spurious article of the most worthless character4 ,a short time since some specimens of the purest and most beautiful description1 from the ,great ,bitumen ,lake of ,trinidad1 were given us by our respected and venerable friend1 the late ,earl of ,dundonald1 who stated that the supply of both liquid and indurated bitumens1 of every grade of quality1 was unlimited from that source2 but that owing to injudicious importations of inferior kinds 7those most easily shipped71 a prejudice had been created against them in the ,london market4 ,our personal investigations have since confirmed the accuracy of these statements4 ,uses4 ,the finer varieties are chiefly used as a 'glazing colour' by artists1 and in the manufacture of black varnishes and japans4 ,the inferior kinds are applied to the same purposes as ordinary solid bitumen4 ,the ,egyptians used it in embalming under the name of ,,mu',,mia2 and the ,babylonian builders are said to have employed it1 as a cement1 in lieu of mortar4 ,it is1 however1 doubtful whether the hard semi-vitreous variety of bitumen1 properly termed 'asphaltum1' was that which was thus employed2 its present hardness being probably due to time4 ,as a medicine it is stimulant2 and it was formerly used as an ingredient in certain plasters and ointments4 ,see ,,bitumen1 ,,pitch1 c4 ,a mixture of asphalt1 chalk1 sand1 ground sandstone1 c41 is used as a pavement for making water-tight tanks and covers1 as a coating for gas and water pipes1 and for various other similar purposes4 ,sometimes the pitchy residue obtained by distilling off the more volatile portions of gas tar is employed to replace the asphalt in the foregoing mixture2 the product is called artificial or gas-tar asphalt4 ,asphaltum1 ,facti''tious 7-t7ish-'7us74 ,syn4 ,,asphal',,tum ,,facti'',,tium1 ,l4 ,that of the shops1 when not an inferior kind of true asphaltum1 is commonly made from the bottoms of ,barbadoes tar1 and other mineral bitumens1 by heating them until quite hard4 ,sometimes a little ,scio turpentine1 balsam of copaiba1 or even common resin1 is added4 ,colour1 hardness1 c41 inferior to those of native asphaltum4 ,asphaltum1 ,liq'uid4 ,syn4 ,,prepared' ,,asphaltum2 ,,asphal',,tum ,,liq',,uidum1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,scio turpentine1 #b oz42 melt2 add asphaltum 7in powder71 #a oz42 mix1 cool a little1 and reduce with hot oil of turpentine4 #b4 7,wilson's47 ,asphaltum1 #a_/b lb42 melt2 add of hot balsam of copaiba1 #a lb42 and1 when mixed1 thin it with hot oil of turpentine4 ,both are used as 'black japan' or 'varnish1' and as a 'glazing colour' by artists4 ,,asphyx',,ia 7-f7ik'-sh'7a2 -f7iks'-e-7adouble-dagger74 ,l41 ,gr4 ,syn4 ,,asphyx',ydouble-dagger 7-e71 ,eng42 ,,asphyxie1 ,fr42 ,,pulslosigkeit1 ,,scheintod1 ,gr4 ,literally1 absence of pulse2 hence1 a fainting fit2 apparent lifelessness4 ,its use is now generally confined to a suspension of vitality from some cause interrupting respiration1 but in which life is not actually extinct1 and may1 under favorable circumstances1 be revived4 ,asphyxia is commonly divided into four varieties by nosologists3-- #a4 ,,asphyxia ,,algida3--,cause4 ,exposure to intense cold4--,symp4 ,countenance pale1 livid1 and shrivelled2 limbs rigid4 #b4 ,,asphyxia ,,elec',,trica3--,cause4 ,stroke of lightning or electricity4--,symp4 ,countenance pale1 limbs flexible1 blood incoagulable4 #c4 ,,asphyxia ,,mephit',,ica3--,cause4 ,inhalation of irrespirable gases or fumes4--,symp4 ,countenance pallid1 lips wan1 c4 #d4 ,,asphyxia ,,suffocatio',,nis3--,cause4 ,suffocation or strangulation1 as from drowning1 hanging1 c4--,symp4 ,countenance turgid and livid4 ,treatm41 c4 ,no general rules can be given exactly suitable to each variety4 ,whenever it is possible to procure medical aid1 it should1 of course1 be immediately sought1 as the delay of even a single minute may render it unavailing4 ,in the treatment of suspended animation the principal object is to effect a restoration of the respiratory and circulatory functions2 the former of which has been arrested by the external condition of the patient2 the latter by the contact of morbidly carbonised blood with the capillary vessels of the lungs4 ,the first thing to be attempted is the restoration of warmth by active friction with the warm hands1 flannels1 c42 the second1 the re-establishment of natural respiration by an available means1 of which1 perhaps1 none is simpler or better than alternate pressure and its relaxation1 applied to the thorax and abdomen1 so as to induce expiration first1 and inspiration immediately afterwards1 by the natural action and elasticity of the ribs and diaphragm4 ,cold water may also be suddenly dashed on the face and general surface previously warmed by the frictions1 in the hope of inducing a more decided inspiration4 ,if these measures fail1 artificial respiration should be promptly had recourse to4 7,dr ,marshall ,hall47 ,the warm bath1 and slight electrical shocks1 or continued streaming electricity1 may also be applied4 ,see ,,charcoal1 ,,cold1 ,,drowning1 ,,hanging1 ,,respiration 7,artificial71 ,,sewers-,,gas1 ,,strangulation1 ,,suffocation1 c4 ,,asphyx',,iated4 ,syn4 ,,asphyxia',,tus1 ,l42 ,,asphyxi1 ,fr42 ,,asphyktisch1 ,,scheintodt1 c41 ,ger4 ,affected with or labouring under asphyxia4 7,see above47 ,,asp',,icdagger4 ,spike lavender or ,french lavender2 also the male lavender1 spica nardi1 or pseudo-nardus of old writers4 ,aspic4 ,in cookery1 savory jelly extracted from the succulence of meat4 7,soyer47 ,prep4 7,miss ,acton47 ,calf's feet1 #b in no42 veal1 #d lbs42 ham1 #c lb42 onions1 #b 7large72 carrots1 #c2 water1 #a gall42 boil #e or #f hours1 or until reduced to less than one half1 strain1 and when cold1 put the jelly into a stew-pan with the whites of #d eggs well beaten1 a large bunch of savoury herbs1 #c blades of mace 7in shreds71 a teaspoonful of white peppercorns1 and salt1 q4 s42 keep it well stirred until pretty hot1 then let it gently simmer for about #ae minutes1 and1 after settling1 pass it through a jelly-bag till quite clear4 ,after cooling a little1 it is fit for use2 or it may be allowed to cool and be at any time remelted4 ,french cooks commonly flavour it with tarragon-vinegar1 added after clarification4 ,uses1 c4 ,cold poultry1 game1 fish1 plovers' eggs1 truffles1 and various dressed vegetables1 with many other things often elaborately prepared1 and highly ornamental1 are moulded1 and served in it1 especially at large djeners and similar repasts4 ,it is also much used to decorate raised pies and hams1 and for many other purposes4#ic ,footnote #ic3 ,miss ,acton's ',modern ,cookery1' ,longmans1 #ahfj81 p4 #ajd4 ,,aspirator4 ,an apparatus for drawing a stream of air through a tube or other vessel4 ,there are several forms of aspirator2 that invented by ,brunner is perhaps one of the most convenient4 ,it consists of two equal cylindrical vessels placed one above the other1 and communicating by tubes which can be opened or closed1 so that when the water has run from the upper to the lower vessel1 the apparatus turning for the purpose on a horizontal axis may be inverted so as to bring the empty vessel to the bottom and the full one to the top2 the water may then again be made to flow without the trouble of refilling4 ,see ,,air1 ,,analysis ,,of4 ,,ass 77ass74 ,syn4 ,,as',,inus1 ,l42 ,,ane 7ne71 ,fr42 ,,esel1 ,ger4 ,the e'quus as'inus 7,linn471 a well-known animal found almost everywhere4 ,,assaf,,oe,,tida4 ,l4 and ,eng4 ,syn4 ,,assafetida1 ,,devil',s ,,dung1 ,eng42 ,,assaf,,oe,,tida ,,gummi1 ,l42 ,,stinkasand1 ,,stinkender ,,asand1 ,,teufels-,,dreck1 ,ger4 ,a gum resin exuded from the excised root of narthex assafoetida 7,b4 ,p472 from ferula assafoefida1 and probably from ferula ,persica4 ,it yields its virtues to alcohol1 and forms a clear tincture1 which becomes milky on the addition of water4 ,it is imported into ,europe from ,persia1 vi ,bombay1 in cases1 mats1 and casks4 ,comp4 ,assafoetida contains from #d to #e of a peculiar volatile oil1 and from #ej to #fj of resin of a whitish colour1 turning rose-red and reddish-brown by exposure to the air1 and giving a greenish solution with concentrated sulphuric acid4 ,brande resolved this resin into two others--one soluble in ether2 the other insoluble in that menstruum4 ,pur4 ,the assafoetida of the shops is generally in masses of a whitish1 reddish1 or violet hue1 formed principally of adhering tears or grains1 possesses a peculiar foetid1 alliaceous odour1 and forms an emulsion with water in all proportions4 ,hot sulphuric acid blackens it and forms a dark blood-red liquid1 sulphurous fumes being evolved4 ,this solution diluted with water1 and then saturated with potassa1 has a blue colour1 which is most visible by reflected light4 ,digested first in alcohol1 and afterwards in weak spirit-and-water1 the residuum should not exceed #af4 ,sp4 gr4 #acbe to #accj4 ,it is frequently adulterated with inferior gums1 and with chalk1 clay1 sand1 c4 ,the purest and best is that which is clear1 of a more or less pale-red colour1 full of white tears1 and very foetid4 ,prop41 ,uses1 c4 ,assafoetida is stimulant1 antispasmodic1 emmenagogue1 expectorant1 aphrodisiac1 and anthelmintic1 and is the most powerful of all the foetid gum-resins4 ,it is administered with advantage in several uterine diseases1 hysteria1 chorea1 flatulent colic1 hooping-cough1 infantile convulsions1 spasmodic asthma1 and some other affections of a spasmodic and convulsive character4--,dose1 #e or #f to #cj gr42 in pills1 or preferably made into an emulsion2 as an enema1 #b dr41 with warm water1 q4 s4--,dose for ,animals4 ,similar to ,assafoetida4 ,some oriental nations esteem it highly as a condiment4 ,the ,brahmins use it against flatulence1 and to correct the coldness of their vegetable food4 ,in ,persia the leaves of the plant are eaten as salad2 and the root1 after being roasted4 ,in cookery it is now frequently employed as a substitute for garlic4 ,i am assured by an experienced gastronome that the finest relish which a beef-steak can possess may be communicated by 7slightly7 rubbing the gridiron on which the steak is to be cooked with assafoetida4#id ,footnote #id3 ,pereira1 ',mat4 ,med4 ,therap41' #dth ed41 iii1 #agg4 ,,assaf,,oe,,tida1 ,,prepared4 ,as ,,ammoniacum1 ,,prepared4 ,,assamar4 ,a substance described by ,reichenbach1 and found by him in the crust of bread4 ,it possesses the faculty of retarding tissue metamorphosis4 ,,assay' 7-sa74 ,syn4 ,,essai 7anc41 asaie71 ,fr4 ,,pr,,fung1 c41 ,ger4 ,literally1 a 'trial' or examination4 ,in chemistry1 the determination1 by any chemical means1 of the richness of a substance in its essential material or more valuable ingredient2 more particularly applied to quantitative analyses of the commercial alkalies1 bleaching-powder1 oxide of manganese1 ores1 and other like articles that are employed on the large scale4 ,in docimacy and metallurgy the determination of the quantity of metal in any ore1 alloy1 or other metallic compound1 particularly in the 'dry way1' or by the process of cupellation2 and more especially of the quantity of pure gold1 or pure silver1 contained in coin1 bullion1 and the commercial alloys and ores of these metals4 ,the substance assayed994 ,see ,,assaying1 c4 ,,assay',,ing4 ,syn4 ,,assay'1 ,,doc',,imacy 7d7oos'-7 ,,docimas',,tic ,,art2 ,,coupellation1 ,fr42 ,,abtreiben ,,auf ,,der ,,capelle1 ,ger4 ,the art of assay1 or of determining the quantity of gold and silver in ores and alloys of these metals1 in the 'dry way1' or by cupellation4 ,it differs from chemical analysis in merely furnishing the quantity of the precious metal contained in the sample examined2 instead of the nature and proportions of all1 or any1 of the ingredients in the compound1 at the will of the operator4 ,illustration3 a1 a1 ,rollers on which the furnace rests4 b1 ,ash-pit4 c1 ,one of the ash-pit dampers4 d1 ,grate supporting the muffle-plate4 e1 ,muffle containing the cupels4 f1 ,the mouth-plate1 upon which1 during use1 is piled ignited pieces of charcoal1 by which the mouth of the furnace is closed1 and heated air made to pass over the cupels4 h1 ,interior of furnace containing charcoal4 i1 i1 ,walls of the furnace4 k1 ,moveable chimney for regulating the draught4 ,materials1 ,appar41 c4 ,these are--furnace1 muffle1 cupels1 charcoal1 c41 all of which must be provided and properly arranged for use before an assay can be made3-- ,the ,,fur',,nace employed at the ,royal ,mint and at ,goldsmiths' ,hall1 ,london1 is figured in section in the above fig41 and has the following dimensions3--,total height1 #b-a_/b feet2 from the bottom to the grate1 #f inches2 grate1 muffle-plate1 and bed of loam that covers it1 #c inches2 space between the grate and the bottom of the funnel or chimney1 #ba-a_/b inches2 funnel1 #f inches4 ,a furnace of any other shape and size may be employed1 provided it affords a sufficient heat1 and allows of the easy introduction of the muffle4 ,the ,,muff',,le 7m7uf'l7 is a vessel made of clay 7see engr471 and furnished with an opening to admit of the introduction of the cupels1 and the complete inspection of the process4 ,it is placed on the muffle-plate 7see above71 by which it is introduced into the furnace4 ,illustration ,the ,,cu',,pel 7ku'-p7el7 is a small1 porous1 shallow crucible1 usually made of bone ashes or burnt horn4 ,the powder 7slightly moistened with water7 is placed in a circular steel mould1 and after being pressed down tight1 is finished off with a rammer having a convex face of polished steel1 which is forcibly struck with a mallet1 until the mass becomes sufficiently hard and adherent4 ,the newly formed cupel is then carefully removed and exposed in the air for a fortnight or three weeks to dry4 ,fig4 #a represents a cupel in section1 and fig4 #b the tongs used for charging it4 ,the best weight for cupels ranges between #ahj and #bjj gr4 ,those used at the ,royal ,mint are made of the calcined cores of ox-horns4 ,illustration ,proc4 of ,ass4 ,the muffle1 with the cupels properly arranged on the 'muffle-plate1' is placed in the furnace1 and the charcoal added and lighted at the top by means of a few ignited pieces thrown on last4 ,after the cupels have been exposed for about half an hour1 and have become white-hot1 the lead 7see below7 is put into them by means of the tongs4 ,as soon as this becomes bright red and 'circulating1' as it is called1 the specimen for assay1 wrapped in a small piece of paper or lead-foil1 is added4 ,the fire is now kept up strongly until the metal enters the lead and circulates well1 when the heat1 slightly diminished1 is so regulated that the assay appears convex and more glowing than the cupel itself1 whilst the 'undulations' circulate in all directions1 and the middle of the metal appears smooth1 with a margin of litharge which is freely absorbed by the cupel4 ,when the metal becomes bright and shining1 or1 in technical language1 begins to 'lighten1' and prismatic hues suddenly flash across the globules1 and undulate and cross each other1 followed by the metal becoming very brilliant and clear1 and at length fixed and solid 7called the 'brightening'71 the separation is ended and the process complete4 ,the cupels are then drawn to the mouth of the muffle1 and allowed to cool slowly4 ,when quite cold1 the resulting 'button1' if of silver1 is removed by the pliers or tongs from the cupel1 and after being flattened on a small anvil of polished steel1 with a polished steel hammer1 to detach adhering oxide of lead1 and cleaned with a small hard brush1 is very accurately weighed4 ,the weight is that of the pure silver2 and the difference between the weight of the alloy before cupellation1 and that of the button of pure metal1 represents the proportion of alloy in the sample examined4 7,see below47 ,in the case of gold1 the 'button' has to undergo the subsequent operations of quartation1 parting1 and annealing1 before it is weighed1 as described under that metal4 ,assayer's weights1 c4 ,the materials used in assaying are accurately weighed in a balance of the most susceptible description2 and the weights are given in terms of the 'notation' employed by assayers4 ,the 'fineness1' 'richness1' or 'degree of purity' of gold is expressed in carats4 ,pure gold is spoken of as #bd carats fine2 and any other sample containing in #bd parts only #ab1 #ah1 #bb1 c41 parts of pure gold1 is said to be of as many carats fine4 ,every carat is nominally divided into #d 'assay-grains1' each assay-grain into 'quarters1' and each quarter into 'eighths' 7 #a_/cb carat71 giving #gfh reports for gold4 ,on this system fractional alloys are commonly spoken of as of so many 'carats and thirty-seconds fine4' ,the real quantity taken for assay1 technically termed the 'assay-pound1' is1 however1 very small1 generally either #ab gr4 or #f gr41 which makes each assayer's eighth-grain1 or report1 equal to either the #a_/fd or #a_/abh gr4 ,troy1 as the case may be4 ,the nominal assayer's gold carat is #ab gr4 ,the journey-weight of gold is #ae lbs4 ,troy 7 #gja sovereigns #adjb half-sovereigns74 ,the 'fineness1' 'richness1' or 'purity' of silver was formerly expressed in pennyweights2 but is now generally reckoned in #ajjjths1 which admits of greater accuracy4 ,pure silver was said to be silver of #ab pennyweights4 ,if it contained #a1 #b1 or #c parts of alloy1 it was termed silver of #aa1 #aj1 or #i pennyweights1 as the case might be4 ,every assayer's pennyweight was nominally divided into #bd gr41 and hence gave #bhh fine grains1 or 'reports1' for silver4 ,the fineness of specimens containing odd grains was given in pennyweights and fine grains4 ,the 'assay-pound' for silver1 on this system1 may be #bd ,troy gr41 when #b real grains are equal to #a 'fine pennyweight1' and #a_/ab real gr4 equal to #a 'fine-grain4' ,in the decimal method pure silver is #ajjj4 ,the usual weight of silver taken for the 'assay-pound1' when the fineness is reckoned in #ajjjths1 is #bj ,troy gr41 every real grain of which represents #ej_/ajjjth of fineness2 and so on of smaller divisions4 ,the mint journeyweight of silver is #fj lbs4 ,troy 7#cibj shillings1 or a like value in other denominations74 ,ratio4 ,cupellation1 which is the distinctive and most important operation in assaying gold and silver1 is founded upon the feeble affinity which these metals have for oxygen1 in comparison with copper1 tin1 and other cheaper metals2 and on the tendency which these latter metals have to oxidise rapidly in contact with lead at a high temperature1 and to sink with it into any porous earthen vessel1 in a thin1 glassy or vitriform state4 ,the conditions essential to the success of the process1 and which are found in the precious metals1 are--that the metal from which we wish to part the oxides must not be volatile2 and that it should also melt and form a button at the heat of cupellation2 for otherwise it would continue disseminated1 attached to the portion of oxide spread over the cupel1 and incapable of being collected4#ie ,footnote #ie3 ,ure's ',dict4 of ,arts1 ,m41 ,m41' #eth ed41 i1 #bad4 ,concluding ,remarks4 ,the art of assaying requires very great care1 skill1 and experience1 for its due exercise2 and from the costliness of the precious metals1 and their general employment for coin1 jewelry1 plate1 c41 is of the utmost importance both to individuals and governments4 ,such is the extreme delicacy of the operation of cupellation that1 without the requisites alluded to1 it is more likely to fail than to give reliable results4 ,an assay is thought to be good when the 'button' or 'bead' separates readily from the cupel1 has a round form1 with a brilliant upper surface1 and the lower one granular and of a dead metallic lustre4 ,when the upper surface is 'dead' and 'flat1' too much heat has been employed2 and in the case of silver1 some of the metal may have been lost by fuming or absorption4 ,when the bead adheres to the cupel1 or is spongy1 variegated1 or has scales of litharge still adhering to it1 either too little heat has been used1 or the process has been stopped before the assay was complete4 ,the remedy is re-exposure to heat in the cupel1 adding a little powdered charcoal or a few small pieces of paper1 and continuing the heat until the metal 'brightens' and 'circulates' freely4 ,the lead employed must be absolutely pure1 or that technically called 'poor lead1' and1 for this purpose1 is commonly prepared by the reduction of refined litharge mixed with some carbonaceous matter1 by heat2 but1 according to the late ,t4 ,h4 ,henry1 lead reduced from the litharge of commerce usually contains from #aj to #ae dwt4 of silver per ton4 ,these remarks apply equally to gold and silver4 ,the process of assaying by the cupel1 however skilfully conducted1 gives much less accurate results1 especially with silver1 than the method of chemical analysis1 often termed 'humid' or 'volumetrical assay1' whilst it is1 in all cases1 much more troublesome and expensive1 and with compounds containing only small quantities of the precious metals1 is not to be depended on4 ,see ,,gold1 ,,silver2 also ,,carat1 ,,cupellation1 ,,parting1 ,,liquation1 ,,quartation1 ,,refining1 c4 7and below74#if ,footnote #if3 ,those desirous of further information on the subject than that contained in this work1 are referred to ,mitchell's ',manual of ,assaying1' and to the various memoirs of ,gay-,lussac1 ,chaudet1 ,d',arcet1 ,tillet1 ,brande1 ,ure1 ,henry1 and others4 ,assay of the ,touch4 ,the fineness of ,,jewelry1 and of small quantities of ,,gold which it is either impossible or inconvenient to assay according to the usual method1 is generally determined by means of touch-needles and touch-stones4 ,the former are made in sets1 containing gold of different degrees of fineness1 and differently alloyed with copper and silver4 ,the latter are usually of black basalt2 but pieces of good black pottery answer the purpose very well4 ,the mode of using them is to mark the stone with the sample under examination1 and to compare its appearance1 hardness1 colour1 c41 with that produced by one or more of the needles4 ,when the two are similar1 the quality or 'fineness' is considered to be the same4 ,the marks are then further examined by heating the 'touch-stone' to redness1 and moistening the strokes with aquafortis1 when the appearance resulting from oxidation1 c41 differ according to the nature and quantity of the alloy4 ,a nearly similar method is sometimes adopted with ,,silver2 but the characteristics are scarcely so distinct with the metal4 7,see above47 ,hu'mid ,assaying1 ,humid ,assay4 ,terms applied to the estimation of the quantity of gold and silver in ores and alloys in the moist way1 more especially by the method known as volumetrical analysis4 ,see ,,gold 7,,estim471 ,,silver 7,estim471 ,,volumetrical ,,analysis1 c4 ,,assimila',,tion4 ,eng4 ,fr4 ,syn4 ,,assimila',,tio1 ,l42 ,,aneigung1 ,,ver,,hnlichung1 c41 ,ger4 ,in physiology1 the conversion of food into nutriment1 and finally into the substances which compose the bodies of animals and plants2 the function of nutrition4 ,,asthen',,ic4 ,syn4 ,,asthen',,icus1 ,l42 ,,asth,,nique1 ,d,,bile1 ,fr42 ,,schwach1 ,ger4 ,weak2 debilitated4 ,in pathology1 an epithet of diseases 7,,asthen',,ic ,,diseases7 accompanied by great and well-marked debility4 ,,asthen',,opy4 ,syn4 ,,astheno',,pia1 ,l4 ,in pathology1 incapacity to keep the eyes fixed on near or small objects for any length of time without confusion of vision4 ,the common causes are over-exertion of the eyes1 particularly by artificial light1 or by a very brilliant one1 or during convalescence2 congestion of the ocular vessels2 debilitating discharges or indulgences2 and general nervous debility1 however produced4 ,it appears to consist in weakness of the apparatus by which the eye is adjusted for the vision of near objects2 and along with this there is an irritable state of the retina1 connected in some manner with a tendency to internal congestion of the eyes4#ig ,the treatment may consist of rest to the eyes1 and ablution of them in cold water1 with such other efforts to restore their tone and the general health as are noticed under ,,amaurosis4 ,the prospect of complete cure1 when the cause is not removable1 is unfavorable2 but even when confirmed the disease is not likely to end in blindness4 ,the use of convex spectacles of very low power will generally be found serviceable4 ,see ,,eye1 ,,spectacles1 ,,vision1 c4 ,footnote #ig3 ,t4 ,w4 ,jones1 ',defects of ,sight1' ,lond41 #ahef2 p4 #hb4 ,,asth',,ma 77ast'm7a#ih74 ,eng41 ,ger41 ,l41 ,gr4 ,syn4 ,,asthme1 ,fr42 ,,engbr,,stigkeit1 ,ger4 ,in pathology1 a well-known disease coming on by fits1 and characterised by shortness and difficulty of breathing1 accompanied by a wheezing sound1 cough1 stricture and tightness of the chest1 with other like symptoms4 ,these gradually increase until the patient can no longer remain in a recumbent position1 being1 as it were1 threatened with immediate suffocation2 and they generally terminate1 after the lapse of a few hours1 in copious expectoration4 ,the attack usually commences towards evening1 and the symptoms increase in urgency during the night--often occurring suddenly after the first sleep--until at length1 on the approach of morning1 a remission takes place1 and1 in all probability1 the patient1 worn out and exhausted1 falls into a sound sleep4 ,on awaking in the morning he still feels the 'tightness' at the chest1 breathes with some difficulty1 which is increased by moving1 and cannot lie in bed unless his head and shoulders are greatly raised4 ,after a repetition of the fits for some nights1 they at length moderate1 and after more considerable remissions1 pass off at last1 leaving the patient in his usual state of health for a time1 or until fresh exciting causes produce a return of the disease4 ,for an evening or two previous to the fit the patient generally feels drowsy1 indolent1 and low-spirited1 and experiences a sensation of fulness about the stomach1 with headache1 general uneasiness1 and indigestion--these are the premonitory symptoms4 ,footnote #ih3 ,asth'ma 7with th fully sounded71 as given by ,knowles1 is difficultly pronounceable1 and is now obsolete4 ,asthma is principally confined to the later periods of life1 and appears in many cases to be hereditary4 ,it is generally severest in the heat of summer1 or in the foggy or damp or windy weather of winter4 ,the fits vary in duration from two to several hours4 ,sometimes copious expectoration commences early1 which has led to the division of asthma1 by nosologists1 into two kinds--dry1 nervous1 or spasmodic asthma 7,,asthma ,,sic',,cum1 ,l47 and humid a4 7,a4 ,,hu',,midum1 ,l474 ,the exciting causes of asthma are exposure to sudden changes of temperature1 particularly from heat to cold2 unwholesome effluvia1 hard drinking1 heavy meals1 indigestion1 violent exercise1 and cold1 damp1 foggy1 and sometimes windy weather4 ,treatm4 ,a dry1 warm1 and airy situation as a residence should1 if possible1 be sought4 ,the use of flannel next the skin1 and tepid or warm bathing is also advantageous4 ,the bowels should be kept regular by mild aperients1 and the stomach preserved in order by the adoption of a light and wholesome diet2 particularly avoiding excess in either eating or drinking4 ,the severity of the paroxysm may be generally lessened by adopting the sitting posture1 and inhaling the vapour of hot water or of an infusion of chamomile4 ,small doses of camphor1 ether1 and opium1 frequently repeated1 may also be tried4 ,the inhalation of the vapour of a little tar liquefied by heat is said to often produce considerable relief4 ,the fumes arising from the slow combustion of porous paper dipped in a solution of nitre1 and dried1 have also been recommended4 ,the fumes of a piece as big as one's hand being placed on an earthenware plate1 and ignited1 presently become sensible throughout the room2 and within a quarter of an hour their influence in many cases is rendered evident1 in clearing the passages and gradually opening the air tubes4 ,of calming vapours that of chloroform is1 however1 the one likely1 in respect of its soothing power1 to supersede all others4 ,inspired in moderate quantity1 far less than is requisite to produce general insensibility1 it has been found of singular efficacy in allaying1 at once1 the spasmodic distress of an asthma-fit4 ,but it is a remedy too potent and subtle to be entrusted to the discretion of the patient himself4 7,dr ,watson72 unless1 indeed1 he well understands its properties and nature1 and has some friend near him to restrain his using it too freely--a thing he is1 unfortunately1 often tempted1 by the urgency of the symptoms1 to do4 ,bleeding is an imprudent operation in every species of asthma 7,dr ,bree72 and has often proved highly injurious1 especially in elderly persons4 ,it is only in full plethoric habits1 or when the paroxysms are very severe1 and attended with signs of congestion of the lungs and brain1 indicated by lividity of the countenance1 stupor1 extreme dyspnoea1 c41 that blood should be taken2 and then only by 'cupping' between the shoulders1 or by leeches to the chest4 ,emetics and active purgatives must also be avoided during the paroxysm2 at which time costiveness may be best removed by an aperient clyster containing assafoetida4 ,at other times1 emetics 7of ipecacuanha7 and diaphoretics1 followed by mild purgatives1 may be administered with advantage2 indeed1 an emetic1 taken a few hours before an impending fit1 will frequently prevent its accession4 ,dyspeptic symptoms must be treated in the usual manner4 ,chalk and opium will astonish the asthmatic1 by the excellence of their effects when the irritation proceeds from dyspepsia of the first passages only4 7,dr ,bree47 ,the same authority also states that vinegar1 separately administered1 counteracts the flatulence and distension of the stomach4 ,various other remedies have been recommended for asthma2 among which are the smoking of tobacco and stramonium4 ,in using the latter herb1 the root and lower parts of the stem are chopped up and placed in the bowl of a common tobacco-pipe1 and a few whiffs are occasionally taken4 ,drinking at the same time should be avoided4 ,lately lobelia inflata 7,indian tobacco7 has been highly extolled in asthma1 in doses of--tincture1 #bj or #cj drops1 to #b teaspoonfuls--powder1 #e to #ae or #bj gr42 taken at the commencement or shortly before the accession of the fit1 and repeated after the interval of an hour1 if nausea or expectoration does not intervene4 ,sir ,john ,floyer is said to have been cured of an asthma of #fj years' standing1 at the age of #hj1 by the constant use of very strong coffee4 ,sir ,john ,pringle adopted the same remedy with great success4 ,he remarks1 ,one quality occurred to me which ,i have observed of that liquor 7coffee71 confirming what you have said of its sedative powers4 ,it is the best abater of periodic asthma which ,i have seen4 ,the coffee used ought to be the best ,mocha1 newly burnt1 and made very strong immediately after grinding it4 ,i commonly order an ounce for one dish1 which is to be repeated with fresh coffee after the interval of a quarter or half an hour2 and which ,i direct to be taken without milk or sugar4#ii ,footnote #ii3 ',letter to ,dr ,percival4' ,very recently cigars and cigarettes of datura tatula1 ,linn4--a peculiar species of stramonium--have been prepared by ,messrs ,savory and ,moore2 and are strongly recommended by ,drs ,watson1 ,latham1 ,fergusson1 and many other physicians of eminence1 as the very best remedy yet introduced for asthma4 ,a change of diet and habits1 and particularly a change of residence1 will often produce a marked improvement in asthmatic patients1 and even effect a cure1 when medicines have failed4 ,the use of bark and bitters1 or mild chalybeate tonics 7when not contra-indicated71 tends to improve the tone of the system1 and may be adopted1 in nearly all cases1 with perfect safety4 ,see ,,bath1 ,,air 7,compressed71 ,,cigars1 ,,datura1 c4 ,treatment for ,horses4 ,ether and belladonna2 chlorodyne2 inhalation of chloroform2 or amyl nitrite2 subcutaneous injection of morphine or atropine2 arsenic2 and regular digestible diet4 ,asthma1 ,grind'er's4 ,see ,,melanosis4 ,,asthma ,,cure4 #a4 7,dr ,aubre1 ,ferte ,vidame1 ,eure et ,loire1 ,france47 ,decoction of senega 7#aj parts of the root71 #bej parts2 iodide of potassium1 #ej parts2 extract of opium1 #d parts2 simple syrup1 #ejj parts2 weak spirit1 #bjj parts4 ,coloured with some cochineal tincture4 7,hager47 ,according to a later analysis by ,schrppel1 this remedy is thus composed3--,iodide of potassium1 #i parts2 ,french lactucarium1 #a part2 water1 #bhh parts2 simple syrup1 #dh parts2 chloric ether1 #a-a_/b part4 #b4 7,kubale1 ,klitschdorf1 near ,bunzlau47 ,this is a solution of iodide of potassium1 bromide of potassium1 and sugar in water1 strongly coloured with a cochineal tincture containing alum4 ,it is supplied in six bottles1 numbered #a to #f1 ,no4 #a being the weakest1 and ,no4 #f the strongest in the iodide and bromide4 ,in ,no4 #c1 for example1 we found3--,iodide of potassium1 #e grms42 sugar1 #b-a_/b grms42 alum1 #a_/c grm42 cochineal colouring matter1 #a_/b grm42 water1 #bjj grms4 7,hager47 ,,asthma ,,tea 7,dr ,orlen74 ,recommended for difficulty of breathing1 dry coughs1 loss of sleep1 loss of appetite1 c4 ,liquorice1 #h parts2 marshmallow root1 #f parts2 ,iceland moss1 #e parts2 a sort of buckbean1 #b parts2 horehound1 #b parts4 7,schdler and ,selle47 ,,asthmatic ,,pastilles 7,s4 ,kittel's1 now ,daniel ,white ,co41 ,new ,york74 ,set fire to the pastilles and inhale the smoke4 ,an analysis found in #ajj parts3--,nitrate of potash1 #bja parts2 impure resin of scammony1 #ce parts2 gum and sugar1 #ce parts2 charcoal1 plant-stems1 and leaves1 #djg parts4 7,dr ,fleck47 ,,astrin',,gent 7-tr7inje'-74 ,eng41 ,fr4 ,syn4 ,,astrin',,gens1 ,l42 ,,zusammenziehend1 ,ger4 ,that straitens or causes wrinkling or constriction4 ,in pharmacology1 an epithet of substances or agents 7,,astrin',,gents2 ,,astringen',,tia1 ,l47 which constrict animal fibre and coagulate albuminous fluids1 and thereby obviate relaxation and check excessive secretion or discharges4 ,in modern use1 the word1 both as an adj4 and subst41 is chiefly applied to internal remedies1 those of a like character1 employed externally1 being usually termed 'styptics1' 'desiccants1' c4 ,the principal astringents are--alcohol1 alum1 chalybeates 7generally71 sulphate of copper1 sulphate and perchloride of iron1 acetate and diacetate of lead1 lime1 bichloride of mercury1 nitrate of silver1 vegetable astringents 7see below71 acetate1 carbonate1 chloride1 oxide1 and sulphate of zinc1 c4 ,see ,,desiccants1 ,,styptics1 ,,tonics1 c4 ,astringents1 ,min'eral4 ,see ,,astringent 7above74 ,astringents1 ,veg'etable4 ,of these the principal are--alkanet1 bistort1 catechu1 the cinchona barks and their alkaloids1 dragon's blood1 ,french or red rose1 galls1 kino1 logwood1 mastiche1 oak-bark1 red sanders wood1 rhatany1 tormentil1 tannic acid1 gallic acid1 and areca nut4 7,see above47 ,astringent ,prin'ciple4 ,a term formerly restricted to tannin2 but now commonly applied to the astringent matter of any vegetable4 ,,atmom',,eter4 ,syn4 ,,atmidom',,eter2 ,,atmom',,etrum1 c41 ,l42 ,,atmom,,tre1 c41 ,fr4 ,in chemistry and meteorology1 an instrument for measuring the rate of evaporation from a humid surface4 ,it is of very simple construction1 and possesses some practical value4 ,it consists of a long glass graduated tube divided into inches1 having attached to the bottom a hollow ball made of porous earthenware1 similar to that used in water bottles4 ,when used1 water is poured in at the top until it rises to the zero point of the scale4 ,the outside of the porous ball being always covered with dew1 the more rapidly the evaporation takes place1 the more quickly will the water fall in the tube4 ,,at',,mosphere 7-fere74 ,syn4 ,,atmosphe'',,ra1 ,l42 ,,atmosph,,re1 ,fr42 ,,atmosph,,re1 ,,dunstkreis1 ,ger4 ,primarily1 a 'vapour-sphere1' appr41 the assemblage of respirable gas and ariform vapours which surround the earth2 fig41 any surrounding medium or influence4 ,comp41 ,chem4 prop41 ,pur41 ,uses1 c4 ,see ,,air 7,atmospheric74 ,mechanical properties of the atmosphere3-- ,,colour3--,the prevailing colour of the atmosphere is blue2 at considerable elevations this blue tint is lost1 and the sky appears deep black4 ,the prevalence of blue is referred to the greater facility with which the blue and violet rays are reflected1 whilst the glowing tints of morning and evening are conceived to arise from the red rays possessing greater momentum than the other rays of the spectrum4 ,,density3--,the density of the atmosphere diminishes with the distance from the earth's surface1 and this is the duplicate ratio of the altitude4 ,thus1 if at a given altitude the density of the air is only one half what it is at the level of the sea1 at twice that elevation it possesses only one fourth that density4 ,on this fact depends the application of the barometer to the determination of the elevation or depression of any point above or below the level of the sea1 taken as a standard4 ,density of the ,atmosphere at ,different ,elevations4 ,by ,prof4 ,,graham4 ---------------------------------------- -- ,height above the level,volume ,height of the of the ,sea in miles4 of ,air4 ,barometer4 ---------------------------------------- -- #j #a #cj #bgje #b #ae #eda #d #ge #haae #h #cge #ajhb #af #ahge #acebe #cb #icge #afbc #fd #dfhge ---------------------------------------- -- ,,height1 c43--,if the density of the air were uniform throughout its whole extent1 the height of the atmosphere1 measured by a corresponding column of mercury1 would be barely #e-a_/d miles4 ,as1 however1 its density decreases with the distance from the earth's surface1 its real height must be considerably greater4 ,kepler found that the reflection and refraction of the sun's rays by the atmosphere1 producing twilight1 ceases when that luminary descends #ah degrees below the horizon1 whence it is calculated that the atmosphere cannot have a greater altitude than #de miles4 ,on the other hand1 there is reason to believe that it cannot be much less than this sum4 ,with a good air-pump air may be rarefied #cjj times2 supposing this to be the utmost limit to which rarefaction can be carried1 the atmosphere would still extend to an altitude of above #dj miles4 ,whether1 in a state of extreme tenuity in which its grosser properties are lost1 it extends indefinitely into space1 was formerly a subject of controversy4 ,that its boundaries are limited1 and that it belongs exclusively to our earth appears almost certain4 ,we are warranted in concluding that the atoms of air are not infinitely divisible1 and consequently that the atmosphere has a limit2 and the limit must be situated at that height above the earth where the gravitation of the atoms is just equal to the force of their repulsion4#ajj ,under ordinary circumstances the mercury of the barometer falls about one inch for every #ajjj feet of elevation4 ,footnote #ajj3 ,brande's ',dict4 of ,lit41 ,sci41 ,art4' ,,pressure3--,the weight or pressure of the atmosphere is shown by the rise of water in the barrel of the common 'lifting pump' and the suspension of the mercurial column in the tube of the barometer4 ,the last affords a ready means of determining the actual pressure of the air1 the column of mercury1 and the column of air by which it is suspended1 resembling two weights in equilibrio1 at the opposite extremities of the same balance4 ,the mean height of the barometer at the level of the sea1 in ,england1 is #bhf inches 7 about #cc-a_/b feet of water72 and as a cubic inch of mercury weighs #cdbeib gr41 or #dhief lb41 it follows that the weight of a column of mercury whose base is a square inch is #adf lbs4 avoirdupois4 ,the pressure of the atmosphere is not merely downwards1 but is equally diffused in all directions1 and exerts a most powerful effect in the economy of organic beings4 ,on the surface of the body of an adult of ordinary size 7say #ae sq4 feet1 or #bafj inches71 it amounts to the enormous weight of #ca1ecf lbs41 which is not sensible1 only because it is balanced by the force of the elastic fluids in the interior of the body4 ,were this equilibrium to be suddenly destroyed1 the consequence would be1 either that the body would be instantly torn to pieces with explosive violence1 or that it would be crushed under the overwhelming weight that would suddenly fall upon it4 ,even the comparatively slight variations of atmospheric pressure which occur with changes of wind1 weather1 and season1 exercise a perceptible effect on the functions of life4 ,mean pressure of the ,atmosphere at the level of the ,sea1 in different latitudes1 at #cb ,fahr41 expressed in inches of mercury4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,lat4 ,height ,lat4 ,height ,lat4 ,height 7inches74 7inches74 7inches74 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #j #biicj #dj #cjjai #ed-a_/b #biibf #aj #biige #de #cjjjj #fj #bihjc #bj #cjjfd #di #biigh #fd #bifjf #cj #cjajh #ea-a_/b #bieea #fg #bifgc ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,,temperature3--,the temperature of the atmosphere1 independently of changes arising from variations of latitude and season1 diminishes1 like its density1 with its elevation4 ,in general1 every #ajj yards of ascent causes the temperature to fall #a ,fahr4 ,see ,,air 7,atmospheric71 ,,epidemics1 ,,ventilation1 c4 ,atmosphere4 ,in engineering and pneumatics1 the pressure of a column of mercury at #j ,cent4 or #cb ,fahr41 which is #gf centimtres or #biibah inches high1 at the mean level of the sea in latitude #de1 taken as a standard of that exerted by other elastic fluids4 ,in practice this is assumed to be #ae lbs4 to the square inch1 under a barometrical pressure of #cj inches4 ,thus1 steam or air condensed so as to exert a pressure of #cj lbs4 per sq4 inch is said to be of two atmospheres2 at #de lbs41 of three atmospheres1 c4 ,,at',,om 7-7um74 ,atomic ,weight1 ,atomic ,theory4 ,syn4 ,,at',,omus1 ,l42 ,,atome1 ,fr42 ,,atom1 ,,untheilbare ,,theilchen1 ,ger4 ,,atomic ,,weight4 ,when the elements unite chemically1 they invariably do so in the proportions by weight represented by the numbers attached to them in the following table1 or in multiples of these proportions4 ,dalton accounted for this law by supposing that the constituent particles of matter are indivisible1 and believed that1 if it were possible to place such particles in the balance1 their relative weights would be found to correspond with the numbers given in the table4#aja ,in other words1 the term atom1 which is derived from the ,greek ,greek3 atomos1 indivisible1 is applied in modern chemistry to the smallest quantity by weight of an element which is capable of existing in a chemical compound1 hydrogen being taken as unity4 ,footnote #aja3 ,strictly speaking1 ,dalton1 the inventor of the ,atomic ,theory1 did not adopt the precise numbers given in the table1 but others1 which1 however1 bear a very simple relation to them4 ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,name4 ,symbol4 ,atomic ,atomic weight4 volume4 ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,,aluminum ,al #bge ,,antimony ,sb #abb ,,arsenic ,as #ge #a_/d ,,barium ,ba #acg ,,bismuth ,bi #bjh ,,boron ,b #aa ,,bromine ,br #hj #a ,cadmium ,cd #aab #b ,csium ,cs #acc ,,calcium ,ca #dj ,,carbon ,c #ab ,cerium ,ce #ib ,,chlorine ,cl #cee #a ,,chromium ,cr #ebe ,,cobalt ,co #ehh ,,copper ,cu #fce ,didymium ,d #if ,,fluorine ,f #ai #a ,glucinum ,g #ad ,,gold ,au #aifg ,,hydrogen ,h #a #a ,indium ,in #gd ,,iodine ,i #abg #a ,,iridium ,ir #aih ,,iron ,fe #ef ,lanthanum ,l #ib ,,lead ,pb #bjg ,lithium ,li #g ,,magnesium ,mg #bd ,,manganese ,mn #ee ,,mercury ,hg #bjj #b ,molybdenum ,mo #ib ,,nickel ,ni #ehh ,niobium ,nb #igf ,,nitrogen ,n #ad #a ,osmium ,os #aii ,,oxygen ,o #af #a ,,palladium ,pd #ajfe ,,phosphorus ,p #ca #a_/d ,,platinum ,pt #aigd ,,potassium ,k #ci ,,rhodium ,rh #ajd ,rubidium ,rb #hee ,ruthenium ,ru #ajd ,selenium ,se #gi #a ,,silicon ,si #bhe ,,silver ,ag #ajh ,,sodium ,na #bc ,,strontium ,sr #hge ,,sulphur ,s #cb #a ,tantalum ,ta #acge ,tellurium ,te #abh ,thallium ,tl #bjd ,thorium ,th #bcae ,,tin ,sn #aah ,,titanium ,ti #ej ,,tungsten ,w #ahd ,,uranium ,u #abj ,vanadium ,v #eab ,yttrium ,y #fh ,,zinc ,zn #fe #b ,zirconium ,zr #ij ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,,atomic ,,volume4 ,the volume or space occupied by the atomic weights of gases at a temperature of #fj ,f41 and under a pressure of #cj inches of the barometer1 compared with that occupied by one part by weight of hydrogen under the same conditions4 ,in the same table the most important elements are distinguished by the largest type1 those next in importance by medium type1 and those of rare occurrence1 or of which we know but little1 by the smallest type4 ,,atomic ,,weights4 ,see ,,atom4 ,,aton',,ic4 ,syn4 ,,aton',,icus1 ,l42 ,,atonique1 ,fr42 ,,atonisch1 ,,schlaff1 ,ger4 ,weak2 debilitated2 deficient in tone or strength4 ,in pathology1 applied to diseases or conditions of the body 7,,atonic ,,diseases2 ,,atony7 in which debility is the leading feature4 ,in pharmacology1 ,,atonics are agents which relax or lower the tone of the system4 ,,at',,ony4 ,syn4 ,,ato',,nia1 ,l42 ,,atonie1 c41 ,fr41 ,ger4 ,in pathology1 loss of tone1 relaxation1 morbid diminution of vital energy or power2 commonly applied to debility of any kind4 ,,at',,rophy 7-fe74 ,syn4 ,,atro',,phia1 ,l42 ,,atrophi1 c41 ,fr42 ,,atrophie1 ,ger4 ,in pathology1 wasting or emaciation1 with loss of strength1 and unaccompanied by fever or other sensible cause2 defective nutrition2 decline4 ,classif41 ,causes1 c4 ,it is either local1 as in the case of a limb which is small1 imperfectly developed1 or withered2 or general1 affecting the whole body4 ,,gen',,eral ,,atrophy appears to depend on deficient nutrition1 arising from a want of due balance between the functions of assimilation and absorption1 or from profuse evacuations draining off the materials necessary for the support of the body4 ,in the former case only may it be regarded as an independent disease4 ,,lo',,cal ,,atrophy commonly arises from some cause which lessens the normal circulation of blood in the part2 or from a diminution of the nervous influence1 as in paralysis4 ,general atrophy is most frequent in infancy1 childhood1 and old age4 ,in the first two it may be often traced to bad nursing1 worms1 or a scrofulous taint2 and not unfrequently to continually inhaling impure or damp air4 ,in adults1 the causes are impaired digestion and imperfect action of the chyliferous organs1 and sometimes diseased action of the liver4 ,in many cases it results from the use of tobacco4 ,treatm4 ,this consists in a close attention to diet 7which should be liberal and nutritious71 exercise1 clothing1 ventilation1 warmth1 c41 with gentle stimulants1 and chalybeate tonics where not contra-indicated2 and1 in the case of adults1 the moderate use of pure generous wine or malt-liquor4 ,among special remedies1 both in this disease and anmia1 may be mentioned pure sweet cod-liver oil1 which seldom fails to arrest or greatly retard the progress of the disease1 and in very many cases effect an entire cure4 ,when this affection is symptomatic of any other disease1 as worms1 stomach or liver complaints1 c41 the removal of the latter must of course be first attempted4 ,see ,,an,,mia1 ,,chlorosis1 ,,tabes1 c4 ,,atro'',,pia 7trope'y'7a74 ,c#cd;,h#bc,,no#f4 ,l42 ,b4 ,p4 ,syn4 ,,at',,ropine 7-pin2 sometimes atro'p7inedouble-dagger71 ,eng41 ,fr42 ,,atropi',,na1 ,,atro'',,pium991 ,l4 ,an alkaloid discovered by ,brandes in at'ropa belladon'na or deadly nightshade4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p4 ,process47 ,take of belladonna-root1 recently dried1 and in coarse powder1 #b lbs42 rectified spirit1 #aj pints2 slaked lime1 #a oz42 diluted sulphuric acid1 carbonate of potash1 of each a sufficiency2 chloroform1 #c fl4 oz42 purified animal charcoal1 a sufficiency2 distilled water1 #aj fl4 oz4 ,macerate the root in #d pints of the spirit1 for #bd hours1 with frequent stirring4 ,transfer to a displacement apparatus1 and exhaust the root with the remainder of the spirit by slow percolation4 ,add the lime to the tincture placed in a bottle1 and shake them occasionally several times4 ,filter1 add the diluted sulphuric acid in very feeble excess to the filtrate1 and filter again4 ,distil off three fourths of the spirit1 add to the residue the distilled water1 evaporate at a gentle heat1 but as rapidly as possible1 until the liquor is reduced to one third of its volume and no longer smells of alcohol2 then let it cool4 ,add very cautiously1 with constant stirring1 a solution of carbonate of potash so as nearly to neutralise the acid1 care1 however1 being taken that an excess is not used4 ,set to rest for six hours1 then filter1 and add carbonate of potash in such quantity that the liquid shall acquire a decided alkaline reaction4 ,place in a bottle with the chloroform2 mix well by frequently repeated brisk agitation1 and pour the mixed liquids into a funnel furnished with a glass stop-cock4 ,when the chloroform has subsided1 draw it off by the stop-cock1 and distil it on a water-bath from a retort connected with a condenser4 ,dissolve the residue in warm rectified spirit2 digest the solution with a little animal charcoal3 filter1 evaporate1 and cool until colourless crystals are obtained4 #b4 ,expressed juice of belladonna is evaporated over a water-bath to the consistence of an extract1 and then triturated in a marble or porcelain mortar with a strong solution of caustic potassa2 the resulting mass is digested and well agitated for some time1 at the temperature of #ge to #hj ,fahr41 with benzole1 q4 s42 and1 after repose1 the benzole-solution is carefully separated1 and its volatile hydrocarbon is distilled off by the heat of a water-bath2 the residuum in the retort is now exhausted with water acidulated with sulphuric acid1 and the resulting 'acid-solution1' after filtration1 precipitated with carbonate of soda2 the precipitate is crude ,,atropia1 which is collected on a filter1 pressed between folds of bibulous paper1 and dried2 after which it is purified by one or more re-solutions1 in alcohol1 and crystallisations1 which may or may not be modified in the manner noticed4 ,the proportion of potassa should be about #a dr4 to every quart of the expressed juice4 ,an excellent and economical process4 ,the product is #jc to #d of the weight of the plant from which the juice has been obtained4 #c4 7,mein and ,liebig47 ,belladonna-root 7fresh-dried and coarsely powdered7 is exhausted by alcohol 7sp4 gr4 #jhbb72 slaked lime 7#a part for every #bd of the dried root employed7 is then added to the tincture1 and the whole digested1 with agitation1 for #bd hours2 sulphuric acid is next added1 drop by drop1 to slight excess1 and1 after filtration1 rather more than one half the spirit is removed by distillation2 a little water is now added to the residue1 and the remainder of the alcohol evaporated as quickly as possible by a gentle heat2 after again filtering1 the liquid is reduced by further evaporation to the #a_/abth part of the weight of the root employed1 and a concentrated solution of potassa dropped into the cold liquid 7to throw down a dark greyish-brown matter71 carefully avoiding excess or rendering the liquid in the slightest degree alkaline2 in a few hours the liquid is again filtered1 and carbonate of potassa added as long as a precipitate 7,,atropia7 falls2 after a further interval of from #ab to #bd hours1 this precipitate is collected and drained in a filter1 and after pressure between folds of blotting-paper1 dried by a very gentle heat4 ,it is purified by making it into a paste with water1 again squeezing it between the folds of blotting-paper1 drying it1 re-dissolving it in #e times its weight of alcohol1 decolouring it with pure animal charcoal1 distilling off greater part of the alcohol1 and evaporation and crystallisation by a very gentle heat2 or only about one half the spirit is distilled off1 and #c or #d times its volume of water gradually agitated with it1 the resulting milky liquid being then heated to boiling1 and allowed to cool very slowly1 when nearly the whole of the ,,atropia crystallises out after a few hours4 ,the same may be effected by at once agitating #f or #h volumes of water with the alcoholic solution1 and setting aside the mixture for #ab to #bd hours1 by which time the crystallisation will be completed4 ,this process originated with ,soubeiran1 was improved by ,mein1 and subsequently1 with slight modifications1 adopted by ,liebig4 ,the product is about #jc of the weight of root operated on4 #d4 7,bouchardat and ,cooper47 ,the filtered tincture is precipitated with iodine dissolved in an aqueous solution of iodide of potassium1 the resulting ioduretted hydriodate of atropia1 decomposed by zinc-and-water1 the metallic oxide separated by means of carbonate of potassa1 and the alkaloid thus obtained dissolved in alcohol and crystallised4 #e4 7,mr ,luxton47 ,the dry leaves of belladonna are gently boiled for #b hours in distilled water just sufficient to cover them1 and the resulting decoction is strained through a coarse cloth into a large precipitating jar2 this process is repeated with a second quantity of distilled water1 and the two decoctions mixed2 concentrated sulphuric acid is now added in the proportion of #b dr4 to every pound of leaves operated on1 by which the vegetable albumen of the decoction is precipitated1 and the liquid becomes clear and sherry-coloured2 the clear liquor is now decanted or syphoned off1 and1 if necessary1 filtered2 the filtrate is now decomposed by either passing a stream of gaseous ammonia through it1 or by suspending in it a lump of carbonate of ammonia4 ,the effect is that the liquid turns black1 and crystals of ,,atropia are slowly formed and deposited4 ,at the expiration of a day or two1 the supernatant mother-liquid is removed with a syphon1 and the crystals thrown on a filter to drain and dry4#ajb ,it may be purified by re-solution and crystallisation4 #a lb4 of leaves yields #dj gr42 or at the rate of fully #eg4 ,footnote #ajb3 ',pharm4 ,journ41' #ahed-e1 p4 #bji84 #f4 7,rabourdin47 ,to the crystallised juice of the plant 7previously heated to coagulate its albumen1 filtered1 and allowed to cool71 #a quart1 is added of caustic potassa #a dr41 and afterwards of chloroform #a oz42 the whole is then agitated well1 and after half an hour's repose1 the supernatant liquor is poured from the discoloured chloroform1 which1 after being washed with distilled water as long as it gives any colour to that liquid1 is placed in a small retort1 and the chloroform distilled off by the heat of a water-bath2 the residuum is dissolved in a little water acidulated with sulphuric acid1 and precipitated with carbonate of potassa1 in slight excess2 the precipitate is redissolved in alcohol1 and the solution1 by spontaneous evaporation1 yields crystals of ,,atropia4 #g4 7,ure47 ,from the expressed juice of the fresh1 or the watery extract of the dry plant1 by treating it with caustic soda1 in slight excess1 and then agitating the mixture with #a-a_/b times its volume of ether2 the ,,atropia taken up by the ether is again deposited after repose for some time1 and is then purified by repeating the treatment with fresh ether as often as necessary4 #h4 ,freshly precipitated hydrate of magnesia is added to the coagulated and filtered expressed juice1 and the mixture evaporated to dryness1 as quickly as possible1 in a water-bath2 the residuum is pulverised and digested in strong alcohol1 and the clear liquid allowed to evaporate spontaneously4 ,the crystals may be purified by repeated re-solutions in alcohol4 ,prop41 ,tests1 c4 ,the crystals obtained from hot concentrated solutions1 colourless1 transparent1 silky prisms2 from solutions in dilute spirit1 silky needles1 like those of disulphate of quinine4 ,it is colourless2 has a bitter1 acrid1 and somewhat metallic taste2 dissolves in #bjj parts 7#cjj parts--,thomson7 of cold and #ej to #ed parts of boiling water1 in #a-a_/b parts of cold alcohol1 and in #be parts of cold1 and #f parts of boiling ether2 it has an alkaline reaction1 fuses at about #aid ,fahr41 is slightly volatile at common temperatures1 and freely rises in vapour at #bab ,fahr42 at higher temperatures it volatilises with partial decomposition2 with the acids it forms salts1 of which several are crystallisable4 ,tests4--#a4 ,nitric acid forms with it a yellow solution3--#b4 ,with cold sulphuric acid it gives a colourless solution1 which becomes red only when heated3--#c4 ,aqueous solutions of atropia and its salts are--a1 turned red by tincture of iodine--b1 gives a citron-yellow precipitate with terchloride of gold--c1 a flocculent whitish precipitate with tincture of galls1 and--d1 a yellowish-white one with bichloride of platinum3--#d4 ,heated with caustic potassa or soda1 it suffers decomposition1 and ammonia is evolved3--#e4 ,a weak solution cautiously applied to the eyelid or conjunctiva1 produces dilation of the pupil lasting for several hours4 ,pur41 c4 ,alkaloid prepared from the root of atropa belladonna4 ,crystals2 white1 in the form of prisms2 soluble in water and rectified spirit4 ,it leaves no ash when burned with free access of air 7,b4 ,p474 ,phys4 eff4 ,it is a very powerful narcotico-acrid poison4#ajc ,its effects are similar to those of belladonna1 but considerably more powerful4 ,a very minute 7imponderable7 quantity applied to the eye is sufficient to dilate the pupil4 7,pereira47 ,the #a_/ab to #a_/aj gr4 often causes very serious effects in the human subject4 ,the #a_/fth of a grain accelerates the pulse1 affects the brain1 causes dryness of the throat1 difficulty of deglutition1 dilation of the pupil1 dimness of sight1 giddiness1 strangury1 numbness of limbs1 sense of formication in the arms1 rigidity of thighs1 depression of pulse1 and sometimes feebleness or loss of voice4 ,these symptoms continue for from #ab to #bd hours4 ,in larger doses death ensues4 ,footnote #ajc3 ,a cerebro-spinal poison4--,taylor4 ,ant41 c4 ,these may be similar to those described under ,,belladonna and ,,alkaloid4 ,uses4 ,chiefly as an external agent1 as a substitute for belladonna1 to cause dilation of the pupil2 and as a local ansthetic or anodyne1 especially in facial neuralgia4 ,internally1 it has been occasionally given in hooping-cough1 chorea1 and a few other nervous diseases4--,dose1 #a_/cj gr41 gradually increased to #a_/bj1 or1 occasionally1 even #a_/ae gr4 in solution1 or made into a pill with liquorice powder and honey1 or syrup1 or used endermically2 for a collyrium1 #a gr4 to water #a oz41 a few drops only being applied to the eye at a time1 the greatest caution in each case being observed4 ,it is also employed to make the sulphate4 ,in dispensing it a single drop of acetic acid1 or dilute sulphuric acid1 will be found to facilitate and ensure its perfect solution4 ,see ,,belladonna and ,,belladonine4 ,atropia1 ,sul'phate of4 ,syn4 ,,atro',,pia ,,sul',,phas1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,b4 ,p47 ,take of atropia1 #abj gr42 distilled water1 #d fl4 dr42 diluted sulphuric acid1 a sufficiency4 ,mix the atropia with the water and add the acid gradually1 stirring them together until the alkaloid is dissolved and the solution is neutral4 ,evaporate it to dryness at a temperature not exceeding #ajj4 ,characters and ,tests4--,a colourless powder1 soluble in water1 forming a solution which is neutral to test-paper1 and when applied to the eye dilates the pupil as the solution of atropia does4 ,it leaves no ash when burned with free access of air4 ,intended for external application4 ,it is a powerful poison4 ,uses1 c4 ,the same as those of the pure alkaloid4--,dose1 #a_/be to #a_/bj gr41 either in solution or pills2 #a to #c gr4 to water #a fl4 oz41 as a collyrium1 of which a few drops seldom fail to produce full dilation of the pupil in about a quarter of an hour2 #a to #b gr4 to lard #a dr4 forms an excellent ointment in neuralgic affections4 ,obs4 ,sulphate of atropia 7which is intended for external use only7 is rather difficult to crystallise1 as it has a tendency to assume an amorphous or gum-like condition4 ,it is more soluble than the pure alkaloid2 and1 like it1 is a terrific poison4 ,,atropia1 ,,valerianat4 ,the ,paris ,codex directs this salt to be prepared as follows3--,dissolve valerianic acid in ether1 and add atropia just sufficient to saturate the acid4 ,let the ether evaporate4 ,,atrop',,ic ,,acid4 ,syn4 ,,acidum ,,atrop',,icum1 ,l4 ,the name given by ,richter to a volatile crystallisable substance1 possessing acid properties1 found in atropa belladonna or deadly nightshade4 ,in many respects it resembles benzoic acid1 from which1 however it is distinguished by not precipitating the salts of iron4 ,,atropi',,na1 ,at'ropine4 ,see ,,atropia4 ,,at',,tar4 ,see ,,otto and ,,volatile ,,oils4 ,,attelettes 7-l7ets'74 ,fr4 ,in cookery1 small skewers1 generally of silver1 with ornamental heads4 ,the term is also applied to small dishes 7,,entr,,es1 c47 in which the articles are mounted on attelettes4 ,small fish1 as smelts1 are often served in this way4 ,see ,,aiguillette4 ,,atten',,uant 7-u-7ant74 ,syn4 ,,atten',,uans1 ,l42 ,,att,,nuant1 ,fr42 ,,verd,,nnend1 ,ger4 ,that makes thin1 or less dense or viscid2 diluting4 ,in medicine1 applied to remedies 7,,atten',,uants1 ,,span,m',,ics7 which are supposed to act by thinning1 diluting1 or impoverishing the blood4 ,,attenua',,tion4 ,syn4 ,,attenua',,tio1 ,l42 ,,att,,nuation1 ,fr42 ,,verd,,nnung1 ,ger4 ,a thinning or diminishing2 a reducing in consistence4 ,in medicine1 see the adj4 7above72 in brewing1 the decrease of the density of worts during fermentation1 arising from the gradual conversion of their 'saccharine' 7sugar7 into alcohol4 ,see ,,brewing1 ,,distillation1 ,,worts1 c4 ,,attrac',,tion4 ,eng41 ,fr4 ,syn4 ,,attrac',,tio1 ,l42 ,,anziehung1 ,ger4 ,the power that draws together matter and resists its separation4 ,that force which attracts bodies towards the centre of the earth1 and which keeps on its surface those that are movable1 is called ,,gravity1 or the attraction of gravitation4 ,it is exerted at sensible1 often at immense1 distances1 and determines the figure and motions of the planets and comets1 and causes the descent of heavy bodies to the ground4 ,this force it is which confers the property of weight upon matter4 ,that force which unites particles of the same kind of matter1 so as to cause them to assume the condition of solid or liquid masses1 e4g4 particles of chalk to form a mass of chalk1 particles of water to form a mass of water1 is called ,,cohesion1 or the ,,attraction ,,of ,,cohesion4 ,that force which binds together different substances without changing their properties1 as when paint sticks to wood1 ink to paper1 c41 is called ,,adhesion1 or the ,,attraction ,,of ,,adhesion4 ,,capillary ,,attraction is a modification of adhesion1 and is characterised by being exerted between liquids and the internal surfaces of tubes and pervious bodies4 ,the absorption of water by a sponge1 the ascent of oil in the wick of a lamp1 are examples of this power4 ,the ,,chemical ,,force or ,,affinity differs from all other kinds of attraction in being exerted between definite and constant quantities 7atoms7 of matter1 usually of dissimilar natures1 and producing combinations possessing properties different from those of their components4 7,see ,,affinity47 ,this force1 as well as cohesion and adhesion1 is exerted at distances so small as to be immeasurable4 ,the terms ,,elec',,tric ,,attraction and ,,magnet',,ic ,,attraction are employed in physics to denote phenomena which we imperfectly understand1 and which operate between bodies at sensible distances1 and simulate those of the attraction of gravitation4 ,,attri'',,tion 7tr7ish'-7un74 ,eng41 ,fr4 ,syn4 ,,attri'',,tio1 ,l42 ,,abreibung1 ,,aufreibung1 ,ger4 ,in mechanics1 the wearing away of parts by friction4 ,in medicine1 a graze1 abrasion1 or solution of continuity of the cuticle1 or the act which causes it4 ,in surgery1 the crushing or tearing away of any exterior portion of the body by violence4 ,see ,,abrasion1 ,,anti-,,attrition1 ,,friction1 c4 ,,aurantia',,ce 7-she-e74 ,lat42 ,,dc4 ,the orange tribe4 ,in botany1 an extensive and important natural order of exogenous trees and shrubs1 found exclusively in the temperate and tropical parts of the ,old ,world1 and unknown in a wild state in ,america4 ,the fruit is pulpy1 succulent1 sub-acid1 and eatable1 and separated into cells by membranous partitions1 and is covered with a leathery aromatic skin or rind4 ,some of the genera embrace plants of great beauty and utility4 ,a few of the ,indian species are climbers4 ,the genus ,,cit',,rus1 which includes the orange1 lemon1 citron1 lime1 bergamot1 and shaddock1 is that best known in ,europe4 ,,auran'',,tiin 7-she-7in74 ,syn4 ,,hesperidin2 ,,auran',,tine99 7-t7in71 ,eng41 ,fr42 ,,aurantii',,na1 c41 ,l4 ,the bitter principle of the peel of oranges and lemons4 ,prep4 ,the exterior or yellow peel of the ,seville orange 7carefully separated from the white matter1 and air-dried7 is steeped in hot water1 and the filtered liquor gently evaporated to dryness4 ,prop41 c4 ,it possesses the bitter properties of the peel without any of its glutinosity or fragrance1 and is said to agree better with delicate stomachs4 ,it may be taken in water either with or without the addition of a little sugar or capillaire1 or dissolved in wine4 ,,au'',,ric 7aw'- or awr'-74 ,syn4 ,,auri',,cus1 ,l4 ,of or relating to gold1 or containing it1 or formed from it4 ,,aurif',,erous4 ,syn4 ,,au'',,rifer1 ,,aurif',,erus1 ,l42 ,,aurif,,re1 ,fr42 ,,goldhaltig1 ,ger4 ,in1 mineralogy1 that yields or contains gold2 as auriferous sand1 a4 quartz1 c4 ,,auripigmen',,tumdagger4 ,l4 ,literally1 paint of gold2 appr41 native orpiment4 ,see ,,arsenic4 ,,auro-,,chlo'',,rides 7klore'-idz74 ,compounds of terchloride of gold with chlorides of other bases4 ,they may be prepared by mixing the terchloride of gold with the chloride of the base1 in atomic proportions1 and setting aside the solution to crystallise4 ,prop41 c4 ,most of the auro-chlorides crystallise in prisms1 dissolve in both alcohol and water1 have an orange or yellow colour1 and are decomposed at a red heat4 ,,auro-,,cy',,anides 77idz74 ,in chemistry1 compounds of cyanide of gold with cyanides of other bases4 ,they may be formed in a similar manner to the auro-chlorides4 ,auro-cyanide of potassium is much used in electro-gilding4 ,,aurora ,,borealis4 ,this luminous phenomenon1 which is occasionally seen in our own country on clear frosty nights1 and much more frequently and vividly by the dwellers in more northern latitudes1 has been supposed to have an electrical origin1 and to be occasioned by the passage of electricity through the rarefied strata of the upper regions of the atmosphere from the poles towards the equator4 ,but physicists look upon this explanation as unsatisfactory1 and inadequate to account for the effects produced4 ,the hypothesis1 however1 seems to derive some support from the following fact3-- ,if one of ,gassiot's vacuum tubes be brought near to a powerful electrical machine1 both while the machine is in motion and for some time after1 flashes of light may be seen passing from the wire at one end of the tube to the other extremity1 which flashes bear a great resemblance to the auroral rays4 ,the great doubt1 however1 is whether the conditions necessary to the production of the aurora are similar to those prevailing during this experiment1 a doubt not lessened by the difficulty of satisfactorily accounting for the rarefied state of the atmosphere which is assumed to exist4 ,the forms which the aurora assumes are very varied and of great beauty2 there appears1 however1 to be some general similarity in its aspect at the same locality4 ,its appearance is briefly as follows3--,a dingy aspect in the heavens in a northernly direction is usually the precursor of the aurora2 and this gradually becomes darker in colour1 and assumes the form of a circular segment surrounded by a luminous arch1 and resting at each end on the horizon4 ,this dark segment presents the appearance of a thick cloud1 and is frequently seen as such in the fading twilight1 before the auroral light manifests itself4 ,the density of this segment must1 however1 be very inconsiderable1 as stars may sometimes be seen shining brightly through it4 ,this dark segment is bounded by a luminous arch of a blueish-white colour1 which varies in breadth from #a to #f diameters of the moon1 having the lower edge sharply defined1 and the upper edge only when the breadth of the arch is small4 ,this arch may be considered to be a part of a luminous ring1 elevated at a considerable distance above the earth's surface and having its centre corresponding with some point near the north pole4 ,the preceding description indicates the general features of the appearance of the aurora borealis2 but several auroras have been described which presented striking peculiarities4 ,sometimes the phenomenon assumed the form of one or more curtains of light1 depending from dingy clouds whose folds were agitated to and fro as if by the wind4 ,sometimes this curtain appeared to consist of separate ribbons of light1 arranged side by side in groups of different lengths1 and attaining their greatest brilliancy at the lower edges4 ,in this country the aurora borealis seldom assumes the distinctness and brilliancy which characterise its appearance in northern latitudes1 but the description thus given indicates the type to which such appearance of the meteor more or less approaches4 ,during the winter that prevails in the northern hemispheres the inhabitants of the arctic zone are deprived for months together of the sun's light1 and their long dreary night is relieved by the light emanating from this beautiful meteor1 which shines with great frequency and brilliancy in those regions4 ,a remarkable connection has been observed between the aurora and the earth's magnetism1 the magnetic needle showing great disturbance during a display of the aurora4 ,the arches of the aurora most commonly traverse the sky at right angles to the magnetic meridian1 though deviations from this direction are not rare4 ,sir ,j4 ,franklin found that the disturbance of the needle was not always proportionate to the agitation of the aurora1 but was always greater when the quick motion and vivid light were observed to take place in a hazy atmosphere4 ,the aurora is most frequent and vivid in high latitudes1 towards either pole1 but the meteor is not confined to these parts1 as ,dr ,hooker states that one of the most brilliant displays he ever witnessed was under the tropical sky of ,india2 and other observers have recorded instances of its appearance in the equatorial districts of the globe4 ,the attitude of the aurora varies considerably2 there appears to be little doubt1 however1 that it frequently occurs at small elevations4 ,both ,franklin and ,parry record instances where it appeared below the level of the clouds1 which they describe as having been hidden behind the masses of its light1 and as reappearing when the meteor vanished4 ,it would seem that there are two distinct kinds of aurora one dependent upon local causes1 as in the cases last given1 while in the other causes are probably cosmical1 and the auroral effects are seen at very distant points of the earth's surface4 ,,aurora ,,pomade4 ,for promoting the action of the skin4 ,cocoa butter with orris4 ,,autog',,enous 7t7oj'-74 ,syn4 ,,autoge'',,neal2 ,,autog',,enus 7t7oj'74 ,l4 ,self-generating or affecting2 acting without the aid of foreign matter4 ,in anatomy1 c41 developed from distinct and independent centres2 as parts or processes4 ,among metallists1 it denotes a method of joining metals by fusing the parts in contact1 by means of a flame of hydrogen1 or of a mixture of hydrogen and common air1 without the intervention of a fusible alloy or solder4 ,lead1 and even ordinary hard solders1 are1 however1 sometimes so employed1 and the name1 though improperly1 retained4 ,,automat',,ic4 ,syn4 ,,automati',,cus1 ,,autom',,atus1 ,l42 ,,automatique1 ,fr42 ,,automatische1 ,ger4 ,self-acting or self-moving1 or that seems to be so2 mechanical2 of or resembling an automaton4 ,in physiology1 involuntary1 applied to functions which are performed without the operation of the will2 as the movements in respiration1 the contractions and dilations of the heart1 the persistent contraction of the sphincters1 c4 ,in mechanics1 c41 moving and acting from concealed machinery2 also1 as applied to machinery1 self-regulating and directing1 within the limits prescribed by its author1 though moved by external power4 ,to the last class belongs the self-acting machinery of our flax and cotton mills1 our engineering establishments1 c42 in which the elemental powers are made to animate1 as it were1 millions of complex organs1 infusing into forms of wood1 iron1 and brass1 an agency resembling that of intelligent beings4 ,the manufactures in which such machinery is employed are termed the ,,automatic ,,arts4 ,,autopsy4 ,literally1 personal observation or examination2 ocular view4 ,the term1 however1 is now applied1 rather loosely1 to a post-mortem investigation4 ,a post-mortem may be performed with the object of endeavouring to ascertain the cause of death in a medico-legal inquiry1 or in the furtherance of the study of pathology4 ,it is also a preliminary to embalmment1 and is sometimes had recourse to as a means of saving the child when a woman dies in full pregnancy4 ,in ,france no post-mortem examination is permitted to take place until at least #bd hours after death1 this delay being enforced as a safeguard against the possibility of the body operated upon being still alive4 ,in ,england no post-mortem can be made without the consent of the friends of the deceased1 unless by warrant from a coroner2 although in many public institutions this consent is dispensed with4 ,whenever1 however1 a prisoner dies in gaol an inquest and post-mortem are held on the body4 ,an autopsy is to be discouraged in cases where a person has died from infectious disease2 but should the law require it to be undertaken1 disinfectants both during and after the operation should be liberally had recourse to4 ,,autumnal ,,fever4 ,this term is chiefly employed by ,american medical writers to designate typhoid fever1 because of its prevalence in the autumn4 ,,auxilion4 ,a packet of small plasters for the painless and radical cure of corns4 ,each plaster is to be worn for about a week1 and then the horny pustule is to be removed with a sharp knife4 ,the plaster is a compound of #a part of resin plaster and #b parts of lead plaster1 and is likely to promote the removal and solution of the thick skin of the corns4 7,hager47 ,,ava4 ,syn4 ,,kava-,,kava4 ,the native names of the root1 a species of piper1 the piper methysticum1 cultivated in ,tahiti1 ,hawaii1 the ,society and ,tongan ,islands1 the natives of which make it into an intoxicating drink4 ,it is said to have been used in ,france with excellent effect in gonorrhoea2 and a tincture of it has been strongly recommended both for external and internal administration in gout4 ,for medicinal purposes it is used in the form of infusion1 a drachm of the scraped root being macerated in a quart of water for five minutes4 ,its action appears to vary with the amount taken2 in small doses it is generally stated to act as a stimulant and tonic1 but when taken in large doses it produces an intoxication which differs from that caused by alcohol1 in being of a silent and drowsy nature accompanied by incoherent dreams 7',pharmaceutical ,journal1' ,august #aith1 #ahgf1 which consult for further information4'7 ,,ave',,na4 ,l4 ,the oat2 oats4 ,,ave',,nin 7-n7in74 ,syn4 ,,avena',,ine99 77av-e-7 ,,aveni',,na1 c41 ,l42 ,,av,,nine1 c41 ,fr4 ,a nitrogenous compound1 analogous to1 and probably identical with1 casein1 obtained from oats1 and on which its nutritiveness chiefly depends4 ,prep4 ,the grain1 reduced to the state of powder or meal1 is washed on a sieve1 and the milky liquid1 after being allowed to deposit its starch1 is heated to about #bjj ,fahr41 to coagulate the albumen2 when cold1 acetic acid is added as long as a white powder falls1 which is ,,avenin2 this is collected on a filter1 drained1 and dried by a gentle heat4 ,,aven',,turin1 ,avant'urin 7-u-r7in2 -v7ong-too--,knowles and ,smart74 ,eng4 ,fr4 ,a beautiful iridescent variety of rock crystal1 minutely spangled throughout with yellow scales of mica 7,,aventurin1 ,a4 ,,quartz74 ,a variety of felspar 7,a4 ,,felspar7 of somewhat similar appearance is found in the ,continent and the ,peninsula1 of which the finer kinds are called ,a4 ,,orientale and ,,pierre ,,de ,,soleil by the lapidaries4 ,both varieties are now imitated by the glass and porcelain manufacturers4 ,see ,,glass1 ,,glaze1 ,,paste1 c4 ,a',,viary 7-ve-74 ,syn4 ,,avia'',,rium1 ,l42 ,,voli,,re1 ,fr42 ,,vogelhaus1 ,,vogelhecke1 ,ger4 ,a place for keeping birds2 generally applied to an enclosed space or building in which birds are kept1 or bred1 on account of their rarity1 plumage1 or song2 and not for food4 ,situa41 c4 ,for exotic birds1 a place should be selected where the temperature can be maintained at a proper degree throughout the year1 and which is well protected from the weather4 ,this is commonly done by choosing a space attached to the summerhouse or hot-house4 ,when the aviary is only intended for birds of climates similar to our own1 any part of the open garden may be chosen1 and a portion closed in1 either with trellis-work or wire-work1 or netting2 care being taken to provide1 in some easily accessible portion of it1 full protection from vicissitudes of weather and season4 ,nor must cleanliness1 and due ventilation and protection from foul air or noxious fumes1 be left unattended to4 ,,avignon' ,,berries 77av-veen-yong74 ,french berries4 ,,av',,oirdupois' 77av-7er-du-pois'74 ,the common weight of #af oz4 or #gjjj gr4 to the lb41 used in these realms for all kinds of goods1 except jewelry and the precious metals1 and medicines in dispensing1 or as ordered in the ',british ,pharmacopoeia' of #ahfg4 ,,ax',,is4 ,l41 ,eng41 ,fr4 ,syn4 ,,axe1 ,fr42 ,,achse1 ,ger4 ,primarily1 that on or around which anything acts or performs2 an axle or axle-tree4 ,in anatomy1 that on or around which any organ or part rests1 gravitates1 or centres4 ,in astronomy1 the diameter on or about which a celestial body revolves4 ,in botany1 part or parts about which particular organs are arranged2 an imaginary line passing from the base to the apex of a pericarp c4 ,in crystallography1 imaginary lines passing through the central points of a crystal1 and about which the molecules or particles of matter composing it may be conceived to be symmetrically built up4 ,in geology1 the centre of a mountain-group4 ,in mechanics1 the straight line1 real or imaginary1 about which any body oscillates or revolves4 ,see ,,crystal1 c4 ,,ax',,le1 ,ax'le-tree 77aks'l74 ,syn4 ,,essieu1 ,fr42 ,,axe 7am rade71 c41 ,ger4 ,in mechanics1 the pin1 rod1 or material line1 on which a wheel1 c41 turns4 ,see ,,anti-,,attrition1 ,,friction1 c4 ,,ax',,unge 7-7unje74 ,syn4 ,,axun',,gia1 ,l4 ,primarily1 'wheel-grease1' the lard or fat of an animal2 restricted in pharmacy to hog's lard4--,,axungia ,,cura',,ta1 ,a4 ,,prepara',,ta1 is prepared or washed hog's lard 7which see74 ,,ayer',s ,,pills4 ,sold in long wooden boxes1 each containing #be pills1 covered with sugar and starch1 and composed of pepper1 colocynth1 gamboge1 and aloes4 7,hager47 ,,azadirachta ,,indica4 7,ind4 ,ph47 ,nim or ,margosa ,tree4 7,ind4 ,ph47 ,habitat4 ,common throughout ,india2 often cultivated in gardens4 ,officinal parts4--#a4 ,the bark 7,azadiracht cortex1 ,nim bark74 ,it varies much in appearance1 according to the size and age of the tree producing it4 ,the bark from the trunk of a tree above three or four years of age is covered with a thick scaly epidermis1 and varies in thickness from #a_/d to #a_/b inch4 ,that from the smaller branches is smooth1 of a dullish purple colour1 marked by longitudinal lines of ash-coloured epidermis1 from #a_/hth to #a_/abth of an inch apart4 ,the inner layer of the bark1 of a whitish colour in the fresh state1 is powerfully bitter1 far more so than the outer dark-coloured layer1 which1 however1 possesses a greater amount of astringency4 ,it contains a crystallisable principle 7margosine7 and an astringent principle 7catechin74--#b4 ,the fresh leaves 7,azadiracht folia1 ,nim leaves74--,properties4 ,bark astringent tonic and antiperiodic2 leaves stimulant4--,therapeutic uses4 ,in intermittent and other paroxysmal fevers1 in general debility1 and convalescence after febrile and other diseases1 the bark has been employed with success4 ,the leaves form a useful application to ulcers and skin diseases when a mild stimulant is required4--,dose4 ,of the powdered bark1 a drachm three or four times a day4 ,preparations4 ,,decoction ,,of ,,nim ,,bark 7,decoctum ,azadiracht74 ,take of the inner layer of nim bark1 bruised1 #b oz42 water1 a pint and a half4 ,boil for #ae minutes1 and strain whilst hot4--,dose4 ,as an antiperiodic1 from #a-a_/b to #c fl4 oz41 every second hour previous to an expected paroxysm4 ,as a tonic1 #a or #b fl4 oz4 twice or thrice daily4 ,as this decoction soon decomposes in hot weather1 it should be prepared fresh for use when required4 ,,tincture ,,of ,,nim ,,bark 7,tinctura ,azadiracht74 ,take of the inner layer of nim bark1 bruised1 #b-a_/b oz42 proof spirit1 #a pint4 ,macerate for seven days in a closed vessel1 with occasional agitation2 strain1 press1 filter1 and add sufficient proof spirit to make #a pint4 ,it may also be prepared by percolation in the same manner as ,tincture of ,calumba1 q4 v4--,dose4 ,from #a_/b to #b fl4 dr4 as a tonic4 ,,poltice ,,of ,,nim ,,leaves 7,cataplasma ,azadiracht74 ,take of fresh nim leaves a sufficiency2 bruise and moisten with tepid water4 ,a good stimulant application to indolent and ill-conditioned ulcers4 ,should it cause pain and irritation1 as it sometimes does1 equal parts of rice-flour and linseed-meal may be added4 ,the bitter oil of the seeds is held in high repute by the natives as an anthelmintic1 and as an external application in rheumatism4 ,it is also said to be an insecticide4 ,,azoeryth',,ryn 7-r7ith'-r7in74 ,a substance obtained1 by ,kane1 from archil4 ,it is insoluble in alcohol1 ether1 and water2 but is very soluble in alkaline lyes1 to which it imparts a port-wine colour4 ,,azo',,ic4 ,syn4 ,,az,,ot',,ic2 ,,azo',,icus1 ,,az,,ot',,icus1 c41 ,l4 ,lifeless2 wholly destitute of organic life4 ,in geology1 c41 applied to strata which do not contain organic remains4 ,,azolit',,min 77az-o-l7it'-m7in74 ,a dark-red substance obtained1 by ,kane1 from litmus1 of which it forms a large portion of the colouring matter4 ,it is insoluble in alcohol1 and in water unless alkalised4 ,,az',,ote99 77az'ote2 a'-zote74 ,eng41 ,fr4 ,syn4 ,,azo',,tum991 ,l42 ,,azot991 ,ger4 ,nitrogen 7because it is unfit for respiration1 i4e4 destroys life74 ,,azot',,ic4 ,syn4 ,,azot',,icum1 ,l42 ,,azotique1 ,fr42 ,,azotisch1 ,ger4 ,of or like azote1 or containing it or formed from it2 irrespirable2 destructive to life4--,,azotic ,,aciddagger is nitric acid2 ,a4 ,,gasdagger1 nitrogen4--,,azo',,tous ,,aciddagger was nitrous acid4 ,,az',,otised 7-tizd74 ,syn4 ,,nitrogenised1 ,containing azote or nitrogen2 a common epithet of nitrogenous substances used as food4 ,,az',,ure 77azh'-ure2 a'zhure--,knowles1 ,smart1 ,walker74 ,syn4 ,c,,ru',,leum1 ,l42 ,,azur1 ,fr42 ,,hellblau1 ,,himmelblau1 ,ger4 ,in dyeing and painting1 sky-blue2 also the name of one or more pigments which possess this colour4 ,see ,,blue ,,dyes1 ,,blue ,,pigments1 ,,smalts1 ,,ultramarine1 c4 ,,az',,ure-,,stone4 ,lapis lazuli4 ,,az',,urite 7-ite74 ,in mineralogy1 lazulite2 blue malachite2 sometimes1 lapis lazuli 7the name being1 unfortunately1 very loosely applied by different writers74 ,,az',,ymousdagger 7-e-m7us74 ,syn4 ,,az',,ymus1 ,l4 ,unleavened2 unfermented2 as sea-biscuit4 ,unleavened bread was formerly termed ,,az',,ymedagger 7-e-me7 and ,,az',,ymusdagger by theologists4 ,,bab',,lah4 ,the rind or shell of the fruit of mimosa cineraria4 ,according to ,dr ,ure1 it contains a considerable quantity of gallic acid1 some tannin1 a red colouring principle1 and an azotised substance1 and is the article imported from the ,east ,indies and ,senegal under the name of ,,neb-,,neb4--,used as a cheap dye-stuff for various shades of drab and grey4 ,,bac',,ca 7b7ak'-7a74 ,l42 pl41 bac'c1 b7ak'-se4 ,a berry4 ,,back4 ,d41 bak1 a bowl or cistern4 ,syn4 ,,bac4 ,in brewing1 a large1 open1 flat reservoir or cistern2 commonly that in which wort is cooled4 ,in distillation1 the vessel into which the wort is pumped from the coolers1 in order to be 'worked' with yeast4 ,the ,,liquor-,,back in a brewery1 distillery1 or rectifying house is the water reservoir or cistern4 ,,backs4 ,in the leather trade1 the thickest and stoutest portion of the hide1 used for sole-leather4 ,,bacon 7ba'-kn74 ,w41 baccun1 prob4 from ,ger41 bache1 a wild sow2 old ,fr41 for dried flesh or pork--,craig4 ,the flesh of swine salted and dried1 and subsequently either smoked or not4 ,the term is usually restricted to the sides and belly so prepared2 the other parts of the animal having distinctive names4 ,sometimes1 though rarely1 the term is extended to the flesh of bears1 and of other like animals1 cured in a similar manner4 ,qual41 c4 ,when bacon has been properly prepared from young and well-fed animals1 and is neither 'stale' nor 'rusty1' it forms a very wholesome and excellent article of food1 especially adapted for a light or hasty meal1 or as a relish for bread or vegetables4 ,for persons with a weak stomach1 and for invalids1 great care should be taken to cook it without injuring its flavour1 or rendering it indigestible4 ,this is best effected by cutting it into slices of moderate thickness1 and carefully broiling or toasting it2 avoiding dressing it too hastily1 too slowly1 or too much4 ,the common practice of cooking it in almost wafer-like slices1 until it becomes brown and crisp1 renders it not merely indigestible1 but also a most fertile source of heartburn and dyspepsia4 ,fried bacon is remarkably strong1 and is hence more likely to offend the stomach than when it is broiled1 or preferably toasted before the fire2 the last being1 of all others1 the best way of dressing it so as to preserve its delicacy and flavour4 ,gourmands1 however1 often esteem1 as 'une bonne bouche1' bacon dressed in the flame arising from the dropping of its own fat4 ,choice4 ,good bacon has a thin rind1 and an agreeable odour1 the fat has a firm consistence and a slightly reddish tinge2 the lean is of a pleasing red colour1 is tender1 and adheres1 whilst raw1 strongly to the bone4 ,when the fat is yellow1 it is either 'rusty' or becoming so1 and should be avoided4 ,the streaky parts are not only those which are most esteemed1 but are the most wholesome4 ,bacon should be broiled or toasted in front of the fire4 ,the rashers should be in thin slices1 and the rind should be removed4 ,the melted fat from the bacon should never be wasted4 ,to partake of all broiled meats in perfection they should be served up as soon as they are taken off the gridiron4 ,,bacterium 7,,bacterion1 a little rod74 ,since the publication of the researches of ,professor ,cohn1 of ,breslau1 upon the nature of this organism1 the idea previously entertained by ,ehrenberg and others as to its animal origin has been long abandoned1 and microscopists now very generally regard it as belonging to the vegetable kingdom4 ,it is probably one of the lowest and most simple forms of vegetable or animal life1 and consists of an envelope more or less enclosing protoplasm--the nitrogenous substance from which the cell nucleus is formed4 ,dr ,lionel ,beale very carefully crushed a very large bacterium while under observation by the microscope1 and when the external membrane was ruptured the protoplasm was seen to escape1 and to exhibit what ,dr ,beale regards as vital movement4 ,in form1 bacteria may be either globular1 rod-shaped1 egg-shaped1 or filamentous4 ,cohn has described a variety presenting the appearance of beaded chains1 or aggregations4 ,bacteria vary considerably in size1 some being as much as #a_/cjjjth of an inch in length1 whilst others are less than #a_/ajjjjth1 and are only visible by the aid of a glass of very high power1 such as the #a_/ejth of an inch objective4 ,dr ,beale says1 ,the germs from which the little particles spring are far more minute and more difficult to identify4 ,they appear as minute specks1 the largest of them exhibiting a circular outline1 and probably being spherical4 ,the smallest are too minute to be discerned with the highest magnifying powers at our command4 ,if a specimen of fluid in which these particles are rapidly growing and multiplying be carefully examined1 many points will be observed to appear from time to time4 ,after watching with great care for a considerable time a given spot ,i have assured myself that new particles actually come into existence2 and that one does not1 after intently watching for a time and concentrating the attention upon a certain space1 merely see one coming into view one after another1 as star after star4 ,the material in which the minute germs of bacteria are imbedded1 and which1 at least in part1 consists of formed material produced by the bacteria1 is much softer than the matter of which the capsule of fungi consists4 ,it is1 perhaps1 almost as soft as mucus4 ,i believe that even the most minute bacterium germ is surrounded by a layer of such soft formed matter1 in which very minute particles of bioplasm 7protoplasm7 divide and subdivide before they attain even the #a_/ajjjjjth of an inch in diameter4 ,when1 therefore1 bacteria in an early stage of development dry1 it is not possible to identify them4 ,when moistened1 the dry mass swells up1 and the bioplasm in the soft mucus-like matter grows1 each particle producing a fresh investment of formed material1 and then if the conditions are favorable1 the germs either at once divide and subdivide for a time1 or grow into perfect bacteria1 which move freely and grow and multiply in this more advanced stage of development4 ,bacteria increase by bisection1 and when the surrounding conditions are favorable their rate of production is marvellous4 ,it has been computed that an individual bacterium will generate nearly #ag1jjj1jjj of its fellows within twenty-four hours4 ,the very probable vegetable origin and nature of bacteria insisted upon by ,professor ,cohn not only appears to derive great support from his researches into the metamorphoses they undergo during development1 c41 but also from their behaviour with certain chemical reagents4 ,for instance1 it was found that boiling them in solution of potash had no effect1 and also when treated with sulphuric acid and iodine they deported themselves somewhat as cellulin does under like circumstances2 although from their extreme minuteness any changes that take place in their tissue are very difficult to observe4 ,another remarkable analogy presented between bacteria and plants is the manner in which they both assimilate the elements of which they are built up2 for they derive their nitrogen not from previously existing albuminous compounds1 but from ammonia4 ,they may be made to develop themselves in any fluid if the fluid contains an organic substance in which carbon is present1 a nitrogenous substance which need not be organic1 and a phosphate4 ,they appear to derive their carbon by the decomposition of almost any substance1 containing this element except carbonic acid1 and they will obtain their nitrogen from a nitrate1 the nitrate becoming reduced to the state of a nitrite4 ,a knowledge of these facts will of course indicate the method to be followed if we wish to obtain bacteria4 ,all that we have to do is to prepare a liquid that fulfils the conditions just stated4 ,dr ,j4 ,burdon ,sanderson gives the following formula for one3--,phosphate of potassium #a_/b per cent41 sulphate of magnesium1 #a_/b per cent41 dissolve in water having a trace of phosphate of calcium in suspension1 and then add a per cent4 of tartrate of ammonium1 and boil the mixture4 ,if properly boiled the liquid will be free from bacteria2 but the contact of almost any organic substance1 for example1 a drop of water1 a pinch of hay1 a morsel of meal1 c41 will cause their appearance4 ,the tenacity of life exhibited by the bacteria is extremely great4 ,dr ,beale says1 ,extreme dryness does not destroy them1 and they withstand a temperature far below the freezing point2 and that under adverse circumstances they remain dormant1 and are not destroyed by a degree of heat which is fatal probably to every other living organism4 ,bastian says that the germs of bacteria are destroyed at a temperature of #afj ,f41 but others are of opinion that under certain circumstances these germs are not killed at #bab1 and that they may increase and multiply after having been exposed to this degree of heat4 ,professor ,tyndall indeed has shown that in one experiment heating for a quarter of an hour at a temperature of #bcj ,f4 was insufficient to destroy them1 whilst in another the five minutes' exposure of an atmosphere containing them to the incandescence of the voltaic current failed to kill them4 ,cohn relates that manufacturers of pots of preserved peas at ,lubek have since #aheh been obliged to cook them in a solution of #bh per cent4 of salt1 at a temperature of #bbf ,f41 to prevent the putrefaction of their contents1 as in warm years nearly half the pots were found to be spoiled4 ,in experiments made in conjunction with ,dr ,hare1 ,cohn found that in infusions boiled for less than fifteen minutes organisms were1 without exceptions1 developed4 ,somewhat lower temperature proved fatal to the great majority of bacteria4 ,those that survived were all found to belong to the genus ,bacillus1 and among bacilli to the species ,bacillus subtilis4 ,the experiments of ,drs ,ferrier and ,burdon ,sanderson would seem to show that bacteria do not nominally exist in the fluids and tissues of the body1 but that their presence in the animal fluids may be traced to external surface contamination with ordinary water1 the extent of their development being in proportion to the amount of the contamination4 ,they contend that different varieties of water possess different degrees of what they term the 'zymotic power4' ,they examined the waters supplied by the several ,london water companies1 and they found them to consist of varying degrees of bacterian impurity4 ,they assert that all except freshly distilled water teems with invisible germs of bacteria4 ,writing of the universality of the presence of bacteria and bacterian germs1 ,dr ,beale remarks3--,it would be difficult to say where bacterium germs do not exist4 ,in air1 in water1 in the soil adhering to tiny particles of every kind1 in every region of the earth1 from the poles to the equator1 they are found4 ,in the substance of the tissues--nay1 in the cells of almost all plants1 and in the interstices of the tissues of many animals--bacteria germs exist4 ,i know not what part of the body of man and the higher animals is entirely destitute of particles which under favorable circumstances develop into bacteria4 ,upon the skin and the surface of the mucous membranes they exist in profusion1 and they abound in the mouth and in the follicles and glands4 ,dr ,eberth1 of ,zurich1 states that he has found on ordinary sweat small oval-shaped bacteria which are frequently united in strings of two or three1 and endowed with rather active movements4 ,the author thinks that they very likely conduce to produce certain chemical modifications of sweat4 ,drs ,ferrier and ,sanderson appear to have satisfactorily proved that fungi are not developed from microzymes1 and that their apparent association is one of juxtaposition only4 ,they give the following reasons for adopting this conclusion3--7#a7 ,the quick appearance of torula cells in ,pasteur's solution whenever it is exposed to the air1 and the rapid development and luxuriant fructification of the higher form 7penicillium7 show that so far as the chemical composition of the liquid is concerned1 there exist in it all the conditions favorable to the process4 7#b7 ,when precautions are taken to prevent contamination by impure surfaces or liquids1 the development which ends in penicillium goes on from first to last without the appearance of microzymes4 7#c7 ,whenever it is possible to impregnate the test-liquid with microzymes1 without at the same time introducing torula cells or germs1 the development of the former begins and continues by itself without any transformation into the latter4 ,thus fungi are not developed1 notwithstanding the presence of microzymes in the same liquid in which1 microzymes being absent1 but air having access1 they appear with the greatest readiness4 ,as we have already seen the germs of bacteria exist largely in air2 the experiments of ,hiller1 of ,berlin1 would seem to negative the theory of ,ferrier and ,sanderson1 as they tend to show that bacteria have little influence on putrefaction4 ,we are indebted to ,dr ,lionel ,beale for these illustrations1 which are taken from his very interesting work on ',disease ,germs4' ,illustration ,hiller's experiments tend to show that putrefaction is independent of the presence of bacteria1 that bacteria can develop in liquids such as urine without producing its decomposition1 and that the degree of their development and the rate of their multiplication depend upon the amount of assimilable material4 ,the following is the definition given to the word 'microzyme' 7which occurs above7 by its originator1 ,dr ,sanderson3 ,i proposed the word 'microzyme' as a convenient general term for the first organic forms which present themselves in organic nitrogenous liquids when about to undergo spontaneous decomposition4 ,from the experiments of ,bchamp it appears that under some circumstances the mother of vinegar1 a conglomeration of microzymes1 can be transformed into bacteria1 and under other circumstances into a cellular ferment which can excite normal alcoholic fermentation in cane sugar4 ,subsequent researches have shown that the converse of this is also true1 and that the cellular ferment may be transformed into microzymes and bacteria4 ,a mixture of starch and yeast kept at a temperature of #bd to #ce soon liquefies1 and the yeast undergoes remarkable changes4 ,the cells swell1 become transparent1 and gradually disappear4 ,myriads of microzymes of great agility spring into existence1 then vibrios appear1 and as these increase the microzymes diminish4 ,the vibrios in their turn are succeeded by myriads of bacteria1 and finally the bacteria disappear1 leaving nothing but microzymes1 single or coupled together4 ,during these changes a small quantity of gas is disengaged1 no butyric acid is formed1 and but little acetic or lactic acids4 ,as then the mother of vinegar when changed into bacteria becomes lactic or butyric ferment1 and when transformed into cellular matter becomes alcoholic ferment1 and as beer yeast becomes lactic or butyric ferment when reduced to microzymes1 vibrios1 or bacteria1 it is evident that the property of being a ferment of any particular nature does not depend essentially upon the nature of the ferment1 but upon its organisation or structure4 ,a contributor to the ',medical ,times and ,gazette' of ,february #bnd1 #ahgh1 advances the opinion that many of the bacteria are only parts of a plant which has other forms and other modes of growth and propagation when not confined to the living organism or to fluids1 and regards the bacterium as a transitional or provisional and not as a permanent form1 but an abnormal phase of life thrust upon the plant by accident4 ,,bacteria ,,as ,,originators ,,of ,,disease4--,the researches of many eminent microscopists and physiologists afford abundant evidence of the presence of bacteria in the blood of persons affected with various infectious diseases4 ,for instance1 ,core and ,feltz1 of ,strasbourg1 found a linked bacterium in the blood of those attacked with septicmia1 typhoid1 and puerperal fevers4 ,the same investigators also discovered bacteria in the blood of patients suffering from scarlet fever2 this blood when injected into the veins of rabbits set up a feverish disease that proved fatal4 ,again1 in the blood of man and the sheep attacked with smallpox1 a bacterium of the globular or sphere-shaped variety was found by ,keber1 ,hallier1 and ,zurn4 ,bacteria have also been found in the blood during measles1 and in the splenic apoplexy of sheep and cattle4 ,they have likewise been identified in diphtheritical exudations both from the kidneys and womb1 as well as in the blood during an attack of rheumatic fever1 and they are undoubtedly present in the same fluid during many feverish disorders4 ,drs ,lewis and ,cunningham failed to discover them in the blood of cholera patients4 ,professors ,cohn and ,koch stand prominently forward as the advocates of the germ theory of disease by bacteria4 ,professor ,cohn divides the bacteria into groups1 genera1 and species1 and assigns to each species a different function4 ,for instance1 he considers the ferment of contagion to be due to the presence of a variety of the sphere-shaped bacterium--one of his groups4 ,he divides the whole group into three--the chromogen1 zymogen1 and pathogen1 the bacteria of pigmentation1 of fermentation1 and of contagion1 respectively4 ,he says those organisms are exceedingly minute1 darkish or coloured granules1 so small as to be immeasurable4 ,they frequently present the appearance of beaded chains or the form of aggregations4 ,they are motionless and are occasionally found with the ,bacterium termo in putrefying organic liquids4 ,messrs ,chauveau and ,sanderson have discovered a bacterium in vaccine lymph which believers in the germ theory class among the pathogen bacteria1 and which they have named the ,micrococcus vaccin4 ,amongst the pathogen bacteria they also include the ,micrococcus dipthericus and ,micrococcus septicus1 the former found in the epithelium of certain organs during certain forms of pymia1 and the latter in the miliary eruption of typhus1 pymia1 and other diseases4 ,the chromogen or pigmentary bacteria have occasionally been the means of working miracles4 ,several instances of bread exuding blood1 under supernatural circumstances1 are related by ,rivola4 ,ehrenberg found this colour on some bread in the house of a patient who had died of cholera1 and he ascertained the pigment to be due to the presence of the ,monas prodigiosa1 small round bodies which ,professor ,cohn classes with the micrococci1 a variety of the sphere-shaped bacterium4 ,the recent investigations of ,koch were directed to the cause of splenic fever1 and ,cohn on examining his specimens found that they were examples of ,bacteria of the species called ,bacillus anthracis1 which seems to present little or no difference to the ,bacillus subtilis of hay infusions4 ,koch found that bacilli increase with enormous rapidity in the blood1 and in the fluid of tissues of living animals1 by developing in length and dividing transversely4 ,the animals employed were chiefly mice1 and a small incision being made at the root of the tail1 as minute a drop as possible of the fluid containing the bacilli was injected into the system4 ,the spleen invariably became enormously swollen1 and filled with a large number of crystalline-looking rods of varying size1 never exhibiting movement or spore formation2 they increased in numbers solely by division4 ,the number of bacilli found in the blood varies in different animals2 thus in the guinea-pig it was enormous1 sometimes exceeding that of the blood-corpuscles2 in the rabbit much smaller1 so that sometimes several drops had to be examined before any were found1 in the mouse often nil4 ,in the blood of dead animals or other suitable fluids the bacilli grow to very long straight leptothorax-like filaments 7within certain limits of temperature1 and with the presence of air71 while the formation of numerous spores goes on at the same time4 ,kohl believes that it is to the presence of the spores that the occurrence of splenetic fever appears to be referable4 ,when living1 inoculation with them always produced the disease2 but if killed1 as by drying1 or a high temperature1 inoculation failed2 it was necessary either that living spores should be present1 or that the filaments should be capable of generating spores1 in order that the disease should be propagated by inoculation4 ,koch tried whether the poisonous bacilli spores could gain entrance through the digestive organs1 but found that mice and rabbits could eat them with impunity4 ,koch draws attention to the similarity of splenic fever to typhus and cholera4 ,he says it presents analogies to typhus in its dependence on soil-water1 its preference for low grounds1 its sporadic occurrence throughout the year1 and its development into an epidemic in the late summer and autumn4 ,like cholera1 again1 he says1 it is connected with soil-water1 and it also agrees with cholera in the point which has been so well made out by ,pettenkofer1 that on board ship an interval of three or four weeks is sufficient to prevent its further development4 ,hence ,koch is disposed to hope that the contagium of typhus and cholera may still be discovered in the form of some ,schizophyte or spheroidal bacterium1 though practical observers have hitherto sought for them in vain4 ,many pathologists1 however1 refuse to accept the accuracy of these deductions1 and regard the presence of bacteria in the blood and tissues during disease as of no significance2 whilst they deny that it is satisfactorily proved that they are the cause of disease4 ,dr ,lionel ,beale says3--,changes in the processes of digestion are soon followed by the multiplication of bacteria in every part of the alimentary canal1 and within a few hours countless millions may be developed4 ,they multiply in the secretions under certain circumstances1 almost as soon as these are formed1 and ,i have adduced evidence to show that bacteria germs exist even in healthy blood4 ,in the very substance of some cells ,i have seen them1 and in many cases in which little granules have been discerned in connection with bioplasts4 ,there is reason to believe that some of them are really bacteria germs1 passive as long as the higher life is maintained in its integrity1 but ready to grow and multiply the instant a change favorable to them1 and adverse to us1 shall occur4 ,and again he remarks3--,bacteria prey upon morbid structure1 and upon the substances resulting from the death of bioplasm 7protoplasm74 ,we ought not1 therefore1 to be surprised at their existence in disease4 ,they are found in great numbers amongst pus-corpuscles which have ceased to live1 and they grow and multiply with great rapidity in fluids which contain disease germs1 as soon as these begin to lose their specific powers and to undergo decomposition4 ,see ,,germs4 ,,bad'',,ger 7b7aj'-7er74 ,syn4 ,,me',,les1 ,l42 ,,blaireau1 ,fr42 ,,dachs1 ,ger4 ,the ur'sus me'les 7,linn471 one of the plantigrade carnivora1 a burrowing nocturnal animal1 common in ,europe1 ,asia1 and ,north ,america4 ,since the extirpation of the bear1 the badger is the sole representative of the ursine family in our indigenous zoology4 ,its habits are nocturnal1 inoffensive1 and slothful2 its food consists of roots1 earth-nuts1 fruits1 the eggs of birds1 insects1 reptiles1 and the smaller quadrupeds2 its noxious qualities are consequently few and of slight moment1 and by no means justify the exterminating war unintermittently waged against it4 7,brande47 ,its muscular strength is great1 its bite proverbially powerful2 and a dog must be trained and encouraged to enter willingly into combat with it4 7,id47 ,uses1 c4 ,the flesh of the badger is prized as food2 the skin used for pistol furniture2 the hair made into brushes4 ,the ,american badger is commonly called the ,,ground-,,hog4 ,the ,cape badger produces ,,hyraceum 7which see74 ,,bad',,iane 7-e-7ahn74 ,fr4 ,syn4 ,,bad',,ian1 ,b4-,,seed4 ,star-anise seed4 ,,badi'',,geon 7b7a-d7izh'one2 b7ad'-e-zh7undouble-dagger1 or b7a-d7ij'7undouble-dagger--,smart74 ,among operatives and artists1 any cement used to fill up holes and to cover defects in their work4 ,among statuaries1 a mixture of plaster and free-stone is commonly used for this purpose2 among joiners and carpenters1 a mixture of sawdust and glue1 or of whiting and glue2 and among coopers1 one of tallow and chalk4 ,the name is also given to a stone-coloured mixture used for the fronts of houses1 and said to be composed of wood-dust and lime1 slaked together1 stone powder1 and a little ochre1 umber1 or sienna2 the whole being mixed up with weak alum water to the consistence of paint1 and laid on in dry weather4 ,,bael4 ,nat4 ,syn4 ,,indian ,,bael1 ,,bel992 ,,bael1 ,b4 ,,in',,dicus1 ,,be',,la1 ,b4 ,,in',,dica1 ,l4 ,the oeg'le marmelos 7,correa2 cratva m41 ,linn47 one of the ,aurantiace 7,,dc474 ,dried half-ripe fruit imported from the ,e4 ,indies1 under the name of ,,indian ,,bael4 ,astringent and refrigerant2 highly extolled in chronic dysentery1 diarrhoea1 ,english cholera1 and relaxations generally4 ,it is also used in bilious fevers1 hypochondriasis1 melancholia1 c4 ,root-bark1 stem-bark1 and expressed juice of the leaves1 particularly the first1 also used in the same cases in ,india4 ,ripe fruit fragrant and delicious2 used1 in the ,e4 ,i41 as a warm cathartic1 and regarded as a certain cure for habitual costiveness4 ,mucus of the seeds used by painters as size2 also as a cement4 ,unripe fruit used to dye yellow4 ,it is generally administered under the form of ,,decoction or ,,extract 7which see74 ,,bagasse' 7-g7as'74 ,fr4 ,the dry refuse stalks of the sugar cane as they leave the crushing-mill4--,used as fuel in the colonial sugar-houses4 ,,bagg',,ing4 ,the cloth or materials of which bags or sacks are made4 ,in agriculture1 applied to a method of reaping corn by a chopping1 instead of a drawing cut4 ,see ,,rats1 c4 ,,bahia ,,powder4 ,see ,,araroba4 ,,bahr',s ,,non-,,poisonous ,,medical ,,snuff4 ,a snuff largely advertised in the ,berlin journals1 composed chiefly of powdered galls4 7,hager47 ,,bain-,,marie4 ,fr4 ,in old chemistry1 a water bath2 also1 sometimes1 a sand bath4 ,in cookery1 a shallow vessel containing heated water1 in which saucepans1 c41 are placed1 when it is necessary either to make them hot1 or to keep them so1 without allowing them to boil4 ,it is extremely useful in making sauces1 warming soups and small dishes1 and when dinners are delayed after they are ready to be served4 ,,ba'',,king 7bake'-74 ,syn4 ,,action ,,de ,,cuire ,,au ,,four1 ,fr4 ,the process of cooking1 or of heating1 drying1 and hardening any substance in an oven or kiln1 or by the rays of the sun2 the art or trade of a bakerdouble-dagger2 also technically1 a batch or ovenful1 or the quantity baked at once 7 ,,fourn,e1 ,fr474 ,in cookery1 baking is1 perhaps1 of all others1 the cheapest1 most convenient1 and best way of dressing dinners for small families1 where a good domestic oven is at hand4 ,though the flavour of baked meat is generally considered barely equal to that of the same parts roasted1 there are some joints and dishes to which it appears particularly suitable4 ,among these may be mentioned legs and loins of pork1 legs and shoulders of mutton1 fillets of veal1 c4 ,a baked pig1 if it has been occasionally basted1 and the heat has not been too great1 eats equal to a roast one4 ,geese and ducks treated in the same way are also excellent4 ,a baked hare which has been basted with raw milk and butter also eats well2 and so do various pieces of beef1 especially the buttock4 ,cooks tell us that this last should be sprinkled with a little salt for a day or two before dressing it1 and after being washed is preferably baked1 along with about a pint of water1 in a glazed earthen pan tied over with writing paper1 'three or four times thick4' ,a baked ham is said to be preferable to a boiled one2 to be tenderer1 fuller of gravy1 and finer flavoured4 ,it should be soaked in water for about an hour1 wiped dry1 and covered with a coarse thin paste or batter4 ,ordinary dishes require similar treatment in baking to that given them when roasted4 ,for domestic use1 where the kitchen-range does not include a really good oven1 the portable articles known as a ',,dutch-,,oven1' and an ',american oven1' form an excellent substitute1 admirably adapted for small joints1 poultry1 c41 all of which1 when these utensils are skilfully employed1 possess a delicacy and flavour fully equal to the same when roasted2 whilst not more than one half the fire is required for the purpose4 ,according to ,miss ,acton they also answer excellently for delicate sweet puddings1 and for cakes4 ,see ,,bread1 ,,cakes1 ,,roasting1 c4 ,baking ,pow'der4 ,see ,,powders4 ,baking ,powder1 ,american4 ,for making light pastry4 ,tartaric acid and chalk4 7,reichardt47 ,baking ,powder1 ,borwick's ,german1 is an artificial fermentation powder1 compounded with coarse maize-flour4 7,gdike47 ,baking ,powder1 ,goodall's1 is a compound of #b parts of rice flour with #a part of a mixture of tartaric acid and bicarbonate of soda4 7,k4 ,boschan47 ,baking ,powder or ,yeast ,powder1 ,professor ,horsford's 7,cambridge1 ,u4,s474 ,this is a powder supplied in two packets4 ,the one contains an acid phosphate of lime and magnesia made up with a certain quantity of flour1 and the other is bicarbonate of soda1 with a little chloride of potassium4 ,,bal',,ance4 ,as in the process of what is termed gravimetric analysis the chemist has to determine the weights of the different substances employed as well as found1 it will be self-evident that for his results to be trustworthy the balance he employs must be perfectly accurate and reliable4 ,the accompanying drawing1 from ,roscoe1 represents a common form of chemical balance4 ,illustration ,the apparatus consists of a perforated brass beam 7,,aa71 vibrating about its centre1 at which is fixed a triangular knife-edge of agate 7,c72 this rests upon a horizontal agate plane attached to the upright brass pillar4 ,to each end of the beam light brass pans 7,,bb7 are hung1 each pan being suspended by an agate plane1 upon an agate knife-edge fixed on the end of the beam at ,,dd4 ,this arrangement is rendered necessary in order to reduce as much as possible the friction of the edges on their supports1 which friction1 if unchecked1 would seriously impair the sensibility of the balance4 ,in order to prevent the agate edges being worn away by constantly rubbing on the agate planes1 the beam and the ends 7,,dd7 are supported by the brass arm 7,,ee71 when the balance is not in use1 so that the agate surfaces are not in contact4 ,the beam and pans are released when required by turning the handle 7,f74 ,the movement of the brass arm 7,,ee7 is accompanied by means of a rod descending through the upright brass pillar1 and resting on a simple eccentric1 by the turning of which by the handle 7,f7 it may be gradually raised or lowered4 ,the substance to be weighed 7held by a tube1 watch glass1 c47 is placed in one of the pans1 and weights added one by one in the other1 until the beam is in equilibrium3 this is ascertained by the long pointer7,g7 oscillating to an equal distance on each side of the central mark or index1 this latter being subdivided into equal spaces1 so that the oscillations can be measured4 ,a spirit level is also a necessary appendage to the instrument1 since it enables the operator to place the beam on an exactly horizontal level4 ,the beam of the balance is generally graduated into decimals4 ,this saves the trouble of placing a weight on the scale1 since it enables the operator to weigh the milligramme and its fractions by suspending a centigramme rider or hook on or between the indicated points of a graduated line4 ,the balance is enclosed in a glass case1 which serves not only to protect it from dust1 but to allow of the weighing being carried on away from the outer air1 in which the prevalence of draughts proves a source of considerable annoyance to the weigher4 ,the front of the scale case generally consists of three parts1 viz4 a fixed centre piece and two lateral frames or doors1 all of course of glass4 ,it is of importance that the air inside the balance case should be perfectly dry1 since a humid atmosphere would not only affect the weight of many hygroscopic substances when placed in the pans1 but likewise be liable to attack the instrument itself4 ,to guard against these casualties a small beaker containing oil of vitriol1 or chloride of calcium1 or freshly-burnt lime1 should be kept in the case4 ,a balance capable of weighing #gj or #hj grammes in each scale will be found to meet the needs of most chemists4 ,fresenius says1 ,the ,,accuracy of a balance depends upon the following conditions3 a4 ,the fulcrum must be placed above the centre of gravity of the beam4 b4 ,the suspension points of the scales must be on an exact level with the fulcrum4 c4 ,the beam must be sufficiently strong and inflexible to bear without bending the greatest weight that the construction of the balance admits of4 d4 ,the arms of the balance must be of equal length2 i4e4 the points of suspension must be equidistant from the fulcrum or point of support4 ,the ,,sensibility or ,,delicacy of a balance depends upon the following conditions3 a4 ,the friction of the edges upon their supports must be as slight as possible4 b4 ,the centre of gravity must be as near as possible to the fulcrum4 c4 ,the beam must be as light as possible4 ,the following are the tests given by the same authority for the accuracy and sensibility of a balance3 #a4 ,the balance is in the first place accurately adjusted1 if necessary1 either by the regulating screws1 or by means of tinfoil1 and a milligramme weight is then placed in one of the scales4 ,a good and practically useful balance must turn distinctly with this weight2 a delicate chemical balance should indicate the one tenth of a milligramme with perfect distinctness4 #b4 ,both scales are loaded with the maximum weight the construction of the balance will admit of2 the balance is then accurately adjusted1 and a milligramme added to the weight in one scale4 ,this ought to cause the balance to turn to the same extent as in #a4 ,in most balances1 however1 it shows somewhat less on the index4 #c4 ,the balance is accurately adjusted should it be necessary to establish a perfect equilibrium between the scales by loading the one with a minute portion of tinfoil 7this tinfoil must be left remaining upon the scale during the experiment72 both scales are then equally loaded1 say with about fifty grammes each1 and if necessary the balance is again adjusted 7by the addition of small weights1 c474 ,the load of the two scales is then interchanged1 so as to transfer that of the right scale to the left1 and vice vers4 ,a balance with perfectly equal arms must maintain its absolute equilibrium upon the interchange of the weights of the two scales4 #d4 ,the balance is accurately adjusted2 it is then arrested1 subsequently set in motion1 and again allowed to recover its equilibrium2 the same process should be repeated several times4 ,a good balance must invariably reassume its original equilibrium4 ,a balance of which the end edges afford too much play to the hook resting upon them1 so as to allow the latter slightly to alter its position1 will show perceptible differences in different trials4 ,this fault1 however1 is possible only with balances of defective construction4 ,a balance to be perfectly useful for the purposes of quantitative analysis must stand the first1 second1 and last of these tests4 ,a slight inequality of the arms is of no great consequence1 since this may be readily and completely remedied by the manner of weighing4 ,see ,,weights4 ,balance1 ,hydrostat'ic4 ,see ,,specific ,,gravity4 ,balance1 ,tor'sion4 ,a delicate instrument1 invented by ,coulomb1 for measuring the intensities of the electrical and magnetic forces4 ,,bald',,ness 7bawld'-74 ,syn4 ,,cal',,vitas1 ,,calvi'',,ties 7v7ish'-e-ez71 ,l42 ,,calvitie1 ,,chauvet1 ,fr42 ,,kahlheit1 ,,kahlkopf1 ,,kahlk,,pfigheit1 ,ger4 ,primarily1 absence or loss of any natural covering2 appr41 destitution or loss of hair1 more especially of that of the top and fore-part of the head4 ,in botany1 absence of beard or awn4 ,grey hair and baldness dependent on old age are natural consequences of man's infirmity1 and must be regarded as evidence of failing vigour1 rather than in the light of a disease4 ,premature loss of hair may be induced by various causes4 ,it is common after severe fevers1 and is frequently caused by external pressure1 friction1 or violence1 and by such other local actions and conditions which1 when long continued1 interrupt the normal functions of the skin4 ,persons with a consumptive1 scorbutic1 scrofulous1 or syphilitic taint1 or of a general bad habit of body1 frequently lose their hair early4 ,in these cases it probably arises from debility or paralysis of the cutaneous vessels1 and the consequent insufficient nutrition of the hair-bulbs4 ,when it occurs in persons under the middle age1 and apparently enjoying good health1 it may be often traced to the pernicious practice of constantly wearing a hard non-ventilating hat1 or to disordered stomach1 habitual smoking or hard drinking1 irregular habits1 or late hours4 ,excessive anxiety or grief1 and intense study and thoughtfulness1 also tend to promote the early decay of the hair4 ,the natural baldness of the aged1 and frequently the premature baldness of earlier years1 arises from the gradual attenuation of the scalp1 which ultimately becomes too thin to afford room for the performance of the functions of the hair-producing organs1 and too scantily supplied with blood for their due nutrition and support4#ajd ,footnote #ajd3 ,in such cases it will be found that1 owing to this attenuation1 the scalp covers a larger portion of the skull than previously2 and that its sides have somewhat receded from the top of the head1 so that the roots of the remaining hair descend lower towards the forehead1 temples1 and back of the neck1 than when the parts were in vigorous health4 ,this may be perceived by applying the open hand to the part1 and then gently closing the fingers1 when the scalp may be drawn into its original position1 and will then appear loose and wrinkled over the occiput1 c42 and this in a manner very different to what occurs when the top of the head is covered1 or well-covered1 with hair4 ,treatm4 ,the baldness of senility and that arising from the permanent injury or destruction of the hair-bulbs1 admit of no cure1 notwithstanding the daily assurances of advertising impostors to the contrary4 ,in other cases1 when a disposition to baldness exists1 shown by the hair falling off in large quantities1 or ceasing to grow with its usual vigour and rapidity1 the frequent but gentle use of the hair-brush1 and of any bland stimulating oil1 pomade1 or wash1 if adopted in time1 will generally prove sufficient to arrest the progress of decay1 and1 very frequently1 to restore the hair to its pristine condition4 ,the head may be advantageously washed in cold water1 at least once a day2 or what is better1 a shower bath may be taken on rising in the morning4 ,should this plan not succeed1 the head1 or the upper part of it1 may be shaved1 and a wig1 or a scalp1 adopted for a time4 ,the effect of keeping the hair closely cropped or shaved is to make it grow thicker1 stiffer1 and stronger1 and this often when all other means fail4 ,among more active and less common remedies for baldness may be mentioned--mild streaming electricity1 stimulant fomentations1 cantharidised1 ioduretted1 phosphoretted1 c41 oils and lotions1 a night-cap that1 without pressing injuriously on the head1 lifts1 as it were1 the scalp into its natural position1 c41 all of which are noticed elsewhere4 ,the celebrated ,john ,wesley recommended rubbing the part morning and evening with a raw onion until it became red1 and then applying a little honey4 ,the vendors of ,rowland's ',macassar ,oil' recommend the head to be rubbed with a towel 7or hair-brush71 until somewhat red1 each time before applying their nostrum2 and the advice is certainly good1 as independent of the stimulus thus given to the skin1 and the increased flow of blood through the minute vessels of the scalp1 it is rendered more absorbent and sensitive to the action of medicaments4 ,at the same time the reader must be cautioned against placing any reliance on external applications1 unless he assists their action by due attention to diet1 exercise1 ventilation1 and such other matters as tend to promote the general health and vigour of the body4 ,the substances usually employed to medicate hair-cosmetics1 the general management of the hair1 and the formul for various applications to promote its growth1 preservation1 and beauty1 are noticed in the articles ,,hair1 ,,hair-,,cosmetics1 ,,pomades1 ,,oils1 ,,washes1 c41 to which the reader is referred4 ,,baleen' 7-lene'74 ,fr4 baleine4 ,the fisher's name for whalebone4 ,,ball 7bawl74 ,eng41 ,ger41 ,swed4 ,syn4 ,,balle1 ,,boule1 ,fr42 ,,bal1 ,,bol1 ,dau42 ,,glob-,u-,,lus1 ,,pi',,la1 ,l4 ,in commerce1 veterinary medicine1 perfumery1 c41 applied to various substances made up into a globular1 spheroidal1 or even a cylindrical form1 as ash-balls1 horse-balls1 soap-balls1 c4 ,,balloon' 7-loon'74 ,syn4 ,,ballon1 ,fr41 ,ger4 ,any hollow spherical body of which the sides are extremely thin or attenuated in comparison with its diameter or bulk4 ,in arostatics1 a machine or apparatus for elevating and sustaining bodies in the air4 ,in chemistry1 a globular glass-receiver1 with either one or two necks 7 ,,gros ,r,,cieient1 ,,fr42 ,,grosse ,r41 ,ger474 ,in pyrotechny1 a hollow case or ball of pasteboard filled with fire-works or combustibles1 which explodes in the air on being fired from a mortar4 ,balloon4 ,in arostation1 a bag or hollow pear-shaped vessel1 made of varnished silk or other light material1 and inflated with some gas or vapour lighter than the air1 as hydrogen1 carburetted hydrogen1 heated air1 c41 so as to rise and float in the atmosphere4 ,when filled with gas it is called by way of distinction an ,,air-,,balloon 7arostat1 c41 ,fr41 lufball1 luft-schiff1 c41 ,ger472 when with heated air1 a ,,fire-,,balloon or ,,montgolfier ,b4 7ballon feu1 c41 ,fr474 ,in the early days of arostation1 and indeed for some years afterwards1 balloons were inflated with hydrogen gas1 obtained by the action of sulphuric acid and water on iron filings or small fragments of iron2 but this method of filing them ultimately gave place to the cheaper and more convenient supply afforded by the gas-light companies4 ,of late years1 the coal-gas furnished by the gas-works has been generally1 if not solely1 used for the inflation of balloons4 ,the principles of ballooning may be referred to the well-known difference in the specific gravity of bodies1 and to the physical properties of the atmosphere4 ,pure hydrogen1 weighed at the level of the sea1 is about #af times lighter than common air2 but when prepared on the large scale1 and containing water1 and other impurities1 it is only from #g to #aa times lighter than the atmosphere4 ,a globe of atmospheric air of #a foot in diameter1 under like circumstances1 weighs #a_/be lb42 a similar globe of hydrogen 7reckoning it only as #f times lighter than common air1 will1 therefore1 have an ascensional force of #a_/cj lb474 ,now1 the weight of the body of air which a balloon displaces must exceed the gross weight of the balloon and all its appendages1 in order for the latter to ascend in the atmosphere4 ,the difference of the two weights expresses the ascensional force4 ,the arostatic power of balloons is proportional to their dimensions1 in the ratio of the cubes of their diameters4 ,thus1 it appears that a balloon of #fj feet diameter filled with common hydrogen will ascend with a weight of nearly #gjjj lbs41 besides the gas case2 whilst one of only #a-a_/b foot in diameter will barely float1 owing to the less proportionate volume of gas to the weight of the case containing it4 ,in round numbers the buoyancy of a balloon may be reckoned as equal to #a oz4 for every cubic foot of hydrogen it contains1 less the weight of the case and appendages4 ,the carburetted hydrogen supplied by the gas-works is much heavier than hydrogen gas1 and consequently much less buoyant1 for which due allowance must be made4 ,that which possesses the least illuminating power is the lightest1 and consequently the best adapted for arostation4 ,the fabric of which the cases of air-balloons are made is strong thin silk1 covered with an elastic varnish of drying oil or india rubber1 or1 what is better1 a solution of india rubber in either chloroform or bisulphide of carbon2 the netting is of strong light silk or flaxen cord2 and the car of basket-work4 ,fire-balloons1 on the small scale1 are generally made of silver-paper1 and are inflated with the fumes of burning spirit of wine1 by means of a sponge dipped in that liquid1 and suspended just within the mouth of the apparatus4 ,owing to the increasing rarity of the atmosphere as we ascend from the earth's surface1 balloon cases are made very much larger than is required to contain the necessary quantity of gas1 to allow for its expansion as it rises into a rarer medium4 ,a cubical foot of gas measured at the level of the sea occupies a space of two feet at an elevation of #c-a_/b miles4 ,the following ,table will prove useful to the amateur aronaut or balloonist3-- ,,table showing the relations between the diameters1 surfaces1 and capacities of spheres4 ---------------------------------------- ----- ,diameters4 ,surfaces4 ,cubical contents4 ---------------------------------------- ----- #a #cada #ebc #b #abefg #dahh #c #bhbgd #adacg #d #ejbfe #ccea #e #ghed #fede #aj #cadaei #ebcf #ae #gjfi #agfga #bj #abeff #dahi #be #aifce #haha #cj #bhbg #adacg #dj #ejbf #cceaj ---------------------------------------- ----- ,see ,,atmosphere1 ,,gas1 ,,hydrogen1 ,,parachute1 ,,varnish1 c4 ,,balloon',,ingdouble-dagger4 ,syn4 ,,balloon',,rydagger994 ,the act1 art1 or practice of ascending or travelling in balloons2 arostation4 ,a ,,balloon',,istdouble-dagger is an aronaut 7particularly an amateur or enthusiastic one74 ,,balls4 ,the application of this term in commerce1 perfumery1 veterinary medicine1 c41 has been already noticed4 7,see ,,ball47 ,the following may be inserted here3-- ,balls1 ,al'mond 7ah'-m7und74 ,syn4 ,,boules ,d',,amande1 ,fr4 ,prep4 #a4 ,spermaceti1 #d oz42 white wax 7pure7 #h oz42 oil of almonds1 #a pint2 melt them together in a glazed earthenware-vessel1 by the heat of a water bath1 and when the mixture has cooled a little1 add essential oil of almonds1 and expressed oil of mace1 of each #b dr42 stir assiduously until it begins to cool1 and then pour it into the moulds1 which may be ounce-gallipots with smooth bottoms 7very slightly warmed71 when it will form beautiful hemispherical cakes4 ,very fine4 #b4 ,hard clarified suet1 #a-a_/d lb42 white wax1 #a_/d lb42 ess4 oil of almonds1 #a-a_/b dr42 oil of cloves 7or of pimento71 #a_/b dr42 as before4 ,uses1 c4 ,to soften the skin1 and in winter to prevent chaps and chilblains4 ,sometimes these balls are coloured1 which is done whilst the mixture is in the liquid state4 ,a rich pink or red may be given by a little alkanet-root or dragon's blood2 a yellow1 by palm oil or annotta2 a blue1 by a little finely powdered indigo2 and a green1 with spinage 7steeped in the oil before use71 or a few grains of verdigris4 ,the most appropriate tint for them is a pale yellow or amber4 ,balls1 ,barges 7-razhe'74 ,syn4 ,,boules ,,de ,,bar,,ges1 ,fr4 ,prep4 #a4 ,extract of soap-wort1 #c oz42 good glue or gelatin1 #a-a_/b oz42 water1 #d oz42 dissolve with heat1 and add of sulphide of calcium1 #f oz42 common salt1 #a oz4 7both in powder72 mix thoroughly1 and form the mass into balls weighing #b-a_/b oz4 each1 adding a little powdered gum1 if required1 to thicken it1 and using powdered starch to roll them in4 #b4 ,gelatin1 #h oz42 sulphide of calcium1 #ab oz42 common salt1 #b oz42 water1 q4 s42 after solution and admixture1 add carbonate of soda and ,castile soap1 of each 7in powder71 #b-a_/b oz4 ,one ball is added to the water of a bath for an adult1 to be used as a substitute for that of ,barges4 ,balls1 ,bitter4 ,prep4 #a4 ,powdered gentian1 #b lbs42 extract of gentian1 #a lb42 grains of paradise 7ground71 #a_/b lb4 syrup1 q4 s42 mix with heat1 and divide into half-pound rolls4 ,for ,,ale4 #b4 ,to the above add of ,spanish-juice1 #a-a_/b lb42 previously softened with a little boiling water ,for ,,porter and ,,stout4 ,both are used by fraudulent brewers2 and by publicans in reducing their beer4 ,balls1 ,black'ing4 ,prep4 #a 7,bailey's74 ,gum-tragacanth1 #a oz42 water1 #d oz42 dissolve1 add of sugar candy1 #d oz42 and afterwards1 ivory-black and ,prussian blue 7in very fine powder71 of each #b oz42 neat's foot oil1 #b fl4 oz42 thoroughly incorporate1 and evaporate by a gentle heat1 constantly stirring1 until of a proper consistence1 then pour it into oiled moulds4 #b4 ,gum-arabic1 moist sugar1 and ivory-black1 of each #a_/b lb42 lamp-black1 #a_/d lb42 glue 7melted with a little water71 #b oz42 water1 #a quart1 or q4 s42 neat's foot oil1 #a_/d pint2 as before4--,used by the shoemakers1 harness-makers1 c41 to blacken and polish leather4 ,see ,,balls1 ,,heel4 ,balls1 ,breech'es4 ,see ,,balls1 ,,scouring4 ,balls1 ,bronze4 ,see ,,balls1 ,,copying4 ,balls1 ,cam'phor4 ,syn4 ,,cam',,phor-,,cakes1 ,,chap'-,,ballsdouble-dagger1 ,,chil',,blain ,b4double-dagger1 c42 ,,glob',,uli ,,camphora',,ti1 ,,placen',t ,,camphora',t1 c41 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,spermaceti and white wax1 of each #b oz42 almond or olive oil1 #a_/d pint2 melt together by a gentle heat1 add of camphor 7in small pieces71 #a oz42 when dissolved1 stir until partly cold1 and then pour it into moulds1 as directed under ,,almond-,,cakes 7above74 #b4 ,clarified suet1 #a lb42 spermaceti and white wax1 of each1 #c oz42 camphor1 #b oz42 as before4 #c4 ,spermaceti cerate 7,ph4 ,l471 #a lb42 spermaceti1 #b oz42 camphor1 #a-a_/b oz42 as before4 #d4 ,to either of the above add of balsam of ,peru1 #a_/d to #a_/b oz42 and1 after solution1 either strain the mixture through muslin1 or allow it to settle1 and decant the clear portion from the dregs4 ,use1 c4 ,a popular preventive of chapping and chilblains4 ,a little is well rubbed into the skin1 previously washed clean and wiped dry4 ,some persons add colour and scent2 but they are generally sold without either4 ,the only suitable colours are amber1 pink1 or yellow4 ,the best perfumes are allspice1 ambergris1 cassia1 cloves1 mush1 nutmeg1 rondoletia1 vanilla1 and violets4 ,see ,,balls1 ,,almond 7ant74 ,balls1 ,clothes4 ,see ,,balls1 ,,scouring4 ,balls1 ,contrayer'va4 ,syn4 ,,la',,pis ,,contrayer',v1 ,,glob',,uli ,c41 ,l4 ,compound contrayerva-powder made into balls with gum-water4 ,an obsolete preparation1 once in great repute as a stimulant1 tonic1 diaphoretic1 and absorbent4 ,balls1 ,cop'ying4 ,these have a similar composition to 'heel-balls' 7see below74 ,for ,,black1 the best colouring matter is lamp-black or plumbago with about half its weight of indigo2 for a ,,bronze-,,colour1 bronze-powder is substituted2 and for a mellow ,,brown1 burnt terra di ,sienna4 ,these should be all in very fine powder4 ,the semi-fluid mass is poured into small flat cylindrical moulds--paper pill-boxes answer the purpose well4--,used by artists and amateurs to copy inscriptions1 monumental brasses1 and other slightly raised or sunken patterns2 the ball being rubbed over the paper previously laid flat on the design1 and held securely in its place4 ,they are sometimes rendered more permanent by damping the wrong side with a sponge dipped in water1 strong spirit1 or oil of turpentine2 or by passing the wrong side over a hot iron held with the face upwards4 ,balls1 ,cosmet'ic4 ,see ,,savonettes1 c4 7also above74 ,balls1 ,cream4 ,see ,,savonettes1 ,,soap ,,balls1 c4 ,balls1 ,dog4 ,see ,,dogs4 ,balls1 ,gas'coign's4 ,syn4 ,,glob',,uli ,,gascoig',,nii1 ,l4 ,gascoign's powder made up into small balls with thin mucilage4 ,see ,,powders4 ,balls1 ,heel4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ullathorne's47 ,bees' wax1 #a lb42 suet1 #d oz42 melt together1 and stir in of ivory-black 7very finely powdered71 #d oz42 lamp-black 7sifted71 #c oz42 gum arabic and sugar-candy1 of each 7in very fine powder7 #b oz42 and1 when thoroughly mixed and partly cold1 pour the composition into tin or leaden moulds4 #b4 ,to the last add of resin1 #c oz42 oil of turpentine1 #b oz4 #c4 ,hard suet and bees' wax1 of each #d oz42 powdered gum1 sugar candy1 and ,venice turpentine1 of each #a oz42 ivory-black and lamp-black1 of each #b oz42 as before4 #d4 ,suet and bees' wax1 of each #d oz42 lamp-black and brown sugar1 of each #h oz42 common size1 #e oz42 melt together and stir until incorporated4 ,uses1 c4 ,employed to black leather1 and more especially by shoemakers for the edges of the soles2 the ball being first rubbed on1 and the part afterwards smoothed over with a burnisher or polished iron tool gently heated4 ,also used by artists to copy inscriptions1 basso relievos1 c4 ,to produce a good article1 the gum1 colouring matter1 and sugar1 must be in the state of extremely fine powder1 and the mixture very carefully made2 no lumps being left4 ,some persons dissolve the gum in a little water1 and then stir the mixture over the fire until it acquires the proper consistence for moulding 7as in ,no4 #d1 above72 but the first is accounted the best method4 ,balls1 ,horse4 ,see ,,veterinary ,,medicine1 c4 ,balls1 ,martial4 ,syn4 ,,glob',,uli ,,martia',,les1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,those of the ,p4 ,cod4 consist of tartarised iron mixed with aromatics1 and made up into small globular masses4 #b4 7,,boules ,,de ,,nancy47 ,equal parts of iron filings and red tartar1 in fine powder1 made into balls with proof spirit or brandy4 ,both are used as chalybeate tonics1 either in the form of pills or dissolved in hot water4 ,seldom employed in ,england4 ,balls1 ,physic4 7,vet4 ,med47 ,see ,,masses4 ,balls1 ,poultry4 ,see ,,poultry4 ,balls1 ,scent4 ,see ,,pastils 7,toilet71 ,,perfumery1 ,,pomambra1 ,,scents1 c4 ,balls1 ,scouring4 ,syn4 ,,breech',,es ,,balls1 ,,clothes ,b41 ,,carpet ,b41 c4 ,prep4 #a4 ,curd soap 7sliced71 #a lb42 water1 #b oz42 melt in a water bath1 or a glue-pot1 and when cooled a little1 add ox-gall and oil of turpentine1 of each1 #e-a_/b oz42 mix well and roll or mould the mass into balls or cakes4 #b4 ,fuller's earth1 #b lbs42 curd-soap1 #a lb42 beat to a stiff paste with ox-gall1 q4 s4 #c4 ,soft soap and fuller's earth1 equal parts1 beat up with a little oil of turpentine1 and either with or without a little essence of lemons4--,obs4 ,the above are used to remove paint1 grease1 and dirt from cloth1 carpets1 c4 ,the spot1 first moistened with hot water1 is rubbed with the cake1 and allowed to soak a few minutes1 or to become nearly dry1 when it is well rubbed with a little warm water and a brush or piece of woollen cloth1 and afterwards rinsed in clean water1 and finally rubbed dry and smoothed off with a piece of dry cloth or a dry brush4 ,the last formula produces the composition so commonly vended about the streets of ,london in penny cakes4 #d4 ,whiting and pipe-clay1 equal parts2 water1 q4 s4 ,used for soldiers' belts1 trousers1 c4 #e4 ,pipe-clay1 #b lbs42 fuller's earth1 #a lb42 whiting1 #a_/b lb42 water1 q4 s4 #f4 ,bath brick1 #a lb42 pipe-clay1 #b lbs42 soft soap1 #a_/d lb42 ox-gall1 #a_/b pint4 #g4 ,to the last add of pumice-stone1 in very fine powder1 #f oz4--,obs4 ,the last four are used for cloth and leather1 especially for drab and light-coloured coats1 trousers1 leather breeches1 belts1 and gloves4 ,rose pink1 yellow ochre1 umber1 ,irish slate1 or other like colouring matter1 may be added to produce any desired tint4 ,white pepper1 cloves1 c41 are also occasionally added to drive away moths and insects2 and orris root1 or essence of bergamot or of lemon-grass1 as perfume4 ,balls1 ,sweet4 ,see ,,balls1 ,,scent 7ant74 ,balls1 ,tan4 ,the muddy sediment of tan-pits made into balls or lumps4--,used by the poor for summer fuel4 ,balls1 ,wash4 ,see ,,savonettes1 ,,soap1 c4 ,,balm 7bahm74 ,syn4 ,,bal',,samum1 ,l42 ,,baume1 ,fr42 ,,balsam1 ,ger4 ,primarily1 balsam 7of which it is a contraction72 formerly and still popularly applied to anything assumed to be soothing1 healing1 or genial in its action1 particularly if also aromatic or fragrant2 but chiefly to medicines and liqueurs1 supposed to possess these properties4 ,see ,,balsams1 ,,liqueurs1 ,,quack ,,medicines1 c4 ,balm4 ,syn4 ,,com',,mon ,,balm1 ,,gar',,den ,b42 ,,melis',,sa1 ,l42 ,,baume1 ,m,,lisse1 ,fr4 ,the melis'sa officina'lis 7,linn471 an aromatic perennial herb1 a native of the south of ,europe1 but commonly cultivated in our gardens4 ,it is reputed to be diaphoretic1 diuretic1 emmenagogue1 exhilarating1 nervine1 and stomachic2 and under the form of infusion 7,,balm-,,tea7 has long been a popular remedy in hypochondriacal1 hysterical1 and nervous affections1 and in amenorrhoea and chlorosis4 ,it is still sometimes ordered as a drink in fevers and in hypochondriasis4 ,balm of a ,thousand ,flowers4 ,chandler says this is a thick yellow emulsion1 free from injurious metallic ingredients4 ,balm of ,white ,lilies1 for preserving and beautifying the skin 7,h4 ,a4 ,hoadley1 ,new ,york74 ,this1 also according to ,chandler1 is a red-coloured water containing a large quantity of chalk in suspension1 but with no injurious metallic ingredient4 ,,bal',,sam 7bawl'-s7am2 -s7umdouble-dagger--,knowles1 ,walker74 ,eng41 ,ger4 ,syn4 ,,bal',,samum 7b7al'-71 ,l42 ,,baume1 ,fr4 ,originally1 any strong-scented oleo-resinous vegetable juice or exudation1 of about the fluidity of treacle1 and supposed to possess medicinal virtues4 ,in modern chemistry and pharmacy1 any vegetable production which is either semi-liquid1 or which naturally becomes concrete1 and which contains either benzoic acid1 or cinnamic acid1 combined with resin and aromatic essential oil4 ,several of the substances popularly termed balsams contain no benzoic acid1 and are consequently now classed with the turpentines4 ,this distinction1 however1 is far from being universally adopted1 and a late high authority defines balsams to be ,exudations from plants1 which are liquid or soft solid1 and consist of a substance resembling a resin1 either combined with benzoic acid1 or with an essential oil1 or both4 7,brande47 ,the leading properties of the true natural balsams are--,insolubility in water1 almost entire solubility in alcohol1 and partial solubility in ether and in the volatile and fixed oils2 the possession of a powerful1 and generally1 an agreeable odour1 a hot1 resinous or terebinthinate taste1 and the usual stimulant and tonic properties of the milder turpentines4 ,distilled with water1 ethereal oil and some acid pass over1 and the residuum consists chiefly or entirely of acid-resin4 ,the ,,true ,,balsams1 as those of benzoin ,peru1 styrax1 and tolu1 and the celebrated ,chinese varnish-balsam1 contain either benzoic or cinnamic acid4 ,among those falsely termed balsams1 are copaiba1 opobalsam1 ,japan lac-varnish1 and some of the turpentines4 ,the following list includes most of the substances1 natural and artificial1 which pass1 or have passed1 under the name of balsams3#aje-- ,footnote #aje3 ,for articles and preparations often called 'balsams'1 and not found under this head1 see ,,elixirs1 ,,oils1 ,,patent ,,medicines1 ,,perfumery1 ,,tinctures1 c4 c4 ,balsam1 ,acous'tic4 ,see ,,drops4 ,balsam1 ,amer'icandagger4 ,balsam of ,peru4 ,balsam1 ,an'odyne4 ,syn4 ,,sooth',,ing ,,balsam2 ,,bal',,samum ,,ano',,dynum 7-d7in-71 ,b4 ,,tranquil',,lans1 ,l42 ,,baume ,,anodin1 ,b4 ,,tranquille1 ,b4 ,,tranquillisant1 c41 ,fr4 ,prep4 #a4 7,bate's47 ,see ,,patent ,,medicines4 #b4 7,guy's47 ,a vulnerary balsam invented by ,guy1 of ,caliac1 once in great repute1 but now obsolete4 ,it consisted of aloes1 amber1 ammoniacum1 balsam of ,peru1 bdellium1 caranna1 castor1 galbanum1 labdanum1 myrrh1 olibanum1 storax1 tacamahaca1 and ,venice turpentine1 digested in alcohol4 #c4 7,b4 ,,tranquillans1 ,p4 ,cod47 ,fresh leaves of belladonna1 henbane1 night-shade1 tobacco1 poppy1 stramonium1 of each two ounces2 dried leaves of costermary1 rosemary1 rue1 and sage1 of each half an ounce2 dried tops of wormwood1 hyssop1 sweet marjoram1 peppermint1 buckbean1 and thyme1 of each half an ounce2 flowers of lavender and elder1 of each half an ounce2 olive oil1 fifty ounces4 ,heat the green plants in the oil gently until all their water is dissipated2 keep on the fire until the oil becomes of a green colour1 and whilst still hot1 mix in the other plants1 carefully dried1 and cut up4 ,digest for twelve hours on a water bath1 strain1 and filter4 #d4 7,,baume ,,tranquille ,,de ,,chomel47 ,henbane1 hound's tongue1 and tobacco1 of each #a lb42 white wine1 #c pints2 boil down to a quart2 press1 strain1 and add to the hot 'strained liquor' of olive oil1 #a quart1 and again boil4 ,balsam1 ,ap'oplexy4 ,syn4 ,,bal',,samum ,,apoplec',,ticum1 ,b4 ,,ad ,,apoplec',,ticos 7,ph4 ,e4 #agdd71 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,amber1 civet1 musk1 ,peruvian balsam1 and some volatile oils1 made into a balsam4 #b4 7,ph4 ,e4 #agdd7 ,expressed oil of nutmeg1 #a oz42 liquefy by a gentle heat1 and stir in of the oils of cloves1 lavender1 and rosemary1 of each1 #a_/b dr42 oil of amber1 #aj drops2 balsam of ,peru1 #a dr4 ,both were formerly used to anoint the head and nostrils of apoplectic patients1 and were believed to be of great efficacy4 ,balsam1 ,asiat'icdagger4 ,balm of ,gilead4 ,balsam1 ,bate's4 ,see ,,balsam1 ,,anodyne4 ,balsam1 ,berlin1 for burns1 cuts1 bruises1 and wounds of every kind1 sores and ulcers1 frost-bites1 c4 ,chloride of lime with impure glycerine4 ,balsam ,bilfinger1 for rheumatism and gout4 ,black soap1 #be grms42 water1 #dj grms42 spirit of wine1 #aj grms42 camphorated spirit1 #aj grms42 liquor ammoni caustic1 #bj grms42 tinct4 capsici1 #e grms4 7,schdler47 ,balsam1 ,brazilian4 ,balsam of copaiba4 ,balsam1 ,calaba'4 ,syn4 ,,tacamaha',,ca4 ,a fragrant resinous substance produced by calophyl'lum cal'aba1 or ,santa ,maria tree4 ,balsam1 ,cam'phor4 ,syn4 ,,cam',,phorated ,,balsam2 ,,bal',,samum ,,camphora',,tum1 c41 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,as camphor-liniment1 ,ph4 ,l4 #b4 7,b4 ,,ace',,ticum ,c41 ,sanchez's ,,gout-,b43--,pelletier47 ,curd-soap and camphor1 of each #e drs42 oil of thyme1 #b scru42 acetic ether1 #e oz42 digest together in a stoppered bottle until the solids are dissolved4 ,recommended as an efficacious anodyne liniment in certain forms of rheumatism and gout4 ,balsam1 ,can'ada4 ,see ,,turpentines4 ,balsam1 ,cana'ry4 ,a volatile oleaginous substance obtained by distillation from draco-ceph'alum ,moldavi'cum4 ,balsam1 ,carpa'thian4 ,riga ,balsam4 ,balsam1 ,cephal'ic4 7,saxon47 ,syn4 ,,bal',,samum ,,cephali',,cum ,,saxon',,icum1 ,l4 ,a liquid preparation obtained from the essential oils of amber1 lavender1 marjoram1 nutmeg1 pennyroyal1 rue1 sage1 c41 distilled together4 ,once in high repute2 but long disused in ,england4 ,balsam1 ,chil'blain4 ,see ,,liniments4 ,balsam1 ,chi'na ,varnish4 ,the aromatic varnish-like exudation of au'gia sinen'sis1 used by the ,chinese as a varnish or lacquer1 for which purpose it is1 perhaps1 unequalled4 ,it is highly fragrant1 and abounds in benzoic acid4 ,balsam1 ,command'er'sdagger4 ,compound tincture of benzoin4 ,balsam1 ,copalm'4 ,liquid-ambar4 ,balsam ,egyp'tian4 ,balm of ,mecca4 ,balsam1 ,eye1 ,augsburg4 ,red oxide of mercury1 #ge grm42 extract of belladonna1 #e grm42 tincture of opium1 #e grm42 fatty substance1 #g grms4 7,hager47 ,balsam1 ,eye 7,mller1 ,berlin74 ,red oxide of mercury1 #e parts2 opium1 #c parts2 unsalted butter1 #ajj parts4 ,balsam1 ,eye1 7,mller's ,widow1 ,berlin74 ,red oxide of mercury1 #b grm42 unsalted1 unusually rancid1 butter1 #aj grms4 ,balsam1 ,fe'male4 ,syn4 ,,bal',,samum ,,embryo',,num1 ,a',,qua ,e41 ,l4 ,an obsolete preparation made by digesting misletoe1 civet1 musk1 and several other aromatics1 in a mixture of wine and various medicated waters1 and submitting the whole to distillation4 ,formerly taken both internally and externally1 as a tonic for both foetus and mother2 and particularly to prevent abortion1 c4 ,balsam1 ,fri'ar's4 ,compound tincture of benzoin4 ,balsam1 ,gen'oa4 ,locatelle's balsam4 ,balsam1 ,glyc'erin 7gl7is'-74 ,syn4 ,,bal',,samum ,,gl7,y,,ceri',n1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,to white wax and spermaceti1 of each1 #a oz42 almond oil1 #a_/b lb42 melted together1 add of glycerin1 #b oz42 balsam of ,peru1 #a_/b oz42 and stir or agitate until nearly cold4 #ab or #ae drops of otto of roses may be substituted for the balsam4--,used to soften and whiten the skin1 and to prevent chaps and chilblains4 ,balsam1 ,god'bold's ,vegetable4 ,see ,,patent ,,medicines4 ,balsam1 ,goulard's'4 ,syn4 ,,bal',,samum ,,goular',,dii1 ,b4 ,,satur',,ni1 ,l42 ,,baume ,,de ,,goulard1 ,fr4 ,prep4 7,van ,mons47 ,acetate of lead 7in fine powder1 and quite dry7 is triturated1 for some time1 with hot oil of turpentine1 in a heated mortar1 or until no more will dissolve2 after repose1 and whilst still hot1 the clear portion is decanted4 ,recommended as a useful application to foul and painful ulcers1 and to scalds and burns4 ,balsam1 ,green4 ,syn4 ,,bal',,samum ,,vir',,ide1 c41 ,l42 ,,baume ,,vert1 ,fr4 ,prep4 #a4 ,linseed-oil1 #f lbs42 gum-elemi1 #a lb42 heat them together2 add of powdered verdigris1 #c oz41 or q4 s4 to impart a rich green colour1 and1 after repose1 decant the clear portion4 #b4 ,linseed oil strongly coloured with verdigris4 ,both were formerly much used by surgeons as detergents4 ',green-oil' or 'oil of elder-leaves' is now commonly sold for it4 ,a natural balsam1 brought from ,peru1 and produced by chlorox'ylon verticilla'tum1 is also popularly called ,,green ,,balsam 7of ,peru74 ,balsam1 ,guaiacum4 7,ph4 ,lond4 #agde47 ,guaiac1 #a lb42 balsam of ,peru1 #c dr42 rect4 spirit1 #b pints4 ,balsam1 ,gurgun' 7-goon'7 ,syn4 ,,gurgi',,na ,,balsam1 ,,wood-,,oil 7of ,india74 ,from dipterocar'pus tri'nervis1 and other species1 by applying a slow fire to a notch or wound made in the trunk4 ,has a mixed smell of copaiba and naphtha4 ,properties and dose similar to those of balsam of copaiba4 ,sp4 gr4 #ifb to #ifd4 ,see ,,copaiba and ,,wood-,,oil4 ,balsam1 ,hill's1 of ,honey4 ,see ,,patent ,,medicines4 ,balsam1 ,hungarian4 ,syn4 ,,bal',,samum ,,hungar',,icum1 ,l4 ,a terebinthinate exudation from the extremities of the branches of pi'nus pumil'io 7,willd47 or mountain-pine4 ,it is also obtained by pressure from the 'cones' of the same tree4 ,balsam1 ,ioduretted4 ,see ,,liniments4 ,balsam1 ,japan ,varnish4 ,syn4 ,,japan ,,lacq',,uer4 ,exudes from incisions made in the trunk of melanorrhoe'a usitatis'sima1 according to ,wallich2 or stagma''ria1 avernicif'lua according to ,lindley4 ,it constitutes the celebrated lac-varnish of the ,japanese4 ,it differs from that of ,china1 and from the true balsams1 in not containing benzoic acid4 ,it is extremely acrid and irritant2 and even its fumes affect the eyes and respiration4 ,balsamdagger1 ,jews'4 ,balm of ,gilead4 ,balsam of ,life1 ,professor ,cook's4 ,recommended especially for toothache and skin diseases4 ,borax1 #bj parts2 boiling water1 #bej parts2 camphor1 #a-a_/b part4 7,hager47 ,balsam1 ,locatelle's'4 ,syn4 ,,locatel',,li',s ,,balsam2 ,,bal',,samum ,,locatel',,li1 ,b4 ,,lucatel',,li1 ,b4 ,,ital',,icum1 ,b4 ,,genofe',v1 c41 ,l4 var4 ,prep4 #a4 7,original ,formula47 ,olive oil1 #f oz42 yellow wax1 #d oz42 sherry wine1 #e fl4 oz42 red sanders 7in very fine powder71 #d dr42 simmer them together until the moisture is nearly evaporated1 then add of ,strasburgh turpentine1 #f oz42 balsam of ,peru1 #b dr42 strain through linen1 and stir until nearly cold4 #b4 7,ph4 ,e4 #agdd47 ,olive oil1 #bd fl4 oz42 yellow wax1 #a lb42 melt1 and add of ,venice turpentine1 #a-a_/b lb42 and1 when cooled a little1 further add1 powdered dragon's blood1 #a oz42 balsam of ,peru1 #b oz42 and stir until cold4 #c4 7,ph4 ,l4 #agdf47 ,olive oil1 #af fl4 oz42 ,venice turpentine and yellow wax1 of each #a_/b lb42 red sanders1 #f dr4 ,uses1 c4 ,a once highly esteemed pectoral1 and still occasionally used1 by the lower classes1 in phthisis and chronic coughs 7mixed with an equal weight of conserve of roses71 and as a mild stimulating ointment4--,dose1 #a_/b dr4 or more4 ,balsam1 ,mercu''rialdagger4 ,ointment of nitrate of mercury4 ,balsam1 ,metz's4 ,syn4 ,,bal',,samum ,,vir',,ide ,,meten',,sium1 ,l42 ,,baume ,,vert ,,de ,,metz1 ,fr4 ,prep4 7,guibourt47 ,linseed oil and olive oil1 of each #f oz42 oil of laurel-berries1 #a oz42 common turpentine1 #b oz42 melt by a gentle heat1 and add of verdigris #c dr42 aloes1 #b dr42 sulphate of zinc1 #a-a_/b dr4 7all in powder72 mix well1 strain or pour the liquid into a bottle1 and add oil of juniper1 #d dr42 oil of cloves1 #a dr4 ,used on the ,continent as a common detergent dressing to wounds and ulcers4 ,balsam1 ,mex'icandagger4 ,balsam of ,peru4 ,balsam1 ,nat'uraldagger4 ,that which exudes from plants1 as opposed to those formed by art4 ,balsam1 ,ner'vine4 ,see ,,ointments4 ,balsam1 ,odontal'gic4 ,see ,,drops4 ,balsam1 ,opodel'doc4 ,see ,,opodeldoc 7,french74 ,balsam1 ,pec'toral4 ,syn4 ,,bal',,samum ,,pectora',,le1 ,l42 ,,baume ,,pectoral1 ,fr4 ,prep4 #a4 ,tincture of tolu and compound tincture of benzoin1 of each1 #b oz42 rectified spirit1 #d oz42 mix4 ,dose1 #a_/b to #a teaspoonful1 night and morning2 in chronic coughs1 hoarseness1 c4 #b1 #c4 ,see ,,balsam ,,of ,,honey1 ,b4 ,,of ,,horehound1 c4 ,balsam1 ,persiandagger4 ,friar's ,balsam4 ,balsam1 ,peru''vian4 ,see ,,balsam ,,of ,,peru4 ,balsam1 ,poly'chrest4 ,syn4 ,,elixir ,,polychreston4 7,e4 #agde47 ,guaiacum1 #f oz42 balsam of ,peru1 #a_/b oz42 rectified spirit1 #cb oz4 ,digest in a sand bath for #d days1 and add oil of sassafras1 #b dr4 ,balsam1 ,poser's 7,e4 ,gross1 ,breslau71 for chronic and local rheumatism4 ,a yellow liquid1 composed of3--,oil of rosemary1 #d grms42 camphor1 #aj grms42 tincture of ants1 #ae grms42 tincture of cantharides1 #e grms42 spirit of wine1 #ij grms42 tincture of saffron1 #aj drops4 7,hager47 ,balsam1 ,potsdam 7aromatic balsamic perfume74 ,liquid storax1 #d grms42 cloves1 #b grms42 oil of cloves1 #c grms42 oil of cassia1 #a grm42 oils of bergamot1 lemon1 and lavender1 aa1 #b grms42 oil of curled mint1 #a_/d grm42 rectified spirit1 #bjj grms42 macerate and filter4 7,hager47 ,balsam1 ,riga4 7re'-74 ,syn4 ,,carpa',,thina ,,balsam2 ,,bal',,samum ,,carpath',,icum1 ,b4 ,,lib',,ani1 c41 ,l42 ,,baume ,,de ,,carpathes1 ,fr4 ,a pellucid white fluid obtained by careful distillation from the young shoots of pi'nus cem'bra 7,linn47 or ,siberian stone-pine4 ,it much resembles oil of juniper2 and1 like that article1 is powerfully diuretic4 ,it is regarded as vulnerary1 and is highly esteemed by some in sprains and bruises4 ,the bottoms of oil of juniper are commonly sold for it in the shops4 ,the spirit distilled from pine-tops 7spiritus turionum pini7 is also frequently1 although incorrectly1 called ,,biga ,,balsam4 ,balsam1 ,sanchez's ,gout4 ,see ,,balsam1 ,,camphorated4 ,balsam1 ,sooth'ing4 ,see ,,balsam1 ,,anodyne4 ,balsam1 ,st4 ,genevieve4 ,thick turpentine1 #e parts2 olive oil1 #cj parts2 bees' wax1 #be parts2 spermaceti1 #e parts2 camphor1 #a part2 red sanders1 #d parts4 ,balsam1 ,st4 ,john ,long's 7liniment71 used for application to the chest in cases of phthisis1 is a thick emulsion composed of3--,turpentine1 #be parts2 yolk of eggs1 #ej parts2 concentrated vinegar1 #e parts2 rose water1 #ae parts2 and a few drops of essence of lemon4 ,balsam1 ,stomach'ic 7-m7ak'-74 ,syn4 ,,bal',,samum ,,stomach',,icum1 ,l42 ,,baume ,,stomachique1 ,fr4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,slesv4-,hols4 #ahca47 ,oils of cloves1 mace1 wormwood1 and peppermint1 of each #a dr42 balsam of ,peru1 #b dr42 oil of nutmeg1 #b oz42 mix4 #a to #e or #f drops1 on sugar1 or dissolved in spirit4 ,balsam1 ,syr'ian4 ,balsam of ,mecca4 ,balsam1 ,thibaut's4 ,see ,,patent ,,medicines4 ,balsam1 ,tooth'ache4 ,see ,,drops1 c4 ,balsam1 ,traumat'ic4 ,compound tincture of benzoin4 ,balsam1 ,tur'key4 ,syn4 ,,tur',,key ,,balm4 ,the distilled oil of the dracocephalum moldavicum4 ,balsam1 ,tur'lington's4 ,see ,,patent ,,medicines4 ,balsam1 ,univer'sal4 ,syn4 ,,bal',,samum ,,universa',,le1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,slesv4-,hols4 #ahca47 ,rape oil 7recent71 #a-a_/b lb42 yellow wax1 #a_/b lb42 acetate of lead 7in fine powder71 #c oz42 powdered camphor1 #a_/b oz42 melted together2 observing to triturate the acetate with a small portion of the oil before adding it to the mixture1 and not to add the camphor until the heat is reduced a little4--,obs4 ,this name has also been given to 'compound cerate of lead1' and even to 'cerate of acetate of lead4' ,balsam1 ,vervain'sdagger4 ,compound tincture of benzoin4 ,balsam1 ,wound4 ,several vulnerary preparations have been so called2 but ,,friar',s ,,balsam 7comp4 tinct4 of benzoin7 is that usually intended4 ,balsam of ,acou'chi4 ,a yellowish aromatic liquid1 of a terebinthinous nature and consistence1 obtained from the wounded branches and shoots of the icica heterophylla 7,,dc474 ,it is highly esteemed as vulnerary by the ,caribs of ,guiana4 7,lindley47 ,balsam of ,alpi'nus4 ,balm of ,gilead2 because ,prosper ,alpinus wrote a learned 787 treatise on it4 ,balsam of ,am'ber4 ,syn4 ,,bal',,samum ,,succini1 ,l42 ,,baume ,d',,ambre1 ,fr4 ,the article to which this term is usually applied has been already noticed4 ,oil of amber was also formerly so called2 and the same name has been given to the following and other like preparations by their inventors3-- #a4 7,radius47 ,oil of amber1 #d fl4 oz42 oil of myrrh1 #b fl4 oz2 oil of turpentine1 #a fl4 oz42 mix with a gentle heat4 #b4 7,bate47 ,see ,,balsam ,,anodyne4 ,they are all stimulant and antispasmodic1 and are used either internally or as a friction1 like oil of amber4 ,balsam of ,arc'us4 ,syn4 ,,bal',,samum ,,arc',i1 ,l42 ,,baume ,d',,arc,,us1 ,fr4 ,a digestive ointment formerly in great repute1 and still much employed on the ,continent4 ,it is now superseded in ,england by the comp4 elemi ointment of the ,pharmacopoeias4 ,in the original formula1 boiling water1 #d parts1 were ordered to be stirred in4 ,balsam of ,can'ada4 ,see ,,turpentines4 ,balsam of ,cloves4 ,syn4 ,,aromat',,ic ,,balsam ,,of ,,cloves2 ,,bal',,samum ,,caryophyl',,li1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,bories47 ,oil of cloves and oil of nutmeg1 of each #a_/b dr42 spirit of juniper berries1 #c oz42 mix4 ,rubefacient and diuretic4--,used chiefly as a stimulating friction4 ,internally1 #a_/b to #a teaspoonful4 ,balsam of ,copai'ba4 ,see ,,copaiba4 ,balsam of ,fern4 ,oil of male fern4 ,balsam of ,fiovaren'ti4 ,syn4 ,,bal',,samum ,,fiovaren',,ti1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,venice turpentine1 #af oz42 amber1 elemi1 galbanum1 myrrh1 styrax1 and tacamahaca1 of each #c oz42 aloes1 #a oz42 bay-berries1 #d oz42 cinnamon1 cloves1 galangal1 ginger1 nutmegs1 and zedoary1 of each #a-a_/b oz42 dittany of ,crete1 #a oz42 rectified spirit1 #h lbs42 macerate a week and distil off #g lbs4 ,the distilled spirit constitutes this notable preparation of1 professedly1 many virtues4 ,it is reputed aromatic1 diuretic1 antispasmodic1 and stimulant4 ,one of its applications is as a collyrium--a drop or two being rubbed on the palm of the hands1 which are then held to the eyes1 so as to cover1 without touching them--in chronic ophthalmia1 conjunctivitis1 c4 ,balsam of ,gil'ead4 ,see ,,balsam ,,of ,,mecca4 ,balsam of ,gua'iacum 7gwa-y7a-74 ,syn4 ,,bal',,samum ,,guai',,aci1 ,b4 ,,guaiaci',,num1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,l4 #agde47 ,gum-guaiacum1 #a lb42 balsam of ,peru1 #c dr42 rectified spirit1 #a quart2 digest #aj days and filter4 ,diaphoretic1 arthrodynic1 and anodyne4--,dose1 #cj to #fj drops1 in milk or water2 in agues1 rheumatism1 c4 ,externally1 reputed also anti-suppurative4 ,balsam of ,honey4 ,syn4 ,,pec',,toral ,,balsam1 ,p4 ,b4 ,,of ,,honey2 ,,bal',,samum ,,mel',,lis1 ,b4 ,,pectora',,le1 ,b4 ,p4 ,,mellis1 ,l42 ,,baume ,,de ,,miel1 c41 ,fr4 ,prep4 #a4 ,balsam of tolu1 #a lb42 honey 7finest71 #b-a_/b lbs42 rectified spirit1 #a gall42 turmeric1 #a oz42 make a tincture4 #b4 ,to the last1 before maceration1 add of powdered opium1 #b oz4 #c4 7,hill's47 ,see ,,patent ,,medicines4 ,uses1 c4 ,a good pectoral in colds1 tickling chronic coughs1 hoarseness1 c41 when unaccompanied with fever4--,dose4 ,for an adult1 #a_/b to #a teaspoonful1 twice or thrice a day2 an occasional dose of some mild aperient being also taken4 ,tincture of balsam of tolu1 or a mixture of the tinctures of tolu and benzoin1 is frequently sold in the shops under the name of 'balsam of honey4' ,see ,,pectoral ,,balsam1 c4 ,balsam of ,hore'hound4 ,syn4 ,,bal',,samum ,,marru',,bii1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,extracts of horehound and liquorice1 of each #b oz42 hot water1 #a_/b pint2 dissolve1 and when cold1 add of paregoric1 #c_/d pint2 oxymel of squills1 #f oz42 tincture of benzoin1 #b oz42 honey1 #aj oz42 and1 after thorough admixture1 strain through flannel4 #b4 7,ford's47 ,see ,,patent ,,medicines4 ,uses1 c4 ,a popular pectoral4--,dose1 c41 same as of ,,balsam ,,of ,,honey 7above74 ,balsam of ,houmi''ri4 ,nat4 ,from humir'ia balsamif'era1 or the houmiri-tree of ,guiana4 ,it resembles 'balsam of umiri' produced by another tree of the same genus4 7,see below47 ,balsam of ,lead4 ,see ,,balsam1 ,,goulard',s4 ,balsam of ,life4 ,syn4 ,,balm ,,of ,,life2 ,,bal',,samum ,,vi',t1 ,l42 ,,baume ,,de ,,vie1 ,,elix',,ir ,,de ,,vie1 c41 ,fr4 ,several compound medicines have been called by this name4 ,those of ,gabius1 ,hoffman1 and ,turlington1 are noticed under ,,patent ,,medicines 7which see74 ,the following are distinct preparations3-- #a4 ,,baume ,,de ,,vie ,,externe3--,soap liniment1 #b parts2 oil of turpentine1 #a part2 mix4 ,stimulant and rubefacient4 ,used with friction4 #b4 ,,baume ,,de ,,vie ,,purgatif2 ,elixir de vie3--a4 7,briett47 ,socotrine aloes and saffron1 of each1 #b drs42 rhubarb1 #f drs42 liquorice-root1 #a oz42 proof spirit or brandy1 #a_/b pint2 digest a week1 and filter4 b4 7,original ,swedish formula47 ,aloes1 #i drs42 agaric1 gentian1 rhubarb1 saffron1 theriaca1 and zedoary1 of each #a dr42 proof spirit or brandy1 #a quart4 ,a mild stomachic purge4--,dose4 #a to #f drs4 ,tincture of rhubarb-and-aloes 7,ph4 ,e47 is commonly substituted for it4 ,see ,,elixirs4 ,balsam of ,liq'uorice4 ,see ,,patent ,,medicines4 ,balsam of ,mec'ca4 ,syn4 ,,balm ,,of ,,gil',,ead1 ,b4 ,,of ,,mec',,ca1 ,,opobal',,sam 7-bawl'-71 ,,jews' ,,balsamdagger1 ,,oil ,,of ,b4dagger1 c41 ,eng42 ,,bal',,samum 7b7al'-7 ,,gileaden',,se1 ,b4 ,,mec',,ca1 ,,opobal',,samum 7-b7al'-7 c41 ,l42 ,,baume ,,de ,,la ,,mecque1 ,b4 ,,de ,,mecca991 ,b4 ,,de ,,jud,e1 ,,opobalsamum1 c41 ,fr4 ,,bal',,samum ,,gypti',,acumdagger1 ,b4 ,,alpi',,nidagger1 ,b4 ,,antiquo'',,rum ,,genui',,numdagger1 ,b4 ,,asiat',,icumdagger1 ,b4 ,,syri',,acumdagger1 ,o',,leum ,,bal',,samidagger1 c41 ,l4 ,a fragrant oleo-resinous substance1 obtained from balsamoden'dron gileaden'se 7,kunth42 amy'ris gileaden'sis1 ,linn42 a4 opobal'samum1 ,forsk71 a middle-sized tree of the nat4 ord4 ,terebinthac 7,,dc471 growing in ,arabia ,felix1 ,asia ,minor1 and ,egypt4 ,it is the ,,balm of the ,old ,testament1 and the ,greek3 balsamon of ,theophrastus and ,dioscorides4 ,it is chemically classed with the turpentines4 ,prop41 c4 ,when fresh it is turbid and whitish1 but becomes by degrees transparent1 of a rich golden colour1 and slightly thicker2 and by exposure1 eventually solid4 ,it possesses a penetrating and delicate fragrance2 tastes sharp1 bitter1 spicy1 and somewhat astringent2 is not entirely soluble in rectified spirit1 but dissolves more or less completely in both the fixed and volatile oils1 which then assume the fragrance of the balsam4 ,a drop let fall on hot water spreads itself over the whole surface1 like a film of oil1 and again contracts on the water cooling4 ,this1 with its fragrance1 is the common test of its genuineness in ,turkey4 ,the inferior qualities1 or those of commerce1 are generally opaque and thick1 rapidly resinifying and turning of a dull yellow by age4 ,when applied to the skin it causes redness and swelling4 ,it was formerly regarded as possessing the most varied and exalted virtues1 particularly as an antiseptic1 stimulant1 vulnerary1 and nervine2 and its fumes were supposed to prevent barrenness4 ,it is still highly prized in the ,east as a cosmetic and perfume2 and is said to be unequalled for giving a healthy glow to the complexion and promoting the growth of the hair4 ,its medicinal qualities are intermediate to those of the aromatic turpentines and balsam of tolu4--,dose4 ,from #c to #f1 or even #aj or #ab drops4 ,obs4 ,according to ,bruce1 and others1 the best balm of ,gilead is a spontaneous exudation from the tree2 a second quality is obtained by cutting the bark with an axe1 and receiving the juice which exudes in a small earthen bottle4 ,a large branch is said to produce not more than #c or #d drops a day2 and even the most resinous trees seldom yield more than #fj drops daily4 ,hence its scarcity and costliness4 ,both varieties are held in such high estimation by the ,turks and ,egyptians1 that none of them are exported as an article of commerce4 ,that which is sent to ,england is obtained by boiling the leaves and young twigs of the balsam tree in water1 and is rejected by the ,orientals as worthless4 ,most of that sold in the shops of ,england is entirely spurious 7see below74 ,the cosmetics recently so much advertised as ',,balm ,,of ,,mecca' do not contain even a trace of this article2 nor do we believe that there is a single drop of the genuine balm to be purchased in ,london4 ,the following formul are current in the trade for ,fac''titious ,balm of ,mecca3-- #a4 ,gum-benzoin 7bright1 coarsely powdered71 #d oz42 liquid styrax 7finest71 #c oz42 balsam of tolu1 #b oz42 ,canadian balsam1 #a-a_/b pint2 are mixed together in a flask1 and exposed 7closed7 to the heat of a water bath1 with frequent agitation1 until the liquid is saturated2 when cold1 the clear portion is decanted1 and a sufficient quantity of the oils of lemon1 cassia1 rosemary1 nutmeg1 and vanilla1 added to give it a strong aromatic odour4 #b4 ,from gum-benzoin and balsam of ,peru1 of each #a oz42 vanilla and nutmeg1 of each 7cut small7 #a dr42 ,canadian balsam1 #a_/b pint2 digested as before1 and some essential oils added to the decanted liquid4 ,balsam of ,nut'meg4 ,syn4 ,,bal',,samum ,,myris',,tic1 ,b4 ,,nucis',t4 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,bor4 #ahdg47 ,expressed oil of nutmeg 7--8 mace71 #c oz42 olive oil1 #a oz42 yellow wax1 #a_/b oz42 melt them together by a gentle heat1 pour the mixture into paper moulds1 and1 when cold1 cut the mass up into cakes4 ,balsam of ,peru' 7roo'74 ,syn4 ,,peru',,vian ,,balsam2 ,,bal',,samum ,,peruvia',,num 7,ph4 ,l41 ,e41 and ,d471 ,l42 ,,baume ,,du ,p,,rou1 ,b4 ,,peruvien1 ,fr42 ,,peruvianischer ,,balsam1 ,ger4 ,a balsam obtained from ,myroxylon ,pereir 7,myrospermum of ,sonsonate74 ,it exudes from the trunk of the tree after it has been scorched and removed4 ,from ,salvador1 in ,central ,america4 ,b4 ,p4 ,prop41 c4 ,a chocolate-coloured or a reddish-brown liquid1 of the consistence of treacle1 possessing a bitterish1 rather pungent taste1 and an agreeable aromatic odour somewhat similar to that of a mixture of vanilla and benzoin4 ,it is reputed stimulant1 tonic1 and expectorant1 and has long been a popular remedy in chronic asthma1 catarrh1 and other pulmonary affections1 debility1 c4 ,it is now1 however1 principally used as an ingredient in pomades1 hair-oils1 lip-salves1 and other cosmetics1 in which it is only inferior to 'balm of ,mecca1' and in compound perfumery4 ,it is also used to scent lozenges1 pastils1 and chocolate and liqueurs2 for these last1 chiefly as a substitute for 'vanilla' when it is scarce and dear4--,dose1 #aj or #ab to #cj gr4 7even #a dr4 is sometimes given71 either on sugar1 or made into a bolus with liquorice powder1 or into an emulsion with honey1 mucilage1 or yolk of egg4 ,pur41 ,tests1 c4--#a4 ,the sp4 gr4 should not be lower than #aae2 nor higher than #aaf3--b4 ,ether dissolves it readily and completely3--#c4 ,soluble in #e parts of rectified spirit3--#d4 ,it should undergo no diminution in volume when agitated with water3--#e4 #ajj gr41 by its benzoic or cinnamic acid1 should saturate not less than #g-a_/b gr4 of pure crystallised carbonate of soda3--#f4 ,sulphuric acid converts it into resin1 artificial tannin1 or charcoal1 according to the quantity employed2 if1 on adding water1 a brittle resin is not formed1 some fixed oil 7probably castor oil7 is present3--#g4 ,treated with nitric acid1 some hydrocyanic acid is formed1 benzoic acid sublimes1 and the residual matter is artificial tannin3--#h4 ,the alkalies and their carbonates form with it a thickish semi-crystalline mass1 which1 on being treated with sulphuric acid1 deposits a peculiar resinous matter1 with crystals of benzoic and cinnamic acid3--#i4 ,if a few drops are distilled1 and1 when iodine is added to the distillate1 an explosion results1 it has been adulterated with 'copaiba'3--#aj4 ,the genuine balsam contains about #f-a_/b of benzoic 7cinnamic7 acid3--#aa4 7,hager74 ,if two or three cubic centimtres of balsam of ,peru be shaken with five or six cubic centimtres of petroleum spirit1 the mixture separates upon being allowed to stand into a black-brown layer1 and a limpid and colourless or slightly yellowish layer1 and is easily decanted4 ,if the balsam be adulterated1 this latter layer is turbid and coloured1 while the viscous residue which separates is more fluid1 which renders decantation more difficult4 ,sometimes the brown residue is pulverulent4 ,obs4 ,balsam of ,peru was formerly very generally adulterated1 and often entirely factitious2 but1 owing to its present reduced price1 this is now only confined to a few of the most unprincipled venders4 ,the following formul for this purpose are still extant in the trade3-- ,balsam of ,peru1 ,facti''tious3--,from gum-benzoin 7in coarse powder71 #c lbs42 dissolved in the least possible quantity of rectified spirit1 and then mixed with balsam of tolu1 #a lb42 and liquid styrax1 #b oz42 subsequently adding of rectified spirit1 q4 s4 ,balsam1 ,reduced ,peruvian3--#a4 ,balsam of ,peru1 #c lbs42 balsam of tolu1 #b lbs42 rectified spirit1 q4 s4 to reduce it to a proper consistence3--#b4 ,balsam of ,peru1 #c lbs42 gum-benzoin 7dissolved in a little rectified spirit71 #a lb42 as before4 ,it is occasionally met with largely adulterated with liquid styrax4 ,balsam of ,rackasi'ri4 ,syn4 ,,balsam ,,of ,,rakasi',,ra2 ,,bal',,samum ,,rackasiri1 ,b4 ,,racazzi',r1 ,b4 ,,rhadasi',,ri4 ,a species of balsamic turpentine1 said to be obtained from the bursera balsamifera 7,pers471 an ,indian tree of the natural order ,terebinthace4 ,it has a slightly bitter taste1 adheres to the teeth when chewed1 and1 when heated1 smells like balsam of tolu4 ,it has been extolled as possessing the virtues of copaiba in an exalted degree4 ,the nostrum vended under the name of ,,balm ,,of ,,rackasiri by certain quacks1 simply consists of ,english gin1 coloured1 sweetened1 and aromatised4 ,balsam1 ,saturnine4 7,bate47 ,acetate of lead #dj oz42 oil of turpentine #ab oz4 ,digest for some days4 ,balsam of ,soap4 ,soap-liniment4 ,balsam of ,soap 7,ethe''real74 ,syn4 ,,bal',,samum ,,sapo',,nis ,,the'',,reum1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,cottereau47 ,castile soap 7powdered7 and camphor1 of each #a dr42 oil of thyme1 #aj drops2 acetic ether1 #a oz42 dissolve in a close vessel with the aid of a gentle heat1 and decant the clear portion4 ,used as an embrocation or liniment in gout1 rheumatism1 c4 ,balsam of ,st4 ,john's ,wort4 ,see ,,oils4 ,balsam of ,sto''rax4 ,liquid-ambar or styrax4 ,balsam of ,sul'phur4 ,see ,,oils4 ,balsam of ,sul'phur1 ,anisated4 7,ph4 ,edin4 #agbb74 ,originally made by digesting one part of sulphur2 three of turpentine2 and four of oil of aniseed4 ,a mixture of one part of oil of aniseed with three or four of balsam of sulphur is usually sold for it4 ,balsam of ,sul'phur with ,turpentine4 ,digest one part of sulphur with three of oil of turpentine till dissolved4 ,similar compounds were formerly made with sulphur and ,barbadoes tar1 and with the empyreumatic oils of amber1 benzoin1 c4 ,balsam of ,syri'acum4 ,see ,,balsam ,,of ,,mecca4 ,balsam of ,tolu' 7-l'oo74 ,syn4 ,,tolu' ,,bal',,sam992 ,,bal',,samum ,,toluta',,num 7,ph4 ,l41 ,e41 ,d471 ,b4 ,,de ,,to',l1 ,l42 ,,baume ,,de ,,tolu1 ,fr42 ,,tolutanischer ,,balsam1 ,b4 ,,von ,,tolu1 c41 ,ger4 ,balsam flowing from the incised trunk of myrosper'mum toluif'erum4 7,b4 ,p47 ,the tree which produces it is a native of the mountains of ,tolu1 ,turbaco1 c41 in ,south ,america4 ,prop41 ,uses1 c4 ,when first brought over it is soft and tenacious1 but by age and careless keeping becomes hard1 and even brittle1 somewhat similar to resin4 ,it is perfectly soluble in alcohol and in ether1 and gives out its acid 7benzoic or cinnamic7 to water4 ,its odour is fragrant1 though less powerful than that of either styrax or balsam of ,peru2 and it has a pleasant sweetish taste4 ,it softens under the teeth1 melts readily1 and burns with an agreeable odour4 ,as a medicine it is a stimulating expectorant1 and1 as such1 is employed in chronic bronchial affections unaccompanied with inflammatory action4 ,it has long been a popular pectoral4 ,syrup of ,tolu is an agreeable and common adjunct to pectoral mixtures1 and1 with ,tolu lozenges1 is often serviceable in tickling coughs4 ,it is also used by confectioners1 perfumers1 c41 and in fumigating pastils4--,dose1 #e to #bj1 or even #cj gr41 dissolved in spirit1 or made into an emulsion4 ,pur4 ,this is shown by its perfect solubility in rectified spirit1 forming a transparent tincture1 and by its odour4 ,when adulterated it has a weaker smell1 is only partially soluble in alcohol1 and the tincture formed with that fluid is opaque4 ,the presence of colophony 7or lac71 according to ,ulex1 may be detected by the balsam1 instead of dissolving in sulphuric acid1 swelling up1 blackening1 and disengaging sulphurous fumes4#ajf ,castor oil may be detected in the way noticed under ,,balsam ,,of ,,peru4 ,footnote #ajf3 ',archiv der ,pharm41' #ahee4 ,balsam of ,tolu1 a ,factitious1 was formerly met with in trade1 made of equal parts of orange-lac and white sugar1 reduced to a proper consistence with rectified spirit1 and 'brought up' with some tincture of benzoin1 and a few drops of the oils of cassia and nutmeg dissolved in a little essence of vanilla4 ,balsam of ,tur'pentine 7-tine74 ,syn4 ,,bal',,samum ,,terebin',,thin1 ,l4 ,a name formerly given to ,strasburgh1 ,venice1 and other like turpentines4 ,balsam of ,tur'pentine 7,emollient74 ,syn4 ,b4 ,,terebinthina',,tum1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,olive oil1 #f oz42 oil of turpentine1 #b oz42 yellow wax1 #a oz42 balsam of ,peru1 oil of nutmeg1 and camphor1 of each #b dr4 ,a stimulant emollient2 in contusions1 ulcerations1 engorgements1 nephritic pains1 c4 ,balsam of ,umi''ri4 ,nat4 ,by incision1 from the humir'ia floribun'dum 7,mart471 or the umiri-plant of ,para4 ,it is fragrant1 limpid1 of a palish-yellow colour1 and in its medicinal properties is said to combine those of the balsams of copaiba and ,peru4 ,,balsam',,ic 7b7al-74 ,syn4 ,,balsam',,icus1 ,,balsa',,meus1 ,,balsam',,inus1 ,l42 ,,balsamique1 ,fr42 ,,balsamisch1 ,ger4 ,of the nature of balsam1 or containing or resembling it2 bland1 soothing1 healing2 balmy4 ,,bamboo' 7-boo'74 ,nat4 ,syn4 ,,bambu',,sa1 ,l42 ,,bambon1 ,fr42 ,,bambus1 ,,bambusrohr1 ,,indianischer ,,rohr1 ,ger4 ,the name of several species of the genus 'bambusa1' but appr4 of b4 arundina'cea or 'common bamboo4' ,see ,,bambusa4 ,bamboo'-habit 7-h7ab-74 ,a species of 'life-preserver1' or 'float1' used in ,china and the ,indian ,archipelago1 consisting of four pieces of bamboo tied together so as to form a square4 ,,bambu',,sa4 ,endl4 ,the bamboo4 ,in botany1 a genus of magnificent arborescent grasses1 of the nat4 order ,gramine 7,,dc471 having hollow jointed stems1 of a hard woody texture1 externally coated with siliceous matter1 and sometimes secreting a similar siliceous substance 7,,tabasheer'7 in their internal cavities4 ,they are all of rapid growth1 and vary in height from #f to #aej feet4 ,there1 is1 perhaps1 scarcely any other plant besides the palm which serves for so many purposes useful to man1 as the various species of bamboo4 ,its grain is used for bread2 the young shoots are eaten like asparagus1 and are also pickled2 the smaller stalks are made into walking canes1 umbrella and parasol sticks1 flutes1 c42 whilst its fibres are manufactured into cloth1 and even paper4 ,it is employed extensively in the construction of houses1 bridges1 masts for boats1 domestic furniture1 boxes1 mats1 baskets1 utensils of various kinds1 fences1 water pipes and vessels1 quicksilver bottles1 c41 and for numerous other purposes connected with everyday life4 ,in localities where ordinary surgical appliances are not at hand1 splints1 of any required length or size1 can be made with very little delay1 from the stems of the bamboo4 ,the older and drier stems are to be preferred for this purpose4 ,the genus is confined to the ,east and ,west ,indies and tropical ,america4 ,see ,,cane1 ,,pickles1 ,,tabasheer1 c4 ,,bana',,na 7na'- or -nah'-74 ,nat4 ,the mu'sa sapien'tum 7,linn471 a species of plantain2 also its fruit4 ,the ,banana contains about #bg per cent4 of solid matter1 and has nearly the same nutritive value as rice4 ,it is largely consumed in the tropics1 where the common allowance for a labourer is #f-a_/b lbs4 of the fresh fruit or #b lbs4 of the dry meal1 with a quarter of a pound of salt meat or fish4 ,it is sometimes fried in slices and often made into preserves4 ,composition of the ,pulp of ,ripe ,bananas 7,,corenwinder74 ,nitrogenous matter #dhbj ,sugar1 pectose1 organic acid1 and traces of starch #aifeg ,fatty matter #jfcb ,cellulose #jbjj ,saline matter #jgia ,water #gcijj ------- #ajjjjj ,see ,,plantain4 ,,bancoul1 ,,nuts ,,of4 ,this nut is the seed of a tree belonging to the ,euphorbiaci1 of which two or three species occur in ,ceylon1 ,cochin-,china1 ,new ,caledonia1 ,bourbon1 c4 ,it is composed of a hard and woody endocarp1 and of an oily kernel1 containing3-- ,water #ejjj ,oil #fbage ,nitrogenous matter #bbfec ,non-nitrogenous matter #fhbg ,mineral matter #ccde ------- #ajjjjj ,nitrogen #cfbe ,this cake1 after expression of the oil1 contains #i per cent4 of nitrogen1 and #d per cent4 of phosphoric acid1 and is consequently of high value as a manure4 ,the expressed oil is purgative1 but as a lamp-oil it is superior to colza4 ,unfortunately the kernel forms only #cc per cent4 of the entire weight of the nut4 ,hence1 before it can become an article of commerce1 it must be decorticated at the place of its birth4 7,corenwinder47 ,,band',,age 7aje74 ,syn4 ,,deliga',,tio1 ,,fas'',,cia1 ,,liga',,men1 ,,ligatu'',,ra1 ,,vinctu'',,ra1 ,l42 ,,bandage1 ,,bande1 ,fr42 ,,binde1 ,,verband1 ,ger4 ,in surgery1 the fillet1 roller1 or cloths1 used to support parts1 to exert pressure on them1 or to retain dressings in their proper places4 ,bandages are usually formed of long narrow slips of calico or linen1 and1 occasionally1 of flannel1 which are generally made into a roll 7,,roller7 of moderate size1 so as to be the more conveniently handled and applied4 ,they are either ,,simple1 as the cir'cular1 the spiral1 or the unit'ing bandage2 or ,,compound1 as the ,t-bandage1 suspen'sory b41 c4 ,the application of bandages1 as in the dressing of wounds1 ulcers1 c41 though of such frequent occurrence1 is often very carelessly and badly done4 ,the form and nature of the part1 and the object in view1 should always receive consideration2 as should also the condition of the patient after their application--whether of repose1 exercise1 or labour4 ,ordinary ingenuity will supply the rest4 ,the safest1 simplest1 and most effective means of fastening them is1 in most cases1 furnished by a common needle and thread or cotton4 ,bandage1 ,mus'tard4 ,a woollen roller soaked in a mixture of the best flour of mustard and warm water1 of the consistence of fresh cream1 the excess of moisture being expelled by gentle pressure4--,used to envelope the body1 or a limb1 by repeatedly folding it round the part2 in the cold stages of cholera1 and in other cases requiring an energetic stimulant4 ,other medicaments1 particularly those of a stimulating and anodyne character1 are sometimes applied in the same manner4 ,see ,,embrocations1 ,,lotions1 ,,poultices1 c4 ,,bandan',a4 ,ind4 ,syn4 ,,bandan',,na4 ,a handkerchief1 originally from the ,east ,indies1 having white spots on a red1 blue1 or other dark ground4 ,in calico-printing1 a 'discharge style' in imitation of the ,indian bandanas4 ,the fabric1 many folds thick1 is placed between leaden plates having the pattern cut out of them2 hydraulic pressure is then applied1 and a clear solution of chloride of lime forced through1 followed by a stream of pure water4 ,,band',,oline 7-l7in2 -lenedouble-dagger74 ,see ,,fixature4 ,,bane4 ,poison2 anything deleterious or destructive2 a word often found joined to another1 in the popular and vulgar names of plants and disease1 to denote their character2 as ,,bane'-,,berry1 the herb ,christopher2 ,,bane'-,,wort1 deadly-nightshade2 ,,sheep',s ,,bane1 the rot2 c4 ,,bang1 ,bangue 7b7ang'74 ,nat4 ,see ,,hemp1 ,,indian4 ,,ban',,ian 7b7an'-y7an74 ,the fi'cus ,in'dicus 7,linn471 or ,indian fig4 ,the fruit and young branches yield one species of gum-lac2 and both the juice and bark are used medicinally4 ,among sailors1 ,,banian' ,,days are those on which butcher's meat is not served up at dinner4 ,,bann',,ock 7-7uk74 ,in ,scotland and the northern counties of ,england1 a flat round cake made of oat1 rye1 or barley meal1 baked on an iron plate over the fire1 or on the hot hearth4 ,,barbs4 ,syn4 ,,lampas1 ,,skew4 ,this occurs in horses from two to four years old1 and arises from a little inflammation of the ridges that pass along the palate1 above and behind the incisor teeth1 occasionally preventing the animal from eating and setting up slight fever4 ,the best treatment is to scarify the enlarged ridges freely with a lancet or penknife1 and to give for a time bran mashes1 soaked grain1 and other soft food4 ,,bar',,berry4 ,syn4 ,,pep',,peridge-,,bushdouble-dagger1 ,,thorny ,,box'-,,tree992 ,,ber',,beris1 ,b4 ,,vulga'',,ris 7,linn471 ,l42 ,,epine-,,vinette1 ,,vinettier1 ,fr42 ,,berberitze1 ,ger4 ,a perennial bush or shrub common in woods and hedges4 ,berries 7,,bar',,berries1 ,,pep',,peridges71 gratefully acid1 cooling1 and astringent2 used in pastry1 but require1 according to their degree of ripeness1 from one half their weight to an equal weight of sugar4 ,both bark and berries were formerly esteemed in jaundice1 biliary flukes1 c4 ,the crushed berries with water form a refreshing fever-drink4 ,the root dyes a fugitive yellow4 ,see ,,berberine1 ,,jams1 ,,preserves1 c4 ,,barege 7barge1 b7ar-razhe'74 ,fr4 ,a light woollen fabric so named from having been first made in the valley of ,barges4 ,of late years ,paris has become celebrated for its barges2 but these are generally woven with the 'warp' of silk1 and the 'woof' of wool4 ,in the common imitations of the shops1 the 'warp' is generally of cotton4 ,,baregine 7bargine74 ,see ,,glairine4 ,,baril',,la4 ,eng41 ,ger41 ,l41 ,sp4 ,syn4 ,,so',d ,,car',,bonas ,,vena',,le1 ,l42 ,,barig'',,lia1 ,,baril',,lor1 ,sp41 ,lev42 ,,barille1 ,,soude1 ,fr4 ,the alkaline residuum of the combustion of salsola1 salicornia1 chenopodium1 and other species of the order ,chenopodiace4 ,these plants1 which are cultivated on the sea-coast for the purpose1 are cut down when ripe1 dried1 and burned in heaps1 on iron bars laid across pits dug in the earth4 ,the alkali and saline matter contained in them is thus fused1 and flows into the cavity below1 forming1 when cold1 a hard grey or bluish porous mass which is ,,barilla4 ,comp4 ,carbonate1 sulphate1 chloride1 and sulphide of sodium1 carbonate and sulphate of calcium1 alumina1 silica1 oxide of iron1 and imperfectly consumed carbonaceous matter1 with a little iodine and bromine4 ,the proportion of soda varies in different varieties3-- ,,alicant' ,,barilla2 obtained chiefly from several species of salso'la and from chenopo'dium setig'erum 7-t7ij'-71 c42 contains from #be to #dj of carbonate of soda4 7,guibourt47 ,,cana'',,ry ,b42 from salso'la ka'li4 7,loudon47 ,french barillas3-- a4 ,,narbonne' ,b41 ,,salicor2 from salicor'nia ann'ua or herba'cea2 contains #ad to #ae of carbonate of soda4 b4 ,b4 ,,of ,,aiguemortes1 ,,blanquette2 from mixed plants2 contains #c to #h of carbonate of soda4 7,guibourt47 c4 ,,nor',,mandy ,b41 ,n4 ,,soda2 from fuci4 ,,sic',,ily ,,barilla 7s7is'-74 ,principally from salso'la sati'va2 furnishes #ee of carbonate of soda4 7,fe47 ,good barilla1 on the average1 contains about #bj of real or available alkali1 chiefly under the form of carbonate1 besides sulphates1 muriates1 c4 ,assay4 ,see ,,alkalimetry4 ,uses1 c4 ,barilla is chiefly used in the manufacture of soap and glass2 but the gross quantity imported1 though annually increasing1 only reached #ed1fjh cwt4 in #ahef2 whilst the exports of soda in the same year reached to about #a1ejj1jjj cwt41 and in #ahei to above #b1jjj1jjj cwt4 ,this enormous quantity was chiefly furnished by our home manufactories4 ,barilla is chiefly imported from ,spain1 ,sicily1 ,teneriffe1 and the ,levant2 but since the introduction of ,le ,blanc's process for obtaining soda from common salt1 its importance and value has considerably lessened4 ,see ,,kelp1 ,,soda1 c4 ,,barium4 ,ba4 ,a metallic radical or element1 of which baryta is the chief oxide1 and somewhat extensively distributed4 ,first obtained in #ahjh by ,sir ,h4 ,davy4 ,prepared from baryta by strongly heating it in an iron tube1 through which the vapour of potassium is conveyed2 the reduced barium being subsequently extracted from the mixed residuum by quicksilver1 which is afterwards driven off in a small green-glass retort1 in a vapour of mineral naphtha4 ,prop41 c4 ,greyish-white1 approaching silver in colour and lustre2 decomposes water1 and gradually oxidises in the air1 with the formation of the ordinary oxide 7,,baryta74 ,it is malleable1 fusible under a red heat2 burns in contact with air with a deep red light1 and has the sp4 gr4 #dgj4 ,salts4 ,barium forms numerous salts1 which are all either colourless or white1 except a few1 whose acids are coloured1 as the chromate1 manganate1 c4 ,some of them are soluble in water2 one or two only are soluble in alcohol1 and that very sparingly2 and 7with the exception of the sulphate7 they are all extremely poisonous4 ,they may be prepared by saturating solutions of the acids with either baryta-water1 or carbonate of barium2 and some of them may be prepared by double decomposition4 ,the various soluble barium salts are known by the following reactions1 and they are all 7except the sulphate7 soluble either in water or in dilute hydrochloric acid1 except the nitrate and chloride1 which are not soluble in aqueous solutions of their respective acids4 ,their solutions give an immediate heavy white precipitate with dilute sulphuric acid1 and with solutions of the sulphates1 which is insoluble in dilute acids and solutions of the alkalies and of the salts of ammonia1 that with a solution of sulphate of lime being very sensitive1 and characteristic3--,hydrofluosilicic acid gives a very characteristic colourless crystalline and quickly subsiding precipitate1 only slightly soluble in hydrochloric acid and nitric acid2 alcohol1 in equal volume1 being added1 so hastens and completes the reaction1 that the filtrate is unaffected by sulphuric acid3--,chromate of potassium gives a bright yellow precipitate in neutral solutions1 soluble in hydrochloric acid and in nitric acid1 but insoluble in acetic acid3--,caustic potassa or soda 7when quite free from carbonate71 and caustic ammonia1 cause no precipitate1 except in highly concentrated solutions3--,alkaline carbonates give a heavy white precipitate with baryta-water or a solution of baryta1 and which is all but insoluble in water1 and freely soluble in dilute hydrochloric acid3--,heated with proof spirit1 or pyroxilic spirit1 the barium salts give a greenish-yellow tinge to the flame3--,the barium salts1 and particularly the chloride1 when exposed on a platinum wire to the inner flame of the blowpipe1 colour the outer flame yellowish-green3--,insoluble sulphate of barium may be mixed with powdered charcoal1 and exposed for a short time to a full red heat1 when sulphide of barium will be formed1 which is freely soluble in water1 and which1 after being neutralised with hydrochloric acid1 or acetic acid1 will yield a solution suitable to the application of the usual tests4 ,the carbonate1 and the salts of barium with the organic acids1 are all convertible into pure baryta by exposure to a bright red heat4 ,baryta is distinguished from lime and from magnesia by its great solubility in hot water1 and by the entire insolubility of its sulphate2 from strontia1 by being precipitated by hydrofluosilicic acid1 and by not giving a red colour to the flame of alcohol2 from alumina1 by its causticity and alkaline reaction1 and by not being precipitated from its solution in water by ammonium sulphydrate4 ,pois41 c4 ,the sulphate1 owing to its insolubility1 is the only salt of barium which is not poisonous4--,symp4 ,nausea1 vomiting1 pains in the head1 ringing in the ears1 vertigo1 and intermitting cramps and convulsions2 the respiration is frequently suspended for several moments1 and the pupil is generally dilated4 ,the symptoms1 however1 often vary1 and are not very distinctive4--,treatm41 ,ant41 c4 ,vomiting1 followed by copious draughts of water soured with sulphuric acid1 or sulphate of soda 7,glauber-salt7 or sulphate of magnesia 7,epsom-salt71 dissolved in a large quantity of water4 ,when carbonate of barium has been swallowed1 a mixture of one of the above sulphates and weak vinegar should be taken after the vomiting1 in order that a soluble barium salt may be first formed1 on which the alkaline sulphate will act more readily4 ,subsequent irritation may be soothed by opium or morphia1 and antiphlogistics4 ,barium1 ,ac'etate of4 ,ba7,c#b;,h#c,o#b74 ,syn4 ,,bary',t ,,ace',,tas1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from dilute sulphuric acid1 neutralised with carbonate of barium1 and the solution evaporated and crystallised4 ,very soluble in water2 insoluble1 or nearly so1 in rectified spirit4--,uses1 ,dose1 c4 ,same as the chloride4 ,it is seldom employed4 ,barium1 ,arse''niate of4 ,ba#c7,,po#d7b4 ,syn4 ,,bary',t ,,arse'',,nias1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,a solution of chloride of barium is added to another of arseniate of potassium or sodium1 and the precipitate collected1 washed1 and dried4 ,by dissolving this salt in a solution of arsenic acid1 and crystallising1 ,,binarse'',,niate ,,of ,,barium is obtained4 ,has been recommended in certain skin diseases1 and in phthisis complicated with scrofula4--,dose1 #a_/af to #a_/d gr4 ,barium1 ,ar'senite of4 ,ba7,as,o#b7b4 ,syn4 ,,bary',t ,,ar',,senis1 ,l4 ,very slightly soluble4--,use1 c4 ,as the last4 ,barium1 ,bromide of4 ,ba,br#b4 ,syn4 ,,ba'',,rii ,,bromi',,dum1 ,l42 ,,bromure ,,de ,,baryum1 c41 ,fr4 ,prep4 ,boil a solution of protobromide of iron with moist carbonate of barium1 in slight excess2 filter1 evaporate to dryness1 and heat the residuum to redness4 ,by careful evaporation of its aqueous solution it may be obtained in crystals4 ,it is soluble in both alcohol and water1 and its physiological properties resemble those of iodide of barium4 ,barium1 ,carbonate of4 ,ba,c,o#c4 ,syn4 ,,carbonate ,,of ,,bary',,ta2 ,,bary',t ,,car',,bonas1 ,l42 ,,carbonate ,,de ,,baryte1 c41 ,fr42 ,,kohlensaures1 ,,baryt1 c41 ,ger4 ,a heavy white mass or powder1 very nearly insoluble in water1 and decomposed by nearly all the acids4 ,it is found in the crude state abundantly in nature1 but can only be obtained absolutely pure by adding an alkaline carbonate to a solution of chloride of barium1 or by saturating the hydrate with carbonic anhydride1 and in either case washing and drying the precipitate4 ,native carbonate of barium 7witherite7 is ordered in the pharmacopoeias1 and is sufficiently pure for making the barium salts1 the only purpose to which it is therein applied4 ,uses4 ,in pharmacy1 c41 chiefly to prepare barium salts4 ,in chemistry1 to separate certain metallic oxides when occurring together in solutions4 ,in the arts1 as a base for certain delicate colours1 as an ingredient in plate-glass1 in the manufacture of beet sugar1 c4 ,it is not used in medicine4 ,it is extremely poisonous4 ,barium1 ,bisulphide4 ,this substance may be obtained as a fine yellow-coloured product by shaking a solution of barium chloride with a mixture of ammonium sulphide and carbon disulphide4 ,it is insoluble in alcohol1 soluble in water1 and rapidly dissolved by slightly acidulated water4 ,barium1 ,chloride of4 ,ba,cl#b4b;,aq4 ,syn4 ,,chloride ,,of ,,barium2 ,,barii ,,chloridum1 ,l42 ,,chlorure ,,de ,,baryum1 ,,chlorhydrate ,,de ,,baryte1 c41 ,fr42 ,,salzs,,ure ,,schwererde1 ,,chlorbarium1 ,ger4 ,neutralise a hot dilute solution of hydrochloric acid with carbonate of barium1 evaporate down1 and crystallise4 ,sulphide of barium can be substituted for the carbonate4 ,if required chemically pure1 gaseous hydrochloric acid is transmitted through a concentrated solution of common or impure chloride of barium1 as long as a precipitate forms2 the resulting crystalline powder1 which is nearly the whole of the chloride of barium present1 is collected on a filter1 and1 after draining1 is washed repeatedly with small quantities of pure hydrochloric acid1 until the washings1 diluted with water1 and precipitated with sulphuric acid1 give a filtrate which1 upon evaporation in a platinum capsule or a watch-glass1 leaves no residue2 the last traces of acid having been removed by a little alcohol applied in a like manner1 the powder is at once dried1 and then carefully preserved from the air4--,used in analysis4 ,prop41 c4 ,crystals1 flat1 four-sided tables1 colourless and transparent2 sometimes double eight-sided pyramids2 slightly efflorescent in dry warm air1 but otherwise permanent2 decrepitate when heated1 and lose their water of crystallisation2 fuse at a red heat2 volatilise at a white heat2 insoluble in hydrochloric acid and in alcohol1 slightly soluble in rectified spirit1 and very soluble in water2 water at #fj dissolves #dc-a_/b of the crystals1 and nearly #cg of the dry salt2 and when boiling #ge of the former1 and about #ff of the latter2 a saturated boiling solution 7#bbc ,fahr47 contains #ajj parts of water1 and #gh parts of the crystallised salt4 ,the crystals contain #b atoms of water2 and a formula of ,ba,cl#b #b;,aq4 ,uses1 ,phys4 eff41 c4 ,in chemistry1 it is employed as a test for sulphuric acid and the soluble sulphates4 ,in medicine1 it has been employed1 both internally and externally1 as an alterative1 resolvent1 and deobstruent1 in scrofula1 glandular swellings1 and enlargements1 scirrhous cancer1 skin diseases1 c42 and more particularly in the first with marked benefit4 ,in large doses it is poisonous4 ,according to ,sir ,b4 ,brodie1 its action on animals is analogous to that of arsenic4 ,locally1 it acts as an irritant4 ,a very weak solution1 used as a lotion1 often proves serviceable in herpetic eruptions1 and as a collyrium in scrofulous ophthalmia4 ,dose1 #a_/b gr4 thrice a day1 in water1 gradually increased to #b or #c gr4 ,barium1 ,chlorate of4 ,ba7,cl,o#c7b4 ,syn4 ,,chlorate ,,of ,,bary',,ta2 ,,bary',t ,,chlo'',,ras1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from a solution of chloric acid neutralised with freshly precipitated carbonate of barium2 the resulting solution1 after filtration1 being crystallised by evaporation4 ,by passing chlorine through strong milk of hydrate or of carbonate of barium1 in the same way as in making chlorate of potassium4 ,prop41 c4 ,soluble in #d parts of cold water4 ,used in pyrotechny1 and to make chloric acid4 ,barium1 ,ferrocy'anide of4 ,ba#b;,fe,c#f,n#f4 ,syn4 ,,ba'',,rii ,,ferrocyani',,dum1 ,l4 ,from pure ferrocyanide of iron digested in baryta water4 ,by careful evaporation1 efflorescent prismatic crystals may be obtained1 soluble in #d-a_/b parts of water4 ,barium1 ,fluoride of4 ,ba,f#b4 ,syn4 ,,ba'',,rii ,,fluori',,dum1 c41 ,l4 ,a white powder1 formed by digesting freshly precipitated carbonate of barium in hydrofluoric acid1 in excess4 ,barium1 ,hydrate of4 ,ba7,,ho7#b4 ,syn4 ,,hydrate ,,of ,,baryta2 ,,baryt ,,hydras1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,by digesting caustic baryta1 or barium oxide1 with a little water1 or igniting gently the crystallised hydrate4 ,it can be obtained crystallised as follows3 #a4 ,from a concentrated solution of either nitrate or chloride of barium1 precipitated with a rather strong solution of pure potassa1 or of pure soda1 perfectly free from carbonic acid4 #b4 ,a strong solution of sulphide of barium is boiled with successive portions of black oxide of copper1 until it ceases to give a black precipitate with a salt of lead2 the liquid1 after filtration1 yields crystals of the hydrate on cooling4 ,prop41 ,uses1 c4 ,forms a bulky white powder1 containing #aj-a_/b of water of hydration1 which it retains even after ignition4 ,in this state it is soluble in #bj parts of cold water1 and in #b parts of boiling water4 ,the hot saturated solution1 as it cools1 deposits abundantly columnar crystals 7,,crys',,tallised ,,hydrate ,,of ,b471 which contain #ea-a_/b of water1 of which they lose1 by drying and ignition1 #hh-c_/d 7 #d-c_/d of their weight71 being reduced to the state of the common or amorphous hydrate4 ,of all the bases it has the strongest affinity for both sulphuric and carbonic acid1 and hence its solution 7,,bary',,ta-,,water7 and those of its neutral salts 7nitrate or chloride7 form our most sensitive tests for these substances4 ,sp4 gr4 #dc to #dg4 ,the crystallised hydrate is converted into the ordinary hydrate at a gentle heat1 and this last fuses at a low red heat without losing its water of hydration1 which it only slowly and with difficulty begins to part with at higher temperatures4 ,in chemistry1 its uses are1 for the most part1 similar to those of ,,barium1 ,,oxide ,,of4 ,barium1 ,iodide of4 ,ba#b;,i4 ,syn4 ,,ba'',,rii ,,iodi',,dum1 ,l42 ,,iodure ,,de ,,baryum1 c41 ,fr4 ,prep4 #a4 ,dissolve sulphide of barium in water1 and add iodine 7gradually7 in excess2 after the reaction is complete1 filter1 and either evaporate to dryness1 or crystallise4 #b4 ,digest freshly precipitated carbonate of barium1 in excess1 in a hot solution of protiodide of iron2 filter and evaporate to dryness2 then re-dissolve and crystallise4 #c4 ,by saturating hydriodic acid with oxide or carbonate of barium4 ,prop41 c4 ,a white or greyish-white mass1 or acicular crystals 7according to the mode of its preparation72 very soluble in water and in alcohol2 and decomposed by exposure to the air4 ,it has been highly recommended as an alterative1 resolvent1 and liquefacient1 particularly in scrofula1 glandular swellings1 chronic inflammations1 and the other affections in which chloride of barium and iodine are given4--,dose1 #a_/abth to #a_/hth gr4 7gradually and cautiously increased to #a gr471 in distilled water1 #b or #c times a day4 ,externally1 as an ointment 7#c or #d gr41 to lard1 #a oz471 as an application to scrofulous swellings4 7,biett47 ,it possesses all the irritant1 corrosive1 and poisonous properties of the chloride1 but in a much more violent degree4 ,barium1 ,nitrate of4 ,ba7,,no#c7b4 ,syn4 ,,nitrate ,,of ,,baryta2 ,,bary',t ,,ni',,tras1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,as the acetate or chloride of barium1 substituting pure nitric acid for acetic or hydrochloric acid4 ,prop41 c4 ,transparent1 colourless octahedrons1 which are anhydrous1 insoluble in alcohol1 and require about #h parts of cold water1 and about #c parts of boiling water1 for solution4 ,uses4 ,in chemistry1 to prepare baryta1 and as a test for sulphuric acid and the soluble sulphates2 and in pyrotechny1 to give a green tinge to flame4 ,barium1 ,oxalate of4 ,ba,c#b,o#d4 ,syn4 ,,ox',,alate ,,of ,,baryta2 ,,bary',t ,,ox',,alas1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,by precipitating a barium salt with oxalate of ammonium4 ,very nearly insoluble4 ,barium1 ,oxide of4 ,ba,o4 ,syn4 ,,baryta1 ,,bary',,tes1 ,,cau',,stic ,,baryta991 ,,ox',,ide ,,of ,,ba'',,rium1 ,,protox',,ide ,,of ,b41 ,,heav',y ,,earth2 ,,baryte1 ,,oxide ,,de ,,barium1 ,,terre ,,pesantedagger1 c41 ,fr42 ,,baryt1 ,,baryterde1 ,,schwererde1 c41 ,ger4 ,one of the earths discovered by ,scheele in #aggd4 ,sources4 ,sulphate and carbonate of barium are abundant minerals1 forming the 'vein-stone' of many lead mines4 ,it is from the latter that baryta and the barium salts are almost exclusively obtained4 ,prep4 #a4 ,a mixture of carbonate of barium and charcoal 7both in fine powder and moistened7 is strongly ignited1 for some time1 in a porcelain1 ,hessian1 or black-lead crucible1 and then allowed to cool out of contact with the air1 from which it must also be subsequently carefully preserved4 #b4 7,pure47 ,crystallised nitrate of barium is calcined in a capacious covered porcelain or ,hessian crucible1 at a bright red heat1 until red 7nitrous7 vapours are no longer disengaged1 even on raising the temperature2 and the residuum1 as soon as the temperature has fallen sufficiently1 but whilst still warm1 is at once transferred to a bottle1 as before4 #c4 ,m4 ,rosenthiel's process is founded upon the decomposition of sulphide of barium dissolved in boiling water by oxide of zinc4 ,caustic baryta and sulphate of zinc are formed4 ,prop4 ,a greyish-white1 spongy1 earthy-looking mass1 fusible only before the oxyhydrogen blowpipe2 highly caustic1 corrosive1 and alkaline1 and slaking1 like quick-lime1 on the addition of water1 but with the evolution of more heat4 ,barium1 ,peroxide of4 ,ba,o#b4 ,syn4 ,,deutox',,ide ,,of ,,barium2 ,,ba'',,rii ,,binox',,ydum1 c4 ,l42 ,,binoxide ,,de ,,baryum1 c41 ,fr4 ,prep4 ,pure baryta is heated to full redness in a porcelain tube1 and a stream of pure dry oxygen passed over it as long as the gas is absorbed4 ,baryta1 #d parts1 is heated as above in a platinum crucible1 and chlorate of potassium1 #a part1 gradually added to it2 the chloride of potassium formed along with the binoxide being afterwards washed away with cold water4 ,prop41 c4 ,grey or greyish-white2 with water it forms a hydrate1 which is slightly soluble in water1 and undecomposed by it in the cold4 ,it is interesting chiefly in its relations with peroxide of hydrogen and the oxygenised acids of ,m4 ,thnard4 ,barium1 ,phosphate of4 ,ba7,,po#d7b4 ,prep4 ,in a similar manner to the oxalate1 which it resembles in being an almost insoluble white powder4 ,barium1 ,sulphate of4 ,ba,s,o#d4 ,syn4 ,,sulphate ,,of ,,baryta1 ,,heav',y ,,spar1 ,,bolo'',,gnian ,s41 ,,cawk 7mi72 ,,bary',t ,,sul',,phas 7,ph4 ,e4 ,d471 ,,spa',,thium ,,pondero',,sum1 c41 ,l42 ,,sulfate ,,de ,,baryte1 ,,spath ,,pesant1 c41 ,fr42 ,,schwefelsaures ,,baryt1 ,,schwerspath1 c41 ,ger4 ,this salt is found native1 often in beautiful tabular crystals1 but more frequently in white or reddish-white masses4 ,it is also occasionally prepared artificially1 as a pigment and chemical1 by decomposing a solution of chloride of barium with dilute sulphuric acid1 or with a solution of sulphate of sodium2 the resulting precipitate being collected1 well washed1 and dried4 ,prop41 c4 ,when pure1 or free from iron1 its powder is white4 ,it is insoluble in water1 and nearly insoluble in all other menstrua2 before the blowpipe it decrepitates1 fuses with great difficulty 7by which it is distinguished from the sulphates of strontium and calcium71 and ultimately melts into a hard1 white enamel4 ,mixed with charcoal1 and heated to redness in a covered crucible1 it is reduced to sulphide of barium4 ,it is readily decomposed by fusion with alkaline carbonates2 also very slightly so by their cold solutions2 but ultimately completely1 though slowly1 by their boiling solutions4 ,sp4 gr4 #dc to #dge4 ,uses4 ,chiefly as a pigment 7,,per',,manent ,,white71 and to adulterate white-lead2 for which purposes the native sulphate is commonly well washed1 first in very dilute sulphuric acid1 and afterwards in pure water1 to remove any iron which may contaminate it1 and impair its whiteness4 ,it is also used to form sulphide of barium2 and1 in pyrotechny1 instead of the more expensive nitrate4 ,barium1 ,sulphide of4 ,ba,s4 ,syn4 ,,sul',,phide ,,of ,,barium1 ,,sul',,phuret ,,of ,,baryta2 ,,ba'',,rii ,,sulphure',,tum1 c41 ,l42 ,,sulfure ,,de ,,baryum1 c41 ,fr4 ,prep4 ,sulphate of barium1 well dried and in fine powder1 #c parts2 powdered charcoal or powdered coal1 #a part2 the mixture is pressed tightly into an earthen crucible1 and the cover being fitted on1 it is exposed for #a-a_/b to #b hours1 to a bright red heat2 after it has cooled1 the black mass thus obtained is powdered1 and boiled in water1 and the resulting solution allowed to crystallise4 ,some authorities recommend forming the mixed powders into a stiff paste with oil1 or oil of turpentine1 before calcination2 but this is not at all necessary4 ,prop41 ,uses1 c4 ,crystals1 thin and nearly colourless plates1 containing combined water2 very soluble in hot water1 less so in cold water2 and rapidly decomposed by exposure to the air4 ,it is principally used to form the ,,barium ,,salts1 and in organic analysis4 ,care should be taken in its preparation to expose the solution to the air as little as possible4 ,,sulphides of a higher grade may be formed by boiling this compound with sulphur2 but they possess little practical interest4 ,barium1 ,sulphite of4 ,ba,s,o#c4 ,syn4 ,,sul',,phite ,,of ,,baryta4 ,prep4 ,by testing a soluble barium salt with sodium sulphite1 and washing the precipitate4 ,insoluble4 ,barium1 ,tartrate of4 ,ba,c#d;,h#d,o#f4 ,syn4 ,,tar',,trate ,,of ,,baryta4 ,prep4 ,like that of oxalate of barium4 ,white powder4 ,slightly soluble4 ,,bark4 ,eng41 ,dan4 ,syn4 ,,cor',,tex1 ,l42 ,,corce1 ,fr42 ,,baumrinde1 ,,rinde1 ,ger4 ,the rind or exterior covering of vegetables1 corresponding to the skin of animals4 ,it consists of the--cu'ticle or epiderm'is--cellular substance1 containing colouring matter1 c41 and--li'ber1 the inner or true bark4 ,the last is formed of woody fibre in great quantity1 intermixed with cellular tissue4 ,at the commencement of the annual growth of a tree1 the bark separates spontaneously from the wood1 in order to make room for the new matter forming beneath4 ,it thus increases by yearly layers1 and gradually perishes on the outside1 owing to distension1 from the growth of the interior portion4 ,its physiological uses are numerous and important4 ,it is the depository of many of the secretions of plants1 and it acts as a living filter1 separating secretions from each other1 and allowing a part of them to pass off horizontally through the medullary processes on their way to the centre of the tree4 ,but its principal offices appear to be to act as a protection to the tender wood1 and as a channel for the sap in its descent from the leaves4 ,true bark only exists in exogens and gymnosperms2 in endogens its place is supplied by cortical integuments1 which cannot be separated from the adjacent wood1 without violence4 7,lindley47 ,according to ,liebig1 the characteristic ingredients found in bark are excrementitious--substances evidently expelled by the living organism4 ,true wood yields only #be to #b of ash2 whilst the bark of some trees give #f1 #aj1 to #ae times more2 and these1 like the organic constituents1 differ materially in their composition and characters4 ,the uses of different species of bark in medicine and the arts are well known4 ,,cinchona-,,bark is invaluable in fevers2 ,,oak-,,bark furnishes the tanner with one of the most important materials of his trade2 and the tenacious fibres of other varieties are manufactured into cordage and textile fabrics4 ,barks should be collected at that season in which they can be most easily separated from the wood1 which1 with a few exceptions1 is late in the spring2 because at this time the active principles deposited in their cells are most abundant4 ,,oak-,,bark1 collected in spring1 contains four times as much astringent matter as that collected in winter4 ,bark4 7,in medicine47 ,see ,,cinchona4 ,bark4 7,in tanning47 ,see ,,oak4 ,bark1 ,jes'uit's4 ,cinchona-bark4 ,bark1 ,salt of 7,essential74 ,see ,,extracts and ,,salts4 ,,bar',,ley4 ,syn4 ,,hor',,deum1 ,l42 ,,orge1 ,fr42 ,,gerste1 ,ger41 ,anglo-,s4 ,a well-known grain1 the produce of several species of the genus hordeum4 ,var41 ,cult41 c4 ,those principally cultivated in ,england are--,,two'-,,rowed1 ,,long'-,,eared1 or ,,comm',,on ,,barley 7hor'deum dis'tichon1 ,linn472 ,,spring'-,,barley1 ,,square'-,b41 or ,,bere 7h4 vulga''re1 ,linn472 and ,,six'-,,rowed ,,barley1 ,,winter ,b41 ,scotch ,,bere or ,,bigg 7h4 hexas'tichon1 ,linn474 ,,put',,ney1 ,,sprat1 or ,,batt',,ledore ,b4 7h4 zeocriton1 ,linn471 is another species less frequently met with4 ,of each of the above there are several varieties4 ,in ,spain and ,sicily1 two crops of barley are obtained in a year2 but1 in countries so far north as ,britain1 it produces only one1 and is a delicate species of grain4 ,in ,england it is generally adopted as a succession crop on light lands1 following turnips or green crops4 7,loudon47 ,the 'yield' per acre varies from #bh to #fd bushels1 and is usually from #bh to #dj bushels4 ,the average weight per bushel is #ej to #ea lbs42 but the best ,norfolk and ,essex samples weigh #ec to #ed lbs4 per bushel4 ,comp4 ,the leading constituents of barley are nearly similar to those of wheat1 but it is scarcely so rich in nitrogenised matter4 ,according to ,einhof1 the ripe ,,seeds or ,,grains are composed of-- ,meal #gjje ,husk #ahge ,moisture #aabj ------ #ajj ,according to ,johnston1 average fine ,,barley-,,meal contains-- ,starch #fh ,albumen1 gluten1 c4 #ad ,fatty matter #b ,ash or saline matter #b ,water #ad ---- #ajj ,according to ,payen1 dried barley possesses the following composition-- ,nitrogenous matter #abif ,starch #ffdc ,dextrin #ajjj ,fatty matter #bgf ,cellulose #dge ,mineral matter #caj ------ #ajjjj ,according to ,dr ,ure1 the sp4 gr4 of ,,english ,,barley is #abe to #acc 7average1 #abce71 and the weight of the husk is about #a-fth2 that of ,,bigg1 #abbg to #abfe1 and weight of husk1 #b-iths4 ,the analyses of the following varieties of barley1 gave as the composition of the ashes of the grains3-- ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,unknown ,chevalier ,from ,chevalier ,barley ,moldavia ,barley ---------------------------------------- ------- ,potash #baad #bjgg #cgee #ggj ,soda #def #ajf #jcf ,lime #afe #adh #aba #ajcf ,magnesia #gbf #gde #ajag #abf ,sesquioxide of iron #bac #jea #ajb #adf ,sulphuric acid #aia #jgi #jbg #bii ,silica #cjfh #cbgc #bdef #gjgg ,phosphoric acid #bhec #cafi #chfd #aii ,chloride of ,sodium #aaj #adg #aaj ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,in the ',journal of the ,agricultural ,society' for #ahgc is a report by ,messrs ,lawes and ,gilbert of twenty years' experiments with barley4 ,the soil of a field at ,rothampstead1 in which the barley had been grown for twenty years1 consisted of heavy loam1 with a subsoil of clay resting on chalk1 and was previous to the barley being planted almost exhausted by cropping4 ,the produce was found to be greatest during the absence of drought and sudden alterations of temperature1 the rather cool but uniform season of #ahed giving the heaviest crops4 ,the yield from farm-yard manure and nitrate of soda was found in dry seasons to be rather larger than that from ammonia salts4 ,barley manured with phosphates was found to ripen one to two weeks earlier than when the phosphate was omitted4 ,the average produce per acre of a few of the principal plots is given below4 ,the ammonium salts are stated to be a mixture of equal parts of sulphate and chloride2 the alkali salts consist of the sulphates of potassium1 sodium1 and magnesium2 the cinerials consist of alkali salts1 plus superphosphate3 ,,key3 ,a3 ,dressed ,corn4 ,b3 ,straw and ,chaff4 ,c3 ,total ,produce4 ,d3 ,corn to #ajj ,straw4 ,e3 ,weight per ,bushel of ,dressed ,corn4 ,f3 ,produce of second #aj yrs4 over or under first #aj yrs4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,manures per ,acre4 ,a ,b ,c ,d ,e ,f ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- bushels4 cwts4lbs4 lbs4per cwt4 ,unmanured #bj #aa-c_/dbdedhffebc- #bcf ,mixed cinerials #bg-a_/b #ad-c_/hcafbifdecd- #bjb ,ammonium salts1 #bjj lbs4 #cb-a_/b #ah-a_/bciaihibeba- #ig ,ammonium salts1 #bjj lbs41 and alkali salts #ce #bj-c_/ddcaghfcebh- #ec ,ammonium salts1 #bjj lbs41 and superphosphate #dg #bg-e_/hegfjhfhece #bg ,ammonium salts1 #bjj lbs41 and cinerials #df-a_/d #bh-a_/behaghcbedj- #c ,rape cake 7mean #acjj lbs47 #de-a_/d #bf-g_/heegahgcech ,farmyard manure1 #ad tons #dh-a_/d #bh-a_/deicchheedc #adh ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,the authors direct attention to the results obtained by using the cinerial manure alone1 as illustrating the unsoundness of the old mineral theory1 according to which plants were supposed to possess a sufficient source of nitrogen in the atmosphere4 ,they found a greater crop yielded by barley than wheat1 when no manures were employed1 as well as when cinerials were employed1 a fact which they attribute to barley being better able than wheat to supply itself with nitrogen1 notwithstanding the deeper roots of the latter4 ,they state that with both wheat and barley the produce is slowly falling off under these circumstances4 ,with ammonium salts alone1 and with nitrate of sodium alone1 there is much less falling off than when no nitrogenous manure is used4 ,the falling off was least with the nitrate4 ,the nitrate gives a rather larger crop for the same amount of nitrogen supplied1 and they found this to hold when both nitrate and ammonia are applied with cinerials4 ,the addition of superphosphate to ammonium salts or sodium nitrate greatly increases the produce2 the further addition of potassium1 sodium1 and magnesium salts they found almost without effect4 ,the inference was that the barley had obtained an ample supply of potash from the natural soil1 but an insufficient supply of phosphoric acid4 ,when ammonium salts are used alone1 and the quantity of ammonia does not exceed #ej lbs4 per acre1 #cfh lbs4 of ammonia will yield an average increase of #a bushel of corn and #fc lbs4 of straw--total1 #aae lbs42 the extremes in #bj years were #bbe-ahje lbs4 ,when ammonium salts are applied with superphosphate1 #bba lbs4 of ammonia will produce the same result2 the extremes were #adg-ecf lbs4 ,silicate of sodium had been applied for eight years and a half to half the barley plots receiving ammonia2 no increase has resulted where ammonia and superphosphate are employed2 but on the other three plots an increase had taken place1 which1 in the case of the plot receiving only ammonia and alkali salts1 is very considerable4 ,the authors think this irregular reaction seems to show that the silicate has not produced its effect by furnishing silica to the crop1 but by some reaction upon the plant-food of the soil4 ,the rape cake supplied much more nitrogen than the ammonium salts1 and also some phosphates and potash4 ,rape cake alone gives a better return than either ammonium salts or sodium nitrate applied alone2 but when the three manures are mixed with superphosphate1 the results for equal amounts of nitrogen show the rape cake to be decidedly inferior4 ,from the above experiments it is inferred that a supply of carbonaceous matter does not increase the crop of barley4 ,a farm-yard manure containing about #jfd per cent4 of nitrogen supplied far more plant food than any of the other manures4 ,on an average of twenty years it was found that about #h lbs4 of ammonia in the form of dung would produce a bushel of barley1 with its equivalent of straw4 ,in all cases which were comparable it was found that barley appropriates more of the nitrogenous manure than wheat1 save with farmyard manure4 ,a large amount of nitrogen applied by manure is not taken up by the crop4 ,experiments in the barley field proved that large residues from ammonium salts and sodium nitrate show a small but distinct effect upon succeeding crops1 the influence extending over many years4 ,from an examination of the drainage waters from lands dressed with the nitrates of ammonium and sodium1 the authors conclude that ammonium salts1 as well as sodium nitrate1 will be more economically applied in the spring than in the winter4 ,manures containing organic nitrogen are clearly not so liable to loss from drainage4 ,experiments were made on the growth of barley after turnips1 and also in an ordinary four-course rotation4 ,after growing turnips ten years consecutively with purely cinerial manures1 and carting off the produce1 the yield of barley was much smaller than in the experimental field1 where barley was grown after barley4 ,the turnips1 though very small crops1 had exhausted the soil of nitrogen to a greater extent than corn crops would have done4 ,on one plot where rape cake had been applied to the turnips1 the produce of barley was #h-a_/d bushels more than when none had been used4 ,in the rotation experiments barley was grown after turnips 7carted off71 and was followed by beans and wheat4 ,in one series all the crops were unmanured2 in another the turnips received superphosphate2 in a third the turnips received an abundant cinerial and nitrogenous manure4 ,the mean produce of the six crops of barley obtained in twenty-four years of rotation was as follows3 ---------------------------------------- -------- ,dressed ,straw and ,character of ,rotation4 ,corn4 ,chaff4 ---------------------------------------- ------ bushels4 cwt4 ,unmanured continuously #ch-c_/h #ba-c_/d ,superphosphate for turnips only #bi-c_/h #af-a_/b ,mixed manure for turnips only #dd-c_/h #be-a_/d ---------------------------------------- ------ ,mean produce of unmanured barley in barley #ba-a_/b #ab-a_/h field during the same season ---------------------------------------- -------- ,the unmanured turnips were so very small in quantity1 that the barley in the first series was practically grown after a fallow2 this barley1 however1 was a much larger crop than that grown after turnips manured with superphosphate only1 the available nitrogen of the soil in this case being exhausted by the turnips4 ,in the last series the residue of the abundant manure applied to the turnip crop suffices to produce a good crop of barley4 ,qual41 ,uses1 c4 ,its employment and value as food1 and in the manufacture of malt1 are well known4 ,it forms good wholesome bread well adapted for persons who live luxuriously2 but which1 for the abstemious and the delicate1 is inferior to that made of wheat1 as it is rather less nutritious1 and less easy of digestion1 and commonly proves laxative to those unaccustomed to its use4 ,barley-flour and barley-meal are also more perishable than wheat-flour2 being very apt to acquire a hot nauseous taste1 which even the heat of the oven does not remove4 ,in a medical point of view1 barley is regarded as the mildest and least irritating of the cereals4 ,it has always been in high estimation as a demulcent and emollient4 ,the decoction 7,,bar',,ley-,,water71 made with pearl barley1 is a common and useful drink in inflammatory diseases1 particularly in those of the chest and urinary organs4 ,among the ,ancients1 decoctions of barley 7,greek3 krath7 were the principal aliments and medicines employed in acute diseases4 ,barley was extensively cultivated by the ,romans and many other nations of antiquity1 as well as by the ancient inhabitants of ,gaul4 ,the ,greeks are said to have trained their athletes on it4 ,the best tests of the genuineness of barley are its colour1 freedom from dust1 grit1 and insects4 ,the microscope will lead to the detection of any cheaper grains if mixed with it4 ,it is rarely adulterated1 although it is said to be extensively used for the purpose of sophisticating wheat1 annatto1 and roll liquorice4 ,illustration3 ,barley ,starch4 ,barley1 ,cau'stic4 ,sabadilla4 ,barley1 ,pat'ent4 ,syn4 ,,fari',,na ,,hor',,dei1 ,l4 ,pearl barley reduced to fine powder by grinding in a mill4 ,barley1 ,pearl4 ,syn4 ,,pearl',,ed ,,barley992 ,,hor',,deum ,,decorticatum 7,b4 ,p471 ,l42 ,,orge ,,perl1 ,fr42 ,,perlengraupen1 ,ger4 ,the seeds of hordeum distichon deprived of the husks4 ,that of commerce is usually made by steaming spring-barley1 to soften the skin1 then drying it1 and grinding it in a mill with the stones set wide apart1 so as to round and polish the grains1 and to separate the whole of the husk except that left in the furrow of the seed4 ,,scotch ,,pearl-,,barley and ,,french ,,barley resemble the last1 but are smaller1 being generally made from winter-barley or bigg4 ,,faro ,,de ,,orzo is another variety made from sprat-barley4 ,see ,,barley 7above74 ,barley1 ,scotch4 ,syn4 ,,hulled ,,barleydouble-dagger1 ,,pot-,b4double-dagger2 ,,hor',,deum ,,munda',,tum1 ,l42 ,,orge ,,mond1 ,fr42 ,,gerstengraupen1 ,,graupen1 ,ger4 ,the grains deprived of the husk by a mill1 as noticed above1 but less completely1 and without rounding them4 ,,bar',,ley ,,sugar4 ,see ,,confectionery1 and ,,sugar4 ,,barm4 ,see ,,yeast4 ,,barom',,eter 7baros1 weight2 metron1 measure74 ,syn4 ,,weather-,,glassdouble-dagger2 ,,barom',,etrum1 ,l42 ,,barom,,tre1 ,fr42 ,,barometer1 ,,wetterglas1 ,ger4 ,an instrument for measuring the weight or pressure of the atmosphere4 ,it was invented by ,torricelli1 of ,florence1 ,a4,d4 #afdc4 ,the barometer is made of several forms1 but the principle of its construction1 with the exception of the aneroid barometer1 is the same in each1 and essentially consists of a column of fluid 7usually mercury7 supported in vacuo1 in a glass tube1 by the pressure of the atmosphere on its surface4 ,the annexed figures exhibit the principal varieties at present known2 several of which have been proposed with the view of improving the original instrument1 either by increasing its range1 or its portability4 ,none1 however1 equal in simplicity1 cheapness1 and usefulness1 the old forms proposed by ,torricelli1 and represented by the figs4 #a #b4 ,to avoid confusion1 the graduated scales and cases of the instruments are not shown4 ,illustration3 #a4 ,torricelli's cistern barometer4 #b4 syphon #c4 ,huygen's barometer4 #d4 modified4 #e4 ,wheel barometer4 #f4 ,bernoulli's syphon barometer4 #g4 ,aminton's conical #h4 ,gay ,lussac's #i4 modified by ,m4 ,bunten4 a1 ,tube containing a column of mercury4 b1 ,mercurial cistern4 c1 ,a column of mercury supporting another of water1 d4 e1 e1 ,weights1 one of which floats on the surface of the mercury1 and by means of the cord f moves the index g4 h1 ,graduated dial4 k1 ,capillary hole drilled laterally to admit air4 ,the construction of a barometer requires the utmost skill and care of a practised artist1 and will therefore be seldom undertaken by the amateur or experimentalist--a fact which renders it unnecessary for us to enter into the details here4 ,in the choice of his instrument the purchaser must greatly depend on the known experience and integrity of the manufacturer2 as nothing but lengthened use1 and frequent comparisons with other instruments1 can possibly prove its excellence4 ,an ordinary barometer1 however carefully made1 is found to suffer gradual deterioration1 from the external air insinuating itself between the mercury and the glass tube1 by which the perfection of the vacuum is destroyed4 ,various plans have been proposed to remedy this inconvenience and source of error4 ,prof4 ,daniell forms the bottom part of the tube1 to the extent of about #a_/crd of an inch1 of solid platinum1 welded to the glass4 ,this plan has proved completely satisfactory4 ,dr ,ure proposes the use of platinum-foil for the same purpose4 ,before purchasing an instrument it is as well to ascertain that this has been done4 ,in those called ',,standard ,,barometers' the scale is movable and adjustable by a delicate screw1 so as to enable the observer to bring the lower point or zero 7#j7 of the scale coincident with the surface of the mercury in the cistern4 ,exact contact is readily effected by making the point1 and its image as seen by reflection from the surface of the mercury1 to coincide4 ,in this case the cistern is made of glass4 ,provided the ivory scale be connected with the zero-point with a strip of brass1 correction as to temperature is very nearly effected by this simple adjustment4 ,the ,,wheel-,,barometer is chiefly serviceable as a domestic or land weather-glass4 ,of the many forms of mercurial barometer1 that perhaps known as ,fortin's is the best4 ,in this instrument the cistern and the lower portion of the tubes is shown in the annexed figure4 ,illustration ,illustration ,the cistern is made of boxwood1 with a movable leather bottom b b1 and a glass cylinder1 b1 is inserted into it above1 all except the glass being encased in brass4 ,in the bottom of the brass box a screw1 ,c1 works on the upper end of which the leather rests1 so that by elevating or depressing this screw1 the bottom of the cistern1 and with it the cistern level of the mercury1 can also be raised or depressed at pleasure4 ,a small ivory pin1 p1 ending in a point is fixed to the upper frame of the cistern1 and when an observation is made1 the surface of the mercury is made to coincide with the point of the pin as the standard level from which the barometric column is to be measured4 ,the tube of the barometer1 the upper part of which is shown in the lower figure1 is enclosed in one of brass1 which has two directly opposite slits in it for showing the height of the column1 and on the sides of these the graduation is marked4 ,a brass collar1 d1 d1 slides upon the tube with a vernier1 v1 v1 marked on it for reading the height with the greatest exactness and in which two oblong holes are cut1 a little wider than the slits in the brass tube4 ,when a reading is taken the collar is so placed that the last streak of light is cut off by the two upper edges of the holes or until they form a tangent to the convex mercurial curve4 ,by this means the observer is sure that his eye is on a level with the top of the column and that the reading is taken exactly for this point4 ,fortin's barometer is generally arranged so as to be portable1 in which case the screw1 c1 is sent in until the mercury fills the whole cistern1 by which the air is kept from entering the tube during transport1 the leather yielding sufficiently at the same time to allow for expansion for increase of temperature4 ,it packs in a case which serves as a tripod when the instrument is mounted for use4 ,on this tripod it is suspended about the middle1 swinging upon two axles at right angles to each other1 so that the cistern may act the part of a plummet1 in keeping the tube vertical--the position essential to all measurements4#ajg ,footnote #ajg3 ,chambers's ',encyclopdia4' ,how to ,manage a ,barometer4--,it is of the first importance to have the instrument hung perfectly perpendicular4 ,this is best effected by means of a plummet line4 ,it should be placed in a good light1 but protected from direct sunlight and also from rain4 ,if air should accidentally find its way into a common cistern barometer1 it may be got rid of by first fixing the ivory piston1 so as to prevent the escape of the mercury1 then by means of the screw raising the mercurial column nearly to the top of the tube1 then by slowly inverting the instrument and tapping the cistern gently1 the air may then perhaps ascend to the cistern and thus escape4 ,in transporting a barometer from place to place it is best to carry it by hand2 and if packed it is almost needless to say that the float must be firmly fixed and the mercurial column raised by means of the screw1 so as to prevent any escape of the metal4 ,reading the ,barometer4--,the mercury in the cistern must first be brought by means of the screw to the 'zero1' and then the vernier must be screwed up so that its horizontal edge forms a tangent to the mercurial curve4 ,the vernier is an instrument for reading off the graduated scale of the barometer correctly to #a_/ajjth or #a_/ejjth of an inch4 ,buchan gives the following description of the vernier and of the method of using it3 ,it consists 7see figures a and b7 of a piece similar to the scale of the barometer along which it slides4 ,it will be observed from figure a that ten divisions of the vernier are exactly equal to eleven divisions of the scale1 that is1 to eleven tenths of an inch4 ,hence each division of the vernier is equal to a tenth of an inch1 together with a tenth of a tenth1 or a hundredth1 or to ten hundredths1 and one hundredth1 that is1 to eleven hundredths of an inch4 ,similarly two divisions of the vernier are equal to twenty-two hundredths of an inch1 which expressed as a decimal fraction is #jbb inch1 three divisions of the vernier is #jcc inch1 c4 ,suppose the vernier set as previously described--that is1 having the zero line of the vernier a tangent to the convex curve of the mercury in the column4 ,if the vernier and scale occupy the relative positions as in figure a1 then the height of the barometer is #cjjj inches1 but if they stand as in figure b1 we set about reading it in this way3 7#a7 ,the zero of the vernier being between #bi and #cj1 the reading is more than #bi inches1 but less than #cj inches1 and we obtain the first figure #bi inches4 7#b7 ,counting the tenths of an inch from #bi upwards we find that the vernier indicates more than seven tenths and less than eight tenths1 giving the second figure seven tenths or #jg inch4 7#c7 ,casting the eye down the scale to see the point at which a division of the scale and a division of the vernier lie in one and the same straight line1 we observe this to take place at line #i of the vernier2 this gives this last figure nine hundredths or #jji inch1 and placing all these figures in one line we find that the height of the barometer is #bigi inches4 ,this sort of vernier gives readings true to the hundredth of an inch4 ,if the inch be divided into half tenths or twentieths1 and twenty-five divisions of the vernier equal twenty-four divisions of the scale1 it follows that the difference of these divisions is two thousandths of an inch4 ,illustration ,a still more divided vernier is always used with the best barometers1 and though a little troublesome to read at first1 yet if the method of reading the simpler one just described be understood1 the difficulty will be easily overcome4 ,uses1 c4 ,the barometer is employed for ascertaining the amount of atmospherical refraction in astronomical calculations1 for measuring altitudes1 and in prognosticating the weather4 ,for the last purpose1 on land1 it sometimes proves a false prophet2 but at sea1 its monitions are highly trustworthy4 ,as a mere weather-glass1 the indications1 as read off from the scale of the instrument1 are generally sufficiently accurate2 but in all observations connected with meteorology1 altitudes1 astronomy1 c41 certain corrections must be made2 the height of the mercury being influenced both by the size of the tube and by the temperature of the air by which it is surrounded1 as well as by variations in the weight or pressure of the atmosphere4 7,see below47 ,barometrical ,corrections3-- #a4 ,as to ,,capillarity3--,this applies to all cistern-barometers formed of tubes of very small diameters1 owing to the mercury assuming a convex surface in the tube4 ,as the tube increases in diameter1 so the depression of the mercury lessens4 ,hence1 the interior diameter of a barometer should1 in every case1 exceed one-fourth of an inch4 7,brande47 ,syphon barometers that have each of their legs of equal size1 require no correction1 as the depression is equal at both ends4 ,,table of ,barometrical ,corrections for ,,capillarity1 from the ',encycl4 ,brit4' -------------------------------------- ,diam4 of ,tube4 ,depression4 -------------------------------------- #aj inch4 #adjc inch4 #ae #jhfc #bj #jeha #be #jdjg #cj #jbib #ce #jbaa #dj #jaec #de #jaab #ej #jjhc #fj #jjdd #gj #jjbc #hj #jjab -------------------------------------- #b4 ,as to ,,temperature3--,these depend on the expansion of the mercury1 and of the scale on which the divisions are marked4 ,the rule for reducing an observed height to the corresponding height at the freezing-point1 or #cb ,fahr41 the usual standard temperature1 is--,subtract #aajjjjth part of the observed height of the barometer for every degree of ,fahr4 above #cb at the time of the observation4 ,or-- 7obs4 t4 - #cb7 obs4 h4 #jjja corr4 req4 ,measurement of ,heights by the ,barometer4--,when a barometer is at the foot of a mountain1 the pressure it sustains is greater than that to which it is subjected at the top1 by the weight of the column of air intervening between the top and the bottom4 ,the height can be obtained from the following table by calculating the number of feet which must have been ascended to cause the observed fall2 and then making a correction for temperature by multiplying the number obtained from the table1 which may be called ,a1 by the following formula3 t is the temperature of the lower and t' of the upper station3-- #a 77t t' - #fd7 _/ #ijj7 ,a4 ,to lower the barometer from #ca in4 to #cj #heg feet must be ascended4 #cj #bi #hhf #bi #bh #iah #bh #bg #iea #bg #bf #ihf #bf #be #ajbe #be #bd #ajfh #bd #bc #aaac #bc #bb #aafa #bb #ba #abaf #ba #bj #abgf #bj #ai #acda #ai #ah #adac ,a very complex formula is given by mathematicians for finding very nearly the true height of a mountain from barometrical and thermometrical observations made at its base and summit4 ,the following rule by ,mr ,ellis will be found to give very nearly the same results3--,multiply the difference of the barometric readings by #eb1djj1 and divide by the sum of the barometric readings4 ,if the result be #ajjj1 #bjjj1 #cjjj1 #djjj1 or #ejjj1 add #j1 #jb1 #f1 #ad1 respectively4 ,subtract #b-a_/crd times the difference of the temperature of the mercury4 ,multiply the remainder by a number obtained by adding #hcf to the sum of the temperatures of the air and dividing by #ijj4 ,a correction must also be given for latitude1 which can be done by the annexed table4 ----------------------------------- ,latitude4 ,factor4,latitude4 ,factor4 ----------------------------------- #hj #jiigea #ce #ajjjij #ge #jiiggj #cj #ajjbfe #gj #jiigig #be #ajjagj #fe #jiihcj #bj #ajjbjc #fj #jiihfh #ae #ajjbcj #ee #jiiiaj #aj #ajjbdi #ej #jiiied #e #ajjbfa #de #ajjjjj #j #ajjbfe #dj #ajjjdf ----------------------------------- ,fortin's and ,gay-,lussac's barometers are employed for measuring heights4 ,the aneroid can be used for altitudes reaching to #ejjj feet4 ,a delicate instrument will register for as small an ascent as #d feet4 ,the ,barometer as a ,weather-glass4--,generally speaking when the mercurial column in the barometer falls1 'rain' is indicated1 and 'fair weather' when it rises4 ,when it continues steady1 a continuance of the weather at the time is regarded as the forecast2 when low1 the weather is generally broken or bad2 and when high1 it is fair and settled4 ,a storm is usually preceded by a sudden fall in the mercurial column1 the violence of the storm being in proportion to the suddenness of the fall4 ,an unsteady barometer indicates an unsettled condition of weather1 whilst a gradual change in it indicates the approach of some permanent condition of it4 ,the state and direction of the wind has also to be taken into consideration when studying the changes of the barometer1 and forms an important element in the calculations of the meteorologist1 each different wind indicating variations of weather4 ,the connection between changes of weather and the pressure of the atmosphere does not seem to have been satisfactorily established4 ,one of the reasons assigned for the mercurial column in the barometer being lower in wet than in fine weather is that so long as aqueous matter remains in the air in the form of elastic vapour1 its tension assists in supporting the barometric column1 but that when this aqueous vapour is precipitated in the form of rain1 this tension is lost or removed1 and the column therefore falls4 ,the correspondence between wet and fine weather and an elevation and depression of the barometer seems1 however1 equally1 if not more1 dependent on the nature of the winds than on the preceding cause4 ,in western ,europe1 the south and south-western winds1 which are the rain-bringing winds1 are warm winds4 ,now1 a column of warm air to be of the same weight as one of cold air must necessarily be higher1 but this cannot well be the case in the atmosphere1 for no sooner does the warm column rise by its lightness above the surrounding level of the upper surface of the arial ocean1 than it flows over and becomes nearly of the same height as the cold air around it4 ,the interchange taking place less interruptedly1 and consequently less slowly1 in the higher strata than in those near the ground1 it is some time before the equilibrium1 thus disturbed1 is restored2 and meanwhile the barometer keeps low under the pressure of a rarer atmospheric column4 ,on the other hand1 the northerly and easterly winds1 being comparatively cold and dry1 are accompanied by fair weather and a high barometer4 ,it is thus to the warmth1 and not to the moisture of these winds1 that the pressure is to be ascribed4#ajh ,footnote #ajh3 ,chambers's ',encyclopdia4' ,barometer1 ,an'eroid4 ,an instrument invented1 or at least perfected1 by ,m4 ,vidi1 of ,paris1 in which the pressure of the atmosphere is measured without the employment of a fluid1 as in the ordinary barometer4#aji ,externally1 it somewhat resembles in appearance a carriage clock or a ship's chronometer2 internally1 it consists of a small air-tight cylindrical box1 formed of thin corrugated copper plates1 and partially exhausted of air1 the sides of which yield to the pressure of the atmosphere2 the effect being regulated by a spring1 multiplied by a system of levers1 and ultimately recorded by the index on a graduated dial4 ,compensation for changes of temperature are self-effected1 with almost perfect accuracy1 by the elastic force of the spring being so adjusted to that of the air in the cylinder1 that the loss of force in the one and the increased expansive force of the other shall1 independently of changes of atmospheric pressure1 preserve the lever in equilibrio4 ,footnote #aji3 ,an instrument founded on the same principle1 and of nearly similar construction was described by ,m4 ,cont1 in #agih1 in the ',bull4 des ,sci4 ,nat41' t4 i1 ,no4 xiii1 p4 #ajf4 ,illustration ,illustration ,the indications of the aneroid barometer closely correspond to those of the mercurial barometer at ordinary ranges2 the differences never exceeding #ja of an inch4 ,it is so extremely sensitive that an ascent or descent of only a few feet is distinctly indicated by it2 whilst its portability adapts it for service in situations for which an ordinary barometer is unfitted4 ,on the other hand1 it is liable to move by jerks1 and the elasticity of the spring1 and consequently the zero-point of the scale1 has been found to be sometimes affected by time and a rough journey4 ,on this account it is necessary to compare it occasionally with some standard mercurial barometer1 to determine its amount or rate of variation1 if any4 ,illustration ,barometer1 ,phi'al4 ,this amusing philosophic toy is made by cutting off the rim and part of the neck of a common glass-phial with a file4 ,the phial is then nearly filled with water1 either pure or tinged blue or red2 and the finger being placed on its mouth1 it is inverted1 and suspended in a vertical position by means of a piece of twine or wire1 when the finger is withdrawn4 7,see engr47 ,in dry weather the under surface of the water remains level with the neck of the bottle1 or even concave2 in damp weather1 on the contrary1 a drop appears at the mouth and continues enlarging until it falls1 and is then followed by another in the same way4 ,barometer1 ,fitzroy4 ,this1 which is a very cheap instrument1 is made on the syphon principle1 but the cistern is formed by the lower limit1 which is blown into a bulb4 ,barometer1 ,port'able4 ,the most accurate are those of ,gay-,lussac and ,bunten1 and after them the aneroid4 ,they should be set on universal joints1 and well balanced4 ,the common instrument made with a box and leather cistern seldom continues long correct4 ,barometer1 ,wheel4 ,the common form of the instrument having a dial-face and hands4 ,for further information in connection with the above subject the reader is referred to the 'articles' ,,aneroid1 ,,atmosphere1 ,,gas1 ,,heights1 ,,steam1 ,,storm-,,glass1 ,,vapour1 ,,weather1 c4 ,,bar',,oscopedagger 7-skope74 ,eng41 ,fr4 ,syn4 ,,barosco',,pium1 ,l4 ,a barometer2 sometimes applied to the wheel-barometer of ,hooke4 ,,bar',,ras4 ,the concrete resinous exudation from the bark of fir-trees4 ,that from pi'nus marit'ima is called ,,galipot4 ,,barse4 ,provincial4 ,the common perch4 ,,bar',,wood4 ,a red dye-wood imported from ,angola and other parts of ,africa4 ,it closely resembles cam-wood and sanders-wood in its colouring matter being of a resinous nature1 and scarcely soluble in water4 ,in dyeing this difficulty is obviated by taking advantage of the strong affinity existing between it and the proto-salts of tin and iron4 ,thus1 by strongly impregnating the goods with protochloride of tin1 either with or without the addition of sumach1 according to the shade of red desired1 and then putting them into a boiling bath containing the rasped wood1 the colour is rapidly given out and taken up1 until the whole of the tin in the fibres of the cloth is saturated1 and the goods become of a rich bright hue4 ,in like manner the dark red of bandana handkerchiefs is commonly given by a mordant of acetate of iron followed by a boiling bath of this dye-stuff4 ,see ,,dyeing1 ,,mordants1 c4 ,,basalt' 7b7a-s7olt'74 ,eng41 ,ger4 ,syn4 ,,basal',,tes 7-s7al'-tez71 ,l42 ,,basalte1 ,fr4 ,in geology1 c41 a species of trap-rock1 essentially composed of the minerals felspar and augite4 ,it is of a fine compact texture1 of a dark-green1 grey1 or black colour1 and usually occurs in regular columns1 of which the ,giants' ,causeway and the ,island of ,staffa furnish magnificent examples4 ,it is fusible2 and when rapidly cooled forms a dark brittle glass2 but when slowly cooled retains its original beauty and hardness almost unimpaired4 ,messrs ,chance1 ,brothers1 of ,birmingham1 have availed themselves of this property to apply it to decorative and ornamental purposes4 ,their process is to melt the material#aaj in a reverberatory furnace1 and1 when sufficiently fluid1 to pour it into red-hot moulds of sand encased in iron boxes4 ,the corresponding adj4 is ,,basalt',,ic 7-solt'-2 ,,basal',,ticus1 -s7al'-1 ,l42 ,,basaltique1 ,fr474 ,footnote #aaj3 ,rowley-rag is used by the ,messrs ,c42 as beside ordinary basalt1 greenstone1 whinstone1 and other similar minerals1 possess the same property4 ,,base4 ,eng41 ,fr4 ,syn4 ,,ba',,sis 7pl41 ba'ses71 ,l41 ,gr42 ,,grund1 ,,grundfl,,che1 ,ger4 ,in chemistry it was formerly1 and is now occasionally1 applied to metallic oxides which possess the property of forming salts with acids4 ,the alkaloids are also designated organic bases4 ,in pharmacy1 the characteristic or principal ingredient in any medicine or compound preparation2 or that on which its qualities or efficacy depends4 ,,bas',,il 7-b7az'-74 ,syn4 ,,sweet ,,bas',,il1 ,,cit',,ron ,b42 ,,basil',,icum1 ,l42 ,,basilic1 ,fr42 ,,basilikum1 ,ger4 ,the oc'ymum 77os'-7 basil'icum 7,linn471 an annual aromatic herbaceous plant1 of the nat4 ord4 ,labiat 7,,dc474 ,it is a native of ,india1 but is largely cultivated in every part of ,europe as a pot-herb4 ,leaves strong-scented2 popularly reputed emmenagogue2 much used to flavour salads1 soups1 c41 especially in ,french cookery4 ,mock-turtle soup derives its peculiar flavour from this herb2 as also did the original ,fetter-lane sausages1 once so highly esteemed by cockney gourmands4 ,in ,india it is commonly employed as an anodyne in childbirth4 ,bas'il 7b7az'-74 ,syn4 ,,bas',,an2 ,,basane1 ,fr4 ,a sheep-skin1 tanned2 particularly one dressed on the grain side1 for book-binding4 ,,basil',,icon4 ,see ,,cerates and ,,ointments4 ,,bas',,ket 7b7as'-74 ,syn4 ,,coph',,inus 7k7of'-71 ,l42 ,,panier1 ,,corbeille1 c41 ,fr42 ,,korb1 ,ger4 ,,baskets are generally ,,stained or ,,coloured with the simple liquid dyes used for straw or wood2 and that1 for variegated work1 the twigs1 after being carefully peeled1 washed1 and wiped dry or slightly air-dried1 are stained before being woven4 ,see ,,osiers1 c4 ,,bassdouble-dagger4 ,provin4 ,the linden-tree2 also a hassock or mat made of its inner bark4 ,see ,,bast4 ,bassia butyracea4 ,a tree growing in the sub-tropical ,himalayas4 ,the seeds yield by expression a concrete oil1 known by the name of ,fulwa ,butter1 which does not become rancid by keeping4 ,it is held in high esteem in ,india as an external application in rheumatic and other painful maladies4 ,,bas',,sorin 7-r7in74 ,syn4 ,,bassori',,na1 ,l4 ,a substance first noticed1 by ,vauquelin1 in ,bas'sora-gum4 ,see ,,gum1 ,,insoluble1 ,,tragacanthine1 c4 ,,bast 7b7ast74 ,syn4 ,,bass 7which see74 ,the inner bark of the linden tree or tiel tree2 also matting1 c41 made of it4 ,,bas',,tards 7-t7ardz74 ,syn4 ,,bas',,tard ,,sug',,ar 7sh7o7og'-71 ,,pieces1 c4 ,in sugar-refining1 impure or damaged sugar resulting from the heat and chemicals used in the process of manufacture1 and which will not pay for purifying4 ,,ba'',,syl 7base'7il74 ,in chemistry1 any simple or compound body1 acting as a basic radical4 ,,batata ,convolvulus batatas1 or ,,sweet ,,potato4 ,this is a native of the ,east ,indies1 but is now cultivated in all tropical and sub-tropical countries for the sake of its tubers1 which are highly esteemed as an article of food4 ,they are eaten either roasted or boiled1 and are sweet1 wholesome1 and nutritious1 although somewhat laxative4 ,in some parts of ,america the ,batata1 next to maize1 forms the principal diet of the poorer classes4 ,the plant was introduced into ,england by ,sir ,francis ,drake and ,sir ,john ,hawkins2 but they do not bear the cold of our winters1 and if grown here are raised in hot-houses1 where they may be obtained without difficulty varying from #a lb4 to #b lbs4 in weight4 ,they thrive better in the south of ,europe4 ,the tubers contain about #cb per cent4 of solid matter1 #af of which is starch1 #aj sugar1 #ae albumen1 #aa gum1 #jc fat1 #bi mineral matter4 ,the leaves are used as a boiled vegetable4 ,,bath 7bahth74 ,syn4 ,,bal',,neum1 ,l42 ,,bain1 ,fr42 ,,bad1 ,ger41 ,sax4 ,a place for bathing2 a vessel or receptacle1 natural or artificial1 containing or adapted to contain water1 and used to bathe in4 ,in architecture and hygiene1 a building fitted up for and appropriated to bathing4 ,constr41 c4 ,here one of the first subjects which must engage our attention is the selection of the material of which the bath is to be formed4 ,for ,,fixed ,,baths polished white marble has always been in favour1 owing to its cleanliness and beauty4 ,for this purpose1 slabs of sufficient thickness and free from flaws or cracks should be chosen2 and they should be securely and properly bedded in good water-tight cement1 in a well-seasoned wooden case4 ,the objections to marble1 independent of its costliness1 are1 that it is apt to get yellow or discoloured1 and to lose its polish1 by frequent and careless use2 and that the restoration of its surface to its original purity1 is a matter of considerable expense and difficulty4 ,it is also only fitted to contain water with1 at the most1 soap1 weak alkalies or alkaline carbonates1 aromatics1 or neutral organic principles2 and cannot be employed with water medicated1 however slightly1 with acids1 sulphurets1 iodine1 chlorine1 salines 7others than those just named71 or calorific substances4 ,as a cheaper material thick slabs of ,welsh slate are often substituted for marble2 but even this substance is attacked by chemicals1 though much more slowly4 ,a lining of large ,dutch tiles is sometimes used3 but here the joints are very apt to leak4 ,for baths adapted to all the requirements of health and disease1 and which are at the same time durable and comparatively inexpensive1 we must1 therefore1 seek further4 ,porcelain1 glass1 and hard glazed stone-ware have been proposed1 and are even sometimes used for baths2 but they possess the disadvantages of being fragile1 and very liable to crack when filled with hot water in cold weather4 ,wedgewood-ware is very beautiful and durable2 but is expensive1 and baths formed of it can only be obtained on special order4 ,stourbridge-ware1 as produced of late years1 is the only product of the potter's art that appears entirely to meet the case2 but even this yields in durability to enamelled iron as a material for baths adapted to all liquids and temperatures1 and to rough or careless usage4 7,see engr4 #a47 ,the better qualities of ,,port',,able ,,baths 7see engr4 #b7 are generally made of copper4 ,stout tinned or galvanised iron1 and even stout block-tin thickly covered with waterproof paint or japan1 are also employed2 but though less expensive than copper1 they have the disadvantage of being much less durable4 ,all these substances are1 however1 readily acted on by chemicals4 ,a durable and cheap portable bath1 adapted to all purposes1 must1 therefore1 like a fixed one1 be made of one or other of the materials already noticed4 ,for ,,med',,icated ,,baths large wooden troughs are frequently employed1 particularly for acidulated1 ioduretted1 and sulphuretted baths4 ,illustration3 #a4 ,illustration3 #b4 ,the arrangements for supplying cold and hot water must necessarily greatly depend on circumstances1 and the quantity required4 ,for a single fixed bath1 or even for two or three of them1 the common circulating water-heater or boiler1 placed in some apartment on a rather lower level than the bath1 is1 perhaps1 the most convenient2 but where this is not attainable the water may be run1 by means of a pipe1 from a boiler situated on a somewhat higher level4 ,in either case a supply of cold water must also be at hand1 and conveyed in a like manner1 to enable the bath to be reduced to any required temperature4 ,on the large scale1 as in our public baths1 where numerous baths are in constant use during the day1 the hot water is best supplied from a large cistern somewhere above the level of the bath-rooms1 and which is heated by a coil of pipe supplied with high-pressure steam from a boiler situated on a lower level1 as the ground floor or basement4 ,the hot and the cold water1 conveyed by separate pipes of about #a-a_/b inch diameter1 unite in a two-way cock close to the bath1 so as to enter it together1 by which only one aperture in the end of the bath is required for the purpose4 ,the bath is emptied1 and excess of water removed1 by a grated aperture in the bottom1 also stopped by a cock which1 like the former1 has handles or keys so placed as to be accessible to the attendant outside the bath-room1 as well as to the bather1 whilst the danger of overflowing is obviated by a two-inch waste-pipe1 opening into the bath at about two inches from the top4 ,for heating portable baths1 so many plans are in use1 and have been suggested1 and even patented1 that the reader cannot possibly be at a loss for one to suit his particular case4 ,a small grate for burning charcoal is the one most commonly adopted2 but where attainable1 a ring or cross of small inflamed gas-jets1 is more cleanly and manageable4 ,when the bath consists of a wooden tub1 or any other deep vessel1 a simple and inexpensive apparatus brought out in ,america1 under the title of the ',,ital',,ian ,,bath'-,,warmer' 7see engr4 #c71 and made of thin sheet-iron1 will occasionally be found useful4#aaa ,footnote #aaa3 ,a small cast-iron 'horse' with three legs 7not shown in the engr47 to support the 'warmer' about #b inches above the bottom of the bath-tub1 and to keep it steady and upright1 is usually sold with it4 ,illustration3 #c4 a1 ,bath-tub4 b1 ,the larger arm of the warming-tube by which the charcoal is introduced1 and by which the fumes fly off4 c1 ,the smaller arm to admit air to support the combustion4 d1 ,the fire grate1 to support the burning charcoal4 ,this situation and the minor details connected with the comfort and convenience of the bath1 must greatly depend on the character of the building1 and the sum to be devoted to the purpose4 ,when possible1 the bath-room should always be on the same floor as the bedrooms1 of easy access to them1 and so situated and arranged1 that a plentiful and constant supply of pure water can be ensured1 and the waste water removed without trouble or inconvenience4 ,the basement story should always be avoided2 for1 as observed by ,dr ,ure1 there is a coldness and dampness belonging to it1 in almost all weathers1 which is neither agreeable nor salubrious4 ,the ranges of the temperature of water appropriate to the respective baths1 according to the common nomenclature1 are shown in the following ,table3-- ------------------------------------ ,name4 ,temperature4 ,fahr4 ------------------------------------ ,cold bath #cc to #ge ,temperate bath #ge #hb ,tepid bath #hb #ij ,warm bath #ij #ih ,hot bath #ih #aab ------------------------------------ ,concluding ,remarks4 ,the importance1 and indeed the absolute necessity of frequent personal ablution1 has been already insisted on and explained4 ,but however important and beneficial the use of water in this way may be1 the effects arising from the immersion of the body in that liquid1 as in the practice of bathing1 are far more extensive and complete4 ,what the one does usefully but not completely1 the other accomplishes readily1 satisfactorily1 and perfectly4 ,there is no absolute succedaneum for the entire bath4 ,its physiological effects are peculiar to itself1 and of the utmost importance in pathology and hygiene4 ,the practice of wearing flannel1 the daily use of clean linen1 the mere washing of the more exposed parts of the body1 are but poor attempts at cleanliness1 without the occasional1 if not frequent1 entire submersion of the body in water4 ,nor should the action of judicious bathing in the promotion of personal comfort and personal beauty be forgotten4 ,intellectual and moral vigour are also gradually1 but materially1 influenced and promoted by the beneficial action of bathing on the system2 for mind and conscience being linked to matter in the 'house we live in1' become perturbed1 or lethargic1 in almost exact accordance with the fluctuations of our physical health4 ,the neglect of bathing in this country is1 to us1 an absolute enigma4 ,we are always talking about health1 and continually professing to be seeking it2 but the practical applications of the principles which we advocate1 and the doctrines which we teach1 are1 unfortunately1 the exceptions and not the rule4 ,our recommendation of bathing applies chiefly to the warm bath and the tepid bath1 which are alike adapted to the delicate and the robust1 and to every condition of climate and season4 ,cold bathing1 in this climate1 is only suited to the most healthy and vigorous1 and can only be safely practised during the warmer months of the year1 and in a mass of water sufficient to permit of the heat of the body being maintained by swimming or other active exercise4 ,the plunge and shower baths are partial exceptions to these remarks2 whilst sea-bathing1 for the reasons given elsewhere1 comes under another category4 ,this last1 on account of its stimulative and penetrating power1 may be placed at the head of those means which regard the care of the skin2 and it certainly supplies one of the first wants of the present generation1 by opening the pores1 and thereby re-invigorating the whole nervous system4 ,besides its great power in cases of disease1 it may be employed by those who are perfectly well1 as the means most agreeable to nature for strengthening the body and preserving the health4 ,another important advantage which sea-bathing has over bathing in fresh water is1 that persons seldom take cold from indulging in it4 ,for old people1 or those of middle age1 the cold bath is not to be recommended1 or if taken1 considerable caution is required in using it4 ,by such persons1 also1 bathing in very hot weather1 or in the sea1 should likewise be prudently practised4 ,for these1 the warm or tepid sponge-bath will be found the much safer method4 ,it sometimes happens that1 both with the old and young1 the cold bath gives rise to headache1 palpitation1 shortness of breath1 loss of appetite1 or great languor4 ,whenever any of these effects are produced1 the bath should be at once given up4 ,the best time for taking a cold hath or for swimming is in the morning1 not too early1 but when the sun is well up4 ,immersion is best practised after a light meal1 but not immediately following one4 ,after breakfast1 from #aj a4m4 to noon1 are the preferable hours4 ,should the bather be unable to swim1 when going into the sea or into a river1 he should keep briskly moving all the time his body is immersed in the water4 ,if in a room bodily friction must be substituted for exercise4 ,a desirable glow may often be produced by rubbing the body with either a rough towel1 a flesh-brush1 or a pair of horsehair gloves4 ,the above remarks are meant to apply only to persons in average health4 ,weakly and delicate persons1 even without any disease about them1 would always do well to consult their medical adviser before taking to cold bathing4 ,we may add1 that for bathing to produce its best effects the water should be soft and pure1 and good soap sparingly1 but regularly1 employed whenever the skin requires it4 ,see ,,ablution and ,,wash-,,houses4 ,the medical and hygienic properties of baths are noticed below1 under their respective names3-- ,bath4 ,in chemistry1 c41 a vessel or apparatus containing some medium in which the vessel holding the substance to be heated is immersed1 instead of being exposed to the direct action of the fire2 by which means a limited and uniform temperature may be ensured4 ,the highest temperature that can be given to any substance contained in a vessel placed in another of boiling water1 is about #bje or #bjf ,fahr42 but by adding #a_/eth part of common salt to the bath1 a heat of fully #bab may be obtained4 ,baths of fusible metal1 saturated solutions of salt1 sand1 and 7on the large scale7 steam1 are also used for the same purpose4 ,a bath of oil may be safely heated to about #ejj ,fahr4 without suffering decomposition1 and will be found an exceedingly appropriate and convenient source of heat in many processes4 ,the simplest and most convenient form of water bath is that afforded by raising water to the boiling point in a copper basin placed over a gas lamp1 and supporting the vessel to be heated over the basin1 by means of a circular hoop of copper resting on the top of the basin4 ,by this means the lower surface of the dish or vessel to be heated is brought in contact with the steam4 ,copper basins1 fitted with a series of concentric copper rings1 so as to render the basin capable of supporting dishes of different sizes1 are made for this purpose4 ,illustration ,for drying many substances an air bath is required4 ,the accompanying cut represents a convenient form of air bath4 ,it consists of a cylindrical copper vessel 7,a71 the cover of which is moveable1 and has two apertures1 the middle one 7,e7 serving for the escape of vapour1 and the lateral one 7,c7 for the insertion of a thermometer4 ,the vessel holding the substance to be heated rests on a ring within the box1 supported on a tripod4 ,a larger air bath1 by means of which several small vessels can be heated at once1 is seen below4 ,air-baths are sometimes surrounded with a jacket1 and may be converted into water or oil baths1 according as the jacket is filled with either of the fluids4 ,for a ,table of ,boiling-points1 see ,,ebullition4 ,an air-bath of constant temperature between #ajj and #bjj ,c4 has been contrived by ,sprengel4 ,it consists of an ordinary hot-water oven made of sheet-lead autogenously soldered1 and filled with dilute sulphuric acid boiling at the required temperature4 ,in order that the temperature may remain constant1 the water which distils from the dilute sulphuric acid is condensed and allowed to flow back again into the bath by means of a worm of lead cooled by the atmosphere1 or a long vertical metal or glass tube4 ,illustration ,bath4 ,in medicine1 the medium in which the body1 or a part of it1 is bathed or immersed1 for some object beyond that of mere personal cleanliness or enjoyment2 the composition1 use1 or temperature of the medium being generally indicated by some epithet1 as in the instances below4 ,when only the last is pointed out1 pure water is1 of course1 intended to be used4 ,baths are divided by medical writers into classes1 and even minor subdivisions1 in a manner which is more ingenious than useful4 ,they are said to be ,,simple when water or its vapour forms the bath2 and ,,compound when the water or vapour is medicated by the addition of other substances 7,,com',,pound ,,baths2 ,,bal',,nea ,,compos',,ita1 ,l474 ,the latter class is also subdivided into ,,therapeu',,tic ,,baths 7,,med',,icated ,,baths2 ,,bal',,nea ,,medica',,ta1 ,b4 ,,therapeu',,tica1 ,l472 and ,,nutrit',,ive ,,baths 7,b4 ,,nutrien',,tia1 ,b4 ,,nutri'',,tia991 ,b4 ,,nutrito'',,ria991 ,l474 ,thus1 besides the ordinary water and vapour baths1 the medical uses of which are hereafter noticed1 we have ,,wine'-,,baths1 ,,milk'-,,baths1 ,,soup'-,,baths1 c4 7used to convey nourishment1 or to sustain the body1 as in occlusion of the oesophagus1 certain diseases of the stomach1 c472 ,,chlo'',,rine ,,baths1 ,,sul',,phurous ,b41 ,,mercu'',,rial ,b41 c4 7used in skin diseases1 syphilis1 c472 ,,aromat',,ic and ,,chalyb',,eate ,,baths 7employed as tonics72 and ,,acid ,,baths 7sometimes used to remove the effects of mercury74 ,on the ,continent a variety of substances are employed to medicate baths1 which are seldom or never so used in this country4 ,the quantity of any medicinal substance used to medicate a bath1 for an adult1 may be1 in general1 for each gallon of water employed1 about the same as that which is used to form a half-pint lotion of medium or rather weak strength4 ,thus2 taking the quantity of bichloride of mercury to form the lotion at #e gr41 and that of sulphurated potash at #a_/b dr41 the quantity required for a bath of #cj to #dj galls4 will be about #b-a_/b dr4 of the first1 and about #a-c_/d oz4 of the second of these substances4 ,much1 however1 depends on the nature of the case1 the length of the immersion1 the periods of recurrence1 and the intended number of repetitions4 ,in the case of very active remedies it will be safest and best to begin with less than 7say #a_/d to #a_/c7 the quantity thus indicated4 ,medicated baths are1 in nearly all cases1 taken warm or fully tepid4 asterism ,in the following baths the quantity of the ingredients ordered1 when not otherwise indicated1 is that proper for an ordinary full-sized bath for an adult2 viz41 from #dj to #fj galls4 ,those which do not contain volatile substances may be used more than once2 and many of them several times by adding a small quantity of fresh ingredients to keep up their strength4 ,bath1 ,acid 77as'-74 ,syn4 ,,bal',,neum ,,ac',,idum 77as'-71 ,l4 ,see ,,hydrochloric1 ,,nitric1 ,,nitro-,,hydrochloric1 and ,,sulphuric ,,acid ,,baths 7below74 ,enamelled1 hard-glazed1 or wooden vessels must be used with all of them4 ,bath1 ,air4 ,syn4 ,,bal',,neum ,,pneumat',,icum1 ,l43--a4 7,cold47 ,simple exposure of the body1 in a state of nudity1 for a short time to the atmosphere4 ,tonic1 anodyne1 and sedative2 in febrile excitement1 nervous irritability1 and restlessness accompanied by a quick or full pulse1 c4 ,safe and often very effective4 ,it will frequently induce sleep when all other means fail4 b4 7,hot3--,,assa1 ,a4 ,,suda',,tio1 ,l47 ,an apartment to which dry heated air is admitted4 ,sometimes the arrangement is such that the air is not inhaled4 ,stimulant2 sudorific2 more so than even the vapour bath2 produces copious perspiration1 being1 indeed1 the most powerful and certain diaphoretic known4 ,it has been advantageously employed in cholera 7for which its advocates state that it is almost a specific71 congestive fevers1 chronic rheumatism1 contractions1 stiff joints1 paralysis1 scaly skin-diseases1 dropsical swellings1 and most of the cases in which the vapour bath is usually employed4 ,the temperatures are--as a sudorific1 #he to #aje ,fahr42 as a stimulant1 #ajj to #acj4 ,when not inhaled it may be often raised1 with advantage1 #ae to #be higher4 ,see ,,bath1 ,,turkish4 c4 7,compressed47 ,recommended1 by ,m4 ,tarberie1 in aphonia1 c4 ,it has recently been employed in asthma1 phthisis1 and some other like diseases1 with extraordinary success1 at ,ben ,rhydding4 d4 7,rarefied47 ,applied locally4 ,revulsive2 resembles ,,cupping1 ,,dry 7which see74 ,bath1 ,al'kaline4 ,syn4 ,,al',,kalised ,,bath2 ,,bal',,neum ,,alkali',,num1 ,b4 ,,alkaliza',,tum1 ,l4 ,carbonate of potash 7salt of tartar71 #c_/d lb4 ,in itch1 prurigo and chronic skin diseases accompanied with dryness and irritation1 acute gout1 lithic gravel1 scurvy1 diarrhoea1 c4 ,scotch soda1 #a lb41 is sometimes substituted for the 'potash'2 but is less effective1 and is theoretically objectionable4 ,bath1 ,al'um4 ,syn4 ,,bal',,neum ,,alu',,minis1 ,l4 ,alum 7in powder1 or previously dissolved in hot water71 #c_/d lb4 to #a-a_/b lb41 or even #b lbs4 ,in troublesome excoriations1 extensive burns1 obstinate vesicular eruptions1 diarrhoea1 c42 also in obstinate piles and prolapsus ani4 ,see ,,bath1 ,,astringent4 ,bath1 ,ammoni'acal4 ,see ,,hydrochlorate ,,of ,,ammonia ,,bath 7below74 ,bath1 ,animal4 ,syn4 ,,bal',,neum ,,anima',,le1 ,l4 ,the skin or any part of an animal just killed1 wrapped round the body or a limb4 ,once much esteemed2 now1 happily1 disused in this country4 ,bath1 ,antimo''nial4 ,syn4 ,,bal',,neum ,,antimonia',,le1 ,l4 ,tartar-emetic1 #a to #b oz4 7,soubeiran47 ,in lumbago and certain skin diseases2 also as a counter-irritant4 ,bath1 ,antipso''ric4 ,syn4 ,,bal',,neum ,,antipso'',,ricum1 ,l4 ,see ,,bath1 ,,sulphuretted 7also others74 ,bath1 ,aromat'ic4 ,syn4 ,,bal',,neum ,,aromat',,icum1 ,l4 ,balm1 chamomile1 lavender1 mint1 rosemary1 sage1 thyme1 with any other like aromatic herbs 7at will71 of each a handful1 mixed together and steeped in a 7covered7 pail of boiling or very hot water1 for an hour1 and then strained1 with pressure1 into the bath4 ,sometimes #b or #c oz4 of sal-ammonia1 a #a_/d lb4 of alum1 or #a lb4 of common salt1 is also added4 ,occasionally used in cutaneous affections1 chronic rheumatism1 diarrhoea1 dyspepsia1 stiff-joints1 c42 also in debility arising from loss of blood1 spermatorrhoea1 suppressions1 hysteria1 hypochondriasis1 c4 ,the ,,aromatic ,,vapour ,,bath is made by causing the vapour to pass through the herbs4 ,baths1 ,aromatic ,malt 7,j4 ,hoff1 ,berlin74 ,wittstein says these consist of coarsely crushed barley malt at six times its selling value4 ,bath1 ,astrin'gent4 ,syn4 ,,bal',,neum ,,astrin',,gens1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,most47 ,alum 7#b to7 #d lbs42 dissolve in boiling water2 and add1 whey1 #f or #h pailfuls1 or q4 s4 ,in extensive burns1 piles1 prolapsus ani1 c4 ,see ,,bath1 ,,alum1 ,,bath1 ,,oakbark1 c4 ,bath1 ,balsamic4 ,syn4 ,,bal',,neum ,,balsam',,inum1 ,l4 ,bordeaux turpentine and tar1 of each #b lbs4 7or of tar alone1 #c to #d lbs472 hot water1 #f or #g galls42 stir continuously until nearly cold1 then add the clear portion to water q4 s4 to form a bath4 ,in mumps1 pruriginous diseases of the skin1 eczema1 impetigo1 c4 ,bath1 ,barges 7,factitious74 ,syn4 ,,bal',,neum ,,baretginen',,se 7,factitium71 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,crystallised sulphide of sodium1 #c-a_/b oz42 chloride of sodium1 #a-a_/b oz42 gelatine 7dissolved71 #d oz4 #b4 7,trousseau ,reveil47 ,dry sulphide of potassium1 #d oz42 water1 #af oz42 dissolve1 and add the solution to the bath2 then further add1 of sulphuric or hydrochloric acid1 #a_/b oz41 previously diluted with water1 #h oz4 ,in itch1 moist skin diseases1 chronic diarrhoea1 chronic rheumatism1 lead colic1 c4 ,see ,,balls1 ,,waters1 c4 ,bath1 ,benzo'ic4 ,syn4 ,,bal',,neum ,,benzo',,icum1 ,l4 #a4 ,benzoin 7in powder71 #a_/b lb42 water 7at #ij7 q4 s4 ,in irritations1 hysteria1 hypochondriasis1 c4 ,it is also reputed to be feebly aphrodisiac4 #b4 ,a common warm bath1 with a little powdered benzoin laid on a heated plate near the bather1 so that the fumes may be inhaled4 ,slightly soothing or anodyne2 in chronic laryngitis1 relaxed uvula1 c4 ,bath1 ,bichlo''ride of ,mer'cury4 ,see ,,bath1 ,,mercurial4 ,bath1 ,bran4 ,syn4 ,,bal',,neum ,,fur',,furis1 ,l4 ,bran1 #e to #g lbs42 boiling waters1 #b or #c galls42 digested together for an hour1 or boiled for #ae minutes2 the strained liquid being added to the bath4 ,emollient2 in dry and scaly skin disease1 and to allay itching and surfacial irritation2 also to promote suppuration1 c4 ,bath1 ,bromine4 ,the saline waters of ,kreuznach contain bromides4 ,the salts derived from the evaporation of these waters are imported into this country1 and are employed in baths4 ,or the following substitute may be used3--,artificial sea-salt1 #aa lbs42 bromide of potassium1 #d oz42 mix1 and let the above be added to a bath containing sufficient water for immersion4 ,the bromine bath is more especially used for tumours of every kind4 ,it requires to be continued in for a long time4 ,when the patient does not possess the conveniences for taking the bath1 flannels dipped in a strong solution of the salt and wrung out may be applied wet to the abdomen for some hours daily4 ,bath1 ,cam'phor4 ,syn4 ,,bal',,neum ,,cam',,phor1 ,b4 ,,camphoratum1 ,l4 ,camphor1 #c or #d dr41 coarsely powdered1 and placed on a plate heated by boiling water1 in the bathroom4 ,anodyne1 anaphrodisiac1 and diaphoretic2 in spasmodic asthma1 chronic cough1 relaxation of the uvula1 ardor urin1 nervous irritability1 c4 ,bath1 ,carbon'ic4 ,syn4 ,,carbon',,ic ,,acid ,,bath2 ,,bal',,neum ,,carbon',,icum1 ,b4 ,,ac',,idum ,,carbonicum1 ,l4 #a4 ,carbonic acid gas applied1 by means of a suitable apparatus1 to prevent its being respired4 ,antiseptic1 diaphoretic1 and excitant to the vascular system2 in amenorrhoea1 chlorosis1 hysteria1 scrofula1 cancerous and other ulcers 7particularly foul ones71 c4 #b4 ,water1 at #ej ,fahr41 charged with the gas4 ,powerfully antiseptic and sedative2 in foul ulcers1 gangrene1 c4 ,bath1 ,chlo''ride of ,ammo''nium4 ,syn4 ,,bal',,neum ,,ammo'',,nii ,,chlori',,di1 ,b4 ,,ammo'',,ni ,,hydrochlora',,tis1 ,l4 ,sal-ammoniac1 #b to #c lbs41 or even #d lbs4 ,in chronic inflammations1 glandular enlargements and indurations1 chronic rheumatism and affections of the joints1 leucorrhoea1 chilblains1 frost-bites1 c4 ,bath1 ,chlo''ride of ,soda4 ,solution of chlorinated soda1 #a-a_/b lb42 water1 #cj galls4 ,bath1 ,chlo''rine4 ,syn4 ,,bal',,neum ,,chlorin',,ii1 ,b4 ,,chlorina',,tum1 ,l4 ,tepid water to which a little chlorine has been added4 ,antiseptic1 stimulant1 and subsequently sedative and antiphlogistic2 in itch1 foul and gangrenous ulcers1 chronic liver affections1 c4 ,chloride of lime is commonly substituted for chlorine4 #b4 7,magendie2 ,wallace47 ,chlorine gas 7obtained from salt1 #a-a_/b oz42 oil of vitriol and water1 of each #a oz42 and black oxide of manganese1 #a_/b oz4 to #a oz47 diluted with air1 at a temperature of #ajd to #aej ,fahr41 and applied1 by means of a suitable apparatus1 for #aj minutes to #a_/b an hour2 every possible precaution being taken to prevent it being inhaled4 ,in chronic liver affections1 gradually and cautiously increasing the ingredients to three times the above quantity1 and decreasing the dilution with air until the gas is used nearly pure4#aab ,footnote #aab3 ,a dangerous remedy in careless or unskilful hands2 and even with the experienced not always free from danger4 ,the writer of this article once nearly lost his life from a single inspiration of the gas which accidentally escaped its proper limits4 ,terrific spasms of the glottis and a convulsive cough immediately came on1 and lasted1 with more or less severity1 for nearly #ad hours4 ,bath1 ,cold4 ,syn4 ,,balneum ,,frig',,idum 7-fr7ij'-71 ,,frigida'',,rium1 ,l42 ,,bain ,,froid1 ,fr4 ,water1 fresh1 saline1 or mineral1 at a temperature varying from #cc to about #ge2 but usually understood to apply to water between #ej and #gj ,fahr4 ,when below #ej it is considered very cold4 ,at a temperature ranging from #fj to about #ge it is commonly used by the healthy and vigorous as a luxury1 and for cleanliness4 ,the immediate effects of the cold bath are a sensation of cold 7speedily followed by one of warmth71 contraction of the cutaneous vessels1 paleness of the skin1 diminution of perspiration1 and reduction of the volume of the body4 ,shivering1 and1 as the water rises to the chest1 a kind of convulsive sobbing1 are also experienced4 ,continued immersion renders the pulse small1 and ultimately imperceptible1 and the respiration difficult and irregular4 ,a feeling of inactivity succeeds2 the joints become rigid and inflexible2 pain in the head1 drowsiness1 and cramps1 come on2 the temperature of the body falls rapidly2 and faintness1 followed by death1 ensues4 ,its primary effects constitute the ,,shock--its secondary effects1 the ,,reaction or ,,glow4#aac ,hence it is that immersion of the body in water below about #fe ,fahr4 cannot be tolerated for any length of time without such a loss of animal heat as frequently to induce highly sedative and depressing effects1 from which the constitution does not readily recover4 ,water at a temperature of below about #ej ,fahr4 can only be safely used as a plunge-bath4 ,the sedative effects of sea and mineral waters is much than that of pure water1 or of spring or river water4 ,footnote #aac3 ,pereira1 ',mat4 ,med4 and ,therap41' #dth ed41 i1 #bi4 ,the cold bath1 medically considered1 is tonic1 stimulant1 and restorative1 when judiciously taken1 and when not too long continued or too often repeated4 ,when beneficial1 the patient feels a pleasant glow on the surface of the body immediately following it4 ,if a sensation of coldness or shivering ensues1 it acts injuriously1 and should not be repeated4 ,the duration of the immersion may vary from #b to #ae minutes1 the precise time depending upon the temperature of the water and the feelings of the bather2 the longer period being only proper in fine weather1 and when accompanied by swimming or violent exercise4 ,as a remedial agent1 the cold bath is principally recommended to increase the tone and vigour of the system2 and is contra-indicated when there is a tendency to apoplexy1 or to chronic affections1 functional or organic1 of the heart1 lungs1 or kidneys4 ,it should never be taken when the person feels chilly1 languid1 or depressed2 or if drowsiness and shivering follow it4 ,the temperature of the water of the rivers and the coasts of ,england ranges1 in summer1 from #ee to #gj or #gb ,fahr4 ,bath1 ,creosote4 ,creosote1 #b dr42 glycerin1 #b oz42 boiling water1 one gall4 ,to be added to #bi galls4 of water4 ,bath1 ,douche4 ,see ,,bath1 ,,shower1 ,,douche1 c4 ,bath1 ,dry4 ,syn4 ,,bal',,neum ,,siccum1 ,l4 ,the immersion of the body in any dry material1 as ashes1 salt1 sand1 c4 ,,earth-,,bathing1 as administered by the once notorious quack1 ,dr ,graham1 was of this kind4 ,in the sudatorium or sweating room of the ancients the body was immersed in heated sand4 ,bath1 ,elec'tric4 ,syn4 ,,bal',,neum ,,elec',,tricum1 ,l4 ,the patient1 placed on an insulated stool1 is put in contact1 by means of a metallic wire1 with the prime conductor of an electrical machine in action4 ,the surface of the body is thus rendered electro-positive1 and the surrounding air1 by induction1 electro-negative4 ,it has been recommended in chronic rheumatism1 scirrhous tumours1 c4 ,bath1 ,electro-chemical 7of ,dr ,caplin74 ,this is founded on the supposition that all diseases arise from the presence of mineral1 or other extraneous morbific matter1 in some organ1 or the whole organism1 and which is capable of removal by electrolysis4 ,the patient is placed in an appropriately arranged voltaic bath1 and there saturated with the electric fluid4 ,this decomposes everything which is foreign to the organism1 the vital parts being protected by the law of conservation belonging to every organic production4 ,these foreign substances are said to be thus carried out of the system by the electric current1 and to be fixed and plated on the copper in the same way1 and according to the same law and principle 7only reversed71 as in the process of electro-plating4#aad ,footnote #aad3 ',hist4 ,records of the ,electro-chem4 ,bath1' by ,mons4 ,j4 ,f4 ,j4 ,caplin1 ,m4,d4 ,baillire1 #ahfj4 ,bath1 ,fec'ula4 ,syn4 ,,bal',,neum ,,am',,yli1 ,b4 ,f,c',,ul1 ,l4 ,potato-starch or wheat-starch1 #a to #d lbs42 boiling water q4 s4 to dissolve4 ,resembles the ,,bran-,,bath4 ,bath1 ,ferru'ginous4 ,syn4 ,,chalyb',,eate ,,bath2 ,,bal',,neum ,,ferrugin',,eum1 ,b4 ,,chalybeatum1 ,l4 #a4 ,green sulphate of iron1 #a to #b lbs4 ,a well-tinned copper1 wooden1 or japanned bath may be used4 ,in general debility when chalybeates are indicated1 and the stomach will not bear iron2 also in piles and prolapsus4 ,the stains on the towels used to wipe the patient may be removed by at once soaking them in water acidulated with hydrochloric acid4 #b4 7,ioduretted47 ,see ,,bath ,,of ,,iodide ,,of ,,iron4 ,bath1 ,foot4 ,syn4 ,,pedilu',,vium1 ,l4 ,warm 7or hot74 ,revulsive1 counter-irritant2 in colds1 menstrual and hmorrhoidal suppressions1 rheumatism1 stiffness of the ankles1 tender feet1 c4 ,a little common salt1 flour of mustard1 or sal-ammoniac1 is often added to render it more stimulant1 to prevent 'taking cold1' c4 ,see ,,feet1 c4 ,bath1 ,gelat'inous4 ,syn4 ,,bal',,neum ,,gelatino',,sum1 ,b4 ,,gelatin',,ii1 ,l4 ,gelatin or fine ,salisbury glue1 #c or #d lbs42 dissolved in boiling water1 #b galls41 or q4 s42 and added to a warm bath4 ,at the ',hospital for ,cutaneous ,diseases' #h lbs4 of patent size are used for a bath of #cj to #ce galls4 ,emollient2 formerly1 but erroneously1 considered nutritive4 ,used in skin diseases2 generally combined with sulphur4 ,see ,,bath1 ,,bar,,ges4 ,bath1 ,glyc'erine 7gl7is'74 ,syn4 ,,bal',,neum ,,glycerin',,ii1 ,b4 ,g4 ,,compos',,itum1 ,l4 ,glycerine1 #b lbs42 gum arabic 7dissolved71 #a lb4 ,used as a soothing emollient1 in itching1 dryness1 irritation1 and hardness of the skin1 c4 ,where expense is an object1 #c or #d lbs4 of good honey1 and #a oz4 of salt of tartar1 form an excellent substitute for the glycerine4 ,bath1 ,hem'lock4 ,syn4 ,,bal',,neum ,,co',,nii1 ,l4 #a4 ,dried hemlock-leaves 7or herb71 #d to #f handfuls2 water1 #a gall42 infuse #b hours1 and strain4 ,the part to be immersed in1 or bathed with1 the warm infusion1 observing not to apply it if the skin is unsound2 or it may be added to the water of a bath in the usual manner4 ,in gout1 cancer1 chronic rheumatism1 and certain skin diseases4 #b4 7,cut4 ,hosp47 ,extract of hemlock1 #b oz42 starch1 #a lb42 boiling water1 #a gall42 dissolve4 ,for a bath of about #cj galls4 ,as the last4 ,bath1 ,hip4 ,syn4 ,,cox,,lu',,vium1 ,l4 ,usually warm2 sometimes fully warm1 or somewhat hot4 ,in inflammatory1 spasmodic1 and chronic affections of the abdominal and pelvic viscera2 in suppressed and painful menstruation1 hmorrhoids1 strangury1 prolapsus1 ischuria1 c42 also as a substitute for a full bath1 when this last is contra-indicated by some affection of the lungs1 heart1 brain1 or great vessels4 ,like full baths1 it may be often advantageously medicated4 ,see ,,bidet4 ,illustration ,bath1 ,hot4 ,syn4 ,,bal',,neum ,,cal',,idum1 ,,calda'',,rium1 ,l42 ,,bain ,,chaud1 ,fr4 ,usual temperature1 #ih to #ajf ,fahr4 ,the hot bath has a remarkably tranquillising effect upon the nervous system1 producing a strong tendency to quietude and sleep4 ,it also acts as a powerful antispasmodic1 and by determining the blood to the surface of the body tends to relieve visceral inflammation and congestion4 ,in chronic affections arising from the action of cold and damp and from exhausted energy1 in stiff joints1 rheumatism1 neuralgia1 diarrhoea1 and numerous other affections1 its effects are often rapid and remarkable4 ,at high temperatures it strongly stimulates the arterial system1 and arouses nervous energy and vital action1 producing excessive excitement and turgescence1 followed by copious perspiration1 which has been often found successful in cholera1 paralysis1 c4 ,if the immersion be too long continued1 or the bath be injudiciously employed1 lassitude1 debility1 and somnolency ensue1 and the good effect of the bath is more or less lost4 ,in these cases violent throbbing and painful distension of the vessels of the head1 with a distressing feeling of suffocation and anxiety1 are premonitory symptoms of impending apoplexy1 an accident which sometimes1 though seldom1 follows its improper use4 ,bath1 ,hydrochlo''rate of ,ammonia4 ,see ,,bath1 ,,chloride ,,of ,,ammonium4 ,bath1 ,hydrochlo''ric ,acid4 ,syn4 ,,muriat',,ic ,,acid ,,bath2 ,,bal',,neum ,,hydrochlo'',,ricum1 ,b4 ,,acidum ,h41 ,b4 ,,muriat',,icum1 c41 ,l4 ,commercial hydrochloric acid1 #a to #c lbs4 7in chronic liver affections72 or #c to #f fl4 oz4 7in prurigo and lichen74 ,bath1 ,hydrosul'phuretted4 ,syn4 ,,bal',,neum ,,hydrosulphure',,tum1 ,l4--#a4 ,a tepid sulphuretted bath1 with the addition of hydrochloric acid1 #b or #c fl4 dr41 immediately before immersion4 ,in rheumatism1 chronic skin diseases1 hooping-cough1 and certain forms of paralysis3--#b4 ,a tepid bath to which #c to #f fl4 oz4 of 7liquid7 hydrosulphate of ammonia is added immediately before use4 ,used as the last4 ,it often acts almost as a specific in hooping-cough and certain breath ailments4 ,bath1 ,i'odine of ,i'ron4 ,syn4 ,,bal',,neum ,,fer',,ri ,,iodi',,di1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,pierquin47 ,iodide of iron1 #a_/b oz4 to #b oz4 ,in amenorrhoea1 leucorrhoea1 chlorosis1 scrofula1 c42 gradually increasing the quantity of the iodide until #d oz41 or more1 is used for a bath4 ,bath1 ,i'odine4 ,syn4 ,,bal',,neum ,,iodin',,ii1 ,l43--#a4 ,iodine1 #c to #e dr42 dry siliceous sand1 #b oz42 triturated together until reduced to fine powder1 and then agitated with the water of a tepid bath for #aj or #ae minutes4 #b4 7,cutan4 ,hosp47 ,iodine1 #d dr42 liquor of potassa1 #d oz42 water1 #b pints2 dissolve2 for a bath of #cj galls4 ,in skin diseases complicated with scrofula1 glandular enlargements1 amenorrhoea1 c4 ,bath1 ,io'duretted4 ,syn4 ,,io',,durated ,,bath1 ,i',,odised ,b41 ,,compound ,,iodine-,b41 c42 ,,bal',,neum ,,iodure',,tum1 ,b4 ,,iodura',,tum991 ,b4 ,,potas'',,sii ,,superiodi',,di1 c41 ,l4 ,lugol1 the leading authority on this subject1 employs this bath of the different strengths1 c41 shown in the following tables3-- a4 ,,for ,,adults3-- ---------------------------------------- -------- ,degree4 ,iodine4 ,iodide of ,water for the ,potassium4 bath4 ---------------------------------------- -------- dr4 dr4 gal4 ---------------------------------------- -------- #a #b to #b-a_/b #d to #e #ej ---------------------------------------- -------- #b #b #c #d #f #fj ---------------------------------------- -------- #c #c #c-a_/b #f #g #ge ---------------------------------------- -------- b4 ,,for ,,children3-- ---------------------------------------- - ,age4 ,iodine4 ,iodide of ,water4 ,potassium4 ---------------------------------------- - gr4 gr4 gal4 ---------------------------------------- - #d to #g #cj to #cf #fj to #gb #i ---------------------------------------- - #g #aa #dh #gb #if #add #ah ---------------------------------------- - #aa #ad #gb #if #add #aib #ca ---------------------------------------- - asterism ,the dry ingredients of the first ,table are to be dissolved in a pint of water1 and of the second1 in #a_/b pint of water1 before adding them to the bath4 ,in scrofulous affections and the other cases in which the external use of iodine or the iodides is indicated4 ,enamelled ware1 stoneware1 or wooden vessels must be employed4 ,bath1 ,lime4 ,syn4 ,,bal',,neum ,,cum ,,cal',,ce1 ,l4 ,lime1 #c lbs42 slaked1 and added to the bath4 ,in gout1 lithic diathesis1 itch1 c4 ,see ,,bath1 ,,vapour4 ,bath1 ,mercu''rial4 ,syn4 ,,antisyphilit',,ic ,,bath2 ,,bal',,neum ,,mercuria',,le1 ,b4 ,,hydrar',,gyri ,,bichlori',,di1 ,b4 ,,antisyphilit',,icum1 c41 ,l42 ,,bain ,,mercuriel1 ,b4 ,,antisyphilitique1 c41 ,fr4 ,bichloride of mercury1 in fine powder1 #a to #c dr41 hot water1 #a pint2 agitate together until solution is complete1 before adding them to the bath1 the 'water' of which 7contained in an enamelled or wooden vessel7 must be soft 7rain7 and pure4 ,at the ',cutan4 ,hosp4' hydrochloric acid 7 #a_/crd the weight of the chloride7 is commonly added2 and at the ',fr4 hospitals1' an equal1 or rather more than an equal weight1 of sal-ammoniac4 ,these additions facilitate the solution of the chloride1 and retard its decomposition by any slight impurity in the water forming the bath4 ,uses1 c4 ,in syphilitic affections1 either with or without skin disease2 in chronic rheumatism1 swelled joints1 and chronic skin diseases generally1 where the use of mercury is indicated1 and the remedy is rejected by the stomach2 especially in these affections in women and children 7for the last1 proportionately reduced in strength and quantity74 ,also used in it1 and to destroy pediculi on the body4 ,bath1 ,met'al4 ,see ,,bath 7in ,chemistry71 ,,fusible ,,metal1 c4 ,bath1 ,mud4 ,syn4 ,,bal',,neum ,,lu',,teum1 ,b4 ,,lu',,ti1 ,l4 ,mud-bathing 7,,illuta',,tion7 was common among the ancients4 ,the slime of rivers1 and the mud on the sea-shore1 were especially prized for this purpose4 ,the ,tartars and ,egyptians still employ baths of this description in hypochondriasis1 scrofula1 and scurvy4 ,at ,franzenbad1 in ,germany1 an acidulous species of black bog-earth found there1 is beaten up with warm water to a semi-liquid consistence1 and used as a bath4 ,this is said to render the skin satin-like and soft2 and to be useful in debility1 and in paralytic affections of a gouty origin4 ,in ,france1 hot dung 7,,dung ,,bath7 is occasionally used in rheumatism2 and in ,poland1 in syphilis4 ,the husk of grapes and the refuse of olives1 after undergoing a partial fermentation1 have been successfully employed in ,france against acute rheumatism4#aae ,footnote #aae3 ,mrat and ,de ,lens1 ',dict4 ,univ4 de ,mat4 ,md4' ,bath1 ,muriat'ic4 ,see ,,bath1 ,,hydrochloric ,,acid4 ,bath1 ,mus'tard4 ,syn4 ,,bal',,neum ,,sina',,pis1 ,l43--#a4 ,flour of mustard1 #b lbs42 warm water1 #a gall42 make a thin soup2 in fifteen minutes pour it into a coarse linen bag or cloth1 and press out the liquid1 which is to be stirred up with the bath4 ,in cholera1 diarrhoea simulating cholera1 c42 also to cause reaction2 the patient remaining in the bath until a somewhat painful sense of burning and irritation is experienced3--#b4 ,flour of mustard1 #c to #h oz42 as before4 ,used as a gentle stimulant to excite the skin1 and promote its healthy action1 c4 ,bath1 ,ni'tro-hydrochlo''ric4 ,syn4 ,,ac',,id ,,bathdouble-dagger 77as'-71 ,,nitro-,,muriat',,ic ,b4991 ,n4 ,a4 ,b4992 ,,bal',,neum ,,nitro-,,hydrochlo'',,ricum4 ,b4 ,,ac',,idi 77as'-71 ,b4 ,a4 ,,nitro-,,hydrochlo'',,rici1 ,b4 ,a4 ,,nitro-,,muriat',,ici991 c41 ,l43--#a4 ,water slightly acidulated with the acid1 so that its sourness to the taste is about that of common vinegar4 ,according to ,ainslie1 #a oz4 of acid is sufficient for #a gall4 of water4#aaf ,other formul in use are-- ,footnote #aaf3 ',mat4 ,med4 ,indica1' ii1 #cdj4 #b4 7,cutan4 ,hosp47 ,nitric acid1 #a-a_/b lb42 hydrochloric acid1 #a lb42 for a bath of #fj to #gj galls4 #c4 7,soubeiran47 ,nitro-hydrochloric acid1 #d to #af fl4 oz42 according to the case4 #d4 7,dr ,scott47 ,nitric acid1 #b fl4 oz42 hydrochloric acid1 #c fl4 oz42 water1 #e fl4 oz42 mix4 #a-a_/b to #b fl4 oz4 to each gall4 of water for a general bath2 #c fl4 oz4 to the gall4 for a foot1 knee1 or sponge bath4 ,uses1 c4 ,in its weaker forms1 in skin-diseases depending on disordered liver2 in others1 chiefly in liver complaints1 and to relieve the pain on the passing of gall-stones4 ,it must be contained in an enamelled or wooden vessel1 and may be used as a hip1 knee1 or foot-bath2 a knee-bath being the one generally adopted in ,england4 ,dr ,scott1 of ,bombay1 who first brought this bath into notice1 once plunged the ,duke of ,wellington up to his chin in one1 in ,india1 and thus cured him of a severe hepatic affection4 ,in its stronger form it causes tingling and pricking of the skin1 and a peculiar taste in the mouth1 and affects the gums and salivary glands1 often producing plentiful ptyalism1 without which1 indeed1 its advocates regard its action as incomplete4 ,time of application1 #ae to #bj minutes daily1 for a fortnight or three weeks2 and afterwards1 every second or third day4 ,bath1 ,oak-,bark4 ,syn4 ,,bal',,neum ,,quer',c,s1 ,b4 ,,quer',,ci1 ,l4 ,oak-bark1 #c or #d handfuls for a child2 #aj to #ae for an adult2 made into a decoction1 and strained with pressure into the bath4 ,in hmorrhoids1 prolapsus1 leucorrhoea1 hernia1 diarrhoea1 ill-conditioned and bleeding ulcerations1 c4 ,drs ,elaesser1 ,eberle1 and ,fletcher have successfully employed it in the intermittents of infancy and childhood1 tabes mesenterica or scrofula1 c4 ,it has also proved useful in phthisis4 ,bath1 ,oil4 ,syn4 ,,bal',,neum ,,oleo',,sum1 ,l4 ,olive or other oil 7hot71 strongly aromatised with the oils of cassia1 cloves1 nutmegs1 cedron1 and juniper2 and digested for a week on ambergris and vanilla1 of each 7bruised71 about #aj gr4 to the gallon4 ,used1 in the ,east1 to anoint the body1 as a preservative against the plague and other contagious diseases2 also as a full bath or hip-bath1 the immersion being for #ae to #cj minutes4 ,bath1 ,pneumat'ic4 ,see ,,bath1 ,,air4 ,bath1 ,saline' 7,gelatinous74 ,syn4 ,,bal',,neum ,,sali',,no-,,gelatino',,sum1 ,l42 ,,bain ,,de ,,plombi,,res1 ,fr4 ,prep4 ,common salt and ,flanders glue1 of each #b lbs42 water1 #a gall42 dissolve separately1 and add the solutions to the bath4 ,in scrofula1 c4 ,bath1 ,salt4 ,see ,,bath1 ,,saline1 ,,bath1 ,,sea1 c4 ,bath1 ,sand4 ,syn4 ,,bal',,neum ,,are',n1 ,l42 ,,bain ,,de ,,sable1 ,fr4 ,see ,,bath 7in ,chemistry71 ,,bath1 ,,dry1 c4 ,bath1 ,sea4 ,syn4 ,,bal',,neum ,,mari',,num1 ,l42 ,,bain ,,marin1 ,fr4 ,immersion in the sea or in recent sea water 7temperate1 tepid1 warm1 or hot74 ,owing to the saline matter which it contains1 it possesses stimulant1 alterative1 and resolvent properties1 superadded to those of pure water at the corresponding temperature4 ,when taken1 in summer1 on our coasts1 the reaction and glow follow more speedily and certainly than after a common water bath2 and it may be taken with greater safety1 and for a longer period4 ,it often proves very serviceable in diseases accompanied with debility1 in phthisis1 scrofula1 glandular enlargement1 c4 ,a warm or hot sea-water bath is one of the most restorative imaginable2 often removing the effects of fatigue and exposure--exhaustion1 stiff joints1 cramps1 rheumatism1 c4--like a charm4 ,unless under sanction of a medical man1 boys and girls should never be allowed to bath in the sea after the end of ,september4 ,see ,,bath 7above71 ,,waters1 c4 ,bath1 ,sea4 7,factitious74 ,syn4 ,,bal',,neum ,,mari',,num ,,facti'',,tium1 ,l4 ,artificial sea-water1 or rather a substitute for sea-water1 for this purpose1 is commonly prepared by adding about #c of common salt to ordinary water4#aag ,the following are1 however1 more serviceable imitations3-- ,footnote #aag3 ,or 7say7 for small quantities-- #a-a_/d oz4 to the quart2 #e oz4 to the gallon4 ,and for large quantities1 as a full bath-- #b lbs4 to every #g gallons4 #a4 ,as above1 with the addition of #a dr4 of iodide of potassium to every #c or #d galls4 of water4 #b4 7,cutan4 ,hosp474 ,common salt1 #h lbs42 sulphate of magnesia1 #b lbs42 chloride of calcium1 #a lb42 water1 #ej to #fj galls4 #c4 ,salt1 a handful2 water1 a pailful2 flour of mustard1 #a oz4 ,for a foot-bath4 ,bath1 ,show'er4 ,syn4 ,,implu'',,vium1 ,,bal',,neum ,,pen',,sile1 c41 ,l42 ,,douche1 ,fr4 ,similar in its effects to the cold bath or plunge-bath2 but without many of its advantages4 ,it is less alarming to nervous persons1 and less liable to produce cramp1 than immersion in cold water2 whilst the reaction or glow follows more speedily and certainly4 ,it is considered the best and safest mode of cold bathing1 and is often highly serviceable in nervous affections4 ,a good plan is to allow the water to remain in the bedroom all night1 by which any undue degree of coldness is removed4 ,tepid water may be commenced with2 and at first1 in extreme cases1 the patient may stand in hot or warm water at the time of taking the bath4 ,the reaction following its use is greatly promoted by friction of the surface with dry rough towels4 ,illustration ,bath1 ,soap4 ,syn4 ,,bal',,neum ,,sapo',,nis1 ,l4 ,white soap1 #b to #c lbs42 water1 #c quarts2 dissolve by heat1 and add it to a warm bath4 ,detergent1 lubricating1 and discutient2 in itch and other skin diseases1 c4 ,bath1 ,spon''ging 7sp7unje'-74 ,this title explains itself4 ,in the sponging bath exercise and ablution are combined1 and its employment by persons of sedentary habit is highly advantageous4 ,bath1 ,sulphur4 ,syn4 ,,bal',,neum ,,sul',,phuris1 ,l4 #a4 ,flowers of sulphur1 #a_/b to #a lb42 water1 a pailful2 mix1 agitate occasionally for #ab to #bd hours1 and then add the whole to an ordinary bath4 ,useful in various mild1 but obstinate1 skin diseases4 ,its occasional employment1 even in health1 seldom fails to render the skin soft1 smooth1 and delicate4 ,soap may be used with it4 #b4 7,compound2 ,b4 ,s4 ,,compos',,itum1 ,l47--a4 7,cutan4 ,hosp47 ,precipitated sulphur1 #b lbs42 hyposulphite of soda1 #a_/b lb42 water1 #a gall42 dissolve1 and add of sulphuric acid1 #a dr4 ,one pint to every #cj galls4 of water4 ,in various skin diseases 7see below74 b4 ,see ,,bath1 ,,sulphuretted4 ,bath1 ,sul'phurous4 ,syn4 ,,sul',,phurous ,,acid ,,bath2 ,,bal',,neum ,,sulphuro',,sum1 ,b4 ,,sul',,phurisdouble-dagger1 ,l4 ,from sulphur1 #a_/b oz41 sprinkled on a hot plate placed under or near the patient2 the proper precautions being taken as directed under ,,chlorine ,,bath4 ,in itch1 lepra1 psoriasis1 c4 ,cleanly1 but seldom used1 chiefly on account of the number of baths required to prove serviceable4 ,see ,,bath1 ,,sulphuretted4 ,bath1 ,sul'phuretted4 ,syn4 ,,bal',,neum ,,sulphuret',,um1 ,b4 ,,sulphura',,tum1 ,b4 ,,sulphu'',,reum1 c41 ,l42 ,,bain ,,sulfur1 c41 ,fr4 #a ,sulphurated potash1 #a oz42 for every #aj or #ab galls4 of water employed4 ,sometimes sulphurated soda1 or 7in the ,ger4 hosp47 suphurated lime1 is the sulphur-salt employed4 #a_/b dr4 of sulphuric acid is also occasionally added to the bath2 but this increases its foetor1 without adding much1 if anything1 to its curative power2 whilst1 without care1 the evolved gas may impede respiration4 #b4 7,gelatinous2 ,,gelat',,ino-,,sul',,phurous ,b42 ,b4 ,s4 ,,gelatino',,sum1 ,l47 ,flanders glue1 #a-a_/b to #b lbs42 dissolved and added to a 'sulphuretted bath4' ,recommended1 by ,dupuytren1 as a substitute for the ',barges bath4' ,obs4 ,the sulphur or sulphuretted bath1 under any of its forms1 is a powerful remedy in almost every description of skin disease4 ,leprosy1 the most obstinate of all1 has been completely cured by it2 the common itch requires only one or two applications to eradicate it entirely2 all the scurfy and moist skin affections1 local irritation1 pimples1 inflammatory patches1 c41 speedily yield to its influence2 scrofula1 and1 indeed1 all those affections in which the warm or vapour bath is serviceable1 also derive powerful assistance from the sulphur bath4 ,bath1 ,tem'perate4 ,syn4 ,,bal',,neum ,,tempera',,tus991 ,l4 ,bath1 ,tep'id4 ,syn4 ,,bal',,neum ,,tep',,idum1 ,b4 ,,egel',,idum1 ,,tepida'',,rium1 ,l42 ,,bain ,,ti,,de c41 ,fr4 ,approaches the warm bath in its hyginic and medical properties2 and is1 perhaps the one best adapted for the mere purposes of personal cleanliness4 ,in the spacious public tepid baths of ,london1 swimming may be safely indulged in even in cold weather4 ,bath1 ,tum'ble4 ,an obsolete form of the shower bath4 ,bath1 ,turk'ish4 ,syn4 ,,bal',,neum ,,tur',,cicum1 ,l4 ,a hot vapour bath or sweating bath1 with massing or shampooing1 ending with a warm bath or warm ablutions and friction4 ,the ,,egyptian1 ,,persian1 and ,,russian ,,baths are essentially similar4 ,in the ,,anglo-,,turkish ,,bath1 recently introduced to this country1 hot dry air wholly takes the place of vapour4 ,see ,,bath1 ,,air 7ant74 ,bath1 ,turpentine4 ,syn4 ,,bal',,neum ,,terebinthina',,tum1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,dr ,t4 ,smith47 ,camphine 7rectified oil of turpentine71 #a_/d to #a_/b pint2 ,scotch soda1 #b lbs42 oil of rosemary1 #a_/b dr42 for an adult4 ,it calms the pulse1 softens the skin1 and renders the perspiration freer4 ,bath1 ,va'pour4 ,syn4 ,,dew'-,,bath992 ,,bal',,neum ,,va',,poris1 ,b4 ,,ro'',,risdagger1 ,,as',,sa ,,suda',,tio1 ,a4 ,,vapora',,tio1 ,,vapora'',,rium991 ,l42 ,,bain ,,de ,,vapeurs1 ,fr4 ,the vapour of hot water1 either pure or medicated4 ,the simplest form of vapour bath is1 perhaps1 produced by placing some wet cloths1 or sprinkling a little water on two or three heated bricks1 laid under a chair on which the patient is seated2 both the patient and whole apparatus being covered with a sheet or blanket1 or1 better still1 a spacious waterproof cloak1 to keep in the heated vapour4 ,a large lump of quick-lime1 set in a pan or an old iron pot and sprinkled with a little water1 or else wrapped up in a thick coarse towel which has been previously soaked in water1 may be substituted for the hot bricks2 and often advantageously so4 ,the slaking of the lime and the consequent evolution of vapour may be kept up or renewed1 when necessary1 by sprinkling on a little more water4 ,this forms the ,,poor ,,man',s ,,vapour ,,bath of the ,french4 ,dr ,serres has suggested1 as something apparently original1 that a lump of quick-lime1 wrapped in a wet cloth and covered with a dry one1 be placed on each side of the patient2#aah and the whole being covered up allowed to remain until copious perspiration is established4 ,it must1 however1 be recollected that by none of these minor contrivances can the temperature of the vapour1 and its supply1 be regulated1 as in a perfect bath1 even a portable one1 such as is shown in the engraving4 ,footnote #aah3 ,in bed 7671 says the ,dr2 but surely one who could only afford such a bath would find it difficult to obtain a fresh1 dry bed2 whilst it would be equally improper for him to lie in a wet or damp one4 ,illustration ,the following are the temperatures1 c41 of this bath3#aai-- ,footnote #aai3 ,the temperatures of baths given here1 and previously are those now generally adopted in the profession4 ,see ,dr ,forbes's ',cycl4 of ,prac4 ,med41' vol4 i1 #bfe2 ,pereira's ',mat4 ,med41' i1 #ag2 c4 ---------------------------------------- ------ ,temperature of ,vapour1 ,fahr4 ---------------------------- ,breathed4 ,not breathed4 ,tepid vapour bath #ij to #ajj #if to #ajf ,warm #ajj #aaj #ajf #abj ,hot #aaj #acj #abj #afj ---------------------------------------- ----- ,uses1 c4 ,it is one of the most powerful diaphoretics known1 and is almost specific in nearly all those cases wherein warm or hot bathing proves advantageous4 ,it is one of the most certain agents existing in cases of chronic rheumatism1 contracted muscles and tendons1 stiffness of joints1 indurations1 dysentery1 diarrhoea1 suppressions1 c4 ,instances are numerous in which the lame have thrown aside their crutches and the bedridden have again mixed with the world after a few applications of this bath4 ,it is no uncommon thing to hear a patient start and shriek with agony before entering the bath1 and to receive his congratulations and thanks on his coming out4 ,they often exclaim--,it is wonderful4 ,i could not have believed it6#abj ,footnote #abj3 ,culverwell ',on ,baths and ,bathing4' ,bath1 ,warm4 ,syn4 ,,bal',,neum ,,cal',,idum1 ,b4 ,,calid',,ulum1 ,b4 ,,therma',,le1 ,,therm',a1 c4 ,l41 ,,bain ,,thermal1 ,b4 ,,chaud1 c41 ,fr4 ,a bath at a temperature equal1 or nearly equal1 to that of the human body4 ,the sensations attendant upon immersion in a warm bath are most delicious4 ,its first effect is to increase the circulation of the blood1 and to determine it to the skin4 ,after a few minutes an agreeable and universal increase of heat is experienced2 the face and head are generally soon bedewed with perspiration2 a pleasing and prevailing calm1 both mental and physical1 follows2 and after remaining in it some #ab or #ae minutes the effect is of the most refreshing and happy character4 ,the idea that the warm bath is relaxing is erroneous4 ,it is only so where persons remain in it too long1 or take it too frequently4 ,nor are those who indulge in it more liable to take cold than others4 ,on the contrary1 they are less liable1 unless they wilfully expose themselves1 insufficiently clad 7particularly about the neck and chest71 to draughts of cold air4#aba ,footnote #aba3 ,we have been for many years accustomed to take baths at #ih to #ajj ,fahr41 in all weathers and seasons1 even during our severest winter1 and on leaving the bath have often been engaged1 for hours1 moving about in the open air1 even until midnight1 without 'catching cold1' or the slightest inconvenience4 ,however1 we do not recommend others to follow our practice without due care4 ,as a remedial agent1 the warm bath is adapted to general torpor of the system1 liver and bowel complaints1 hypochondriasis1 hysterical affections1 morbid suppressions1 dryness of the skin1 nearly all cutaneous and nervous diseases1 chronic rheumatism1 c4 ,as a tonic or stimulant after excessive fatigue1 great mental excitement1 or physical exertion1 it is unequalled1 and furnishes one of the most wholesome1 and at the same time luxurious sources of refreshment we are acquainted with4 ,to those who are past the meridian of life1 who have dry skins and begin to be emaciated1 the warm bath for half an hour1 twice a week1 ,i believe to be eminently serviceable in retarding the advances of age4 7,darwin47 ,the healthy longevity of the late ,duke of ,wellington1 after a period of exposure and trials equal to the entire life of many individuals1 has been by some1 and we think correctly1 mainly attributed to the free and constant use of the warm bath4 ,a warm bath frequently gives great relief to infants suffering from griping or flatulence4 ,see ,,bath 7ant71 c4 ,bath1 ,wa'ter4 ,syn4 ,,bal',,neum ,a',,qu1 ,b4 ,,aquo',,sum1 ,b4 ,,ma'',,ri1 ,b4 ,,ma'',,ris1 ,l42 ,,bainmarie1 ,fr4 ,a water bath2 in chemistry and cookery1 applied to a bath of hot or boiling water4 ,see ,,bath 7in chemistry71 ,,bainmarie1 c4 ,,bath',,ing 7bath-74 ,see ,,bath4 ,,bath ,,metal4 ,a species of brass having the following composition3-- #a4 ,zinc1 #c parts2 copper1 #af parts2 melted together under charcoal4 #b4 ,fine brass1 #cb parts2 spelter1 #i parts4 ,see ,,brass and ,,alloys4 ,,bath ,,pipe4 ,see ,,pipes4 ,,bath1 ,,vichy 7,,artificial74 ,bicarbonate of soda1 #ag oz42 water1 #fj galls4 ,,baths and ,,wash',,houses4 ,see ,,bath4 ,,batter4 ,ingredients beaten together so as to form a semi-fluid mass4 ,in cookery1 a semi-fluid paste1 which becomes hard in dressing1 formed of flour1 and milk or water1 or a mixture of them1 enriched and flavoured with eggs1 butter1 and 7frequently7 spices1 currants1 c41 at will4 ,used for frying vegetables1 fillets1 c41 and as a material for fritters and pancakes2 also to form puddings1 which are either baked alone1 or under meat2 and to cover various articles during the operation of cooking them4 ,miss ,acton gives the following formul3--#a4 7,for the ,frying-pan47 ,butter1 #b oz42 boiling water 7nearly7 #a_/d pint2 mix1 and stir in1 gradually1 of cold water1 #c_/d pint2 when quite smooth1 mix it by degrees1 very smoothly with fine dry flour1 #c_/d lb42 adding 7for fruit7 a small pinch of salt 7but more for meat or vegetables72 just before use1 stir in the whites of two eggs 7or the white and yelk of one71 and fry until light and crisp4 ,in humble cookery the eggs may be omitted4 #b4 7,for ,puddings47 ,eggs 7yelk and white71 about #d in no42 flour1 #a_/b lb42 milk1 q4 s4 ,obs4 ,when fruit1 c41 are added1 the batter must be made thicker than when none is used1 to prevent it sinking4 ,when sufficiently dressed it should cut smoothly and not stick to the knife4 ,eggs increase its firmness4 ,,batt',,ery4 ,in frictional electricity1 a series of ,leyden jars so arranged as to admit of being charged and discharged together4 ,see ,,electricity1 c4 ,battery4 ,in electro-chemistry1 galvanism1 c41 a pair1 or series of pairs1 of 'excited' metallic plates1 so arranged as to act in unison1 producing an electrical current by chemical decomposition4 ,,baume 7,baum74 ,see ,,areometer4 ,baume ,nerval4 ,see ,,ointments4 ,,bauxite4 ,a ferruginous aluminic hydrate containing #eed per cent4 of alumina and #dde of ferric oxide4 ,it is met with in roundish masses in the crystalline limestone of ,baux 7hence its name7 near ,arles1 in ,france4 ,bauxite is one of the sources of alum4 ,,bay4 ,see ,,sweet ,,bay4 ,,bay ,,essence4 ,,bay ,,rum4 ,this compound1 which is largely employed as a perfume in ,america1 and is one of the articles of the ,united ,states' ,pharmacopoeia1 is1 when genuine1 imported from the ,west ,indies1 where it is said to be prepared by distilling rum1 with the leaves of the bayberry tree4 ,more than three fourths1 however1 of the bay rum consumed is undoubtedly an imitation of the imported essence1 and is a mechanical mixture of the volatile oil of the bayberry tree1 rum1 and spirit2 sometimes with the addition of aromatic spices and various colouring matters4 ,the volatile oil from which this last preparation is made is frequently adulterated to a large extent4 ,mr ,rother1 an ,american chemist1 states that in one sample alone he found about fifty per cent4 of fixed oil4 ,the imported rum is far superior in point of fragrance to the artificial4 ,when mixed with water the genuine essence remains clear1 whilst the imitation almost always becomes turbid or milky4 ,mr ,rother finds the following formula to yield a satisfactory product1 and one much stronger in aroma than the imported perfume3 ,oil of bayberry tree #a fl4 oz4 and ml xx4 ,jamaica rum #a pint ,strong alcohol #d pints o4m4 ,water #c ,mix the rum1 alcohol1 and water1 then add the oil2 mix1 and filter4 ,bay ,rum4 ,one of the highly valued ,american head-washes1 pleasant in use1 cooling and cleansing1 and promoting the growth of the hair4 ,it is prepared by distilling rum from the leaves of ,myrica acris 7called ,bayberry in ,america74 ,,bdel',,lium 7d7el'-y7um74 ,the commercial name of two gum-resins3-- ,bdellium1 ,af'rican4 ,syn4 ,,bdellium1 ,,africa',,num1 ,l4 ,from the heudola'tia africa'na 7,guillem471 a terebinthaceous tree1 of ,senegal4 ,bdellium1 ,in'dian4 ,syn4 ,,in',,dian ,,myrrh1 ,,false ,m42 ,,bdellium 7of ,scripture72 ,,bdellium ,,in',,dicum1 ,l4 ,from am'7yris commiph'ora 7,roxb471 or balsamoden'dron ,roxbur'gii1 a terebinthaceous tree of ,india4 ,prop41 c4 ,once considered slightly deobstruent2 sometimes used as a pectoral and emmenagogue1 and1 externally1 as a stimulant and suppurative4 ,it is now seldom met with in this country4 ,,bdellom',,eter 7d7el-74 ,syn4 ,,mechan',,ical ,,leech2 ,,bdellom',,etrum1 ,l42 ,,bdellom,,tre1 ,fr4 ,in surgery1 a contrivance combining the principle of the cupping-glass1 scarificator1 and exhausting-syringe in one small instrument4 ,,beach',s 7,dr7 ,specific against ,hemorrhoids and ,stomach ,complaints of all kinds4 ,a tin box containing about #afj grammes of a fine sulphur-yellow powder1 and imbedded in it a vial with #dj grammes of a brown clear fluid4 ,the powder is a mixture of #g parts of washed flowers of sulphur1 #b-a_/b parts cream of tartar1 #a_/f part of an inferior kind of rhubarb1 finely powdered4 ,the drops consist of a solution of brown sugar in strong spirit1 with traces of various ethers4 7,hager47 ,,bead 7bede74 ,syn4 ,,glob',,ulus1 ,,sph,r',,ula1 c41 ,l42 ,,grain 7de collier71 c41 ,fr42 ,,bethe1 ,,perle1 c41 ,ger4 ,a little ball or spheroid pierced for stringing2 any very small globular bodydouble-dagger2 a bubble 7double-dagger or tech474 ,a number of the first mounted on a thread or ribbon form a 'string of beads' or 'chaplet4' ,materials1 ,manufac41 c4 ,beads are often formed of coral1 gems1 jet1 pearls1 porcelain1 rock-crystal1 c42 but much more frequently of white and coloured glass4 ,the mode in which these last are produced is as follows3--,glass tubes1 appropriately ornamented by colour1 reticulation1 c41 are drawn out in various sizes1 and from #ajj to #bjj feet in length4 ,these tubes are cut into two-feet lengths1 and then1 by means of a steel knife1 divided into pieces having1 as nearly as possible1 the same length as diameter4 ,the resulting small fragments or cylinders are next well stirred with a mixture of sand and wood ashes1 in order to prevent the closure of the perforations and their adhering together during the subsequent part of the process4 ,they are then placed in a revolving cylinder and gradually heated until they become sufficiently spherical4 ,they are next sifted from the sand and ashes1 sorted into sizes1 first by means of sieves1 and afterwards by hand1 and are lastly either put up in weighed parcels or strung by women and children for the market4 ,the manufacture of coral1 gems1 jet1 and minerals generally1 into beads1 belongs to the lapidary4 ,uses4 ,chiefly to form necklaces1 bracelets1 and other articles of personal ornament2 by milliners to decorate head-dresses1 c42 and for other like purposes4 ,they are also employed among ,catholic and ,mohammedan nations for devotional purposes2 and among savage tribes in lieu of money4 ,they are still sometimes worn as amulets4 ,see ,,bugle1 ,,coral1 ,,glass1 ,,paste1 ,,pearls1 c4 ,beads1 ,jum'ble 7bedz74 ,the dried seeds of a'brus precator'ius 7,linn47 or ,jamaica wild liquorice4 ,hard and indigestible2 accounted cephalic and ophthalmic by the vulgar4 ,beads1 ,lo'vi's4 ,syn4 ,,specif',,ic-,,grav',,ity ,,beads4 ,small hollow spheres of glass carefully adjusted and numbered1 in sets1 intended to supersede the hydrometer in determining the density of fluids4 ,they are used by dropping them into the liquid1 in succession1 until one is found that exhibits indifference as to buoyancy1 and will float under the surface at any point at which it may be placed4 ,the number on this ball indicates1 in thousandths1 the sp4 gr4 sought4 ,they are particularly serviceable in the hurry of the commercial laboratory1 and have the advantage of being applicable to very small quantities of liquid2 but their use1 of course1 requires the same precautions1 and the results obtained the same corrections for deviations from the normal temperature1 as with other instruments4 ,see ,,hydrometer1 ,,specific ,,gravity1 c4 ,bead4 ,syn4 ,,bead',,ingdouble-dagger4 ,in architecture1 cabinet-work1 c41 any small moulding or continued projection of which the vertical section is semicircular4 ,bead 7of ,liquors74 ,tech4 ,the small bright iridescent bubbles1 possessing some slight degree of permanence1 which form on the surface of alcoholic liquors of sufficient strength1 when agitated4 ,see ,,alcoholometry1 ,,proof1 c4 7also below74 ,,bead',,ing4 ,in the liquor-trade1 anything added to commercial spirits to cause them to carry a 'bead' and to hang in pearly drops about the sides of the glass or bottle when poured out or shaken4 ,the popular notion being that spirit is strong in proportion as it 'beads1' the object is to impart this property to weak spirit1 so that it may appear to the eye to be of the proper strength4 ,various formul are current among the 'knowing ones' of the trade1 most of which are unscientific1 and many of them absolutely ineffective4 ,the following are those now usually employed3-- ,prep4 #a4 ,oil of sweet almonds and oil of vitriol1 of each #a oz42 rub them together in a glass1 porcelain1 or wedgewood-ware mortar or basin1 adding1 by degrees1 of crushed lump-sugar1 #a oz42 continue the trituration until the mixture becomes pasty1 then add1 gradually1 sufficient rectified spirit 7strongest7 to render the whole perfectly liquid2 pour it into a quart bottle1 and wash out the mortar twice1 or oftener1 with a little fresh spirit1 until about #a pint of rectified spirit has been employed1 adding the washings each time to the bottle2 lastly1 cautiously shake the bottle 7loosely corked7 until admixture appears complete1 and then set it aside in a cool place4 ,for use1 this compound 7after agitation7 is thrown into a two-gallon can or measure1 which is then filled1 from a tap1 with the spirit to be 'beaded1' when the whole is thrown into the cask1 and the measure washed out by refilling it and returning it two or three times2 after which the contents of the cask are well 'rummaged up1' ,gin is usually 'fined' a few hours afterwards2 but it is better not to add the 'finings' for two or three days4 ,other spirits are allowed to become 'fine' by simple repose4 ,according to ,mr ,hartley1 and others1 this quantity is sufficient for #ajj galls4 of any spirit2 but it is more commonly used for a puncheon of #hj to #he gallons4 #b4 ,oil of vitriol1 #b to #c oz42 rectified spirit1 7strongest71 #a pint2 cautiously agitate them together in a loosely corked quart bottle2 in #b or #c hours add another pint of rectified spirit1 and again agitate4 ,it will be fit for use in a week2 as before4 #c4 ,sulphuric ether1 #a_/b lb42 strongest rectified spirit1 #a quart2 mix4 ,may be used at once1 as before2 but if otherwise1 should be kept1 like the last1 closely corked1 and in a cool place4 #d4 ,soapwort-root 7saponaria officinalis71 bruised or rasped small1 #a lb42 rectified spirit and water1 of each #a_/b gall42 macerate in a corked jar1 with occasional agitation1 for #h or #aj days1 strain with pressure1 and1 after a few days' repose1 decant the clear portion4 ,used as before4 ,obs4 ,the above are not injurious when employed for 'beading1' since the quantity employed is much too small to injure the wholesomeness of the liquor4 ,the fraud consists in their being used to disguise the presence of #aj to #ab of water1 which is thus sold at the price of spirit4 ,beyond a certain degree of dilution they fail1 however1 to produce the intended effect1 the bubbles becoming 'soapy1' and without the requisite permanence4 ,the addition of a little powdered white sugar 7#a_/b oz4 to #a-a_/b oz4 per gall47 increases the efficacy of all of them4 ,this may be dissolved in the water1 if any is added at the time2 but its effect on the hydrometer must be recollected4 ,see ,,alcoholometry1 ,,gin1 ,,spirit 7,management of71 c4 ,,beak',,er 7beke'-74 ,syn4 ,,beak',,er-,,glass4 ,in chemistry1 a beaked cup or glass1 more or less of the tumbler-pattern1 used to collect precipitates and to heat liquids in4 ,illustration ,,beal99 7bele74 ,syn4 ,,bouton1 ,,pustule1 ,fr4 ,a pimple or pustule2 a small inflamed tumour4 ,,beam 7beme74 ,see ,,balance1 ,,scales1 c4 ,,beam'-,,tree4 ,syn4 ,,white ,,beam-,,tree4 ,the 'pyrus aria' or wild pear4 ,wood1 hard1 compact1 and tough2 used for axle-trees1 naves and cogs of wheels1 c4 ,,bean 7bene74 ,sax41 ,eng4 ,syn4 ,,fa',,ba1 ,l42 ,f,,ve1 ,fr42 ,,bohne1 ,ger4 ,the general name of leguminous seeds1 as also of the plants which produce them2 appr41 fa'ba vulgar'is 7,mnch4#abb v7icia faba1 ,linn47 or common ,,gar',,den-,,bean1 phase'olus multiflor'us 7,willd47 or ,,scarlet-,,runn',,er1#abc and ph4 vulgaris 7,sav471 ,,french ,,bean1 ,,kid',,ney-,b41 or ,,har',,icot 7-ko71#abd with their varieties1 all of which are annuals cultivated in our gardens--the first chiefly for its seeds--the others both for their green pods and ripe seed4 ,the name is also often popularly applied1 as an appellative1 to the fruit or seeds of other plants which1 in size and appearance1 resemble common beans1 as noticed below4 ,footnote #abb3 ,var4 ,greek3 b1 ,,horse'-,,bean 7fa'ba equi'na1 f4 mi'nor1 c41 ,l47 ,footnote #abc3 ,var4 ,greek3 a1 phase'olus coccin'eus 7red-flowered72 ,greek3 b1 ph4 albiflor'us 7white flowered74 ,footnote #abd3 ,var4 ,greek3 a1 ph4 unic'olor 7seeds of one colour72--,greek3 b1 ph4 fascia'tus 7seeds striped7 or ,,ze',,bra-,,striped ,,bean2--,greek3 g1 ph4 variega'tus or ,,speck',,led ,,bean3--,greek3 d1 ph4 na'nus or ,,dwarf'-,,bean4 ,those principally cultivated in our gardens are the small ,,lis',,bon1 ,,sand',,wich1 ,,span',,ish1 ,,tokay'1 ,,wind',,sor1 and ,,maz',,agan 7from north ,africa71 with almost innumerable sub-varieties of each4 ,the exquisite perfume of beans in blossom is referred to by the poet ,thomson3-- ,arabia cannot boast a sweeter gale4 ,preparations including their fragrant principle are highly prized in modern perfumery4 ,qual41 c4 ,the pods eaten in the green state1 properly dressed1 are regarded as antiscorbutic and wholesome2 but are apt to produce flatulence1 unless combined with spices4 ,in the dried or ripe state they are rather difficult of digestion1 and very apt to distend the stomach and intestines with wind4 ,this objection does not exist1 to the same extent1 to their use in the form of flour or meal4 ,the amount of nutritious nitrogenous matter in beans rather exceeds that in wheat1 and independently of a disposition to produce constipation in some habits1 and being rather less easy of digestion1 they must be considered nearly as wholesome as that cereal4 ,the ,london millers and bakers use immense quantities of bean flour to adulterate their flour and bread4 ,this sophisticant may be detected by the appearance it presents under the microscope4 ,the meshes of cellulin are very much larger than those of the fourth coat of wheat1 with which it has been sometimes confounded1 and the starch grains present a totally different appearance4 ,they are oval or reniform1 or with one end slightly larger2 they have no well-defined hilum or rings1 but many have a deep central longitudinal cleft running in the longer axis1 and occupying two thirds or three fourths the length1 but never reaching completely to the end2 this cleft is sometimes a line1 sometimes a chasm1 and occasionally secondary clefts abut upon it at parts of its course2 sometimes1 instead of a cleft1 there is an irregular-shaped depression4 ,if a little liquor potass be added the cellulin is seen more clearly4 ,if the flour be added to a little boiling water1 the smell of bean becomes evident4 ,illustration ,green beans 7pods or legumes7 are cooked by simply throwing them into boiling water1 and simmering them until quite tender1 taking the precaution of removing the lid of the saucepan1 a 'pinch' of salt of tartar1 or a little common salt1 being usually added to preserve their green colour4 ,young and small ones take from #ab to #ah minutes--large or older ones longer4 ,the first are merely 'topped and tailed' with a knife before being dressed2 the others require also the 'side strings' to be drawn off1 and to be cut obliquely into pieces of a lozenge form1 or else to be split lengthwise into strips1 and then divided once across4 ,old ones never boil tender4 ,windsor beans1 and other shelled beans1 take #ae to #cj minutes according to age4 ,these last are sometimes skinned after being dressed4 ,all of them are commonly 'served up1' or eaten1 with melted butter4 ,beans1 although rich in nitrogenous1 are deficient in carbonaceous constituents2 hence it is curious to note how almost invariably they are when eaten combined with some substance rich in carbon4 ,the ,hindoo1 for instance1 mixes lentils with rice and ghee or a form of clarified butter4 ,in ,yucatan and throughout the whole of central ,africa1 where a black bean is extensively used as food1 they are well boiled in water1 and eaten with pepper1 salt1 and pork4 ,in this country1 beans and bacon always appear at table together1 and have done so for centuries4 ,see ,,leguminos1 ,,pulse1 c4 7also below74 ,bean1 ,algaro'ba4 ,see ,,algaroba4 ,bean1 ,earth4 ,american earth-nut4 ,bean1 ,french2 ,horse-bean2 ,kidney-bean2 c4 ,see ,,bean 7ant74 ,composition4 7,einhof47 ---------------------------------------- ----- ,kidney ,field beans4 beans4 ---------------------------------------- --- ,water #bcj #aef ,albumenoid bodies #bcf #aag ,starch1 sugar1 gum1 c4 #ddg #ehc ,oil and fat #jg #b ,husk #gj #ajj ,salts 7ash7 #aj #dd ---------------------------------------- --- #ajj #ajj ---------------------------------------- ----- ,bean1 ,st4 ,ignatius's4 ,the poisonous seed of the fruit of ,igna'tia amar'a1 ,linn42 str7ych'nos ,igna'tii1 ,berg42 a tree indigenous to the ,philippine ,islands4--,prop41 ,uses1 c4 ,similar to those of nux vomica4 ,contains ,strychnine 7which see74 ,,bear 7bare74 ,syn4 ,,ur',,sus1 ,l42 ,,ours1 ,fr42 ,b,r1 ,ger42 ,,bera1 ,sax4 ,in zoology1 a ,cuvierian genus of the 'plantigrade carnivora1' of several species1 found both in the ,old and ,new ,world4 ,those generally known under the name are omnivorous or frugivorous4 ,the skin of the ,american black bear 7ursus ,america'nus1 ,pallas7 was formerly highly prized1 and fetched an extravagant price4 ,the brown bear 7u4 arc'tos1 ,linn47 supplies the ,kamschatkans1 and some other northern races1 with many of the necessaries1 and even the comforts of life4 ,the fat or grease 7,,bear',s ,,grease2 ,,ad',,eps ,,ur',,si1 ,l47 of all the common species has long been highly esteemed for promoting the growth of the human hair2 but apparently without sufficient reason4 ,the mass of that sold under the name in ,england is simply hog's lard or veal fat1 or a mixture of them1 variously scented and slightly coloured4 ,the quantity annually consumed in ,great ,britain1 and exported1 is estimated at many tons2 being a larger quantity than all the bears at present procurable in ,europe would supply1 if slaughtered and stripped of their fat4 ,,bear',,berry1 ,bear's ,bil'berry1 c4 ,see ,,uva ,,ursi4 ,,bear',s ,,grease4 ,see ,,bear 7above71 ,,hair ,,cosmetics1 ,,marrow1 ,,pomades1 c4 ,,beard 7beerd74 ,sax41 ,eng4 ,syn4 ,,bar',,ba1 ,l42 ,,barbe1 ,fr42 ,,bart1 ,ger41 ,dan42 ,,baard1 ,dut4 ,the hair of the lips and chin2 but appr41 only the last--that on each lip being distinguished1 in toilet-nomenclature1 by a separate name4 ,in popular botany and zoology1 any beard-like appendage2 the 'awn' of corn or grass2 the 'gills' or breathing organs of oysters and other bivalves1 c4 ,beard-cultivating ,pomade1 ,royer's 7,royer ,co41 ,berlin74 ,an ointment of #a part pulv4 cinchon4 rub41 and #a-a_/b parts of a hair pomade containing wax4 7,hager47 ,beard-cultivating ,tincture 7,bergmann1 ,rochlitz74 ,a spirituous extract of some agreeable bark1 mixed with a little oil of rosemary and thyme4 7,wittstein47 ,beard-cultivating ,tincture1 ,royer's 7,royer1 ,berlin74 #aj grammes kitchen salt1 #aej grammes ,french brandy1 fictitious and fuselly1 and #b grammes tincture of mace4 7,schdler47 ,beard ,tincture1 ,american 7,teinture americaine pour la barbe71 for dyeing the beard black4 ,three fluids4 ,no4 #a1 nitrate of silver solution2 ,no4 #b1 tincture of galls2 ,no4 #c1 sodium sulphide solution4 ,,beard',,ed4 ,syn4 ,,barba',,tus1 ,l42 ,,barbu1 ,fr42 ,,bartig1 ,ger4 ,in anatomy1 botany1 and zoology1 having a beard1 or a beard-like appendage2 prickly1 barbed1 jagged2 awned4 ,,bea',,ver1 7be'-7 ,syn4 ,,cas',,tor1 ,l42 ,,castor1 ,,bi,,vre1 ,fr42 ,,biber1 ,ger4 ,the fi'ber cas'tor 7,linn471 an animal belonging to the rodentia of ,cuvier1 and remarkable for the great ingenuity which it exercises in the construction of its lodges or habitations4 ,hab4 ,europe and ,america4 ,those of the former are burrowers2 those of the latter1 builders4 ,the fur has long been employed in the manufacture of the best quality of hats 7,,beaver ,,hats74 ,the fat was officinal in the ,ph4 ,l4 #afah4 ,castor 7,,casto'',,reum7 is obtained from this animal4 ,,be',,beerine 7bebe'-7er-indouble-dagger74 ,c#ai;,h#ba,,no#c4 ,eng41 ,fr4 ,syn4 ,,bi',,birine 7be'-b7er-7in72 ,,bebeeri',,na1 ,,bibiri',,na1 c41 ,l4 ,a peculiar alkaloid1 discovered by ,dr ,rodie1 in the bark and seeds of the beeberu1 bibiri1 or green-heart tree 7nectan'dra ,rodi'i1 ,schomb471 of ,british ,guiana2 and since minutely examined by ,maclagan and ,tilley1 and by ,von ,planta4 ,prep4 #a4 ,that of commerce1 which generally contains some sipirine 7--8 altered bebeerine71 and a little lime1 is generally first obtained in the form of sulphate1 by a process analogous to that employed in the preparation of sulphate of quinine2 and from this salt it is precipitated by the addition of ammonia or an alkali4 #b4 7,pure47 ,by precipitating the sulphate with ammonia1 washing the precipitate with very cold water1 and triturating it1 whilst still moist1 with fresh hydrated oxide of lead2 next drying the mixture by a gentle heat1 exhausting the residuum with alcohol1 distilling off the alcohol1 and treating the last residuum with ether2 the ethereal solution on evaporation leaves pure bebeerine1 under the form of a white or yellowish-white1 resinous-looking substance1 which is pure white when powdered4 ,prop41 c4 ,amorphous2 uncrystallisable2 non-volatile2 bitter-tasted2 inodorous2 unalterable in the air2 very slightly soluble in water2 very soluble in alcohol2 less so in ether2 reaction alkaline2 when quite pure1 melts at #cee ,fahr41 and on cooling forms a vitreous or semi-vitreous mass 7,winckler72 at a higher temperature it suffers decomposition2 ignited on platinum-foil1 it burns without leaving any carbonaceous residue2 neutralises acids forming uncrystallisable salts1 most of which are soluble in water4--,prod4 ,from the bark1 #ae to #age2 dried seed1 #be 7nearly74 ,use1 c4 ,bebeeru-bark has been proposed and occasionally employed as a substitute for cinchona bark1 and bebeerine for quinine1 in the usual cases2 but whether as a tonic1 febrifuge1 or antiperiodic1 they appear less powerful and certain than these last4--,dose1 #b to #ab gr4 or more4 7,see below47 ,sul'phates of ,bebeerine4 ,of these there are two1 both of which are obtained in a similar manner to the ,ph4 ,e4 formula for sulphate of quinine1 and merely differ in the amount of acid finally left in combination with the alkali3-- #a4 ,sulphate4 ,syn4 ,,neu',,tral ,,sulphate ,,of ,,bebeerine2 ,,bibiri',n ,,sul',,phas1 c41 ,l4 ,easily soluble in water4 ,contains #hfd of bebeerine1 and #acf of sulphuric acid4 #b4 ,subsul'phate4 ,syn4 ,,bas',,ic ,,sulphate ,,of ,,bebeerine1 ,,disul',,phate ,,of ,b42 ,,biberi',n ,,subsul',,phas1 c41 ,l4 ,soluble in alcohol2 sparingly soluble in water unless acidulated4 ,contains #ijh of bebeerine1 and #ib of sulphuric acid4 ,this is the sulphate of bebeerine of commerce1 and the one usually employed in medicine4 ,it is generally met with in thin brownish-yellow scales1 which are formed in a similar manner to those of ammonio-citrate of iron4--,dose4 ,as a tonic1 #a to #c gr42 as a febrifuge or antiperiodic1 #e to #bj gr42 in similar cases to those in which disulphate of quinine is employed4 ,,bech',,amel 7b7esh'-7a-m7eldouble-dagger#abe74 ,syn4 ,b,,chamel1 ,fr4 ,in ,french cookery1 a fine white sauce1 essentially consisting of concentrated veal gravy or veal consomm and cream1 with or without flavouring4 ,see ,,sauces4 ,footnote #abe3 ,thus as ,english4 ,,be',,chic99 7-k7ik74 ,syn4 ,,be',,chousdagger2 ,,be',,chicus 7b7ek'-double-dagger71 ,l42 ,b,,chique1 ,fr42 ,,hustend1 c41 ,ger4 ,in medicine1 c41 of or for a cough2 pectoral2 also subst41 applied to remedies 7,,be',,chics2 ,,be',,chica1 ,l47 used to relieve cough4 ,,bed4 ,eng41 ,d41 ,sax4 ,syn4 ,,lit1 ,,couche1 ,fr42 ,,bett1 c41 ,ger42 ,,cubi',,le1 ,,lec',,tus1 ,,lec',,tulus1 ,,graba',,tus1 c41 ,l4 ,a couch2 that in or on which we sleep2 that on which anything is generated1 deposited1 or rests4 ,bed curtains and valances are both unnecessary and objectionable as bed appendages1 and as such should be discarded4 ,before making the bed in the morning the blankets and sheets should be stripped off and allowed to remain for an hour or two in a current of air1 on the back of a chair or some other convenient support4 ,if it does not rain1 or is not too damp1 they are best placed near the window4 ,the night dress which has been slept in should be exposed in the same manner2 and on going to bed it would be found a good plan1 when removing the inner vest which has been worn during the day1 to turn it inside out1 and to hang it over the footboard of the bed4 ,under ordinary conditions the sheets should be changed every week4 ,when it is remembered that on an average a third of a human being's existence may be said to be passed in bed1 the importance of his dormitory being kept scrupulously clean will be self evident4 ,every bedroom should therefore be well swept out each day1 and the floor diligently scrubbed once a week4 ,with the exception of a small strip beside the bed1 the room should contain no carpet2 a piece of ,new ,zealand matting1 being less able to retain dust1 is preferable to carpeting4 ,the door and windows of the bed-chamber should be kept more or less open during the day1 so as to ensure a thorough draught of air through the room1 and all slops and contents of chamber utensils should be immediately removed4 ,no plants should be allowed in the bedroom4 ,there is no better form of mattress than one made of horsehair1 both for children and adults4 ,the pillows should also be made of the same material4 ,both pillows and mattress should be taken to pieces once a year1 and their contents well ventilated by exposure to the air4 ,when a child is ricketty1 weak in the neck1 inclined to stoop1 or at all crooked1 a pillow is best dispensed with4 ,cotton sheets have two advantages over linen ones--they are more absorbent1 and feel less cold4 ,in cases of sickness the comfortable construction of the patient's bed1 as well as the adoption of such means as shall ensure as much as possible its efficient ventilation1 are matters of primary import4 ,hence because it permits of a more thorough circulation of air than any other kind1 the horsehair mattress calls even more imperatively for adoption than in health4 ,it may be placed upon the feather or wool bed1 and should it be found too rough1 or causing any discomfort1 one or two blankets may be placed over it4 ,the straw palliass should at the same time be removed4 ,both sheets and pillow cases should be frequently changed1 more especially in fevers4 ,if the patient perspire very profusely1 fresh sheets and pillow cases should be supplied every twenty-four hours4 ,if soiled by evacuation of any kind1 it is most important that they should be changed at once1 and so with the night dress4 ,in all cases of eruptive and other fevers1 and contagious diseases1 all articles of wearing apparel 7underclothing1 as well as sheets1 pillow cases1 handkerchiefs1 c47 should when removed be placed in a vessel and covered with water4 ,in the articles on air and vitiated air the evil effects of ill-ventilated dormitories have been adverted to4 ,every bedroom should if possible contain an enclosed fireplace having free access to the chimney4 ,failing this a series of little holes about the size of a shilling should be bored in the lower part of the door1 and the upper sash of the window should be opened to the extent of two or three inches4 ,on the connection of ,,beds and ,,bedding with comfort and health1 see ,,cotton1 ,,damp1 ,,feathers1 ,,linen1 ,,sleep1 ,,ventilation1 ,,vermin1 c42 also below4 ,illustration3 #a4 ,illustration3 #b4 7,opened47 ,illustration3 #c4 7,closed47 ,bed1 ,air4 ,beds1 pillows1 cushions1 c41 when properly constructed and inflated with air1 are clean1 luxurious1 and healthy substitutes for those in common use4 ,for this purpose the air-proof part should be formed of separate cells or tubes1 arranged in ridges 7see engr471 or in any similar manner to admit of free ventilation2 and in the case of beds1 or of cushions for the sick1 two or three folds of flannel1 or blanket1 or of any loose porous fabric1 should be placed between them and the under sheet or the person of the sleeper or patient4 ,without this precaution1 discomfort and restlessness1 excessive warmth and perspiration and even bed-sores1 are apt to follow their use by invalids1 when badly constructed4 ,to obviate these objections to articles of this class commonly sold1 a new one has been produced under the name of the ',,incom',,parable ,,bed' 7,aycbourn's ,patent71 which is thoroughly applicable to all purposes--domestic1 medical1 naval1 or military--and superior to any feather1 flock1 or spring bed1 however good or carefully made up4 ,this bed consists of an outer case made of ordinary bed-ticking divided internally into numerous separate cells1 into each of which is placed a suitably constructed bag1 which may be either wholly or partially filled with air or water2 the latter either hot or cold4 7,see engr4 #b1 #c47 ,it is incapable of bursting1 and is very agreeable to lie on4 ,it retains its shape1 saves the time1 trouble1 and wear and tear ordinarily bestowed or produced by servants in daily tossing about one of down or feathers1 is easily washed and kept clean1 allows all the ventilation essential to health1 and is so portable that it may be easily packed in a carpet-bag4 ,in almost an instant it may be converted into six1 or more1 separate life-preservers2 and what is equally important it will stand any climate4 ,hitherto the use of air-beds and water-beds has been almost exclusively confined to the upper and wealthy classes1 and to hospital practice2 but the moderate prices#abf at which ,aycbourn's beds1 cushions1 c41 are sold1 place these luxuries1 and in many cases--absolute necessities--within the reach of the masses of the people4 ,footnote #abf3 ,these are less than those of feather beds of corresponding dimensions4 ,bed1 ,water4 ,water-beds1 cushions1 c41 are chiefly employed for patients labouring under bed-sores1 paralysis1 spinal affections1 c41 or who are the subjects of active surgical treatment in which equable support for the body or a limb is absolutely necessary4 ,their construction and use are similar to those previously noticed1 except that1 instead of being inflated with air1 they are filled with water1 either warm or tepid4 ,for the bedridden1 and for long-continued use generally1 they are much inferior to air-beds4 ,see ,,air-,,bed 7above74 ,bed4 ,syn4 ,,stra',,tum1 ,l42 ,,strate1 c41 ,fr42 ,,schicht1 c41 ,ger4 ,in geology1 a mineral layer1 seam1 or stratum1 thick or thin4 ,bed4 ,in horticulture1 a small plot of land1 usually raised a little above the general surface1 in which flowers1 or other plants1 are raised or grown4 ,,bedding1 ,,purification ,,of4 ,to be efficiently disinfected1 bedding must be taken to pieces and subjected to dry heat4 ,this last condition can only be satisfactorily carried out in large ovens or disinfecting chambers4 ,any local authority may provide a proper place and necessary appliances for the disinfection of bedding4 ,any local authority may direct the detention of bedding1 clothing1 c41 which have been exposed to infection1 and may give compensation for the same4 ,any person giving1 lending1 selling1 transmitting or exposing bedding1 clothing1 rags1 c41 which have been exposed to infection1 is liable to a penalty not exceeding #e4 ,bedding or ,litter4 ,the following is from ,col4 ,fitzwygram's useful work1 ',horses and ,stables1' ,one great item in a horse's comfort1 and consequently in his aptitude to carry flesh1 is a good bed4 ,every horse should be bedded down at mid-day4 ,as regards economy of straw1 it is essential not to give the horse a chance of eating it4 ,with this view no fresh straw should be placed within his reach4 ,the fresh straw should be brought in first1 and put not merely at the bottom1 but also in rear of the stall2 then the old litter should be brought in and put at the top and in front4 ,the horse will not readily eat at1 and by the following morning the new straw will have become somewhat tainted1 and may then be mixed and dried along with the rest4 ,again1 great care should be taken in the morning to thoroughly shake up and cleanse the bedding from dung2 and any parts which may have become rotten should be thrown out4 ,good straw rapidly deteriorates if these precautions are not taken4 ,on the other hand careless servants often throw away along with the bad parts much good bedding which might be dried and used again4 ,bedding should be taken up1 and turned over at least twice in each forenoon1 so as to expose every part to the drying and purifying influence of the sun and air4 ,it is1 however1 a mistake to expose it over-much to the action of a very hot sun1 as it makes it too dry and brittle4 ,see ,,horse4 ,,bed',,eguar 7-e-gahr74 ,syn4 ,b,d,,guar 7or ,,gar1 ,fr4 ,sweet-briar sponge 7which see74 ,,bee 7be74 ,syn4 ,,hive-,,bee1 ,,hon',,ey-,b4 7h7un'-71 ,,domes',,tic ,b42 ,a',,pis1 ,l42 ,,abeille1 ,a4 ,,mellifique1 c41 ,fr42 ,,biene1 ,,honigbiene1 c4 ,ger4 ,the a'-pis mellif'ica 7,linn42 ,ph4 ,l41 ,e41 ,d471 one of the hymenop'tera best known and most useful to man4 ,those desirous of studying the habits and economy of bees are referred to the works of ,huber and ,latreille2 and for their management to ,mr ,cobbett's little book on the subject4 ,see ,,apis1 ,,hive1 ,,honey1 ,,wax1 c4 ,,bee'-,,bread4 ,the pollen of flowers collected by bees as food for their young4 ,,bee'-,,glue1 ,syn4 ,,prop',,olis1 ,l41 ,fr4 ,the resinous matter with which bees cement the combs to the hives1 and close up and repair the cells4 ,,beech 7beche74 ,syn4 ,,beech'-,,tree2 ,,fa',,gus1 ,l2 ,h,,tre1 ,h4 ,,commun1 ,fr42 ,,buche1 ,,gemeine ,b41 ,ger4 ,the fa'gus sylvat'ica 7,linn471 a magnificent ,english forest-tree1 of the nat4 ord4 ,amentace 7,,dc474 ,fruit 7,,beech'-,,mast1 ,b4-,,nuts71 used to feed swine1 and1 sometimes1 in obstinate headaches1 and in gravel complaints2 yields oil by expression2 inner bark occasionally used in hectic fevers4 ,wood 7,,beech1 ,b4-,,wood71 handsome and very hard1 but brittle and perishable1 and particularly liable to become worm-eaten2 its durability is increased by steeping it1 when fresh-hewn1 for some time in water2 chiefly used by cabinet-makers1 coach-builders1 millwrights1 and turners2 and1 sometimes1 by coopers2 also burnt for charcoal4 ,,beef 7befe74 ,syn4 ,,chaire ,,de ,b,,oe,,uf1 ,,du ,b,,oe,,uf1 ,fr42 ,,rindfleisch1 c41 ,ger42 ,,bu',,bula1 ,,ca'',,ro ,,bo',,vis1 c41 ,l4 ,the flesh of bovine animals1 generally2 but ordinarily only that of the domestic ox1 cow1 or bull4 ,qual4 ,good beef is highly wholesome and nutritious2 and is well adapted to persons of good appetite1 or that labour or take much exercise4 ,for the delicate1 especially those suffering from debility1 partial anmia1 amenorrhoea1 and similar ailments1 it is1 perhaps1 superior to every other kind of animal food4 ,if cooked so as to be left full of gravy1 it sits lightly on the stomach1 and its fat proves even more digestible than that of either veal or mutton4 ,it has been proved that under-done beef is one of the causes of tapeworm4 ,choice4 ,,ox-,,beef is known by having a fine smooth1 open grain1 a lively and agreeable red colour1 and a tender texture1 with the fat of a pleasing pale whitish-yellow or but slightly yellow1 and the suet white and hard4 ,when fine and well fed1 the flesh is inter-grained or marbled with fat4--,,cow-,,beef has a closer grain than ox-beef1 and the lean is of a deeper red4--,,bull-,,beef is closer still1 the fat dark1 hard1 and skinny1 the lean of a deep coarse red1 and it has a strong smell and flavour4--,,heifer ,,beef resembles ox-beef1 except in being smaller1 often an advantage2 but it lacks the rich flavour of the flesh of full-grown oxen4 ,joints1 ,managem41 c4 ,beef is ,,cured1 ,,salted1 and ,,dressed1 in all the ways common to the other meats2 the only care necessary being in the selection of the appropriate joint or part4 ,the ribs1 sirloin1 rump1 and veiny piece are the proper joints for ,,roasting or ,,baking4 ,the buttock or round1 edge-bone1 second round or mouse-buttock1 brisket1 flank1 shoulder or leg-of-mutton piece1 and the clod1 those generally ,,boiled1 ,,stewed1 or ,,salted4 ,the choicest ,,steaks are cut from the middle of the rump2 the next best from the veiny piece1 or from the chuck-rib4 ,in summer1 excellent ones may also be cut from the shoulder4 ,in ,france1 steaks cut from the sirloin 7without bone7 are preferred to all others1 and are exceedingly delicate and tender4 ,the neck may be either stewed or boiled1 and is much used to make soup and gravy4 ,in the country1 the round1 when fine1 and well hung1 is also often roasted or baked4 ,according to ,miss ,acton1 the finest part of the sirloin is the chump-end1 which contains the larger portion of the fillet2 of the ribs1 the middle ones4 ,beef is in season during the whole year1 but is finest--when it is most relished--during the winter months1 when1 owing to the temperature of the air1 it may be 'hung' a long time1 and thus increased in tenderness and flavour4 ,see ,,ox1 ,,baking1 ,,boiling1 ,,essences1 ,,roasting1 ,,salting1 ,,tea1 c4 7also below74 ,beef1 ,alamode'4 ,syn4 ,b,,oe,,uf ,,la ,,mode1 ,fr4 ,the true 'beef la mode' is made as follows2 and is not a mere kind of rich stew1 such as is daily sold under the name in the 'cook-shops' of ,london3-- #a4 7,m4 ,alexis ,soyer47 ,rump1 sirloin1 or rib of beef 7about7 #ab lbs42 lard it through with #aj or #ab long pieces of fat bacon2 put it into an earthen pan with a calf's foot1 #d onions1 #b carrots 7sliced71 a bunch of parsley1 #b bay leaves1 #b sprigs of thyme1 #b cloves1 #a_/b teaspoonful of pepper1 #a do4 of salt1 #d wine-glassfuls of sherry1 #d do4 of water1 and #a lb4 of streaky bacon 7cut into small squares72 place on the cover1 make it air-tight round the edges with a little flour-paste1 and expose it in a moderate oven for about #d hours4 ,dish up with the vegetables and bacon placed tastefully round it1 the gravy 7skimmed7 being poured over all4 ,or it may be eaten cold1 in which case the pan should not be opened until the whole has thoroughly cooled4 #b4 7,mrs ,rundell47 ,rump of beef 7or any part of the beef which will stew well71 #c or #d lbs42 trim it1 and cut off the fat2 add several sorts 7according to taste7 of sweet herbs chopped very fine1 a little shalot1 and a great deal of spice 7cayenne1 white pepper1 allspice1 cloves1 and mace2 or mixed spices71 and put them1 with vinegar1 into a saucer that has been rubbed with garlic2 add fat bacon cut into long slips2 lard the beef regularly on both sides1 and rub it over with the herbs and spices2 next flour it1 and add a small piece of butter1 and a pint of water2 bake it in an oven until thoroughly 'done1' then strain the gravy1 and serve it up with pickles on the top4 ,excellent either hot or cold4 ,obs4 ,miss ,acton--a high authority in these matters--tells us1 that #g or #h lbs4 of beef1 thus treated1 takes #d to #e hours to dress it properly2 and that if a stew-pan be used1 it should be as nearly the size of the meat as possible1 the whole being allowed to simmer very gently1 and the meat turned when half done4 ,she also states that veal dressed in this way is even better than beef2 but1 of course1 it takes less time in cooking4 ,beef1 ,col'lared4 ,prep4 #a4 7,miss ,acton47 ,the piece of beef is rubbed with a little coarse sugar1 and set aside for two or three days2 it is then slightly salted 7about #a oz4 of salt1 containing a little saltpetre1 to each lb4 of meat72 and allowed to rest #h to #aj days2 the bones and tougher skin are next removed1 and the under side is sprinkled thickly with parsley and other savoury herbs 7shred small71 after which it is very tightly rolled up1 secured with a cloth1 and bound as closely as possible with broad tape4 ,a piece of #h lbs4 will require about #e hours' gentle boiling1 and should be placed1 in the same state1 whilst still hot1 under a heavy weight1 or in a press1 for a few hours4 ,the ribs1 or 7better7 the thinnest part of the flank1 is generally selected4 ,the last should be 'hung' in a damp place for a day or two before curing it4 #b4 7,mrs ,rundell47 ,from stewed shin of beef and ox-tail1 re-stewed with a glassful each of wine and ketchup1 and some of the old broth1 and then poured into moulds4 ,sweet herbs1 sliced eggs1 and pickles1 may be added at will4 ,beef1 ,dutch1 ,hung ,beef4 ,the round1 rump1 veiny-piece1 or thick flank1 cured1 for #aj or #ab days1 with dry salt to which a little saltpetre and some sugar and black pepper has been added2 and afterwards 'hung' for use4 ,it eats well if boiled tender with greens or carrots4 ,if to be grated or shred1 as ,dutch1 and eaten as a relish on bread and butter1 then cut a lean bit1 boil it till extremely tender1 and while hot put it under a press4 ,when cold1 fold it in a sheet of paper1 and hang it in a very dry place4 ,it will then keep two or three months4 ,beef1 ,pott'ed4 ,see ,,potted ,,meats1 c4 ,beef1 ,spiced 7spist'74 ,salted beef when spices 7usually black pepper and allspice7 have been added to the salt1 c41 used in curing it4 ,see ,,beef1 ,,collared 7above74 ,beef ,tea4 ,an extract manufactured at ,berlin1 which contains the nutritive matter of the flesh in the highest state of potency4 ,a pale blood-red767 jelly1 which will not keep long1 and after a time passes into a state of odorous putrefaction4 7,a4 ,buchner47 ,,beer 7bere74 ,syn4 ,,bi,,re1 ,fr42 ,,bier1 ,d41 ,ger42 ,,birra1 ,it42 ,,cerevi'',,sia 7-v7izh'-'7a71 ,,cervi'',,sia 7,pliny71 ,c4 ,,lupula',,ta99 7i4e4 hopp'd or modern b471 ,,vi',,num ,,anglic',,anum991 ,v4 ,,hordea',,ceum99 7-sh'7um71 ,,zy',,thum99 7or -,,thus992 ,greek3 zythos1 ,gr471 c41 ,l42 ,,bere1 ,,beere1 ,sax42 ,,bir1 ,w4 ,an aqueous infusion of malted grain which1 after being boiled with hops1 has undergone the vinous fermentation2 malt-liquor4 ,the word ,,beer is now the common generic term for all fermented malt-liquors1 and1 indeed1 for all other beverages prepared by a process of brewing4 ,whenever the term is used in a special sense1 it is with a descriptive prefix1 as1 for example1 spruce beer1 ginger beer1 c4 ,hist4 ,ale and wine are fabled to have been invented by ,bacchus2 the former1 in ,egypt1 where the soil and climate would not permit of the cultivation of the grape4 ,herodotus ascribes the origin of the art of brewing to ,isis1 the wife of ,osiris1 and notices zythum ,greek3 zythos1 a beer obtained from barley4 ,malt-liquor was undoubtedly employed as a beverage in the fifth century before ,christ2 and1 probably1 very much earlier4 ,xenophon distinctly alludes to it in his famous retreat 7,b4,c4 #dja74 ,aristotle speaks of 'beer drunkenness1' and ,theophrastus calls it 'barley-wine4' ,the ,romans learned the art of brewing from the ,egyptians1 and gave the liquor thus made the appropriate name of cerevisia 7quasi ,cererisia71 from its being the product of corn1 the gift of ,ceres4 ,the most celebrated beer of ancient times was the ,pelus'ian pota'tion1 so named after a town at the mouth of the ,nile where beer was prepared in great perfection4 ,the use of beer was likewise known to the ancient ,gauls and ,germans1 and probably also to most other ancient nations inhabiting the temperate zone4 ,pliny says ,zythum is made in ,egypt1 ce'lia and ce''ria in ,spain1 and many other sorts 7of beer7 in ,gaul4 ,in our own country1 ale was early known and valued as a beverage4 ,the art of its preparation appears to have been obtained either from the ,romans or the ,saxons4 ,according to ,verstegan1 ,this excellent and healthsome liquor1 beere1 anciently called ale1 as of the ,danes it yet is1 was of the ,germans invented and brought into use4 ,alehouses are mentioned in the laws of ,ina1 king of ,wessex 7,a4,d4 #fhj74 ,alebooths were regulated by law1 ,a4,d4 #gbh4 ,by the beginning of the #acth century ale was drunk generally in ,england4 ,by a statute of ,james ,,iii1 of ,scotland1 it was made a capital offence to mix wine with beer 7,a4,d4 #adhb74 ,in #adib1 a licence was granted to a brewer at ,greenwich to export #ej tons of that ale called beer or bere2 the distinction between the two apparently being1 that the latter was flavoured with wormwood or other bitters2 whereas ale was not4 ,ale was originally made from barley-malt and yeast alone1 and those who put in anything else were held to sophisticate the liquor4 ,hops were introduced ,a4,d4 #aebd2 and to this date modern1 or hopp'd beer1 may be traced4 ,by statute of ,james ,i the ale called bere was taxed1 and one quart of the best thereof ordered to be sold for a penny 7,a4,d4 #afaj74 ,alehouses were first licensed in #afba1 and during the reign of ,charles ,,ii were1 together with all malt-liquor1 placed under the control of the ,excise 7,a4,d4 #affj74 ,by the ,statutes #a #d ,will4 ,,iv 7#ahcd71 previous enactments respecting malt liquors and their sale were reduced to their present form4 ,beer is now the common beverage in all ,european countries where the vine is not a subject of rustic husbandry4 ,qual4 ,pure malt-liquor which has undergone sufficient fermentation is perhaps1 when taken in moderation1 one of the most wholesome beverages that can be drunk4 ,ale is the most nutritious variety1 and1 when moderately mature1 is the one best adapted to the debilitated and delicate2 but good porter1 owing to being less rich in extractive and gummy matter1 and from being slightly astringent from high-dried or scorched malt being used in its preparation1 occasionally agrees better with bilious constitutions and the dyspeptic4 ,much1 however1 depends on acquired taste and habit4 ,the most wholesome1 and perhaps the least exceptionable beverages obtained from malt1 are those known as ,east-,india1 ,scotch1 and ,bavarian ales1 when honestly prepared and not highly 'bittered' with the hop1 as is1 unfortunately1 now so general4 ,a late writer has described good beer as nutritious1 from the sugar and mucilage which it contains2 exhilarating1 from its spirit2 and strengthening and narcotic1 from its hops4 ,pereira says1 ,beer is a thirst-quenching1 refreshing1 intoxicating1 and slightly nutritious beverage4 ,its effects1 when taken injudiciously1 or in excess1 for the most part resemble those of other intoxicating liquors--disease1 misery1 and crime2 and these in direct proportion as it deviates from the true standard of purity and excellence4 ,all medical authorities agree in discountenancing the use of beer for infants and children4 ,water or milk with the child's meals are the best beverages for them4 ,var4 ,the numerous varieties of malt liquor met with in commerce may be resolved into two great classes--,,ale and ,,porter4 ,,ale of all kinds is brewed chiefly from pale malt1 and is generally of a light amber colour4 ,,pale ,,ale is manufactured from the finest and lightest dried malt1 and the choicest hops1 the latter in excess4 ,,mild ,,ale differs from pale ale in being sweeter1 stronger1 and almost free from the flavour of the hop4 ,,bitter ,,ale or ,,bitter ,,beer has1 as a rule1 less body than pale ale1 and is more highly hopped4 ,,table ,,beer is a weak liquor commonly containing three or four times the proportion of water usually present in ordinary beer or ale4 ,,porter differs from ale chiefly in its being artificially coloured by the use of roasted malt1 which also imparts to it a peculiar bitter flavour4 ,in point of strength it stands about midway between light and strong ales1 although frequently brewed of a strength very slightly above that of table beer4 ,,stout1 ,,brown ,,stout1 c41 are simply richer or stronger descriptions of porter1 and may be said to have nearly the same relation to the higher qualities of mild ale that porter holds with regard to pale ale or bitter beer4 ,in ,london1 ,,porter is called ,,beer2 and1 indeed1 in all parts of the kingdom1 the prevailing beverage of this kind consumed by the masses1 of whatever class1 commonly goes by the name of beer4 ,the two great classes of malt liquor above referred to1 are1 independently of mere differences of strength1 excellence1 and commercial value1 practically subdivided into an almost infinite number of varieties4 ,every county1 every town1 and almost every brewer1 is distinguished by the production of a different-flavoured beer1 readily perceived1 and highly appreciated by their respective votaries4 ,these differences may be traced to--variations in the quantity and quality of the materials employed in their manufacture--the temperature of the water used for mashing--the duration of the boiling--the temperature at which the fermentation is conducted1 and the extent to which it is carried1 together with numerous other circumstances1 which1 though usually of an accidental and uncertain character1 are nevertheless sufficient to affect the flavour and quality of a brewing4 ,among these1 those depending on the condition of the building1 the locality1 the apparatus1 the water1 the management1 c41 are not the least important4 ,in general1 however1 when the same quantity and quality of materials are employed1 and the same time allowed for the maturation of the liquor1 the chief causes of this diversity will be found to depend on the water used in the brewing1 and the method followed in the preparation of the malt4 ,thus1 ,bavarian1 ,scotch1 and ,burton ales differ in style from other ales chiefly from being fermented at a lower temperature1 and from the water employed in the brewing being that usually denominated 'hard1' whilst porter and stout differ from all these because they are brewed from a mixture of pale and roasted malt4 ,it is from causes like these1 though apparently trivial1 that the many varieties of malt liquor met with1 at the present day1 originate4 ,the per-centage in ,english beers of malt extract 7dextrin and sugar glucose7 is least in bitter1 and highest in the sweet ales4 ,the hop extract 7lupulin and hop resin7 is in much smaller amount4 ,the alcohol varies considerably1 as does also the free acidity4 ,the albuminous matter in most beers does not average more than #je per cent4 ,the salts1 which consist of alkaline chlorides and phosphates1 and some earthy phosphates1 average #ja to #jb per cent4 ,ammoniacal salts are found in small quantities4 ,caramel and assamar are found in the dark beers and porters4 ,carbonic acid is always more or less present4 ,the average is #ja to #jb parts by weight per cent41 or about #a-c_/d cubic inches per ounce4 ,volatile and essential oils are also present4 ,,parkes says1 ,adopting means numbers2 one pint 7#bj oz47 of beer will contain-- ,alcohol #a ounce4 ,extractive 7dextrin71 sugar1 c4 #ab 7#ecd grains74 ,free acid #be grains4 ,salts #ac ,the following beer analyses are given by ,professor ,,wanklyn3 ,bass's bottled bitter ale contains in #ajj cubic centimtres3 #ec grams of alcohol4 #eeb organic residue4 #jcf ash4 ,a sample of draught ale1 costing #b;d4 per pint in ,london1 contained in #ajj cubic centimtres3 #dg grams of alcohol4 #eh organic residue4 #jcb ash4 ,a sample of ,london porter in #ajj cubic centimtres contained3 #cc grams of alcohol4 #cde organic residue4 #jcj ash4 ,a large number of analyses recently made show that in the various classes of malt liquor sold in ,london there is a variation in the amount of alcohol contents from #chg to #hda per cent4 of absolute alcohol by weight1 these two extremes corresponding to #ih and #bah fluid ounces of absolute alcohol in the pint of beer4 ,the amount of extract varies from #baf to #accb per cent4 by weight1 or from #gc to #bgg ounces per pint of beer1 as will be seen from the accompanying table4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,per-centage of ,con4 vols41 per pint4 ----------------------,original ,malt1 ------------------------ ,kind of ,malt ,liquor4 ,specific,alcohol,extract,acetic,gravity per ,alcohol1,extract,acid1 ,gravity4 ,acid4 of ,wort4 barrel4fl4 oz4 ounces4grains4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------- ,burton ale 7,allsopp's7 #ajdjch #hbe #accb #cb #aabafc #dej #baf #bgg #biab ,bass's barley wine #ajcbca #hda #aage #bc #aaadgh #dbe #bah #bdb #bjgg ,edinburgh ale #ajjffc #dda #ceh #ai #ajdhch #agg #aab #gb #afgc ,guinness's stout #ajaeea #fha #fag #bd #ajghjf #bhh #agd #abe #bacb ,truman1 ,hanbury1 ,co4's porter #ajacaf #djb #eab #bd #ajeacc #aij #ajc #aja #babg ,whitbread's porter #ajadjd #dbh #eae #ah #ajedaa #bjj #aji #ajc #aeig ,hoare's porter #ajabii #dah #ejd #ah #ajebdb #aid #ajf #ajc #aeie ,perry's ale #ajjfdh #chg #cfe #ad #ajdehb #afi #jih #jgc #gig ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------- ,the relative proportions of alcohol and extract in beer will also have some influence on its fitness in a medical point of view for certain persons2 and in some instances thin dry beer1 that has had the fermentation carried so far as to reduce the amount of extract to a minimum1 may be very preferable to beer containing a larger amount of extract4 ,in this respect some samples of the ,prestonpans' beer are remarkable for the small proportion of extract they contain4 ,in regard to the nutritive value of beer1 over and above the stimulant and tonic actions due to the alcohol and to the bitter principle of the hop1 it is worth notice that a pint of pale ale contains from #a_/b an ounce to an ounce of solid extract1 while mild and old ale contain from #a-a_/aj to #b-c_/d ounces in the pint4 ,the amount of free acid in ,british beer appears to be uniformly larger than in the ,viennese and ,bavarian beer recently introduced here1 and sometimes it is very much larger4 ,this free acid is represented in the tables as acetic acid2 but there is reason to believe that beer probably contains lactic acid or other fixed acids1 together with a substance analogous to glucic acid1 which1 according to ,graham1 ,hoffmann1 and ,redwood1 appears to be produced in the fermentation of beer wort1 as practised in this country4 ,there appears to be great differences in the quality of beer sold by publicans at a given price4 ,thus1 for instance1 the variation in the pale ale sold at fourpence per pint is from #djh to #gaj per cent4 of alcohol1 and from #cbb to #gec per cent4 of extract2 in the mild ale sold at twopence per pint it is from #ddc to #efb per cent4 of alcohol1 and from #eja to #eef per cent4 of extract2 and in old ale sold at fourpence per pint it is from #fbj to #hca per cent4 of alcohol1 and from #def to #fb per cent4 of extract4 ,these differences represent respectively #aeh1 #bg1 and #di bushels of malt per barrel of beer4 ,from the great alcoholic strength of some kinds of old ale they partake more of the nature of wine than of beer1 in the usual sense of this term4 ,they are1 in fact1 quite equal in that respect to most of the cheaper wine imported from the ,continent1 while in flavour and general character old ale1 such as that brewed at ,burton-on-,trent and in ,scotland1 is far superior to any wine of the kind referred to1 which can be sold here at a price even double that of the best old ale4 ,this kind of ale1 however1 is but rarely sold by publicans4--,dr ,,paul4 ,materials1 ,manuf41 c4 ,see ,,malt1 ,,hops1 ,,brewing1 c4 ,purity4 ,the leading characteristics of good beer are transparency1 a fine colour1 an agreeable semi-vinous flavour1 and the property of remaining for several hours exposed in a glass or cup without becoming 'flat' or insipid4 ,if the materials used were good1 if the brewing was skilfully conducted1 if the liquor has been carefully stowed in perfectly sweet casks or vessels1 in a suitable cellar1 for a sufficient time1 and has not been tampered with1 this will almost always be the case4 ,hence colour1 transparency1 and flavour1 and the power of resisting exposure1 are tests of the purity and quality of beer1 which should not be lightly treated4 ,there are none more simple and effectual2 and1 together with a good 'palate1' and a close observance of its effects on the head and on the stomach1 will readily distinguish pure and wholesome beer from 'doctored' and inferior liquor4 ,if1 therefore1 we find a sample of beer possessing the above qualities and in good condition1 and on testing it for its alcohol and saccharine matter1 find these substances in such quantities as fairly to represent the amount of malt which should have been used in the brewing of such a liquor1 we may1 in the absence of proof to the contrary1 infer it to be pure2 because the object for which adulteration is practised--the saving of malt and hops--did not exist in this case4 ,to demonstrate the purity of beer requires an elaborate and troublesome analysis1 which can only be performed by those accustomed to chemical operations4 ,good and pure beer should contain nothing but what exists in the malt1 the hops1 and the water1 from which it is brewed1 or which is produced from them in the processes of 'mashing1' 'fermentation1' and 'maturation4' ,adulteration4 ,until the year #ahfb nothing was allowed to enter into the composition of beer but malt and hops2 and the ,act #ef ,geo4 ,,iii1 cap4 #eh1 imposes a penalty of #bjj on any brewer1 dealer1 or retailer of beer1 who shall receive1 or have in his possession1 or use1 or mix with1 or put into any worts or beer any molasses1 honey1 liquorice1 vitriol1 quassia1 cocculus indicus1 grains of paradise1 ,guinea-pepper1 or opium1 or any extract or preparation of these substances1 for1 or as a substitute for1 malt or hops2 and a further penalty of #ejj on any druggist1 or vender of1 or dealer in drugs1 or chemist1 or other person whatever1 who shall sell1 send1 or deliver to any licensed brewer1 c41 any of the above materials4 ,however1 by the ,act #be ,vic41 cap4 #bb1 s4 #bj1 so much of the above is repealed as relates to hops4 ,this ,act provides that-- ,on and after the #afth ,sept41 #ahfb1 so much of an ,act passed in the #efth year of the reign of ,king ,george the ,third1 cap4 #eh1 and of an ,act passed in the #gth and #hth years of the reign of ,king ,george the ,fourth1 cap4 #eb1 and of any other ,act relating to the revenue of excise1 as imposes any excise penalty upon any brewer of1 or dealer in1 or retailer of beer1 for receiving into1 or having in his possession1 or using or mixing with any worts or beer1 any article for1 or as a substitute for hops1 or as prohibits the sale of any such article to the said persons1 shall be1 and is hereby repealed3 provided always1 that nothing herein contained shall be construed to extend to repeal any such penalty or prohibition so far as regards any article which may be used as a substitute for malt1 notwithstanding that it may be also a substitute for hops4 ,prior to this an ,act 7#aj ,vic41 c4 #e7 had been passed allowing brewers to use sugar under certain restrictions4 ,as the law now stands1 a brewer may use hops1 quassia1 wormwood1 gentian1 or any other simple bitter2 but he is forbidden to use any substitute for malt1 such as unmalted grain1 sugar in a liquid state1 molasses1 or any substance which would give pungency or intoxicating properties to the beer1 such as cocculus indicus1 grains of paradise1 tobacco1 c4 ,it is a well-known and authenticated fact1 that beer is commonly and sometimes dangerously adulterated4 ,the cupidity of fraudulent brewers and publicans frequently induces them to introduce other ingredients than malt and bitters into their liquors1 with a view of giving them a false appearance and strength4 ,thus1 to give pungency--capsicum1 grains of paradise1 ginger1 c41 have been added2 to give intoxicating properties--opium1 cocculus indicus1 tobacco1 c42 as a substitute for malt--molasses1 treacle1 colouring1 honey1 c42 to impart a false appearance of age--sulphuric acid1 alum1 green vitriol1 glycerin1 mustard1 c42 to remove acidity--pearlash1 soda1 chalk1 c42 and to impart a frothy head--alum1 foots1 table-salt1 c4 ,the publicans generally 'reduce' their strong beer with water 7which they call 'liquor'71 and add treacle1 together with a mixture of copperas1 salt1 and alum 7termed 'heading'71 to make it bear a frothy head4 ,the cheap beer sold in many of the low taverns of ,london is made by dividing the contents of two butts between three butts1 filling them up with water1 and adding a bladder of porter-extract 7technically termed ',p4 ,e1'7 to each4 ,this ',p4 ,e1' is a mixture of powdered cocculus1 ,spanish juice1 caramel1 capsicum1 c41 boiled up with treacle and water to the consistence of a thin extract1 and then put into bullocks' bladders4 ,exam41 ,tests1 c4 ,the analysis of beer1 both qualitative and quantitative1 as already noticed1 is a matter of considerable difficulty4 ,we shall therefore defer its consideration until we come to the article ,,porter1 as that description of beer1 on account of its colour1 is not only the one most difficult to examine1 but also the one most frequently adulterated4 ,see ,,ale1 ,,brewing1 ,,hops1 ,,malt1 ,,porter1 c4 ,beer1 ,am'ber4 ,syn4 ,,amber4 ,a liquor1 formerly much drank in ,london1 brewed from a mixture of #c parts of amber malt1 and #a part of pale malt1 with about #f lbs4 of hops to the quarter4 ,it was generally 'tapped' within a few days after it had done 'working1' and was chiefly used mixed with bitters1 or made into ',,purl1' ,beer1 ,wheat'en1 ,wheat'-malt ,beer4 ,see ,,mum4 asterism ,besides malt liquor1 or ,,beer properly so called1 a somewhat similar beverage1 though of inferior quality1 may be prepared from any vegetable substance rich in starch and sugar1 as noticed in our article on ,,brewing4 ,certain summer beverages also pass under the name2 but in both the cases referred to1 the name of the characteristic ingredient1 or that of the vegetable employed1 is always conjoined2 as in pea-shell beer1 potato-beer1 ginger-beer1 c4 ,examples of some of these are given below3-- ,beer1 ,gin'ger4 ,syn4 ,,cerevis',,ia 7-v7izh'-7 ,,zingib',,eris1 ,c4 ,,zingibera',,ta991 ,c4 ,,cum ,,zingib',,ere99 7-7er-e71 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,lump-sugar1 #a lb42 good unbleached ,jamaica ginger 7well-bruised71 #a oz42 cream of tartar1 #c_/d oz4 7or tartaric acid1 #a_/b oz472 #b or #c lemons 7sliced72 boiling water1 #a gall42 macerate1 with frequent stirring1 in a covered vessel1 until barely lukewarm1 then add of yeast1 #a-a_/b or #b oz4 7about #b_/crds of a wine-glassful71 and keep it in a moderately warm place1 to excite a brisk fermentation2 the next day rack or decant the liquor1 and strain it through a jelly-bag or flannel2 allow it to work for another day1 or two1 according to the weather2 then skim it1 again decant or strain1 and put it into bottles1 the corks of which should be 'wired' down4 #b4 ,good white sugar1 #ah to #bd lbs42 lemon-juice or lime-juice1 #a quart2 finest ,narbonne honey1 #a or #b lbs42 bruised ,jamaica ginger1 #a-a_/b lb42 pure soft water 7that has been boiled1 and then allowed to settle71 q4 s4 ,boil the ginger in #c galls4 of the water for half an hour2 then add the sugar1 the juice1 and the honey1 with sufficient water 7see above7 to make the whole measure #ah-a_/d galls41 and strain the mixture as before4 ,when the liquor has become almost cold1 add the white of #a egg1 and #a_/b fl4 oz4 of essence of lemon1 and strongly agitate the cask or vessel for about half an hour4 ,after standing #c to #f days1 according to the state of the weather1 bottle it1 and place the bottles on their sides in a cellar1 just as is done with wine or beer4 ,it will be ready for use in about #c weeks1 and will keep good for several months4 ,if wanted for immediate use1 about #a_/b pint of yeast may be added1 as in formula #a2 but then it will not keep so well1 or be quite so transparent and free from deposit4 ,the lemon juice and essence of lemon may be replaced1 at will1 by cream of tartar 7in powder7 or tartaric acid1 #d oz42 and lemons 7sliced7 #a-a_/b to #b doz42 added with the sugar1 c42 but the original formula is preferable4--,prod4 #ah galls4 #bd doz4 #a_/b-pint bottles1 or #cj doz4 ordinary sized ones4 #c4 ,,extemporaneous3--a4 ,into each bottle put concentrated essence of ginger1 #a drop2 simple syrup or capillaire1 #a_/b oz4 7or in lieu of them1 syrup of ginger and simple syrup1 of each a dessert-spoonful72 and fill with arated soda-water at the 'bottling machine1' in the usual way4 ,very superior4 b4 ,into each bottle put two or three lumps of sugar1 fill them to the proper height with pure water1 throw in 7quickly7 an effervescing ginger-beer powder1 and instantly cork the bottle1 and secure the cork with wire4 ,use4 ,as a cooling and refreshing drink in warm weather2 and as a restorative after hard drink1 fatigue1 c4 ,obs4 ,the products of all the above formul1 if well managed1 are excellent2 those of ,no4 #b1 and #c;a41 of the very finest description1 much stronger and superior to nine tenths of that sold for the best in the shops4 ,they are often called1 by way of distinction1 ,,limo'',,niated ,,ginger-,,beer1 ,,imperial ,g4-,b41 c4 ,cheaper articles are made by omitting some of the ingredients1 and particularly a portion of the sugar4 ,the ginger-beer vended at #a;d4 and #b;d4 a bottle1 with that known as ,,ginger ,,pop1 ,,impe'',,rial ,,pop1 c41 are generally made with moist sugar 7#a_/b to #c_/d lb4 to the gall471 and merely flavoured with a little coarse ginger4 ,no4 #b1 made with #b lbs4 of sugar to the gall4 may be kept #b years1 if not bottled for six months1 and well-stored2 and with #c lbs4 to the gall41 for #d years1 when it forms a splendid article 7,,ginger-,,champagne74 ,beer1 ,pine4 ,see1 ,,beer ,,spruce4 ,beer1 ,spruce4 ,syn4 ,,cerevis',,ia 7-v7izh'-7 ,,abi',,etis1 ,c4 ,,abieti',,na1 ,c4 ,,abiet',,ica991 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,sugar1 #a lb42 essence of spruce1 #a_/b oz42 boiling water1 #a gall42 mix well1 and when nearly cold1 add of yeast #a_/b a wine-glassful2 and the next day bottle like ginger-beer4 #b4 ,essence of spruce1 #a_/b pint2 pimento and ginger 7bruised71 of each #e oz42 hops1 #a_/b lb42 water1 #c galls42 boil the whole for #aj minutes1 then add of moist sugar1 #ab lbs4 7or good treacle1 #ad lbs472 warm water1 #aa galls42 mix well1 and1 when only lukewarm1 further add of yeast1 #a pint2 after the liquid has fermented for about #bd hours1 bottle it4 ,prop41 ,uses1 c4 ,diuretic and antiscorbutic4 ,regarded by some persons as an agreeable 'summer-drink1' and often found useful during long sea-voyages4 ,when made with lump-sugar it is called ,,white ,,spruce-,,beer2 when with moist sugar or treacle1 ,,brown ,,spruce-,,beer4 ,an inferior sort is made by using less sugar1 or more water4 ,if made with #a-a_/d to #a-a_/b lb4 of lump-sugar per gall41 and without yeast1 in a similar manner to that described under ,,ginger-,,beer 7,no4 #b71 it may be kept a twelvemonth or longer in a moderately cool place4 ,beer1 ,sugar4 ,syn4 ,,cerevis',,ia 7-v7izh'-7 ,,sac',,chari1 ,l4 ,from moist sugar 7#a to #b lbs4 to the gall47 and a little hops2 as treacle-beer4 ,beer1 ,trea'cle 7tre'kl-74 ,syn4 ,,cerevis',,ia ,f',,cis ,,sac',,chari1 c41 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,from treacle or molasses1 #c_/d to #b lbs4 per gall4 7according to the desired strength72 hops1 #a_/d to #c_/d oz42 yeast1 a table-spoonful2 water1 q4 s42 treated as below4 #b4 ,hops1 #a-a_/b lb42 corianders1 #a oz42 capsicum-pods 7cut small71 #a_/b oz42 water1 #h galls42 boil for #aj or #ae minutes1 and strain the 'liquor' through a coarse sieve into a barrel containing treacle1 #bh lbs42 then throw back the hops1 c41 into the copper1 and reboil them1 for #aj minutes1 with a second #h galls4 of water1 which must be strained into the barrel1 as before2 next 'rummage' the whole well with a stout stick1 add of cold water #ba galls4 7sufficient to make the whole measure #cg galls471 and1 after again mixing1 stir in #a_/b a pint of good fresh yeast2 lastly1 let it remain for #bd hours in a moderately warm place1 after which it may be put into the cellar1 and in two or three days 'bottled1' or 'tapped' on 'draught4' ,in a week it will be fit to drink4 ,very superior4--,prod4 #a barrel1 or #cf gallons4 ,for a stronger beer1 #cf lbs41 or even #a_/b cwt41 of treacle1 may be used4 ,it will then keep good for a twelvemonth4 ,obs4 ,a wholesome drink2 but one apt to prove laxative when taken in large quantities4 ,see ,,brewing1 ,,beer1 ,,ginger1 ,,powders1 c4 ,,beers4 7,in pharmacy47 ,syn4 ,,cerevis',i 7-v7izh'-e-e7 ,,medica',t1 ,l4 ,the general nature and preparation of these articles have been already noticed4#abg ,they are little employed in this country4 ,the ingredients should be so proportioned that from #a_/d to #a_/b a pint may form the proper dose4 ,the following are examples3-- ,footnote #abg3 ,see ,,ales 7,medicated74 ,beer1 ,antiscorbu'tic4 ,syn4 ,,cerevis',,ia ,,antiscorbu',,tica1 ,l42 ,,sapinette'1 ,fr4 ,prep4 #a4 7,p4 ,cod4 #ahci7 ,scurvy-grass and buds of the spruce-fir1 of each #a oz42 horse-radish root1 #b oz4 7all fresh1 and bruised or sliced72 new ale or beer1 #c-a_/b pints 7say1 #a_/b gall472 macerate #d days1 press1 and strain for use4 #b4 7,ph4 ,castr4 ,ruth4 #ahdj47 ,horse-radish 7fresh71 #d lbs42 juniper berries1 #c lbs42 root of calamus aromaticus and buds of pinus abies1 of each #a lb42 ginger1 #a oz42 syrup 7of brown sugar71 #f lbs42 beer1 #abj lbs4 7say1 #ab galls472 macerate #d days1 or until it ferments1 then decant1 strain1 and add of cream of tartar1 #a_/b lb42 tincture of mustard 7flour of mustard #b oz41 to proof spirit #ab oz471 #e lbs4 7say1 #a_/b gall474 ,in scurvy1 c4 ,beer1 ,cincho'na4 ,syn4 ,a',,gue-,,beer1 ,,bark'-,,beer2 ,,cerevis',,ia ,,cincho',n1 c41 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,bruised cinchona-bark1 #a oz42 proof spirit or brandy1 #b oz42 mix2 the next day add of new beer1 #a quart1 and in #c days decant or filter4--,dose1 #b or #c wine-glassfuls4 #b4 7,mutis47 ,cinchona1 #d oz42 sugar1 #b lbs42 boiling water1 #e pints2 when lukewarm1 ferment with a little yeast1 as for ginger-beer4--,dose1 #a or #b wine-glassfuls4 #c4 7,ph4 ,ferrara47 ,bruised ,peruvian bark1 #a-a_/b oz42 cinnamon1 #b dr42 nutmeg 7rasped71 #g dr42 sugar1 #be oz42 yeast1 #b oz42 water1 #e pints2 mix1 ferment1 decant1 and strain1 as before4--,dose1 #c or #d wine-glassfuls4 ,they are all administered during the intermission of ague4 ,beer1 ,pipsissewa4 ,syn4 ,,cervis',,ia ,,chimaph',,ile1 c41 ,l4 ,prep4 7,dr ,j4 ,parrish47 ,pipsissewa 7chimaphila umbellata71 #a_/b lb42 water1 #a gall42 boil1 strain1 add of sugar1 #a lb42 powdered ginger1 #a_/d oz42 yeast1 q4 s42 and ferment1 stain1 and bottle1 as for ginger-beer4 ,in scrofulous affections2 especially of the joints4--,dose4 ,half a tumblerful4 ,it is a favorite remedy with some ,american practitioners4 ,beer1 ,sarsaparil'la4 ,syn4 ,,lis',,bon ,,di',,et-,,beer1 ,,span',,ish ,,jarave2 ,,cerevis',,ia ,,sar',z1 ,c4 ,,sarsaparil',l1 ,,infu',,sum ,s4 ,,para',,tum ,,fermentatio',,ne1 c41 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,compound extract of sarsaparilla1 #a-a_/b oz42 hot water1 #a pint2 dissolve1 and when cold1 add of good pale or ,east-,india ale1 #g pints4 #b4 ,sarsaparilla 7sliced71 #a lb42 guaiacum-bark 7bruised small71 #a_/d lb42 guaiacum-wood 7rasped71 and liquorice root 7sliced71 of each #b oz42 aniseed 7bruised71 #a-a_/b oz42 mezereon root-bark1 #a oz42 cloves 7cut small71 #a_/d oz42 moist sugar1 #c-a_/b lbs42 hot water 7not boiling71 #i quarts2 mix in a clean stone jar1 and keep it in a moderately warm room 7shaking it twice or thrice daily7 until active fermentation sets in1 then let it repose for about a week1 when it will be fit for use4 ,obs4 ,it is said to be superior to the other preparations of sarsaparilla as an alterative or purifier of the blood1 particularly in old affections4 ,that usually made has generally only one half the above quantity of sugar1 for which treacle is often substituted2 but in either case it will not keep well2 whereas1 with proper caution1 the products of the above formul may be kept for one1 or even two years4 ,no yeast must be used4--,dose4 ,a small tumblerful #c or #d times a day1 or oftener4 ,beer1 ,stomach'ic4 ,syn4 ,,med',,icated ,,purl2 ,,cerevis',,ia ,,stomach',,ica1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,dr ,quincy47 ,centaury-tops and ,roman wormwood1 of each #d handfuls2 gentian root 7bruised71 #b oz42 the yellow peels of #f ,seville oranges2 ,spanish angelica-root and ,winter's lard1 of each 7bruised7 #a oz42 new ale1 or beer1 #c quarts 7say1 #a gall472 digest for a few days1 as before4 ,one or two wine-glassfuls early in the morning1 and an hour before a meal4 ,beer1 ,sulphu''ric ,acid4 ,syn4 ,,sulphuric ,,lemonade2 ,,cerevisia ,,acidi ,,sulphu'',,rici1 ,c4 ,,anticol',,ica1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,treacle beer1 or other weak mild beer or ale1 to which a little concentrated sulphuric acid has been added1 in the proportion of about #a dr4 to every #h or #aj pints2 the whole being well agitated together1 and allowed a few hours to settle4 #b4 ,treacle1 #ad lbs42 bruised ginger1 #a_/b lb42 coriander1 #a_/b oz42 capsicum and cloves1 of each #a_/d oz42 water1 #ab-a_/b galls42 yeast1 #a pint2 proceed as for ginger-beer1 and when the fermentation is nearly over1 add of oil of vitriol1 #a-a_/b oz4 7diluted with #h times its weight of water71 and of bicarbonate of soda1 #a-a_/b oz4 7dissolved in a little water74 ,it is fit to drink in #c or #d days4 ,uses1 c4 ,it is taken with great benefit by workers in lead1 especially by those employed in white lead works2 also in cases of lead colic1 poisoning by lead or its salts1 c4 ,a tumblerful twice or thrice daily4 ,it is both harmless and wholesome4 ,beer1 ,tar4 ,syn4 ,,cerevis',,ia ,,pi',,cis1 ,c4 ,p4 ,,liq',,uid1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,duhamel47 ,bran1 #b pints2 tar1 #a pint2 honey1 #a_/b pint2 water1 #f pints2 mix1 and gently simmer together for #c hours2 when lukewarm add of yeast1 #a_/b pint2 let it ferment for #cf hours1 and strain4 ,pectoral1 anti-asthmatic1 anti-phthisic1 c4--,dose4 ,one wine-glassful before each meal1 in bronchial and chest diseases1 and incipient consumption4 ,see ,,beers 7,in ,pharmacy2 above74 ,,bees',,wing4 ,the second or pseudo-crust so much admired in port and a few other wines1 and which forms in them only when kept for some time after the first or true crust has formed4 ,it consists of minute1 glittering1 floating particles or lamell of tartar1 purer1 and freer from astringent matter1 than that deposited in the first crust4 ,see ,,crust1 ,,wines1 c4 ,,beet 7bete74 ,syn4 ,,be',,ta1 ,l42 ,,biet1 ,d42 ,,bette1 ,fr42 ,,beete1 ,,mangold1 ,m4-,,kraut1 ,ger42 ,,bietola1 ,it4 ,the common name of plants of the genus 'beta1' and the nat4 ord4 ,chenopod 7,,dc474 ,there are said to be only two distinct species cultivated--beta vulgar'is and b4 horten'sis--each of which occurs in several varieties2 those of the first1 and which we have chiefly to consider1 producing a large fleshy root 7,,beet'-,,root1 ,,man-,,gold-,r42 ,,ra',,dix ,,be',t1 ,l42 ,,betterave1 ,fr42 ,,rothe ,r,,be1 c41 ,ger471 which is both sweet and succulent2 those of the other1 only succulent leaves4 ,the varieties most useful1 and now the most extensively cultivated in ,england1 are of comparatively recent introduction2 field-beet1 the mangold-wurzel of the ,germans1 having been only brought under the notice of our agriculturists towards the end of the last century4 ,beet1 ,field4 ,see ,,beet1 ,,hybrid 7below74 ,beet1 ,hy'brid4 ,syn4 ,,common ,,beet1 ,,field'-,b42 ,,be',,ta ,,hy',,brida1 ,b4 ,,vulgar'',,is1 ,h42 ,l42 ,,bette ,,commune1 ,,betterave ,c41 ,,racine ,d',,abondance1 ,r4 ,,de ,,disette1 c41 ,fr42 ,,mangold1 ,m4-,,wurzel1 ,,mangel-,w41 c41 ,ger4 ,a variety of beta vulgaris 7,linn471 and that usually cultivated by ,english farmers4 ,root red on the outside1 white inside2 chiefly grown as winter-food for cattle1 being vastly superior to turnips4 ,it has been used in ,germany as a substitute for bread in times of scarcity4 ,leaves dressed and eaten like spinach4 ,beet1 ,red4 ,syn4 ,,cu',,linary ,,beet1 ,,garden ,b41 ,,beet'-,,radish1 ,,beet'-,,rave1 c42 ,,be',,ta ,,ru',,bra1 ,b4 ,,vulg'',,aris ,r41 ,l42 ,,betterave1 c41 ,fr42 ,,rothe ,r,,be1 c41 ,ger4 ,root tender1 well-flavoured1 and of a rich red colour throughout1 and hence much used in salads1 pickles1 and cookery2 also made into a conserve1 jam1 or confection4 ,the kinds most esteemed for salads are the small red and the yellowish-red varieties of ,castelnaudari4 ,beet1 ,sea4 ,syn4 ,,be',,ta ,,marit',,ima1 ,l4 ,said to be the best variety for dressing as spinach4 ,beet1 ,white4 ,syn4 ,,be',,ta ,,al',,ba1 ,b4 ,,vulga'',,ris ,a41 ,b4 ,,ci',,cla1 ,l42 ,,bette ,,blanche1 ,,poir,e1 c41 ,fr4 ,a sub-variety of the red beet4 ,root white1 and hence preferred for making sugar2 that with a purple crown being the most esteemed4 ,obs4 ,the preceding varieties of beet resemble each other in their general properties4 ,they are all antiscorbutic1 detergent1 emollient1 and nutritious2 and their roots contain about #h of sugar1 which1 by proper treatment1 may be obtained from them of excellent quality4 ,the grated root is sometimes used to dress blisters and foul ulcers4 ,when sliced1 and dried in a malt-kiln1 a very palatable beer may be brewed with it4 ,the leaves of each variety are dressed and eaten like spinach4 ,the roots1 for the table1 after being carefully washed1 are dressed whole--neither scraped nor cut--and1 according to their size and age1 require from #a to #d hours' simmering or baking4 ,they are mostly served in slices1 cold1 intermingled with other winter salad vegetables4 ,see ,,brewing1 ,,cattle1 ,,salads1 ,,sugar1 c4 7also ant74 ,,beet ,,root4 ,see ,,beet4 ,,bee',,tle 7be'tl74 ,syn4 ,,scar',,abdagger991 ,,scar',,abeedagger99 7-be72 ,,sc,,rab',,us1 ,l42 ,,escarbot1 ,,scarabe1 ,fr42 ,k,,fer1 ,ger42 ,,betel1 ,sax4 ,in zoology1 the common name of an extensive genus of insects 7scarab'us1 ,linn471 of numerous species4 ,it is also popularly applied to all coleopterous insects1 or such as have hard or shelly wing-cases1 especially to those of a dark or obscure colour4 ,the common pests of our kitchens and basement floors which pass familiarly under the name of beetles1 black beetles1 or cockroaches1 belong to the order orthoptera1 and not to the coleoptera or beetle tribe1 as the name implies4 ,see ,,insects1 c4 ,black ,beetle2 ,domes'tic beetle4 ,see ,,blatta1 ,,cockroach1 c4 ,blis'tering ,beetle4 ,see ,,cantharides4 ,,bell4 ,syn4 ,,campa',,na1#abh ,,campan',,ula1#abi ,,no',,la991#acj ,,tintinnab',,ulum1#aca ,l42 ,,cloche1 ,,clochette1#acb ,,grelot1#acc ,fr42 ,,glocke1 ,,schelle1 c41 ,ger42 ,,bell1 ,,bella1 ,,belle1 ,sax4 ,a hollow vessel or body1 usually of cast metal1 with a wide cup-like mouth expanding outwards1 so formed as to emit sound when suspended and struck with a hard substance4 ,the word is also applied1 either alone or in composition1 to substances having the figure of a bell2 as bells 7of flowers71 bell-animal1 b4-flower1 b4-glass1 c4 ,footnote #abh3 ,appropriately1 a large bell suspended or adapted for suspension2 as that of a church1 c4 ,footnote #abi3 ,a small bell4 ,footnote #acj3 ,id4 ,footnote #aca3 ,id42 appr41 one suspended as a door-bell1 servants' bell1 c4 ,footnote #acb3 ,a little bell1 a hand-bell4 ,footnote #acc3 ,a little round-bell4 ,form1 ,manuf41 c4 ,bells of the common and well-known shape1 with a thick lip or sound-bow1 are the most effective known instruments for producing a loud and musical sound1 such as you want when you erect a large public clock1 or put up a peal of church-bells4 ,after trying a number of experiments1 at ,messrs ,warner's1 ,i am quite satisfied that there is nothing to be gained by deviating materially from the established proportions of the best old bells4#acd ,this view is borne out by the researches of the ,government commissioners#ace who visited the ,paris ,exhibition1 who report1 that among the 'founders' of ,france and ,belgium1 there are no traditions of the art1 nor any discoveries or appliances of modern science1 tending to the improvement of bells1 or to provide efficient substitutes for them2 nor is there any known improvement on the established mode and usual material 7,,bronze or ,,bell-,,metal7 for casting them4 ,sir ,c4 ,barry1 indeed1 according to ,mr ,dennison1 seemed rather impressed with the merits of cast-steel bells2 but both ,prof4 ,wheatstone and ,mr ,dennison differ from him in opinion4 ,undoubtedly some cast-steel bells1 of small size1 have been produced1 capable of yielding sounds of extraordinary clearness and richness1 but1 in most cases1 owing to the difficulty in giving the peculiar molecular condition to the metal essential to a high degree of sonorousness1 their tones are comparatively harsh and disagreeable4 ,well-annealed glass offers a cheaper and better material than steel for large bells up to a certain size1 whilst its tones are exquisite4 ,as the depth of the tone of a bell depends chiefly upon the dimensions and weight of the sound-bow1 it appears likely that by directing our experiments to the increase of these1 and the diminishing of the thickness of the metal in the other parts1 the quantity of metal required to produce large bells might be very greatly reduced4 ,the sound of an ,indian gong that may be easily held suspended by the hand is always rich and usually as loud and deep as a bell of ordinary construction which it would take several men to lift4 ,the ,chinese often use bells made of porcelain4 ,small hand-bells for the toilet and boudoir are often made of silver1 and then yield tones which are remarkably soft1 clear1 and pleasing4 ,the tongue1 clapper1 or hammer1 of bronze bells should be of iron2 and steel bells1 of bronze4 ,glass and porcelain bells require the striking part of the tongue to be of box-wood1 the proper weight being given by a ball of iron cast on the rod immediately above it1 and a similar one screwed on the end of the rod immediately below it4 ,in all cases the hammer-head1 preferably globular1 should strike the bell near the verge1 and should be free from projections or asperities4 ,footnote #acd3 ,lecture on the ',form of ,bells1' deliv4 at the ,royal ,institution1 by ,mr ,b4 ,dennison1 to whom the ,government intrusted the construction of the 'great bells' for the ,new ,houses of ,parliament4 ,footnote #ace3 ,prof4 ,wheatstone and ,sir ,charles ,barry4 ,the casting1 c41 of bells is essentially similar to that of other articles in bronze1 of corresponding size1 and particularly of cannon4 ,see ,,bell-,,metal1 ,,bronze1 c4 ,,bell'-,,metal4 ,syn4 ,s ,,campana'',,rum1 ,l42 ,m,,tal ,,de ,,cloche1 ,fr42 ,,glockengut1 ,,glockenspeise1 ,ger4 ,the alloy1 usually bronze1 of which bells1 c41 are made4 ,the composition of bell-metal varies considerably1 as may be seen below3-- #a4 7,standard47 ,copper1 #gh parts2 tin1 #bb parts2#acf fused together and cast in the manner described under ,,bronze4 ,the most sonorous of all the alloys of copper and tin4 ,it is easily fusible1 and has a fine compact grain1 and a vitreous-conchoidal and yellowish-red fracture4 ,according to ,klaproth1 the finest-toned ,indian gongs have this composition4 ,footnote #acf3 ,the resulting alloy probably contains #g ,cu ,sn4 #b4 7,founder's ,standard47 ,copper1 #gg parts2 tin1 #ba parts2 antimony1 #b parts4#acg ,slightly paler and inferior to ,no4 #a4 ,footnote #acg3 ,more antimony1 or some other metal1 is often added1 as subsequently noticed2 but always to the injury of the alloy as bell-metal4 #c4 ,copper1 #hj parts2 tin1 #bj parts4#ach ,very deep-toned and sonorous4 ,used in ,china and ,india for the larger gongs1 tam-tams1 c4 ,footnote #ach3 ,equal to about #h ,cu ,sn4 ,in some gongs the proportion of tin is so low as #bb1 or even #bj parts1 to #ajj parts of copper4 #d4 ,copper1 #gh to #hj parts2 tin1 #bb to #bj parts4 ,usual composition of ,chinese cymbals1 tam-tams1 c4 #e4 ,copper #ge 7 #c7 parts2 tin1 #be 7 #a7 parts4#aci ,somewhat brittle4 ,in fracture1 semi-vitreous and bluish-red4 ,used for church and other large bells4 ,footnote #aci3 ,nearly equal to #f ,cu ,sn4 #f4 ,copper1 #hj parts2 tin1 #aj-a_/d parts2 zinc1 #e-a_/b parts2 lead1 #d-a_/d parts4 ,english bell-metal1 according to ,thomson4 ,inferior to the last2 the lead being apt to form isolated drops1 to the injury of the uniformity of the alloy4 #g4 ,copper1 #fh1 parts2 tin1 #cb parts4#adj ,brittle2 fracture conchoidal and ash-grey4 ,best proportions for house-bells1 hand-bells1 c42 for which1 however1 #b of copper1 and #a of tin1 is commonly substituted by the founders4 ,footnote #adj3 ,equal to about #d ,cu ,sn4 #h4 ,copper1 #gb parts2 tin1 #bf-a_/b parts2 iron1 #a-a_/b part4 ,used by the ,paris houses for the bells of small clocks or pendules4 #i4 ,copper1 #gb parts2 tin1 #bf parts2 zinc1 #b parts4 ,used1 like the last1 for very small bells4 #aj4 ,copper1 #gj parts2 tin1 #bf parts2 zinc1 #b parts4 ,used for the bells of repeating watches4 #aa4 ,melt together copper1 #ajj parts2 tin1 #be parts4 ,after being cast into the required object1 it should be made red hot1 and then plunged immediately into cold water in order to impart to it the requisite degree of sonorousness4 ,for cymbals and gongs4 #ab4 ,melt together copper1 #hj parts2 tin1 #bj parts4 ,when cold it has to be hammered out with frequent annealing4 #ac4 ,copper1 #gh parts2 tin1 #bb parts4 ,this is superior to the former1 as it can be rolled out4 ,for tom-toms and gongs4 #ad4 ,melt together copper1 #gb parts2 tin1 #bf to #ef parts2 iron1 #add part4 ,used in making the bells of pendules or ornamental ,parisian clocks4 ,for clock-bells4 ,concluding remarks4 ,castings in bell-metal are all more or less brittle2 and1 when recent1 have a colour varying from a dark ash-grey to greyish-white1 which is darkest in the more cupreous varieties1 in which it turns somewhat on the yellowish-red or bluish-red4 ,the larger the proportion of copper in the alloy1 the deeper and graver the tone of the bells formed of it4 ,the addition of tin1 iron1 or zinc1 causes them to give out their tones sharper4 ,bismuth and lead are also often added to modify the tone1 which each metal affects differently4 ,the addition of antimony and bismuth is frequently made by the founder to give a more crystalline grain to the alloy4 ,all these additions are1 however1 prejudicial to the sonorousness of bells1 and of very doubtful utility4 ,rapid refrigeration increases the sonorousness of all these alloys4 ,hence ,m4 ,d',arcet recommends the 'pieces' to be heated to a cherry-red after they are cast1 and after having been suddenly plunged into cold water1 to be submitted to well-regulated pressure by skilful hammering1 until they assume their proper form2 after which they are to be again heated and allowed to cool slowly in the air4 ,this is the method adopted by the ,chinese with their gongs1 c41 a casing of sheet-iron being employed by them to support and protect the pieces during the exposure to heat4 ,in a general way1 however1 bells are formed and completed by simple casting4 ,this is necessarily the case with all very large bells4 ,where the quality of their tones is the chief object sought after1 the greatest care should be taken to use commercially pure copper4 ,the presence of a very little lead or any similar metal greatly lessens the sonorousness of this alloy2 whilst that of silver increases it4 ,this last metal has been detected in many old church bells remarkable for the richness of their tones--articles of silver plate having been cast into the crucibles of the founders1 as votive offerings1 by the pious ,christians of former ages4 ,the specific gravity of a large bell is seldom uniform throughout its whole substance2 nor can the sp4 gr4 from any given proportion of its constituent metals be exactly calculated owing to the many interfering circumstances4 ,the nearer this uniformity is approached1 or in other words1 chemical combination is complete1 the more durable and finer toned will be the bell4 ,in general it is found necessary to take about #a-ajth more metal than the weight of the intended bell1 or bells1 in order to allow for waste and scorification during the operations of fusing and casting4 ,see ,,bell1 ,,bronze1 ,,copper1 c4 ,,belladon',,na 7-d7on'7a71 ,it41 ,sp41 ,port42 ,eng41 ,l41 ,ger42#ada ,b4 ,p4 ,syn4 ,,dead',,ly ,,night',,shade1 ,,dwale2 ,,belledame1 ,,belladonne1 c41 ,fr42 ,t,,dtlicher ,,nachtschatten1 ,,tollkersche1 ,,tollkraut1 ,,wolfskirsche1 c41 ,ger42 ,,at',,ropa ,,letha',,lis991 ,,sola',,num ,,furio',,sum991 ,s4 ,,letha',,le991 ,s4 ,,mania',,cum991 ,s4 ,,melanocer',,asusdagger1 c41 ,l41 ,bot4 var4 ,literally1 fair lady2 in materia medica1 botany1 c41 the usual name 7adopted from the ,ital47 of at'ropa belladonn'a 7,linn471 an indigenous1 poisonous1 perennial1 herbaceous plant1 of the nat4 ord4 ,solan 7,,dc72 ,solanace1 ,endl41 7,lind474 ,it flowers in ,june and ,july1 and its drooping1 purple blossoms are common ornaments of our hedges and wastes where the soil is calcareous4 ,it is supposed to be the 'insane root' of ,shakespeare4#adb ,footnote #ada3 ,as a borrowed word4 ,footnote #adb3 ',macbeth1' ,act ,i1 ,scene #c4 ,the parts of this plant used in medicine and pharmacy are the fresh leaves and branches to which they are attached2 also the leaves separate from the branches1 carefully dried1 of atropa belladonna2 gathered1 when the fruit has begun to form1 from wild or cultivated plants in ,britain 7,b4 ,p474 ,prop41 ,uses1 c4 ,every part of this plant contains ,,atro',,pia1 and is consequently highly poisonous4 ,every part1 except the berries1 is foetid when bruised1 and of a dark and lurid aspect1 indicative of its deadly narcotic quality4#adc ,its berries1 which are of a glossy violet-black1 and of the size of a small cherry1 are sweet-tasted1 and not at all nauseous4 ,children and tired travellers and soldiers1 allured by their beauty and the absence of disagreeable flavour1 have frequently been induced to eat them2 but in all cases poisoning1 often fatal1 has followed the indulgence4#add ,belladonna is1 however1 in qualified hands a safe and most valuable medicine4 ,its chief use is as an anodyne1 antispasmodic1 sedative1 and discutient1 and particularly to diminish sensibility and allay pain and nervous irritation in a variety of diseases--neuralgia1 arthritic and migratory rheumatic pains1 painful ulcers1 cancer1 spasmodic rigidity1 strictures1 and contractions 7especially of the bladder and uterus71 angina pectoris1 iritis1 epilepsy1 chorea1 hooping-cough1 hysteria1 mania1 fevers1 phthisis1 asthma1 c42 also as a prophylactic of scarlet-fever1#ade hydrophobia1 and salivation1 as a resolvent in enlarged and indurated glands 7particularly when painful71 as an agent to produce dilation of the pupil during surgical examinations and operations1 c41 c4 ,it is employed both internally and externally1 and in various forms1 as is noticed under its 'preparations' elsewhere4 ,dose4 ,of the powder1 #a_/b to #a gr4 twice a day1 gradually and cautiously increased until dryness of the throat or dilation of the pupil occurs1 or the head is affected4 ,footnote #adc3 ,pereira1 #dth ed41 vol4 ii1 #ede4 ,footnote #add3 ,one hundred and fifty ,french soldiers were thus poisoned at ,pirna1 near ,dresden4 7,orfila1 ',tox4 ,gn4'7 ,footnote #ade3 ,of #bjbg persons who took it1 and were exposed to the contagion of scarlet fever1 #aidh escaped4 7,bayle1 ',bibl4 ,thrap41' t4 ii4 p4 #ejd47 ,of #abjj soldiers who took it only #ab became affected4 7,oppenheim1 ',lond4 ,med4 ,gaz1' vol4 xiii1 #had47 ,in this country1 however1 except among homoeopaths1 it has not found much favour as a prophylactic4 ,pois41 c4 ,belladonna and its preparations are poisonous to all animals1 but very much more so to the carnivora than to the herbivora4 ,it also acts as a poison on vegetables4 ,treatm4 ,ant41 c4 ,these may be the same as those employed in poisoning by aconite1 atropia1 and opium4 ,the stomach must be cleared as soon as possible1 followed by active purgation4 ,unfortunately emetics have scarcely any action1 and1 therefore1 must be given in large doses1 assisted by tickling the fauces1 c4 ,if copious vomiting does not rapidly follow1 the stomach-pump may be had recourse to4 ,when the poison has been removed from the stomach1 copious and continued draughts of astringent vegetable solutions 7weak decoction of galls or oak-bark1 or strong coffee or green-tea71 should be persisted in for some time2 followed by like draughts of water soured with any mild vegetable acid 7as vinegar1 lemon-juice1 citric or tartaric acid1 c47 ,detec4 ,the contents of the stomach or vomited matter may be searched for the berries1 leaves1 seed1 or portions of the root2 all of which are easily recognisable4 ,the usual physiological and chemical tests of atropia may also be applied to these and to the organic liquids supposed to contain the poison4 ,see ,,alkaloid1 ,,atropia1 ,,extracts1 ,,ointments1 ,,tinctures1 ,,vegetable ,,juices1 c4 ,,belladonnine4 ,syn4 ,,atropia1 which see4 ,,bell',y 7-e74 ,the abdomen 7which see74 ,,belts4 ,in their connection with health and disease1 see ,,bandage1 ,,dress1 ,,stays1 c4 ,,benedictine',s ,,healing-,,plaster 7,hauber74 #ce grammes of a dark brown plaster1 prepared by digesting together #a part litharge with #b parts olive oil until they become blackish-brown1 then adding #d parts yellow wax1 containing the heat for a short time1 and then pouring out4 7,wittstein47 ,,bengal' 7-gawl'74 ,a thin fabric of silk and hair interwoven1 originally from ,bengal4 ,ben'gal ,light4 ,a firework used as signals4 ,see ,,fires 7coloured74 ,ben'gal ,stripes4 ,cotton cloth1 woven with coloured stripes1 orig4 from ,bengal2 gingham4 ,,ben',,jamindagger994 ,benzoin4 ,,ben',,zene4 ,see ,,benzol4 ,,ben',,zine 7-z7in74 ,benzol4 ,,ben',,zoate 7-zo-ate74 ,eng41 ,fr4 ,syn4 ,,ben',,zo,s1 ,l4 ,a salt in which one atom of benzoic acid is replaced by a metal or other basic radical4 ,the benzoates may1 in general1 be easily prepared by either neutralising the acid with the base1 or by double decomposition4 ,most of them are more or less soluble in water1 and crystallisable4 ,those of the alkalies and ammonia are very soluble1 and rather difficult to crystallise4 ,see ,,benzoic ,,acid and the respective bases4 ,,ben',,zoene994 ,see ,,tuluole4 ,,benzo',,ic ,,acid 7-zo'-7ik74 ,,hc#g;,h#e,o#b ,syn4 ,,flowers ,,of ,,benzoin'2 ,,hy',,drated ,,ben',,zoyl2 ,,acidum ,,benzo',,icum 7,b4 ,p472 ,,acide ,,benzo,,que1 ,,fleurs ,,de ,,benjoin1 c41 ,fr42 ,,benzoes,,ure1 c41 ,ger4 ,a substance which is commonly stated to be the characteristic constituent of the two balsams4 ,pure oil of bitter almonds suffers gradual conversion into this acid by exposure to the air4 ,prep4 ,the acid of commerce is principally obtained from gum-benzoin1 either by sublimation 7dry way71 or by dissolving it out by means of an alkali1 or an alkaline earth in the form of a salt 7moist way72 but chiefly by the first method4 #a4 ,by ,,sublimation3-- a4 ,good benzoin1 crushed small or in the state of coarse powder1 is placed in a cylindrical iron pot with a flat bottom1 and from #h to #i inches in diameter1 so as to form a layer of from #a to #b inches deep4 ,the open end of the pot is next covered with a sheet of soft and loose blotting-paper1#adf which is attached to the rim with paste4 ,a cone1 cap1 or cylinder formed of strong thick paper 7cartridge paper71 open at its lower end1 is then placed over the top of the pot1 including the blotting-paper2 and this is also attached with paste and string4 ,the apparatus1 thus prepared1 is then placed on a sand bath1#adg and exposed for #d to #f hours to a gentle and uniform heat4 ,it is next removed from the sand bath1 and1 when it has sufficiently cooled1 inverted1 and the string detached1 when crystals of benzoic acid are found in the paper cone4 ,if1 owing to want of care in manipulating1 the product is either coloured or empyreumatic1 it must be enveloped in several folds of bibulous paper1 then submitted to powerful pressure1 and afterwards resublimed4 ,the simple form of apparatus figured in the engraving answers well on the small scale1 and is that recommended by ,dr ,mohr4 ,footnote #adf3 ,felt--,liebig4 ,footnote #adg3 ,on an iron plate on which sand has been spread--,ph4 ,bor4 ,illustration b4 7,ph4 ,d4 #ahej47 ,the subliming pot is ordered to be of sheet-iron4 ,it is to be fitted into a circular hole in a sheet of pasteboard1 and a collar of tow interposed between it and the flange1 so as to produce a nearly air-tight junction4 ,the paper receiver or cap is to be cylindrical1 open at one end and about #ah inches high1 with a diameter at least twice that of the pot2 and it is to be secured in an inverted position on the pasteboard1 and fastened to it by slips of paper and flour-paste4 ,a couple of inches of the pot is to be passed through a corresponding hole in a plate of sheet-tin1 which is to be kept from contact with the pasteboard by the interposition of a few corks2 and a heat#adh only just sufficient to melt the benzoin is to be applied for at least six hours4 ,footnote #adh3 ,that of a gas-flame is recommended4 ,a ring of very small gas-jets answers better4 c4 7,process adopted at ,apothecaries' ,hall1 ,london47 ,the best gum-benzoin is put into an iron pot1 set in brickwork over a suitable small fire-place 7or flue71#adi and communicating by a conical metal neck1 with a wooden box 7technically termed a 'house'7 lined with white blotting-paper1 as a receiver for the flowers4 ,a piece of fine muslin1 or of bibulous paper1 is interposed between the top of the subliming-pot and the receiver1 to prevent the sublimate falling back into the former4 ,the sublimation is conducted rather rapidly1 and the acid condenses in beautiful white1 soft1 flexible crystals1 which are at once ready for the market4 ,when the process is conducted more slowly1 the product is proportionately scaly4 ,footnote #adi3 ,a pan with a steam-jacket answers well1 and is very manageable4 ,obs4 ,good samples of benzoin yield from #aj to #ab1 or even #ab-a_/b1 of 'flowers' or 'acid of the first sublimation4' ,this1 after being pressed in blotting-paper and again sublimed1 gives #h-a_/b to #aj of nearly pure benzoic acid4 ,the loss arising from a second sublimation is thus so great that the utmost care should be taken to avoid its necessity4 #b4 ,in the ,,moist ,,way3-- a4 7,ph4 ,d4 #ahbf2 ,scheele's ,process47 ,equal parts of benzoin and hydrate of lime1 in fine powder1 are intimately mixed together and boiled for about an hour1 with #dj parts of water2 the liquor1 after filtration1 is evaporated to #a_/eth1 and the lime saturated with hydrochloric acid2 the benzoic acid crystallised out as the liquor cools1 and is then either washed with very cold water1 and dried by a gentle heat1 or it is dried and sublimed in the manner already explained4 ,the product of the sublimation is extremely white and pure4 ,obs4 ,an economical and productive process2 but1 to ensure success1 a perfect mixture of the dry ingredients must be first made2 as otherwise the benzoin runs into a solid mass in the boiling water1 and the operation fails4 ,prod4 #a lb4 of 7gum7 benjamin yields #a oz4 #f dr4 #b scr4 of flowers4 7,gray47#aej ,footnote #aej3 ,a quantity which1 in our own experiments1 we were never able to obtain4 b4 7,process of ,stoltze47 ,the benzoin is dissolved in #c times its weight of alcohol1 the solution introduced into a retort1 and a solution of carbonate of soda in weak spirit-and-water1 is gradually added1 until all the free acid present is neutralised2 water1 equal to about twice the weight of the benzoin employed1 is next poured in1 and the alcohol removed by distillation4 ,the floating resin is now skimmed off the residual liquid and washed with a little water1 and the washings added to the contents of the retort1 which will deposit crystals of benzoate of soda on cooling1 and more by subsequent evaporation4 ,from this salt the benzoic acid is obtained by saturating the alkali with an acid 7as the hydrochloric71 and by subsequent sublimation of the crude precipitated crystals4 #c4 ,other ,methods3-- a4 ,ordinary hippuric acid is very gently boiled1 for about #ae minutes1 in nitric acid#aea 7sp4 gr4 #adb72 water is then added1 and the solution allowed to cool and crystallise4 ,the crystals are collected on a filter1 washed with a little very cold water1 dried by pressure in bibulous paper1 and lastly1 purified by sublimation1 as before4 ,footnote #aea3 ,hydrochloric acid as well as sulphuric acid also convert hippuric acid into benzoic acid2 as does likewise a sufficient degree of heat4 ,see ,,hippuric ,,acid4 b4 ,from the urine of horses1 cows1 and other graminivorous animals1 in a similar way to that by which hippuric acid is obtained1 only allowing the urine to acquire a slight degree of putridity before evaporation1 which last should be effected by a heat slightly under that of ebullition4 ,the crude acid thus obtained is purified as previously directed4 ,obs4 ,large quantities of benzoic acid are said to be obtained in this way on the ,continent2 but1 owing to the process being clumsily conducted1 it is generally of inferior quality1 and hence unsaleable4 ,it may1 however1 by skilful purification1 be rendered quite equal to that obtained from gum benzoin4#aeb ,footnote #aeb3 ,a manufactory of sal-ammoniac1 near ,magdeburgh1 which uses urine1 is able to supply flowers of benjamin by the cwt4 7,gray47 ,prop4 ,when obtained by sublimation benzoic acid forms soft1 light1 feathery1 white1 flexible crystals1 which are transparent or semi-transparent1 with more or less of a mother-of-pearl lustre2 when by slowly cooling its aqueous solution1 or by precipitation from a solution of a benzoate1 it forms either thin plates or scales1 or a dazzling white crystalline powder4 ,it is inodorous when cold1#aec but acquires a faint balsamic odour when gently warmed2 fuses at about #bab ,fahr41 and begins to sublime freely at a temperature a little above it1 but does not boil until heated to about #dfj2 burns with a bright yellow flame2 is very soluble in alcohol1 dissolves in about #bjj parts of cold water1 and about #be parts of boiling water2 resists the action of ordinary nitric acid even when boiling2 and forms salts 7,,ben',,zoates7 with the bases4 ,sp4 gr4 #jffg4 ,its vapour1 which is very suffocating and irritating1 has a density of #dbg4 ,added to fat and fatty substances it either prevents1 or greatly retards1 the accession of rancidity4 ,footnote #aec3 ,that of the shops usually smells slightly of benzoin1 owing to the presence of a trace of volatile oil4 ,test1 c4 ,it may be recognised--#a4 ,by its physical properties 7appearance1 fusibility1 volatility1 odour1 c47 already enumerated3--#b4 ,by its ready solubility in solutions of the alkalies2 and by being precipitated from these solutions1 on the addition of one of the stronger acids1 under the form of a dazzling white powder1 which is only sparingly soluble in cold water3--#c4 ,by its neutral salts with the alkalies1 or its neutral solution in an alkali1 giving a bulky1 flesh-coloured precipitate with perchloride of iron1 which is insoluble in water3--#d4 ,by its solution not being precipitated by acetate of lead until after neutralisation with a fixed alkali1 when the acetate produces a white1 flocculent precipitate3--#e4 ,by a mixture of alcohol1 ammonia1 and solution of chloride of barium1 neither disturbing a solution of the free acid1 nor that of one of its salts with the alkalies4 ,it is chemically distinguished from cinnamic acid by not yielding essential oil of almonds when it is distilled with oxidising agents1 as chromic acid or a mixture of bichromate of potassium and sulphuric acid2 and from succinic acid1 by its different deportment with sesquichloride of iron 7,test #c1 ant71 and with a mixture of alcohol1 ammonia1 and solution of chloride of barium 7,t4 #e1 ant74 ,estim4--#a4 ,by weighing it as benzoic acid1 obtained either by precipitation1 or by very careful sublimation in a glass apparatus3--#b4 ,by neutralising its alcoholic or aqueous solution1 by the usual method of acidimetry3--#c4 ,by precipitating its neutral solution with acetate of lead1 or with sesquichloride of iron1 and weighing the carefully washed and dried precipitate either as benzoate of lead1 or as ferric benzoate4 ,pur41 c4 ,white crystalline silky plates and needles1 have an aromatic odour4 ,solubility in cold water1 #a in #cjj2 in boiling water1 #a in #ab2 in spirit1 #a in #d4 ,also soluble in caustic alkalies and lime4 ,borax considerably increases its solubility in water2 #a of benzoic acid and #a of borax are soluble in #ajj of water4 ,it sublimes without residue when heated4 ,it is sometimes met with adulterated with hippuric acid1 which may be easily detected by its altered form1 by its diminishing solubility in cold water1 and by its exhaling an odour of tonquin-beans1 and afterwards of hydrocyanic acid1 when sublimed4 ,the presence of succinic acid may be readily detected by its greatly increased solubility in cold water2 that of sugar1 not only by its increased solubility1 and partial volatility1 but also by the odour of caramel being evolved on the application of sufficient heat1 and the residuum being black and carbonaceous2 that of camphor1 by its peculiar odour when gently heated4 ,spermaceti1 specially prepared for the purpose1 is also an occasional adulterant1 easily detected by its insolubility and other well-known properties4 ,all these substances either destroy or lack the proper crystalline form of benzoic acid1 which is one of the best proofs of its purity4 ,they also greatly increase its sp4 gr4 ,uses1 c4 ,its chief use in medicine is as a stimulant and expectorant4 ,it is an ingredient in the compound tincture of camphor 7paregoric elixir7 of the pharmacopoeia4--,dose1 #aj to #cj gr41 dissolved in water by the aid of a little ammonia or potassa2 in old coughs1 c4 ,,benzoic ,,al',,cohol4 ,a peculiar oily fluid1 discovered by ,m4 ,cannizzaro1 and obtained by the action of an alcoholic solution of potassa on pure oil of bitter almonds4 ,,benzoin'1 ,b4 ,p4 7-zoyn'2 zo'-7in74 ,syn4 ,,gum-,,benzoin99double-dagger1 ,,ben',,jamindagger991 ,,gum-,b4dagger992 ,,benz,i',,num1 ,l41 ,b4 ,p42 ,,benjoin1 ,fr42 ,,benz,e1 ,ger4 ,the balsamic resin exuded from incisions made in the stem of the styrax benzoin1 a native of ,sumatra1 ,java1 ,borneo1 ,laos1 and ,siam4 ,several varieties of benzoin are in the market2 two only1 however1 are chiefly used in medicine1 one in agglutinated masses1 the other 7from ,siam71 in tears1 being the purer and having the stronger odour4 ,prop41 c4 ,odour agreeable1 and somewhat like that of vanilla1 but more balsamic2 fracture conchoidal2 lustre greasy2 sp4 gr4 #ajfc to #ajib4 ,it fuses at a gentle heat and exhales white fumes1 which1 on condensation1 are found to be benzoic acid contaminated with a little volatile oil4 ,alcohol dissolves the larger portion of it1 ether much less1 and the volatile and fixed oils only a little4 ,it contains from #i to #ah1 or 7occasionally7 nearly #bj1 of benzoic acid1 according to the quality4 ,it burns with an agreeable odour4 ,the resin and its alcoholic solution strike a bright red colour with oil of vitriol1 and a green colour with chloride of iron4 ,benzoin has occasionally been sold by fraudulent dealers after its benzoic acid has been removed by the wet method4 ,when the gum has been thus treated it will not show the agglutinated tears1 upon fracture1 which commonly distinguishes it when intact4 ,uses1 c4 ,it is chiefly employed in perfumery1 and as an ingredient in incense1 fumigating pastilles1 c42 also in court-plaster1 in certain cosmetics1 and to scent the varnish used for snuff-boxes1 walking-sticks1 c4 ,as a medicine1 its general effects resemble those of the other true balsams1 and of benzoic acid4--,dose1 #e or #f to #bj1 or even #cj gr41 in powder1 and usually in combination with some other remedy2 chiefly in chronic pulmonary and bronchial affections1 when occurring in torpid habits1 and unaccompanied by inflammatory symptoms or gastric irritation4 ,also as a fumigation in the same diseases1 hooping-cough1 c4 ,like benzoic acid1 it is used to prevent rancidity in ointments1 pomades1 and other fatty preparations4 ,,benzoinum4 ,see ,,benzoin4 ,,ben',,zol 7-zole74 ,c#f;,h#f4 benz7oin7-oleum4 ,syn4 ,,ben',,zene991 ,,ben',z7,i,,ne1 ,,ben',z,o,,le991 ,,hydr7,i,,de ,,of ,,phe',n7,y,l991 ,,phe',,nedagger1 c42 ,,benzo',,leum1 ,l42 ,,benzine1 ,fr42 ,,benz,l1 ,ger4 ,a peculiar ethereal hydrocarbon discovered1 by ,faraday1 among the products of the destructive distillation of whale oil and other organic substances 7,a4,d4 #ahbe72 and subsequently shown1 by ,mitscherlich1 to form the principal ingredient in the distillate procured by the action of heat on a mixture of benzoic acid and hydrate of lime4 ,in #ahdi1 ,mr ,c4 ,b4 ,mansfield#aed discovered its presence in coal-tar naphtha1 from which the benzol of commerce is now chiefly1 if not wholly1 obtained4 ,footnote #aed3 ,this unfortunate chemist lost his life 7,feb4 #be1 #ahee71 in consequence of being severely burned whilst experimenting on benzol4 ,prep4 #a4 ,,pure3--a4 ,a mixture of benzoic acid1 #a part2 fresh-slaked lime1 #c parts2 is submitted1 in a coated glass or earthenware retort1 to a heat slowly raised to redness2 the oily portion of the resulting distillate is then separated from the water1 and carefully rectified1 with the proper precautions1 at a temperature not exceeding #aij ,fahr4 ,the product is usually stated to be pure benzol2 but to ensure this it may be submitted to one refrigeration and rectification1 in the manner and at the temperature noticed below4 b4 ,from good commercial benzol1 agitated with #a-dth or #a-eth of its weight of concentrated sulphuric acid1 and1 after repose and decantation1 rectified at a temperature under #aie ,fahr42 the resulting distillate is exposed to a temperature below#aee #cb ,fahr41 and the mass of crystals that form are thrown on a funnel1 kept at the same temperature1 to drain1 after which they are pressed between folds of bibulous paper1#aef and then allowed to liquefy by simple exposure1 in a close vessel1 to the ordinary temperature of the atmosphere4 ,the product1 after rectification at a temperature not exceeding #aij1 is nearly pure benzol4 ,it may be rendered absolutely pure by repeating the refrigeration a second and a third time1 followed by a final rectification at #ahj-ahe ,fahr4 ,footnote #aee3 ,preferably considerably below4 ,if the distillate be not rich in benzol1 a temperature so low as #h or #aj1 or even #d-e1 ,fahr4 may be necessary or1 at all events1 advantageous4 ,footnote #aef3 ,filtration under pressure is thought by some chemists to be preferable4 ,for this purpose a ',beart's ,coffee-pot' 7or a similarly constructed apparatus71 was often employed by ,mansfield1 and is recommended by ,prof4 ,muspratt4 #b4 ,,commercial3--,by submitting light coal-tar naphtha to distillation1 either at once1 or after it has been agitated with a little oil of vitriol1 and decanted1 care being taken that the temperature does not exceed #bjj ,fahr4 ,a drawing and description of the apparatus invented by ,mansfield for the preparation of benzol from coal-tar naphtha is given below4 ,illustration ,a is the still placed on a furnace ,r2 ,c is filled with cold water4 ,as soon as the oil in the still boils1 the vapours are condensed in ,b1 and flow back into ,a2 this continues until the water in ,c has been heated to a certain temperature1 when the vapours are condensed in the cooler ,d1 the liquid flowing at n into the carboy ,s4 ,as soon as the water in ,c begins to boil1 all the substances contained in the coal-tar naphtha and volatile at #bab ,fahr4 are condensed and collected in ,s4 ,a very pure benzol is obtained by this apparatus4 ,by opening the tap m1 the hydrocarbons which boil over #bab ,fahr4 can be rectified4 ,the stopcock i is used for opening the still4 ,in the benzol works the apparatus shown below is employed4 ,a is the still1 ,b the condenser1 ,c a water-tank4 ,at the commencement of the operation the water in ,c is heated by means of the steam-pipe ,d which communicates with the steam boiler4 ,the tube ,g is attached to the still2 i is a contrivance for filling1 b for emptying it4 ,the condensed water is carried off by means of ,h4 ,by freezing benzol and pressing the solid substance obtained1 it may be rendered quite pure4 ,illustration ,prop4 ,pure benzol is a clear1 colourless1 very mobile liquid1 having a strong1 characteristic1 and rather agreeable ethereal odour4 ,it is neutral to test-paper2 exceedingly volatile at all temperatures2 insoluble in water2 miscible with alcohol and with ether2 highly inflammable2 burns with a brilliant flame1 emitting clouds of smoke1 which rapidly condense and fall as a shower of fine sooty1 carbonaceous matter2 boils at #agf ,fahr42#aeg solidifies1 at #cb1 to a snowy white camphor-like mass1 or when very slowly refrigerated1 to beautiful transparent cruciform leaflets1 which aggregate together into forms resembling fern-fronds2 remelts at #dj-a ,fahr42 and when solidifies burns1 like camphor1 without previous fusion4 ,sp4 gr4 #hej2aeh sp4 gr4 of vapour1 #bggj4aei ,it is unaffected by the ordinary hydrated acids1 and has no action on the alkaline metals4 ,highly concentrated nitric acid readily dissolves it1 and from this solution nitrobenzol is precipitated on the addition of water4 ,its vapour is dangerously inflammable1 and1 when mixed with the air1 is highly explosive4 ,its solvent power extends over a numerous list of substances4 ,commercial benzol has a less agreeable odour1 and not unfrequently a slight colour1 with other modifications of the properties just enumerated1 depending on the relative amount of impurities contained in it4 ,footnote #aeg3 ,fownes1 ,mansfield1 ,muspratt1 and others2 #ahf--,mitscherlich #ahg--,mr ,c4 ,g4 ,williams 7in ,ure's ',dict4 of ,a4 ,m41 ,m41' #eth ed474 7,see next note47 ,footnote #aeh3 ,williams1 ,ure1 ,muspratt2 #hhe--;,fownes1 ,mitscherlich4 ,the different sp4 gr4 and boiling-points assigned to benzol1 by authors1 can only be accounted for by samples of different degrees of purity having probably been examined4 ,the numbers given in the text are those not usually adopted2 but we are not prepared to say1 that they are definitely settled4 ,on the contrary1 we think it not unlikely that further investigations may show that the apparently greater levity of the benzole obtained from naphtha may arise from the presence of some other hydrocarbon which has hitherto escaped detection4 ,footnote #aei3 ,theoretically1 #bgch4 ,pur4--#a4 ,it should be colourless1 without action on either litmus or turmeric paper1 and have the boiling-point1 sp4 gr41#afj c4 already indicated3--#b4 ,a few drops thrown on a slip of glass or a piece of white paper should rapidly and entirely evaporate by simple exposure to the air without leaving a stain behind1 or evolving any disagreeable or foreign odour3--#c4 ,agitation with a little sulphuric acid should not discolour it3--#d4 ,it should not perceptibly lose weight or volume by agitation with a little cold water4 ,footnote #afj3 ,if it has a less sp4 gr4 than #hej1 it is probably adulterated with the naphtha obtained from the ,torbane-hill mineral or ,boghead-coal1 of which the sp4 gr4 is only #gej4 ,detec4--#a4 ,from the physical and other properties already enumerated3--#b4 ,by converting it into aniline and then testing it accordingly4 ,for this purpose a little of it is dissolved in concentrated nitric acid1 and the nitrobenzol thus formed is precipitated by the addition of water4 ,the fluid is then agitated with ether1 to dissolve out the nitrobenzol1 and the resulting ethereal solution is mixed with an equal bulk of alcohol and hydrochloric acid and a little granulated zinc at once added4 ,hydrogen is evolved1 and by its action the nitro-compound is converted into aniline4 ,the liquid is next alkalised with potassa in excess1 and the alkaline fluid agitated with ether4 ,the ethereal solution1 on evaporation1 leaves a residue 7aniline71 which1 after the addition of a little water1 may be tested with a few drops of solution of chloride of lime1 when a characteristic purple colour will be developed1 provided the original liquor was benzole1 or contained it4 ,in this way very minute traces of benzol may be detected4 ,uses1 c4 ,in its impure or commercial form1 chiefly as a solvent for gutta percha and india rubber2 but it leaves the first in a spongy1 friable state1 and the latter glutinous or sticky1 unless heat is applied to it for some time2 also as a solvent in the manufacture of varnishes1 as a diluent in lieu of oil of turpentine1 for oil-paints1 as a material for the production of artificial light1 c41 c4 ,in the pure or nearly pure form it is largely employed in the laboratory and in chemical analysis as a solvent of many resins1#afa mastic1 wax1 camphor1 fat1 the fixed and essential oils1 sulphur1 phosphorus1 iodine1 several of the alkaloids1#afb c41 c4 ,under the name of ,,benzine and ,,benzine-,,collas it has been recently extensively vended for the removal of spots of grease1 paint1 c41 from woven fabrics1 which it does most readily and completely1 without detriment to the material4 ,as a source of artificial light it has been the subject of innumerable applications and patents4 ,it may be burned in a 'wickless' lamp1 provided a proper cap-burner be employed4 ,alcohol or pyroxilic spirit containing #a-crd1 or even #a-dth of it1 burns with a rich white flame4 ,air driven through it becomes sufficiently inflammable to serve as illuminating gas2 whilst ordinary coal-gas by merely passing over it yields a flame of greatly increased brilliancy2 but in all these applications the greatest possible care is necessary to prevent accidents4#afc ,see ,,naphtha 7,coal-tar74 ,footnote #afa3 ,anime and copal are scarcely affected by it in the fluid state1 but readily dissolve in its vapour at the point of condensation4 ,footnote #afb3 ,particularly quinine1 which it dissolves readily1 but not cinchonine4 ,hence it is invaluable for the separation of them4 ,it may be economically and conveniently substituted for ether in the preparation of many alkaloids1 with the advantage of being applicable in many cases in which ether cannot be employed4 ,footnote #afc3 ,workmen constantly exposed to the vapour of benzol are very subject to nervous irritability1 and1 where the apartment is ill-ventilated1 even fits of nervous prostration and trembling1 of a truly alarming character4 ,in two or three cases which we have seen1 the symptoms1 to the inexperienced eye1 closely resembled those occasionally resulting from the long-continued use of very minute doses of strychnia1 or of the alcoholic extract of nux vomica4 ,benzol1 ,nitrate of4 ,see ,,nitro-,,benzol4 ,,benzoline4 ,a product of the fractional distillation of ,american rock oil4 ,if used for burning purposes1 care should always be taken to use a sponge lamp1 so as to ensure the benzoline vapour 7which is extremely inflammable7 being well diluted with air when burnt4 ,,benzoyl4 ,c#g;,h#e,o4 ,the radical of an extensive series of compounds1 of which the hydride1 ,c#g;,h#e,,oh 7essential oil of bitter almonds71 and benzoic acid1 ,,hc#g;,h#e,o#b are the most important members4 ,benzoyl1 ,hy'dride of4 ,c#g;,h#e,,oh4 ,syn4 ,,essence ,,of ,,bitter ,,almonds1 ,,essential ,,oil ,,of ,,bitter ,,almonds1 ,,volatile ,,oil ,,of ,,bitter ,,almonds4 ,prep4 #a4 ,the crude oil of bitter almonds is agitated with a moderately dilute solution of protochloride of iron which has been previously mixed with fresh hydrate of lime in excess1 and the whole1 after having been placed in a retort connected with a suitable receiver1 is subjected to distillation4 ,the oil passes over mixed with water1 from which it is easily separated after repose4 ,by subjecting it to a second agitation and distillation with a fresh mixture of the protochloride and hydrate1 and1 after careful separation from the water which distils over with it1 allowing it to remain for some hours in contact with fragments of fused chloride of calcium1 to free it from all traces of adhering water1 the product will be nearly chemically pure1 provided the whole process has been conducted with as little access of air as possible4 #b4 7,liebig47 ,agitate the crude oil of bitter almonds with mercuric oxide in slight excess1 and1 after a few days' contact1 rectify the oil from a little fresh oxide4 ,the product is quite pure when the process is properly managed4 ,the bicyanide of mercury thus formed may be either employed as such1 or reconverted into oxide of mercury and hydrocyanic acid4 ,prop41 c4 ,a rather thin1 colourless liquid1 of great refractive power and characteristic and agreeable odour2 soluble in #ce parts of water2 miscible in all proportions with alcohol and ether2 it boils at #cef ,fahr42 on exposure to the air it rapidly absorbs oxygen1 and becomes converted into a mass of crystallised benzoic acid2 heated with solid hydrate of potassa hydrogen is evolved1 and benzoate of potassium formed2 with the alkaline bisulphites it forms beautiful crystalline compounds4 ,its flame1 and that of its vapour1 is bright but very smoky4 ,sp4 gr4 #ajdc4 ,it differs from the crude or common oil of bitter almonds chiefly in the absence of hydrocyanic acid1 and consequently in not being poisonous4 ,it has hence been proposed as a substitute for the crude oil as a flavouring ingredient in cookery1 confectionery1 liqueurs1 c42 but is unfitted for the purpose1 owing to the rapid deterioration it suffers unless it be kept absolutely excluded from the air4 ,formiate of ,hydride of ,benzoyle4 ,see ,,formobenzoic ,,acid4 ,,ber',,berine 7-een74#afd ,c#bj;,h#ag,,no#d4 ,eng41 ,fr4 ,syn4 ,,bar',,ber7,i,,ne991 ,,ber',,berite99 7of ,thomson72 ,,berberi',,na1 ,l4 ,a substance discovered by ,buchner and ,herberger in the root of the common barberry shrub 7ber'beris vulga'ris1 ,linn472 and subsequently1 by ,bdecker1 in calumba-root2 and more recently by ,mr ,perrins1 in the calumba-wood 7menispermum fenestratum7 of ,ceylon1 which contains a considerable quantity of it4 ,footnote #afd3 ,this substance must not be confounded with ,,beeberine or ,,biberine 7which see74 ,prep4 #a4 ,a soft watery extract of the root1 or of the wood1 is digested in rectified spirit1 with trituration1 as long as anything is taken up2 the resulting tincture1 after repose1 is filtered1 and the alcohol gradually distilled off until the residuum has the consistence of a thin syrup4 ,the crystals which form as the liquid cools are drained in a funnel1 washed with a few drops of ice-cold water1 pressed dry in bibulous paper1 and then purified by solution and crystallisation1 first in rectified spirit1 and next in distilled water4 #b4 ,by digesting the root1 or the wood 7coarsely powdered7 in rectified spirit1 and then proceeding as before4 ,prop4 ,berberine may be classed with the azotised colouring substances2 or1 from its composition and its possessing feeble basic properties1 with the alkaloids4 ,it crystallises in fine needles1 or in stellated prisms1 which are yellow1 odourless1 very bitter-tasted1 neutral to test-paper1 and contain #ab equiv4 of water4 ,at #bab ,fahr4 it acquires a red colour2 but recovers its normal yellow on cooling4 ,a much higher temperature decomposes it1 yellow vapours being evolved4 ,it is freely soluble in boiling water and in alcohol1 from either of which solutions it may be readily obtained in crystals4 ,it requires #ejj parts of water at #fj to dissolve it1 and very much more at lower temperatures4 ,its solutions are yellow2 that in alcohol appears green by reflected light4 ,the concentrated mineral acids destroy it4 ,its salts are more or less soluble4 ,uses1 c4 ,chiefly in medicine1 in similar cases to those in which the use of calumba-root is indicated4 ,it has been highly recommended in dyspepsia and heartburn1 in disturbed action of the liver1 and1 combined with iron 7lactate1 phosphate1 or hyposulphite71 in chlorosis1 anmia1 c4 ,according to ,m4 ,altin1 it is an effectual remedy for the mucal1 colourless diarrhoea1 and the derangement of the urinary secretions which commonly follow cholera4--,dose1 #c to #aj gr42 in larger doses it proves laxative4 ,see ,,calumba1 c4 ,,berenizon 7,dr ,charles ,wortley74 ,a preparation for promoting the growth of the hair4 ,balsam of ,peru #c grammes1 castor oil #c grammes1 tinct4 cinchona #d grammes1 spirit #he grammes1 rosewater #dj grammes4 7,schdler47 ,,berg',,amot4 ,syn4 ,,bergamo',,ta1 ,l42 ,,bergamote1 ,fr42 ,,bergamotte1 ,fr41 ,ger4 ,the bergamot-lemon1 or fruit of cit'rus ber'ga'mia2 also sometimes1 colloquially1 the fragrant oil obtained from its rind4 ,see ,,oils 7,volatile74 ,,bergbalsam--,,mountain ,,balsam 7of ,g4 ,schmidt1 ,berlin74 ,recommended for hemorrhoids1 want of appetite1 headache1 constipation1 c4 ,rhubarb #b parts1 cortex frangul #aj parts1 milfoil flowers 7,achillea millefolium7 #a part1 tansy #a part1 crystallised soda #a-a_/b parts2 be digested for some hours in warm water1 the fluid expressed made up to #bf parts1 #cj parts of sugar dissolved in it1 and lastly mixed with #ag parts of rectified spirit4 7,hager47 ,,ber',,ry 7b7er'-re74 ,syn4 ,,bac',,ca 7pl4 bac'c1 -se71 ,l42 ,,baie1 ,fr42 ,,beere1 ,ger4 ,any small succulent or pulpy fruit containing several naked seeds or granules4 ,in botany1 an indehiscent pericarp or seed-vessel1 pulpy1 many-celled1 and many-seeded1 the seeds being naked1 and for a time connected by a slender membrane1 from which they become detached at maturity1 and then remain dispersed through the pulp4 ,it is distinguished by its figure1 c41 into several varieties4 ,the leading berries employed in domestic economy and the arts are noticed in their alphabetical places 7which see74 ,,ber',,yl 7b7er-r7il74 ,syn4 ,,aquamarine' 7rene72 ,a',,qua-,,mari',,na1 ,,beryl',,lus1 ,l42 ,,aigue-,,marine1 ,b,,ril1 ,fr42 ,,beryll1 c41 ,ger42 ,,smaragd1 ,it4 ,a beautiful mineral1 which1 in its richer forms1 is classed with the gems4 ,it is usually of a green colour of various shades1 passing into honey-yellow and sky-blue4 ,it is allied in composition to the emerald2 but occurs in much larger crystals than that gem1 and owes its colour to oxide of iron instead of oxide of chromium4 ,according to ,gmelin its composition is--,silica1 #fhg2 alumina1 #agf2 glucina1 #acd2 red oxide of iron1 #bd4 ,other 7previous7 authorities state that it contains fully #ad of glucina1 #b of lime1 and #a of oxide of iron4 ,the finest beryls come from ,dauria on the frontiers of ,china1 from ,siberia1 and from ,brazil4 ,some of gigantic size have been found in the ,u4,s41 at ,ackworth and ,grantham1 ,new ,hampshire1 and at ,royalston1 ,mass4 ,one of these measured #cb #bb #ae inches1 and weighed #bijj lbs42 another1 #ab #bd #de inches1 and weighed #ajgf lbs4 ,apatite or ,saxony beryl1 chrysolite or pierre d'asperge1 coloured fluor-spar1 and even natural crystals of phosphate of iron1 are often worked up by the lapidaries and passed off as beryls1 or false beryls1 emeralds1 topazes1 c4 ,see ,,gems1 ,,pastes1 c4 ,,beryl',,la994 ,see ,,glucinum1 ,,oxide ,,of4 ,,beryl',,lium994 ,see ,,glucinium4 ,,betaine4 ,c#e;,h#aa,,no#ba4 ,an alkaloid occurring in the juice of the mangold-wurzel4 ,scheibler prepares it as follows3--,the expressed juice of the mangold-wurzel1 strongly acidulated with hydrochloric acid1 is mixed with a solution of sodium phosphotungstate2#afe the resulting precipitate containing albumen1 colouring matter1 woody fibre1 and a small quantity of the base1 is filtered as quickly as possible1 and the filtrate1 mixed with a fresh quantity of the precipitant1 is left to itself for eight or ten days4 ,it then gradually deposits on the bottom and sides of the vessel a crystalline precipitate1 which is rinsed with a little water and treated with milk of lime1 whereby insoluble calcium phosphotungstate is produced1 while the betaine remains in solution4 ,the filtered liquid freed from lime by carbonic acid1 and evaporated1 leaves impure betaine1 which may be purified by recrystallisation from alcohol1 with help of animal charcoal4 ,footnote #afe3 ,prepared by dissolving sodium bitungstate in ordinary phosphoric acid1 adding hydrochloric acid1 and decanting the clear solution from the precipitate thereby produced4 ,a hydrochlorate1 a sulphate1 an aurochloride1 and a platinic chloride of betaine have been prepared4 ,,be',,tel 7be'tl74 ,eng41 ,ger4 ,syn4 ,,be',,tle1 ,,be',,tel-,,tree1 ,b4 ,,pepper-,,tree2 ,b,,tel1 ,fr42 ,,wasserpfeffer1 c41 ,ger42 ,,pi',,per ,,be',,tel 7,linn471 ,,chavica ,,betle 7,miquel71 ,l4 ,a climbing plant of the nat4 ord4 ,piperace1 common in ,india and the ,east4 ,its leaves1 which somewhat resemble those of the citron1 are bitter1 stomachic1 tonic1 stimulant1 and sialogogue4 ,betel4 ,a common masticatory in the ,east1 where it is chewed in the same way as tobacco is by ,europeans and ,americans1 but much more generally1 being regarded by the ,malays1 ,sumatrans1 c41 as an absolute necessary of life4 ,it is commonly formed by dividing areca-nuts#aff into four or six equal parts or slices1 one of which is rolled up1 with a little chunam1#afg in a sirih or leaf of the piper-betel1#afh and then constitutes a 'quid' ready for use4 ,footnote #aff3 ,in many cases suitable pieces of the whole fruit1 including the husk1 are used2 and in others only the husk 7,,pinang72 there being different strengths and qualities of 'betel' employed4 ,footnote #afg3 ,lime made by burning shells4 ,footnote #afh3 ,in some cases1 the leaf of chavica siriboa 7,miq471 which possesses similar properties1 is employed4 ,prop41 c4 ,betel1 in those accustomed to its use1 produces a species of pleasing excitement or intoxication1 stimulates the action of the salivary glands1 stomach1 and kidneys1 corrects acidity1 diminishes cutaneous perspiration1 restrains excessive discharges1 increases the power of physical exertion and endurance1 moderates the effects of climate1 and appears to act as a general tonic on the system4 ,it darkens the teeth1 and tinges the saliva as well as the mouth and lips of a bright red colour4 ,in those unhabituated to its use it causes giddiness1 astringes and excoriates the mouth and fauces1 and temporarily deadens the sense of taste4 ,the ,indians conceive that it preserves and fastens the teeth1 cleanses and strengthens the gums1 sweetens the breath1 cools the mouth1 assists respiration1 and acts as a general aphrodisiac on both sexes4 ,peron states that he preserved his health during a long and very trying voyage by the habitual use of betel1 whilst his companions1 who did not use it1 died mostly of dysentery4#afi ,footnote #afi3 ',voyage aux ,terres ,australes4' ,,be',,tel-,,nut4 ,syn4 ,,are',,ca-,,nut2 ,,nux ,,are',c ,,cat',,echu1 ,n4-,,be',,tel1 c41 ,l4 ,the seed of the catechu-palm 7are'ca1 cat'echu1 ,linn471 divested of the husk or fibrous pericarp4 ,the whole fruit 7,,areca-,,nut of commerce7 is about the size of a small egg2 the husked nut is of the size of a large nutmeg4 ,the whole fruit is remarkable for its narcotic or intoxicating power4 ,it has1 however1 been thought doubtful whether its intoxicating effect is not owing to the piper-leaf in which it is wrapped when eaten 7chewed71 rather than to any special property of its own4 ,see ,,areca ,,catechu4 ,,bettnassen1 ,remedy for ,incontinence of ,urine 7prepared by ,dr ,kirchhoffer1 in ,kappel by ,st4 ,galle74 ,thirty powders1 each consisting of #b grammes ferri carbonas1 #d grammes ergot pulv41 #jc grammes extract4 sem4 strychni4 aquos4 ,the prescription for the embrocation runs--,spirit serpylli #abj grammes1 tinct4 sem4 strychni4 #fj grammes1 liq4 ammon4 #ae grammes4 7,hager47 ,,bet',,uline 7-u-l7in2 be-tu74 ,eng41 ,fr4 ,syn4 ,,betuli',,na1 ,l4 ,a crystalline substance obtained from the bark of the white birch 7be't7ula al'ba1 ,linn474 ,,be',,zoar 7-zore74 ,eng41 ,l4 indecl42 prim4 ,pers4#agj ,syn4 ,,be',,zoar-,,stone2 ,,bezo,r',,dus1 ,,la',,pis ,,bezo,r',,dicus1 c41 ,l42 ,b,,zoar1 ,b,,zoard1 ,fr42 ,,bezoarstein1 ,ger4 ,the name of preternatural concretions found in the stomach1 intestines1 c41 of certain animals1 and formerly supposed to possess the most extraordinary antidotal power and medicinal virtues4 ,so far1 indeed1 did this belief extend1 that other substances regarded as antidotes were called ,,bezoar',,dicsdagger1 or otherwise named after them2 whilst the adj4 ,,bezoar',,dicdagger 7b7ez-7 and ,,bezoar',,ticaldagger 7bzoardique1 ,fr42 bezoar'dicus1 ,l471 came to be synonymous with antidotal4 ,certain bezoars were once valued at even ten times their weight in gold4 ,they were not only taken internally1 but also worn as amulets4 ,they have1 however1 long since fallen into disuse in this country4 ,footnote #agj3 ,some authorities derive this word from badzahr or pazahar1 ,persian compounds implying 'antidote to poison1' others1 from paseng1 or pasahr1 the name of the goat in ,persia4 ,mayne's notation--bez oar1 is unusual2 and several of his analogues1 synonymes1 c41 are incorrectly given 78 misprinted74 ,among the leading bezoars of old medicine are-- ,bezoar1 ,ger'man4 ,syn4 ,,be',,zo,r ,,german',,icum1 ,b4 ,,capri',,num1 ,l4 ,from the ,alpine goat4 ,bezoar1 ,hu'man4 ,syn4 ,b4 ,,hom',,inis1 ,l4 ,falsely stated to be found occasionally in man4 ,bezoar1 ,microcos'mic4 ,syn4 ,b4 ,,microcos',,micum1 ,l4 ,human urinary calculi4 ,bezoar1 ,mon'key4 ,syn4 ,b4 ,,sim'1 ,,la',,pis ,s41 ,l4 ,from certain species of ape or monkey1 obtained by giving an emetic4 ,bezoar ,occiden'tal4 ,syn4 ,,west',,ern ,b42 ,b4 ,,occidenta',,le1 ,l4 ,found in the fourth stomach of the chamois or wild goat of ,peru1 c42 or1 according to others1 of a species of antelope4 ,bezoar1 ,orien'tal4 ,syn4 ,,east',,ern ,b42 ,b4 ,,orienta',,le1 ,,lapis ,b4 ,,orienta',,lis1 ,l4 ,from the fourth stomach of ca'pra ga'grus1 a species of goat inhabiting the mountains of ,persia1 c4 ,bezoar1 ,ox4 ,syn4 ,b4 ,,bovi',,num1 ,l4 ,from the ox1 and other bovine animals4 ,bezoar1 ,por'cupine4 ,syn4 ,b4 ,,hys',,tricis1 ,b4 ,,hys',,tricus1 ,,la',,pis ,h41 ,l4 ,,porci',,nus1 c41 ,l4 ,said to be found in the gall-bladder of the ,indian porcupine4 ,chiefly from ,malacca4 ,has an intensely bitter taste1 which it imparts to water4 ,bezoar1 ,west'ern4 ,see ,,occidental ,,bezoar 7ant74 ,of the preceding1 those from the stomach of ruminants vary in size from that of a bean to that of a hen's egg1 and have a composition and appearance closely imitated by the following formula1 the product of which is commonly sold for them3-- ,bezoar1 ,facti''tious4 ,prep4 ,from pipe-clay1 or clay and chalk1 equal parts1 made into a stiff paste with ox-gall2 a little hair or wool being added1 and the resulting mixture pressed by the hands into small masses of a flattened spheroidal or egg-like form4 ,these give a yellow tint to paper rubbed with chalk1 and a green one to quick-lime1 which tests are used for genuine bezoars4 ,like the latter1 they are antacid or absorbent1 which is probably the only virtue they possess4 ,amongst 'chemical bezoars' now obsolete even on the ,continent were-- ,bezoar1 ,ar'gentinedagger2 ,b4 ,,luna'',,re1 ,l4 ,made by distilling butter of antimony with a solution of nitrate of silver4 ,once highly esteemed in epilepsy and head diseases4 ,bezoar1 ,min'eral2 ,b4 ,,minera',,le1 ,l4 ,powder of algaroth deflagrated with nitre in a red-hot crucible1 and then well washed with water4 ,once used as a diaphoretic4 ,other similar preparations were ,b4 ,,jovia',,le 7from tin71 and ,b4 ,,martiale 7from iron74 ,bezoar1 ,sat'urnine1 ,b4 ,,of ,,lead2 ,b4 ,,satur',,ni1 ,l4 ,made by distilling a mixture of oxide of lead1 butter of antimony1 and nitric acid4 ,once highly esteemed in diseases of the spleen4 ,,bhaurta4 ,in ,indian cookery1 a dish made of mashed potatoes and onions1 strongly spiced with capsicum1 and sometimes also with curry-powder1 shaped in a mould1 and then slightly baked4 ,,bibas',,ic4 ,syn4 ,,bibas',,icus1 ,l42 ,,bibasique1 ,fr4 ,in chemistry1 having two bases1 or two atoms of the base or basic radical in its composition4 ,see ,,acid1 ,,nomenclature1 ,,salt1 c4 ,,bib',,eron 7b7ib'-rong74 ,fr4 ,a sucking-bottle or 'artificial mother4' ,see ,,bottles4 ,,bi',,birine 7be'-74 ,see ,,bebeerine4 ,,bib',,ulous 7-u-74 ,syn4 ,,bib',,ulus1 ,l42 ,,spongieux1 ,fr4 ,absorptive2 spongy4 ,,bicar',,bonate4 ,a salt in which only half the hydrogen in 7hypothetical7 carbonic acid 7,h#b;,,co#c7 is replaced by a metal1 e4g4 bicarbonate of sodium1 ,na,h,c,o#c4 ,,bice 7bise71 ,syn4 ,,blue ,,bice4 ,see ,,blue ,,pigments4 ,bice1 ,green4 ,see ,,green ,,pigments4 ,,bickel',,scher ,,thee1 for constipation1 flatulence1 hemorrhoids1 loss of appetite1 stomach complaints1 and similar diseases4 ,cassia lignea and anise1 of each #c parts2 cumin and fennel seed1 each #d parts2 senna leaves1 #bj parts2 to be bruised together4 7,selle and ,hager47 ,,bi',,dery 7be'-74 ,syn4 ,,vi',,dry4 ,an alloy of which the chief seat of the manufacture is the city of ,bider'1 near ,hyderabad1 ,india4 ,it was first brought under the notice of the ,british public at the ,international ,exhibition of #ahea1 where many articles made of it were greatly admired for the elegance of their forms1 and the gracefulness of their engraved and enchased patterns4 ,prep4 #a4 ,zinc1 #ca parts2 copper and lead1 of each #b parts2 melted together1 with the usual precautions1 under a mixture of resin and beeswax1 to prevent oxidation4#aga ,footnote #aga3 ,these are very nearly the proportions which ,dr ,hamilton says he saw used in ,india4 #b4 7,dr ,heyne47 ,copper1 #h parts2 lead1 #b parts2 tin1 #a part2 melted together1 as before4 ,for use1 the resulting alloy is remelted1 and to every #c parts of it #af parts of zinc are added4 ,prop41 c4 ,colour between that of pewter and zinc2 does not corrode by exposure to air or damp2 yields little to the hammer1 and can only be broken by extreme violence4 ,it possesses a convenient degree of fusibility1 above that of zinc and tin1 but much lower than that of copper4 ,for the turner it is usually cast in moulds of baked clay2 but otherwise in moulds of iron or other hard metal4 ,the beautiful black colour which the finished articles possess is imparted by dipping them into a solution of sal-ammoniac1 saltpetre1 sea-salt1 and blue vitriol4 ,see ,,brass1 ,,bronze1 ,,pewter1 c4 ,,bidet' 7b7id-7et'2 -a'--,fr474 ,an article of bedroom furniture conveniently formed for laving the lower part of the body4 ,besides the value of its use as an instrument of personal cleanliness and health1 it offers a ready means of medicating the parts1 often highly serviceable in piles1 prolapsus1 affections of the scrotum and prostate gland1 strangury1 ischuria1 suppressed or difficult menstruation1 c4 ,see ,,ablution1 ,,baths1 c4 ,,bielefelder ,,tropfen--,,bielefielder ,,drops 7,bansi74 ,a spirituous extract of wormwood1 unripe oranges1 rhubarb1 cascarilla1 cloves1 and gentian4 7,hager47 ,,bien',,nial 7bi-7en'-y'7al74 ,syn4 ,,bien',,nis1 ,l42 ,,biennal1 ,,bisannuel1 ,,de ,,deux ,,ans1 ,fr42 ,,zweij,,hrig1 ,ger4 ,occurring once in1 or lasting1 two years4 ,in botany and gardening1 applied to plants that do not produce flowers and seed until the second year or season of their growth1 and which then die2 subst41 a biennial plant4 ,the existence of the biennials1 like that of the annuals1 may be prolonged by art2 indeed1 many of them1 by carefully removing the flowers ere the seed-vessels begin to form1 may be made to bloom a second season1 and even for several seasons following1 like perennials4 ,see ,,annuals1 ,,flowers1 ,,plants1 c4 ,,biff',,in4 ,a baked apple1 flattened by pressure4 ,prep4 ,the apples are placed in a cool oven #f or #g times in succession1 and flattened each time by gentle pressure1 gradually applied1 as soon as they are soft enough to bear it2 after which they are taken out1 and as soon as cold put on clean dishes or glass plates4 ,the sour or tart variety of apples is the best for baking4 ,if the process be well managed1 the appearance of the prepared fruit is very rich and the flavour delicious4 ,,bil',,berry4 ,the whortleberry4 ,bilberry1 ,bear's4 ,uva ursi4 ,,bile4 ,syn4 ,,bi',,lis1#agb ,,cho',,le1#agc ,,fel1#agd ,l42 ,,bile1 ,,fiel1 ,,galle1 ,fr42 ,,galle1 c41 ,ger4 ,a bitter fluid secreted by the liver1 from venous blood2 in part flowing from the intestines1 and in part regurgitating into the gall-bladder4 ,its composition is of a very complex character2 and its uses in the animal economy appear to be--to separate the chyle from the chyme1 to promote the digestion and assimilation of oleaginous substances1 and to assist in exciting the peristaltic action of the intestines4 ,the fces appear to owe their colour chiefly to the presence of bile2 as1 without it1 they possess a dirty pipe-clay colour4 ,several of the substances which enter into its composition1 or which are formed from those which do so1 are noticed elsewhere1 under their respective names4 ,its analysis1 detection1 and uses in the arts are given under ,,gall4 ,footnote #agb3 ,properly1 the 'gall' after it leaves the 'gall-bladder'--a sense retained in its ,english analogue4 ,footnote #agc3 ,greek3 ,chol1 ,gr4 ,footnote #agd3 ,strictly1 the gall-bladder with the gall4 ,bile 7of ,animals74 ,see ,,gall4 ,,bile1 ,bil'iousness4 ,under these terms are popularly included all those slight affections of the stomach usually accompanied with derangement of the head and bowels1 apparently arising from excess of bile4 ,persons subject to attacks of this description should be particularly careful to avoid excess in both eating and drinking1 and should more especially shun those articles of food and those liquors which1 from experience1 they find are apt to disagree with them4 ,a mutton chop1 slightly under-dressed1 is an excellent article for the breakfast1 or the lunch1 of bilious patients2 and good beef or mutton1 either broiled or roasted1 so that the gravy be retained1 is better for dinner than many dishes apparently more delicate4 ,these1 with fresh game and venison1 form a good variety from which to choose a bill of fare4 ,new beer and porter should be particularly avoided1 as well as boiled meat1 stews1 soups1 greasy or rich puddings1 much butter or fat1 and most articles of pastry1 as they are very indigestible1 and1 by overtasking the powers of the stomach1 very apt to derange it4 ,strong cheese1#age salads 7particularly cucumbers71 over-ripe or unripe fruit1 new bread and rolls1 cabbages and green vegetables1 and especially peas1 beans1 nuts1 almonds1 and the like1 are also objectionable for parties with delicate stomachs or a bilious tendency4 ,the bread eaten by such persons should be perfectly free from alum1 and preferably prepared with meal retaining the whole of the bran in it2 and should be two days1 or at the least one day old4 ,the quantity of animal food per day1 except for the laborious1 should be limited to from #f or #h to #ab oz42 and warm slops of all kinds1 except moderately strong tea and coffee1 should be taken as seldom as possible1 and1 in general1 avoided altogether4 ,even cocoa and chocolate prove injurious to the delicate and bilious4 ,out-door exercise and plenty of fresh air are essential to the health of such persons4 ,those who indulge in them freely are never attacked with affections of this kind1 unless it be after gluttonising or heavy drinking4 ,above all things heavy and late suppers should be abandoned2 indeed1 the better plan is to take nothing more than a hard biscuit1 or dry crust1 after tea4 ,footnote #age3 ,rotten cheese is absolute poison to the bilious4 ,in general1 attacks of bile may be prevented by the exercise of moderate judgment and temperance in living2 and in those hitherto subject to them by the occasional use of an aloetic1 mercurial1 or saline aperient2 and they may be generally rapidly removed by an emetic1 followed by a dose of castor oil1 ,epsom salts1 or ,seidlitz powder4 ,a tumbler of pure cold water taken on retiring to rest1 and another 7or even two7 on rising in the morning1 will often remove both the tendency and the fit1 when all the usual remedies have failed4 ,see ,,abernethy ,,medicines1 ,,antibilious1 ,,dyspepsia1 ,,stomach ,,affections1 c4 ,,bilharzia ,h,,matobia4 ,a fluke-like parasite4 ,it is bisexual4 ,the body of the male is thread-shaped1 round1 white1 and flattened anteriorly4 ,the female is thin and delicate4 ,this creature was discovered in the portal vein and bladder of man by ,bilharz1 of ,cairo1 after whom it was named4 ,it is especially prevalent in those who dwell by the banks of the ,nile1 and is also very frequently met with amongst the inhabitants of the ,cape of ,good ,hope4 ,it is the cause of very serious disturbance in the human economy1 and not infrequently of death4 ,the main symptoms of the disease this dangerous parasite sets up are those which point to derangement of the urinary organs2 but its effects are not confined to these1 since there seems little room to doubt that it is the chief cause of the dysentery so prevalent in ,egypt1 the eggs of the diatoma being found deposited within the intestinal vessels1 or beneath the exudations of the swollen mucous membrane4 ,dr ,harley has found the ova in the urine of persons affected with hmaturia at the ,cape of ,good ,hope4 ,when death ensues from the presence of this parasite the post-mortem appearances are various4 ,in the bowels1 congestion1 deposits upon the mucous membrane1 and extensive ulcerations1 degeneration and atrophy of the kidneys1 dependent upon an infiltrated state of the ureters1 and blocking of the portal vein1 due to the presence of myriads of the parasites1 are some of the most important pathological changes4 ,,bil',,iary ,,affections 7-y7ar-e74 ,see ,,bile 7ant71 ,,calculi1 ,,jaundice1 ,,liver1 c4 ,,bi',,line 7-l7in74 ,syn4 ,,bili',,na1 ,l4 ,this name has been loosely applied to two substances3--#a4 ,bile1 or pure bile1 freed from the mucus of the gall-bladder1 and gently evaporated to dryness4 ,a gummy pale yellow mass1 white when powdered3--#b4 ,tauro-cholalic or choleic acid4 ,see ,,gall1 c4 ,,bil',,ious 7-y7us74 ,syn4 ,,bilio',,sus1 ,l42 ,,bilieux1 ,fr42 ,,gallig1 ,,gallicht1 c41 ,ger4 ,pertaining to1 caused by1 full of1 or having excess of bile4 ,see ,,bile1 ,,biliousness4 ,,biliph',,eine 7-e-7in74 ,cholepyrrhine4 ,,biliv',,erdine 7-d7in74 ,a green colouring matter1 identical with chlorophyll1 found in bile1 and in the green dejections of children4 ,,bill ,,of ,,fare4 ,in cookery1 domestic economy1 c41 a list of things ready dressed or prepared for the table 7,,carte1 ,c4 ,d',,un ,,restaurant1 ,,menu1 c41 ,fr472 also a list of articles of food in season4 ,for ,tables of the latter1 see ,,food4 ,,bi',,nary4 ,syn4 ,,bina'',,rius1 ,l42 ,,binaire1 ,fr4 ,consisting of two parts4 ,in chemistry1 compounded of two elements1 or of two bodies performing the function of elements4 ,,binoc',,ular 7-u-74 ,having two eyes4 ,in optics1 of or with two eyes1 as binoc'ular v7i''sion2 or formed with two eye-pieces or tubes1 so as to be used with two eyes1 as a b4 mi'croscope1 b4 tel'escope1 c4 ,,birch4 ,syn4 ,,be',,tula1 ,l42 ,,bouleau1 ,fr42 ,,birke1 ,ger4 ,the common name of trees of the genus be'tula2 appr41 b4 al'ba 7,linn471 or white birch2 also its wood4 ,see ,,betuline1 and below4 ,,birch1 ,,black4 ,syn4 ,,cher',,ry ,b41 ,,sweet ,b41 ,,mount',,ain ,,mahog',,any2 ,,betulen',,ta1 ,l4 ,a forest tree of ,n4 ,america4 ,wood used for cabinet work2 bark yields a volatile oil similar in odour and taste to that of gualtheria2 juice obtained by tapping1 saccharine1 and yields ,,birch-,,sugar4 ,birch1 ,white4 ,syn4 ,,birch1 7or7 ,,common ,b42 ,,be',,tula1 ,l4 ,a tree found in the woods of ,england4 ,wood neither very hard nor durable2 leaves formerly used in itch and dropsy2 bark febrifuge1 yields a pyroligneous oil by distillation4 ,see ,,oils 7and above74 ,,bird#agf ,eng41 ,sax4 ,syn4 ,a',,vis1 ,l42 ,,oiseau1 ,fr42 ,,vogel1 ,ger4 ,any fowl or animal of the feathered kind4 ,in fashionable and gourmandic cant1 appr4 a partridge4 ,see ,,birds 7below74 ,footnote #agf3 ,properly1 a 'chicken' or 'young flying animal1'--,it is remarkable1 as observed by ,webster1 that a nation should lay aside the proper generic name of flying animals--'fowl' 7fugel1 fugl1 ,sax42 vogel1 ,ger41 ,dut42 fugl1 ,dan42 fogel1 ,sw42 from the root of the ,lat41 fugio1 fugo71 and substitute the name of the young of those animals as the generic term4 ,,bird',,lime4 ,syn4 ,,vis',,cus1 ,l42 ,,glu1 ,fr42 ,,vogelleim1 ,ger4 ,prep4 ,the middle bark of the holly 7gathered in ,june or ,july7 is boiled for #f to #h hours in water1 or until it becomes quite soft and tender2 the water is then drained off1 and it is placed in a heap1 in a pit underground 7commonly on layers of fern71 and covered with stones4 ,here it is left to ferment for #b or #c weeks1 and watered1 if necessary1 until it assumes a mucilaginous state4 ,it is next pounded in a mortar until reduced to a uniform mass1 which is then well kneaded with the hands in running water1 until all the refuse matter is worked out4 ,it is1 lastly1 placed in an earthen vessel1 and covered with a little water2 in which state it may be preserved from season to season4 ,in about a week it is fit for use4 ,prop4 ,greenish coloured3 very gluey1 stringy1 and tenacious2 when air-dried1 brittle and pulverisable1 but capable of gradually assuming its previous viscosity when moistened4 ,uses4 ,to cover twigs to catch birds1 and other small animals4 ,it is said to be discutient1 but is now never employed in medicine4 ,obs4 ,birdlime may also be made from mistletoe berries1 the young shoots of the elder1 the bark of the wayfaring-tree1 and some other vegetables1 by a similar process to that above described4 ,should any of it stick to the hands it may be removed by means of a little oil of turpentine4 ,a kind of factitious birdlime is made by boiling linseed oil either with1 or without1 a little yellow resin1 until it forms a viscid1 stringy paste when cold4 ,this is chiefly used1 spread on paper or cloth1 to catch insects4 ,see ,,fly-,,papers1 c4 ,,birds4 ,syn4 ,a',,ves1 ,l4 ,birds1 besides their value as food1 play an important part in the economy of organic nature1 and particularly in that of the vegetable kingdom4 ,they are the best friends of the agriculturist and the gardener2 and their presence1 in numbers1 appears essential to keep down the innumerable races of insects that prey upon our cereals1 fruits1 and culinary vegetables4 ,m4 ,florent ,prevost1 who has for fifty years presided over the ,natural ,history ,museum of ,paris1 and who has1 like the ancient ,roman augurs1 examined the entrails and stomach of fowls with scientific curiosity1 avers1 as the result of his long experience1 that birds1 of whatever sort1 are an unmitigated blessing to the farmer1 and that the detritus and organic particles found by inspection of them in whole hecatombs1 which1 by the assistance of the ,royal ,forest ,rangers1 he has sacrificed on the altar of utility1 show an immense preponderance of insect corpuscula in their digestive organs1 whilst the traces of cereal or other valuable products are infinitesimal in comparison4 ,it is found that even sparrows1 rooks1 and owls--three of the feathered tribe the most persecuted by the farmer--are1 in reality1 the faithful and vigilant conservators of his fruits and crops4 ,in one of the smaller states of ,germany1 where1 owing to public rewards being given to their destroyers1 the whole race of sparrows were exterminated1 the crops failed to such an alarming extent that it became necessary to offer large premiums for the reintroduction of these useful birds from other parts4 ,in some of the agricultural districts of ,france1 where the destruction of small birds has been carried on with relentless activity for years1 insects have so prodigiously multiplied as to attack everything green around them4 ,even the forest trees are1 in many cases1 denuded of leaves by them1 and are rapidly perishing4 ,venomous species of caterpillars1 previously scarcely known except to entomologists1 have now become common2 and cases of children losing their lives from attacks of them whilst birdnesting have been published in newspapers4#agg ,in our own country the extension of sparrow-clubs--associations disgraceful to the boasted intelligence of the nineteenth century--threatens similar results4 ,already the gardener finds his fruit-crops lessening year by year2 and that many of them1 particularly of the smaller and sweeter fruits1 have become so precarious1 that they now scarcely pay for cultivation4 ,in our own neighbourhood1 where small birds have for some years been destroyed by bushels at a time1 it is almost impossible to raise a currant1 gooseberry1 cherry1 or plum2 whilst seedling flowers and culinary vegetables often entirely disappear on the first night after being planted1 or are so completely deprived of the succulent portion of their leaves and stems1 that the remaining skeleton of network in a few days withers and dies4 ,but this is not all--the columns of our diurnals bring us continual reports of failing grain-crops in the neighbourhoods in which these bird-clubs have existed for any length of time1 and that even on land previously remarkable for its fertility4#agh ,did this loss fall only on the benighted beings who so wilfully cast back the blessings of an all-wise protecting ,providence1 it would be a just retribution2 but1 unfortunately1 it affects the whole nation1 and threatens1 ere long1 unless arrested by legislation1 to prove a national calamity4 ,the only apparent remedy for the evil1 at present1 is the diffusion of information tending to show that the farmer and the gardener1 in destroying small birds1 destroy their best friends4 ,footnote #agg3 ,a striking fatal case of this description is given in the ',times' of ,june #ab1 #ahfb4 ,footnote #agh3 ,see the ',times' and other leading 'journals' for #ahfb4 ,for further information respecting birds1 see ,,aves1 ,,bird 7ant71 ,,game1 ,,german ,,paste1 ,,nests 7,edible71 ,,poultry1 ,,putrefaction1 ,,taxidermy1 ,,trussing1 c4 ,,birkenbalsam--,,birch ,,balsam 7,dr ,friedreich ,lengiel74 ,a cosmetic against wrinkles1 small-pock marks1 freckles1 mole spots1 red noses1 acne1 c4 #e grammes water glass1 #b grammes potash1 #a gramme soap1 #e grammes gum arabic1 #aj grammes glycerin1 #djj grammes water4 7,schdler47 ,,bis',,cotin4 ,fr4 ,a small biscuit4 ,in cookery1 c41 a species of confection made of eggs1 flour1 marmalade1 and sugar1 variously compounded and flavoured according to the taste of the operator4 ,,bis',,cuit 7-k7it74 ,eng41 ,fr4 ,syn4 ,,buccella',,tum1 ,,pa',,nis ,,bis ,,coc',,tus1 ,l42 ,,swieback1 ,ger42 ,,biscotto1 ,it42 ,,bizcocho1 ,sp4 ,literally1 'twice-baked1' appr41 a well-known variety of hard1 dry1 unleavened bread1 made in thin flat pieces4 ,those prepared for seamen 7,,sea'-,,biscuits1 ,,cap',,tain',s ,b4#agi7 are composed of flour and water only4 ,when made of fine flour and a few caraway seeds are added1 they are commonly called ,,ab',,erne',,thy ,,biscuits4 ,fancy biscuits generally contain a little sugar and butter1 to which almonds1 caraways1 mace1 ginger1 lemon1 and other articles1 technically called 'flavourings1' are frequently added4 ,footnote #agi3 ,a captain's biscuit differs from a common 'sea biscuit' in being made of finer flour4 ,prep4 ,on the small scale1 biscuits are made by forming the flour and water into a dough by the common process of hand-kneading1 occasionally assisted with a lever1 as in making ordinary bread4 ,the dough is then rolled into a sheet1 and cut into pieces of the desired size and form4 ,these1 after being stamped1 are exposed to the heat of a moderately quick oven1 when a few minutes 7#ab to #ah1 according to their size7 are sufficient to bake them4 ,on the large scale1 the whole manual process1 from preparing the dough to the point at which the newly-made biscuits are ready for baking is now generally performed by machinery4 ,the articles so prepared are commonly known in trade as ',,machine-,,made ,,biscuits1' and are not only much cheaper1 but of fully equal quality to those 'made by hand4' ,in the bakehouses of her ,majesty's ,victualling ,yards at ,deptford1 ,gosport1 and ,plymouth1 the ingenious machinery invented by ,mr ,t4 ,t4 ,grant is employed4 ,these establishments are said to be capable of producing annually above #hjjj tons of sea-biscuits1 at a saving of upwards of #ab1jjjl4 a year1 from the cost that would have been incurred for the purpose on the old system4 ,under the latter it is stated that wages1 and wear and tear of utensils1 cost about #as4 #f;d4 per cwt4 of biscuit2 whilst under the new system the cost is only #e;d4 ,the allowance of biscuit to each seaman in the royal navy is #a lb4 per day2 or1 on the average1 six biscuits4 ,biscuits ,depuratifs 7,olivier7 are made with meal1 milk1 and sugar4 ,each biscuit contains #a centigramme corrosive sublimate4 7,foy47 ,biscuits1 ,fancy4 ,the varieties of these are almost innumerable4 ,in a printed list now before us we observe the names of upwards of one hundred different kinds4 ,these are produced by varying the number and proportions1 of the ingredients used in their composition1 and the form and size in which they are turned out of hand4 ,they are further modified by the relative heat of the oven1 as well as the length of time they are allowed to remain in it4 ,it would1 therefore1 be waste of space to give particular directions for the preparation of each4 ,the proportion of butter and sugar1 or either of them1 may be from #a oz4 and upwards1 to flour1 #a lb42 according to the degree of richness desired4 ,in a few cases milk1 or eggs1 or both1 are introduced4 ,the 'flavourings' embrace a wide range of substances--bitter almonds1 caraways1 cassia1 cinnamon1 ginger1 mace1 nutmeg1 lemon1 orange-peel1 orange-flower water1 essence of peach kernels1 vanilla1 c41 c42 many of which give their name to the biscuit4--,,ar',,row-,,root ,,biscuits are usually made of equal parts of arrow-root and flour2 ,,meat'-,,biscuits1 from about #a part of lean meat 7minced small and pulped7 beaten to a dough with about #b parts of flour1 and a little seasoning1 no water being added2#ahj ,,soda ,,biscuits1 by adding #a to #b dr4 of carbonate of soda to each lb4 of flour4 ,in most other cases1 the mere inspection of the biscuit will convey to the experienced biscuit-baker and cook sufficient information to enable him to produce an exactly similar one1 or at least a very close imitation4 ,the richest kind of ,,sponge-,,biscuits1 as we are informed1 are made as follows3--,add the whites and yelks of #ab eggs1 previously well beaten1 to #a-a_/b lb4 of finely powdered sugar1 and whisk it until it rises in bubbles1 then add #a lb4 of the finest pastry-flour1 and the grated rind of #b lemons4 ,put it into 'shapes1' sift a little sugar over them1 and bake them in buttered tin moulds1 in a moderately quick oven1 for nearly half an hour4#aha ,footnote #ahj3 ,for the ,,meat-,,biscuits used in the navy1 and by travellers1 see ,,meat4 ,footnote #aha3 ,a few fancy biscuits will be found noticed in their alphabetical places4 ,see ,,cracknels1 ,,macaroons1 c4 ,biscuits ,purgatifs 7,caroz74 ,each biscuit contains #b decigrammes scammony4 7,reveil47 ,biscuits ,purgatifs 7,sulot74 ,each biscuit contains #f decigrammes scammony4 ,biscuits ,purgatifs et ,vermifuges 7,ferd4 ,grf1 ,aschbach7 contain #a_/d gramme resina scammonii in each4 ,biscuits ,purgatifs et ,vermifuges au ,calomel 7,sulot74 ,there are #c decigrammes of calomel in each4 7,reveil47 ,biscuits ,vermifuges la ,santonine 7,sulot47 ,each biscuit contains #e centigrammes of san tonin4 7,reveil47 ,,biscuits1 ,,dev',,iled1 in cookery1 are captain's biscuits 7or any similar kind7 buttered on both sides1 peppered well1 and then covered on one side with a slice of good cheese formed into a paste with made mustard2 the whole being seasoned with a little cayenne pepper is1 lastly1 grilled4 ,chopped anchovies1 or essence of anchovies1 is a good addition4 ,,bismuth4 ,bi4 ,,bismuth1 ,,etain ,,de ,,glace1 ,fr42 ,,bismuth1 ,,wismuth1 ,w4-,,metall1 ,ger4 ,one of the metals4 ,illustration3 ,bismuth furnace in section4 a1 ,eliquation-tube4#ahb b1 ,end at which it is charged4 c1 ,end from which the metal flows4 d1 ,receiving-pan4 e1 ,water-trough4 f1 ,grate1 c4#ahc g1 g1 ,draught-holes4 ,footnote #ahb3 ,several of these tubes are usually set side by side together4 ,footnote #ahc3 ,usually one to each eliquation-tube4 ,sources4 ,bismuth occurs in the mineral kingdom in the metallic state 7,,na',,tive ,,bismuth71 and in combination with sulphur 7,,bis',m7,u,,th7,i,,ne71 and with oxygen 7,b4 ,o',,chre1 c474 ,that of commerce is mostly imported from ,saxony1 where it is chiefly obtained from native bismuth by the simple process of eliquation4 ,the ore1 sorted by hand from the gangue1 and broken into pieces of about the size of nuts1 is introduced into the ignited iron pipes of the furnace 7see engr47 until these latter are filled to about one half their diameter and to three fourths of their length4 ,from these the liquefied metal is allowed to flow into iron pans containing some coal-dust1 and from these into a trough of water1 in which it is granulated and cooled4 ,it is subsequently remelted and cast into moulds so as to form 'bars' varying in weight from #be to #ef lbs4 each4 ,in this state it usually contains a small admixture of arsenic1 iron1 lead1 and sulphur2 from the first of which it may be freed by exposure for some time1 under charcoal1 at a dull red heat4 ,it is best obtained in a pure condition by heating to redness1 in a covered crucible1 a mixture of oxide1 or subnitrate of bismuth1 with half its weight of charcoal4 ,prop4 ,colour greyish-white with a reddish tint2 crystalline2 very brittle 7may be powdered72 melts at about #dhj ,fahr41 and does not re-solidify until cooled to #f or #g below this point2 it volatilises at a strong heat1 and1 in close vessels1 the fumes condense unchanged in crystalline lamin2 little acted on by the air1 but when exposed to it at a high temperature burns with a faint blue flame1 emitting yellow fumes which condense into a yellow pulverulent oxide2 when slowly cooled1 in large masses1 it forms large cubic crystals or octahedrons of great beauty2 nitric acid1 somewhat dilute1 dissolves it freely4 ,it is highly diamagnetic4 ,sp4 gr4 #ih to #ihc1 which1 by careful hammering1 may be increased to #ihhbg4 ,a bar of bismuth1 when heated from #cb to #bab1 expands exactly #a_/gaj in length4 ,uses1 c4 ,bismuth enters into the composition of ,,stereotype-,,metal1 ,,solder1 ,,pewter1 ,,fusible ,,metals1 and several other alloys4 ,added to other metals it renders them more fusible4 ,an alloy of tin1 nickel1 bismuth1 and silver is said to hinder iron from rusting4 ,a mixture of bismuth1 lead1 and tin is much employed for taking impressions from dies1 forming moulds1 and for other purposes4 ,bismuth salts are usually insoluble1 or decomposed by any quantity of water into free acid and a basic salt4 ,they are nearly all colourless1 and1 except the chloride1 more volatile4 ,they are easily recognised by the following reactions3-- ,their saturated or concentrated solutions giving a white precipitate on dilution with water3--,sulphuretted hydrogen blackens them1 or gives a black precipitate3--,the nitric solution is unaffected by the addition of sulphuric acid3--,chromate of potassium gives a yellow precipitate1 which differs from that from lead1 by being soluble in nitric acid1 and insoluble in potassa4 ,von ,kobbell takes a mixture of potassium iodide and flowers of sulphur in equal proportions1 and heats the whole on charcoal before the blowpipe2 the production of bright scarlet1 very volatile bismuth iodide ensues1 even when only traces of bismuth are present4 ,for a method of volumetrically estimating bismuth1 consult a paper by ,mr ,pattison ,muir1 in the ',journal of the ,chemical ,society1' ,april1 #ahgf4 ,bismuth1 ,car'bonate4 7,ph4 ,b47 ,mix nitric acid1 four fluid ounces1 with three fluid ounces of distilled water1 and add in successive portions purified bismuth1 in small pieces1 two ounces4 ,when effervescence has ceased apply for ten minutes a heat approaching ebullition2 then decant the solution from any insoluble matter4 ,evaporate to two fluid ounces1 and add this in small quantities at a time to a cold filtered solution of six ounces of carbonate of ammonia1 in two pints of distilled water1 constantly stirring4 ,collect precipitate on a calico filter2 wash till washings pass tasteless4 ,remove water by slight pressure of the hands1 and dry at a heat not exceeding #aej4--;,dose1 #e to #bj grains4 ,bismuth1 ,chlorides of3 ,basic ,chlo''ride4 ,bi#c;,cl#h4 ,syn4 ,,subchlo'',,ride ,,of ,,bismuth1 ,,pearl'-,,powder2 ,,bismu',,thi ,,subchlori',,dum1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,a dilute solution of hydrochloric acid is dropped into another of bismuth 7prepared by dissolving that metal in nitric acid72 and the resulting precipitate1 after being well washed in pure water1 is dried in the shade4--,prop41 ,uses1 c4 ,similar to those of the subnitrate4 ,chlo''ride4 ,bi,cl#c4 ,syn4 ,,terchlo'',,ride ,,of ,,bismuth4 ,prep4 ,a mixture of corrosive sublimate1 #b parts2 bismuth1 #a part2 7both in powder7 is exposed to heat until all the 'mercury' present is expelled1 after which it is at once put into bottles4 ,a greyish-white1 granular substance4 ,bismuth1 ,nitrates of3 ,basic1 ,nitrate4 ,bi,o,n,o#c4 ,syn4 ,,pearl-,,white1 ,,bismuth ,,subnitrate2 ,,bismuthi ,,subnitras1 ,b4 ,,bismuthi ,,nitras1 ,l42 ,,blanc ,,de ,,fard1 ,b4 ,d',,espagne991 c41 ,fr42 ,,perlweiss1 ,,schminkweiss1 c41 ,ger4 ,prep4 ,bismuth1 #a oz42 nitric acid1 #a-a_/b fl4 oz42 distilled water1 #c pints2 mix #a fl4 oz4 of the water with the acid1 and dissolve the bismuth in the mixture2 throw the solution into the remainder of the water1 and1 after repose1 pour off the supernatant liquor1 drain the powder that has subsided on a linen cloth1 wash it with distilled water1 and dry it with a gentle heat4 ,prop4 ,a pearly white1 inodorous powder1 insoluble in water1 but freely soluble in nitric acid2 long exposure to a strong light turns it greyish4 ,when prepared from a neutral solution1 it consists of very fine microscopic crystalline lamin2 but when prepared from acid solutions1 with less water1 the crystals are acicular1 and more silky and lustrous4 ,when moistened it exhibits an acid reaction with litmus paper4 ,pois41 c4 ,like the other salts of bismuth1 it causes vomiting1 purging1 giddiness1 cramp1 insensibility1 c4 ,no certain antidote is known4 ,the treatment may consist of an emetic1 followed by the copious use of emollient drinks1 as weak broth1 barley water1 milk and water1 c42 and subsequently1 when necessary to prevent inflammation1 by a low diet and aperients4 ,uses1 c4 ,in medicine1 as a sedative1 an astringent1 or tonic1 and an antispasmodic1 in chronic affections of the stomach unaccompanied by organic disease of that organ1 and apparently of a nervous character2 particularly in gastrodynia1 troublesome sickness and vomiting1 pyrosis or waterbrash1 and generally in gastro-intestinal affections attended with fluxes2 also in intermittent fever1 spasmodic asthma1 c4--,dose1 #e to #aj1 or even #bj gr4 ,externally1 made into an ointment with #d parts of lard1 it has long been employed in certain chronic skin diseases4 ,under the name of ,,pearl-,,white it is commonly used by ladies as a cosmetic2 but it is stated that it injures the skin1 producing1 after a time1 paralysis of its minute vessels1 rendering it yellow and leather-like--an effect which1 unfortunately1 it is usually attempted to conceal by its freer and more frequent application4 ,in very large doses it is poisonous4 ,both the basic nitrate and the basic chloride of bismuth pass under the names of ,,pearl-,,white and ,,pearl-,,powder1 owing to their extreme whiteness and beauty4 ,that of the druggists1 however1 is usually the former2 that of the perfumers usually the latter1 but not unfrequently both4 ,bismuth ,powder1 for beautifying the skin and removing freckles4 7,from ,north ,america47 ,consists of calcium carbonate1 with much clay1 and is free from injurious metals4 7,chandler47 ,bismuth1 ,purified4 7,ph4 ,br47 ,put bismuth1 #aj ounces1 and #a ounce of powdered nitrate of potash1 into a crucible1 and heat them until both are fused4 ,continue the heat1 constantly stirring1 for fifteen minutes1 or till the salt has solidified into a slag above the metal4 ,remove the salt1 add nitrate of potash1 #a ounce1 to bismuth in crucible1 and repeat the process4 ,pour the fused bismuth into a suitable mould1 and let it cool4 ,nitrate4 ,bi7,,no#c7c4 ,syn4 ,,neutral ,,nitrate1 ,,ternitrate4 ,purified bismuth 7in small fragments71 #b oz42 nitric acid1 #f oz42 dissolve with heat1 adding more acid1 if necessary1 to effect entire solution of the metal2 to the resulting solution add half its volume of distilled water1 filter through powdered glass1 and evaporate until crystals form4 ,use4 ,chiefly in chemistry1 and as a source of the pure oxide and the subnitrate4 ,bismuth ,oxides3-- ,bismuthous ,oxide4 ,bi#b,o#c4 ,syn4 ,,teroxide ,,of ,,bismuth1 ,,protoxide ,,of ,,bismuth4 ,from either the neutral or the basic nitrate1 by exposure1 in a crucible1 to gentle ignition4 ,pure4 ,a straw-yellow powder1 of rather difficult solubility4 ,,hy',,drated3--,by gradually dropping an acid solution of bismuthous nitrate into a concentrated solution of potassium hydrate perfectly free from carbonic acid1 and washing and drying the resulting precipitate4 ,pure4 ,a rich-looking white powder4 ,prop41 c4 ,fuses at a high temperature1 and then acts as a powerful flux on siliceous matter without itself imparting colour1 a property of which the enameller and gilder has long availed himself4 ,like the basic nitrate1 it has been used as an antispasmodic and as a cosmetic4 ,sp4 gr4 #hbaa to #hcee4 ,bismuthic ,oxide4 ,bi#b,o#e4 ,syn4 ,,bismuthic ,,anhydride1 ,,bismuthic ,,acid4 ,suspend teroxide of bismuth in a strong solution of potassa1 and pass chlorine through the mixture until decomposition is complete2 treat the powder with dilute nitric acid 7to remove any undecomposed teroxide71 after which wash it in cold water1 and dry it4 ,prop41 c4 ,a reddish powder1 soluble in water4 ,its salts1 of which little are known1 are called ,,bis',,muthates4 ,when heated it loses oxygen1 and a bismuthate of bismuth is formed4 ,bismuthous ,sulphide4 ,bi#b,s#c4 ,this compound occurs native 7,,bis',m7,u,,th7,i,,ne71 and may be easily prepared artificially by either fusing its elements together1 or by passing sulphuretted hydrogen through a solution of nitrate of bismuth4 ,bismuthous ,valerianate4 ,syn4 ,,bismu',,thi ,,valeria',,nas1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,an acid solution of nitrate of bismuth is decomposed with a solution of valerianate of soda in water containing a little free valerianic acid2 the precipitate is carefully washed in distilled water1 and dried in the shade4 ,recommended as superior to the subnitrate in some forms of gastrodynia1 dyspepsia1 intermittents1 c4--,dose1 #b to #f gr41 or more4 ,,bis',,tre 7-ter74 ,eng41 ,fr4 ,syn4 ,,bister1 ,ger4 ,prep4 #a4 ,the most compact1 best coloured1 and well-burnt portions of the soot of beechwood1 or of peat1#ahd are selected1 reduced to powder and sifted through a very fine lawn sieve4 ,it is then digested in clear warm water for several hours1 with frequent stirring2 after which it is allowed to settle1 when the liquid portion is decanted from the sediment4 ,this process is repeated a second1 and even a third time4 ,the paste is next poured into a tall narrow vessel1 which is then filled with pure cold water1 and well agitated4 ,the grosser parts only are now allowed to subside1#ahe and the supernatant liquor1 containing the finer portion of the ,,bistre in suspension1 is poured off into another vessel1 where it is left to deposit its contents4 ,the deposit is next collected1 and carefully dried and powdered2 or it is only partially dried1 and at once made into cakes with gum-water or isinglass-size1 and then allowed to dry and harden for sale4 ,footnote #ahd3 ,the first is usually employed in ,england4 ,footnote #ahe3 ,two or three minutes suffice for this purpose4 #b4 7,dr ,mac,culloch47 ,the tar-like liquid obtained from the dry distillation of wood is again carefully distilled until all volatile matter has passed over1 and a brittle1 pitch-like residuum is obtained1 which is either brown or black according to the time and temperature employed2 after which the heat is still further prolonged1 but with increased care1 until the brittle substance becomes pulverulent and carbonaceous4 ,it is then ground and elutriated with pure cold water1 as before4 ,uses1 c4 ,as a water colour to tint drawings1 in the same way as ,indian ink1 to which it is esteemed superior when the subjects are intended to be afterwards tinted with other colours4 ,it occupies the same place among water colours that brown-pink does in oil4 ,according to ,dr ,mac,culloch1 bistre from wood-tar1 when carefully prepared1 has great depth and beauty of colour1 with all the fine properties of sepia2 but that if the whole of the oils and acids have not been removed by the process1 it is apt to collect in little flocks which interfere with its use4 ,,bites and ,,stings4 ,syn4 ,,mor',s,u,s 7-,s,u,s1 sing47 ,,et ,,ic',t,u,s 7-,t7,u,s1 s471 ,l4 ,the treatment of the bites of non-venomous and non-rabid animals is the same as that of ordinary lacerated or punctured wounds1 as the case may be2 that of the bites and stings of venomous and rabid animals1 serpents1 insects1 c41 often require1 in addition1 the use of special antidotes to destroy the virus or to prevent its absorption1 or to neutralise its effects when absorbed and to promote its elimination from the system4 ,the bites and stings of ,,ants1 ,,bees1 ,,wasps1 ,,hornets1 and similar insects common to this climate may be treated by washing the part with spirit of hartshorn or dilute liquor of ammonia or eau de luce1 or a weak solution of chloride of lime4 ,should considerable inflammation ensue1 and the part become much swollen1 a thing that rarely occurs1 leeches may be applied1 and a cooling purgative given4 ,the stings of venomous reptiles may be similarly treated1 excepting that the strength of the solutions of ammonia1 chloride of lime1 c41 should be stronger than in the former case1 so as to produce some pain and smarting4 ,in cases where the venom is of a very poisonous description1 the wound should be first well washed with water of ammonia1 and afterwards seared with lunar caustic in every part1 including the interior and deep-seated portions4 ,in extreme cases the surface of the wound1 both internal and external1 may be removed with the knife2 or1 in the case of a small joint1 as a finger1 the injured portion may be amputated4 ,prior to the use of the washes or caustic1 dry-cupping or suction with the mouth may be had recourse to with great advantage4 ,a ligature placed on the limb1 above the wound1 as soon as possible after the accident1 will impede the absorption of the poison whilst the other treatment is in progress4 ,a similar plan may be followed after the bite of a dog supposed to be mad4 ,it has1 indeed1 been lately asserted by one of our most celebrated veterinarians that he and his colleagues have been repeatedly bitten by dogs that have afterwards been proved to be mad1 but from having fearlessly applied caustic to the parts they have escaped uninjured4 ,the poison inserted by the stings and bites of several venomous reptiles is so rapidly absorbed1 and of so fatal a description1 as frequently to occasion death within a very short space of time1 and before any remedy or antidote1 under ordinary circumstances1 can be applied4 ,but even in these extreme cases it is probable that absorption1 and consequently the rapidity of the action of the poison1 might be considerably impeded or lessened by the immediate application of a ligature above the part1 as before described1 the patient accompanying the treatment by swallowing a large quantity of liquid1 by which partial plethora would be produced1 and the functions of the absorbents for a time nearly-suspended4 ,a few minutes thus gained would permit of the application of appropriate antidotes1 by which the poison might be neutralised before it would become necessary to remove the ligature1 whilst the kidneys would be in full action4 ,unfortunately1 these wounds are generally inflicted in parts of the world where precautionary measures are seldom thought of1 and generally at times when people are least prepared to meet them1 as well as so suddenly and unexpectedly as to stagger even those observers who may be in no absolute danger themselves4 ,such is the bite of the ,east ,indian ,,co',,bra ,,di ,,capel',,lo1 against which two ,asiatic 7arsenical7 pills are often prescribed by the ,hindoos2 but which are generally scarcely swallowed before the poison of the serpent has rendered the patient a stiffened corpse4 ,eau de luce1 a favorite remedy in ,india1 when liberally employed both internally and externally1 is said to prove sometimes more successful4 ,the bite of the ,,puff-,,adder is of a similar1 or even a more fatal description than that of the cobra4 ,when the venom of any of these animals or of a rabid dog is once fully absorbed into the system1 there appears to be no treatment that can save the patient4 ,a bottle of ,madeira wine or #a_/b a pint of brandy or rum diluted with twice its weight of water1 drank in two doses about #c or #d minutes apart1 is a popular remedy in ,india in such cases4 ,its effect is to impede absorption4 ,the secret antidote so long successfully employed by ,mr ,underwood1 the 'snake-king' of ,australia1 for the bites of the ,,whip-,,snake and the ,,diamond-,,snake1 two of the most venomous of that region1 is now positively asserted to be the common male fern 7polypo'dium fi'lix mas1 ,linn474 ,of the powdered root1 or preferably1 of the green leaves of this plant nearest the root1 he prepares a sort of decoction1 or broth1 which he takes or administers liberally4 ,a more convenient preparation would1 perhaps1 be a tincture prepared by digesting #a oz4 of the dried1 or #c oz4 of the fresh leaves 7bruised71 in a pint of proof spirit or strong brandy or rum for a fortnight2 as in this state it could be kept for any length of time1 if well corked1 without deterioration4 ,for ,,horses ,,and ,,cattle4 ,mr ,finlay ,dun recommends ammonia solution2 solution of caustic potash2 carbolic acid2 prussic acid and chloroform4 ,see ,,hydrophobia1 ,,poisons1 ,,snake-,,bites1 ,,stings1 ,,venom1 ,,wounds1 c4#ahf ,footnote #ahf3 ,notices of several chemical and neurotic antidotes1 of great promise1 will also be found in different parts of this volume4 ,the names of the respective animals may likewise be referred to4 ,,bitt',,er4 ,eng41 ,ger4 ,syn4 ,,ama'',,rus1 ,l42 ,,amer1 ,fr4 ,tasting like wormwood1 quassia1 or other similar vegetables2 subst41 a bitter plant1 bark1 or root 7 ,,ama'',,rum1 ,l42 see below74 ,bitter ,app'ledouble-dagger4 ,colocynth4 ,bitter ,cup4 ,a cup or tumbler formed by the turner out of quassia wood4 ,liquor1 by standing in it a short time1 becomes bitter and stomachic4 ,they are now common in the shops4 ,bitter ,earth994 ,magnesia4 ,bitter ,herbs4 ,see ,,bitters 7infr7 and ,,species 7,bitter74 ,bitter ,saltdagger1 ,bitter ,pur''ging-salt4 ,sulphate of magnesia4 ,bitt'er-sweet4 ,woody nightshade4 ,bitt'er-wortdouble-dagger 7-w7urt74 ,gentian4 ,,bitt',,ern4 ,the 'mother-water' or 'bitter liquor' of salt-works from which the chloride of sodium 7sea-salt7 has been separated by crystallisation4 ,bittern4 ,an intoxicating poisonous mixture sold by the brewers' druggists1 composed of #a part each of extract of quassia and powdered sulphate of iron1 with #b parts of extract of cocculus indicus1 #d parts of ,spanish liquorice1 and about #h parts of treacle2 the liquorice being first boiled with a little water until dissolved1 and the solution evaporated to a proper consistence before adding the other ingredients4 ,used by fraudulent brewers and publicans to impart a false bitter and apparent strength to their liquors4 ,,bitt',,ers 7-7erz74 ,syn4 ,,ama'',,ra1 c41 ,l4 ,vegetable bitters are commonly regarded as tonic and stomachic1 and to improve the appetite when taken occasionally and in moderation4 ,the best time is early in the morning1 or half an hour or an hour before a meal4 ,an excessive1 or a too prolonged use of them1 tends to weaken the stomach1 and to induce nervousness4 ,they should not be taken for a longer period than about #h or #aj days at a time1 allowing a similar period to elapse before again having recourse to them4 ,among the most useful and generally employed bitters are--calumba1 cascarilla1 chamomiles1 gentian1 hops1 orange peel1 quassia1 and wormwood4 ,bitters4 ,in the liquor-trade1 a compound prepared by steeping vegetable bitters1 and some aromatics as flavouring1 in weak spirit1 for some #h or #aj days2 a little sugar or syrup being subsequently added to the strained or decanted tincture4 ,in that of the taverns and gin-shops the menstruum is usually gin1 or plain spirit reduced to a corresponding strength4 ,,bran',,dy-,,bitters and ,,wine'-,,bitters are prepared in a similar way with common ,british brandy1 or some cheap white wine 7,cape or raisin71 as the case may be4 ,each maker has usually his own formul1 which he modifies to suit the price and the palate of his customer4--,this class of liquors has been justly charged with being the fertile cause of habitual intemperance1 of disease1 and even of death6 ,their occasional use as tonics or stomachics is also objectionable1 owing to the trash1 and even deleterious substances1 which so frequently enter into their composition4 ,see ,,liqueurs4 ,,bitu',,men4 ,eng41 ,l4 ,syn4 ,,bitume1 ,fr42 ,,erdpech1 ,,erdtheer1 c41 ,ger4 ,a term of a very comprehensive character1 and1 in general1 very loosely applied1 including a variety of inflammable mineral substances1 consisting of varying proportions of hydrocarbons1 having a strong smell and differing in consistence1 all the varieties being found in the earth1 of which asphaltum1 naphtha1 and petroleum may be mentioned as examples4 ,asphalt is very extensively disseminated throughout ,europe1 ,asia1 and ,america4 ,considerable quantities are exported from the ,west ,indian ,islands1 and from the ,dead ,sea1 in ,juda2 hence its commercial name1 ',jewish bitumen1' or ',jew's pitch4' ,the different kinds vary greatly in quality1 according to the amount of earthy matter and other impurities contained in them2 they may all1 however1 be reduced to a state of equal purity by boiling or macerating them in hot water1 by which means the earthy and siliceous matters are more or less completely removed4 ,these latter fall to the bottom of the vessel1 and the bitumen rises to the surface1 or forms clots on the sides of the boiler1 when it is skimmed off1 and thrown into a large cooler1 where more water separates4 ,at the ,seyssel and ,bechelbronn bitumen works the bitumen so obtained is thrown into large cauldrons and boiled for some time1 by which means the volatile products and water accompanying it are driven off1 and the remaining sand and impurities fall to the bottom of the cauldron1 leaving the purified asphalt in the form of a thick fatty pitch1 in which state it comes into the market or is applied to various purposes4 ,in the following table we give the composition of a few bitumens3 ,carbon1 ,hydrogen1 ,oxygen1 ,nitrogen per cent4 per cent4 per cent4 per cent4 ,viscous bitumen of ,bechelbronn #hhj #abj -- -- ,virgin bitumen of ,bechelbronn #hhj #aaj -- #aj ,liquid bitumen from ,hatten1 ,lower ,rhine #hhj #aaf -- #jd ,solid bitumen of ,coxatambo1 near ,cuena1 in ,peru #hhg #ig #af ,annexed is a table of the analysis of several asphalts1 centesimally represented3-- ,bitumen of ,bitumen of ,bitumen of ,pont de ,chateau1 ,bitumen of ,monastier1 ,bastennes4 ,auvergne4 ,abruzzi4 ,haute ,loire4 ,crude4 ,pure4 ,crude4 ,pure4 ,oily matters #bjj -- -- -- -- #gj ,carbon ,bitumen #cg #gfac #gge #ggfd #hah #ce ,hydrogen -- #ida #if #ghf #hd -- ,nitrogen -- #abd #ajb #aj -- ,oxygen -- #abff #je #hce #hh -- ,water -- -- -- -- -- #de ,gas and vapour -- -- -- -- -- #dj ,quartz sand and mica -- -- -- -- #fjj ,clay #gfc -- -- -- -- ,ferrug4 #baj ,ashes -- #ahj -- #eac -- -- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- #ajjj #ajjj #ajjj #ajjj #ajjj #ajjj ,the solid bitumens are now extensively employed in the manufacture of bituminous mastic or cement and similar compositions1 which are used for the lining of water-cisterns1 and for various other hydraulic purposes2 as also for roofs1 floors1 roads1 pavements1 c4 ,for the last purpose the native varieties of 'asphaltic rock1' consisting of a mixture of bitumen and calcareous earth1 when tempered with a proper quantity of crushed granite1 or calcareous sand or gravel1 is found to be the most substantial and durable4 ,the plan followed in laying down such pavements in ,paris1 where they have been the most extensively adopted1 is--,the ground having been made uniformly smooth1 is edged1 in the usual manner1 with curb-stones rising about #d inches above its level1 and then covered1 to the depth of #c inches1 with concrete 7made with about #a-fth part of good hydraulic lime71 which is well pressed upon its bed1 the surface being subsequently smoothed over with a very thin coating of hydraulic mortar4 ,on this1 when perfectly dry1#ahg the 'bituminous mastic1' rendered semi-fluid by being cautiously heated in a suitable iron cauldron1#ahh is evenly spread over so as to form a layer three quarters of an inch1 or for less solid work1 half an inch thick4 ,some coarse sand is lastly sifted over and pressed down on the surface1 when the work is complete2 and in a few days the pavement becomes sufficiently compact and solid to be thrown open to foot passengers4 ,footnote #ahg3 ,on this point depends the success of the work4 ,absolute dryness is a sine qu non in the process4 ,the mastic must also be laid down in dry weather4 ,if laid in wet1 damp1 or even foggy weather1 it will be liable to separate from its bed1 and gradually to break up4 ,this is why so much of the asphalt and bituminous pavement laid down in ,london has proved a failure4 ,footnote #ahh3 ,it is here that the mixture of the bitumen 7previously crushed sufficiently small to pass through meshes #aj to the inch7 is made with the sand or gravel2 a small portion of mineral tar or coal-tar 7#c to #g or #h7 being commonly added to promote their fusion and complete union4 ,an important precaution to be observed in making asphalt pavements or roads is to boil the bitumen which is employed thoroughly1 so as to expel the water and volatile oils1 which if allowed to remain are found to render the mastic more liable to be affected by the extremes of heat and cold1 as well as less able to stand the wear and tear of traffic4 ,claridge's ,process4 ,this consists in fusing the blocks of mastic in a suitable boiler1 similar to that seen in fig4 #a1 and in adding a quantity of mineral tar1 in the proportion of #a lb4 to every cwt4 of the mastic4 ,the tar is first fused in the boiler1 #ef lbs4 of the mastic are then introduced1 and the whole repeatedly stirred so as to prevent the formation of a deposit4 ,when the contents of the boiler are melted1 the cauldron is covered over for a quarter of an hour1 after which the remainder of the mastic is added1 and its fusion proceeded with as before1 the process being repeated until the boiler is full1 allowing an interval of from ten to fifteen minutes between each operation4 ,when the mastic is sufficiently fluid it will drop freely from the stirrer1 and jets of light smoke are observed to issue from it4 ,if stiff mastic be required1 the proportion of tar is lessened1 and a quantity of coarse grit or river sand1 to the amount of #bj or #cj lbs4 to the cwt41 is added4 ,illustration3 #a4 ,in laying the asphalt the greatest attention and care must be paid to the preparation of a solid and dry foundation4 ,this is usually accomplished by removing or ramming the loose earth1 and placing upon the bed a layer of coarse sand mixed with powdered limestone1 in the proportion of seven parts of the former to one of the latter1 and the whole is pressed or beaten solid2 upon this a second layer of finer materials is laid compacted and levelled2 the bed thus prepared is allowed to dry before coating it with mastic4 ,fig4 #b shows the manner in which ordinary asphalting is laid down4 ,in this figure ,c is the bed of coarse concrete1 ,b the second and finer layer of the same material1 and ,a the superior layer of asphalt4 ,illustration3 #b4 ,the base or concrete must be perfectly dry when the mastic is poured on1 or the work will be a failure1 for the moisture will be converted into steam1 which1 issuing through the fluid mastic1 will cause the formation of holes in the latter or blister it1 and ultimately the surface will crack4 ,to counteract in some measure the evil arising from the formation of steam1 fine cinder dust is sifted over the bed of concrete previous to the application of the mastic4 ,when asphalting suspension bridges1 a sheet of canvas is usually spread over the concrete4 ,in asphalting damp places1 such as cellars and foundations1 a brick invert is always laid in asphalt beneath the concrete4 ,this is done by placing the bricks in rows1 at the proper depth and slope1 and pouring a coating of asphalt about a quarter of an inch thick upon them4 ,before the mastic solidifies1 the bricks are separated a little by passing a knife between them1 thus affording the mastic an opening by which to seal up more thoroughly the connection4 ,the concrete is afterwards laid upon this bed1 and the layer of mastic upon this in the usual way4 ,the thickness of the layer of mastic varies according to the attrition to which it is to be subjected2 but the usual depth is from a quarter to one and a quarter inch4 ,artificial ,asphalt4 ,this is prepared from coal tar by distilling off the volatile oils which hold the tar in solution1 the result being that a kind of fatty pitch is left1 which must be boiled until a sample1 when cooled1 becomes nearly solid4 ,the operation may be accomplished in the open air1 but if this means of evaporation be adopted1 the process is attended with a very unpleasant odour1 and the volatile oils are dissipated4 ,these volatile oils are used for the preparation of varnish1 for lubricating machinery1 and for the manufacture of a superior kind of lampblack4 ,they have also been employed to increase the illuminating power of coal-gas1 which purpose they accomplish by imparting their vapours to gas passed over them when they are placed in shallow vessels4 ,various forms of patent apparatus have been designed for this purpose4 ,when it is required to collect the oils1 the coal tar is placed in a retort made of sheet iron1 with a convex bottom1 which is placed immediately over a fire4 ,the products of the combustion after striking the bottom of the retort circulate round it1 then proceed under a second boiler to heat the tar contained in it1 and from which the retort is replenished when necessary4 ,this vessel1 when three quarters full1 contains nearly #bd cwts4 of tar2 it should be perfectly embedded in masonry2 the capital itself by which the volatile products escape should be surrounded with materials that are bad conductors of heat1 such as ashes4 ,but for this precaution the volatile oils would become condensed1 and fall back into the evaporating vessel4 ,the volatile oils are collected by being made to pass through a tube cooled by a current of water1 this tube running in a direction the reverse of that pursued by the vapours1 and terminating in a closed vessel1 which acts as the receptacle for the oils4 ,a tube branching from the boiler conducts the uncondensed products outside the building in which the distillation is conducted4 ,when the tar has been boiled sufficiently long to give it the requisite consistence1 it is removed by means of a pipe into a third hemispherical boiler of cast-iron4 ,to prepare the bituminous mastic directly from this fatty pitch1 the latter is kept in a state of fusion1 and chalk in sufficient quantity is then added4 ,if the chalk be previously heated1 ground to a coarse powder1 and sifted1 the mixture is effected more rapidly and satisfactorily4 ,the asphalt becomes the more solid the greater the proportion of chalk added2 on the other hand1 it becomes less elastic and more brittle4 ,the asphalt is moulded as follows3--,a long table is covered with cast-iron plates1 surrounded with a framework1 which is subdivided into eight or ten equal compartments by means of rules of about six inches in height1 introduced vertically into grooves formed at equal intervals in the long sides of the frame4 ,the eight or ten moulds obtained by this means are coated internally with a paste composed of sixty parts of water and forty of chalk4 ,this compound prevents the mastic adhering to the sides of the mould1 and ensures its being easily detached4 ,two barrels1 or #i cwts4 of tar1 lose by distillation one fourth of their weight1 the loss consisting of #a cwt4 #c qrs4 #ae lbs4 of volatile oils1 and #a qr4 #ac lbs4 of water4 ,sometimes ground or fine sand enters into the composition of asphalt in proportions equal to the chalk2 but in some cases only half as much sand as chalk is used4 ,in the manufacture of asphalt it is very important that the contents of the cauldron should be stirred during fusion1 not only to prevent the tar adhering to the bottom1 and so getting burnt1 but to ensure the ingredients being brought into intimate combination1 and a homogeneous and smooth compound being produced4 ,as soon as the whole is thoroughly incorporated1 the proper consistence attained1 and the vapours of the volatile oils and water come off in very minute quantities1 the asphalt is run off into the moulds before described1 and when sufficiently set may be removed1 and is ready for use4 ,dr ,g4 ,h4 ,smith has patented a process for making artificial asphalt1 waterproof concrete1 c41 which promises to become of great value in the construction of sea walls1 docks1 and harbour works1 c4 ,dr ,smith's invention consists in filling up the interstices of any porous substance1 such as brick1 burned or unburned clay1 soft stones1 plaster of ,paris1 c41 with pitch or tar which has been boiled to such a consistence that the pores or cells of the material used are completely filled with solid matter when cold4 ,other hydrocarbons1 resins1 or gums may be used instead of pitch or tar2 but it is essential that the saturating substances1 though naturally fluid or semifluid1 can be so changed by boiling that they lose their fluidity when cold2 or they must be1 though hard under all ordinary temperatures of the atmosphere1 capable of reduction by heat or otherwise to a fluid condition1 so that they will penetrate the porous materials4 ,the asphalto-bitumen mine of the ,val de ,travers1 in the ,canton of ,neufchtel1 is said to be the richest and most extensive in the world of its particular class4 ,the calcareous bitumen which it yields contains #bj of nearly pure bitumen1 and #hj of carbonate of lime2 and it has a sp4 gr4 7#baae7 approaching that of ordinary bricks4 ,the ',val de ,travers ,company1' and the ',bastenne and ,gaujac ,company1' are1 it is said1 those which have hitherto been the most successful in laying down asphalto-pavements4 ,see ,,asphaltum1 ,,petroleum1 c4 ,bitumen1 ,elastic4 ,syn4 ,,min',,eral ,,caou',,tchouc 7koo'-ch7o7ok71 ,,el',,aterite4 ,a rather rare species of bitumen1 differing chiefly from the other solid varieties in being elastic4 ,bitumen1 ,liq'uid4 ,petroleum4 ,,bitu',,minous4 ,syn4 ,,bitutm7,i,,no',,sus1 ,l42 ,,bitumineux1 ,fr42 ,,erdpechig1 ,ger4 ,of bitumen1 or resembling or containing it4 ,,bix',,eine 7-e-7in74 ,the red colouring-principle of annotta4 ,it is obtained by treating bixine with liquid ammonia1 with subsequent free contact of air4 ,prop41 c4 ,when pure1 a rich deep-red powder1 soluble in alcohol and in alkalies1 and turned blue by sulphuric acid4 ,it appears to be oxidised bixine4 ,,bixin4 ,the red resinous colouring matter of annatto4 ,bolley and ,mylius prepare it by digesting the dried alcoholic extract of annatto with ether2 repeatedly treating the least soluble portion 7which contains the greater part of the colouring matter7 with hot ether2 dissolving the remainder in alcohol2 precipitating the alcoholic solution with lead acetate2 decomposing the washed precipitate with sulphuretted hydrogen2 extracting the colouring matter therefrom by hot alcohol2 and precipitating the alcoholic solution with water4 ,,bix',,ine 7-7in74 ,the yellow colouring-principle of annotta4 ,prep4 ,a solution of annotta is precipitated with a solution of acetate of lead2 the precipitate1 after having been washed in cold water1 is decomposed by sulphuretted hydrogen2 the decanted liquor or filtrate yields crystals by cautious evaporation4 ,prop41 c4 ,yellowish white1 turning full yellow by exposure to air2 soluble in water1 and freely so in alcohol and in alkaline solutions2 by oxidation it is converted into bixeine4 ,for a correct knowledge of both of these substances we are indebted to ,m4 ,preisser4 ,,black4 ,syn4 ,a',,ter1#ahi ,,ni',,ger1 ,l42 ,,noir1 ,fr42 ,,schwarz1 ,ger42 ,,blac1 ,,bl,c1 ,sax4 ,in dyeing1 c41 of the colour of lamp-soot1 or of night2 subst41 a black colour4 ,footnote #ahi3 ,black1 deep black2 as opposed to albus1 white4 ,black ,ash4 ,the waste lye of the soapmakers is evaporated in large iron boilers1 the salt separated as it falls down1 and then heated in a reverberatory furnace1 until it is partially decomposed and fused1 when it is run into iron pots to cool4 ,it is used in the manufacture of alum and common soap4 ,black ,col'ours 7k7ul'-74 ,see ,,black ,,pigments4 ,black ,draught4 ,see ,,mixture1 ,,senna 7,compound74 ,black ,drop4 ,see ,,drops1 ,,patent ,,medicines1 c4 ,,black ,,dye4 ,syn4 ,,teinte ,,noire1 ,fr42 ,,schwarze ,,farbe1 ,ger4 ,the following are the processes and materials now commonly employed in dyeing black3-- a4 ,for ,,cotton3-- #a4 ,the goods1 previously dyed blue1 are steeped for about #bd hours in a decoction of gall-nuts or sumach1 then drained1 rinsed in water1 and passed through a bath of acetate of iron for a quarter of an hour2 they are next again rinsed in water1 and exposed for some time to the air2 after which they are passed a second time through the bath1 to which a little more iron-liquor is previously added4 ,the whole process is repeated1 if necessary1 according to the intensity of the shade of black desired4 #b4 ,the goods are steeped in a mordant of acetate of iron1 worked well1 and then passed through a bath of madder and logwood for #b hours4 ,less permanent than ,no4 #a4 ,obs4 ,about #b oz4 of coarsely powdered galls1 or #d oz4 of sumach1 are required for every pound of cotton1 in the process of galling4 ,the first should be boiled in the water1 in the proportion of about #a_/b gal4 of water to every lb4 of cotton4 ,the sumach-bath is better made by mere infusion of that dye-stuff in very hot water4 #c4 7,for #aj lbs4 of cloth47 ,the goods are put into a boiling bath made of #c lbs4 of sumach1 and allowed to steep1 with occasional 'working1' until the liquor is perfectly cold2 they are next passed through lime water1 and1 after having drained for a few minutes1 immediately transferred to and worked for an hour in a warm solution of #b lbs4 of copperas2 after free exposure to the air for about an hour they are again passed through lime water1 and1 after draining1 'worked' for an hour in a bath made with #c lbs4 of logwood1 and #a lb4 of fustic2 they are then 'lifted1' and #a_/d lb4 of copperas being added1 they are returned to the bath1 'worked' well for about #cj minutes1 and finished4 ,good and deep4 ,obs4 ,instead of copperas iron-liquor may be used1 observing to take #a-a_/b pint of the latter 7of the ordinary strength7 for every lb4 of the former ordered above4 b4 ,for ,,flax and ,,linen3-- ,this1 for the most part1 closely resembles that employed for cotton2 but1 in some cases1 a mordant of iron-liquor1 or of copperas1 followed by passing the goods through lime-water1 and exposure to the air1 precedes the dye-bath4 c4 ,for ,,silk3-- ,silk goods are dyed much in the same way as woollens1 but the process is conducted with less heat3-- #a4 ,a bath of nut-galls is given for #ab to #cf hours1 occasionally working the goods therein2 they are next taken out1 rinsed1 and well aired1 after which they are passed for a few minutes through a bath containing sulphate of iron1 and are then again drained1 rinsed1 and aired4 ,the steep in the nut-gall bath may be repeated1 if necessary1 followed1 as before1 by the iron-bath previously replenished with a little fresh copperas4 ,the whole quantity of galls to be taken for #a lb4 of silk varies with their quantity from #a_/b to #c_/d lb41 that of the copperas 7for the first bath71 from #c to #d oz4 #b4 7,for #a cwt4 of silk47 ,boil #bb lbs4 of bruised ,aleppo galls1 for #b hours1 in #ij to #ajj galls4 of water1 observing to add boiling water from time to time1 to compensate for that lost by evaporation2 to the clear bath add #cb lbs4 of copperas1 #g lbs4 of iron-filings1 and #ba lbs4 of gum2 digest with agitation for #a hour1 and when the ingredients are dissolved1 pass the silk 7previously prepared 'galled' with #a_/crd of its weight of gall-nuts7 through the bath for about an hour2 then rinse and air it well2 next leave it in the dye-bath for #f to #ab hours2 and this immersion or steep may be repeated1 if necessary1 at will4 ,this is said to be the process commonly adopted for velvet at ,genoa and ,tours4 #c4 7,for #e lbs4 of silk47 ,turn the goods for an hour through a mordant formed of #a lb4 of copperas and #b oz4 of nitrate of iron 7dyer's71 with sufficient water2 after rinsing in cold water and airing them1 'work' them for an hour in a decoction made of #e lbs4 of logwood and #a lb4 of fustic2 then lift them from the bath1 add #b oz4 of copperas1 reimmerse1 and 'work' them well for #aj or #ae minutes longer2 lastly1 rinse1 air1 and finish4 ,a full deep black4 #d4 7,for #e lbs47 ,for the mordant use #a_/b lb4 of copperas2 rinse1 and air2 for the 'dye-bath1' a decoction of #d lbs4 of logwood to which #a_/b pint of stale urine has been added2 after 'lifting' the goods add #b oz4 more of copperas to the bath1 and work for #ae minutes1 as before4 ,a good black4 ,by adding #b oz4 of dyer's nitrate of iron to the mordant the same ingredients will give a deep black2 and by substituting a little white soap for the urine1 and omitting the addition of copperas to the logwood-bath1 it will give a blue-black4 ,the last may also be produced by first dyeing the goods deep blue as with 'prussiate1' and omitting the urine and soap1 in which case one half only of the logwood will be required4 d4 ,for ,,wool3-- ,to produce a good permanent black on wool or woollen goods1 they must be first dyed of a deep blue in the indigo-vat1 or1 more cheaply1 by the ,prussian-blue process4 ,when the goods are coarse or common1 and price is an object1 they are generally 'rooted' instead of being 'blued4' ,this consists in giving them a dun or brown colour with the husks of walnuts or the roots of the walnut-tree1 or with other like cheap astringent substances4 #a4 7,for #a cwt4 of wool47 ,good logwood-chips1 #bj lbs41 and ,aleppo-galls1 #ah lbs42 are inclosed in a coarse bag1 and boiled with water1 q4 s41 for #e or #f hours2 #a_/crd of this decoction is then transferred into another copper1 with verdigris1 #b lbs41 and a sufficient quantity of water having been added1 the goods 7previously dyed dark blue7 are passed through the liquor for two hours1 at a heat slightly below the boiling-point4 ,the goods are next lifted and drained1 another #a_/crd of the decoction of logwood and galls1 with copperas1 #i lbs41 added to the boiler1 after which the fire is lowered1 and as soon as the copperas is dissolved1 the cloth is returned to the bath1 and again well 'worked' for at least an hour4 ,it is then taken out1 thoroughly aired1 and the remaining #a_/crd of the decoction added1 with sumach1 #bj lbs4 ,the whole is then brought to a boil1 and sulphate of iron1 #b lbs41 together with a pailful of cold water1 thrown in2 after which the goods are put in a third time1 and 'worked' for one hour2 they are then taken out1 rinsed1 aired1 and again passed through the bath for another hour4 ,after being thoroughly rinsed1 the goods are at once either 'fulled1' dried1 and folded1 or are further softened and beautified by passing them for #ae minutes through a hot weld-bath 7not boiling71 when they are rinsed1 c4 7but not 'fulled'71 as before4 ,a beautiful though expensive dye4 ,with management the above quantities of the ingredients will dye #a-a_/d or even #a-a_/b cwt4 of wool4 #b4 7,for #a cwt47 ,the cloth 7previously dyed blue7 is 'galled' with #e lbs4 of nut-galls1 and then dyed in a bath made with #cj lbs4 of logwood1 to which about #e lbs4 of copperas has been added2 after which it is rinsed1 aired1 and 'fulled1' as before4 ,this is said1 by ,lewis1 to be the usual proportions and plan adopted by the ,english dyers4 #c4 7,for #a cwt47 ,make a bath1 as before1 with fustic1 #b lbs42 logwood1 #e lbs42 and sumach1 #aj lbs42 work the 7blued7 cloth for #c hours at the boiling heat1 or near it2 lift it out1 add sulphate of iron1 #aj-a_/b lbs41 and when dissolved1 pass the cloth through it for #b hours2 rinse1 air well1 and again pass the goods through the bath for an hour2 lastly1 rinse until the water runs clear4 ,inferior to the last1 but less expensive4 #d4 7,for #a cwt41 without previous blueing or 'rooting1'7--a4 ,work the goods at about #bjj ,fahr4 for #a hour1 in a bath made with #f to #g lbs4 of cam-wood2 lift1 add #f-a_/b lbs4 of copperas1 and again work the goods for an hour1 after which withdraw the fire1 and allow them to steep for #aj or #ab hours2 next drain and rinse them1 and work them in a second bath made with #fj lbs4 of logwood for #a-a_/b hour2 lift1 add #c lbs4 of copperas1 and again work for an hour2 lastly1 rinse1 air1 and finish3--b4 ,the goods are first worked1 for about two hours1 in a bath of #c lbs4 of fustic1 in which #e lbs4 of bichromate of potash and #d lbs4 of alum have been dissolved2 after exposure to the air for about an hour and thorough rinsing they are worked for a second two hours in a bath made with #de lbs4 of logwood1 #c-a_/b lbs4 of barwood or cam-wood1 and #c lbs4 of fustic2 they are then lifted1 and #c lbs4 of copperas having been added to the bath1 are again immersed and worked for half an hour to an hour4 #e4 7,for #aj lbs4 of wool or w4 cloth47 ,work the goods for #a_/b an hour in a bath of #a_/b lb4 of cam-wood2 lift1 add #g or #h oz4 of copperas1 and after working them for #bj minutes1 withdraw the fire1 and leave them in the liquor for #aj or #ab hours2 next rinse them in cold water1 drain1 and then work them for an hour in a bath made with #e lbs4 of logwood1 to which #a pint of urine has been added2 lift1 add #d oz4 of copperas1 work them for half an hour longer1 and1 lastly1 wash and dry them4 #f4 7,for #g lbs47 ,take of galls 7bruised71 #a_/d lb42 logwood chips1 #a-a_/b lb42 for the bath2 boil or work the goods for #b hours1 take them out1 add of copperas1 #a_/d lb42 and when it is dissolved1 work the goods through the liquor for at least #b hours1 keeping the bath nearly boiling2 again take them out1 wash1 and air2 then add #a oz4 more of copperas to the bath1 and pass the cloth through it for another hour2 lastly1 air1 rinse1 and finish4 #g4 7,for #e lbs47 ,for the first bath--bichromate of potash1 #h oz42 alum1 #f oz42 fustic1 #d oz42 for the second bath--logwood1 #d lbs42 barwood and fustic1 of each #d oz42 to which add1 after the lift1 copperas1 #d oz42 the process being conducted as in #d1 b4 ,this1 as well as the two formul immediately preceding it1 is particularly suited to articles of dress dyed in the small way1 at home4 ,when the articles are only re-dipped1 as it is called1 a proportionately smaller quantity of the ingredients may be taken4 ,concluding ,remarks4 ,in dyeing black1 particularly on wool1 it is absolutely necessary to take the goods out of the dye-bath several times1 and to expose them to the air4 ,this is called airing them1 and is done to allow the oxygen of the atmosphere to act upon the ingredients of the dye1 and especially on the iron2 as without this action of the air a good colour cannot be produced4 ,the usual proportions employed by the dyers of ,england are #e lbs4 each of galls and copperas and #cj lbs4 of logwood for every cwt4 of cloth2 but these weights are frequently increased for choice goods1 just as they are always lessened for common ones4 ,the other astringent substances used as substitutes for galls in dyeing black are taken in quantities proportionate to their respective strengths1 that of good ,aleppo gall-nuts being referred to as a standard4 ,the ,german wool-dyers usually commence their process with a mordant of ,salzburg vitriol 7#c parts7 and argol 7#a part72 and after exposure of the goods in a cool place for #bd hours1 work them in a bath of logwood 7#e to #f p47 and fustic 7#b p472 after which the bath is restored by the addition of verdigris 7#a_/d p47 dissolved in vinegar and the goods again worked through it for about #a_/b an hour4 ,this is for #bj parts weight of wool or cloth4 ,black marinos are usually mordanted 7hot7 with about #a_/ajth of their weight of copperas1 and then aired for #bd hours2 after which they are dyed in a boiling bath made with about #a_/b their weight of logwood with the addition of about #b of argol or tartar4 ,as black is the shade most commonly attempted by amateur dyers1 it may be here necessary to call their attention to what is said on mixed fabrics in our article on ,,dyeing2 since an inattention to this point will inevitably cause the failure of their efforts4 ,according to ,muspratt1 a mixed fabric of silk and woollen may be dyed black by one process1 as follows3--,work the goods an hour in a solution of #h oz4 each of tartar and copperas1 and wash out2 work for #ae minutes in a decoction of #d lbs4 of logwood2 lift1 add #a oz4 of bichromate of potash1 work for #a_/b an hour1 and dry4 ,and a mixed fabric of cotton1 silk1 and woollen3--,steep for six hours in a bath made of #b lbs4 of sumach2 then work for an hour in a solution of #f oz4 each of tartar1 sulphate of copper1 and copperas2 wash1 and work #a_/b an hour in a decoction of #d lbs4 of logwood2 lift1 add to the bath #a oz4 of copperas2 work ten minutes1 wash1 and dry4 ,if a very deep black be required1 #a lb4 of bark is to be added with the logwood4 ,see ,,dyeing1 ,,mordants1 c4 ,,black ,,jack4 ,this term is applied to burnt sugar1 which is used to colour beverages1 and more particularly for the adulteration of coffee4 ,it is also known under the name of coffee refined1 and as such is vended in tin canisters4 ,it is moreover employed to give colour to vinegar1 brandy1 and rum4 ,butter1 with which water has been largely incorporated1 is also known as ,black ,jack4 ,see ,,caramel4 ,,black ,,lead 7l7ed74 ,see ,,plumbago4 ,,black ,,pig',,ments4 ,syn4 ,,pigmen',,ta ,,ni',,gra1 ,l4 ,the principal black pigments of commerce are obtained by carbonising organic substances 7particularly bones71 by exposure to a dull red heat1 in covered vessels out of contact with the air2 or by collecting the soot formed during the combustion of unctuous1 resinous1 and bituminous matters4 ,artists and amateurs also prepare1 on the small scale1 a variety of blacks1 many of which are not procurable at the colour-shops4 ,this they effect either by the carbonisation of substances not usually employed for the purpose1 or by simply reducing to powder certain mineral productions selected on account of the peculiar shades of colour which they respectively possess4 ,some of the last might1 however1 be more appropriately classed with browns4 ,the following list embraces most of these articles3-- ,black1 ,an'imal4 ,bone-black4 ,black1 ,aniline4 ,see ,,tar ,,colours4 ,black1 ,beech'4 ,carbonised beech-wood4 ,black1 ,blue'4 ,vine-twigs dried and then carefully carbonised1 in covered vessels1 until of the proper shade4 ,that of the ancients was made of wine-lees4 ,pit-coal1 carefully burnt at a white heat1 then quenched in water1 dried and well-ground1 forms a cheap1 good1 and durable blue-black1 fit for most ordinary purposes4 ,see ,,frankfort-,,black4 ,black1 ,bone'4 ,syn4 ,i',,vory-,,black 7of commerce72 ,,car',,bo ,,os',,sis1 ,,os ,,us',,tum ,,ni',,grum1 ,e',,bur ,u4 ,n4 7vena'le71 c41 ,l42 ,,noir ,d',,os1 c41 ,fr42 ,,knochenschwartz1 c41 ,ger4 ,carbonised bones reduced to powder4 ,that of commerce is usually the residuum of the distillation of bone-spirit4 ,inferior to true ivory-black2 having a slight1 but peculiar reddish tinge1 from which the latter is quite free4 ,besides its use as a pigment1 it is extensively employed in making blacking1 as a material for the moulds of founders1 as a clarifier and bleacher of liquids1 c4 ,see ,,ivory-,,black and ,,charcoal1 ,,animal4 ,black1 ,cas'sel1 ,cologne'-,black4 ,ivory-black4 ,black1 ,coal'4 ,see ,,blue-,,black and ,,newcastle-,,black4 ,black1 ,composi''tion 7z7ish'-7un-74 ,the selected portion of the residuum of the process of making prussiate of potash from blood and hoofs4 ,used both as a pigment and to decolour organic solutions1 which it does better than bone-black4 ,black1 ,cork'4 ,spanish-black4 ,black1 ,flo''rey1 ,,flor,e ,d',,inde4 ,the dried scum of the dyer's wood-bath4 ,a superior blue-black4 ,black1 ,frank'fort1 ,,noir ,,de ,,francfort4 ,from vine-twigs dried1 carbonised to a full black1 and then ground very fine4 ,an excellent black pigment2 also used by the copper-plate printers to make their ink4 ,see ,,blue-,,black4 ,black1 ,harts'horn4 ,resembles ivory-black1 which is now usually sold for it4 ,it was formerly prepared by carbonising the residuum of the distillation of spirit of hartshorn4 ,black1 ,i'vory4 ,syn4 ,,car',,bo ,,eb',,oris1 ,e',,bur ,,us',,tum ,,ni',,grum1 ,l42 ,,noir ,d',,ivoire1 c41 ,fr42 ,,elfenbeinschwartz1 ,,kohle ,,von ,,elfenbein1 ,ger4 ,from waste fragments and turnings of ivory1 by careful exposure in covered crucibles1 avoiding excess of heat or over-burning4 ,the whole having been allowed to become quite cold1 the crucibles are opened and their contents reduced to fine powder4 ,for the first quality only the richest coloured portion of the charcoal is selected1 and this1 after being powdered1 is ground with water on porphyry1 washed on a filter with warm water1 and then dried4 ,a very rich and beautiful black4 ,it is brighter than even peach-stone black1 and is quite free from the reddish tinge of bone-black4 ,with white-lead it forms a rich pearl-grey4 ,see ,,bone-,,black4 ,black1 ,jamai'ca 7-ma'-74 ,sugar-black4 ,black1 ,lamp'4 ,syn4 ,,fuli',,go ,,lucer',n1 ,f4 ,,pi',,nea1 c41 ,l42 ,,noir ,,de ,,fum,e1 c41 ,fr42 ,,kienruss1 c41 ,ger4 ,prep4 #a4 7,on the small scale47 ,a conical funnel of tin-plate furnished with a small pipe to convey the fumes from the apartment1 is suspended over a lamp fed with oil1 tallow1 coal-tar1 or crude naphtha1 the wick being large and so arranged as to burn with a full smoky flame4 ,large spongy1 mushroom-like concretions of an exceedingly light1 very black1 carbonaceous matter1 gradually form at the summit of the cone1 and must be collected from time to time4 ,the funnel should be united to the smoke-pipe by means of wire1 and no solder should be used for the joints of either4 #b4 7,commercial47 ,on the large scale1 lamp-black is now generally made by burning bone-oil 7previously freed from its ammonia71 or common coal-tar1 and receiving the smoke in a suitable chamber4 ,in the patented process of ,messrs ,martin and ,grafton the coal-tar is violently agitated with lime-water until the two are well mixed1 after which it is allowed to subside1 and the lime-water having been drawn off1 the tar is washed several times with hot water4 ,after subsidence and decantation it is put into stills1 and rectified4 ,the crude naphtha in the receiver is then put into a long cast-iron tube furnished with numerous large burners1 underneath which is a furnace to heat the pipe to nearly the boiling point4 ,over each burner is a sort of funnel which goes into a cast-iron pipe or main1 which thus receives the smoke from all the burners4 ,from this main the smoke is conveyed by large pipes to a succession of boxes or chambers1 and thence into a series of large canvas bags arranged side by side1 and connected together at top and bottom alternately4 ,fifty to eighty of these 'bags' are employed2 the last one being left open to admit of the escape of the smoke1 which has thus been made to traverse a space of about #djj yards4 ,as soon as the bags contain any considerable quantity of black they are removed and emptied4 ,the black deposited in the last bag is the finest and best1 and it becomes progressively coarse as it approaches the furnace4 ,obs4 ,the state of minute division in which the carbon exists in good lamp-black is such as cannot be given to any other matter1 not even by grinding it on porphyry1 or by 'elutriation' or 'washing over' with water4 ,on this account it goes a great way in every kind of painting4 ,it may be rendered drier and less oily by gentle calcination in close vessels1 when it is called burnt lamp-black1 and may then be used as a water-colour2 or its greasiness may be removed by the alkali-treatment noticed under ,indian ink4 ,it is the basis of ,indian ink1 printer's ink1 and most black paints4 ,russian lamp-black is the soot produced by burning the chips of resinous deal4 ,it is objectionable chiefly from being liable to take fire spontaneously when left for some time moistened with oil4 ,black1 ,manganese' 7-neze'-74 ,native binoxide of manganese4 ,durable and dries well4 ,black1 ,new'castle4 ,from the richer-looking varieties of pit-coal by grinding1 and elutriation4 ,brown black or1 in thin layers1 deep brown4 ,it is1 perhaps1 the most useful brown the artist can place on his palette2 being remarkably clear1 not so warm as ,vandyke-brown1 and serving as a shadow for blues1 reds1 and yellows1 when glazed over them4 ,it seems almost certain that ,titian made large use of this material4 ,see ,,blue-,,black 7ant74 ,black1 ,opor'to4 ,carbonised wine-lees4 ,black1 ,pa'ris1 ,,noir ,,de ,,paris4 ,from turner's bone-dust1 treated as for ivory-black4 ,works well both in oil and water4 ,it is commonly sold for real ivory-black1 and for burnt lamp-black4 ,black1 ,peach-stone4 ,from the stones or kernels of peaches1 cherries1 and other similar fruits1 treated as for ivory-black4 ,a bright1 rich black2 works well with oil2 with white-lead and oil it makes old grey4 ,black1 ,pit'coal4 ,newcastle-black4 ,black1 ,prus''sian 7pr7ush'-7an74 ,composition-black4 ,black1 ,rice'4 ,rice-charcoal4 ,inferior4 ,black1 ,rus''sian4 ,see ,,lamp-,,black4 ,black1 ,soot' 7s7o7ot'-74 ,the soot of coal-fires1 ground and sifted4 ,used in common paint1 and to colour whitewash2 with ,venetian-red and oil1 it makes chocolate-colour2 also used to make grey mortar4 ,black1 ,span'ish4 ,from cork-cuttings carbonised1 as bone-black4 ,resembles ,frankfort-black1 but works softer4 ,black1 ,sug'ar 7sh7o7og'-74 ,carbonised moist sugar4 ,has little body1 but for washing drawings is equal in mellowness to ,indian ink and bistre4 ,black1 ,sun'derland4 ,newcastle-black4 ,black1 ,tur'ner's4 ,paris-black4 ,black1 ,vine'-twig4 ,frankfort-black4 ,black ,wheat' 7hwete'-7 ,carbonised wheat4 ,it has a good colour1 a full body1 and dries hard and quickly with oil4 ,,black',,berry4 ,the popular name of ru'bus frutico'sus 7,linn47 or the common 'bramble4' ,fruit 7,,black',,berries2 ,m,,res ,,de ,,ronce1 ,fr471 antiscorbutic and wholesome1 but in excess apt to sicken2 twigs used in dyeing black2 root astringent1 formerly used in hooping-cough4 ,blackberry1 ,amer'ican4 ,the ru'bus villo'sus 7,ait474 ,root astringent and tonic2 officinal in the ,ph4 ,u4 ,s4 ,,black ,,pudding4 ,a pudding made of the blood of the pig1 mixed with groats and fat4 ,it contains about #aa per cent4 of nitrogenous matter4 ,,black',,ing4 ,syn4 ,,cirage 7des bottes71 ,,noir 7pour les souliers71 ,fr42 ,,schw,,rze1 ,,schuhschw,,rze1 ,ger4 ,an article too well known to require description4 ,hist41 c4 ,blacking1 and other polishes for leather1 were undoubtedly in common use among the ancients2 but the compound to which we now more particularly apply the name is of comparatively modern invention4 ,the latter appears to have been first introduced into ,england from ,paris1 during the reign of ,chas4 ,,ii1 but was not in common use among the masses of our population much before the middle of the #ahth century4 ,the general and still increasing use of blacking as a polish for boots and shoes by all classes of the inhabitants of civilised countries1 has given an extent and importance to its manufacture which a stranger to the subject would scarcely be led to suspect4 ,the princely establishments of some of the firms who compound this sable article cannot fail to have arrested the attention of the passenger through the streets of this great metropolis2 whilst the enormous fortune acquired by one of their late members1 and1 for the most part1 bequeathed by him for purposes of charity and philanthropy1 has invested both the donor and his craft with an interest and notoriety which they did not previously possess4 ,at the present time the consumption of blacking is greater than at any former period2 and of this1 as of many other articles1 ,england is the principal manufactory for the world1 alike distinguished for the extent of her trade and the excellent quality of this product of her industry4 ,in truth1 ,england excels all other nations in the manufacture of common shoe-blacking2 and perhaps in no other country is an equal attention paid to the cleanliness and appearance of the external clothing of the feet4 ,prep4 ,i4 ,,liquid ,,blacking3-- #a4 ,take of bone-black1 #af parts2 treacle1 #ab parts2 oil of vitriol1 #c parts2 sperm oil1#aij #b parts2 gum-arabic1 #a part2 strong vinegar1 or sour beer1 #dh to #ej parts#aia 7all by weight72 place the bone-black in a capacious wooden1 stone-ware1 or enamelled iron vessel1#aib add the oil1 and rub them well together2 next gradually add the treacle1 and actively and patiently grind or rub the mass1 after each addition1 until the oil is perfectly killed1 and finally for some time afterwards1 to ensure complete admixture2 then cautiously dilute the vitriol with about three times its bulk of water1 and add it1 in separate portions1 to the former mixture1 observing to stir the whole together1 as rapidly as possible1 on each addition of the acid1 and for some minutes after the whole is added1 so as to render the mass thoroughly smooth and homogeneous2 let it stand1 covered over1 for two or three days1 or longer1 stirring it1 in the mean time1 for #ae or #bj minutes daily2 lastly1 having dissolved the gum in the vinegar1 add the solution gradually to the rest1 and stir the whole together briskly for some time1 and again daily for #c or #d days4 ,it may be further diluted1 at will1 with a little more vinegar or beer1 or with water2 but unnecessary or excessive dilution should be avoided1 as the richness and quality of the blacking become proportionately reduced4 ,if all the ingredients 7except the vitriol7 be made hot before admixture1 the shining quality of the product will be greatly improved1 and the process may be shortened4#aic ,footnote #aij3 ,sperm oil is commonly regarded as the best for blacking2 but pale seal oil is thought by some to be quite as good4 ,the cod-liver oil of the curriers1 if clear1 is less expensive1 and probably better than either of them4 ,common olive oil1 and refined rape oil1 are1 however1 those most generally used by the blacking-makers4 ,footnote #aia3 ,that is1 #c to #c-a_/b times the weight of the ivory-black4 ,footnote #aib3 ,metallic vessels must be avoided4 ,footnote #aic3 ,by taking the 'parts' ordered in this and the other formul as so many #a_/d lbs41 lbs41 #a_/d cwts41 or cwts41 the proportions of each ingredient for any quantity of blacking1 from a #a_/d of a lb41 or a #a_/d pint1 up to #b tons1 or nearly #dej galls41 will be at once seen2 and so on of even larger quantities4 ,see ,concluding ,remarks 7infr74 #b4 ,ivory-black1 #af parts2 treacle1 #h parts2 oil of vitriol1 #d parts2 7diluted with7 water1 #b parts2 oil1 #b parts2 gum-arabic1 #a part2 soft water 7for the final dilution1 instead of vinegar71 #fd parts2 mixed1 c41 as before4 ,excellent4 #c4 ,as the last2 but taking only #f parts of treacle1 #a part of oil1 and omitting the gum-arabic4 ,good4 ,a commoner article of liquid blacking does not sell4 #d4 7,bryant and ,james's ,,india-,,rubber ,,liquid ,,blacking4 ,patent dated #ahcf47 ,take of india rubber 7in small pieces71 #ah oz42 hot rape oil1 #i lbs4 7say #a gall472 dissolve2 to the solution add of ivory-black 7in very fine powder71 #fj lbs42 treacle1 #de lbs42 mix thoroughly2 further add of gum-arabic1 #a lb41 dissolved in vinegar 7,no4 #bd71 #bj galls42 reduce the whole to a perfect state of smoothness and admixture by trituration in a paint-mill2 throw the compound into a wooden vessel1 and add1 very gradually1 of sulphuric acid1 #ab lbs42 continue the stirring for #a_/b an hour1 repeating it daily for #ad days2 then add of gum-arabic 7in fine powder71 #c lbs42#aid again mix well1 and repeat the stirring for #a_/b an hour daily for #ad days longer1 when the liquid blacking will be ready for use or for bottling4 ,the quality is very excellent2 but this1 probably1 does not depend on the presence of the india rubber1 but on the general correctness of the proportions1 and the care and completeness with which they are mixed4 ,footnote #aid3 ,this should be gently rubbed through a sieve1 held over the blacking by one person1 whilst another stirs the mass assiduously with the spatula4 #e4 7,without ,vitriol47 ,take of ivory-black 7in very fine powder71 #b lbs42 treacle1 #a-a_/b lb42 sperm oil1 #a_/d pint2 mix1 as before2 then add of gum-arabic1 #a oz42 7dissolved in7 strong vinegar1 #a_/b pint2 mix well2 the next day further add of good vinegar1 or strong sour beer1 #c to #d pints 7or q4 s472 stir briskly for a #a_/d of an hour1 and again once a day for a week4 ,excellent4 ,a cheaper1 but inferior article1 may be made by the reductions and omissions noticed above4 #f4 ,from paste-blacking 7see below71 by reducing it with sufficient vinegar1 sour beer1 or water1 to give it the liquid form4#aie ,footnote #aie3 ,it is sometimes convenient to prepare liquid blacking in this way from a stock of 'paste-blacking' already on hand4 ,,ii4 ,,paste ,,blacking3-- #a4 ,qualities from good to super-excellent may be made from any of the preceding formul1 by simply omitting the final dilution with the vinegar1 sour beer1 or water1 therein ordered at the end of the process4 #b4 7,bryant and ,james's ,,india-,,rubber ,,paste ,,blacking4--,patent dated #ahcf47 ,of india-rubber oil1 ivory black1 treacle1 and gum-arabic1 the same as for their liquid blacking 7see ,i1 #d1 above71 but dissolving the last in only #ab lbs4 7say #e quarts71 instead of #bj galls4 of vinegar2 grinding to a smooth paste in a colour-mill1 and then adding of oil of vitriol1 #ab lbs4 as before4 ,the mass is to be stirred daily for a week1 when it will be fit for use1 or potting4#aif ,excellent4 ,footnote #aif3 ,the final addition of the #c lbs4 of powdered gum1 ordered in the formula of their liquid blacking1 is not mentioned by the patentees2 and we therefore presume they do not intend it to be made4 ,if made1 it should be at the end of the week1 and the daily stirring must then be continued for another week4 ,this addition1 or omission1 enables us to produce two qualities from the same formula4 #c4 ,ivory-black1 #a cwt42 treacle1 #bh lbs42 rape oil 7or other cheap oil71 #a gall42 mix1 as before2 then add of oil of vitriol1 #ba lbs42 7diluted with7 water1 #b galls42 mix them quickly and thoroughly by forcible stirring with a strong wooden spatula1 and as soon as admixture is complete1 but whilst still fuming1 put the cover on the tub1 and leave it till the next day1 when 7without further stirring7 it will be fit for use or sale4#aig ,good ordinary4 ,used for packets and tins4 ,footnote #aig3 ,the object here is to make the product as spongy and light as possible1 so that the purchaser may fancy he has a great deal for his money4 #d4 ,as the last2 but adding with the ivory-black1 c41 #ad to #bh lbs4 of coal-soot#aih 7sifted71 omitting one half of the oil1 and diluting the vitriol with an extra gall4 of water4 ,inferior4 ,chiefly used for #a;d4 and #a_/b;d4 packets4#aii ,footnote #aih3 ,this is also to give bulk4 ,footnote #aii3 ,a still more common article is vended in the north of ,england1 and in ,scotland1 in which the oil is omitted altogether4 ,the sale of such blackings 787 is disreputable1 when it is remembered that a really good article may be made for #b;d4 to #b-a_/b;d4 per lb4 #e4 7,,german ,,blacking74 ,ivory-black1 #a part2 treacle1 #a_/b part2 sweet oil1 #a_/h part2 mix1 as before2 then stir in a mixture of hydrochloric acid1 #a_/h part2 oil of vitriol1 #a_/d part 7each separately diluted with twice its weight of water before mixing them74 ,this forms the ordinary paste-blacking of ,germany1 according to ,liebig4 #f4 7,without ,vitriol47 ,as ,i1 #e 7ant72 but with the omission of the last #a_/b gall4 of 'vinegar4' ,concluding ,remarks4--,to produce a first-rate article of blacking it is absolutely necessary that the ingredients be of the best quality1 and used in the proper proportions2 and that the order of their admixture1 and the general manipulations1 be conducted under ordinary circumstances1 in the manner described in the first of the above formul4 ,the proportions of the treacle and the oil 7the most expensive of the ingredients7 should not be stinted2 and1 indeed1 that of the latter may be safely increased in quantity1 without materially affecting the polish1 and with manifest advantage as far as the softness and durability of the leather to which it is applied is concerned4 ,the manipulations required in the manufacture of both paste-blacking and liquid blacking are essentially the same2 the difference between the two articles1 when the same materials are used1 depending entirely on the quantity of liquid added4 ,thus1 as noticed before1 by diluting paste-blacking with water1 vinegar1 or beer-bottoms1 it may be converted into liquid blacking of a nearly similar quality2 and1 by using less fluid matter1 the ingredients of liquid blacking will produce paste blacking4 ,one thing must1 however1 be observed1 and that is1 that the ivory-black used for liquid blacking should be reduced to a much finer powder than for paste blacking2 as1 if this is not attended to1 it is apt to settle at the bottom1 and to be with difficulty again diffused through the liquid4 ,persons who object to the use of blacking containing oil of vitriol may employ formula ,i1 #e1 or ,,ii1 #f 7above74 ,the vitriol1 however1 greatly contributes to promote the shining properties of the blacking2 and1 in small quantities1 or in the proper proportion1 is not so injurious to the leather as some persons have represented2 as it wholly unites itself to the lime of the bone-phosphate contained in the ivory-black1 and is thus neutralised1 insoluble sulphate of lime1 and an acid phosphate or superphosphate1 being formed4 ,it is the latter that gives the acidity to a well-made sample of blacking1 and not the sulphuric acid originally added to it4 ,in this way the larger portion of the ivory-black is reduced to a state of extremely minute division1 and with the other ingredients forms a strongly adhesive paste1 which clings to the surface of the leather1 and is susceptible of receiving a high polish by friction when in a scarcely dry state4 ,this is the reason why lamp-black should never be employed for blacking to the exclusion of the necessary proportion of bone-black1 as it has no earthy base to absorb or neutralise the acid1 which1 if left in a free state1 would prove very hurtful to the leather4 ,oil of vitriol is now employed in the manufacture of all the more celebrated and expensive blackings2 and that simply because no other substance is known so efficient1 and so little injurious to the leather4 ,in the common blackings of ,germany1 hydrochloric acid is often used to the entire exclusion of oil of vitriol2 but blacking so prepared possesses several disadvantages from which that of ,england is free4 ,in the best ,german blackings only a small portion of this acid is used1 as may be seen by reference to formula ,,ii1 #e 7above74 ,the addition of white-of-egg1 isinglass1 and similar articles#bjj to blacking1 always proves injurious1 as they tend to stiffen the leather and to make it crack1 without at all improving its polishing properties4 ,even gum-arabic1 in quantity1 is on this account objectionable4 ,oil has an opposite tendency1 and1 as already stated1 the quantity commonly used may be increased with advantage4 ,resin oil should be particularly avoided4 ,footnote #bjj3 ,in ,scotland1 flour-paste soured by keeping is often substituted for part of the treacle in the common blackings2 with the effect1 however1 of greatly impairing their polishing qualities1 and causing the leather to rapidly become stiff and to crack4 ,further1 such blacking will not keep1 often growing mouldy and hard in two or three weeks4 ,dr ,ure has recommended the use of a little copperas#bja in blacking2 with the object1 we presume1 of striking a black with the tan in the leather2 but except with new1 or nearly new leather1 this effect would not occur1 whilst its presence1 if not objectionable1 would otherwise be useless4 ,footnote #bja3 ,the proportion recommended by ,dr ,ure is #a_/d oz4 to each lb4 of bone-black1 dissolved in #aj parts of water1 and to be added with the vitriol4 ,the only improvement that has been introduced in the manufacture of blacking since the early days of the celebrated ,day ,martin is1 a few hours after the conclusion of the mixture of the ingredients 7but before adding the vinegar1 if any71 to simmer the whole very gently1 for about #h or #aj minutes1 observing to stir it assiduously all the time4 ,the fire must then be withdrawn1 and the pan covered over until it is quite cold1 when half an hour's lusty stirring will finish the process4#bjb ,in this way a degree of maturity and brilliancy will be imparted to the product1 which1 without the application of heat1 it would take months to acquire1 if1 indeed1 it ever reached it4 ,footnote #bjb3 ,a capacious enamelled cast-iron boiler1 with a concave bottom1 should be used for this purpose2 in which case the ingredients can be mixed in it1 and thus the trouble of removal avoided4 ,if a common copper or cast-iron boiler be employed1 the blacking must not be allowed to remain in it longer than necessary to give it the 'simmer1' at the conclusion of which it should be turned out into a wooden tub or vat to cool4 ,as it is generally more convenient to measure than to weigh liquids1 it may be useful to remind the reader that1 in round numbers1 #a gal4 of oil weighs #i-a_/d lbs4 #a sour beer #aj-a_/d #a vinegar #aj #a water ,we may here further remark that the blackings of different houses vary considerably in some of their properties2 as also do those of even the same maker by age4 ,some blackings dry off rapidly and give a very brilliant polish with very little labour2 whilst others take a little longer to 'dry off1' and somewhat more labour to polish them4 ,the former are best adapted to hasty use1 and when a very brilliant surface is desired2 the latter when depth of polish1 without extreme brilliancy1 satisfies the wearer4 ,the first best meets the requirements of fashionable life2 the last those of the middle classes and pedestrians exposed to dirt1 mud1 and the various vicissitudes of travelling and weather4 ,to the one belong the 'blackings' of ,everett1 ,day ,martin1 c42 to the other1 those of ,warren1 ,bryant ,james1 and most of the smaller manufacturers1 with nearly all the paste-blacking of the more respectable shops4 ,time1 however1 equalises the qualities of these two classes4 ,blackings which are crude1 moist1 and oily lose these properties1 and become drier and more brilliant by age4 ,the practice of several of the first-class ,west-end boot and shoe makers is never to use a blacking which they have not had in their stock at least a twelvemonth4 ,blacking1 both liquid and paste1 should be stored in a cool and moderately dry cellar2 and when in use should be kept corked or otherwise excluded from the air4 ,exposure or desiccation destroys most of its best qualities4 ,the present annual value of the blacking consumed in the ,united ,kingdom is estimated at #efb1ejjl41 or about #d-a_/b;d4 per head for the whole population2 while the collective yearly value of that exported is about #ce1jjjl4 ,see ,,balls1 ,,blacking1 ,,bone-,,black1 ,,boots ,,and ,,shoes1 ,,leather1 ,,sulphuric ,,acid1 c42 also below4 ,blacking1 ,automat'ic4 ,syn4 ,,self-,,shi'',,ning ,,blacking1 ,,span',,ish ,,japan1 c4 ,prep4 #a4 ,gum-arabic1 #d oz42 treacle or coarse moist sugar1 #a-a_/boz42 good black ink1 #a_/d pint2 strong vinegar1 #b oz42 rectified spirit of wine and sweet oil1 of each #a oz42 dissolve the gum in the ink1 add the oil1 and rub them in a mortar or shake them together for some time1 until they are thoroughly united2 then add the vinegar1 and lastly the spirit4 #b4 ,lamp-black1 #c_/d oz42 indigo 7in fine powder71 #a dr42 put them in a mortar1 or basin1 and rub them with sufficient mucilage 7made by dissolving #d oz4 of gum in #a_/d pint of strong vinegar7 to form a thin paste2 add very gradually of sweet oil1 #a oz42 and triturate until their union is complete1 adding toward the end the rest of the mucilage2 then further add of treacle1 #a-a_/b oz42 and afterwards1 successively1 of strong vinegar1 #b oz42 rectified spirit1 #a oz42 lastly1 bottle for use4 #c4 ,mix the whites of #b eggs with a table-spoonful of spirit of wine1 #b large lumps of sugar 7crushed71 and sufficient finely powdered ivory-black to give the required colour and thickness1 avoiding excess4 ,obs4 ,the above are chiefly used for dress boots and shoes4 ,the first two are applied to the leather with the tip of the finger1 or a sponge1 and then allowed to dry out of the dust4 ,the third is commonly laid on with a sponge or soft brush1 and when almost dry or hard may have its polish heightened with a brush or soft rubber1 after which it is left for a few hours to harden4 ,it may also be used to revive the faded black leather seats and backs of old chairs4 ,they all possess great brilliancy for a time2 but are only adapted to clean1 dry weather1 or indoor use4 ,they should all be applied to the leather as thinly as possible1 as otherwise they soon crack off4 ,blacking1 ,har'ness4 ,good glue or gelatine1 #d oz42 gum-arabic1 #c oz42 water1 #c_/d pint2 dissolve by heat2 add of treacle1 #f oz42 ivory-black 7in very fine powder71 #e oz42 and gently evaporate1 with constant trituration1 until of a proper consistence when cold2 when nearly cold put it into bottles1 and cork them down4 ,for use1 the bottle may be warmed a little to thin it1 if necessary4 ,does not resist the wet4 #b4 ,mutton suet1 #b oz42 bees-wax 7pure71 #f oz42 melt1 add of sugar candy 7in fine powder71 #f oz42 soft soap1 #b oz42 lamp-black1 #b-a_/b oz42 indigo 7in fine powder71 #a_/b oz42 when thoroughly incorporated1 further add of oil of turpentine1 #a_/d pint2 and pour it into pots or tins4 #c4 ,bees'-wax1 #a lb42 soft soap1 #f oz42 ivory-black1 #a_/d lb42 ,prussian blue1 #a oz42 7ground in7 linseed oil1 #b oz42 oil of turpentine1 #a_/b pint2 to be mixed1 c41 as before4 ,obs4 ,the above are used by laying a very little of them on the leather1 evenly spreading it over the surface1 and then polishing it by gentle friction with a brush1 or a soft-rubber4 ,the last two are waterproof4 ,numerous compositions of the class are vended by the saddlers and oilmen1 but the mass of them are unchemical mixtures1 badly prepared1 and cause disappointment to those who use them4 ,such is not the case with the products of the above formul1 if we may rely on the statements of those who have employed them for years4 ,the last two are suitable for both harness and carriage leather4 ,see ,,balls1 ,,heel1 c4 ,,bladd',,er4 ,syn4 ,,ves',,ica1 ,l42 ,,vessie1 ,fr42 ,,blase1 ,,blatter1 ,ger4 ,in anatomy1 c41 a thin membranous sac or bag1 in an animal1 serving as a receptacle for some secreted fluid2 appr41 the urinary bladder4 ,see ,,calculus1 ,,inflammation1 ,,rupture1 c4 ,bladd'ers4 7,in commerce47 ,the better qualities of these articles are prepared by cutting off the fat and loose membranes attached to them1 and washing them first in a weak solution of chloride of lime1 and afterwards in clear water2 they are then blown out and submitted to strong pressure by rolling them under the arm1 by which they become considerably larger2 they are next blown quite tight1 dried1 and tied up in dozens4 ,commoner qualities are merely emptied1 the loose fat removed1 and then blown out1 and strung up to dry4 ,used chiefly by druggists and oilmen to tie over pots1 bottles1 and jars1 and to contain pill-masses1 hard extracts1 and other similar substances2 also in surgery1 to cover wounds1 sore heads1 c4--,obs4 ,bladders should never be purchased unless perfectly dry and air-tight2 as1 if the reverse be the case1 they will neither keep nor prove useful1 but will rapidly become rotten and evolve a most offensive odour4 ,if purchased whilst damp1 they should be at once hung up in a current of air1 so as to dry as soon as possible4 ,,blain99 7blane74 ,a boil2 a sore2 a pustule4 ,,blanc 7bl7ong74 ,fr4 ,in cookery1 a dish which1 according to ,mrs ,rundell1 is formed of grated bacon and suet1 of each #a lb42 butter1 #a_/b lb42 #b lemons2 #c or #d carrots 7cut into dice72 #c or #d onions2 and a little water2 the whole being simmered for a short time1 with or without the addition of a glass of sherry or marsala1 before serving4 ,,blanch',,ing4 ,syn4 ,,candica',,tio1 ,,dealba',,tio1 c41 ,l42 ,,blanchiment1 c41 ,fr42 ,,bleichen1 c41 ,ger4 ,a whitening1 or making white2 a growing white4 ,in some cases it means decortication4 ,see ,,almonds1 ,,bleaching1 ,,decoloration1 c4 ,blanching4 ,in cookery1 an operation intended to impart whiteness1 plumpness1 and softness1 to joints of meats1 poultry1 tongues1 palates1 c4 ,it is usually performed by putting the articles into cold water1 which is then gradually raised to the boiling point1 when they are at once taken out1 plunged into cold water1 and left there until quite cold4 ,they are subsequently removed and wiped dry1 ready for being dressed4 ,obs4 ,the operation of blanching meat1 although it renders it more sightly according to the notions of fashionable life1 at the same time lessens its nutritive qualities1 by abstracting a portion of the soluble saline matter which it contains1 especially the phosphates1 and thus deprives it of one of the principal features which distinguish fresh meat from salted meat4 ,animal food1 before being dressed1 may be washed or rinsed in cold water without injury1 provided it be quickly done2 but it cannot be soaked in water at any temperature much below the boiling-point without the surface1 and the parts near it1 being rendered less nutritious4 ,washing meat when first received from the butcher is1 indeed1 a necessary act of cleanliness2 but soaking it for some time in water is unnecessary1 and for the reasons stated should be avoided4 ,strong acetic acid 7concentrated vinegar7 poured on or rubbed over hard lean meat gradually renders it soft and gelatinous4 ,ordinary household vinegar has the same effect1 but in a less degree4 ,tough meat thus treated for a short time before dressing it becomes more tender and digestible1 though somewhat less nutritious2 whilst the taste and flavour of the vinegar is removed by the heat subsequently employed in dressing it4 ,,blancmange'4 7blo-m7ongzh'double-dagger47 ,syn4 ,,blancmanger 7bl7ong-m7ong-zha71 ,fr4 ,literally1 white food2 in cookery1 a confected white jelly4 ,it is commonly prepared by simmering #a oz4 of isinglass1 #b or #c oz4 of lump sugar1 and a little flavouring1#bjc in about a pint of milk1 until the first is dissolved1 when the whole is thrown into a jelly-bag1 and the strained liquor is allowed to cool and solidify2 it is next remelted by a gentle heat1 and1 when nearly cold1 poured into moulds1 which have been previously rubbed with a little salad oil and then wiped out again4 ,footnote #bjc3 ,this may be #e or #f bitter almonds 7grated71 or a little cinnamon1 orange1 or lemon peel1 c41 at will4 ,sometimes these are omitted1 and a little orange-flower water1 rose-water1 or essence of vanilla1 added to the remelted jelly4 ,obs4 ,good gelatine1 or strong calves' feet jelly1 is often substituted for the isinglass4 ,at other times the jelly is made with about #a_/b pint of water 7instead of milk71 when #a_/b pint of almond-milk1 or of cream1 is added to the remelted jelly4 ,sometimes ground rice or arrow-root is employed in lieu of isinglass1 when the product is called ,,rice-,,blancmange1 or ,,west-,,indian ,b41 as the case may be4 ,,transpa'',,rent ,,blancmange#bjd is merely clarified isinglass-jelly1 flavoured4 ,see ,,cream 7,stone71 ,,isinglass1 and ,,jelly4 ,footnote #bjd3 ,a misnomer of the confectioners and cooks4 ,,blanquette' 7blang-ket'74 ,fr4 ,in cookery1 a species of white fricasee4 ,it is also the name of a delicate species of white wine1 and of a particular sort of pear4 ,,blast',,ing4 ,in civil and military engineering1 the disruption of rocks1 c41 by the explosion of gunpowder1 or other like material4 ,,blast',,ing ,,powders 7,melville and ,callow's74 ,prep4 #a4 7,,powder ,,no4 #a47 ,chlorate of potassa1 #b parts2 red sulphuret of arsenic1 #a part2 to be separately carefully reduced to powder1 and lightly mixed together1 scrupulously avoiding the use of iron instruments1 percussion1 much friction1 the slightest contact with acids1 or exposure to heat4 #b4 7,,powder ,,no4 #b47 ,chlorate of potassa1 #e parts2 red sulphuret of arsenic1 #b parts2 ferrocyanide of potassium 7prussiate of potash71 #a part2 as ,no4 #a4 #c4 7,,powder ,,no4 #c47 ,chlorate of potassa and ferrocyanide of potassium1 equal parts4 ,obs4 ,these compounds are not permanently injured by either salt or fresh water1 merely requiring to be dried to regain their explosive character4 ,they possess fully eight times the force of ordinary powder4 ,one of their advantages1 especially to the underground miner1 is the very trifling amount of smoke produced by their explosion4 ,on the other hand1 the extreme facility with which they explode by attrition1 contact with a strong acid1 and a slight elevation of temperature1 render them unsuited to most of the purposes of ordinary gunpowder4 ,on this account they should only be prepared in small quantities at a time1 and with the utmost caution4 ,mr ,callow1 the inventor of them1 lost several of his fingers1 and was rendered a cripple for life1 by an explosion of the kind referred to1 which occurred only a few weeks after the sealing of his patent4 ,a straw1 or small strip of wood1 only slightly wetted with oil of vitriol1 and applied to a small heap of the powder1 produces instantaneous explosion4 ,captain ,wynand's ',saxifragine' is composed of nitrate of baryta1 #gf parts2 charcoal1 #bb parts2 and nitre1 #b parts4 ,schultze's wood-gunpowder is composed of granulated wood treated with a mixture of nitric and sulphuric acid1 afterwards impregnated with a solution of nitre4 ,m4 ,budish has invented a method by which this wood-gunpowder may be compressed into a solid substance1 exerting great power and free from danger by transport4 ,lithofracteur1 a white blasting powder used in ,belgium1 is a substance similar to gun-cotton4 ,messrs ,nenmayer and ,fehleisen's haloxylin is composed of charcoal1 nitre1 and yellow prussiate of potash4 ,see ,,gun-,,cotton1 ,,gunpowder1 ,,mining1 c4 ,,blatta ,,orientalis4 ,the common cockroach1 originally imported from the ,east1 belongs to the family of orthopterous insects2 and may be classed amongst the most offensive and objectionable of domestic pests4 ,it is extremely voracious1 not only devouring all kinds of provisions1 but attacking and consequently destroying silk1 flannel1 and even cotton fabrics1 in the absence of anything more eatable4 ,the cockroach is nocturnal in its habits1 and exceedingly active and swift of movement4 ,its flattened form enables it to insinuate itself easily into crevices1 and so to escape detection4 ,the ,american cockroach 7,blatta ,americana7 is larger than the above4 ,a still larger species 7,blatta gigantea7 is found in the ,west ,indies where it is known by the name of the drummer4 ,it is so called from the tapping noise it makes on wood1 the sound so produced1 when joined in by several of the creatures 7as it usually is7 being sufficient to destroy the slumbers of a household4 ,cockroaches may be poisoned by means of wafers made of red lead1 or caught by smearing a piece of wood with treacle1 and floating it on a broad basin of water4 ,when the fires and lights are extinguished they issue from their holes1 and fall into the basin in their efforts to reach the bait4 ,the chinks and holes from which they come should also be filled up with unslaked lime1 and some lime should also be sprinkled about the ground4 ,old ,gerrard says they avoid any place in which the leaves of the mullein are strewn about4 ,the ,blatta ,orientalis1 which was formerly supposed to possess remedial powers1 and was hence employed in medicine by the more ancient therapeutists1 has lately found advocates for his readmission into the animal materia medica4 ,he is reported1 when made into a tincture1 to act as a diuretic1 and to yield a crystalline body possessed of similar properties1 but in a more concentrated form4 ,some of the ,american journals report that he may be given in the form of powder or infusion 7from #ae to #cj gr47 #c or #d times a day1 in dropsy1 and to increase the secretion of urine as well as of perspiration4 ,,bleach',,ing1 7bleche'-74 ,syn4 ,,de,,lba',,tio 7-sh'o71 ,,insola',,tio1#bje c41 ,l42 ,,blanchiment1 ,,blanchissage1 ,fr42 ,,bleichen1 ,ger4 ,the process by which the colour of bodies1 natural or acquired1 is removed1 and by which they are rendered white or colourless4 ,it is more particularly applied to the decolorisation of textile filaments1 and of cloths made of them4 ,footnote #bje3 ,bleaching by exposure in the sun4 ,hist4 ,bleaching is a very ancient art1 as passages referring to it in the earlier sacred and profane writers fully testify4 ,it had probably reached a high degree of excellence among the inhabitants of the first ,assyrian empire1 and was certainly practised in ,egypt long before the commencement of written history4 ,we may fairly assume that fine white linen formed part of the raiment1 which1 together with jewels of gold1 and jewels of silver1 and precious things1 ,abraham sent as presents to the beautiful ,rebekah and her family1#bjf fully three centuries and a half before the ,exodus4 ,subsequently1 in ,scripture1 we have special mention of fine linen1 white and clean4 ,herodotus1 the earliest ,greek historian1 tells us1 that the ,babylonians wore white cloaks2#bjg and in ,athenus we read of shining fine linen1 as opposed to that which was raw or unbleached4#bjh ,at this early period1 and for many centuries afterwards1 the operations of washing1 fulling1 and bleaching were not distinctly separated4 ,the common system of washing followed by drying in the sun1 adopted by the ancients1 is a process which of itself1 by frequent repetition1 decolorises the raw materials of textile fabrics1 and thus must inevitably have taught them the art of 'natural bleaching' of a character similar to that practised in ,europe up to a comparatively very recent period4 ,and this appears1 according to the authority of ancient authors1 to have been the case4 ,washing or steeping in alkaline and ammoniacal lyes1 or in milk of lime1 followed by exposure in the sun1 formed the chief basis of their system2 whilst woollens1 then as now1 were treated with soap and fuller's earth1 or with potter's clay1 marl1 ,cimolian earth1 or other like mineral4 ,urine was highly esteemed among them2 and we are told that in the time of the emperor ,vespasian1#bji and undoubtedly long before it1 cloths were sulphured4 ,indeed1 according to ,pliny1 sulphuring was often had recourse to in ordinary washing1 as well as in the bleaching process4#baj ,footnote #bjf3 ,gen4 xxiv1 #ec2 ,b4,c4 #aheg4 ,footnote #bjg3 ,herod41 i1 #aie4 ,footnote #bjh3 ,athen41 ix1 #gg4 ,footnote #bji3 ',hist4 ,nat41' xxv1 #eg1 c4 ,footnote #baj3 ,transcriber's note3 ,footnote omitted by publisher4 ,bleaching continued to be practised with no essential change of its principles until the discovery of chlorine1 to which we shall presently refer4 ,in the last century ,holland obtained the best name for bleaching4 ,the process passed then to ,ireland and ,scotland1 and thence into ,england4 ,it was even customary to send goods from this country to be bleached in ,holland4 ,the first attempt to vie with ,holland was made1 in ,scotland1 in #agdi4 ,the first steps towards the modern or chemical system of bleaching were the investigations of ,berthollet on chlorine1 in #aghd1 but which were not communicated to the ,french ,academy until the year #aghg4 ,the knowledge of the use of chlorine as a bleacher was soon afterwards brought to this country by the ,duke of ,gordon1 and by ,prof4 ,copeland of ,aberdeen1 and through them was practically applied by ,messrs ,milnes of that place4 ,about the same time ,james ,watt1 a correspondent of ,berthollet1 successfully introduced its use in the neighbourhood of ,glasgow1 and then generously laid a statement of the results before the ,manchester manufacturers4 ,in enforcing the importance of the new substance and process on these gentlemen1 he was ably followed and seconded by ,dr ,henry4 ,in #agih1 ,mr ,charles ,tennant1 of ,glasgow1 obtained a patent for a new bleaching liquor prepared by saturating lime water with chlorine2 and another1 in #agii1 for dry chloride of lime1 a substance which is still preferred as a bleacher to all other preparations of chlorine4 ,the new or continuous process of bleaching1 as it is called1 and that which is at present in general use in all the chief bleach-works of ,lancashire1 was introduced by ,mr ,david ,bentley1 of ,pendleton1 and patented by him in #ahbh4 ,proc4 ,bleaching is commonly said to be natural when exposure to light1 air1 and moisture forms the leading part of the process2 and to be chemical when chlorine1 chloride of lime1 sulphurous acid1 or other like substances are employed4 ,in some cases1 as with linen1 the two processes are combined4 ,the subject requires to be noticed under separate heads1 depending on the material operated on3-- ,i4 ,,bleaching of ,cotton3--,cotton is more easily bleached1 and appears to suffer less from the process than most other textile substances4 ,on the old plan it was first 7#a7 thoroughly washed in warm water1 to remove the weaver's paste or dressing2 then 7#b7 'bucked' or 'bowked' 7boiled7 in a weak alkaline lye1 or in milk of lime1 to remove colouring1 fatty1 and resinous matters1 insoluble in simple water2 and after being 7#c7 again well washed1 was 7#d7 spread out upon the grass1 or bleaching ground1 and freely exposed to the joint action of light1 air1 and moisture 7technically called 'crofting'74 ,the operation of 'bucking' in an alkaline lye1 washing1 and exposure was repeated as often as necessary1 when the goods were 7#e7 'soured' or immersed in water acidulated with sulphuric acid1 after which they 7#f7 received a final thorough washing in clean water1 and were 7#g7 dried1 finished1 and folded for the market4 ,from the length of the exposure upon the bleaching ground this method is apt to injure the texture of the cloth2 and from the number of operations required is necessarily expensive and tedious4 ,it is therefore now very generally superseded by the system of chemical bleaching briefly described below4 ,in the ,,chemical ,,system of bleaching the goods are 'washed' and 'bucked' as on the old plan1 then submitted to the action of a weak solution of chloride of lime1 and afterwards passed through water soured with hydrochloric or sulphuric acid1 when they have only to be thoroughly washed1 and to be dried and finished1 for the entire completion of the process4 ,the new or continuous process1 before referred to1#baa is the method of chemical bleaching at present in the most general use2 and1 indeed1 it has nearly superseded all other methods4 ,in this system the pieces1 previously tacked together endwise so as to form a chain1 are drawn1 by the motion of rollers1 in any direction1 and any number of times1 through every solution to the action of which it is desired to expose them1 and this entirely and completely under the control of the operator4 ,footnote #baa3 ,see ',hist4' 7ant74 ,the following ,table exhibits an outline of the several operations in the improved form of the continuous process as practised by ,messrs ,mc,naughten1 ,barton1 and ,thom1 at ,chorley1 and in most other large bleach-works3-- #a4 ,preliminary operations3--a4 ,the 'pieces'#bab are separately stamped with the printer's name1 a solution of silver1 or sometimes coal-tar1 being employed for the purpose4 ,footnote #bab3 ,usually about #cj yards each4 b4 ,they are tacked together endwise either by hand or a machine1 so as to form one continuous piece of #cjj to #cej yards in length1 according to the weight of the cloth4 c4 ,they are singed4#bac ,footnote #bac3 ,generally on one side only2 but for goods to be subsequently finely printed1 on both sides4 ,for very fine printing the nap is sometimes removed by shearing instead of 'singeing1' an ingenious and effective machine being employed for the purpose4 d4 ,they are crushed into a rope-like form by drawing them through a smooth aperture1#bad the surface of which is generally of glass or porcelain--the rope-form being given them to enable the water and other liquids to penetrate the goods more easily1 and to allow them to be laid in loose coils in the kiers4 ,footnote #bad3 ,such apertures are also used instead of pulleys1 in the transfer of the rope from place to place4 #b4 ,the pieces are bucked or boiled in milk of lime#bae for #ab to #ad hours1#baf followed by rinsing or cleansing in the washing-machine4 ,footnote #bae3 ,the common proportions are about #a lb4 of quick-lime slaked and reduced to milk1 with #b galls4 of water1 for every #ad or #ae lbs4 of cloth4 ,footnote #baf3 ,this is done in a large iron boiler furnished with a perforated false bottom of wood1 and technically termed a 'kier4' #c4 ,they are soured in water acidulated with hydrochloric acid1#bag and again washed2 similar machines being employed for each4 ,footnote #bag3 ,this dilute acid or acidulated water has usually the sp4 gr4 #ajaj or #b ,twaddle4 #d4 ,they are bucked or boiled for #ae or #af hours in a solution of resinate of soda1#bah and then washed as before4 ,footnote #bah3 ,made with about #ag lbs4 of soda-ash and #c lbs4 of resin1 with water1 #ej galls41 to every #bj or #ba lbs4 of cloth4 #e4 ,they are chemicked by being laid in a wooden1 stone1 or slate cistern1 when a solution of chloride of lime#bai is pumped over them1 so as to run through the 'goods' into a vessel below1 from which it is returned on them by continued pumping1 so that the cloth lies in it for #a or #b hours2 it is then washed4 ,footnote #bai3 ,technically called 'chemick4' ,the strength of the solution is usually of the sp4 gr4 #ajjbe1 or #a_/b ,twaddle4 #f4 ,they are bucked or boiled1 for #d or #e hours1 in a solution of #a lb4 of crystallised carbonate of soda1 dissolved in #e galls4 of water1 to every #ce lbs4 of cloth2 and washed4 #g4 ,they are again 'chemicked1' as before2 and washed4 #h4 ,they are soured in very dilute hydrochloric acid2#bbj and then left on 'stillages'#bba for #e or #f hours4 ,footnote #bbj3 ,sp4 gr4 #ajabe1 or #b-a_/b ,twaddle4 ,footnote #bba3 ,low stools or props to keep them from the ground4 #i4 ,they are1 finally1 thoroughly washed1 well squeezed between rollers1 dried over steam-heated tin-cylinders1 starched or dressed1 and finished4 ,this is the usual process for good calicos1 ,muslins1 and other light goods1 are handled rather more carefully2 whilst for commoner ones the sixth and seventh operations are generally omitted4 ,the whole usually occupies #e days2 but by using ,mr ,barlow's high-pressure steam kiers1 it may be performed in two days4 ,yarns1 c41 may be bleached in a similar manner by first looping the skeins together4 ,obs4 ,according to the most reliable authorities1 the strength of cotton-fibre is not impaired by its being boiled for two hours in milk of lime1 under ordinary pressure1 out of contact with the air2 nor1 according to the bleachers1 even by sixteen hours boiling at the strength of #dj lbs4 per #ajj galls4 ,it is said that lime is less injurious than 'soda4' ,solution of caustic soda1 sp4 gr4 #ajcj1 does not injure it1 even by boiling under high pressure2 but1 in practice1 soda-ash1 or carbonate of soda1 is used1 and this only in the second bucking1 and in the third1 if there be one4 ,the strength now never exceeds #be lbs4 of the crystals to the #ajj galls41 and is usually less4 ,experiments have shown that immersion for #h hours in a solution of chloride of lime containing #c lbs4 to the #ajj galls41 followed by souring in sulphuric acid of the sp4 gr4 #ajfg1 or for #ah hours in acid of #ajce1 does not injure it4 ,by the improved method of previously treating the goods with lime or alkalies1 little chloride of lime is required4 ,indeed1 it is said that where #cjj lbs4 were formerly employed1 #cj to #dj lbs4 only are now used4 ,at the same time it is right to mention1 that though a solution at #a_/b ,twaddle is usually regarded as the best and safest strength1 yet in some bleach works1 particularly for inferior and less tender goods1 this is greatly increased1 even up to #e1 the period of immersion being proportionately reduced1 as it is not safe to expose the goods long to the action of such powerful solutions4 ,with the higher strengths they are passed rapidly through the liquid with the calender1 sufficient time only being allowed to soak them thoroughly2 then immediately through the acid or souring1 followed by washing as before4 ,in ,scotland and ,ireland the washing is generally performed by wash-stocks2 whilst in ,lancashire1 dash-wheels1 or washing machines with squeezers1 are almost always used for the purpose4 ,cotton loses about #a-bjth of its weight by bleaching4 ,,ii4 ,,bleaching of ,linen3--,linen may be bleached in a similar way to 'cotton1' but the process is much more troublesome and tedious1 owing to its greater affinity for the colouring matter existing in it in the raw state4 ,under the old system1 several alternate buckings with pearlash or potash and lengthened exposure on the field1 with one or two sourings1 and a final scrubbing with a strong lather of soft soap1 constituted the chief details of the process4 ,in this way a high degree of whiteness1 though not an absolutely pure or snow white1 was ultimately produced4 ,grass-bleaching or crofting is still extensively used for linen2 but it is more generally employed only for a limited time1 and in combination with a modification of the system at present almost universally adopted for cotton goods2 whilst1 in some cases1 crofting is omitted altogether1 and the bleaching conducted wholly by the latter process4 ,the following ,tables exhibit the outlines of the new system as at present practised in ,ireland and ,scotland3-- a4 ,for plain sheetings3-- #a4 ,they are bucked for #ab or #ae hours in a lye made with about #a lb4 of pearlash 7or soda-ash7 to every #ef lbs4 of cloth1 and washed4 #b4 ,crofted for about #b days4 #c4 ,bucked in milk of lime4 #d4 ,turned1 and the bucking continued1 some fresh lime and water being added2 and washed4 #e4 ,soured in dilute sulphuric acid at #b ,twaddle4 #f4 ,bucked with soda-ash for about #aj hours1 and washed4 #g4 ,crofted1 as before4 #h4 ,bucked again with soda-ash1 as before4 #i4 ,crofted for about #c days4 #aj4 ,examined1 the white ones taken out1 and the others again bucked and crofted4 #aa4 ,scalded or simmered in a lye of soda-ash of about only #b-crds the former strength1 and washed4 #ab4 ,chemicked1 for #b hours1 at #a_/b ,twaddle1 washed1 and scalded4 #ac4 ,again chemicked1 as before4 #ad4 ,soured for #d hours1 as in ,no4 #e2 washed1 and finished4 ,this occupies #ac to #ae days1 according to the weather4 b4 ,for shirtings1 c43--,as the preceding1 but with somewhat weaker solutions4 c4 ,for goods to be subsequently printed3-- #a4 ,bucked in milk of lime for #aj or #ab hours4 #b4 ,soured in dilute hydrochloric acid of #b ,tw41 for #c to #e hours1 and washed4 #c4 ,bucked with resinate of soda for about #ab hours4 #d4 ,goods turned1 reboiled as before1 and washed4 #e4 ,chemicked at #a_/b ,tw41 for #d hours4 #f4 ,soured at #b ,tw41 for #b hours1 and washed4 #g4 ,bucked with soda-ash for about #aj hours1 and washed4 #h4 ,chemicked as in ,no4 #e4 #i4 ,soured1 as at ,no4 #f1 for #c hours2 washed1 and dried4#bbb ,footnote #bbb3 ,the strengths of the solutions1 when not otherwise stated1 are about the same as those given under ,,cotton 7ant74 ,obs4 ,the chief difficulty in bleaching linen arises from the fact that its colouring matter is insoluble in acid or alkaline solutions until it has been long acted upon by light1 air1 and moisture1 as in the common process of grass-bleaching4 ,chlorine hastens the operation2 but1 unfortunately1 it can only be employed towards the end of the process2 as when earlier used1 the colour of the raw cloth becomes set1 and irremovable4 ,to obviate this difficulty ,mr ,f4 ,m4 ,jennings1 of ,cork1 has lately#bbc introduced the joint use of an alkali and an alkaline hypochlorite 7chloride7 in the place of the ordinary chloride of lime4 ,he prepares a bath of solution of soda at #e ,twaddle1 which he raises by the addition of chloride of soda 7or of potash7 to #f or #g1 and in this he steeps the cloth 7after the first bucking and souring7 for some hours1 heat1 or constant squeezing between rollers1 being had recourse to1 to facilitate the action4 ,souring and washing follow1 when the goods are again put into the alkaline and chloride bath1 as before2 after which they are soured1 and bucked again with soda4 ,these last three operations are repeated until the cloth is almost white1 when crofting for one half to one fourth the time required by the usual method renders it fit for the final bucking1 and finishing4 ,indeed1 it is said that if the process be very carefully managed it renders crofting unnecessary4 ,footnote #bbc3 ,patent dated #ahei4 ,raw linen loses about #a-crd of its weight in bleaching4 ,,iii4 ,silk3--,silk is usually bleached by first steeping it1 and then boiling it in solutions of white soap in water1 after which it is subjected to repeated rinsings1 a little indigo-blue1 or archil1 being added to the last water to give it a pearly appearance4 ,when required to be very white 7as for gloves1 stockings1 c471 the goods are cautiously submitted1 for #b or #c hours1 to the action of the fumes of burning sulphur1 and then finished by rinsing1 as before4 ,obs4 ,boiling or sulphuring is not required for the white silk of ,china4 ,raw silk loses from #d to #e oz4 per lb4 by bleaching4 ,,iv4 ,wool3--,in bleaching raw wool it is first deprived of the yolk or peculiar natural varnish with which it is covered4 ,for this purpose it is steeped and stirred for about #bj minutes in rather warm water 7#ace--adj ,fahr471 either with or without the addition of #a-dth part of stale urine2 after which it is placed in baskets to drain1 and soon afterwards thoroughly rinsed in a stream of water1 when it is again allowed to drain1 and it is hung up to dry4 ,the further operations depend on circumstances1 wool being sometimes whitened in the fleece1 or in the yarn1 but still more frequently and extensively not till woven4 ,when it is intended to send it in the first two forms white to market1 it is hung up or spread out1 whilst still wet1 and sulphured 7see below72 after which it is either at once rinsed for some time in cold water1 or is previously treated with a very weak bath of soft soap4 ,in the case of woollen fabrics the operations of purifying or whitening the wool1 beyond the removal of the yolk1 are1 for the most part1 mixed up with the weaving and working of it4 ,the pieces leave the hands of the weaver of a dingy grey colour1 loaded with oil1 dirt1 and dressing4 ,they then pass to the fulling-mill1 where they are treated with fuller's earth and soap1 often preceded with ammonia or stale urine1 after each of which they are well washed out or scoured with cold water1 and are then ready for the dyer4 ,when it is intended to obtain them very white1 or to dye them of a very delicate shade1 they are commonly sulphured2 after which they are washed or milled in cold water for some hours1 a little finely ground indigo being added towards the end1 to increase their whiteness2 an addition also made when the cloth is sufficiently white without the sulphuring process4 ,the usual mode of ,,sulphuring woollen goods is to hang them up on pegs or rails1 or1 in the case of fleece-wool1 to spread it about1 at the upper part of a close1 lofty room or chamber1 called a sulphur-stove4 ,in each corner of this room is set a cast-iron pot containing sulphur1 which1 after the introduction of the goods1 is set on fire1 when the door at the lower part of the chamber is shut tight and clayed4 ,this is commonly done over-night2 and by the morning1 the bleaching being finished1 the goods are removed1 washed1 and azured4 ,sulphuring1 unless very skilfully managed1 imparts a harsh feel to woollen goods1 which is best removed by a very weak bath of soap-and-water 7lukewarm72 but the action of soap in part reproduces the previous yellowish-white tinge4 ,milling with cold1 or lukewarm water1 tinged with indigo1 is the best substitute4 ,obs4 ,raw wool loses from #ce to #de of its weight by scouring1 and #a to #b more in the subsequent operations of the bleacher2 the loss being in direct proportion to the fineness of the staple4 asterism,the above are the four principal applications of the art of bleaching2 but1 in technical language1 the words bleaching1 bleacher1 bleachery1 bleach-works1 c41 when employed alone1 are understood to have reference only to cotton and linen4 ,this has arisen from the enormous extent of these manufactures1 and from the process of bleaching them forming a business entirely distinct from that of weaving1 dyeing1 or printing them4 ,the following1 with the exception of the first1 are of comparatively minor importance and interest3-- ,v4 ,materials for ,paper3--,old rags for the manufacture of paper1 and paper-pulp1 are now almost universally bleached with chlorine or chloride of lime2 the former being generally used in ,france1 and the latter in ,england4 ,the process usually consists in 7#a7 boiling in an alkaline lye to remove grease and dirt1 7#b7 washing1 7#c7 pressing1 7#d7 deviling or tearing up the pressed cake into fine shreds or pulp1 7#e7 chemicking1 with agitation1 for about an hour1 in a clear solution of chloride of lime1#bbd followed by 7#f7 washing1 7#g7 souring with dilute hydrochloric acid at #a or #b ,tw41 or treatment with a solution of some antichlor1 or both1 and 7#h7 a final washing and pressing4 ,for the common kinds of paper1 the operations included in ,no4 #g are omitted2 but unless the whole of the lime-salt be removed from the pulp1 the paper made of it is liable to turn brown and become rotten by age4 ,in some cases rags are bleached before being divided and pulped4 ,cotton-waste is bleached in a similar way to rags4 ,footnote #bbd3 ,the 'strength' varies with the colour and quality of the rags4 ,from #b to #d lbs4 per cwt4 of rags is a common proportion2 but for dyed and printed rags as much as #g or even #h lbs4 per cwt4 are often employed4 ,it is better1 however1 to prolong the process with a weaker solution1 than to hasten it by using the chloride in excess4 ,large rectangular cisterns of wood1 or of slate1 are commonly employed as the bleach-vessels4 ,cisterns of wood1 or brick-work lined with gutta percha or with asphalto-bitumen1 are employed in some paper-mills1 and answer admirably4 ,in ,france1 the chlorine1 in a gaseous form1 is passed from the generators into the bleach-cisterns containing the pulp1 which in this case must be fitted with close covers4 ,,vi4 ,printed ,paper1 as ,books1 ,engravings1 ,maps1 c4--,these when stained or discoloured may be whitened by 7#a7 wetting them with pure clean water1 7#b7 plunging them into a dilute solution of chloride of lime1 7#c7 passing them through water soured with hydrochloric acid1 and then 7#d7 through pure water until every trace of acid be removed4 ,this process may be further improved by further dipping them into a weak solution of some antichlor1 and again washing them1 before finally drying them4 ,it is only rare and valuable original works or specimens of art that are worth this treatment1 which1 owing to the very nature of paper1 requires considerable address to manage4 ,in many cases a sufficient degree of renovation may be effected by simply exposing the articles1 previously slightly moistened1 to the fumes of burning sulphur1 followed by passing them through a vessel of pure water4 ,,vii4 ,straw1 ,straw-plait1 and articles made of them1 are1 on the large scale1 usually bleached by 7#a7 a hot steep or boil in a weak solution of caustic soda1 or a stronger one of soda-ash1 followed 7#b7 by washing and 7#c7 by exposure to the fumes of burning sulphur4 ,to effect the last1 the goods are suspended in a close chamber connected with a small stove1 in which brimstone is kept burning4 ,on the small scale1 a large chest or box is commonly employed4 ,a piece of brick1 or an old box-iron heater1 heated to dull redness1 is placed at the bottom of an iron crock or earthen pan1 a few fragments of roll sulphur thrown on1 the lid instantly closed1 and the whole left for some hours4 ,care should be taken to avoid inhaling the fumes1 which are very deleterious as well as disagreeable and annoying4 ,straw goods are now also frequently bleached by the use of a weak solution of chloride of lime1 or of water strongly soured with oxalic acid or even oil of vitriol1 followed by very careful rinsing in clean water2 but here1 as in the former case1 the natural varnish1 dirt1 grease1 c41 must be first removed by alkalies or soap1 to enable the chlorine or acid to act on the fibres4 ,,viii4 ,wax4 ,wax is bleached by first melting it at a low temperature in a cauldron1 from whence it is allowed to run out by a pipe at the bottom into a capacious vessel filled with cold water4 ,this vessel is fitted with a large wooden cylinder1 which turns upon its axis2 and the melted wax falls upon this cylinder4 ,the surface of the cylinder being always wet1 the wax does not adhere to it1 but becomes solid1 assuming the form of ribbons as it does so1 and in this shape becoming distributed through water in the tub4 ,the wax is then removed and placed upon large frames stretched upon linen cloth1 which are supported about #ah inches above the ground1 and erected in a situation exposed to the air1 dew1 and sun4 ,the several ribbons thus placed on the frame should not exceed an inch and a half1 and they ought to be so moved about from time to time as that each part may be equally exposed4 ,if the weather be favorable the wax will become white in a few days4 ,it is again remelted1 formed into ribbons1 and exposed as before4 ,these operations are continued in until the wax is completely bleached1 after which it is melted and run into moulds4 ,concluding ,remarks4 ,the theory of bleaching1 notwithstanding the giant strides of chemistry during the last #bj years1 remains still unsettled2 and hence the processes employed are still1 for the most part1 empirical4 ,it appears probable that chlorine acts by uniting with the hydrogen of the water1 or of other compounds present1 or probably with that of both1 and that it is the oxygen thus liberated1 and whilst in the nascent state1 that is the true operative agent4 ,hence bleaching by chlorine1 or by the hypochlorites1 may be regarded as an oxidation of the colouring matter2 but whether the chlorine or the oxygen effects this oxidation is of little practical importance--the result being the same--the destruction of the compound1 and the removal of the colour that depends on its existence4 ,it is doubtful whether the bleaching power of sulphurous acid is due to it as an oxidising or a deoxidising agent2 but the last is probably the case1 with a like destruction of the compound constituting the colouring matter4 ,it may1 however1 be supposed that sulphurous acid acts as an oxidiser1 as it appears to do when it decomposes sulphuretted hydrogen2 or it may act by simply altering the compound by inserting itself1 a view receiving some support from the fact that wool whitened by sulphuring may be restored to nearly its previous colour by merely treating it with soap or alkalies4 ,the bleaching power of light depends on its actinic or chemical rays1 which1 like chlorine1 appear to act as an oxidising agent4 ,chlorates1 chromates1 chromic acid1 manganates1 c41 have been proposed as bleaching agents for textile filaments and fabrics1 but without success or practical advantage4 ,immersion in water more or less strongly impregnated with sulphurous acid has1 however1 been successfully substituted for the common sulphuring process1 particularly for silk4 ,to avoid the injury of the goods by sparks1 and by drops of water highly saturated with sulphurous acid falling from the roof1 ,mr ,thom has invented a method of passing them rapidly through1 or keeping them in constant motion in the sulphuring chamber4 ,his apparatus is constructed on the principle of the washing-machine1 the fumes of burning sulphur being used instead of water4 ,m4 ,tessie du ,motay has proposed a new method for bleaching4 ,he takes about equal parts of permanganate of soda and sulphate of magnesia1 and dissolves them in lukewarm water4 ,the tissues1 previously freed from grease1 are to be plunged into this bath until they are covered with a brown coating4 ,they are then to be placed in a bath of sulphuric acid at #d per cent41 and rinsed after the brown matter is removed4 ,they may be finally passed through sulphurous acid4 ,mr ,ramsay's method consists in sprinkling with water equal parts of chloride of lime and sulphate of magnesia1 when hydrochlorate of magnesia is formed4 ,it may be remarked that none of the more modern methods of bleaching have been found1 when reduced to practice1 to be cheaper1 better1 or more advantageous to work than those sanctioned by long experience and use4 ,further information in connection with bleaching will be found under the heads ,,actinism1 ,,blanching1 ,,calico-,,printing1 ,,charcoal1 ,,chlorides 7,bleaching71 ,,chromates1 ,,chromic ,,acid1 ,,hypochlorites1 ,,hypochlorous ,,acid1 ,,light1 ,,rinsing1 ,,spots and ,,stains1 ,,sulphuration1 ,,washing1 c42 also under ,,bones1 ,,engravings1 ,,fat1 ,,feathers1 ,,horn1 ,,ivory1 ,,oil1 ,,paper1 ,,printed ,,books1 ,,rags1 ,,sponge1 ,,straw-,,plait1 ,,tallow1 ,,wax1 c4#bbe ,footnote #bbe3 ,an accurate description of the apparatus and machinery employed in bleach-works1 with numerous engravings1 will be found in ,ure's ',dict4 of ,arts1 ,manuf4 ,mines1' #eth ed41 i1 #cah-cea1 c4 ,bleaching ,liq'uid4 ,solution of chloride of lime4 ,bleaching ,pow'der4 ,chloride of lime4 ,bleaching ,salts4 ,the commercial hypochlorites4 ,,blear'-,,eye 7blere'-i74 ,syn4 ,,lippitu',,do1 ,l42 ,,chassie1 ,,lippitude1 ,fr4 ,an exudation of a puriform matter from the margins of the eyelids1 which are red1 tumid1 and painful2 and frequently1 during the night1 glued together by the discharge4 ,treatm4 ,mild astringent collyria1 as those of sulphate of zinc or alum 7#f or #h gr4 to #a oz4 of water74 ,an ointment formed of #a part of the ointment of nitrate of mercury 7,ph4 ,l471 diluted with #aa parts of sweet washed lard1 may be advantageously applied nightly1 by means of a camel-hair pencil1 the smallest quantity possible only being used4 ,excess in eating and drinking should be avoided1 and some aperient medicine taken4 ,,bleak 7bleke74 ,syn4 ,,blaydouble-dagger1 ,,bleydouble-dagger1 7bla74 ,the cypri'nus albur'nus 7,linn471 a small river-fish1 the scales of which are used in making artificial pearls 7which see74 ,,bleb4 ,a vesicle or blister4 ,in some states of general derangement of health this arises spontaneously4 ,it should be treated in the same way as scalds4 ,,bleed',,ing 7blede'-74 ,in the sense of a flow or loss of blood1 see ,h,,morrhage2 in that of bloodletting1 see ,,cupping1 ,,leeching1 ,,venesection1 c4 ,bleeding ,piles4 ,take every morning aperient doses of milk of sulphur1 then a small teaspoonful of confection of black pepper every day4 ,wash externally with a sponge and cold water4 ,apply compound gall4 ointment to the piles if external4 ,bleeding from the ,air ,passages and ,lungs4 ,let the patient at once go to bed1 and keep perfectly quiet1 avoiding movement of any kind as much as possible4 ,administer dilute acids in frequently repeated doses1 with five drops of tincture of digitalis4 ,the bowels should be kept open by means of ,epsom salts in infusion of roses4 ,give iced drinks and let solid ice be sucked4 ,mustard plasters may be applied to the chest4 ,a morphia lozenge may now and then be sucked gradually away1 as well as a small piece of sal prunella4 ,the cough must be allayed by the administration of small doses of morphia in gum water or barley water4 ,all food should be taken cold4 ,the treatment that we have indicated in the last two forms of hmorrhage is intended for the exclusive guidance of emigrants or of others so placed as to be unable to summon prompt medical aid4 ,wherever this can be obtained no time should be lost in at once seeking it4 ,bleeding from the ,nose4 ,apply cold water containing ice1 if obtainable4 ,it should be so applied to the nose as to cause a shock4 ,a cold piece of metal1 such as a key1 placed on the naked back sometimes stops the hmorrhage4 ,if neither of the above means succeed inject with a syringe a solution of alum or sulphate of zinc 7ten grains to the ounce71 or snuff up the nostrils some gallic acid1 powder of pomegranate1 kino1 or catechu1 mixed with starch4 ,a plug of lint may also be dipped in either of the above solutions1 or rolled in the powders1 and pushed up the nostrils1 or some tincture of perchloride of iron1 properly diluted and applied on a piece of lint1 may be tried4 ,bleeding from the ,stomach4 ,syn4 ,,hematemesis4 ,in this case the blood is vomited usually in clots of a dark colour4 ,it should be noticed whether it comes from the back of the nose or throat4 ,the treatment consists in perfect repose in bed1 and in the administration of dilute sulphuric acid in infusion of roses1 with saline aperients4 ,if these fail to give relief1 tannin and krameria may be tried1 and small doses of laudanum or five grains of alum may be given every four hours4 ,if in pain1 add to it #a_/d grain of acetate of morphia4 ,all food and drinks should be taken cold1 the latter iced4 ,pernitrate of iron in from #aj to #cj minim doses is a valuable remedy4 ,,blende 7bl7end74 ,a name applied to several minerals2 appr41 zinc-blend1 or native sulphuret of zinc--the black jack of miners4 ,,blight 7blite74 ,see ,,mildew1 and ,,plants 7,diseases of74 ,,blind',,ness 7blind'-74 ,syn4 ,,ablep',,sia1 ,c',,citas1 c41 ,l42 ,,aveuglement1 ,c,,cit1 ,fr42 ,,blindheit1 ,ger4 ,deprivation or want of sight4 ,blindness may be congenital1 or born with a person2 or it may arise from accident1 external violence1 or disease4 ,in the latter it may frequently be relieved by medical and surgical treatment4 ,see ,,amaurosis1 ,,cataract1 ,,eyes1 ,,ophthalmia1 ,,vision1 c4 ,blindness1 ,day4 ,syn4 ,,night'-,,sight2 ,n7,y,,ctalo',,pia1 ,l4 ,a disease of the eye in which vision is painfully acute or more or less extinct in a strong light1 as that of day2 but clear and pleasant in the dusk of evening and at night4 ,its chief causes are excessive exposure of the eyes to the direct influence of very strong or glaring light1 or to heat1 or both of them together2 and is often one of the sequel of ophthalmia 7which see74 ,blindness1 ,night4 ,syn4 ,,day'-,,sight2 ,,hemeralo',,pia1 ,l4 ,an affection of the eye1 the reverse of the preceding1 in which objects are clearly seen only in broad daylight4 ,in the beginning of the complaint the patient continues to be able to see1 though less clearly1 for a short time after sunset1 and even by moonlight1 and perhaps distinctly by bright candle light2 but after a short time this power is lost4 ,it most frequently occurs in hot climates1 and low latitudes at sea4 ,its chief causes are fatigue and exposure of the eyes to the glare of the tropical sun1 probably coupled with gastric derangement4 ,in some cases it is congenital1 and is then generally incurable4 ,the treatment consists in avoiding exciting causes1 and endeavouring to restore the tone of the stomach1 and the general health1 by the usual methods4 ,the eyes at the same time should be topically medicated by the frequent use of cold water1 or mild astringent collyria4 ,see ,,ophthalmia 7,chronic74 ,,blis',,ter4 ,syn4 ,,pap',,ula1 ,,pus',,tula1 ,l42 ,,pustule1 ,,vessie1 c41 ,fr42 ,,blase1 ,,blatter1 ,ger4 ,a bladder or vesicle caused by the deposition of serous fluid between the cuticle and the derma or true skin1 occasioned by the application of a vesicant1 or by a burn1 scald1 or friction4 ,blister4 ,syn4 ,,vesicato'',,rium1 ,l42 ,,epispastique1 ,,vesicatoire1 ,fr42 ,,blasen-,,pflaster1 ,b4-,,stoff1 ,ger4 ,a substance which vesicates or raises blisters2 in pop4 lang41 a vesicating plaster or similar application4 ,the use of blisters is very ancient1 and appears to date back long prior to the time of ,hippocrates4 ,indeed1 their value as cutaneous stimulants and counter-irritants appears to have been recognised by the medical faculty of all nations down to the present time4 ,it is a principle sufficiently established with regard to the living system1 that where a morbid action exists1 it may often be removed by inducing an action of a different kind1 as a state of excitement or irritation1 in the same or a neighbouring part4 ,in this way is explained the utility of blisters in local inflammation and spasmodic action1 and it is this principle which regulates their application in pneumonia1 gastritis1 hepatitis1 phrenitis1 angina1 rheumatism1 colic1 spasmodic affections of the stomach1 c4--diseases in which they are employed with the most marked advantage4 ,a similar principle exists with respect to pain2 exciting one pain often relieves another4 ,hence blisters frequently give relief in neuralgia1 toothache1 and other like painful affections4 ,lastly1 blisters1 by their operation1 communicate a stimulus to the whole system1 and raise the vigour of the circulation4 ,hence1 in part1 their utility in fevers of the typhoid kind1 though in such cases they are used with still more advantage to obviate or remove local inflammation4 ,blisters are commonly prepared with cantharides plaster1 or with some other preparation of cantharides2 and1 in the former case1 usually have their surface sprinkled over with powdered ,spanish fly2 whilst the blistering surface is surrounded with a margin spread with common adhesive plaster1 for the purpose of causing them to adhere to the part to which they are applied4 ,in order to prevent the action of the cantharides upon the mucous membrane of the bladder1 or urinary organs1 they are also often sprinkled with a little powdered camphor1 or better still1 are moistened with camphorated ether1 which1 on its evaporation1 leaves a thin layer of camphor on the surface2 but care must be taken that the layer be not too thick1 as in that case the plaster would not take effect4 ,with a like object1 a piece of thin book-muslin or tissue-paper 7silver-paper7 is frequently placed between the blistering surface of the plaster and the skin2 the efficacy of which may be still further heightened by first soaking the muslin or paper in olive or almond oil4 ,the usual time an ordinary blister of cantharides plaster is allowed to remain in contact with the skin is from #aj to #ab hours4 ,it is then gently removed4 ,the subsequent treatment depends on the object in view4 ,when it is not wished to maintain a discharge from the blistered surface1 the vesicle is cut with the point of a pair of scissors at its most depending part1 to let out the fluid which it contains1 followed by a dressing of spermaceti or other simple ointment2 but when the case requires the blister to be kept open1 or to be converted into a perpetual blister1 as it is sometimes called1 the whole of the detached cuticle is carefully removed with the scissors1 and the part is dressed with either the ointment of cantharides or of savine1 at first more or less diluted with lard or simple ointment1 with an occasional dressing of resin cerate4 ,according to ,mr ,crowther1 the blistered surface is best kept clean by daily fomentation with warm water4 ,of late years1 to obviate the unpleasant effects occasionally arising from the common blister1 various compounds having cantharides for their base1 as well as fabrics spread with them1 have been brought before the public4 ,these are noticed hereafter4 ,see ,,plaster1 ,,vesicants1 c4 ,blisters1 ,extempora''neous4 ,among the best of these may be mentioned the following3-- #a4 ,a piece of lint dipped in the strongest vinegar of cantharides1 and immediately after its application to the skin1 covered over with a piece of strapping1 or preferably a piece of sheet gutta percha or oiled silk1 to prevent evaporation4 ,raises a blister in from #e to #h minutes4 #b4 ,concentrated acetic acid1 applied in the same way1 has a similar effect4 #c4 7,dr ,darcq47 ,into a flat watch glass pour from #h to #aj drops of highly concentrated liquor of ammonia2 cover the liquid with a small piece of linen of rather less diameter than that of the glass1 and at once apply this little apparatus to the previously shaved skin4 ,the whole must be kept in its place by means of moderate pressure with the fingers1 until a red ring1 about #b centimtres in breadth1 is observed round the glass1 when it is certain that vesication is effected4 ,sometimes scarcely #cj seconds are necessary for obtaining the result4 ,the apparatus may then be removed1 and the blistered part treated in the usual manner2 the dressing being according to the object in view4 #d4 7,trousseau47 ,bibulous paper slightly wetted with a little of the ethereal extract of cancharides1 and instantly applied to the skin1 the whole being covered with a piece of common adhesive plaster to prevent evaporation4 #e4 ,boiling water applied by means of a suitably shaped tube1 the adjacent parts being at the same time protected from injury4 ,instantaneous4 ,blister1 ,horse4 ,see ,,veterinary ,,medicines4 ,blister991 ,perpet'ual4 ,see ,,blister 7ant74 ,,blis',,tering4 ,syn4 ,,ves',,icans1 ,,vesicato'',,rius1 ,l42 ,,epispastique1 ,v,,sicant1 ,v,,sicatoire1 ,fr42 ,,blasenziehend1 c41 ,ger4 ,in medicine1 c41 that vesicates or raises blisters when applied to the skin4 ,blistering ,pa'per1 ,plas'ter1 ,tis''sue 7t7ish-u71 c4 ,see ,,plasters1 ,,vesicants1 c4 ,,bloat',,er4 ,see ,,blote4 ,,blonde4 ,fr4 ,syn4 ,,blond'-,,lace4 ,silk-lace4 ,the name is now also applied to cotton-lace edged with silk4 ,for the mode of cleaning it and getting it up1 see ,,lace and ,,muslin4 ,,blood 7bl7ud74 ,syn4 ,,san'',,guis1 ,l42 ,,sang1 ,fr42 ,,blut1 ,ger4 ,the general circulating fluid of animals1 and that on which the nourishment and growth of their bodies depend1 and from which all the secretions are formed4 ,it is warm and red in vertebrated animals2 and1 for the most part1 cold and white in the invertebrata4 ,in man and all other mammals1 and in birds--the two highest classes of the animal kingdom--the blood1 though collectively forming but one circulating stream1 varies considerably in appearance according to the part or vessels in which it is found4 ,that contained in the left side of the heart1 and in the arteries1 possesses a very brilliant scarlet colour1 and is called arte''rial blood2 whilst that found in the right side of the heart1 and in the veins1 has a darkish purple colour1 and is called ve'nous blood4 ,the two1 however1 differ little from each other in their chemical properties and composition2 the most marked point of difference being that venous blood holds carbonic acid in solution1 whilst oxygen predominates in the blood of the arteries4 ,the fibrine of venous blood is also soluble in a solution of nitrate of potassa2 whilst that of arterial blood is insoluble in that menstruum4 ,comp4 ,blood consists of a transparent and nearly colourless fluid 7plas'ma1 se''rum1 s7eralbu'men71 in which float about a countless multitude of microscopic round red bodies 7blood-discs1 blood-corpuscles71 to which its colour is due1 accompanied by a few colourless globules 7white blood-corpuscles7 of a somewhat larger size4 ,the red corpuscles are found1 on more minute examination1 to consist of an envelope containing a solution of hmatosin4 ,prop4 ,these are1 for the most part1 well known4 ,it has an alkaline reaction1 a saline and rather disagreeable sweetish taste1 and when newly drawn evolves a peculiar odour or halitus1 which almost immediately disappears4 ,as it cools and on repose it coagulates1 owing1 according to some1 to the spontaneous solidification of the fibrine4 ,the following table1 based upon the observations of ,schmidt and the analysis of ,lehmann1 is given by the latter1 as representing the average quantitative relation of the principal constituents of normal blood4 ,it will be noticed that the blood is here regarded as composed of two portions1 one consisting solely of the red particles1 and the other of the liquid1 in which these red corpuscles are suspended1 termed the liquor sanguinis1 which consists of the serum holding fibre in solution3-- ,sp4 gr4 of ,blood-corpuscles1 #ajhhe4 #ajjj parts blood-corpuscles contain-- ,water #fhhjj ,solid constituents #cabjj consisting of-- ,hmatin 7with iron7 #afge ,globulin and cell membrane #bhbbb ,fat #bca ,extractive matters #bfj ,mineral substances 7without iron7 #hab ,chlorine #afhf ,sulphuric anhydride 7,,so#c7 #jjff ,phosphoric anhydride 7,p#b,o#e7 #aacd ,potassium #ccbh ,sodium #ajeb ,oxygen #jffg ,calcium phosphate #jaad ,magnesium phosphate #jjgc ,sp4 gr4 of ,liquor ,sanguinis1 #ajbh4 #ajjj parts of liquor sanguinis contain-- ,water #ijbij ,solid constituents #igaj consisting of-- ,fibrin #dje ,albumen #ghhd ,fat #agb ,extractive matters #cid ,mineral substances #hee ,chlorine #cfdd ,sulphuric anhydride 7,,so#c7 #jaae ,phosphoric anhydride 7,p#b,o#e7 #jaia ,potassium #jcbc ,sodium #ccda ,oxygen #jdjc ,calcium phosphate #jcaa ,magnesium phosphate #jbbb ,the ash of blood contains about #fhd per cent4 of ferric oxide4 7,lehmann47 ,the following table gives the results of the average composition of human blood in man and woman1 according to the analyses of ,becquerel and ,rodie3 ,male4 ,female4 ,specific gravity of defibrinated blood #ajfjj #ajege of serum #ajbhj #ajbgd ,water #ggijj #giajj ,fibrin #bbj #bbj ,serolin #jjb #jjb ,phosphorised fat #jdi #jdf ,fatty ,matters #afj #afb ,cholesterin #jji #jji ,saponified fat #ajj #aje ,albumen #fidj #gjej ,blood-corpuscles #adaaj #abgbj ,extractive matters #fhj #gdj ------- ------- #ajjjaj #ajjjjb ------- ------- ,sodium chloride #caj #cij ,salts ,other soluble salts #bej #bij ,earthy phosphates #jcc #jce ,metallic iron #jeg #jed ----- ----- #fej #gfi ,the blood also contains1 in solution1 oxygen1 nitrogen1 carbonic acid1 as well as a free alkaline carbonate1 urea1 and small traces of alcohol have also been detected in normal blood4 ,the following report of a commission composed of ,,mm4 ,mialhe1 ,mayel1 ,lefort1 and ,cornil1 appointed to devise the best method for the examination of blood stains1 was published in #ahgc4 ,the following translation of the report appeared in the ',chemical ,news' of ,december #eth1 #ahgc4 #ast4 ,when the stain is of recent date1 or supposed to be so1 the red corpuscles should be particularly examined1 and every care taken to preserve them without change4 ,the stains must not be washed with water1 so that the hmatin may not be altered4 ,after insisting on the microscopic characters of the blood stains1 isolated or compared with those of various animals1 the commission enumerates with care the fluids which are destructive or preservative of blood-corpuscles4 ,among the first1 water1 and particularly hot water1 acetic1 gallic1 hydrochloric1 and sulphuric acids2 and of alkalies1 potash and soda1 even in weak solution1 and ether and chloroform1 also many other reagents1 so alter the blood-corpuscles as to cause them to entirely disappear4 ,alcohol1 chromic and picric acids1 and bichromate of potash1 preserve the corpuscles1 though they alter their form4 ,the preservative fluids are those whose composition approaches nearest to serum1 such as the iodised serum of ,schultze1 an excellent preparation made with amniotic fluid1 to which are added a few drops of the tincture of iodine1 so as to give it the colour of white wine2 or1 better1 a fluid composed thus2 white of egg1 #cj grams2 distilled water1 #bgj grams2 and chloride of sodium1 #dj grams2 or even a fluid containing #je per cent4 of chloride of sodium1 or #e or #f per cent4 of sulphate of sodium4 ,if the stains be wetted and softened by these fluids1 and then examined1 white and red corpuscles and fibroid particles will be observed4 #bnd4 ,in more difficult cases1 when the microscope1 owing to the alterations which time has effected in the hmatin1 can give but vague information1 examination by the spectroscope and chemical analysis enables us to arrive at precise results4 ,the use of these means being less known1 and also more delicate1 requires special study4 #a4 ,spectrum analysis4 ,colouring matters have the power of absorbing certain coloured rays of white light--the same always for the same substance4 ,this is the principle upon which spectroscopic examination is based4 ,if into any analysing tube filled with water a few drops of solution of hmoglobin be introduced1 till it has the colour of peach-blossoms1 the luminous rays of the spectrum passing through this fluid present two bands of absorption1 in the lines ,d and ,e of ,frauenhofer1 in the yellow and the green4 ,the same fact would be observed if a few drops of blood were substituted for hmoglobin in the analysis4 ,in a case of doubt the hmoglobin of the blood could be reduced by adding to this latter a reducing body4 ,destroyed hmoglobin has a different spectrum from oxygenated hmoglobin1 a single absorption band as large as the two former bands united1 and a little to the left of ,frauenhofer's line ,d4 #b4 ,in blood in a state of decomposition1 or which has been treated with acids or caustic alkalies1 hmoglobin is changed into a new substance2 hmatin is formed1 which1 combined with hydrochloric acid1 gives definite crystals4 ,in order to obtain them we must proceed thus3--,a small fragment of dried blood is placed on a glass slide2 it is dissolved in a drop of water1 and a minute portion of sea-salt added4 ,it is covered with a thin slide1 and pure acetic acid is made to pass between the two slides1 and it is heated over a spirit-lamp to boiling-point2 acetic acid is again added1 and it is heated afresh2 and this is repeated till the crystals are obtained4 ,they are rhomboidal1 of a dirty brown colour1 quite characteristic1 and require to be seen with a magnifying power of three hundred or four hundred diameters4 ,with the smallest quantity of blood these two reactions can always be produced--the spectrum examination and the crystals of hydrochlorate of hmatin2 and they are so certain that the existence of one alone enables one to affirm the presence of blood4 #c4 ,the third process1 though not so exact as the preceding1 ought1 nevertheless1 never to be neglected4 ,if to a very small quantity of blood dissolved in a little water be added a few drops of tincture of guaiacum and of binoxide of hydrogen1 a persistent blue colour is immediately produced2 but this very sensitive reaction can be obtained with other organic matter1 such as nasal mucus1 saliva1 c42 it therefore only gives a probability4 ,we must proceed in the following manner3--,a tincture of guaiacum is prepared with alcohol at #hc degrees1 and guaiacum resin2 a mixture of sulphuric ether and binoxide of hydrogen is also made1 and enclosed in a stoppered bottle1 and kept under water in the dark4 ,this preparation is less liable to change than pure oxygenated waters4 ,the object stained with blood1 if it be white1 is put into a little cup1 then moistened with water to dissolve out the blood stain1 and washed in distilled water2 this water is then submitted to the action of these reagents4 ,if the thing stained be coloured1 and the stain little or not at all visible1 it must be moistened1 and then pressed between two or three sheets of white blotting-paper1 and tried first with the guaiacum4 ,if the stain be of blood a reddish or brown spot will form on the paper4 ,one of the sheets should be treated with ammonia1 and the stain will become crimson or green4 ,a second sheet treated with tincture of guaiacum and ozonised ether will give a blue colour more or less intense1 according to the quantity of the blood4 ,to recapitulate3--#a4 ,if the stains or scales of blood appear recent1 the corpuscles may1 after the necessary precautions1 be examined under the microscope1 and their presence1 diameter1 c4 observed1 which will enable one to diagnose the origin of the blood1 whether human or animal4 #b4 ,if the stains be old and the blood changed1 the reaction with the tincture of guaiacum would make the presence of blood probable2 but its actual presence cannot be affirmed without spectrum examination or the production of crystals of hydrochlorate of hmatin2 one of the two is sufficient4 ,it is unnecessary to add that these reactions do not show whether the blood is human or animal4 ,bullocks' blood has of late years1 more especially in ,france1 come into use as a remedy for anmia and pulmonary phthisis4 ,a correspondent1 writing from ,paris to the ',medical ,times and ,gazette' in #ahgb1 says3 ,it is a curious sight to see the number of patients of both sexes and of all ranks and ages1 who flock to the slaughter-house every morning to drink of the still fuming blood of the oxen slaughtered for the table4 ,i was struck with the facility with which young ladies take to it1 and ,i have heard many say that they prefer it to cod-liver oil4 ,in a paper read in #ahgb before the ,academy of ,sciences in ,paris by ,m4 ,boussingault1 detailing his researches into the composition of blood1 the author expressed his surprise that bullock's blood was not more generally used as a food1 as it contains all the constituents of a perfect aliment4 ,according to the above chemist1 of all nutritive substances the blood of animals contains the largest amount of iron4 ,in man1 ,boussingault found in #ajj grammes of blood #ea milligrammes of iron2 in that of the ox1 #ee milligrammes2 of the pig1 #ei milligrammes2 and in that of the frog1 #db milligrammes4 ,but it was not only in red blood that iron was found1 ,boussingault detected it in white blood also2 and he found the blood of snails to contain as much iron as that of the ox or calf4 ,a simple and ingenious method for the therapeutic administration of the serum of the blood of sheep and oxen has been lately devised by ,dr ,francis ,vacher1 the medical officer of ,birkenhead4 ,dr ,vacher takes the blood of these animals1 allows it to stand until it clots1 removes the clot1 and dries it at a gentle heat in a hot-air chamber4 ,by this means he obtains a nearly odourless and comparatively tasteless powder1 which is ten times the strength of fresh serum4 ,to this preparation he gives the name serum sanguinis exsiccatum4 ,he believes that his dried serum will prove a valuable nutrient in consumption1 scrofula1 diabetes1 and loss of flesh4 ,uses1 c4 ,that of bullocks is employed for the clarification of wines and syrups2 also in the preparation of adhesive cements1 as the vehicle in coarse paint for outdoor work1 as a manure1 as a bleaching powder1 to make pure animal charcoal1 and for several other purposes4 ,the blood of sheep1 pigs1 and bullocks1 mixed with flour or oatmeal1 and seasoned1 is eaten by the common people1 but it is rather indigestible1 and apt to induce disease4 ,gut-skins stuffed with this mixture form black puddings4 ,bullock's blood1 dried by exposure in thin layers to a current of air1 at a heat under #abe1 and then reduced to powder1 is exported in large quantities to the colonies1 where it is used1 as a 'clarifier1' in the sugar-works4 ,dried at a temperature ranging between #bab to #bbj1 then coarsely powdered1 and the dusty portion sifted off1 it is much used by fraudulent dealers to adulterate grain-musk4 ,see ,,charcoal 7,,animal71 ,,globulin1 ,h,,matosin1 ,,plasma1 ,,serum1 ,,stains1 ,,vision1 c4 ,blood-purifying ,tea1 ,gout and ,rheumatic 7,franz ,wilhelm1 ,neunkirchen74 ,equal parts of senna leaves1 sarsaparilla root1 liquorice1 rad4 tritici1 red sandalwood1 bittersweet stalks1 cut small and mixed4 7,hager47 ,blood-purifying ,tea 7,f4 ,kller1 ,graz74 ,senna leaves1 #cb parts2 guaiacum wood1 #aj parts2 juniper wood1 restharrow root1 rad4 tritici1 dandelion root1 chicory root1 of each #h parts2 alder bark1 #c parts2 sassafras1 #b parts2 star-anise1 #e parts1 dirty and worm-eaten1 roughly chopped1 and mixed4 7,hager47 ,blood1 ,spit'ting of4 ,see ,h,,moptysis4 ,blood1 ,vom'iting of4 ,see ,,stomach ,,diseases4 ,,blood'-,,root4 ,syn4 ,,red'-,,root1 ,,puccoon'2 ,,sanguina'',,ria1 ,l4 ,the sanguinar'ia ,canaden'sis 7,linn471 a papaveraceous plant of ,north ,america2 also its root 7,,sanguina'',,ria1 ,ph4 ,u4 ,s471 which is the part used in medicine4 ,juice1 blood-red1 used in dyeing4 ,in small doses 7#c to #e gr47 it is stimulant1 diaphoretic1 and expectorant2 in large ones 7#aj to #bj gr471 narcotic1 emetic1 and purgative4 ,the powder is sometimes used as an escharotic4 ,see ,,sanguinarine4 ,,blood',,stone4 ,a hard compact variety of hmatite used to form burnishers4 ,the name is also applied by lapidaries to the heliotrope4 ,,bloom4 ,in perfumery1 c41 a name given to several calorific skin-cosmetics1 of which the following are examples3-- ,bloom of ,almonds 7ah'-m7undz74 ,syn4 ,,al',,mond-,,bloom4 ,prop4 ,boil #a oz4 of ground ,brazil-wood in #b-a_/b pints of soft water for #cj minutes1 adding the juice of two lemons towards the end2 strain1 and add #c_/d oz4 of isinglass1 #a_/d oz4 of powdered cochineal1 #a oz4 of alum1 and #a_/b oz4 of borax2 boil again for #d or #e minutes1 and strain through muslin4 ,glass or earthenware vessels must be used1 as metals injure its colour4 ,bloom of ,roses4 ,prep4 #a4 ,dried red rose leaves1 #a-a_/b oz42 boiling water1 #a pint2 infuse in glass or earthenware for #b hours1 press out the liquor1 and add the juice of #c large lemons2 the next day filter1 or decant the clear portion4 ,both the above should be kept in a cool place1 otherwise they soon spoil4 ,a little spirit of wine 7#c or #d fl4 oz4 to the pint7 is sometimes added to them to remove this objection4 ,they are greatly inferior to the following3-- #b4 ,carmine1 #a_/d oz42 strong liquor of ammonia 7not weaker than #ijj71 #a oz42 put them into a stoppered bottle1 set it in a cool place1 and occasionally agitate it for two or three days1 to effect a solution2 then add of rose-water1 #a pint2 and1 after admixture1 further add of esprit de rose1 #a_/b fl4 oz42 pure rectified spirit1 #a fl4 oz42 again well agitate1 and set the whole aside for a week2 lastly1 decant the clear portion from the dregs 7if any71 for use or sale4 ,very fine4 ,a cheaper article is made by omitting a portion of the carmine1 and the whole of the esprit and spirit2 and a still inferior one by substituting #a-a_/b oz4 of silver-grain cochineal 7in powder7 for the carmine1 with digestion for a week in the ammonia previously diluted with one half of the water4 ,bloom of ,youth1 or ,liquid ,pearl 7,g4 ,w4 ,laird1 ,new ,york74 ,a colourless liquid holding in suspension #cd per cent4 of zinc oxide entirely free from lead4 7,chandler47 ,,blote4 ,to prepare or cure by drying and smoking2 now only applied to fish4 ,,blo',,ter4 ,syn4 ,,bloat',,er4 ,a bloted fish2 appr41 a herring slightly salted1 and only very slightly dried and smoked4 ,,blow',,pipe 7blo'-74 ,syn4 ,,chalumeau1 ,fr42 ,l,,throhr1 ,ger4 ,an instrument by means of which the flame of a candle or lamp1 or a gas-jet1 is directed upon any substance placed to receive it1 which is thus subjected to an intense heat4 ,the blowpipe is to the artist and the experimentalist what the wind-furnace is to the artisan2 but it is proportionately more powerful1 convenient1 and economical4 ,beginners are usually unable to maintain a continued stream of air from the jet of this instrument1 although the doing so is really a very simple affair4 ,the operation merely depends on a little artifice in using it1 which is more difficult to describe than to acquire4 ,the effect intended to be produced is a continual stream of air for many minutes1 if necessary1 without interruption1 even for an instant4 ,this is done by simply applying the tongue to the roof of the mouth1 so as to interrupt the communication between the mouth and the passage of the nostrils2 by which means the operator is at liberty to breathe through the nose1 at the same time that by the muscles of the lips he forces a continued stream of air from the anterior part of the mouth through the blowpipe4 ,when the mouth begins to be empty it is replenished by the lungs in an instant1 while the tongue is withdrawn from the roof of the mouth1 and replaced again in the same manner as in pronouncing the monosyllable tut4 ,in this way the stream of air may be continued for a long time without fatigue1 provided the flame be not urged too impetuously2 and even should it be so urged no other inconvenience will be felt than that of slight fatigue of the muscles of the lips4 ,the hottest portion of the flame produced by the action of the blowpipe is at the tip of the outer white flame1 which has also the property of rapidly burning or oxidising substances placed in it which are susceptible of such a change2 and it is hence commonly called the ,,oxidising ,,flame4 ,the interior blue flame is1 for a like reason1 called the ,,deoxidising or ,,reducing ,,flame1 as it possesses the property of extracting oxygen from most bodies capable of being so affected4 ,substances to be submitted to the action of the blowpipe-flame are placed on a support1 which is either a piece of charcoal1 or a wire or small spoon of platinum1 gold1 or silver1 as the case may require4 ,sometimes a plate of cyanite is used4 ,pine-wood charcoal is preferred for this purpose2 and the sides1 not the ends of the fibres1 are presented to the flame4 ,when a very intense heat is required1 the substance operated on should not exceed the size of half a peppercorn4 ,several characteristic colour reactions may often be obtained in the examination of a substance for analysis1 by fusing a small portion of it1 with a bead of microcosmic salt1 and exposing it for some time to the outer flame of the blowpipe4 ,if the substance dissolve readily in the salt and rather copiously to a clear bead whilst hot1 and is of a blue colour by candle light inclining to violet1 it denotes ,,cobalt4 ,if it be green1 upon cooling blue2 in the reducing flame after cooling1 red--,,copper4 ,if green1 particularly fine on cooling1 unaltered in the reducing flame1 ,,chromium4 ,if brownish red1 on cooling light yellow or colourless2 in this reducing flame1 red whilst hot1 yellow whilst cooling1 then greenish--,,iron4 ,if reddish to brownish red1 on cooling yellow to reddish yellow or colourless2 in the reducing flame unaltered--,,nickel4 ,if yellowish-brown1 on cooling light yellow or colourless2 in the reducing flame almost colourless1 and blackish-grey on cooling--,,bismuth4 ,if light yellowish to opal1 when cold1 rather dull2 in the reducing flame whitish-grey--,,silver4 ,if amethyst-red1 especially on cooling2 colourless in the reducing flame1 not quite clear--,,manganese4 ,if the bead remains clear on cooling1 ,,antimony1 ,,alumina1 ,,zinc1 ,,cadmium1 ,,lead1 ,,lime1 and ,,magnesia are indicated1 the latter five when added in somewhat large proportion to the microcosmic salt1 give enamel white beads4 ,the bead of oxide of ,,lead saturated is yellowish4 ,if the bead becomes enamel-white on cooling1 even where only a small portion of the powder has been added to the microcosmic salt--,,baryta and ,,strontia are indicated4 ,if the substance dissolves in the microcosmic salt slowly and only in small quantity1 the bead being colourless and remaining so after cooling1 the undissolved portion looking semi-transparent1 and if upon the addition of a little sesquioxide of iron it acquires the characteristic colour of an iron bead--this denotes ,,silicic ,,acid4 ,for producing extreme degrees of heat the flame is blown with a jet of oxygen gas1 the instrument being then called an ,,oxygen ,,blowpipe2 or a mixture of oxygen and hydrogen is burned1 when it is called an ,,oxy-,,hydrogen ,,blowpipe4 ,the heat produced by the last is so great that no substance can stand exposure to it1 even the most refractory native compounds being immediately fused4 ,gold is volatilised1 and iron is rapidly consumed the instant it is placed in the flame4 ,illustration3 #a4 ,hemming's safety-jet for the oxy-hydrogen blowpipe4 a1 ,pipe conveying oxygen gas4 b1 hydrogen gas4 c1 ,ball stuffed with fine wire-gauze4 e1 ,jet 7internal diameter #a-hjth of an inch74 #b4 ,black's blowpipe4 #c4 ,bergman's #d4 ,pepy's #e4 ,wollaston's #f4 ,oxy-hydrogen blowpipe4 ,the principal varieties of the blowpipe in general use are figured in the engravings above4 ,beside the above there are several other varieties of the blowpipe occasionally employed2 one in which the air is expelled by the pressure of a column of water1 and hence called the ,,hydrostatic ,,blowpipe2 another1 in which the flame is blown with the vapour of boiling alcohol1 is named the ,,spirit-,,blowpipe4 ,blowpipe1 ,herapath4 ,for sealing and bending glass tubes and constructing glass apparatus of various forms1 it is convenient to have the blowpipe mounted on a fixed support1 and when a flame of considerable power is required1 the blast must be supplied by bellows worked with the foot4 ,a very convenient form of blowpipe for these purposes is that invented by ,herapath1 and represented in the following figure1 a is a flexible tube attached to a stop-cock 7b71 which communicates with a tube 7c d71 bent at right angles at d1 where a ,t-shaped tube 7e f g7 slips on by means of the piece f4 ,the blow-pipe jet 7h i7 passes into the longer arm of the ,t-piece1 and fits somewhat tightly2 k l is a second piece of flexible tube1 terminating in a mouthpiece1 or connected with a blowing apparatus4 ,on turning on the gas1 it passes in the direction marked by the arrows1 and is to be inflamed at e4 ,on blowing with the mouth1 or by means of a pair of bellows1 into the tube k l1 the ignited gas takes the form of a blow-pipe flame of great power1 the nature of which is entirely under control by means of the stop-cock b1 and also by regulating the quantity of air supplied through the tube 7k l74 ,the ,t-shaped piece is movable at f1 so that the jet may be directed to any position4 ,the apparatus may be mounted on a heavy foot1 and connected with the gas-supply1 by means of the flexible tube1 so that it can be placed in any required position on the laboratory table2 or it may be permanently fixed on a table specially devoted to the purpose1 and having beneath it a pair of bellows worked by a treadle4 ,illustration ,a simple and inexpensive apparatus for supplying a continuous blast of air for blowpipe or other purpose is figured below4 ,it consists essentially of a tin tube 7to which is fixed a branch tube open to the air71 through which water may be driven from a supply tap into a properly fitted bottle4 ,air becomes thus entangled with the water in its course through the tube1 and carried with it into the bottle4 ,the water is then got rid of by means of a syphon1 and the air is conducted by an elastic tube to the blow-pipe4 ,illustration3 ,a1 ,b1 ,tin tube1 eighteen inches long1 half-inch diameter4 ,c1 ,d1 ,tin tube1 three inches long1 one third-inch diameter1 inserted at right angles4 ,e1 ,f1 ,tin tube1 long enough to reach the level of ,a1 one third-inch diameter1 inserted at an angle of #de4 ,g1 ,h1 ,i1 ,siphon1 half-inch diameter4 ,k1 ,l1 ,air tube1 one third-inch diameter4 ,m1 ,india-rubber tube to convey away the air4 ,to set the apparatus in action1 connect the tube ,c ,d with a water tap by means of a piece of elastic tubing1 and turn on the water2 pinch the tube ,m for a few moments between the thumb and finger until the syphon has begun to act4 ,a blast of air will at once be felt at the extremity of ,m4 ,,blub',,ber4 ,syn4 ,,ad',,eps ,,bal,,na'',,rum1 ,l42 ,,graisse ,,de ,,baleine1 ,fr4 ,the soft fat of whales1 and of other large sea-animals1 from which the oil 7,,train' ,,oil1 ,,whale' ,,oil7 is obtained by heat4 ,blubber1 ,sea4 ,the popular name of several species of marine animals of the genus medusa1 having a body resembling a large mass of jelly4 ,they are very plentiful in some parts of the coast of ,england1 and are said to form a rich and cheap manure for pasture and arable land4 ,they are used at the rate of about #a ton to every #bj or #cj loads of mould1 together with a chaldron of lime1 per acre4 ,in #c or #d months the land is usually found in prime condition4 ,pilchards1 and other fish that swarm upon our coasts1 and for which there is not a ready market1 may be used in the same way1 and are much richer1 being1 when properly managed1 but little inferior to guano4 ,,blue 7bl'oo74 ,syn4 ,c,,ru',,leus1 ,l42 ,,bleu1 ,fr42 ,,blau1 ,ger4 ,of the colour of the clear sky1 or of any shade of it1 whether lighter or darker2 subst41 a blue colour1 blueness 7,,col',,or ,c,,ru',,leus1 ,l472 or a blue1 colouring material or pigment 7,c,,ru',,leum1 ,l474 ,blue ,dye4 ,syn4 ,,teinte ,,bleue1 ,fr42 ,,blau ,,farbe1 ,ger4 ,the most permanent blue is that given by indigo1 and particularly by what is called the 'indigo-vat4' ,a variety of shades1 of great beauty1 and considerable permanence1 may also be given by the ',prussian-blue process4' ,cheaper blues are commonly dyed with logwood4 ,each of these is noticed at length under their respective heads4 ,the following are also employed1 and are well adapted for common goods1 on the small scale and for domestic use4 #a4 ,give the goods a mordant of alum1 or of acetate of alumina 7'red liquor'71 then rinse them well1 and boil them in a bath of logwood1 to which a small quantity of blue vitriol has been added2 lastly1 rinse and dry4 #b4 ,boil the goods for a short time in a bath of logwood2 then add to the liquor tartar and verdigris1 in the proportion of #a oz4 of each to every lb4 of logwood employed2 and again boil for a short time4 #c4 ,give the goods a mordant of tartar2 lift1 add a little chromate of potash2 again work for #ae or #bj minutes1 and rinse2 next boil in a bath of logwood1 adding towards the last a few grains more of the chromate2 again boil1 and finish4 ,the whole quantity of chromate used should not exceed #a_/d oz4 to each lb4 of logwood taken for the bath4 ,very dark4 #d4 ,bilberries1 elder-berries1 mulberries1 privet-berries1 and several other like vegetable substances1 may be used to dye blue1 as above1 instead of logwood4 ,obs4 ,by increasing the proportion of alum or red-liquor the colour verges on purple2 and by employing a little acetate of iron or green copperas1 the darker shades of blue are produced4 ,verdigris1 blue vitriol1 and alkalies1 turn it more on the blue2 whilst a mordant of tin imparts a violet cast4 ,if much more chromate be used than that ordered the result is a blue-black4 ,see ,,dyeing1 ,,indigo1 ,,logwood1 ,,mordants1 ,,prussian ,,blue1 c4 ,blue ,pig'ments4 ,syn4 ,c,,ru',,lea1 c41 ,l4 ,the preparation of the principal blue pigments of commerce is described under their respective names4 ,in the following list those for which directions are given are of a miscellaneous and less usual character4 ,az'ure4 ,syn4 ,azure ,blue4 ,a name frequently given to smalts4 ,that of the oil-painter is ultramarine2 that of the ancients is noticed below4 ,see ,,ultramarine1 c4 ,blue1 ,barth's4 ,see ,,indigo1 ,,sulphate ,,of4 ,blue1 ,berlin4 ,prussian blue4 ,blue1 ,bice4 ,native blue carbonate of copper1 prepared by grinding and elutriation4 ,that of the shops is generally a factitious compound made from smalts4 ,blue1 ,carmine4 ,see ,,carmine and ,,indigo1 ,,sulphate ,,of4 ,blue1 ,char'coal4 ,carbonised vine-stalks are triturated with an equal weight of salt of tartar or pearlash1 the mixture put into a crucible1 and heated over the fire until it ceases to swell1 the mass being kept well stirred all the time2 when cold1 it is dissolved in water1 and the excess of alkali saturated with dilute sulphuric acid4 ,the liquid becomes blue1 and a dark precipitate falls down1 which turns of a brilliant blue colour when dried and cautiously heated4 ,blue1 ,chi'na4 ,syn4 ,roy'al ,smalts4 ,the crude oxide of cobalt1 or zaffre1 is ground with an equal weight of potash1 and about eight times its weight of felspar1 the mixture submitted to fusion in a crucible1 and when cold reduced to an impalpable powder4 ,used to paint pottery1 and as a blue pigment4 ,blue1 ,co'balt4 ,syn4 ,cobalt'ic ,az'ure4 ,this is commonly prepared by one or other of the following formul3-- #a4 ,zaffre1 #a lb41 is dissolved in nitric acid 7diluted with an equal weight of water71 #c_/d lb41 by digestion for some hours2 the solution is evaporated nearly to dryness1 and the residuum redissolved in warm water2 to this solution1 after filtration1 a solution of phosphate of soda is added as long as a precipitate forms2 this last is collected on a filter1 washed with cold water1 and mixed1 whilst still moist1 with #h times its weight of fresh-precipitated hydrate of alumina2 the paste is then dried1 and exposed to a cherry-red heat in a crucible1 after which the mass is cooled and reduced to a very fine powder4 #b4 ,a solution of nitrate of cobalt is precipitated with ammonia-alum1 and the precipitate washed1 dried1 and exposed to a cherry-red heat1 as before4 ,the products of the above formul are very beautiful and permanent4 ,see ,,cobalto-,,ultramarine4 ,egyp'tian ,az'ure4 ,alexan'drian ,frit1 ,azure of the ,ancients4 ,a mixture of carbonate of soda1 #a lb42 calcined flints1 #a-a_/b lb42 copper filings1 #a_/d lb4 7all in fine powder72 fused together in a crucible for #b or #c hours1 and when cold1 reduced to an impalpable powder4 ,a beautiful and unchangeable sky-blue colour4 ,used in both oil and fresco painting2 and as a substitute for smalts1 of which1 indeed1 it is a variety4 ,in'digo 7which see74 ,blue1 ,i'ron4 ,fer'ric blue4 ,ordinary phosphate of iron prepared by precipitating a solution of protosulphate of iron with another of phosphate of soda1 the resulting powder being washed1 and dried at a gentle heat4 ,a lively sky-blue colour1 but without much depth or body4 ,blue1 ,lake4 ,see ,,lakes and ,,indigo1 ,,sulphate ,,of4 ,blue1 ,molybde'num4 ,from sulphuret of molybdenum1 dissolved in nitric acid1 and some tin filings and a little muriatic acid added4 ,after digestion for some time the clear liquid is poured off1 and evaporated to dryness4 ,the resulting powder is then mixed with moist hydrate of alumina 7as in making cobalt blue71 heated to a very dull red1 and when it has again become cold1 reduced to powder4 ,used both as a paint and an enamel-colour4 ,blue1 ,moun'tain4 ,native carbonate of copper1 mixed with more or less earthy matter1 reduced to fine powder4 ,that of the shops is often factitious4 ,blue1 ,par'is4 ,prussian blue4 ,blue1 ,pow'der4 ,smalts4 ,blue1 ,prus''sian 7which see74 ,blue1 ,queen's4 ,see ,,thumb-,,blue 7below74 ,blue1 ,san'der's4 ,ultramarine-ashes4 ,blue1 ,sax'on4 ,saxon ,az'ure4 ,a compound of hydrate of alumina and ,prussian blue1 prepared as follows3-- #a4 ,to sulphate of iron1 #a oz42 and alum1 #h oz42 dissolved in water1 #a gall42 add1 simultaneously1 separate solutions of prussiate of potash and common pearlash1 until they cease to produce a precipitate2 after repose collect the deposit1 wash it well with water1 and dry it4 #b4 ,a solution of sulphate of iron is precipitated with another of prussiate of potash1 and instantly mixed with the precipitate which has just been obtained by treating a solution of alum with a solution of pearlash2 the mixed precipitates being finally treated as before4 ,smalts 7which see2 also ,,china-,,blue and ,,egyptian ,,azure1 above74 ,blue1 ,thnard's4 ,see ,,ultramarine 7,cobaltic74 ,blue1 ,thumb'4 ,cake'-blue1 ,crown'-blue1 ,fig'-blue1 ,knob'-blue1 ,mech'lenburg-blue1 7mek'-71 ,queen's-blue1 ,stone-blue1 c4 ,names given to the lump-blue used in laundries1 which vary according to the quality and the particular form given to it4 ,prep4 #a4 ,a mixture of powdered starch with sufficient indigo 7in impalpable powder7 to give the necessary colour1 made into a stiff dough with starch-paste1 and then formed into lumps or cakes of the desired size and shape1 and dried4 ,this forms the ordinary 'washerwoman's blue' of the shops4 #b4 ,as the last1 but substituting cruleo-sulphate of potassa or blue carmine#bbf for the 'powdered indigo' ordered in the last formula4 ,very fine4 ,footnote #bbf3 ,see ,,indigo 7,sulphate of74 #c4 ,as ,no4 #a1 but substituting whiting for the powdered starch and weak size1 or a decoction of ,irish moss for the starch-paste4 ,inferior4 ,uses1 c4 ,employed by laundresses to impart a faint blue tinge to linen1 in order to increase its apparent whiteness4 ,the common forms given to it are that of small balls of about #c_/d to #a inch in diameter2 the same1 but rather larger1 and pinched with the thumb and finger in three directions1 so as to leave corresponding depressions 7,,thumb-,,blue72 and cakes1 which are cut out of the mass1 previously rolled into a sheet1 by a suitably shaped cutter4 ,blue1 ,turnbull's4 ,ferridcyanide of iron 7which see2 also ,,turnbull',s ,,blue74 ,blue ,verditer4 ,see ,,verditer4 ,ultramarine' 7-rene'71 ,u4-blue4 ,see ,,ultramarine4 ,,blush',,ing4 ,syn4 ,,ru',,bor1 ,,rube',,do1 ,l4 ,in physiology1 c41 the red glow on the cheeks or face occasioned by confusion1 bashfulness1 surprise1 or shame4 ,blushing is caused by a sudden increase in the quantity and velocity of the blood in the capillaries1 occasioning their turgescence2 and1 consequently1 a heightening of the natural pale-reddish hue of the skin4 ,it is referable to sudden mental emotions of an exciting character1 such as surprise1 confusion1 consciousness of slight1 injury1 or indignity1 and the like4 ,emotions of a depressing character frequently produce an opposite effect4 ,this is termed pallor1 and depends on the rush of blood from the skin and surface of the body upon the internal organs4 ,the first1 though often unpleasant1 is never dangerous2 the last always so4 ,the cure of the habit of blushing consists in persisting efforts to maintain a sufficient degree of presence of mind and self-confidence to permit of reflection1 or a calm view of the exciting circumstance1 instead of sinking into a state of temporary mental imbecility and helpless confusion4 ',,blutandrang ,,und ,,luftrohren-,,verschleimung' 7remedy for congestion and obstruction of the air-vessels71 manufactured and sold by the inventor1 ,c4 ,tnzer1 #ah1 ,kesselstrasse1 ,berlin1' is the title of a twelve-page pamphlet4 ,for cold in the head1 the apparatus1 which consists of a small linen cushion to bind over the mouth1 is moistened with #aj to #ae drops of the fluid4 ,the fluid 7#aej grammes7 is a mixture of spirit of wine and acetic ether1 in which some arnica1 milfoil1 c41 have been macerated4 7,hager47 ,,bluthenharz--,,flower ,,resin 7,kwizda1 ,kornenburg74 ,against barrenness in domestic animals4 ,a mixture of #i parts powdered ,bergundy pitch with #a part pine pollen1 #c_/d oz4 7,hager47 ,,boards1 to make ,white4 ,boards may be rendered white and clean by scrubbing them1 instead of with soap1 with a mixture composed of one part of freshly slaked lime and three parts of white sand4 ,,bockbieressenz1 for the artificial imitation of bockbier4 ,a tincture of #a part lupulin1 #b parts pyroligneous acid1 and #h parts spirit of wine4 7,hager47 ,,bog ,,spavin4 ,in horses1 a distension of the bursa or sheath of the true hock joint4 ,mr ,finlay ,dun prescribes rest2 high-heeled shoe1 fomentation1 cold water1 spring truss1 counter-irritation1 firing-iron2 seton4 ,,boil 7boyl74 ,syn4 ,,furun',,culus1 ,l42 ,,furoncle1 ,fr42 ,,beule1 ,,eiterstock1 ,ger4 ,in surgery1 a well-known inflammatory tumour1 of a superficial and more or less temporary character1 which generally terminates by suppuration4 ,boils 7furun'culi7 generally attack the healthy and robust during the period of youth and early manhood1 and seldom trouble persons who have arrived at the middle age of life4 ,treatm41 c4 ,when boils begin to appear1 and exhibit persistency by daily enlargement and increasing pain1 suppuration should be promoted by warm poultices of bread and linseed-meal1 to which a little fat or oil may be added1 to prevent their getting hard4 ,if poultices are inconvenient1 warm and stimulating embrocations1 or exposure to the vapour of hot water1 or the application of stimulating plasters1 may be adopted instead4 ,when the tumour is sufficiently 'ripe1' the matter should be evacuated by gentle pressure1 and the wound dressed with a little simple ointment spread on a piece of clean lint or linen4 ,the diet may be full and liberal until the maturation of the tumour and the discharge of the matter1 when it should be lessened1 and the bowels kept gently open by saline purgatives1 as ,epsom-salt or cream of tartar4 ,when there is a disposition in the constitution to the formation of boils1 the bowels should be kept at all times regular1 and tonics1 as bark or steel1 had recourse to1 with the frequent use of sea-bathing when possible4 ,an occasional dose of the ,abernethy medicines 7which see7 also often prevents their recurrence4 ,a course of sarsaparilla may be likewise taken with advantage4 ,see ,,abscess1 ,,tumours1 c4 ,dr ,sydney ,ringer prescribes a #a_/afth grain of sulphide of sodium1 mixed with sugar of milk1 three or four times a day on the tongue2 but this should only be administered under medical supervision4 ,treatment for ,,horses and ,,cattle4--,fomentations2 poultices containing belladonna1 cold water1 carbolic acid dressing1 counter-irritants1 laxatives1 sulphites1 and chlorates4 ,,boil',,ers4 ,see ,,incrustation and ,,steam4 ,,boil',,ing4 ,in cookery1 the operation of dressing food in water at the point of ebullition1 or one very closely approaching it4 ,the practice of cooking animal food by boiling1 although exceedingly simple1 and often most convenient1 is neither judicious nor economical when the broth or liquid in which it has been dressed is to be rejected as waste2 as in this way the most nutritious portion of the flesh of animals1 consisting of soluble saline and other matter required for the formation of bone1 and the nutrition of the muscular tissues1 c41 is to a great extent lost4 ,this particularly applies to small pieces so dressed1 and to those presenting a large surface to the action of the water in proportion to their weight4 ,large pieces of meat suffer less in proportion than smaller ones1 for the same reason2 but even with them the outside should be rejected1 as it is both insipid and innutritious compared with the interior portion4 ,to reduce the solvent and deteriorating action of the water to the lowest possible point1 the articles to be boiled should not be put into the water until it is in a state of full ebullition1 which should be maintained for #e or #f minutes afterwards1 by which time the surface and the parts lying immediately beneath it will have become1 to a certain degree1 hardened1 and will then act as a protective shield to the inner portion of the mass4 ,the boiling being continued for #e or #f minutes cold water is added1 until the temperature becomes about #aej ,f41 and the cooking of the joint is carried on at this heat until the meat is done3 meat loses nearly a fourth of its weight in boiling1 salt meat1 which is intended to be eaten cold1 should be allowed to cool in the water in which it has been boiled4 ,the practice of dressing meat by putting it into cold water1 which is then gradually raised to the boiling-point1 cannot be too much censured4 ,a #a_/d of an hour per lb4 for dressing young meat1 poultry1 and small pieces1 and #bj minutes per lb4 for old1 tough1 and larger ones are the usual times allowed by cooks for the purpose4 ,see ,,bouilli1 ,,food1 c4 ,,boil',,ing-,,point4 ,see ,,ebullition4 ,,bois ,,durce 7bwah d7ur-sa74 ,fr4 ,the substance invented in ,france1 and to which this name is given1 is made from sawdust1 which1 under the influence of a high temperature and the enormous pressure of #fjj tons1 acquires a degree of hardness very much exceeding that of ordinary wood4 ,it has a very fine grain1 and is unaffected by atmospherical variations2 but its principal merit is its adaptation to moulding1 so that by the most economical processes forms and impressions are given to it which it would require1 in any other way1 considerable labour and workmanship4 ,,bolas4 ,sweet light cakes which1 according to ,mrs ,rundell1 are prepared as follows3--,into flour1 #b lbs41 pour of warm milk1 #c_/d pint1 a small teacupful of yeast1 and #f eggs2 make a dough1 add of butter #a lb4 7by degrees71 and set it in a warm place to rise for an hour2 then mix in of powdered sugar #a lb42 and make the mass into cakes2 put these into cups or tins previously well buttered1 and ornament the top with candied orange or lemon peel2 lastly bake them4 ,see ,,cakes4 ,,boldo 7nat4 ord4 ,monimiace74 ,a shrub growing in the ,chilian ,andes4 ,the bark is used in tanning1 and the wood makes a good charcoal4 ,it is reported to be useful in affections of the liver and digestive organs4 ,it has been employed as a tonic in cases where quinine is inadmissible4 ,in large doses it provokes vomiting4 ,the powder of the dried leaves is a sternutatory4 ,see a paper by ,m4 ,claude ,verne1 translated into the ',pharm4 ,journ41' #crd series1 v1 #dje4 ,,bole4 ,syn4 ,,bo',,lus1 ,l42 ,,terre ,,bolaire1 c41 ,fr4 ,the name of several argillaceous minerals1 varying in colour from white to yellow1 red1 and brown1 which they owe chiefly to iron4 ,see ,,ochres and ,,red and ,,brown ,,pigments4 ,,bolog'',,na ,,phi',,al 7-lawn'-y7a74 ,see ,,phials4 ,,bo',,lus1 ,l41 ,eng4 ,syn4 ,,bol1 ,fr4 ,boluses1 in pharmacy and medicine1 are small1 roundish masses of medicinal substances1 which are taken in the same manner as pills1 which they resemble1 except in their larger size4 ,those persons who object to swallowing them in their common state may wrap them in soft paper1 or introduce them into the emptied husks of raisins or grapes4 ,boluses 7bo'li1 ,l47 are prepared with the same ingredients1 and in a similar manner to pills 7which see74 ,bolus1 ,guaiacum 7,,horne74 ,guaiacum resin #a_/b drachm1 elder rob1 enough to make into a bolus4 ,formerly given in quinsy4 ,bolus for ,ague4 7,the bolus ad quartanum of the ,french ,hospital74 ,peruvian bark #a ounce2 carbonate of potash #a drachm2 tartarised antimony #ae grains2 syrup1 a sufficient quantity1 one to be taken every four hours during the intermission4 ,bolus1 ,vermifuge 7,dr ,campbell74 ,basilie powder one scruple1 conserve of wormwood1 a sufficient quantity to make into one bolus for an adult4 7,,foy47 ,powdered pomegranate root #a drachm1 assafoetida half a drachm1 croton oil #c or #d drops1 syrup sufficient4 ,divide into #ae boluses2 #e daily for tapeworm4 7,,french ,,hospital47 ,wormseed #a scruple1 calomel #e grains1 camphor #ae grains1 syrup sufficient4 ,make into #c doses2 one1 two1 or three in the day4 ,,bon'-,,bon 7bong'-bong74 ,fr4 ,a sugarplum4 ,see ,,confectionery and ,,sugarplums4 ,,bonbons ,,vermifuges ,,of ,,garoz4 ,a bonbon containing #ae centigrammes of scammony1 and #b centigrammes of santonin4 7,reveil47 ,,bone4 ,syn4 ,os1 ,l41 ,fr42 ,,bein1 ,,knochen1 ,ger42 ,b,n1 ,sax4 ,the hard substance forming the interior skeleton of animals1 or any single part of it4 ,comp4 ,according to ,berzelius3-- ,human bones4 ,ox bones4 ,animal matter soluble in boiling water #cbag #cccj ,vascular substance #aac ,phosphate of calcium1 with a little fluoride of calcium #ecjd #egce ,carbonate of calcium #aacj #che ,phosphate of magnesium #aaf #bje ,chloride of sodium and other salts #abj #cde -------- -------- #ajj #ajj ,the soluble animal matter is chiefly fat and gelatin4 ,uses1 c4 ,the bones of animals are employed for various purposes in the arts1 manufactures1 and domestic economy4 ,those of good meat form most excellent materials for making soups and gravies1 as is well known to every cook4 ,in ,france1 soup is extensively made by subjecting bruised bones to a steam heat of #b or #c days' continuance4 ,in ,england the same is commonly effected in an iron ,papin's digester4 ,when the earthy matter of a bone is dissolved out by digesting it in a large quantity of very dilute hydrochloric acid1 a lump of gelatine is obtained1 which1 after being well washed with water1 is equal to isinglass for all the purposes of making soups and jellies4 ,the following is the process recommended by ,proust for making the best of bones1 in hospitals1 gaols1 and similar establishments3-- ,the bones1 crushed small1 are to be boiled for #ae minutes in a kettle of water1 and the fat 7which is fit for all common purposes7 skimmed off as soon as cold4 ,the bones are then to be ground1 and boiled in #h to #aj times their weight of water 7of which that already used must form a part71 until half of it is wasted1 when a very nutritious jelly will be obtained4 ,iron vessels should alone be used in this process1 as the jelly and soup act upon copper1 brass1 and the other common metals4 ,the bones of fresh meat are the most productive2 those of boiled meat come next1 whilst those of roasted meat scarcely afford any jelly4 ,as 'boning' meat before cooking is now a very general practice1 a quantity of fresh bones may always be obtained4 ,bones are1 for the most part1 ,,wrought1 ,,turned1 ,,bleached1 and ,,dyed in a similar manner to ivory1 but with less care1 owing to their inexpensive and coarser character4 ,before being submitted to any of these operations they are1 however1 first submitted to long boiling1 to deprive them of grease4 ,the bones of living animals may be dyed by mixing madder with their food4 ,the bones of young pigeons may thus be tinged of a rose colour in #bd hours1 and of a deep scarlet in #c days2 but the bones of adult animals take a fortnight to acquire even a rose colour4 ,the bones nearest the heart become tinged the soonest4 ,in the same way extract of logwood tinges the bones of young pigeons purple4 ,see ,,bleaching1 ,,dyeing1 ,,ivory1 c4 ,in all manufacturing processes in which bones are operated upon1 foul vapours1 unless special precautions are observed1 will be thrown off1 to the great annoyance and discomfort of those living near the building where the operations are performed4 ,to avoid this the offensive vapours should always be carried by a flue made for the purpose into the furnace-fire1 and there consumed4 ,but this will not remedy another source of annoyance which arises from the disgusting stench caused by the putrefaction of the flesh adhering to the bones1 which lie in heaps about the premises4 ,the trade of a bone-boiler comes under the head of offensive trades 7see ',public ,health ,acts1' s4 #aab-aad71 and is under the control and regulation of an urban sanitary authority1 which has also the power of preventing the bone-boiling being carried on within its district if it thinks proper4 ,,bone'-,,ash4 ,impure triphosphate of calcium1 obtained by calcining bones to whiteness1 and reducing the ash to fine powder4 ,used to make pure phosphate of calcium1 to form cupels1 c42 also sold for burnt hartshorn4 ,,bone'-,,dust4 ,syn4 ,,bone-,,manure4 ,bones 7previously boiled for their grease7 ground to different degrees of coarseness1 in a mill4 ,it is sown along with the seed in a drill4 ,wheat thus treated is said to yield #cj to #ej per cent1 more weight in straw and grain than by the common methods4 ,turnip and other light soils it renders more than ordinarily productive4 ,bone manure is much used in the west of ,yorkshire1 ,holderness1 and ,lincolnshire4 ,the usual quantity per acre is #gj bushels1 when used alone2 but when mixed with ashes or other common manure1 #cj bushels per acre is said to be enough4 ,when coarse1 and applied in the same manner as other manures1 it has been found to remain upwards of seven years in the ground1 the productiveness of which it has increased during the whole time4 ,,bone'-,,glue4 ,see ,,gelatin4 ,,bone'-,,grease4 ,from refuse bones1 bruised1 boiled in water1 and the broth skimmed when cold4 ,prod4 #a_/hth to #a_/dth of the weight of the dry bones4 7,proust47 ,used for making soap and candles4 ,see ,,charcoal1 ,,animal4 ,,bone'-,,phosphate4 ,see ,,tribasic ,,phosphate ,,of ,,lime4 ,,bone'-,,shavings4 ,syn4 ,,bone'-,,dust 7,turners'71 ,,bone-,,turnings4 ,this1 by boiling with water1 yields a beautiful jelly1 which is nearly equal to that produced from hartshorn and ivory shavings1 for which it is very frequently sold4 ,used to make jellies and blancmanges1 to stiffen straw bonnets1 c4 ,,bone-,,spavin4 ,a bony enlargement on the antero-internal parts of the hock in horses4 ,in recent cases it is best to apply cold applications1 but in protracted and chronic cases1 hot fomentations will be found best4 ,in case of these failing1 recourse should be had to blistering or firing1 or if need be to a seton4 ,,book',,binding 7-bind-74 ,although a full description of the various operations of this well-known art1 or handicraft1 does not properly fall within the province of this work1 a brief notice of them will probably1 in many cases1 prove useful to the amateur and the emigrant3-- ,the process of binding books is divided into several distinct operations1 which1 in large establishments1 are usually performed by different persons2 such a method being found to produce greater expedition1 and better work1 than when the whole is done by one person4 ,the sheets received from the hands of the printer are-- #a4 ,folded1 which is done correctly by observing the 'marks' or 'signatures' at the bottom of the pages4 ,as the sheets are folded they are laid upon each other in proper order1 and are ready to undergo-- #b4 ,the operation of beating4 ,this is performed by either laying them upon a large stone and striking them with a heavy smoothed-faced hammer1 or by passing them through a rolling-press4 ,the former method is usually adopted in the small way1 and the latter on the large scale4 ,illustration #c4 ,the sheets are next fastened to bands1 which is done by taking them up one by one1 and sewing them to pieces of cord1 stretched in a little frame screwed or fastened to the counter or table1 called the sewing press4 7,see engr47 ,the number of bands used is generally #f for a folio1 #e for a quarto1 and so on proportionally1 less than #d being seldom employed even for small sizes4 ,the ends of the cords being cut off to within about #b inches of the back1 the sheets are ready for-- #d4 ,glueing4 ,the back being knocked into shape with a hammer1 and the sheets placed in the cutting-press1 which is then slightly screwed up1 melted glue is thinly and evenly applied4 ,after a short time1 to permit it to become sufficiently set and hard1 the book is removed from the press1 and the back properly adjusted with a hammer1 when it is again put into the cutting-press1 where it is screwed up very tight1 and is then ready for-- #e4 ,cutting4 ,the instrument employed for this purpose is of a peculiar shape1 and called a plough or plough-knife1 which consists of a stout flat knife1 double-edged at the 'cutting point1' firmly set in a kind of frame1 in which it may be adjusted by screws4 #f4 ,affixing the boards4 ,the bands are now scraped out fine at the ends1 and fastened to the pasteboard intended to form the covers1 which is then properly adjusted1 and further shaped1 if necessary1 with a large pair of shears4 ,the edges now undergo the operation of-- #g4 ,sprinkling1 gilding1 or other adornment4 ,the first is performed with a stiff brush made of hog's bristles1 dipped in the colour2 the brush being held in the one hand1 and the hairs moved with the other1 so as to scatter the colour in minute drops equally over the surface4 #h4 ,the external covering of leather1 fancy cloth1 or paper1 is now applied1 having been previously soaked in paste1 to make it properly adhere4 ,one or more of the blank leaves of the book are next pasted against the inside of the cover1 to screen the ends that are turned over when the book is finished2 or for choice work1 is handed to a 'finisher' for-- #i4 ,lettering1 gilding1 c4 ,ordinary gold-leaf is applied by means of white of egg1 the pattern being given by pressure with heated brass tools1 having the design or letters on their surfaces4 ,the whole is then glazed over with white of egg and polished4 #aj4 ,burnishing book edges4 ,this is performed with a wolf's or dog's tooth1 or a steel burnisher4 ,place the books in a screw press1 with boards on each side of them1 and other boards distributed between each volume4 ,first rub the edges well with the tooth to give them a lustre4 ,after sprinkling1 or staining1 or when the edges have become dry1 burnish the front2 then turning the press1 burnish the edges at the top and bottom of the volume4 ,burnish the gilt edges in the same manner1 after having applied the gold2 but observe in gilding to put the gold first upon the front1 and allow it to dry2 and on no account commence the burnishing until the gold is quite dry4 ,the succession of the above operations sometimes slightly varies with the workmen1 and with the nature of the binding4 ,the examination of a bound book during their perusal will1 however1 render the whole quite familiar to the reader4 ,there are several varieties of binding1 of which only the following deserve notice here3-- ,,boards4 ,a book rather loosely done up1 without cutting the edges1 and covered with coloured paper or cloth1 is said to be in 'boards4' ,,cloth1 ,,cloth-,,binding4 ,this is the style of binding in which the majority of works are now issued4 ,it admits of great neatness and even beauty1 is cheap1 and when well executed is very durable4--,the prepared cloth 7hard-glazed or varnished calico71 cut by a pattern to the proper size1 is passed rapidly between the engraved cylinders of a rolling-press1 by which the design is given to it4 ,paste is now applied to each piece of cloth1 which is then placed over the volume previously prepared to receive it4 ,in many cases the covers are prepared separately before being embossed1 and are afterwards fastened in the finished state to the book by means of a piece of canvas or calico previously affixed to its back for the purpose1 when all that is required is to paste the ends of it to the inside of the boards1 with the last blank leaf over it4 ,books in cloth are seldom cut at the edges1 unless they are otherwise highly finished4 ,,half-,,binding4 ,books forwarded in boards1 and finished with leather backs and corners1 are said to be 'half-bound4' ,,leather-,,binding4 ,a book is only said to be 'bound1' or 'fully-bound1' when both its backs and sides are wholly covered with one piece of leather4--,the leather is wetted by immersion in water1 wrung or squeezed1 stretched on a smooth board1 cut to the proper size1 pared thin on the edges1 and covered with paste4 ,it is then applied to the book 7previously forwarded in boards1 and cut71 drawn tightly over it1 turned down on the inside1 rubbed smooth with a folding-stick1 and otherwise adjusted2 after which it is placed in some suitable situation1 at a distance from a fire1 to dry4 ,rough calf requires to be damped on the grain side with a sponge and water before pasting and covering4 ,russia-leather is well soaked in water for an hour1 taken out1 beaten1 and rubbed2 after which the paste is well worked into the flesh side before covering4 ,morocco is first 'grained' by rubbing it on a board1 with the grain side inside1 and1 after being pasted1 left to soak for about a quarter of an hour2 after which it is drawn on with a piece of woollen cloth1 to preserve the grain4 ,roan is either soaked in water1 or left to soak when pasted4 ,,school-,,binding4 ,originally applied to school-books strongly sewn and 'done up' in sheep-skin1 which was either left of a plain brown1 or sprinkled or marbled with copperas water4 ,similar works of a cheaper class are now often 'done up' in canvas1 brown-holland1 and even coarse and strong coloured glazed calico4 ,concluding ,remarks4 ,numerous patents for improvements in binding books1 several of which possess very great merit and usefulness1 have been obtained during the last #cj years4 ,among these1 one known as ',hancock's ,patent ,binding1' from its extreme novelty1 simplicity1 durability1 and inexpensiveness1 deserves a passing notice here4 ,by ,mr ,wm4 ,hancock's method the sheets are folded in double leaves1 and by being properly placed together and adjusted 7by setting them vertically1 with the edges forming the back of the book downwards1 in a concave mould so formed that whilst giving shape it may leave the whole breadth1 and nearly the whole length exposed71 and firmly secured by a few turns of packthread1 the book is subjected to the action of a press1 and a strong and quick-drying solution of india rubber is smeared over the back with the finger1 when the whole is left for #c or #d hours1 or longer1 to dry4 ,the operation is repeated as often as necessary1 after which fillets of cloth are cemented on with the same varnish1 and the book is ready to have the boards attached4 ,the sheets of books that cannot be folded in 'double leaves' may be strongly stitched through1 separately1 before adjusting them in the mould4 ,in this way several of the usual operations of binding are dispensed with4 ,we most willingly bear testimony to the strength and durability of this method1 as well as to the great convenience it affords in allowing the books to open perfectly flat upon a table1 or to be distorted in any possible manner1 without injury to their backs4 ,it is1 undoubtedly1 the best way of binding books for travellers4 ,the ,editor of the last edition of this work once had a large trunk of books1 among which was a massive volume bound on ,hancock's plan4 ,all the rest were nearly torn to pieces by a few months' journey1 but this one remained uninjured even after five years1 during which time it accompanied him in his travels1 extending1 collectively1 to upwards of #bc1jjj miles4 ,see ,,gilding1 ,,marbling1 ,,sprinkles1 ,,stains1 c4 ,,boonekamp ,,of ,,maagbitter4 ,dried orange berries1 #ajj grammes2 bitter orange peel1 #cj grammes2 gentian root1 #fj grammes2 cascarilla bark1 #cj grammes2 turmeric1 #ae grammes2 cinnamon1 #be grammes2 cloves1 #ae grammes2 rhubarb1 #g-a_/b grammes2 #ij per cent4 spirit1 #gej grammes3 water1 #afej grammes2 star-anise oil1 #dj drops2 sugar1 #bej grammes2 digested1 expressed1 and filtered4 7,hager47 ,,boots and ,,shoes4 ,the cleaning of boots and shoes forms no unimportant part of the domestic duties of a large establishment2 as on it being properly performed depend both their appearance and durability4 ,a votary of ,st ,crispin1 in whom we place considerable reliance1 assures us that to effect this object in the best style1 all that is necessary is to employ very little blacking 7merely enough to moisten the surface of the leather71 and to brush it off whilst still damp4 ,never make the surface wet1 nor allow the blacking to dry before applying the polishing brush4 ,for this purpose a portion only of the boot or shoe should be attended to at a time4 ,the dirt is1 of course1 to be carefully brushed off before applying the blacking4 ,when it is desired to restore the shape of a boot or shoe1 as well as to clean it1 boot trees may be used4 ,of the brushes1 we are told that there should be at least three--one 7dirt brush7 with bristles stiff1 but not wiry nor scratchy1 to remove mud and dirt2 another 7blacking-brush71 with fine1 flexible hair1 and plenty of it1 for applying the blacking2 and a third 7polishing-brush71 covered with long1 fine1 springy1 and slightly stiff hair1 for giving the polish4 ,the employment of inferior or worn-out brushes is said to be false economy1 and proves particularly destructive to the lighter classes of leather4 ,the occasional use of a little oil or grease to the uppers of boots and shoes increases their softness and durability1 as well as the 'depth1' but not the brilliancy of the polish1 from common blacking4 ,for this purpose some good tallow or 'dubbing' may be used2 the absorption being aided by a very gentle heat4 ,the soles or bottoms of new boots and shoes may be thoroughly saturated with similar substances1 by which means their durability will be fully doubled4 ,the common practice among the shoemakers is to moisten the surface of the leather with a wet sponge before applying the oil or grease2 by which 7they say7 its pores are opened and its absorbent powers increased4 ,varnish for ,boots and ,shoes4--#a4 ,boil together in a pipkin one pint of linseed oil2 #a_/b lb4 of mutton suet1 the same quantity of beeswax1 and a small piece of resin2 and when the mixture becomes milk-warm1 apply it with a hair brush4 ,after two applications the articles will become waterproof4 ,great caution must be exercised in melting the above ingredients1 lest the mixture boils over1 and so give rise to a conflagration4 #b4 ,common tar may be made warm and brushed over the soles of boots or shoes4 ,these latter are then put near the fire so that the tar may be absorbed4 ,when the absorption has taken place1 a second or third application may be given with advantage4 ,this application is not suitable for the upper leathers4 #c4 ,india-rubber varnish will be found very useful for anointing the upper leather of boots and shoes2 but the lower parts1 which are exposed to the wear and tear caused by friction with the ground1 are but little benefited by its application4 ,patent-leather boots and shoes are best cleaned with a little sweet oil or milk 7preferably the first71 the dirt having been previously removed in the usual way4 ,india-rubber goloshes and overshoes may be cleaned with a sponge or brush1 and water1 care being taken not to wet the linings4 ,the same applies to gutta percha4 ,see ,,blacking1 ,,leather1 ,,waterproofing1 c4 ,the reasons why boots and shoes so commonly cause corns1 and fatigue1 and give pain in wear1 are explained in our article on the ,,feet 7which see74 ,paramount in importance to the appearance of boots or shoes on the wearer is the desideratum1 not only of having them so made as to ensure personal comfort in walking1 but additionally to have them so constructed as to protect the feet from wet during damp and rainy weather4 ,the evils arising from getting the feet damp cannot be overstated2 amongst them are to be included--cold1 cough1 bronchitis1 inflammation of the lungs1 and rheumatism4 ,in those inheriting a constitutional consumptive taint1 a cold caught from wearing damp or leaky boots has very frequently been known to have precipitated the disease1 that has ended in more or less speedy death4 ,hence arises not only the duty of changing damp boots or shoes as soon as ever the opportunity offers1 but the wisdom of adopting the preventive precaution of wearing them of such stout construction as to be impervious to water during rainy weather4 ,if the dangers arising from a neglect of this advice are visited with such serious consequences upon adults and grown persons1 they affect infants and children with even far greater intensity1 because of the much more tender and sensitive organisation of the latter4 ,it therefore behoves every mother not only to see that her children are shod with good thick boots or shoes1 but to take especial care that whenever these are damp they are removed at once4 ,mr ,chavasse1 in his excellent work1 ',counsel to a ,mother1' recommends boots for walking out of doors and shoes for the house4 ,he adds1 that the constant wearing of boots in the house is weakening to the ankles1 as weakening as tight lacing is to the waist2 indeed it acts much in the same way1 namely1 by wasting away1 by pressure1 the ligaments of the ankles1 as stays waste away the muscles of the waist4 ,in support of his argument he quotes ,dr ,humphrey1 who says1 ,the notion is in both instances fortified by the fact that those persons who have been accustomed to the pressure either upon the ankle or upon the waist1 feel a want of it when it is removed1 and are uncomfortable without it4 ,they forget1 or are unconscious1 that the feeling of the want has been engendered by the appliance1 and that had they never resorted to the latter1 they would never have experienced the former4 ,the deduction to be drawn from ,dr ,hutchinson's opinion is that no more fertile source of weak ankles exists than that of wearing laced boots during childhood4 ,boots with elastic sides1 as exerting much more equal pressure1 and allowing full scope for the ankles to play1 are far preferable to tightly laced-up boots4 ,,boot-,,pow',,der4 ,french chalk reduced to powder by scraping or grating4 ,used to facilitate the 'getting on' of new or tight boots1 a little of it being rubbed on the insides of the backs1 heels1 and insteps4 ,,boot-,,top ,,liq',,uid4 ,syn4 ,,boot'-,,top ,,composi'',,tion4 ,there are numerous articles of this class extant1 but1 with few exceptions1 they are most unchemical mixtures1 not infrequently containing ingredients which are either unnecessary1 or opposed to the action of the rest4 ,the following are examples3-- ,prep4 a4 ,,white-,,top3--#a4 ,oxalic acid and white vitriol1 of each #a oz42 water1 #a-a_/b pint2 dissolve4 ,it is applied with a sponge1 the leather having been previously washed with water2 after a short time it is washed off with water1 when the boot-tops are either dried in a current of air or by a gentle heat2 they are lastly either polished with a brush1 so as to appear like new leather1 or they are left rough1 as the case may require4 #b4 ,sour milk1 #a quart2 butter of antimony1 cream of tartar1 tartaric acid1 and burnt alum1 of each #b oz42 mix4 #c4 ,sour milk 7skimmed71 #c pints2 cream of tartar1 #b oz42 alum and oxalic acid1 of each #a oz4 #d4 ,alum1 cream of tartar1 magnesia1 and oxalic acid1 of each #a oz42 salt of sorrel and sugar lead1 of each #a_/d oz42 water1 #a quart4 ,the preceding are for white tops4 b4 ,,brown-,,top3--,alum1 annatto1 and oxalic acid1 of each #a oz42 isinglass and sugar of lead1 of each #a_/b oz42 salt of sorrel1 #a_/d oz42 water1 #a quart2 boil for #aj minutes4 c4 ,saffron1 #ae grains2 boiling water1 #b oz42 infuse and strain4 ,add tincture of rhubarb #a-a_/b oz42 concentrated infusion of rhubarb1 to make up to #d oz4 ,,boracic ,,acid 7-r7as'-74 ,h#c;,,bo#c4 ,syn4 ,,boric ,,acid1 ,,sedative ,,saltdagger1 ,s4 ,s4 ,,of ,,vit',,rioldagger2 ,,acidum ,,boracicum 7-r7as'-71 ,l42 ,,acide ,,boracique1 ,a4 ,,borique1 ,fr42 ,,boraxs,,ure1 c41 ,ger4 ,the pure acid is obtained from common borax4 ,that of commerce is extracted from the boracic acid lagoons of ,tuscany4 ,prep4 #a4 ,borax1 #a part2 boiling water1 #d parts2 dissolve1 and add sulphuric acid until the solution acquires a distinctly acid reaction1 for which purpose about #a_/b the weight of the borax will be required4 ,as the solution cools1 crystals of ,,boracic ,,acid will be deposited4 ,these may be purified by placing them on a filter1 and washing them with a little very cold water1 followed by re-solution1 in boiling water1 and recrystallisation4 ,nearly pure4 #b4 ,as the last1 but substituting hydrochloric acid for the sulphuric acid1 there ordered4 ,very nearly pure4 #c4 ,by exposing the product of the first crystallisation of either of the preceding formul to heat in a platinum crucible1 and redissolving and recrystallising the residuum4 ,chemically pure4 ,used in analysis4 ,prop41 c4 ,odourless2 bitter-tasted2 dissolves in #be times its weight of cold water1 and in #c times its weight of boiling water2 very soluble in alcohol1 which then burns with a bright green flame2 reddens litmus2 browns turmeric-paper 7properties characteristic of this substance72 when strongly heated it forms a brittle glass 7,,vitrified ,,boracic ,,acid7 on cooling4 ,the crystallised acid contains #c atoms1 or #dce of water4 ,its salts are called ,,bo'',,rates4 ,uses4 ,boracic acid was once administered internally1 in large doses1 as an anodyne1 antispasmodic1 and sedative1 but is now scarcely ever employed as a medicine4 ,the crude acid is used in the manufacture of borax2 the pure acid in the manufacture of certain chemicals4 ,boracic acid is extensively used in ,sweden and other countries for the preservation of milk4 ,meat which has been soaked in a solution of the acid for a few seconds1 and milk to which a small quantity has been added1 will keep much longer than they would otherwise do4 ,in ,sweden alone boracic acid to the amount of #ge1jjjl4 was consumed in one year4 ,it is said to be a perfectly harmless antiseptic4 ,,boracic ,,anhydride4 ,see ,,boric ,,anhydride4 ,,borate4 ,eng41 ,fr4 ,syn4 ,,bo'',,ras1 ,l42 ,,boraxs,,ure ,,salze1 ,ger4 ,a salt in which the hydrogen of boracic acid is replaced by a basic radical4 ,the borates may be formed by either digesting the hydrate of the base in a solution of the acid1 with the assistance of heat1 or from a solution of borax and a soluble salt of the base1 by double decomposition4 ,they are all decomposed by the stronger acids4 ,tests4 ,the borates may be tested by digesting them in a slight excess of oil of vitriol1 evaporating the resulting solution to dryness1 powdering the residuum1 and dissolving it in alcohol2 the resulting solution possesses the property of burning with a green flame if the sample examined was a borate1 or contained a notable quantity of one4 ,see ,,boracic ,,acid4 ,,borax4 ,eng41 ,fr42 ,ger41 ,l41 ,b4 ,p4 #b,na,b,o#b4;,b#b,o#c4 ,syn4 ,,bibo'',,rate ,,of ,,so',,da1 ,,bo'',,rate ,,of ,s991 ,,subbo'',,rate ,,of ,s4dagger1 ,,gold ,,solderdagger991 ,,refined' ,,tinc',,aldagger992 ,,so',d ,,bibo'',,ras1 ,s4 ,,bo'',,ras1 ,l42 ,,chrysocolle1 c41 ,fr42 ,,boraxsaures ,,natron1 c41 ,ger4 ,c,o,mmercial biborate of soda4 ,borax is obtained either by purifying native borate of soda 7,,tinc',,al1 ,,tinc',,ar71 or by saturating crude boracic acid with the alkali4 ,it is never prepared on the small scale unless for chemical analysis4 ,prop4 ,crystals1 six-sided prisms1 which contain #aj equiv4 of water1 and effloresce in dry air2 soluble in #bj parts of cold1 and in #f parts of boiling water2 solution has an alkaline reaction on test-paper2 by heat it loses its water of crystallisation1 and at a higher temperature fuses to a glass-like substance 7see below74 ,pur4 ,this may be ascertained by determining the quantity of sulphuric acid required to neutralise a given weight of the sample under examination1 as indicated by litmus paper4 ,common salt and alum are frequently mixed with borax to lower the value4 ,the first may be detected by a solution in hot water giving a curdy-white precipitate with nitrate of silver1 soluble in ammonia2 the last1 by water of ammonia1 giving a bulky-white pulverulent precipitate4 ,the former must be distinguished from the white pulverulent precipitate of borate of silver1 which is thrown down from pure borax4 ,uses1 c4 ,borax is extensively employed as a flux for metals1 for soldering1 and in medicine4 ,internally it is diuretic1 sedative1 emmenagogue1 and refrigerant1 in doses of #ae to #dj gr42 externally1 made into a gargle for sore throat1 and in powder as a detergent in aphth1 and ulcerations of the month4 ,dissolved in rose-water1 it is used as a cosmetic2 and mixed with about #h times its weight of lard1 forms a useful ointment in piles and sore nipples4 ,the ',comptes ,rendus' 7lxxx1 #dgc7 contains the results of some experiments made by ,m4 ,schnetzler1 with the view of testing the antifermentative and anti-putrefactive properties of borax4 ,when the leaves of the ,elodea ,canadensis were plunged into a concentrated solution of borax1 the living matter of the cell was killed1 and the same result followed with the fresh leaves and spores of the ,vaucheria clavata1 the spores of the grape fungus 7,oidium sacchari71 and of yeast moulds1 c4 ,infusoria1 rotifera1 and entomostraca1 placed in water containing borax1 quickly ceased to move and then died4 ,the larv of frogs placed in a solution of borax were killed in less than an hour after immersion4 ,m4 ,schnetzler thinks the deduction to be drawn from these facts is that borax ought to act antagonistically to fermentation1 if this latter be a chemical phenomenon accomplished under the influence of the life of the yeast4 ,to test the correctness of this hypothesis experiments were undertaken with a view of determining the action of borax upon fermentable matters4 ,ripe grapes and currants after being kept two years in a concentrated solution of borax1 in a closed vessel1 presented no trace of fermentation1 although1 however well preserved1 they were not eatable4 ,as a counter test grapes were placed in a well-closed vessel filled with ordinary water1 when after a time1 according to the temperature1 fermentation took place1 with evolution of carbonic acid4 ,thirty cubic centimtres of fresh milk were placed in a test tube with one gram of borax4 ,the cream quickly formed a rather thick layer on the upper portion4 ,although the test tube was closed by a cork a mould was formed upon the cream1 but the remainder of the liquid underwent no acid fermentation1 and retained during several months the appearance of very clear creamed milk1 and although afterwards under the influence of summer heat the liquid became perfectly limpid1 and deposited the casein as a soft white matter1 neither the deposit nor the liquid had an acid taste1 and after three months they still had the odour of fresh milk4 ,fresh milk put into a well-closed tube without borax underwent fermentation in two or three days4 ,a piece of sheep's brain treated with powdered borax1 after eight days1 although it evolved sulphuretted hydrogen1 gave no indications of putrefaction1 and after retaining a soft consistence during some months1 became hard and almost horny without any disagreeable smell4 ,a pound of beef was placed in a concentrated solution of borax1 in a tin case not hermetically sealed4 ,the liquid into which the colouring matter of the blood1 and some of the soluble nitrogenous substances of the meat had diffused1 was three times removed during a year and a half1 and the meat washed with cold water2 but at the end of the above time it had not the least odour of putrefaction4 ,it was of a yellowish colour1 but soft and tender as fresh meat4 ,removed from the borax solution the meat remained in the same state in the air4 ,beef1 veal and portions of sheeps' brains were placed in a vessel which was filled with solution of borax and hermetically sealed4 ,the liquid soon became clear red1 and this colour remained during several months without alteration4 ,the meat presented not the least disagreeable smell as long as excess of air was prevented4 ,meat placed in water in a flask hermetically sealed became rotten in a few days4 ,the peculiar odour of the meat preserved in borax in contact with air the author considers to be due to the decomposition of matters which result from the metamorphosis of substances that constitute the muscular and intermuscular fibre4 ,although probably the use of borax will not be applicable to the preservation of meat for culinary purposes1 the author considers that it may be economically substituted for alcohol in the preservation of anatomical specimens4 ,moreover1 its power of suspending life in the lower organisms would seem to indicate its probable utilisation in the treatment of wounds1 c4 ,in support of the above views as to the antiseptic properties of borax1 ,m4 ,schnetzler refers to a letter from an ,english traveller in ,california1 who there observed that in a soil containing borax the carcass of a horse had1 for four months1 remained without decomposition1 the flesh continuing perfectly fresh1 and the eye retaining its clearness and brightness4 ,for most of the proposed applications of salicylic acid to the preservation of milk1 and the products derived from it1 it is affirmed that borax is equally efficacious1 and has the advantage of being cheaper and more convenient4 ,borax1 ,glass of4 ,borax dried at a gentle heat1 and then melted by increasing the heat until it forms a vitreous mass on being cooled4 ,used in soldering1 and as a flux1 particularly in blowpipe experiments4 ,,bo'',,ric ,,acid4 ,see ,,boracic ,,acid4 ,,boric ,,anhydride4 ,b#b,o#c4 ,syn4 ,,anhydrous ,,boracic ,,acid1 ,,boracic ,,anhydride1 ,,boric ,,oxide4 ,the only known oxide of boron4 ,it can be produced by burning boron in oxygen1 in the air1 or in nitrous oxide1 but is most easily and economically prepared by strongly heating boracic acid so as to deprive it of water4 ,it is a brittle vitreous solid1 not volatilised by heat except in the presence of water4 ,dissolves in water1 forming boracic acid4 ,its alcoholic solution burns with a green flame1 like that of boracic acid4 ,,bo',,ron4 ,b4 ,the base of boracic acid4 ,it was discovered by ,homberg in #agjb2 but1 from attracting little notice1 was soon forgotten4 ,it was rediscovered1 almost simultaneously1 by ,sir ,h4 ,davy and by ,gay-,lussac and ,thnard1 in #ahjg-h4 ,prep4 ,boron is prepared by a process similar to that employed to obtain silicium3--,potassium and perfectly dry boracic acid1 or1 preferably1 boro-fluoride of potassium1 intimately mixed together1 are placed in a glass adopter-tube1 and submitted to a low red heat4 ,when cold1 the loose cork that fastened its mouth is removed1 and hot water poured in1 in successive portions1 until the whole matter is detached and all its soluble portion dissolved2 the liquid is next allowed to settle1 and the precipitate washed first with a solution of sal-ammoniac1 and afterwards with alcohol2 the residuum 7boron7 is lastly dried in a capsule1 and put into a well-stoppered phial4 ,prop41 c4 ,a solid1 tasteless1 and inodorous powder1 of a dark greyish-brown colour4 ,with sulphur it unites at high temperatures1 forming sulphurets 7sulphides of boron72 and when placed in chlorine gas it spontaneously inflames1 and a gaseous chloride of boron is formed4 ,the compounds of boron with basic radicals are termed ,,borides4 ,obs4 ,among the most remarkable of the recent discoveries in chemistry are those of ,,mm4 ,wohler and ,deville1 relative to silica and boron4 ,each of these substances is now proved to exist in three very different states1 analogous to the three known states of carbon1 namely1 charcoal1 graphite1 and diamond4 ,the last of these states is1 of course1 the most interesting4 ,crystallised boron possesses a hardness1 brightness1 and refractive power comparable to those of the diamond2 it burns in chlorine1 without residue1 and with circumstances resembling those of the combustion of diamond in oxygen2 it is not acted on by any of the acids1 and appears to be the least alterable of all the simple bodies4 ,its powder is already used in the arts1 instead of diamond-dust2 and it seems not improbable that1 when obtained by the chemist in crystals of a larger size1 it may rival even the diamond as a gem4 ,some late experiments by ,wohler and ,deville seem to have established the fact1 that the so-called graphitoidal boron is really a boride of aluminium4 ,its formation on fusing aluminium with amorphous boron or boric oxide appears to take place more particularly when the heat applied is neither very strong nor long continued4 ,boron1 ,terflu'oride of4 ,see ,,fluoboric ,,acid4 ,,bothriocephalus ,,cordatus4 ,leuckart was the first to describe this creature1 which is a parasitic worm infesting the human intestines4 ,it is1 however1 much more commonly met with in dogs than in man4 ,the annexed engraving depicts--b1 the head 7back view71 magnified five diameters2 b'1 upper part of body and head1 magnified two diameters2 a is a portion of the worm1 natural size4 ,see ,,bothriocephalus ,,latus4 ,illustration ,,bothriocephalus ,,latus4 ,a parasitic worm infesting the human intestines4 ,although classed with the tapeworms1 it differs essentially from tnia4 ,the head is of an elongated form1 compressed with an anterior obtuse prominence into which the mouth opens4 ,illustration ,the animal has the power of elongating and contracting the neck1 so that it appears sometimes short1 sometimes long4 ,the joints or segments commence about three inches from the head2 the anterior ones are nearly square1 but the remainder are much elongated transversely4 ,each segment contains on its flat surface two orifices1 the anterior connected with a male1 the posterior with a female organ of generation4 ,the parasite is of a brown colour1 and from six to twenty feet in length4 ,those who are affected by this worm never pass the single segments from the bowels1 but void them in chains of many links4 ,the ova are also frequently to be met with in the fces2 they are of an ovoid shape2 the capsule is perfectly translucent1 and the yolk is distinguishable4 ,the yolk undergoes segmentation1 and ultimately develops an embryo with six hooks at the anterior extremity1 cased in a mantle studded with vibratory cilia1 and the lid of the capsule then opens up2 and the embryo escapes4 ,if they do not obtain access to the intestines of an animal within a week1 they lose their ciliated mantle and perish4 ,drinking-water is supposed to be the chief if not the only medium through which the parasite gains admissions to the intestines in man4 ,it seems to be unknown in ,england1 except when imported2 but is common in ,russia1 ,sweden1 ,norway1 ,lapland1 ,finland1 ,poland1 and ,switzerland4 ,,bots4 ,the larv of the gad-fly4 ,the eggs are deposited by the female fly on the horse's shoulder and on parts of the body within reach of the tongue1 by which they are carried to the mouth and find their way to the stomach4 ,they usually resist all attempts to expel them4 ,the most promising treatment consists in rubbing down in hot water about #b or #c drms4 each of aloes and assafoetida2 and when the solution has cooled1 adding to it #a oz4 each of turpentine and ether4 ,repeat this dose two or three times a week1 omitting the aloes if necessary4 ,,bot',,tles 7b7ot'lz74 ,see ,,glass1 ,,infancy1 ,,lactation1 ,,phials1 c4 ,,bott',,ling 7b7ot'l-7ing47 ,see ,,corks1 ,,malt ,,liquors1 ,,wine1 c4 ,,bougie 7boo'-zhe74 ,fr4 ,syn4 ,,ce',,reus1 ,,cere',,olus1#bbg ,,cande',,la ,,probato'',,ria991 ,l4 ,in surgery1 a long slender instrument1 originally of wax1#bbh introduced into the urethra1 oesophagus1 or rectum1 in stricture and other diseases of those organs4 ,footnote #bbg3 ,properly1 a 'little bougie4' ,footnote #bbh3 ,hence the name4 ,prep4 #a4 7,prof4 ,pickel's47 ,amber 7melted71 #a part2 boiled oil1 #c parts2 mix1 cool a little1 and further add of oil of turpentine1 #a part2 spread the mixture1 at #c successive intervals1 upon loose spun-silk cord or web2 dry in a heat of #aej ,fahr41 and repeat the process until the instrument has acquired the proper size2 lastly1 polish it1 first with pumice-stone1 and afterwards with tripoli and oil4 ,this is the original receipt of the once celebrated ,french professor ,pickel1 and is still generally used1 slightly modified1 on the ,continent4 ,at the present time1 in ,paris1 a little caoutchouc1 equal to about #a_/bjth of the weight of the oil employed1 is generally added4 ,for the best ,,elas',,tic ,,bougies the process usually occupies from #f to #h weeks1 to allow full time for the drying and hardening of the composition4 ,when the bougie is required to be hollow1 a piece of polished metallic wire is introduced into the axis of the silk2 or tin-foil is rolled round the wire and the composition applied as before4 ,when dry and hard the wire is withdrawn4 #b4 7,hunter's47 ,yellow wax1 #b parts2 red lead1 #c parts2 olive oil1 #f parts2 slowly boiled together until combination takes place2 strips of soft linen 7rather wider at the one end than the other7 are then dipped into the composition1 rolled up firmly1 and finished off on a polished slab4 #c4 7,piderit's47 ,olive oil1 #a part2 wax1 #f parts2 as before4 #d4 7,bell's47 ,lead-plaster1 #aa parts2 yellow wax1 #d parts2 olive oil1 #a part4 #e4 7,st4 ,b4 ,hosp47 ,wax1 #ab parts2 ,chio turpentine1 #d parts2 red sulphide of mercury1 #a part4 #f4 ,,caou',,tchouc ,,bougies3--,in ,france1 where ether is comparatively inexpensive1 these are made by applying an ethereal solution of india rubber to the silk or foil prepared as before4 ,in ,england1 naphtha was1 until recently1 employed instead of 'ether1' but it furnishes a very inferior product4 ,now bisulphuret of carbon is generally used as the solvent4 ,sometimes strips of india rubber1 previously boiled in water1 or that have had their edges softened by moistening them with a little ether1 or bisulphuret of carbon1 are wound round the 'wire or foil1' and kept in their place by a piece of tape applied over them4 ,they are afterwards carefully smoothed off and polished4 #g4 ,,gutta-,,per',,cha ,,bougies3--,these are formed of gutta percha 7previously softened by immersion in boiling water71 by rolling it between plates of polished glass or marble4 ,when skilfully prepared from the best 7uncoloured7 gutta percha1 they are admirable instruments4 ,a bougie of this description1 of moderate size1 and slightly oiled1 or wetted with glycerin or gum-water1 may be passed through the whole length of the urethra of a healthy person without causing the slightest pain4 ,gutta-percha catheters 7hollow bougies7 are still more flexible and easily introduced1 and may remain in the urethra for a long time without causing irritation2 an important advantage in such matters4 ,the reader cannot1 however1 be too careful to avoid those made of coloured gutta percha1 which1 unfortunately1 rapidly become very brittle by age4 ,those originally manufactured in this material were coloured black1 and were constantly breaking whilst in use--a disaster from which several serious and even fatal cases ensued4 ,there is no such danger to be dreaded from those made of the uncoloured material when of good quality4 ,,boules ,,de ,,nancy4 ,see ,,balls 7,martial74 ,,bouilli4 ,fr4 ,a name frequently applied by cooks to dishes of boiled or stewed meat1 as a refinement on its plain ,english synonymes4 ,thus1 beef bouilli1 beef in bouilli1 c41 mean stewed or boiled beef1 c4 ,as1 however1 the name is la franais1 so must be the 'accompaniments1' which generally consist of herbs and vegetable seasoning in greater quantity and variety than is usually deemed essential for an humble dish of ,english boiled or stewed meat4 ,,bouillon 7bool'-yong74 ,fr4 ,in cookery1 broth1 soup4 ,,bouquet' 7boo-ka'74 ,fr4 ,a nosegay4 ,in perfumery1 highly scented spirits 7esprits7 adapted for the handkerchief are commonly called bouquets4 ,the following are examples3-- ,bouquet d',amour4 ,prep4 ,from esprits de rose1 jasmin1 violette1 and cassie 7flowers of acacia farnesiana71 of each #b parts2 essences of musk and ambergris1 of each #a part2 mix1 and filter4 ,bouquet de la ,reine4 ,prep4 #a4 ,essence of bergamot1 #a dr42 ,english oil of lavender1 #be drops2 oil of cloves1 aromatic vinegar1 and essence of musk1 of each #aj drops2 alcohol1 #a fl4 oz42 mix4 #b4 ,oils of bergamot and lavender1 of each #cj drops2 neroli1 #ae drops2 oils of verbena and cloves1 of each #e drops2 essences of musk1 ambergris1 and jasmin1 of each #a_/b dr42 rectified spirit of wine 7strongest1 scentless71 #b fl4 oz42 mix4 ,a much-esteemed perfume4 ,,bra',,gras4 ,tar1 black resin1 and the dregs of strained resin1 melted together4 ,,brain 7brane74 ,syn4 ,,brainsdouble-dagger2 ,,cer',,ebrum1 ,l42 ,,cerveau1 ,fr42 ,,gehirn1 ,,hirn1 ,ger4 ,the soft whitish mass of nerve-matter contained in the skulls of animals1 and1 in man1 supposed to be the seat of the soul and the mind4 ,brains4 7,in cookery47 ,there appears to be scarcely anything which is at all eatable that the ingenuity and taste of the modern cook does not appropriate to his purposes1 and clothe with delectability1 or transform into something execrable4 ,we observe that our chef de cuisine--no unimportant personage--has taxed every viscera and brought together every novelty and dainty to humour and excite the appetite4 ,animals which were guiltless of brains whilst living1 are found by him to possess excellent ones when dead1 from which he prepares a variety of miniature dishes which are truly novel and inviting4 ,let frugal housewives for the future carefully value their brains1 and apply them to useful purposes in a double sense4 ,when cleaned1 washed1 blanched1 and flavoured with the necessary seasoning1 they may be formed into a variety of hors-d'oeuvres creditable to any table4 ,mrs ,rundell tells us that beat up with a little white pepper and salt1 a sage-leaf or two 7scalded and finely chopped71 and the yelk of an egg1 and fried1 they make excellent cakes1 fritters1 c4 ,,bramaelixir--,,genuine ,,asiatic ,,stomach ,,bitter 7,ch4 ,rama ,ayen1 ,hamburg74 ,cardamoms1 cinnamon1 cloves1 of each #ae grammes2 galangal1 ginger1 zedoary1 pepper1 of each #cj grammes2 wormwood oil1 #ae drops2 #ij per cent4 spirit1 #hcj grammes2 water1 #ccj grammes2 digest and filter4 7,hager47 ,,bran4 ,syn4 ,,fur',,fur1 ,l42 ,,bran1 ,,son1 ,fr42 ,,kleie1 ,ger4 ,the inner husk or proper coat of the cereal grains1 sifted from the flour2 appr41 that of wheat4 ,comp4 #ajj parts of bran contain albuminoid bodies1 #achj2 oil1 #eef2 starch1 fibre1 c41 #fafg2 ash1 #faa2 water1 #abhe4 ,uses1 c4 ,the bran of wheat1 diffused through hot water1 is largely employed by the calico-printers to remove the colouring matter from those parts of their goods which are not mordanted4 ,a handful mixed with a pail of warm water forms an excellent emollient foot-bath4 ,infused in hot water 7bran-tea71 and sweetened1 it forms a popular demulcent1 much used in coughs and hoarseness1 and which1 taken in quantity1 proves gently laxative4 ,it also forms an excellent manure1 and1 from containing the ammonio-magnesian phosphate1 is especially adapted as a 'dressing' for potatoes4 ,it is frequently mixed with flour1 and made into bread 7bran-bread71 which is eaten by the poorer orders for economy1 and by the higher classes because it is recommended by the faculty as being more wholesome than white wheaten-bread4 ,bran ,mash4 ,put half a peck of bran or pollard into a bucket and pour on to it enough scalding water to wet it thoroughly2 stir well with a stick or work with the hands2 and let it stand1 covered up1 till new-milk warm4 ,if a horse is not in work on ,sunday1 it is a good custom to give it on ,saturday evening a bran mash in lieu of a feed of corn4 ,bran mash is cooling and slightly laxative4 ,the bran should always be freshly ground4 ,when intended to be nutritive1 oats should be scalded with the bran4 ,,brandish',s ,,alkaline 7,liqueur de potasse des ,anglais1 ,solutio ,alkalina ,anglica71 used in ,england to add to meat and vegetables about to be cooked1 to help in drawing tea and coffee1 and as a medicine to neutralise acidity of the stomach and lubricate the digestive passages die ,verdanungswege schlpfriger zu machen4 ,preparation3--,crude carbonate of potash #c parts1 wood ashes #a part1 quicklime #a part1 warm water #dj parts4 ,add to the water the lime1 carbonate1 and ashes1 digest one day1 and filter4 7,hager47 ,,brandreth',s ,,pills1 much used as a purging pill in ,north ,america1 consist of gamboge1 podophyllin1 the inspissated juice of pokeberries1 saffron adulterated with turmeric1 powdered cloves1 and peppermint oil4 ,gamboge is stated to be present in ,brandreth's pills on the authority of two ,american druggists and one dealer4 ,the action of the pills does not1 however1 correspond with that ingredient1 for in two persons five pills produced no loose stools4 7,hager47 ,,bran',,dy4 ,syn4 ,,spir',,itus ,,gal',,licus1 ,s4 ,,vi',,ni ,,gal',,lici 7-si2 ,b4 ,p471 ,a',,qua ,,vi',tdagger991 ,l42 ,,eau-,,de-,,vie1 ,fr42 ,,branntwein1 ,,cognac1 ,ger42 ,,bran',,dywinedagger4 ,a well-known spirituous liquor obtained by the distillation of the wine of grapes4 ,the name is also often1 though improperly1 given to the spirit distilled from other liquors1 and particularly from the fermented juice of fruits2 but in this case usually with some qualifying epithet4 ,when first distilled1 brandy1 like other spirituous liquors1 is colourless 7,,white ,,brandy71 and continues so if kept in glass or stoneware2 but if stored in new oak casks1 as is usually the case1 it gradually acquires a yellowish tint from the wood 7,,pale ,,brandy74 ,the deep colour that this spirit frequently possesses when it reaches the consumer is imparted to it by the addition of a little burnt sugar 7caramel74 ,catechu1 or terra japonica1 in powder or solution1 is also sometimes added to give a roughness to the spirit4 ,the original intention was merely to imitate the appearance acquired by brandy from great age1 when kept in wood2 but in process of time the thing has come to be overdone4 ,the natural colour which the spirit receives from the cask1 however long it may be kept in it1 never exceeds a light amber tint1 about equal to that of pale ,jamaica rum4 ,nothing1 however1 will now please the public taste but a spirit of lively and full 'brandy-colour1' as it is called4 ,the consequence is that more colouring is commonly added than is compatible with a rich appearance or a very fine flavour4 ,the brandies most esteemed in ,england are imported from ,france1 and are those of ,cognac and ,armagnac1 the preference being generally given to the former4 ,the brandies of ,rochelle and ,bordeaux come next in quality2 while those obtained from ,portugal1 ,spain1 and ,italy are very inferior4 ,the constituents of pure brandy are alcohol and water1 together with small quantities of a volatile oil1 acetic acid1 acetic ether1 oenanthic ether1 colouring matter1 and tannin4 ,it is from the presence of the two ethers that the spirit derives its characteristic smell and flavour4 ,the amount of absolute alcohol in brandy varies from #de to #ee per cent4 ,when first imported it is generally #a or #b over-proof1 but its strength decreases by age1 and by the time it is taken from the bonded store for sale1 it is seldom stronger than #c or #d under-proof4 ,pure brandies of the best quality1 even when new1 seldom exceed proof1 and are generally a little below it4 ,the reason of this is that they are but slightly rectified1 as redistillation tends to injure the ethereal oils1 upon which the flavour of the brandy depends4 ,the quality and flavour of the brandy imported from ,france vary1 and often considerably1 from that which is drunk at the best tables on the ,continent2 this principally arises from it being prepared1 or1 as it is technically termed1 'made up1' for the ,london market2 which means lowering it by the addition of plain spirit1 colouring1 c4 ,this is done to any extent desired by the ,english purchaser1 and the quantity and prices of the substances so added are regularly set out in the invoice4 ,the strength at which foreign brandy is sold in ,england varies from proof to #cc under-proof4 ,in large quantities1 and from bond1 the strength1 of course1 depends much upon the age and quality of the spirit2 a fine old brandy being1 perhaps1 #ae or #ag u4 p41 while one of the last year's vintage1 of a commoner quality1 may be as strong as #b u4 p41 or even #a u4 p4 ,these matters are familiar to every experienced brandy dealer4 ,in ,france there are several varieties of brandy1 which are known by names descriptive of their qualities1 source1 and strengths3-- ,eau-de-vie suprieure is obtained from pale white wines by skilful distillation1 and is remarkable for its rich and delicate flavour4 ,it forms the finest variety of ,,cognac ,,brandy1 both 'white' and 'pale1' of the ,english drinker1 being seldom artificially coloured4 ,its deepest tint1 though long kept in wood1 never exceeds a pale amber2 and hence1 even when thus coloured1 it is frequently called 'white brandy' by the uninitiated4 ,eau-de-vie ordinaire1 or common brandy1 is distilled from inferior or spoilt white or red wines2 average sp4 gr4 about #jidgf 7from #bb to #bg u4 p474 ,it forms the 'ordinary brandy' of the taverns and hotels2 and1 after being 'made up' with plain spirit to #a or #b u4 p41 a very large portion of that which is exported4 ,of each of the above varieties there are numerous degrees of qualities1 which are further increased in number by their admixture1 and by the addition to them of plain spirit4 ,eau-de-vie de marc4 ,from the lees of sour1 damaged1 and inferior red wines1 the marc or cake of grapes1 c41 distilled by a quick fire1 to drive over as much essential oil and flavouring matter as possible4 ,coarse flavoured and inferior4 ,used chiefly to mix with other brandy1 or to flavour plain spirit4 ,eau-de-vie seconde4 ,the weak spirit that passes over1 after the receiver has been changed4 ,very weak and inferior4 ,eau-de-vie preuve d',hollande4 ,sp4 gr4 #ida to #idb 7#ah to #bj u4 p474 ,the common strength at which brandy is retailed in ,france1 and that at which it stands the 'proof' or 'bead4' ,eau-de-vie preuve d'huile4 ,sp4 gr4 #iahe 7about #bc ,baum1 or #a-a_/d o4 p472 pure1 olive oil just sinks in it4 ,it is the strongest brandy kept for retail sale in ,france4 ,eau-de-vie forte4 ,from common brandy distilled at a low temperature4 ,it answers to our spirit of wine4 ,sp4 gr4 #hci 7#ch ,baum1 or #ee o4 p474 ,esprit de vin is brandy or spirit1 carefully rectified to #hfa 7#bh ,baum1 or #db o4 p41 and upwards74 ,pur41 c4 ,the method of determining the strength of brandy is explained under ',,alcoholometry1' ,of the large quantity of this liquor consumed in ,england1 we can assure the reader that a small fraction only escapes adulteration4 ,pure ,french brandy is indeed an article quite unattainable by the small consumer4 ,the brandy of our shops and taverns is not only systematically 'lowered' a little 7with spirit of wine or ,british brandy7 by the wholesale dealer1 but it undergoes a like process1 but to a much greater extent1 at the hands of the retailer4 ,the only method to obtain perfectly pure brandy is either to take it direct from the bond store1 or to buy it of some known respectable party1 and to pay a price that offers no inducement to dishonesty4 ,when this cannot be done1 ,british brandy had better be at once purchased1 by which money will be saved1 and a more wholesome article obtained4 ,french brandy1 as already noticed1 is commonly 'lowered' with water1 malt brandy1 and spirit of wine1 by which its original flavour is more or less weakened and injured4 ,this species of adulteration is best detected by the palate4 ,another1 and no very uncommon fraud practised by the retailers1 is to reduce their brandy with a large quantity of water4 ,as a natural consequence their liquor suffers so greatly in flavour1 and its deficiency in alcohol becomes so apparent1 that they soon see the necessity of either abandoning the nefarious practice1 or resorting to others of a less harmless character to disguise it4 ,the latter alternative is commonly adopted4 ,an excess of burnt sugar is immediately introduced into the spirit1 followed by sundry portions of cayenne pepper1 grains of paradise1 horse-radish1 acetic ether1 c41 to give it a pungency and 'make-believe strength' that passes muster with the petty consumer4 ,this fraud may be detected by gently evaporating a little of the suspected liquor in a spoon or glass capsule1 when the acrid matter1 colouring1 and sugar will be left behind1 and may be readily detected by their flavour1 sweetness1 glutinosity1 c4 ,a little perfectly pure brandy evaporated in a similar manner 7on a watch-glass1 for instance71 merely leaves a trifling discoloration on the surface of the glass4 ,genuine ,french brandy always reddens blue litmus paper1 from containing a little acetic acid2 the old coloured varieties are also blackened by a solution of a persalt of iron4 ,another test for caramel 7burnt sugar7 is1 let a small quantity of the brandy be well shaken with one sixth of its volume of white of egg1 and the precipitate formed allowed to deposit1 or be removed by filtration2 the clear liquid ought to be colourless4 ,should caramel be present1 however1 it will retain its colour4 ,sometimes brandy is contaminated with a small quantity of lead or copper derived from the apparatus or utensils with which it has been prepared or measured4 ,sugar of lead has also sometimes been used by the ignorant dealer to clarify it4 ,the presence of these highly deleterious substances may be detected in the following manner3-- #a4 ,,copper3--a4 ,a small piece of clean polished iron or steel immersed in the suspected liquid for a short time 7with agitation7 becomes coated with a film of metallic copper1 when that metal is present4 ,to facilitate the precipitation of the metal1 the sample under examination may be slightly acidulated with a few drops of pure acetic acid4 ,minute traces of copper may sometimes be detected on the surface of the iron with a lens1 which would be passed over unnoticed by the naked eye4 b4 7,bttger47 ,a little of the brandy is to be agitated with a few drops of pure olive oil4 ,the latter will acquire a green colour if copper be present4 #b4 ,,lead3--a4 ,hydrosulphuric acid and sulphide of ammonium produce a black precipitate or discoloration in brandy containing lead4--b4 ,a solution of sulphate of soda 7,glauber-salts71 or water soured with sulphuric acid1 produces a heavy white precipitate1 which turns black when moistened with sulphide of ammonium4 #c4 ,methylated spirit is detected by rubbing a little of the suspected brandy on the hands1 and then drawing a long breath with the hands over the mouth4 ,the peculiar odour of the methylated spirit1 if present1 then becomes evident4 ,this is a test1 however1 requiring practice and experience4 #d4 ,,to ,,determine ,,the ,,alcoholic ,,strength4--,put #ajj c4 c4 of the brandy into a small retort1 or into a flask1 with a lateral tube1 and distil to dryness1 or nearly so1 condensing the distillate by means of a suitable receiver1 and let the alcohol by means of the processes detailed under ,,alcoholometry4 ,the brandy may be roughly tested for fusel oil by burning a little of it in a dish1 and depressing over the flame a saucer or other cold piece of porcelain4 ,if a black stain is left1 some of the lower alcohols are very probably present1 and should be looked for by distilling half a pint of the spirit1 and examining the later for heavier products4 ,the vinic alcohol being the most volatile comes over first1 the heavier fusel oil remaining until the later stages4 ,concluding ,remarks4 ,in the 'trade1' the addition of water 7'liquor'7 to spirit is technically called 'reducing1' whilst absolute adulteration is known under the questionable name 'improving4' ,both of these operations have now been so long practised with impunity as to form the leading qualifications demanded in a cellarman4 ,the following formul for 'reducing' brandy are those of two large wholesale dealers1 who consider themselves much more honest than their brethren in the same line3 #a4 ,cognac brandy 7#aj u4 p471 #bj galls42 ,british brandy 7#ag u4 p471 #e galls42 water1 #d-a_/b galls4 ,strength of mixture1 #be u4 p4 #b4 ,to #gb galls1 of full-flavoured ,french brandy 7#e u4 p47 are added #aj galls1 of spirit of wine 7#eh o4 p472 #be galls4 of water1 and #a pint of good colouring4 ,the whole is then well 'rummaged up1' and allowed to stand for two days1 when it is fit for use4 ,strength of mixture1 #bb u4 p4 ,a liqueur1 sold in ,london under the name of brandy improver1 or brandy essence1 consists of a thin sugar syrup1 flavoured with acetic ether and essence of cayenne1 and coloured with burnt sugar4 ,it is said to heighten the true ,cognac flavour1 and restore lost alcoholic strength4 ,brandy1 ,british4 ,syn4 ,,malt ,,brandy1 c4 ,for a long time this liquor was distilled from spoiled wine and the dregs of wine1 both ,british and foreign1 mixed with beer-bottoms1 spoiled raisins1 and similar substances4 ,malt and molasses spirit were afterwards employed1 as at the present day1 for the purpose2 but it was long considered as an unpardonable and wicked misuse of these articles4 ,modern experience1 however1 has proved that pure malt spirit is1 in this country1 the most convenient1 if not the best kind1 to form the basis of an imitation brandy4 ,prep4 #a4 ,to #ab galls4 of malt spirit 7finest and flavourless7 at proof1 add1 of water1 #e galls42 crude red tartar or wine-stone1 #c_/d lb4 7previously dissolved in #a gall4 of boiling water72 acetic ether1 #f fl4 oz42 ,french wine-vinegar1 #b quarts2 ,french plums 7bruised71 #e lbs42 sherry wine-bottoms1 #a_/b gall42 mix in a sherry or ,french-brandy cask1 and let them stand for about a month1 frequently 'rummaging up' the liquor with a stick2 next draw over #ae galls4 of the mixture from a still furnished with an agitator4 ,put the 'rectified spirit' into a clean1 fresh-emptied ,cognac-brandy cask1 and add of tincture of catechu1 #a pint2 oak shavings1 #a lb42 and spirit colouring1 #a_/b pint2 agitate occasionally for a few days1 and then let it repose for a week1 when it will be fit for use4 ,prod41 #ae galls1 of ,,brandy1 #ag u4 p4 ,age greatly improves it4 #b4 ,malt spirit 7as before71 #ii galls42 red tartar 7dissolved71 #g lbs42 acetic ether1 #a_/b gall42 wine-vinegar1 #e galls42 bruised raisins or ,french plums1 #ad lbs42 bitter-almond cake 7bruised and steeped for twenty-four hours in twice its weight of water1 which must be used with it71 #a_/d lb42 water1 q4 s42 macerate as before1 and draw over1 with a quick fire1 #abj galls4 ,to the distilled spirit add a few lbs4 of oak shavings2 #b lbs4 of powdered catechu 7made into a paste with hot water71 and spirit-colouring q4 s42 and 'finish' as in the last4 ,prod41 #abj galls1 of spirit1 fully #ag u4 p4 ,equal in quality to the last4 #c4 ,clean spirit 7#ag u4 p471 #ajj galls2 nitrous ether1 #b quarts2 cassia buds 7ground7 #d oz42 bitter-almond meal1 #e oz42 orris-root 7sliced71 #f oz12 powdered cloves1 #a oz42 capsicum1 #a-a_/b oz42 good vinegar1 #c galls42 brandy colouring1 #c pints2 powdered catechu1 #b lbs42 full-flavoured ,jamaica rum1 #b galls4 ,mix in an empty ,cognac 'piece1' and macerate for a fortnight1 with occasional stirring4 ,prod41 #ajf galls41 at #ba or #bb u4 p4 #d4 ,malt spirit 7#ag u4 p471 #ajj galls42 catechu1 #b lbs42 tincture of vanilla1 #a_/b pint2 burnt sugar colouring1 #a quart2 good rum1 #c galls42 acetic or nitrous ether1 #b quarts4 ,mix as the last4 #e4 ,clean spirit 7#ag u4 p471 #hi galls42 high-flavoured ,cognac1 #aj galls42 oil of cassia1 #b dr42 oil of bitter almonds1 #c dr42 powdered catechu1 #a lb42 cream of tartar 7dissolved71 #a-a_/d lbs42 ,beaufoy's concentrated acetic acid1 #a_/b gall42 sugar colouring1 #b to #c pints2 good rum1 #a gall4 ,when the above mixtures are distilled1 the ,french brandy1 colouring1 and catechu1 should be added to the distilled spirit4 #f4 ,to plain spirit 7coloured71 at #ag u4 p41 add a little tincture of catechu1 and a sufficient quantity of eau-de-vie de marc1 or of the oil distilled from wine-lees1 to flavour it4 ,obs4 ,the oil referred to in the last formula is obtained by distillation from the lees of wine1 either dried and made up into cakes1 or in their wet state1 mixed with about #g or #h times their weight of water4 ,this oil should be kept dissolved in alcohol1 as it is otherwise apt to lose its flavour4 ,brandy from any part of the world may be very closely imitated by distilling the oil from the lees of the wines produced in that particular district4 ,where black tea is cheap1 as in the ,united ,states of ,america1 it is very commonly employed to impart the roughness of brandy to the coloured spirit1 and the subsequent addition of a little 'flavouring' greatly improves it4 ,a really good article of cider-spirit thus treated forms a passable 'mock brandy4' ,in conclusion1 we may remark that1 as the strength and quality of ingredients frequently vary1 and success depends greatly on skill in manipulation1 much must be left to the experience1 judgment1 and discretion of the operator4 ,in all cases he must recollect that a certain degree of 'age' is absolutely necessary to give a high character to any spirit4 ,indeed1 to age in the one case1 and its absence in the other1 may be referred the reasons why ,french brandy and ,british brandy1 apart from mere shades of flavour1 so materially differ4 ,the production of a flavoured ,british spirit closely resembling ,french brandy is a subject well worthy of the attention of the ingenious chemist1 rectifier1 and cellarman1 as a matter of profit2 and of the amateur1 as affording an interesting field for useful and amusing experiment4 ,brandy1 ,car'away4 ,a species of cordial commonly prepared as follows3--#a4 ,caraway-seeds 7bruised71 #d oz42 lump sugar1 #b lbs42 ,british brandy1 #a gall42 macerate a fortnight1 occasionally shaking the bottle4--#b4 ,sugar1 #a lb42 caraways 7bruised71 #a oz42 #c bitter almonds 7grated72 spirit-colouring1 #a oz42 plain spirit or gin 7#bb u4 p471 #a_/b gall42 as before4 ,some persons omit the colouring4 ,brandy1 ,cher'ry4 ,prep4 #a4 ,brandy and cherries 7crushed71 of each #a gall42 let them lie together for #c days1 then express the liquor1 and add #b lbs4 of lump sugar2 in a week or two decant the clear portion for use4 #b4 ,to the last add #a quart of raspberry juice1 and #a_/b a pint of orange-flower water4 ,both the above are excellent4 #c4 ,treacle1 #a cwt42 spirit 7#de u4 p471 #da galls42 bitter almonds 7bruised71 #a lb4 7or more or less to taste72 cloves1 #a oz42 cassia1 #b oz42 macerate a month1 frequently stirring4 ,this is the article now commonly vended in the shops and at stalls for cherry brandy4 #d4 ,german cherry juice #ae galls42 pure rect4 spirits1 #bj galls42 syrup1 #e galls42 oil of bitter almonds1 #a drachm4 ,obs4 ,equal part of fully ripe ,morello cherries and black cherries produce the richest cordial4 ,some persons prick each cherry separately with a needle instead of crushing them2 in which case they retain them in the liquor1 and serve up a few of them in each glass4 ,the plan named in the first formula is1 however1 that usually adopted4 ,on the small scale1 the fruit is commonly bruised between the fingers4 ,a portion only 7if any7 of the stones in the cherries should be crushed1 to impart a nutty flavour4 ,see ,,liqueurs4 ,brandy1 ,ci'der4 ,from cider and perry2 also from the marc of apples and pears fermented4 ,it is very largely manufactured in the ,united ,states of ,america and ,canada1 where it may be purchased for about #bs4 #a;d4 a gallon4 ,see ,,british ,,brandy 7above74 ,brandy1 ,dant'zic4 ,from rye1 ground with the root of calamus aromaticus4 ,it has a mixed flavour of orris and cinnamon4 ,brandy1 ,guern'sey4 ,beet-root spirit flavoured4 ,brandy1 ,lem'on4 ,prep4 #a4 ,fresh lemons 7sliced71 #a dozen2 brandy1 #a gall42 macerate for a week1 press out the liquor1 and add of lump sugar1 #a lb4 #b4 ,proof spirit1 #g galls42 essence of lemon1 #c dr42 sugar1 #e lbs42 tartaric acid1 #a oz42 7dissolved in7 water1 #b galls42 turmeric powder or spirit-colouring1 a dessert-spoonful2 as before4 ,sometimes milk is added to the above1 in the proportion of #a quart 7boiling hot7 to every gallon4 ,brandy1 ,malt4 ,see ,,british ,,brandy4 ,brandy1 ,or'ange4 ,as lemon brandy1 but employing oranges4 ,brandy1 ,pale4 ,this article has been already referred to4 7,see p4 #ccg47 ,that of the gin-shops and publicans is generally a spurious article1 made by mixing together about equal parts of good brown ,french brandy1 clean spirit of wine1 and soft water1 and allowing the whole to stand until the next day to 'fine down4' ,if the first is #i u4 p41 and the second #eh o4 p41 the product will be #ag u4 p4 ,any deficiency of strength is made up by adding a little more spirit of wine4 ,brandy1 ,pat'ent4 ,the article so much bepuffed under this name1 by certain houses1 is merely very clean malt-spirit mixed with about #a-gth of its bulk 7or less7 of strong-flavoured ,cognac1 and a little colouring4 ,brandy1 ,peach4 ,from peaches1 by fermentation and distillation4 ,much used in the ,united ,states1 where peaches are very plentiful1 and consequently cheap4 ,a cordial spirit under the same name is prepared as follows3-- #a4 ,from peaches1 sliced and steeped in twice their weight of ,british brandy or malt-spirit1 as in making cherry brandy4 #b4 ,bitter almonds 7bruised71 #c oz42 proof spirit 7pale71 #aj galls42 water1 #c galls42 sugar1 #e or #f lbs42 orange-flower water1 #a_/b a pint2 macerate for #ad days4 ,add brandy-colouring1 if required darker4 ,brandy1 ,rais'in 7ra'zn74 ,see ,,spirit 7,raisin74 ,brandy1 ,rasp'berry 7r7az'-74 ,from raspberries1 as directed under ,,cherry ,,brandy4 ,sometimes a little cinnamon and cloves are added4 ,the only addition1 however1 that really improves the flavour or bouquet is a little orange-flower water1 a very little essence of vanilla1 or a single drop of essence of ambergris4 ,brandy1 ,white4 ,see ,,brandy 7p4 #ccg7 and ,,pale ,,brandy 7ant74 ,,brass4 ,syn4 ,s1 '',,ris ,,metal',,lum1 ,l42 ,,airain1 ,,laiton1 ,,cuivre ,,jaune1 ,fr42 ,,erz1 ,,messing1 ,ger42 ,,br,s1 ,sax4 ,a well-known alloy of copper and zinc4 ,prep4 ,brass is now generally manufactured by plunging copper1 in slips1 into zinc melted in the usual manner4 ,the former metal rapidly combines with the fluid mass1 and the addition is continued until an alloy somewhat difficult of fusion is formed1 when the remainder of the copper is at once added4 ,the brass thus obtained is broken into pieces1 and remelted under charcoal1 and a proper addition of either zinc or copper made1 to bring it up to the colour and quality desired4 ,it is next poured into moulds of granite4 ,before being submitted to the rolling-press for reduction to thin plates it undergoes the operation of annealing4 ,the proportions of the metals forming this alloy are varied according to the desired colour1 and the purposes to which it is to be applied4 ,the following formul are founded chiefly on analyses of standard brasses and yellow metals1 made expressly for this work4 ,small fractions are omitted2 the nearest whole numbers being generally taken3-- a4 ,,fine ,,brass3--#a4 ,copper1 #b parts2 zinc1 #a part2 either combined1 as explained above1 or the two metals separately melted1 suddenly poured together1 and united by vigorous stirring4 #b4 ,copper1 #g parts2 zinc1 #c parts4 ,bright yellow2 malleable4 #c4 ,fine copper1 #d parts2 zinc1 #a part4 ,deeper coloured than the last2 an excellent and very useful alloy4 b4 ,,malleable ,,brass3--#a4 ,copper1 #cc parts2 zinc1 #be parts2 as before4 #b4 ,copper1 #c parts2 zinc1 #b parts4 ,these alloys are malleable whilst hot4 c4 ,,red ,,brass4 ,this name is commonly applied to all those alloys which do not contain more than #ah to #bj of zinc4 ,in the deeper-coloured foreign varieties 7,,red ,,tom',,bac7 the per-centage of copper occasionally amounts to #hh1 #ij1 or even #ib4 d4 ,,yellow ,,brass4 ,see ,,fine ,,brass 7above74 e4 ,,button-,,brass3--#a4 ,copper1 #h parts2 zinc1 #e parts4 ,this is the ',,platin' of the ,birmingham makers4 #b4 ,yellow brass1 #af parts2 zinc1 #b parts2 tin1 #a part4 ,paler than the last4 #c4 ,copper1 #be parts2 zinc1 #bj parts2 lead1 #c parts2 tin1 #b parts4 ,pale2 used for common buttons4 f4 ,,for ,,fine ,,castings3--#a4 ,as fine brass1 according to the colour desired4 7,see above47 #b4 ,copper1 #fb parts2 zinc1 #ce parts2 lead1 #b parts2 tin1 #a part4 #c4 ,copper1 #fj parts2 zinc1 #cf parts2 tin1 #d parts4 ,both the last two are rather pale and brittle4 #d4 ,copper1 #ij parts2 zinc1 #g parts2 tin1 #b parts2 lead1 #a part4 ,rich deep colour4 #e4 ,copper1 #ia parts2 zinc1 #e parts2 tin1 #c parts2 lead1 #a part2 as the last4 g4 ,for ,,gilding3--#a4 ,as fine brass 7above74 #b4 ,copper1 #fd parts2 zinc1 #cb parts2 lead1 #c parts2 tin1 #a part4 #c4 ,copper1 #hb parts2 zinc1 #ah parts2 tin1 #c parts2 lead1 #a part4 h4 ,for ,,solder3--#a4 ,fine brass1 #ab parts2 zinc1 #f parts2 tin1 #a part2 melted together4 #b4 ,brass1 #b parts2 zinc1 #a part2 as before4 #c4 ,brass1 #c parts2 zinc1 #a part4 ,very strong4 ,used for soldering tubes and other like purposes requiring great strength4 ,the above alloys form the ',,hard ,,solder' of the braziers4 ,for certain purposes a little silver is added to them1 when the compound receives the name of ',,silver-,,solder1' i4 ,for ,,turning3--#a4 ,fine brass1 #ih parts2 lead1 #b parts2 melted together4 #b4 ,copper1 #fa parts2 zinc1 #cf parts2 lead1 #c parts4 #c4 ,copper1 #fe parts2 zinc1 #cc parts2 lead1 #b parts4 j4 ,for ,,wire3--#a4 ,copper1 #gb parts2 zinc1 #bh parts2 the resulting alloy being subsequently properly annealed4 #b4 ,copper1 #fd parts2 zinc1 #cd parts2 as before4 #c4 ,to the last add of lead1 #b parts4 ,anal4 ,this may be briefly described as follows3-- a4 #ajj gr4 of the alloy is digested in nitric acid4 ,the insoluble portion is peroxide of tin1 every #gd gr4 of which1 when washed and dried1 contain #eh gr4 of metallic tin4 b4 ,sulphuric acid is added to the nitric solution as long as a white precipitate falls2 after a time the precipitate is collected on a filter1 washed with a mixture of water and alcohol1 and ignited in a porcelain crucible4 ,every #aeb gr4 of the residuum represents #ajd gr4 of metallic lead4 c4 ,the liquid filtered from the precipitate of sulphate of lead is treated with a stream of sulphuretted hydrogen2 the precipitate is collected on a filter1 washed with water mixed with a little sulphuretted hydrogen1 dried1 and digested in pure nitric acid until the sulphur which separates acquires its natural full yellow colour2 the resulting solution is next diluted with water1 and reprecipitated with potassa1 the whole being boiled until the precipitated oxide of copper becomes of a deep brown or black2 it is then collected on a filter1 washed1 dried1 ignited in a platinum crucible1 and weighed therein immediately after it becomes cold4 ,every #dj gr4 of oxide of copper thus obtained represents #cb gr4 of pure copper4 d4 ,the liquid poured from the precipitate of sulphide of copper is boiled for about a minute1 when it is precipitated with a solution of carbonate of sodium2 the whole is then boiled for a few minutes1 and the precipitated oxide of zinc collected1 washed1 dried1 and ignited4 ,every #dj gr4 of this oxide contains #cb gr4 of metallic zinc4 ,concluding ,remarks4 ,in the adoption of his formula the operator should be entirely led by the object he has in view4 ,the larger the proportion of copper1 the deeper will be the colour1 and the greater the density1 and1 within certain limits1 the toughness of the alloy4 ,zinc lessens the specific gravity and colour4 ,tin gives it hardness and grain2 whilst lead toughens it1 and renders it fitter for turning4 ,these facts are known to every experienced brass-founder4 ,see ,,alloys1 ,,copper1 ,,mosaic ,,gold1 ,,prince',s ,,metal1 ,,tombac1 c4 ,,brass ,,bath 7,,for ,,electro-,,plating74 ,for steel1 wrought and cast iron1 and tin2 using ordinary cyanide of potassium4 ,dissolve together in #ad pints of distilled or rain water3--,bisulphite of soda1 #g oz42 cyanide of potassium 7containing #ge per cent4 of real cyanide71 #ag oz42 carbonate of soda1 #cd oz4 ,to this solution add the following1 made up to #c-a_/d pints of water3--,acetate of copper1 #d-a_/b oz42 neutral protochloride of zinc1 #c-a_/b oz42 the two liquors become colourless when mixed4 ,ammonia must not be used for brass electro-plating baths for iron1 especially for solutions worked in the cold4 ,,brass ,,bath 7,,for ,,electro-,,plating74 ,for zinc4 ,pure or rain water1 #d-a_/b gallons2 bisulphite of soda1 #bd-a_/b oz42 cyanide of potassium 7containing #ge per cent4 of cyanide71 #ce oz4 ,to this add the following solution3--,water1 #i pints2 acetate of copper and protochloride of zinc1 each #ab-a_/b oz42 liquid ammonia1 #ad oz4 ,the filtered bath is colourless1 and gives1 under the action of the battery1 a brass deposit of a very fine shade1 varying from red to green1 by increasing the proportion of copper or that of zinc4 ,,brass'-,,colour4 ,syn4 ,,brass-,,pigment1 ,b4-,,bronze4 ,prep4 #a4 ,grind copper filings1 or the precipitated powder of copper1 with a little red ochre4 ,red-coloured4 #b4 ,gold-coloured brass1 or ,dutch leaf1 reduced to a very fine powder4 ,yellow or gold coloured4 ,obs4 ,before application these powders are mixed up with pale varnish1 no more being worked up at once than is wanted for immediate use4 ,they are also applied by dusting them over any surface previously covered with varnish to make them adhere4 ,,brass-,,paste4 ,prep4 #a4 ,soft soap1 #b oz42 rotten-stone1 #d oz42 beaten to a paste4 #b4 ,rotten-stone made into a paste with sweet oil4 #c4 ,rotten-stone1 #d oz42 oxalic acid 7in fine powder71 #a oz42 sweet oil1 #a-a_/b oz42 turpentine1 q4 s4 to make a paste4 ,obs4 ,the above are used to clean brass-work1 when neither varnished nor lacquered4 ,the first and last are best applied with a little water2 the second with a little spirit of turpentine or sweet oil4 ,both require friction with soft leather4 ,see ,,brass-,,work1 ,,pastes1 c4 ,,brass ,,plating4 ,by simple dipping4 ,a colour resembling brass is given to small articles of iron or steel by a long stirring in a suspended tub containing the following solution3--,water1 #a quart2 sulphate of copper1 and protochloride of tin crystallised1 about #a-eth of an oz4 each4 ,the shades are modified by varying the proportions of the two salts4 ,,brass-,,stain4 ,prep4 #a4 ,sheet-brass 7cut into small pieces7 is exposed to a strong heat for #b or #c days1 then powdered1 and again further exposed in a like manner for several days2 the whole is then reduced to fine powder1 and exposed1 a third time1 to heat1 testing it occasionally1 to see if it be sufficiently burnt4 ,when a little of it1 fused with glass1 makes the latter swell and froth up1 the process is complete4 ,it imparts to glass a green tint1 passing into turquoise4 #b4 ,equal parts of plate-brass and sulphur are stratified together in a crucible1 and calcined1 until they become friable2 the whole is then reduced to powder1 and exposed to heat as before4 ,this imparts a calcedony red or yellow tinge to glass by fusion2 the precise shade of colour being modified by the mode of using it4 ,obs4 ,the common practice in the glass-houses is to conduct the calcination by exposing the metal1 placed on tiles1 in the leer or annealing arch of the furnace2 a plan both convenient and economical4 ,,brass'-,,work4 ,articles of brass and copper1 when not varnished or lacquered1 may be cleaned and polished with sweet oil and tripoli1 rotten-stone1 or powdered bath-brick1 applied with friction on flannel1 and 'finished off' with leather2 due care being taken to ensure the absence of anything gritty1 which would scratch and disfigure the surface of the metal4 ,a strong solution of oxalic acid in water gives brass a fine colour4 ,vitriol and spirits of salts make brass and copper very bright1 but the polish thus obtained soon tarnishes1 and the articles consequently require more frequent cleaning4 ,a strong lye of roche alum and water also improves the appearance of brass4 ,in all cases where acids or saline matter has been used1 the metal should be at once well rinsed in clean water1 and then wiped dry1 and finally dry polished with soft leather4 ,,brass ,,inlaid-,,work may be cleaned with tripoli and linseed oil1 applied by a rubber of felt or leather2 the whole being afterwards thoroughly rubbed off1 and then finished with clean soft leather4 ,the ornaments of a ,french clock1 and similar articles1 are said to be best cleaned with bread-crumb1 carefully rubbed1 so as not to injure the wood-work4 ,,ormolu ,,candlesticks1 ,,lamps1 and ,,branches1 may be cleaned with soap and water4 ,,lacquered and ,,gilded ,,articles are spoiled by frequent rubbing1 and by acids and alkaline leys4 #a4 ,a fine colour may be given to ,,brass ,,ornaments1 when not gilt or lacquered1 with a little sal-ammoniac1 in fine powder1 moistened with soft water4 ,the articles must be afterwards rubbed dry with bran and whiting4 ,another plan is to wash the brass-work with a strong lye of roche alum 7#a oz4 to water #a pint71 and after rinsing it in clean water and drying it1 to finish it off with fine tripoli4 ,these processes give to brass the brilliancy of gold4 ,see ,,brass-,,paste4 #b4 ,a gold varnish for giving a beautiful gilding to brass and bronze objects is prepared from #af grams of shell-lac1 #d grams of dragon's blood1 #a gram of turmeric-root1 and #ccb grams of rectified spirit of wine4 ,the varnish is thinly stroked over the surface with a sponge1 the metal being warmed over a small coal fire4 ,the surface at first appears dull1 but soon after it appears as if most beautifully gilded4 ,the ready-prepared spirituous varnish must be preserved in well-stoppered vessels4--,dingler's ,journal4 ,,brass',,ing4 ,syn4 ,,brass-,,coating4 #a4 ,copper-plates and copper-rods may be covered with a superficial coating of brass by simply exposing them1 in a heated state1 to the fumes given off by melted zinc at a high temperature4 ,the coated plates and rods are rolled into thin sheets or drawn into wire4 ,the spurious gold wire of ,lyons is said to be made in this way4 #b4 ,vessels of copper may be coated with brass1 internally1 by filling them with water strongly soured with hydrochloric acid1 adding some amalgam of zinc and cream of tartar1 and then boiling the whole for a short time4 ,this plan may be usefully applied in certain cases to copper boilers in laboratories1 and to other purposes4 #c4 ,by the electrotype 7which see74 ,,braunetinctur--,,quinsy ,,or ,,brown ,,tincture 7,netsch1 ,rauschau71 an embrocation for the larynx1 is a mixture of #c parts oil of cloves and #a part creosote4 7,hager47 ,according to ,leimbach #a part creosote with #c parts of a spirituous tincture of cochineal perfumed with oil of cloves4 ,,brawn4 ,a boar or its flesh4 ,when young1 the horny parts feel moderately tender4 ,if the rind is hard1 it is old4 7,mrs ,rundell47 ,also in cookery1 the flesh of the boar1 or of swine1 collared so as to squeeze out as much of the fat as possible1 boiled1 and pickled4 ,brawn1 ,mock4 ,prep4 7,mrs ,rundell47 ,take the head and belly-piece of a young porker1 well saltpetred2 split the head and boil it2 take out the bones and cut it to pieces2 then take #d ox-feet1 boiled tender1 and cut them in thin pieces2 lay them in the belly-piece with the head cut small2 roll it up tight with sheet tin1 and boil it #d or #e hours4 ,when it comes out set it up on one end1 put a trencher on it 7within the tin71 press it down with a heavy weight1 and let it stand all night4 ,the next morning take it out of the tin and bind it with a fillet1 put it in cold salt-and-water1 and it will be fit for use2 it will keep a long time1 if fresh salt-and-water are put into it about once every four days4 ,,braxy4 ,inflammation of the bowels in sheep1 chiefly affecting young sheep4 ,it is most frequent during winter1 and occurs in exposed wet localities4 ,the symptoms are restlessness1 thirst1 tenderness along the spine or belly1 and constipation4 ,treatment4 ,bleed early1 and give #c oz4 castor oil2 #h grains of calomel2 #a_/b oz4 of laudanum2 #c oz4 treacle2 beat up with two eggs1 and mixed with about #f oz4 of warm water2 let this be repeated in half doses every six hours4 ,this should be combined with clysters and hot fomentations to the belly4 ,if1 after two days1 no benefit should be derived1 give thrice daily1 #e grains of calomel1 #bj grains of carbonate of ammonia1 and #a-a_/b dram of laudanum1 in gruel4 ,the animal should be removed to a shed or sheltered place4 ,,brazil ,,nuts4 ,the particular tree yielding these nuts 7the ,bartholetia excelsa7 is a native of ,brazil1 whence the nuts are exported to the yearly annual amount of about #fj1jjj bushels4 ,when the kernels of the nuts are submitted to pressure they yield an oil in great repute for domestic purposes and for export1 each pound of the nuts yielding nine ounces of the oil1 valued at two shillings the pound4 ,according to ,martius1 this oil consists of #gd per cent4 of eldein1 and #bf per cent4 of stearin4 ,the finely laminated inner bark of the trunks is also a valuable article of commerce1 especially adapted for the caulking of ships and barges1 and is worth about eighteen shillings the cwt4 ,the following analysis by ,corenwinder gives the composition of the kernels taken from the nuts when in a fresh condition3 ,water #hjj ,oil #fefj ,nitrogenous matters #aeca ,non-nitrogenous organic matters #gci ,phosphoric acid #ace ,lime1 potash1 silica1 c4 #bce #cgj ------ #ajjjj ,,brazil'-,,wood 7-zele'-74 ,syn4 ,,brazildouble-dagger2 ,,lig',,num ,,brazilien',,se1 ,l42 ,,bois ,,de ,,br,,sil1 ,fr4 ,a dye-stuff furnished by several species of trees of the genus csalpin'ia1 and much used in dyeing various shades of red4 ,the usual practice is to boil it for some hours in hard spring-water1 and to keep the resulting decoction for some time1 or until it undergoes a species of fermentation2 as it is thus found to yield more permanent and beautiful colours than when employed fresh4 ,the following are examples of its application3-- a4 ,for ,,cotton3-- #a4 ,the goods are first boiled in a bath of sumach1 next worked through a weak mordant of solution of tin1 and then run through the ,brazil bath lukewarm4 ,this gives a bright red4 #b4 ,the goods are alumed1 rinsed1 next mordanted with solution of tin1 rinsed again1 and then turned through the ,brazil dye bath4 ,this gives a rose colour4 b4 ,for ,,linen3--,this1 for the most part1 is similar to that adopted for cotton4 c4 ,for ,,silk3--,the goods1 after being alumed in the same way as wool1 but at a lower temperature1 are rinsed1 and passed through the ,brazil-wood bath lukewarm4 d4 ,for ,,wool3--,the goods are first steeped or boiled in a weak mordant of alum and tartar1 for #a hour1 and then allowed to lie in the cold liquor for #b or #c days1 with frequent moving about2 they are lastly boiled in the ,brazil-wood bath for about #a_/b an hour4 ,obs4 ,the shades of colour given with ,brazil-wood may be modified by varying the strength of the bath1 the mordant1 c4 ,the addition of a little alum turns it on the purple4 ,a little alkali added to the bath1 or passing the goods1 after being dyed1 through water holding a little alkali in solution1 produces what is called false crimson4 ,a deep crimson is obtained by adding a little logwood to the ,brazil-wood bath4 #a lb4 of ,brazil-wood1 #a_/b oz4 of alum1 and #b oz4 of tartar1 are sufficient to dye from #bj to #bh lbs4 of cotton1 according to the depth of shade required4 ,see ,,dyeing1 ,,red ,,dyes1 c4 ,,brazi',,lin4 ,syn4 ,,breze'',l7,i,,ne1 ,,sapan'7,i,,ne4 ,the colouring matter of ,brazil-wood4 ,it forms small orange-coloured needles1 soluble in both water and alcohol4 ,alkalies turn it violet2 acids1 yellow4 ,bolly has shown it to be identical with the colouring matter of ,sapan-wood4 ,,bra'',,zing4 ,the operation of uniting pieces of copper1 brass1 iron1 c41 by means of hard solder4 ,proc4 ,the edges1 after being filed or scraped quite clean1 are covered with a mixture of hard solder and powdered borax1 made into a paste with water4 ,the whole is then allowed to dry1 and is afterwards exposed1 in a clear fire1 to a heat sufficient to melt the solder4 ,see ,,autogenous1 ,,soldering1 ,,solders1 c4 ,,bread 7br7ed74 ,syn4 ,,pa',,nis1 ,l42 ,,pain1 ,fr42 ,,brod1 ,ger42 ,,brood1 ,dut42 ,,br,d1 ,dan41 ,swed42 ,,breod1 ,sax4 ,loaves or cakes made from ground corn1 and constituting the staple article of food of all civilised nations4 ,this important article of food is made of the flour of different cereal grains1 but only those that contain gluten admit of conversion into light or spongy bread4 ,in this respect wheat-flour is superior to all others4 ,when this flour is made into a paste or dough with water1 and the dough1 previous to baking1 is left for some time in a moderately warm place1 a state of fermentation comes on1 owing to the sugar of the flour gradually undergoing the process of conversion into alcohol1 in every respect similar to that which takes place during the fermentation of wine and beer4 ,in this process a large quantity of carbonic acid gas is liberated1 and the toughness of the dough preventing its escape1 the whole mass becomes puffed up and spongy1 and a light porous paste is formed1 the porosity of which is still further increased by the heat of the oven4 ,the natural process of fermenting the dough just described is1 however1 tedious and uncertain1 whilst the dough has a tendency to run into the acetous fermentation1 and to acquire a sour and disagreeable taste1 by which it is rendered less nutritious and less easy of digestion4 ,this has led to the use of a ferment which produces a similar condition more speedily1 and with greater certainty4 ,leaven or dough was originally employed for this purpose1 and the bread so made was hence called ,,leavened ,,bread4 ,at the present time barm or yeast is almost universally used for this purpose4 ,all that is essential to make a loaf of bread is to add a proper quantity of yeast to the dough1 and to allow it to remain for a short time in a warm place1 and as soon as it rises or becomes spongy1 to subject it to the process of baking4 ,in preparing his dough1 the modern baker takes a part of the water needed for the batch1 and having rendered it tepid or lukewarm 7#hj to #ij ,fahr47 by the addition of boiling water1 dissolves his salt in it1 and adds the yeast1 together with a portion of the flour4 ,with these he forms a thin dough1 which he sets aside in a moderately warm place provided for the purpose1 and technically called the 'kneading trough1' 'prover1' or 'tryer1' where it soon begins to ferment and swell up4 ,this process is called 'setting the sponge1' and according to the proportion the water in it bears to the whole quantity that is to be used1 it receives the name of 'whole1' 'half1' or 'quarter sponge4' ,here the sponge heaves and swells1 and ultimately the surface bursts and subsides1 and if not checked swells again and again in a similar manner and would continue to do so until the whole of the 'saccharine matter' was destroyed1 and the dough had become sour4 ,the baker is careful1 however1 to stop it before it has communicated a sourness to the mass4 ,after the first1 or1 at the furthest1 after the second or third 'dropping of the sponge1' he adds the remaining quantity of flour1 water1 and salt1 necessary to form the 'batch1' and then kneads the whole until it becomes sufficiently tough and elastic to bear the pressure of the hand without adhering to it4 ,the 'dough' is now left to itself for a few hours1 during which the fermentation still goes on4 ,the inflated mass is then again kneaded1 cut into pieces1 weighed1 and shaped into loaves4 ,in an hour or two these unbaked loaves swell up to nearly double their former size1 and are then placed in the oven and baked4 ,during this operation they continue for a time to increase in size1 in consequence of the dilation of the pent-up gas by the heat4 ,at length the fermentation is checked1 and the dough becomes too solid to admit of further alteration4 ,such are the principles and practice of the art of baking4 ,the operations are precisely the same on both the small and the large scale1 and therefore need not be separately described4 ,the kneading of the dough by hand is not only a very laborious process1 but it is unhealthy and additionally objectionable on account of its being uncleanly4 ,added to this1 the uniform quality of the dough is not to be depended upon4 ,although it is impossible to perform by machinery any labour which absolutely requires the touch of the human hand1 bread-kneading machines have been introduced wherever the making of only one and the same kind of bread is required4 ,amongst the numerous kinds of machines devised for bread-making1 is ,clayton's4 7,see cut47 ,the constituents of the dough are placed in the cylinder1 ,a1 mounted in the framework1 b b1 and provided with hollow axles1 c and d1 turning in their bearings at e4 ,the interior of the cylinder is fitted with the framework1 f1 which may be made to revolve by the aid of the axles1 g and h4 ,the two halves of this framework are connected together by the diagonal knives i1 i1 which1 when the machinery revolves1 work up the dough2 the trough or outer cylinder revolves in the opposite direction to the revolution of the framework4 ,the crank1 o1 is connected with the axle of the trough or outer cylinder1 the crank1 p1 with that of the inner framework2 as the two cranks are turned in opposite directions1 they impart opposite movements to trough and framework4 ,the revolving of the machinery may be performed by one man by the aid of one crank1 since the axle1 h1 of the crank1 o1 which is fitted to the inner frame by means of the hollow axle-tree1 and revolves along with it1 carries a conically shaped wheel1 m1 fitted to the wheel k1 which1 being connected with l1 causes the trough also to revolve2 when therefore the wheel m turns towards the right1 the wheel t will revolve towards the left4 ,another kneading machine is that of ,mr ,stevens4 ,it is employed at the ,holborn ,union1 where more than #ejjj lbs4 of bread are made every week by one man and two boys4 ,illustration ,adult4 ,the adulteration of both flour and bread is carried to a fearful extent1 more especially in ,london4 ,the baker's flour is very often made of the worst kinds of damaged foreign wheat2 and other cereal grains1 and particularly beans1 are mixed with them in grinding them into flour4 ,in this capital no fewer than six distinct kinds of wheaten flour are brought into the market--fine flour1 seconds1 middlings1 fine middlings1 coarse middlings1 and twenty-penny flour4 ,among the principal substances which have been proved to have been used to adulterate wheat-flour and bread are the following3-- 9999,alum4 99,ammonia 7,sesquicarbonate74 9999,beans4 99,bone dust4 99,chalk4 ,clay4 ,copper 7,sulphate74 ,lime 7,sulphate from the soda water makers74 99,magnesia 7,carbonate74 99,plaster of ,paris4 99,potash 7,carbonate and bicarbonate74 9999,potatoes4 9999,rice4 9999,soda 7,carbonate and sesquicarbonate74 99,starch 7,potato74 9999,water 7in excess74 ,zinc 7,sulphate74 ,of these substances1 those marked thus 7997 are very frequently used2 and those marked thus 799997 almost universally so4 ,in the absence of chemical analysis the unalumed loaf may be roughly distinguished from the alumed one by the following characteristics3 it is neither so white1 so bulky1 nor so symmetrical2 it bites shorter1 and it is free from the sour taste which accompanies the presence of alum4 ,again1 unalumed bread a day or two old will be found to crumble with great readiness2 alumed bread1 however old1 crumbles1 on the contrary1 with difficulty4 ,according to ,mr ,accum1 the smallest quantity of alum that can be employed with effect to produce white1 light1 and porous bread1 from the inferior kinds of flour commonly used by the bakers1 is from #c to #d oz4 to a sack of flour weighing #bhj lbs4 ,but ,dr ,p4 ,markham states that the ordinary bread of the ,london baker is made of one sack or #e bushels of flour2 #h oz4 of alum2 #d lbs4 of salt2 #a_/b gall4 of yeast2 and about #c galls4 of water4 ,our own analyses1 extending to many hundred samples of ,london bread1 as well as those of other chemists1 show that even this large quantity of alum is often very much exceeded by the bakers4 ,alkaline substances1 as the carbonates of ammonia1 soda1 and potash1 are often employed to realise the important consideration of producing light and porous bread from spoiled1 or1 as it is technically called1 sour flour4 ,the first salt becomes temporarily converted into a gaseous state during the operation of baking1 causing the dough to swell up in minute bubbles1 which thus render it light and porous2 the salt itself being at the same time1 for the most part1 volatilised4 ,alum is added1 not only with a like intention1 but also to enable the dough to carry more water4 ,there are several instances of convictions on record of millers and bakers having used gypsum1 chalk1 and pipeclay in the manufacture of their goods4 ,a gentleman lately writing from the ,north of ,england says that he found in one sample of flour which he recently examined upwards of #af of gypsum2 and in another1 #ab of the same earth4 ,a few years since it was discovered that some of the bakers in ,france and ,belgium added blue vitriol to their dough to make it take more water1 in the same way as the ,english baker uses alum4 #a oz4 of this sulphate was dissolved in a quart of water1 and a wine-glassful of this solution added to the water necessary to make about #ej #d-lb4 loaves4 ,this enormous crime was soon detected1 and deservedly caused the ruin of its heartless perpetrators4 ,exam4 ,the following are the methods employed for the discovery of the principal sophisticants of bread1 and as the chief of these1 and the one most difficult of identification is alum1 we have given prominence to the processes now generally adopted for the detection of this article3-- #a4 ,,alum3--a4 7,robine and ,parisot47 ,about #a_/d lb4 of the suspected bread 7somewhat stale or dry7 is reduced to crumbs1 macerated for #b or #c hours in cold water1 and then squeezed through a clean piece of white linen4 ,the liquid is next evaporated to dryness at a steam-heat1 the residuum redissolved in a little hot water1 and the solution filtered4 ,liquor of ammonia or a solution of sal-ammoniac1 and a solution of chloride of barium added to the filtered liquid1 give a white precipitate when ,,alum is present4 ,when nearly the whole of the alum has suffered decomposition in the loaf1 as is frequently the case1 the following process is required3-- b4 7,m4 ,kuhlman47 #d or #e oz4 of bread are reduced to ash1 which is powdered and treated with nitric acid1 the mixture evaporated to dryness1 and about #a oz4 of hot water added4 ,a little caustic potassa is added to the last solution 7unfiltered71 the whole boiled a few minutes1 and passed through a filter4 ,the filtrate is next tested with a solution of sal-ammoniac1 and the whole again boiled for #b or #c minutes4 ,if a precipitate forms it is alumina2 every #ej gr4 of which are equivalent to #ccb gr4 of crystallised alum4 c4 ,the suspected sample is wetted with a weak solution of logwood1 or1 preferably1 of cochineal4 ,pure bread is only slightly stained by this solution2 bread containing alum strikes a lavender1 lilac1 or purple colour1 according to the quantity of the adulterant present4 ,if it acquires a pearl-grey or bluish tint1 some alkali 7potash1 soda1 or ammonia7 is present4 d4 7,j4 ,a4 ,wanklyn47 #ajj grams of bread are incinerated in a platinum dish1 capable of holding the whole quantity at once4 ,the incineration is managed at a comparatively low temperature1 and takes some four or five hours2 the platinum dish being heated by means of a large ,bunsen burner1 abundantly supplied with air4 ,it is well to continue the ignition until the bread-ash is nearly completely burnt1 and it is advisable to weigh the dish containing the ash4 ,the weight of the ash should not sensibly exceed #b grams4 ,the ash having been obtained is then moistened with #c c4 c4 of pure strong hydrochloric acid1 and then some #bj to #cj c4 c4 of distilled water is added1 and the whole is boiled1 filtered1 and the precipitate washed several times with boiling water4 ,in this manner a precipitate consisting of a silica1 together with some unburnt carbon1 is left on the filter1 whilst the filtrate contains the phosphates4 ,the precipitate1 which1 after being burnt1 consists of silica1 is weighed4 ,the filtrate is mixed with #e c4 c4 of ammonia 7sp4 gr4 #jhhj71 whereby it is rendered powerfully alkaline and opaque1 owing to the precipitation of the phosphates4 ,it is finally mixed gradually with some #bj c4 c4 of strong acetic acid1 and as the acid is being poured in1 it is to be observed that the liquid is alkaline and opaque1 until some #e c4 c4 of the acid have been added2 that when about #aj c4 c4 have been added the liquid is acid and much clearer1 and that at least #aj c4 c4 of strong acetic acid are added after the establishment of a distinctly acid reaction4 ,the liquid is then boiled and filtered1 and the precipitates1 consisting of phosphates of alumina and iron1 well-washed with boiling water1 ignited and weighed4 ,the last step is the determination of the iron in the weighed precipitate1 and this is accomplished either by reduction and titration with standard solution of permanganate in the well known manner1 or else by a colour process1 viz41 by trituration with ferrocyanide of potassium4 ,having ascertained the amount of iron in the precipitate of mixed phosphates1 it is only necessary to calculate it into phosphate of iron1 and to subtract the weight of phosphate of iron from the total weight of the mixed phosphates1 and the difference is the phosphate of alum yielded by #ajj grams of the bread4 ,the following results have been obtained by applying the above-described process to samples of bread presumed to be free from alum3-- ,from #ajj grams of ,bread4 ,precipitate ,bread-ash4 ,silica4 insoluble in acetic acid4 ,grams4 ,grams4 ,grams4 ,a #adjh 444 #jjaj ,b #acgh 444 #jjjf ,c #agcj #jjah #jjaj ,d #afbj #jjcb #jjad ,e 444 444 #jjab 7#a7;,f #achc #jjcj #jjab 7#b7;,f #acbd #jjbe #jjad ,the precipitate insoluble in acetic acid contained in every instance a large proportion of iron1 but in some cases at least did not wholly consist of phosphate of iron4 ,on deducting the quantity of phosphate of iron from the total phosphates insoluble in acetic acid1 there remains a residue of some five or six milligrams4 ,it would therefore appear that unalumed bread is liable to contain a minute trace of alumina1 which1 expressed as phosphate of alumina 7,al#b,o#c,,po#e71 equals five or six milligrams per #ajj grains of bread1 or #jjje per cent4 ,if the alum corresponding to this phosphate be calculated1 it will be seen that #ajj grams of unalumed bread may appear to contain #jjbb grams of alum2 or expressed on the #d-lb4 loaf1 there may appear to be #f grams of alum in it4 ,this agrees very fairly with ,dr ,dupr's observation4 e4 7,j4 ,c4 ,thresh47 ,the author states that this process requires only a few hours1 and quotes experiments1 showing the accuracy of the results3-- ,take #abej gr4 of bread 7from middle of loaf7 or flour1 and char thoroughly in a platinum dish or on foil over a gas lamp4 ,powder the char and mix it with sufficient pure strong hydrochloric acid to make a thin cream4 ,boil gently for a few minutes1 then add #ajj c4 c4 of water1 and continue the ebullition a few minutes longer4 ,dilute to #aej c4 c41 stir well1 and filter off #abj c4 c41 which will contain the alumina from #ajjj gr4 of the bread or flour4 ,to this filtrate add a slight excess of solution of ammonia1 boil for a few seconds4 ,then let the precipitate subside1 and decant the supernatant fluid4 ,add boiling water to the sediment1 and again set aside to settle1 and decant the clear fluid4 ,pass the fluids through a small filter to collect any particles of the precipitate which may have been suspended therein1 and throw the filtrate away4 ,now add to the partially washed precipitate about a gram of pure caustic potash 7or soda71 warm1 and pass the solution through the same filter employed for the previously decanted fluids4 ,wash the filter with hot water1 to which a little ,,kho may be added1 and proceed to precipitate the alumina in the filtrate by adding a few drops of dilute phosphoric acid and excess of pure acetic acid4 ,heat the solution and precipitate to the boiling point1 and then wash the latter by decantation and filtration4 ,finally dry1 ignite1 and weigh4 ,the weight of the resulting ,al#b,,po#d in grams1 multiplied by #djj1 will give the amounts of ammonia alum in grains present in one pound of the bread or flour4 f4 7,mr ,crookes47 ,the bread of which at least #ejj grains should be taken is first to be incinerated on a platinum or porcelain dish1 until all volatile organic matter has been expelled1 and a black carbonaceous ash remains4 ,the temperature must not be raised much beyond the point necessary to effect this4 ,powder the coal thus obtained and add about thirty drops of oil of vitriol1 and heat until vapours begin to rise2 when sufficiently cool1 add water1 and boil for ten minutes4 ,filter and evaporate the filtrate until the fumes of sulphuric acid begin to be evolved1 when #aj gr4 of metallic tin and an excess of nitric acid must be added1 together with water1 drop by drop1 until action between the acid and metal commences4 ,when all the tin is oxidised1 add water1 and filter4 ,evaporate the filtrate until fumes of sulphuric acid are again visible1 when more water must be added1 and the liquid again filtered if necessary4 ,to the clear solution now add tartaric acid1 then ammonia in excess1 and sulphide of ammonium4 ,evaporate the liquid containing the precipitate suspended to it1 in a dish1 until all the smell of sulphide of ammonium has disappeared4 ,filter1 evaporate to dryness1 and ignite to get rid of the organic matter4 ,powder the black ash1 boil it in moderately strong hydrochloric acid1 filter1 add a crystal of chlorate of potash1 and boil for a minute4 ,now add chloride of ammonium and ammonia1 and boil for five minutes4 ,if at the end of that time any precipitate is observed1 it will be alumina4 ,from the filtered solution1 if oxalate of ammonia be added1 the lime will be precipitated2 and if to the filtrate from this1 ammonia and phosphate of soda be added1 the magnesia will come down4 ,dr ,dupr is of opinion that no baker should be fined in whose bread the amount of alumina found corresponds with less than #aj grains of potash alum in the #b-lb4 loaf1 unless there is direct evidence of adulteration by alum independent of the result of analysis4 ,mr ,crookes says1 ,by treatment with a trace of alum1 flour with a doubtful soundness is endowed with soundness4 ,for this purpose a proportion of alum is required which does not exceed #bj grains to a #d-lb4 loaf4 #b4 ,,copper3--a4 ,moisten the suspected bread with a few drops of a solution of ferrocyanide of potassium4 ,it will assume a pinkish-brown colour if copper be present4 b4 ,a little of the bread may be steeped in hot water1 or1 better still1 in water soured with a little nitric acid1 and the clear liquor squeezed or poured off1 and tested with ferrocyanide of potassium1 as before4 #c4 ,,magnesia3--,bread adulterated with magnesia1 on digestion in hot water acidulated with sulphuric acid1 furnishes a liquid which gives a white precipitate when tested with a solution of either carbonate of potassa or of carbonate of soda1 especially on boiling4 #d4 ,,soda2 ,,potassa3--,hot water after digestion on the ashes or charcoal turns turmeric paper brown4 ,the liquid may be evaporated to dryness1 redissolved in distilled water1 slightly acidulated with hydrochloric acid1 and tested with bichloride of platinum4 ,if a yellow crystalline precipitate forms1 either at once or after some hours1 it is potash2 otherwise the alkali present is soda4 #e4 ,,chalk1 ,,whiting1 ,,burnt ,,bones1 ,,plaster ,,of ,,paris1 and similar substances are easily detected by calcining a little of the flour or bread in a clean open vessel1 when the amount of ash left will indicate the quantity of adulteration4 ,the quantity of the ash left by genuine bread or flour is very trifling indeed1 about #b4 ,microscopic ,characters of ,bread4 ,when bread is placed under the microscope1 starch cells1 broken up into angular masses1 or greatly enlarged1 and stringy masses of gluten are usually visible2 besides these1 when a microscope of high power is employed1 bacteria of the rod-shaped variety may frequently be detected1 the source of these being1 probably1 the yeast4 ,great caution and diligent observation are necessary to guard against the falling into the serious error of mistaking the many curious forms the broken-up wheat starch presents for adulterants4 ,by practice and the constant examination of the characters of unadulterated bread1 combined with a practical knowledge of the appearance different starch grains present1 after being more or less changed in shape by cooking1 the microscopist may identify rice-flour1 bean-flour1 and ,indian millet4 ,barley flour and potatoes1 however1 are very difficult of detection4 ,there is very little difference in the shape of the barley-starch granule and that of the wheat1 and in the process of bread-making the potato granules are so changed as to confuse all their distinctive characters4 ,bone-dust and a few other mineral adulterations may be detected by the microscope4 ,concluding ,remarks4 ,a number of processes are used by cooks and confectioners to make the different varieties of fancy bread1 cakes1 puddings1 c41 which vary according to the peculiar characteristic it is desired to communicate to them2 but none of these articles properly belong to the trade of the common baker4 ,thus1 some kinds of cakes and pastes are made to eat 'short1' as it is called1 or are rendered less tenacious1 and a species of brittleness imparted to them by the addition of starch1 rice-flour1 or sugar4 ,in pastry a similar effect and peculiar lightness is produced by butter or lard1 whilst in some articles white of egg1 gum water1 isinglass1 and other adhesive substances1 are added to produce an exceedingly light and porous mass4 ,the chief varieties of bread at present in use in this country are known according to their shapes1 as--,,bricks1 ,,coburg1 ,,cottage1 ,,batch1 ,,french ,,rolls1 and ,,rye ,,bread4 ,these vary in their quality1 chiefly according to the flour of which they are formed1 and their various flavours depend upon the heat of the oven in baking4 ,the best ,,white ,,bread is made from the purest wheat-flour2 ordinary ,,wheaten ,,bread1 of flour containing a little of the finest bran2 ,,seconds1 from flour containing a still larger proportion of bran2 and common ,,household ,,bread1 from flour produced by grinding the whole substance of the grain1 without any separation of the bran4 ,the last variety is undoubtedly the most wholesome and nutritious1 although that least frequently used4 ,,symnel-,,bread1 ,,manchet or ,,roll-,,bread1 and ,,french ,,bread are varieties made of the purest flour1 from the finest wheat1 a little milk being usually added for rolls1 and butter and eggs for choicer purposes4 ,several other minor kinds of bread are also made1 varied by the addition of sundry trifles1 as sugar1 currants1 and other palatable ingredients4 ,the ,,scotch ,,shortbread is made from a very thick dough1 to which butter1 sugar1 orange-peel1 and spices are added1 according to the taste of the maker4 ,in the manufacture of white bread from damaged or inferior flour a large quantity of alum is employed by the fraudulent baker1 as already noticed2 but with the 'best flour' no alum is required4 ,the utmost beauty1 sponginess1 and sweetness may be given to bread without the addition of one particle of alum1 provided the best materials alone enter into its composition4 ,as such materials are seldom employed by the bakers1 the usual practice is to introduce #d or #e oz4 of alum to every sack of flour1 or about #a oz4 to each bushel2 and very frequently fully double this quantity of alum is employed4 ,but even this enormous quantity is often not the whole of the alum present in common bread2 for the miller1 in order to cheat the baker1 puts in the 'doctor1' in the shape of #d to #f oz4 of alum to the sack1 whilst the baker1 unconscious of this victimisation1 subsequently uses a double dose of alum in order to cheat his customers4#bbi ,the method of detecting this pernicious adulteration has been already explained4 ,the proper quantity of salt is #d lbs41 and never more than #e lbs41 to the sack1 or #a lb4 per bushel4 ,one sack of the best flour1 with #d or #e lbs4 of salt1 yields about #cfj lbs4 of good bread2 and a sack of seconds1 #cde to #cej lbs4 of bread2 each being moderately baked4 ,if the loaves are well-baked or over-baked1 the product will be from #cde to #cej lbs4 only2 but if they are slack-baked or under-baked1 from #cgj lbs4 to #che lbs4 of crumbling bread may be obtained from #a sack of good white flour4 ,footnote #bbi3 ,the common excuse of the bakers for using alum is1 that without it the bread is not sufficiently white to please their customers1 and that the batches are not easily parted into loaves after baking2 but ,liebig has shown that clear lime-water1 which is perfectly harmless1 will effect the same object if substituted for the simple water used to make the dough4 ,the attention of chemists has1 at various times1 been directed in search of some method to rectify or lessen the effects of bad harvesting and improper storage on grain1 so that a damaged or inferior article might be rendered serviceable1 and available for human food4 ,prof4 ,e4 ,davy recommends the addition of #a_/d oz4 of carbonate of magnesia to about every #c lbs4 of sour1 melted1 heated1 and similarly damaged flour4 ,this substance materially improves the quality of the bread1 even when made from the worst new seconds flour2 whilst it is said to be perfectly harmless2 and the bread so prepared1 for temporary use1 is certainly unobjectionable4 ,what effects would arise from the daily consumption of such bread for several months has not been determined2 but it is doubtful whether it would prove salutary4 ,indeed there are sufficient reasons for condemning the adoption of such bread in the general diet of a people for any very lengthened period4#bcj ,our own experiments in bread-making1 extending over a long period of years1 lead us to prefer carbonate or bicarbonate of soda for the purpose4 ,theoretically1 the corresponding salts of potassa would be preferable4 ,a mixture of equal parts of the bicarbonates of potassa and of soda will1 perhaps1 ultimately be found to be more useful than either substance used separately4 ,footnote #bcj3 ,see ,,goiture1 ,,magnesia1 c4 ,in times of scarcity and famine various substances1 besides the flour of the cereals1 have been made into bread1 or have been mixed with it1 in order to lessen the quantity of the former required by the people4 ,for this purpose1 almost every amylaceous vegetable at once plentiful and cheap has1 in its turn1 been eagerly appropriated4 ,acorns1 beech-mast1 the leguminous seeds1 numerous starchy bulbous roots1 and similar substances1 have been employed1 either in the form of meal1 or made into an emulsion or jelly1 which has been used instead of water to form the flour of bread-corn into a dough4 ,at such times bran1 the most nutritious and valuable portion of the grain1 although usually rejected as worthless1 has been retained in the flour1 and has even been added to it in excess4 ,birkenmayer1 a brewer of ,constance1 during a period of scarcity1 succeeded in manufacturing bread from the farinaceous residue of beer 7brewer's grains74 #aj lbs4 of this substance1 rubbed to a paste1 with #a_/b lb4 of yeast1 #e lbs4 of ordinary meal1 and a handful of salt1 produces #ad lbs4 of ,,black ,,bread1 which is said to be both savoury and nourishing4 ,the nutritious quality of brewer's grains is shown by their extensive employment at the present day as food for pigs and cattle1 and particularly for milch cows4 ,in like manner ,iceland1 ,carragheen1 and other mosses1 have been made into bread1 either alone1 or mixed with flour or meal4 ,they are used1 in the first case1 in the state of meal1 in the same way as flour2 in the second case1 #g lbs4 of moss are directed to be boiled in #aj or #ab galls4 of water1 and the resulting glutinous liquid or jelly to be employed to make #gj lbs4 of flour into dough1 which is then fermented and baked in the usual way4 ,it is said that flour thus produces fully double its weight of good household bread4 ,a simpler plan is to mix #a lb4 of lichen meal with #c or #d lbs4 of flour2 the bitterness of the lichen having been first extracted by soaking it in cold water4 ,bread so prepared has of late been highly recommended for the delicate and dyspeptic4 ,the modern baker is in the habit of mixing large quantities of potatoes with his bread1 whenever he can purchase them at paying prices4 ,mealy potatoes are selected1 and are carefully mashed or pulped1 and the dry flour is worked into this pulp or dough1 which is then mixed with the sponge in the usual manner4 ,for inferior bread1 equal weights of potato pulp and dry flour are often used4 ,bread so prepared eats 'short1' and is deficient in sponginess1 and in that fine yellowish-white tint which forms one of the characteristics of pure wheaten bread1 ,more recently1 rice boiled with water to a jelly has got into very extensive use among the bakers4 ,a 'sponge' is made with a portion of the jelly thickened with some flour1 and the whole process is conducted in the ordinary manner1 except that the fermentation is generally more slowly conducted and allowed to proceed for a longer period4 ,flour so treated yields fully #ej more bread than when merely mixed up with yeast and water4 ,this constitutes the process of ,messrs ,morian1 ,martin1 and ,journet1 of ,paris1 which was tested1 a few years since1 at ,marylebone ,workhouse4 ,the experiment succeeded1 but the only result to the public has been1 that the common bakers have adopted the plan1 and now very generally surcharge their bread with such an excess of water that1 in many cases1 it only possesses two thirds the amount of nourishment which it did before the publication of the system just referred to4 ,unfortunately1 the cupidity of dishonest tradesmen appears to be continually impelling them to avail themselves of the exertions of philanthropists and the discoveries of science1 in order to increase their profits1 regardless alike of the quality of their commodities and the health of their customers4 ,bread containing an excess of water rapidly becomes sour and mouldy1 and is apt to disorder the digestive functions of those who eat it4 ,from the experiments of ,dr ,colquhoun1 it appears that the starch of flour is partially converted into sugar during the process of fermenting and baking the dough1 and thus contributes to the sweetness of the bread4 ,he proposes to add to the flour1 arrow-root1 the farina of potatoes1 and similar amylaceous substances1 made into a jelly with hot water1 for this purpose4 ,dr ,percival has recommended the addition of salep with the same intention4 #a oz4 of salep1 dissolved in #a quart of water2 #b lbs4 of flour2 #hj grs4 of salt2 and #b oz4 of yeast1 gave #c lbs4 #b oz4 of good bread4 ,the same weight of materials1 without the salep1 gave only #b-c_/d lbs4 ,if too much salep is added1 it gives its peculiar flavour to the bread4 ,in reference to the above substitutions1 and to the relative quantity of bread produced from any given weight of flour1 the reader should remember that the mere increase of the weight or bulk of the product does not carry with it a corresponding increase of the nutritive elements contained in the flour4 ,these remain the same in all cases2 and just in proportion as the product1 in bread1 is greater1 will be the decrease in the value of such bread as food4 ,so also with potatoes1 rice1 and other farinaceous and pulpy substances used as substitutes for wheat-flour4 ,their poverty in nitrogenous matter1 or flesh-formers1 is so great1 that the greatly increased quantity required as food to support the body1 apart from mere inconvenience1 more than compensates for their apparent low price4 ,thus1 good wheaten bread1 at #b;d4 per lb41 is more than twice as cheap as potatoes at #a;d42 for1 assuming #b lbs4 of the first as a day's food1 #aj lbs4 of the last will be required for the same purpose2 and even this large quantity will scarcely effect the desired object4 ,liebig has demonstrated that1 regard being had to the nutritive power of wheat1 it is1 under all ordinary circumstances1 the cheapest article of food provided by nature for man4 ,we have not entered into particulars respecting oven management1 because1 on the large scale1 it is thoroughly understood by every practical baker4 ,for the instruction of the busy housewife1 however1 we may state that the oven should always be sufficiently heated before the bread is put into it1 in order that the gas contained in the cells of the 'sponge' may be expanded as rapidly as possible by the heat1 and the resulting light mass quickly rendered sufficiently solid to prevent its subsequent collapse4 ,the heat should also be maintained at nearly the same temperature during the whole of the time the bread is submitted to its action4 ,in general1 with ordinary kitchen ovens properly heated1 #cj minutes' baking is sufficient for one-pound loaves and cakes2 and #ae minutes in addition for every pound after the first for larger ones4 ,thus1 a #a lb4 loaf requires #a_/b hour2 a #b lb4 loaf #c_/d hour2 and a #d lb4 loaf1 #a-a_/d hour4 ,it is the common ambition of the ,english baker to give that peculiar tint to the crust of his bread in the process of baking which is so highly esteemed by connoisseurs1 and so successfully produced by the ,viennese and ,parisians4 ,it has been long known at ,vienna that if the hearth of an oven be cleaned with a moistened wisp of straw1 the crust of bread baked in it immediately afterwards presents a beautiful yellow tint4 ,it was thence inferred that this peculiarity depends on the vapour1 which being condensed on the roof of the oven1 falls back on the bread4 ,at ,paris1 in order to secure with certainty so desirable an appearance1 the hearth of the oven is generally laid so as to form an inclined plane1 with a rise of about #aa inches in #c feet2 and the arched roof is built lower at the end nearest the door1 as compared with the further extremity4 ,when the oven is charged the entrance is closed with a wet bundle of straw4 ,by this arrangement the steam is driven down on the bread1 and a golden-yellow crust is given to it1 as if it had been previously covered with the yolk of an egg4 ,pure wheaten bread is one of the most wholesome articles of food1 and has been justly termed the 'staff of life1' and a certain proportion of it should be taken at every meal4 ,new and ,stale ,bread4--,as has been just stated1 bread which has been kept for #bd hours after baking is more digestible1 and therefore preferable to that which has been newly baked4 ,this latter exhibits a well-known elastic appearance1 and possesses a certain degree of moisture which renders its taste more agreeable to most persons than bread which has been kept for a day or two1 and has become firmer and drier in appearance1 and which is commonly termed stale4 ,it is very generally supposed that this change in properties in bread which has been kept for a few days1 is owing to the loss of water4 ,this1 however1 is not the case4 ,the crum of newly baked bread when cold contains about #de per cent4 of water1 and that of stale bread contains almost exactly the same proportion4 ,the difference in properties between the two is due simply to difference in molecular arrangement4 ,boussingault found that a loaf which had been kept for six days1 though it had become very stale1 had not lost more than #a per cent4 of its weight when new4 ,the same loaf was then placed in the oven for an hour1 and at the end of that time it had acquired all the properties and appearance of new bread1 although during the second baking it lost #c-a_/b per cent4 of water4 ,in another experiment a portion of bread was allowed to become stale when enclosed in a tight case1 to prevent loss of water by evaporation2 it was then heated1 and was thus restored to the condition of new bread2 these effects were produced alternately1 many times in succession1 upon the same piece of bread2 a heat of about #aca ,f4 was found to be sufficient to convert stale into new bread4 ,every person who has seen a thick slice of stale bread toasted may have satisfied himself that the crum has during this operation been converted into the same condition as that of new bread4 ,fungi4 ,when bread has been kept a few days and has become stale1 certain species of fungi show themselves in it3 these are the penicillium glaucum1 which is the green mould of cheese2 the fermentum cerivisi or yeast fungus2 the oidium auriantiacum or orange-red mould2 the puccinia graminis and others4 ,excess of salt added to the bread prevents the development of these fungi4 ,diseases arising from the employment of unsound ,flour and ,bread4--,the flour may be ergotised or grown1 and fermenting from the presence of fungi4 ,all the poisonous symptoms of ergot are induced from continuously partaking of bread made with ergotised flour4 ,dry gangrene is one of the most virulent forms of poisoning caused by partaking of ergotised bread4 ,severe intestinal derangement is an accompaniment of the milder forms of poisoning4 ,ergot is more frequently present in rye flour than in wheat4 ,fermenting bread is a fertile source of dyspepsia1 whilst acid bread causes diarrhoea4 ,this latter malady is also caused by the presence in bread of the oidium aurantiacum4 ,professors ,varnell and ,tuson state that mouldy oats1 the mould being caused by a fungus 7the aspergillus71 have given rise to paralytic symptoms in horses1 so that the presence of these fungi in oats used for making bread should always be regarded with considerable caution4 ,it has not been demonstrated that the acarus so common in flour has had any injurious effect when eaten4 ,when well fermented and baked bread is very easy of digestion4 ,it should never be eaten until it has stood at least #bd hours after being taken out of the oven4 ,when newer1 bread is apt to disagree with the stomach1 frequently producing indigestion1 biliousness1 diarrhoea1 dyspepsia1 and other like ailments4 ,bread prepared from meal containing the whole of the bran is the most nutritious and digestible1 and should alone be given to children and growing persons1 and eaten by the dyspeptic and delicate4 ,young infants should never be fed upon bread4 ,see ,,aleurometer1 ,,alum1 ,,flour1 ,,wheat1 c4 ,bread1 ,arated4 ,the best description of unfermented bread is that manufactured by the process of ,dr ,,dauglish4 ,the method of manufacture has this advantage3--,during the whole of the operation neither the flour nor the dough comes into contact with the flesh of the workman4 ,for a full description of the method of preparing this article1 see ,watts' ',dic4 of ,chemistry4' ,see ,,bread1 ,,unfermented4 ,bread1 ,amer'ican4 ,from ,american barreled flour4 #ad lbs4 of ,american flour will make #ba-a_/b lbs4 of bread2 whereas the best sort of ,english flour produces only #ah-a_/b lbs4 of bread4 7,mrs ,rundell47 ,this arises from the superior quality of the wheat used in its production2 and also from its being kiln-dried before grinding1 by which much water is driven off4 ,bread1 ,bee4 ,the matter collected by bees to form the bottom of the hive4 ,it resembles a mixture of resin and wax4 ,its fumes were formerly thought to be anti-asthmatic4 ,bread1 ,bran4 #a4 ,from the whole meal1 without sifting out any of the bran4 #b4 ,by adding about #c oz4 of bran to every lb4 of ordinary flour4 ,bread1 ,cassava1 is made from the root of the manihot1 by first expressing the juice1 then grinding the residue into a coarse meal1 and baking it in the form of cakes upon thin iron plates4 ,when steeped in oil1 and flavoured with cayenne1 and slightly broiled upon a gridiron1 it is not unpalatable4 ,bread1 ,extemporaneous4 ,see ,,bread1 ,,unfermented4 ,bread1 ,french4 ,prep4 #a4 ,from fine flour1 as the best white bread4 ,for the better kinds1 and for those intended for rolls and small fancy bread1 the sponge and dough is commonly wetted with milk and water1 and1 occasionally1 a very little butter is added4 ,when the rolls or small fancy loaves have lain in a quick oven about a quarter of an hour1 turn them on the other side for about a quarter of an hour longer4 ,then take them out and chip them with a knife1 which will make them look spongy1 and of a fine yellow2 whereas rasping takes off this fine colour1 and renders their look less inviting4 #b4 ,,french ,,soup-,,bread4 ,from fine flour1 but employing fully double the usual quantity of salt4 ,it is baked in thin loaves1 so as to be nearly all crust1 by which means it becomes more soluble in hot soup4 ,bread1 ,hick's ,pat'ent4 ,this is ordinary bread baked in an oven so arranged that the vapours arising during the process are condensed in a suitable receiver4 ,the condensed liquor is a crude1 weak spirit1 produced during the fermentation of the dough1 and possesses little commercial value2 indeed1 insufficient to pay for the expenses attending its collection4 ,besides which1 the bread prepared under this patent was rejected by the vulgar1 who flocked to the shops of the neighbouring bakers1 who professed to sell their bread with the gin in it4 ,bread1 ,household4 ,this name is commonly given to bread made with flour from which only the coarser portion of the bran has been removed2 and to bread prepared from a mixture of flour and potatoes4 ,the following are examples3-- #a4 7,rev4 ,mr ,haggett47 ,remove the flake-bran from flour1 #ad lbs42 boil the bran in #a gall4 of water until reduced to #g pints2 strain1 cool1 and knead in the flour1 adding salt and yeast as for other bread4 ,very wholesome4 #b4 ,flour1 #g lbs42 mealy potatoes 7well mashed71 #c lbs42 as before4 ,objectionable for the reasons already given4 ,bread1 ,leav'ened4 7l7ev'-74 ,using leaven instead of yeast1 and in the same way4 ,about #a lb4 to each bushel of flour is usually sufficient4 ,the more leaven used1 the lighter the bread made with it will be2 and the fresher and sweeter the leaven1 the less sour will it taste4 ,leaven1 except among the ,jews and sailors1 is now superseded by yeast4 ,bread1 ,london ,white4 ,the common proportions of the ,london bakers are--,flour1 #a sack2 common salt1 #d-a_/b lbs42 alum1 #e oz42 yeast1 #d pints2 warm water for the sponge 7about71 #c galls4 ,the process has been already noticed4 ,bread1 ,paris ,white4 ,the following has been handed to us as the plan commonly adopted by the ,paris bakers for their best white bread3--,on #hj lbs4 of the dough 7before the yeast was added7 from yesterday's baking1 as much lukewarm water is poured as will be required to make #cbj lbs4 of flour into a rather thin dough2 as soon as this has risen1 #hj lbs4 are taken out and reserved in a warm place as leaven for the next day's baking2 #a lb4 of dry yeast1 dissolved in warm water1 is then added to the remaining portion1 and the whole lightly kneaded2 as soon as it has sufficiently risen1 it is made into loaves1 and shortly afterwards baked2 the loaves being placed in the oven without touching each other1 so that they may become crusty all round4 ,bread1 ,unfermented4 ,syn4 ,,extemporaneous ,,bread4 ,prep4 #a4 ,from ,jones's patent flour4 ,very wholesome and excellent2 indeed1 when skilfully made and baked1 almost equal to ,french bread4 #b4 ,from ,sewell's patent flour4 ,slightly inferior to the last4 #c4 ,to each lb4 of flour add1 separately1 #a-a_/d dr4 of bicarbonate of soda1 and #a dr4 of tartaric acid 7both perfectly dry1 and in very fine powder72 rub them well together with the hands until thoroughly incorporated2 then form the whole into a dough with water1 as quickly as possible1 and at once bake in a quick oven4 ,about #h or #i oz4 of water are required for every lb4 of flour4 ,answers well when expertly managed4 #d4 ,flour1 #a lb42 bicarbonate of soda1 #a dr42 mix2 make a dough with water1 q4 s41 to which #a dr4 of hydrochloric acid 7commercial7 has been added1 and further proceed as before4 #e4 ,whiting's ,,patent ,,bread3--,this closely resembles the last4 ,the proportions are--,flour1 #g lbs42 carbonate of soda and hydrochloric acid1 of each #a oz42 water1 #b-c_/d pints4 ,this method was suggested by ,dr ,henry in #agig1 and was patented by ,dr ,whiting in #ahcf4 ,if the proportions be not observed1 or the mixture be not perfect1 the quality of the bread suffers4 ,the action of the acid on the soda forms common salt in the loaf4 #f4 ,,ammoni',,acal ,,bread3--,carbonate of ammonia1 #c_/d to #a oz42 cold water1 q4 s42 dissolve1 add of flour1 #g lbs42 and make a dough1 which must be formed into loaves and baked immediately1 as before4--,obs4 ,to ensure success the carbonate should be recent1 and free from bicarbonate1 the presence of which is known by its being white and powdery1 and of inferior pungency4 ,if any of the last salt be present1 the bread will have a yellowish colour1 and a slightly alkaline or urinous flavour4 ,the process answers best for small loaves1 cakes1 and fancy bread4 ,by employing pure carbonate of ammonia instead of the commercial sesquicarbonate1 the process succeeds admirably1 and the resulting bread is most wholesome4 ,a late writer recommends the use of bicarbonate of ammonia1 but evidently does so in ignorance1 as in practice it is inapplicable1 as the author verified by numerous carefully conducted experiments4 #g4 ,it has been at various times proposed to knead the dough with water highly charged with carbonic acid1 on which ,dr ,ure observes that the resulting bread will be somewhat spongy4 ,he states that he endeavoured to make bread in this way1 but never could succeed in producing a light spongy loaf4 ,the quantity of gas in the water is much too trifling for the purpose1 and the greater part of it escapes in the process of making the dough1 even though all the materials be well cooled1 and the operation conducted in a cold place4 ,the only way of obviating the difficulty is to conduct the kneading in a trough under considerable atmospheric pressure1 and at a very low temperature1 by means of machinery1 as is done by ,dr ,dauglish1 whose method is now protected by letters patent4 ,this method is not1 however1 adapted either to domestic use or the small scale4#bca ,footnote #bca3 ,for a full description of ,dauglish's process1 see ,watts' ',dic4 of ,chemistry4' ,obs4 ,unfermented bread has been strongly recommended as being more wholesome1 and generally better adapted to bilious and dyspeptic patients1 than fermented bread4 ,it must1 however1 be confessed1 that the unfermented bread commonly met with has a slight 'raw-grain' taste1 which is very disagreeable to some persons4 ,but this taste is not necessarily present1 being chiefly dependent on bad manipulation1 the use of inferior flour1 and insufficient baking4 ,the process of fermentation doubtless modifies the condition of the starch and gluten of the dough1 and renders them easier of digestion4 ,this species of bread is sadly adulterated with a variety of indescribable messes4 ,see ,,biscuits1 ,,bread 7ant71 ,,flour1 ,,gingerbread1 c4 ,bread ,fruit 7,artocarpus incisa1 nat4 order ,graminace74 ,the tree yielding the bread-fruit is a native of ,central ,america1 the ,south ,sea ,islands1 and the ,islands of the ,indian ,archipelago4 ,it is principally composed of starch1 sugar1 and water1 every #ajj parts containing #hj of water4 ,the fruit is gathered when the starch is in a mealy condition2 it is then peeled1 wrapped in leaves1 and baked by placing it between hot stones4 ,it then has the taste of sweetbread4 ,the natives of the countries where this fruit is found practise a method for preserving it1 which consists in allowing the nitrogenous parts of the fruit to putrefy in water-tight pits4 ,they thus obtain a mass resembling soft cheese in consistence1 and this1 when required to be eaten1 is baked in the same manner as the fresh fruit4 ,,break',,fast 7br7ek'-74 ,syn4 ,,jentaculum ,l42 ,d,,je,,ner1 ,d,,je,n1 ,fr42 ,,fr,,hst,,ck1 ,ger4 ,the first meal of the day2 or the food served at it4 ,the morning meal--the 'early bit' of the ,germans--is perhaps the most important one of the day4 ,according to ,erasmus ,wilson1 it is usually taken at eight or nine4 ,the proper time for the purpose must1 however1 depend upon that at which the party rises4 ,about an hour1 to an hour and a half1 after leaving the bed1 will generally be found the most appropriate time for breakfast1 and appears to be the one pointed out by nature1 and the most conducive to health4 ,by that time the powers of the system have fully recovered from the inactivity of sleep1 and the functions of the stomach and other viscera have again come into full play4 ,the appetite is excited and seeks appeasing1 and both instinct and reason direct us to the social board4 ,if abstinence be now prolonged1 the physical and mental energies1 unsupported by the supply of food which indirectly gives them birth1 gradually lessen1 and incipient exhaustion ensues4 ,the fluids of the stomach and the smaller intestines begin to act upon the coats of those viscera instead of on the food1 and an unpleasant feeling of hunger or a loss of appetite comes on1 with all its depressing consequences4 ,when breakfast cannot be taken within a reasonable period after rising1 the gap should be filled up by chewing a crust1 a biscuit1 or the like4 ,a raw egg or two1 sucked from the shell1 or broken into a teacup and drank1 will be found most valuable for this purpose4 ,raw milk1 cheese1 salted food1 and other indigestible matter1 should be particularly avoided at this early period of the day4 ,the articles of food to be chosen for the breakfast-table must depend entirely on the state of the health1 the occupations1 c41 of those assembled round it4 ,coffee appears to be1 by common consent1 the favourite beverage4 ,for the delicate1 the bilious1 and the young1 it should neither be taken too strong1 nor very weak1 and should be softened down with milk or cream1 and well sweetened with sugar4 ,tea is more apt to affect the nerves and stomach than pure unchicoried coffee4 ,green tea1 taken thus early in the day1 often acts as an absolute poison1 though a slow one4 ,we have seen severe fits of vomiting and exhaustion follow its use4 ,the solid food for breakfast should be easy of digestion1 and nutritious4 ,females1 children1 and persons leading a sedentary life1 should confine themselves to a sufficient quantity of good meal-bread with only a moderate quantity of butter1 to which an egg1 or a small rasher of mild bacon1 may be advantageously added4 ,for very young children there is no better breakfast1 where it agrees with them1 than scalding-hot new-milk poured on sliced bread1 with a slice or two of bread and butter to eat with it4 ,parties engaged in active occupations may extend their exploits somewhat farther1 and add to this bill of fare a little ham or cold meat4 ,when an undue time will elapse before the luncheon or dinner1 and particularly during the colder season of the year1 the broiled leg of a fowl1 an under-dressed mutton chop1 or a little tender beef-steak1 will be found1 by the parties last referred to1 most useful2 nay1 in many cases1 invaluable4 ,but excess must be particularly avoided4 ,the object is to take enough food to maintain the system in full energy and vigour1 and particularly to avoid offending the stomach by overloading it2 a misfortune easily effected at the breakfast table4 ,old commercial travellers--men wise in the mysteries of life and its enjoyments--are scrupulously careful to make a good1 but not a heavy breakfast1 before commencing the arduous duties of the day4 ,see ,d,,je,,ner1 ,,meals1 c4 ,breakfast ,pow'der4 ,syn4 ,,rye'-,,coffee1 ,,dillen',,ius',s ,c41 ,,hunt',s ,,econom',,ical ,,breakfast ,,powder1 c4 ,rye1 roasted along with a little fat1 after the manner of coffee4 ,it was once sold at #bs4 #f;d4 the lb41 and was formerly extensively used as a substitute for foreign coffee1 of which it is one of the cheapest and best4 ,since the reduction of duty on coffee it has nearly fallen into disuse1 unless it be by the grocers to adulterate that article4 ,,breast 7,sore74 ,see ,,nipples4 ,breast ,pang4 ,syn4 ,,angina ,,pectoris4 ,symptoms4--,a sudden pain occurring in the parts covered by the breast-bone and the throat1 accompanied with a feeling of suffocation1 and the apprehension of immediate death4 ,the pain sometimes extends down the arms and through the back4 ,summon a medical man without a moment's loss of time4 ,pending his speedy arrival give a drachm of ether with one third of a grain of acetate of morphia4 ,apply hot applications to the chest and stomach2 likewise friction to the chest1 back1 and sides with spirits4 ,if the relief be only partial1 the dose of ether may be repeated after twenty minutes4 ,,breath 7,fetid74 ,scarcely anything is more disagreeable or disgusting than a stinking breath4 ,various means have been proposed to remove this annoyance1 depending principally on the administration of aromatics1 which by their odour smother it for a time2 but these require continual repetition1 and are liable to interfere with the functions of digestion4 ,the real cause of stinking breath may generally be traced to a diseased stomach1 or to decayed teeth4 ,when the former is the case1 mild aperients should be administered2 and if these do not succeed1 an emetic may be given1 followed by an occasional dose of the ,abernethy-medicines4 ,when rotten teeth are the cause1 they should be thoroughly cleansed1 and then 'stopped1' or if this is impracticable1 they should be removed4 ,when this is impossible or inconvenient1 the evil may usually be lessened by keeping them scrupulously clean4 ,dirty teeth also often cause the breath to smell2 and hence the use of the tooth-brush should be a daily habit4 ,occasionally rinsing out the mouth with a little clean water to which a few drops of solution of chloride of lime1 or of chloride of soda1 has been added1 is often an effective method4 ,mouth-washes of ,condy's fluid1 and also of carbolic acid1 both very greatly diluted1 form useful remedies2 as do also chlorate of potash and tannic acid in the form of mouth-washes4 ,as a tooth-powder1 fresh-burnt charcoal1 and particularly areca-nut charcoal1 is without comparison the best4 ,lozenges1 such as the following1 have been strongly recommended to sweeten and purify the breath3--,gum-catechu1 #b oz42 white sugar1 #e oz42 orris powder1 #a oz42 neroli1 #e or #f drops2 make them into a paste with mucilage1 and divide the mass into very small lozenges4 #bj or #cj drops of oil of cloves may be substituted for the orris and neroli1 at will4 ,one or two may be sucked at pleasure4 ,when the breath of a child or infant1 usually so sweet and fresh1 smells unpleasantly1 it indicates stomach derangement of some sort4 ,very frequently it is indicative of worms4 ,see ,,cachou ,,aromatis1 ,,pastils1 c4 ,,brew',,ing4 ,the art of making beer4 ,the only ingredients allowed by law to enter into the composition of beer are malt1 sugar1 hops1 or any substitute for hops1 and water1 together with a little yeast4 ,the apparatus and utensils required under the common system1 in brewing beer1 are-- #a4 ,a copper or boiler capable of holding fully two thirds of the quantity proposed to be brewed2 with a gauge-stick to determine the number of gallons of fluid at any given depth therein2 and a wooden cover to place over it before the boiling commences1 or when not in use4 ,a copper capable of holding not less than #adj galls4 is a convenient size for brewing a quarter of malt1 and is commonly known as a one-quarter copper4 #b4 ,a mash-tub or mash-tun capable of containing one third more than the copper4 #c4 ,one or more tuns or vessels1 to ferment the beer in4 #d4 ,three or four shallow coolers1 to reduce the wort as rapidly as possible to a proper temperature for fermentation4 #e4 ,one or two copper or wooden bowls1 for baling1 c4 #f4 ,a thermometer with a scale reaching from below #cb to a few degrees above the boiling-point of water 7say to #bbe or #bcj ,fahr474 #g4 ,a saccharometer1 for taking the density of worts and beer4 #h4 ,a suitable number of casks 7clean and sweet71 to contain the beer4 #i4 ,one or more large funnels or tunners4 #aj4 ,two or more clean pails4 #aa4 ,a hand-pump of a size proportionate to the brewing4 #ab4 ,a mill1 for crushing the malt4 ,brewers1 for sale1 are restricted by law to the use of mills with plain metal rollers4 ,these articles will vary in value from #aj1 upwards to many hundreds1 or even thousands1 according to the extent of the brewing2 but the whole of them necessary for a private family may be bought for less than the former amount1 as the mill1 pump1 c41 may then be dispensed with1 and the rest may be of the simplest and least expensive character possible4 ,by proper care they will last for #cj or #dj years1 and still continue in a useful state4 ,preliminary proceedings3-- ,the malt is chosen according to the intended character of the brewing--pale1 amber1 roasted1 or any mixture of them1 as the occasion may require4 ,it is bruised or crushed in a mill 7malt-mill7 before employing it in brewing1 that it may be the more readily acted on by the water4 ,it should not be ground too small1 as it would then make the wort thick1 and cause it to run with difficulty from the mash-tun4 ,the crushed malt may advantageously lie for a few days in a cool situation1 by which it will attract a considerable quantity of moisture from the air1 and be the more easily exhausted by the water used in mashing4 ,pale malt may be used coarser than amber or brown malt4 ,a bushel of good malt should measure #a-a_/d bushel when ground2 and a quarter should yield between #i-a_/b and #aj bushels1 the quantity slightly varying according to the degree of bruising it has undergone4 ,on the large scale1 malt is ground in crushing mills furnished with plain iron rollers2 on the small scale1 by wooden rollers or mills worked by hand4 ,for private brewing1 the malt is generally bought ready crushed or ground1 for convenience sake4 ,the hops1 after being taken from the 'pockets' or 'bag1' are crumbled with the hands ready to be thrown into the copper4 ,for general purposes those grown in ,kent1 and of the present season1 are preferred4 ,for the finer sorts of ale1 ,east ,kent hops are commonly used2 and when it is intended to keep the liquor for a long time1 those known by the names of ,country's1 ,alton's1 or ,farnham hops1 are employed4 ,the quantity of hops required by a given measure of malt varies from #b lbs4 to #bb lbs4 per quarter1 according to the strength or gravity of the wort1 the character of the beer intended to be brewed1 and the climate which the beer may have to sustain4 ,export beer requires1 as a rule1 an exceptionally large amount of hops to enable it to bear without injury the heat of the country to which it is shipped4 ,the following are the usual proportions3-- ,table beer #b lbs4 #a qr4 ,mild ale or porter #d #a ,brown stout #e #a ,scotch ale 7best7 #e #a ,strong ale 7ordinary7 #e-a_/b #a 7keeping7 #h #a ,bitter ale #aj to #ad #a ,east ,india ale 7export7 #ab #bb #a ,when a strong1 coarse hop is used1 a less quantity suffices for the same strength brewed1 but the flavour is always inferior4 ,the water1 which should be clear1 and free from all traces of decomposing animal and vegetable matter1 must be provided in abundance4 ,of late years hard water has been preferred by many brewers1 on the ground that beer brewed with it is self-fining1 and hence requires no artificial clarification either in the vat or cask4 ,hard water is also much to be preferred to soft in brewing stock beers2 since by its rendering the albuminous matters contained in the mash insoluble1 it prevents the fermentation to which these would otherwise give rise1 and so assists in the preservation of the beer1 and in keeping it free from acidity4 ,the ,german brewers1 however1 who do not brew beverages intended to be kept for any time1 on the contrary1 employ a soft water1 by which means the albuminous substances contained in the malt are rendered soluble1 and become diffused throughout the beer1 and possibly add in some measure to its nutritive qualities4 ,hard waters are said to have the property1 over soft ones1 of enabling the beer to retain more saccharine matter1 and hence to improve its flavour and to give it more body4 ,the ales of ,burton are pre-eminent for their excellent quality and keeping properties4 ,in the neighbourhood of ,burton there are extensive beds of new red sandstone and gypsum1 by sinking wells into which the ,burton brewers obtain the water from which they make their beers4 ,from the subjoined analyses of ,burton well waters it will be seen that this water is a very hard one1 and contains1 besides other salts1 a very large quantity of sulphate of lime4 ,analysis of the water used in ,messrs ,,allsopp',s brewery 7,dr ,bttinger73-- ,amount of ingredients in the imperial gallon1 represented in grains4 ,chloride of sodium #ajab ,sulphate of potash #gfe ,sulphate of lime #ahif ,sulphate of magnesia #iie ,carbonate of lime #aeea ,carbonate of magnesia #agj ,carbonate of iron #jfj ,silica #jgi ------ #febh ,analysis of water from a well at the brewery of ,messrs ,,bass 7,cooper73-- ,carbonate of lime #iic ,sulphate of lime #eddj ,chloride of calcium #acch ,sulphate of magnesia #jhc ------ #ghed ,the whole of the water used in the ,burton breweries is obtained from wells1 and not from the river ,trent1 as was at one time erroneously supposed4 ,a factitious ,burton water may1 it is said1 be obtained by adding sulphate of lime and salt to any soft water1 in the proportions stated in the above analyses4 ,dr ,c4 ,graham is of opinion that1 although the properties of the ,burton well waters are very greatly due to the large quantity of sulphate of lime contained in them1 the chlorides of sodium and calcium are also important constituents4 ,the yeast must be fresh and good2 and all the vessels and utensils perfectly sweet and clean4 ,if the latter be neglected1 even the most skilful brewing will prove a failure4 ,process of brewing3-- #a4 ,,mashing3--,the ground or bruised malt placed in the mash-tun is macerated for some time in hot water1 and the infusion 7wort7 drawn off from a hole in the bottom1 over which a strainer or false bottom is placed1 to prevent the malt passing out along with the liquor4 ,during the process of mashing a peculiar principle contained in the malt1 called diastase1 reacts upon the starch with which it is associated1 and converts it into grape-sugar4 ,the more completely this conversion is effected the richer will be the resulting wort in sugar or saccharine1 and the stronger and more alcoholic the beer produced by its fermentation4 ,it is1 therefore1 a desideratum with the brewer to mash at the temperature which most fully promotes this important object4 ,the best temperature for this purpose ranges between #aej and #agj ,fahr4 ,when more than one mash is made1 the first should be something lower than the first-named temperature2 the second may be from #age to #ahe2 and the third as high as #bjj ,fahr4 ,if the first mashing has been rightly conducted1 the whole of the starch will be converted into sugar1 and the action of the second and third mashings is merely to wash out any of the remaining saccharine matter still existing in the crushed grain4 ,in practice1 as soon as the water in the copper acquires the temperature of #agj1 #de galls4 are run into the mash-tun1 and #a quarter of crushed malt gradually added to it4 ,the whole is now thoroughly mixed with the mash liquor1 by means of oars1 or machinery1 the agitation 7mashing7 being continued for #cj or #dj minutes1 when #cf galls4 more water from the copper are added1 and the whole again well agitated1 as before4 ,the mash-tun is now closely covered up1 and the mash allowed to repose for about two hours1 in order that the diastase may exert its saccharifying power upon the unconverted starch of the malt4 ,at the end of this time the tap is set1 and the wort run into the 'underback4' ,it generally amounts to about #ej galls4 ,the second mash is then made with about #fj galls4 of water1 at #ahe ,f41 and the whole process repeated as before4 ,after an hour the liquor is drawn off1 and the malt drained ready for the third mash4 ,this time only #ce galls4 of water are added at #bjj ,f41 and the whole is seldom allowed to stand longer than half an hour4 ,it is then run off1 and the malt allowed to drain as dry as possible4 ,in some cases the worts of the first and second mashes only are used for strong beer2 that of the third mashing being kept for table beer1 or as liquor to mash a fresh quantity of malt4 ,pale malt and mixtures of malt and raw grain should be mashed for a longer time1 and at a somewhat lower temperature than brown or high-dried malt4 ,instead of making second and third mashes as above described1 it has long been the practice in ,scotland1 and is now becoming common in ,england1 to sprinkle the surface of the grains in the mash-tun with water1 at or about the temperature of #ahj ,fahr41 by means of a simple revolving instrument termed a 'sparger1' and to let the liquor drain through the goods and run off by the tap with the last portions of the first wort4 ,by this means the whole surface of the grain is continuously and regularly sprinkled with hot water4 ,when sugar is used it may be either mixed with the malt in the mash-tun1 at the time of mashing1 or put into the underback1 just before setting the taps1 and the hot wort run upon it4 ,the proportions of malt and sugar vary according to the quality of the latter1 but1 on an average1 from #agj lbs4 to #bjj lbs4 of good raw sugar may be taken as the equivalent of a quarter of malt4 #b4 ,,boiling3--,the wort is next transferred from the underback to the copper1 and heated to the boiling-point as soon as possible1 the object of this expedition being to prevent the formation of acid in the wort1 by exposure to the air1 before undergoing the changes which take place in the copper4 ,as soon as the boiling of the wort commences the hops are added1 and the boiling is continued for about #b or #b-a_/b hours4 ,a longer boiling is highly objectionable1 owing to the extraction of a heavy1 resinous bitter from the hop1 and the danger of losing the volatile oil upon which the aroma depends4 ,for mild beers the worts are seldom boiled so long2 for strong keeping ales1 sometimes a little longer4 ,the boiling is known to be completed when the liquor 'clears1' as it is called1 and albuminous flocks sink to the bottom of the copper4 ,the hops1 strained from each wort1 are returned into the copper with the following one4 ,the average loss by evaporation in the process of boiling varies from #a_/fth to #a_/gth of the original bulk of the wort4 ,the gravity increases at the same time in about the ratio of #e to #d2 so that if the gravity be1 at first1 say #cb lbs4 per barrel1 it will at the end of the operation have risen to about #dj lbs4 #c4 ,,cooling3--,the wort1 under the common system1 is 'run off' from the copper into the 'hop-back1' through a strainer which keeps back the hops4 ,it is then pumped into large square shallow vessels called 'coolers1' where it is freely exposed to a current of air to reduce its temperature as quickly as possible1 in order to avoid acidity or 'souring4' ,in #f or #g hours1 or sooner1 the temperature should fall to about #fj ,fahr4 ,in warm weather the depth of the liquor in the coolers should not exceed #c or #d inches2 and in cold weather not more than #e or #f inches4 ,as soon as the temperature has fallen to about #fj the liquor is 'tunned' and 'yeasted4' ,the loss by evaporation and condensation in the coolers varies from #ac to #ah galls4 per quarter4 #d4 ,,fermentation3--,the cooled wort is next run into the fermenting tuns or vessels 7gyle-tuns74 ,in small brewings these may be casks with one of their heads removed2 but under any form they must not be more than #b_/crds filled4 ,the yeast1 previously mixed with a little wort1 and kept until the whole has begun to ferment 7technically termed 'lobb'71 is now added1 and after agitation the vessel is covered up1 and kept so1 until the fermentation is well established4 ,by this time the temperature has risen from #i to #ae4 ,the quantity of yeast employed1 and the temperature of the wort when it is added1 differ in different breweries and for different kinds of beer4 ,it seldom exceeds #b lbs4 per barrel unless the weather is unusually cold1 or the yeast old or stale1 when a larger proportion is required4 ,the ,scotch brewers generally take only #a gall4 of yeast to fully #d hhds4 of wort4 ,in ,england1 the temperature at which the yeast is added varies from #ee to #fe ,fahr4 ,in ,scotland1 the common temperature is #ea to #eb4 ,in cold weather the heat may be #e or #f higher than in mild and warm weather1 and a little more yeast may also be advantageously employed4 ,in cold weather ale is commonly tunned at #fj1 porter at #fd1 and weaker beers at #fe or #gj ,fahr4 ,in 'warm weather' strong beer should be #d or #e1 and other beers #g or #h cooler than the 'heats' just mentioned4 ,on the small scale1 #a to #a-a_/d pint of yeast may be used to every barrel of strong-beer wort1 and #c_/d pint to every barrel of mild-beer wort4 ,the commencement of the fermentation is indicated by a line of small bubbles forming round the sides of the tun1 and in a short time extending over the whole surface4 ,a 'crusty head' soon forms1 and then a 'fine rocky head1' followed by a 'light frothy' one4 ,at length the head assumes a yeasty appearance1 the colour becomes yellowish brown1 and a vinous odour is developed4 ,as soon as this last head begins to fall1 the tun is skimmed every #b or #c hours1 until no more yeast is formed4 ,the object of this is1 not only to check the violence of the fermentation1 but also to remove a peculiar bitterness1 with which the first portion of the yeast is impregnated4 ,the beer is then put into casks1 or 'cleansed1' as it is called4 ,a minute attention to every stage of this process is necessary to secure a fine flavour and a brilliant beverage4 ,it may be regarded1 as a rule1 that the lower the temperature1 and the slower1 more regular1 and less interrupted the process of fermentation1 the better will be the quality of the brewing1 and the less likely to change by age4 ,a little more yeast is required in winter than in summer4 ,when the fermentation becomes slack in the 'gyle-tun1' a little more 'lobb' is generally added1 and the whole is well 'roused up1' ,on the contrary1 if the temperature rises considerably1 or the fermentation becomes too brisk1 the wort is cooled a little and skimmed1 or at once cleansed4 #e4 ,,cleansing3--,this consists in running the beer from the gyle-tun into casks1 or other vessels1 set sloping1 so that the yeast as it forms way work off the one side of the top1 and fall into a vessel placed below to receive it4 ,in small brewings the beer is often at once transferred from the gyle-tun to the 'store-casks1' which are sloped a little until the fermentation is over1 when they are skimmed1 filled1 and bunged4 ,the process of cleansing is generally commenced as soon as the 'saccharine' in the fermenting wort falls to about #aj lbs4 per barrel1 a degree of attenuation which it usually reaches in about #dh hours4 ,some brewers add a little wheat-flour or bean-flour 7about #a_/d lb4 per barrel7 to the beer in the gyle-tun1 shortly before cleansing1 to quicken the discharge of yeast2 but it is not clearly ascertained whether such a plan is advantageous1 or the contrary4 #f4 ,,storing3--,as soon as the fermentation is concluded1 which generally takes from #f to #h days1 or longer1 the clear liquor is pumped into the store-casks or vats1 which are then closely bunged1 and deposited in a cool cellar1 if not already there1 to mature4 ,the preference1 which at present exists in most parts of the ,united ,kingdom1 is for mild1 freshly-brewed malt liquors2 the good old or mature-vatted beer being now seldom met with4 ,this1 of course1 is a source of increased profit to the brewer1 as it enables him to turn over his capital more rapidly1 and saves the risk and expense attendant on long storage4 #g4 ,,ripening3--,after a period varying from one to twelve months or longer1 according to the nature of the brewing1 and the condition of the cellar1 the liquor will have become fine1 and sufficiently mature for use4 ,during this period the casks1 c41 should be occasionally examined to see that there is no leakage1 and to open the vent-holes1 should any oozings appear at the joints4 ,as equable a temperature as possible should be maintained in the cellar1 by ventilation1 on the one hand1 and the employment of artificial heat on the other1 as circumstances and seasonal changes may render necessary4 #h4 ,,fining or ,,clarifying3--,beer which has been badly brewed or badly stored1 or which from other causes may be thick or muddy1 requires clarifying by artificial means4 ,for a barrel about #a to #a-a_/b pint of brewer's finings 7isinglass or fish-gelatin dissolved in sour beer7 is put into a bucket1 and some of the beer being gradually added1 the whole is violently agitated with a whisk until a frothy head is formed4 ,the mixture is then thrown into the cask of beer1 and well 'rummaged up1' after which the bung is replaced1 and the liquor allowed to repose for a week or ten days4 ,sometimes the above method is found to fail with weak and bad-conditioned beer4 ,when such is the case1 the addition of a teaspoonful of sulphuric acid1 or a table-spoonful of powdered catechu 7previously dissolved in #a_/b a pint of boiling water71 followed by agitation for a quarter of an hour1 will generally cause the 'finings' to clarify the liquor2 #b or #c oz4 of tincture of catechu 7mixed with a little water7 may be used in the same way4 ,a handful of hops1 previously boiled for five minutes in a little of the beer1 and then added to the barrel1 and the whole allowed to stand for a few days1 before proceeding to clarify it1 will generally have a similar effect1 and cause the 'finings' to act with certainty4 ,it is the absence of the proper quantity of astringent matter in beer that usually renders them ineffective4 ,m4 ,brescius employs tannin for the clarification of beer4 ,to #ajjj litres of beer he adds #adj grains of tannin dissolved in #c_/d of a litre of water1 which is thoroughly stirred up4 ,after three or four days he adds one litre of isinglass or two of gelatin in the proportion of #a kilo4 to #ajj litres4 ,the complete clarification requires about eight days4 ,gen4 commentary4 ,the preceding is a concise account of all the essential operations of the system of brewing at present practised in this country4 ,on the large scale1 extensive and costly apparatus and machinery are employed for the purpose4 ,on the small scale1 various modifications1 of a minor character1 or the several processes herein detailed1 are frequently adopted according to the circumstances or ingenuity of the operator4 ,the principles and practice of brewing beer are1 however1 essentially the same under all the conditions here referred to4 ,in ,scotland1 only one mash is made1 and that at a temperature of about #ahj ,fahr41 with one third of the quantity of the water required for the brewing4 ,the 'mash-tun' is then covered up for about half an hour1 when the wort is drawn off1 and the operation of 'sparging' begun4 ,this operation is continued until the density of the mixed worts becomes adapted to produce the quality of the ale then under process of manufacture4 ,the 'gyle-tun' 7fermenting-tun7 is set at from #ej to #fj ,fahr41 the fermentation being continued slowly for fifteen to twenty days2 and the ale is not 'cleansed' before the degree of attenuation falls to about #a_/b lb4 per day1 and not more than one fourth of the original gravity of the wort remains4 ,scotch ale is justly celebrated for its superior quality4 ,its usual original gravity is from #cd to #de lbs4 per barrel4 ,in ,bavaria1 a country remarkable for the excellence of its beer1 the wort is made to ferment at a low temperature1 until all the substances which favour acetification have been rendered insoluble1 and have separated from the liquor4 ,the fermentation is conducted in wide1 open1 shallow vessels1 which afford free and unlimited access to atmospheric oxygen2 and this in a situation where the temperature does not exceed #de to #fj ,fahr4 ,a separation of the nitrogenous constituents thus takes place simultaneously on the surface1 and within the whole body of the liquid4 ,the clearing of the fluid is the sign by which it is known that these matters have separated4 ,the fermentation usually occupies three or four weeks1 and is conducted during the cooler portion of the year only1 and in a situation removed as much as possible from the influence of atmospherical changes of temperature4 ,the sedimentary yeast 7unterhefe71 and not the surface yeast 7oberhefe71 of the ,bavarian fermenting backs is employed4 ,the beers of ,england and ,france1 as well as most of those of ,germany1 become gradually sour by contact with the air4 ,this defect1 as observed by ,liebig1 does not belong to the beers of ,bavaria1 which may be preserved1 at pleasure1 in half-full casks1 as well as in full ones1 without suffering any material alteration4 ,this precious quality must be ascribed to the peculiar process employed for fermenting the wort1 called by the ,german chemists 'unterghrung1' or fermentation from below2 and which has solved one of the finest theoretical problems that had long taxed the ingenuity and patience of both the scientific and practical brewer4 7,liebig47 ,the ',comptes ,rendus1' lxxvii1 #aadj-aadh1 contains a paper by ,m4 ,pasteur on the manufacture of an 'unalterable beer4' ,in this communication he states that the liability of beer to turn sour1 ropy1 c41 is due to the presence of special ferments derived from the air1 and from the materials used4 ,by boiling the infusion of malt and hops1 cooling out of contact with air1 and fermenting with pure yeast#bcb in vessels to which only carbonic acid or pure air is admitted1 a beer is produced of superior quality1 which may be preserved without trouble for any time4 ,even a partial adoption of these precautions is attended with valuable results4 ,in preparing pure yeast to start with1 the author makes use of the fact that oxygen favours the growth of true yeast1 but hinders the propagation of the other ferments4 ,pure yeast being obtained1 the beer is afterwards fermented in an atmosphere nearly destitute of oxygen1 as its quality is thereby improved4 ,pure yeast when kept in pure air undergoes no change1 even at summer temperature4 ,the mycoderma vini does not1 as the author once thought1 become changed into beer-yeast on submersion in a nutritive fluid2 under these circumstances it acts as an alcoholic ferment1 but does not propagate itself4 ,footnote #bcb3 ,m4 ,pasteur does not state how this is to be obtained4 ,in the ordinary fermentation of grape-juice and worts these liquids do not furnish a quantity of alcohol equivalent to the sugar which they contain2 and this because a certain portion of the sugar serves for the oxidation of the gluten1 and is not transformed like the rest4 ,but wherever the liquor has arrived at the second period of transformation1 the product in alcohol ought to be equivalent to the quantity of sugar present1 as actually happens in all fermentations 7sedimentary7 which are not accompanied with a formation1 but a disappearance of the yeast4 ,according to ,dr ,ure1 worts furnish1 in the ,bavarian breweries1 from #aj to #bj more alcohol than they do by the ordinary process of fermentation 7oberghrung71 or that excited by the use of 'oberhefe' or top-yeast4 ,east-,india ,ale or ,pale ,ale1 for exportation1 is brewed from worts of a sp4 gr4 of from #ajfc to #ajgj4 ,for the best varieties1 #ae to #af lbs4 of the finest ,east ,kent hops are used to every quarter of pure malt4 ,the pale ale or bitter beer of the publicans is commonly a very weak liquor 7mere table beer71 highly bittered with the hop1 and too often with quassia1 wormwood1 and other still more objectionable substances4 ,the process now adopted by the great brewers of pale ale at ,burton-on-,trent combines all the most admirable points of both the ,bavarian and ,scotch systems of brewing4 ,berlin ,white ale or ,pale beer is brewed from wheat-malt mixed with about #a_/fth part of barley-malt1 the 'wort' being boiled with hops1 #a_/b lb4 to the bushel1 and slightly fermented with 'top-yeast1' at a rather higher temperature4 ,the desire of evading the duty led to the discovery of its being only necessary to employ #a_/crd1 or less1 of the grain1 in the form of malt2 this portion being sufficient to convert into sugar1 in the process of mashing1 the starch of the unmalted grain forming the other part4 ,this plan answers well when the wort is merely intended for the production of 'grain spirit1' but beer so made is insipid and inferior in quality to that brewed wholly of malt4 ,inferior kinds of beer have also been made from other ingredients than barley-malt1 among which may be named the grain of the cheaper cereals1 bran1 potatoes1 turnips1 beet-root1 carrots1 parsnips1 pea-shells1 and other vegetable substances rich in starch and sugar1 all of which will produce beer by being mashed with water in the common way1 with about #i or #aj of barley-malt4 ,one quarter of the best barley-malt yields1 by skilful mashing1 fully #hd lbs4 of 'saccharine1' or soluble sweet extractive matter4 ,this concentrated within the compass of one barrel 7#cc galls47 gives a sp4 gr4 of #abcd4 ,in the process of mashing about #d_/gths of this quantity of saccharine 7or #dh lbs47 is generally carried off in the first wort2 #b_/gths 7or #bd lbs47 in the second wort2 and #a_/gth 7or #ab lbs47 in the third wort2 the strengths of the worts being to each other respectively as #d1 #b1 #a4 ,the average gravity obtained by the common brewers from malt of current quality ranges from #hj to #ha lbs4 ,sugar may be used as a partial substitute for malt1 with1 in most cases1 some degree of saving to the brewer1 and without injury to the quality of the beer4 ,the kind of sugar to be used will depend on the quality of the beer to be brewed1 but it should be remembered that a bad sugar will not1 any more than bad malt1 yield a sound palatable beer4 ,from #agj lbs4 to #bjj lbs4 of good raw sugar may be taken as the average equivalent of a quarter of malt4 ,when the process of mashing has been properly conducted1 the wort1 after leaving the cooler1 should not be turned blue by tincture of iodine1 or by iodide of potassium mixed with a few drops of nitric acid4 ,if it turns blue some of the starch has escaped conversion into sugar1 and is dissolved in the liquor4 ,by multiplying the decimal part of the number representing the specific gravity of a wort by #cfj 7the weight in pounds of a barrel of pure water71 we obtain the quantity of saccharine per barrel1 corresponding to the given sp4 gr42 and by dividing the joint weight of saccharine and water1 per barrel1 by #cfj1 we obtain the specific gravity4 ,thus-- ,suppose a sample of wort to have a specific gravity of #ajee1 then-- ,decimal of sp4 gr4 #jee #cfj #aih lbs4 per barrel4 ,again1 a barrel of wort weighs #cgih lbs41 that is1 #cfj lbs4 for the weight of a barrel of water1 and #aih lbs4 for the weight of saccharine in the water1 then-- #bigh #cfj #ajee specific gravity4 ,it is usually stated in works on brewing that certain temperatures must be reached by each variety of beer1 during the progress of the fermentation1 in order for the liquor to acquire its characteristic flavour4 ,thus1 it is stated that mild beer begins to acquire flavour when the heat of fermentation arrives at #ge ,fahr41 increases at #hj1 and is highest at #ij1 but sometimes even reaches #ajj4 ,old ale is said to obtain its best flavour at a temperature not exceeding #ge2 and porter at #gj ,fahr4 ,in order to reach these temperatures the worts are directed to be set at from #aj to #ae lower1 the rise being due to the heat generated during the fermentation4 ,that these statements refer principally to the old methods of brewing is shown by the fact that some of the brewers of ,bavaria1 ,scotland1 and ,burton-on-,trent produce rich and high-flavoured liquors at temperatures vastly below those above enumerated4 ,still1 however1 the fact must not be concealed1 that since the introduction of the new ,german system of brewing into ,england the general character of its beers1 as they reach the consumer1 are inferior in strength and flavour to those of a former period4 ,we may now seek almost in vain for the fine vinous1 high-flavoured1 invigorating old beers vended in our early days by the common publicans and tavern-keepers1 of whom the larger majority were their own brewers4 ,under the new system of chemical brewing1 as worked by those huge monopolists1 the 'great brewers1' the only object appears to be to obtain the largest quantity possible of saccharine out of the quarter of malt1 and to convert this into the largest possible quantity of beer1 with little regard to flavour or quality1 but an excessive one for their own profits4 ,in due course this liquor is forced on their helpless tenants the publicans1 who1 in their turn1 'reduce' and 'doctor' the liquor1 until1 by the time it reaches the consumer1 its insipidity and low strength would have led even a brewer's drayman of the last century to cast it into the kennel4 ,the best times for brewing are the spring and autumn2 as at those periods of the year the temperature of the air is such as to permit of the easy cooling of worts sufficiently low1 without having recourse to artificial refrigeration1 or to the use of machinery for the purpose4 ,old ale cannot be conveniently brewed in summer4 ,beers are classed by the brewers into-- ,small beers--made from worts not exceeding the sp4 gr4 #ajbe1 or #i lbs4 per barrel4 ,middlings--made from worts of the sp4 gr4 #ajcj to #ajej1 and averaging about #ad lbs4 per barrel4 ,strong beers--made from worts of the sp4 gr4 #ajdj to #ajhj1 extending from about #ce lbs4 per barrel upwards4 ,the densities of the worts employed for different kinds of beer vary considerably1 as will be seen by the following table3-- ,,table of the ,densities of ,beers4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,pounds ,description4 per ,specific ,gravity4 barrel4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,burton ale1 ,class #a #dj to #dc #aaaa to #aabj #b #ce #dj #ajig #aaaa #c #bh #cc #ajgg #ajib ,ordinary ale #be #bg #ajgj #ajge ,common #ba #ajeh ,scotch ale1 ,class #a #dj to #dd #aaaa to #aabb #b #cc #dj #ajib #aaaa ,porter 7ordinary7 #ah #ajej 7good7 #ah to #ba #ajej to #ajeh 7double7 8 to #bb #ajee #ajfj ,brown stout #bc #ajfd 7best7 #bf #ajgb ,table beer #ab to #ad #ajcc to #ajci ,small 7com47 #f #ajag ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,,exportation ,,of ,,beer3--,when beer is exported from any part of the ,united ,kingdom1 either as merchandise or ships' stores1 the brewer or exporter of such beer is allowed a certain drawback of duty4 ,the amount is proportional to the quantity of malt or sugar inferred to have been used in the brewing of the beer4 ,thus1 if the original specific gravity of the worts from which the beer was brewed were not less than #ajdj1 a drawback is granted of #ds4 #c;d4 per barrel4 ,this is equivalent to a return of the duty on #a-a_/b bushels of malt1 with an allowance of #c;d4 for licence duty1 now charged in lieu of the abolished hop duty4 ,for every additional #e degrees of specific gravity1 from #ajdj to #aabe inclusive1 a further sum of #e;d4 per barrel is allowed4 ,for further information connected with the above subject the reader is referred to the separate articles--,,ale1 ,,beer1 ,,dextrine1 ,,diastase1 ,,fermentation1 ,,malt ,,liquors1 ,,porter1 ,,saccharometer1 ,,specific ,,gravity1 ,,wort1 ,,yeast1 c4 ,brewing ,uten'sils4 ,the cleansing and preservation of brewing utensils1 beer casks1 c41 has frequently engaged the attention of practical men and brewers' chemists4 ,to preserve them sweet they should always be thoroughly cleaned before setting them aside4 ,contact with soap1 or any greasy material1 should be carefully avoided4 ,a scrubbing-brush and scalding-hot water are generally sufficient to clean them4 ,great care should be taken to remove every particle of yeast or fur on the sides and bottom2 and after being well drained they should be stowed away in some clean and cold situation1 properly exposed to the fresh air4 ,should they become tainted or mouldy1 a strong lye of pearl-ash1 common salt1 or quick-lime1 may be spread over them1 scalding hot1 with a broom or scrubbing-brush4 ,washing them with oil of vitriol diluted with about #g or #h times its bulk of water1 is another excellent and very effective method4 ,fresh-burnt charcoal has also been employed for the same purpose4 ,in each case the vessels must be subsequently thoroughly washed out with clean water1 as before4 ,steam1 assisted by the action of a chain1 has been successfully applied to clean casks in several breweries4 ,bisulphite of lime has1 within the last few years1 been highly recommended for sweetening and cleaning vats1 casks1 c4 ,it is also said to prevent beer from developing acidity4 ,see ,,casks1 ,,vats1 ,,sporokton1 c4 ,,bricks4 ,brick-making scarcely comes within the province of this work4 ,in connection with hygiene1 however1 we may call the reader's attention to the superior advantages of both hollow and waterproof bricks2 the first1 for ventilation and lightness2 the last1 for preserving the dryness and integrity of our homes under all the vicissitudes of climate1 season1 and weather1 either on damp soils or dry ones4 ,workman's ,patent ,waterproof ,bricks received a strong commendatory notice from the ,commissioners of the ,great ,international ,exhibition of #ahea4 ,,brilliantine4 #a4 ,castor oil1 #a part2 eau de ,cologne1 #d parts4 ,mix4 #b4 ,honey1 #a oz42 glycerin1 #a_/b oz42 eau de ,cologne1 #a_/b oz42 spirit of wine1 #b oz4 ,mix4 ,,brine 7for ,meat74 ,prep4 #a4 ,a nearly saturated solution of common salt1 #a lb42 and saltpetre1 #a oz42 in soft water4 #b4 ,to the last add of sugar or treacle1 #a_/b lb4 ,bay-salt is recommended when the meat is to be kept for a very long period4 ,meat preserved in brine that has been used for curing several times is said to become poisonous4 ,see ,,pickling1 c4 ,brine1 ,red-,cabbage4 ,red-cabbage leaves steeped in a strong solution of common salt4 ,used as a test for acids and alkalies4 ,brine1 ,vi'olet4 ,from the petals of the blue violet1 as the last4 ,used as a test for acids4 ,,brioche ,,paste 7bre-osh'74 ,in cookery1 a species of paste1 or crust1 prepared of eggs and flour1 fermented with yeast1 to which a little salt1 a large quantity of sugar1 and about half as much butter as the weight of the flour used1 are afterwards added1 and well worked in4 ,used as an addition to soup1 and as a casing for lobsters1 patties1 eggs1 c4 ,,brisk',,ness4 ,the natural briskness and sparkling of fermented liquors depends on the gradual evolution of carbonic acid gas within the body of the fluid1 by the process of fermentation4 ,see ,,malt ,,liquors1 ,,porter1 ,,wines1 c4 ,,bris',,tles 7br7is'lz74 ,the stiff hair of swine1 c4 ,they are commonly stiffened by immersion for a short time in alum-water2 and are dyed by steeping them for a short time in any of the common dyes used for cotton or wool4 ,,britan',,nia ,,metal4 ,syn4 ,,tutania4 ,a superior species of pewter1 used for teapots1 spoons1 c4 ,prep4 #a4 ,plate-brass1 bismuth1 antimony1 and tin1 equal parts1 melted together1 and the resulting alloy added at discretion to melted tin1 until it acquires the proper degree of colour and hardness4 #b4 ,to the first alloy1 prepared as in ,no4 #a1 add one fifth of its weight of metallic arsenic1 before mixing it with the melted tin4 #c4 ,antimony1 #a part2 brass1 #d parts2 tin1 #e or #f parts2 melted together4 ,see ,,queen',s ,,metal 7,,alloys71 ,,pewter1 c4 #d4 ,tin1 #aej parts2 copper1 #c parts2 antimony1 #aj parts4 #e4 ,tin1 #df-a_/b parts2 copper1 #a part2 antimony1 #c parts4 ,britannia ,metal for ,casting4 a4 ,tin1 #ajj parts2 hardening 7see below71 #e parts2 antimony1 #e parts4 b4 ,tin1 #aje parts2 copper1 #b parts2 antimony1 #ab parts4 ,britannia ,metal 7,best7 for ,handles4 ,tin1 #adj parts2 copper1 #b parts2 antimony1 #e parts4 ,britannia ,metal1 ,hardening for4 ,tin1 #a part2 copper1 #b parts4 ,britannia ,metal 7,best7 for ,lamps1 ,pillars1 and ,spouts4 ,tin1 #ge parts2 copper1 #a part2 antimony1 #c-c_/d parts4 ,britannia ,metal for ,registers4 ,tin1 #be parts2 antimony1 #b parts2 hardening1 #b parts4 ,britannia ,metal for ,spinning4 ,tin1 #be parts2 antimony1 #a part2 hardening1 #a part4 ,britannia ,metal 7,best7 for ,spoons4 ,tin1 #bj parts2 antimony1 #b parts2 hardening1 #a part4 ,britannia ,metal for ,spouts4 ,tin1 #df-a_/b parts2 copper1 #a part2 antimony1 #b parts4 ,,britannia ,,silver4 ,under this name there is1 or was1 offered to the public at ,vienna1 and probably elsewhere1 under the misleading recommendation that it is a perfect substitute for silver1 a heterogeneous metallic composition1 in the form of spoons1 forks1 candlesticks1 cups1 c4 ,the ,britannia silver is sometimes1 or always1 light1 silvered1 ,britannia metal 7an alloy of #hf tin1 #aj antimony1 #c zinc1 #a copper2 or of #b copper1 #f zinc1 #ba antimony1 #ga tin2 or of #ahd copper1 #haij tin1 #afbe antimony1 and #a zinc74 ,one firm announces that ,britannia silver is silver-white throughout1 a colour which can only be obtained in similar alloys by the addition of arsenic4 ,another firm sells candlesticks of inferior packfong as ,britannia metal1 and another actually sells tinned ,bessemer steel-plate cups as guaranteed ,britannia silver4 7,ackerman47 ,,brit',,ish ,,gum4 ,see ,,gum4 ,,british ,,wines4 ,see ,,wines4 ,,broc',,coli4 ,eng41 ,l41 ,ger4 ,syn4 ,,brocoli1 ,fr42 ,,broccolo1 ,it4 ,a well-known sub-variety of cauliflower4 ,the qualities1 and the mode of dressing broccoli1 are similar to those of cabbages1 noticed elsewhere4 ,see ,,vegetables 7,culinary71 c4 ,,broken ,,knees 7,,in ,,horses74 ,the wound should first be thoroughly washed1 and then sewn up1 and fomented with tepid water4 ,afterwards cold-water dressings containing a little carbolic acid may be applied4 ,perfect rest is essential1 and1 where necessary1 splints and slings must be had recourse to4 ,after the wound has thoroughly healed blisters are recommended for restoring the hair4 ,,broken ,,wind 7,,in ,,horses74 ,of the many remedies said to be useful in this malady few1 if any1 appear to exercise any permanent advantage4 ,there is no reason1 however1 why a horse affected with broken wind should not be made serviceable if the precaution be taken to put him to moderately slow work1 if the following precautions be followed4 ,his food should be given him in small quantity and at frequent intervals4 ,the oats should be bruised and the hay cut small1 and both be slightly damped before he partakes of them4 ,this dietary may be varied by small doses of carrots or turnips4 ,the amount of fluids should be restricted1 and he should be fed and watered at least an hour before going to work4 ,a mild physic ball should also be occasionally administered4 ,dogs suffering from asthma should be subjected to the same treatment4 ,to a full-sized dog ten drops each of ether and tincture of belladonna may be given every hour during an attack of spasm until the breathing becomes easier4 ,,bro',,ma4 ,prep4 #a4 ,pure cocoa1 #a lb42 sugar and sago-meal1 of each #d oz42 mix4 ,british arrow-root 7i4 e4 carefully prepared potato-starch7 is often substituted for the sago4 #b4 ,as the last1 but using fine wheat flour in lieu of sago-meal4 ,made into a beverage in a similar way to cocoa4 ,,bro',,mal4 ,c#b;,br#c;,,ho4 ,a colourless1 oily liquid1 obtained by the action of bromine on alcohol4 ,sp4 gr4 #ccd2 boiling point above #bab ,f4 ,like chloral it yields a solid hydrate with water4 ,because of its powerful irritant properties it seems unlikely to prove useful1 either as a hypnotic or as an ansthetic4 ,,bro',,mide 7-m7id74 ,syn4 ,,bro',,muret991 ,,hydrobro',,mate992 ,,bromi',,dum1 ,,bromure',,tum1 ,,hydrobro',,mas1 ,l42 ,,bromide1 ,,bromure4 ,fr4 ,a chemical compound of bromine with another radical4 ,prop41 c4 ,the soluble bromides give white precipitates with nitrate of silver1 acetate of lead1 and protonitrate of mercury4 ,that from the first of these is insoluble in dilute nitric acid and in ammonia water unless concentrated2 and it has a slight yellowish tinge1 changing to a violet on exposure to the light4 ,a few drops of liquid chlorine poured upon a bromide1 followed by agitation of the mixture with a little sulphuric ether1 furnishes an ethereal solution of bromine4 ,for the other bromides see the respective bases4 ,,bro',,mine 7-m7in71 7bromos1 a stink74 ,br4 ,syn4 ,,brome992 ,,bro',,mium1 ,,bromin',,ium1 ,l42 ,,br,,me1 ,fr4 ,an elementary substance1 discovered by ,m4 ,balard1 of ,montpellier1 in #ahbf4 ,prep4 #a4 ,a current of gaseous chlorine is passed through the uncrystallisable residuum of sea-water called bittern1 which then assumes an orange tint1 in consequence of bromine being set free from its combinations2 sulphuric ether is then agitated with it1 and the mixture is allowed to stand1 in a close vessel1 until the ethereal portion floats upon the surface4 ,this is a solution of crude bromine1 and for common purposes the ether may be at once evaporated by a very gentle heat4 ,to render it pure1 caustic potassa is added in excess to the ethereal solution1 or the latter is agitated with a solution of potassa1 by which means bromide and bromate of potassium are formed4 ,the whole is evaporated to dryness1 and submitted to a dull red heat4 ,the residuum is next powdered and mixed with pure peroxide of manganese2 the mixture having been placed in a retort1 sulphuric acid 7diluted with half its weight of water7 is poured in4 ,red vapours immediately arise1 and condense into drops of bromine1 which are collected by plunging the neck of the retort nearly to the bottom of a small receiver containing a little very cold water4 ,the bromine forms a stratum beneath the water1 and may be collected and at once put into a stoppered bottle2 or it may be further purified by distillation from dry chloride of calcium4 #b4 ,leisler's patent for a method of obtaining bromine consists in decomposing the lye containing the bromine salt by heating it with hydrochloric acid and bichromate of potash in a leaden still having an earthenware head4 ,the volatilised bromine with the vapour of water is conducted into a receiver containing iron turnings1 bromide of iron1 which dissolves in the water contained in the receiver1 being formed4 ,the bromide of iron so produced is either converted into other metallic bromides by the usual processes1 or the bromine is obtained in a separate state from the iodide by treatment with sulphuric acid and bichromate of potash4 #c4 ,large quantities of bromine are extracted from the mother liquor of carnallite1 a double chloride of magnesium of potassium occurring in enormous quantities in a bed of clay in the neighbourhood of ,stassfurt1 near ,magdeburg4 ,the mother liquid of the carnallite at #ce ,b4 is first freed as much as possible from the chloride of calcium it contains1 by means of refrigeration4 ,it is next evaporated down until it acquires a density of #dj ,b4 ,frank says it cannot be concentrated to the above extent1 because of a waste of bromine resulting from the formation of hydrobromic acid produced by the decomposition of the lye1 owing to its being overheated at the bottom of the pan4 ,upon being cooled to #be ,c4 a quantity of chloride of magnesium crystallises out1 whilst the remaining liquor contains from #jc to #je of bromine as bromide of magnesium4 ,the liquor is then put into a sandstone apparatus such as is used for the preparation of chlorine1 and the requisite quantity of manganese and hydrochloric acid being added1 steam is poured into the apparatus4 ,after about a quarter of an hour the bromine is evolved in the form of vapour1 which becomes condensed by being made to pass through a leaden worm cooled in water1 and is finally collected as liquid bromine in ,woolff's bottles4 ,the crude bromine so obtained is purified by redistillation in glass retorts4 ,it is stated that the sandstone apparatus can be charged six times in #bd hours4 ,in order to free the bromine from the presence of any chloride it is shaken up with a solution of bromide of potassium4 ,the chlorine unites with the potassium1 forming chloride of potassium and liberating an equivalent quantity of bromine in so doing4 ,dr ,frank suggests the use of earthenware worms in preference to leaden ones1 these latter being acted upon and corroded by liquid bromine4 ,in ,dr ,frank's bromine works at ,stassfurt the distillation is conducted in cubic stoneware vessels1 having a capacity of about three cubic metres4 ,these vessels are surrounded with belts of iron1 in case of the occurrence of fracture4 ,it was found that few stones answered the purpose required of them1 as by reason of their porous nature they permitted the chloride of manganese formed during the distillation to ooze through4 ,to remedy this the stones had to be coated with tar1 a process which entailed a very serious loss of bromine1 from the formation of bromine compounds with the hydrocarbons of the tar1 as well as a contamination of the bromine with the tar4 ,subsequently ,dr ,frank found in the neighbourhood of ,porta ,westphalia a stone which answered the purpose without requiring the previous objectionable and expensive preparation with tar4 ,it seems that the workmen discard the respirators which are provided for their use in the bromine works1 and merely tie a cloth over the mouth and nose 7sometimes neglecting this precaution7 when decanting the bromine4 ,to lessen the evil effects of the vapours upon the health of the workmen under these circumstances1 the building is rendered as airy as possible by being thoroughly ventilated throughout4 ,no workmen afflicted with asthma or with any catarrhal affection are employed1 whilst those engaged are strictly prohibited from taking spirituous liquids in any form1 a custom which begets an irritability of the mucous membranes1 which is found to be exceedingly dangerous2 on the contrary1 a generous diet1 and one consisting of an abundant use of bacon and butter1 was found very beneficial4 ,bromine is sometimes contaminated with chlorine1 iodine1 and occasionally bromide of carbon4 ,a small quantity of the bromine agitated with a solution of soda1 in such proportion that the fluid is made very slightly alkaline1 forms a colourless solution1 which1 if coloured by the further addition of a small quantity of the bromine1 does not become blue on the subsequent addition of a cold solution of starch4 ,this shows the absence of iodine4 ,chlorine may be detected by adding a small quantity of the suspected bromine to some warm solution of potash in a capsule1 evaporating1 drying the residue1 and distilling with bichromate of potash and sulphuric acid4 ,bromide of carbon has a higher boiling-point than pure bromine4 ,prop41 c4 ,a dark1 reddish-coloured1 volatile liquid1 having an odour intermediate between that of chlorine and iodine1 but much more suffocating and offensive4 ,it solidifies at about #ai1 and boils at about #ade ,fahr4 ,it is slightly soluble in water1 more so in alcohol1 and abundantly so in ether4 ,its aqueous solution bleaches like chlorine1 but less powerfully4 ,with hydrogen it forms ,,hydrobro',,mic ,,acid2 and with the bases1 compounds called ,,bro',,mides4 ,its sp4 gr4 is #bigf2 that of its vapour1 #eci4 ,tests4 ,it is readily recognised by its colour1 odour1 and volatility1 and by the colour of its vapour2 by its giving a yellowish-white precipitate with nitrate of silver1 which is turned violet by the action of light2 and by its solutions giving an orange or yellow colour to starch1 and a red tinge to solution of chloride of gold4 ,uses1 c4 ,bromine possesses very similar medicinal properties to iodine1 and has been administered in goitre1 scrofula1 c41 in the form of an aqueous solution composed of #a part of bromine to #dj of water1 of which #e or #f drops is the dose2 but it is more usually given under the form of bromide of potassium 7which see74 ,the compounds of bromine are also largely used in photography in the manufacture of certain coal-tar colours1 and in scientific chemistry the solution has also been used as a lotion4 ,bromine is a good disinfectant4 ,it is very poisonous2 the antidotes1 c41 resemble those for iodine4 ,see ,,bromide1 ,,solutions1 c4 ,,bromochloralum 7,tilden ,co41 ,new ,york71 for the removal of bad smells1 as a disinfectant1 and antiseptic4 ,a fluid1 sp4 gr4 #adc1 containing #bge per cent4 of solid matter4 ,the latter consists of #ahe per cent4 of aluminium chloride1 with chalk and a considerable quantity of alkaline salts4 ,free bromine is not present4 7,h4 ,en8demann47 ,,bromoform 7,c,h,br#c74 ,a colourless liquid obtained by distilling bromide of calcium with alcohol4 ,it has a sp4 gr4 of #bij2 and boils at #cjef ,f41 emitting a vapour having a density #hfcb4 ,it is somewhat similar in properties to chloroform1 but much more irritating2 hence it has been rarely employed medicinally4 ,,bromthee--,,bramble ,,tea 787--is a mixture of #e parts lime flowers cum bracteis1 #e parts senna leaves1 #e parts acacia flowers1 #h parts cort4 frangul1 and #b parts sassafras chips4 7,hager47 ,,brohchi',,tis 7br7ong-ki'74 ,l42 prim4 ,gr4 ,in pathology1 inflammation of the mucous lining of the bronchia or smaller ramifications of the windpipe4 ,in its milder form it is popularly called a 'cold on the chest4' ,symp4 ,the usual symptoms are hoarseness1 dry cough1 and a slight degree of fever1 followed by expectoration of mucus1 at first thin1 and afterwards thick and copious4 ,in the severer forms there is more fever1 cough1 and oppression at the chest1 c4 ,treatm4 ,it generally yields to small and repeated doses of ipecacuanha and antimonial diaphoretics2 a light diet and mild purgatives being at the same time adopted1 but in every case it is safer to have recourse to medical aid4 ,,horses4--,finlay ,dun prescribes the following3--,tincture of aconite1 inhalation of the vapour of water1 ether and belladonna1 carbolic acid1 sulphurous acid1 mash diet1 salines1 chlorate of potash1 the salts of ammonia1 chloral hydrate1 mustard externally1 warm clothing1 but cool air4 ,symptoms very similar to those of bronchitis are frequently caused in calves and young cattle by the presence in the bronchii of threadworms or filaria4 ,the cause is generally removed by the administration of a dose or two of oil of turpentine1 given at intervals of a day or two4 ,,bron',,chocele 7br7ong'-ko-sele74 ,see ,,goitre4 ,,bronze4 ,eng41 ,fr41 ,ger4 ,syn4 ,s1 ,l42 ,,bronzo1 ,it4 ,an alloy of tin and copper1 remarkable for the exactness of the impressions which it takes by moulding and stamping1 as well as for its great durability4 ,it has hence been always extensively employed in the casting of buts1 medals1 statues1 c4 ,in ancient times1 when the manufacture of steel was ill-understood1 cutting instruments were commonly made of it4 ,it was also the general material of coins of small value2 a use which1 of late years1 has been revived in several of the states of ,europe1 and still more recently in the coinage of these realms4 ,bell-metal1 gun-metal1 and speculum-metal are mere varieties of bronze4 ,prep4 ,on the small scale this alloy is prepared in crucibles2 but for statues and larger works on reverberatory hearths4 ,the fusion of the mixed metals is conducted as rapidly as possible under pounded charcoal1 and the melted mass is frequently stirred together to produce a perfect mixture before casting4 ,the proportions of the materials so vary in different castings that it is almost impossible to say precisely what quantities are the best4 ,the following are given as examples3-- a4 ,for ,,edge-,,tools3--,copper1 #ajj parts2 tin1 #ad parts4 ,when skilfully hardened and tempered this alloy is capable of receiving an edge nearly equal to that of steel4 b4 ,for ,,gilding3--#a4 ,copper1 #hb parts2 zinc1 #ah parts2 tin1 #c parts2 lead1 #b parts4 #b4 ,from copper1 #hc parts2 zinc1 #ag parts2 tin1 #b parts2 lead1 #a part4 c4 ,for ,,medals3--#a4 ,copper1 #hi parts2 tin1 #h parts2 zinc1 #c parts4 ,this alloy assumes a beautiful antique appearance by age1 and takes a sharp impression by stamping4 #b4 7,m4 ,chaudet47 ,copper1 #ie parts2 tin1 #d or #e parts4 ,this is also excellent for any small castings4 d4 ,for ,,mortars3--,copper1 #ic parts2 lead1 #e parts2 tin1 #b parts4 e4 ,for ,,statuary3--#a4 ,copper1 #hh parts2 tin1 #i parts2 zinc1 #b parts2 lead1 #a part4 #b4 ,copper1 #hb-a_/b parts2 zinc1 #aj-a_/b parts2 tin1 #e parts2 lead1 #b parts4 ,these are very nearly the proportions of the celebrated statue of ,louis ,,xv4 #c4 ,copper1 #ij parts2 tin1 #i parts2 lead1 #a part4 #d4 ,copper1 #ia parts2 tin1 #i parts4 ,for a gold varnish for bronze objects refer to ,,brass4 ,obs4 ,several analyses have been made of ancient cutting instruments1 from which it appears that the proportion of tin varies from #d to #ae2 a fact which tends to prove that more depends upon the exact mode of tempering the alloy than on the relative proportions of the ingredients4 ,lead and zinc are inadmissible in bronze for this purpose4 ,one or two per cent4 of iron may1 nevertheless1 be added with advantage4 ,the ancient bronze used for springs contained only #c to #d of tin4 ,the edges and lips of bronze mortars must be carefully tempered by heating them to a cherry red1 and then plunging them into cold water1 as unless so treated they are very apt to be broken in use4 ,see ,,bell-,,metal1 ,,brass1 ,,gun-,,metal1 c4 ,bronze'-powder4 ,syn4 ,,bronze4 ,a name given to various powders having a rich metallic appearance1 which they retain when applied on varnish1 or when mixed with it1 as in surface bronzing4 ,prep4 #a4 ,,gold-,,coloured3--a4 ,from ,dutch-foil1 reduced to an impalpable power by grinding4 ,cheap and looks well1 and is very durable when varnished4 b4 ,from gold-leaf1 as the last4 c4 ,precipitated powder of gold4 d4 ,from verdigris1 #h oz42 tutty powder1 #d oz42 borax and nitre1 of each #b oz42 bichloride of mercury1 #a_/d oz42 grind them together1 make the mixture into a paste with oil1 and then fuse it2 when cold1 roll it into thin sheets or leaves1 and grind it as in ,no4 #a4 #b4 ,,iron-,,coloured3--,plumbago1 in fine powder4 #c4 ,,red3--,sulphate of copper1 #ajj parts2 carbonate of soda1 #fj parts2 mix1 and apply heat until they unite into a mass2 then cool1 powder1 and add of copper filings1 #ae parts2 again well mix1 and keep the compound at a white heat for about twenty minutes2 lastly1 when cold1 reduce the 'residuum' to an impalpable powder1 wash it in pure water1 and dry it4 #d4 ,,silver3--,bismuth and tin1 of each #a oz42 melt them together1 and add of quicksilver1 #a to #a-a_/b oz42 when cold1 powder it4 ,obs4 ,the above are used by painters1 japanners1 c4 ,see ,,bisulphide ,,of ,,tin 7,,tin71 ,,powders1 c4 ,,bronz',,ing4 ,the process of giving a bronze-like1 or an antique metal appearance1 to the surface of copper1 brass1 and other metals4 ,the following methods are recommended for this purpose3-- #a4 ,to the surface of the article1 first thoroughly cleaned and polished1 evenly apply with a brush the common crocus powder 7'jewellers' rouge'71 previously made into a smooth paste with water4 ,when dry1 place it in an iron ladle1 or on a common fire-shovel1 and expose it over a clear fire for about one minute2 lastly1 when sufficiently cold1 polish it with a plate-brush4 ,this gives a very rich appearance1 similar to that on tea-urns2 the shade depending on the duration and the degree of heat employed4 #b4 ,as the last1 but substituting finely powdered plumbago for crocus powder4 ,equally beautiful1 but deeper coloured and more permanent than that produced by ,no4 #a4 #c4 ,as the preceding1 but employing mixtures of plumbago and crocus in various proportions according to the shade desired4 #d4 ,a dilute solution of liver of sulphur 7sulphurated potash71 or of hydrosulphate of ammonia is applied with a camel-hair pencil to the metal previously slightly warmed2 when dry1 the surface is either left rough or brushed off4 ,if liver of sulphur has been used1 it will be better to wash it first in clean hot water2 but without the slightest friction4 ,this gives the appearance of very antique bronze4 #e4 ,verdigris1 #b oz42 and sal-ammoniac1 #a oz42 are dissolved in vinegar1 #a pint2 and the mixture is diluted with water until it tastes only slightly metallic1 when it is boiled for a few minutes1 and filtered for use4 ,copper medals1 c4 7thoroughly clean7 are steeped in the liquor at the boiling-point until the desired effect is produced4 ,care must be taken not to keep them in it too long4 ,when taken out they are carefully washed in hot water1 and dried4 ,effect as the last4 #f4 ,verdigris and vermilion1 of each #b oz42 alum and sal-ammonia1 of each #e oz4 7all in fine powder72 vinegar1 q4 s4 to form a thin paste4 ,this is spread over the surface of the copper1 which is then uniformly warmed by the fire1 and afterwards well washed and dried4 ,the tint may be deepened by repeating the process4 ,the addition of a little blue vitriol inclines the colour to a chestnut-brown2 and a little borax to a yellowish-brown4 ,used by the ,chinese for copper tea-urns1 c4 #g4 ,sal-ammonia1 #a oz42 cream of tartar1 #c oz42 common salt1 #c oz42 hot water1 #a pint2 dissolve2 then add of nitrate of copper1 #b oz41 dissolved in #a_/b a pint of water2 mix well1 and with it repeatedly moisten the article 7placed in a damp situation7 by means of a soft brush4 ,produces a very antique appearance4 #h4 ,salt of sorrel1 #a oz42 sal-ammoniac1 #c oz42 distilled vinegar1 #a quart2 dissolve4 ,as the last4 ,much used for bronze figures4 #i4 ,a very weak solution of bichloride of platinum1 applied with a hair pencil or by immersion4 ,used for binding screws1 holders1 and other small articles of copper and brass4 #aj4 ,sulphate of iron and sulphate of copper1 of each #a oz42 water1 #a pint2 dissolve2 wash the surface of the articles with it2 let them dry2 then apply a solution of verdigris1 #b oz4 dissolved in strong vinegar1 #a_/d pint2 when dry1 polish them with a soft brush1 and either some plumbago or colcothar4 ,used for tin castings4 #aa4 ,the articles 7properly cleaned7 are either immersed in1 or washed over1 with a solution of sulphate of copper or of verdigris4 ,in a short time they acquire a coating of pure metallic copper1 and are then washed4 ,this only answers with iron and steel goods4 ,it is admirably suited for iron castings4 #ab4 ,an antique appearance may be given to silver by either exposing it to the fumes of hydrosulphate of ammonia1 or immersing it for a very short time in a solution of hydrosulphate of ammonia1 or in dilute nitric acid4 ,bronzing1 ,sur'face4 ,a term commonly applied to the process of imparting a bronze-like or metallic appearance to the prominent portions of the surfaces of figures made of paper1 wood1 plaster of ,paris1 c4 ,it is effected by first giving them a coat of oil-varnish or size1 and when this is nearly dried1 applying1 with a 'dabber' of cotton1 or a camel-hair pencil1 any of the ordinary metallic bronze-powders before referred to4 ,sometimes the powder is placed in a little bag of muslin1 and dusted over the surface4 ,the articles should be afterwards varnished4 ,paper is bronzed by mixing the bronze-powders up with a little weak gum-water1 and burnishing the surface when dry and hard4 ,electrotypes1 to ,bronze4 ,green4 ,steep the medal or figure in a strong solution of common salt1 or sugar1 or sal-ammoniac1 for a few days2 wash in water1 and allow to dry slowly2 or suspend it over a vessel containing a small quantity of bleaching powder1 and cover over4 ,the length of time it is allowed to remain will determine the depth of colour4 ,brown4 ,add four or five drops of nitric acid to a wine-glassful of water4 ,the object is rubbed over with this gently1 and allowed to dry1 and when dry subjected to a gradual and equal heat2 the surface will be darkened in proportion to the heat applied4 ,black4 ,wash the surface over with a little dilute solution of hydrosulphate of ammonia1 and dry at a gentle heat4 ,,broom4 ,the common name of the plant spar'tium scopa''rium4 ,a useful diuretic2 of great service in dropsy4 ,see ,,decoction4 ,broom ,ashes4 ,from broom-stalks burnt4 ,formerly used as a diuretic in dropsy4 ,broom1 ,salt of4 ,obtained by dissolving broom ashes in water1 and filtering and evaporating the solution4 ,it consists principally of carbonate of potassa4 ,it was formerly used in dropsy1 and as an antacid1 c4 ,,bross ,,de ,,corail4 ,fr4 ,the root of lucerne 7medicago sativa71 cleaned1 dried1 and hammered at the end4 ,used as a tooth-brush4 ,,broth4 ,syn4 ,,jus 7coctis carnibus71 ,,jus',,culum1 ,l42 ,,bouillon1 ,,jus1 ,fr42 ,,fleischbr,,he1 ,ger4 ,in cookery1 the liquor in which flesh has been boiled4 ,broth is distinguished from soup by its inferior strength and quantity of seasoning1 c4 ,it contains much of the nutriment of the meat4 ,we extract the following from ,dr ,letheby's work ',on ,food'3-- ,a nutritious broth1 containing the albumen of the meat or chicken1 may be obtained by infusing a third of a pound of minced meat or chicken in #ad oz4 of cold water1 to which a few drops 7#d or #e7 of muriatic acid and a little salt 7from #aj to #ah grains7 have been added4 ,after digesting for an hour or so1 it should be strained through a sieve1 and the residue washed with five ounces of water1 and pressed1 ,the mixed liquids thus obtained will furnish about a pint of cold extract of meat1 containing the whole of the soluble constituents of the meat 7albumen1 creatin1 creatinin1 c471 and it may be drunk cold1 or slightly warmed1 the temperature not being raised above #ajj ,f41 for fear of coagulating the albumen4 ,broth1 ,scotch4 ,this1 which is in very general use amongst the middle and working classes of ,scotland1 is made as follows3--,put into a pot three quarts of cold water along with a cupful of ,scotch barley1 and let it boil2 add two pounds of neck of mutton4 ,allow it to stew gently for an hour1 skimming occasionally4 ,then add turnips cut in squares1 and onions sliced1 and carrots and turnips uncut4 ,the half of a small cabbage chopped in moderately fine pieces may be put in instead of all these vegetables2 and leeks may be used instead of onions4 ,stew the whole for an hour longer4 ,the broth is now ready4 ,season with salt and serve in a tureen4 ,the meat is served in a separate dish1 with the uncut pieces of turnip and carrot and a little of the broth as gravy4 ,any meat may be employed in the same way4 ,broths and soups contain the greater part of the saline matter of the meat1 the crystalline principles1 viz4 creatin and creatinin1 some of the albumen and fat1 and an amount of gelatin1 dependent upon the duration of the boiling process4 ,they also contain nearly all the odorous matters of the meat4 ,cold water extracts from one sixth to one fourth of the solid ingredients of meat4 ,the presence of a large quantity of highly nitrogenous crystalline principles in broths and soups accounts for their restorative powers4 ,these1 which are the creatin and creatinin1 bear a close resemblance to the thein of tea and coffee1 and the theobromin of cocoa1 in their physiological effects4 ,broth is contra-indicated for children at the breast1 as it not unfrequently induces sickness1 disorders the bowels1 and induces fever4 ,the same applies to beef tea4 ,when1 however1 broth and beef tea are used as clysters in such quantities that can be retained1 they act most beneficially4 ,see ,,boiling1 ,,soup1 c4 ,,brown ,,dye4 ,every shade of brown may be produced1 almost at will1 by mixtures of reds and yellows with blues and blacks2 or directly by simple dyes4 ,the following are examples3-- a4 ,for ,,cotton3-- #a4 ,give the goods a mixed mordant of acetate of alumina and acetate of iron1 followed by a bath of madder or of madder and fustic4 ,excess of acetate of alumina turns it on the ,,amaranth ,,tint2 the acetate of iron darkens it4 #b4 ,first 'gall' the goods1 then turn them for a short time through the black bath2 next give them a mordant of sulphate of copper1 then pass them through a decoction of fustic1 afterwards through a bath of madder1 and again through the solution of sulphate of copper2 drain1 dry1 rinse well1 and finish with a boil in soap and water4 ,this gives a ,,chestnut-,,brown4 #c4 ,first give the goods a mordant of alum1 then a bath of madder1 and next a bath of fustic to which a little green copperas has been added4 ,this gives a ,,cinnamon-,,brown4 b4 ,for ,,linen3--,this varies little from that commonly employed for cotton4 c4 ,for ,,silk3-- #a4 ,one of the above mordants is followed by a bath made by mixing equal parts of the decoctions of logwood1 fustic1 and ,brazil-wood4 ,the shade may be varied by altering the proportions of the decoctions2 ,brazil-wood reddening1 logwood darkening1 and fustic yellowing1 the tint4 #b4 ,annotta1 #d oz42 and pearlash1 #a lb42 are dissolved in boiling water1 q4 s42 the silk is passed through it for two hours1 then taken out1 and squeezed dry2 it is next passed through a mordant of alum1 and then through a bath of ,brazil-wood1 followed by another of logwood to which a little green copperas has been added4 d4 ,for ,,wool3-- #a4 ,boil the cloth in a mixed mordant of alum1 common salt1 and water1 then dye it in a bath of logwood to which a little green copperas has been added4 #b oz4 of alum1 and #a oz4 of salt1 are required for every lb4 of wool4 #b4 ,boil the goods in a mordant of alum and sulphate of iron1 then pass them through a bath of madder4 ,the more copperas the darker will be the dye4 ,good proportions are #b parts of alum and #c of copperas4 #c4 ,give a mordant of alum and tartar1 then pass the goods through a madder bath2 next run them through a bath of galls and sumach or logwood to which a little acetate or sulphate of iron has been added4 #d4 ,mordant the cloth as last1 dye in a madder bath1 remove the cloth1 add a little acetate or sulphate of iron1 and again pass it through the bath as long as necessary4 #e4 ,give the cloth a light blue ground with indigo1 and then a mordant of alum2 rinse1 and lastly run it through a bath of madder4 #f4 ,a mordant of alum and tartar1 followed by1 first a bath of madder1 and afterwards a bath of weld or fustic to which a little iron-liquor has been previously added4 ,in this way every shade1 from ,,mordor and ,,cinnamon to ,,dark ,,chestnut1 may be produced4 #g4 ,boil fustic-chips1 #a lb41 for #b hours2 pass the cloth through the bath for #a hour2 take it out and drain2 add of green copperas1 #a-a_/d oz42 good madder1 #d oz42 boil for a short time1 and again pass the cloth through the bath1 until it acquires the proper tint4 ,,bronze-,,browns1 and every similar shade1 may be thus given by varying the proportions4 e4 ,the following are called ,,sub',,stantive or ,,direct ,,browns3-- #a4 ,decoction of oak-bark4 ,it dyes wool of a fast brown of various shades1 according to the quantity employed4 ,a mordant of alum brightens it4 #b4 ,infusion or decoction of walnut-peels4 ,dyes wool and silk a brown1 which is brightened by alum4 #c4 ,horse-chestnut-peels4 ,a mordant of chloride of tin turns it on the ,,bronze2 and sugar of lead1 on the ,,reddish-,,brown4 #d4 ,catechu or ,terra ,japonica4 ,for cottons4 ,blue vitriol turns it on the ,,bronze1 and green copperas darkens it1 when applied as mordants4 ,acetate of alumina as a mordant brightens it4 ,the ,french colour1 ,,carmelite1 is given with #a lb4 of catechu1 #d oz4 of verdigris1 and #e oz4 of sal-ammoniac4 #e4 ,sulphate or chloride of manganese4 ,dissolved in water with a little tartaric acid1 it gives the bronze tint called ,,solitaire4 ,the stuff1 after being passed through the solution1 is turned through a weak lye of potash1 and afterwards through another of chloride of lime1 to heighten and fix it4 #f4 ,prussiate of copper4 ,this gives a fine ,,bronze or ,,yellowish-,,brown to silk4 ,a mordant of blue vitriol is commonly first given1 followed by a bath of prussiate of potash4 ,,brown ,,pig',,ments4 ,the principal and most useful of these are--umber1 terra di ,sienna 7both burnt and raw71 ,spanish brown1 and some of the ochres4 ,brown1 of almost any shade1 may be made by the admixture of blacks with reds and yellows1 or with greens1 in different proportions4 ,see ,,bistre1 ,,black1 ,,newcastle1#bcc ,,ochres1 ,,sepia1 c4 ,footnote #bcc3 ,under ,,black ,,pigments4 ,brown1 ,span'ish4 ,see ,,ochres4 ,,brown ,,pink4 ,see ,,yellow ,,pigments4 ,,brown',,ing4 ,in cookery1 a fluid preparation used to colour and flavour gravies1 soups1 c4 ,prep4 #a4 ,sugar1 #d oz42 and butter1 #a oz42 are melted in a frying-pan or ladle with about a tablespoonful of water1 and the heat is continued until the whole has turned of a deep brown2 the heat is then lowered a little1 and some port wine 7about #a pint7 is gradually poured in2 the pan is now removed from the fire1 and the mixture well stirred until the roasted sugar is entirely dissolved2 it is then put into a bottle1 and #a_/b oz4 each of bruised pimento and black pepper1 #e or #f shalots 7cut small71 a little mace and finely grated lemon peel1 and #a_/d pint of mushroom catsup1 added4 ,the bottle is shaken daily for a week1 and the clear liquid1 after #e or #f days' repose1 decanted into another bottle4 ,rich flavoured1 but expensive4 #b4 ,as the last1 but using strong beer1 or water1 instead of wine4 ,a glassful of spirit may be added after bottling it4 #c4 ,sugar-colouring1 #a pint2 salt1 #a_/d lb42 mushroom-catsup1 #a_/b pint2 spice1 q4 s4 ,excellent for all ordinary purposes4 #d4 ,lump sugar 7powdered71 #b-a_/b lbs42 salad oil1 #a_/b lb42 heat as before2 then add1 of port wine1 #a quart2 ,cape wine1 #c quarts2 shalots1 #f oz42 mixed spice1 #d oz42 black pepper1 #c oz42 mace1 #a oz2 salt1 #a lb42 lemon juice1 #a pint2 catsup1 #a quart2 mix well4 #e4 ,good spirit-colouring or sugar-colouring and mushroom catsup1 of each #a gall42 ,jamaica pepper1 black pepper1 and shalots1 of each #d oz2 cloves1 cassia1 and mace1 bruised1 of each #c_/d oz42 boil in a covered vessel for #e minutes2 digest for #ad days1 and strain4 #f4 ,colouring1 #c pints2 mushroom catsup1 #a pint2 common salt1 #c_/d lb42 ,chili vinegar 7strongest71 #a_/b pint2 spice1 q4 s4 ,half a pint of ,british brandy or rum may be added4 ,obs4 ,the above are excellent additions to gravies1 soups1 c42 and of themselves form most admirable sauces for fish1 meat1 and game4 ,browning 7for ,gun-barrels74 ,prep4 ,the following are current formul3-- #a4 ,blue vitriol1 #d oz42 tincture of chloride of iron1 #b oz42 water1 #a quart2 dissolve1 and add aquafortis and sweet spirit of nitre1 of each #a oz4 #b4 ,blue vitriol and sweet spirit of nitre1 of each #a oz42 aquafortis1 #a_/b oz42 water1 #a pint2 as last4 #c4 ,butter of antimony and sweet oil1 equal parts2 well shaken together4 ,to be applied to the iron previously warmed4 ,obs4 ,the above fluids are rubbed on the barrel 7previously well polished and cleaned off with whiting to remove the oil71 and allowed to remain on for some hours1 or until the next day1 when they are rubbed off with a stiff brush4 ,the process may be repeated1 if necessary4 ,the barrel is next washed in water in which a little pearlash or soda has been dissolved1 and afterwards well rinsed in clean water2 it is then polished1 either with the burnisher1 or with a brush and beeswax4 ,sometimes a coat of tough shell-lac varnish is applied4 ,,brucea 7-sh'7a74 ,false cusparia 7which see74 ,,bruchbalsam--,,rupture ,,balsam 7,dr ,tnzer74--,no4 #a4 ,compound rosemary cerate1 nutmeg cerate1 red ,johannis oil1 yellow wax1 of each #a part2 fat1 #e parts4 ,no4 #b4 ,mixture of nutmeg cerate1 #ej parts2 tallow1 butter1 of each #aj parts1 melted and mixed with #be parts strongest liquor potass4 ,no4 #c4 ,compound rosemary cerate1 oil of bayberries1 of each #b parts2 nutmeg cerate1 #d parts2 red ,johannis oil1 #f parts2 yellow wax1 #c parts2 tincture of myrrh and tincture of aloes1 of each #a_/b part2 tr4 opii1 #a_/d part1 melted and heated until the spirit has evaporated4 7,hager47 ,,bruchpflaster--,,rupture ,,plaster 7,krsi ,altherr74 ,a spread plaster1 the mass consisting of #e parts ,bergundy pitch and #b parts turpentine4 7,walz and ,hager47 ,bruchpflaster--,rupture ,plaster 7,caspar ,menet74 ,machine-made paper covered with thin gauze1 and thinly spread with a mass of #i parts wax1 #c parts turpentine1 and #a part elemi4 7,hager47 ,,bruchsalbe--,,rupture ,,cerate 7,gottlieb ,sturzenegger1 ,herisau1 ,canton ,appenzell74 ,a mixture of #ej parts fat and #a part oil of bayberries4 7,hager47 ,,bruche1 ruptures cured without medicine1 operation1 or pain1 by ,lavedan1 chemist4 ,a pelotte containing in it zinc and copper plate on which a solution of the poudre electrochimique 7common salt7 is dropped4 7,hager47 ,,bru',,cia4 ,c#bc;,h#bf,n#b,o#d4 ,aq4 ,eng41 ,fr4 ,syn4 ,,bru',,cine2 ,,bru',,cina1 ,l4 ,an alkaloid discovered by ,pelletier and ,caventou1 in the bark of bru'cia antidysenter'ica1 and afterwards associated with strychnia1 in nux vomica4 ,prep4 ,ground nux vomica1 or the bark of brucia antidysenterica1 is boiled in dilute sulphuric acid1 and the resulting decoction mixed with hydrate of lime 7in excess72 the crude precipitate thus obtained is boiled in alcohol 7sp4 gr4 #hej71 and the tincture filtered whilst hot4 ,a mixture of crude strychnia and brucia is deposited as the fluid cools1 and the remainder is obtained by evaporation4 ,this is powdered and digested in cold alcohol1 which dissolves out the brucia2 the solution furnishes crystals on spontaneous evaporation4 ,it may be further purified by recrystallisation from alcohol4 ,prop4 ,soluble in #hej parts of cold1 and about #ejj parts of hot water2 freely soluble in alcohol2 added to the dilute acids until they are neutralised1 it forms crystallisable salts1 easily obtained by evaporation4 ,tests4 ,it is distinguished from strychnia1 which in many respects it resembles1 by its ready solubility in both dilute and absolute alcohol1 and its insolubility in ether4 ,with nitric acid it strikes a fine red colour1 which is removed by sulphuretted hydrogen and sulphurous acid4 ,iodic acid1 chloric acid1 and chlorine1 also turn it red4 ,professor ,sonnenschein has succeeded in converting brucia into strychnia4 ,he says--,brucia ,c#bc;,h#bf,n#b,o#d and ,strychnia ,c#ba;,h#bb,n#b,o#b differ apparently considerably in their composition2 but the former may easily be converted into the latter4 ,referring to the formul it will be seen that strychnia is produced by combining brucia with #d,o1 and eliminating #b;,h#b,o#a and #b;,,co#b4 ,this is effected as follows3--,brucia is moderately heated with #d to #e times its weight of diluted nitric acid1 when a red colouration will be produced and gases evolved1 which cause in a mixture of barium chloride and ammonia a white precipitate of carbonate of barium4 ,the red solution is concentrated in a water-bath1 super-saturated with potassa1 and agitated with ether1 which1 on spontaneous evaporation1 leaves a reddish mass1 containing a red colouring matter1 a yellowish resin1 and an alkaloid which is obtained pure by dissolving in an acid and crystallising4 ,this base has the intensity1 bitter taste1 and other properties of strychnia1 gives the characteristic reactions with potassium chromate1 cerium oxide1 and sulphuric acid1 and yields with chlorine the sparingly soluble compound4 ,the muriate crystallises in fine silky needles1 from which #ibj per cent4 of chlorine was obtained4 ,the conversion of brucia into strychnia is not only highly interesting1 but it is likewise of great importance in forensic analysis1 proving again that in such cases the employment of oxidising agents is admissible only with great caution4 ,a student who had received for analysis a mixture containing1 among other substances1 brucia and nitrate of lead1 employed the process of ,stas and ,otto for the separation of the alkaloids1 and found strychnia instead of brucia which had been oxidised by the liberated nitric acid4 ,if strychnia is heated with a strong base like potassa1 soda1 or baryta1 for some time1 in a sealed glass tube placed in a water-bath1 a body is obtained which no longer shows the reactions of strychnia1 but resembles brucia in its reactions4 ,the experiments on this decomposition1 which is likewise of importance in forensic analysis1 are not yet concluded4 ,,bruise 7brooze74 ,syn4 ,,contu',,sio1 ,,contu',,sum1 ,l42 ,,contusion1 ,,meurtrissure1 ,fr42 ,,brausche1 ,,quetschung1 c41 ,ger4 ,a contusion2 but in popular language applied chiefly to cases in which there is an extravasation of blood owing to the rupture of the minute vessels1 with consequent discoloration or tumefaction of the part4 ,treatment4--,in common cases1 sufficiently serious1 bruises may be rubbed with a little opodeldoc or soap-liniment2 or1 if the inflammation be considerable1 they may be bathed with a little weak goulard water1 or with vinegar and water4 ,in more severe cases leeches may be applied4 ,see ,,contusion4 ,treatment for ,animals4--,the same as for man4 ,,bruns',,wick ,,black4 ,see ,,varnishes4 ,,bruns',,wick ,,green4 ,see ,,green ,,pigments4 ,,brushes4 ,brushes may be best washed in a moderately cold weak solution of borax4 ,they should afterwards be rinsed in cold water and dried4 ,,brustbonbons--,,pectoral ,,bonbons 7,fr41 ,stollwerck1 ,cologne74 ,carageen1 #c parts2 ,iceland moss1 #b parts2 red poppy petals1 #a-a_/b parts2 coltsfoot1 #a part2 liquorice1 #b parts2 marshmallow root1 #b parts2 daisy 7,bellis perennis71 #a-a_/b parts2 ,souchong tea1 #a part2 boiled with #bd parts of water till reduced to half1 and the fluid afterwards mixed with refined sugar4 ,,brustgelee--,,pectoral ,,jelly 7,daubitz1 ,berlin74 ,a yellowish-brown nearly clear jelly1 with a sweet1 weak anise1 followed by a somewhat bitter taste1 made of gelatin1 #ab grammes2 sugar1 #fj grammes2 and a herbal infusion1 #abj grammes2 the latter made from anise1 star-anise1 ,iceland moss1 c4 ,,brustpulver--,,pectoral ,,powder 7,beliol1 ,paris74 ,for chronic pains in the chest4 ,a mixture of #ge parts milk-sugar1 #bj parts gum arabic1 #e parts ,rochelle salt4 7,mayer74 ,,brustsaft ,,praparirter--,,prepared ,,pectoral ,,juice 7,rudolph ,bttner1 ,berlin74 ,for coughs1 hoarseness1 tightness of the chest1 c4 ,an ordinary pectoral tea made of an infusion of red poppy petals1 which is boiled to a syrup with sugar 7,hager74 ,,brustsyrup ,,weiser ,,mayerscher--,,white ,,pectoral ,,syrup 7,g4 ,a4 ,w4 ,mayer1 ,breslau74 #d parts powdered radish extracted with #e parts water 7according to others rose-water71 the liquor expressed and filtered4 #f parts of the clear liquor digested with #aj parts of sugar to make a syrup4 7,hager47 ,frequently nothing but a simple solution of sugar4 ,brustsyrup--,pectoral ,syrup 7,dr ,moth74 ,a mixture of syrup of marshmallow1 #ajjj parts2 extract of horehound1 #cj parts2 oxymel of squills1 #ej parts2 aq4 amygd4 amar41 #be parts2 aqua4 foenic1 #ajj parts2 spirit of ether1 #aj parts4 ,,brustwarzen--,,mittel ,,zur ,,heilung ,,wunder4 ,miraculous remedy for healing sore nipples4 7,from ,paris47 ,a dirty brownish-yellow1 somewhat turbid liquid1 smelling of vinegar1 and with a taste both sour and sweet4 ,a solution of #a-a_/d parts litharge in #ajj parts vinegar4 7,wittstein47 ,brustwarzen--,mittel ,gegen ,wunde4 ,sore nipple preventive4 7,from ,paris47 ,acetic acid1 #a part2 sugar of lead1 #c parts2 camphor1 #e parts2 water1 #ajj parts4 7,terreil47 ,,brustwarzenbalsam1 ,,rigaer--,,riga',s ,,nipple ,,balsam4 ,a mixture of the yolk of one egg with #aj to #ab grammes balsam of ,peru4 ,,bry',,onin 7-n7in74 ,a peculiar bitter principle extracted from the root of white bryony 7bryonia dioica1 ,jacq474 ,it is obtained from the dry extract of the expressed juice1 by solution in alcohol1 filtration1 and cautious evaporation4 ,prop41 c4 ,a yellowish-white mass4 ,it is a drastic purgative2 and1 in large doses1 poisonous4 ,it enters into the composition of several quack medicines4 ,,bubble-,,and-,,squeak4 ,in cookery1 a species of olla podrida variously prepared1 as the materials and fancy of the maker dictate4 ,prep4 7,rundell47 ,take slices of cold meat1 fry them quickly until brown1 and put them into a dish to keep them hot4 ,then clean the pan from the fat2 put in it greens and carrots 7previously boiled and chopped small72 add a little butter1 pepper1 and salt2 make them very hot1 and put them round the beef with a little gravy4 ,cold boiled pork is a better material for bubble-and-squeak than beef4 ,in either case the slices should be very thin and lightly fried4 ,,bub',,ble ,,feverdouble-dagger4 ,see ,,pemphigus4 ,,bu',,chu 7-ku74 ,the plant dios'ma crena'ta 7which see74 ,,buck',,bean or ,,bog',,bean4 ,the menyanthes trifoliata4 ,see ,,infusions4 ,,buckingham',s ,,dye for the whiskers2 manufactured by ,r4 ,e4 ,hall ,co41 ,nashua1 ,n4,h4 ,this whisker dye is an ammoniacal solution of nitrate of silver1 and consists of #a_/b gramme nitrate of silver1 #b-a_/b grammes solution of ammonia1 and #dj grammes distilled water4 7,dr ,schacht74 ,,buck',,thorn4 ,syn4 ,,rham',,nus1 ,l4 ,the rham'nus cathar'ticus 7,linn474 ,berries 7,,bac',c ,,rham',,ni1 ,l471 cathartic2 juice of the berries 7,,suc',,cus ,r41 ,l47 is officinal in the ,b4 ,p4 ,see ,,rhamnine1 ,,syrups1 c4 ,,buck',,wheat4 ,see ,,wheat4 ,,bug4 ,syn4 ,,ci',,mex1 ,l42 ,,punais1 ,fr42 ,,wanse1 ,ger4 ,a name popularly and very loosely applied to a vast number of insects that infest houses and plants2 in zoology1 hemipterous insects of the genus 'cimex1' of which there are many hundred species2 appr41 the bed-bug4 ,bug4 ,syn4 ,,bed'-,,bug1 ,,house'-,b41 ,,wall-,b41 ,,wall'-,,louse991 c42 ,,ci',,mex ,,domes',,ticus1 ,c4 ,,lectula'',,rius 7,linn471 ,l42 ,,punaise1 ,fr42 ,,bettwanze1 ,h,,uswanse1 ,ger4 ,an insect too well known in all the larger towns of ,europe and ,america1 and in the huts of squalid poverty everywhere1 to require a description here4 ,it is almost the only species of the bug kind that has undeveloped wings4 ,its introduction to ,england is believed to have occurred soon after the great ,fire of ,london 7,a4,d4 #afff74 ,human blood appears to be its favourite food2 but it will also eat grain1 seed1 flour1 dried paste1 size1 soft deal1 beech1 osier1 c4 ,cedar1 mahogany1 and the odorous and harder woods are usually avoided by this insect4 ,aromatics1 perfumes1 and strong odours generally are unfavorable to its propagation4 ,exterm41 c4 ,various means have been adopted to prevent the accession1 and to destroy or drive away1 these enemies of tired nature's sweet restorer1 balmy sleep4 ,among the most certain of these is thorough cleanliness and ventilation4 ,the furniture brokers put articles infested with these insects into a room with doors and windows fitting quite close1 and subject them to the fumes of burning sulphur or chlorine gas4 ,in the small way poisonous washes are commonly resorted to4 ,for this purpose nothing is more effective than chloride of lime or chloride of zinc2 the latter being preferable to the other on account of its being comparatively scentless4 ,the following mixtures are in common use1 or have been recommended for this purpose3-- #a4 ,corrosive sublimate 7in powder7 and hydrochloric acid1 of each #a oz42 hot water1 #c_/d pint2 agitate them together until the first is completely dissolved4 ,it is applied with a paint-brush1 observing to rub it well into the cracks and joints4 ,this is the common 'bug-wash' of the shops4 ,it is a deadly poison6 #b4 ,as the last1 but substituting #b oz4 of sal-ammoniac for the hydrochloric acid4 #c4 ,oil of turpentine1 #a pint2 camphor1 #b oz42 dissolve4 ,very cleanly and effective4 #d4 ,tobacco-water1 made by steeping #b oz4 of good shag in #a pint of warm water for a few hours4 #e4 ,crude pyroligneous acid4 #f4 ,coal-tar naphtha4 ,this1 as well as ,no4 #c 7above71 should never be used by candle-light1 as it is excessively inflammable4 ,when the smell of the common naphtha is objectionable1 benzol or benzine may be used instead4 ,the celebrated nostrum vended under the name of ',insecticide' is said to be nothing but benzol4 #g4 ,sulphurated potash 7in powder71 #f oz42 soft soap1 #a_/b lb42 oil of turpentine1 #a_/d pint or q4 s4 to make a species of soft ointment4 ,the odour of the last three 7,nos4 #e1 #f1 #g7 is rather persistent and disagreeable2 but they are very effective4 #h4 ,strong mercurial ointment1 soft soap1 and oil of turpentine1 equal parts1 triturated together4 ,rather greasy and dirty4 #i4 ,scotch or ,welsh snuff1 mixed with twice its weight of soft soap4 #aj4 ,sulphur1 or squills1 in impalpable powder1 blown into the cracks or joints1 or scattered in a fine cloud1 by means of a hollow ball or balloon of vulcanised india rubber filled with it and furnished with a small wooden jet or mouth-piece1 or in any other convenient manner4 ,very cleanly and effective4 ,dumont's ',patent ,vermin ,killer1' as well as the whole host of imitations of it1 is of this kind4 ,obs4 ,out of the above list there is ample room for selection4 ,the common practice is to take the bedstead or other piece of furniture to pieces before applying them4 ,these pests exist only in dirty houses4 ,a careful housewife or servant will soon completely destroy them4 ,the surest method of destruction is to catch them individually when they attack the person in bed4 ,when their bite is felt1 instantly rise and light a candle and capture them4 ,this may be troublesome1 but if there be not a great number a few nights will finish them4 ,when there is a large number1 and they have gained a lodgment in the timbers1 take the bed in pieces1 and fill in all the apertures and joints with a mixture of soft soap and ,scotch snuff4 ,a piece of wicker-work1 called a ,,bug-,,trap1 placed at the head of the bed1 forms a receptacle for them1 and then they may be daily caught till no more are left4 ,oil-painting a wall is a sure means of excluding and destroying them4 ,it has been asserted that these insects are so fond of narrow-leaved dittany or pepperwort 7lepidium ruderale71 that if a bunch of it be suspended near their haunts they will settle in it1 and may be thus easily captured4 ,it is said to be commonly used as a bug-trap in some of our rural districts4 ,water1 poured boiling from the spout of a kettle into the cracks and joints1 is a cleanly and certain remedy1 which we have often seen employed2 so also is a jet of steam2 they are both destructive to all insects1 and will be found particularly so to beetles4 ,the proper time for attacking these pests is early in ,march1 or shortly before they are revived from their dormant state by the warm weather4 ,see ,,insects4 ,bug1 ,harvest4 ,see ,,acari4 ,,bu',,gle 7bu'gl74 ,an elongated cylindrical glass bead4 ,see ,,bead4 ,,building ,,stones4 ,amongst the calcareous and magnesian stones used for building many of the fine-grained and porous varieties are liable to split into flakes after a few years' exposure to the atmosphere1 owing to the absorption by the stone of water1 which1 becoming frozen during severe weather1 fractures the stone by its expansion4 ,brard invented a simple means of ascertaining whether a building stone is liable to this defect1 which consists in taking a smoothly-cut block of the stone1 one or two inches square1 and placing it in a cold saturated solution of sodic sulphate4 ,the temperature of the solution is gradually raised to the boiling point2 it is allowed to boil for half an hour1 and then the stone is left to cool in the liquid4 ,when cold it is suspended over a dish1 and once a day for a week or a fortnight plunged for a few moments into a cold saturated solution of sodic sulphate1 and it is then again freely suspended in the air4 ,the sulphate crystallises in the pores of the stone and splits off fragments of it4 ,a similar experiment is made upon an equal-sized mass of stone which is known to be free from this defect4 ,by the comparative weight of these fragments in the two cases the tendency of the stone to the defect in question may be estimated4 ,a stone that is placed in a building in a position similar to that in which it is found in the quarry1 that is1 with its seams lying horizontally1 is found to resist the weather much more successfully than one that has not been so placed4 ,,bun4 ,a well-known kind of light1 sweet cake4 ,prep4 #a4 ,,bath-,,buns3--,as #f1 but adding a little candied lemon and orange peel1 and putting a little grated peel and a few caraway comfits on the top of each4 #b4 ,,cross-,,buns3--,flour1 #b-a_/b lbs42 sifted sugar #a_/b lb42 coriander seeds1 cassia1 and mace1 of each 7powdered7 a sufficiency2 make a paste with butter1 #a_/b lb42 7dissolved in7 hot milk1 #a_/b pint2 work with three table-spoonfuls of yeast2 set it before the fire for an hour to rise1 then make it into buns1 and set them before the fire on a tin for half an hour2 lastly1 brush them over with warm milk1 and bake them to a nice brown in a moderate oven4 #c4 ,,madeira-,,buns3--,butter1 #h oz42 #b eggs2 flour1 #a lb42 powdered sugar1 #f oz42 half a nutmeg 7grated72 powdered ginger and caraway seeds1 of each #a_/b teaspoonful2 work well together1 then add as much milk as required1 and ferment2 lastly1 bake on tins in a quick oven4 #d4 ,,plain ,,buns3--,flour1 #b lbs42 butter1 #a_/d lb42 sugar1 #f oz42 a little salt1 caraway and ginger2 make a paste with yeast1 #d spoonfuls1 and warm milk1 q4 s42 as before4 #e4 ,,penny-,,buns3--,to the last add of currants1 well washed1 #a_/b lb42 and water1 stained by steeping a little saffron in it1 q4 s41 to give a light yellow tinge to them4 #f4 ,,rich ,,buns3--,fine flour1 #c lbs2 sugar1 #a lb42 butter1 #b lbs4 7melted and beat with7 rose water1 #d oz42 currants1 #a lb42 yeast1 #a_/d pint2 as before4 ,obs4 ,the great secret in producing good buns is the use of sweet yeast and the best currants only1 and thoroughly washing these last in a sieve or colander1 to remove grit1 before adding them to the dough4 ,,bunion 7-y7un74 ,a species of corn or swelling on the ball of the great toe1 resulting from pressure1 and irritation by friction4 ,the treatment recommended for corns applies also to bunions2 but in consequence of the greater extension of the disease1 the cure is more tedious4 ,a bunion may often be effectually stopped and removed by poulticing it1 and1 at the proper time1 carefully opening it with a lancet4 ,see ,,corns4 ,,burette4 ,a graduated glass vessel employed in volumetric analysis for measuring liquids4 #a4 ,the first burette was invented by ,gay-,lussac1 a drawing of whose instrument is given below4 ,it rarely1 if ever1 has a capacity greater than #ej cubic centimetres1 and consists of a narrow tube fused on to a wider one4 ,the larger tube is about #cc centimetres long1 the graduated portion occupying about #be centimetres1 and its internal diameter measures #ae millimetres2 the narrow tube has a diameter of #d millimetres1 which in the upper bent end decreases to #b millimetres4 ,when used the instrument should be held in the left hand1 the bottom part being allowed to lean a little against the chest4 ,the operation is aided by giving the instrument from time to time a slight turn in the direction of its longitudinal axis1 thereby placing the curve of the stout alternately in a more vertical1 alternately in a more horizontal position4 ,the volume must not be read off before the surface of the liquid has attained a constant height4 #b4 ,geissler's burette4 ,this instrument differs from ,gay-,lussac's in having the narrow tube inside1 instead of outside the wider one4 ,it is found very convenient in use1 and is less liable to fracture than ,gay-,lussac's4 #c4 ,mohr's burette1 which can be more easily and readily managed than either of the two preceding ones1 is described and figured under ,,alkalimetry4 ,illustration3 ,gay-,lussac's ,burette and ,geissler's ,burette4 ,in volumetric analysis the method of taking the readings of the burette is an operation of great importance1 requiring considerable method and practice4 ,the first proceeding is to bring the eye to a level with the fluid1 and to adopt a fixed and unalterable standard of what is to be considered the surface4 ,if you hold a burette partly filled with water between the eye and a strongly illumined wall1 the surface of the fluid presents the appearance shown in fig4 a4 ,if you hold close behind the tube a sheet of white paper with a strong light falling on it1 the surface of the fluid will present an appearance similar to that shown in fig4 b4 ,in both cases you have read off at the lower border of the dark zone1 this being the most distinctly marked line4 ,its distinctness may be heightened by adopting ,mohr's contrivance which consists in pasting on a sheet of very white cardboard a broad strip of black paper1 and when reading off holding this close behind the burette in a position to place the border line between white and black from #b to #c millimetres below the lower border of the dark zone as shown in figure c4 ,illustration3 a4 and b4 ,illustration3 c4 ,great care must be taken to hold the paper invariably in the same position1 since if it be held lower down1 the lower border of the black zone will move higher up4 ,to test the correctness of the graduation of a burette proceed as follows3--,fill the instrument up to the highest division with water at #fjh ,f41 then let the cubic centimetres of the liquid flow out into an accurately weighed flask1 and determine the weight of these ten cubic centimetres in the usual way2 then let another quantity of ten cubic centimetres flow out1 and weigh again1 and repeat the operation till the contents of the burette are exhausted4 ,if the instrument is correctly graduated1 every ten cubic centimetres of water at #fjh ,f4 must weigh #iiij grammes4 ,,burg',,laries4 ,the common precautions of locks and bolts1 alarum-bells and fire-arms1 are frequently found useless in preserving houses from burglars2 but a light in the upper part of the house1 or a small dog on the ground-floor1 with the means of running into a place of safety from its enemies1 has been seldom known to fail4 ,a combination of the two would undoubtedly be doubly effective4 ,the bark of the dog and the fear of detection by the approach of the light would deter the majority of rogues of common pluck and feeling4 ,a dog out of doors1 and consequently accessible1 however large and fierce1 is easily pacified or silenced by men of the class referred to4 ,,burls1 ,,removal ,,of1 from ,cloth and ,wool4 ,introduce the wool or the woollen goods into #ajj litres of sulphuric acid at #f ,b41 in which #ejj grams of alum and #bej grams of salt have been dissolved4 ,work in this bath for one or two hours1 drain in the centrifugal1 and hang up at #ajj to #abj4 ,wash for an hour and a half in clear water1 treat for two hours with fuller's earth1 soda and lime1 and wash again for two hours4 ,sulphuric acid is adapted only for whites and indigo blues4 ,for coloured goods solutions of chloride of tin1 and chloride of manganese at #f ,b41 are recommended4 ,,burns#bcd and ,scalds4#bce ,treatm4 ,when the injury is superficial and slight1 a little creosote may be applied to the part4 ,if a scald1 the vesicle should be first pierced with a needle1 or what is better1 snipped with a pair of scissors1 and the water which it contains should be then gently squeezed out4 ,when creosote is not procurable1 a liniment formed of equal parts of soft soap1 basilicon ointment1 oil of turpentine1 and water1 may be used instead4 ,when the part feels very hot and painful1 a poultice may be applied1 on the surface of which a few drops of creosote1 or of the liniment1 should be spread with a knife4 ,this treatment will generally succeed in allaying the pain4 ,it may be followed by a dressing of zinc ointment1 or any other like simple emollient or unctuous preparation4 ,creosote1 contrary to what is commonly asserted1 produces scarcely any smarting or pain2 whilst it rapidly removes the burning sensation1 and the charred surface soon assumes a dry scabby appearance1 which1 by dressing with simple ointment1 soon comes off and leaves the part beneath in a sound and healthy state4 ,if a poultice be applied it is best to keep it on until the next day4 ,plunging the part into very cold water immediately after the receipt of an injury of this kind will frequently prevent any further remedy being required4 ,flexible collodion painted over a burn forms a good protective envelope4 ,in all cases cooling laxatives should be administered2 and the diet should be rather low until the inflammatory symptoms subside4 ,footnote #bcd3 ,,burn1 s4 sing42 ,,ambus',,tio1 ,l4 ,,br,,lure1 ,fr42 ,,brand1 ,,brandmahl1 ,ger4 ,footnote #bce3 ,see ,,scalds 7under ,s74 ,treatment for ,animals4 ,carbolic dressing1 exclusion of air1 cotton wool1 linseed oil and lime water4 ,,burning-,,glass4 ,see ,,lens4 ,,butea ,,frondosa1 ,roxb4 7,ind4 ,ph47 ,syn4 ,,bengal ,,kino ,,tree4 ,habitat4 ,common all over ,india4--,officinal part4 ,the inspissated juice obtained from the stem by incision 7,bute ,gummi1 ,kino ,bengalensis1 ,bengal kino74 ,it occurs in the form of irregular shining fragments1 seldom as large as a pea2 more or less mixed with adherent pieces of greyish bark2 of an intense ruby colour and astringent taste2 soluble1 but not freely so1 in water and in alcohol4 ,its astringency is due to the presence of tannic and gallic acids4--,prop4 ,uses4 ,similar to those of kino1 for which it has been found an efficient substitute4--,prep4 ,same as those of kino4 ,,butter4 ,eng41 ,ger4 ,syn4 ,,buty',,rum1 ,l42 ,,beurre1 ,fr42 ,,buter1 ,,butera1 ,sax4 ,the fatty matter obtained from cream by churning it4 ,manuf4 ,the process of making butter by the common operation of churning is extremely simple1 and is well known4 ,the chief objects to attend to are maintaining a proper temperature1 and a certain degree of exposure to the air4 ,extreme cleanliness must also be observed2 the churn and other utensils being frequently scalded out with water4 ,when the butter is 'come1' it should be put into a fresh-scalded pan1 or tub1 which has been standing in cold water1 cold water poured on it1 and after it has acquired some hardness1 it should be well beaten with a flat board until not the least taste of the butter-milk remains1 and the water1 which must be often changed1 becomes quite colourless and tasteless4 ,a little salt may then be worked into it2 after which it may be weighed and made into 'forms1' which should then be thrown into cold water contained in an earthen pan provided with a cover4 ,in this way nice and cool butter may be obtained in the hottest weather4 ,at ,dumbarton the newly separated butter is put into a clean vessel1 and a corn sickle is drawn several times crosswise through it1 to extract any hairs that may adhere to it4 ,this operation is performed in very cold spring water1 and is followed by thoroughly washing it therein4 #aj oz4 of salt are now added to every stone-weight of the butter1 and well mixed in4 ,in ,devonshire the milk is generally scalded in copper pans over a charcoal or wood fire1 and the cream collected as soon as it rises1 or1 and more frequently1 when the whole has got cold4 ,it is then churned in the usual way4 ,on the small scale the butter is commonly obtained from this cream by patiently working it with the hand in a shallow pan or tub4 ,without care the cream is apt to absorb some of the fumes from the charcoal1 which impart a peculiar taste to the butter4 ,this is the reason why some of the ,devonshire butter has a slight smoky flavour4 ,it may be removed by thorough washing in cold water4 ,of late years1 in the large dairy-farms of ,devonshire1 covered flues1 with openings to receive the bottoms of the pans1 have superseded open fires1 by which the danger of contamination from the fumes is removed4 ,choice4 ,fresh butter has a pleasant odour and is of an equal colour throughout its substance4 ,if it smells sour1 the butter-milk has not been well washed out2 and if it is streaked or veiny1 it is probably mixed with stale butter or lard4 ,a good way to try butter is to thrust a knife into it1 which should not smell rancid and unpleasant when withdrawn4 ,rancid and stale butter1 when eaten in quantity1 is capable of producing dangerous symptoms4 ,pur4 ,the cheaper kinds of butter are frequently adulterated with common wheat-flour1 oatmeal1 pea-flour1 lard1 and is sometimes mixed with suet and turnips1 as well as with a large quantity of salt and water4 ,the trick is concocted between the ,irish factors and the ,london dealers4 ,the higher priced article is seldom mixed with anything beyond an excess of salt and water1 notwithstanding the assertions of alarmists to the contrary4 ,the presence of lard may be detected by the flavour and paleness of the colour4 ,a little of the sample adulterated with the other substances named1 if melted in a glass tube or phial1 will separate into strata1 which are very marked when cold4 ,quantitative ,analysis of ,butter4--#a4 ,the following process for the analysis of butter1 by ,mr ,a4 ,h4 ,allen1 is extracted from the ',chemical ,news' 7xxxii1 #gg73--,the ,society of ,public ,analysts has adopted #hjjj per cent4 as the lowest limit of fat contained in a genuine butter4 ,the amount of water is best ascertained by heating #e grams of the butter in a small weighed beaker to a temperature of about #aaj or #abj ,c4 for an hour or so4 ,some chemists merely heat the butter on a water bath4 ,according to the author's experience1 perfect drying is next to impossible at that temperature4 ,the dried butter is next treated in the beaker with anhydrous ether1 or commercial benzoline4 ,the former liquid is expensive and inconveniently volatile1 while it must be used in a perfectly anhydrous condition 7to avoid solution of the salt71 and except when boiling has but a limited solvent power for butter1 especially when adulterated4 ,benzoline dissolves fat more readily than ether2 it does not volatilise so rapidly at ordinary temperatures1 it is always anhydrous and has the advantage of low price4 ,the benzoline employed by the author is made by redistilling the commercial article from a retort immersed in a bath of boiling water4 ,about one third of the original bulk usually comes over readily at #ajj ,c41 and has a gravity of #jfhi4 ,on warming the beaker containing the benzoline the dry butter readily dissolves4 ,the liquid is poured on a small dry filter and washed with warm benzoline1 the filtrate being collected in a small wide beaker4 ,if the filter had been previously weighed1 its increase of weight1 after careful drying1 will of course give the quantity of curd and salt in the #e grams of butter taken4 ,except in cases in which extreme accuracy is desired1 it is preferable to scrape the residue off the filter and weigh it separately4 ,the error 7owing to imperfect removal7 only amounts to one or two tenths per cent4 of the butter taken4 ,as the salt is accurately estimated afterwards1 the loss falls on the curd4 ,the salt may be determined by careful ignition of the filter and residue1 the incombustible matter consisting almost wholly of common salt1 while the curd is ascertained by loss of weight4 ,this method is not to be recommended2 for without great care some of the salt will be volatilised and lost1 the error causing the amount of curd to appear excessive4 ,ignition also renders any further examination of the curd an impossibility4 ,a far preferable plan is to return the weighed curd and salt to the filter1 and to wash them with cold water4 ,the filtrate is made up to #ajj c4 c41 and the salt is estimated in a half of it by titrating with decinormal nitrate of silver4 ,the remaining portion of the solution can be employed for the estimation of sugar1 if desired4 ,this is effected by inverse titration with ,fehling's copper solution1 in the same way as grape sugar4 ,the estimation of sugar may sometimes be of interest1 as a means of ascertaining whether the aqueous portion of the butter consisted of mere water or of serum of milk4 ,in other words1 the estimation of the sugar may furnish a means of ascertaining whether an excess of water in the butter is due to insufficient removal of the butter-milk1 or to subsequent incorporation of water4 ,every #jjja gram of milk sugar represents about #jjbb of average milk serum4 ,the residue insoluble in cold water usually consists almost wholly of casein4 ,if1 however1 the butter has been adulterated with mashed potatoes1 flour1 or other starchy matters--said to be occasionally employed--they will be found here4 ,the presence of starch in the residue will1 of course1 be readily indicated by treating it with hot water1 and testing the cooled liquid with solution of iodine4 ,by pressing out a small portion of the butter between two slips of glass1 so as to obtain a thin film1 and observing it under the microscope 7or by observing the caseous residue after treatment with cold water71 the nature of the starch may be ascertained4 ,the solution of the fatty matter in benzoline is evaporated at #ajj ,c4 till it no longer decreases in weight4 ,the average proportion of fatty matter in butter is about #he per cent4 ,if less than #hj per cent4 the butter must be considered adulterated4 ,it is evident that a careful estimation of the per-centage of fatty matter would often render separate estimations of the water1 curd1 and salt unnecessary2 for unless the sum of the three latter constituents exceeded #bj per cent4 the butter could not be considered as adulterated1 unless by an admixture of other fats4 ,an easy and rapid method of estimating the fat in the undried butter is therefore a great desideratum2 but unfortunately no satisfactory method is at present known4 ,the indirect estimation of the fat1 by subtracting the sum of the per-centages of water1 curd1 and salt from #ajjjj1 ought to agree with the direct estimation of fat within #je per cent41 and the variation is often much less4 #b4 ,dr ,dupr adopts the following method3 ,about #e grams of the dry filtered butter fat are weighed in a small strong flask2 #be c4 c4 of a normal alcoholic soda solution are added2 the flask is closed by means of a well-fitting cauotchouc stopper1 firmly secured by a piece of canvas and string1 and heated in a water-bath for about an hour4 ,when cool the flask is opened1 the contents--which are semi-solid--carefully liquefied by heat1 and washed into a flask with hot water4 ,this flask is now heated for some time on a water-bath to expel the alcohol1 some more hot water is added1 and #be c4 c4 of diluted sulphuric acid somewhat stronger than the alkali used1 are run in4 ,the contents are allowed to cool1 and the acid aqueous solution below the cake of fatty acids is passed through a filter4 ,the fatty acids in the flask are washed by hot water in the manner recommended by ,dr ,muter1 i4e41 each time allowed to cool2 all the washings are passed through a filter4 ,the author uses no cambric1 but passes everything through paper4 ,with care scarcely any of the fatty acid will find its way into the filter4 ,after the washing with water is completed and the flask drained1 he washes any fatty acid that may be on the filter into the flask by means of a mixture of alcohol and ether on a water bath1 and finally dries the fatty acids in the flask at a temperature of #aje ,c4 ,the drying can be done readily if the melted fat is now and then shaken briskly1 so as to subdivide the water as much as possible4 ,in this way the acids when once in the flask are not taken out until their weight has been taken1 thus reducing the risk of loss to a minimum4 ,meanwhile the acidity of the aqueous filtrate and washings is estimated by decinormal soda solution4 ,subtracting from the amount required to the proportion necessary to neutralise the excess of acid added in decomposing the soap1 the rest represents the soluble fatty acids contained in the butter taken1 and on the assumption of its being butyric acid1 we can1 of course1 calculate the amount of this acid present4 ,when once the equivalent of the soluble acids present in butter is fairly determined1 this1 of course1 will have to be substituted for that of butyric acid4 ,the results thus obtained are very accurate1 and the process is very simple in execution4 ,the author has satisfied himself by repeated experiments that the alkalinity of the alcoholic soda solution by itself is not altered by the process4 ,the author places no reliance on the specific gravity test1 as he finds that mutton dripping1 and other fats likely to be used as adulterants of butter1 may acquire a specific gravity above #iaa by being strongly and repeatedly heated4 ,he thinks1 however1 that any sample of butter below #iaa may safely be pronounced adulterated4 ,in a subsequent note ,dr ,dupr states that he has effected the saponification1 decomposition of the soap1 and the washing and drying of the fatty acids at ordinary temperature1 thus still further reducing the risk of breaking up the higher into lower acids4 ,the saponification is readily effected by using a sufficiency of alcoholic soda4 ,between four and five grams of the dry butter fat were shaken up for several minutes with #ajj c4 c4 of normal alcoholic soda4 ,the butter soon dissolves1 but after a time the solution gelatinises to a clear transparent mass4 7,the temperature of the laboratory at the time of these experiments ranged between #bb and #ej47 ,this jelly is now allowed to stand over night1 during which time the smell of butyric ether1 very strong at first1 entirely disappears4 ,in one of the experiments the alcohol was allowed to evaporate spontaneously before the acid was added2 in the other 7made with a different sample of butter7 the soap was dissolved in about half a litre of water1 and at once decomposed by the addition of hydrochloric acid4 ,the fatty acids which separated in white curdy masses were thoroughly washed on a filter with cold water1 about four litres1 dried in vacuo over oil of vitriol1 and weighed4 ,the results of experiment show that butter fat yields the same proportion of insoluble fatty acids when saponified with or without the aid of heat4 #c4 ,mr ,gatehouse4 ,rapid ,method of ,detecting the ,adulteration of ,butter with other ,fats4 ,the following comparative method is based upon the insolubility of potassium stearate in alkaline solutions when the stearate has been produced at high temperatures3 ,before applying the test it is essential to remove all curd1 butter-milk1 and salt1 by washing with hot water or dissolving in ether4 ,twenty grains of the butter are placed in a large test-tube one third full with water boiled thoroughly and allowed to stand till the fat separates4 ,the fat is either dissolved in ether1 and after evaporation saponified1 or the lower layer of the liquid is drawn off by a pipette as follows3--,a thin glass tube is drawn out to a fairly fine point and bent at the top to an obtuse angle4 ,whilst the butter is still liquid this nozzle is inserted into the bottom of the test-tube1 placing the finger over the upper end to prevent any liquid from getting in till it reaches the bottom4 ,when fairly cold the liquid may be withdrawn by a pipette attached to the tube4 ,this process can be repeated till the washings are free from chlorides4 ,the saponification is effected by heating the purified butter with #a_/c-a_/b of its own weight of pure solid potassium hydrate 7purified by alcohol7 to a temperature above #dbj ,f42 applying the heat gently at first1 and when the frothing ceases1 heating it more strongly1 till no further apparent action occurs4 ,the ultimate temperature during saponification must be kept above #djj for some minutes1 otherwise the sterate formed will be soluble instead of insoluble in the alkaline solution4 ,if the butter is pure1 the colour of the residue will be at the utmost light yellow1 but should the butter be adulterated to any extent1 it may be almost black4 ,too much reliance must not1 however1 be placed on the colour4 ,after allowing the tube and its contents to cool1 the mass is boiled with successive portions of distilled water till #f oz4 7or #bjj c4 c47 altogether have been used4 ,if the butter is pure1 a portion of this solution poured into a test-tube will present only a faint opalescence2 if1 on the other hand1 the butter is impure1 a decided opacity will be perceived1 the degree depending upon the amount of adulteration4 ,the amount of adulteration in any sample is determined by first obtaining pure butter and adding to separate portions of it known per-centages of lard1 c4 ,each of these can be saponified as stated above2 they are then corked up in tubes of equal diameter and labelled with the per-centage of lard they contain4 ,on comparing them it will be seen that #b per cent4 of lard can be clearly indicated4 ,when a butter is analysed all that is wanted is to saponify1 make up to the correct strength1 and after cooling pour into a test-tube and compare with the specimen tubes4 #d4 ,dr ,redwood4 ,the ,determination of the ,melting ,points of ,butter and other ,fats4 ,the apparatus in the form best suited for general use consists of a basin1 two small beakers1 and a thermometer4 ,the author uses an enamelled iron basin about six inches in diameter1 and three and a half inches deep4 ,in this is placed a beaker four and a half inches deep and three inches in diameter1 and within this beaker is placed another much smaller one1 supported by its projecting rim on a disk of tinplate or copper1 the outer edge of which rests on the mouth of the larger beaker4 ,some mercury is put in the smaller beaker to the depth of about an inch1 and cold water into the larger beaker1 so that its surface shall be half an inch or an inch higher than that of the mercury4 ,a small drop of the fat which has been previously melted and heated to several degrees above its melting-point1 but has been allowed to cool again to near its setting point1 is put on the surface of the cold mercury4 ,this is best done by means of a thin glass rod about one eighth of an inch in diameter1 the end of which has been rounded off in the blow-pipe flame4 ,it is important that the drop should be very small1 and its temperature when placed on the mercury not much above its melting point1 for if it be too hot it will spread over the surface of the mercury1 which is not desirable4 ,if the rounded end of the rod be slightly dipped into the melted fat1 and then brought to the surface of the mercury1 a small hemispherical particle will attach itself there and speedily congeal1 becoming more or less opaque in doing so4 ,the weight of one of these hemispherical masses1 which should not be more than the eighth of an inch in diameter1 will be from #a_/ej to #a_/aj of a grain4 ,having placed the drop of fat upon the mercury1 the bulb of a thermometer1 with sufficiently minute graduations1 is introduced into the mercury and hot water poured into the basin4 ,the heat is thus communicated to the contents of the small beaker slowly through the water in the larger beaker1 and the rise of temperature in the mercury may be easily regulated1 and should take place at the rate of about one degree per minute4 ,the mercury1 by virtue of its comparatively good conducting power1 acquires a uniform temperature throughout1 which is indicated by the thermometer1 and at the same time communicated to the fat4 ,the fat when the temperature approaches its melting point becomes partially transparent1 and if the stem or elongated bulb of the thermometer be now brought up against it1 the moment fusion takes place the liquid fat will run into the channel formed by the repulsion of the mercury and the outside of the thermometer tube4 ,this process presents the following advantages3-- #a4 ,the heat-conducting power of the mercury1 on which the fat is placed1 ensures the equalisation of the temperature as indicated by the thermometer1 and at the same time communicated to the fat4 #b4 ,the direct contact of the fat with the mercury1 without the intervention of a bad conducting medium1 such as glass1 ensures a more immediate and correct indication of the temperature at which liquefaction takes place than would otherwise occur4 #c4 ,the minuteness of the quantity of fat operated upon reduces to a minimum the time occupied in its melting1 and thus facilitates the determination with exactness of its melting point4 #d4 ,the time occupied in preparing small tubes and charging them with the fat is saved1 and several experiments in succession may be easily and rapidly made with the same apparatus4 ,the author observed that in butter as well as other fats1 such as tallows1 there were at least two melting points1 dependent upon the way in which the fat had been previously subjected to the action of heat1 and that they may differ in butter to the extent of #c or #d ,f42 the low melting point being that of the fat after it has been heated to several degrees above its first melting point1 and the higher melting point being that of fat which has been previously melted to the lowest possible temperature1 and then immediately allowed to congeal4 #e4 ,professor ,wanklyn carefully weighs one gram of butter1 and heats it in a platinum dish of the size shown in the accompanying figure1 from four to six hours or even more--in short1 until it ceases to lose weight4 ,the loss of weight is the water1 which should be calculated and expressed in per-centages4 ,fat4 ,the dried butter is now to be heated with ether 7the ether should be made to boil by floating the dish in hot water74 ,several successive portions should be taken1 the whole passed through a filter1 the filter well washed with ether1 and the filtrate evaporated to dryness and weighed4 ,caseine and ,ash4 ,the residue from which the fat and water have been extracted is now to be taken1 carefully weighed1 then burned down to a low red heat2 the residue remaining is the ash1 the loss the caseine4 ,illustration3 ,butter-analysing dish4 ,the amount of ash1 practically speaking1 is the salt1 but if there be any doubt as to its composition1 the chlorine maybe estimated by a volumetric solution of nitrate of silver1 and further examined4 ,the following table shows the composition of a few genuine and other butters1 examined according to the same1 or at least to a similar process to the one described3-- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------ ,ash1 ,fat4 principally,water4,caseine4 ,quality4 ,salt4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------ ,fresh ,devonshire #hbg #aa #afb #afb ,good4 ,,wanklyn4 butter4 ,normandy butter4 #hba #ah #afa #afa ,jersey butter4 #ghdia #hebh #ajdde #becf ,,angell ,,and ,,hehner4 ,normandy butter4 #hbfdc #biae #icje #eacg ,butter from ,ventnor4#hfbhj #ffjj #chca #cbhi ,found to be adulterated with foreign fat4 ,butter from ,london4 #hgej #aeei #bciha #fhhj ,adulterated with water4 #dgaai #bfhi #dbceh #ghcd ,adulterated with water1 and contains an excess of curd4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ----- #f4 ,a ,method of ,detecting ,meat ,fats in ,butter4 ,mr ,horsley1 writing to the ',chemical ,news1' ,september1 #ahgd1 says3--,my starting point is1 that fresh butter is permanently soluble in methylated ether1 sp4 gr4 #jgcj at the temperature of #fe ,fahr4 ,but with the view of seeing if any other substance it may contain could be precipitated from it1 ,i took1 say1 #bj or #be grains of fresh butter1 placed it in a small test-tube1 and poured over it one drachm of methylated ether1 and on corking the tube it readily dissolved after a few minutes' agitation4 ,i then added #cj drops of methylated alcohol1 #fc o4 p41 and agitated again1 but nothing was precipitated4 ,i1 therefore1 made another experiment with #ae grains of butter and #aj grains of prepared mutton fat1 dissolved them in #a drachm of ether first1 and added #cj drops of alcohol1 when in less than half an hour the fat was precipitated in a room heated to #fh ,fahr4 ,next1 in order to see the effects upon mixtures of known fats1 such as lard1 beef1 mutton1 and tallow fats properly melted together in proportions of #fj grains of butter and #dj of fat1 and stirring till cold1 ,i found that each of them could1 by a similar procedure1 be precipitated in a few minutes4 ,in one case1 that of mutton1 ,i filtered off the ethereal liquid1 and collected the residue1 and obtained as much as #cj per cent4 of what had been used2 so that there is no longer any doubt about easily detecting fatty adulterations in butter4 ,lastly1 ,i would observe that crystallisation of butter1 out of the ethereal solution at a lower temperature than #fe1 must not be mistaken for the fats precipitated by alcohol alluded to1 as the butter1 besides being so much lighter1 occupies the upper layer1 and is different in character and easily remelted by the application of the warm hand for a minute or so4 ,further experiments have proved that half an hour suffices to effect the full precipitation of fats from the ethereal solutions by the addition of #bj drops or so of alcohol to the drachm of ether1 containing not more than #be grains of the adulterated butter2 after which the tube should be agitated and its contents projected on to a small double filter1 washed with a little alcohol1 and the residue whilst moist scraped off1 and transferred to a watch-glass to dry4 ,in this way loss by melting and absorption into the paper is obviated4 ,the following were the proportions of fats ,i recovered1 viz4-- ,lard #fj per cent4 ,mutton fat #ge ,beef fat #ie ,the precipitated mutton fat is powdery1 and white as snow4 ,lard and beef are more adherent and greasy2 for that reason mutton makes the firmest compound4 #g4 ,on the ,cooling of ,fats4 ,at a meeting of the ,university of ,edinburgh ,chemical ,society1 held on ,march #acth1 #ahgh1 a paper on the above subject was read by ,mr ,treharne1 ,m4,b4,c4,m41 wherein the author states3--,if equal bulks of the fats of mutton1 beef1 pork1 and butter1 and palm oil be heated to #ajj ,c4 in small flasks fitted with a thermometer through the cork1 and then allowed to cool by radiation under the same conditions for each1 temperature is found to fall regularly to a certain point 7which is different for each of the facts above named7 and then to rise to a certain turning point4 ,these turning points are approximately as follows3-- ,for ,mutton fat #dj ,c4 ,beef #bhe ,c4 ,pork #bfe ,butter #bce ,palm oil #baj ,the extent of the rise in temperature is different in each fat1 being greatest in that of mutton1 and least in that of butter and palm oil4 ,the extent of the rise is also greater within certain limits the greater the quantity of fat employed2 but as a rule the turning point is pretty constant for the same fat4 ,there is also a little difference in the turning points and the extent of rise according to the part of the carcase from which the fat has been taken4 ,if temperature and time be taken as co-ordinates1 and the rate of cooling be represented by curves1 these latter will be characteristic of the respective fats4 ,a mixture of equal parts of mutton and butter fats does not give a curve intermediate between those of its two components2 but is such as to indicate that less heat is given out on cooling 7to #bj ,c say7 than in the case of butter1 which1 compared with mutton fat1 gives off very little heat4 ,for further information on the subject of ',butter' the reader is referred to a ,report by ,mr ,bell--the principal of the ,chemical ,laboratory at ,somerset ,house--to the ,board of ,inland ,revenue1 included in a return made to the ,house of ,commons in #ahgf4 ,preservation4 #a4 ,melt the butter in a stoneware or a well-glazed earthen pan set in a water bath at a heat not exceeding #ahj ,fahr41 and keep it heated1 skimming it from time to time until it becomes quite transparent2 then pour off the clear portion into another vessel1 and cool it as quickly as possible by placing the vessel in very cold water or ice4 ,this is the method employed by the ,tartars who supply the ,constantinople market4 ,in this state it may be preserved perfectly fresh for #f or #i months1 if kept in a close vessel and a cool place4 ,this is the plan so strongly recommended by ,m4 ,thnard4 ,mr ,eaton states that butter melted by the ,tartarian method1 and then salted by ours1 will keep good and fine-tasted for two years4 #b4 ,saltpetre and white sugar1 of each #a oz42 best ,spanish great-salt 7or ,cheshire large-grained salt71 #b oz42 all in very fine powder2 mix thoroughly1 and add #a oz4 of this mixture to every lb4 of butter1 and thoroughly incorporate them together4 ,the butter thus prepared is then to be tightly pressed into clean glazed earthenware vessels 7or well-seasoned casks71 so as to leave no vacuities4 ,this plan is recommended by ,dr ,anderson1 who declares that butter so prepared will keep in a cool place for years2 and will bear a voyage to the ,east ,indies1 if packed 7stowed7 so as not to melt4 ,it does not taste well before it has stood for three or four weeks1 after which it acquires a rich marrow-like flavour1 which no other butter ever possesses4 ,a good method to preserve the butter from the air is to fill the pots to within an inch of the top1 then to lay on it some coarse-grained salt to the depth of a #a_/d to #a_/b an inch1 and lastly to cover each pot with a slate1 plate1 or other flat article4 ,the salt by long keeping runs to brine1 which forms an air-tight layer on the top of the butter1 and may at any time be very easily removed by turning the pot on one side4 #c4 ,fresh butter1 #ba lbs42 salt1 #a lb42 saltpetre1 #a oz4 ,these are the common proportions for the best salt butter of the shops4 #d4 ,fresh butter1 #ah lbs42 salt1 #a lb42 saltpetre1 #a-a_/b oz42 honey or fine brown sugar1 #b oz4 ,superior to ,no4 #c4 ,concl4 ,remarks4 ,it may be useful to know that rancid butter may be restored1 or1 in all cases1 greatly improved1 by melting it in a water bath with some fresh-burnt and coarsely powdered animal charcoal 7which has been thoroughly freed from dust by sifting71 and straining it through clean flannel4 ,a better and less troublesome method is to well wash the butter first with some good new milk1 and next with cold spring water4 ,butyric acid1 on the presence of which rancidity depends1 is freely soluble in fresh milk4 ,the turnip-flavour arising from the cows being fed on turnips or cabbages is said to be removed by one or other of the following methods3--#a4 ,when the milk is strained into the pans put to every #f galls4 #a gal4 of boiling water4--#b4 ,dissolve #a oz4 of nitre in a pint of spring water1 and put a #a_/d pint of the solution to every #ae galls4 of milk4--#c4 ,keep back a #a_/d pint of the sour cream when you churn1 and put it into a well-scalded pot1 into which you are to gather the next cream2 stir that well1 and do so with every fresh addition4 ,each of these methods come on good authority1 but we are bound to say that our own experience does not confirm their constant success4 ,we have found that the addition of a handful of salt to the water used to wash the butter is as good a plan as any4 ,butter1 ,ancho'vy4 ,from anchovies 7boned and beaten to a paste71 #a part2 butter1 #b parts2 spice1 q4 s4 ,butter-colouring 7from ,paris74 ,a mixture of #dj per cent4 of chrome yellow with some fat coloured with annatto4 7,flckiger and ,weil47 ,butter1 ,clar'ified4 ,fresh butter melted in a water bath1 allowed to settle1 and the clear portion poured into an earthenware basin or pot1 set in cold water1 so as to cool it as quickly as possible1 without allowing it to crystallise4 ,it keeps a long time without becoming rank4 ,see ,,butter1 ,no4 #a 7ant74 ,butter1 ,hon'ey4 ,fine ,narbonne honey1 #b to #d oz42 mixed with good butter1 #a lb4 ,used as a delicacy for children1 and by the sick and aged4 ,butter1 ,lem'on4 ,see ,,butter1 ,,orange4 ,butter1 ,melt'ed4 ,this well-known sauce may be prepared of excellent quality as follows3--,beat up about #a oz4 of fine flour with #d oz4 of butter1 in the cold1 until they are evenly and thoroughly mixed1 then add #d or #e table-spoonfuls of hot milk1 put the whole into a small saucepan1 and continue shaking it1 all in one direction1 until it simmers very gently2 lastly1 remove it from the fire1 and pour it into the butter-boats for use4 ,these last should be filled with hot water1 and then emptied and wiped dry1 before putting the melted butter into them4 ,see ,,sauces4 ,butter1 ,or'ange4 ,prep4 #a4 ,from #f eggs1 #b oz4 of powdered sugar1 and #d oz4 of butter1 well beaten together with a little orange-flower water4 ,sometimes #a or #b oz4 of blanched almonds1 or of almond-paste1 is added4 #b4 ,butter1 #a lb42 syrup of orange peel1 #d oz4 ,both are eaten as a delicacy4 ,,lemon ,,butter1 is made in a similar manner4 ,butter of ,an'timony99double-dagger4 ,trichloride of antimony4 ,butter of ,caca'o4 ,see ,,co',,coa1 and ,,co',,coa-,,nut ,,oil4 ,butter of ,nut'megs4 ,collected from the surface of the water in the still1 after the distillation of the essential oil of nutmegs4 ,butter of ,ro'ses4 ,obtained by distilling damask roses4 ,it separates slowly from the water in the receiver4 ,it has little smell1 and is hence used to dilute the odour of musk1 ambergris1 and civet4 ,butter of ,wax4 ,prepared by distilling bees'-wax4 ,a factitious kind is also made4 ,butter of ,zinc99double-dagger4 ,chloride of zinc4 ,butter ,powder 7from the ,adler-,apotheke ,emmerich on the ,rhine74 ,bicarbonate of soda4 7,dr ,u4 ,kreusler47 ,butter ,powder 7,lemmel1 ,schleswig-,holstein74 ,an impure bicarbonate of soda1 coloured with turmeric4 7,hirschberg47 ,butter ,powder1 ,schuhrer's 7,emil ,schhrer1 ,mutzschen1 ,saxony74 ,this1 it is claimed1 will considerably increase the yield of butter1 shorten the process of churning1 and yield a product which will be firm even in the height of summer1 well-flavoured1 of a handsome colour1 and of excellent commercial value4 ,it consists of a tolerably pure commercial bicarbonate of soda1 with #a_/b per cent4 of powdered turmeric4 7,dr ,peters47 ,butter ,powder1 ,tomlinson's 7,tomlinson ,co41 ,lincoln1 ,england74 ,ordinary bicarbonate of soda1 coloured with #c_/d per cent4 of annatto4 7,dr ,karmrodt47 ,butter-preservative ,paste 7from ,spaa74 ,consists of common salt1 #eb parts2 nitre1 #bc parts2 syrup1 #e parts4 7,wittstein47 ,,butterine4 ,a substance known under this name1 and intended as a substitute for butter1 is imported into this country from ,new ,york4 ,of butterine ,dr ,,campbell ,,brown remarks3--,in general appearance1 taste1 and consistence1 it is very similar to ordinary butter2 but notwithstanding that its solidifying point is lower than that of some butters1 it retains much of the peculiar crumbly texture and fracture of dripping4 ,it softens at #gh ,f41 and melts at #hf4 ,when heated and slowly cooled it obscures the thermometer at #fb and solidifies at #fj4 ,it contains-- ,water #aabe to #he ,salt #ajc #ee ,curd #jeg #jf ,fat #hgae #hed ------ ------ #ajjjj #ajjjj ,the fat consists of oleine1 palmitine1 margarine1 a trace of stearine1 and about #e or #f per cent4 of butter4 ,when dissolved in about four times its weight of ether1 and allowed to evaporate spontaneously1 it does not deposit any fat until more than half of the ether has passed off1 and if the temperature is not below #fj the deposit is not solid4 ,the first deposit when dried fuses at #ajh2 the second deposit fuses at #hh1 and solidifies at #fd4 ,under the microscope butterine does not appear to consist of acicular crystals of fat1 but of irregular masses1 containing a few butter globules1 particles of curd1 and crystals of salt4 ,with polarised light the irregular crystalline structure is beautifully seen1 and is clearly distinguishable from butter which has been melted and recongealed4 ,when old and rancid it acquires the odour and taste of dripping1 but it keeps longer undecomposed than butter4 ,when fresh it is a wholesome substitute for real butter4 ,no one can reasonably take exception to its sale4 ,butterine may be detected by the following characters3-- #a4 ,its crumbly fracture4 #b4 ,its loss of colour when kept melted for a short time at #bab4 #c4 ,the behaviour of its ethereal solution4 #d4 ,its action on polarised light4 ,the ',american ,chemist' for #ahgf contains an interesting paper by ,mr ,henry ,mott on the manufacture of artificial butter1 which is too lengthy for insertion here4 ,,butter-,,milk4 ,the liquid that remains after the butter is separated from the cream4 ,qual41 c4 ,butter-milk left from the churning of sweet cream is not only very delicious1 but exceedingly wholesome and nutritious4 ,it is eaten with fruit1 puddings1 and cakes1 and is said to possess the property of allaying the nervous irritability induced by excessive tea-drinking4 ,it is an admirable beverage in rickets1 diabetes1 and many stomach affections4 ,an ,american physician has recently asserted that it induces longevity4 ,see ,,milk4 ,,buttons4 ,see ,,brass1 ,,gilding1 c4 ,,bu',,tyrate4 ,eng41 ,fr4 ,syn4 ,,bu',,tyras1 ,l4 ,a salt in which the hydrogen of butyric acid is replaced by a basic radical4 ,butyrate of ,barium4 ,prep4 ,saponify butter with a boiling solution of caustic alkali1 and decompose the resulting soap by adding a solution of tartaric acid2 filter and distil2 neutralise the distillate with hydrate of barium1 and evaporate2 the first crystals that form are caprate of barium2 the next1 caproate of barium2 and the last1 butyrate of barium4 ,this salt is very soluble in water1 and hence is easily separated from the others4--,use4 ,chiefly for making butyric acid4 ,,butyric 7-t7ir'-74 ,syn4 ,,butyr',,icus1 ,l42 ,,butyrique1 ,fr4 ,of or from butter4 ,,butyric ,,acid4 ,,hc#d;,h#g,o#b4 ,syn4 ,,acidum ,,but7,y,r',,icum1 ,l42 ,,acide ,,butyrique1 ,fr42 ,,butters,,ure1 ,ger4 ,an oily acid1 first obtained by ,chevreul from butter4 ,prep4 ,from butyrate of barium or magnesium1 by adding sulphuric acid in quantity not quite sufficient to decompose the whole of the salt2 the clear liquid1 filtered and distilled1 yields butyric acid1 from which the water may be removed by digestion with chloride of calcium4 ,prop4 ,a thin colourless liquid1 of pungent rancid odour1 and sour taste1 miscible with water and alcohol4 ,it boils and distils unchanged at #cbg ,fahr4 ,sp4 gr4 #ifc4 ,see ,,ethers4 ,,bu',,tyrin 7-in74 ,eng41 ,fr4 ,an oily substance existing in butter1 and of which it forms the characteristic portion4 ,it was discovered by ,chevreul4 ,prep4 ,keep clarified butter in a porcelain vessel1 at a heat of #ff1 for some days2 carefully collect the oily portion which separates1 mix it with an equal weight of alcohol of the sp4 gr4 #gif1 and agitate it frequently for #bd hours2 after repose pour off the clear portion1 and evaporate it2 treat the oily residuum with a little carbonate of magnesium1 to remove free acid1 and wash off the butyrate of magnesium1 thus formed1 with water2 lastly1 heat the remaining fatty matter in alcohol1 filter1 and evaporate1 by a gentle heat2 the residuum is butyrin4 ,,buxine 7-7in74 ,a substance detected by ,m4 ,faure in bux'us semper'virens1 or the common box-tree4 ,,cabbage4 ,syn4 ,,bras',,sica1 ,l42 ,,chou1 ,fr42 ,,kohl1 ,ger4 ,this common esculent1 and all its numerous varieties1 are merely cultivated specimens of the wild sea-cabbage of our coasts 7bras'sica olera'cea1 ,linn471 one of an extensive and valuable genus of plants belonging to the nat4 ord4 ,crucifer4 ,after the potato1 the cabbage is doubtless more extensively used by the masses of the people than any other fresh vegetable4 ,when young1 and properly dressed1 it forms an agreeable and wholesome addition to animal food1 the grossness of which1 it is said1 it tends to correct4 ,it should be eaten only when fresh gathered and fresh cooked2 and the unconsumed portion1 as well as the water in which it has been boiled1 should be at once thrown away4 ,persons troubled with a weak digestion1 or who have a tendency to flatulence1 diarrhoea1 or worms1 would do well to avoid them4 ,their use is particularly serviceable in scurvy1 and in numerous skin diseases4 ,it has been asserted that cabbages1 cauliflowers1 broccoli1 celery1 and several other culinary vegetables1 may be preserved in a fresh state for some time1 by cutting them so that they may have about two inches of stem left below the leaves1 scooping out the pith as far down as a small knife will reach1 and then suspending them perpendicularly by means of a cord1 in an inverted position1 in some cool situation1 and daily filling up the bottom part of the stem with clean cold water4 ,in this way it is stated that a supply of green vegetables may be readily obtained during a severe winter1 and on ship-board4 ,other methods1 including those usually adopted with the same object1 are noticed under ,,vegetables 7,culinary74 ,cabbages1 broccoli1 c41 are dressed by simply throwing them into boiling water1 and simmering them until tender4 ,a few minutes is sufficient for this purpose4 ,a pinch of salt of tartar1 or of carbonate of soda1 is commonly added to the water1 to preserve the green colour of the vegetables4 ,,cachou ,,aromatise 7k7ashoo 7ar7om7ateza74 ,fr4 ,a mouth-lozenge intended to sweeten and perfume the breath4 ,preparations of this description are much used by smokers and bacchanals4 ,the form under which they are generally prepared for sale is that of #a-a_/b to #b gr4 pills1 neatly silvered4 ,originally they were composed chiefly of catechu and sugar1 flavoured and perfumed with the stronger aromatics2 but at the present day the catechu1 from which they derive their name1 is not unfrequently omitted4 ,their preparation is described elsewhere4 ,see ,,breath1 ,,lozenges1 ,,pastils1 c4 ,,cad',,mium4 ,cd4 ,eng41 ,l4 ,syn4 ,,klapro',,thium4 ,a metal discovered by ,stromeyer and ,hermann1 in the ores of zinc4 ,prep4 #a4 7,stromeyer47 ,the cadmo-zincic ore is dissolved in an excess of dilute sulphuric or hydrochloric acid by heat2 a stream of sulphuretted hydrogen is passed through the solution1 the resulting precipitate 7sulphide of cadmium7 dissolved in nitric acid1 and the solution evaporated to dryness2 the residuum is dissolved in water1 the solution precipitated with carbonate of ammonium in excess1 and the precipitate 7carbonate of cadmium7 collected1 mixed with charcoal1 and heated to redness in a crucible apparatus so arranged as to condense the fumes2 the cadmium sublimes4 #b4 7,wollaston47 ,a solution of the ore obtained as above is placed in a platinum capsule1 and a piece of metallic zinc is plunged into it4 ,in a short time the cadmium is precipitated1 and attaches itself to the sides of the capsule1 when it is collected1 washed1 and dried4 #c4 7,herapath47 ,when zinc is obtained by distilling its ores1 per descensum1 the first portion of the metallic fumes evolved burn with a brownish flame1 and deposit oxide of cadmium1 which is subsequently reduced by distillation with charcoal4 ,thousands of pounds of cadmium are yearly wasted at the zinc works which might be easily collected in a similar manner4 ,prop41 c4 ,resembles tin in most of its physical properties1 being white1 soft1 and malleable4 ,sp4 gr4 #hfa4 ,stromeyer gives its melting point as #ddb ,fahr41 but ,dr ,wood1 an ,american chemist1 states that the metal requires for its fusion nearly the same heat as lead1 and gives it as about #fjj ,fahr4 ,it volatilises at a somewhat higher temperature1 giving off orange-coloured1 suffocating fumes1 which1 when inhaled too freely1 leave a disagreeable1 sweetish1 styptic sensation upon the lips1 and a persistent brassy taste in the mouth1 with constriction of the throat1 heaviness in the head1 and nausea4 ,the alloys of cadmium are said to be brittle by almost all who have treated of them1 but ,wood found that many were extremely tenacious1 as1 for instance1 the combination of #b parts of silver and #a part of cadmium1 which is perfectly malleable and very strong4 ,the amalgam of equal parts of cadmium and mercury is also highly malleable4 ,like bismuth1 cadmium has the property of promoting fusibility in certain alloys2 thus1 a remarkable fusible metal may be formed by melting together cadmium #a to #b parts1 lead #b parts1 and tin #d parts4 ,tests4 ,its ores and salts are recognised as follows3--#a4 ,mixed with carbonate of sodium1 and exposed on a charcoal support to the reducing flame of the blowpipe1 the charcoal becomes almost instantly covered with a reddish-yellow incrustation of oxide of cadmium1 commonly forming a circle or zone4--#b4 ,caustic soda and potassa give a white precipitate 7hydrated oxide7 in solutions containing cadmium1 insoluble in excess of the precipitant4--#c4 ,ammonia gives a similar white precipitate1 freely soluble in excess4--#d4 ,the alkaline carbonates give white precipitates 7carbonate of cadmium71 insoluble in excess4--#e4 ,sulphuretted hydrogen1 and sulphydrate of ammonium1 give a bright yellow precipitate 7sulphide of cadmium71 which is insoluble in dilute acid1 alkalies1 sulphides1 and cyanide of potassium1 but readily soluble in both hydrochloric acid and nitric acid1 especially with heat4--#f4 ,the salts of cadmium are readily distinguished from those of arsenic1 by the precipitated sulphide being insoluble in ammonia1 and soluble in hydrochloric acid1 and being capable of sustaining a white heat without subliming4 ,cadmium1 ,car'bonate of4 ,cd,c,o#c4 ,syn4 ,,cad',,mii ,,car',,bonas1 ,l4 ,from a solution of sulphate or chloride of cadmium1 and an alkaline carbonate2 the precipitate being collected1 washed1 and dried by a gentle heat4 ,a white powder4 ,cadmium1 ,chlo''ride of4 ,cd,cl#b4 ,syn4 ,,hydrochlo'',,rate ,,of ,,cadmium1 ,,mu'',,riate ,,of ,,cadmium2 ,,cad',,mii ,,chlori',,dum1 ,,cad',,mii ,,hydrochlo'',,ras1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,pure47 ,by dissolving carbonate or oxide of cadmium in hydrochloric acid1 and crystallising by gentle evaporation4 ,prismatic crystals2 very soluble in water4 #b4 7,turner47 ,by exposing the product of the last process to heat4 ,amorphous4 #c4 ,from crude cadmium or its oxide1 and hydrochloric acid1 as last4 ,cadmium1 ,i'odide of4 ,cd,i#b4 ,syn4 ,,hydri',,odate ,,of ,,cadmium2 ,,cad'',,mii ,,iodi',,dum1 ,c4 ,,hydrio',,das1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,crookes47 ,cadmium in filings #a part1 pure iodine #b parts1 are to be placed together in a capacious flask1 with alcohol sufficient to cover them4 ,action commences at once1 attended with considerable evolution of heat2 when it ceases1 heat the mixture till it is colourless2 then filter from a few grains of cadmium which will remain undissolved1 evaporate and crystallise4 ,uses4 ,in photography this salt has lately been employed with great success for iodizing collodion4 ,being very stable1 it is not decomposed1 and the collodion iodized with it preserves its sensitiveness undiminished during many months4 7,see ,,collodion47 ,in medicine it is used occasionally as a substitute for iodide of lead4 ,cadmium1 ,ox'ide of4 ,cd,o4 ,syn4 ,,protox',,ide ,,of ,,cadmium2 ,,cad',,mii ,,oxy',,dum1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,hydrated47 ,from sulphate or chloride of cadmium1 and a solution of caustic alkali2 observing to well wash and dry the precipitate4 ,a white powder1 freely soluble in acids4 #b4 7,anhydrous47 ,by igniting the hydrated oxide1 or the carbonate or nitrate of cadmium4 ,that from the first two has a pale brown colour2 that from the nitrate has a dark brown tint and a semi-crystalline appearance4 ,the former has been proposed to be used as a pigment4 ,cadmium1 ,sul'phate of4 ,cd,s,o#d4 ,syn4 ,,cad',,mii ,,sul',,phas1 ,,cad',,mium ,,sulphu',,ricum1 ,,klapro',,thrium ,,sulphu',,ricum1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,from carbonate or oxide of cadmium and dilute sulphuric acid1 as the chloride4 #b4 7,cottereau47 ,oxide of cadmium1 #a oz42 sulphuric acid1 q4 s42 dissolve1 evaporate1 and crystallise4 #c4 7,pereira47 ,sulphuric acid1 #f-a_/b parts2 water1 #ae parts2 mix2 add cadmium1 #g parts2 dissolve1 evaporate to dryness1 redissolve in water1 filter1 and evaporate by a gentle heat1 so that crystals may form4 ,prop41 c4 ,efflorescent1 rectangular1 prismatic crystals2 very soluble in water2 tastes astringent4 ,it is about #d times as strong as sulphate of zinc1 and is used in similar cases4 ,dose1 #c to #aj gr4 ,externally 7#a_/b to #c or #d gr4 to water1 #a oz472 in specks of the eye1 opacity of the cornea1 chronic ophthalmia1 c4 ,as an ointment1 #aj to #ab gr4 to lard1 #a oz4 ,cadmium1 ,sul'phide of4 ,cd,s4 ,syn4 ,,cadmium ,,yellow4 ,this occurs native as ,,greenock',,ite4 ,it may be prepared artificially1 either by fusing its elements together1 or by passing a stream of sulphuretted hydrogen through a solution of the chloride1 nitrate1 or sulphate4 ,when prepared artificially1 it is of a bright yellow or orange colour1 and is of great value to the artist4 ,it has been used in making fireworks4 ,see ,,fires1 ,coloured4 ,cadmium1 ,yellow4 ,see ,,cadmium1 ,,sulphide ,,of 7above71 and ,,yellow ,,pigments4 ,c,,salpina 7,,guilandina7 ,,bonducella4 7,ind4 ,ph47 ,habitat4 ,tropical portions of both hemispheres4--,officinal part4 ,the seeds 7,bonducell semina1 ,bonduc seeds72 of a somewhat irregular sub-spherical or ovoid form1 usually from #e_/h to #f_/h of an inch in diameter1 smooth1 hard1 and lead-coloured1 and contain an amylaceous white nucleus1 having a bitter taste4 ,they contain a fixed oil1 resin1 and a bitter principle4--,properties4 ,tonic and antiperiodic4--,therapeutic uses4 ,in intermittent fevers2 also in debility1 and other cases requiring tonics4--,dose1 #aj to #ae grains twice daily4 ,,compound ,,powder ,,of ,,bonduc 7,pulvis ,bonducell compositus74 ,take of bonduc seeds1 deprived of their shells and powdered1 #a oz42 black pepper1 powdered1 #a oz4 ,mix thoroughly1 and keep in a well-stoppered bottle4--,dose1 #ae to #cj gr41 three times a day4 ,c,,sium4 ,eng41 ,l4 ,c4 ,a metal belonging to the alkaline group1 discovered by ,bunsen in the mineral water of ,durckheim by means of ,,spectrum ,,analysis 7which see71 and so named by him from csius1 greyish-blue1 the colour of its characteristic ray4 ,,caffe',,ic ,,acid4 ,syn4 ,,chloroge',,nic ,,acid4 ,a white powder1 discovered by ,runge in coffee1 in which it exists in combination with potassium 7caffeiate of potassium71 and caffeine1 and is then very soluble in alcohol4 ,pfaff states that the aroma of coffee is dependent on the volatilisation1 or1 rather1 the decomposition of this acid4 ,,caffe',,ine4 ,c#h;,h#aj,n#d,o#b4 ,syn4 ,,caffe',,ina1 ,,th,,ine1 ,,guaranine4 ,a peculiar nitrogenised principle1 discovered by ,robiquet in coffee4 ,it is1 moreover1 the essential principle of tea1 of ,paraguay tea1 and of ,guarana1 infusions of which are used as beverages in different parts of the world4 ,the proportion of caffeine to the pound was found by ,liebig to be as stated below in the six descriptions of coffee named3-- ,martinique #cb grains4 ,alexandrian #bb ,java #bb ,mocha #bj ,cayenne #ai ,st ,dominique #af ,in ,hyson tea it exists in the proportion of from #be to #cd per cent42 and in gunpowder tea from #bb to #da4 ,in ,paraguay tea1 or mat as it is called in ,brazil1 and in ,guarana1 it exists in the proportion of #ac per cent4 ,prep4 #a4 ,coarsely powdered raw or unroasted coffee is boiled in water1 and subacetate of lead added to the filtered decoction to throw down the extractive and colouring matter2 the excess of lead is next precipitated with sulphuretted hydrogen1 and the liquid filtered and evaporated by a gentle heat2 the residuum is dissolved in boiling water1 the solution agitated with freshly burnt animal charcoal1 filtered1 evaporated1 and crystallised4 ,by redissolving the product in hot alcohol1 it may be obtained in white1 shining1 silky filaments1 as the solution cools4 #b4 7,h4 ,j4 ,versman47 ,quick-lime1 #b lbs42 water1 q4 s4 to form a hydrate2 raw coffee 7bruised71 #aj lbs42 mix1 put it into a displacement apparatus1 and cause alcohol of #hj to percolate through the mixture1 until the fluid obtained no longer contains caffeine2 the mass in the percolator is then roughly ground to powder1 mixed with a fresh quantity of quick-lime1 and the process of percolation repeated with fresh alcohol1 as before4 ,the spirit is next distilled from the mixed tinctures in a retort1 and the residuum washed with a little warm water to remove the oil2 the evaporation is then gently conducted until a crystalline mass is obtained1 which is further freed from adhering oil by pressure between folds of blotting paper4 ,it is purified by redissolving it in boiling water or hot alcohol1 c41 as before4 #c4 7,a4 ,vogel47 ,an extract of powdered coffee is made with commercial benzol2 this being distilled off1 leaves an oil and caffeine behind2 the oil is then removed by a little ether or by hot water1 from which latter liquid the alkaloid crystallises on cooling4 #d4 ,from a hot infusion of tea-leaves by treatment with subacetate of lead and sulphuretted hydrogen1 as in process #a 7above74 #e4 7,f4 ,v4 ,greene47 ,powdered guarana is intimately mixed with three times its weight of finely divided litharge1 and the mixture boiled in distilled water1 the ebullition being continued until1 on allowing the temperature to fall below the boiling point1 the insoluble portion is found to subside rapidly1 leaving the supernatant liquid clear1 bright1 and without colour4 ,the quantity of distilled water required will be found to be about a pint for every fifteen grams of the guarana used in the experiment1 and as the boiling has to be continued for several hours before the desired and all essential separation mentioned above takes place1 water must be added from time to time to supply the place of that lost by evaporation4 ,when cool1 the clear liquid is decanted upon a filter1 and when it has passed through1 which it will be found to do with facility1 the precipitate is to be transferred to the filter1 and washed with boiling water1 the washing to be continued as long as yellowish precipitates are produced with either phosphomolybdic acid solution1 auric1 or platinic chloride4 ,a stream of sulphuretted hydrogen gas is now passed through the filtrate to remove the small quantity of lead that has been dissolved1 and the sulphide thus formed separated by filtration4 ,the solution is evaporated on a water bath to expel the excess of sulphuretted hydrogen1 filtered to remove a trace of sulphur1 finally evaporated to the crystallising point1 and the caffeine which crystallises out in cooling removed from the mother liquor and pressed between folds of bibulous paper4 ,after being thus treated the crystals will be found to be perfectly white4 ,on diluting the mother liquor with distilled water1 filtering1 and evaporating1 a second crop of crystals are obtained1 which are also perfectly white1 after being pressed as above4 ,the crystals are now dissolved in boiling dilute alcohol1 filtered1 and the solution set aside to crystallise by spontaneous evaporation4 ,the resulting crystals of caffeine are perfectly pure and colourless4 #f4 7,o4 ,caillol and ,p4 ,cazeneuve47 ,the following is a process for the rapid preparation of caffeine3--,black tea is thoroughly softened with four times its weight of hot water2 a quantity of calcium hydrate equal to that of tea used is then added1 and the whole evaporated on a water-bath to perfect dryness4 ,the dry residue is exhausted with chloroform in a displacement apparatus1 and the chloroform recovered from the percolate by distillation4 ,the residue left in the retort is a mixture of caffeine and a resinous substance containing chlorophyll4 ,on treating it with hot water1 filtering and evaporating the filtrate on a water bath1 the caffeine is obtained in perfectly white crystals4 ,prop41 c4 ,soluble in #ajj parts of cold water2 freely soluble in hot water and in water acidulated with an acid2 slightly soluble in cold alcohol2 it fuses at #ceb ,fahr41 tastes slightly bitter1 and possesses feeble basic properties4 ,with the sulphuric and hydrochloric acids it forms crystallisable compounds4 ,the salts of caffeine may be made by dissolving it to saturation in the dilute acid1 and evaporating the solution by a very gentle heat4 ,it forms splendid double salts with bichloride of platinum and terchloride of gold4 ,uses4 ,caffeine has been recommended in those pains that affect only one side of the head 7hemicrania72 in doses of #a to #c gr4 ,its physiological action is very trifling1 notwithstanding all that has been said to the contrary4 ,mr ,cooley took #bj gr4 daily of pure caffeine1 for above a month1 without experiencing any other effect than a very slight elevation of spirits after each dose1 similar to that produced by a small quantity of spirits of sal volatile4 ,it has been used lately with doubtful success as an antidote to the poisonous effects of opium4 ,see ,,coffee1 ,,tea1 c4 ,,caffe',,one4 ,a brown1 aromatic oil1 formed during the roasting of coffee4 ,,caj',,eput ,,oil4 ,see ,,oils 7,volatile74 ,,cakes4 ,a species of fancy bread or trifle familiar to every one4 ,before proceeding to the actual operation of cake-making1 the various materials which are to enter into their composition undergo a certain amount of preparation4 ,for this purpose every article is got ready about an hour previously to its being wanted1 and is placed before the fire1 or upon a stove1 that it may become gently heated4 ,without these precautions it is impossible to produce good cakes4 ,the flour is thoroughly dried1 and warmed4 ,the currants are nicely washed in a hair sieve1 wiped dry in a cloth1 and then set before the fire4 ,before use they are dusted over with a little flour4 ,the sugar is rubbed to a fine powder1 and passed through a sieve4 ,the eggs are well beaten in a basin1 and strained4 ,the butter is melted by being placed in a basin set in hot water1 and is afterwards well beaten up with a little warm milk4 ,the lemon peel is cut very thin1 and beaten in a mortar to a paste or powder1 with lump sugar2 or for common purposes1 it is grated4 ,the caraways1 ginger1 and other flavouring ingredients are preferred in the form of fine powder1 or are made into an essence1 by digesting them in spirit of wine2 the first is the most common method4 ,the milk and water is made lukewarm4 ,when all these things are ready and have stood a sufficient time1 they are put into a pan1 one after another1 in the proper order1 and well beaten together1 by which the lightness of the cakes is considerably increased4 ,in plum cakes1 as well as in some other varieties1 a little yeast may be added after the butter1 and the mass allowed to rise a little1 and then again well kneaded1 by which not only less butter and eggs may be used1 but the products will be both lighter and more wholesome4 ,good stale bread1 well soaked in hot milk or water1 and then beaten to a paste1 and passed through a fine sieve1 forms an excellent thing to mix up the ingredients with1 and produces a very light and nutritious cake4 ,cakes wetted up with milk are richer1 but do not keep so well as those without it2 they get stale sooner1 and then in that state are far from agreeable to the palate4 ,a kind of flour prepared from maize or ,indian corn has been recently introduced to the notice of cooks1 but it is better adapted for puddings than for cakes4 ,see ,,corn-,,flour4 ,cakes are preferably baked on flat tins or in little tin shapes1 which should be first well buttered4 ,cakes should be kept for store in tin canisters2 wooden boxes1 unless very well seasoned1 are apt to give them an unpleasant taste4 ,brown-paper linings and wrappers should be avoided for the same reason4 ,see ,,biscuits1 ,,bread1 ,,bun1 ,,icing1 ,,stains1 c4 ,cakes1 ,al'mond4 ,prep4 #a4 ,from sweet almonds 7blanched and beaten to a smooth paste71 flour and powdered sugar1 of each #a_/b lb42 #g eggs1 and the outside peel of #d lemons 7shredded small74 ,the almonds1 sugar1 lemon peel1 and eggs1 are beaten together1 until as white as sponge paste2 the flour next worked in1 and the paste put into buttered moulds1 and baked in a slack oven1 with #h or #aj thicknesses of white paper under them and one or two over them4 #b4 ,almonds1 #a lb42 sugar1 #a_/b lb42 rose water or orange-flower water1 #a_/d pint2 flour1 #c_/d lb42 #c eggs2 as above4 ,some persons ice these cakes4 ,cakes1 ,ban'bury4 ,prep4 ,from butter and dough fermented for white bread1 of each #a lb41 as in making puff paste1 then rolled out very thin1 and cut into oval or triangular pieces1 or other shapes4 ,on these are placed a mixture of currants and moist sugar1 equal parts1 wetted with a little wine or brandy1 and the paste being closed up1 they are placed on a tin with the closed side downwards1 and baked4 ,a little powdered sugar1 flavoured with candied peel 7grated71 or essence of lemon1 is sifted over them as soon as they come out of the oven4 ,in the common cakes of the shops the brandy is omitted1 and lard is used for butter1 but less of it4 ,cakes1 ,bath4 ,prep4 ,from butter1 #a_/b lb41 flour1 #a lb41 #e eggs1 and a cupful of yeast2 when risen1 add powdered sugar1 #d oz41 and caraways1 #a oz4 ,bake them on tins4 ,cakes1 ,cheese4 ,prep4 #a4 ,curdle some warm new milk with rennet1 drain the curd in a linen bag1 and add #a_/d of its weight1 each1 of sugar and butter1 #f eggs1 some grated nutmeg1 and a little orange flower or rose water4 #b4 7,almond ,cheese ,cakes47 ,to the above add as much blanched almonds1 beaten to a smooth paste1 as there is butter1 and an equal weight of macaroni4 #c4 7,lemon ,cheese ,cakes47 ,to the first form add lemon peel 7grated fine71 or essence of lemon1 q4 s4 ,cakes1 ,di'et4 ,syn4 ,,diet ,,bread4 ,prep4 #a4 ,dissolve sugar1 #a lb41 in milk1 #a_/b pint2 add #f eggs1 and whisk the mixture to a full froth1 then cautiously stir in flour1 #a lb41 beat it for #c_/d hour1 and immediately bake it in a quick oven4 ,it may be baked whole or divided into small cakes4 #b4 ,from fine flour and powdered sugar1 equal parts2 #f eggs2 and the juice and rind 7grated7 of #a lemon4 ,cakes1 ,drop4 ,prep4 ,eggs1 #a dozen2 rosewater1 #a table-spoonful2 powdered sugar1 #a_/b lb42 fine flour1 #a_/b lb42 and caraways1 #a_/b oz4 ,drop it on wafer paper1 and bake as before4 ,cakes1 ,gin'ger4 ,prep4 ,sugar1 #a lb42 powdered ginger1 #d oz42 flour1 #b lbs42 water1 #a pint2 butter1 #a_/b lb42 candied orange peel1 #h caps 7grated74 ,cakes1 ,lem'on4 ,prep4 ,flour and sugar1 of each #a lb42 eggs1 #a dozen2 grated peel and juice of #d lemons2 whisk the eggs to a bright froth2 then gradually add the rest4 ,cakes1 ,marl'borough4 ,prep4 ,beat #h eggs and #a lb4 of pounded sugar #c_/d hour2 then add fine flour1 #a lb42 and caraway seeds1 #b oz4 ,cakes1 ,plain4 ,prep4 #a4 ,from flour1 #d lbs42 currants1 #b lbs42 butter1 #a_/b lb42 caraway seeds1 #a_/d oz42 candied lemon peel 7grated71 #a oz42 yeast1 #a_/d pint2 milk1 q4 s4 ,let it rise well before baking4 #b4 ,baker's dough1 #b lbs42 currants1 #a lb42 butter1 #a_/d lb42 #c eggs2 milk 7hot71 #a_/d pint4 #c4 7,rundell47 ,baker's dough1 #d lbs42 butter and moist sugar1 of each #a_/d lb42 caraway seeds1 a small handful4 ,well work it together1 pull it into pieces the size of a golden pippin1 and work it together again4 ,this must be done three times1 or it will be in lumps1 and heavy when baked4 #d4 7,rich7 ,equal weights of flour1 butter1 sultana raisins1 eggs1 currants1 and brown sugar1 mixed up with milk1 and seasoned with candied peel1 nutmeg1 c41 and baked in a quick oven4 ,this resembles pound cake4 ,cakes1 ,plum4 ,prep4 #a4 7,good47 ,from butter1 #a_/b lb42 dry flour1 #c lbs42 ,lisbon sugar1 #h oz42 plums and currants1 of each #c_/d lb42 and some pimento1 finely powdered2 to be wetted up with #c spoonfuls of yeast1 and a ,winchester pint of new milk 7warmed72 bake on a floured tin half an hour4 #b4 7,excellent47 ,from fresh butter1 sifted sugar1 flour1 and currants1 of each #a lb42 #ah eggs2 powdered spices1 #b oz4 7viz4 cloves1 mace1 cinnamon1 nutmeg1 and allspice72 sliced almonds1 #d oz42 raisins 7stoned and chopped71 #a_/b lb42 and a large glass of brandy2 bake in a hot oven4 ,when sufficiently baked let the oven cool1 and afterwards put in the cake and allow it to remain for several hours to dry4 7,rundell47 #c4 7,rich47 ,take fresh butter and sugar1 of each #a lb42 flour1 #a-a_/b lb42 currants1 #b lbs42 a glass of brandy2 sweetmeats and peels1 #a lb42 sweet almonds1 #b oz42 #aj eggs2 allspice and cinnamon1 of each #a_/d oz42 bake in a tin hoop in a hot oven for #c hours1 and put #ab sheets of paper under it to keep it from burning4 7,mackenzie47 ,cakes1 ,port'ugal4 ,prep4 ,from flour1 powdered sugar1 and fresh butter1 of each #a lb42 #aj eggs2 currants1 #a_/b lb42 and a little white wine2 bake in small tins only half filled4 ,cake1 ,potato4 ,a pound of cold potatoes1 a quarter of a pound of flour or oatmeal1 half a gill of warm milk 7with a quarter of an ounce of yeast dissolved in it71 a little salt and butter4 ,mash the potatoes1 add the other ingredients1 roll out the paste an inch and a half or two inches thick1 place it in a greased tin1 and bake it4 ,cakes1 ,pound4 ,prep4 #a4 ,as plum cake2 but using #a lb4 each of all the ingredients except the spices4 #b4 ,using equal parts of sugar1 flour1 currants1 and sultana raisins1 and half that quantity each of butter1 brandy1 and candied peel1 with spices as required4 ,cakes1 ,queen4 ,prep4 ,from about #a lb4 each of dried flour1 sifted sugar1 washed currants1 and butter1 with #h eggs2 the whole beaten for an hour1 made into a batter1 and baked in little tins1 teacups1 or saucers1 only half filled4 ,a little fine sugar is frequently sifted over them4 ,nutmeg1 mace1 and cinnamon are also sometimes added4 ,cakes1 ,rat'ifia4 ,prep4 ,beat #a_/b lb4 of sweet and #a oz4 of bitter almonds1 in fine orange1 rose1 or ratifia water2 mix in #a_/b lb4 of pounded sugar2 add the whites of #d eggs 7well beaten72 set it over a moderate fire in a preserving-pan2 stir it one way until it is pretty hot1 and when a little cool form it into small rolls1 and cut it into thin cakes2 shake some flour lightly on them1 give each a light tap1 put them on sugar papers1 sift a little sugar on them1 and put them into a very slack oven4 ,cakes1 ,rout4 ,prep4 ,from flour1 #b lbs42 butter1 sugar1 and currants1 of each #a lb42 #c eggs2 #a_/b pint of milk2 #b glasses of white wine2 and #a glass of brandy2 drop them on a tin plate1 and bake them4 ,cakes1 ,savoy4 ,prep4 ,from flour and sifted sugar1 of each #a lb42 #aj eggs2 and the rind of a lemon 7grated72 form a batter by degrees1 put it into moulds1 and bake in a slack oven4 ,cake1 ,seed4 ,prep4 #a4 7,plain47 ,from flour1 #a_/d peck2 sugar1 #a_/b lb42 allspice1 #a_/d oz42 melted butter1 #a_/b lb42 a little ginger2 milk1 #a_/b pint2 yeast1 #a_/d pint2 add seeds or currants2 and bake an hour and a half4 #b4 7,good47 ,to the preceding add of butter and sugar1 of each #a_/b lb41 and wet it up with milk previously mixed with #f eggs4 #c4 7,rich47 ,take of flour1 #a-a_/b lb42 butter and sugar1 of each #a_/b lb42 #h eggs2 #b oz4 of caraway seeds1 #a grated nutmeg1 and its weight in cinnamon4 ,bake #b hours in a quick oven4 #d4 7,scotch47 ,nine eggs2 sugar and butter1 of each #a_/b lb42 mix well together1 then add a little cinnamon1 nutmeg1 and cloves2 #a_/d oz4 of caraway seeds2 #a_/b lb4 of candied citron2 #a_/d lb4 of candied orange peel2 #a_/b lb4 of blanched almonds 7pounded fine72 flour1 #c lbs42 and brandy1 #a_/d pint4 ,cakes1 ,shrews'bury4 ,prep4 ,from flour1 #c lbs42 sugar1 #a lb42 a little cinnamon and nutmeg2 #c eggs2 a little rose water2 and melted butter enough to make it into a dough4 ,cakes1 ,so'da4 ,prep4 #a4 ,from flour1 #a lb42 bicarbonate of soda1 #a_/d oz42 sugar and butter1 of each #a_/b lb42 make a paste with milk1 and add candied orange1 lemon1 or citron peel1 or the fresh peels grated1 q4 s4 to flavour4 #b4 ,to flour1 #a lb42 sugar and butter1 of each #b oz42 candied peel1 #a_/b oz42 sesquicarbonate of soda1 #c dr42 milk1 q4 s4 ,obs4 ,an equal weight of carbonate of magnesia1 used instead of the soda1 also makes good cakes4 ,both are suitable to delicate stomachs1 especially in dyspepsia1 with acidity4 ,cakes1 ,sponge4 ,prep4 ,from #h eggs2 lump sugar1 #c_/d lb42 flour1 #a_/b lb42 water1 #a_/d pint2 the yellow peel of a lemon2 mix as follows3--,put the lemon peel into the water2 when about to make the cake1 put the sugar into a saucepan1 pour the water and peel on it1 and let it stand by the fire to get hot4 ,break the eggs into a deep earthen vessel that has been made quite hot2 remove from the heat1 whisk for a few minutes2 make the sugar and water boil up1 and pour it very gradually boiling-hot over the eggs2 continue to whisk them briskly until they become thick and white2 add the flour 7quite warm71 stir it lightly in1 put the paste into tins lined with white paper1 and bake them immediately in a moderately hot oven4 ,cakes1 ,tea4 ,syn4 ,,benton ,,cakes4 ,prep4 ,from flour1 #a lb42 butter1 #d oz42 and milk1 q4 s42 bake on a hot hearth or slow oven plate4 #b4 ,to the last add #b table-spoonfuls of yeast4 ,cakes1 ,tip'sy4 ,prep4 ,small sponge cakes steeped in brandy1 and then covered with grated almonds and candied peel2 or almonds 7cut into spikes7 are stuck in them4 ,they are commonly piled on a dish1 surrounded with a custard1 and covered with preserves drained as dry as possible4 ,cakes1 ,wigg4 ,prep4 ,from #a_/b pint of warm milk2 #c_/d lb4 of fine flour2 and #b or #c spoonfuls of light yeast4 ,afterwards work in #d oz4 each of sugar and butter2 make it into cakes1 or wiggs1 with as little flour as possible1 add a few caraway seeds1 and bake them quickly4 ,cakes4 7,in medicine47 ,cakes have been used as a form of administering medicinal substances to children1 but have not been extensively employed in this country for the purpose1 unless by quacks and in domestic practice4 ,in preparing them the active ingredients are added in such proportions to the common materials of a sweet cake that one or two1 as the case may be1 are sufficient for a dose4 ,see ,,gingerbread1 ,,worm-,,cakes1 c4 ,,cala',,bar ,,bean4 ,syn4 ,,physostigmatis ,,faba4 ,the seed of ,physostigma venenosum4 ,the plant is a native of ,western ,africa1 where the bean is used as an ordeal poison4 ,the bean itself is about the size of a large horse-bean1 with a very firm1 hard1 brittle1 shining coat of a brownish-red1 pale chocolate1 or ash-grey colour4 ,it has an irregular kidney shape1 with flat surfaces and a rounded border1 which is for the most part boldly curved1 and there marked with a broad furrow1 with the central raised raphe in the centre1 and ending at one extremity in the microphyle4 ,the kernel consists of two cotyledons4 ,it yields its properties to alcohol1 and imperfectly to water4 ,calabar bean has been used in cases of strychnia poisoning and tetanus1 as well as in epilepsy and ,st4 ,vitus's dance4 ,the dose of the powdered bean1 according to ,royle1 is one to four grains4 ,locally applied it produces contraction of the pupil4 ,until the researches of ,harnack and ,witkowsky the ,calabar bean was supposed to owe its activity1 when internally administered1 to the presence of a powerful alkaloid called esernia or physostigma4 ,these chemists1 however1 have lately succeeded in discovering in the bean1 in addition to eserina1 another very potent alkaloid1 to which they have given the name calabaria or calabarine4 ,calabarine appears to exert a physiological action antagonistic to that of eserine1 and since the commercial preparations of the drug consist1 according to the above chemists1 of mixtures of the two alkaloids in varying proportions1 the discordant effects frequently observed to follow the administration of any of the various preparations of the bean1 admit of ready explanation4 ,wherever eserine predominated it appeared to suppress the effects of calabarine2 on the other hand1 if this latter preponderated1 the paralysing effect on the spinal cord otherwise exercised by eserine would fail to be produced4 ,the necessity of having preparations of calabar free from calabarine1 in cases where the drug is administered for tetanus1 will be apparent when it is stated that calabarine itself induces the disease4 ,we quote the following from ',new ,remedies' for ,june1 #ahgg3-- ,the well-known manufacturing chemist1 ,e4 ,merk1 in ,darmstadt1 has heretofore prepared and sold a substance which was supposed to be the only active principle of calabar1 and which he called calabarine1 but which was really eserine or physostigmine4 ,he now accepts and confirms the results of ,harnack's and ,witkowsky's researches1 and has put both of the active principles upon the market labelled with their correct name1 viz4 ',physostigmin' 7or eserine1 being the same substance which he formerly sold as calabarine71 and ',calabarin1' distinguished by the addition of ,harnack's name 7,harnack's ',calabarine'74 ,the attention of physicians and pharmacists is particularly directed to the change of appellations4 ,calabar bean is a powerful poison4 ,the antidotes are3--,diffusible stimulants2 the hypodermic injection of the #a_/ejth of a grain of sulphate of atropia1 to be repeated if necessary at the end of two hours2 and artificial respiration4 ,see ,,eserine4 ,,cal',,amine4 ,see ,,zinc 7,carbonate of74 ,,calcina',,tion4 ,the operation of burning or roasting any solid body to expel its more volatile parts1 as the conversion of chalk into lime by the expulsion of carbonic anhydride4 ,the roasting of the ores in the first stage of the ,welsh process of copper smelting and in the ,silesian mode of extracting zinc is technically termed ,,calcination4 ,the method of conducting the process of calcination depends on the nature of the body operated on4 ,many substances1 for delicate experiments1 are calcined over a spirit lamp in a platinum spoon or crucible2 others1 in iron vessels or earthen crucibles1 placed in a common furnace4 ,when the action of the air proves injurious1 as in the manufacture of charcoal1 the process is performed in close vessels or chambers4 ,in some cases the fuel is mixed with the articles1 and they are both burnt together1 as in the manufacture of lime1 the roasting of ores1 c4 ,the process of drying salts1 or driving off their water of crystallisation by heat1 is also frequently called ,,calcination2 thus we have calcined copperas1 alum1 c4 ,,cal'',,ciner4 ,a reverberatory furnace used for the calcination of metallic ores1 particularly those of ,,copper and ,,zinc 7which see74 ,,cal',,cium4 ,eng41 ,l4 ,ca4 ,the metal of which ,,lime is an oxide4 ,though it is a chemical curiosity when isolated1 it is one of the most abundant substances in nature1 forming a very large portion of the crust of the earth4 ,it occurs in combination with fluorine as fluor-spar2 with oxygen and carbonic acid as chalk1 limestone1 and marble2 and with oxygen and sulphuric acid as gypsum4 ,the metal was first obtained from lime by ,sir ,h4 ,davy in #ahjh2 but little was known of its properties until ,dr ,matthiessen formed it by the electrolytic decomposition of the chloride of calcium4 ,prep4 #a4 ,by the action of a powerful voltaic current upon a paste of pure lime in contact with mercury1 as in the original method of preparing barium4 #b4 ,by the electrolysis of chloride of calcium in a state of fusion4 #c4 7,caron47 ,fused chloride of calcium in powder1 #cjj parts2 distilled zinc1 finely granulated1 #djj parts2 sodium1 in small pieces1 #ajj parts2 the whole placed in a crucible and heated to redness in an ordinary furnace4 ,the action is very feeble at first1 but after some time zinc flames arise4 ,the heat must now be moderated to prevent the volatilisation of the zinc1 but at the same time it must be maintained as high as possible4 ,when the crucible has remained in this state for about a quarter of an hour it may be withdrawn4 ,on cooling1 a metallic button will be found at the bottom4 ,this alloy of zinc and calcium1 which generally contains from #aj to #ae of the latter metal1 must be placed in a coke crucible and heated until the whole of the zinc is driven off4 ,the alloy should be in pieces as large as possible4 ,when proper precautions have been observed a button of ,,calcium is obtained1 only contaminated with the foreign metals contained in the zinc4 ,prop41 c4 ,the metal belongs to the group which includes ,,barium1 ,,strontium1 and ,,magnesium2 it is of a light yellow colour2 is rather harder than lead1 and very malleable4 ,it melts at a red heat4 ,it tarnishes in a day or two1 even in dry air1 and in contact with moist air it breaks up like ordinary lime4 ,its sp4 gr4 is #aee4 ,tests4 ,salts of calcium in solution produce a white precipitate with carbonate of ammonium2 it becomes far less voluminous on heating the solution1 and dissolves very readily in hydrochloric acid4 ,sulphuric acid1 when added to concentrated solutions1 gives an immediate white precipitate2 if the solution is not concentrated1 the precipitate may separate gradually1 in minute crystals2 and if it is very dilute1 no precipitation will take place1 because sulphate of lime is soluble in about #ejj times its weight of water4 ,with neutral solutions1 even when very dilute1 oxalate of ammonium gives a copious white precipitate1 soluble in most dilute acids4 ,calcium1 ,acetate of4 ,add prepared chalk to acetic 7or purified pyroligneous7 acid till fully saturated2 filter and evaporate1 that crystals may form4 ,diuretic4 ,dose1 #aj to #bj grains4 ,calcium1 ,acid ,phosphate of4 ,syn4 ,,superphosphate ,,of ,,lime1 ,,soluble ,,acid ,,phosphate4 ,ca,h#d1b,,po#d4 ,this may be procured by treating bone-earth with two thirds of its weight of oil of vitriol1 as in the preliminary stage of the extraction of phosphorus4 ,it is extensively used as a manure for turnips4 ,calcium1 ,bibasic ,phosphate4 ,ca#b;,h#b,p#b,o#h #c;,h#b,o4 ,dissolve #fjh grams of crystallised calcium chloride in #ajjj grams of distilled water1 and add gradually to this solution #ajjj grams of sodium phosphate1 dissolved in #aj1jjj grams of water4 ,allow the precipitate to deposit1 and wash it five or six times with #aj litres of water each time2 drain the precipitate on a moistened cloth4 ,as soon as its consistence permits1 detach from it irregular pieces1 and place them to dry in the open air upon filtering paper2 the spontaneous desiccation is sufficiently rapid4 ,from ',formul for ,new ,medicaments adopted by the ,paris ,pharmaceutical ,society4' ,calcium1 ,bro'mide of4 ,ca,br#b4 ,syn4 ,,cal',,cii ,,bromi',,dum1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,magendie47 ,to a solution of bromide of iron add hydrate of calcium in slight excess2 filter1 evaporate to dryness1 redissolve in water1 and again filter1 and evaporate4 ,calcium1 ,carbonate of4 ,see ,,chalk4 ,calcium1 ,chlo''ride of4 ,ca,cl#b4 ,syn4 ,,cal',,cii ,,chlori',,dum 7,b4 ,p474 ,prep4 ,hydrochloric acid and water1 of each #aj fl4 oz42 chalk1 #e oz42 evaporate the solution until the salt becomes solid1 and dry the residue at about #djj ,f4 ,it is obtained in solution as a residuum in making several preparations of ammonia1 as the liquor and carbonate1 and in making carbonic acid by the action of hydrochloric acid on marble4 ,the residuum is concentrated and set aside to crystallise1 or evaporated to dryness4 ,prop41 ,uses1 c4 ,this salt crystallises in colourless1 striated1 hexagonal prisms1 terminated by very acute points4 ,it is very soluble in alcohol and water1 the latter even at #cb dissolving more than its own weight1 and at #fj three or four times its weight of this salt4 ,when heated1 the crystals undergo watery fusion4 ,when dissolved in water1 they produce great cold2 and hence are frequently employed as an ingredient in ,,freezing ,,mixtures4 ,these crystals contain nearly half their weight of water4 ,they are very deliquescent1 passing readily into the liquid state1 and forming what used to be called oleum calcis1 or oil of lime4 ,the anhydrous chloride is hard and friable2 slightly translucent2 totally and readily soluble in water1 and1 like the crystallised salt1 very deliquescent4 ,in the laboratory chloride of calcium1 either fused or merely dried1 is continually used for drying gases and for absorbing the water from ethereal and oily liquids in organic analysis4 ,the unfused is now generally preferred for this purpose1 as it is more porous than the fused4 ,the salt is also used in the rectification of alcohol1 and to form a bath for heating stoneware stills and other apparatus liable to be cracked on the sand bath4 ,as a chemical reagent it is employed chiefly in detecting certain organic acids4 ,as a medicine it has been given in some scrofulous and glandular diseases4 ,dose1 #aj to #bj gr4 ,see ,,solutions4 ,calcium1 ,flu'oride of4 ,ca,f#b4 ,syn4 ,,hydroflu',,orate ,,of ,,lime4 ,this occurs native as the mineral called fluor-spar4 ,it is found in beautiful crystals in the lead mines of ,alston ,moor and ,derbyshire1 and in the concretionary crystalline masses known as ,blue ,john or ,derbyshire spar at ,castleton4 ,it may be prepared by the action of hydrofluoric acid upon lime1 as directed under ,,barium1 ,,fluoride ,,of4 ,calcium ,hypophosphite4 ,ca,p#b;,h#d,o#d4 ,mix milk of lime 7#a in #e7 in porcelain capsule placed in a sand bath1 with half its weight of phosphorus in small pieces1 and heat it to ebullition1 operating in the open air or under a chimney with a good draught4 ,spontaneously inflammable phosphuretted hydrogen is given off1 the vapour of which should be avoided4 ,add from time to time a little warm water1 to replace that which has evaporated4 ,discontinue the heat when the phosphorus has disappeared--that is1 when inflammable bubbles cease to be produced4 ,if the phosphorus remain in excess1 add more milk of lime1 and continue the heat until the complete disappearance of the metalloid4 ,allow the liquor to cool and then filter2 then saturate it with a current of carbonic acid gas to eliminate any excess of lime remaining uncombined4 ,filter again1 and concentrate the liquor in a water bath to dryness1 keeping the temperature below #ajj ,c41 to avoid detonations4 ,preserve the salt from the air in well-closed bottles4 ,from ',formul for ,new ,medicaments adopted by the ,paris ,pharmaceutical ,society4' ,calcium1 ,i'odide of4 ,ca,i#b4 ,syn4 ,,hydri',,odate ,,of ,,lime2 ,,cal',,cii ,,iodi',,dum1 ,,calcis ,,hydrio',,das1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,magendie47 ,from a solution of protiodide of iron and hydrate of calcium1 as directed under iodide of barium4 #b4 ,dissolve lime or carbonate of lime in hydriodic acid4 ,prop41 ,uses1 c4 ,it is a deliquescent salt1 easily soluble in water1 and has a bitterish taste4 ,it has been used in scrofulous affections1 internally1 in doses ranging from #a_/h to #b gr41 thrice daily1 and externally in ointments containing #b dr4 or less to the oz4 ,calcium1 ,lactophosphate4 ,this product ought not to be employed except in the state of solution in water or in syrup4 ,in the pasty or solid state its solubility varies1 and it is always an indefinite compound4 ,solution4 ,bibasic phosphate of lime1 #ag grams2 concentrated lactic acid1 as little as possible2 distilled water1 #ifd grams4 ,suspend the phosphate carefully in the distilled water1 add the lactic acid1 allow solution to go on for some minutes1 and filter4 ,from ',formul for ,new ,medicaments adopted by the ,paris ,pharmaceutical ,society4' ,calcium1 ,oxide of4 ,see ,,lime4 ,calcium1 ,phosphate of4 ,syn4 ,,calcis ,,phosphas 7,ph4 ,b474 ,digest bone-ash1 #d oz41 in hydrochloric acid1 #f fl4 oz41 diluted with a pint of water1 until it is dissolved4 ,filter the solution1 if necessary2 add water1 #a pint1 and afterwards solution of ammonia 7,ph4 ,b471 #ab fl4 oz41 or a sufficient quantity1 until the mixture acquires an alkaline reaction1 and having collected the precipitate on a calico filter1 wash it with boiling distilled water as long as the liquid which passes through occasions a precipitate when dropped into solution of nitrate of silver acidulated with nitric acid4 ,dry the washed product at a temperature not exceeding #bab ,f4 ,calcium1 ,phos'phide of4 ,syn4 ,,phosphu',,ret ,,of ,,lime2 ,,cal',,cii ,,phosphure',,tum1 ,c4 ,,phosphi',,dum1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,by passing the vapour of phosphorus over lime 7in small fragments7 heated to redness in a porcelain tube4 ,a brownish substance1 supposed to be a mere mechanical mixture of phosphide and phosphate of calcium4 ,thrown into water1 it suffers instant decomposition1 and phosphuretted hydrogen gas escapes4 ,calcium1 ,sulphides of4 ,calcium forms with sulphur at least three different compounds3-- #a4 ,calcium1 ,protosul'phide of4 ,ca,s4 ,prep4--a4 ,from sulphate of lime1 exposed at a high temperature to a stream of hydrogen gas4--b4 ,from dried gypsum1 #be parts2 lampblack or finely powdered charcoal1 #d parts2 calcined together at a strong heat in a covered crucible4 #b4 ,calcium1 ,bisulphide of4 ,ca,s#b4 ,prep4 ,from sulphur and quick-lime1 equal parts2 water1 q4 s42 slake the lime1 add the sulphur1 and boil until a solution is obtained1 which on cooling deposits crystals4 #c4 ,calcium1 ,pentasulphide of4 ,ca,s#e4 ,prep4 ,as the last1 but increasing the quantity of sulphur1 and continuing the boiling for a longer period4 ,little is known about it4 #d4 ,calcium1 ,sulphate of4 ,see ,,gypsum4 #e4 ,calcium1 ,commercial ,sulphuret of4 ,syn4 ,,commercial ,,sulphide ,,of ,,calcium4 ,prep4--a4 ,as #a1 b 7above74 b4 ,sulphur1 #a part2 hydrate of lime1 #c parts2 water1 #b-a_/b pints2 boil it until it solidifies on cooling1 then pour it out on a cold marble slab1 and when solid break it into pieces and preserve it in a well-corked bottle4 c4 7,guibourt47 ,quick-lime1 #g parts2 sulphur1 #d parts2 mix1 and heat the compound for about #b hours in a covered crucible4 d4 7,cottereau47 ,quick-lime1 #b parts2 sulphur1 #a part2 water1 #e parts2 as #d1 b 7above74 ,obs4 ,the precise composition of the last three preparations is uncertain4 ,they are acrid1 caustic1 stimulant1 and diaphoretic4 ,dose1 #a to #c gr4 ,sulphide of calcium has been used as a depilatory by applying it made into a paste with water1 and washing it off in about #a_/d of an hour4 ,made into an embrocation1 it has been strongly recommended in gout1 scabies1 c4 ,its solution yields pure sulphur on the addition of hydrochloric acid4 ,,calcula',,tions 7,useful74 #a4 ,to find the ,value of a ,dozen ,articles4 ,take the price in pence as shillings1 and if there are any farthings in the price1 add threepence for each4 ,thus #bs4 #h;d41 or #cb pence per yard1 is #a #abs4 per dozen4 #b4 ,to find the ,value of ,one ,hundred ,articles4 ,for every farthing take as many pence and twice as many shillings4 ,thus1 #a-a_/d;d4 each is--#e;d41 and #ajs4 #ajs4 #e;d4 per hundred4 #c4 ,to find the ,value of a ,pound at any price per ,ounce4 ,take the price in farthings as shillings1 and divide by three4 ,thus1 #e-a_/d;d4 per ounce is #ba farthings2 taken as shillings1 #ba #c #gs4 per pound4 #d4 ,to find the ,value of an ,ounce at any price per ,pound4 ,take the shillings as farthings1 and multiply by three4 ,thus1 at #fs4--#f #c #ah farthings1 or #d-a_/b;d4 per ounce4 ,obs4 ,by reversing ,nos4 #a and #b1 the price of a single article or pound may be found from the price per dozen or hundred4 ,for several other calculations1 useful in domestic economy1 chemistry1 c41 see ,,brewing1 ,,decimals1 ,,equivalents1 ,,measures1 ,,per-,,centage1 ,,weights4 ,,cal',,culus4 ,syn4 ,,stone4 ,in medicine1 a hard concretion formed within the animal body by the deposition of matters which usually remain in solution4 ,the concretions most commonly found are those formed in the kidneys or bladder1 and termed urinary calculi1 and those formed in the gall-bladder or biliary ducts1 which are called biliary calculi4 ,urinary calculi are in most cases composed of substances which are constituents of healthy urine1 such as uric acid1 urate of ammonia1 and the phosphates of lime and magnesia2 they are1 however1 sometimes composed of substances which are met with in unhealthy urine1 such as oxalate of lime1 cystine1 c4 ,biliary calculi1 or gall-stones1 usually contain from #ej to #hj per cent4 of cholesterin1 a crystallisable fatty body1 constituting a never failing ingredient in healthy bile1 the rest of the concretion being made up of biliary resin and colouring matter1 with a small quantity of inorganic salts4 ,calculus or stone in the bladder1 which is a prevalent disease in ,norfolk1 both among men and sheep1 has been attributed to the use of the hard water of the district4 ,both of these give rise to very painful symptoms1 and may even threaten life4 ,see ,,cholesterin4 ,,calefacients4 ,applications that excite warmth4 ,,cal',,endar4 ,syn4 ,,calenda',,rium1 ,l42 ,,calen',,drier1 ,fr4 ,a table of all the days of the year1 arranged in the order of days and weeks1 to which are generally added certain astronomical indications and dates of great civil and religious events4 ,the most remarkable calendars are the ,hebrew calendar1 the calendar of the ,greeks1 the ,roman1 or ,julian calendar1 the ,gregorian calendar 7now adopted by all ,christian peoples except the ,greeks and ,russians71 and the ,french ,republican calendar1 which1 having remained in force about thirteen years1 was abolished by ,napoleon ,i on the #ast of ,january1 #ahjf4 ,calendar1 ,perpet'ual4 ,a table which furnishes the general indications necessary to construct a calendar for any year1 and to resolve1 without error1 many difficulties connected with the verification of dates4 ,,cal',,endering4 ,the process of finishing by pressure the surface of linen or cotton goods4 ,it is usually performed by passing the fabric between cylinders pressed together with great force4 ,it is necessary that one of the cylinders1 at least1 shall be of a material combining considerable hardness with a slight degree of elasticity2 for this purpose the paper cylinder is used4 ,it is made by forcibly compressing a number of circular discs of thick pasteboard1 each with a square hole in the centre1 upon an iron axis1 so as to form a solid cylinder1 which is turned perfectly smooth and true in a lathe4 ,the paper cylinder usually works against a hollow roller of copper or iron1 heated by steam or metallic heaters4 ,before the final rolling in the calendering machine the fabric is lightly smoothed by passing over warm cylinders4 ,cotton goods are starched1 and a fictitious appearance of stoutness is sometimes given to them by employing starch thickened with plaster of ,paris1 porcelain clay1 or a mixture of these4 ,watering is a beautiful effect1 produced by means of a hot cylinder with a pattern raised upon it4 ,glazing is produced by combined rubbing and pressure1 the rollers being made to move with unequal velocities1 so that one side of the fabric is rubbed as well as pressed by the roller whose surface moves with the greater speed4 ,a copper cylinder is preferred for glazing1 and is made so hot that if the machine stops it burns the goods4 ,the old method of glazing consisted in burnishing the surface of the fabric with a polished flint4 ,,cal',,ico4 ,see ,,cotton4 ,cal'ico ,printing4 ,the art of producing figured patterns upon calico by means of dyes and mordants topically applied by wooden blocks1 copper plates1 or engraved cylinders4 ,the goods are either directly printed in colour1 or receive their patterns by being run through a colouring matter or mordant1 when the dye is only produced upon that portion of the ground previously prepared for it4 ,of late this system of dyeing has been extended to silk and woollens4 ,the mordants are thickened with some glutinous substance1 as flour1 starch1 or gum1 to render them adhesive and to prevent their spreading4 ,the following are the principal styles of calico-printing1 each requiring a different method of manipulation3-- ,in the madder1 fast colour1 or chintz style1 the mordants are applied to the white cloth1 and the colours are brought out in the dye bath4 ,this is the method commonly followed for permanent prints4 ,in the padding or plaquage style1 the whole cloth is passed through a bath of some particular mordant1 and different mordants are afterwards printed on it before submitting it to the dye bath4 ,by this means the colour of the ground and pattern is varied4 ,like the last1 it is much used for gown pieces1 c4 ,in the reserve or resist-paste style1 white or coloured figures are produced by covering those parts with a composition which resists the general dye afterwards applied to form the ground of the pattern4 ,in this style the dye bath is indigo1 or some other substantive colour4 ,the discharge1 or rongeant style1 is the reverse of the preceding2 it exhibits bright figures on a dark ground1 which are produced by printing with acidulous or discharge mordants after the cloth has been passed through the colouring bath4 ,steam-colour printing consists in printing the calico with a mixture of dye extracts and mordants1 and afterwards exposing it to the action of steam4 ,spirit-colour printing is a method by which brilliant colours are produced by a mixture of dye extracts and solution of tin1 called by the dyers spirits of tin4 ,pigment printing consists in applying such colours as ultramarine1 magenta1 or aniline purple1 to the cloth1 and fixing them by such agents as casein1 albumen1 or solution of india rubber4 ,this style of printing has been developed to a great extent since the introduction of the splendid mauves and purples obtained from aniline4 ,for further information on this subject the reader is referred to ,ure's ',dictionary of ,arts1 ,manufactures1 and ,mines1' ,calvert's ',dyeing and ,calico ,printing1' edited by ,stenhouse and ,groves2 ,wagner's ',clinical ,technology1' and ,crooke's ',practical ,handbook of ,dyeing and ,printing1' where he will find the several processes of calico printing fully treated on1 and most ably and accurately described4 ,to enter largely into the subject in this work might amuse the reader1 but would be of no practical value2 as calico printing is an art only practised on the large scale1 and by men who obtain their whole knowledge of it in the laboratories and printing rooms of the factories4 ,,cal',,omel4 ,see ,,mercury 7,chlorides of74 ,,calotro',,pis ,,proce',,ra41 ,,calotro',,pis ,,gigan',,tea41 7,ind4 ,ph474 ,syn4 ,,mudar4--,habitat4 ,one or other of these species1 everywhere in ,india4--,officinal part4 ,the root-bark1 dried 7calotropis cortex74 ,small flat or arched pieces1 brownish externally1 yellow-greyish internally1 peculiar smell1 and mucilaginous1 nauseous1 acrid taste4 ,its activity appears to reside in a peculiar extractive matter named mudarine4--,properties4 ,alterative tonic2 diaphoretic1 and1 in large doses1 emetic4--,therapeutic uses4 ,in leprosy1 constitutional syphilis1 mercurial cachexia1 syphilitic and idiopathic ulcerations1 in dysentery1 diarrhoea1 and chronic rheumatism1 it has been used with alleged benefit4 ,powder of ,mudar4 7,pulvis ,calotropis47 ,take of the roots of mudar1 collected in the months of ,april and ,may from sandy soils1 a sufficiency2 carefully remove1 by washing1 all particles of sand and dirt1 and dry in the open air1 without exposure to the sun1 until the milky juice contained in it becomes so far inspissated that it ceases to flow on incisions being made in it4 ,the bark is then to be carefully removed1 dried1 and reduced to powder4 ,preserve in well-corked bottles4--,dose4 ,as an alterative tonic1 #c grains1 gradually increased to #aj grains or more1 thrice daily4 ,as an emetic1 from #a_/b to #a drachm4 ,,cal',,otype4 ,see ,,photography4 ,,calum',,ba4 ,syn4 ,,calumb ,,radix1 ,b4 ,p4 ,,calum',,ba-,,root2 ,,kalumb1 ,hind4 ,the root of a plant of ,eastern ,africa1 extensively used in medicine as a stomachic and mild tonic4 ,dose1 #aj to #bj grains1 three or four times a day4 ,the botanical name of this plant is ,jateorhiza palmata1 or ,cocculus palmatus4 ,see ,,calumbine 7below72 also ,,infusions and ,,tinctures4 ,,calum',,ba ,,wood4 ,this wood1 which is used as a tonic by the ,cingalese1 is not the produce of the true calumba plant1 but of ,menispermum fenestratum4 ,it contains the alkaloid ,,berberine 7which see74 ,,calum',,bine4 ,syn4 ,,calom',,bine1 ,calum'bina4 ,a bitter substance discovered by ,wittstock in calumba root4 ,prep4 #a4 ,digest calumba root 7in coarse powder7 in water acidulated with acetic acid2 express1 filter1 boil to one half1 again filter1 add carbonate of calcium1 in slight excess1 and evaporate to dryness in a water bath2 reduce the residuum to powder1 and digest it in boiling alcohol2 the latter will deposit crystals of ,,calumbine on cooling4 #b4 7,wittstock47 ,evaporate tincture of calumba root 7made with rectified spirit7 to dryness2 dissolve the residuum in water1 and agitate the solution with an equal bulk of ether2 after repose for a short time1 decant the ethereal portion1 distil off most of the ether1 and set the liquid aside to crystallise4 ,prop41 c4 ,impure calumbine occurs as a yellow-brown mass2 when pure1 it forms rhombic prismatic crystals or delicate white needles2 it is only slightly soluble in alcohol1 ether1 and water2 #dj parts of boiling rectified spirit take up only #a part of calumbine4 ,its best solvent is acetic acid2 it is also soluble in acidulated and alkalised water4 ,neither nut-galls nor metallic salts affect its solution4 ,concentrated sulphuric acid dissolves it1 and assumes first a yellow1 and then a red colour4 ,its properties indicate that weak vinegar or sour wine would be the best menstruum for extracting the medicinal virtues of calumba root4 ,dose1 #a to #c gr4 twice a day as a tonic and stomachic1 in dyspepsia1 debilitated stomach1 bilious vomiting1 c42 and in the later periods of dysentery and diarrhoea4 ,,calx4 ,this term was formerly applied to the residuum of the combustion of any substance2 or to any substance which had been exposed to a strong heat4 ,see ,,calcination1 ,,lime1 c4 ,,camboge'4 ,see ,,gamboge4 ,,cam',,era ,,lu',,cida4 ,l4 and ,eng4 ,when a ray of light 7r7 falls upon a quadrangular glass prism 7a71 it is bent by two reflections 7at c and d71 and thrown upwards where it may be received by the eye1 to which it will appear described on the table or sheet of paper 7f7 placed to receive it4 ,the point of a pencil used to trace any object on the paper can also be seen1 and by its means the picture can be easily copied4 ,when the prism is mounted on a stand1 and a thin brass plate with a small hole through it for the eyepiece adjusted thereto1 it forms the ,,camera ,,lucida of the opticians4 ,the image may be magnified or lessened by placing a lens so as either to intercept the rays before they strike the prism1 or before they reach the eye4 ,an ingenious person will readily be able to set up this instrument1 than which a more useful one cannot exist4 ,illustration ,,cam',,era ,,obscu'',,ra4 ,l4 and ,eng4 ,an optical instrument for producing upon a screen the image of a field of view more or less extensive4 ,it was invented by ,baptista ,porta in the #afth century4 ,the principles and construction of the camera obscura may be thus described3--,a convex lens 7,b7 is placed in a hole admitting the light into a darkened box or chamber 7,a71 which1 falling on a white ground 7,d71 produces an inverted picture of every object within its range4 ,the image thus formed may be restored to its natural position1 by allowing the rays of light to pass through two lenses instead of one1 or by receiving the rays on a mirror placed at an angle of #de1 when the image will be thrown on the floor in its original position4 ,the picture may be viewed through an oblong aperture cut in the box1 or the experiment may be performed in a darkened room1 by placing the lens in a hole in the shutter1 and allowing the image to fall on the wall1 or on a sheet of white paper stretched to receive it4 ,illustration ,in the simplest form1 when intended for taking views or portraits1 the image is thrown upon a mirror placed at an angle of #de1 and resting on the bottom of the box1 by which means it is thrown upwards against a plate of glass1 also placed at a similar angle4 ,on this is laid a piece of semi-transparent tracing paper1 on which the object is distinctly seen painted1 and may be traced out with a pencil4 ,when the camera is used in photography1 slides are provided to retain the sensitive paper in the proper position in the box or dark chamber to receive the image1 and the whole apparatus is adjusted with screws1 and slides of the most delicate description4 ,achromatic glasses are also employed4 ,see ,,photography4 ,,cam',,phine4 ,the name given by the trade to rectified oil of turpentine when sold for burning in lamps1 in order that purchasers may not be aware of the inflammable character of the liquid4 ,since the introduction of the hydro-carbon oils from coal1 shale1 and petroleum1 camphine has been little used for burning4 ,to rectify the turpentine1 it is passed in vapour through a solution of caustic potash1 soda1 or lime2 or through sulphuric acid4 ,,cam',,phor4 ,c#aj;,h#af,o4 ,syn4 ,,cam',,phire1 ,,lau',,rel ,,cam',,phor2 ,,campho',,ra1 ,b4 ,p4 ,a crystalline substance found in many plants2 though only obtained in large quantities from two1 namely1 ,camphora officinarum and ,dryobalanops aromatica4 ,the first1 commonly known as the laurel camphor tree of ,china and ,japan1 yields the camphor of commerce2 the latter1 the ,sumatra or ,borneo camphor1 and the peculiar fluid known as liquid camphor4 ,it is found that several of the essential oils1 by carefully distilling off about one third their volume1 yield a species of camphor4 ,by collecting this1 and redistilling the remainder of the oil #b or #c times1 a farther quantity of camphor may be obtained4 ,oil of rosemary1 treated in this way1 yields about #aj of camphor2 oil of sweet marjoram the same2 oil of sage yields #ac2 oil of lavender1 #be4 ,by keeping the oils loosely corked1 and in a cool place1 they produce a larger portion of this camphor4 ,aniseed camphor is the congealable portion of oil of aniseed1 separated from the liquid oil1 which it resembles in odour and flavour4 ,camphor1 ,am'ber4 ,see ,,pyretine 7,crystallised74 ,camphor1 ,com'mercial 7,crude74 ,the produce of the laurel camphor tree1 brought to ,europe chiefly from ,china and the island of ,formosa1 in the form of greyish grains1 aggregated into crumbling cakes4--,prep4 ,the ,chinese and ,japanese extract the camphor by cutting the wood into small pieces1 and boiling it with water in iron vessels1 which are covered with large earthen capitals or domes1 lined with rice straw4 ,as the water boils1 the camphor is volatilised along with the steam1 and condenses on the straw4 ,cam'phor1 ,commercial 7,refined74 ,syn4 ,,white ,,camphor2 ,,campho',,ra1 ,b4 ,p4 ,prep4 #ajj parts of crude camphor are mixed with #b parts each of quick-lime and animal charcoal1 both in powder1 and the mixture is placed in a thin1 globular1 glass vessel1 sunk in a sand bath4 ,the heat is then cautiously applied1 and the vessel gradually and carefully raised out of the sand as the sublimation goes on4 ,when the process is complete1 the subliming vessel is removed and allowed to cool4 ,obs4 ,the whole process of refining camphor requires great care and experience to ensure its success4 ,if conducted too slowly1 or at a heat under #cge ,fahr41 the product is found to be flaky1 and consequently unsaleable1 without remelting or subliming4 ,an improvement on the common method is simply to sublime the above mixture in any convenient vessel furnished with a large and well-cooled receiver1 and to remelt the product in close vessels under pressure1 and to cool the liquid mass as rapidly as possible4 ,prop41 c4 ,a white1 semi-crystalline solid1 very volatile at common temperatures2 freely soluble in alcohol1 ether1 bisulphuret of carbon1 benzol1 oils1 and acetic acid1 and sufficiently so in water 7about #a-a_/d gr4 to #a oz471 to impart its characteristic smell and taste2 #ajj parts of alcohol 7sp4 gr4 #hjf7 dissolve #abj parts of camphor2 concentrated acetic acid dissolves twice its weight of camphor2 average sp4 gr4 #iij4 ,it fuses at #cdg1 boils at #djj ,fahr41 and when set fire to1 burns with a bright flame4 ,it evaporates slowly at ordinary temperatures1 and crystallises on the inside of bottles4 ,while floating on water it undergoes a curious rotatory movement4 ,uses1 c4 ,camphor is sedative1 narcotic1 anodyne1 diaphoretic1 and anaphrodisiac4 ,dose1 #b to #aj gr4 in the form of pill or bolus1 or made into an emulsion with yolk of egg1 mucilage1 or almonds4 ,in overdoses it is poisonous4 ,the best antidote is opium or wine1 preceded by an emetic4 ,it is also used externally in ointments1 liniments1 and embrocations4 ,camphor is frequently put into wardrobes and clothes-trunks1 to keep away insects2 it is used to make the white stars and fire of the pyrotechnist2 and by the varnish-maker to increase the solubility of copal and other gums4 ,mixed with six times its weight of clay1 and distilled1 it suffers decomposition1 and yields a yellow1 aromatic1 volatile oil1 smelling strongly of thyme and rosemary1 which is much used by the wholesale druggists and perfumers to adulterate some of the more costly essential oils1 and by the fancy soap-makers to scent their soaps4 ,camphor may be beaten in a mortar for some time1 without being reduced to powder1 but if it be first broken with the pestle1 and then sprinkled with a few drops of rectified spirit of wine1 it may be readily pulverised4 ,by adding water to an alcoholic or ethereal solution of camphor1 this drug is precipitated under the form of an impalpable powder of exquisite whiteness4 ,tests4 ,pure camphor is entirely soluble in rectified spirit1 oils1 and strong acetic acid2 a fragment placed on a heated spoon or in a warm situation will wholly disappear1 and the evolved fumes will be highly fragrant 7camphoraceous71 and be free from an acid or terebinthinate odour4 ,in an alcoholic solution of natural camphor ammonia gives but a slight precipitate1 which is dissolved on shaking the mixture2 a similar solution of artificial camphor under the like treatment gives a flocculent precipitate1 which remains undissolved4 ,see ,,camphor1 ,,factitious 7below74 ,camphor1 ,facti''tious4 ,syn4 ,,hydrochlorate ,,of ,,tur',,pentine1 ,,hydrochlorate ,,of ,,camphene1 ,,artificial ,,camphor4 ,prepared by passing dry hydrochloric acid gas into pure oil of turpentine1 cooled by a freezing mixture or pounded ice4 ,after a time a white1 crystalline mass is formed1 which must be drained1 and dried by pressure between folds of bibulous paper4 ,it may be purified by solution in alcohol4 ,prop41 c4 ,it has a camphoraceous taste and odour2 burns with a greenish1 sooty flame1 and when blown out evolves a terebinthinate odour2 heated a little above the boiling-point of water1 slight fumes of hydrochloric acid gas are perceptible4 ,camphor1 ,hydrochlo''rate of4 ,syn4 ,,mu'',,riate ,,of ,,camphor2 ,,campho',r ,,hydrochlo'',,ras1 ,l4 ,by passing hydrochloric acid gas over camphor1 in small fragments1 until it ceases to be absorbed4 ,camphor1 ,liq'uid4 ,syn4 ,,camphor ,,oil2 ,o',,leum ,,campho',r1 ,l4 ,a pale yellowish1 limpid fluid1 which exudes from ,dryobalanops aromatica1 a tree growing in ,sumatra and ,borneo1 when deep incisions are made in the trunk4 ,it is supposed that the crystalline ,,sumatra ,,camphor 7see below7 is deposited from this fluid4 ,the liquid camphor has somewhat the odour of ,,cajeput ,,oil1 and might1 no doubt1 be beneficially employed for the same purpose4 ,it is sometimes imported into ,europe4 ,camphor1 ,monobromated4 ,c#aj;,h#ae,o#a;,br4 ,coarsely powdered camphor is introduced into a flask of about ten times the capacity of the amount it is intended to prepare4 ,a fine stream of bromine is then allowed to fall upon the powder with continual agitation2 the addition of bromine ceases when the camphor is liquefied4 ,a large long abductor tube is then fitted to the flask1 and the other end plunged into an alkaline solution1 which will absorb the vapour that would otherwise incommode the operator4 ,the flask is placed in a water bath that is raised to ebullition1 when the reaction soon commences4 ,this is at first rather active1 there being an abundant evolution of hydrobromic gas1 and some vapour of bromine and undecomposed camphor4 ,the liquid1 which is at first dark brown in colour1 acquires an amber colour and the evolution of gas suddenly slackens4 ,the operation should be carried out at a temperature between #hj and #ij ,c4 ,the amber-coloured liquid that remains in the flask solidifies upon cooling1 and appears then as a slightly citrine-coloured friable mass4 ,it is purified by treating it several times with boiling #ij to #ie alcohol1 filtering the liquor1 and leaving it to crystallise4 ,the crystals are to be dried in the air upon unsized paper4 ,dr ,bourneville advises monobromated camphor to be administered either in the form of pills1 made up with conserve of roses1 or of a mixture rubbed up with mucilage of gum arabic and syrup4 ,he gives it in doses varying from twelve to thirty centigrams daily4 ,where it cannot be taken by the mouth he injects the following solution subcutaneously3--,monobromated camphor #c gr41 alcohol #ce gr41 glycerin #bb gr4 ,camphor1 ,nitrate of4 ,syn4 ,,camphor ,,oil2 ,o',,leum ,,campho',r ,,facti'',,tium1 ,l4 ,prepared by dissolving camphor in nitric acid1 in the cold4 ,camphor1 ,sul'phite of4 ,from camphor and sulphurous acid gas1 as hydrochlorate of camphor4 ,camphor1 ,suma'tra4 ,syn4 ,,bor',,neo ,,camphor1 ,,hard ,c41 ,,dragon',s ,,brain ,,perfume4 ,obtained from ,dryobalanops aromatica1 being found in natural fissures or crevices of the wood4 ,it resembles ordinary camphor in most properties1 but its odour is not of so diffusible a nature4 ,this kind is not seen in ,european commerce4 ,,camphor ,,cakes4 ,see ,,balls 7,camphor74 ,,camphor',,ic ,,acid4 ,h#b;,c#aj;,h#ad,o#d4 ,syn4 ,,acidum ,,camphor',,icum1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from camphor1 #a part2 and nitric acid 7sp4 gr4 #acc71 #d parts2 distilled together in a glass retort1 with a gradually increasing heat1 until vapours cease to be evolved2 the camphor that has volatilised is then added to that in the retort1 along with #d or #e parts more of nitric acid1 and the process repeated again and again1 until #bj parts of acid have been consumed1 when crude camphoric acid crystallises out of the remaining liquor on cooling4 ,the crystals are purified by washing with cold distilled water1 solution in boiling water1 and evaporating the solution until a pellicle forms2 crystals of pure camphoric acid are formed as the liquid cools4 ,prop41 c4 ,small1 colourless1 lamellar or acicular crystals2 acid2 bitter2 fusible at #aeh ,fahr42 sparingly soluble in water2 soluble in alcohol2 alcoholic solution not precipitated by water1 which distinguishes camphoric acid from benzoic acid4 ,its salts are called ,,camphorates4 ,the soluble camphorates may be made by digesting the carbonate or hydrate of the metal in a hot solution of the acid1 and the insoluble camphorates by double decomposition4 ,by distillation1 camphoric acid yields a colourless1 crystalline1 neutral substance1 which has been improperly called anhydrous camphoric acid4 ,,cam',,wood4 ,this dye-stuff resembles ,brazil wood in its properties1 and is used in a similar manner4 ,,can',,ada ,,balsam4 ,syn4 ,,bal',,samum ,,canaden',,se1 ,,terebinth',,ina ,,canaden',,sis1 ,l4 ,a thick1 viscid oleo-resin obtained from the ,abies balsamea 7,lindley71 a tree of common growth in ,canada and the ,state of ,maine4 ,it is much employed as a medium for mounting microscopic objects4 ,when pure it is perfectly transparent1 has an agreeable odour 7not terebinthinate71 and is wholly soluble in rectified oil of turpentine1 with which it forms a beautiful glassy and colourless varnish1 much used for preparing a semi-transparent copying paper4 ,a mixture of #c parts of ,canada balsam and one of wax1 if added to pile masses1 is said to have the effect of binding together the component parts of the mass1 and of keeping the piles made from it soft and in good shape4 ,canada ,balsam1 ,facti''tious4 ,syn4 ,,balsamum ,,canadense ,,facti'',,tium1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,yellow resin1 #c lbs42 oil of turpentine1 #a gall42 dissolve1 and add essence of lemon1 #b dr42 oil of rosemary1 #a-a_/d dr4 #b4 ,to the last add of nut oil1 #a pint4 ,both are sold in the shops for ,canada balsam4 ,,can',,dies4 ,see ,,candying4 ,,can',,dles4 ,candle-making1 once a rude and noisome trade1 has1 since the researches of ,chevreul and ,branconnot into the nature of the fats1 developed into one of the most important branches of scientific industry1 the progressive improvements in which1 accompanied by a corresponding cheapening and immensely increased efficiency in one of our chief means of artificial illumination1 have added greatly to the comfort and enjoyment of every civilised community4 ,candles are either dipped1 moulded1 or rolled4 ,the cheaper sorts of tallow candles are formed by the first process1 and wax candles by the last2 all the other kinds are moulded4 ,the moulds are tubes of pewter1 well polished on the inside1 eight or more being fitted into a frame1 the upper part of which forms a trough to receive the melted candle material4 ,when in the moulds the candles are inverted2 in other words1 the bottom of each mould corresponds to the top of the candle4 ,the wick passes through a small hole at the lower extremity of the tube1 and is held in the axis by a little bar placed across the top4 ,at the factories of ,price's ,patent ,candle ,company the frames of moulds are ranged close together in long benches1 and are filled with hot candle material from cars running along little railways above them4 ,when quite cold the candles are withdrawn4 ,the plan of pulling them out one by one with the aid of a bodkin has been superseded at the factories above mentioned1 by the ingenious device of blowing them out with compressed air4 ,the wicks of ordinary tallow candles are made of the rovings of ,turkey skein-cotton1 #d or more of which1 according to the intended thickness of the wick1 are wound on a reel1 from which they are again run off1 and cut into the proper lengths4 ,of late years the wicks of the best candles have been made in such a way that they do not require snuffing4 ,this object is effected by causing the wick to bend over1 and its end to fall outside the flame1 where it is exposed to the oxygen of the air4 ,this bending over is variously brought about4--#a4 ,by twisting the wick with one strand shorter than the rest1 which1 being slightly stretched during the moulding of the candle1 contracts again and bends the wick when the fat melts4 #b4 ,by plaiting the cotton into a flat wick1 which naturally takes the required curve4 ,such a wick is generally dipped in a solution of borax1 which preserves it from being acted upon by the flame except at its extreme point at the edge of the flame4 ,a very fine wire is sometimes included in the plaited wick4 #c4 ,in ,palmer's patent two-wicked candles1 which were formerly much used in lamps1 the wicks are saturated with subnitrate of bismuth ground up with oil2 they are then twisted tightly round a wire1 which is withdrawn after the candle is moulded4 ,in burning1 the ends gradually untwist and stand out of the flame on either side4 ,other devices are said to be employed4 ,the wicks of candles should be free from knots and inequalities1 as well as from adhering particles of cotton1 the presence of all of which are the cause of the guttering one frequently sees in a burning candle4 ,the finer the thread of which the wick is composed the more complete will be the combustion of the melted fatty material4 ,unless the above precautions are attended to1 in selecting the wick1 it will not be so entirely consumed as it ought to be4 ,candles1 ,com'posite4 ,mould candles formed of a mixture of the hard fatty acid obtained from palm oil and the stearine of cocoa-nut oil4 ,they were introduced in #ahdj4 ,other compositions are occasionally used1 such as a mixture of spermaceti and hard white tallow1 to which a little bleached resin is added4 ,candles1 ,med'icated4 ,these have been proposed as a convenient means of diffusing the active principles of certain volatile substances through the atmosphere1 and for complete and partial fumigations4 ,they are seldom employed in ,england4 ,candles1 ,mercu''rial4 ,from the red sulphide or the grey oxide of mercury mixed with wax1 and a wick of cotton inserted therein4 ,recommended by ,mr ,colles for partial mercurial fumigation4 ,they are burnt under a glass funnel with a curved neck1 the upper orifice of which is directed to the diseased part4 ,candles1 ,par'affin4 ,from the beautiful translucent substance paraffin 7which see74 ,these candles surpass all others in elegance1 and are entirely free from odour and greasiness4 ,the light produced by #ih lbs4 of paraffin candles is equal to that of #abj lbs4 of spermaceti1 or #ach lbs4 of wax1 or #add lbs4 of stearic1 or #aee lbs4 of the best composite candles 7,letheby74 ,they are sometimes delicately tinted with red1 mauve1 violet1 crimson1 and rose colour4 ,aniline colours will not dissolve in paraffin4 ,stearic acid1 however1 is a solvent for them1 and accordingly when the candles are tinted with the coal-tar colours these are previously dissolved in the stearic acid1 always mixed with the paraffin4 ,this insolubility of the aniline colours in paraffin has been suggested as a test for the purity of this hydrocarbon1 and of its freedom from stearic or other fatty acids4 ,for colouring paraffin candles black the paraffin is heated nearly to the boiling point with anacardium shells or nuts1 which dissolve readily in the heated paraffin4 ,the ,belmontine ,candles of ,price's ,patent ,candle ,company are formed of the paraffin of ,rangoon tar4 ,previous to the paraffin being made into candles1 it is necessary that it should be purified and bleached4 ,many processes for effecting these ends have been devised4 ,in the works of ,price's ,candle ,company the method known as ,hodge's is had recourse to4 ,this consists in first freeing the crude paraffin from the coarser impurities1 melting it1 casting it into cakes1 and allowing it to cool sufficiently slowly1 so as to form well-defined crystals4 ,the cakes are then placed upon a bed of some porous and absorbent material1 and subjected to a temperature not sufficient to melt the paraffin1 but only the liquid hydrocarbons and other more easily fused bodies1 the latter running off from between the crystals of the paraffin1 and being absorbed by the porous substance upon which the paraffin rests4 ,this process is repeated until the removal of the liquid hydrocarbons from the solid paraffin has been satisfactorily accomplished4 ,if it be requisite to subject the paraffin to further purification1 the following method is frequently adopted4 ,the paraffin1 previously melted by steam1 is placed in a tank1 with from #e to #aj per cent4 of strong sulphuric acid1 and the mixture agitated for some hours by means of air 7the time depending on the quality of the paraffin71 the sulphurous acid fumes resulting from the reaction being carried off by a suitable contrivance4 ,after the agitation is completed1 the paraffin1 after being allowed to stand for some time1 is decanted into a suitable vessel containing animal charcoal1 with which it is digested for some hours4 ,upon the subsidence of the charcoal the paraffin is drawn off if at all turbid1 and is passed through a funnel heated by means of a steam jacket4 ,another method1 the invention of ,messrs ,fordred1 ,lambe1 ,sterry1 for the decolorisation of the paraffin employed in candle manufacture1 consists in digesting the paraffin at a temperature of #bcj ,f4 with about #ab of powdered fuller's earth4 ,of late this process has supplanted the charcoal one2 and it may be employed1 no matter by what means the previous purification of the paraffin has been carried out4 ,the paraffin and fuller's earth are to be well agitated together1 and when the latter has fallen down the clear paraffin is decanted from it4 ,the inventors affirm that their process answers quite as well if marl clay1 or any other similarly constituted and equally abundant natural substance be substituted for fuller's earth2 and that no matter which of these bodies is employed1 they may be re-used1 and any adhering paraffin be removed by washing with agitation1 or by other suitable contrivances4 ,messrs ,smith ,field's patent for the removal of the colouring matters of the paraffin consists in the employment of silicite of magnesium4 ,the patentees state that the successful issue of the operation depends not only upon the careful preparation of the salt used1 but upon its being dried at a temperature of as exactly as possible #bab ,f4 ,the careful preparation before insisted on of the magnesium salt1 which is procured by the double decomposition of magnesium1 sulphate1 and sodium silicate1 includes its thorough washing from adhering sodium sulphate previous to its desiccation4 ,if this precaution be neglected1 the porosity of the silicate will be impaired1 and its bleaching effect more or less interfered with2 and further1 the patentees state that if the washed silicate be heated to redness1 its decolourising power will also be lost4 ,it appears that the paraffin employed in making the candles consists of a mixture of paraffins having different melting points4 ,the following are the melting points of some of the chief varieties of paraffin3-- ,paraffin from ,boghead coal at #de to #eb ,c4 ,brown coal #ef ,c4 ,peat #dfg ,c4 ,rangoon oil or tar #fa ,c4 ,ozokerit #fee ,c4 ,paraffin candles contain from #e8 to #ae per cent4 of stearin1 this addition being made for the purpose of diluting the paraffin as well as for raising the melting point of the paraffin where this is low4 ,the stearin1 moreover1 serves to preserve the rigidity of the candle in the candlestick1 and to prevent its bending out of the upright position4 ,paraffin candles are always moulded1 but previous to this being done the moulds must be heated to a temperature above the melting point of the paraffin2 this may vary from #fj1 #gj1 and #hg ,c41 according to the paraffin employed4 ,the moulds having been filled with the melted paraffin are1 after one or two moments only1 plunged into cold water1 when the candle immediately becomes solid4 ,unless this were done the candle would be spoilt1 owing to the crystallisation of the paraffin4 ,a thin wick is required for paraffin candles4 ,candles1 ,spermace'ti4 ,from spermaceti 7which see74 ,these are very delicate in appearance1 but rather expensive4 ,they burn well1 but as the melting point of spermaceti is low1 #abj ,fahr41 they will not bear carrying about in the hand without guttering4 ,they are generally adulterated with stearic acid or hard white tallow4 ,in candle-making spermaceti is usually mixed with #c per cent4 of wax or paraffin to destroy its highly crystalline structure2 it is moulded in the usual way with plaited wicks that require no snuffing4 ,occasionally the spermaceti candles are cast without any admixture of wax1 the moulds being raised to a higher temperature just as with stearic acid4 ,some manufacturers1 in order to make the spermaceti appear like wax1 use gamboge to give the desired tint2 such candles are known as transparent wax4#bcf ,spermaceti candles are largely consumed in ,india4 ,footnote #bcf3 ',chemistry1 ,theoretical1 ,practical1 and ,analytical4' ,candles1 ,stear'ic4 ,under this head we may place the various sorts of candles moulded from the hard fatty acids of both animal and vegetable origin4 ,the principal sources whence ,british manufacturers derive their acids are tallow1 palm oil1 and cocoa-nut oil4 ,the processes employed for separating them are generally described under ,stearic ,acid4 ,candles formed of the fatty acids can now be prepared so as to imitate and almost rival those of wax and spermaceti2 and they are quite as cheap as the nearly obsolete mould candles formed of common tallow4 ,they are extremely hard2 they do not grease the hands1 and they burn away brightly and steadily1 without giving off any offensive odour4 ,uncoloured1 they are snowy white1 but a yellow tint is frequently given them by gamboge4 ,candles1 ,tal'low4 ,from ordinary tallow or from tallow which has been freed from much of its oleic acid by pressure4 ,these have so unpleasant an odour and are so apt to gutter1 that they will probably ultimately disappear from use4 ,they are1 however1 sold at so low a price1 that among the lower classes they must long retain their hold4 ,for dip candles the wicks are immersed in melted tallow1 and after rubbing with the hands are placed straight and allowed to harden1 after which they are arranged upon the broaches ready for dipping4 ,for mould candles the last operation is omitted4 ,great care is taken to select a cotton that yields the least possible quantity of ash after burning4 ,in the process of dipping1 the dipping cistern being filled with tallow of a proper temperature from the boiler1 one of the broaches covered with wicks is placed upon the end of the dipping beam1 and pressed down gently into the melted fat2 it is then withdrawn1 the bottoms of the candles just touched against a board placed on one side of the cistern for the purpose1 and the frame removed to the rack4 ,this operation is repeated until the candles acquire a sufficient size1 when they are finally cooled1 sorted1 weighed1 and strung in pounds for sale4 ,the mould candles once in common use were made of the finer kinds of tallow only2 a mixture of #c parts of sheep1 with #a part of ox suet1 being preferred4 ,see ,,wax4 ,candles1 ,wax4 ,these are most frequently made by pouring melted white wax on to the wicks1 which are hung upon frames and covered with metal tags at the ends to protect the cotton from the wax in those parts4 ,the frames are made to turn round1 and melted white wax is poured first down one wick1 and then the next1 and so on4 ,when the wicks have been subjected to this operation once and have become sufficiently cooled1 they have a second1 and then a third coat given them1 until they are of the required thickness4 ,the candles are next rolled into proper shape on a marble slab or wooden board4 ,the conical top is moulded by properly-shaped tubes1 and the bottoms are cut off and trimmed4 ,wax candles are now seldom moulded1 but if so the same processes are followed as for stearic and paraffin candles4 ,the large altar candles1 which frequently weigh from thirty to forty pounds1 are made by hand4 ,wax ,tapers4 ,these1 which are of various degrees of thickness1 are not made of pure wax1 but of wax 7usually vegetable wax7 and tallow1 the latter being added to give them flexibility4 ,when they are required to be coloured1 resin and turpentine are added to the tallow4 ,for further particulars1 consult ,wagner's ',chemical ,technology1' ,,candle-,,making4 ,,candle ,,nuts4 ,the kernels of the alearites triloba1 the candleberry tree1 a plant growing in most tropical countries4 ,the nuts when dried1 and stuck upon a reed1 are used by the natives of the ,polynesian ,islands as a substitute for candles4 ,they contain a large amount of pure palatable oil1 which is sometimes used by artists as a drying oil4 ,after the expression of this oil the cake has been used as a food for cattle2 also as a manure4 ,the following is the composition of the nuts3-- ,shells4 ,water #cga ,organic matter #hiij ,mineral matter #fci ,kernels4 ,water #ebg ,fat #fbig ,cellulose #bhii ,mineral matter #bgi ,ash of ,kernel4 ,lime #ahfi ,magnesia #fja ,potash #aacc ,phosphoric acid #bicj ,,can',,dlesticks4 ,metallic1 earthenware1 and porcelain candlesticks1 snuffers1 and snuffer-stands1 are recommended to be cleaned by pouring boiling hot water on them 7previously placed in an earthen pan71 and1 after wiping them quite dry with a cloth1 to clean them with a piece of wash leather2 those made of silver1 or of plated copper1 may be finally polished with a little plate powder2 those of white metal1 with a little whiting or fine chalk1 and those of brass1 with a little rotten-stone or one of the polishing pastes4 ,for articles of this kind1 made of bronze and papier mach1 the water should be used only hot enough to melt the tallow1 and they should be only gently dabbed or rubbed off with a very soft cloth or leather4 ,the common practice of placing candlesticks before the fire to melt off the grease is injudicious1 as the solder or japan about them is almost certain to be injured4 ,hence the common annoyance of damaged or crippled candlesticks in houses where there are careless servants4 ,,can',,dying4 ,when the object is simply to form a confection or sweetmeat1 imbued with the aroma1 flavour1 or medicinal property of any substance1 candies are generally prepared by simply boiling lump sugar with a sufficient quantity of the infusion1 decoction1 tincture1 expressed juice1 or sometimes even the powder of the particular article1 until a portion taken out and cooled becomes quite solid1 when it is either poured out on a marble slab1 or into tin1 marble1 or paper moulds1 dusted with powdered lump sugar4 ,when the object is to preserve the form and character of the vegetable in the candy1 the substance is boiled in water until soft1 and then suspended in concentrated syrup 7in the cold71 until they become transparent2 after which they are either dried in a current of warm air1 or in a stove1 at a heat not exceeding #abj ,fahr4 ,the syrup must be kept fully saturated with sugar by reboiling it once or twice during the process4 ,another method occasionally employed by confectioners for almonds and the like is to put the substances into a syrup boiled until it forms a small thread between the opening fingers1 and to stir the whole until it is nearly set4 ,see ,,sugar ,,boiling4 ,the following are the principal candied articles kept at the shops3-- ,candied ,al'monds4 ,from blanched almonds1 roasted and halved4 ,candied ,angel'ica4 ,prep4 #a4 ,from the root4 ,boil the fresh roots 7after slicing them and removing the pith7 in water1 to deprive them of part of their bitterness and aroma2 then drain them and put them into syrup boiled to a full candy height1 and boiling hot2 let them remain until nearly cold1 when they may be taken out and carefully dried4 #b4 ,from the stems4 ,from the tender stems1 stalks1 and midribs of the leaves1 as last4 ,used as a sweetmeat and dessert4 ,it is said to be cordial1 stomachic1 tonic1 and aphrodisiac4 ,candied ,a'pricots4 ,from the fruit1 scarcely ripe1 either whole or cut into quarters1 immersed in the syrup 7hot71 without any further preparation4 ,candied ,cit'rons4 ,from the peels4 ,candied ,erin'go4 ,from the roots1 slit and washed4 ,candied ,gin'ger4 ,from the roots of green ginger4 ,candied ,hore'hound4 ,from a strong decoction or infusion of the root1 and lump sugar1 #a pint to #h or #aj lbs4 may be used4 ,boil the mixture to a candy height1 and pour it whilst warm into moulds or small paper cases well dusted with finely powdered lump sugar2 or pour it on a dusted slab and cut it into squares4 ,candied ,lem'on ,peel4 ,as ,candied ,citron4 ,candied ,or'ange ,flow'ers4 ,from the flowers deprived of their cups1 stamina1 and pistils 7#b oz4 to each lb4 of sugar71 as ,candied ,almonds1 but poured out on a slab4 ,candied ,or'ange ,peel4 ,from the peel of the ,seville orange1 or common orange1 as ,candied ,citron4 ,candied ,su'gar4 ,see ,,sugar ,,boiling4 ,the following are articles of a more special character4 ,candy1 ,car'away4 #a4 ,from caraway seeds 7in fine powder71 #a_/b oz42 sugar1 #a lb4 #b4 ,oil of ,caraway1 #a dr42 sugar1 #a lb4 ,candy1 ,diges'tive4 ,syn4 ,,live-,,long ,,candy4 ,prep4 #a4 ,rhubarb and bicarbonate of soda1 of each #a dr42 ginger1 #a_/b dr42 cinnamon1 #bj gr4 7all in fine powder72 heavy magnesia1 #a oz42 powdered sugar1 #b oz42 mucilage of tragacanth1 q4 s4 to form a lozenge mass2 to be divided into small squares of #ah or #bj gr4 each4 #b4 ,as the last1 but adding finely powdered caraways1 #a dr42 oil of caraway1 #ae drops2 and sugar1 #a oz4 ,both are used as heartburn and digestive lozenges4 ,candy1 ,gin'ger4 ,prep4 #a4 ,from ginger 7in coarse powder71 #c oz42 boiling water1 #a-a_/d pint2 macerate in a warm place for #b hours1 strain1 add lump and moist sugar1 of each #e lbs41 and boil to a candy4 #b4 ,ginger 7in very fine powder71 #a oz42 powdered sugar1 #b lbs42 syrup1 q4 s4 to make a paste4 ,stomachic and carminative4 ,for various sweetmeats which might come under the head of ,,candy1 see ,,confections1 ,,drops4 ,,canker4 ,this disease consists in a depraved condition of that part of the sensitive foot of the horse which secretes the horny frog and sole4 ,it mostly occurs in coarsely-bred animals1 and is the result of filth1 damp1 and bad ventilation4 ,the treatment consists in first removing all loose horn1 and allowing all pent-up matter to escape2 the exuberant granulations must be carefully cut away1 and the parts then washed with a tepid lotion of sulphate or chloride of zinc2 after drying the surface dust it with oxide of zinc2 apply tow dipped in a mixture of tar and lime1 and keep it in firm contact with the parts by means of a leather sole or strips of hoop iron underneath a shoe lightly tacked on4 ,dress in this manner daily1 keeping up the dry pressure for a week4 7,finlay ,dun47 ,,can',,non ,,metal4 ,see ,,gun ,,metal4 ,,canthar',,ides4 ,syn4 ,,spanish ,,flies1 ,,blistering ,f41 ,,lyt',t2 ,,canthar',,is1 ,b4 ,p4 ,the ,cantharis vesicatoria of ,latreille1 commonly known as the ,spanish fly1 is an insect of the order ,coleoptera2 it abounds in the south of ,france1 ,spain1 and ,italy2 and has spread into ,germany and the south of ,russia4 ,when alive it exudes a strong fetid and penetrating odour4 ,pur41 c4 ,these insects should be preserved in well-closed bottles or tin canisters4 ,the addition of a few drops of oil of cloves1 or of strong acetic acid1 or even of a few cloves in substance1 will preserve them unchanged for a length of time in closed vessels4 ,the best proof of their goodness is the smell4 ,the powder is constantly adulterated4 ,the plan of the wholesale druggists is to sort out the most worthless flies for powdering1 and to compensate for their deficiency of vesicating power by adding #a lb4 of euphorbium to every #ab or #ac lbs4 of flies4 ,when a superior article is required1 liquorice powder is added 7#d or #e lbs4 to every #ad lbs471 along with about #a lb4 of euphorbium1 and sufficient blue black or charcoal to turn the yellow of the liquorice to a greenish colour4 ,the best mode of detecting this adulteration is by the microscope4 ,it should be borne in mind that only those flies which have attained their full growth possess blistering properties4 ,the immature or undersized insects are destitute of epigastric power4 ,ant4 ,an emetic of sulphate of zinc1 followed by the stomach-pump1 if necessary4 ,the vomiting may be promoted by copiously drinking warm bland diluents1 such as broth1 linseed tea1 milk1 c4 ,friction on the spine1 with volatile liniment and laudanum1 and the subsequent administration of draughts containing musk1 opium1 and camphorated emulsion1 have been strongly recommended4 ,tests4 ,by the microscope very minute particles may be discovered in the stomach and intestines1 on a post-mortem examination4 ,orfila thus found particles of cantharides in a body that had been interred nine months4 ,uses1 c4 ,spanish flies are used externally to raise blisters1 and internally as a stimulant and diuretic1 generally in the form of tincture4 ,in excess they produce strangury1 bloody urine1 satyriasis1 delirium1 convulsions1 and death4 ,see ,,tinctures1 ,,vesicants1 c4 ,,canthari',,din4 ,c#e;,h#ab,o#b4 ,isomeric with picrotoxin4 ,this substance is found in1 and is the vesicating principle of1 the ,spanish fly1 ,chinese blistering fly1 and other coleopterous insects4 ,prep4 ,pulverised cantharides are allowed to remain in contact for #bd hours with twice their weight of chloroform1 in a displacement apparatus4 ,the chloroform is then drained off1 and finally displaced by alcohol1 and the solution is left to evaporate4 ,the cantharidin crystallises out1 saturated with green oil4 ,in order to purify the cantharidin it is laid on bibulous paper1 which absorbs the greater part of the oil1 and then crystallised out of a mixture of alcohol and chloroform4 7,procter47 ,prop4 ,prismatic crystals1 melts at #bjj ,c41 volatilises in white fumes1 which strongly irritate the eyes1 nose1 and throat1 and condenses in rectangular prisms4 ,cantharidin is insoluble in water1 but soluble in alcohol1 ether1 chloroform1 acetic acid1 and in the fixed and volatile oils4 ,its solution in any of the liquids above mentioned possesses vesicating properties1 which1 however1 is not exhibited by solid cantharidin4 ,,caout',,chouc4 ,syn4 ,,india ,,rubber1 ,,elastic ,,gum4 ,india rubber is the concrete juice of the ,ficus elastica1 ,siphonia elastica1 the ,urceola elastica1 and many other tropical plants4 ,the fresh milky juice is spread over moulds of unbaked clay1 and is then exposed to the heat and smoke of a fire1 or torches1 to dry it1 whence it derives its dark colour4 ,successive coats of juice are laid on1 and the operation of drying repeated until the bottles acquire sufficient thickness4 ,when it has become thoroughly hard and dry1 the clay is beaten out4 ,in this form it is commonly imported4 ,prop41 c4 ,the general properties of india rubber1 as well as its numerous applications1 are well known4 ,the fresh juice has a cream-like appearance and consistence1 is coagulated by heat1 and is miscible with water1 alcohol1 and wood naphtha2 sp4 gr4 #ajab to #ajda2 it yields from #ah to #de of solid caoutchouc1 either by heat or evaporation4 ,by excluding it from the air it may be preserved unchanged for a considerable period4 ,solid caoutchouc has a sp4 gr4 ranging between #iai and #ida2 it melts at #bdh ,fahr4 into a viscid mass1 which does not again harden on cooling2 it is unaltered by chlorine1 hydrochloric acid1 sulphurous acid1 fluosilicic acid1 ammonia1 caustic alkaline lyes 7even when boiling71 and most similar substances2 nitric acid and sulphuric acid act on it only by long contact when concentrated4 ,some specimens of caoutchouc are harder than gutta percha itself1 and equally inelastic1 whilst others never perfectly solidify1 but remain in a condition resembling that of birdlime or printers' varnish4 ,the best solvents of caoutchouc are rectified sulphuric ether 7which has been washed with water to remove alcohol and acidity71 chloroform1 bisulphide of carbon1 a mixture of bisulphide of carbon and absolute alcohol 7#id of the first to #f or #g of the last71 and caoutchoucin4 ,all these liquids dissolve india rubber rapidly in the cold1 and leave it unaltered on evaporation4 ,the first two are1 however1 too expensive to be generally employed4 ,the others have a disagreeable odour1 but are much cheaper than the rest1 and possess the advantage of leaving the film of caoutchouc in a firmer and stronger condition than other solvents4 ,pyrogenous oil of turpentine is another cheap and good solvent4 ,benzol1 rectified mineral or coal-tar naphtha1 crude petroleum1 and oil of turpentine dissolve india rubber by long digestion and trituration 7with heat71 otherwise they merely form with it a glutinous jelly that dries very slowly and imperfectly1 leaving it much reduced in hardness and elasticity4 ,the fats and fixed oils also readily dissolve caoutchouc 7with heat71 forming permanently glutinous solutions or pastes2 so also do most of the volatile oils1 but the solutions with the majority of them dry with difficulty4 ,one of the most remarkable properties of india rubber is the great amount of heat which is disengaged during its condensation by pressure or in the exercise of its elasticity4 ,during the process of kneading the raw caoutchouc in the masticators1 the cold water thrown in to reduce the temperature soon becomes boiling hot4 ,when no water is added1 a temperature so high is often reached as to occasion the melting of the rubber4 ,this is particularly the case during the process of dry kneading with quick-lime4 ,a tube #b-a_/d inches in diameter1 impactly secured1 was subjected to a force of #bjj tons4 ,the result was a compression amounting to #a-ajth2 great heat was evolved1 and the excessive elasticity of the substance caused a fly-wheel weighing five tons to recoil with alarming violence4 ,mr ,brockedon states that he succeeded in raising the temperature of an ounce of water #b in about fifteen minutes by collecting the heat evolved by the extension of a small thread of caoutchouc4 ,he refers this effect to the change in specific gravity1 and contends that the heat thus produced is not due to friction1 because the same amount of friction is occasioned in the contraction as in the extension of the substance1 and the result of this contraction is to reduce the caoutchouc thus acted upon to its original temperature4 ,the edges and surfaces of india rubber are readily and perfectly joined by mere contact and intense pressure4 ,on the small scale the edges may be moistened with ether1 naphtha1 oil of turpentine1 or some other solvent1 or by long boiling in water1 and immediately pressed tight together and held in contact for some time4 ,elastic tubes are readily formed of india rubber by cutting it into uniform slips of proper thickness and winding them round rods of polished glass or metal1 so that the edges are in close contact or overlapping4 ,a piece of tape is then wound round outside it1 and the whole boiled in water for #b or #c hours1 after which time the edges will be found to be sufficiently adherent4 ,a better plan is to immerse the rubber in a mixture formed of bisulphide of carbon1 #ie parts1 and rectified spirit1 #e parts1 until it swells into a pasty mass1 which may then be moulded into any desired form or passed through the die of a tubing machine4 ,for chemical purposes1 brewing1 c41 vulcanised india-rubber tubing has now taken the place formerly occupied by the unprepared material4 ,the once celebrated ,mackintoshes are made by spreading two or more coats of a paste made of caoutchouc and rectified coal-tar naphtha over the surface of the stuff or cloth1 and1 when it has become partially dry1 pressing two such surfaces evenly together by passing the goods between a pair of cylinders or rollers4 ,the articles are then placed in a stove room for the composition to harden1 and to remove the odour of the naphtha4 ,of late years vulcanised or mineralised rubber 7coloured7 has been used for this purpose1 and being spread on the outside of the stuff instead of the inside forms an ornamental and thoroughly waterproof material4 ,india-rubber thread is prepared by stretching it 7previously cut into coarse filaments7 to #e or #f times its length in boiling water or hot air1 in which state it is allowed to cool slowly4 ,this process is repeated again and again until it reaches #af1jjj or #ag1jjj times its original length1 when it is glazed by agitating it with powdered sulphur or ,french chalk4 ,this thread is readily joined or pieced1 as it is called1 by paring the ends obliquely with a pair of scissors or a knife1 and then pressing the clean ends strongly together with the fingers4 ,when the coarse filaments from the cutting machine are simply stretched with the moistened thumb and finger in the act of reeling to about #h or #i times their length1 they are said to be inelasticated1 and are ready to be made into elastic braces1 elastic web1 and other like elastic tissues and fabrics in the braiding machine4 ,caoutchouc1 ,vul'canised4 ,syn4 ,,vulcanised ,,india ,,rubber1 ,,mineralised ,i4 ,r41 ,,sulphuretted ,i4 ,r4 ,the discovery of the singular action of sulphur and the mineral sulphides on caoutchouc was made by ,mr ,charles ,goodyear1 of ,new ,york1 in #ahdb1 at which date the manufacture of vulcanised india rubber may be said to have commenced4 ,in #ahdc ,mr ,thomas ,hancock patented a process for vulcanised india rubber in these countries1 founded on that of ,mr ,goodyear4 ,a sheet of caoutchouc immersed in melted sulphur absorbs a portion of it1 and at the same time undergoes important changes in many of its leading characteristics4 ,so prepared1 it is no longer affected by changes of temperature2 it is neither hardened by cold nor softened by any heat insufficient to destroy it4 ,it loses its solubility in the solvents of ordinary caoutchouc1 whilst its elasticity is greatly augmented1 and has become permanent4 ,the same effect is produced when sulphur is kneaded into caoutchouc in a masticator1 or by means of powerful rollers1 as well as when common solvents 7naphtha1 spirit of turpentine1 c47 are charged with a sufficient amount of sulphur in solution to become a compound solvent of the rubber4 ,in these cases articles may be made of any required form before heating them for the change of condition technically termed vulcanisation4 ,it is necessary1 however1 for this purpose that the form should be carefully maintained both before and during the exposure to the heat4 ,a vulcanised solid sphere of #b-a_/b inches in diameter1 when forced between two rollers #a_/d inch apart1 was found to maintain its form uninjured4 ,in fact1 it is the exclusive property of vulcanised caoutchouc to be able to retain any form impressed upon it1 and to return to that form on the removal of any disturbing force which has been brought to act upon it4 7,brockedon47 ,caoutchouc combines with from #ab to #ae of sulphur2 the quantity of sulphur added to the naphtha paste should not1 therefore1 exceed #aj or #ab of its weight4 ,the temperatures for vulcanisation by the common method range from #cbj to #ccj2 and the period required is one hour or more1 according to the temperature4 ,a much lower temperature is1 however1 sufficient if the duration of the exposure is much extended or the compound mass is softened with any of the common solvents of india rubber4 ,the process of sulphuring1 or mineralisation1 is differently conducted in different manufactories4 ,under ,mr ,burke's patent1 oxysulphide or amorphous sulphide of antimony 7formed by decomposing a solution of crude antimony in a lye of potash or soda with hydrochloric acid7 is employed4 ,this powder he combines with either india rubber or gutta percha1 or mixtures of them1 by kneading in a masticator for #b or #c hours1 and after strong compression in a mould whilst still warm1 he exposes the mass to a steam heat ranging from #bej to #bhj ,fahr4 ,the block1 so prepared1 is afterwards cut into sheets1 c4 ,the advantages possessed by the product are that it possesses no unpleasant odour1 nor does the sulphur effloresce on its surface1 as in ordinary vulcanised india rubber4 ,under ,mr ,christopher ,nickel's patent 7#ahdi7 #a part of sulphur is kneaded with #f parts of caoutchouc1 and then pressed into moulds1 as before4 ,he also vulcanises rubber by exposing it in a cylinder heated in a steam jacket to the fumes of sulphur or to sulphuretted gases1 given off from a retort connected with the apparatus4 ,the rubber thus prepared he next subjects to hydraulic pressure in moulds1 at a temperature ranging between #bbj and #bej ,fahr4 ,small articles or sheets of india rubber may be extemporaneously vulcanised at common temperatures by simple immersion1 for a minute or two1 in a mixture of bisulphide of carbon1 #ig-a_/b parts1 and protochloride of sulphur1 #b-a_/b parts2 after which they must be well washed first in weak alkaline lye1 and next in pure water4 ,mr ,parkes employs #ajj instead of #ig-a_/b parts of the bisulphide4 ,this method is termed cold sulphuring4 ,an excellent method of vulcanisation1 recommended by ,mr ,parkes1 particularly applicable to small articles1 consists in immersing them for about #c hours in a close vessel containing a solution of polysulphide of potassium at #be ,baum 7sp4 gr4 #aaig71 and of the temperature of #bdj ,fahr4 ,it is afterwards washed in an alkaline lye1 then in pure water1 and dried4 ,among the many applications of vulcanised india rubber those connected with its elasticity and its enormous contractile power when extended are particularly striking4 ,under ,mr ,e4 ,smith's patent1 torsion springs for roller blinds1 door springs1 clock springs1 carriage springs1 c41 are made of it4 ,mr ,hodges1 in another patent1 has availed himself of the same property as a new mechanical power4 ,short lengths of caoutchouc1 which he terms vulcanised power purchases1 are successively drawn down from or lifted to a fixed bearing1 and attached to any weight which it is required to raise2 when a sufficient number of these power purchases are fixed to the weight1 their combined elastic force lifts it from the ground4 ,thus1 #aj purchases of the elastic strength each of #ej lbs4 raise #ejj lbs4 ,each purchase is #f inches long1 and contains about #a-a_/b oz4 of vulcanised caoutchouc4 ,these #aj purchases1 if stretched to the limit of their elasticity 7not of their cohesive strength71 will lift a weight exceeding #fej lbs4 ,the same principle has been applied to relieve and equalise the strain on ships' cables1 especially where several boats are towing one vessel2 and as a projectile force4 ,a number of power purchases1 attached to the barrel of a gun constructed to project harpoons1 will exert a power1 if suddenly relieved1 proportioned to their aggregate forces4 ,by similar contrivances balls may be projected #bjj yards or more1 and a charge of ,no4 #d shot can be thrown #abj yards4 ,a bow1 in which the string alone is elastic 7the reverse of the usual form71 has been contrived which throws a #cj-;inch arrow #agj yards4 ,the last great improvement in the manufacture of caoutchouc is the discovery that by continuing the process of vulcanisation for a longer time at an increased heat and under pressure1 a hard black substance is obtained1 which can be turned in a lathe like ebony4 ,this substance has already been applied to an extraordinary number of uses4 ,see ,,vulcanite4 ,an exceedingly useful combination of cork and india rubber has lately been introduced4 ,see ,,kamptulicon4 ,caoutchouc1 ,facti''tious4 ,see ,,oil1 ,,consolidated4 ,,caout',,choucin4 ,an extremely light fluid obtained by distilling india rubber4 ,prep4 7,barnard's patent process47 ,a highly volatile fluid1 discovered by ,mr ,barnard4 ,india rubber or caoutchouc1 as imported1 cut into small lumps1 containing about #b cubic inches each1 is thrown into a cast-iron still1 connected with a well-cooled worm-tub 7any flat vessel with a large evaporating surface will do1 the entire top of which can be removed for the purpose of cleaning it out72 and heat is applied in the usual way1 until the thermometer ranges to about #fjj ,fahr41 when nothing is left in the still but dirt and charcoal4 ,the dark coloured fetid oil which has distilled over is next rectified along with #a_/crd its weight of water1 once or oftener2 and at each rectification becomes brighter and paler1 until at about sp4 gr4 #fhj it is colourless1 and slightly volatile4 ,the product is then shaken up with nitro-hydrochloric acid1 or chlorine1 in the proportion of a #a_/d of a pint of the acid to #a gallon of the liquid4 ,to enable the dirt to be the more easily removed from the bottom of the still1 common solder1 to the depth of about #a_/b an inch1 is thrown in4--,prod4 #hj4 ,prop41 c4 ,mixed with alcohol1 caoutchoucin dissolves gums and resins1 especially copal and india rubber1 at the common temperature of the atmosphere1 and it speedily evaporates1 leaving them again in the solid state4 ,it mixes with the oils in all proportions4 ,it has been used in the manufacture of varnishes1 and for liquefying oil paints1 instead of turpentine4 ,it is very volatile1 and requires to be kept in close vessels4 ,according to the researches of ,himly1 ,gregory1 and ,bouchardat1 the caoutchoucin of ,barnard consists of several liquids1 some of which have the composition of olefiant gas1 and others that of oil of turpentine4 ,,ca'',,pers4 ,the flower buds of various species of ,capparis1 particularly ,c4 spinosa1 caper tree1 preserved in vinegar4 ,they are chiefly imported from ,spain1 ,italy1 and the south of ,france1 where the caper tree is largely cultivated for the purpose4 ,the flower-buds are picked daily1 and thrown into a cask of strong pickling vinegar1 until it becomes full1 when it is sold to the dealers by the collector4 ,the former sort them into different sizes by means of copper sieves1 in a similar way to that adopted for lead shot and gunpowder4 ,in this way they are divided into nonpareilles1 capuchins1 capotes1 seconds1 and thirds1 of which the former1 or smallest1 are regarded as the best2 but much depends upon the quality of the vinegar4 ,the bright green colour of capers1 so much valued by the ignorant1 arises chiefly from the presence of copper derived from the sieves used in sorting them4 ,in many cases1 copper coin1 as sous and halfpence1 are added for the purpose4 ,thus the eye is gratified at the sacrifice of the stomach1 and an insidious poison introduced into the system1 simply to give an unnatural appearance to a condiment which tastes better without it4 ,see ,,copper4 ,,capillaire'4 ,fr4 ,simple syrup1 or a concentrated solution of sugar in water1 flavoured with orange-flower water1 or some other similar aromatic4 ,the name was originally given to a mucilaginous syrup1 prepared by adding to an infusion of maiden-hair 7,adiantum capillus ,veneris7 some sugar and orange-flower water4 ,,cap',,nomor4 ,see ,,kapnomor4 ,,cap',,ric ,,acid4 ,,hc#aj;,h#ai,o#b4 ,syn4 ,,ru',,tic ,,acid2 ,,acidum ,,cap',,ricum1 ,l4 ,an acid discovered by ,chevreul1 and obtained by decomposing caprate of barium with dilute sulphuric acid1 or primarily by the saponification of butter or cocoa-nut oil1 when it appears combined with butyric1 caproic and caprylic acids4 ,it is also procured by acting upon oleic acid or oil of rue with nitric acid4 ,obs4 ,when butter is saponified with caustic potassa or soda1 and the resulting soap decomposed by adding an acid1 in excess1 and distilling the mixture1 the four acids above named pass over into the receiver1 in combination with water4 ,the mixed acids may be separated by saturating them collectively with baryta1 and by taking advantage of the unequal solubility of the newly formed barium salts4 ,the less soluble portion 7equal to about #a_/bjth of the dry mass7 contains capric and caprylic acid2 the larger and more soluble portion1 butyric and caproic acid4 ,on the same plan the two groups are resolved into their separate acids4 ,these acids are deprived of their uncombined water by means of chloride of calcium4 ,it is advisable to employ the term rutic acid1 as the older term is easily confounded with caproic and caprylic4 ,prop4 ,capric or rutic acid crystallises in fine needles1 which fuse at #hf ,fahr41 giving out an odour resembling that of a goat4 ,it is sparingly soluble in boiling water4 ,prep4 7,miller47 ,castor oil is saponified by means of potassa or soda1 and afterwards an excess of the hydrated alkali is added1 amounting to one half the oil used4 ,the mass is heated in a retort1 and an oily liquid covered with water distils over4 ,this oily liquid1 which is the octylic alcohol1 is rectified several times with potassa until the residue is no longer coloured brown4--,prop4 ,a colourless liquid1 of powerful aromatic odour2 insoluble in water1 but dissolving readily in acetic acid1 ether1 and alcohol4 ,its boiling point is #cef ,fr41 its sp4 gr1 #hbc4 ,the caprylate of ethyl1 erroneously termed caprylic ether1 is a colourless liquid1 with an agreeable odour of pine-apples4 ,,capsaicin4 ,until the researches of ,mr ,thresh proved to the contrary the active principle of the capsicum fruit1 or cayenne pepper1 and the one to which it was thought it owed its acrid and pungent properties1 was believed to be an alkaloid1 and was named capsicine in consequence4 ,mr ,thresh succeeded in obtaining an alkaloid from the capsicum1 but this was entirely wanting in acridity and pungency4 ,its discoverer states that capsaicin occurs only in the pericarp of the fruit4 ,the details of the process by which it may be obtained are given in the ',year ,book of ,pharmacy' for #ahgf-gg1 from which it will be seen that the substance may also be procured by preparing a strong tincture of capsicum1 and submitting it to dialysis4 ,capsaicin when cautiously heated to #ach ,f41 melts to a transparent oily fluid1 and if then allowed to cool rapidly1 it becomes solid1 assuming a crystalline condition in doing so4 ,it volatilises at #bdj ,f41 without suffering decomposition4 ,strong nitric acid acts violently on it1 decomposing and dissolving it4 ,the crystals dissolve very readily in ether1 amylic1 alcohol1 acetic ether1 benzine1 and fixed oils1 and still more readily in alcohol1 and in rectified and proof spirit4 ,in turpentine and carbon disulphide it dissolves much more slowly4 ,it is not affected by boiling for some considerable time in dilute sulphuric acid1 and the acid liquor shows no signs of glucose4 ,a specimen of capsaicin which ,mr ,thresh believes to have been in a pure condition was sent to ,dr ,flckiger's laboratory for analysis1 and ,dr ,buri1 by whom the combustion was made1 reports that it gave the following composition3--,c#ai;,h#ad,o#b1 a result which ,mr ,thresh found to agree very fairly with some capsaicin derived from a specimen fruit obtained from a different source from that sent to ,dr ,flckiger4 ,administered internally in doses of the #a_/beth of a gram1 capsaicin gave rise to violent griping and purging2 and when a lotion consisting of one part diluted with forty of glycerin and spirit was placed on the arm1 it soon gave rise to such pain1 and caused so much inflammation1 that the lint which was wetted with the solution had to be removed very shortly after being applied4 ,,cap',,sicum4 ,l4 and ,eng4 ,syn4 ,,chil',i1 ,,red ,,pepper4 ,a genus of plants belonging to the natural order ,solanace1 species of which yield the fruits which are used to form ,cayenne pepper and ,chili vinegar4 ,the officinal capsicum of ,b4 ,p4 is the fruit of the species ,c4 fastigiatum4 ,see ,,pepper1 ,,tinctures1 ,,vinegars4 ,,cap',,sules4 ,this term is now commonly applied to small egg-shaped or spherical vessels1 in which medicines are placed1 for the purpose of covering their nauseous taste at the time of swallowing them4 ,they are commonly made of gelatin1 mixtures of sugar and gelatin1 or animal membrane4 ,capsules1 ,gel'atin4 ,prep4 #a4 ,by dipping the bulbous extremity of an oiled metallic rod into a strong solution of gelatin4 ,when the rod is withdrawn1 it is rotated1 in order to diffuse the fluid jelly equally over its surface4 ,as soon as the gelatinous film has partially hardened1 it is removed from the mould and placed on pins1 furnished with suitable heads1 and fixed on a cork table4 ,when sufficiently dry1 the capsules are placed upright in little cells1 made in the table to receive them1 and the liquid with which they are to be filled is then introduced by means of a small glass tube4 ,they are next closed by dropping some of the melted gelatin on the orifice of each4 ,six parts of gelatin1 and one part sugar1 are now the common proportions4 #b4 7,simonin47 ,oval balls of wax1 of the requisite size1 are prepared by pouring wax1 into a wooden mould1 consisting of two parts1 and arranged for the reception of a row of these balls4 ,these are afterwards stuck on iron needles1 affixed to rods of convenient size1 in rows4 ,the balls are now uniformly coated all at once by dipping in the usual manner1 then removed from the needles1 and are next placed with the needle holes downwards1 on a gently heated plate1 when the wax flows out1 and a round capsule is left behind4 ,cap'sules1 ,gel'atin and ,su'gar4 ,prep4 7,giraud47 ,gelatin1 #f parts2 solution of gum and simple syrup1 of each #a part2 water1 #e parts2 melt in a water bath1 remove the scum1 and proceed as before4 ,capsules1 ,glut'en4 ,these1 which form the subject of a ,french patent1 are said to be formed of the gluten of wheat flour1 a substance which is insoluble1 although softened1 by water4 ,we have placed these capsules for twenty-four hours in warm water1 and found them1 at the expiration of that time1 still unbroken1 the enclosed medicine being completely enveloped4 ,the mode of preparation is kept secret4 ,capsules1 ,mem'branous4 ,syn4 ,,organ',,ic ,,capsules4 ,from gut-skin moistened and stretched over an oiled bulb of glass or metal1 and filled in the common way4 ,these have been patented1 but they do not appear to be an improvement on the common capsule of gelatin4 ,obs4 ,the common capsules usually hold about #aj or #ab gr4 of balsam of copaiba4 ,those of the shops in nine cases out of ten1 are filled with adulterated copaiba1 and at least #d-eths of them are filled with train oil or linseed oil1 to which a few drops only of the balsam are added4 ,balsam of copaiba 7capivi7 and oil of cubebs1 or a mixture of them1 castor oil and cod-liver oil1 are the substances most usually administered in this way4 ,bacc copaifer factiti are officinal in the ,ph4 ,castr4 ,ruth4 ,ratier has proposed to grease them and administer them per anum4 ,ricord has strongly recommended capsules of copaiba1 coated with extract of rhatany1 as much superior to the common ones of copaiba alone1 in the treatment of gleet and gonorrhoea4 ,they may be easily prepared by either of the following methods3 #a4 ,by immersing1 for an instant1 the common capsule in a mixture of extract of rhatany 7newly prepared from the root71 #c parts2 syrup of moist sugar1 #a part2 mucilage of gum ,arabic1 #a part2 melted together in a water bath4 #b4 ,by forming the bodies of the capsules with the above mixture or composition1 instead of with gelatin1 and then following the same manipulations as for the manufacture of the common gelatin capsules4 ,these capsules are said to sit well upon the stomach1 the tone of which they contribute to improve1 and to act with greater certainty than those made of copaiba and gelatin alone4 ,,car',,amel4 ,a dark-brown substance obtained by heating sugar4 ,it is formed during the roasting of all materials containing sugar1 such as coffee and malt4 ,it is much used for colouring soups1 wines1 spirits1 and other liquids4 ,caramel1 ,crude4 ,syn4 ,,spirit ,,colouring1 ,,burnt ,,sugar4 ,prep4 ,from cane sugar1 by heating it to from #daj to #dbh ,fahr41 as long as aqueous vapour is formed2 dissolving the product in water1 and concentrating the solution by evaporation4 ,caramel1 ,pure4 ,prep4 #a4 7,graham47 ,crude caramel1 obtained as above1 is placed on a parchment-paper dialyser4 ,the undecomposed sugar and certain intermediate compounds diffuse out with considerable facility1 and what ultimately remains on the dialyser possesses five times the colouring power of the original crude caramel1 weight for weight4 ,see ,,dialysis4 #b4 7,peligot47 ,add strong alcohol to a filtered aqueous solution of crude caramel until it ceases to produce a precipitate2 collect the precipitate1 which is caramel1 on a filter1 wash with alcohol1 and dry4 ,graham recommends that the product should be dissolved and precipitated four or five times1 or till the mass thrown down1 from being plastic at first1 becomes pulverulent4 #c4 7,j4 ,j4 ,pohl47 ,cane sugar is heated in a spacious metallic vessel by means of an oil bath to #daj or #dai ,fahr4 as long as aqueous vapours escape1 the mass being occasionally stirred with a spatula4 ,the mass is then finely powdered and digested with alcohol for two or three hours2 the digestion is repeated until the fluid no longer tastes bitter4 ,prop4 ,a solution containing #aj of purified caramel is gummy1 and forms a tremulous jelly on standing4 ,evaporated in vacuo1 it dries up into a black shining mass soluble in water2 but if the solution be evaporated to dryness by the heat of a water bath1 the whole matter is rendered insoluble in hot or cold water4 ,a very small proportion of caramel suffices to give a rich sepia tint to water4 ,,car',,at4 ,a weight of #d grains used in weighing diamonds1 which are spoken of as of so many carats weight4 ,among assayers1 a carat is a weight of #ab grains2 but more commonly a proportional weight or term1 representing the number of parts of pure gold in #bd parts of the alloy2 pure gold being spoken of as of #bd carats fine4 ,it is commonly the #bdth part of the assay pound1 and is nominally subdivided into #d assay grains1 and these again into quarters4 ,see ,,assaying4 ,,car',,away4 ,syn4 ,,caraway ,,seed2 ,,se',,mena ,,carui1 ,l42 ,,carui1 ,b4 ,p4 ,the fruit of the ,carum ,carui 7,linn471 an umbelliferous plant1 common in ,england and other parts of ,europe4 ,these fruits1 commonly called seeds1 form an agreeable and useful aromatic and carminative1 and are especially esteemed in the flatulent colic of children4 ,they are also largely employed as an adjuvant or corrective in various officinal preparations2 and as a flavoring ingredient in cakes1 biscuits1 cordials1 confectionery1 c4 ,see ,,essences4 ,,carbazot',,ic ,,acid4 ,see ,,picric ,,acid4 ,,carbol',,ic ,,acid4 ,h4,c#f;,h#e,o4 ,syn4 ,,phenylic ,,acid1 ,,phenic ,,acid1 ,,phenol1 ,,phenylic ,,alcohol1 ,,hydrate ,,of ,,phenyle1 ,,hydrated ,,oxide ,,of ,,phenyle4 ,a powerful antiseptic substance obtained from coal-tar oil4 ,prep4 ,crude1 heavy coal oil is agitated with milk of lime1 allowed to stand1 and the aqueous portion separated from the undissolved oil and decomposed by hydrochloric acid4 ,the oily liquid obtained is purified by distillation4 #a4 ,crude coal oil is distilled in a retort furnished with a thermometer1 and the portion which passes over when the heat ranges between #cjj and #djj ,fahr41 is collected apart1 and mixed with a hot saturated solution of caustic potassa2 after standing for some time1 a semi crystalline pasty mass forms1 from which the supernatant liquid is decanted2 the pasty mass is now agitated with a small quantity of water until dissolved2 the solution thus formed separates into two portions1 the denser of which contains carbolate of potassa2 this being separated by decantation1 is decomposed by hydrochloric acid4 ,the solution of carbolic acid which rises to the surface is digested with chloride of calcium1 to remove water1 and purified by distillation2 the distillate1 by refrigeration1 furnishes crystals of the acid1 which must be drained1 dried1 and preserved from the air4 #b4 ,from salicylic acid4 ,mix intimately together equal weights of salicylic acid and powdered glass2 introduce the mixture into a good ,german retort1 and heat on a sand bath1 gradually raising the heat till it becomes red hot at the bottom4 ,the vapour is condensed in any convenient receiver4 ,if the materials are perfectly dry1 it solidifies to a mass of crystals as soon as it condenses1 but if there be a trace of water present it remains liquid4 ,the slower it distils over the lighter will be the colour1 while if a high temperature be employed it comes over nearly black4 ,it may be rendered colourless and anhydrous by rectification over quick-lime4 ,of late years the manufacture of carbolic acid has increased to a great extent1 and is generally found in a pale yellow clear solution1 instead of as a dark hazy liquid4 ,the pure anhydrous acid is in long1 colourless1 prismatic crystals1 often1 however1 on keeping turning a beautiful pink1 rose1 or crimson1 and which rapidly deliquesce in moist air1 becoming converted into a colourless refractive liquid1 having a faint odour of roses and tar4 ,at #ie ,f4 they become an oily liquid1 having an odour and taste like creosote4 ,sp4 gr4 #ajfe1 boiling point #cgj ,f4 ,exposed to the air the crystals absorb moisture and liquefy4 ,the acid is slightly soluble in water1 but freely soluble in glycerin1 alcohol1 and ether4 ,carbolic acid is poisonous1 and is a powerful antiseptic4 ,tests4--,about a grain of hypochlorite of calcium1 added to a little aqueous solution of carbolic acid1 placed in a test-tube1 produces after agitation1 the addition of a few drops of ammonia1 and the application of a gentle heat1 a bright blue colour with a tinge of green4 ,one drachm of the acid if pure completely dissolves on being shaken with half a pint of warm water4 ,uses4 ,the extraordinary antiseptic properties of carbolic acid have long been known1 but its extended use has been delayed1 owing to the difficulty experienced in obtaining it in considerable quantities4 ,it is now1 however1 principally owing to the labours of the late ,dr ,f4 ,crace ,calvert1 produced on a large scale1 and this chemist has proposed its application to many valuable purposes4 ,as a medical agent it seems to have all the useful properties of creosote in an exalted degree1 with some peculiar actions of its own1 and is being applied with marked success in the ,manchester ,royal ,infirmary and similar institutions1 in cases of chronic diarrhoea1 obstinate vomiting 7even after creosote has failed71 and as a disinfecting wash for ill-conditioned ulcers and gangrenous sores4 ,it has been said to have been used with marked success internally as a remedy for hooping-cough4 ,it has also been applied successfully in cases of foot-rot1 a disease which annually carries off large numbers of sheep4 ,it has been employed for the preservation of gelatin solutions and preparations of size made with starch1 flour1 and similar materials1 and of skins and other animal substances4 ,it appears to act strongly as an antiferment1 and ,dr ,calvert states that it is one of the most powerful preventives of putrefaction with which he is acquainted4 ,commercial creosote is frequently nothing more than hydrated carbolic acid4 ,professor ,lister1 of ,edinburgh1 adopting the germ theory of putrefaction1 and regarding the putrid discharge from wounds as the result of the presence of atmospheric organisms which find a suitable nidus in the decomposing animal tissue exposed by the wound1 seeks to exclude the access of these germs by the use of antiseptics1 particularly of carbolic acid1 the destructive action of which on living organisms is well known4 ,he applies to the wounds dressings of gauze previously prepared with carbolic acid1 additionally using as a lotion the acid1 well diluted with water2 whilst during the dressing of the wounds and the performance of surgical operations carbolic acid is diffused in the form of spray into the surrounding atmosphere with the object of destroying the germs floating in it4 ,antidotes4--,calcined magnesia1 or bicarbonate of soda1 in milk after short intervals4 ,in the absence of these1 chalk1 soap and water1 or the plaster from the ceiling4 ,olive oil additionally4 ,more than fifty per cent4 of the carbolic acid manufactured is used for the purpose of preparing the following pigments and dye materials3-- #a4 ,picric acid4 #b4 ,phenyl brown4 #c4 ,grenat soluble4 #d4 ,coralline4 #e4 ,azuline4 ,these will be found described under ,,tar ,,colours4 ,,car',,bon4 ,c4 ,syn4 ,,carbo',,nium1 ,,car',,bo1 ,l42 ,,charbon1 ,fr42 ,,kohlenstoff1 ,ger4 ,an elementary or simple non-metallic solid body1 very widely diffused through nature4 ,its purest and rarest form is that of the diamond4 ,nearly pure1 it occurs very abundantly in the forms of graphite and anthracite4 ,in combination with oxygen1 as carbonic acid1 it exists in the atmosphere and in the waters of most springs1 also in limestone1 marble1 chalk1 and dolomite4 ,combined with hydrogen1 it enters largely into coal1 peat1 and lignite4 ,it is an essential constituent of organic matter1 and hence it has been termed the organic element4 ,charcoal1 lamp-black1 and coke1 are more or less pure forms of carbon4 ,by strongly igniting lamp-black in a covered crucible the element is obtained sufficiently pure for most chemical purposes4 ,it is best obtained purest by burning a jet of pure olefiant gas in an atmosphere of pure chloride1 collecting the amorphous carbon deposited1 and igniting in vacuo at a red heat4 ,forms several chlorides1 sulphides1 c41 of which the following are the chief3-- ,carbon1 ,protochloride of4 ,obtained from the sesquichloride by subliming it repeatedly through a tube filled with fragments of glass heated to redness4 ,a transparent colourless liquid1 with aromatic odour4 ,carbon1 ,sesquichloride of4 ,c#b;,cl#f4 ,obtained by exposing ,dutch liquid with chlorine1 in a glass vessel1 to the direct rays of the sun1 taking care to renew the chlorine as long as it is absorbed4 ,the liquid is ultimately converted into the sesquichloride of carbon1 which is a white crystalline1 volatile substance4 ,carbon1 ,tetrachloride of4 ,syn4 ,,bichloride ,,of ,,carbon4 ,it may be obtained by passing chlorine 7desiccated by being made to pass through a tube wetted with strong sulphuric acid71 through a bottle containing bisulphide of carbon1 and afterwards through a porcelain tube1 wrapped in sheet copper1 and filled with fragments of broken porcelain1 maintained at a red heat1 by a charcoal or gas furnace1 and condensing the product in a bottle surrounded by ice4 ,a mixture of tetrachloride of carbon and chloride of sulphur is thus obtained4 ,by shaking this mixture with solution of potash1 the chloride of sulphur is decomposed and dissolved1 whilst the tetrachloride of carbon separates1 and falls to the bottom4 ,the upper layer having been poured off1 the tetrachloride may be purified by distillation4 ,tetrachloride of carbon is a colourless liquid1 having a sp4 gr4 #af1 and boiling at #agb ,f4 ,it is insoluble in water1 but dissolves in alcohol and ether4 ,its vapour1 diluted with air1 is employed as an ansthetic4 ,carbon1 ,oxychloride of4 ,c,o,cl#b4 ,syn4 ,,chlo',,rocarbon',,ic ,,acid1 ,,phosgene ,,gas1 ,,chloride ,,of ,,carbonyl4 ,equal measures of carbonic oxide and chlorine are exposed to the direct rays of the sun2 they combine1 and become condensed to half their volume4 ,it is a colourless1 suffocating gas1 which is immediately decomposed by water into carbonic and hydrochloric acids4 ,carbon1 ,sulphide of4 ,,cs#b4 ,syn4 ,,bisulphide ,,of ,,carbon1 ,,carbon ,,disulphide1 ,,sulphuret ,,of ,,carbon4 ,bisulphide of iron 7iron pyrites71 #e parts1 and fresh dry charcoal1 #a part1 are heated together in a stoneware retort1 furnished with a glass tube1 having the end bent1 and passing nearly to the bottom of a bottle or receiver filled with pounded ice4 ,the bisulphide of carbon collects at the bottom of the receiver1 and is then purified from adhering moisture and sulphur by distilling it1 at a low temperature1 from fused chloride of calcium4 ,by passing the vapour of sulphur over fragments of charcoal1 heated to bright redness in a porcelain tube1 and collecting the product as before4 ,sulphide of carbon is best manufactured by means of ,peroncele's apparatus figured in the accompanying drawing4 ,illustration ,a is a fire-clay gas retort supported on the fire-clay block ,b2 ,e and ,e are openings1 one being that of a porcelain tube firmly cemented into the cover of ,a1 serving for the introduction of sulphur2 the other opening is for the introduction of pieces of coke1 with which before the operation commences the retort is filled4 ,the vapours of the sulphide of carbon pass through the tubes ,h and ,i into the vessel ,j1 wherein part of the sulphide is condensed1 and flows through ,k into the flask ,l1 filled with water1 thence through ,m into ,o1 finally being run off by the tap ,n4 ,any vapours not condensed in ,j pass through ,p ,p into the worm ,t1 the condensed sulphide being collected in ,s4 ,the crude sulphide is rectified by redistillation over zinc or perchloride of mercury by means of a steam or water bath4 ,if the perchloride is employed it should remain in contact with the crude sulphide for at least #bd hours before redistillation4 ,prop41 ,uses1 c4 ,a colourless1 pungent1 fetid liquid1 having the sp4 gr4 #abg4 ,it is exceedingly volatile1 boiling at #aahe ,fahr41 and has never been frozen4 ,it is highly inflammable1 burning with a pale-blue flame1 and giving off sulphurous and carbonic-acid gases4 ,it freely dissolves sulphur and phosphorus1 and by spontaneous evaporation deposits the first in beautiful crystals4 ,the solution of phosphorus is much used in electrotyping objects1 which are coated with a conducting film by its means4 ,its refractive power is remarkably high1 and on this account it is employed to fill hollow lenses for spectroscopes and other optical instruments4 ,it produces intense cold by its evaporation4 ,a spirit thermometer1 having its bulb covered with cotton1 if dipped into this fluid and suspended in the air1 rapidly sinks from #fj to #j1 and if put into the receiver of an air-pump it will fall to -#ha ,fahr4 ,a mixture of sulphide of carbon and solid carbonic anhydride forms almost the most powerful frigorific agent known4 ,sulphide of carbon is now prepared on the large scale1 and extensively employed as a solvent4 ,it is thus used for extracting from the cake of fruits and seeds the oil remaining in them after they have been submitted to pressure4 ,the sulphide is subsequently separated from the oil by distillation4 ,in ,algiers it is used for obtaining the essential oils contained in the rose1 jessamine1 and lavender4 ,it is also employed for dissolving the fat from bones1 and from the crude wool4 ,furthermore1 it is an excellent solvent for caoutchouc1 as well as for the ordinary resins4 ,its vapour is employed by agriculturists to kill the larv infesting grain4 ,latterly1 it has been employed as a disinfectant4 a4 ,carbon ,bisulphide as an ,antiseptic4 ,by ,p4 ,zller 7',deut4 ,chem4 ,ges4 ,berl41' ix1 #ajhj-ajhd74 ,the author has continued his experiments on this subject with the object of determining 7#a7 the minimum quantity of bisulphide required1 and 7#b7 whether articles of food preserved by means of it are fit for human consumption4 ,as regards the first point1 he found that meat of all kinds1 and even entire animals1 in quantities up to #bj kilograms1 kept perfectly well for several weeks in vessels of sheet zinc1 into which #e grams of carbon bisulphide had been introduced1 the meat being either simply hung on hooks or wrapped in cloths and laid on perforated shelves in the vessels4 ,probably a smaller quantity of the bisulphide would suffice4 ,meat also kept well for #fb days in a vessel in which carbon bisulphide was liberated by introducing potassium xanthate and dilute sulphuric acid4 ,freshly baked bread1 vegetables1 and fruits of all kinds 7asparagus1 radishes1 young beans1 cucumbers1 strawberries1 raspberries1 currants1 cherries1 peaches1 apricots1 lemons1 c471 and juices of fruits kept perfectly well in glass vessels1 into which carbon bisulphide has been introduced1 in the proportion of #e-aj drops for each litre of capacity4 ,bread1 vegetables1 and fruit thus preserved are fit to eat after simple exposure to the air1 and cannot be distinguished by taste or other qualities 7except a slight loss of colour in some fruits7 from fresh bread1 c4 ,meat retains even after exposure to air the disagreeable odour of carbon bisulphide4 ,but besides this odour1 which disappears on boiling or roasting1 the meat has a slight smell of the volatile fatty acids and the taste of game4 ,to most people1 however1 this taste is not unpleasant4 ,the presence of fatty acids is to be attributed to decomposition taking place in the interior of the meat1 and not preventable by the carbon bisulphide1 the function of which is merely to kill germs present in the air or on the surface of substances submitted to its influence4 b4 ,by ,hugo ,schiff 7',deut4 ,chem4 ,ges4 ,ber41' ix1 #hbh74 ,cocoons of silkworms which had been killed by exposure to the vapours of carbon disulphide underwent no change during six months' keeping in flasks in the laboratory4 ,the bodies of some pigs which had been used for physiological experiments were put into a stoppered vessel with a few c4 c4 of carbon disulphide in #ahfi1 and have been perfectly preserved without decomposition4 ,the same result was obtained with a lizard #ce-de centimetres long1 which had been suffocated accidentally in #ahfi1 and was bottled whole4 ,in this case a small quantity of liquid collected at the bottom of the vessel1 and the green hue of the skin became a dirty greyish green1 but not the slightest putrefaction occurred4 ,similar results were obtained with the intestines of poultry immersed in water in #ahgb with a little carbon disulphide1 in a bottle with a greased stopper2 with a lump of beef weighing #bjj grams2 and with the body of a finch killed with paraconine4 ,the beef yielded a normal flesh fluid1 and was eaten by a dog without hesitation even after several months4 ,purification4--#a4 ,it is stated that the odour of sulphide of carbon can be readily removed by allowing it to stand over mercury or corrosive sublimate for some time1 and then redistilling4 #b4 ,the following method by ,kern is stated by him to be the best for purifying sulphide of carbon3--,the impure product is well mixed in a tall glass vessel with some lead nitrate1 and with a small quantity of metallic lead4 ,when the salt turns dark the liquid is poured into another vessel with a fresh quantity of the lead salt2 and so on until the salt remains nearly white while mixed with the liquor4 ,the sulphide of carbon is then placed in a retort1 and distilled over into a well-cooled receiver4 #c4 ,m4 ,yvon proposes a process which consists in adding copper turnings to the sulphide2 no slaking is necessary4 ,the sulphide soon becomes nearly colourless1 and loses its usually unpleasant odour4 ,miller says reduced copper produces the same result4 ,carbon sulphide is employed therapeutically in doses of #b drops1 gradually increased to #e1 as a sudorific in rheumatism4 ,it is also dropped 7#dj to #ej drops7 on the part1 to promote the reduction of strangulated hernia4 ,externally1 it is employed in liniments for rheumatic pains4 ,,car',,bonate1 a salt in which the hydrogen of 7hypothetical7 carbonic acid 7,h#b;,,co#c7 is replaced by a metal or other basic radical4 ,prep41 c4 ,the processes by which the commercial carbonates and many others are prepared are described under the respective bases4 ,most of the earthy carbonates are found abundantly in nature4 ,in general the salts of this class may be formed by adding an alkaline carbonate to a salt of the metal in solution by double decomposition4 ,prop4 ,the carbonates of the alkalies are soluble in water2 those of the other bases are for the most part insoluble1 except the water is highly charged with carbonic acid4 ,from most of them carbonic anhydride or anhydrous carbonic acid can be easily expelled by heat4 ,tests4 ,the carbonates are easily distinguished by the following reactions3--,they dissolve with effervescence in hydrochloric acid and in most other acids2 in some cases a gentle heat is required to promote the disengagement of the gas4--,the gas evolved in the last1 passed into lime water and baryta water1 occasions white precipitates1 which redissolve in acids with effervescence1 and after the solution has been boiled are not reprecipitated by liquor of ammonia4--,chloride of calcium and chloride of barium give white precipitates in solutions of the neutral alkaline carbonates1 but in solutions of the alkaline bicarbonates only after ebullition2 and the precipitates are readily soluble with effervescence in acetic acid4 ,estim4 ,the quantity of the metal in an alkaline or earthy carbonate may be easily determined by the ordinary volumetric methods of alkalimetry 7which see71 and the quantity of carbonic acid1 by the method of ,fresenius and ,will 7see ,,alkalimetry74 ,the apparatus figured on next page1 or preferably that shown in the article on ,,alkalimetry1 may be used instead of the more complicated contrivance of the ,german chemists4 ,a weighed sample of the carbonate to be examined is placed in the flask a along with a little water1 and the small tube1 b1 filled with either sulphuric or hydrochloric acid1 is carefully introduced4 ,the cork1 with its chloride of calcium tube1 d1 is then fitted to the flask1 and the whole apparatus very accurately weighed4 ,on inclining the apparatus the acid escapes over the side of the small tube1 and mixing with the liquor in the flask1 expels the carbonic acid of the carbonate1 which is then dried by passing over the chloride of calcium4 ,after effervescence has ceased heat should be applied to the bottom of the flask1 until it be filled with steam1 to expel the carbonic gas it contains4 ,the loss of weight gives the weight of the carbonic acid gas that was contained in the sample4 ,the quantity of carbonic acid in the carbonates of the metals that do not contain water may be determined by heating them to redness in a platina crucible4 ,illustration3 a1 ,flask containing the sample of carbonate for examination1 stopped by a closely fitting cork1 through which passes the bent tube c4 b1 ,a small tube1 sufficiently long to maintain a slanting position without falling1 filled with sulphuric or hydrochloric acid4 c1 ,a bent tube1 connecting the flask with d4 d1 ,horizontal tube1 filled with small fragments of fused or dried chloride of calcium1 with a fine orifice at the extremity e4 ,,carbonic ,,acid4 ,h#b;,,co#c4 ,true carbonic acid has not yet been obtained in any satisfactory condition1 although the solution of carbonic anhydride 7often called carbonic acid71 or anhydrous carbonic acid1 is generally regarded as such4 ,it forms with bases an important series of salts1 called the carbonates1 by double decomposition4 ,,carbonic ,,anhydride4 ,,co#b4 ,syn4 ,,carbonic ,,acid1 ,,carbon ,,dioxide1 ,,fixed ,,air1 ,,choke ,,damp2 ,,acide ,,carbonique1 ,fr42 ,,kohlen ,s,,ure1 ,ger4 ,a compound formed by the chemical union of carbon and oxygen4 ,hist4 ,van ,helmont recognised carbonic acid as a peculiar gas4 ,dr ,black1 in #ageg1 proved that it was a constituent of limestone1 and gave it the name of fixed air2 he also showed that the causticity of alkalies depended on its absence4 ,bergmann first described it as an acid1 applying to it the term arial acid4 ,lavoisier1 in #aggf1 established its true nature1 and gave it the name it now bears4 ,faraday1 in #ahbc1 by pressure at an extremely low temperature1 reduced carbonic acid to a liquid1 and a few years later ,thiloria and ,brunel obtained it in the solid form4 ,nat4 ,hist4 ,carbonic acid is a constituent of the atmosphere1 its presence being essential to the existence of vegetable life on the globe4 ,it issues from the earth in many situations1 as the ,grotto del ,cane in ,italy1 the ,valley of ,poison in ,java1 and near the ,lake of ,laach in ,germany4 ,it gives to many mineral springs their sparkling brilliancy1 and is held in solution by all natural waters4 ,combined with the bases1 lime and magnesia especially1 it exists in large quantities in the crust of the earth4 ,it is the chief product of combustion1 and one of the products of fermentation4 ,it is always being exhaled by animals in the process of respiration1 and in smaller quantities by plants at night or in the shade4 ,it forms the terrible choke-damp or after-damp of the coal mines4 ,it is the gas disengaged during the effervescence of soda water and other arated drinks1 and the cause of the freshness of newly-drawn beer4 ,prep4 ,hydrochloric acid1 #a part1 diluted with water1 #d or #e parts1 is poured upon fragments of white marble1 previously placed in a suitable generating apparatus4#bcg ,footnote #bcg3 ,a large flask1 provided with a bent glass tube for conveying the gas1 and a tube-funnel for introducing the acid1 is the most convenient form of apparatus4 ,a tubulated retort may be used1 but the generating flask or bottle is to be preferred4 ,carbonic acid is rapidly evolved1 and may be collected1 with some loss1 over water in the pneumatic trough4 ,if required dry1 the gas must be passed over fragments of fused chloride of calcium1 placed in a large tube1 or through a small quantity of concentrated sulphuric acid1 and collected by displacement or over mercury4 ,from oil of vitriol1 #a part2 water1 #f parts2 and chalk or whiting1 #a-a_/d part2 mixed in a suitable vessel1 applying agitation4 ,prop4 ,under ordinary conditions carbonic acid is a colourless1 non-inflammable1 irrespirable gas1 possessing a slightly pungent odour1 and an acidulous taste4 ,water absorbs its own volume of this gas1 and by pressure may be made to take up enormous quantities1 forming carbonated or arated water4 ,its sp4 gr4 is #aebj2 hence it may be poured from one vessel to another like water4 ,by a pressure of thirty atmospheres at #cb ,fahr4 it is liquefied1 the pressure required decreasing as the temperature gets lower4 ,at -#id ,fahr4 it solidifies into a vitreous transparent mass4 ,carbonic acid1 even when greatly diluted with air1 cannot be inhaled without insensibility following4 ,an atmosphere containing more than its natural quantity of gas 7#a part in #bejj parts by measure7 acts upon the system as a narcotic poison2 hence the danger of over-crowded rooms4 ,it is a non-supporter of combustion1 at once extinguishing a lighted candle1 gas-jet1 or even a piece of burning phosphorus1 when these are placed in a jar of the gas4 ,tests4 ,it feebly reddens litmus paper1 extinguishes the flame of a burning taper1 and forms a white precipitate in aqueous solutions of lime and baryta1 which is soluble in acetic acid4 ,by the last test a very small quantity of this gas may be easily detected in the atmosphere of rooms1 c4 ,a lighted candle is generally used to test an atmosphere suspected to contain carbonic acid3 but it is found that air that will support combustion will contain sufficient of this gas to cause insensibility4 ,ant41 c4 ,the patient should be immediately removed into the open air1 and placed on his back with the head slightly raised4 ,cold water should be dashed over the body1 hot water or mustard poultices applied to the feet1 and ammonia 7carefully7 to the nostrils4 ,brandy-and-water and other stimulants may be administered4 ,continued friction on the surface of the body is also very useful4 ,if the patient has ceased to breathe artificial respiration should be attempted4 ,this may be done by gently pressing down the ribs1 and forcing up the diaphragm1 and then suddenly withdrawing the pressure4 ,the inhalation of air1 mixed with very little chlorine gas1 has also been recommended4 ,wells1 cellars1 or other underground apartments1 containing carbonic acid in poisonous quantities1 may be freed from this gas by pumping it out in the same way as water1 observing to allow the suction hose to fully reach the floor or bottom of the place4 ,fresh slaked lime or milk of lime1 copiously thrown in1 will have a like effect1 by absorbing the gas4 ,free ventilation1 whenever it can be established1 is1 however1 not only the cheapest1 but the most efficient remedy4 ,see ,,asphyxia4 ,,carbon',,ic ,,oxide4 ,,co4 ,syn4 ,,protoxide ,,of ,,carbon1 ,,carbon ,,monoxide1 ,,ga',,seous ,,oxide ,,of ,,carbon2 ,,oxy',,dum ,,carbon',,icum1 ,l4 ,a gaseous compound of carbon and oxygen1 containing less oxygen than is contained in carbonic acid4 ,prep4 #a4 ,from carbonic acid gas passed over fragments of charcoal1 heated to redness in a tube of porcelain or iron4 #b4 ,from crystallised oxalic acid1 gently heated with #e or #f times its weight of strong sulphuric acid in a glass retort4 #c4 ,from ferrocyanide of potassium in fine powder1 and #h or #aj times its weight of concentrated sulphuric acid1 heated together in a glass retort4 ,obs4 ,all the processes except the last give a mixture of carbonic acid and oxide4 ,it is therefore necessary to pass the gas through a caustic alkaline solution or milk of lime to deprive it of carbonic acid4 ,it may then be passed over dried chloride of calcium1 to deprive it of moisture4 ,it may be collected either over mercury or water1 as the latter absorbs very little of this gas4 ,prop4 ,carbonic oxide is colourless1 inodorous1 neutral1 inflammable1 and irrespirable4 ,it is extremely poisonous1 #a mixed with air being sufficient to cause dangerous drowsiness4 ,the deaths produced by the combustion of charcoal in close rooms are now attributed to this gas4 ,the antidotes1 c41 are the same as for poisoning from inhaling carbonic acid4 ,,car',,buncle4 ,a larger sized and dangerous form of boil1 attended by extensive sloughing4 ,the treatment consists in lancing1 poulticing1 and the adoption of a generous diet1 with wine and stimulants4 ,the safer plan1 however1 is to seek the advice of a medical man4 ,,car',,buretted ,,hy',,drogen4 ,see ,,hydrogen4 ,,card',,amom4 ,syn4 ,,card',,amum2 ,,cardamo',,mum1 ,b4 ,p4 ,the seed or fruit of the ,elettaria ,cardamomum forms the officinal cardamom4 ,it is warm1 pungent1 carminative1 and stomachic1 and is largely used as a condiment in the ,east1 and in ,europe as an adjuvant in other medicines4 ,several kinds of cardamoms used medicinally and as spices are produced by the genus ,amomum1 belonging to the natural order ,zingiberace1 the ,ginger family4 ,,card',,board4 ,cardboard1 or sized pasteboard1 is made of two to fifteen sheets of sized paper1 pressed and stained4 ,there are varieties of cardboard known as ,bristol-board1 ,london-board1 the former being largely used for water-colour drawings1 mounting-board1 ornamental board1 c4 ,,car',,minatives4 ,medicines that allay flatulency and spasmodic pains4 ,among the principal carminatives are ,,aniseed1 ,,caraway ,,seed1 ,,cardamoms1 ,,cassia1 ,,cinnamon1 ,,ginger1 ,,peppermint1 and the ,,peppers4 ,to these may be added ,,ardent ,,spirits1 and most of the ,,aromatic ,,essences and ,,tinctures4 ,see ,,mixtures1 ,,patent ,,medicines1 c4 ,,car',,mine4 ,syn4 ,,carmine ,,red1 ,,vegetable ,,scarlet2 ,,carmi',,num1 ,l4 ,a beautiful red pigment prepared from the cochineal insect4 ,prep4 ,the preparation of carmine is little understood1 but success in its manufacture depends less on any mystery connected with the process than on the employment of the purest water and the best materials1 and the exercise of moderate care1 dexterity1 and patience4 ,the following forms will produce carmine of the richest hues down to ordinary and common1 according to the skill possessed by the manipulator4 #a4 7,madame ,cenette's process47 ,cochineal 7in powder71 #b lbs41 is boiled in pure river water1 #ae galls41 for #b hours1 when refined saltpetre 7bruised71 #c oz41 is added to the decoction1 and the whole boiled for #c or #d minutes longer2 salt of sorrel1 #d oz41 is next added1 and the boiling again renewed for #aj or #ab minutes2 the heat is now removed1 and the liquid allowed to settle for about #d hours1 after which time it is decanted with a syphon into shallow plate-like vessels1 and set aside for three weeks4 ,at the end of this time the film of mould which has formed on the surface is dexterously and carefully removed1 without breaking it or disturbing the liquid beneath it4 ,the remaining fluid is next very carefully removed with a syphon1 and the adhering moisture1 as far as possible1 drained off1 or sucked up with a pipette4 ,the residuum1 which is the carmine1 is dried in the shade1 and possesses extraordinary lustre and beauty4 #b4 7,alxon or ,langlois' process47 ,powdered cochineal1 #a lb41 is boiled in river water1 #d galls41 for #aj minutes1 when carbonate of soda1 #c_/d oz41 dissolved in water1 #a pint1 is added1 and the whole again boiled for #a_/b hour longer2 when the decoction is cold1 alum 7in fine powder71 #c_/d oz41 is thrown in1 and the liquid agitated rapidly until it is entirely dissolved2 after #bj minutes' repose it is decanted into another vessel1 and clarified by heating it with the whites of #b eggs2 the perfectly clear liquid is then allowed to repose for #dj minutes or longer1 when it is decanted1 and the carmine which it has deposited is collected1 drained on a filter1 and dried on shallow plates covered with silver paper4 ,the product by either of the above processes varies from #i-a_/b to #aj on the weight of the cochineal employed in them4 #c4 7,china or ,spirit process47 ,cochineal1 #a lb41 is boiled for #ae minutes1 in water1 #c galls41 powdered alum1 #a dr41 is next added1 and the whole again boiled for #e or #f minutes2 when the liquid has become cold1 the clear portion is decanted1 and again heated1 the solution of tin 7spirits of tin7 cautiously dropped in until all the carmine is precipitated2 it is collected1 drained1 and dried1 as before4 ,prod4 #a-a_/b oz4 #c4 7,french process47 ,from cochineal 7in powder71 #a lb41 boiled for #ae minutes1 in water1 #c galls42 cream of tartar 7in powder71 #a oz41 is then added1 the boiling further continued for #aj minutes1 and powdered alum #a-a_/b oz41 thrown in2 after another #b minutes' boil the heat is withdrawn1 and in #e or #f minutes more the clear portion is decanted into porcelain vessels1 which are set aside until the carmine falls down4 #d4 7,german process47 ,powdered cochineal1 #a lb41 water1 #d galls42 boil #ae minutes1 add powdered alum1 #a oz42 boil #c minutes longer1 remove the heat1 allow the liquor to settle for #e minutes1 pour off the clear portion into porcelain or earthenware vessels1 and set them aside for #c or #d days4 ,the carmine is found deposited on the bottom of the vessel1 and must be now carefully drained and dried1 as before4 ,the decanted liquor yields more carmine by standing in fresh vessels4 ,product4 ,about #a-a_/b oz42 besides #a_/b oz41 or more1 of an inferior quality obtained as a second deposit4 #e4 7,english process47 ,from cochineal1 #a lb41 and carbonate of potash1 #a_/b oz41 boiled in water1 #g galls41 for #ae minutes2 the vessel is then removed from the fire1 and powdered alum1 #a oz41 added2 the liquor is then well agitated and allowed to settle for about #ae minutes longer2 the clear liquid is next decanted into a clean copper1 and isinglass1 #a_/b oz41 dissolved in water1 #a pint 7and strained71 added2 as soon as a coagulum forms upon the surface1 the heat is removed1 and the liquid is strongly agitated with a bone or silver spatula1 after which it is allowed to repose for #bj or #cj minutes4 ,the deposited carmine must be drained and dried1 as before4 ,obs4 ,the best black cochineal is generally used for the preparation of carmine4 ,for ordinary qualities spirits of tin 7bichloride7 is added to the decoction as a precipitant1 and the liquid being put into suitable vessels 7wash-hand basins answer very well71 a deposit of carmine slowly takes place4 ,neither exposure to solar light nor artificial heat is advisable during the drying1 but the latter must nevertheless be effected with all possible expedition4 ,hence the finer shades of carmine can only be successfully made during certain states of weather2 as in very hot weather the liquid rapidly sours or ferments1 and the deposit is more or less dissolved2 whilst in dull1 damp weather it is difficult to dry the precipitate sufficiently1 which is then apt to become mouldy1 and to lose colour4 ,the researches of ,pelletier and ,caventou tend to show that the solution of tin used as a precipitant should be at the maximum of oxidation or chlorination1 to produce the richest shades of carmine4 ,that first deposited is1 in all cases1 the most beautiful1 and the quality gradually deteriorates as the process proceeds4 #f or #g dr4 only of carmine of the very finest quality can hence be obtained from #a lb4 of cochineal4 ,prop41 c4 ,pure carmine is a very light1 lustrous1 scarlet powder1 entirely soluble in ammonia1 a test by which its purity is readily determined4 ,mr ,warren ,de la ,rue says the pure colouring principle of cochineal is carminic acid4 ,by digesting ammonia on carmine until all the colour is taken up1 filtering and adding acetic acid and alcohol1 till the whole is precipitated2 and lastly1 carefully washing the precipitate with spirit of wine1 at proof1 and drying in the shade1 carmine of the richest and most lustrous hue may be obtained even from samples of inferior quality4 ,uses1 c4 ,as a pigment in velvet and miniature painting1 and for tinting artificial flowers1 and as rouge for the complexion4 ,the powdered cochineal 7carmine grounds71 from which the coloured liquor 7liquid rouge1 carmine liquor7 has been decanted1 is used by the paper stainers1 and both are used in the preparation of carminated lake4 ,carmine1 ,blue4 ,see ,,indigo4 ,carmine1 ,li'quid4 ,syn4 ,,fluid ,,carmine1 ,,liquid ,,rouge1 ,,carmine ,,ink4 ,prep4 #a4 ,a solution of carmine in ammonia water1 or spirits of hartshorn4 ,very rich and beautiful4 #b4 ,the residual liquor of the process of making carmine4 ,inferior4 ,the first is used in velvet and miniature painting1 and for tinting artificial flowers2 the second for common purposes1 as a stain or wash4 ,carmine1 ,pur'ple4 ,see ,,murexide4 ,,carmin',,ic ,,acid4 ,c#ad;,h#ad,o#h4 ,prep4 7,w4 ,de la ,rue47 ,the powdered insect1 after treatment with ether to remove the fat1 is digested in water4 ,the decoction of cochineal is precipitated by adding a solution of acetate of lead1 and the impure carminate of lead thus formed1 after being washed with water1 is suspended in water1 and decomposed by a stream of sulphuretted hydrogen2 the whole process is repeated with the decanted solution so obtained2 the second solution is then evaporated to dryness 7in vacuo over sulphuric acid71 dissolved in absolute alcohol1 digested on some washed crude carminate of lead 7to separate a little phosphoric acid71 and1 lastly1 mixed with ether 7to precipitate some nitrogenised matter72 the residuum obtained by careful evaporation 7in vacuo7 is pure carminic acid4 ,prop41 c4 ,a purple-brown mass1 yielding a rich-red powder2 it is freely soluble in water and alcohol2 slightly soluble in ether2 and without decomposition in oil of vitriol2 it is feebly acid2 its salts are termed carminates1 only two or three of which have been examined4 ,according to ,mr ,de la ,rue1 this acid constitutes the pure colouring matter of cochineal4 ,,carnauba ,,root4 ,the root of the corypha cerifera1 a wax-bearing palm1 growing on the shores of the ,rio ,francisco1 in ,brazil4 ,dr ,c4 ,symes 7see ',pharmaceutical ,journal1' #crd series1 v1 #ffa7 says3--,two bales of this root have been imported into ,liverpool1 with the following remarks in ,portuguese3--,this root is recognised by the professor as an excellent purifying agent1 and has been successfully applied in the cure of various diseases arising from impurity of the blood4 ,we are indeed astonished that it is not more widely known1 as its therapeutic qualities1 which are worthy of full credence1 rival those of sarsaparilla4 ,the carnauba root likewise has a diuretic power1 and possesses unusual efficacy1 in the cure of acute and chronic blennorrhoeas4 ,it is1 furthermore1 very cooling1 and displays a vigorous action in purifying the blood4 ,mr ,cleaver1 who submitted the root to analysis1 found it to contain very minute quantities of an alkaloid1 an acrid resinous body1 a red colouring matter1 a variety of tannic acid1 and a small portion of volatile oil4 ,,caroba4 ,the leaves of a tree belonging to the family ,bignoniace1 employed in ,brazil as a diaphoretic1 diuretic1 and alterative tonic4 ,dr ,alt states that he has used them extensively1 and with much success1 in old-standing cases of syphilitic eruptions1 and after a course of mercurial treatment4 ,they are usually administered either in the form of powder or decoction4 ,,carot',,ine4 ,c#ah;,h#bd,o4 ,a crystalline1 copper-red substance1 obtained from the root of the ,daucus carota 7sativa7 or garden carrot4 ,it is tasteless2 odourless2 neutral2 fusible2 inflammable2 insoluble in ether and water2 slightly soluble in alcohol2 and very soluble in the mixed and volatile oils4 ,,car',,pets4 ,consideration of cleanliness and economy demand a few words on carpets and hearth-rugs4 ,we are assured by an experienced person that before proceeding to sweep a carpet1 a few handfuls of waste tea-leaves should be sprinkled over it 7say some five or six minutes before74 ,a stiff hair broom or hair brush only should be employed unless the carpet be very dirty1 when a whisk or carpet-broom may be used first1 followed by another made of hair1 to take off the loose dust4 ,the frequent use of a stiff carpet-broom 7those made of cane or birch are here alluded to7 soon wears off the beauty of the best carpet4 ,an ordinary clothes-brush1 or a clean one1 resembling the dirt brush used for shoes1 is best adapted for superior carpets4 ,when carpets are very dirty they should be cleaned by shaking and beating4 ,if you must have a carpet1 take it up two or three times a year1 instead of once4 ,a dirty carpet literally infects the room3 if you consider the enormous quantity of organic matter from the feet of people coming in1 which must saturate it this is by no means surprising4 7,miss ,nightingale47 ,in laying down carpets it is very advisable1 at first1 to cover the floor beneath them with large sheets of thick paper1 so as to prevent dust from rising between the boards4 ,old drugget1 sacking1 matting1 or any similar substance1 will effect the same purpose1 and will1 moreover1 materially increase the durability of the carpet1 by preserving it from the contact of the hard floor4 ,,brussels ,,carpets may be cleaned with ox-gall 7#a pint to a pailful of water71 and a scrubbing-brush1 and floor-cloth2 afterwards rinsing them in fresh water applied in the same way4 ,they should be previously perfectly freed from dust by beating1 and should be nailed down before commencing the above operations4 ,great care should be taken to rub them as dry as possible with a clean dry floor-cloth4 ,a small portion only should be done at a time1 and a dry windy day selected for the purpose4 ,a carpet treated in this manner will be greatly refreshed in colour1 particularly the greens4 ,,kidderminster ,,carpets will scarcely bear the above treatment without becoming so soft as to get speedily dirty again4 ,this may in some measure be prevented by brushing them over with a hot weak solution of size in water1 to which a little alum has been added4 ,curd soap1 dissolved in hot water1 may be used instead of ox-gall1 but it is more likely to injure the colours if produced by false dyes4 ,when there are spots of grease on the carpeting they may be covered with curd soap1 dissolved in boiling water1 and rubbed with a brush until the stains are removed1 when they must be cleaned with warm water as before4 ,the addition of a little gall to the soap renders it more efficacious4 ,some persons employ a mixture of soap1 fuller's earth1 and turpentine1 for the same purpose4 ,benzol rapidly removes the grease stains1 and may be advantageously substituted for preparations of soap4 ,,car',,rageen4 ,syn4 ,i'',,rish ,,moss2 ,,chondrus1 ,l4 ,the ,chondrus crispus of botanists1 a well-known alga or seaweed4 ,it contains a large proportion of a peculiar jelly1 called carrageen'in or pect'in4 ,this may be purified by agitation with dilute alcohol and filtration4 ,the jelly forms an agreeable article of diet4 ,it is used to a limited extent for thickening colours in calico printing4 ,in medicine1 carrageen is used in the form of a jelly and decoction as a demulcent1 and is often prescribed in pulmonary complaints4 ,see ,,fixature1 ,,alg1 ,,paste1 ,,syrup4 ,,car',,rot4 ,syn4 ,,caro',,ta1 ,l4 ,the seed is carminative and diuretic2 the expressed juice of the root is anthelmintic4 ,scraped raw carrot is sometimes employed as a stimulant application to sore nipples2 the boiled root as a poultice to sores and tumours4 ,as an article of food1 unless young and well dressed1 carrots are rather indigestible4 ,carrots can be kept for many months if the tops are cut out1 and they are then placed in damp sand4 ,analysis of ,carrots4 ,water #hgcj ,albumenoids #jff ,cellular tissue1 gum1 and non-nitrogenous substance #bef ,sugar #eed ,fibre #cbj ,mineral matters #gd ------ #ajjjj ,,car',,thamin4 ,c#ad;,h#af,o#g4 ,syn4 ,,pure ,,rouge1 ,,saf',,flower ,,carmine1 ,,safflower ,,lake4 ,the red colouring matter of ,carthamus tinctorius or safflower1 formerly much used as a dye1 particularly in the form of pink saucers for dyeing stockings4 ,prep4 #a4 ,safflower1 exhausted by washing it with water 7or with water acidulated with acetic acid71 is dried1 coarsely pulverised1 and the powder digested in a weak solution of carbonate of sodium2 pieces of clean white cotton or calico are then immersed in the solution1 and acetic acid gradually added in slight excess2 the cotton is next washed1 dried1 and digested in a fresh quantity of dilute solution of carbonate of sodium1 and agitation employed until the whole of the colour is again dissolved2 the new solution is filtered and slightly super-saturated with citric acid 7or acetic acid72 the carthamin1 which falls down in rich carmine-red flocks1 is lastly washed with cold distilled water1 and dried4 #b4 ,washed safflower 7dried and powdered71 any quantity2 aqueous solution of carbonate of sodium 7containing #ae of carbonate71 q4 s4 to form a thick paste2 after some hours press out the red liquor1 nearly neutralise it with acetic acid1 put in cotton as before1 and add acetic acid in slight excess2 the next day remove the cotton and wash it in water holding in solution #e of carbonate of sodium1 until the colour is dissolved out1 after which precipitate with citric acid1 as before4 ,prop41 c4 ,an amorphous1 brilliant1 greenish powder2 nearly insoluble in water1 soluble in alcohol1 forming a gorgeous purple solution1 and in weak alkaline lyes giving an equally beautiful red one4 ,,car',,thamus4 ,syn4 ,,saf',,flower4 ,in botany1 a genus of composite plants1 the most important species of which is ,carthamus tinctorius1 the safflower4 ,the florets of this yield a beautiful pink dye 7see above71 and are sometimes used to adulterate hay saffron4 ,the cake saffron of the shops consists entirely of safflower and mucilage4 ,the fruits1 commonly called seeds1 yield by expression the useful oil known in ,india as ,koosum oil4 ,,carum 7,,ptychotis7 ,,ajowan4 ,ind4 ,ph4 ,syn4 ,,ajwain or ,,omum ,,plant4 ,habitat4 ,tropical ,africa8 ,much cultivated in ,india4--,officinal part4 ,the fruit 7,fructus ,ptychotis1 ,ajwain fruit74 ,occurs in the form of minute umbelliferous fruits1 which1 examined with a lens1 are seen to be covered with prominent tubercles1 extremely aromatic1 evolving1 when rubbed1 a strong odour resembling that of common thyme4 ,taste somewhat bitter1 and very pungent4 ,its virtues reside in a volatile oil4--,properties4 ,valuable stimulant1 carminative1 and antispasmodic4--,therapeutic uses4 ,in flatulence1 flatulent colic1 atonic dyspepsia1 and diarrhoea1 it is a remedy of much value4 ,,oil ,,of ,,ajwain1 or ,,omum 7,oleum ,ptychotis74 ,the oil obtained by distillation from the fruit4 ,recently prepared1 colourless1 but soon acquires a yellowish tinge4 ,it has the odour of the fruit1 and an acrid burning taste4 ,sp4 gr4 about #jhh4--;,dose1 #a to #c drops on sugar or in emulsion4 ,,ajwain1 ,,or ,,omum ,,water 7,aqua ,ptychotis74 ,take of ajwain fruit1 bruised1 #bj oz42 water1 #b galls4 ,distil a gallon4--,dose1 #a to #b fluid ounces4 ,a valuable carminative2 also useful in disguising the taste of disagreeable drugs1 especially castor oil1 and obviating their tendency to cause nausea and griping4 ,,caryoph',,yllin4 ,c#aj;,h#af,o4 ,syn4 ,,clove ,,camphor1 ,,clove ,,resin4 ,a crystalline substance1 isomeric with ordinary camphor1 which deposits from oil of cloves in needles4 ,,caryoph',,yllus4 ,see ,,clove4 ,,cascaril',,la4 ,syn4 ,,cascarill ,,cortex 7,b4 ,p471 ,l4 ,the bark of ,croton eleutheria or the seaside balsam1 a tree growing in the ,bahamas and ,jamaica4 ,it is an aromatic bitter1 stomachic1 and tonic--,dose1 #aj gr4 to #cj gr41 in the form of powder1 infusion1 or tincture2 in diarrhoea1 dysentery1 dyspepsia1 low fevers1 intermittents1 c4 ,,cascaril',,line4 ,syn4 ,,cascaril',,lina4 ,prep4 7,duval47 ,cascarilla is exhausted with cold water by percolation1 precipitated with acetate of lead1 and the filtrate treated with sulphuretted hydrogen2 the filtered liquid1 after agitation with animal charcoal and filtration1 is gently evaporated to dryness4 ,the powder is redissolved in boiling alcohol and crystallised by very slow or by spontaneous evaporation4 ,it has a bitter taste and acid reaction2 its aqueous solution is unaffected by the ferric salts and tincture of galls4--,dose1 #a to #c gr42 in dyspepsia1 c4 ,,case-,,hard',,ening4 ,syn4 ,,steel ,,sur',,facing4 ,the operation of giving a surface of steel to iron goods4 ,tools1 fire-irons1 fenders1 keys1 c41 are usually case-hardened4 ,process4 #a4 ,the goods 7finished in every respect but polishing7 are put into an iron box1 and covered with animal or vegetable charcoal1 and cemented at a red heat for a period varying with the size and description of the articles operated on3 these1 when taken out1 are hardened by plunging into water1 or oil1 if they are of a delicate nature4 #b4 7,moxon47 ,cow's horn or hoof is baked or thoroughly dried and pulverised2 to this is added an equal quantity of bay salt1 and the whole is made into a paste with stale chamber-lye1 or white wine vinegar2 the iron is covered with this mixture1 and bedded in it1 in loam1 or inclosed in an iron box4 ,in this form it is laid on the hearth of the forge to dry and harden1 then it is put into the fire1 and blown till the lump has a blood-red heat 7no higher74 ,it is hardened as before4 #c4 ,coat the goods with a paste made of a concentrated solution of prussiate of potash and loam2 then expose them to a strong red heat1 and when it has fallen to a dull red1 plunge the whole into cold water4 #d4 ,the goods1 previously polished and finished1 are heated to a bright-red1 and rubbed or sprinkled over with prussiate of potash4 ,as soon as the prussiate appears to be decomposed and dissipated the articles are plunged into cold water4 ,obs4 ,the process of case-hardening has been well conducted when the surface of the metal proves sufficiently hard to resist a file4 ,the last two plans are a great improvement upon the common method4 ,by the topical application of prussiate of potash 7ferrocyanide of potassium7 any part of a piece of iron may be case-hardened without interfering with the rest4 ,case-hardening ,powders4 ,syn4 ,,case-,,hardening ,,compositions4 #a4 ,prussiate of potash1 dried and powdered4 #b4 ,prussiate of potash1 #c parts2 sal-ammoniac1 #a part2 mix4 #c4 ,sal-ammoniac and bone-dust1 of each #b parts2 prussiate of potash1 #a part4 7,see above47 ,,ca',,sein4 ,syn4 ,,ca',,seum1 ,,ca',,sein1 ,,lactalbu',,men1 ,,albumen ,,of ,,milk4 ,the nitrogenous principle of milk4 ,cheese made from skimmed milk and well pressed is nearly pure casein4 7,liebig47 ,prep4 #a4 ,the curd obtained by adding dilute sulphuric acid to milk is well washed and dissolved in carbonate of soda4 ,it is allowed to stand for #bd hours1 to let the oil rise to the surface1 and when this is properly skimmed off1 the casein is precipitated by an acid4 ,the process is repeated a second time1 and the coagulum digested with alcohol and ether1 and dried4 ,with all these precautions the casein still contains some saline matter which cannot be removed4 #b4 ,milk is coagulated by hydrochloric acid1 and the curd then well washed with dilute acid1 and finally with pure water4 ,the curd so prepared is dissolved by digestion at #aaj ,fahr41 with a large quantity of water2 the solution1 after filtration1 is coagulated with carbonate of ammonia2 the coagulum is washed with water1 ether1 and alcohol1 and finally dried4 ,prop41 c4 ,coagulated casein is readily dissolved by the alkalies and alkaline carbonates4 ,the most remarkable property of casein is its coagulation by certain animal membranes1 as in the process of cheese-making with rennet4 ,see ,,lactarin4 ,,casks4 ,the care and management of casks is an important affair in a large establishment4 ,it is found that they last longest when stored either in a dry situation1 or in one uniformly very moist4 ,continual variations from the one to the other speedily rot them4 ,as soon as casks are emptied they should be bunged down quite air-tight1 with as much care as if they were full1 by which means they will be preserved both sweet and sound4 ,should any of the hoops become loose they should be immediately driven up tight1 which will at once prevent the liability of their being lost or misplaced1 as well as the casks fouling or becoming musty from the admission of air4 ,for this purpose those out of use should be occasionally hauled over and examined4 ,numerous plans are adopted for ,,cleaning and ,,purifying ,,casks1 among which are the following3-- #a4 ,wash them well out with oil of vitriol1 diluted with an equal weight of water4 #b4 ,wash them first with a little chloride of lime and warm water1 and then with water soured with oil of vitriol4 #c4 ,match them with sulphur1 or with sulphur mixed with a little saltpetre4 #d4 ,unhead them and whitewash them with fresh milk of lime1 made pretty strong4 ,this plan is commonly followed for brewers' vats4 #e4 ,remove the heads1 and char the insides of the staves by the aid of a fire of shavings kindled within them4 #f4 ,a simpler1 safer1 and more effectual method of charring them than the last is to wash the dry casks out with strong oil of vitriol 7sp4 gr4 #ahed74 ,this not only purifies the surfaces of the staves1 but penetrates into all the cracks1 some of which might escape the action of the fire4 #g4 ,steam has lately been applied to the insides of casks with great advantage4 ,high-pressure steam is driven in at the bung-hole1 at the same time that the cask is violently agitated 7a heavy chain having been previously put into it71 until all the dirt and bad smell is removed4 #h4 ,a lye of pearlash or soda1 mixed with milk of lime1 as well as strong hot brine1 and other similar liquors1 have been adopted by some persons1 and are highly spoken of4 #i4 ,the coopers boil the staves for gin casks in a strong lye of alum before placing them together1 to prevent their colouring the spirit1 but washing with oil of vitriol is a better plan4 #aj4 ,some persons fill musty casks with water and add #c or #d lbs4 of coarsely powdered fresh burnt charcoal1 and agitate well for a few days4 #aa4 ,wash with bisulphite of lime4 ,obs4 ,in all the above processes the greatest care must be taken to scald or soak and well rinse out the casks after the treatment described4 ,see ,,brewing ,,utensils1 ,,sporokton1 ,,matches1 c4 ,,cas',,sareep4 ,the expressed juice of the sweet cassava1 concentrated by heat and flavoured with aromatics4 ,it is used in the ,west ,indies as a condiment4 7,see below47 ,,cas',,sava4 ,a poisonous shrub cultivated in the ,west ,indies and in many parts of ,south ,america for the sake of the starchy matter contained in its roots4 ,it belongs to the natural order ,euphorbiace1 and is known to botanists under the names ,manihot utilissima 7,pohl71 ,janipha manihot 7,humboldt71 and ,jatropha manihot 7,linn471 the former being that now generally adopted4 ,the name bitter cassava is commonly given to it in the ,west ,indies1 to distinguish it from another species of the same genus1 ,manihot aipi 7,pohl71 which1 from having no poisonous properties1 is named the sweet cassava4 ,the roots of both species yield the starch1 but those of the poisonous plant are the richer4 ,the roots1 after being well washed and scraped1 are rasped or grated1 and the pulp thus formed is subjected to strong pressure1 to expel the poisonous juice which it contains4 ,the compressed pulp is next thoroughly dried over the fire1 being constantly stirred the whole time1 by which any remaining portion of the noxious juice is either volatilised or decomposed4 ,it now forms ,,cassava ,,meal4 ,when it is further prepared by grinding1 it forms ,,fine ,,cassava ,,meal or ,,cassava ,,flour4 ,when the compressed pulp is baked on a hot plate1 it forms ,,cassava ,,bread or ,,cassava ,,cakes1 the flavour of which greatly resembles that of ,scotch oat-cakes4 ,see ,,tapioca4 ,,cas',,sia4 ,in botany1 a genus of the natural order ,leguminos1 including several important medicinal plants4 ,the purging cassia1 ,cassia fistula 7,linn471 produces pods containing a soft1 blackish pulp4 7,see below1 also ,,senna47 ,cassia ,pulp4 ,syn4 ,,cassia ,,pr,,para',,ta1 ,,cassi ,,pulpa 7,b4 ,p471 ,l4 ,prep4 ,the cassia 7pods or fruit71 broken lengthwise1 are macerated in sufficient distilled water to cover them for six hours1 constantly stirring2 and the purified pulp strained through a hair sieve1 and evaporated to the consistence of a confection in a water bath4--,dose4 ,as a mild laxative1 #a to #b dr42 as a purgative1 #c_/d oz4 to #a-a_/b oz4 ,,cas',,solettes 7,scented74 ,see ,,pastilles and ,,perfumery4 ,,cas',,tor4 ,syn4 ,,casto'',,reum1 ,l4 7,b4 ,p47 ,the follicles of the prepuce of the ,castor fiber or beaver1 filled with a peculiar secretion4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,a peculiar secretion from the prputial follicles4 7,ph4 ,e4 and ,d47 ,it is often sophisticated2 a fraud readily detected by the absence of the membranous partition in the interior of the bags1 as well as by the altered smell and taste4 7,ure47 ,russian castor1 which is very rare1 may be distinguished by a tincture of #a-afth part in alcohol1 being of the colour of deep sherry1 while that with ,american castor is of the colour of ,london porter4 7,pereira47--,dose1 #a to #b dr4 or more1 in powder or made into pills2 in nervous and spasmodic affections1 especially in hysteria1 epilepsy1 and other like diseases of females4 ,,castor ,,cake4 ,the crushed and closely-pressed seeds of the ,ricinus communis1 after the expression of the oil1 are said to be sometimes employed as a cattle food1 and have the following composition3-- ,moisture #iie ,organic matter #hajg ,phosphate of lime and magnesia #ddi ,alkaline salts #ahj ,sand #bfi ------ #ajjjj ,this cake1 even when mixed with large quantities of linseed cake1 c41 is intensely poisonous4 ,a pupil of the ,editor states1 however1 that in ,india castor cake1 after exposure to the sun1 is commonly and safely used as a food for cattle4 ,,cas',,tor ,,oil4 ,see ,,oils4 ,,cas',,torin4 ,syn4 ,,castorin',a1 ,,castoreum ,,camphor4 ,when castor is cut into small pieces and boiled in about #f times its weight of alcohol1 crystalline substance 7castorin7 is deposited by the filtered tincture in cooling4 ,by re-solution in alcohol it may be obtained under the form of colourless1 prismatic1 acicular crystals4 ,obs4 ,genuine ,russian castor1 although the most expensive1 must be employed in the above process1 as scarcely any castorin can be obtained from the ,american variety4 ,prop41 c4 ,castorin has the odour of castor1 and a coppery taste2 it is inflammable1 and is soluble both in ether and hot alcohol4 ,,casts4 ,in preparing casts and moulds with gelatin1 wax1 fusible metal1 and similar substances1 it is important to use them at the lowest temperature compatible with fluidity2 as when only a few degrees hotter the water which adheres to the things from which the casts are taken is converted into vapour1 and produces bubbles4 ,fusible metal may be allowed to cool in a teacup until just ready to set at the edges1 and then poured into the moulds4 ,in this way beautiful casts from moulds of wood1 or of other similar substances1 may be procured4 ,when taking impressions from gems1 seals1 c41 the fused alloy should be placed on paper or pasteboard1 and stirred about till it becomes pasty1 from incipient cooling1 at which moment the gem1 die1 or seal should be suddenly stamped on it1 and a very sharp impression will then be obtained4 ,,catalep',,sy4 ,syn4 ,,trance2 ,,catalep',,sis1 ,,catalep',,sia1 ,l4 ,a disease in which the organs of sense and motion cease to exercise their functions1 and the heart and lungs feebly perform their offices1 and in a scarcely perceptible manner4 ,the paroxysm generally comes on without previous warning1 and its duration varies from a few minutes to several days1 and if medical reports are to be credited1 sometimes for a much longer period4 ,dr ,cullen seriously affirms that this disease is always counterfeited4 ,treat4 ,ammoniacal stimulants applied to the nostrils1 and spirituous liquors injected into the stomach1 with general friction of the body1 and free access to pure air are the best remedies4 ,electricity and galvanism should also be had recourse to when the necessary apparatus is at hand4 ,,cat',,aplasms4 ,see ,,poultices4 ,,cat',,aract4 ,an opaque condition of the lens of the eye4 ,it is a common cause of blindness4 ,it can only be cured by a surgical operation4 ,,catarrh'4 ,syn4 ,,catarrh',,us1 ,l4 ,the cold in the head1 or cold on the chest1 of domestic medicine4 ,influenza is a severer form of this complaint1 and has been called epidemic catarrh4 ,the common symptoms of catarrh are a copious discharge from the eyes and nose1 a hoarseness1 and generally a cough1 more or less severe4 ,the exciting causes are sudden changes of temperature and exposure to currents of cold air while the body is heated2 hence the frequency of colds in hot and changeable weather4 ,treat4 ,a light diet should be adopted1 and animal food and fermented and spirituous liquors should be particularly avoided4 ,some mild aperient should be administered2 and when the symptoms are severe1 or fever or headache is present1 small diaphoretic doses of antimonials1 accompanied by copious draughts of diluents1 as barley water1 weak tea1 or gruel should be taken4 ,this treatment1 except in very bad cases1 will generally effect a cure4 ,in ,,horses catarrh is caused by sudden changes of temperature1 draughts1 and faulty ventilation4 ,let the animal have plenty of cool fresh air1 the body being kept warm by means of horse-cloths and bandages4 ,if necessary1 give a mild physic-ball1 or a clyster2 keep it on a soft1 laxative diet1 and give it an ounce of nitre daily4 ,should there be sore throat or troublesome cough apply a mild blister of cantharides or mustard4 ,the following will be found a serviceable mixture3--,mendererus spirit1 #a-a_/b oz42 sweet spirit of nitre1 #b drachms2 syrup of sugar1 #a_/b oz42 camphor mixture1 enough to make a #f-oz4 mixture4 ,an adult may take two table-spoonfuls of this mixture every #c or #d hours4 ,should the cold in the head be severe and accompanied with cough1 it has been recommended to inhale the vapour of pure washed ether by drawing it alternately into the nostrils from a wide-mouthed bottle holding about an ounce1 and clutching it in the warm hand until about a fourth of the ounce has been volatilised4 ,this repeated two1 three1 or four times in #dh hours is said to effect a cure within that time4 ,persons liable to colds are advised to use the cold bath4 ,dr ,ferrier's ,remedy for a ,cold in the ,head4--,hydrochlorate of morphia1 #b gr42 powdered gum ,arabic1 #b drachms2 subnitrate of bismuth1 #f drachms4 ,mix4 ,let a very small quantity be sniffed up the nose every five minutes for #bj or #cj minutes4 ,another remedy3 ,carbolic acid1 #aj drops2 tincture iodine2 chloroform1 of each #g-a_/b grams4 ,place a few drops in a test-tube1 and heat cautiously over a spirit-lamp1 and when it boils remove1 and inhale by the nose4 ,repeat after a few minutes4 ,two inhalations are said to be sufficient to cure a cold in the head4 7',year-book of ,pharmacy4'7 ,,cat',,echin4 ,syn4 ,,catechu',,ic ,,acid1 ,,resinous ,,tan',,nin4 ,when cubical gambir or catechu1 in powder1 is treated with cold water1 a portion remains undissolved4 ,this is catechin4 ,by repeated solutions in alcohol it may be obtained under the form of white1 silky1 acicular crystals4 ,prop41 c4 ,catechin strikes a green colour with the salts of iron1 but does not precipitate gelatin4 ,when dissolved in caustic potassa1 and the solution exposed to the air1 it absorbs oxygen1 and japonic acid is formed4 ,if1 instead of caustic potassa1 carbonate of potassa is employed1 it is converted into rutic acid4 ,,cat',,echu4 ,syn4 ,,cas'',,hew1 ,,cutch1 ,,gam',,bir2 ,,cat',,echu 7,ph4 ,l4 ,e4 ,d471 ,,ter',,ra ,,japon',,ica1 ,l42 ,,cachou1 ,fr4 ,the extract from the wood of ,acacia ,catechu1 or from the leaf of ,uncaria ,gambir4 7,,pale ,,catechu1 ,catechu ,pallidum1 ,b4 ,p47 ,also of the kernels of areca catechu2 probably1 too1 from other plants4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,the term is now applied to several extracts similar in appearance and properties to that of ,acacia ,catechu4 ,there are several varieties of catechu known in commerce1 of which the principal are-- ,,catechu1 ,,bombay4 ,firm1 brittle1 dark brown1 of a uniform texture1 and a glossy1 semi-resinous1 and uneven fracture1 ,sp4 gr4 #aci4 ,richness in tannin1 #eb4 ,,catechu1 ,,bengal4 ,rusty brown colour externally2 porous1 and more friable than the preceding4 ,sp4 gr4 #abh4 ,richness in tannin1 #die4 ,,catechu1 ,,malabar4 ,resembles the last in appearance1 but is more brittle and gritty4 ,sp4 gr4 #adj4 ,richness in tannin1 #dee4 ,of the above varieties the first is the one generally employed in medicine1 and which commonly passes by the name of catechu4 ,the second popularly passes under the name of terra ,japonica 7,japan earth71 from the old belief that it was of mineral origin4 ,,catechu1 ,,pale1 is prepared at ,singapore and in the ,eastern ,archipelago4 ,it generally occurs in cubical reddish-brown pieces1 porous1 bitter1 and astringent in taste4 ,entirely soluble in boiling water2 the solution1 when cold1 is not rendered blue by iodine4 ,of #ajj parts1 only #fj are dissolved by cold water1 and the solution is bright4 ,thirty parts of isinglass precipitate the whole of the astringent matter4--,test4 ,sp4 gr4 #aci4 ,the pale catechu being already in the ,edin41 the ,b4 ,p4 #ahfd retained it with the black2 but the black is the one adopted by all other pharmacopoeias1 and is preferred in the arts and manufactures2 it is well known to be far superior to the pale in astringency1 and is always to be had of good quality2 it is therefore a matter of surprise and regret that it has been rejected from the ',british ,pharmacopoeia4' 7,squire47 ,estim4 ,it is often of importance to the tanner and dyer to determine the richness of this article in tannic acid or tannin4 ,the following are two simple methods3-- #a4 ,exhaust a weighed sample 7in powder7 with ether1 and evaporate by the heat of a hot-water bath4 ,the product1 which is the tannin1 must then be accurately weighed4 #b4 ,dissolve the sample 7in powder7 in hot water1 let it cool out of contact with the air1 filter1 and add a solution of gelatin as long as a precipitate falls4 ,the precipitate1 after being washed and dried at a steam heat1 contains #dj of tannin4 ,uses1 c4 ,catechu is extensively employed in medicine1 both internally and externally1 as an astringent4 ,it is used to flavour ,british brandy1 and by the tanners as a substitute for oak bark4 ,with it the dyer produces1 inexpensively1 many of his most pleasing browns4 ,alum mordants are mostly employed in dyeing with catechu4 ,the salts of copper with sal-ammoniac cause it to give a ,,bronze ,,colour1 which is very fast2 the protochloride of tin1 a ,,brownish ,,yellow2 the perchloride of tin1 with the addition of nitrate of copper1 a ,,deep-,,bronze ,,hue2 acetate of alumina1 alone1 a ,,reddish ,,brown1 and with nitrate of copper1 a ,,reddish-,,olive ,,grey2 nitrate of iron1 a ,,dark-,,brown ,,grey4 ,for dyeing a ,,golden ,,coffee-,,brown1 it has entirely superseded madder2 #a lb4 of it being equivalent to #f lbs4 of this root4 7,ure47--,dose1 #aj gr4 to #cj gr4 in solution1 in water1 or made into a bolus1 or sucked as a lozenge4 ,,cat',,gut4 ,the prepared and twisted intestines of animals4 ,prep4 ,the guts1 taken whilst warm from the animal1 are thoroughly cleaned1 freed from adherent fat1 and well rinsed in pure water4 ,they are next soaked for about #b days in water1 after which they are laid on a table and scraped with a copper plate1 having a semicircular notch1 beginning the operation at the smaller end4 ,in this way the mucous and peritoneal membranes are removed4 ,the guts are then put into fresh water1 and soaked until the next day1 when they are again scraped1 the larger ends cut off1 and after well washing1 again steeped for a night in fresh water1 and then for #b or #c hours in a weak lye of pearlash or potash 7#b oz4 to the gall47 ,they are lastly washed in clean water1 and passed through a polished hole in a piece of brass to smooth and equalise their surface2 after which they are twisted1 and sorted1 according to the purposes for which they are intended4 ,for many purposes the prepared gut is dyed or sulphured1 and rubbed with olive oil4 ,it improves by age4 ,red or black ink1 or any of the simple dyes or stains1 are used to colour it4 ,uses1 c4 ,catgut is employed in several of the arts4 ,the strings of harps1 violins1 c41 are formed of this material4 ,whipcord is made from catgut1 which is sewed together while soft with the filandre or scrapings1 after which it is put into a frame and twisted4 ,bowstrings for hatmakers are made out of the largest intestines1 #d to #ab of which are twisted together1 until the cord is extended to #ae to #be feet in length4 ,it is then rubbed perfectly smooth and free from knots1 half dried1 sulphured twice1 again stretched and sulphured1 and lastly dried in a state of tension4 ,clock-makers' cords are made of the smallest intestines in a similar manner4 ,the best fine catgut is made at ,venice or ,rome1 from the intestines of thin1 sinewy sheep4 ,that made in ,england is formed from the fat sheep killed for the shamble1 and is1 hence1 inferior4 ,coarse catgut1 for turning lathes1 c41 is made from the intestines of horses1 cut into #d or #e strips1 by forcing a ball furnished with projecting knives placed cross-wise along them4 ,these strips are next twisted1 dried1 and rubbed smooth with fish skin4 ,gutta percha and vulcanised india rubber are now applied to many of the purposes formerly exclusively occupied by catgut4 ,,cathar',,tics4 ,see ,,purgatives4 ,,cathar',,tin4 ,the purgative principle of senna1 first noticed by ,lassaigne and ,fenuelle4 ,a strong aqueous infusion of senna leaves is evaporated to the consistence of a syrup1 out of contact with the air2 this fluid extract is then digested in alcohol or rectified spirit1 and the tincture1 after filtration1 is evaporated to dryness by a gentle heat4 ,prop41 c4 ,a reddish-coloured1 uncrystallisable mass2 having a peculiar odour and a bitter1 nauseous taste2 freely soluble in both water and alcohol1 and strongly cathartic4 ,two or three grs4 cause nausea1 griping1 and purging4 ,it has been proposed to employ it1 combined with aromatics1 as a cathartic4 ,,cath',,eters4 ,small tubes introduced into the bladder for the purpose of drawing off its contents4 ,they may be regarded as hollow bougies4 ,prep4 #a4 ,a piece of smooth catgut1 or steel wire1 bent to the proper shape1 is coated with melted wax4 ,when cold it is dipped repeatedly into an ethereal solution of india rubber1 until a sufficient thickness is obtained1 after which it is dried by a gentle heat1 and then boiled in water to melt out the wax1 and to allow the catgut to be withdrawn4 ,a solution of india rubber in bisulphide of carbon is now generally employed instead of an ethereal solution4 #b4 ,from slips of india rubber1 as directed under ,,bougies4 #c4 ,a smooth tissue of silk is woven over a bent wire1 and then coated with a surface of india rubber1 or elastic varnish1 and finished off as before4 ,see ,,bougies4 ,,caudle4 ,gruel enriched by various additions4 ,prep4 #a4 ,thick oatmeal gruel mixed with about one half its weight of good mild ale 7made hot71 and as much sugar1 and mace1 nutmeg1 or ginger1 as will make it agreeable4 #b4 ,to the last add an egg1 well beaten4 #c4 ,sugar1 #c or #d lumps2 hot water1 a table-spoonful2 dissolve2 add #a egg2 beat well together2 further add a glass of wine and a little nutmeg or ginger2 mix well1 and stir the mixture into good gruel 7hot71 #c_/d pint4 ,uses1 c4 ,a nourishing and restorative mixture during convalescence1 much used among certain classes after accouchement4 ,it is an excellent domestic remedy for colds1 c41 unaccompanied with fever2 for which purpose it should be taken on retiring to rest at night1 preceded by a dose of castor oil during the day4 ,,cauliflower4 ,like the cabbage1 the cauliflower forms a very nutritious article of diet2 rich in albumenoids and phosphates4 ,the ash1 as will be seen from the subjoined analysis1 contains a large amount of mineral matter3-- ,ash of ,cauliflower4 ,potash #cdci ,soda #adgi ,magnesia #bch ,lime #bif ,phosphoric acid #behd ,sulphuric acid #aaaf ,silica #aib ,phosphate of iron #cfg ,chloride of sodium #bgh ,,caus',,tic4 ,syn4 ,,caus',,ticum1 ,,escharot',i-,,cum1 ,l4 ,a substance that corrodes or destroys the texture of organised bodies4 ,this action is popularly termed burning4 ,the principal caustics are nitrate of silver1 caustic potassa1 a mixture of caustic potassa and quick-lime1 sulphate of copper1 red oxide of mercury1 verdigris1 tincture of sesquichloride of iron1 chloride of zinc1 chloride of antimony1 nitric acid1 acetic acid1 and carbolic acid4 ,use4 ,caustics are employed to remove excrescences1 morbid growths1 granulations1 c41 as corns1 warts1 and proud flesh2 and to open issues1 abscesses1 c4 ,the first1 second1 and fourth are applied by gently rubbing them on the part previously moistened with water2 the third is commonly made into a paste1 with rectified spirit or glycerin1 before application2 red oxide of mercury and verdigris 7in the form of powder7 are often sprinkled over foul and indolent ulcers2 whilst the acids and other liquid caustics are applied with a feather1 camel-hair pencil1 or glass rod4 ,the same applies to the liquid preparations below4 ,in all cases care should be taken to confine the application to the affected part4 ,caustic1 ,ammoni'acal4 ,see ,,ointments1 and ,,caustic1 ,,gondret',s4 ,caustic1 ,antimo''nial4 ,syn4 ,,causticum ,,antimonia',,le1 ,l4 ,chloride of antimony4 ,caustic1 ,arsen'ical4 ,syn4 ,,causticum ,,arsenica',,le1 ,c4 ,,arsenio',,sum1 ,c4 ,a4 ,,compos',,itum1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,see ,,caustic1 ,,plunket',s4 #b4 7,cutan4 ,hosp47 ,calomel1 #b-a_/b oz42 red sulphide of mercury1 #a dr42 arsenious acid1 #a dr4 to #b dr4 #c4 7,van ,mons47 ,arsenious acid1 #f dr42 dragon's blood1 #b dr42 animal charcoal1 #a-a_/b dr42 cinnabar1 #c oz4 #d4 7,ratier47 ,arsenious acid1 #a part2 kino1 #h parts2 cinnabar1 #af parts4 ,the ingredients of the last three must be separately reduced to fine powder1 and then carefully mixed4 ,they are favourite applications on the ,continent1 in cases of cancer1 cancerous sores1 obstinate lepra1 c4 ,they are either dusted over the part1 or are made into a paste with mucilage or the saliva1 and applied like an ointment on a piece of rag or lint2 due caution being observed1 and the effects watched4 ,the last is much used in the ,french hospitals4 ,caustic1 ,canquoin's4 ,see ,,zinc ,,caustic4 ,caustic1 ,canthar'ides4 ,syn4 ,,causticum ,,canthar',,idis1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,powdered cantharides made into a paste with concentrated acetic acid4 #b4 7,cutan4 ,hosp47 ,tannin1 #a oz42 cantharides 7powdered71 #b oz42 strong acetic acid1 #h oz42 digest a week1 and strain4 ,blisters4 ,caustic1 ,common4 ,see ,,potassa 7,,hydrate ,,of71 and ,,caustic ,,of ,,potassa ,,with ,,lime4 ,,caustic1 ,,duville',s4 ,prep4 #a4 ,aloes1 #e oz42 proof spirit1 #aj oz42 oil of vitriol1 #f oz42 mix4 #b4 ,aloes 7in powder71 #b-a_/b oz42 rum1 #a_/d pint2 mix1 and the next day add1 oil of vitriol1 #a oz4 ,a favourite caustic in veterinary practice2 especially in foot-rot4 ,caustic1 ,filho's4 ,prep4 ,from caustic potassa1 #b parts2 quick-lime 7in powder71 #a part2 melt together in a ladle1 mix well1 and pour it into small leaden tubes1 the size of a large swan-quill4 ,when cold1 coat each piece with melted beeswax1 to exclude the air4 ,used as a strong caustic in veterinary practice4 ,it is applied like nitrate of silver4 ,caustic1 ,golden4 ,syn4 ,,caustic ,,of ,,chloride ,,of ,,gold2 ,,causticum ,,aur',,eum1 ,c4 ,,aur'',,ii ,,chlor',,idi1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,recamier47 ,terchloride of gold1 #f gr42 nitro-hydrochloric acid1 #a oz42 dissolve4 #b4 7,legrand47 ,as the last1 but using nitric acid4 ,both are recommended as caustics in syphilitic1 scrofulous1 and scorbutic ulcers1 cancerous growths1 c42 applied by means of a dossil of lint4 ,caustic1 ,gondret's4 ,syn4 ,,gondret',s ,,ammoni',,acal ,,caustic2 ,,pommade ,,de ,,gondret1 ,fr42 ,,causticum ,,ammoniaca',,le1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,see ,,ointment1 ,,ammoniacal4 #b4 7,original formula47 ,almond oil1 #b dr42 suet1 #d dr42 lard1 #f dr42 melt together in a wide-mouthed bottle1 cool a little1 add solution of ammonia1 #ab dr42 and agitate until cold4 ,a powerful rubefacient and counter-irritant2 used to produce an immediate revulsion4 ,if covered with a compress1 it raises a blister in #d or #e minutes4 ,caustic1 ,i'odine4 ,syn4 ,,causticum ,,iodin',,ii1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,lugol47 ,iodine and iodide of potassium1 of each #a part2 water #b parts2 dissolve4 ,used in similar cases to iodine paint1 and to scrofulous growths and ulcers4 ,caustic1 ,lu''nar4 ,syn4 ,,la',,pis ,,inferna',,lis1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,nitrate of silver fused and formed into sticks by pouring it into moulds4 #b4 7,e4 ,r4 ,squibb47 ,nitrate of silver fused with a small quantity of chloride of iron1 and formed into sticks or points4 ,the chloride of iron gives toughness to the caustic4 ,caustic1 ,mercu''rial4 ,syn4 ,,caustic ,,of ,,nitrate ,,of ,,mercury2 ,,causticum ,,ac',,idi ,,hydrar'',,gyri ,,nitra',,tis1 ,c4 ,h4 ,,deutronitratis1 ,l4 ,from mercury1 #a part2 commercial nitric acid1 #b parts2 dissolve4 #b4 7,cutan4 ,hosp47 ,mercury1 #a part2 nitric acid 7sp4 gr4 #ae71 #b parts4 #c4 7,p4 ,c47 ,as ,no4 #a1 but evaporating the solution to #c_/dths its weight4 ,these liquids are applied with a pencil or lint1 in scrofulous and syphilitic ulcers and eruptions1 and in lupus1 psoriasis1 lepra1 and other obstinate skin diseases2 but their use requires great care4 #d4 7,with arsenic4--,cutan4 ,hosp47 ,mercury1 #a_/b oz42 nitric acid1 #a_/b oz42 arsenious acid1 #a_/b dr42 as before4 ,caustic1 ,ni'tric4 ,syn4 ,,solid',,ified ,,nitric ,,acid2 ,,causticum ,,ni',,tricum1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,dr ,rivallie47 ,concentrated nitric acid is gradually dropped on a piece of lint1 placed in a saucer or glass2 as soon as the lint is gelatinised1 it is pressed into a suitable shape with a glass rod1 and applied to the part2 it must be removed in #ae minutes4 ,in cancerous tumours1 fungoid growths1 c4 ,caustic1 ,o''piated4 ,syn4 ,,causticum ,,opia',,tum1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,common caustic 7potassa with lime71 #d dr42 powdered opium1 #a dr42 soft soap1 q4 s4 to make a paste4 ,applied to fungous ulcers4 ,caustic1 ,plunket's4 ,upright crowfoot and lesser spear-wort1 of each #a oz42 sulphur1 #e scrup42 white arsenic 7in very fine powder71 #a dr42 beat to a smooth paste1 form it into balls1 and dry them in the sun4 ,in cancer2 a portion of one of the balls is reduced to powder1 which is mixed up with yelk of eggs1 and applied on a piece of bladder4 ,caustic of ,potassa with ,lime4 ,syn4 ,,vienna ,,paste4 ,rub together equal parts of hydrate of potash and quick-lime1 and keep the powder in a well-stoppered bottle4 ,caustic1 ,poten'tial4 ,fused caustic potassa4 ,caustic1 ,recamier's4 ,see ,,caustic1 ,,golden4 ,caustic1 ,sulphu''ric4 ,syn4 ,,causticum ,,sulphu'',,ricum1 ,c4 ,,ac',,idi ,,sulphu'',,rici1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,plaster of ,paris made into a paste with oil of vitriol4 #b4 ,saffron1 lint1 or unsized paper1 soaked in oil of vitriol1 and triturated to a plastic mass4 ,caustic1 ,zinc4 ,syn4 ,,caustic ,,of ,,chloride ,,of ,,zinc1 ,,dr ,,canquoin',s ,,cancer ,,caustic2 ,,causticum ,,zinc',i1 ,c4 ,z4 ,,chlorid',i1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,dr ,canquoin47--a4 ,from chloride of zinc1 #a dr42 flour1 #b dr42 made into a stiff paste with water1 q4 s4 b4 ,from chloride of zinc1 #a dr42 flour1 #c dr42 water1 q4 s42 as the last4 c4 ,from chloride of zinc1 #a dr42 flour1 #d dr42 water1 q4 s42 as before4 d4 ,from chloride of zinc1 #b dr42 chloride of antimony1 #a dr42 flour1 #e dr42 as before4 ,powdered opium may be mixed with either of the preceding to mitigate the pain4 #b4 7,alex4 ,ure47 ,as above1 but substituting plaster of ,paris for the flour there ordered4 ,uses1 c4 ,as a caustic in cancer1 lupus1 skin-marks 7nvi71 c4 ,it is formed into small cakes or wafers not exceeding #a or #b lines in thickness1 one of which is applied to the part1 and allowed to remain on from #f to #ab hours1 when it is removed1 and the part covered with a poultice4 ,it produces an eschar1 often exceeding a quarter of an inch in depth4 ,the chlorides must be in the form of powder1 and well mixed with the flour previously to adding the water4 ,the last 7,no4 #a1 d7 is recommended in nodulated cancerous tumours4 ,,caus',,tics 7,ve'terinary74 ,in veterinary practice1 any of the substances enumerated in the forgoing list may be employed2 but nitric acid1 sulphuric acid1 carbolic acid1 chloride of zinc1 and nitrate of silver1 are those most commonly used4 ,see ,,veterinary ,,medicines4 ,,cav',,iare4 ,syn4 ,,cav',,iar1 ,,cav',,iale4 ,the salted roe of several species of sturgeon4 ,it is much esteemed by the ,russians1 as well as by some other nations of northern ,europe1 and is occasionally eaten as a delicacy in this country4 ,it is1 however1 very oily1 indigestible1 and unwholesome4 ,,cayenne'4 ,see ,,capsicum1 ,,peppers4 ,,cedar-,,wood 7,oil of74 ,see ,,oils4 ,cedar-,wood 7,tincture of74 ,see ,,tinctures4 ,,ce',,drat4 ,see ,,liqueurs4 ,,ce',,drene and ,,ce',,drola4 ,the oil of cedar-wood1 by careful distillation1 is separable into two substances--a solid crystalline compound 7cedrola71 and a volatile liquid hydrocarbon 7cedrene74 ,the first may be converted into the other by distillation with phosphoric anhydride4 ,,cellulares4 ,in botany1 a name given to cryptogams1 or flowerless plants1 upon the supposition that they consist entirely of cells4 ,,cel',,lulose4 ,see ,,lignin4 ,,cement'4 ,syn4 ,,cement',,tum1 ,l4 ,any substance which1 when applied to the surfaces of other bodies1 causes them to adhere together when placed in contact4 ,those referred to below are amongst the most useful preparations of this class4 ,the term cement is also applied by builders and architects to several species of mortars and like compositions employed either to unite stones and bricks into masses1 or as a protective covering against the weather or water1 or to make statues1 cornices1 and similar ornamental articles4 ,in general the thinner the stratum of interposed cement1 the stronger is the junction of the surfaces operated on4 ,this caution is necessary1 as in their anxiety to unite broken articles persons generally defeat themselves by spreading the cement too thickly on the edges of the fracture2 whereas the least possible quantity should be used1 so as to bring the edges as close as possible together4 ,cement1 ,al'abaster4 #a4 ,prom plaster of ,paris 7in fine powder71 made into a cream with water1 and at once applied4 #b4 ,yellow resin1 #b parts2 melt and stir in plaster of ,paris1 #a part4 #c4 ,yellow resin1 beeswax1 and plaster of ,paris1 equal parts4 #d4 ,resin1 #h parts2 wax1 #a part2 melt and stir in plaster of ,paris1 #d parts1 or q4 s4 #e4 ,sulphur or shell-lac1 melted with sufficient plaster of ,paris or colouring matter to give the desired shade4 ,used to join or mend pieces in alabaster1 white marble1 ,derbyshire spar1 porphyry1 and other like substances2 and to fill up cracks1 supply chips out of corners1 c4 ,the last four are applied hot1 the surfaces to be united having been previously warmed4 ,see ,,cement1 ,,waterglass4 ,cement1 ,architect'ural4 #a4 ,from paper 7reduced to a smooth paste by boiling it in water71 sifted whiting1 and good size1 equal parts1 boiled to a proper consistence4 #b4 ,paper paste1 size1 and plaster of ,paris1 equal parts2 as before4 ,obs4 ,this is a species of papier-mach4 ,it is used to make architectural ornaments1 busts1 statues1 columns1 c4 ,it is very light1 and receives a good polish1 but will not stand the weather unless it is well varnished or painted4 ,cement1 ,arme'nian4 ,syn4 ,,diamond ,,cement1 ,,persian ,c41 ,,turkish ,c41 ,,jewellers' ,c4 ,the jewellers of ,turkey1 who are mostly ,armenians1 have a singular method of ornamenting watch-cases1 c41 with diamonds and other precious stones1 by simply gluing or cementing them on4 ,the stone is set in silver or gold1 and the lower part of the metal made flat1 or to correspond with the part to which it is to be fixed2 it is then gently warmed1 and the glue is applied1 which is so very strong that the parts thus cemented never separate4 ,this glue will strongly unite pieces of glass and china1 and even polished steel1 and may be applied to a variety of useful purposes4 ,prep4 #a4 7,original ,armenian formula2 ,eton47 ,dissolve five or six bits of gum mastic1 each the size of a large pea1 in as much rectified spirit of wine as will suffice to render it liquid2 and1 in another vessel1 dissolve as much isinglass1 previously a little softened in water 7though none of the water must be used71 in ,french brandy or good rum1 as will make a two-ounce phial of very strong glue1 adding two small bits of gum galbanum or ammoniacum1 which must be rubbed or ground till they are dissolved4 ,then mix the whole with a sufficient heat4 ,keep the glue in a phial closely stopped1 and when it is to be used set the phial in boiling water4 #b4 7,keller's ,,armenian ,,cement47 ,soak isinglass1 #a_/b oz41 in water1 #d oz41 for #bd hours2 evaporate in a water bath to #b oz42 add rectified spirit1 #b oz41 and strain through linen2 mix this1 whilst warm1 with a solution formed by dissolving gum mastic 7best71 #a_/d oz41 in rectified spirit1 #b oz42 add of powdered gum ammoniac #a dr41 and triturate together until perfectly incorporated1 avoiding loss of the spirit by evaporation as much as possible4 #c4 7,ure's ,,diamond ,,cement47 ,isinglass1 #a oz42 distilled water1 #f oz42 boil to #c oz41 and add rectified spirit1 #a-a_/b oz42 boil for a minute or two1 strain1 and add1 while hot1 first a milky emulsion of ammoniac1 #a_/b oz41 and then tincture of mastic1 #e dr4 #d4 ,isinglass soaked in water and dissolved in spirit1 #b oz4 7thick72 dissolve in this #aj gr4 of very pale gum ammoniac 7in tears71 by rubbing them together2 then add #f large tears of gum mastic1 dissolved in the least possible quantity of rectified spirit4 #e4 ,isinglass dissolved in proof spirit 7as above71 #c oz42 bottoms of mastic varnish 7thick1 but clear71 #a-a_/b oz42 mix well4 ,obs4 ,when carefully made1 this cement resists moisture and dries colourless4 ,as usually met with1 it is not only of very bad quality1 but sold at exorbitant prices4 ,some persons have sold a composition under the name of ,armenian cement in ,england2 but this composition is badly made2 it is much too thin1 and the quantity of mastic is much too small4 7,eton47 ,methylated spirit may be used instead of the pure spirit in the above preparations4 ,mastic and mastic varnish are also used by jewellers as cements4 ,cement1 ,beale's4 ,chalk1 #fj parts2 lime and salt1 of each #bj parts2 ,barnsey sand1 #aj parts2 iron filings or dust1 and blue or red clay1 of each #e parts2 grind together and calcine4 ,patented as a fire-proof cement4 ,cement1 ,boil'er4 ,prep4 ,dried clay in powder1 #f lbs42 iron filings1 #a lb4 ,make into a paste with boiled linseed oil4 ,used to stop cracks and leaks in iron boilers1 stoves1 c4 ,see ,,cement1 ,,iron1 ,,steam-,,boiler ,c4 ,cement1 ,bot'any ,bay4 ,yellow gum 7,botany ,bay gum7 and brickdust1 equal parts1 melted together4 ,used to cement coarse earthenware1 c4 ,cement1 ,bot'tle4 ,prep4 #a4 ,resin1 #a lb42 tallow or suet1 #a_/d lb42 melt together1 and stir in the colouring matter4 #b4 ,resin1 #e lbs42 beeswax1 #a lb42 colouring1 q4 s42 as last4 #c4 7,red47 ,to each pound of the above add whiting 7dry71 #c oz41 and light red 7burnt ochre71 #d oz42 or red bole1 q4 s4 7all in fine powder74 #d4 7,black47--a4 ,to each pound of ,no4 #a1 or ,no4 #b1 add ivory black 7bone black71 q4 s4 b4 ,from black pitch1 #f lbs42 ivory black and whiting of each1 #a lb42 melted together4 ,used in the same way as common sealing-wax for bottle corks1 cask bungs1 c4 ,see ,,cement1 ,,maissiat',s4 ,cement1 ,brim'stone4 ,melted brimstone1 either alone1 or mixed with resin and brickdust4 ,cheap and useful4 ,cement1 ,bru'yere's4 ,clay1 #c parts2 slaked lime1 #a part2 mix and expose them to a full red heat for #c hours1 then grind to powder4 ,recommended as an hydraulic cement4 ,cement1 ,build'ing4 ,syn4 ,,artificial ,,puzzolene'4 ,from a mixture of clay or loam1 broken pottery1 flints1 or siliceous sand1 or broken bottle glass1 and wood ashes1 exposed to a considerable heat in a furnace1 until it becomes partially vitrified2 it is then ground to fine powder1 sifted1 and mixed with one third its weight of quick-lime1 also in fine powder1 after which it must be packed 7tight7 in casks to preserve it from the air and moisture4 ,for use it is mixed up with water and applied like ,roman cement4 ,cement1 ,cap4 ,prep4 #a4 ,resin1 #e lbs42 beeswax and dried ,venetian red1 of each #a lb42 melted together4 #b4 7,c4 ,g4 ,williams47 ,equal weights of red lead and white lead4 ,used for chemical and electrical purposes4 ,for cementing glass tubes1 necks of balloons1 c41 into metal mountings4 ,no4 #b is preferable to white lead alone1 and may be depended on for temperature up to #bab4 ,cement1 ,cheese4 ,from grated cheese1 #b parts2 quick-lime 7in fine powder7 #a part2 white of egg1 q4 s42 beat to a paste4 ,used for earthenware1 c4 ,cement1 ,chem'ical4 ,syn4 ,,soft ,,cement4 ,prep4 ,from yellow wax1 #d parts2 common turpentine1 #b parts2 ,venetian red 7well dried71 #a part2 melted together4 ,used as a temporary stopping or lute for the ends or joints of tubes1 which are not exposed to much heat2 as in alkalimetry1 c4 ,see ,,cement1 ,,electrical4 ,cement1 ,chi'nese4 ,syn4 ,,shell-,,lac ,,cement1 ,,liquid ,,glue4 ,prep4 #a4 ,finest pale orange shell-lac 7broken small71 #d oz42 rectified spirit 7strongest71 #c oz42 digested together in a corked bottle in a warm place until dissolved4 ,very strong and useful2 almost odourless4 ,it should have about the consistence of treacle4 #b4 ,as before1 but using rectified wood naphtha as the solvent4 ,inferior to the last1 but excellent for many purposes4 #c4 7,without spirit47 ,prep4 ,borax1 #a oz42 water1 #c_/d pint2 shell-lac1 #c oz42 boil in a covered vessel until dissolved1 then evaporate to a proper consistence4 ,cheap and useful1 but dries slowly4 #d4 ,macerate for several hours1 #f parts of glue1 in small pieces1 in #af parts of water2 then add #a part of hydrochloric acid1 and #a-a_/b part of sulphate of zinc2 and let the mixture be kept for #aj or #ab hours at a temperature of #fh or #gj ,c4 ,uses1 c4 ,employed to mend glass1 china1 fancy work1 jewelry1 c41 for which it is only inferior to ,armenian cement4 ,the first formula produces a cement so strong that pieces of wood may be joined together1 cut slopingly across the grain1 and will afterwards resist every attempt to break them at the same place4 ,in many of the islands of the ,indian ,ocean1 in ,japan1 ,china1 and the ,east ,indies1 a similar cement is used to join pieces of wood for bows1 lances1 c4 ,the fluid is thinly smeared over each face of the joint1 a piece of very thin gauze interposed1 and the whole pressed tightly together and maintained so until the next day4 ,joints so made will even bear the continual flexure of a bow without separating4 ,it is admirably adapted for fishing rods4 ,the product of the second formula is commonly sold as ,,liquid ,,glue4 ,that of the last is much used by the druggists and oilmen1 instead of gum1 for fixing paper labels to tin1 and to glass when exposed to damp4 ,cement1 ,cop'persmiths'4 ,syn4 ,,blood ,,cement4 ,from bullock's blood thickened with finely powdered quick-lime4 ,used to secure the edges and rivets of copper boilers1 to mend leaks from joints1 c4 ,it must be used as soon as mixed1 as it rapidly gets hard4 ,it is cheap and durable1 and is suited for many other purposes4 ,cement1 ,curd4 ,prep4 #a4 ,the curd of skimmed milk 7obtained by the addition of vinegar or rennet7 is beaten to a paste with quick-lime1 in fine powder4 #b4 ,add vinegar1 #a_/b pint1 to skimmed milk1 #a_/b pint2 mix the curd with the whites of #e eggs2 well beaten and powdered quick-lime1 q4 s4 to form a paste4 ,used for mending glass and earthenware2 they resist water and a moderate degree of heat4 #c4 ,rub from two to four parts of the curd1 with a cold solution of borax1 till a thick liquid is obtained1 that becomes clear on standing4 ,this is an excellent cement for artificial meerschaums1 and may be used to give consistency to silk goods1 or to coat artificial flowers1 and court plaster1 to the latter of which it imparts more adhesiveness and firmness4 ,cement1 ,cut'lers'4 ,prep4 #a4 ,black resin1 #d lbs42 beeswax1 #a lb42 melt1 and add finely powdered and well-dried brickdust1 #a lb42 mix well4 #b4 ,equal weights of resin and brickdust1 melted together4 ,use4 ,to fix knives and forks in their handles4 ,it is put into the hollow of the handle1 and the metal1 previously made hot enough to melt the composition1 pressed into its place whilst warm1 and the whole kept upright and still until quite cold4 ,cement1 ,di'amond4 ,see ,,cement1 ,,armenian4 ,cement1 ,egg4 ,white of egg thickened with finely powdered quick-lime4 ,used to mend earthenware1 glass1 china1 marble1 alabaster1 spar ornaments1 c4 ,it does not resist long exposure to moisture unless it has been exposed to heat4 ,cement1 ,elas'tic4 ,prep4 #a4 ,caoutchouc 7in small pieces71 #a part2 chloroform1 #c parts2 dissolve4 #b4 7,lenher47 ,caoutchouc1 #e parts2 chloroform1 #c parts2 dissolve1 and add gum mastic 7powdered71 #a part4 ,elastic and transparent4 #c4 ,gutta percha1 #c parts2 caoutchouc1 #a part 7both cut small72 bisulphide of carbon1 #h parts2 mix in a close vessel and dissolve by the heat of a water bath4 ,this is to be gently warmed before it is applied4 #d4 ,gutta percha1 #a lb42 caoutchouc1 #d oz42 pitch1 #b oz42 shell-lac1 #a oz42 linseed oil1 #b oz42 melted together4 ,this must be melted before being applied4 ,obs4 ,the cements #a and #b are elastic and transparent1 and are applicable to many uses4 ,the others1 #c and #d1 are used for uniting leather1 cloth1 c4 ,cement1 ,elec'trical4 ,syn4 ,,chemical ,,cement4 ,from black resin1 #g lbs42 red ochre1 #a lb42 plaster of ,paris1 #a_/b lb4 7both well dried and still warm72 melted together1 and the heat and agitation continued until all frothing ceases1 and the liquid runs smooth2 the vessel is then withdrawn from the fire1 and the mixture stirred until cooled sufficiently4 ,used to cement the plates in galvanic troughs1 join chemical vessels1 c4 ,see ,,cement1 ,,cap1 ,,cement1 ,,singer',s1 c4 ,cement1 ,engineers''4 ,prep4 #a4 ,ground white lead1 mixed with as much red lead as will make it of the consistence of putty4 #b4 ,equal weights of red lead and white lead1 mixed with boiled linseed oil1 to a proper consistence4 ,used by engineers and others to make metallic joints4 ,a washer of hemp1 yarn1 or canvas1 smeared with the cement1 is placed in the joint1 which is then brought home1 or screwed up tight4 ,it dries as hard as stone4 ,it also answers well for joining broken stones1 however large4 ,cisterns built of squares stones1 put together1 while dry1 with this cement1 will never leak or come to repair4 ,cement1 ,extempora''neous4 #a4 ,shell-lac1 melted1 and run into small sticks the size of a quill4 ,used to join glass1 earthenware1 c4 ,the edges are heated sufficiently hot to melt the cement1 which is then thinly smeared over them1 and the joint made while they are still hot4 ,this is the cement so commonly vended in the streets of ,london1 and which used to surprise us in our boyhood days4 #b4 ,tears of gum mastic1 used in the same way4 ,commonly employed by jewellers and others4 ,cement1 ,fire'proof4 ,prep4 ,from fine river sand1 #bj parts2 litharge1 #b parts2 quick-lime1 #a part2 linseed oil1 q4 s4 to form a thin paste4 ,applied to walls1 it soon acquires a stony hardness4 ,it is also used to mend broken pieces of stone1 stone steps1 c4 ,see ,,cement1 ,,beale',s1 c4 ,cement1 ,flour4 ,syn4 ,,paste1 ,,flour ,,paste4 ,this useful and well-known article is made by mixing about a tablespoonful of wheat flour with cold water1 7say7 #a_/b pint1 adding the latter gradually1 and thoroughly stirring in each portion before pouring in more2 the vessel is then placed over the fire1 and the whole assiduously stirred until it boils1 great care being taken to prevent caking on the bottom1 or burning4 ,some persons add about #a_/c of a teaspoonful of powdered alum to the water1 which is said to strengthen the product2 the shoemakers add a little quantity of powdered resin to the flour1 with the same intention4 ,the addition of a little brown sugar and a few grains of corrosive sublimate will prevent it turning mouldy1 and is said to preserve it for years4 ,when too hard or dry1 it may be softened by beating it up with a little hot water4 ,cement1 ,french4 ,mucilage of gum ,arabic1 thickened with starch powder or farina2 a little lemon-juice is sometimes added4 ,used by naturalists in mounting specimens2 by artificial-flower makers2 and by confectioners1 to stick paper1 wafer papers1 ornaments1 c41 on their fancy cakes4 ,plain mucilage is often used in the same way4 ,cement1 ,gad's4 ,syn4 ,,gad',s ,,hydraulic ,,cement4 ,from clay 7well dried and powdered71 #c parts2 oxide of iron1 #a part2 mixed together1 and made into a stiff paste with boiled oil4 ,used for work required to harden under water4 ,cement1 ,glass4 ,syn4 ,,glass ,,flux4 ,prep4 ,red lead1 #c parts2 fine white sand1 #b parts2 crystallised boracic acid1 #c parts2 mixed and fused2 it is levigated1 and applied with thin mucilage of tragacanth4 ,used for mending broken china1 c4 ,the repaired article must be gently heated1 so as partially to fuse the cement4 ,cement1 ,gibbs'4 ,mr ,gibbs patented in #ahej various processes for making admirable building and architectural cements1 equal in hardness and duration1 and superior in colour1 to the best ,roman and ,portland cements at present in use4 ,his materials are obtained from the vast beds of 7natural7 argillaceous marls and marly limestones1 or marl stones1 which contain the due admixture of lime1 silica1 and alumina1 from which hydraulic cements and artificial stones may be manufactured4 ,these materials he finds in the chalk formation1 the ,wealden formation1 the ,purbeck beds1 the lias formation1 the mountain limestone1 and the lowest strata of the coal-measures4 ,after duly choosing his materials according to the particular object in view1 he prepares them by burning in kilns1 and grinding in mills1 in the way cement is now manufactured4 ,marls and limestones are to be first dried in kilns or ovens1 at a heat fit for baking1 until all moisture be driven off1 and that then the calcination be prolonged as much as possible2 the heat being kept as low as is only just sufficient to effect complete calcination--this being indispensable1 to avoid the commencement of vitrification1 which would destroy the adhesive properties of the cement4 ,cement1 ,glue4 ,prep4 #a4 ,from glue1 #a lb4 melted with the least possible quantity of water1 and then mixed with black resin1 #a lb41 and red ochre1 #d oz4 #b4 ,glue1 melted as above1 and mixed with about #a_/dth of its weight each of boiled oil and red ochre4 #c4 7,ure47 ,melted glue 7of the consistence used by carpenters71 #h parts2 linseed oil1 boiled to varnish with litharge1 #d parts2 incorporate thoroughly together4 #d4 ,glue 7melted as last71 #d parts2 ,venice turpentine1 #a part4 ,obs4 ,the first three dry in about #dh hours1 and are very useful to render the joints of wooden casks1 cisterns1 c41 watertight2 also to fix stones in frames4 ,the last serves to cement glass1 wood1 and even metal to each other4 ,a good cement for fixing wood to glass may be made by dissolving isinglass in acetic acid1 in such quantities that it becomes solid when cold4 ,when applied let it be heated4 ,they all resist moisture well4 ,cement1 ,grind'ers'4 ,prep4 #a4 ,from pitch1 #e parts2 wood ashes and hard tallow1 of each #a part2 melted together4 #b4 ,black resin1 #d lbs42 beeswax1 #a lb4 melt1 and add of whiting 7previously heated red hot1 and still warm71 #a lb4 #c4 ,shell-lac1 melted and applied to the pieces slightly heated4 ,used to fix pieces of glass1 c41 whilst grinding4 ,the last is used for lenses and fine work4 ,cement1 ,hamelin's4 ,syn4 ,,hamelin',s ,,mastic4 ,from siliceous sand1 #fj parts2 ,bath or ,portland stone 7in fine powder71 #dj parts2 lime-marl1 #bj parts2 litharge1 #h parts2 ground together4 ,for use it is mixed up with linseed oil and used like mortar4 ,when this cement is applied to the purpose of covering buildings intended to resemble stone1 the surface of the building is first washed with linseed oil4 ,cement1 ,hensler's4 ,litharge1 #c parts2 quick-lime1 #b parts2 white bole1 #a part 7all in fine powder72 linseed-oil varnish1 q4 s4 to make a paste4 ,used for china1 glass1 c4 ,it is very tenacious1 but long in drying4 ,cement1 ,hoenle's4 ,shell-lac1 #b parts2 ,venice turpentine1 #a part2 fused together1 and formed into sticks4 ,it is used like extemporaneous cement for glass and earthenware4 ,cement1 ,hydraulic4 ,hydraulic mortars or cements are those which set or become hard under water4 ,common lime does not possess this property2 but limestone containing from #h to #be of alumina1 magnesia1 and silica1 yield a lime on burning1 which does not slake when moistened with water1 but forms a mortar with it1 which hardens in a few days when covered with water1 although it does not acquire much solidity in the air4 ,puzzolana1 septaria1 and argillaceous or siliceous earths1 burnt1 either with or without the addition of common limestone1 and then ground to powder1 form excellent hydraulic cements4 ,the reniform limestone1 commonly called cement stone1 which is found distributed in single nodules or lenticular cakes1 in beds of clay1 is the substance most commonly used in this country for the manufacture of the cements in question4 ,a very good hydraulic mortar is made by slaking lime with water containing about #b per cent4 of gypsum1 and adding a little sand to the product4 ,the presence of the gypsum tends to delay the slaking of the lime1 and also to harden the substance formed after the slaking4 ,if water containing a little lime in solution be added to burnt gypsum1 a very hard compact mass is obtained4 ,this substance is much used as an imitation marble1 as by polishing it with pumice stone1 colouring it1 and again polishing with oil1 it may be made to resemble natural marble very closely4 ,hardened gypsum treated with stearic acid1 or paraffin1 and polished1 is used as a substitute for meerschaum1 which it much resembles4#bch ,see ,,gad',s1 ,,hamelin',s1 and ,,parker',s ,,cements1 c4 ,footnote #bch3 ',chemistry1 ,theoretical1 ,practical1 and ,analytical4' ,cement1 ,iron4 ,this cement1 which is much used for closing the joints of iron pipes and similar purposes1 is formed of the borings or turnings of cast iron1 which should be clean and free from rust1 mixed with a small quantity of sal-ammoniac and flowers of sulphur4 ,for use1 it is stirred up with just enough water to thoroughly moisten it1 and it is rammed or caulked into the joints with a blunt caulking chisel and hammer1 after which the joint is screwed up by its bolts as tightly as possible4 ,if the turnings and borings are very coarse they are broken by pounding in an iron mortar1 and the dust sifted off before use4 ,the following are good proportions3 #a4 ,sal-ammoniac 7in powder71 #b oz42 flowers of sulphur1 #a oz42 iron borings1 #e lbs42 water1 q4 s4 to mix4 #b4 ,sal-ammoniac1 #b oz42 sulphur1 #a oz42 iron borings1 #ab lbs42 water1 q4 s4 to mix4 #c4 ,sal-ammoniac1 #b oz42 iron borings1 #g or #h lbs42 water1 q4 s4 to mix4 #d4 ,iron borings1 #d lbs42 good pipeclay1 #b lbs42 powdered potsherds1 #a lb42 make them into a paste with salt and water4 ,remarks4 ,the first of these forms is that generally employed for common purposes1 but formerly much more sulphur and sal-ammoniac were used4 ,we are told by one of the leading engineers in ,london that the strongest cement is made without sulphur and with only #a or #b parts of sal-ammoniac to #ajj of iron borings 7see the third form72 but that when the work is required to dry rapidly1 as for the steam joints of machinery wanted in haste1 the quantity of sal-ammoniac is increased a little1 and a very small quantity of sulphur is added4 ,this addition makes it set quicker1 but reduces its strength4 ,as the power of the cement depends on the oxidation and consequent expansion of the mass1 it is evident that the less foreign matter introduced the better4 ,no more of this cement should be made at a time than can be used at once1 because it soon spoils4 ,i have seen it become quite hot by standing even a few hours1 when it contained sulphur2 and ,i have been informed by workmen that when much sulphur is used1 and it has been left together in quantity all night1 combustion has taken place4 ,the last form produces a cement that gets very hard when allowed to dry slowly1 and is excellent for mending cracks in iron boilers1 tanks1 c4 ,,cement1 ,,japanese4 ,syn4 ,,rice ,,glue4 ,from rice flour1 mixed with a little cold water1 and boiling water gradually poured in until it acquires a proper consistence2 when it is boiled for #a or #b minutes in a clean saucepan or earthen pipkin4 ,it is beautifully white1 and almost transparent1 for which reason it is well adapted for fancy paper work1 which requires a strong and colourless cement4 ,it is superior to ,french cement4 7,see ant47 ,cement1 ,keene's ,marble4 ,baked gypsum or plaster of ,paris1 steeped in a saturated solution of alum1 and then recalcined1 and reduced to powder4 ,for use it is mixed up with water1 as ordinary plaster of ,paris4 ,obs4 ,this cement has been most extensively applied as a stucco4 ,it is susceptible of a high polish1 and when coloured produces beautiful imitations of mosaic and other inlaid marbles1 scagliola1 c4 ,it is not adapted to hydraulic purposes1 or for exposure to the weather1 but it is admirable for internal decorations1 and from its extreme hardness is very durable4 ,it may be coloured or tinted of any shade1 by diffusing mineral colours 7levigated1 if in powder7 through the water used to mix up the cement with4 ,a pleasing tint is given to this cement by adding a little solution of green copperas to the alum liquor4 ,cement1 ,laboratory4 ,syn4 ,,chemical ,,mastic4 ,from equal parts of pitch1 resin1 and plaster of ,paris 7thoroughly dried71 mixed together4 ,used for the masonry of chlorine chambers1 vitriol works1 c42 and as a lining for casks intended to hold chloride of lime4 ,cement1 ,letter-fixing4 ,prep4 ,copal varnish1 #ae parts2 drying oil1 #e parts2 turpentine1 #c parts2 oil of turpentine1 #b parts2 liquefied glue 7made with the least possible quantity of water71 #e parts2 melt together in a water bath1 and add fresh slaked lime 7perfectly dry1 and in very fine powder71 #aj parts4 ,used to attach metal letters to plate glass in shop windows1 c4 ,cement1 ,mahogany4 ,prep4 #a4 ,melt beeswax1 #d oz42 then add ,indian red1 #a oz41 and enough yellow ochre to produce the required tint4 #b4 ,shell-lac1 melted and coloured as above4 ,very hard4 ,both are used to fill up holes and cracks in mahogany furniture by the cabinet makers4 ,red putty is also used for the same purpose4 ,cement1 ,maissiat's4 ,india rubber is melted either with or without about #ae of either beeswax or tallow2 quick-lime 7in fine powder7 is gradually added2 and the heat continued until change of odour shows that combination has taken place1 and until a proper consistence is obtained4 ,used as a waterproof and air-tight covering for corks1 bungs1 c4 ,cement1 ,marine4 ,see ,,glue1 ,,marine1 and ,,cement1 ,,elastic4 ,cement1 ,martin's4 ,this is manufactured in the same way as ,keene's1 only carbonate of soda or carbonate of potash is used as well as alum1 and the burning is carried on at a higher temperature4 ,cement1 ,opticians'4 ,prep4 #a4 ,shell-lac softened with rectified spirit or wood naphtha4 ,for fine work4 #b4 ,beeswax1 #a oz42 resin1 #ae oz42 melt and add whiting 7previously made red hot1 and still warm71 #d oz4 #c4 ,resin1 #a lb42 melt and add plaster of ,paris 7dry71 #d oz4 ,the above are used to fix glasses1 stones1 c41 while polishing and cutting them4 ,the last is a very strong cement for rough purposes4 ,cement1 ,oxychlo''ride of ,zinc4 7,sorel47 ,prep4 ,in solution of chloride of zinc1 marking from #ej to #fj of ,baum's hydrometer 7i4e4 sp4 gr4 #adij to #afeb71 dissolve #c of borax or sal-ammoniac2 then add oxide of zinc which has been heated to redness1 until the mass is of a proper consistence4 ,obs4 ,this cement becomes as hard as marble4 ,it may be cast in moulds like plaster of ,paris1 or used in mosaic work1 c4 ,cement1 ,parabol'ic4 ,syn4 ,,universal ,,cement4 ,prep4 ,curdle skim milk with rennet or vinegar1 press out the whey1 and dry the curd by a very gentle heat1 but as quickly as possible4 ,when it has become quite dry grind it in a coffee or pepper mill1 and next triturate it in a mortar until reduced to a very fine powder4 ,mix this powder with #a_/ajth of its weight of new dry quick-lime1 also in very fine powder1 and to every ounce of the mixture add #e or #f gr4 of powdered camphor2 triturate the whole well together1 and keep it in wide-mouth #a-oz4 phials1 well corked4 ,used to join glass1 earthenware1 c4 ,it is made into a paste with a little water1 as wanted1 and applied immediately4 ,cement1 ,parian4 ,is prepared as ,keene's1 substituting a solution of borax 7#a part of borax to #i of water7 for a solution of alum4 ,cement1 ,park'er's4 ,this cement is made of the nodules of indurated and slightly ferruginous marl1 called by mineralogists septaria1 and also of some other species of argillaceous limestone4 ,these are burnt in conical kilns1 with pit coal1 in a similar way to other limestone1 care being taken to avoid the use of too much heat1 as if the pieces undergo the slightest degree of fusion1 even on the surface1 they will be unfit to form the cement4 ,after being properly roasted the calx is reduced to a very fine powder by grinding1 and immediately packed in barrels1 to keep it from the air and moisture4 ,uses1 c4 ,this cement is tempered with water1 and applied at once1 as it soon hardens1 and will not bear being again softened down with water4 ,for foundations and cornices exposed to the weather it is usually mixed with an equal quantity of clean angular sand2 for use as a common mortar1 with about twice as much sand2 for coating walls exposed to cold and wet1 the common proportions are #c of sand to #b of cement1 and for walls exposed to extreme dryness or heat1 about #b-a_/b or #c of sand to #a of cement2 for facing cistern work1 water frontages1 c41 nothing but cement and water should be employed4 ,under the name of compo' or ,roman cement it is much employed for facing houses1 water cisterns1 setting the foundations of large edifices1 c4 ,cement1 ,pew's4 ,quick-lime1 #a part2 baked clay1 #b parts 7both in powder72 mix and calcine2 then add gypsum 7fresh baked and in fine powder71 #a part1 to powdered baked clay1 #b parts2 mix well1 add the former mixture1 and incorporate them well together4 ,used to cover buildings4 ,it is applied like mortar1 and is very hard and durable4 ,see ,,cement1 ,,gibbs1' c4 ,cement1 ,plumb'ers'4 ,black resin melted with about an equal weight of brick-dust4 ,some times a little pitch or tallow is added4 ,cement1 ,port'land4 ,from clay and chalk1 or argillaceous river-mud and chalk or limestone1 calcined together1 and then ground to powder4 ,see ,,cement1 ,,parker',s4 ,cement1 ,ro'man4 ,genuine ,roman cement consists of puzzolene 7a ferruginous clay from ,pozzuoli1 calcined by the fires of ,vesuvius71 lime1 and sand4 ,the only preparation which the puzzolene undergoes is that of pounding and sifting4 ,it is generally mixed up with water1 like most other cements1 but occasionally with bullock's blood and oil1 to give the composition more tenacity4 ,that used in this country is now generally prepared from the septaria of either ,harwich or ,sheppy1 or of the lias formation1 or from the cement stone found in the upper division of the lias formation1 or in the shale beds of the ,kimmeridge clay4 ,it is also prepared from several artificial mixtures of ferruginous clay and lime1 calcined together4 ,it must be kept in close vessels1 and mixed with water when used4 ,see ,,cement1 ,,parker',s and ,,gibbs'4 ,cement1 ,seal ,engra''vers'4 ,resembles plumbers' cement4 ,used to fix the pieces of metal while cutting1 and also to secure seals and tools in their handles4 ,it grows harder and improves every time it is melted4 ,cement1 ,sin'ger's4 ,prep4 #a4 ,melt together resin1 #e lbs41 and beeswax1 #a lb41 and stir in finely-powdered red ochre 7highly dried and still warm71 #a lb41 and plaster of ,paris1 #d oz42 continuing the heat a little above #bab ,fahr41 and stirring constantly till all frothing ceases4 #b4 ,resin1 #f lbs42 dried red-ochre1 #a lb42 calcined plaster of ,paris1 #a_/b lb42 linseed oil1 #a_/d lb4 ,used to cement the plates in voltaic troughs1 to join chemical vessels1 c4 ,no4 #b is specially applicable to troughs4 ,see ,,cement1 ,,electrical4 ,cement1 ,steam-boiler4 ,prep4 ,litharge1 in fine powder1 #b parts2 very fine sand and quick-lime 7that has been allowed to slake spontaneously in a damp place71 of each #a part2 mix and keep it from the air4 ,used to mend the cracks in boilers and ovens1 and to secure steam joints4 ,it is made into a paste with boiled oil before application4 ,cement1 ,steam-pipe4 ,prep4 ,good linseed oil varnish is ground with equal weights of white lead1 oxide of manganese1 and pipeclay4 ,cement1 ,stucco4 ,this is a compound of powdered gypsum or strong gelatin4 ,it is used for coating walls1 and also for ornamenting ceilings4 ,it takes a high polish1 and coloured designs can be painted on it4 ,when employed on walls a coarser kind is first laid on1 which is followed by a coating made of choicer specimens of gypsum1 or glue1 or isinglass4 ,when this latter and outer coat becomes dry it is polished with pumice1 tripoli1 and linen4 ,the colour is incorporated with the outer coatings of the stucco by mixing the metallic pigments with it1 and then applying it to the wall1 after which a very thin coating of gypsum and isinglass1 or sometimes of oil1 is given to it1 and when the whole is partially dried the tint is brought out by polishing1 as before stated4 ,generally the finest effect is obtained by oil4 ,cement1 ,transpar'ent4 ,see ,,cement1 ,,elastic4 ,cement1 ,turn'ers'4 ,prep4 ,beeswax1 #a oz42 resin1 #a_/b oz42 pitch1 #a_/b oz42 melt1 and stir in fine brickdust1 q4 s4 ,cement1 ,univers'al4 ,see ,,cement1 ,,parabolic4 ,cement1 ,var'ley's4 ,syn4 ,,varley',s ,,mastic4 ,black resin1 #af parts2 beeswax1 #a part2 melt1 add whiting 7sifted1 dried by a dull-red heat1 and allowed to cool71 #af parts2 and stir until nearly cold4 ,cement1 ,water4 ,prep4 #a4 ,from good grey clay1 #d parts2 black oxide of manganese1 #f parts2 limestone 7reduced to powder by sprinkling it with water71 #ij parts2 mix1 calcine1 and powder4 #b4 ,mix white iron ore 7manganese iron ore71 #ae parts1 with lime1 #he parts2 calcine and powder as above4 ,both this and the preceding must be mixed up with a little sand for use4 ,a piece thrown into water rapidly hardens4 #c4 ,fine clean sand1 #a cwt42 quick-lime1 in powder1 #bh lbs42 bone ashes1 #ad lbs4 ,the above are beat up with water for use4 ,see ,,cement1 ,,hydraulic1 c4 ,cement1 ,waterglass4 ,for glass1 earthenware1 porcelain1 and all kinds of stoneware1 these cements are excellent4 ,a cement for glass and marble is prepared by rubbing together one part of fine pulverised glass1 and two parts of pulverised fluorspar1 and then adding enough waterglass solution to give it the consistency necessary in a cement4 ,waterglass mixed with hydraulic cement to a thick dough makes a good cement for the edges and joints of stone and marble slabs4 ,it is well to mix but little at a time1 as it hardens very quickly4 7',journal of ,applied ,chemistry4'7 ,cement1 ,wa'terproof4 ,several compounds of this class have been already noticed4 ,the celebrated waterproof cement of ,dihl consists of porcelain clay or pipeclay1 dried by a gentle heat1 and powdered1 mixed up to the consistence of a paste with boiled linseed oil1 and1 sometimes1 a little oil of turpentine4 ,it is coloured by adding a little red or yellow ochre1 or any similar pigment4 ,it is used to cover the fronts of buildings1 roofs of verandahs1 c4 ,concluding ,remarks4 ,for mending broken ,,china1 ,,earthenware1 ,,glass1 and ,,wood1 the preparations generally used are the cements described above as ,,armenian1 ,,botany ,,bay1 ,,cheese1 ,,chinese1 ,,curd1 ,,egg1 ,,extemporaneous1 ,,glass1 ,,glue1 ,,hensler',s1 ,h,,oe,,nle',s1 ,,mahogany1 and ,,parabolic4 ,for ,,spar1 ,,marble1 and similar materials1 the ,,alabaster ,,cement is specially adapted2 the ,,egg and ,,parabolic ,,cements will1 however1 answer the same purpose4 ,for ,,cloth1 ,,leather1 ,,paper1 ,,card1 and ,,light ,,fancy ,,work1 the most suitable cements are the ,,elastic1 ,,chinese1 ,,flour1 ,,french1 and ,,japanese4 ,the cements adapted for ,,chemical and ,,electrical ,,apparatus1 and for ,,sealing ,,bottles1 are also termed ,,bottle1 ,,brimstone1 ,,cap1 ,,chemical1 ,,electrical1 ,,laboratory1 ,,maissiat',s1 and ,,varley',s4 ,the ,,building and ,,hydraulic ,,cements are described under the heads ,,architectural1 ,,beale',s1 ,,bruyere',s1 ,,fireproof1 ,,gad',s1 ,,gibbs'1 ,,hamelin',s1 ,,hydraulic1 ,,keene',s1 ,,oxychloride1 ,,parker',s1 ,,pew',s1 ,,portland1 ,,roman1 ,,water1 and ,,waterproof4 ,the cements used for ,,metal-,,work1 c41 in different trades1 are noticed under the heads ,,coppersmiths'1 ,,cutlers'1 ,,engineers'1 ,,grinders'1 ,,iron1 ,,letter-,,fixing1 ,,opticians'1 ,,plumbers'1 ,,seal-,,engravers'1 ,,steam-,,boiler1 ,,steam-,,pipe1 and ,,turner',s4 ,see ,,glue1 ,,lute1 ,,mortar1 ,,tooth-,,cement1 c4 ,,cementa',,tion4 ,the process of imbedding a substance in1 or covering it with1 some powder or composition capable of acting on it when heated1 and in this state exposing it to a red heat4 ,iron is converted into steel1 and glass into ,raumur's porcelain1 by cementation4 ,,cen',,taurin4 ,syn4 ,,centaurin',a4 ,the bitter extractive matter of ,erytha centaurium1 or common centaury4 ,combined with hydrochloric acid1 it has been highly recommended as a febrifuge4 ,,cer',,asin4 ,syn4 ,,prun',,ine4 ,the insoluble portion of cherry-tree gum4 ,it is identical with bassorin4 ,dr ,john applies the term to all those gums which1 like tragacanth1 swell1 but do not dissolve in water4 ,see ,,bassorin4 ,,ce',,rate4 ,syn4 ,,cera',,tum1 ,l4 ,a thick species of ointment containing wax4 ,cerates are intermediate in consistence between ointments and plasters2 but are less frequently employed than either of those preparations4 ,the medicinal ingredients which enter into the cerates are very numerous2 indeed1 almost every kind of medicine capable of exercising a topical effect may be prescribed in this form4 ,it is a general custom with the druggists to use a less quantity of wax for their cerates than that which is necessary to give them a proper consistence1 and in many cases it is omitted altogether1 and its place supplied by hard suet1 or stearine1 and frequently by common resin4 ,lard is also very generally substituted for olive oil4 ,indeed1 in no class of pharmaceutical preparations are the instructions of practitioners and the colleges more commonly disregarded4 ,the operation of melting the ingredients should be performed in a water bath or steam bath1 and the liquid mass should be assiduously stirred until cold4 ,all the medicated cerates may be prepared by adding the active ingredients1 in the form of fine powder1 soft extract1 solution1 c41 as the case may be1 to either simple cerate or spermaceti cerate1 in the proportions indicated under the head of ,doses appended to every article of importance noticed in this work4 ,the mixture1 which must be complete1 may be effected by working the articles together on a marble or glass slab or tile1 or1 still better1 by trituration in a clean wedgwood mortar4 ,in some cases the simple cerate is melted by a gentle heat1 and the whole stirred or triturated until nearly solid2 in others1 digestion with heat is employed4 ,cerate4 ,syn4 ,,sim',,ple ,,cerate1 ,,simple ,,dres',,sing2 ,,ceratum 7,ph4 ,l471 ,c4 ,,sim',,plex 7,ph4 ,l4 #ahbd74 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,yellow wax1 #bj oz42 melt by a gentle heat2 add olive oil1 #a pint2 and stir until it begins to solidify4 ,used as a simple emollient dressing4 ,the corresponding preparations of the other colleges will be found noticed under ,,ointments4 ,the ceratum simplex of the ,ph4 ,e4 is ,,spermaceti ,,cerate4 ,cerate1 ,ac'etate of ,lead4 ,syn4 ,,ce',,rate ,,of ,,sugar ,,of ,,lead2 ,,cera',,tum ,,plum',,bi ,,aceta',,tis 7,ph4 ,l471 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,white wax1 #e oz42 olive oil1 #ah fl4 oz42 melt together2 add1 acetate of lead 7in fine powder71 #e dr41 previously triturated with olive oil1 #b fl4 oz41 and stir till they unite 7begin to solidify74 ,used as a cooling dressing to burns1 excoriations1 and inflamed sores4 ,cerate1 ,ammoni'acal4 ,syn4 ,,cera',,tum ,,ammoniaca',,le1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,rechoux47 ,simple cerate1 #a oz42 carbonate of ammonia1 #a dr42 mix4 ,as a counter-irritant in croup1 c4 ,cerate1 ,arsen'ical4 ,syn4 ,,cer',,atum ,,arsen',,ici1 ,c4 ,a',,cidi ,,arsenio',,si1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s47 ,arsenious acid 7in very fine powder71 #bj gr42 simple cerate1 #a oz4 #b4 7,sir ,a4 ,cooper47 ,arsenious acid and sublimed sulphur1 of each #a dr42 spermaceti cerate1 #a oz4 ,the above ingredients must be very carefully triturated together4 ,the first is used as a dressing to cancerous sores2 the second is applied on lint as a caustic in like cases4 ,cerate1 ,belladonn'a4 ,syn4 ,,cerate ,,of ,,deadly ,,nightshade2 ,,cera',,tum ,,belladonn'1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,w4 ,cooley47 ,extract of belladonna1 #c dr42 simple cerate1 #a oz42 olive oil1 #a dr42 triturate together in a warm mortar1 until nearly cold4 ,used in frictions to indolent tumours4 #b4 7,compound2 ,c4 ,b4 ,,compos',,itum1 ,l47 ,prep4 7,w4 ,cooley47 ,belladonna cerate1 #a oz42 iodide of gold1 #ab gr42 carefully triturated together4 ,used as a friction to scrofulous and syphilitic tumours1 and to remove syphilitic and rheumatic pains4 ,a most active and excellent preparation4 ,cerate1 ,brown4 ,see ,,plasters4 ,cerate1 ,caca'o4 ,syn4 ,,caca',o ,,pommade4 ,prep4 ,butter of cacao1 white wax1 and oil of almonds1 equal parts1 melted together and strained4 ,used as a cosmetic for chapped hands and lips1 c4 ,cerate1 ,cal'amine4 ,syn4 ,,turner',s ,,cerate1 ,,healing ,,salve2 ,,ceratum ,,calami',n 7,ph4 ,l4 ,e471 ,c4 ,,la',,pis ,,calamina',,ris 7,ph4 ,l4 #aghh71 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,yellow wax1 #g-a_/b oz42 olive oil1 #a pint2 melt together1 remove the vessel from the fire1 and when they first begin to thicken1 add prepared calamine1 #g-a_/b oz41 and stir constantly until they cool4 #b4 7,p4 ,e47 ,prepared calamine1 #a part2 simple cerate 7,ph4 ,e471 #e parts2 mix4 #c4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,see ,,ointment4 #d4 7,commercial47 ,hard suet1 #e lbs42 lard1 #c lbs42 melt and sift in1 gradually1 calamine1 #d lbs42 agitate well for a few minutes1 or until the whole is perfectly mixed1 and after one minute's repose pour it off into another vessel1 the coarse sediment that has fallen to the bottom being carefully avoided2 lastly1 stir assiduously1 until it is nearly cold4 ,this forms the ,,turner',s ,,cerate of the wholesale druggists4 ,in many cases nothing but lard and calamine are used4 ,uses1 c4 ,when honestly prepared with genuine calamine1 it is a most valuable desiccant and astringent application to excoriations1 ulcers1 burns1 scalds1 sore nipples1 c4 ,it has long been held in popular esteem as a drying and healing dressing for sores4 ,cerate1 ,cal'amine with ,mercury4 ,syn4 ,,cera',,tum ,,calami',n ,,cum ,,hydrar',,gyro1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,chirur47 ,calamine cerate1 #a lb42 red oxide of mercury1 #a oz42 mix4 ,used as a stimulant application to foul and indolent ulcers1 psorophthalmia1 c4 ,cerate1 ,cal'omel4 ,syn4 ,,cera',,tum ,,calomela',,nos1 ,c4 ,,hydrar',,gyri ,,chlor',,idi1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,calomel1 #a dr42 spermaceti cerate1 #g dr4 ,in herpes1 and some other skin diseases4 #b4 7,compound2 ,c4 ,c4 ,,compos',,itum1 ,l47 ,calomel1 #b dr42 calamine cerate1 #a oz42 olive oil1 #a dr4 ,cerate1 ,cam'phor4 ,syn4 ,,cera',,tum ,,camphora',,tum1 ,c4 ,,camphor'1 ,l42 ,,pommade ,,du ,,fr,,re ,,cosme1 ,fr4 ,prep4 ,olive oil1 #a lb42 white wax1 #a_/b lb42 camphor1 #c dr4 ,as an application to chaps1 chilblains1 abrasions1 excoriations1 and slight wounds4 ,see ,,balls1 ,,camphor4 ,cerate1 ,canthar'ides4 ,syn4 ,,blistering ,,cerate2 ,,cera',,tum ,,lytt'1 ,c4 ,,canthar',,idis1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,cantharides 7in very fine powder71 #a oz42 spermaceti cerate1 #f oz42 mix4 #b4 7,parrish47 ,cantharides1 #ab parts2 lard1 #aj parts2 yellow wax and resin1 of each #g parts2 incorporated by fusion4 ,irritant2 used to keep blisters open1 and to stimulate issues1 and indolent ulcers and tumours4 ,cerate1 ,chalk4 ,syn4 ,,cera',,tum ,,cre',t1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,chalk 7thoroughly dried1 and in fine powder71 #b dr42 simple cerate1 #f dr42 almond oil1 #c dr4 ,used in piles and foul ulcers4 #b4 7,acetated47 ,see ,,cerate1 ,,kirkland',s ,,neutral4 #c4 7,compound2 ,,cera',,tum ,,cre',t ,,compos',,itum1 ,l47--a4 ,to simple chalk cerate1 #a oz41 add powdered catechu1 #a_/b dr4 ,in piles1 and foul and indolent ulcers4 b4 7,u4,s4 ,hospital47 ,lead plaster and olive oil1 of each #h oz42 white wax1 #c oz42 melt together2 add solution of subacetate of lead1 #f oz42 thoroughly incorporate1 and then further add1 chalk 7in fine powder71 #e oz4 ,cooling and astringent4 ,useful in inflamed sores1 excoriations1 piles1 c4 ,cerate1 ,cher'ry-laur'el4 ,syn4 ,,cera',,tum ,,lauro-,,cerasi1 ,c4 ,,calmans1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,roux47 ,simple cerate1 #a oz42 cherry-laurel water1 #a_/b oz4 ,as an application to burns4 ,cerate1 ,cincho'na4 ,syn4 ,,bark ,,cerate2 ,,cera',,tum ,,cincho',n31 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,extract of bark1 #b dr42 simple cerate1 #a oz4 #b4 7,van ,mons47 ,simple cerate1 #h oz42 camphor1 #a-a_/b dr42 melt together by a gentle heat1 then add gradually1 decoction of ,peruvian bark 7concentrated71 #a oz41 and triturate until cold4 ,used as a dressing for ill-conditioned ulcers4 ,cerate1 ,cin'nabar4 ,syn4 ,,cera',,tum ,,ru',,brum1 ,c4 ,,cinnaba',,ris1 ,c4 ,,hydrar',,gyri ,,sulphure',,ti ,,ru',,bri1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,camphor1 #bj gr42 vermilion1 #fj gr42 simple cerate1 #a oz4 ,this is ,alibert's ,,antiherpetic ,,pommade4 #b4 7,ph4 ,chirur47 ,yellow wax and lard1 of each #a_/b lb42 yellow resin1 #a_/b oz42 red sulphide of mercury1 #a dr4 ,used as a common dressing4 ,cerate1 ,cit'rine4 ,see ,,cerate1 ,,resin1 ,,nitrate ,,of ,,mercury ,c4 ,cerate1 ,copai'ba4 ,syn4 ,,cera',,tum ,,copai',b1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,spermaceti cerate1 #c oz42 melt by a gentle heat1 then add1 balsam of copaiba1 #a oz4 #b4 7,dr ,houlton47 ,white wax1 #a oz42 balsam of copaiba1 #b oz42 mix1 as last4 ,both the above have been recommended as topical applications to wounds and ulcers of the rectum1 vagina1 and urethra2 especially in those of a fistulous character2 and in piles1 c4 ,cerate1 ,cop'per4 ,syn4 ,,cupria',,ted ,,cerate2 ,,cera',,tum ,,cu',,pri2 ,c4 ,c4 ,,ammonia',,ti1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,swediaur47 ,simple cerate1 #h parts2 melt1 and add solution of ammoniuret of copper1 #a part4 ,as a stimulant dressing for indolent ulcers2 and in psorophthalmia1 c4 ,cerate1 ,cosmet'ic4 ,syn4 ,,cold ,,cream1 ,,cerate ,,of ,,ga',,len2 ,,cera',,tum ,,cosmet',,icum1 ,c4 ,,galeni1 ,,cremor ,,frigida1 ,l42 ,,pommade ,,en ,,cr,,me1 ,fr4 ,prep4 #a4 ,oil of sweet almonds1 #a lb42 white wax and spermaceti1 of each #b oz42 melt1 pour the mixture into a marble or wedgwood mortar1 which has been heated by standing for some time in boiling water2 add1 gradually1 rose water1 #aj fl4 oz41 assiduously stirring until an emulsion is formed2 then further add1 oil of bergamot1 #a_/b oz42 oil of lavender1 #a dr42 and continue the stirring or trituration until the whole has become cold4 #b4 ,to the last add otto of roses1 #a dr42 oil of rosemary1 #ae drops4 #c4 ,oil of almonds1 #e oz42 spermaceti1 #e dr42 white wax1 #d dr42 rose water1 #c-a_/b oz42 balm of ,mecca 7genuine71 #h drops4 #d4 ,as the last1 with essence of vanilla1 #ae drops2 essence of ambergris1 #aj drops4 #e4 7,p4 ,c47 ,white wax1 #a part2 oil of almonds1 #d parts2 rose water1 #c parts2 as before4 #f4 7,van ,mons47 ,white wax and butter of cacao1 of each #a part2 oil of almonds and rose water1 of each #d parts4 ,obs4 ,the above are used as agreeable and cooling emollients for irritable surfaces1 excoriations1 sore nipples1 c4 ,see ,,cold ,,cream and ,,ointments4 ,cerate1 ,cro'ton4 ,syn4 ,,cera',,tum ,,croto',,nis1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,caventou47 ,lard1 #e parts2 wax1 #a part2 melt1 and when nearly cold add croton oil1 #b parts4 ,used as a counter-irritant2 but is apt to affect the bowels4 ,cerate1 ,goulard's4 ,see ,,cerate1 ,,lead4 ,cerate1 ,hemlock4 ,syn4 ,,cera',,tum ,,co',,nii1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,st4 ,b4 ,hosp47 ,spermaceti1 #b oz42 white wax1 #c oz42 melt1 and add of hemlock ointment1 #ab oz4 ,used for inveterate cancerous1 scrofulous1 and other sores4 ,cerate1 ,hon'ey4 ,syn4 ,,cera',,tum ,,mel',,is1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,simple cerate1 #c parts2 honey1 #a part2 oil of lemon-grass1 #f drops4 ,used as cold cream4 #b4 7,ph4 ,chirur47 ,olive oil1 #a_/b lb42 wax and lead plaster 7or galbanum plaster71 of each #d oz42 melt1 and add honey1 #a_/b lb4 ,as a cooling emollient dressing4 ,cerate of ,honey with ,turpentine4 7,paracelsus74 ,common turpentine1 #a lb42 the yolk of #bj eggs2 honey1 #a lb42 beat together the honey and yolk1 and add the turpentine1 softened by heat4 ,cerate1 ,is'sue4 ,syn4 ,,cera',,tum ,,ad ,,fonticulos1 ,l4 ,as issue plaster1 but adding a little almond oil4 ,cerate1 ,kirk'land's4 ,syn4 ,,kirkland',s ,,neutral ,,cerate2 ,,cera',,tum ,,neutra',,le1 ,c4 ,,cre',t ,,aceta',,tis1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,lead plaster1 #h oz42 olive oil1 #d oz4 melt1 sift in chalk1 #d oz42 mix well1 then add gradually ,goulard's extract1 #a_/b oz42 distilled vinegar1 #d oz42 and stir until cold4 #b4 7,paris47 ,lead plaster1 #h oz42 olive oil and chalk1 of each #d oz42 sugar of lead1 #c dr41 7dissolved in7 distilled vinegar1 #d fl4 oz4 ,as a cooling dressing to irritable ulcers and excoriated parts4 ,cerate1 ,lead 7,compound74 ,syn4 ,,gou',,lard',s ,,cerate2 ,,cera',,tum ,,plum',,bi ,,compos',,itum 7,ph4 ,l471 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,olive oil1 #af fl4 oz42 yellow wax1 #h oz42 melt1 remove the vessel from the fire1 and when they begin to thicken1 add gradually solution of subacetate of lead 7slightly warmed71 #f fl4 oz42 and stir constantly until the whole is nearly cold2 then add camphor1 #a dr41 dissolved in olive oil1 #d fl4 oz4 7by heat71 and stir until the cerate is quite cold4 ,used in similar cases to ,,kirkland',s ,,cerate 7which see74 ,see also ,,acetate ,,of ,,lead ,,cerate4 ,cerate1 ,mar'shall's4 ,prep4 #a4 ,palm oil and calomel1 of each #b oz42 acetate of lead1 #a oz42 ointment of nitrate of mercury1 #d oz42 triturated together in a wedgwood mortar4 #b4 7,paris47 ,palm oil1 #e oz42 calomel1 #a oz42 acetate of lead1 #a_/b oz42 citrine ointment1 #b oz42 as the last4 ,applied to the eyes1 c4 ,cerate1 mercu''rial4 ,syn4 ,,cera',,tum ,,mercuria',,le1 ,c4 ,,hydrar'',,gyri1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,guibourt47 ,strong mercurial ointment and simple cerate1 equal parts4 #b4 7,ph4 ,l4 #agdf47 ,strong mercurial ointment and yellow wax1 of each #f oz42 lard1 #c oz4 ,both are used as dressings to venereal ulcers4 #c4 7,compound2 ,,cera',,tum ,,mercuria',,le ,,compos',,itum1 ,c4 ,,hydrar'',,gyri1 ,l47 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,mercurial ointment 7strong7 and soap cerate1 of each #f oz42 camphor 7in powder71 #a-a_/b oz42 triturate together4 ,alterative and discutient2 used to disperse indolent tumours and swellings1 and as a resolvent in enlarged joints1 c4 ,,cerate1 ,,meto'',,pium4 ,syn4 ,,cera',,tum ,,meto'',,pii1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,dr ,barham47 ,hog-gum 7from ,rhus ,metopium71 and lard1 of each #d oz42 white wax and root of ,sweet ,aristolochia 7powdered71 of each #b oz42 yellow resin1 #a oz42 in stiff joints and rheumatic pains4 ,cerate1 ,mez'ereon4 ,syn4 ,,cera',,tum ,,mez',,erei1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,extract of mezereon1 #a part2 7dissolved in7 alcohol1 #e parts2 add beeswax1 #e parts2 olive oil1 #aa parts2 melt together1 and continue the heat until all the alcohol is evaporated4 #b4 ,green oil of mezereon1 #a part2 simple cerate1 #bj parts2 melt together4 ,both are used to keep up the discharge from blistered surfaces1 and as a stimulant application to indolent sores4 ,cerate1 ,neu'tral4 ,see ,,cerate1 ,,kirkland',s4 ,cerate1 ,ni'trate of ,mer'cury4 ,syn4 ,,cit',,rine ,,cerate2 ,,cera',,tum ,,hydrar'',,gyri ,,nitra',,tis1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,st4 ,b4 ,hosp47 ,citrine ointment and simple cerate1 equal parts4 ,see ,,ointments4 ,cerate1 ,o'pium4 ,syn4 ,,laud',,anum ,,cerate1 ,,an',,odyne ,c42 ,,cera',,tum ,o'',,pii1 ,c4 ,,opia',,tum1 ,c4 ,,anody',,num1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,tincture of opium and olive oil1 of each #b dr42 simple cerate1 #a oz42 digest with heat until all the spirit and water is evaporated1 constantly stirring the mixture all the time4 #b4 7,gilbert47 ,wine of opium1 #a dr42 simple cerate1 #a oz4 #c4 7,lagneau47 ,opium 7in fine powder71 #a_/b dr42 yolk of #a egg2 mix1 then triturate it with simple cerate1 #a oz4 ,uses4 ,the above are applied to painful swellings1 piles1 and ulcers1 and in chronic ophthalmia1 c4 ,cerate1 ,phosphora'ted4 ,syn4 ,,cera',,tum ,,phospho',,ri1 ,c4 ,,phosphora',,tum1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,phosphorus1 #f gr42 simple cerate1 #c oz42 heat together in a phial placed in a water bath1 with frequent agitation for #b hours2 and after repose for #aj minutes1 pour off the clear portion1 and stir it well until cold4 #b4 7,foy47 ,phosphorated ether1 #e parts2 simple cerate1 #bd parts4--,uses4 ,both of the above have been recommended as frictions in obstinate cutaneous affections1 and in rheumatism of the joints4 ,cerate1 ,pitch4 ,syn4 ,,ceratum ,,pi',,cis ,,bergundi',c1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,beral47 ,white wax1 #c parts2 suet1 #d parts2 ,bergundy pitch1 #f parts2 melted together4 ,a mild stimulant and detergent dressing4 ,see ,,ointments4 ,cerate1 ,quin'ine4 ,syn4 ,,cera',,tum ,,quini1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,sulphate of quinine1 #e or #f gr42 simple cerate1 #a dr4 ,applied to the denuded dermis 7endermically74 #b4 ,sulphate of quinine and olive oil1 of each #a dr42 simple cerate1 #f dr4 ,as a friction4 ,both are used in intermittents4 ,cerate1 ,res'in4 ,syn4 ,,basil',,icon1 ,b4 ,,cerate1 ,b4 ,,ointment1 ,,yellow ,b41 ,,cit',,rine ,,cerate2 ,,cera',,tum ,,citri',,num 7,ph4 ,l4 #aghh71 ,c4 ,,resi',n ,,fla',v 7,ph4 ,l4 #agde71 ,c4 ,,resi',n 7,ph4 ,l4 #ahji and since71 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,yellow resin and beeswax1 of each #ae oz42 melt1 add olive oil1 #a pint2 strain through a cloth1 and stir the mixture until cold4 ,obs4 ,the above is the formula of the ,london ,college1 but the basilicon of the shops is seldom1 if ever1 made in this manner4 ,the following forms are those commonly used in trade1 but the products are much inferior to that made according to the directions in the ,pharmacopoeia4 #b4 7,commercial47--a4 ,yellow resin1 #aj lbs42 beeswax1 #b lbs42 linseed oil1 #g lbs42 melt together1 and stir until cold4 b4 ,as the last1 but using nut oil instead of linseed oil4 c4 ,nut oil1 #a gall42 beeswax1 #e lbs42 yellow resin1 #ad lbs4 d4 ,lard 7common7 and linseed oil1 of each #c lbs42 yellow resin1 #i lbs42 as before4 ,uses1 c4 ,this cerate is a mild stimulant1 detergent1 and digestive application2 and as such is employed to dress foul and indolent ulcers1 blistered surfaces1 burns1 c4 ,for the corresponding preparations of the other colleges1 see ,,ointments4 #c4 7,compound2 ,,desh',,ler',s ,,cerate2 ,,cera',,tum ,,resi',n ,,compos',,itum1 ,l47 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s47 ,resin1 suet1 and beeswax1 of each #a lb42 turpentine1 #a_/b lb42 flax-seed oil 7linseed oil71 #a_/b pint2 as above4 ,rather more stimulating than resin cerate1 but used for the same purposes4 ,cerate1 ,rose4 ,syn4 ,,lip ,,salve2 ,,cera',,tum ,,rosa',,tum1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,p4 ,c47 ,oil of almonds1 #af parts2 white wax1 #h parts2 alkanet root1 #a part2 digest1 with a gentle heat1 until sufficiently coloured1 then strain1 and for every ounce of the cerate1 add otto of roses1 #b drops4 ,see ,,lip ,,salve4 ,cerate1 ,sav'ine4 ,syn4 ,,cera',,tum ,,sabi',n 7,ph4 ,e42 and ,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf71 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,beeswax1 #a part2 lard1 #d parts2 fresh savin 7leaves bruised71 #b parts2 boil together until the leaves become crisp1 then strain1 with pressure1 through a linen cloth4 #b4 7,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf47 ,lard1 #b lbs42 savin leaves1 #a lb42 beeswax1 #a_/b lb42 as last4 #c4 7,ph4 ,l4 #ahea47 ,in the ,b4 ,p4 this preparation is included among the ,,ointments 7which see72 in trade1 however1 the old name 7,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf7 is still generally retained4 ,obs4 ,the preparation of this cerate requires caution1 as the active principle of the savin1 being volatile1 is injured by long boiling and a high temperature4 ,the leaves are usually boiled until they are crisp1 but as this takes some time1 the essential oil1 and consequently the odour1 is nearly all dissipated4 ,a better plan is to express the juice from the leaves1 and to add it to the wax and oil melted together1 and just beginning to cool4 ,as usually met with in the shops1 this cerate has a lively green colour1 and the odour of the fresh plant2 but neither of these is derived from the leaves in the common process of making it4 ,the first is caused by the addition of powdered verdigris1 and the last by adding a little of the essential oil of savin to the compound when nearly cold4 ,the preparations of the ,british ,colleges have only a very pale green colour1 and even that rapidly changes by exposure to the air4 ,a uniform green colour may therefore be regarded as a proof of adulteration2 as the unadulterated compound1 however1 skilfully prepared1 is of a dingy green colour1 of little intensity2 and after it has been made a short time1 it fades on the surface1 and the under portion becomes streaky and mottled4 ,a greater quantity of colour is obtained from the leaves by long digestion in the fat and wax in earthen vessels1 at a moderate heat1 than by hasty boiling4 ,in this way a lively green is sometimes produced1 but it rapidly changes in the manner just mentioned4 ,the following forms are those commonly adopted by the wholesale druggists for the manufacture of this cerate3-- #d4 ,lard and suet1 of each #f lbs42 yellow wax1 #b lbs42 melt them together in an earthen vessel2 add #b oz4 of distilled verdigris 7previously rubbed down smooth in a mortar with an equal weight of sweet oil72 strain1 whilst hot1 into a large earthen pot1 and when the whole has cooled a little1 add of oil of savin1 #a oz41 and stir until cold4 #e4 ,savin leaves1 #d lbs42 yellow wax1 #b lbs42 lard1 #h lbs42 boil until the leaves become crisp2 then strain1 and add1 of green ointment 7lively coloured71 #e lbs42 when cooled a little1 further add1 of oil of savin1 #c dr41 and stir briskly until cold4 ,prod41 #ac-a_/b lbs4 ,uses1 c4 ,savin cerate and ointment are chiefly employed to keep up the discharge from blisters 7perpetual blisters71 for which purpose it is preferable to preparations of cantharides4 ,the practice of colouring this cerate with verdigris1 which is general in trade1 cannot be too severely censured1 as its therapeutic action is thereby altered4 ,the copper may be detected by burning down a little in a platinum or ,hessian crucible1 washing out the ashes with a little dilute nitric acid1 placing the liquor in a glass tube1 and applying the usual tests4 ,see ,,copper and ,,ointments4 ,cerate1 ,sim'ple4 ,syn4 ,,cera',,tum ,,sim',,plex1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,spermaceti1 #a part2 white wax1 #c parts2 olive oil1 #f parts2 melt by a gentle heat1 and stir until cold4 ,this preparation is similar to ,,simple ,,ointment 7,unguentum ,simplex71 ,b4 ,p4 7which see74 ,cerate of ,snails4 ,white wax1 #c parts2 spermaceti1 #c parts2 oil of almonds1 #cb parts2 mucilage of snails1 #bd parts2 otto of rose1 sufficient to scent it4 ,cerate1 ,soap4 ,syn4 ,,compound ,,soap ,,cerate2 ,,cera',,tum ,,sapo',,nis 7,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf71 ,c4 ,,saponis ,,compos',,itum 7,ph4 ,l4 #ahea71 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,boil litharge1 #ae oz41 in distilled vinegar1 #a gall41 until dissolved1 stirring continually2 then add of ,castile soap1 #aj oz42 again boil until all the moisture is evaporated2 then add1 gradually1 beeswax1 #ab-a_/b oz41 and olive oil1 #a pint1 previously melted together1 and stir until nearly cold4 ,similar to ,,soap ,,cerate ,,plaster 7,emplastrum ,cerati ,saponis71 ,b4 ,p4 7which see74 #b4 7,wholesale47 ,distilled vinegar1 #f galls42 litharge1 #e lbs42 soap1 #c-c_/d lbs42 yellow wax1 #d-a_/b lbs42 olive oil1 #f pints4 ,mix as above4 ,good nut or poppy oil may be used instead of olive oil4 ,obs4 ,unless the instructions contained in the above formul are followed in every particular1 the process is apt to miscarry4 ,when this is the case1 the cerate1 on cooling1 separates into two portions1 and is commonly full of hard1 gritty particles4 ,to prevent this1 care should be taken to use soap of the best quality4 ,this mishap cannot be got over by long boiling and stirring1 as is generally supposed4 ,the only remedy is the addition of a little more soap1 previously melted with some water1 and again evaporating to a proper consistence4 ,a small quantity of solution of potassa has a similar effect4 ,the colour and consistence of soap cerate chiefly depends on the length of time it is kept heated after the addition of the oil and wax4 ,as evaporation proceeds1 so the colour and consistence increase4 ,its usual colour is that of a lively1 pale chocolate-brown1 but occasionally it is much paler4 ,this arises from its containing an undue quantity of moisture4 ,when it has been kept heated for a period beyond that usually adopted1 it attains greater hardness1 and is then frequently called hard soap cerate 7,,cera',,tum ,,saponis ,,durum72 but by over-boiling it is apt to become gritty4 ,uses1 c4 ,soap cerate is resolvent1 cooling1 and desiccative1 and is chiefly employed as a cooling dressing for scrofulous swellings1 c4 ,it may be spread on linen and applied like a plaster4 ,it is sometimes used as a support for fractured limbs1 and forms an excellent dressing for soft corns4 ,cerate1 ,spermace'ti4 ,syn4 ,,white ,,cerate1 ,,white ,,lip ,,salve1 ,,simple ,c42 ,,ceratum ,,sim',,plex 7,ph4 ,e471 ,c4 ,,album 7,ph4 ,l4 #agde71 ,c4 ,,sperma',,tis ,,ce',,ti 7,ph4 ,l4 #aghh71 ,c4 ,,ceta',,cei 7,ph4 ,l4 #ahji1 and since71 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,spermaceti1 #b oz42 white wax1 #h oz42 melt by a gentle heat2 add1 olive oil 7warm71 #a pint1 and stir with a spatula until they cool4 #b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,see ,,cerate1 ,,simple4 #c4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,the corresponding preparation of the ,ph4 ,d4 is classed under ,ointments1 and contains lard4 #d4 7,commercial47 ,on the large scale lard or suet is substituted for oil1 by which means less wax is required4 ,the following is a good form where a cheap article is wanted1 and is that commonly adopted in the wholesale trade3-- ,clarified mutton suet1 #e-a_/b lbs42 white wax and spermaceti1 of each #c_/d lb42 as above4 ,obs4 ,the materials should be melted by a very gentle heat 7that of a water bath is best7 in a clean stoneware vessel1 and as soon as perfect liquefaction takes place1 the heat should be withdrawn1 and the fluid cerate strained into a clean vessel1 and stirred with a clean wooden spatula until it solidifies4 ,to facilitate the cooling1 the vessel may be placed in cold water or in a current of cold air4 ,in this way the product is rendered both whiter and finer than when the liquid mass is allowed to cool by itself4 ,by adding a little flowers of benzoin with the oil1 or a little nitric ether when the cerate is about half cold1 this1 as well as other like preparations1 will keep for years without becoming rancid or suffering any material change of condition4 ,uses1 c4 ,emollient and cooling4 ,it is commonly employed as a soft1 cooling dressing1 as a lip salve1 as an application to chaps1 chilblains1 c4 ,cerate1 ,sul'phur4 ,syn4 ,,cera',,tum ,,sulphu',,ris1 ,c4 ,,sulphura',,tum1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,p4 ,c47 ,washed sulphur1 #b parts2 cerate of ,galen1 #g parts2 almond oil1 #a part2 mix4 ,in itch1 c4 ,cerate1 ,sul'phide of ,mer'cury4 ,prep4 7,swediaur47 ,yellow resin1 #a_/b oz42 yellow wax and lard1 of each #a_/b lb42 vermilion1 #bj gr4 ,as a dressing to unhealthy ulcers4 ,see ,,cerate1 ,,cinnabar4 ,cerate1 ,tobac'co4 ,prep4 ,beeswax1 #c oz42 yellow resin1 #a oz42 olive oil1 #f oz42 tobacco juice1 #d oz42 mix and evaporate to dryness1 and when nearly cold1 add bergamot1 #b dr4 ,used to destroy pediculi1 c4 ,cerate1 ,touch4 ,syn4 ,,cera',,tum ,,pro ,,tec',,tu1 ,l42 ,,cerat ,,pour ,,le ,,toucher1 ,fr4 ,prep4 7,soubeiran47 ,spermaceti and yellow wax1 of each #a part2 olive oil1 #af parts2 melt1 add caustic soda1 #a part1 and stir until cold4 ,used in hospitals for practising the touching in accouchements4 ,cerate1 ,turner's4 ,see ,,cerate1 ,,calamine4 ,cerate1 ,ver'digris4 ,syn4 ,,cera',,tum ,,ru',,ginis1 ,c4 ,,cu',,pri ,,diaceta',,tis1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,resin cerate1 #ai parts2 verdigris 7in fine powder71 #a part4 #b4 7,for4 ,ph47 ,wax and resin1 of each #f parts2 ,venice turpentine1 #e parts2 linseed oil1 #b parts2 verdigris1 #a part4 ,used as a mild escharotic and stimulant to fungous ulcers1 warts1 corns1 c4 ,cerate1 ,white4 ,see ,,cerate1 ,,spermaceti4 ,cerate1 ,zinc4 ,syn4 ,,cera',,tum ,,zinc',i1 ,c4 ,z4 ,,oxy',,di1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,oxide of zinc1 #bj gr41 spermaceti cerate1 #a oz4 ,used in sore nipples1 excoriations1 c42 and in chronic ophthalmia4 #b4 7,compound2 ,,cera',,tum ,,zinci ,,compositum1 ,l47--a4 ,to the last add calomel1 #aj gr4 ,used as the last1 and in scrofulous ophthalmia4 b4 7,mid4 ,hosp47 ,zinc ointment and compound lead ointment1 equal parts4 ,cooling1 astringent2 in excoriations1 and as a dressing for ulcers4 c4 7,hufeland47 ,oxide of zinc and lycopodium1 of each #ae gr42 simple cerate1 #a_/b oz4 ,in sore nipples1 ulcerations of the breast1 tetters1 c4 ,it acts best when diluted with half its weight of spermaceti cerate4 d4 7,u4 ,s4 ,ph47 ,precipitated carbonate zinc1 #b oz42 simple cerate1 #aj oz4 ,a substitute for calamine cerate4 ,,cereb',,ric ,,acid4 ,a peculiar acid compound1 first noticed by ,m4 ,frmy1 obtained along with oleo-phosphoric acid when the brain and nerves are treated with hot alcohol4 ,it is solid1 white1 crystalline2 freely soluble in boiling alcohol1 and forms a solid gelatinous mass with hot water2 fusible with decomposition1 exhaling a peculiar odour1 and leaving much charcoal behind4 ,it has been found also in the yolk of eggs1 in seminal fluid1 and in pus4 ,with the alkalies it forms insoluble salts termed cerebrates4 ,,cereb',,rolein4 ,when oleo-phosphoric acid is boiled in water1 it is resolved into a fluid neutral oil and phosphoric acid1 which dissolves4 ,the former is cerebrolein4 ,,ce',,rin1 ,,hc#bg;,h#ec,o#b4 7,brodie47 ,syn4 ,,cerotic ,,acid4 ,when pure beeswax 7bleached7 is digested in boiling alcohol for some time1 a solution of myricin and cerin is formed4 ,the former is deposited as the liquid cools1 and the latter may be obtained by evaporating the decanted portion4 ,cerin is a white1 crystallisable substance1 soluble in #af parts of boiling alcohol2 it fuses at #add ,fahr42 and is readily saponified with caustic alkaline lyes4 ,it greatly resembles white wax1 of which1 indeed1 it forms from #gj2 to #hj4 ,,cerisin4 ,a substance obtained from ozokerit or fossil wax1 very similar in appearance and properties to white wax1 for which it has been proposed as a substitute in pharmaceutical preparations4 ,at present it is chiefly used in the manufacture of candles4 ,cerisin appears to be one of the paraffins4 ,it differs1 however1 from ordinary paraffin in not being unctuous to the touch1 in being non-translucent and firmer in texture1 and in having a higher fusing point4 ,it seems to be intermediate between ordinary paraffin and wax4 ,,ce',,rium4 ,ce4 ,a metal discovered in #ahjc by ,hisinger and ,berzelius in the mineral named cerite4 ,cerium ,oxalate4 7,ph4 ,b47 ,it may be obtained as a precipitate by adding a solution of oxalate of ammonia to a soluble salt of cerium4--,dose1 #a to #b gr4 ,given in the vomiting of pregnancy4 ,,ce',,romel4 ,prep4 7,van ,mons47 ,beeswax1 #a oz42 honey1 #d oz42 melt together and stir until cold4 ,an excellent application to irritable ulcers1 abraded surfaces1 sore nipples1 c4 ,,cero',,tic ,,acid4 ,see ,,cerin4 ,,cesspools4 ,it may be well to point out that the local authorities of any district in which a cesspool is situated are required by the ,public ,health ,act--#a4 ,to see that it is so constructed and kept as to prevent its becoming either a nuisance or detrimental to health4 #b4 ,that an examination of any cesspool can be made by the sanitary inspector1 or by any officer appointed by the local authority1 after notice of entry has been served upon those who are the occupiers of the premises on which it is situated4 #c4 ,the local authority may itself undertake the cleansing of a cesspool1 or it may enact bye-laws imposing this duty on the occupiers of the premises4 #d4 ,if the local authority1 after having undertaken the cleansing of a cesspool1 fail to do its duty1 it becomes liable1 after notice from an occupier1 for the payment to the said occupier of a penalty not exceeding five shillings a day during default4 #e4 ,any person in an urban district who allows the contents of a cesspool to overflow1 or to soak therefrom1 incurs a penalty of forty shillings for each offence1 and a further charge of five shillings a day for the continuance of the offence after notice4 #f4 ,information of any nuisance under the said ,act in the district of any local authority may be given to such local authority by any person aggrieved thereby1 or by any two inhabitant householders of such district1 or by any officer of such authority1 or by the relieving officer1 or by any constable or officer of the police force of such district4 ,it does not come within our province to enter into details as to the best method of building a cesspool4 ,we may1 however1 state1 that owing to the defective and leaky construction of a cesspool1 it very frequently becomes a serious source of dangerous contamination to the wells in the neighbourhood1 as well as a ready means of contagion1 when it contains the excreta of fever patients4 ,the outbreak of typhoid fever at the west end of ,london in #ahgd1 the origin of which was traced to the milk supply1 was owing to the vessels in which the milk was collected in the country having been washed out with water taken from a well near a cesspool1 into which ran the contents of a privy belonging to a house1 some of the inmates of which were labouring under typhoid fever4 ,for a cesspool not to be injurious to health it should be water-tight and ventilated by a shaft2 it should never be allowed to overflow2 and should be sunk at as great a distance from houses or dwellings as possible4 ,,ce',,tin4 ,c#cb;,h#fd,o#b4 ,chevreul applied this name to pure spermaceti4 ,prep4 ,dissolve spermaceti in boiling alcohol1 and collect the crystals that are deposited as the solution cools4 ,bright pearly crystals1 melting at #abj1 and subliming at #fgj ,fahr4 ,see ,,spermaceti4 ,,cetrar',,ic ,,acid4 ,h#b;,c#ah;,h#ad,o#h4 ,syn4 ,,cetrar',,in4 ,the bitter principle of ,iceland moss 7,cetraria ,islandica74 ,it exists1 in the free state1 in the cortical portion of the thallus4 ,prep4 #a4 ,iceland moss 7bruised71 #a part2 rectified spirit1 #f parts2 boil in a covered vessel for half an hour2 express the liquor whilst hot1 filter1 and distil off the spirit2 redissolve the residuum in boiling alcohol1 decant the clear1 and let the solution cool slowly2 lastly1 collect the crystals and preserve them out of contact with air4 #b4 7,herberger47 ,iceland moss 7in coarse powder71 #a lb42 alcohol 7#hhc71 #d lbs42 boil as before1 cool until vapours cease to rise1 express the tincture1 add hydrochloric acid1 #c dr41 7dissolved in7 water1 #b oz42 let it rest for a night in a closed matrass2 then decant1 throw the deposit on a filter1 press it in bibulous paper1 and whilst still moist wash it with both alcohol and ether2 lastly1 purify it by digestion in boiling alcohol1 as before4 ,prop41 c4 ,pure cetraric acid occurs under the form of minute1 shining1 acicular crystals2 it is intensely bitter1 non-volatile1 scarcely soluble in water1 ether1 and cold alcohol2 soluble in alkaline solutions forming soluble salts1 which give a red colour with the persalts of iron1 and a yellow one with acetate of lead4 ,the compounds are called cetrarates4--,dose1 #b to #d gr4 every three hours1 as a febrifuge2 #a to #c gr4 thrice daily1 as a tonic4 ,,cha',,bert',s ,,oil4 ,syn4 ,,chabert',s ,,empyreumat',,ic ,,oil2 ,o',,leum ,,empyreumat',,icum ,,chaberti1 ,o4 ,,contra ,t,,niam ,,chaberti1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,bor4 #ahdg47 ,from empyreumatic oil of hartshorn1 #a part2 oil of turpentine1 #c parts2 mix and distil over three fourths only in a glass retort1 and keep it in well-stopped bottles4 ,in tapeworm4--,dose1 #b teaspoonfuls in water1 night and morning1 until #d to #f or even #g oz4 have been taken2 a cathartic being also administered from time to time4 ,,chafing4 ,see ,,excoriations4 ,,chairs4 ,the black leather work of chairs1 settees1 c41 may be restored by first well washing off the dirt with a little warm soap and water1 and afterwards with clean water4 ,the brown and faded portions may now be retained by means of a little black ink1 or preferably1 black reviver1 and when this has got thoroughly dry1 they may be touched over with white of egg1 stained and mixed with a little sugar-candy4 ,when the surface is nearly dry1 it should be polished off with a clean brush4 ,,chalk4 ,syn4 ,,soft ,,carbonate ,,of ,,lime1 or ,,carbonate ,,of ,,calcium1 ,,earthy ,c4 ,,of ,l42 ,,cre',,ta1 ,l4 ,chalk is largely used in the arts and manufactures1 and in medicine4 ,the natural varieties are remarkable for the fossils which they contain4 ,the ,,coloured ,,chalks which are used as pigments and for crayons generally contain both clay and magnesia1 as well as oxide of iron1 and are minerals quite distinct from ,,white ,,chalk1 or ,,chalk properly so called4 ,the latter is an ,,amorphous ,,carbonate ,,of ,,lime4 ,exposed for some time to a red heat1 it is converted into ,,quick-,,lime2 ground in mills and elutriated1 it forms ,,whiting2 the same process performed more carefully and on a smaller scale produces the ,,prepared ,,chalk used in medicine4 ,when prepared artificially 7by precipitation71 it is the ,,precipitated ,,chalk of modern pharmacy4 7,see below47 ,chalk1 ,black4 ,a variety of drawing slate4 ,chalk1 ,brown4 ,a familiar name for umber4 ,chalk1 ,cam'phorated4 ,syn4 ,,cretaceous ,,tooth ,,powder1 ,,cam',,phorated ,t4 ,p42 ,,cre',,ta ,,cam',,phorata1 ,c4 ,,cum ,,campho',,ra1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,camphor1 #a oz42 add a few drops of spirit of wine1 reduce it to a very fine powder1 and mix it 7perfectly7 with precipitated chalk1 #g oz42 lastly1 pass it through a clean1 fine sieve1 and keep it in a corked bottle4 ,these proportions make the strongest ,,camphorated ,,tooth ,,powder of the shops4 #b4 ,camphor1 #a oz42 precipitated chalk1 #ae oz42 as before4 ,these are the best and safest proportions1 and those now generally adopted by the ,west-end perfumers4 #c4 ,as either of the above1 but using prepared chalk in lieu of precipitated chalk4 ,less white and velvety1 but cleans the teeth better than the softer article4 ,uses1 c4 ,camphorated chalk is much esteemed as a dentifrice2 especially by smokers1 and those troubled with foul teeth1 or offensive breath4 ,it may be scented with a few drops 7#c or #d to each oz47 of otto of roses1 oil of cloves1 or neroli1 or of the essences of ambergris1 musk1 or vanilla2 but care must be taken not to overdo it4 ,when the teeth are much furred or discoloured1 it may be mixed with about one seventh of its weight of finely powdered pumice stone 7sifted through lawn71 which will render it more effective4 ,a little carmine1 rouge1 light red 7burnt ochre71 red coral1 or rose pink1 is also sometimes added to give it a tinge approaching that of the gums4 ,the quantity of camphor 7#a to #c or #d7 commonly ordered in certain books is absurdly large1 and would render the compound not only unpleasant in use1 but actually detrimental to the teeth4 ,see ,,dentifrices4 ,chalk1 ,french4 ,soap stone or steatite1 a soft magnesian mineral1 possessing the property of writing on glass4 ,it is used by tailors for marking cloths4 ,its powder 7obtained by scraping7 is very soft1 velvety1 and absorbent of grease4 ,it forms the boot powder of the boot- and shoe-makers4 ,chalk ,mixture4 ,syn4 ,,mistura ,,cret1 ,l4 ,prepared chalk1 #a part2 gum arabic 7in powder71 #a part2 syrup1 #b parts2 cinnamon water1 #cj parts2 mix by trituration4--,dose1 #a to #b oz41 with astringent tinctures and opium4 ,care should be taken to use the prepared chalk as directed2 the precipitated chalk has a crystalline character1 and is said to occasion irritation of the bowels4 7,squire47 ,chalk1 ,precip'itated4 ,syn4 ,,precipitated ,,car',,bonate ,,of ,,lime2 ,,cre',,ta ,,pr,,cipita',,ta1 ,,cal',,cis ,,carb',,onas ,,pr,,cipita',,tum1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,by adding to a solution of chloride of calcium1 any quantity1 another of carbonate of soda 7both cold71 and well washing the precipitate with pure water1 and drying it out of the dust4 #b4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,solution of chloride of calcium 7,ph4 ,d471 #e parts2 carbonate of soda1 #c parts2 7dissolved in7 water1 #d parts4 #c4 7,b4 ,p47 ,dissolve chloride of calcium1 #e oz42 and carbonate of soda1 #ac oz42 each in two pints of boiling distilled water2 mix the two solutions1 and allow the precipitate to subside4 ,collect this on a calico filter1 wash it with boiling distilled water1 until the washing cease to give a precipitate with nitrate of silver1 and try the product at the temperature of #bab ,f4 ,uses1 c4 ,it is chiefly employed for making aromatic confection1 cretaceous powder1 and chalk mixture4 ,that of the shops is seldom pure1 the refuse of the soda-water makers 7sulphate of lime7 being commonly sold for it4 ,when pure it is wholly soluble1 with effervescence1 in dilute hydrochloric acid4 7,see below47 ,chalk1 ,prepa''red4 ,syn4 ,,cre',,ta 7,ph4 ,e4 ,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf71 ,,cre',,ta ,,prepara',,ta 7,ph4 ,l4 #ahea71 ,,cre',,ta ,,al',,ba 7,ph4 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,d4 #ahcf47 ,rub chalk1 #a lb41 with sufficient water1 add gradually1 until reduced to a smooth cream2 then stir this into a large quantity of water1 and1 after a short interval1 to allow the coarser particles to subside1 pour off the supernatant water 7still turbid7 into another vessel1 and allow the suspended powder to settle2 lastly1 collect the chalk so prepared and dry it4 ,in the same way shells are prepared1 after being first freed from impurities and washed with boiling water4 #b4 7,commercial2 ,,whi',,ting47 ,on the large scale the chalk is ground in mills1 and the elutriation and deposit made in large reservoirs4 ,it is now seldom prepared by the druggist4 ,pur4 ,almost entirely soluble in dilute hydrochloric acid1 provided it contains no sulphate of lime or silica1 giving off small bubbles of carbonic acid gas4 ,test4 ,the salt formed by dissolving the chalk in hydrochloric acid1 if rendered neutral by evaporation to dryness and redissolved in water1 gives only a very scanty precipitate on the addition of a saccharated solution of lime1 indicating absence of phosphate4 7,b4 ,p47 ,uses1 c4 ,in medicine1 as an absorbent1 antacid1 and desiccant2 in acidity1 heartburn1 dyspepsia1 and other like stomach affections1 and in diarrhoea1 depending on acidity or irritation2 in the latter1 generally combined with aromatics1 astringents1 or opium4 ,it forms a valuable dusting powder in excoriations1 ulcers1 c41 especially in those of children4--,dose1 #aj gr4 to a spoonful1 in a little water or milk1 or made into a mixture with mucilage or syrup4 ,chalk1 ,red4 ,a natural clay containing about #ah of protoxide and carbonate of iron4 ,,chalyb',,eates4 ,syn4 ,,chalybea',,ta1 ,,ferrugin',,ea1 ,l4 ,the medicinal qualities of the preparations of iron are noticed under the name of that metal4 ,those most frequently employed in medicine are--,,iron ,,filings2 ,,quevenne',s ,,iron2 the ,,black ,,oxide1 ,,magnetic ,,oxide1 and ,,sesquioxide ,,of ,,iron2 the ,,ammonio-,,chloride and ,,sesquichloride2 the ,,carbonate and ,,saccharine ,,carbonate2 the ,,citrate and ,,ammonio-,,citrate2 the ,,iodide1 ,,lactate1 and ,,sulphate2 the ,,tartrate1 ,,ammonio-,,tartrate1 and ,,potassio-,,tartrate ,,of ,,iron2 and the ,,chalybeate ,,mineral ,,waters4 ,for the doses1 c41 see the respective articles4 ,,cham',,omile4 ,syn4 ,,anthe',,mis1 ,l4 ,the flowers of the ,anthemis nobilis 7,anthemidis ,flores1 ,b4 ,p474 ,they are bitter1 stomachic1 and tonic2 in dyspepsia1 loss of appetite1 intermittents1 c4 ,they are an effectual remedy for nightmare2 and1 according to ,dr ,schall1 the only certain remedy for that complaint4--,dose1 #aj gr4 to #a_/b dr41 or more1 in powder or made into a tea4 ,fomentations are also made with it4 ,see ,,extracts1 ,,oils1 ,,pills1 c4 ,,champagne'4 ,see ,,wines4 ,,chaps4 ,these are too well known to require description4 ,chapped hands are common amongst persons with a languid circulation1 who are continually dabbling in water during cold weather4 ,chapped lips generally occur in persons with pallid1 bluish1 moist lips1 who are much exposed to the wind in dry cold weather2 especially in those who are continually moving from heated apartments to the external air4 ,the application of a little ,,cold ,,cream1 ,,pomatum1 ,,spermaceti ,,ointment1 ,,lard1 or any similar article1 will generally prevent chaps on the lips1 and chaps and chilblains on the hands4 ,persons employed in oil and tallow works1 or about oil1 and who have consequently their hands continually in contact with greasy matter1 never suffer from these things4 ,a little oil or unguent of any kind1 well rubbed on the hands on going to rest 7removing the superfluous portion with a cloth71 will not only preserve them from cold1 but tend to render them both soft and white4 ,see ,,chilblain4 ,,char 7,potted74 ,the flesh of the ,salmo ,alpinus 7,linn471 or trout of the ,alps1 common in the lakes of ,lapland1 preserved by the common process of potting4 ,,char',,bon-,,roux ,fr44 ,see ,,charcoal1 ,,wood 7below74 ,,char',,coal4 ,charcoal is made by charring organic substances1 such as wood1 bone1 blood1 c41 and is1 in other words1 the fixed residuum of vegetable or animal matter exposed to a high temperature out of contact with atmospheric air4 ,there are several different varieties of charcoal1 the chief of which1 however1 are wood and animal charcoal4 ,charcoal1 ,animal4 ,syn4 ,,animal ,,black1 ,,bone ,,black1 ,,ivory ,,black1 ,,carbo ,,animalis4 ,the charcoal obtained by igniting bone in close vessels1 but often applied likewise to any charcoal obtained from animal matter4 ,commercial4 ,bones 7deprived of their grease by boiling7 are broken to pieces1 and put into small cast-iron pots1 varying from #c_/h to #a_/b an inch in thickness4 ,two of these being filled1 are dexterously placed with their mouths together and then luted with loam4 ,a number of these vessels are then placed side by side and piled on each other1 in an oven resembling a potter's kiln1 to the number of #ajj or #aej1 or even more4 ,the fire is next kindled1 and the heat kept up strongly for #aj or #ab hours1 according to circumstances1 until the process is completed4 ,the whole is then allowed to cool before opening the pots4 ,a more economical method is by distillation1 as under3-- ,bones 7previously boiled for their grease7 are introduced into retorts similar to those used in gas works1 and heat being applied1 the volatile products are conveyed away by iron pipes to cisterns where the condensable portion is collected4 ,as soon as the process of distillation is finished1 the solid residuum in the retorts1 while still red hot1 is removed through their lower ends into wrought-iron canisters1 which are instantly closed by air-tight covers and luted over4 ,these are then raised to the ground by a crane1 and set aside to cool4 ,the bones1 having been carbonised1 are ground in a mill1 and the resulting coarse powder1 sorted by sieves into two kinds1 one1 granular1 somewhat resembling gunpowder1 for decolorising liquids1 and the other1 quite fine1 to be used as a pigment4 ,the first is sold under the name of animal charcoal2 the second as bone or ivory black4 ,the latter and other fine varieties of animal charcoal are fully described under the head of ,,black ,,pigments4 ,uses1 c4 ,this crude animal charcoal possesses the valuable property of taking lime and other saline matter from syrups and other aqueous solutions1 especially organic ones1 at the same time that it decolours them4 ,its power as a decoloriser may be tested by adding it to a solution of brown sugar or of molasses1 or to water containing #a_/ajjj part of indigo dissolved in sulphuric acid4 ,the test should be made in a small glass tube4 ,by well washing and carefully reburning it1 this charcoal may be used any number of times4 ,as a decoloriser and deodoriser1 animal charcoal is vastly superior to vegetable charcoal4 ,dr ,stenhouse has invented a charcoal respirator to cover over the mouth and nostrils of a person going into an infected atmosphere4 ,charcoal is also used with excellent effect to prevent the escape of noxious vapours and offensive effluvia from the ventilating openings of sewers4 ,the charcoal condenses and oxidises the escaping sewer gas in its pores4 ,dr ,garrod has proposed animal charcoal as a general antidote in cases of poisoning4 ,,prepared ,,animal ,,charcoal4 ,hydrochloric acid1 #a lb42 water1 #a pint2 mix1 add bone black1 #g lbs42 make a paste2 in #b or #c days stir in boiling water1 #a quart2 and the next day wash it with fresh water until the washings cease to affect litmus paper or a solution of carbonate of sodium2 then collect it in a cloth1 and drain1 press1 and dry it2 lastly1 heat it to redness1 as before4 ,used to decolour syrups1 c42 and occasionally by the distillers and rectifiers4 ,the most powerful charcoal is prepared by calcining blood1 and well washing the residue1 and which is the method of the last ',london ,pharmacopoeia4' ,the ,b4 ,p4 directs it to be made by burning bones in a closed vessel4 ,concluding ,remarks4 ,animal charcoal1 however prepared1 if intended to be used as a deodoriser or decoloriser1 should be kept thoroughly excluded from the air1 as by exposure it loses all its valuable properties1 and becomes absolutely inert4 ,freshly burnt charcoal is therefore to be employed whenever it can be obtained4 ,charcoal1 ,wood4 ,syn4 ,,veg',,etable ,,charcoal2 ,,car',,bo ,,lig',,ni1 ,l4 ,the residue obtained after heating wood without access of air to about #egb ,fahr4 ,it is extremely porous1 and retains the structure of the wood from which it is derived4 ,it consists essentially of carbon and of the fixed or inorganic matter which exists in wood2 but if carbonisation be imperfectly effected1 it may contain a sensible amount of hydrogen4 ,charcoal burning is effected in the open air in piles or stacks provided with a yielding cover1 in pits1 in closed chambers of brick or stone1 and in iron retorts heated externally like common gas retorts4 ,the latter method is only practised by the manufacturers of pyroligneous acid and gunpowder4 ,,charcoal ,,for ,,fuel1 c4 ,the method of pile burning is that which is most extensively practised4 ,pieces of wood of equal length are piled concentrically round a sort of chimney formed by driving #c stakes in the ground2 those nearest the centre are almost vertical1 and the surrounding pieces have a slight but gradually increasing inclination2 a second row1 and in the case of very large piles even a third1 may be stacked in a similar manner one above the other4 ,the pile is covered with turf and soil1 and kindled by filling the space within the #c central stakes with easily inflammable wood1 which is ignited4 ,the character of the smoke which issues from vents made in the piles indicates exactly the degrees of carbonisation in different parts4 ,when the charcoal is drawn from the pile it is extinguished by cold water1 or if that is not at hand1 by charcoal dust or dry soil4 ,in some parts of ,sweden the wood is charred in large rectangular stacks1 and in ,china the method of charring in pits is practised4 ,,charcoal ,,for ,,gun',,powder2 ,,cyl',,inder ,,charcoal4 ,the charcoal employed in the manufacture of gunpowder is burnt in close iron cylinders1 and has hence received the name of cylinder charcoal4 ,for this and other nice purposes it is essential that the last portion of the tar and vinegar should be suffered to escape1 and the reabsorption of the crude vapours prevented by cutting off the communication between the cylinders and the condensing apparatus2 as without this precaution1 on the fire being withdrawn1 a retrograde movement of the product takes place1 and the charcoal is much reduced in quality4 ,alder and willow are the woods chiefly used for making charcoal at ,waltham ,abbey4 ,the ,dutch white willow1 and after that the ,huntingdon willow1 are said to yield the best charcoal for gunpowder4 ,the charcoal from the cylinders of the pyroligneous acid 7wood vinegar7 works is also called cylinder charcoal1 and is that chiefly used for chemical purposes2 but it is inferior to that prepared for gunpowder4 ,,charcoal ,,for ,,scientific ,,purposes4 ,the box-wood charcoal1 employed in voltaic electricity1 is prepared by putting prismatic pieces of box-wood1 about #a inch long by #a_/b inch thick1 into a crucible1 which is then filled with clean1 dry sand1 covered up1 and exposed to a red heat for about an hour4 ,uses1 c4 ,these are numerous and varied4 ,charcoal is extensively employed as a fuel2 and in metallurgy for tempering metals1 making steel1 c42 reduced to powder1 it is used to surround vessels and bodies required to retain their heat for some time2 a coating of charcoal1 formed on piles and stakes of wood by charring them1 promotes their preservation4 ,fresh burnt charcoal1 in coarse powder1 restores tainted meat and putrid water1 discolours vegetable solutions1 deodorises fetid substances1 and withdraws lime from syrups filtered through it4 ,exposed on trays it is used as a disinfectant and deodoriser in the wards of hospitals and in dissecting rooms1 also as a material for water filters4 ,in medicine1 charcoal is principally used as a deodoriser and disinfectant1 either in the form of powder or made into a poultice4 ,it has been given internally in dyspepsia1 diarrhoea1 dysentery1 heartburn1 agues1 constipation1 sickness of pregnancy1 and various other diseases1 with advantage4 ,as a prophylactic of cholera and fevers it is invaluable and superior to all other substances4 ,it forms the best tooth powder known1 as it both whitens the teeth and deodorises the breath4--,dose1 #aj gr4 to a teaspoonful1 or more ad libitum4 ,an ointment made with lard and charcoal has been successfully employed in some skin diseases4 ,in all cases1 to be useful1 the charcoal must be both fresh-burnt and fresh-powdered1 and carefully preserved1 out of contact with the air1 until about to be administered4 ,fresh carbonised bread forms an excellent charcoal1 both for a prophylactic and a tooth powder4 ,charcoal varies in its qualities according to the substance from which it is prepared3 that of the soft woods 7willow or alder7 is best for crayons and gunpowder2 that of the hard woods for fuel1 and for blowpipe supports4 ,that made by a low red heat1 not exceeding cherry red1 and which has a dull surface1 is the most valuable4 ,if the heat be carried much beyond this point1 the charcoal acquires a brilliant surface1 and deteriorates in quality4 ,chestnut charcoal is preferred by smiths for forging1 as it not only burns slowly1 but deadens as soon as the blast ceases4 ,areca-nut charcoal is preferred as a dentifrice2 but the willow charcoal or box-wood charcoal is usually substituted for it by shopkeepers4 ,ant41 c4 ,poisoning or suffocation1 resulting from respiring the fumes of burning charcoal1 has been already alluded to1 and the treatment briefly pointed out4 ,see ,,carbonic ,,anhydride4 ,,char',,ges 7for ,cattle74 ,see ,,veterinary ,,medicine4 ,,char',,ring 7,surface74 ,the operation by which the surface of wood is carbonised1 to prevent its decay from exposure to air and moisture4 ,stakes and piles are generally thus treated before they are driven into the ground4 ,casks are charred on the inside by coopers when they are intended to hold water4 ,in both these cases the fire is commonly applied directly to the wood4 ,a new method has1 however1 been lately employed with apparent success4 ,this consists in washing the wood with the strongest oil of vitriol4 ,in this way not only the outer surface1 but the surface of all the cracks and holes1 get carbonised1 which is not the case when heat is employed4 ,it succeeds admirably with musty casks and vats4 ,,chatham ,,light4 ,a flash light used for military signals4 ,it is produced by blowing a mixture of pulverised rosin and magnesium dust through the flame of a spirit lamp4 ,,cheese4 ,syn4 ,,ca',,seum1 ,,ca',,seus1 ,l4 ,the curd of milk compressed into a solid mass4 ,that of commerce is usually salted and dried1 and in some varieties it is also coloured and flavoured4 ,the process of cheese-making is one which is eminently interesting and scientific1 and which1 in every gradation1 depends on principles which chemistry has developed and illustrated4 ,when a vegetable or mineral acid is added to milk1 and heat applied1 a coagulum is formed1 which1 when separated from the liquid portion1 constitutes cheese4 ,neutral salts1 earthy and metallic salts1 sugar1 and gum ,arabic1 as well as some other substances1 also produce the same effect2 but that which answers the purpose best1 and which is almost exclusively used by dairy farmers1 is rennet1 or the mucous membrane of the last stomach of the calf4 ,alkalies dissolve this curd at a boiling heat1 and acids again precipitate it4 ,the solubility of casein in milk is occasioned by the presence of the phosphates and other salts of the alkalies4 ,in fresh milk these substances may be readily detected by the property it possesses of restoring the colour of reddened litmus paper4 ,the addition of an acid neutralises the alkali1 and so precipitates the curd in an insoluble state4 ,the philosophy of cheese-making is thus expounded by ,liebig3-- ,the acid indispensable to the coagulation of milk is not added to the milk in the preparation of cheese1 but it is formed in the milk at the expense of the milk-sugar present4 ,a small quantity of water is left in contact with a small quantity of a calf's stomach for a few hours1 or for a night2 the water absorbs so minute a portion of the mucous membrane as to be scarcely ponderable2 this is mixed with milk2 its state of transformation is communicated 7and this is a most important circumstance71 not to the cheese1 but to the milk-sugar1 the elements of which transpose themselves into lactic acid1 which neutralises the alkalies1 and thus causes the separation of the cheese4 ,by means of litmus paper the process may be followed and observed through all its stages2 the alkaline reaction of the milk ceases as soon as the coagulation begins4 ,if the cheese is not immediately separated from the whey1 the formation of lactic acid continues1 the fluid turns acid1 and the cheese itself passes into a state of decomposition4 ,when cheese-curd is kept in a cool place a series of transformations takes place1 in consequence of which it assumes entirely new properties2 it gradually becomes semi-transparent1 and more or less soft1 throughout the whole mass2 it exhibits a feebly acid reaction1 and develops the characteristic caseous odour4 ,fresh cheese is very sparingly soluble in water1 but after having been left to itself for two or three years it becomes 7especially if all the fat be previously removed7 almost completely soluble in cold water1 forming with it a solution which1 like milk1 is coagulated by the addition of the acetic or any mineral acid4 ,the cheese1 which whilst fresh is insoluble1 returns during the maturation1 or ripening1 as it is called1 to a state similar to that in which it originally existed in the milk4 ,in those ,english1 ,dutch1 and ,swiss cheeses which are nearly inodorous1 and in the superior kinds of ,french cheese1 the caseine of the milk is present in its unaltered state4 ,the odour and flavour of the cheese is owing to the decomposition of the butter2 the non-volatile acids1 the margaric and oleic acids1 and the volatile butyric acid1 capric and caproic acids are liberated in consequence of the decomposition of glycerin4 ,butyric acid imparts to cheese its characteristic caseous odour1 and the differences in its pungency or aromatic flavour depend upon the proportion of free butyric1 capric1 and caproic acids present4 ,in the cheese of certain dairies and districts1 valerianic acid has been detected along with the other acids just referred to4 ,messrs ,jljenko and ,laskowski found this acid in the cheese of ,limbourg1 and ,m4 ,bolard in that of ,roquefort4 ,the transition of the insoluble into soluble casein depends upon the decomposition of the phosphate of lime by the margaric acid of the butter2 margarate of lime is formed1 whilst the phosphoric acid combines with the casein1 forming a compound soluble in water4 ,the bad smell of inferior kinds of cheese1 especially those called meagre or poor cheeses1 is caused by certain fetid products containing sulphur1 and which are formed by the decomposition or putrefaction of the casein4 ,the alteration which the butter undergoes 7that is1 in becoming rancid71 or which occurs in the milk-sugar still present1 being transmitted to the casein1 changes both the composition of the latter substance and its nutritive qualities4 ,the principal conditions for the preparation of the superior kinds of cheese 7other obvious circumstances being of course duly regarded7 are a careful removal of the whey1 which holds the milk-sugar in solution1 and a low temperature during the maturation or ripening of the cheese4 ,cheese differs vastly in quality and flavour1 according to the method employed in its manufacture and the richness of the milk of which it is made4 ,much depends upon the quantity of cream it contains1 and consequently1 when a superior quality of cheese is desired1 cream is frequently added to the curd4 ,this plan is adopted in the manufacture of ,stilton cheese and others of a like description4 ,the addition of a pound or two of butter to the curd for a middling size cheese also vastly improves the quality of the product4 ,to ensure the richness of the milk1 not only should the cows be properly fed1 but certain breeds chosen4 ,those of ,alderney1 ,cheddar1 ,cheshire1 ,gloucestershire1 ,guernsey1 and ,north ,wiltshire deserve a preference in this respect4 ,the materials employed in making cheese are milk and rennet4 ,rennet is used either fresh or salted and dried2 generally in the latter state4 ,the milk may be of any kind1 according to the quality of the cheese required4 ,cows' milk is that generally employed2 but occasionally ewes' milk is used2 and sometimes1 though more rarely1 that from goats4 ,in preparing his cheese1 the dairy farmer puts the greater portion of the milk into a large tub1 to which he adds the remainder1 sufficiently heated to raise the temperature to that of new milk4 ,the whole is then whisked together1 the rennet or rennet liquor added1 and the tub covered over4 ,it is now allowed to stand until completely turned1 when the curd is gently struck down several times with the skimming-dish1 after which it is allowed to subside4 ,the vat covered with cheese-cloth is next placed on a horse or ladder over the tub1 and filled with curd by means of the skimmer1 care being taken to allow as little as possible of the oily particles or butter to run back with the whey4 ,the curd is pressed down with the hands1 and more added as it sinks4 ,this process is repeated until the curd rises to about two inches above the edge4 ,the newly formed cheese1 thus partially separated from the whey1 is now placed in a clean tub1 and a proper quantity of salt added1 as well as of annotta1 when that colouring is used1 after which a board is placed over and under it1 and pressure applied for about #b or #c hours4 ,the cheese is next turned out and surrounded by a fresh cheese-cloth1 and then again submitted to pressure in the cheese press for #h or #aj hours1 after which it is commonly removed from the press1 salted all over1 and again pressed for #ae to #bj hours4 ,the quality of the cheese especially depends on this part of the process1 as if any of the whey is left in the cheese it rapidly becomes bad-flavoured4 ,before placing it in the press the last time the common practice is to pare the edges smooth and sightly4 ,it now only remains to wash the outside of the cheese in warm whey or water1 to wipe it dry1 and to colour it with annotta or reddle1 as is usually done4 ,the storing of the newly-made cheese is the next point that engages the attention of the maker and wholesale dealer4 ,the same principles which influence the maturation or ripening of fermented liquors also operate here4 ,in ,england1 a cool cellar1 neither damp nor dry1 and which is uninfluenced by change of weather or season1 is commonly regarded as the best for the purpose4 ,if possible1 the temperature should on no account be permitted to exceed #ej or #eb ,fahr4 at any portion of the year4 ,an average of about #de is preferable when it can be procured4 ,a place exposed to sudden changes of temperature is as unfit for storing cheese as it is for storing beer4 ,the quality of ,rochefort cheese1 which is prepared from sheep's milk1 and is very excellent1 depends exclusively upon the places where the cheeses are kept after pressing and during maturation4 ,those are cellars1 communicating with mountain grottoes and caverns1 which are kept constantly cool1 at about #da to #db ,fahr41 by currents of air from clefts in the mountains4 ,the value of these cellars as storehouses varies with their property of maintaining an equable and low temperature4 ,giron mentions that a certain cellar1 the construction of which had cost only #dhjl4 7#ab1jjj francs71 was sold for #hfjjl4 7#bae1jjj francs71 being found to maintain a suitable temperature1 a convincing proof of the importance attached to temperature in the preparation of these superior cheeses4 7,liebig47 ,it will thus be seen that very slight differences in the materials1 in the preparation1 or in storing of the cheese1 materially influence the quality and flavour of this article4 ,the richness of the milk--the addition to or subtraction of cream from the milk--the separation of the curd from the whey with or without compression--the salting of the curd--the collection of the curd1 either whole or broken1 before pressing--the addition of colouring matter1 as annotta or saffron1 or of flavouring--the place and method of storing--and the length of time allowed for maturation1 all tend to alter the taste and odour of the cheese in some or other particular1 and that in a way readily perceptible to the palate of the connoisseur4 ,no other alimentary substance appears to be so seriously affected by slight variations in the quality of the materials from which it is made1 or by such apparently trifling differences in the methods of preparing it4 ,var4 ,the varieties of cheese met with in commerce are very numerous1 and differ greatly from each other in richness1 colour1 and flavour4 ,these are commonly distinguished by names indicative of the places in which they have been manufactured1 or of the quality of the materials from which they have been prepared4 ,thus1 we have ,dutch1 ,gloucester1 ,stilton1 skimmed-milk1 raw-milk1 cream1 and other cheeses2 names which explain themselves4 ,the following are the principal varieties met with in ,europe3-- ,,cheese1 ,,brickbat4 ,from its form2 made in ,wiltshire of new milk and cream4 ,,cheese1 ,,cheddar4 ,a fine1 spongy kind of cheese1 the eyes or vesicles of which contain a rich oil2 made up into round1 thick cheeses1 of considerable size 7#aej to #bjj lbs474 ,,cheese1 ,,cheshire4 ,from new milk1 without skimming1 the morning's milk being mixed with that of the preceding evening1 previously warmed1 so that the whole may be brought to the heat of new milk4 ,to this the rennet is added1 in less quantity than is commonly used for other kinds of cheese4 ,on this point much of the flavour and mildness of the cheese is said to depend4 ,a piece of dried rennet1 of the size of half-a-crown1 put into a pint of water over night1 and allowed to stand until the next morning1 is sufficient for #ah or #bj gallons of milk4 ,in large1 round1 thick cheeses 7#ajj to #bjj lbs4 each74 ,they are generally solid1 homogeneous1 and dry1 and friable rather than viscid4 ,,cheese1 ,,cottenham4 ,a rich kind of cheese1 in flavour and consistence not unlike ,stilton1 from which1 however1 it differs in shape1 being flatter and broader than the latter4 ,,cheese1 ,,cream4 ,from the strippings 7the last of the milk drawn from the cow at each milking71 from a mixture of milk and cream1 or from raw cream only1 according to the quality desired4 ,it is usually made in small oblong1 square1 or rounded cakes1 a general pressure only 7that of a #b or #d lb4 weight7 being applied to press out the whey4 ,after twelve hours it is placed upon a board or wooden trencher1 and turned every day until dry4 ,it ripens in about three weeks4 ,a little salt is generally added1 and frequently a little powdered lump sugar4 ,,cheese1 ,,derbyshire4 ,a small1 white1 rich variety1 very similar to ,dunlop cheese4 ,,cheese1 ,,dunlop4 ,rich1 white1 and buttery2 in round forms1 weighing from #cj lbs4 to #fj lbs4 ,,cheese1 ,,dutch4 7,holland47 ,of a globular form4 #e to #ad lbs4 each4 ,those from ,edam are very highly salted2 those from ,gouda less so4 ,,cheese1 ,,gloucester4 ,single ,glo'ster2 from milk deprived of part of its cream2 ,double ,glo'ster1 from milk retaining the whole of the cream4 ,mild tasted1 semi-buttery consistence1 without being friable2 in large1 round1 flattish forms4 ,,cheese1 ,,green or ,,sage4 ,from milk mixed with the juice or an infusion or decoction of sage leaves1 to which marygold flowers and parsley are frequently added4 ,,cheese1 ,,gruy,,re4 ,a fine description of cheese made in ,switzerland1 and largely consumed on the ,continent4 ,it is firm and dry1 and exhibits numerous cells of considerable magnitude4 ,its flavour is peculiar1 and is not generally liked by ,english people4 ,,cheese1 ,,lincoln4 ,from new milk and cream2 in pieces about #b inches thick2 soft1 and will not keep over #b or #c months4 ,,cheese1 ,,neufch,,tel4 ,a much-esteemed variety of ,swiss cheese2 made of cream1 and weighs about #e or #f oz4 ,,cheese1 ,,norfolk4 ,dyed yellow with annotta or saffron2 good1 but not superior2 in cheeses of #cj lbs4 to #ej lbs4 ,,cheese1 ,,parmesan4 7,parma1 c47 ,from the curd of skimmed milk1 hardened by a gentle heat4 ,the rennet is added at about #abj1 and an hour afterwards the curdling milk is set on a slow fire until heated to about #aej ,fahr42 during which the curd separates in small lumps4 ,a few pinches of saffron are then thrown in4 ,about a fortnight after making the outer crust is cut off1 and the new surface varnished with linseed oil1 and one side coloured red4 ,,cheese1 ,,roquefort4 ,from ewes' milk2 the best prepared in ,france4 ,it greatly resembles ,stilton1 but is scarcely of equal richness or quality1 and possesses a peculiar pungency and flavour4 ,,cheese1 ,,slipcoat or ,,soft4 ,a very rich white cheese1 somewhat resembling butter2 for present use only4 ,,cheese1 ,,stilton4 ,the richest and finest cheese made in ,england4 ,from raw milk to which cream taken from other milk is added2 in cheeses generally twice as high as they are broad4 ,like wine1 this cheese is vastly improved by age1 and is therefore seldom eaten before it is #b years old4 ,a spurious appearance of age is sometimes given to it by placing it in a warm1 damp cellar1 or by surrounding it with masses of fermenting straw or dung4 ,,cheese1 ,,suffolk4 ,from skimmed milk2 in round1 flat forms1 from #bd lbs4 to #cj lbs4 each4 ,very hard and horny4 ,,cheese1 ,,swiss4 ,the principal cheeses made in ,switzerland are the ,gruyre1 the ,neufchtel1 and the ,schabzieger or green cheese4 ,the latter is flavoured with melilot4 ,,cheese1 ,,westphalian4 ,in small balls or rolls of about #a lb4 each4 ,it derives its peculiar flavour from the curd being allowed to become partially putrid before being pressed4 ,in small balls or rolls of about #a lb4 each4 ,,cheese1 ,,wiltshire4 ,resembles poor ,cheshire or ,glo'ster4 ,the outside is generally painted with a mixture of reddle or red-ochre or whey4 ,,cheese1 ,,york4 ,from cream3 it will not keep4 ,qual41 c4 ,cheese has been objected to as an article of diet1 but without sufficient reason1 since it is1 when of good quality1 eminently nutritious1 wholesome1 and digestible4 ,like all other food1 cheese digests more readily when well masticated1 and the neglect of this precaution is one reason why it frequently disagrees with delicate stomachs4 ,it is rendered more agreeable to many palates by toasting it1 but becomes less digestible by that operation4 ,the basis of cheese is casein or coagulated curd1 a protein substance2 it therefore cannot fail to prove nutritious1 provided it is properly digested4 ,cheese-curd1 carefully freed from water and milk by expression1 and the addition of salt1 is a mixture of casein and butter4 ,it contains all the phosphate of lime and part of the phosphate of soda of the milk4 7,liebig47 ,when taken as a condiment1 especially when rich and old1 it powerfully promotes the secretion of the saliva and gastric juice1 and thereby aids the stomach in performing its proper functions4 ,rotten cheese is very unwholesome4 ,we give below the composition of some of the principal varieties of cheese3-- ,cheddar4 ,double ,skim4 ,gloucester4 ,water #cffd #cefa #dcfd ,casein #bcch #bagf #defd ,fatty matter #cedd #chaf #egf ,mineral matter #ded #ddg #dif ------ ------ ------ #ajjjj #ajjjj #ajjjj ,stilton4 ,cotherstone4 ,water #cbah #chbh ,butter #cgcf #cjhi ,casein #bdca #bcic ,milk1 sugar1 and extractive #bbb #cgj matters ,mineral matter #cic #cbj ------ ------ #ajjjj #ajjjj ,gruyre4 ,ordinary ,dutch4 ,water #djjj #cfaj ,casein #caej #bidj ,fatty matter #bdjj #bgej ,salts #cjj #ij ,non-nitrogenous organic #aej #faj matter and loss ------ ------ #ajjjj #ajjjj ,concluding ,remarks4--,it is surprising that cheese is not more frequently made an article of domestic manufacture1 especially by housewives resident in the country4 ,the operations of cheese-making are all exceedingly simple1 and not laborious1 and will1 in most cases1 amply repay the outlay for the milk4 ,besides1 cheese is not unfrequently coloured with stains and pigments which are injurious1 and even poisonous1 the risk of taking which is not encountered when it is made at home4 ,several persons have nearly lost their lives from eating cheese coloured with annotta1 for instance4 ,this substance1 though harmless in itself1 is frequently adulterated with red lead1 so that the cheesemonger may very innocently introduce a poison1 when he only intends to improve the colour of his goods4 ,when a whole cheese is cut1 and the consumption small1 it is generally found to become unpleasantly dry1 and to lose flavour before it is consumed4 ,this is best prevented by cutting a sufficient quantity for a few days' consumption from the cheese1 and keeping the remainder in a cool place1 rather damp than dry1 spreading a thin film of butter over the fresh surface1 and covering it with a cloth or pan to keep off the dirt4 ,this removes the objection existing in small families against purchasing a whole cheese at a time4 ,the common practice of buying small quantities of cheese should be avoided1 as not only a higher price is paid for any given quality1 but there is little likelihood of obtaining exactly the same flavour twice running4 ,should cheese become too dry to be agreeable1 it may be used for stewing1 or for making grated cheese or ,welsh rare-bits4 ,cheese1 ,ap'ple4 ,the pomace or ground apples from the cider press4 ,cheese1 ,dam'son4 ,prep4 ,from damsons boiled with a little water1 the pulp passed through a sieve1 and then boiled with about one fourth the weight of sugar1 until the mixture solidifies on cooling2 it is next poured into small tin moulds previously dusted out with sugar4 ,cherry cheese1 gooseberry cheese1 plum cheese1 c41 are prepared in the same way1 using the respective kinds of fruit4 ,they are all very agreeable candies or confections4 ,cheese1 ,facti'tious ,roque'fort4 ,prep4 7,roulle47 ,the gluten of wheat is kneaded with a little salt1 and a small portion of a solution of starch1 and made up into cheeses4 ,it is said that this mixture soon acquires the taste1 smell1 and unctuosity of cheese1 and when kept a certain time is not to be distinguished from the celebrated ,roquefort cheese1 of which it possesses all the peculiar pungency4 ,by slightly varying the process other kinds of cheese may be imitated4 ,cheese1 ,legumin4 ,the ,chinese prepare an actual cheese from peas1 called tao-foo1 which they sell in the streets of ,canton4 ,the paste from steeped ground peas is boiled1 which causes the starch to dissolve with the casein2 after straining the liquid1 it is coagulated by a solution of gypsum2 this coagulum is worked up like sour milk1 salted1 and pressed into moulds4 ,cheese1 ,toasted4 ,this much relished article is seldom well prepared4 ,the following has been recommended as an excellent receipt3--,cut the cheese into slices of moderate thickness1 and put them into a tinned copper saucepan1 with a little butter and cream2 simmer very gently until they are quite dissolved1 then remove the saucepan from the fire1 allow the whole to cool a little1 add some yolk of egg1 well beaten1 add spice1 make the compound into a shape1 and brown it before the fire4 ,see ,,fondue4 ,,chelsea ,,pensioner4 ,prep4 ,from gum guaiacum1 #a_/d oz42 rhubarb1 #a_/b oz42 cream of tartar1 #b oz42 flowers of sulphur1 #d oz42 nutmegs1 #b in number 7all in powder72 honey1 #a-a_/b lb41 or q4 s42 made into an electuary by beating them together in a mortar4--,dose1 #a to #b table-spoonfuls1 night and morning1 in gout and chronic rheumatism4 ,the name is said to have been given to it from the circumstance of a ,chelsea pensioner having cured ,lord ,amherst with it4 ,,chel',,tenham ,,salts4 ,see ,,salts4 ,,chem',,ique or ,,chem',,ic ,,blue4 ,see ,,indigo4 ,,cheroot4 ,a species of cigar imported from ,manilla1 in the ,philippine ,islands1 distinguished by extreme simplicity of construction as well as delicacy of flavour4 ,the cigars now so commonly sold as cheroots in ,england are1 for the most part1 made of inferior tobacco1 and are often much adulterated articles4 ,,cher',,ries are the fruit of different species of the genus ,cerasus4 ,they are regarded as wholesome1 cooling1 nutritive1 laxative1 and antiscorbutic4 ,brandy flavoured with this fruit or its juice is known as cherry-brandy4 ,morello cherries preserved in brandy are called brandy cherries4 ,see ,,brandy1 ,,fruit1 c4 ,,cher',,ry ,,laur',,el4 ,syn4 ,,lau',,rel4 ,the ,cerasus ,lauro-,cerasus1 a shrub common in every garden in ,england1 and often confounded with the true laurel or ,sweet ,bay1 which does not possess any of its deleterious properties4 ,leaves1 occasionally used instead of bay leaves in cookery4 ,the distilled oil and distilled water are both poisonous4 ,see ,,oil1 ,,water4 ,,chestnut4 ,both the horse-chestnut and the edible variety have been employed for the adulteration not only of coffee1 but of chicory4 ,illustration3 ,microscopic view of the chestnut4 ,,chi',,ca4 ,the red colouring matter deposited by a decoction of the leaves of ,bignonia ,chica in cooling4 ,used by the ,american ,indians to stain their skin4 ,it is soluble in alcohol1 ether1 oil1 fat1 and alkaline lyes1 and slightly so in boiling water4 ,chi'ca4 ,see ,,maize ,,beer4 ,,chic',,ory4 ,syn4 ,,wild ,,suc',,cory2 ,,cichor',,ium ,,inty',,bus 7,linn471 ,l4 ,a plant belonging to the natural order ,composit4 ,it is indigenous to this and many other countries of ,europe1 and is extensively cultivated for the sake of its roots1 which are sliced1 roasted1 and ground1 to form the chicory of the shops4 ,nearly #ajj millions of pounds are annually consumed in ,europe4 ,much of the chicory used in ,britain is of home growth2 but still more is imported in a raw state from ,holland and other parts of the ,continent4 ,a blue dye has been prepared from the leaves of this plant4 ,the ,,fresh ,,root ,,of ,,chicory 7ra'dix chico'rii re'cens7 is reputed to be alterative1 attenuant1 diuretic1 febrifuge1 hepatic1 resolvent1 and tonic2 and in large doses aperient4 ,it is now seldom used in medicine1 although it appears to possess similar qualities and equal activity to those of dandelion4 ,an infusion of the root1 mixed with syrup1 becomes thick2 forming the ,,gomme ,,saccho-,,chicorice of ,lacarterie4 7,fee47 ,analysis of ,chicory 7the raw root73-- ,moisture #ggj ,gummy matter 7like pectin7 #ge ,glucose1 or grape sugar #aa ,bitter extractive #dj ,fatty matter #jf ,cellulose1 inulin1 and woody matter #ij ,ash #jh ----- #ajjj ,the ,,roasted ,,root is prepared by cutting the full-grown root into slices1 and exposing it to heat in iron cylinders1 along with about #a-a_/b or #b of lard1 in a similar way to that adopted for coffee4 ,when ground to powder in a mill1 it constitutes the ,,chicory of the grocers 7,,chicory ,,coffee1 ,,succory ,c42 ,,radix ,,chico',,rii ,,torrefac',,ta1 ,r4 ,c4 ,t4 ,,contri',,ta72 so generally employed both as a substitute for coffee and as an adulterant of that article4 ,the addition of #a part of good1 fresh roasted chicory to #aj or #ab parts of coffee forms a mixture which yields a beverage of a fuller flavour1 and of a deeper colour than that furnished by an equal quantity of pure or unmixed coffee4 ,in this way a less quantity of coffee may be used1 but it should be remembered that the article substituted for it does not possess in any degree the peculiar exciting1 soothing1 and hunger-staying properties of that valuable product4 ,the use1 however1 of a larger proportion of chicory than that just named imparts to the beverage an insipid flavour1 intermediate between that of treacle and liquorice2 whilst the continual use of roasted chicory1 or highly chicorised coffee1 seldom fails to weaken the powers of digestion and derange the bowels4 ,there can be no doubt that roasted chicory must1 when taken largely1 have a tendency to excite diarrhoea4 7,pereira47 ,pur41 c4 ,the ground chicory of the shops1 like ground coffee1 is almost universally adulterated4 ,pigments are added to it to colour it1 and various vegetable substances to lessen its value4 ,the following articles have been reported to have been detected in roasted chicory1 or to have been known to be used to adulterate it3--,venetian red1 reddle1 and red clay2 roasted acorns1 beans1 carrots1 damaged dog-biscuits1 damaged bread1 damaged wheat1 horse-chestnuts1 mangel wurzel1 parsnips1 peas1 rye1 and sugar2 coffee flights 7coffee husks71 coffina 7roasted lupins71 ,hambro' powder 7roasted peas coloured with reddle71 and the marc of coffee2 exhausted bark 7from the tan yards71 logwood dust1 mahogany dust1 c4 ,it has also been asserted that the scorched livers of bullocks1 horses1 and dogs have been applied to the same purpose2 but of this there is not sufficient evidence4 ,the only way to avoid being thus cheated or poisoned is to buy the chicory whole1 and to grind it at home4 ,illustration3 ,microscopic appearance of chicory root4 ,roasted chicory is highly absorbent of moisture1 and should1 therefore1 be always kept in close vessels 7bottles or canisters71 the same as coffee4 ,if the lumps become tough or soft1 or the powder cakes together1 it is unfit for use2 but in some cases it may be recovered1 by exposing it on a plate in an oven until it again becomes perfectly dry or brittle4 ,tests4--#a4 ,powdered chicory thrown on water turns it reddish-brown and rapidly sinks1 leaving light impurities either floating or diffused through the liquid4--#b4 ,the cold decoction tested with tincture1 or solution of iodine1 gives a brown colour2 if it turns purple1 blue1 or black1 it indicates the presence of roasted peas1 beans1 rye1 or some other like substance1 containing starch4--#c4 ,persulphate or perchloride of iron1 added in the same way1 should not materially affect the liquid2 if it turns it bluish or blackish1 it indicates the presence of roasted acorns1 oak-bark tan1 or some other substance containing tannin4--#d4 ,water acidulated with vinegar1 digested on the powder1 should not be blackened1 or even materially darkened1 by tincture of galls or a solution of red prussiate of potash2 the contrary shows the presence of ferruginous colouring matter4--#e4 ,the dry powder1 when incinerated1 should not leave more than #d-a_/b to #e of ash1 which should be of a greyish or fawn colour2 the contrary indicates the presence of reddle1 red clay1 ochre1 or the like4--#f4 ,to the above may be added attention to the odour1 colour1 and appearance1 both to the naked eye and under the microscope2 by the latter1 adulteration may be easily detected4 ,see ,,coffee4 ,,chil',,blain4 ,syn4 ,,per',,nio1 ,l4 ,an inflammatory swelling1 of a purple or lead colour1 produced by the action of cold4 ,chilblains 7,,pernio',,nes7 exclusively attack the extremities of the body1 and are generally confined to the fingers1 toes1 and heels4 ,the common symptoms are itching and irritation1 more or less intense1 often accompanied with shooting pains1 and tenderness1 and tumefaction of the parts4 ,children1 especially those of a scrofulous habit1 and elderly persons1 are generally the most liable to chilblains4 ,the common cause of chilblains is holding the hands or feet to the fire after exposure to cold4 ,the sudden change of temperature partially destroys the vitality of the minute surfacial vessels1 and thus prevents the proper flow of blood through the part4 ,the best preventives of chilblains are woollen socks or stockings1 good waterproof shoes1 woollen gloves1 exercise1 and friction4 ,these act by promoting the circulation of the blood in the extremities1 and protecting them from vicissitudes of temperature4 ,when chilblains have once formed1 the best treatment is friction with stimulants1 as spirits of wine and camphor1 oil of turpentine1 opodeldoc1 dilute spirits1 camphorated oil1 hartshorn and oil1 c4 ,linnus recommends bathing the part with dilute muriatic acid1 just strong enough to faintly prick the skin4 ,when the inflamed parts have ulcerated1 they are commonly called ,,kibes4 ,in this state they should be dressed with a little resin cerate or elemi ointment4 ,if fungous granulations appear1 they must be removed by touching them with nitrate of silver or blue vitriol4 ,see ,,chaps1 c4 ,,remedies ,,for ,,chilblains4--,the following have been strongly recommended by different parties1 and may all prove useful in their turns1 as circumstances and convenience may suggest3-- #a4 ,sulphate of copper1 #a oz42 rosemary water1 #a pint2 dissolve4 #b4 ,sal-ammoniac1 #a oz42 vinegar1 #a_/b pint4 #c4 ,sal-ammoniac1 #a oz42 rum1 #a_/b pint2 camphor1 #a dr4 ,the affected part is wetted with the above night and morning1 and when dry is touched with a little simple ointment1 cold cream1 or pomatum4 #d4 ,soap liniment1 #b oz42 tincture of cantharides1 #a oz42 oil of cajeput1 #b dr4 #e4 ,oil of turpentine1 #b oz42 camphor1 #c dr42 oil of cajeput1 #a dr4 ,the application of the last two is accompanied by gentle friction4 #f4 7,dr ,,graves' ,,preventive47 ,sulphate of copper1 #bj gr42 water1 #a oz4 ,as the first three4 #g4 7,,lejeune',s ,,balsam47 ,see ,,chilblain ,,balsam4 #h4 7,,linn,,us' ,,remedy47 ,hydrochloric acid1 #a oz42 water1 #aa oz4 ,as ,no4 #c4 #i4 7,,morton',s ,,liniment47 ,calomel and camphor1 of each #a dr42 spermaceti ointment1 #d dr42 oil of turpentine and cocoa-nut oil1 of each #b dr4 ,as ,no4 #e4 #aj4 7,,wahler',s ,,ointment47 ,black oxide of iron1 bole1 and oil of turpentine1 of each #a dr42 resin cerate1 #a oz4 ,for broken chilblains4 ,we have found a mixture of equal parts of calamine cerate and resin cerate answer quite as well4 ,see ,,cerate1 ,,ointment4 #aa4 7,,russian ,,remedy47 ,the rind of perfectly ripe cucumbers dried1 with the soft parts attached4 ,for use they are placed with the inner side1 previously soaked in warm water1 over the soft parts4 7,med4 ,zeitung47 #ab4 7,,rhein47 ,dissolve #a oz4 of tannin in a pint of water1 and #gd grains of iodine in #a-c_/d oz4 of spirit of wine2 the solutions are then mixed1 and enough water added to make the whole up to #b-a_/b pints4 ,in applying it1 which is best done at bedtime1 the mixture is gently warmed over a slow fire2 the affected part is dipped into it while still cold1 and retained in it till the liquid1 on being stirred1 feels uncomfortably hot4 ,the vessel is then withdrawn from the fire1 and the affected part dried over it4 ,the vessel must be of earthenware or porcelain1 and care must be taken not to use too much iodine1 especially when abrasions are present4 #ac4 7,l',,union ,m,,dicale47 ,oxide of zinc1 #b parts2 tannic acid1 #a part2 glycerin1 #aj parts2 balsam of ,peru1 #h parts2 camphor1 #d parts4 #ad4 7,,swediaur',s ,,paste47 ,bitter almonds1 #h oz42 honey1 #f oz42 powdered camphor and flour of mustard1 of each #a_/b oz42 burnt alum and olibanum1 of each #a_/b oz42 yolks of #c eggs2 beat to a paste4 ,to be applied night and morning4 #ae4 7,,vance',s ,,cream47 ,ointment of nitrate of mercury1 #a oz42 camphor1 #a dr42 oil of turpentine1 #b dr42 oil of olives1 #d dr42 mix well together4 ,to be applied by gentle friction #b or #c times daily4 ,obs4 ,all the preceding preparations are intended for chilblains before they break4 ,the liniments of ammonia1 camphor1 opium1 soap1 and turpentine1 as well as the compound camphor liniment of the ,british ,pharmacopoeia1 are also excellent preparations for the same purposes4 ,,chil',,dren 7,care of74 ,see ,,infancy4 ,children 7,diseases of74 ,see the respective heads1 and ,,diseases4 ,,chil',,lies4 ,see ,,capsicum1 ,,peppers4 ,,chim',,neys were not introduced into ,england until the reign of ,queen ,elizabeth1 and for a considerable period the principles of their construction were ill-understood4 ,when the air inside and outside a chimney is at the same temperature1 an equilibrium exists2 there is no draught in the chimney1 because the downward tendency of that within is counteracted by the upward pressure of that without4 ,let a fire be kindled in the grate2 hot air is evolved1 the chimney is heated1 the air it contains suffers expansion1 and a portion is expelled4 ,the chimney now contains a smaller weight of air than it did before2 the external and internal columns no longer equibalance each other1 the warmer and lighter air is forced upwards from below1 and its place is occupied by cold1 and consequently heavier air4 ,if the fire continues to burn1 and the chimney retains its temperature1 the second portion of air is disposed of like the first1 and the ascending current continues1 so long as the sides of the chimney are hotter than the surrounding air4 ,should the reverse happen to be the case1 as sometimes occurs from sudden atmospheric changes1 the column of air within the chimney rapidly contracts in volume1 the deficiency is filled up from without1 the column of air becomes heavier than one of a corresponding height on the outside of it1 or in the apartment1 and1 obeying the common laws of gravitation1 it falls out of the throat of the chimney or fire-place just as a heavy body sinks in water1 and has its place occupied by air from above4 ,in this way a descending current1 of more or less intensity and duration1 is established1 and1 if there is a fire in the grate1 the chimney smokes1 or1 if the grate is empty1 perhaps the smoke from neighbouring chimneys finds its way into our apartments4 ,by the judicious arrangement of the fire-place1 and the throat and flue of a chimney1 an upward current may be constantly ensured so long as there is a fire in the grate1 or the air of the apartment is warmer than the external atmosphere4 ,count ,rumford was the first who scientifically investigated the construction of chimneys4 ,he showed that more heat is obtained from the fire by reflection when the coverings are placed in an oblique position4 ,he also directed that the fire itself should be kept as near to the hearth as possible1 and that the throat of the chimney should be constructed much narrower than was then the practice1 in order to prevent the escape of so much heated air as happened with wide throats4 ,by contracting the open part of the fire-place immediately over the fire1 as by lessening the width of the hobs1 or by bringing the throat of the chimney closer to the fire1 and by contracting the throat of the chimney itself1 within certain limits1 any desired amount of draught may be obtained4 ,when the space above the fuel is too small1 the throat too near the burning fuel1 or the throat itself too contracted1 the draught of a common chimney is often too strong1 and much fuel and heat is wasted4 ,when the reverse is the case1 the draught is commonly too languid1 the fire draws badly1 a portion of the smoke escapes into the room1 and all the usual annoyances of a smoky chimney are suffered4 ,by a proper attention to these conditions a common fire-place may be adapted for the combustion of bituminous or easy burning coal1 or of anthracite1 and varieties of coal that require a considerable draught4 ,it may even be converted into a wind furnace2 whilst the inconvenience of smoky chimneys may be always avoided1 and1 when existing1 easily cured4 ,this is presuming1 however1 that a sufficient supply of air exists in front of the fire-place 7i4e4 in the apartment71 not only for the combustion of the fuel1 but also for the upward current of the chimney4 ,many chimneys smoke simply from the apartment being so ill-ventilated that the supply here alluded to is not provided4 ,it may be further stated1 as a rule1 that the greater the length of a chimney the stronger will be the draught4 ,hence1 the chimneys of the upper rooms of a house often smoke1 whilst the fires in the rooms beneath them burn pleasantly and vigorously4 ,such cases are commonly relieved by a chimney-pot or cowl1 of which numerous varieties are now before the public4 ,the more crooked or tortuous the course of a chimney the less likely is it to be affected by eddies and gusts of wind from neighbouring buildings or hills4 ,see ,,fire1 ,,grate1 ,,smoke ,,prevention1 ,,stove4 ,,chi',,na4 ,in the purchase of china1 glass1 and earthenware1 care should be taken to select those patterns which in case of breakage can be the most readily matched4 ,peculiar or rare patterns should be avoided1 for if any such be broken1 it will generally be found very difficult and expensive1 and frequently impossible1 to replace them4 ,china1 glass1 and earthenware1 when very dirty1 are best cleaned with finely powdered fuller's earth and warm water1 followed by rinsing in clean water4 ,a little clean soft soap may be added to the water instead of fuller's earth4 ,see ,,packing1 ,,porcelain4 ,,chin',,oidine4 ,see ,,quinoidine4 ,,chinoline ,,blue4 ,see ,,cyanine4 ,,chintz 7to ,wash74 ,boil #b lbs4 of rice in two gallons of water till soft2 and pour the mixture into a tub2 let it stand until it attains a warmth generally used for coloured linens2 then put the chintz in it1 and wash it with the rice instead of soap1 until all the dirt has disappeared4 ,next boil another #b lb4 of rice1 as above1 in another two gallons of water1 but strain the rice from the water1 and mix it in warm water4 ,wash the chintz in this till quite clean1 and afterwards rinse it in the water the rice was boiled in4 ,this will answer the same end as starch1 as no wet will affect it1 as it will be stiff while it is worn4 ,if a gown1 it must be taken to pieces2 and when dried1 it must be hung as smooth as possible1 after which it must be dry-rubbed with a smooth stone1 but no iron must be used4 ,,chiretta4 ,,chirata4 ,the entire plant 7,ophelia chirata7 is employed in medicine4 ,northern ,india4 ,the plant is pulled up by the root when the flowers begin to decay1 and the capsules are formed4 ,the dried plant1 sometimes with1 but more commonly without1 the root1 is the form in which the chiretta is generally met with in commerce4 ,the whole plant is intensely bitter1 but is without odour4 ,in its physiological action it bears a great resemblance to gentian4 ,instead of a constipating1 it appears to possess a slightly relaxing effect4 ,it is an excellent stomachic and carminative1 and is said to diminish the tendency to acidity1 and to be of great service in the dyspepsia accompanying gout4 ,no vegetable alkaloid has been obtained from it4 ,if given in powder1 the dose of chiretta is twenty grains4 ,it is1 however1 more generally given in the form of an infusion or tincture 7which see74 ,,chi',,tin4 ,this name has been given to the hard1 insoluble matter forming the shells and elytra of insects4 ,it is obtained by boiling the elytra of the cockchafer with water1 alcohol1 ether1 acetic acid1 and alkalies4 ,,chit',,tick',s ,,remedy4 ,dr ,chittick's remedy for stone consisted of a fixed alkali1 administered in veal broth4 7,paris47 ,,chloral4 ,c#b;,h,cl#c,o4 ,a peculiar liquid first obtained by ,liebig1 by the action of chlorine on alcohol4 ,the name was intended to express its origin from chlorine and alcohol4 ,prep4 7,liebig47 ,anhydrous alcohol is placed in a tubulated retort1 and dry chlorine gas passed through it1 at first in the cold1 but afterwards with the application of a gentle heat1 until the chlorine passes unchanged through the liquor on raising it to the boiling temperature2 on cooling1 the whole forms a crystalline mass of what was at one time thought to be chloral hydrate1 but which subsequent researches have shown to be chloral alcoholate2 this is melted by a gentle heat1 and agitated with three times its volume of oil of vitriol2 on increasing the heat a little1 an oily stratum of impure chloral rises to the surface4 ,it is purified by boiling it for some time 7to drive off free hydrochloric acid and alcohol71 next distilling it with an equal volume of oil of vitriol2 and lastly1 rectifying it from some powdered quick-lime1 the process being stopped as soon as the surface of the lime becomes dry4 ,prop41 c4 ,chloral is an oily liquid1 possessing an ethereal smell2 it is soluble in alcohol1 ether1 and water2 with a small quantity of the latter it rapidly changes into a semi-solid crystalline mass 7chloral hydrate71 which is soluble in a larger quantity of water2 boils at #bja2 sp4 gr4 #aejb4 ,it is decomposed by the caustic earths and alkalies4 ,by age it is converted into a white1 solid1 translucent substance 7insoluble chloral71 which is reconverted by heat and by sulphuric acid into ordinary chloral4 ,obs4 ,in operating as above the chlorine is most conveniently introduced by a tube inserted into the tubulature of the retort1 and a long tube1 bent upwards1 should be connected with the beak to convey away the hydrochloric acid gas extricated1 and to allow the volatilised alcohol and chloral to condense1 and flow back into the retort4 ,chloral1 ,camphorated4 ,hydrate of chloral and camphor1 equal parts4 ,rub them together in a warm mortar until they liquefy4 ,it forms clear mixtures with oil of turpentine and chloroform1 but not with solution of ammonia4 ,it is a counter-irritant1 and applied externally it has been found to give relief in rheumatic pains and neuralgia4 ,it should be painted on the affected part with a camel's-hair brush4 ,chloral1 ,hydrate4 ,c#b;,h,cl#c,o4 ,aq4 ,syn4 ,,hydrate ,,of ,,chloral4 ,prep4 ,pass dry chlorine gas1 for several days1 through absolute alcohol1 sp4 gr4 #jgie1 until it becomes a thick viscid liquid of sp4 gr4 #aeg4 ,at the beginning of the operation the alcohol is well cooled to prevent inflammation and explosion1 but towards the end of the operation the alcohol is heated nearly to the boiling point4 ,the resulting liquid1 which after a day or two solidifies to a mass of crude chloral hydrate1 is agitated with four times its bulk of concentrated sulphuric acid1 and the anhydrous chloral which floats on the surface is separated and purified by fractional distillation4 ,the purified anhydrous chloral is placed in a still1 mixed with #aa per cent4 of water1 and distilled over chalk to remove any hydrochloric acid that may be present2 the resulting solid distillate is then fused and poured out into shallow vessels to cast into cakes4 7,squire47 ,the purest chloral hydrate is said to be that which has been crystallised two or three times out of pure bisulphide of carbon4--,prop4 ,white opaque solid1 having a pungent odour resembling that of a ripe melon4 ,soluble in water1 glycerin1 and alcohol4 ,gradually volatilises in the air1 and may be distilled without decomposition4 ,from #ajj gr4 dissolved in #a_/b fl4 oz4 of water1 well shaken with #a fl4 oz4 of solution of potash 7,b4 ,p471 and allowed to stand for several hours1 at least #df grain-measures of chloroform should separate4 ,chloral hydrate may be obtained in crystals by mixing the cake with about half its bulk of chloroform1 and putting aside in a cool place4 ,when the crystallisation is complete 7which is generally in about #h or #aj days7 the crystals are freed from the mother liquor by a centrifugal machine1 and afterwards dried at a gentle heat4 ,the mother liquor may be utilised for future crystallisations4 ,uses4 ,an excellent sedative1 antispasmodic1 hypnotic1 anodyne4 ,it has done good service in hypochondriacal and other nervous affections1 as well as in the insomnia of the insane1 and of dipsomaniacs2 also in asthma1 hooping-cough1 and scarlet fever4 ,it has also the reputation of being an efficient preventive of sea-sickness1 especially on short voyages1 such as crossing the channel1 which can be accomplished during the sleep occasioned by the agent4--,dose1 from #aj to #fj gr4 ,it was introduced into medical practice by ,dr ,liebreich1 of ,berlin4 ,immense quantities are imported into this country from ,germany4 ,,chloralum4 ,an impure aqueous solution of chloride of aluminum1 sp4 gr4 #aae1 #a fl4 oz4 of the liquid contains #ge grains of anhydrous chloride4 ,introduced by ,professor ,gamgee as an antiseptic and disinfectant1 for which purposes it is recommended to dilute the article as sold with four times its bulk of water4 ,,chlo'',,rate4 ,syn4 ,,hyperoxymu'',,riatedagger1 ,,chlo'',,ras1 ,l4 ,a compound in which the hydrogen of chloric acid1 ,h,cl,o#c1 is replaced by a metal or other basic radical1 e4g4 ,k,cl,o#c1 chlorate of potassium4 ,chlorates may be prepared by dissolving the hydrate or oxide in chloric acid1 and crystallising4 ,the alkaline chlorates1 however1 are made by passing chlorine into solutions of the hydrate or carbonate of potassium or sodium1 boiling the resulting liquid1 and separating the chlorate from the chloride1 which is also formed by crystallisation4 ,they are very similar to the nitrates1 both in their general properties and composition4 ,they are all decomposed at a red heat1 metallic chlorides being formed and oxygen gas given off4 ,like the nitrates1 they deflagrate with inflammable substances1 but with greater facility and violence4 ,a mixture of this kind will detonate with a slight blow or friction4 ,all the chlorates are soluble in water4 ,char41 ,tests1 c4 ,the chlorates are known by their deflagrating when placed on red-hot charcoal4 ,by evolving a yellow gas when treated with concentrated sulphuric acid1 in the cold1 which gas also communicates to the liquid a red or yellow tinge4 ,by evolving oxygen gas when heated alone in a test-tube4 ,this test is not characteristic1 unless carried a stage further1 by dissolving the residual chloride out of the tube1 and adding to the filtered solution a few drops of nitrate of silver2 then the formation of a white precipitate1 insoluble in nitric acid1 will show that the salt treated was a chlorate1 and not a nitrate4 ,pure chlorates give no precipitate with nitrate of silver4 ,,chlorhy',,dric ,,acid4 ,see ,,hydrochloric ,,acid4 ,,chlo'',,ric ,,acid4 ,h,cl,o#c4 ,syn4 ,,hyperoxymuriat',,ic ,,acid2 ,,acidum ,,chlo'',,ricum1 ,l4 ,an acid discovered by ,chenevix1 but first obtained in a separate form by ,gay-,lussac4 ,,chlo'',,ride 7-7id74 ,syn4 ,,chlo'',,ruretdagger2 ,,chlori',,dum1 ,l4 ,a chemical compound of chlorine with a metal or other basic radical1 e4g4 ,na,cl1 chloride of sodium2 ,c#b;,h#e;,cl1 chloride of ethyl4 ,prep4 ,the majority of the metallic chlorides may be made by simply dissolving the metal or its carbonate1 oxide1 or hydrate1 in hydrochloric acid 7previously diluted with about twice its weight of water71 and evaporating and crystallising the solution in the usual manner4 ,zinc1 cadmium1 iron1 nickel1 cobalt1 and tin1 dissolve readily in hydrochloric acid2 copper only in strong boiling acid2 silver1 mercury1 and gold1 not at all4 ,the insoluble chlorides1 as those of silver and mercury1 may be readily prepared by precipitating any of their corresponding soluble salts with hydrochloric acid1 or a soluble chloride1 such as common salt4 ,anhydrous chlorides are generally prepared by the direct action of chlorine on the bases4 ,char41 ,tests1 c4 ,most of the metallic chlorides are soluble in water4 ,many fuse when heated1 and volatilise unchanged1 but others are completely or partially decomposed at a red heat4 ,all1 with the exception of those of the alkali and earth metals1 are decomposed at a red heat in a current of hydrogen4 ,they are recognised by the following reactions3--#a4 ,heated with a little peroxide of manganese and sulphuric acid1 chlorine is evolved1 and easily detected by its colour1 smell1 and bleaching properties3--#b4 ,the soluble chlorides may be readily detected by their solutions1 slightly acidulated with nitric acid1 giving with a solution of nitrate of silver a white1 curdy precipitate 7chloride of silver71 insoluble in nitric acid1 freely soluble in liquor of ammonia1 and blackened by the light3--#c4 ,the insoluble chlorides may be tested by digesting them in a little liquor of potassa1 when a solution of chloride of potassium will be formed1 which may be treated as just directed 7#b72 or the chloride may be dissolved in nitric acid1 and tested with nitrate of silver as before4 ,,chlorim',,etry4 ,see ,,chlorometry4 ,,chlorina',,ted ,,lime4 ,see ,,lime4 ,,chlorina',,ted ,,so',,da4 ,see ,,sodium4 ,,chlo'',,rine4 ,syn4 ,,chlorin',,ium1 ,l42 ,,chlore1 ,fr42 ,,chlor1 ,ger4 ,an elementary substance discovered by ,scheele in #aggd1 and at first supposed to be a compound body4 ,in #ahji ,,mm4 ,gay-,lussac and ,thnard suggested the probability of it being a simple substance2 but it was reserved for ,sir ,h4 ,davy1 shortly afterwards1 to demonstrate the truth of the suggestion of these foreign chemists4 ,nat4 ,hist4 ,it exists in nature chiefly in the form of chloride of sodium1 which constitutes rock salt when deposited in inland beds1 sea salt when dissolved in masses of water4 ,the sea also contains chlorides of potassium1 calcium1 and magnesium4 ,it is a constituent of several well-known minerals4 ,it has been met with in the air of volcanic districts1 combined with hydrogen1 as hydrochloric acid4 ,prep4 ,strong hydrochloric acid is poured on half of its weight of finely-powdered peroxide of manganese1 previously placed in a glass flask or retort2 chlorine gas is immediately evolved1 even in the cold1 but much more rapidly on the application of a gentle heat1 and is collected in clean1 dry bottles by displacement4 ,the tube conducting the gas is so arranged as to reach to the bottom of the bottle1 and the chlorine1 being heavier than the air1 displaces the latter without mixing with it4 ,the bottle is known to be full by the gas1 easily perceived by its green colour1 overflowing the top of the vessel4 ,the bottle is then closed up with an accurately fitting stopper1 previously greased1 and an empty one put in its place1 which is subsequently treated in like manner4 ,to free the gas entirely from hydrochloric acid it is passed through a wash bottle containing a small quantity of water2 and to render it quite dry it is passed over fused chloride of calcium4 ,when the presence of moisture is no object chlorine may be collected over warm water1 or1 what is better1 a saturated solution of common salt1 in the pneumatic trough4 ,the mercurial trough cannot be employed1 as the chlorine rapidly acts upon the metal1 and becomes absorbed4 ,commercial4--,from oil of vitriol and water1 of each #g parts1 cautiously mixed1 and allowed to cool2 chloride of sodium 7common salt71 #d parts1 mixed intimately with peroxide of manganese1 #c parts4 ,the dilute acid is placed in a retort or other generating vessel1 and the powder added4 ,the gas comes off slowly at first1 but the application of a gentle heat causes it to rush forth in large quantities4 ,of late years1 owing to the general demand for bleaching agents1 numerous new methods and suggestions for obtaining chlorine have been patented1 of which the following are the most important4 #a4 ,elliott4 ,by this method the reconversion of the chloride of manganese to peroxide was attempted as follows3--,the manganese residues left in the still are first heated to dryness4 ,they are then roasted in a current of steam1 the result being the formation of hydrochloric acid 7which is condensed71 and a residue consisting of a mixture of protoxide and peroxide of manganese4 #b4 ,gatty4 ,in this process the manganese residues1 after evaporation to a suitable consistence1 are mixed with nitrate of soda1 and the nitrate of manganese and chloride of sodium formed1 when dried1 are strongly heated in an iron retort1 the fumes of nitric acid which come off being employed in the manufacture of sulphuric acid4 ,the residue in the retort1 consisting of peroxide of manganese1 being lixiviated1 yields the peroxide in a pure state3 ,mn7,,no#c7b #b7,na,cl7 ,o#b ,mn,o#b #b,na,cl #b7,,no#c74 #c4 ,hoffman4 ,this process consisted in the regeneration of the manganese by means of soda waste4 ,in this process the chloride of manganese is1 by the addition of the yellow ley obtained from the lixiviation of soda waste1 converted into sulphide of manganese4 ,the precipitate so obtained consists of ,sulphide of manganese #eejj ,sulphur #djjj ,protoxide of manganese #e ------ #ajjjj ,this is dried and then calcined1 the sulphurous acid evolved being conducted into the sulphuric acid chamber4 ,the residue1 which has the following composition-- ,sulphate of manganese #ddej ,peroxide of manganese #ahij ,protoxide of manganese #cffj ------ #ajjjj --is next mixed with nitrate of soda and heated to #cjj ,c41 yielding sulphate of soda and nitrate of manganese1 the latter1 however1 being at once decomposed into peroxide of manganese1 and nitrogen peroxide1 thus3-- a4 ,mn,s,o#d #b,na,n,o#c ,mn7,,no#c7b ,na#b,,so#d4 b4 ,mn7,,no#c7b ,mn,o#b #b,,no#b4 ,after the mass has cooled1 the sulphate of soda is washed out1 the residue yielding1 according to the inventor1 a material equal to native peroxide of manganese4 #d4 ,schlsing4 ,manganese is acted upon with a mixture of hydrochloric and nitric acids1 the degree of concentration of the acids being so regulated by the addition of water that the mixture yields only chlorine1 whilst protonitrate of manganese is formed2 this salt being calcined yields peroxide of manganese and nitric acid4 ,the nitric acid aids the oxygen of the air in decomposing the hydrochloric acid4 ,the following equation will explain the successive stages of the reaction3-- a4 #b;,h,cl #b;,,hno#c ,mn,o#b ,cl#b ,mn7,,no#c7 #b;,h#b,o4 b4 ,mn7,,no#c7b ,mn,o#b #b,,no#b4 c4 #b,,no#b ,h#b,o ,o #b;,,hno#c4 #e4 ,vogel4 ,by decomposing chloride of copper by heat4 ,the chloride in the crystalline state is mixed with half its weight of sand and heated in earthenware retorts to #bjj to #cjj ,c41 yielding chlorine gas1 while the remaining protochloride of copper is reconverted into perchloride by the action of hydrochloric acid4 ,according to ,laurens the reaction is as follows3-- a4 #b;,cu,cl#b ,cl#b #b;,cu#bb;,cl#b4 b4 ,cu#b;,cl#b #b;,h,cl ,o ,h#b,o #b;,cu,cl#b4 #f4 ,mac,dougal1 ,rawson1 and ,shanks4 ,this is effected by decomposing chromate of lime by means of hydrochloric acid1 the result being the formation of chloride of chromium1 chloride of calcium1 and the evolution of free chlorine2 thus #b;,ca,cr,o#d #af ,h,cl ,cr#b;,cl#f #b;,ca,cl#b #h;,h#b,o ,cl#f #aeh parts of chromic acid yield #ajf parts of chlorine4 ,the chloride of chromium is again precipitated with carbonate of lime1 and by ignition converted into chromate of lime4 ,only three eighths of the chlorine contained in the hydrochloric acid is given up1 whilst manganese yields one half4 #g4 ,hargreaves proposes to evaporate a solution of protochloride of iron to dryness1 and then to heat the dried substance in a current of air1 at a temperature of about the melting point of zinc1 by which means perchloride of iron and free chlorine would be obtained4 ,thielbierge's suggestion consists in passing air over protochloride of iron1 and so giving rise to peroxide of iron and chlorine4 ,this1 like ,hargreaves' proposition1 possesses the disadvantage of furnishing the chlorine very largely diluted with air and nitrogen4 #h4 ,jessie de ,mothney4 ,this chemist has proposed a continuous process which is as follows3--,peroxide of manganese either alone or mixed with lime is put into a retort1 which1 when heated to redness1 has a current of hydrochloric acid gas passed into it4 ,a disengagement of chlorine and steam takes place1 and there remains in the retort a mixture of undecomposed peroxide of manganese with chlorides of manganese and calcium4 ,the retort containing the undecomposed peroxide and chlorides being still kept at a red-heat1 air or oxygen is passed over them1 the result being that the manganic chloride is decomposed at once4 ,the chlorine liberated by this last operation is conveyed into vats containing a mixture of lime and manganous oxide1 which substances have been previously formed by the decomposition of the manganous chloride by lime1 the soluble chloride of calcium having been run off4 ,sesquioxide of manganese and hypochlorite of calcium are formed in the vats1 and these two1 reacting on each other1 give rise to peroxide of manganese and chloride of calcium4 ,with fresh hydrochloric acid this latter product yields more chlorine for use in the chambers4 ,magnesia may be substituted for lime4 #i4 ,dunlop4 ,this process1 which may be regarded as the first practical method for utilising the whole of the exhausted manganese residues1 and rendering them capable of reapplication in the production of chlorine1 was devised by ,mr ,dunlop in #ahee1 since which time it has been in use in the alkali works of the ,messrs ,tennant1 at ,st4 ,rollox1 ,glasgow4 ,the operation consists in precipitating the chloride of manganese in the still liquor by carbonate of calcium2 the resulting manganese carbonate being decomposed by heat4 ,the liquors are previously mixed with a little milk of lime1 which frees them from ferric oxide1 alumina1 and silica4 ,being allowed to stand until these and all other insoluble matters are precipitated1 the clear solution containing the chloride of manganese is mixed with finely divided chalk1 when the following reaction ensues3-- ,mn,cl#b ,ca,c,o#c ,mn,c,o#c ,ca,cl#b4 ,the resulting milky liquid is then run into large iron boilers1 through each of which passes horizontally an iron shaft furnished with a number of projecting arms4 ,this shaft having been put into revolution so as to keep the contents of the boilers agitated1 steam is admitted into them under a pressure of from two to four atmospheres1 and by the combined effects of heat and pressure the decomposition of the manganese chloride by the calcium carbonate is accomplished in about four hours4 ,the manganese carbonate is then allowed to subside1 the calcium chloride solution is drawn off1 the precipitate carefully washed1 and thrown up in heaps on an inclined surface to drain4 ,when partially dried the carbonate of manganese is placed in small low wagons1 made of sheet-iron1 supported on rollers1 and slowly drawn through a furnace by means of a chain4 ,the furnace holds forty-eight of these little wagons4 ,the furnace is #ej feet long1 #ab feet wide1 and #aj feet high4 ,a fire-brick flue runs down the centre of the bottom of the furnace1 and is connected at the far end with two return metal pipes1 which lie on each side of the flue4 ,a uniform heat at about #ffj ,f4 is maintained in the furnace1 in which four lines of rails are laid for the small wagons to run along4 ,the half-dried substance loses all its moisture and part of its carbonic acid as the wagons pass along the first line of rails1 and as they return down the second line a further escape of carbonic acid ensues1 and eventually the expulsion of all the acid1 and the peroxidation of the manganese is completed during the passage of the wagons on the third and fourth lines4 ,the operation lasts about forty-eight hours1 the substance gradually changing in colour from white to brown1 and lastly to black4 ,the ends of the furnace are closed by loose hanging doors1 so as to ensure the entrance of a sufficient supply of air4 ,the fire-place is situated below the floor of the furnace1 and requires very careful watching4 ,the resulting product is a mixture of oxides of manganese1 and contains about #gb per cent4 of peroxide of manganese4 #i;a4 ,a4 ,dunlop4 ,another process designed by ,mr ,dunlop1 and also in use at ,messrs ,tennant's1 is as follows3--,nitrate of sodium 7,chilian nitre7 and chloride of sodium are decomposed by being heated in cast-iron cylinders with sulphuric acid4 ,the gaseous products are made to pass through leaden ,woulff's bottles containing sulphuric acid1 which absorbs the nitric peroxide formed1 and allows the passage of the chlorine into the chambers4 ,the reaction may be represented by the following equation3-- ,na,cl ,na,n,o#c ,h#b,,so#d ,cl ,,no#b ,na#b,,so#d ,h#b,o4 ,the sulphuric acid charged with nitric peroxide is used in the manufacture of chamber acid4 #aj4 ,weldon4 a4 ,the process by which the greater part of the chlorine employed in the manufacture of bleaching compounds is now obtained and which has hitherto proved the most practical is that of ,mr ,walter ,weldon4 ,we have the authority of ,mr ,kingzett1 in his work on ',the ,alkali ,trade1' for the statement1 that out of #ij1jjj tons of bleaching powder made in ,great ,britain in #ahgd1 #ej1jjj were procured by ,weldon's method2 and turning to the ,continent we find the process largely adopted in ,germany1 ,france1 and ,belgium4 ,the utilisation and regeneration of the residual product left in the still after the evolution of the chlorine which it will be presently seen is accomplished by the above process1 is not the only advantage accruing from it1 since it has also been the means of removing an extensive source of contamination of many of our streams and rivers1 into which the then useless chloride of manganese was thrown previous to ,mr ,weldon's invention4 ,it is true that the only waste product formed in the course of the operations1 viz41 chloride of calcium1 is got rid of by being run into the nearest waters1 but it is stated by the ,rivers ,pollution ,commission1 beyond making these harder1 no other objectionable effect is caused by it4 ,mr ,weldon's process is based upon the fact1 that if protoxide of manganese be suspended in a solution of chloride of calcium1 and an excess of lime be added1 the protoxide will become readily converted into peroxide if air be forced into the liquor4 ,it had long been known that it was possible to convert into a peroxide the protoxide of manganese obtained by treating the residual still liquors with an equivalent of lime1 but all attempts to reduce this knowledge to practical account had proved unsuccessful until ,mr ,weldon attempted it4 ,mr ,weldon made the important discovery1 that whilst protoxide of manganese is by itself1 when treated in the wet way with air1 only capable of being converted into peroxide1 at the greatest1 to the extent of one half2 the addition to the protoxide so treated of a certain quantity of lime converted the whole of it into peroxide in less than a twentieth the time required to peroxidise half the protoxide if lime were absent4 ,it will be seen that it is the employment of an excess of lime which constitutes the success of ,mr ,weldon's process1 which is as follows3-- ,the residual liquors remaining in the still after the chlorine has been evolved by the action of hydrochloric acid on peroxide of manganese1 and in which chloride of manganese is by far the predominating constituent1 are run into a receptacle termed the neutralising well1 which is usually six feet in depth by twenty in diameter4 ,in this well the free hydrochloric acid of the still-liquor is neutralised by the addition of limestone or chalk1 which at the same time serves to decompose the soluble ferric and aluminic chlorides present in the liquid1 and to precipitate them as insoluble oxides4 ,during this process the contents of the well are kept in a state of brisk agitation by means of a suitable stirrer4 ,after this treatment the now neutral liquor consists of chlorides of manganese and calcium in solution1 of a small quantity of suspended ferric and aluminic oxides and chalk4 ,it additionally contains also in suspension a by no means small quantity of sulphate of lime1 derived from the sulphuric acid always present in varying amount in the commercial hydrochloric acid used4 ,from the neutralising well the liquor is pumped to a height of some forty feet into tanks1 called the chloride of manganese settlers1 in which after from two to four hours it deposits the solid matters suspended in it1 the supernatant clear liquor assuming a pale rose-coloured appearance4 ,the next operation is to draw off by means of syphons1 which can be lowered or raised in the settlers to any desired level1 this clear liquid1 containing the chlorides of manganese and calcium1 into a vessel called the oxidizer2 this latter being an iron cylinder1 of from eight to twelve feet in diameter1 and from twenty-two to thirty-five feet deep4 ,two pipes go down nearly to the bottom of the oxidizer2 the larger one being used for conveying a blast of air from a blowing engine1 and the smaller for the injection of steam4 ,the introduction of steam is only had recourse to in case the liquor when drawn into the oxidizer should not have the requisite temperature1 viz4 #acj or #adj ,fahr4 ,immediately above the oxidizer a reservoir containing milk of lime is placed4 ,a great deal depends upon the careful preparation of the milk of lime1 since on the degree of fineness in which the lime is added to the manganese chloride in solution depends the rapidity with which it acts in the oxidizer4 ,the milk of lime is kept constantly agitated1 to ensure its being of uniform consistency1 and should contain from #ae lbs4 to #bj lbs4 of hydrate of lime in every cubic foot of the mixture4 ,a charge of the clear liquor having been drawn into the oxidizer1 and raised if necessary to the requisite temperature1 the blowing in of air is begun1 whilst at the same time the milk of lime is run into the oxidizer as rapidly as possible1 the flow of milk of lime being only discontinued when a sample of the filtrate drawn off1 by means of a tap placed near the bottom of the oxidizer1 ceases to give the manganese reaction when mixed with a solution of bleaching powder4 ,this reaction consists in the production of a purple colour caused by the formation of permanganate of calcium4 ,more milk of lime is then added1 when the contents of the oxidizer are found to consist of a thin white mud1 composed of a solution of calcium chloride1 holding in suspension a mixture of protoxide of manganese and lime4 ,the injection of air being continued the white mud rapidly becomes darker in colour1 and soon changes into a thin black mud composed of solution of calcium chloride1 holding in suspension certain compounds of peroxide of manganese partly combined with protoxide of manganese1 but chiefly with lime1 which compounds ,mr ,weldon terms manganites4 ,mr ,weldon suggests that the manganites so formed may be regarded as salts in which the basic radical is calcium or manganese1 and the acid radical ,mn,o#c2 and may be represented by the formul ,ca,mn,o#c1 and ,mn,mn,o#c2 and possibly also ,ca,mn,o#b 7,mn,o#b7b4 ,the quantity of lime which has to be put into the oxidizer before the filtrate from a sample of its contents ceases to yield the manganese reaction varies very considerably4 ,recently precipitated protoxide of manganese dissolves very appreciably in neutral solution of chloride of calcium1 its solution therein comporting itself with reagents exactly like solutions of manganese salts4 ,it dissolves also in solution of oxychloride of calcium1 that is to say1 in solution of chloride of calcium containing dissolved lime2 its solution in oxychloride of calcium not giving the ordinary manganese reactions4 ,hence even if all portions of the lime added to the chloride of manganese in the oxidizer were capable of acting on chloride of manganese equally readily1 manganese could not cease to be so in solution as to be detectible by ordinary reagents1 until more than an equivalent of lime had been added--that is to say1 until enough had been added not only to decompose all the chloride of manganese1 but also to form a certain quantity of oxychlorate of calcium4 ,it is never the case1 however1 that all portions of the lime used are capable of acting on the chloride of manganese with equal readiness4 ,the lime used always contains a larger or smaller proportion of particles coarser than the rest1 which coarser portions cannot of course act so rapidly as the finer ones2 and as the decomposition of the chloride of manganese requires to be completed as quickly as possible1 those portions of the lime which will not act upon it instantly are scarcely allowed time to act upon it at all4 ,these coarser portions of the lime thus contribute very little to the decomposition of the manganese1 though they afterwards dissolve completely in the hot solution of chloride of calcium1 and then play their full part in the reactions which take place during the subsequent blowing4 ,the proportion of lime which thus does not act on the chloride of manganese varies with the source of the lime1 and with the manner in which it is prepared1 so that the quantity of lime which has to be added to a charge of chloride of manganese liquor in the oxidizer1 before the filtrate from a sample of the resulting mixture ceases to become coloured on the addition of solution of bleaching powder1 varies from about #aa to #ade equivalent4 ,the further quantity of lime which is added after that point has been reached is now usually so much as to raise the total quantity to about #ae to #af equivalents1 being from one half to six tenths in excess of the quantity which actually takes part in the decomposition of the chloride of manganese4#bci ,footnote #bci3 ',chemistry1 ,theoretical1 ,practical1 and ,analytical1 as applied to the ,arts and ,manufactures1'--,mackenzie ,co4 ,as previously stated1 ,mr ,weldon found that if only so much lime is employed as is necessary to precipitate the manganese1 not more than half the protoxide of manganese will be converted into the peroxide1 and that even this result will be accomplished very tardily4 ,and1 as has been already mentioned1 a greater and more rapid yield of protoxide can only be obtained by using a larger proportion of lime4 ,any excess1 however1 of lime over that absolutely required for the peroxidation of the protoxide of manganese must be sedulously avoided1 since a superabundance of lime leads to the formation of compounds that are not readily peroxidised4 ,should such compounds be formed1 it is necessary to destroy them1 and this may be done by the addition of a fresh quantity of chloride of manganese4 ,the objectionable compounds in question are lime and protoxide of manganese1 which are known in the process under the name of bases2 and the reason why it is desirable to prevent as much as possible their formation will become evident when it is remembered that they cannot furnish chlorine when treated with hydrochloric acid1 but that they merely dissolve in this latter4 ,the injection of air into the oxidizer1 which constitutes the blowing operation1 varies from two to four hours4 ,the quantity required to be blown in is chiefly dependent upon the depth of the oxidizer1 and upon the amount of protoxide of manganese contained in a given volume of the charge4 ,the greater the depth of this latter the more rapidly does the peroxidation take place2 and the greater the number of molecules of protoxide in a given volume of the charge1 the larger is the total surface presented to the action of injected air1 and consequently the greater is the proportion of the oxygen absorbed4 ,in one instance #age1jjj cubic feet of air were blown in during five hours1 and of the oxygen contained in this1 #adh per cent4 7equal to rather more than #d cwt47 was absorbed in the production of #bb cwt4 of peroxide of manganese4#bdj ,footnote #bdj3 ,weldon4 ,the expenditure of mechanical power in forcing the air into the oxidizer averages between seven and eight horse-power for every #ajj lbs4 of peroxide of manganese obtained4 ,in theory1 to produce the quantity of chlorine contained in a ton of bleaching powder containing #cg per cent4 of chlorine1 #ajbj lbs4 of peroxide of manganese would be required2 but it is found in practice that instead of this quantity of peroxide giving the above result1 #aajj lbs4 are needed4 ,the consumption of lime averages #ad cwt4 per ton of bleach4 ,by this process #a ton of bleach is made1 using #bhcb lbs4 of hydrochloric acid1 generated by the decomposition of #dge cwt4 of salt1 viz4 a quantity which theoretically yields #cccd lbs4 of hydrochloric acid4 ,there is therefore a loss of acid of #ae per cent4 ,the loss of manganese varies from #d to #aj per cent4 ,the whole of the lime is lost1 and two thirds of the total chlorine 7in combination with calcium7 contained in the acid used4#bda ,footnote #bda3 ,kingzett4 ,when sufficient air has been blown into the oxidizer1 the contents which consist of a solution of chloride of calcium1 holding in suspension peroxide and protoxide of manganese and lime1 are run into one of a range of settling tanks placed below the level of the oxidizer4 ,these tanks are known as mud settlers4 ,in these the manganese mud is left to deposit until about half its volume has become clear4 ,it generally requires #c or #d hours to deposit4 ,the clear part1 which consists of chloride of calcium1 being then decanted by means of a swivel-pipe1 is usually thrown away4 ,the mud remaining in the settlers1 which contains in a cubic foot from #d lbs4 to #e lbs4 of peroxide of manganese1 is now in a fit condition to be placed in the still1 where it is to be exposed to the action of the hydrochloric acid4 ,the stills1 which are made of slabs of hard siliceous sandstone or of ,yorkshire flagstones1 and are usually in the shape of an octagonal prism1 are about #h feet square1 and #aj feet in depth4 ,mr ,kingzett says the new ,weldon stills are polygonal in shape1 about #ab feet across1 and #g feet to #h feet deep4 ,contrary to the course formerly followed1 when native manganese was used in the ,weldon process1 the still is charged with hydrochloric acid first1 and the manganese mud is run in upon the acid in a small1 steady stream1 the flow of which can be regulated by a stopcock4 ,steam being carefully admitted into the still at the same time1 the mud dissolves very rapidly in the acid1 and the chlorine is evolved in an even current1 the force and flow of which is dependent upon and can be very accurately regulated by the admission of the mud4 ,the time occupied before the reaction between the acid and the manganese is completed varies in different works from two to six hours4 ,at the end of this time the contents of the still are run off into the well placed below it1 and are afterwards submitted to the various operations already described1 which we have seen to accomplish the regeneration of the residue and effect its reconversion into peroxide of manganese4 ,the process is a continuous one1 and theoretically the original quantity of manganese should be capable of being used over and over again for an unlimited number of operations4 ,in practice1 however1 there is always found to be a loss of a small per-centage of manganese1 arising from some of the chloride of manganese being carried down by the sulphate of lime and the ferric and aluminic oxides in the settlers1 and not being thoroughly recovered when the deposit is washed2 for1 though an exhaustive washing of the precipitated matters could be easily managed1 the bulk of the wash waters would render the recovery of the chloride of manganese from them a non-paying affair4 ,this loss of chloride varies according to the statements of different manufacturers from #b to #aj per cent4 ,it is stated that not only is the chlorine yielded by ,mr ,weldon's process of very pure quality1 and the bleaching powder manufactured from it very high of strength and excellence2 but that over from #bj to #be per cent4 more bleach is obtained from a given quantity of hydrochloric acid1 when artificial peroxide of manganese is used instead of the native4 ,this advantage is chiefly owing to the artificial manganese 7of the manganese mud7 from its physical condition being much more accessible than the native form of manganese to the action of the hydrochloric acid1 and from its dissolving in the acid so much more readily and thoroughly1 and neutralising as much as from #ie to #ii per cent4 of it1 a much larger amount than the native ores are capable of neutralising4 ,again1 the bleaching powder produced by the above process stands not only very high in point of strength1 but varies very little in the amount of chlorine it contains1 as may be gathered from the following table1 which shows the average strength for thirteen consecutive weeks of the bleaching powder made at six large and different manufactories3-- ---------------------------------------- --------- ,,factory4 ,,week4 ---------------------------------------- - ,i4 ,,ii4 ,,iii4 ,,iv4 ,v4 ,,vi4 ---------------------------------------- --- #ast #cfi #cgh #cfg #cfc #cff #cff #bnd #cfa #cfh #cfg #cfb #cea #cgd #crd #cfe #chj #cff #cfa #cgb #cgi #dth #cei #cga #cei #cfb #cfh #cga #eth #ceh #cfi #cfj #cfc #cfe #cgh #fth #cfj #cgj #cfb #cei #cfe #cgb #gth #cfe #cfj #cfc #cff #ceh #cfh #hth #cfc #cfh #cfc #cfc #cej #cga #ith #cfd #cfc #cfh #ceg #ceb #cgj #ajth #cfe #cfg #cfc #cfj #cfb #cgf #aath #cfh #cfh #cfb #cei #cfj #cgb #abth #cfh #cei #cef #cef #cfa #cgb #acth #cfg #ceb #cei #cfa #cfi #cge ---------------------------------------- --------- ,spite of the expensive plant required to work ,mr ,weldon's process1 it is said to possess very decided advantages over the old methods as far as regards cost of production4 ,in connection with ,mr ,weldon's process may be mentioned ,mr ,valentin's modification of it1 for which a provisional patent was taken out by this latter gentleman4 ,instead of adding more lime1 after the neutralised still liquors have been precipitated by an equivalent of lime1 as is done in the above process1 ,mr ,valentin adds a solution of potassium ferricyanide1 and air being blown in1 the peroxidation of the manganese is effected much more quickly than in ,mr ,weldon's process4 ,it was also calculated that1 by ,mr ,valentin's method1 bleaching powder could be produced at a cost of about ten shillings per ton less than when made by ,mr ,weldon's4 ,for the successful working of ,mr ,valentin's process it is necessary that the ferricyanide should be recovered1 not only because of its cost1 but also because its presence gives rise to the production of cyanogen compounds1 which would enter the chamber with the chlorine4 ,hitherto no economical plan for the recovery of the salt has been devised1 and consequently ,mr ,valentin's proposed modification of ,mr ,weldon's process has failed to be adopted4 b4 ,a second process for obtaining chlorine1 called the magnesia process1 has been devised by ,mr ,weldon4 ,in the previous method1 or lime process1 two thirds of the chlorine contained in the hydrochloric acid1 as we have seen1 is lost1 passing away in the form of waste chloride of calcium4 ,in the magnesia process all the chlorine is utilised1 the acid employed being made to yield the whole of its gas in the free state4 ,the regeneration of the manganese peroxide being likewise accomplished1 and the process being a continuous one1 theoretically no loss of material should take place4 ,beyond the employment of liquor pumps1 no machinery is requisite for carrying out the operation1 which1 being very simple in its details1 requires the employment of little skilled and1 consequently1 expensive labour4 ,further1 the inventor claims for it the production of bleaching powder at a less cost per ton than by any other process4 ,the magnesia method is worked as follows3-- ,the spent liquors of the still1 consisting of chloride of manganese and free hydrochloric acid1 are neutralised with magnesite1 or1 as it is sometimes called1 ,greek stone--a very pure native form of carbonate of magnesia4 ,sometimes the magnesite is calcined1 and the magnesia thus obtained used instead4 ,the neutralisation may be effected either in the still itself1 or in a well made of cast iron4 ,the liquid is next pumped into the settlers1 in which it deposits its ferric and aluminic oxides and sulphate of lime4 ,the clear liquor containing the chlorides of manganese and magnesia is then run into an iron evaporating pan1 where it is concentrated by boiling until it reaches a temperature of between #cjj and #cbj ,f4 ,at this point the magnesium chloride begins to be decomposed by the water1 and hydrochloric acid is given off4 ,when it has reached the above degree of concentration1 it is conveyed into a muffle furnace4 ,this furnace is divided into two compartments1 separated by an iron door1 which can be opened or shut by means of a pulley placed outside4 ,the desiccation of the mass which is accompanied with the evolution of a little chlorine and a large amount of hydrochloric acid1 having been completed in one of the divisions of the furnace1 it is broken up by constant stirring into thin cakes and raked into the second division1 where it is gently heated with access of air2 when the operation is complete the residue which left the first compartment as a mixture of manganese and magnesium chloride becomes converted into manganate of magnesia 7,mg,mn,o#c71 its chlorine having been driven off partly in the free state and partly as hydrochloric acid4 ,as long as water is present in the furnace hydrochloric acid is evolved1 and as the main evaporation takes place in the first division of the furnace1 it is chiefly hydrochloric acid that is there generated4 ,in the second division it is chiefly chlorine which is evolved1 but it is1 of course1 mixed with some hydrochloric acid4 ,it is1 indeed1 doubtful whether much manganese chloride is decomposed by the water so long as there remains any chloride of magnesium1 as this body is far more readily decomposable4#bdb ,footnote #bdb3 ,kingzett4 ,it is stated that all the manganese is not converted into peroxide in the furnace1 but that a certain portion of it is left as protoxide2 which1 with the magnesia1 constitutes the useless bases4 ,the completion of the process is known when portions of the cake drawn from time to time from the furnace cease to indicate any increase in the quantity of peroxide of manganese4 ,the finely-divided black powder--manganate of magnesium--thus obtained1 after leaving the furnace and when sufficiently cold1 is ready for the stills--where1 in contact with hydrochloric acid1 it is again employed in the generation of chlorine4 ,the chlorine leaves the furnace mixed with much hydrochloric acid1 nitrogen1 and air4 ,the gaseous mixture is drawn by a chimney draught through the coke towers1 as in the making of salt-cake4 ,by this contrivance the hydrochloric acid is recovered1 yielding a solution strong enough to react upon fresh manganese in the still4 ,the diluted chlorine may be made to ascend leaden towers1 where it comes in contact with a shower of milk of lime1 which absorbs the gas and forms ordinary bleaching liquid1 whilst sometimes it is employed in the production of potassium chlorate4 ,we have seen that the chlorine yielded by the magnesia process is partly in the concentrated1 and partly in the dilute condition4 ,the ratio of strong chlorine generated in the still to that of weak chlorine produced in the furnace may be anything between one to one1 and one to about four1 at pleasure4 ,when working so as to obtain strong chlorine and weak chlorine in about equal proportions1 the quantity of the liquor to be boiled down per ton of total bleaching powder made was about #aje cubic feet4 ,as the proportion of the weak chlorine increased1 the quantity of liquor to be boiled down diminished until1 when the proportion of the weak chlorine to that of the strong became as four to one1 the quantity of liquor to be boiled down per ton of total bleaching powder made was only about #dj cubic feet4#bdc ,footnote #bdc3 ',chemistry1 ,theoretical1 ,practical1 and ,analytical1'--,mackenzie ,co4 #aa4 7,deacon47 ,as we have already seen1 ,vogel proposed to obtain chlorine by the decomposition by heat of cupric chloride1 and to reconvert the resulting cuprous chloride into the cupric salt by treatment with hydrochloric acid4 ,chlorine may be produced by passing a mixture of gaseous hydrochloric acid and air over heated bricks or other porous substances1 a reaction which ,oxland unsuccessfully attempted to turn to account for the production of chlorine for manufacturing purposes4 ,the cause of failure appears to have been the great heat necessary to effect the decomposition of the acid atmospheric oxygen4 ,in the late ,mr ,deacon's process both ,vogel's and ,oxland's methods are combined4 ,he discovered that to be able to generate chlorine and water from gaseous hydrochloric acid and air1 a very much lower temperature than that employed by ,oxland was necessary1 and he found that this diminished temperature could be attained1 if the gas and air to be decomposed were passed over porous bricks saturated with a solution of sulphate of copper1 and heated to a temperature of #gjj to #gej ,f4 ,beyond this point he found the heat ought not to be carried2 for at #hjj the cupric chloride formed begins to volatilise1 and to condense in the cooler parts of the apparatus 7presently to be described71 thereby interfering with the draught through it1 and delaying the working1 since its removal becomes necessary4 ,it was found that below #djj the reaction does not take place4 ,experience has demonstrated that the best temperature to effect this decomposition is #fbe ,f4 ,the hydrochloric acid obtained either from a soda furnace or evolved from an aqueous solution is immediately mixed with a quantity of air containing an excess of oxygen over that required for liberating all the chlorine from the evolved hydrochloric acid1 and passed through heated ,u-shaped tubes of cast-iron1 from which the gaseous mixtures obtain the necessary temperature4 ,the original plant was so contrived that the heated gases were conveyed from the ,u-shaped tubes into a series of nine towers made of iron or other suitable material4 ,entering by a pipe at the bottom of the first tower1 and passing on to the second1 the gases came into contact with a series of ordinary agricultural drain pipes of small bore arranged with vertical spaces1 these pipes being saturated with a solution of sulphate of copper and sulphate of soda1 it being subsequently found that this latter addition increased the efficacy of the copper sulphate1 as well as its power to resist decomposition4 ,from the first two towers of the series the mixed gases traversed the remaining ones1 where they encountered small pieces of common brick1 fire brick1 or burnt clay also impregnated with the copper and soda sulphates1 after reacting upon which they passed out of the apparatus1 called the 'decomposer1' ,in the more recently made decomposers we believe the nine towers were abolished1 and one chamber substituted for them1 the drain-pipes being at the same time abandoned for pieces of brick and clay marbles4 ,a decomposer upon this latter principle is said to have been in use for several months at a factory in ,berlin1 and to have worked perfectly satisfactorily4 ,after leaving the decomposer1 the gaseous mixture1 which now consists of chlorine1 water1 nitrogen1 unconsumed oxygen1 and undecomposed hydrochloric acid1 after being cooled1 is passed through water1 by which means it is deprived of its hydrochloric acid4 ,it is next made to ascend a tower1 where1 meeting with a stream of sulphuric acid running over coke1 it is deprived of its water4 ,the chlorine 7diluted with nitrogen and oxygen7 is now ready for the lime chamber4 ,one great objection urged against the adoption of the above process1 viz41 that in consequence of the large volume of the evolved gases enormously large chambers for the preparation of the bleaching would be necessitated1 seems to have been met by passing the gas through a series of chambers1 in which the first contains nearly finished bleaching powder2 the second1 lime in a less saturated condition2 and so on1 until the last chamber contains merely slaked lime4 ,the following table1 exhibiting the amount of chlorine contained in different batches of bleaching powder made by ,deacon's process1 is extracted from ',chemistry1 ,theoretical1 ,practical1 and ,analytical1' published by ,mackenzie3-- ---------------------------------------- -- ,strength4 ,strength4 ---------------------------------------- -- ,july #ad #cfj ,july #bb #cdc #ae #cdh #cfe #cfa #bd #cfh #ag #cfd #cge #cfj #be #cfa #ah #cgb #cfg #cgi #cfh #ai #cgb #bf #cfb #cgj #cfi #bj #cgi #bg #cfi #cfg #cee #ba #cfj #bh #cgb #cec #cgj #cgg #cfge ---------------------------------------- -- ,writing on this process in his late work1 ',the ,alkali ,trade1' ,mr ,kingzett says3--,the process bearing ,mr ,deacon's name was first brought before the public at the ,british ,association ,meeting in #ahgj4 ,it excited at that time much attention1 and indeed for some period it was doubtful whether it would not rival or even displace the ,weldon process4 ,further experience1 however1 discovered difficulties in the practical working of this beautiful method1 which exercise a deteriorating influence on its value1 and lessen its applicability4 ,although several plants have been erected in connection with this mode of manufacturing chlorine1 most of them have been since abandoned1 and at the present time most of the chlorine is manufactured according to the process of ,mr ,weldon4 ,dr ,jurisch1 in a communication to ',dingler's ,polytechnic ,journal1' #ahgf1 remarks that when ,deacon's process was first taken up within a short time by more than twelve ,english and two ,german establishments1 the view was generally entertained that the balls of clay steeped in solution of copper would ensure an uninterrupted production of chlorine gas for a year or two1 if not longer4 ,before many months had elapsed complaints were heard of the action of the balls4 ,he1 therefore1 undertook to determine what can be the cause of these balls declining so rapidly in their efficacy4 ,his conclusion is1 that the true cause of this speedy decrease in the decomposition is due to sulphuric acid1 which passes through the interstices of the clay-balls mixed with the other gases4 ,this injurious action1 according to ,hasenclever and ,sartori1 is probably to be explained by the following reaction3--,the vapour of sulphuric acid in contact with sulphate of alumina at a dull red-heat1 as is found in the balls1 is resolved into sulphurous acid1 watery vapour1 and oxygen2 the sulphurous acid thus formed is reoxidised at the expense of the free chlorine1 is again decomposed1 and thus keeps up a destructive circulation in the apparatus1 which reduces or totally checks the chlorine4#bdd ,footnote #bdd3 ,extracted from the ',chemical ,news4' ,prices of ,bleaching ,powder 7,,clapham74 ,in #ahje #abj #j #j per ton4 #ahaj #hd #j #j #ahae #hj #j #j #ahbj #dg #j #j #ahbe #bg #j #j #ahcj #bc #j #j #ahcb #ba #j #j #ahce #bc #j #j #ahdj #ba #j #j #ahdf #ah #j #j #ahej #ac #ae #j #ahee #aj #ae #j #aheg #ac #aj #j #ahfj #aa #j #j #ahfh #aj #ab #j ,prop41 ,uses1 c4 ,chlorine is a gas possessing a yellowish-green colour1 and a pungent1 suffocating odour4 ,it is one of the heaviest substances that are gaseous at ordinary temperatures1 being nearly #b-a_/b heavier than atmospheric air2 sp4 gr4 #adg4 ,it is soluble to a considerable extent in water1 that liquid at #fj ,fahr4 absorbing about twice its volume4 ,it is non-inflammable1 but its union with some of the elements is attended with the phenomena of combustion2 thus1 phosphorus1 copper leaf1 powdered antimony and arsenic1 and several other substances thrown into chlorine immediately inflame4 ,under a pressure of #d atmospheres it is condensed into a yellow1 limpid liquid4 ,moist chlorine gas cooled to #cb ,fahr4 condenses into yellow crystals1 containing #ce-a_/b parts of chlorine and #ij parts of water4 ,the most remarkable property of chlorine is its power of destroying almost all vegetable and animal colours1 and the putrid odour of decomposing organic matter2 hence its value as a bleaching agent1 and as a disinfectant and fumigator4 ,when first proposed as a bleaching agent by ,berthollet1 it was used much the same way as sulphur is now in bleaching woollen goods2 afterwards a solution of the gas in water was employed1 but the final improvement was ,tennant's patent of combining the gas with lime to form chloride of lime4 ,with the bases chlorine forms an important series of compounds called chlorides4 ,tests4 ,free chlorine is readily distinguished from other gases by its colour1 suffocating odour1 and bleaching properties4 ,the aqueous solution dissolves gold leaf1 and with nitrate of silver gives a white1 curdy precipitate4 ,,chlorine ,,stills4 ,the accompanying figure represents a section of one of the earlier forms of still used in the preparation of chlorine4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,these stills were sometimes made of strong sheet lead1 the lower part of which was enclosed in a jacket of cast iron1 into which steam was forced1 by which means the contents of the still were heated4 ,the steam was injected from an ordinary boiler through the pipe ,h1 and the materials1 after the decomposition had been completed1 were drawn off by the pipe ,g4 ,the four openings1 ,c1 ,d1 ,e1 ,f1 were secured by water lutes1 capable of bearing a pressure greater than that required in the chamber where the saturation took place4 ,in some cases the lower half of the still was made of cast iron1 and fitted into a groove made in the upper part1 the two sections being united by means of a strong cement4 ,in the latter case the heating of the still was effected by a naked fire applied to the bottom4 ,into the orifice ,c the said materials employed were introduced1 whilst the acid was poured through the opening ,f4 ,the gas evolved passed off through the pipe ,e to the purifier and chamber1 where it was absorbed by the lime1 and converted into bleaching powder1 and the shaft of the agitator passed up through ,d4 ,the use of the leaden stills survived for a longer time in ,france than in this country4 ,in some parts of ,germany large glass globes with long necks were employed1 in which the chlorine was generated from a mixture of hydrochloric acid and manganese4 ,but these were only applicable in cases where comparatively small quantities of bleaching powder were to be manufactured4 ,when the chlorine is obtained from a mixture of manganese1 common salt1 and sulphuric acid1 the apparatus1 being required to withstand a greater heat1 is made entirely of metal4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,in fig4 #b4 a a represents a shallow iron pan1 fitted with the tube b1 for the purpose of emptying the contents of the leaden cylinder d d4 ,this iron vessel serves as the lower part of the cylinder d d1 the top of which is provided with an opening for a funnel syphon tube1 for the introduction of the acid1 and another opening1 f1 for the manganese4 ,the entire apparatus stands on a flue leading from the furnace4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,the foregoing drawing represents a vessel for the manufacture of chlorine on a large scale1 and is extensively used in ,germany4 ,it consists of a cylindrical vessel of sandstone1 the lower half of which1 ,a1 is carved out of a single block2 the upper half1 ,b1 also of one piece1 fits into the lower by means of a grooved joint1 the two parts being united by means of a cement made of clay and boiled linseed oil4 ,about six inches from the bottom the cylinder widens by #b inches1 and the rim thus formed carries a perforated bottom1 ,c1 upon which the manganese is deposited in large lumps4 ,the tube ,d1 likewise of stone1 passes beneath the perforated bottom1 and is at the other end joined to the steam-tube ,e4 ,the steam must therefore1 when introduced1 enter the cylinder through the perforations of the false bottom4 ,the top of the cylinder is closed by a lead cover1 ,k1 which is fastened down by means of iron clamps2 this lid has an aperture1 ,g1 and the tubes ,e1 ,f1 ,h1 pass through it2 tube ,e serves1 as already stated1 for the introduction of the steam2 tube ,f is for the delivery of chlorine2 the bent tube1 ,h1 which ends in a funnel1 for the introduction of the hydrochloric acid2 and the opening ,g for throwing the lumps of manganese into the cylinder4 ,the solution of manganese chloride1 resulting from the action of the hydrochloric acid upon the manganese1 is removed through ,i1 which is kept closed by a wooden stopper whilst the reaction proceeds4 ,see also1 under ,,chlorine1 the description of ,,weldon',s stills1 and of ,,deacon',s apparatus4 ,,chlorite4 ,a salt in which the hydrogen of chlorous acid1 ,h,cl,o#b1 is replaced by a metal or other basic radical4 ,see ,,chlorous ,,acid4 ,,chlorochromic ,,acid4 ,cr,o,cl4 ,syn4 ,,chlorochromic ,,anhydride4 ,prep4 ,bichromate of potassium1 #c parts2 common salt1 #c-a_/b parts2 are intimately mixed together1 put into a glass retort1 and oil of vitriol1 #i parts1 added2 heat is next applied and maintained as long as dense1 red vapours are given off4 ,the product in the receiver is a heavy1 deep-red liquor1 greatly resembling bromine in appearance4 ,water resolves it into hydrochloric and chromic anhydride4 ,,chlorodyne4 ,see ,,patent ,,medicines4 ,chlorodyne 7,dr ,browne's74 ,acid muriat4 conc41 #e parts2 ether1 chloroform1 tinct4 cannab4 ,ind41 tinct4 capsici1 of each #aj parts2 morphia1 prussic acid1 of each #b parts2 oil of peppermint1 #a part2 syrup1 #ej parts2 tinct4 hyoscyami1 tinct4 aconiti1 of each #c parts4 ,chlorodyne1 ,english4 ,a filtered mixture of #e grammes tinct4 aromat41 #d grammes tinct4 opii simp41 #a gramme morph4 mur41 #aj grammes aq4 amygd4 amar41 #hj grammes syrup of liquorice1 #a gramme extract of liquorice1 #dj grammes #ij per cent4 spirit of wine1 #e drops oil of peppermint1 #aj drops ether1 #cj drops chloroform4 ,,chloroform4 ,c,h,cl#c4 ,syn4 ,,terchloride ,,of ,,formyle1 ,,formyl-,,chloride2 ,,chloroformyl1 ,,trichloromethane1 ,,chloroformum1 ,l4 ,a remarkable fluid discovered by ,liebig in #ahcj1 and independently by ,soubeiran in #ahcb1 and carefully examined in #ahcd by ,dumas4 ,in #ahdb its action upon animals was investigated by ,dr ,m4 ,glover1 and in #ahdg it was introduced to the medical profession as an ansthetic agent by ,dr ,simpson of ,edinburgh4 ,it was first obtained by the action of caustic alkali upon chloral1 but it is more easily prepared by distilling alcohol or wood spirit with chloride of lime4 ,it may also be procured from wood spirit1 acetone1 oil of turpentine1 and several essential oils1 as well as from amylic alcohol1 acetic acid1 tartaric acid1 and phenol2 when these different bodies are severally subjected to the action of chloride of lime4 ,when chlorine is made to act on marsh gas1 or when chloral is treated with an alkali1 chloroform is also produced4 ,prep4 #a4 ,chloride of lime 7in powder71 #d lbs42 water1 #ab lbs42 mix in a capacious retort or still1 add of rectified spirit1 #ab fl4 oz41 and cautiously distil as long as a dense liquid1 which sinks in the water it passes over with1 is produced2 separate this from the water1 agitate it with a little sulphuric acid1 and1 lastly1 rectify it from carbonate of barium4 #b4 ,chloride of lime1 #d lbs42 water1 #aj pints2 rectified spirit1 #a_/b pint2 proceed as last1 using a spacious retort that the mixture will only #a-crd fill1 and the heat of a sand bath4 ,when ebullition commences remove the fire as quickly as possible1 lest the retort be broken by the suddenly increased heat1 and let the solution distil into a receiver as long as there is nothing which subsides1 the heat being restored if it be at all needed4 ,add to the distilled liquid four times as much water1 and shake the whole well together2 next cautiously separate the heavier part as soon as it has subsided1 and to this add chloride of calcium1 broken into fragments1 #a dr42 and shake occasionally during an hour2 finally1 let the fluid again distil from a glass retort into a glass receiver4 #c4 ,hydrate of lime1 #a part1 is suspended in cold water1 #bd parts1 and chlorine passed through the mixture until nearly the whole of the lime is dissolved2 hydrate of lime1 q4 s4 just to restore the alkaline reaction of the liquid1 is then added2 and1 afterwards1 rectified spirit of wine or wood spirit1 #a part1 is mixed in2 the whole1 after repose for #bd hours in a covered vessel1 is cautiously distilled as before4 #d4 7,b4 ,p47 ,take of chlorinated lime #aj lbs42 rectified spirit1 #cj fluid ounces2 slaked lime1 a sufficient quantity2 water1 #c gallons2 sulphuric acid1 a sufficient quantity2 chloride of calcium in small fragments #b oz42 distilled water1 #aj fluid ounces4 ,place the water and the spirit in a capacious still1 and raise the mixture to a temperature of #ajj ,f4 ,add the chlorinated lime1 and #e lbs4 of the slaked lime1 mixing thoroughly4 ,connect the still with a condensing worm1 encompassed by cold water1 and terminating in a narrow-necked receiver2 and apply heat so as to cause distillation1 taking care to withdraw the fire the moment that the process is well established4 ,when the distilled product measures #ej fluid ounces the receiver is to be withdrawn4 ,pour its contents into a gallon bottle1 half filled with water2 mix well by shaking1 and set it at rest for a few minutes1 when the mixture will separate into two strata of different densities4 ,let the lower stratum1 which contains crude chloroform1 be washed by agitating it in a bottle with #c fluid ounces of the distilled water4 ,allow the chloroform to subside1 withdraw the water1 and repeat the washing with the rest of the distilled water1 in successive quantities of #c oz4 at a time4 ,agitate the washed chloroform for five minutes in a bottle with equal volume of sulphuric acid1 allow the mixture to settle1 and transfer the upper stratum of liquid to a flask1 containing the chloride of calcium1 mixed with #a_/b oz4 of slaked lime1 which should be perfectly dry4 ,mix well by agitation4 ,after the lapse of an hour connect the flask with a ,liebig condenser1 and distil over the pure chloroform by means of a water bath4 ,preserve the product in a cool place in a bottle furnished with an accurately ground stopper4 ,the lighter liquid which floats on the crude chloroform after its agitation with water1 and the washings with distilled water1 should be preserved and employed in a subsequent operation4 ,sp4 gr4 #adef4 ,prop41 c4 ,liquid2 transparent2 colourless2 odour fragrant1 ethereal1 and apple-like2 taste ethereal1 sweetish1 but slightly acrid2 soluble in #bjjj parts of water2 mixes in all proportions with alcohol and ether2 dissolves 7readily7 bromine1 camphor1 caoutchouc1 gutta percha1 iodine1 oils1 resins1 wax1 and several other like substances2 boils at #adah ,fahr42 kindles with difficulty2 burns1 when strongly heated1 with a greenish flame2 and communicates a dull1 smoky-yellow colour to the flame of alcohol4 ,sp4 gr4 #adh 7#adig1 ,miller72 density of vapour #db4 ,the vapour has the remarkable property of rendering a person breathing it temporarily insensible to pain4 ,chloroform is frequently adulterated with alcohol and ether2 and owing to careless manipulation1 is also sometimes contaminated with other substances1 as chloral1 hydrochloric acid1 free chlorine1 aldehyde and certain chlorinated oils4 ,these latter compounds are not only the most objectionable and prejudicial of the impurities found in chloroform1 but if present in it to any appreciable extent1 they render its ansthetic administration not only inefficient1 but frequently absolutely dangerous4 ,these deleterious chlorinated oily compounds may be removed by agitation with strong sulphuric acid1 or by distillation from it4 ,chloroform made from wood spirit is said to be more impure than that from alcohol4 ,when pure it is free from colour1 and of a pleasant odour4 ,it is not perfectly soluble in water2 and does not turn the colour of litmus red4 ,rubbed on the skin it quickly evaporates1 scarcely leaving any odour4 ,dropped into water1 it falls to the bottom and remains bright and limpid2 but if it contain alcohol the surface of the drop becomes opaline4 ,if the same experiment be made with diluted sulphuric acid1 sp4 gr4 #add1 the drop of pure chloroform will fall to the bottom2 but that which contains spirit1 if not shaken1 will float or remain suspended in the acid solution4 ,when contaminated with heavy hydrocarbon oils1 a drop evaporated from the palm of the hand leaves behind a strong smell4 ,hydrochloric acid and free chlorine are detected by the ordinary tests4 ,mr ,shuttleworth1 writing to the ',canadian ,pharmaceutical ,journal1' says3--,in regard to the restoration of chloroform which has become spoiled1 ,i would recommend that the chloroform be well agitated with a dilute solution of hyposulphite of soda4 ,it should then be separated by means of a glass funnel from the supernatant liquid1 and again washed2 this time with simple water4 ,after being separated the chloroform should be passed through filtering paper to free it from traces of moisture1 when it will be found much improved and comparatively sweet1 good enough in any case for external use4 ,there are1 of course1 certain other impurities of chloroform which the hyposulphite will not remove4 ,these are of a more stable character1 and as they possess a higher boiling point than chloroform1 may be separated by distillation1 or by treatment with sulphuric acid in the usual manner4 ,uses1 ,action1 c4 ,chloroform is anodyne1 antispasmodic1 sedative1 stimulant1 and ansthetic4 ,in small doses 7#e to #ab or #ae drops1 in water1 mixed with a little syrup or mucilage7 it is employed in spasmodic disorders1 and as a stimulant and diaphoretic4 ,it is now chiefly used as an ansthetic to produce insensibility to pain during surgical operations4 ,the dose for inhalation is #a fl4 dr41 which is repeated1 in a few minutes1 if no effect is produced1 until #c fl4 dr4 have been thus exhibited2 the effects being carefully watched1 and the source of the chloroform vapour removed as soon as a sufficient degree of ansthesia is produced1 or any unpleasant symptoms develop themselves4 ,chloroform in large doses depresses the heart's action1 and causes profound coma1 and death4 ,it is therefore dangerous in all cases complicated with diseases of the heart or brain1 or any visceral affections of a congestive character4 ,the treatment of asphyxia from chloroform is--the horizontal position1 cold affusion to the head and spine1 artificial respiration1 and1 if possible1 either the application of electricity1 or the inhalation of protoxide of nitrogen or oxygen gas1 largely diluted with atmospheric air4 ,concluding ,remarks4 ,the preparation of chloroform is not unattended with danger1 and frequently miscarries in careless or inexperienced hands4 ,this arises chiefly from the violent reaction which immediately follows the application of the heat4 ,the common plan is attended with danger of explosion1 or of the liquid in the still being forced over into the receiver1 owing to the extraordinary rapidity with which the vapours are eliminated1 and the ingredients1 in consequence1 swell up4 ,a method which is successfully adopted on the large scale is to employ a very broad and shallow capsule-shaped still1 having a flat rim round it1 with a head or capital furnished with a corresponding rim at its lower part4 ,in use1 a flat1 endless band of vulcanised india rubber is placed between the two rims1 which are then held air-tight together by means of small1 iron clamps4 ,the application of heat is also delayed for some time after the admixture of the spirit with the other ingredients1 and the process is interrupted as soon as the first violence of the reaction has subsided1 by which time the whole product of chloroform will have passed over into the receiver4 ,if the distillation is continued beyond this point1 the remaining product is water4 ,on the small scale1 a very capacious1 flat-bottomed retort or cucurbit should be employed4 ,a similar condenser may be used to that noticed under ether4 ,,chloroformic ,,anodyne 7,george ,harley7 is said to be an alcoholic tincture of opium with prussic acid and chloroform4 ,,chlorohyponitric ,,gas 7,n,o,cl7 and ,,chloronitrous ,,gas 7,n#b,o#b;,cl#d are two peculiar compounds1 formed when nitric acid and hydrochloric acid are mixed4 ,,chlorometer4 ,syn4 ,,chlorim',,eter4 ,an instrument or apparatus employed in chlorometry4 ,the chlorometers in common use are graduated measures and tubes precisely similar to those used in ,,acidimetry1 ,,alkalimetry1 c4 ,,chlorometry4 ,syn4 ,,chlorim',,etry4 ,the estimation of the available chlorine in the bleaching powder of commerce1 which is valued and sold in this country by its per-centage of that element4 ,the plans generally adopted are applicable to the so-called chlorides of soda and potassa1 as well as to the ordinary bleaching powder1 chloride of lime4 ,most of them depend on the oxidising effect of water when undergoing decomposition through the action of chlorine4 ,dalton's ,process4 ,the test solution is prepared as follows3--,pure protosulphate of iron 7previously dried by strong pressure between the folds of cloth or bibulous paper71 #gh gr41 are dissolved in distilled water1 #b oz41 and a few drops of hydrochloric or sulphuric acid added4 ,this quantity of protosulphate requires for complete peroxidation just the quantity of oxygen liberated by #aj gr4 of chlorine2 in other words1 the solution exhibits the indirect effect produced by exactly #aj grains of the bleaching element4 ,exactly #ej gr4 of the sample of chloride of lime to be examined are next weighed1 and well mixed in a glass or wedgwood mortar with tepid water1 #b oz42 and the mixture poured into a graduated tube or chlorometer4 ,the tube is next filled up to #j1 or zero1 with the washings of the mortar1 and the whole well mixed1 by placing the thumb over the orifice and shaking it4 ,the solution of chloride of lime1 thus formed1 is next gradually and cautiously added to the solution of sulphate of iron1 previously noticed1 until the latter is completely peroxidised1 which may be known when it ceases to be affected by a solution of red prussiate of potash4 ,when a drop of the latter test1 placed upon a white plate1 ceases to give a blue colour on being touched with the point of a glass stirrer or rod dipped in the liquor under examination1 enough of the solution of the chloride has been added4 ,the number of measures thus consumed must now be carefully read off from the graduated scale of the chlorometer1 from which the richness of the sample may be estimated as follows3--,as #ajj of the chlorometer divisions contain exactly #ej gr4 of the chloride under examination1 each measure will contain only #a_/b gr41 and1 consequently1 the number of measures consumed will represent half that number of grains of the chloride examined2 and the weight of the chloride thus used will have contained #aj gr4 of chlorine--the constant quantity of that substance required to peroxide the test solution of sulphate of iron4 ,thus3--,if #hj measures of the liquor in the chlorometer have been consumed1 this quantity will represent #dj gr4 of chloride of lime1 and #aj gr4 of chlorine4 ,by dividing #ajjj by this number1 the per-centage of chlorine will be obtained4 ,in the present instance this would be-- #ajjj ---- #be #dj ,crum's ,process4 ,equal weights of water and hydrochloric acid are mixed together1 and cast-iron borings digested in the diluted acid until saturation is complete2 a large excess of iron being purposely employed1 and the liquid kept at the heat of boiling water for some time4 ,one measure of the solution1 marking #dj on ,twaddell's scale 7sp4 gr4 #abjj71 is then mixed with an equal quantity of acetic acid 7sp4 gr4 #ajdh74 ,this forms the test-liquid4 ,when mixed with #f or #h parts of water it is quite colourless1 but chloride of lime occasions the production of peracetate of iron1 which gives it a red colour4 ,the above proof-solution is next poured into #ab two-oz4 vials1 of exactly equal diameters1 to the amount of #a_/ith of their capacity2 these are filled up with bleaching liquid of various strengths2 the first at #a_/abth of a degree of ,twaddell1 the second #b_/abths1 and so on up to #ab_/abths of #a4 ,they are then well corked up1 and1 after agitation1 arranged side by side on a tray1 furnished with holes to receive them4 7,see engr47 ,to ascertain the strength of an unknown sample of bleaching liquor1 the proof-solution of iron is put into a phial1 exactly similar to the #ab previously used1 and in precisely the same proportion 7#a_/ith74 ,the phial is then filled up with the bleaching liquor1 well shaken1 and placed beside that one of the #ab already prepared which it most resembles in colour4 ,the number on that phial expresses the strength of the sample under examination1 in twelfths of a degree of ,twaddell's hydrometer4 ,illustration ,obs4 ,the preceding method is admirably suited for weak solutions1 such as are employed for bleaching textile fabrics1 and is well adapted 7from its simplicity7 to the purposes of practical men4 ,indeed1 it is quite astonishing to see with what ease and accuracy it is applied by unlettered operatives4 ,this gives it great practical value4 ,it has been for some time in extensive use in the bleaching houses of ,scotland4 ,,table exhibiting the quantity of ,bleaching ,liquid1 at #f on ,,twaddell',s scale 7sp4 gr4 #ajcj71 required to be added to a weaker liquor1 to raise it to the given strengths4 ,adapted from ,,mr ,,crum',s table by ,,mr ,,cooley4 ---------------------------------------- ------- ,proportions required4 ,strength ,required ----------------------- of ,sample ,strength4 ,given ,liquor in #a_/ab4 ,sample4 at #f4 ---------------------------------------- ---- ,parts4 ,part4 ,water4 #h_/ab #h #a #a #i-a_/d #a #b #aa #a #c #ac-a_/b #a #d #ag #a #e #bc #a #f #ce #a #g #ga #a ,water4 #f_/ab #aa #a #a #ac-a_/b #a #b #ag #a #c #bc #a #d #ce #a #e #ga #a ,water4 #d_/ab #ag #a #a #bc #a #b #ce #a #c #ga #a ,water4 #c_/ab #bc #a #a #ce #a #b #ga #a ---------------------------------------- -------- ,according to ,mr ,crum1 the range of strength within which cotton is safe is very limited4 ,a solution at #a of ,twaddell's scale 7sp4 gr4 #ajje7 is not more than safe1 while one at #a_/b is scarcely sufficiently strong for the first operation on stout cloth1 unless it is packed more loosely than usual4 ,gay-,lussac's ,indigo ,process4 ,one part of the best indigo is dissolved in #i parts of strong sulphuric acid by the aid of a gentle heat2 this solution is then mixed with distilled water1 in such proportion that #a volume of chlorine gas shall exactly decolour #aj volumes of this solution4 ,each measure so decoloured is called a degree1 and each degree is divided into fifths4 #e gr4 of the best chloride of lime1 dissolved in #ejj gr4 measures of water1 possess the above power1 and indicate #aj or proof2 or in other words1 will decolour #aj times its volume of the indigo solution4 ,obs4 ,this method of chlorometry is objectionable1 and liable to error1 from the indigo solution altering by keeping4 ,when1 however1 the proper precautions are used1 it may be safely trusted for weak bleaching liquors4 ,arsenious ,acid ,process4 ,this depends on the conversion1 by oxidation1 of arsenious acid into arsenic acid1 in the presence of chlorine and water4 ,to prepare the test-liquor1 pure arsenious acid1 #ajj gr41 are dissolved in about #d fl4 oz4 of pure hydrochloric acid 7free from sulphurous acid71 and the solution diluted with water until1 on being poured into a graduated #aj1jjj grains-measure-glass1 it occupies the volume of #gjjj grains measure marked on the scale4 ,each #ajjj grains measure of this liquid now contains #adbi gr4 of arsenious acid2 corresponding to #aj gr4 of chlorine1 or #a_/ajth gr4 of chlorine for every division or degree of the scale of the chlorometer4 #ajj gr4 of the chloride of lime to be examined are next dissolved in water as before1 and poured into a tube graduated up to #bjjj grains measure4 ,the whole is now well shaken1 in order to obtain a uniformly turbid solution1 and half of it 7#ajjj-;grains-measure7 transferred to a graduated chlorometer1 which is1 therefore1 thus filled up to #j1 or the zero of the scale1 and contains exactly #ej gr4 of the chloride of lime under examination2 whilst each degree or division of the scale contains only #a_/b gr4 #ajjj grains measure of the arsenious acid test-liquor are now poured into a glass beaker1 and a few drops of solution of sulphate of indigo added in order to impart a faint but distinct blue colour to it2 the glass is then shaken so as to give a circular movement to the liquid1 and whilst it is whirling round1 the chloride-of-lime solution from the chlorometer is gradually and cautiously added1 until the blue tinge given to the arsenious acid test-liquor is destroyed2 care being taken to stir the mixture well during the whole process1 and to stop as soon as the decolorisation is completed4 ,let us suppose now that1 in order to destroy the blue colour of the #ajjj grains measure of the arsenious acid test-liquor1 #ij divisions or degrees of the chloride-of-lime solution have been employed4 ,these #ij divisions1 therefore1 contained the #aj gr4 of chlorine required to destroy the colour of the test-solution2 and since each division represents #a_/b gr4 of chloride of lime1 #de gr4 of chloride of lime 7#aj gr4 of chlorine7 were present in the #ij divisions so employed1 from which the per-centage strength may be ascertained4 ,for-- #de 3 #aj 3 3 #ajj 3 #bbbb ,the chloride of lime examined1 therefore1 contained #bb-a_/d per cent1 7nearly7 of chlorine4 ,obs4 ,this method is extremely simple and trustworthy when properly employed2 but to ensure accuracy1 certain precautions must be adopted4 ,instead of pouring the test-liquor into the solution of the sample 7as in alkalimetry71 the solution of the sample must be poured into the test-liquor4 ,vogel found that in a normal solution of arsenious acid that had been prepared for using in the above process1 half the quantity of the arsenious acid became oxidised to arsenic acid in the course of about a year4 ,he therefore recommends that the standard solution1 if kept for some time1 should be tested by a magnesium salt4 ,the formation of a precipitate would show the solution had undergone such a change1 as to render it unfit for volumetric estimations4 ,penot's ,process4 ,this is a modification of the previous process4 ,for the arsenious acid solution arsenite of soda is substituted1 and for the indigo solution a colourless iodised paper1 which is turned blue by the smallest quantity of free acid4 ,the paper is prepared in the following manner3--#a gram of iodine1 #g grams of carbonate of soda1 #c grams of starch1 and a quarter of a litre of water are mixed4 ,when the solution becomes colourless it is diluted to half a litre2 in this fluid1 white paper is soaked4 ,the arsenical fluid is prepared by dissolving #ddd grams of arsenious acid1 and #ac grams of crystallised carbonate of soda in #a litre of water4 ,this solution is added by means of a burette to the solution of chloride of lime intended to be tested 7#aj grams of the sample to #a litre7 the completion of the reaction being known by the paper remaining uncoloured4 ,lunge says that the same piece of moist iodine test paper may be made use of repeatedly1 since the spots produced by testing usually disappear after about twenty-four hours if exposed to the air4 ,the paper must1 however1 be kept away from dust4 ,wagner's ,process4 ,this method is based upon the fact that a solution of chloride of lime separates the iodine from a weak 7#a to #aj7 and slightly acidified iodide-of-potassium solution1 the iodine being quantitatively estimated by means of hyposulphite of soda3-- ,iodine #ba1 ,iodine of sodium1 #b,na,i1 ,hyposulphite of yield ,tetrathionate of sodium1 ,na#b,s#d,o#f1 soda1 #b,na#a,,so#c ,water1 #e;,h#b,o4 #e;,h#b,o1 ,the test is performed as follows3--#ajj c4 c4 #a gram of bleaching-powder solution1 obtained by dissolving #aj grams of chloride of lime in #a litre of water1 are mixed with #be c4 c4 of solution of iodide of potassium acidified with dilute hydrochloric acid4 ,the resulting clear1 deep brown-coloured solution is treated with hyposulphite of soda solution until quite colourless4 ,the hyposulphite of soda solution is composed of #bdh grams of that salt to #a litre of water2 #a c4 c4 of this solution neutralises #jjabg grams of iodine1 and #jjjcee grams of chlorine4 ,otto's ,process4 ,this method is based upon the following data4 ,two molecular weights of protosulphate of iron when brought into contact with chlorine1 in presence of water1 and free sulphuric acid1 give one molecule of persulphate of iron1 and two molecules of hydrochloric acid1 the process consuming one molecule of chlorine4 ,two molecules of crystallised sulphate of iron #eef1 correspond to #gaj of chlorine1 or in other terms #jghci grams of the crystallised sulphate correspond to #ja gram of chlorine4 ,bunsen's ,process4 ,this consists in adding iodide of potassium to the bleaching-powder liquor1 acidulating the mixture with hydrochloric acid1 and running the solution of arsenite of soda into it till only a yellow tint shows itself4 ,a little starch paste is now added1 and the arsenite solution cautiously introduced drop by drop1 till the blue colour just disappears4 ,the solutions must all be standardised4 ,to preserve the starch paste ,mohr advises the addition to it of a little chloride of zinc4 ,mr ,davies uses glycerin as a solvent for the arsenious acid4 ,he prepares a standard solution as follows3--#acie grains of arsenious acid in #dj c4 c4 of glycerin and fitted up to #a litre4 ,every c4 c4 corresponds to #ja grain of chlorine4 ,indigo sulphate solution is used as an indicator1 and the bleaching liquor is run into the glycerin solution until the blue colour of the latter is changed to a brownish yellow4 ,dr ,ure's as follows3--,liquor of ammonia1 of a known strength1 tinged with litmus1 is added to a solution of a given weight of the chloride under examination1 until the whole of the chlorine is neutralised1 which is known by the colour being destroyed4 ,from the quantity of ammonia consumed the strength of the sample is estimated4 ,the value of bleaching powder is estimated in ,england1 ,america1 and ,germany by degrees corresponding to the per-centage of available chlorine contained in a sample of chloride of lime by weight2 but in ,france the degrees denote the number of litres of chlorine gas at #j c4 and #gfj ,mm4 ,bar41 which #a kilo of bleaching powder can evolve4 ,in the following table the chlorometrical degrees of ,france and ,england are contrasted3-- ,french4 ,english4 #fc #bjjb #fe #bjfe #gj #bbbd #ge #bchc #hj #bedb #he #bgja #ij #bhfj #ajj #cahj #aje #cccf #aaj #cdie #aae #cfed #abj #chac #abe #cigb #abf #djjd ,the per-centage may be calculated by multiplying the ,french degrees by the coefficient #jcah4 ,,chlorocarbonic ,,acid4 7,c,o,cl#b74 ,syn4 ,,phosgene ,,gas1 ,,carbonic ,,oxydichloride4 ,this compound may be produced by the direct combination of equal volumes of carbonic oxide and chlorine gases under the influence of sunlight 7whence its name of phosgene gas71 when the mixture gradually becomes colourless1 and contracts to half its original volume4 ,chlorocarbonic acid has a peculiar pungent smell1 and fumes strongly when exposed to moist air1 the moisture of which it decomposes1 producing at the same time hydrochloric and carbonic acids4 ,it is sometimes employed in chemical research for the removal of hydrogen from organic compounds1 and the substitution of carbonic oxide1 or its elements for the hydrogen4 ,,chlorophyll4 ,the green colouring matter contained in the leaves1 stalks1 unripe fruit1 and juices of most plants4 ,,chloro',,sis4 ,syn4 ,,green ,,sickness4 ,a disease which principally affects young unmarried females4 ,symp4 ,languor1 listlessness1 fatigue after the least exercise1 palpitation of the heart1 flatulency1 indigestion1 acidity of stomach and bowels1 constipation 7generally71 appetite for unnatural food1 general debility1 c4 ,as the disease advances1 the skin at first pale1 assumes a peculiar greenish tint1 the respiration becomes affected1 the feet and legs swell1 and various organic affections of the viscera ensue4 ,during the early stages of this disease the catamenia are usually pale and scanty1 and return at irregular intervals1 and as it progresses they disappear altogether4 ,treat4 ,this should be tonic and restorative4 ,that recommended under ,,an,,mia may be adopted with advantage4 ,see also ,,appetite1 ,,atrophy4 ,chlorosis1 ,electuary for--,female ,electuary4 ,a greenish-black thick syrup1 consisting of sugar1 bayberries1 carbonate of iron1 iron filings1 and water4 7,buchner47 ,chlorosis ,powder--,female ,powder--consists of a mixture of anise1 sugar1 and #ad per cent4 of iron filings4 7,wittstein47 ,chlorosis ,powder--,female ,powder1 according to ,schott and ,strauss1 is a mixture of violet root1 gum ,arabic1 and a tasteless green powder with #cc per cent4 of steel filings4 ,according to ,hager1 it is composed of #b parts ferri pulvis1 with #c parts powdered sweet-flag root4 ,chlorosis ,powder--,female ,powders4 ,steel filings1 starch powder1 and knot grass1 of each #a part1 ,florentine orris root1 #d parts4 ,chlorosis ,powder--,female ,powders4 ,a mixture of #a part steel filings and #b parts of a vegetable powder composed of gum ,arabic1 ,florentine orris1 knot grass1 c4 7,egb4 ,hoyer47 ,chlorosis ,water 7,dr ,ewich7 contains in #aj1jjj parts #aa of sodium carbonate1 #i of sodium chloride1 #a-a_/b sodium sulphate1 #g calcium carbonate1 and #ab iron carbonate with an excess of carbonic acid4 7,hager47 ,,chlorous ,,acid4 ,h,cl,o#b4 ,syn4 ,,acidum ,,chloro',,sum1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from chlorate of potassium1 #d parts2 arsenious anhydride1 #c parts2 nitric acid1 #ab parts2 7diluted with7 water1 #d parts2 heated together in a glass flask1 furnished with a bent tube1 and placed in a water bath4 ,it must be collected in the same way as chlorine1 or passed into water1 when it forms a solution of chlorous acid4 ,prop41 c4 ,chlorous acid is a greenish-yellow gas1 non-condensable by a freezing mixture of salt and ice1 but liquefiable by extreme cold4 ,the aqueous solution undergoes gradual decomposition1 yielding chloric acid and chlorine4 ,chlorous acid possesses powerful oxidising and bleaching properties2 with the bases it forms salts called ,,chlorites4 ,these are all soluble in water1 and bleach like the acid4 ,they may be recognised by the evolution of chlorous acid gas when acted on by an acid4 ,the use of the arsenious acid is to deoxidise the nitric acid employed in the process4 ,tartaric acid1 or other deodorising agent1 may be substituted for it4 ,,choc',,olate4 ,syn4 ,,chocola',,ta1 ,l42 ,,chocollati1 ,mexican2 ,,chocolat1 ,fr4 ,a beverage or paste made from the roasted seeds of the ,theobroma ,cacao1 or ,,cocoa4 ,strictly speaking1 the term chocolate is applicable to all genuine preparations of cocoa1 but it is now generally used to distinguish those which contain sugar1 and1 commonly1 flavouring substances4 ,of late years great attention has been paid to the manufacture of chocolate in ,england2 our principal makers now import the finest descriptions of cocoa1 and produce varieties of the manufactured article which are scarcely inferior to those of their ,french rivals4 ,the different kinds of cocoa1 and the processes of roasting1 sweating1 c41 are described under ,,cocoa1 to which article we refer the reader also for particulars respecting the chemistry of chocolate4 ,prep4 ,the cocoa nibs#bde are ground in a mill consisting of stone or metal rollers1 which are usually heated either by charcoal fires or by steam1 so as to soften or melt the natural fat4#bdf ,the warm1 smooth paste which passes from the mill is then placed in a mixing mill1 and incorporated with refined sugar1 and usually vanilla or other flavouring substance4 ,the trituration is continued until the whole paste is converted into an entirely homogeneous mass1 which is finally shaped1 by means of suitable moulds1 into various forms1 as blocks1 loaves1 tablets1 lozenges1 c4 ,footnote #bde3 ,the bruised1 roasted seeds1 freed from husk and membrane4 ,footnote #bdf3 ,cacao- or cocoa-butter4 ,obs4 ,chocolate1 prepared as above1 without the addition of aromatics1 is known in the trade as ,,plain ,,chocolate4 ,the ,spaniards flavour it with vanilla1 cloves1 and cinnamon1 and frequently scent it with musk and ambergris4 ,with these additions it is termed ,,spanish ,,chocolate4 ,in general1 they add too large a quantity of the last four articles4 ,the ,parisians1 on the contrary1 use little flavouring1 and that principally vanilla4 ,they employ the best kinds of cocoa1 and add a considerable quantity of refined sugar4 ,so prepared1 it is called ,,french ,,chocolate4 ,proportions4 #a4 ,,french ,,chocolate3--,the proportions used for the best description are said to be--#b beans of vanilla1 and #a lb4 of the best refined sugar1 to every #c lbs4 of the choicest cacao nuts4 #b4 ,,spanish ,,chocolate3--,the following forms are said to be commonly adopted3-- a4 ,caracas cocoa1 #aa lbs42 sugar 7white71 #c lbs42 vanilla1 #a oz42 cinnamon 7cassia71 #a_/d oz42 cloves1 #a_/b dr4 b4 ,caracas cocoa1 #aj lbs42 sweet almonds1 #a lb42 sugar1 #c lbs42 vanilla1 #a-a_/d oz4 c4 ,caracas cocoa1 #h lbs42 island cocoa1 #b lbs42 white sugar1 #aj lbs42 aromatics1 as above4 d4 ,island cocoa1 #g lbs42 farina1 q4 s4 to absorb the oil4 ,inferior4 #c4 ,,vanilla ,,chocolate4 ,syn4 ,,chocolat ,,la ,,vanille1 ,fr4 ,a variety of ,french or ,spanish chocolate highly flavoured with vanilla4 ,the following proportions have been recommended3-- a4 ,caracas cocoa1 #g lbs42 ,mexican vanilla1 #a oz42 cinnamon1 #a_/b oz42 cloves1 #c in no4 b4 ,best chocolate paste1 #ba lbs42 vanilla1 #d oz42 cinnamon1 #b oz42 cloves1 #a_/b dr42 musk1 #aj gr4 ,obs4 ,the vanilla used in making chocolate is reduced to powder by rubbing it with a little sugar before adding it to the paste4 ,pur41 c4 ,the chocolate commonly sold in ,england is prepared from the cake left after the expression of the oil1 and this is frequently mixed with the roasted seeds of ground peas1 and maize or potato flour1 to which a sufficient quantity of inferior brown sugar1 or treacle and mutton suet1 is added to make it adhere together4 ,inferior sweet almonds are also employed in the same way4 ,since the above paragraph was written there has been a vast improvement in ,english chocolates1 though the cheaper sorts of certain makers are still much adulterated4 ,genuine chocolate should dissolve in the mouth without grittiness1 and should leave a peculiar sensation of freshness2 after boiling it with water the emulsion should not form a jelly when cold1 for if it does starch or flour is present4 ,the presence of animal fat may generally be detected by a cheesy or rancid flavour4 ,see ,,cocoa4 ,qual41 c4 ,chocolate is nutritive and wholesome if taken in moderation1 but is sometimes apt to disagree with weak stomachs1 especially those that are easily affected by oily substances or vegetable food4 ,when this is the case1 by adopting the simple plan recommended under ,,butter1 chocolate may generally be taken with impunity1 even by the dyspeptic4 ,the quantity of aromatics mixed with the richer varieties of chocolate improve the flavour1 but render them more stimulant and prone to produce nervous symptoms and head complaints4 ,chocolate is taken in the solid form1 or made into a beverage2 or1 combined with sugar1 is made into various articles of confectionery4 ,,chocolate ,,for ,,the ,,table is prepared by slicing or scraping very finely the required quantity into a jug1 and adding to it a small quantity of boiling water4 ,this is worked into a thin1 smooth paste1 and the jug immediately filled up with boiling milk-and-water4 ,a froth is produced by the same means that eggs are beaten up4 ,the operation of milling1 performed by rapidly twirling a notched cylinder of wood in the emulsion1 raises the froth very quickly4 ,sugar may be put in with the scraped chocolate1 or added afterwards at pleasure4 ,chocolate should never be made for the table before it is wanted1 because beating it again injures the flavour1 destroys the froth1 and separates the body of the chocolate1 the oil of the nut being observed1 after a few minutes' boiling1 or even standing long by the fire1 to rise to the top4 ,this is one of the principal reasons why chocolate offends the stomach4 ,preparations of chocolate1 intended either as nutritious articles of food for convalescents1 or as vehicles for medicine1 are common among the pharmacopoeial and magistral formul of the ,continent4 ,the following are a few examples3-- ,chocolate1 ,aromat'ic4 ,prep4 7,weiglebt47 ,cocoa beans and sugar1 of each #af oz42 cinnamon1 #a_/b oz42 cloves1 #b dr42 cardamoms and vanilla1 of each #a dr4 ,chocolate1 ,car'rageen4 ,see ,,chocolate1 ,,white 7,nos4 #a and #b74 ,chocolate1 ,chalyb'eate4 ,syn4 ,,ferrugin',,eous ,,chocolate2 ,,chocola',,ta ,,chalybea',,ta1 ,c4 ,,mar',,tis1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,trousseau47 ,spanish chocolate1 #af oz42 carbonate of iron1 #a_/b oz42 mix1 and divide into #a-oz4 cakes4 ,one at a time2 in anmia1 amenorrhoea1 chlorosis1 c4 #b4 7,pierquin47 ,iodide of iron1 #b dr42 chocolate1 #af oz4 ,for #a_/b-oz4 cakes2 as above1 and in scrofulous and glandular affections4 ,chocolate1 ,guarana'4 ,syn4 ,,paullin',,ia ,,chocolate2 ,,chocola',,ta ,,paulin',i1 ,c4 ,,guaran'1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from guarana and white sugar1 of each #a oz41 triturated together1 and afterwards thoroughly mixed with good plain chocolate1 #ah oz4 ,recommended as a restorative in debility1 chlorosis1 and other diseases of debility1 especially those of a nervous character4 ,chocolate1 ,ice'land ,moss4 ,syn4 ,,chocola',,ta ,,cetrar',i ,,island',,ic1 ,c4 ,,lichen',,is1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,p4 ,c47 ,simple chocolate 7,p4 ,c471 #cb parts2 sugar1 #bi parts2 dried jelly of ,iceland moss1 #aa parts2 mix4 #b4 7,cadet47 ,chocolate1 #d lbs42 sugar1 #b lbs42 ,iceland moss 7freed from its bitter1 and powdered71 #a-a_/b lb42 tragacanth and cinnamon1 of each #d oz42 water1 q4 s42 to be beaten in a warm mortar1 or ground with a muller on a warm slab to a paste4 ,recommended in pulmonary affections1 general debility1 weakness of stomach1 c4 ,see ,,cocoa 7,iceland ,moss74 ,chocolate1 ,pur'gative4 ,syn4 ,,chocola',,ta ,,pur',,gans1 ,c4 ,,cathar',,tica1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,jalap1 #a oz42 chocolate1 #i oz42 mix1 and divide into #a-;dr4 cakes4--,dose1 #a to #b cakes1 as a purge4 #b4 ,jalap1 #b oz42 calomel and sugar1 of each #a oz42 triturate together1 then add chocolate1 #bj oz42 for #a-;dr4 cakes4 #c4 ,scammony1 #b dr42 chocolate1 #c oz42 for #a dozen cakes4 ,the last two are given in worms4--,dose 7for an adult71 #a cake1 taken fasting4 ,chocolate1 ,sal'ep4 ,syn4 ,,sal',,oop ,,chocolate2 ,,chocola',,ta ,,cum ,,sal',,ep1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,p4 ,c47 ,chocolate1 #af oz42 powdered salep1 #a_/b oz4 #b4 7,cadet47 ,cacao paste and sugar1 of each #a lb42 powdered salep1 #a oz4 ,arrowroot chocolate and tapioca chocolate are made in the same manner4 7,see below47 ,chocolate1 ,sim'ple4 ,syn4 ,,hygien',,ic ,c41 ,,hom,,oe,,opath',,ic ,c42 ,,chocola',,ta1 ,c4 ,,sim',,plex1 ,c4 ,,salu',,tis1 ,l42 ,,chocolat ,,de ,,sant1 ,fr4 ,prep4 7,p4 ,c47 ,caracas and ,maragnan cocoa1 of each #if lbs42 sugar1 #afj lbs42 cinnamon1 #a oz4 7to #b oz472 triturated together in the usual manner1 and formed into cakes or powder4 ,chocolate1 ,vanil'la4 ,syn4 ,,chocola',,ta ,,cum ,,vanil',,la1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,p4 ,c47 ,chocolate 7plain1--,p4 ,c471 #af oz42 vanilla1 #a_/b dr4 #b4 7,cotterau47 ,cocoa paste1 #f lbs42 sugar1 #aj lbs42 vanilla1 #aa dr4 ,see forms previously given4 ,chocolate1 ,ver'mifuge4 ,syn4 ,,chocola',,ta ,,vermifu',,ga1 ,l4 ,see ,,chocolate1 ,,purgative 7,nos4 #b and #c1 above74 ,chocolate1 ,white4 ,syn4 ,,white ,,cocoa1 ,,car',,rageen ,c42 ,,chocola',,ta ,,cum ,,chon',,dro1 ,,pas',,ta ,,caca',o ,,cum ,,chon',,dro1 ,p4 ,c4 ,c4 ,,lichen',e ,,carraghen',o1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,as ,iceland moss chocolate1 but employing carrageen moss4 #b4 7,ph4 ,dan47 ,roasted and decorticated cocoa seeds 7reduced to a subtile mass in a warm iron mortar7 and powdered white sugar1 of each #b lbs42 powdered carrageen 7debitterised71 #c oz4 #c4 7,cottereau47 ,sugar1 #f lbs42 rice flour1 #a-c_/d lb42 potato starch and butter of cocoa1 of each #a_/b lb42 gum ,arabic #a_/d lb4 7dissolved72 tincture of vanilla1 #a_/b fl4 oz42 boiling water1 q4 s42 triturate to a stiff paste4 ,the above are highly nutritious1 and are recommended as articles of diet for convalescents and debilitated persons4 ,,choke-,,damp4 ,syn4 ,,aft',,er-,,damp4 ,the term applied by miners to carbonic anhydride 7carbonic acid7 and other irrespirable gases and vapours evolved in mines4 ,see ,,carbonic ,,acid1 ,,fire ,,damp1 ,,ventilation1 c4 ,,choking4 ,threatened choking may occur either in the gullet or swallow--or in the windpipe4 ,if in the gullet press down the tongue with the handle of a spoon1 and pass the fingers down without any hesitation1 when the substance may generally be dislodged or pulled up4 ,when it is small1 and has got out of reach1 it may mostly be removed by filling the mouth with liquid and swallowing it at a gulp1 or by swallowing a large piece of bread4 ,foreign bodies thus swallowed generally pass harmlessly through the bowels4 ,if the choking occur in the windpipe or trachea1 it is usually dislodged by the paroxysm of coughing which accompanies the act4 ,should it fail to be so1 and a sense of suffocation ensues1 accompanied with blueness of countenance and difficulty of breathing1 place the patient1 and follow the directions given in the article ,,suspended ,,animation1 while a medical man is immediately sent for4 ,treatment for ,horses or ,cattle4--,remove any foreign body by hand1 as directed above1 or have recourse to the probang4 ,it may perhaps be necessary to call in a veterinary surgeon1 in case the above methods fail1 to extract the obstruction by cutting into the gullet4 ,,cholagogues4 ,medicines which promote a flow of bile4 ,,cholalic ,,acid4 ,c#bd;,h#dj,o#e4 ,syn4 ,,chol',,ic ,,acid4 ,a non-nitrogenous acid existing in bile4 ,it is best prepared by boiling the resinous mass precipitated by ether from an alcoholic solution of ox bile with a dilute solution of potassa1 for #bd to #cf hours1 till the amorphous potassa salt that has separated begins to crystallise4 ,the dark-coloured soft mass is then removed from the alkaline liquid1 dissolved in water1 and hydrochloric acid added4 ,a little ether will cause the deposition of the ,,cholalic ,,acid from this solution in crystals4 ,with sulphuric acid and solution of sugar it strikes a purple-violet colour2 this constitutes ,pettenkofer's test for bile4 ,,chole',,ic ,,acid4 ,syn4 ,,tauro-,,cholalic ,,acid4 ,a peculiar conjugated compound of cholalic acid with a substance called taurine1 which contains both nitrogen and sulphur4 ,in combination with soda1 choleic acid constitutes a principal ingredient in bile4 ,,chol',,era4 ,this word1 which1 from its derivation1 can be only applied correctly to a bilious affection of the stomach and bowels1 has been of late years very loosely extended to a malignant disease1 the most marked characteristic of which is a total suspension of the functions of the biliary organs4 ,cholera1 ,en''glish4 ,syn4 ,,com',,mon ,,cholera1 ,,bil',,ious ,c42 ,,chol',,era ,,mor',,bus1 ,l4 ,a disease characterised by bilious vomiting and purging1 accompanied by more or less pain and debility4 ,diarrhoea is the most common precursor of the disease1 and ought to be attended to without delay1 particularly if the weather be warm4 ,cholera most frequently occurs towards the end of the summer and early in the autumn1 when the increased heat of the sun stimulates the liver to an inordinate secretion of bile1 by which the whole system becomes overloaded with it4 ,among secondary and accidental causes are sudden changes of temperature1 checked perspiration1 and the use of indigestible food1 and food and beverages in a state of incipient decomposition4 ,it is usually accompanied by fever1 thirst1 and severe colic1 and sometimes by cold sweats1 extreme debility1 feeble pulse1 c41 under which the patient sinks in #bd hours4 ,treat4 ,in most cases this complaint is not dangerous1 and yields to proper treatment in a few days4 ,as soon after the commencement of the attack as possible1 some mild aperient should be administered4 ,opiates may be employed1 both topically and by the mouth4 ,jeremie's solution is stated to be very efficacious in the diarrhoea which so generally precedes cholera4 ,a teaspoonful or two of laudanum1 rubbed over the region of the stomach and bowels1 is a simple application which will generally allay the pain4 #aj to #bj drops of laudanum1 mixed with a table-spoonful of good brandy1 or a few grains of cayenne pepper1 may also be taken every hour if the pain is severe4 ,should the stomach reject the medicine1 or the vomiting be apparently increased by drinking warm diluents1 a few spoonfuls of ice-cold water1 or of a mixture of lemon-juice and water1 may be taken instead1 until the sickness abates4 ,dr ,copeland recommends spirit of turpentine in violent attacks1 both internally and as an external application in the form of warm epithems4 ,when the violence of the symptoms has abated1 tonics and bitters 7as calumba1 gentian1 orange-peel1 c47 may be advantageously had recourse to4 ,calumba1 in the form of a weak infusion1 conjoined1 if necessary1 with aromatics1 is1 perhaps1 the most valuable agent we possess for the after-treatment of the disease4 ,see ,,diarrh,,oe,a4 ,cholera1 ,malig'nant4 ,syn4 ,,asiat',,ic ,,cholera1 ,,epidem',,ic ,c1 ,,blue ,c1 ,,pestilen',,tial ,c1 ,,spasmod',,ic ,c42 ,,chol',,era ,,asiat',,ica1 ,c4 ,,asphyx',,ia1 ,c4 ,,malig',,na1 ,l4 ,this fearful disease first became known in this country in the autumn of #ahca4 ,the attack usually begins with sickness and purging2 this discharge1 however1 is not bilious1 as in ordinary cholera1 but a thin1 colourless fluid1 like rice-water2 at the same time there is great prostration of strength1 and cold1 clammy sweats4 ,in a short time dreadful cramps assail the extremities and afterwards the abdomen2 the body becomes bent1 the limbs twisted1 the countenance cadaverous1 the pulse almost imperceptible1 and the eyes sunken2 the patient sinks into a state of apathy1 and unless a favorable change speedily takes place1 soon expires from exhaustion4 ,when there is a reaction the pulse gradually returns1 the natural warmth of the body is restored1 and the spasms and difficulty of breathing give way4 ,frequently1 however1 the reaction is accompanied by fever closely resembling typhus1 and which often terminates fatally in from four to eight days4 ,the symptoms of epidemic cholera are not always of this terrible character4 ,treat4 ,in giving a few of the many remedies that have been recommended for this terrible disease1 we may preface the list1 by urgently counselling the sufferer to lose no time in sending for a medical man1 in case of being attacked by this appalling malady4 #a4 7,american ,remedy47 ,equal parts of maple sugar and powdered fresh-burnt charcoal1 made into a stiff paste with lard1 and divided into pieces the size of a filbert4--,dose4 ,one1 occasionally1 swallowed whole4 #b4 7,austrian ,specific47 ,the proportions of the ingredients in the following formul are founded on ,mr ,herapath's analysis of this celebrated preparation1 and are given in the nearest available whole numbers3-- a4 ,sulphuric acid 7sp4 gr4 #ahde71 #bj gr42 nitric acid 7sp4 gr4 #aejj71 #ab gr12 sugar and gum1 of each #ae gr42 distilled or pure soft water1 q4 s4 to make the whole weigh exactly #a oz4 b4 ,sulphuric acid1 #c dr42 nitric acid1 #b dr42 simple syrup1 #f dr42 water1 q4 s4 to make the whole weigh exactly #aj oz4 ,a single drop of essential oil of lemon may be added4 ,doses1 c4 ,one table-spoonful is ordered to be taken in water1 on the first appearance of premonitory symptoms1 followed by the free use of very cold water4 ,in half an hour a second dose is to be taken4 ,this 7as asserted7 is generally sufficient to arrest the progress of the disease4 ,a table-spoonful is then to be added to a pint of cold water1 and drunk ad libitum4 ,in more obstinate cases it is said that #d or #e doses are generally required to effect a cure4 ,when collapse sets in1 double doses are ordered to be given1 and to be repeated after every attack of vomiting until the sickness and cramp abate4 ,after the vomiting abates the doses are still to be repeated until #e or #f doses are retained by the stomach4 ,should quiet sleep or drowsiness come on1 it is not to be interfered with4 ,the free use of cold water or soured water is to be allowed until perspiration sets in and the warmth of the body returns4 ,according to the report1 the use of warm liquors1 wines1 spirits1 c41 must be carefully avoided as so much poison4 ,obs4 ,a bottle of the above remedy was handed to the late ,mr ,wm4 ,herapath by the superintendent of the ,birmingham police1 who had received it from the head of the ,austrian police1 as being in general use in ,austria1 under the sanction of the medical department of the government1 and being found to act almost as a specific in cholera4 ,in #ahca-b it was first tried on some criminals with perfect success1 and soon afterwards with similar results on thousands of the general public4 ,in #ahdi the ,austrian government ordered its use in the public establishments of the empire1 since which not a single case of failure had occurred in which it had been fairly tried4 #c4 7,mr ,buxton's ,remedy47 ,from dilute sulphuric acid 7spirit of vitriol71 #be drops2 water1 #a fl4 oz4 ,for a draught2 as the last4 #d4 7,college of ,physicians and ,board of ,health2 for ,premonitory ,diarrhoea47 ,chalk mixture1 #a oz42 aromatic confection1 #aj to #ae gr42 tincture of opium1 #e to #ae drops2 to be repeated every #c or #d hours1 or oftener1 if required1 until the looseness is arrested4 #e4 7,dr ,graves's ,astringent ,pills47 ,acetate of lead1 #bj gr42 opium1 #a gr42 conserve of roses1 q4 s42 for #ab pills4--,dose4 ,one every #a_/b hour or hour1 at first2 then one every two hours4 #f4 7,homoeopathic ,preventive47 ,camphor1 #a dr42 rectified spirit1 #f dr42 dissolve1 and preserve it in a well-corked bottle4--,dose4 #b drops on a lump of sugar1 sucked as a lozenge two or three times a day4 #g4 7,homoeopathic ,remedy47 ,as the last1 repeating the dose every #aj or #ae minutes1 followed by draughts of ice-cold water1 until the symptoms abate4 #h4 7,mr ,hope's ,remedy47 7a47 ,red nitrous acid1 #b dr42 peppermint water or camphor julep1 #a oz42 tincture of opium1 #dj drops2 mix4--,dose4 ,one to two teaspoonfuls in a cupful of thin gruel every #c or #d hours4 b4 ,spirit of wine1 #a oz42 spirit lavender1 #a_/d oz42 oil of orizinanum1 #a_/d oz42 compound tincture benzoin1 #a_/b oz42 spirits camphor1 #a_/d oz4--,dose1 #bj drops on moist sugar4 ,to be rubbed outwardly also4 #i4 7,liverpool ,preventive ,powders47 ,bicarbonate of soda1 #bj gr42 ginger1 #aj gr42 for a dose4 ,one to be taken in a glass of water after breakfast and supper daily4 ,these powders are said to have been used with good effect among the workmen in the mining and manufacturing districts during a former visitation of cholera4 #aj4 7,police ,remedy2 ,mr ,b4 ,child's ,remedy47 ,rectified sulphuric ether and tincture of opium1 of each #cj drops2 for a dose for an adult2 especially during the earlier stages4 #aa4 7,mr ,ross's ,astringent ,pills47 ,each pill contains #a gr4 of nitrate of silver1 made up with crum of bread1 q4 s4--,dose4 ,one pill1 to be repeated after the interval of half an hour or an hour1 should the symptoms continue unabated4 #ab4 7,russian ,remedy47 ,sumbul1 in the form of tincture1 concentrated essence1 in decoction1 in cold infusion1 and in powder in the form of pill4--,doses4 ,tincture1 from #bj to #fj drops2 essence1 from #e to #aj or #bj drops2 in a little camphor julep or plain water4 ,the physicians of ,moscow and ,st4 ,petersburg ascribe to the virtues of this drug the saving of thousands of lives during the last epidemic4 ,see ,,sumbul4 #ac4 7,dr ,stevens' ,saline ,powders47 ,bicarbonate of soda1 #a_/b dr42 common salt1 #bj gr42 chlorate of potassa1 #g gr42 for a dose4 #ad4 7,sir ,m4 ,tierney's ,remedy47 ,cajeput oil1 in doses of #bj to #cj drops1 every two or three hours4 ,the oil excites the nervous system and equalises the circulation4 ,the late ,sir ,m4 ,tierney and others prescribed it frequently1 it is said1 with considerable success4 #ae4 7,common ,remedies of the ,shops47 ,these generally consist of chalk mixture1 with a little laudanum1 and some aromatic or carminative1 as cassia1 cinnamon1 cardamoms1 nutmeg1 or peppermint4 ,in a few1 some astringent1 as tincture of catechu1 or extract of logwood1 is added4 #af4 7,dr ,beaven's ,preventative and ,remedy47 ,the ,preventative4--,sulphite of magnesia1 #b dr42 sulphurous acid1 #b oz42 water1 #b oz42 tincture of capsicum1 #a_/b oz4 ,mix and dissolve1 a teaspoonful night and morning4 ,the ,remedy4--,sulphite of magnesia1 #b dr41 sulphurous acid1 #b oz42 water1 #b oz42 tincture of capsicum1 #a_/b oz42 sulphate of morphia1 #b gr4 ,mix and dissolve2 a teaspoonful every half hour until relieved4 ,,cholera ,,medicine4 ,the expressed juice of dandelion and milfoil mixed with brandy spirit4 7,dr ,horn74 ,,choles',,terin4 ,c#bf;,,ch#dd,o4,h#b,o4 ,this substance is found in the bile1 brain1 nerves1 blood1 c41 and forms the principal ingredient of biliary calculi 7gall-stones74 ,note4--,the remedies containing astringents are the most efficacious4 ,,chol',,ic ,,acid4 ,syn4 ,,glyco-,,cholal',,ic ,,acid4 ,a peculiar acid1 existing as cholate of sodium1 and associated with choleic acid in the bile4 ,it is a conjugate compound of cholalic acid with a nitrogenised substance called glycocin4 ,,chon',,drin4 ,gelatin obtained from cartilage4 ,it differs from ordinary gelatin in being precipitable by acetic acid1 alum1 and acetate of lead4 ,,chorea4 ,syn4 ,st4 ,vitus's ,dance4 ,a spasmodic disease affecting children and young persons1 especially girls1 between eight and sixteen years of age4 ,it is caused by a debilitated condition of the nervous system1 as well as by brain disease1 scrofula1 imprudent diet and worms4 ,the treatment recommended is the regulation of the bowels by mild purgatives4 ,if the disease can be traced to worms1 these should be removed by the proper remedies4 ,if worms are not the cause1 recourse should be had to the cold1 or shower-bath4 ,the hot hip-bath will be found serviceable in some cases4 ,where there is paleness of the skin any of the iron preparations will prove of great use1 the bowels being kept regular4 ,the best preparations of iron are either the tincture of the perchloride1 or nitrate1 or the citrate of iron and quinine4 ,some practitioners recommend arsenic--five drops of the solution 7for an adult7 twice a day after meals2 others valerianate of zinc4 ,treatment for the ,horse and other ,animals4--,similar to the above4 ,,christofia is a stomachic brandy or wine made of #aejj parts white wine1 #bj parts cinnamon1 #aj parts cloves1 #fj parts bitter almonds1 digested several days2 #cjj parts of sugar and #ejj of spirit are then added1 and the whole filtered4 7,hager74 ,,chromacome4 ,for dyeing the hair black4 ,this is said to be prepared from harmless vegetable materials1 but really consists of pyrogallic acid and nitrate of silver4 ,chromacome4 ,this is a ,french preparation which contains nothing injurious to health4 ,this hair dye consists of two fluids4 ,the first1 ,le chrmacome1 teinture suprieure de ,william ,w4 ,a4 ,t41 ,no4 #a1 ,bonn1 weighing about #de grammes1 is tincture of galls4 ,the other1 ,no4 #b1 is a solution of acetate of iron with a little nitrate of silver4 ,when grey hair is moistened first with ,no4 #a1 then with ,no4 #b1 it becomes blackish-brown or black4 ,,chro',,mate4 ,syn4 ,,chro',,mas1 ,l4 ,a salt in which the hydrogen of 7hypothetical7 chromic acid1 ,h,cr,o#d1 is replaced by a metal or other basic radical4 ,chromates3-- ,prep4 ,the insoluble chromates1 as those of barium1 zinc1 lead1 mercury1 silver1 c41 may be made by mixing a soluble salt of those bases with neutral chromate of potassium4 ,the first three are yellow2 the fourth brick-red2 and the fifth reddish-brown1 or ruby red when crystallised4 ,the soluble chromates may all be made by direct solution of the base in the acid1 or by double decomposition4 ,the chromates of commerce are prepared from either chrome ore or chromate of potassium4 ,prop41 ,uses c4 ,the chromates are characterised by their yellow or red colour1 the latter predominating when the acid is in excess2 and except those with the alkaline bases1 they are1 for the most part1 insoluble in water4 ,both the chromate and the bichromate of potassium are extensively used in dyeing and calico-printing4 ,the former is employed in conjunction with sulphuric acid in the laboratory as an oxidising agent and in the manufactory for bleaching sperm oil4 ,the bichromate of ammonium and potassium are used in photography4 ,they are readily recognised by the following tests3-- ,on boiling a chromate in hydrochloric acid mixed with alcohol1 chromic acid is first set free1 and then decomposed1 forming a green solution of chloride of chromium4 ,sulphuretted hydrogen and sulphurous acid effect similar changes4 ,with acetate of lead the chromates give a yellow precipitate2 with nitrate of silver1 a reddish-brown2 with nitrate of mercury1 a red one4 ,,chrome ,,alum4 ,see ,,alums4 ,,chrome ,,green4 ,see ,,green ,,pigments4 ,,chrome ,,iron4 ,see ,,iron4 ,,chrome ,,red4 ,see ,,red ,,pigments4 ,,chrome ,,yellow4 ,see ,,lead1 ,,chromate ,,of4 ,,chromic ,,acid4 ,see ,,chromic ,,anhydride4 ,,chro',,mium4 ,cr4 ,a metal discovered in native chromate of lead by ,vauquelin in #agig4 ,it is found in the state of oxide1 combined with oxide of iron1 in some abundance1 in the ,shetland ,islands1 and elsewhere2 as chromate of lead it constitutes a very beautiful material4 ,prepared in an impure condition as a white1 very infusible1 hard metal1 by igniting the oxide with charcoal1 at a white heat1 in a lime crucible4 ,chromous ,chloride4 ,cr,cl#b4 ,syn4 ,,protochloride4 ,prep4 ,ignite the chromic chloride in a current of dry hydrogen4 ,a white1 foliated mass1 soluble in water 7evolving much heat71 and yielding a blue solution1 which absorbs atmospheric oxygen with astonishing rapidity1 acquiring a deep-green colour1 and passing into the state of oxychloride of chromium4 ,it is the most powerful reducing or deoxidising agent known4 ,chromic ,chloride4 ,cr#b;,cl#f4 ,syn4 ,,sesquichloride4 ,prep4 ,pass dry chlorine over a mixture of sesquioxide of chromium and charcoal1 heated to redness1 in a porcelain tube4 ,the chloride collects as a sublimate1 of a peach or violet colour1 in the cool part of the tube4 ,dissolve chromic oxide in hydrochloric acid and evaporate to dryness2 the residue is chromic chloride4 ,it forms a dark green mass1 containing water1 which is evolved by igniting at a temperature of #djj1 turning a purplish red4 ,chromium ,oxides3-- ,chromous ,oxide4 ,cr,o4 ,syn4 ,,protoxide ,,of ,,chromium4 ,this oxide has not yet been obtained in a satisfactory manner1 but the hydrate is prepared by the addition of potassium hydrate solution to a solution of chromous chloride or sulphate4 ,a brownish-red powder1 speedily passing to a deep foxy-red1 with disengagement of hydrogen1 and forming pale blue-coloured salts with the acids1 which absorb oxygen with avidity1 whilst the metal passes into a higher state of oxidation4 ,chromic ,oxide4 ,cr,o#c4 ,syn4 ,,sesquioxide4 ,prepared by igniting potassium bichromate at a red heat and well washing the residue1 and as hydrate by cautiously adding equal parts of hydrochloric acid and alcohol or sugar to a boiling solution of chromate of potassa in water1 in small portions at a time1 until the red tint disappears1 and the liquid assumes a green colour2 pure ammonia1 in excess1 is next added1 and the precipitate which subsides is collected and washed with water4 ,prop41 c4 ,the anhydrous oxide is a rich crystalline1 green powder1 insoluble in both water and acids2 fused with borax and glass1 it imparts a beautiful green colour4 ,the hydrate is soluble in the acids and in alkaline lyes2 with the first it forms salts which have a green or purple colour4 ,these compounds may be made by direct solution of the hydrate in the dilute acids4 ,chromic sulphate combines with the sulphates of potassium and ammonium1 giving rise to salts 7,,chrome ,,alums7 which crystallise in magnificent octahedrons of a deep claret colour4 ,the finest crystals are obtained by spontaneous evaporation4 ,these salts of chromium are the most important1 the chromous salts being seldom met with1 and are best recognised by the following reactions3--,caustic alkalies precipitate the hydrate1 easily soluble in excess of the precipitant4 ,ammonia the same1 but the precipitate is nearly insoluble4 ,the carbonates of potassium1 sodium1 and ammonium throw down a green precipitate of carbonate and hydrate1 slightly soluble in a large excess4 ,sulphuretted hydrogen causes no change4--,sulphydrate of ammonium precipitates the hydrate of a bluish-green colour4 ,chromic ,anhydride4 ,cr,o#c4 ,syn4 ,,chromic ,,acid1 ,,anhydrous ,,chromic ,,acid1 ,,chromic ,,trioxide4 ,prep4 ,by conducting gaseous fluoride of chromium into a silver or platinum vessel1 the sides of which are just moistened with water1 and the aperture covered with a piece of moist paper1 the anhydride will be deposited under the form of red1 acicular crystals1 which will nearly fill the vessel4 ,when the process is skilfully conducted1 the product is of exquisite beauty and chemically pure4 ,the fluoride referred to above is obtained from fluor spar1 #c parts2 chromate of lead1 #d parts2 fuming 7or the strongest7 sulphuric acid1 #e parts2 mixed cautiously in a silver or leaden retort4 ,a red-coloured gas is evolved1 which acts rapidly on glass1 forming fluosilicic acid gas1 and upon water forming hydrofluoric acid and chromic anhydride4 ,the moisture of the atmosphere is sufficient to effect the decomposition last referred to2 the former substance escaping as gas1 and the latter being deposited in small crystals4 ,it is also prepared nearly pure by adding a cold saturated solution of potassium bichromate to once and a half its bulk of pure strong sulphuric acid4 ,as the liquor cools1 the anhydrous chromic acid is deposited under the form of brilliant crimson-red prisms2 the mother-liquor is then poured off1 and the crystals1 placed between two tiles of glass or porcelain1 are submitted to strong pressure for some time1 under a bell-glass or jar1 when the anhydride will be found sufficiently dry4 ,it may be deprived of a little adhering moisture by placing it over sulphuric acid for a short time in vacuo4 ,commercially1 it is prepared by one of the two following processes3-- ,to a saturated solution of chromate of potassium1 #ajj parts1 add oil of vitriol 7sp4 gr4 #ahde71 #di parts2 and let the whole cool4 ,this is the common process4 ,the product contains sulphate of potassium1 but this does not much interfere with its value as a bleaching agent4 ,from chromate of barium1 decomposed by concentrated nitric acid4 ,the anhydrous chromic acid is separated from the nitrate of barium by decantation1 or1 which is still better1 by filtration through glass or asbestos4 ,it is then evaporated to dryness1 when the nitric acid is volatilised1 and pure chromic anhydride left behind4 ,the volatilised nitric acid may be condensed1 and again used for the same purpose4 ,the only precautions necessary to ensure the purity of the anhydrous chromic acid prepared by this plan are--to use a sufficient quantity of nitric acid and to take care that the nitric acid is sufficiently concentrated and pure4 ,prop41 c4 ,forms ruby-red anhydrous prisms1 very soluble in water1 with formation of true chromic acid1 and extensively manufactured for the purpose of oxidising and bleaching substances4 ,,chrome ,,iron-,,stone4 ,syn4 ,,chrome ,,iron-,,ore4 ,fe,o4,cr#b,o#c4 ,this1 which is the principal ore of chromium1 corresponds in composition to brown oxide of chromium and to the magnetic oxide of iron2 part of the iron1 however1 is generally displaced by the isomorphous metal magnesium1 and part of the chromium by aluminium4 ,chrome iron-stone is often met with in the form of octohedral crystals4 ,acids fail to dissolve it1 and it cannot be fused in the furnace1 but when heated it absorbs oxygen from the air4 ,this oxidation may be effected very readily if the chrome ore reduced to very fine powder be mixed with a carbonate of one of the metals of the alkalies or alkaline earths1 a chromate of the base being formed4 ,,chrysene4 ,c#ah;,h#ab4 ,a hydrocarbon found by ,laurent in crude anthracene4 ,it occurs in bright yellow1 glistening scales4 ,it may be obtained colourless by heating the yellow crystals with hydriodic acid and amorphous phosphorus to #bdj4 ,it cannot be sublimed without decomposition4 ,chrysene is very slightly soluble in cold alcohol1 ether1 benzene1 and glacial acetic acid4 ,in carbon disulphide it dissolves somewhat more readily4 ,its melting point is from #bdh to #bej1 and it boils at a temperature beyond that which can be registered by the mercurial thermometer4 ,,chrysophanic ,,acid4 ,see ,,rhein4 ,,chyle4 ,syn4 ,,lymph4 ,this is the name given to the nutritious milky fluid generated during digestion1 and absorbed from the intestines by a set of vessels called the lacteals1 which carry it to the thoracic duct1 whence it is immediately conveyed into the circulation4 ,,chyme4 ,the pulpy mass formed by the food in its first great change1 in the process of digestion4 ,,cider4 ,syn4 ,,cyder2 ,,pomaceum1 ,l4 ,cider is the fermented juice of the apple1 and is a very ancient beverage4 ,pliny calls cider and perry the wine of apples and pears4 ,the attention of the cider farmer should be first directed to the culture of the apple tree4 ,the situation most appropriate for an orchard is one on rising ground1 rather dry than moist1 and unexposed to sea air or high winds4 ,the soil should be strong1 but not too heavy1 and should be rich in the alkaline and earthy bases1 especially the phosphates4 ,the selection of the proper varieties of the apple for grafting is also a point on which particular care should be taken4 ,it is found that the juices of different kinds of apples vary in the quantity of saccharine matter which they contain1 as well as in other particulars that influence the quality and flavour of the cider prepared from them4 ,as a general rule1 those varieties should be chosen that yield a juice rich in sugar1 and contain no undue amount of acid1 and which1 after the period of active fermentation is past1 furnishes a liquor which clarifies itself and keeps well4 ,this quality of the juice may generally be determined from its specific gravity4 ,the heaviest and clearest is the best1 other points being equal4 ,the specific gravity of the juice of the different varieties of apple varies from #ajfj to #aajj4 ,cider apples are classed under three heads--bitter1 sweet1 and sour4 ,the first are the best2 their juice has the greatest specific gravity1 is the richest in sugar1 ferments the most freely1 clarifies spontaneously the quickest1 and keeps the best after fermentation4 ,they contain a minute quantity of extractive matter which is not present in other apples4 ,the juice of sweet apples ferments tumultuously1 clears with difficulty1 and the resulting cider does not keep so well as that produced from the first variety4 ,the juice of sour apples contains less sugar and more acid than the other two1 and consequently not only produces the weakest1 but the worst cider2 it1 however1 fines well1 although it stores badly4 ,sour and rough-tasted apples are usually preferred by farmers for making cider4 ,this preference1 which is very decided in the ,west of ,england1 may be readily accounted for4 ,the sour and rough-tasted apples contain less sugar and more malic acid than some of the other varieties1 and the presence of this acid impedes the conversion of the alcohol of the cider into vinegar2 a change which their rude mode of operating renders otherwise inevitable4 ,but cider made with such apples never equals in quality that prepared at a low temperature1 from fruit abounding in sugar1 provided equal skill is exercised in the manufacture as in the process of converting malt-worts into beer4 ,the process of making cider varies in different places1 but in every case essentially consists of the collection of the fruit1 the expression and fermentation of the juice1 and the storing and management of the fermented liquor4 ,the collection of the fruit should not be commenced before it has become sufficiently mature1 and should be performed with greater care than is commonly bestowed upon it4 ,the apples1 after being gathered1 are usually left for #ad or #ae days in a barn or loft to mellow1 during which time a considerable portion of the mucilage is decomposed1 and alcohol and carbonic acid developed4 ,if this ripening is allowed to go too far1 loss arises1 notwithstanding the vulgar prejudice in its favour4 ,the spoiled apples are then separated from the sound ones1 as they not only impart a bad flavour to the cider1 but impede its spontaneous clarification4 ,the expression of the juice is the next step in the process of cider-making4 ,the apples are crushed or ground in mills consisting of two fluted cylinders of hard wood or cast-iron1 working against each other4 ,the common practice is next to sprinkle the pulp with #a_/fth to #a_/dth of its weight of spring or river water1 and then to allow it to remain in tubs or wooden cisterns for #ab or #ad hours1 during which time incipient fermentation commences1 and the breaking up of the cells of the membrane takes place1 by which the subsequent separation of the juice is facilitated4 ,this plan1 though general among cider manufacturers1 is prejudicial to the quality of the future liquor2 as not only is a portion of the newly formed alcohol lost1 but the skins and pips often impart to it a disagreeable flavour4 ,by employing more efficient crushing machinery this system of vatting is rendered quite unnecessary4 ,a machine furnished with a revolving circular rasp1 similar to that used in making potato starch1 is admirably adapted to this purpose4 ,the pulp of the crushed or ground apples is now placed on a kind of wicker frame1 or in hair-cloth or coarse canvas bags1 and after being allowed to drain into suitable tubs or receivers1 is subjected to powerful pressure1 gradually applied1 in the cider press4 ,the liquor which runs off first is the best1 and is usually kept separately2 whilst that which follows1 especially the portion obtained by much pressure1 tastes of the pips and skins4 ,the expressed juice or must1 obtained as above1 is next put into clean casks with large bung-holes1 and freely exposed to the air and the shade1 where they are placed on stillions1 with flat tubs under them to catch the waste4 ,they are now constantly attended to and kept quite full1 in order that the yeast1 as it forms1 may froth over and be carried off from the surface of the liquor4 ,after #b or #c days for weak cider1 and #h or #aj days for strong cider1 or as soon as the sediment has subsided1 the liquor is racked off into clean casks1 which have been 7according to the common practice7 previously sulphured with a cooper's match4 ,the casks containing the racked cider are then stored in a cellar1 shaded barn1 or other cool place1 where a low and regular temperature can be ensured1 and are left to mature or ripen4 ,by the following spring the cider is commonly fit for use1 and may be re-racked for sale4 ,the marc1 or pressed pulp1 is generally again sprinkled with #a_/c or #a_/b its weight of water1 and re-pressed4 ,the resulting liquor1 when fermented1 forms a weak kind of cider 7cider moil1 water moil71 which is reserved for domestic use in the same way as table-beer4 ,the refuse-pulp 7apple-marc1 pomace1 pommage1 apple cheese7 is used as food for pigs and store cattle1 and is very acceptable to them4 ,the storing and management of cider are matters of vast importance to the cider farmer1 the factor1 the wholesale dealer1 and the bottler4 ,the principles by which these should be directed are precisely similar to those which are explained under the heads ,,brewing1 ,,fermentation1 and ,,malt ,,liquors2 and which1 indeed1 refer1 with slight modifications1 to all fermented liquors4 ,preparatory to bottling cider it should be examined1 to see whether it is clear and sparkling4 ,if not so1 it should be clarified in a similar way to beer1 and left for a fortnight4 ,the night before it is intended to put it into bottles the bung should be taken out of the cask1 and left so until the next day1 and the filled bottles should not be corked down until the day after2 as1 if this is done at once1 many of the bottles will burst by keeping4 ,the best corks should alone be used4 ,champagne bottles are the variety generally chosen for cider4 ,it is usual to wire down the corks1 and to cover them with tinfoil1 after the manner of champagne4 ,a few bottles at a time may be kept in a warm place to ripen4 ,when the cider is wanted for immediate use1 or for consumption during the cooler portion of the year1 a small piece of lump sugar may be put into each bottle before corking it2 or1 what is the same thing in effect1 the bottles may be corked within #b or #c hours after being filled4 ,in summer1 and for long keeping1 this practice is1 however1 inadmissible4 ,the bottled stock should be stored in a cool cellar1 when the quality will be greatly improved by age4 ,cider for bottling should be of good quality1 sound and piquant1 and at least a twelvemonth old4 ,when out of condition it is unfit for bottling4 ,qual41 c4 ,cider1 when of good quality1 and in good condition1 is doubtless a very wholesome liquor4 ,cider consumers1 living in the cider districts1 appear to enjoy almost an immunity from cholera1 and often from other diseases which are common in other parts of the kingdom4 ,at the same time1 however1 it is right to mention1 that the dry colic or belly-ache 7colica pictonum7 is far from uncommon in these districts1 but is wholly confined to those who drink early1 hard1 or inferior cider1 made from harsh1 unripe fruit4 ,we believe that1 in most cases1 it may be referred to the acid of the common cider having acted on the lead1 pewter1 or copper of the articles or utensils with which it has come in contact1 and of which it has dissolved a very minute portion4 ,the best cider contains from #h to #aj of absolute alcohol2 ordinary cider from #d to #f4 ,concluding ,remarks4 ,much of the excellence of cider depends upon the temperature at which the fermentation is conducted2 a point utterly overlooked by the manufacturers of this liquor4 ,instead of the apple-juice1 as soon as it is expressed from the fruit1 being placed in a cool situation1 where the temperature should not exceed #ej or #eb ,fahr41 it is frequently left exposed to the full heat of autumn4 ,in this way much of the alcohol formed by the decomposition of the sugar is converted into vinegar by the absorption of atmospheric oxygen1 and thus the liquor acquires that peculiar and unwholesome acidity known in the cider districts by the name of roughness4 ,when1 on the contrary1 the fermentation is conducted at a low temperature1 nearly the whole of the sugar is converted into alcohol1 and this remains in the liquor1 instead of undergoing the process of acetification4 ,the acetous fermentation1 by which alcohol is converted into vinegar1 proceeds most rapidly at a temperature of about #ij ,fahr41 and at lower temperatures the action becomes gradually slower1 until at #df to #ej ,fahr4 no such change takes place4 7,liebig47 ,it is therefore evident that if the saccharine juice of apples1 or any other fruit1 is made to undergo the vinous fermentation in a cool situation1 less of the spirit resulting from the transformation of the sugar will be converted into acetic acid1 and1 consequently1 more will be retained in an unaltered state in the liquor1 to improve its quality1 and by its conservative and chemical action to preserve it from future change4 ,this is the principal cause1 other circumstances being alike1 of the difference in the quality of the cider made by persons living in the same district4 ,the one has probably a cooler barn and cellar than the other to store his liquor in1 and is more careful to keep the pulp and juice cool during the early part of the process4 ,in ,devonshire the pressing and fermentation are conducted in situations where the temperature varies little from that of the external air1 and fluctuates with all its changes2 the result is that ,devonshire cider1 of the best class1 will rarely keep more than #d or #e years1 and seldom improves after the second or third year2 whilst the cider of ,herefordshire and ,worcestershire1 where these operations are more carefully attended to1 will keep for #bj or #cj years4 ,when the pressing the apples for the juice is deferred until late in the season1 it sometimes happens that the fermentation is sluggish4 ,though the juice has been set on the old system1 in ,november or ,december1 the working hardly commences until ,march4 ,at this time the cider is sweet2 it now rapidly becomes pungent and vinous1 and is soon ready to be racked for use4 ,if the fermentation still continues1 it is again racked into a clean cask that has been sulphured2 or two or three cans of the cider are put into a cask1 and a brimstone-match burned in it4 ,the cask is then agitated1 after which it is nearly filled with the cider4 ,by this process the fermentation is checked1 and the cider in a short time becomes fine4 ,great care must be taken that the sulphuring be not overdone1 as it is apt to impart a slightly unpleasant flavour to the liquor4 ,if1 on the first operation1 the fermentation is not checked1 the process of 'racking' is repeated1 until the liquor becomes clear1 and is continued from time to time1 till the cider is in a quiet state and fit for drinking4 ,a common practice in ,devonshire is to add a stuff called 'stum1' sold by the wine-coopers1 or an article called 'antiferment1' sold by the druggists1 for the purpose of checking the fermentation1 but a much better plan is that described above4 ,to improve the flavour of weak cider1 or to render ordinary cider more vinous1 various plans are followed by the cellarmen and bottlers4 ,an excellent one is to add to each hogshead #a-a_/b gall4 of good brandy or rum1 with #b oz4 of powdered catechu 7dissolved in water71 #aj lbs4 of good moist sugar or honey1 #a_/b oz4 each of bitter almonds and cloves1 and #d oz4 of mustard seed 7all in powder74 ,these must be well 'rummaged' into the liquor1 and the whole occasionally stirred up for a fortnight1 after which it must be allowed to repose for #c or #d months1 when it will usually be found perfectly 'bright1' and no bad substitute for foreign wine4 ,should this not be the case1 the liquor must be 'fined' with a pint of isinglass finings1 or a dozen eggs1 and allowed to rest for a fortnight4 ,if the cider is preferred pale1 the catechu must be omitted1 and instead of isinglass1 a quart of skimmed milk is to be used as 'finings4' ,when desired of a pinkish tint1 #a oz4 of cochineal 7in powder7 may be added instead of the catechu4 ,about #ac cwt4 of ,november apples commonly yield one hogshead of cider4 ,in ,devonshire about #f sacks or #bd bushels are the common quantity for the hogshead of #fc galls4 ,the best cider made at the present day is that of ,normandy1 ,herefordshire1 and ,new ,jersey 7,u4,s471 and next that of ,devonshire and ,somersetshire4 ,see ,,antiferment1 ,,fermentation1 c4 ,cider1 ,champagne4 ,this name is given in the ,united ,states of ,america to a fine1 pale variety of cider1 much used for bottling1 which has a great resemblance to inferior champagne4 ,the best variety comes from ,new ,jersey4 ,the name is also applied in this country in a similar manner4 ,the following is a good form for a 'made' cider of this class3-- ,prep4 ,good pale vinous cider1 #a hhd42 proof spirit 7pale71 #c galls42 honey or sugar1 #ad lbs42 mix well1 and let them remain together in a temperate situation for #a month2 then add orange-flower water1 #c pints2 and in a few days fine it down with skimmed milk1 #a_/b gall4 ,a similar article1 bottled in champagne bottles1 silvered1 and labelled1 is often sold to the ignorant for champagne4 ,cider1 ,made4 ,an article under this name is made in ,devonshire1 chiefly for the supply of the ,london market1 it having been found that the ordinary cider will not stand a voyage to the metropolis without some preparation4 ,the finest quality of 'made' cider is simply ordinary cider racked into clean and well-sulphured casks2 but the mass of that which is sent to ,london is mixed with water1 treacle1 and alum4 ,the cider sold in ,london under the name of ,devonshire cider would be rejected even by the farmers' servants in that county4 ,cider1 ,raisin4 ,this is made in a similar way to raisin wine1 but without employing sugar1 and with only #b lbs4 of raisins to the gall41 or even more1 of water4 ,it is usually fit for bottling in #aj days1 and in a week longer is ready for use4 ,,cider ,,spirit4 ,see ,,brandy4 ,,cigar4 ,syn4 ,,segar2 ,,cigarre1 ,fr42 ,,cigarro1 ,span4 ,a small roll of tobacco-leaf used for smoking4 ,the leaf is stalked or stripped of its midrib1 and damped before it passes into the hands of the cigar-roller4 ,the envelope or skin is cut from a smooth1 unbroken leaf1 and is quickly rolled round sufficient tobacco to form the inside4 ,to secure the loose end of the envelope a small quantity of paste1 coloured brown with chicory1 is generally used4 ,only those who have had great practice can make cigars of a good shape4 ,a full account of the manufacture of cigars does not come within the scope of this work4 ,although cigars of ,british make cannot compete in point of flavour with those manufactured in tobacco-growing countries1 they have obtained a high degree of favour from the excellent manner in which they are made1 and from their comparative cheapness4 ,for information respecting the adulteration of cigars1 and the influence of their use upon health1 see ,,tobacco4 ,,cigars4 7,in pharmacy47 ,syn4 ,,med',,icated ,,cigars1 ,m4 ,,cigarettes'4 ,the administration of medicinal agents in the form of cigars is of recent introduction1 and as yet in only very limited use4 ,the medicinal substance1 if of a suitable description1 as the leaves of plants1 is made up into small rolls1 like cheroots1 and then smoked in the usual manner4 ,in some cases1 common cigars1 or paper cigars 7cigarettes71 are medicated by moistening them in a preparation of the article to be administered4 ,when the narcotic property of the tobacco would prove injurious1 it is first exhausted by soaking and washing it in water4 ,cigars1 ,aromatic4 ,syn4 ,,aromatic ,,cigarettes2 ,,cigarett ,,aromat',,ic1 ,l42 ,,cigarettes ,,aromatiques1 ,fr4 ,aromatic spices1 lavender flowers1 c41 made into cigarettes4 ,smoked for their odour2 and in tooth-ache1 face-ache1 c4 ,see ,,cigars1 ,,scented4 ,cigars1 ,arsenical4 ,syn4 ,,cigarr' ,,arsenicales1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,dissolve arseniate of soda1 #a part1 in water1 #cj parts2 dip white1 unsized paper into the solution1 and form it into small rolls1 #c or #d inches long4 ,used in pulmonary consumption2 #d or #e whiffs as many times a day4 ,cigars1 ,balsamic4 ,syn4 ,,balsamic ,,cigarettes2 ,,cigarr ,,balsamic1 ,,cigarett ,b41 ,l4 ,thick1 unsized paper is soaked in a solution of saltpetre and dried2 after which it is brushed over first with tincture of cascarilla1 and when again nearly dry1 with compound tincture of benzoin2 in about half an hour it is cut into pieces 7#a-a_/b #d inches71 and rolled into cigarettes4 ,used in hoarseness1 loss of voice1 asthma1 c4 ,cigars1 ,belladonna4 ,syn4 ,,belladonna ,,cigarettes2 ,,cigarett ,,belladonn1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,belladonna leaves made into cigarettes of #a dr4 each4 #b4 7,compound--,c4 ,b4 ,,compos',,itum47 ,from belladonna leaves1 #d parts2 moistened with tincture of opium 7,ph4 ,l471 #a part2 dried and made into #a dr4 cigarettes1 as before4 ,used as an anodyne and antispasmodic1 in troublesome coughs1 hooping-cough1 toothache1 sore throat1 tic douloureux1 c4 ,cigars1 ,camphor 7,raspail1 ,paris74 ,a remedy for various chest diseases1 such as catarrh1 hoarseness1 loss of voice1 coughs1 spasms1 hooping-cough1 phthisis2 also1 if the saliva be swallowed1 for heartburn1 pains in the stomach1 and gastritis4 ,they consist either of a straw or quill filled with broken camphor1 or of a bone or horn mouthpiece1 furnished at the outer end with a little capsule for the camphor4 7,wittstein47 ,cigars1 ,cam'phor4 ,syn4 ,,camphor ,,cigarettes2 ,,cigarett' ,,campho',r1 ,l42 ,,cigarettes ,,de ,,camphre1 ,fr4 ,prep4 #a4 ,bibulous paper1 moistened with #b or #c drops of essence of camphor1 and rolled into cigarettes4 ,for use they are loosely placed in a tubular cigar-holder4 #b4 7,raspail47 ,these are made by loosely filling a quill or large straw with small fragments of camphor1 closing the open end with a little cotton wool or bibulous paper1 and piercing the closed end with a pin1 to allow the passage of air4 ,obs4 ,both the above are used unlighted by drawing the air through them into the mouth1 which then becomes very slightly charged with the vapour of camphor4 ,in cold weather the vaporisation is promoted by holding the cigarette for a few minutes in the warm hand4 ,the homoeopathists regard them as prophylactic of cholera1 and the common people hold them to possess the same virtue in reference to contagious diseases generally1 but especially typhus and scarlet fever4 ,they should not be employed oftener than #c or #d times a day4 ,cigars1 ,hen'bane4 ,syn4 ,,cigarr' ,,hyoscy',,ami1 ,l4 ,from henbane leaves1 as directed under ,,belladonna ,,cigars4 ,cigars1 ,indian ,hemp4 ,the plant is made into cigarettes1 which are used in asthma4 ,they must be used with caution4 ,cigars1 ,mercu''rial4 ,syn4 ,,cigarr' ,,mercuria',,les1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,paul ,bernard47 ,ordinary cigars are deprived of their narcotic properties by soaking them in water1 and are then wetted with a weak solution of corrosive sublimate1 to which a little opium is generally added4 ,the proportion may be1 of corrosive sublimate1 #a gr42 rectified spirit1 #bj drops2 dissolve2 add laudanum1 #ae drops2 with this solution #f cigars are to be equally moistened to within about #a-a_/b inch of the mouth end1 and then set aside to dry4 ,used by persons afflicted with syphilitic affections of the throat and palate1 as a convenient method of mercurial fumigation4 ,for those accustomed to the use of tobacco1 mild cigars1 undeprived of their nicotine1 may be employed for the purpose4 ,cigars1 ,scent'ed4 ,syn4 ,,perfu'',,med ,,cigars2 ,,cigarr' ,,aromat',,ic1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,by moistening ordinary cigars with a strong tincture of cascarilla1 to which a little gum benzoin and storax may be added4 ,some persons add a small quantity of camphor1 or of oil of cloves or cassia4 #b4 ,by soaking the tobacco1 of which the cigars are to be made1 or the cigars themselves1 for a short time in a very strong infusion of cascarilla1 and then allowing them to dry by a very gentle heat4 #c4 ,by simply inserting very small shreds of cascarilla bark between the leaves of the cigar or in small slits made for the purpose4 ,obs4 ,the above yield a very agreeable odour when smoked2 but are said to intoxicate quicker than unprepared cigars of equal strength and quality4 ,they lose much of their fragrance by age4 ,cigars1 ,stramo''nium4 ,syn4 ,,datu',,ra ,,cigars2 ,,cigarr ,,stramo'',,nii1 ,l4 ,from the leaves of ,datura stramonium1 or preferably those of the eastern species1 ,datura tatula4 ,see ,,asthma1 ,,datura4 ,,cinchona ,,barks4 ,syn4 ,,cinchon ,,cortex2 ,,peruvian ,,bark2 ,,jesuit',s ,,bark4 ,the native names are quinquino and quina1 quina4 ,of the nearly forty different known species of cinchona trees1 the barks of about a third are employed1 some either directly in medicine1 but by far the larger number as sources of quinine and the other cinchona alkaloids4 ,the original habitat of the genus ,cinchona is the ,andes1 where it is found at a height of between #cjjj and #ab1jjj feet above the sea1 growing mostly in patches1 distributed amongst the palms1 plantains1 and other tropical trees that form the vast forests1 for the most part clothing the eastern slopes of the ,cordilleras1 and extending from #aj north to about #ai south latitude4 ,in this district there is always an abundance of moisture and a mean temperature of about #fb4 ,in #ahec the ,dutch government introduced the cinchona into ,java1 and in #ahfa the ,east ,indian government1 following their example1 introduced it into ,british ,india1 where it is now acclimatised1 large plantations of it growing on the ,neilgherries and in the valleys of the ,himalayas4 ,the cinchona is now also successfully cultivated in ,ceylon and ,jamaica4 ,the method followed in the collection of the bark by the ,peruvians is a very wasteful and destructive one1 and consists either in stripping the bark from the trees when they have attained a sufficient age1 or in felling the tree a little above the roots4 ,if the latter method be adopted1 the roots give out a growth of suckers1 which yield a good bark4 ,the bark is never removed during the rainy season4 ,previous to being stripped off1 the bark is sometimes cleaned with a brush1 and then peeled off in pieces varying from #ae to #ah inches long1 and from #d or #e in width4 ,the thinnest pieces1 which are derived from the branches or the trunks of small trees1 are dried in the sun1 and thus acquire the well-known quill-like form4 ,the larger trunks yield the flat specimens1 which are submitted to a kind of pressure as they are being dried4 ,the inferior specimens being rejected1 the dried barks 7mostly of the same kind7 are sewed in canvas1 and thus conveyed to the nearest dept1 from whence1 previous to being shipped1 they are enclosed in another envelope of fresh hide1 the package being then known under the name of a seron4 ,structure of ,cinchona ,barks4 ,a few general observations on the structure of the bark of cinchona will be appropriate here4 ,the epidermis is only found on the youngest bark1 before it has attained sufficient age for medicinal use2 it is then replaced by the corky layer4 ,in most species this cracks1 and is easily separable1 but in some it is firmly attached to the internal layers4 ,these are composed of the middle layer of the bark or mesophlum1 formed of parenchyma1 and the innermost layer endophlum1 or liber4 ,the middle layer disappears in some barks1 which are thus wholly composed of liber4 ,this is a means of distinguishing them4 ,the liber is traversed by medullary rays1 which project into the mesophlum4 ,it is1 therefore1 composed of woody fibres 7prosenchyma7 and soft parenchyma4 ,the arrangement of the woody fibres1 their colour1 size1 and shape1 give a special character to the cinchona barks4 ,as compared with other barks1 the fibres of the liber are shorter and more loosely arranged1 being for the most part separate or united into very short bundles4 ,the fibres1 therefore1 are easily isolated2 they are spindle-shaped1 sub-quadrangular1 rarely exceeding #a-ajth of an inch in length1 usually straight1 and are very brittle1 the cavity of the cell of which each is composed being reduced by secondary deposits to a fine canaliculus4 ,this short and loose fibrous structure is not found in other barks4 ,in some cinchona bark a system of lactiferous vessels is found between the liber and mesophlum4#bdg ,footnote #bdg3 ,royle4 ,the parenchyma of the barks abounds in starch and oxalate of lime1 or else contains a soft brown deposit4 ,the ',british ,pharmacopoeia' divides the cinchona barks into the three classes of-- #a4 ,,yellow ,,cinchona ,,bark4 ,syn4 ,,cinchon ,,flav ,,cortex4 ,the ,cinchona ,calisaya of ,weddell4 #b4 ,,pale ,,cinchona ,,bark4 ,syn4 ,,cinchon ,,pallid ,,cortex4 ,the bark of ,cinchona officinalis2 var4 ,condaminea of ,hooker4 ,this bark is also known under the name of ,crown-bark1 from its having formerly been used by the royal family of ,spain4 #c4 ,,red ,,cinchona ,,bark4 ,syn4 ,,cinchon ,,rubr ,,cortex4 ,the ,cinchona succirubra of ,pavon4 ,the therapeutic properties of the cinchona barks are due to the following alkaloids3-- ,quinia1 or quinine1 having the composition ,c#bj;,h#bd,n#b,o#b4 ,quinidia1 or quinidine1 having the composition ,c#bj;,h#bd,n#b,o#b4 ,cinchonia1 or cinchonine1 having the composition ,c#bj;,h#bd,n#b,o4 ,cinchonidia1 or cinchonidine1 having the composition ,c#bj;,h#bd,n#b,o4 ,quinamina1 or quinamine1 having the composition ,c#bj;,h#bd,n#b,o#b4 ,besides the above1 an alkaloid1 which has been named ,paracina1 has been obtained from the bark of the ,cinchona succirubra2 whilst in those barks which contain only small portions of the more active constituents above named there have been found two alkaloids1 named respectively ,aricia and ,cusconia1 which have lately been accurately investigated by ,hesse1 who has determined their chemical constitution 7,liebig's ',annalen und ,berichte der ,chemische ,gesselschaft in ,berlin'74 ,the following ,prospectus of the principal ,species of ,cinchona is from ,,fl,,ckiger and ,,hanbury',s ',pharmacographia1' ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------- ,species 7excluding ,sub-species and ,native ,where ,varieties7 according to ,weddell4 ,where figured4 ,country4 cultivated4 ,product - ,cinchona ,barks4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------- ,i4 ,,stirps ,,cinchon ,,officinalis-- #a4 ,cinchona officinalis1 ,hook4 ',bot4 ,mag41' #ecfd ,ecuador ,loxe1,india1 ,ceylon1 ,java ,loxa1 or ,crown ,bark1 ,pale ,bark4 #b4 macrocalyx1 ,pav4 ,howard1 ',n4 ,q4' ,peru -- ,ashy ,crown ,bark4 ,the sub-species ,c4 ,palton affords an important sort called ,palton ,bark1 much used in the manufacture of quinine4 #c4 lucumfolia1 ,pav4 ,ecuador1 ,peru -- ,carthagena ,bark1 confounded with ,palton ,bark1 but is not so good4 #d4 lanciolata1 ,r4 and ,p4 ,peru -- ,columbian ,bark4 ,imported in immense quantities for manufacture of #e4 lancifolia1 ,mutis4 ,karst41 tab4 #aa1 #ab ,new ,granada ,india quinine4 ,the soft ,columbian ,bark is produced by ,howard's var4 oblonga4 #f4 amygdalifolia1 ,wedd4 ,wedd41 tab4 #f ,peru1 ,bolivia -- ,a poor bark1 not now imported4 ,,ii4 ,,stirps ,,cinchon ,,rugos-- #g4 ,cinchona ,pityrensis1 ,wedd4 ,karst41 tab4 #bb 7,g74 ,new ,grenada1 ,india ,pitayo ,bark4 ,very valuable2 used by ,triane ,popayan makers of quinine4 ,it is the chief source of quinidine4 #h4 rugosa1 ,pav4 ,howard1 ',n4 ,q4' ,peru -- ,bark unknown1 probably valueless4 #i4 ,mutisii1 ,lamb4 ,ecuador -- ,bark1 not in commerce1 contains only aricine4 #aj4 hirsuta1 ,r4 and ,p4 ,wedd41 tab4 #ba ,peru -- #aa4 ,carabayensis1 ,wedd4 ,wedd41 tab4 #ai ,peru1 ,bolivia -- ,bark1 not collected4 #ab4 panudiana1 ,how4 ,howard1 ',n4 ,q4' ,peru ,india1 ,java ,a poor bark1 yet of handsome appearance2 propagation of tree discontinued4 #ac4 asperfolia1 ,wedd4 ,wedd41 tab4 #bj ,bolivia -- ,bark not collected4 #ad4 umbellulifer1 ,pav4 ,howard1 ',n4 ,q4' ,peru -- ,bark not known as a distinct sort4 #ae4 glandulifera1 ,r4 and ,p4 ,peru -- #af4 ,humboldtiana1 ,lamb4 ,peru -- ,false ,loxa ,bark1 ,jaen ,bark4 ,a very bad bark4 ,,iii4 ,,stirps ,,cinchon ,,micranth-- #ag4 ,cinchona ,australis1 ,wedd4 ,wedd41 tab4 #h ,south ,bolivia -- ,an inferior bark1 mixed with ,calisaya4 #ah4 scrobiculata1 ,h4 and ,b4 ,peru -- ,bark formerly known as ,red ,cusco ,bark or ,santa ,anna ,bark4 #ai4 ,peruviana1 ,how4 ,howard1 ',n4 ,q4' ,peru ,india #bj4 nitida1 ,r4 and ,p4 ,peru ,india ,grey ,bark1 ,huanuco1 or ,lima ,bark4 #ba4 micrantha1 ,r4 and ,p4 ,peru ,india ,chiefly consumed on the ,continent4 ,,iv4 ,,stirps ,,cinchon ,,calisay-- #bb4 ,cinchona ,calisaya1 ,wedd4 ,wedd41 tab4 #i ,peru1 ,bolivia,india1 ,ceylon1 ,java1,calisaya ,bark1 ,bolivian ,bark1 ,yellow ,jamaica1 ,mexico ,bark4 ,the tree exists under many varieties2 bark also very variable4 #bc4 elliptica1 ,wedd4 ,peru1 -- ,carabaya ,bark4 ,bark scarcely now ,carabaya imported4 ,c4 cuneura1 ,miq4 7flower and fruit unknown71 may perhaps be this species4 ,v4 ,,stirps ,,cinchon ,,ovat-- #bd4 ,cinchona purpurea1 ,r4 and ,p4 ,howard1 ',n4 ,q4' ,peru1 ,huamalies ,bark1 not now imported4 ,huamalies #be4 rufinervis1 ,wedd4 ,peru1 ,bolivia -- ,bark a kind of light ,calisaya4 #bf4 succirubra1 ,pav4 -- ,ecuador ,india1 ,ceylon1 ,java1,red ,bark2 largely cultivated in ,jamaica ,british ,india4 #bg4 ovata1 ,r4 and ,p4 ,peru1 ,bolivia,india 7871 ,java 7874,inferior brown and grey barks4 #bh4 cordifolia1 ,mutis4 ,karst41 tab4 #h ,new ,granada1 -- ,columbian ,bark 7in part74 ,tree exists ,peru under many varieties2 bark of some used in manufacture of quinine4 #bi4 ,tucujensis1 ,karst4 ,karst41 tab4 #i ,venezuela -- ,maracaibo ,bark4 #cj4 pubescens1 ,vahl4 ,wedd41 tab4 #af ,ecuador1 -- ,areca ,bark 7,cusco ,bark from var4 ,peru1 ,bolivia ,pelletieriana74 ,some of the varieties contain aricine4 ,c4 caloptera1 ,miq41 is probably a variety of the species4 #ca4 purpurascens1 ,wedd4 ,wedd41 tab4 #ah ,bolivia -- ,bark unknown in commerce4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------- ,the cinchona barks vary greatly in the amount of alkaloids they contain and in their proportion to each other1 these being dependent upon the species or varieties1 and many other circumstances4 ,of the alkaloids1 quinia and cinchonia were till lately the most abundant1 but since the introduction of cinchona cultivation into ,india1 cinchonidia has been found in very large quantity4 ,royle says3--,good ,calisaya bark usually contains from #e to #f per cent4 of quinia1 but actually ,south ,american calisaya containing such an amount of quinia is rare in the market4 ,some barks1 however1 derived from cinchonas cultivated in ,india1 such as ,c4 ,calisaya1 var4 ,ledgeriana1 and some varieties of ,c4 officinalis1 yield even a still higher per-centage of quinine4 ,the ,south ,american crown1 or loxa bark1 is very variable1 and contains chiefly cinchonia4 ,red bark also varies considerably1 yielding from #c to #aj per cent4 of alkaloids1 of which quinia forms only a small fraction1 whilst generally cinchonidia is predominant4 ,the development of the alkaloids is greatly influenced by cultivation1 but particularly by the renewing process1 which1 applied to the ,c4 succirubra1 trebles the amount of quinine in the bark4 ,in addition to the alkaloids already mentioned1 the cinchona barks contain the following acid principles3--,,kinic ,,acid1 ,,cincho-,,tannic ,,acid1 and ,,quinovic or ,,chinovic ,,acid4 ,the quinovic acid is accompanied by an amorphous bitter substance1 named ,,chinovin or ,,quinovia1 which is present in much greater proportion than the acid1 of which generally there are only traces4 ,a description of these bodies will be found by referring to them under their respective names4 ,,cinchona-,,red is another amorphous substance which is the body to which the red hue of the cinchona barks is due4 ,it is produced when cincho-tannic acid is boiled with dilute sulphuric acid1 sugar being formed at the same time4 ,when fused with potash1 proto-catechinic acid is formed4 ,cinchona red dissolves sparingly in alcohol1 freely in alkaline solutions1 but neither in water nor ether4 ,thick red bark contains it to the amount of more than #aj per cent4 ,cinchona red is the product of the oxidation of cincho-tannic acid1 and is contained largely in ,south ,american red bark1 because this is the product of old trees2 but sparingly in ,indian red bark1 because this is always collected from trees not more than fourteen years old4 ,medicinal ,properties of the ,cinchona ,barks4 ,the therapeutic effects of the cinchona barks are doubtless due to the alkaloids they contain2 but spite of their variability of composition in this respect1 which has been shown to be very great1 they are very extensively employed in medical practice in the forms of powder1 decoction1 tincture1 and extract4 ,dr de ,vrij1 the eminent quinologist1 is of opinion that the therapeutic effects of bark are chiefly due in part to the alkaloids1 and in part to the cincho-tannic acid they contain2 and as red ,indian bark is rich in both these constituents1 he considers it the best suited for medical practice4 ,see ,,quinetum4 ,garrod says3--,given in small doses1 bark causes an increase of appetite1 especially in weak patients1 and at the same time improves the condition of the muscular system2 hence the improvement of the blood and general health4 ,it may1 therefore1 be well designated a tonic4 ,its power in bracing up the system is also seen in the check given to the colliquative sweating occurring in extreme debility4 ,the pulse is not quickened by the use even of large doses of quinine1 although it is frequently made stronger1 nor does bark itself1 in the majority of cases1 increase the heart's action4 ,bark also produces a peculiar influence upon the nervous system1 which is exhibited in the extraordinary power it possesses of arresting the progress of certain diseases characterised by a periodical recurrence of their symptoms1 as ague1 the different forms of neuralgia1 and certain inflammatory affections2 how this effect is produced is at present unknown4 ,bark acts likewise as an astringent1 and this property1 combined with the tonic and antiperiodic powers1 is often of much therapeutic value4 ,for the method of estimating the alkaloids in cinchona bark1 see ,,quinometry1 ,,quinine1 ,,quinidine1 ,,quinoidine1 ,,quinicone1 ,,quinamine1 ,,cinchonine2 also the different pharmaceutical preparations of ,,cinchona ,,bark4 ,,cinchonidine4 ,syn4 ,,cinchonidia4 ,c#bj;,h#bd,n#bj4 ,this cinchona alkaloid is isomeric with cinchonine4 ,it occurs in large1 shining striated1 rhombic prisms1 which are anhydrous4 ,it dissolves in #gf parts of ether and #bj of spirit of wine4 ,the solutions are fluorescent1 but do not answer to the chlorine and ammonia tests4 ,the great powers and activity of this alkaloid have only of late been appreciated4 ,as a protoplasm-poison1 and probably in every other physiological action1 it comes next to quinine and quinidine1 and decidedly above cinchonine4#bdh ,footnote #bdh3 ,dr ,c4 ,d4 ,phillips4 ,if it is chemically pure1 cinchonidine belongs to the non-fluorescent alkaloids4 ,,cinchonine4 ,syn4 ,,cinchonia4 ,c#bj;,h#bd,n#b,o4 ,this alkaloid abounds most in the paler varieties of the cinchona barks4 ,it occurs in clear1 colourless1 four-sided prisms1 which are soluble in #cj parts of water1 and in about #djj parts of ether and #abj of spirits of wine4 ,with acids it forms soluble salts1 which do not fluoresce in solution1 and are turned lightish brown-yellow by the chlorine and ammonia tests4 ,of its salts1 the hydriodate is readily soluble in water1 and still more so in alcohol1 whether dilute or strong4 ,cinchonine may be prepared from its sulphate or disulphate in the same way as quinine4 ,cinchonine1 ,sulphate of4 ,syn4 ,,cinchoni ,,sulphas4 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s47 ,take of the mother-water remaining after the crystallisation of sulphate of quinia in the process for preparing that salt a convenient quantity1 solution of soda1 alcohol1 diluted sulphuric acid1 animal charcoal in fine powder1 each a sufficient quantity4 ,to the mother-water add gradually with constant stirring solution of soda1 until the liquid becomes alkaline4 ,collect on a filter the precipitate formed1 wash it with water1 and dry it4 ,then wash it with successive small portions of alcohol to remove other alkaloids which may be present1 mix the residue with #h times its weight of water1 and having heated the mixture1 add gradually diluted sulphuric acid until it is neutralised and becomes clear4 ,then boil the liquid with animal charcoal1 filter it while hot1 and set it aside to crystallise4 ,lastly1 drain the crystals and dry them on bibulous paper4 ,by evaporating the mother-liquid more crystals may be obtained4 ,,cincho-,,tannic ,,acid4 ,this acid is precipitated from a decoction of bark by acetate of lead1 after the decoction has been freed from cinchona red by means of magnesia4 ,if the cincho-tannate of lead thus formed be decomposed by sulphuretted hydrogen1 and the solution carefully evaporated in vacuo1 the acid may be obtained as an amorphous1 hygroscopic substance1 readily soluble in water4 ,a ferric salt added to a solution of this acid imparts a greenish colour to it4 ,cincho-tannic acid is very soluble in water1 but not in acids4 ,therefore a concentrated watery infusion 7#a to #d7 of ,indian bark gives a precipitate upon the addition of strong hydrochloric acid4 ,by this means a rough estimation may be formed of the amount of cincho-tannic acid in a sample of bark4 ,,cinchovatine4 ,the substance known under this name does not exist as an alkaloid1 sui generis4 ,it is nothing more than quinidine1 or cinchonidine1 or a mixture of both4 ,,cinnabar4 ,syn4 ,,native ,,vermillion4 ,this compound1 which is one of the most abundant of the ores of mercury1 is a product of considerable importance in the arts1 and some portions of it are sometimes sufficiently pure in colour to be used after mere levigation4 ,generally1 however1 the factitious kind is employed4 ,see ,,vermilion4 ,,cinnamein4 ,c#af;,h#ad,o#b4 ,syn4 ,,oil ,,of ,,balsam ,,of ,,peru4 ,a volatile oil existing in balsam of ,peru4 ,,cinnamic ,,acid4 ,,hc#i;,h#g,o#b4 ,a colourless1 transparent1 crystalline substance1 obtained from oil of cinnamon1 liquid storax1 balsam of ,peru1 and balsam of tolu4 ,it is freely dissolved by alcohol1 but nearly insoluble in water4 ,at #bdh ,fahr4 it fuses1 and at #efj ,fahr4 it sublimes unchanged4 ,distilled with dichromate of potassium and sulphuric acid it is converted into benzoic acid4 ,its salts are called cinnamates4 ,,cinnamon4 ,syn4 ,,cinnamon ,,bark2 ,,cinnamomi ,,cortex 7,b4 ,p471 ,l4 ,the inner bark of shoots from the truncated stock of the ,cinnamomum ,zeylanicum1 imported from ,ceylon1 and distinguished in commerce as ,ceylon cinnamon4 ,the best is obtained from branches about three years old4 ,used in medicine as a carminative and astringent1 chiefly as an adjuvant to other medicines1 e4g4 with chalk1 in diarrhoea4--,dose1 #aj to #bj grains4 ,obs4 ,owing to the high price of this drug it has become a general practice to substitute the bark of cassia 7,cassia2 ,cortex cinnamomi cassia7 for it1 which so closely resembles it in flavour that the uninitiated regard them as the same4 ,cassia1 however1 is not only thicker and coarser than cinnamon1 but its fracture is short and resinous1 and its flavour is more biting and hot1 whilst it lacks the peculiar sweetish taste of cinnamon4 ,the thickness of cinnamon seldom exceeds that of good drawing paper4 ,,cisterns4 ,see ,,tanks4 ,,citrate4 ,a salt in which the hydrogen of citric acid is replaced by a metal or other basic radical4 ,,cit',,ric ,,acid4 ,h#c;,c#f;,h#e,o#g1;,h#b,o4 ,syn4 ,,acid ,,of ,,lemons1 ,,concrete ,a4 ,,of ,l42 ,,ac',,idum ,,limo',,nis1 ,,acidum ,,cit',,ricum 7,b4 ,p471 ,l42 ,,acide ,,citrique1 ,fr42 ,,citronensa,,re1 ,ger4 ,an acid peculiar to the vegetable kingdom4 ,it is obtained in large quantity from the juice of lemons and other fruits of the genus ,,citrus2 it is also found in gooseberries1 currants1 cranberries1 whortleberries1 cherries1 c42 and ,dr ,wright has lately found it in great abundance in unripe mulberries1 in conjunction with malic acid4 ,when currants or gooseberries are employed as a source of citric acid1 they are first subjected to pressure1 and the juice so obtained from them is then fermented4 ,the fermented liquor is next submitted to distillation1 and the alcohol collected4 ,the residue in the retort containing the citric acid is saturated with chalk1 and the resulting citrate of lime is decomposed by means of sulphuric acid4 #ajj lbs4 of the fruit are said to yield #aj lbs4 of spirit and #a lb4 of acid4 ,prep4 ,the citric acid manufacture consists in separating it from the mucilage1 sugar1 and other foreign matter with which it is combined in the juice of lemons and limes4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf1--,scheele's process47 ,take of lemon juice #d pints2 prepared chalk1 #d-a_/b oz42 diluted sulphuric acid1 #bg-a_/b fl4 oz42 distilled water1 #b pints4 ,add the chalk by degrees to the lemon juice1 made hot1 and mix well2 set by1 that the powder may subside1 and afterwards pour off the supernatant liquor4 ,wash the precipitated citrate of lime frequently with warm water2 then pour upon it the diluted sulphuric acid1 mixed with the distilled water1 and boil the whole for #ae minutes in glass1 stoneware1 or lead2 press the mixture strongly through a linen cloth1 and filter it4 ,evaporate the filtered liquor with a gentle heat1 and set it aside1 that crystals may form4 ,to obtain the crystals pure1 dissolve them in water a second and a third time2 filter each solution1 evaporate1 and set it apart to crystallise4 #b4 7,ph4 ,l4 #ahea47 ,merely placed in the materia medica4 #c4 7,ph4 ,e4 #ahda47 ,similar to that of ,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf1 except that the washed citrate of lime is ordered to be squeezed in a powerful press1 and that the filtered solution of citric acid is ordered to be tested with nitrate of baryta1 and if the precipitate is not nearly all soluble in nitric acid1 to add a little citrate of lime to the whole liquor1 till it stands this test4 #d4 7,ph4 ,d4 #ahbf47 ,same as that of ,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf4 #e4 7,ph4 ,d4 #ahea47 ,included in the materia medica4 #f4 7,p4 ,b4 #ahfg47 ,differs from the process of the ,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf in some unimportant detail only4 #g4 7,dr ,price47 ,the crude juice is saturated with ammonia1 potassa1 or soda 7carbonates71 or with the ammoniacal product distilled from gas-liquor2 chalk1 #aej parts1 or hydrate of lime1 #ij parts1 are then added for every #aib parts of citric acid contained in the liquor1 and the whole stirred well together2 heat is next applied1 and the ammonia distilled into another quantity of lemon juice2 the citrate of lime thus obtained is then decomposed with dilute sulphuric acid1 and the whole process conducted as before4 ,when potassa or soda is used the distillation is omitted1 and the expressed liquor1 after filtration1 used to decompose fresh lemon juice4 #h4 7,ordinary manufacturing process47 ,to crude lemon or lime juice1 mixed with water1 is added ground chalk2 the precipitate is washed to free it from the impurities dissolved in the water1 and afterwards decomposed by sulphuric acid4 ,if the citric acid is not sufficiently white1 it is decolorised by digestion with animal black4 #i4 7,kuhlman47 ,this chemist proposes saturating the hot lemon juice as far as possible with very finely divided barium carbonate1 and afterwards completing the neutralisation with barium hydrate or sulphide4 ,the precipitated barium citrate is then to be washed1 and decomposed with the requisite quantity of sulphuric acid4 ,the advantage of barium over lime as a precipitant is the more ready crystallisability of the citric acid from the solution thus obtained4 ,sulphate of baryta is absolutely insoluble in solution of citric acid1 whilst sulphate of lime is not2 and the presence of the latter impedes the crystallisation of the acid4 ,obs4 ,if the lemon or lime juice be allowed to ferment a short time1 the mucilage and other impurities will1 to a certain extent1 separate and subside4 ,see ,concluding ,remarks4 ,prop41 ,uses1 c4 ,citric acid forms rhomboidal prisms1 which are clear1 colourless1 odourless1 sour1 and deliquescent in a moist atmosphere4 ,it is an agreeable acid1 at once cooling and antiseptic4 ,it is much used in medicine as a substitute for lemon juice1 and to form effervescing draughts1 citrates1 c4 #ag gr4 citric acid1 in crystals1 or #a_/b fl4 oz4 of lemon juice1 ---------------------v------------------ --------_/ are equivalent to _/------------------------- #be gr4 bicarbonate of potash2 #bj carbonate of potash2 #ae carbonate of ammonia2 #bj bicarbonate of soda2 #ce carbonate of soda4 ,the bicarbonate of potassa is that generally preferred for making saline draughts with citric acid2 and when flavoured with a little tincture of orange peel and simple syrup1 or syrup of orange peel alone1 it forms a most delicious effervescing beverage4 ,citric acid in pure crystals or in lime juice is much used by the calico-printer1 being the best known 'resistant' for iron and alumina mordants4 ,pur4 ,citric acid is frequently met with adulterated with tartaric acid2 the fraud is easily detected by dissolving the acid in a little cold water1 and adding to the solution a small quantity of acetate of potash4 ,if tartaric acid be present1 a white1 crystalline precipitate of cream of tartar will be produced on agitation4 ,when pure it is devoid of colour1 is entirely1 or almost entirely1 decomposed by heat4 ,it is soluble in water and in spirit1 and what is thrown down from its watery solution by acetate of lead is dissolved by nitric acid4 ,no salt of potassium precipitates anything with citric acid except the tartrate4 ,when a few drops of a solution of citric acid are added to lime water1 a clear liquid results1 which1 when heated1 deposits a white powder1 soluble in acids without effervescence4 ,by the action of nitric acid citric acid is converted into oxalic acid4 ,when the crystals of citric acid are very deliquescent1 the presence of free sulphuric acid may be suspected4 ,this latter may be detected with facility by dissolving the citric acid in a little water1 strongly acidifying the solution with hydrochloric acid1 and adding chloride of barium1 when1 if sulphuric acid be present1 an insoluble precipitate of sulphate of barium will fall down after a short time4 ,oxalic acid is sometimes present in citric acid1 the cause of its presence being explained further on4 ,to test for it proceed as follows3 ,dissolve a small quantity of the citric acid in water1 and add to the solution an excess of ammonia2 acidify with acetic acid1 filter1 and test the filtrate with calcium sulphate4 ,estim4 ,see ,,acidimetry and ,,lime ,,juice4 ,tests4 ,see above4 ,concluding ,remarks4 ,the preparation of citric acid has now become an important branch of chemical manufacture1 from the large consumption of this article in various operations in the arts4 ,in conducting the different steps of the process some little expertness and care are1 however1 necessary to ensure success4 ,the chalk employed1 which should be dry1 and in fine powder1 is added to the juice from a weighed sample1 until the latter is perfectly neutralised1 and the quantity consumed is exactly noted4 ,the precipitated citrate of lime is next thoroughly washed with water1 and the sulphuric acid1 diluted with #f or #h times its weight of water1 whilst still warm1 is poured upon it1 and thoroughly mixed with it4 ,the agitation is occasionally renewed for #h or #aj hours or longer1 when the solution of citric acid is poured off1 and the residuum of sulphate of lime thoroughly washed with warm water1 the washings being added to the liquid acid4 ,this last is then poured off from the impurities that may have been deposited1 and evaporated in a leaden boiler1 over the naked fire1 or by high-pressure steam1 until it acquires the gravity of #aac1 when the process is continued1 at a lower temperature1 until a syrupy aspect is assumed1 and a pellicle appears on the surface of the liquor4 ,without great care at this part of the process the whole batch may be carbonised and spoiled4 ,at this point the concentrated solution is emptied into warm and clean crystallising vessels1 set in a dry apartment1 where the thermometer does not fall below temperate4 ,at the end of #d days the crystals are found ready for removal from the pans4 ,they are thoroughly drained1 redissolved in as little water as possible1 and after being allowed to stand for a few hours to deposit impurities1 again evaporated and crystallised4 ,the acid of the second crystallisation is usually sufficiently pure for the market2 when this is not the case a third1 or even a fourth1 crystallisation must be had recourse to4 ,the mother-liquors from the several pans are now collected together1 and a second or third crop of crystals obtained from them1 by evaporation as before4 ,a frequent cause of difficulty in obtaining crystals from the solutions is the employment of too little sulphuric acid to decompose the whole of the citrate of lime2 the consequence of which is that a little of that salt is taken up by the free citric acid1 and materially obstructs the crystallisation4 ,forty parts of dry sulphuric acid are required to decompose #ej parts of chalk4 ,commercial sulphuric acid 7oil of vitriol7 is usually of the sp4 gr4 of #ahde1 and it therefore requires #di lbs4 of this acid for every #ej lbs4 of chalk employed in the process4 ,in practice it is found that a very slight excess of sulphuric acid is preferable to a preponderance of undecomposed citrate of lime4 ,the first crop of crystals is called 'brown citric acid1' and is chiefly sold to the calico-printers4 ,sometimes a little nitric acid is added to the solution of the coloured crystals1 for the purpose of bleaching them1 but in this way a minute quantity of oxalic acid is formed4 ,a more general plan is to bleach the citrate of lime by covering it with a weak solution of chloride of lime1 exposing it in shallow vessels to the sun's rays1 and rewashing it before decomposing it with sulphuric acid4 ,a safer plan is to dissolve the crude citric acid1 digest with animal charcoal1 and again concentrate the solution to the crystallising point4 ,when the aqueous solution of citric acid obtained1 as already described1 is concentrated by boiling in an open evaporating pan1 the acid is not only liable to suffer partial decomposition by its long exposure to the air1 but it not unfrequently acquires a brown colour from the carbonisation those portions of the liquid undergo which are in contact with the bottom of the pan1 which being heated by high-pressure steam frequently reaches a temperature exceeding #bjj ,f4 ,this latter result is brought about in consequence of the slight movement in the dense acid liquor in the pan4 ,to remedy the loss and inconvenience arising from the employment of the open evaporating pan1 some years back ,mr ,pontifex devised an apparatus which effects the evaporation of acid liquor in vacuo 7and therefore out of contact with air71 and at a temperature never exceeding #acj ,f4 ,moreover1 in ,mr ,pontifex's boiler the time necessary for the concentration of the citric-acid liquor is diminished to about an eighth1 and as the strong ebullition keeps the liquid in constant motion its charring is entirely prevented4 ,mr ,row says that lemon juice may be purified to a great extent by diluting it with water until it contains about #ab oz4 of acid to the gallon1 and then filtering from the flocculent precipitate of mucilage thus thrown down4 ,the citrate of lime obtained from juice so treated is comparatively pure4 ,good lemon juice yields about #f-a_/b of crystallised lemon acid2 #b galls4 yield fully #a lb4 of crystals4 ,see ,,lemon ,,juice1 ,,lime ,,juice4 c4 ,,cit',,ron4 ,the fruit of the citron tree 7,citrus medica7 is acidulous1 antiseptic1 and antiscorbutic2 it excites the appetite1 and stops vomiting2 and1 like lemon juice1 has been greatly extolled in chronic rheumatism1 gout1 and scurvy4 ,mixed with cordials1 it is used as an antidote to the manchineel poison4 ,citron1 ,oil of4 ,see ,,oil4 ,citron ,peel4 ,this is prepared in the same way as candied orange and lemon peel1 which it for the most part resembles4 ,citron4 ,syn4 ,,lem',,on ,,colour4 ,the term applied to a pale and delicate shade of yellow4 ,see ,,yellow ,,dyes1 c4 ,,cit',,ronelle4 ,see ,,liqueurs and ,,oils 7,lemon-grass74 ,,citrus4 ,a genus of plants belonging to the natural order ,aurantiace1 the species of which yields useful fruits4 ,from ,citrus ,aurantium1 and its varieties1 all the various descriptions of sweet oranges are obtained4 ,the species ,c4 ,bigaradia or vulgaris yields the bitter or ,seville orange2 ,c4 ,limonum and its varieties1 yield the lemons2 ,c4 ,limetta is the source of the lime2 ,c4 medica of the citron2 ,c4 ,decumana of the shaddock2 ,c4 paradisi of the forbidden fruit2 ,c4 ,pampelmos of the ,pampelmoose2 and ,c4 japonica of the kumquat4 ,citrus ,bergamia4 7,ind4 ,ph47 ,syn4 ,,the ,,lime ,,tree4 ,habitat4 ,commonly cultivated in ,india and other tropical countries4--,officinal part4 ,the fruit 7lime7 closely resembles the lemon1 but is smaller1 with a smoother1 thinner rind1 and of somewhat less fragrant odour4 ,its juice 7lime juice7 has the same pungent acid taste1 and contains the same ingredients as lemon juice1 though in somewhat different proportions1 that of the citric acid being larger and that of the mucilage less in quantity4 ,much of the article imported into ,england under the name of lemon juice is obtained from the lime4--,properties and ,uses4 ,very similar to those of the lemon1 the juice being equally refrigerant and antiscorbutic2 indeed1 it is preferred by many tropical practitioners4 ,the fresh juice of the lime is procurable in almost every portion of the tropics1 and is considered more effectual than preserved lemon juice4 ,lime juice may be advantageously employed in the manufacture of citric acid1 the proportion of this acid being larger than in lemon juice4 ,,civ',,et4 ,syn4 ,,civet',,ta ,,zybeth',,um1 ,l4 ,a perfume obtained from the civet cat 7,viverra civella1 ,linn471 a fierce1 carnivorous quadruped1 somewhat resembling a fox1 found in ,china and the ,east and ,west ,indies4 ,the civet is secreted in a sort of pouch between the anus and the sexual organs4 ,several of these animals have been brought into ,holland1 and afford a considerable branch of commerce1 especially at ,amsterdam4 ,the civet is squeezed out in summer every other day1 in winter twice a week2 the quantity procured at once is from #b scruples to #a drachm or more4 ,civet is frequently adulterated with spermaceti and butter1 and a similar substance to civet1 but of a darker colour1 obtained from the polecat4 ,when pure it has an odour intermediate between that of musk and ambergris1 but less refined2 a pale-yellow colour2 an acrid taste2 and the consistence of honey4 ,it is used in perfumery4 ,,clairet4 ,see ,,liqueur4 ,,clar',,et ,,rags4 ,syn4 ,,tournesol ,,en ,,drapeau1 ,fr42 ,,bezet',,ta ,c,,oe,,ru',,lea1 ,l4 #a4 ,pieces of clean linen coloured with ,auvergne--or ground archil4 #b4 ,pieces of linen dipped into the juice of mulberries1 blood-red grapes1 lees of red wine1 c4 ,used to colour jellies1 confectionery1 the rind of cheeses1 c4 ,,clarification4 ,the act of clearing or making bright2 commonly applied to the process of 'clearing' or 'fining' the liquids by chemical means1 instead of by filtration4 ,the substances used for this purpose are popularly known as 'clarifiers' or 'finings4' ,the substances employed in the clarification of liquids operate by either mechanically embracing the feculous matter1 and subsiding with it to the bottom of the vessel1 or by inducing such a change in its nature or bulk that it subsides by its own density1 in each case leaving the liquor transparent4 ,albumen1 gelatin1 the acids1 certain salts1 blood1 lime1 plaster of ,paris1 alum1 heat1 alcohol1 c41 serve in many cases for this purpose4 ,the first is used1 under the form of white of egg1 for the clarification of syrups1 as it combines with the liquid when cold1 but on the application of heat rapidly coagulates and rises to the surface1 carrying the impurities with it1 forming a scum which is easily removed with a skimmer4 ,it is also much used for fining wines and liqueurs1 particularly the red wines and more limpid cordials4 ,gelatin1 under the form of isinglass1 dissolved in water or weak vinegar1 is used to fine white wines1 beer1 cider1 and similar liquors that contain a sufficient quantity of either spirit or astringency 7tannin71 to induce its precipitation4 ,sulphuric acid is frequently added to weak liquors for a similar purpose1 either alone or after the addition of white of egg or gelatin1 both of which it rapidly throws down in an insoluble form4 ,a pernicious practice exists among some unprincipled manufacturers of using certain salts of lead and potash to clear their liquors2 especially those that are expected to sparkle in the glass1 as 'cordial gin1' c4 ,for this purpose a little sugar of lead1 dissolved in water1 is first mixed up with the fluid1 and afterwards a little more than half its weight of sulphate of potassa1 also dissolved in water1 is added1 and the liquor is again 'roused' up4 ,by standing1 the sulphate of lead1 formed by this mixture1 subsides1 and leaves the liquor clear4 ,bullock's blood is used in the same way as isinglass or white of eggs1 for fining red wines1 beer1 and porter4 ,lime1 alum1 alcohol1 acids1 and heat1 act by curdling or coagulating the feculencies1 and thus1 by increasing their density1 induce their subsidence4 ,plaster of ,paris acts1 partly like the above1 and partly like albumen1 or gelatin1 by developing and forcing down the suspended matter4 ,sand is often sifted over liquors 7especially cordials and syrups71 for the simple purpose of acting by its gravity1 but appears to be quite useless1 as it sinks too rapidly4 ,the juices of plants are clarified by heat1 which coagulates the albumen they contain4 ,marl or clay is frequently used to clear cider and perry4 ,a strip of isinglass is generally employed to clarify coffee4 ,see ,,wine1 ,,brewing1 ,,cordials1 ,,coffee1 ,,finings1 ,,infusion1 c4 ,,clay4 ,clay is formed from the disintegration of felspathic rocks1 by the combined action of air and water4 ,its plasticity1 when moist1 and its capability of being made hard by heat1 are properties which render it available for many useful purposes4 ,the purest kind of clay is kaolin1 or ,china clay1 which consists almost entirely of silicate of aluminum4 ,it is found in ,china2 but a precisely similar substance is obtained from deposits in ,cornwall and some parts of ,france4 ,pipe-clay1 a white clay nearly free from iron1 is found in large quantity in the island of ,purbeck4 ,potter's clay is found in many parts of ,britain2 that of ,devonshire and ,dorsetshire is much valued4 ,brick clay contains varying proportions of iron2 hence the different colours of the bricks used in different countries4 ,see ,,aluminum1 ,,fuller',s ,,earth1 ,,ochre1 c4 ,,clean',,ing4 ,in domestic economy the best way to clean a house is to keep it clean by a daily attention to small things1 and not allow it to get into such a state of dirtiness and disorder as to require great and periodical cleanings4 ,some mistresses1 and also some servants1 seem to have an idea that a house should undergo regular cleanings1 or great washing and scrubbing matches1 once every three or six months1 on which occasions the house is turned almost inside out1 and made most uncomfortable4 ,all this is bad economy1 and indicates general slovenliness of habits4 7,chambers47 ,for hints upon cleaning1 see ,,carpets1 ,,clothes1 c4 ,,clean',,liness4 ,see ,,ablution1 ,,bathing1 and ,,sickness4 ,,clipping 7,,horses74 ,some horses should be worked in autumn in cloths1 or with their coats on1 as1 on account of the extra sweating thus caused1 they will be in better condition for the hunting season4 ,such horses should be clipped or shaved4 ,the horse's coat should be fully set before it is clipped4 ,those horses which sweat much in autumn should be singed4 ,singeing cannot be begun too early4 ,the fresh growth must be removed every week4 ,singeing may be best accomplished by means of gas4 ,,clothes4 ,economy and cleanliness require due attention to be paid to every article of clothing1 but more especially to those which are the most exposed to dirt and the weather4 ,the following remarks1 having reference chiefly to woollen articles1 may prove useful to the reader3--,if very dusty1 hang them on a horse or line1 and gently beat them with a cane2 then lay them on a clean board or table and well brush them1 first with a stiff brush1 to remove the spots of mud and the coarsest of the dirt1 and next with a softer one1 to remove the dust and to lay the nap properly4 ,if clothes are wet and spotted with dirt1 dry them before brushing them1 and then rub out spots with the hands4 ,the hard brush should be used as little as possible1 and then with a light hand1 as it will1 if roughly and constantly employed1 soon render the cloth threadbare4 ,spots of tallow-grease on the clothes may be taken off with the nail1 or1 if that cannot be done1 have a hot iron with some thick brown paper1 lay the paper on the part where the grease is1 then put the iron upon the spot2 if the grease comes through the paper put on another piece1 till it ceases to soil it4 ,moths may be prevented attacking clothes by putting a few cloves or allspice into the box or closet with them4 ,see ,,balls1 ,,clothes1 and ,,scouring1 c4 ,,clo'',,thing4 ,in our changeable climate great care should be taken to clothe the body effectually2 for when the skin is chilled the blood is determined in increased and injurious quantity to the internal organs1 causing colds and inflammations4 ,the ordinary materials for clothing are cotton1 linen1 woollen1 and silk4 ,cotton is generally employed for undergarments1 for which its softness and warmth render it well adapted4 ,linen is not nearly so warm1 but it keeps its colour better2 it is more expensive1 and although it wears much longer1 it is not so economical as cotton4 ,woollen garments are1 in cold and variable climates1 almost essential to comfort2 the warmth obtained by wearing flannel next the body is very beneficial1 and the slight stimulating effect arising from its roughness tends to keep the skin in healthy action4 ,the practice of dressing infants in long clothes is a very objectionable one1 for besides being injurious to health it cramps the action of the legs1 the feet1 and the toes1 and by so doing prevents their proper and healthy development4 ,an infant should be so clothed as to combine sufficient warmth with perfect freedom of the limbs2 hence his garments should be loose instead of tight1 more particularly round his waist4 ,in the selection of winter clothes for children1 if for in-door wear1 choice should be made of a dark woollen frock1 and of stockings in preference to socks4 ,the stockings should be of merino1 and made to draw above the knees and fastened to the dress with a loop and tape instead of garters1 which are very objectionable4 ,a child's out-of-door attire in winter should additionally comprise a warm and properly-lined coat1 made of cloth or some woollen fabric4 ,it should button close to the chin and cover his neck4 ,mr ,chavasse says1 for this latter purpose a woollen neckerchief or scarf is preferable to furs4 ,it is very important that the child's feet and legs should be kept warm1 but not too warm4 ,in infancy and childhood--in summer as well as winter--the wearing of flannel next the skin is more necessary1 and beneficial even1 than when practised by adults4 ,,clove4 ,syn4 ,,caryoph',,yllum 7,b4 ,p471 ,l4 ,the flower-buds of the ,ciryophyllus aromaticus 7,linn471 or clove tree collected before they open1 dried1 and smoked4 ,cloves are aromatic1 stimulant1 carminative1 and stomachic2 and1 according to some1 possess febrifuge properties4 ,they are chiefly used as an adjuvant in compound medicines4 ,a few cloves kept in a closet or box prevent moths or mould attacking furs1 woollens1 c4 ,it is a common practice to adulterate this spice in the same manner as cinchona bark4 ,cloves from which the oil has been distilled are dried and rubbed between the hands1 previously moistened with a little sweet oil1 to brighten their colour1 after which they are mixed up with fresh spice for sale4 ,cloves1 ,mother of4 ,the unripe fruit of the clove tree2 they are frequently imported preserved 7preserved mother of cloves71 and are reputed stomachic and antispasmodic4 ,cloves1 ,oil of4 ,syn4 ,o',,leum ,,caryoph',,ylli 7,b4 ,p471 ,l4 ,this possesses similar virtues to the unexpanded flower-buds1 and is esteemed as a remedy for the tooth-ache4 ,used to flavour liqueurs and confectionery4 ,sp4 gr4 #ajee-ajfj4 ,m4 ,jacquemin recommends the following as a very delicate test for the presence of carbolic acid when used as an adulterant for oil of cloves4 ,one drop of the suspected oil is mixed with a small trace of solution of aniline by means of a glass rod1 and then shaken with #e or #f c4 c4 of distilled water4 ,by the addition of a few drops of sodium hypochlorite to the mixture the characteristic blue coloration due to carbolic acid will be developed in a few minutes1 whereas with the pure oil nothing but the purplish-violet colour of aniline will be perceived4 ,stirring or shaking must be avoided after the addition of the hypochlorite4 ,,clys',,ters4 ,see ,,enema4 ,,coal4 ,the varieties of this valuable substance may be conveniently described under the three heads ,,anthracite1 ,,lignite1 and ,,pit-,,coal 7which see74 ,see also ,,fuel4 ,,coal-,,tar4 ,coal-tar1 one of the products of the destructive distillation of the coal employed in the manufacture of gas1 is a very complex substance1 consisting of various hydrocarbons1 acids1 and bases1 together with certain resinoid and empyreumatic substances4 ,the principal hydrocarbons yielded by coal-tar on distillation are3 benzol1 toluol1 propyl1 naphthalin1 and anthracin2 of these the first three are fluids1 and the last two solids2 the most important acids are3 carbolic1 cresylic1 phlorylic1 and nosolic2 the chief bases are3 aniline1 chinoline1 and lepidine4 ,the quantity as well as the quality of the tar obtained from the distillation of coals varies considerably with the kind of coal used1 as well as with the temperature at which the distillation is carried on1 the yield of tar being smaller at very high temperatures than when lower ones are employed4 ,coal-tar1 from its antiseptic properties 7due chiefly to the carbolic acid it contains71 is painted on wood to preserve the latter from decay when exposed to wind and weather4 ,mixed with coal-dust1 saw-dust1 and peat-dust1 it forms a useful artificial fuel1 and when incorporated with pebbles makes an excellent artificial asphalt for pavements4 ,the chief value of coal-tar1 however1 consists in its being the source of those brilliant dye-stuffs1 the coal-tar colours4 ,these1 together with the naphtha obtained from its distillation1 have converted coal-tar from a worthless and unwelcome waste product of gas manufacture--for the removal of which from their premises the gas makers were formerly only too glad to pay--into a very considerable and important branch of profit and revenue4 ,the different constituents of the tar are separated from each other by distillation1 the various products so obtained being further purified by various processes4 ,see ,,tar ,,colours1 ,,naphtha1 ,,benzol1 ,,anthracene1 c4 ,,co',,balt4 ,co4 ,syn4 ,,reg',,ulus ,,of ,,cobalt2 ,,cobalt',,tum1 ,l4 ,a metal discovered by ,brandt1 in #agcc4 ,it generally occurs in the same ore as nickel1 and the separation of the two metals is a task requiring great patience and expertness4 ,speiss cobalt and cobalt glance are the ores from which the metal is commonly extracted4 ,prep4 #a4 ,dissolve oxide of cobalt in hydrochloric acid1 and pass sulphuretted hydrogen gas through the solution1 until all the arsenic is thrown down2 filter1 and boil with a little nitric acid1 then add carbonate of potassium1 in excess1 and digest the precipitate in a solution of oxalic acid1 to remove any oxide of iron2 wash and dry the residuum 7oxalate of cobalt71 and expose it to great heat1 in a covered crucible lined with charcoal2 the product is pure metallic cobalt4 #b4 ,mix equal parts of oxide of cobalt or roasted ,cornish cobalt ore1 and soft soap1 and expose them to a violent heat in a covered crucible4 #c4 ,pass hydrogen gas over oxide of cobalt strongly heated in a porcelain tube4 ,prop41 ,use1 c4 ,cobalt is a white1 brittle metal2 unchanged in the air2 feebly acted on by dilute hydrochloric and sulphuric acids2 has a high melting-point1 and is strongly magnetic2 sp4 gr4 #he4 ,it is seldom employed in the metallic state1 from the great difficulty of reducing its ores1 but its oxide 7black oxide7 is largely employed in the arts4 ,it forms salts with the acids1 which are interesting from the remarkable changes of colour which they exhibit4 ,see ,,ink1 ,,smalts1 ,,zaffre1 and below4 ,char41 ,tests4 ,solutions of the salts of cobalt are known as follows3--#a4 ,ammonia gives a blue precipitate1 slightly soluble in excess1 giving a brownish-red colour4--#b4 ,potassa gives a blue precipitate1 turning to violet and red when the solution is heated4--#c4 ,carbonate of ammonium and carbonate of sodium give pink precipitates2 that from the former is soluble in excess4--#d4 ,cyanide of potassium gives a yellowish-brown precipitate1 soluble in excess2 and the clear solution1 after being boiled1 is unaffected when mixed with hydrochloric acid4--#e4 ,sulphuretted hydrogen produces no change in acid solutions4--#f4 ,sulphydrate of ammonium gives a black precipitate in neutral solutions4--#g4 ,melted with borax1 before the blowpipe1 it gives a bead of a magnificent blue colour1 almost verging on black1 if much is present4 ,phosphate of sodium and ammonium give a similar bead2 but the colour is less intense4 ,cobalt1 ,ac'etate of4 ,co7,c#b;,h#c,o#b7b4 ,prep4 ,from the carbonate or protoxide and acetic acid4 ,it forms a sympathetic ink which turns blue when heated4 ,cobalt1 ,arseniate of4 ,co#cb;,as,o#d1 #h;,h#b,o4 ,a hydrated native tricobaltous arseniate of cobalt1 known as cobalt bloom4 ,cobalt1 ,car'bonate of4 ,co,c,o#c4 ,prep4 ,by adding an alkaline carbonate to a solution of the nitrate or sulphate4 ,a pale peach-coloured powder1 soluble in acids4 ,it contains some hydrate4 ,cobalt1 ,chlo''ride of4 ,co,cl#b4 ,syn4 ,,hydrochlo'',,rate ,,of ,c41 ,,mu'',,riate ,,of ,c4 ,prep4 ,by dissolving the carbonate or protoxide in hydrochloric acid2 the solution deposits deep rose-red crystals on standing1 which contain water4 ,by evaporating the solution by heat1 anhydrous blue crystals of the chloride are obtained4 ,both of them yield a deep rose-red solution with water1 which is turned green by a little acid4 ,this solution forms a well-known sympathetic ink1 the traces of which become blue when heated4 ,if the solution contains either chloride of iron or chloride of nickel1 the traces become green4 7,klaproth47 ,the addition of a little nitrate of copper to the above solution forms a sympathetic ink1 which by heat gives a very rich greenish-yellow colour4 7,ure47 ,the addition of a very little common salt makes the traces disappear with greater rapidity1 on the withdrawal of the heat4 ,in each case1 when the paper is laid aside1 moisture is absorbed1 and the writing once more disappears4 ,if1 however1 much heat has been used the traces become permanent4 ,cobalt1 ,ni'trate of4 ,co7,,no#c7b4 ,prep4 ,as the last1 substituting nitric for hydrochloric acid2 it forms deliquescent crystals4 ,cobalt1 ,ox'alate of4 ,co,c#b,o#d4 ,prep4 ,as the acetate1 from oxalic acid and the carbonate or protoxide2 or by double decomposition4 ,cobalt1 ,ox'ides of4 ,of these there are two1 the protoxide and the sesquioxide2 besides an acid compound of cobalt and oxygen1 to which the name cobaltic acid has been given4 #a4 ,cobalt1 ,protox'ide of4 ,co,o4 ,syn4 ,,oxide ,,of ,,cobalt1 ,,grey ,o4 ,,of ,c41 ,,black ,o4 ,,of ,c41 ,,cobalt ,,black4 ,prep4 #a4 ,by precipitating a solution of sulphate of chloride of cobalt with carbonate of sodium1 and washing1 drying1 and igniting the powder which subsides4 #b4 ,by boiling powdered bright-white cobalt ore 7from ,cornwall7 in dilute nitric acid1 and adding a solution of carbonate of potassium1 very gradually1 until the clear liquor1 after the impurities have settled1 becomes of a rose colour2 and then as long as a precipitate falls2 wash and dry it as before4 ,prop41 c4 ,a grey powder1 turning black on exposure to the air2 strongly basic2 and forming salts with the acids1 having a fine red tint4 ,it is remarkable for the magnificent blue colour it communicates to glass1 and by this character its presence may be readily detected before the blowpipe2 the substance to be examined being fused with borax on a loop of platinum wire4 ,used to make blue colours for painters1 stains and glazes for enamellers1 glass-melters1 potters1 c4 ,in medicine it has occasionally been given as a remedy for rheumatism4 #b4 ,cobalt1 ,sesquiox'ide of4 ,co#b,o#c4 ,syn4 ,,perox',,ide ,,of ,,cobalt4 ,a black1 insoluble1 neutral powder1 obtained by mixing solutions of cobalt and of chloride of lime2 or1 by heating the protoxide to redness in an open vessel4 ,cobalt1 ,phos'phate of4 ,co#c7,,po#d7b4 ,prep4 ,as the acetate1 substituting phosphoric for acetic acid4 ,an insoluble purple powder1 which1 when heated along with eight times its weight of gelatinous alumina1 produces a blue pigment 7,,cobalt ,,blue1 ,,cobalt ,,ultramarine71 almost equal in beauty to ultramarine4 7,see below47 ,cobalt1 ,sul'phate of4 ,co,s,o#d4 ,by boiling sulphuric acid on the metal1 or by dissolving the oxide in the acid4 ,it forms reddish crystals1 soluble in #bd parts of water4 ,cobalto-,ultramarine4 ,a fine blue pigment1 prepared by mixing freshly precipitated alumina1 #h parts1 with phosphate or arseniate of cobalt1 #a part2 drying the mixture1 and then slowly heating it to redness4 ,by daylight the colour is pure blue1 but by artificial light it is violet4 ,see ,,blue ,,pigments4 ,,coca4 ,erythroxylon ,coca4 ,this plant is grown largely in ,peru and ,bolivia4 ,the ,bolivian coca is said to be much superior to the ,peruvian4 ,the best kind is believed to come from the province of ,yungas1 and the most inferior description from ,peru4 ,the consumption of ,coca in ,peru1 ,bolivia1 and in some of the provinces of the ,argentine ,confederation is enormous4 ,in small doses it is supposed to act as a stimulant and to aid digestion2 in large ones it is said to possess dangerous narcotic properties4 ,the mountaineers in ,south ,america state they are enabled to reach high elevations without difficulty of respiration1 and to stave off the feeling of hunger by chewing the leaves during their ascents4 ,good quality coca should have its leaves unbroken1 of a medium size1 bright green in colour1 and of an odour somewhat combining that of hay and chocolate4 ,the taste is bitter1 and when masticated1 coca is said to yield easily to the teeth4 ,infused in hot water1 it has a beautiful green colour1 which1 however1 is much darker from inferior leaves4 ,an infinite number of varieties are recognised between the best and the lowest quality1 which has a disagreeable smell and a colour resembling roasted coffee4 ,the leaves are also bent and broken1 scarcely a whole leaf being found amongst them4#bdi ,the statements as to the effects of coca are conflicting1 as will be seen from what follows3--,sir ,r4 ,christison1 writing to the ',british ,medical ,journal1' ,april #bith1 #ahgf1 states he was hardly sensible of the fatigue of two mountain descents made from ,ben ,vorlich after chewing coca leaves4 ,that1 as a consequence of his doing so1 hunger and thirst were suspended for a long time1 but that eventually appetite and digestion were unaffected4 ,he made trial during the first descent of #fj grains1 and of the second1 undertaken eight days after1 of #ij grains of coca4 ,footnote #bdi3 ',pharmaceutical ,journal4' ,mr ,dowdeswell1 in a communication to the ',lancet1' ,may #fth1 #ahgf1 says that1 contrary to the experience of ,sir ,r4 ,christison1 he found no decided effects produced after consuming nearly a pound of the leaves1 which were taken in all forms and at all hours for nearly a month4 ,they failed to produce the slightest excitement1 not giving rise even to the feeling of buoyancy and exhilaration which is experienced from mountain air or a draught of spring water4 ,in the ',canadian ,pharmaceutical ,journal' for ,august1 #ahgg1 there is a paper by ,mr ,shuttleworth1 wherein results the opposite to those of the last-named gentlemen are recorded4 ,mr ,shuttleworth states that the members of a club established at ,toronto for the purpose of playing at ,la ,crosse1 a very violent and fatiguing pastime1 were almost unanimous in ascribing their invariable success over their numerous adversaries to the use of coca leaves during their contests2 their opponents not employing the plant4 ,the antagonists of the club were men of stronger build and physique as well as more accustomed to out-of-door pursuits1 and were besides trained players4 ,the same writer says that in ,south ,america care is taken to procure the leaves in as fresh a state as possible1 and that many writers have ascribed the want of effect to old leaves4 ,the ',british ,medical ,journal' of ,march #ajth1 #ahgg1 contains a communication from ,dr ,t4 ,mc,bean1 who states that he has found the administration of coca leaves useful in typhoid fever1 as well as in other febrile diseases4 ,,co',,coa 7ko'-ko74 ,syn4 ,,caca',o4 ,an alimentary substance formed of the roasted seeds of the ,theobroma ,cacao1 a tree belonging to the natural order ,byttneriace4 ,this definition is equally applicable to chocolate1 but we commonly class the preparations containing sugar and flavouring substances under that head1 and the unsweetened and cheap preparations under ,,cocoa4 ,the cocoa-seed or berry must not be confounded with the cocoa-nut1 which is the fruit of a palm 7,cocus nucifera74 ,the cocoa tree is a native of ,mexico1 and is now more or less extensively grown throughout ,central ,america1 ,brazil1 ,peru1 ,venezuela1 ,caraccas1 ,ecuador1 ,grenada1 ,demerara1 ,essequibo1 ,guayaquil1 and ,surinam2 with some of the ,west ,india ,islands1 foremost among which stands ,trinidad4 ,it has also been introduced with more or less success into ,africa1 the ,mauritius1 ,madagascar1 ,bourbon1 the ,east ,indies1 ,australia1 and the ,philippine ,islands4 ,the following is a list of the principal kinds of cocoa1 in the order of their commercial value3--,caraccas1 ,surinam1 ,trinidad1 ,grenada1 ,jamaica1 ,dominica1 ,guayaquil1 ,venezuela1 ,bahia1 ,brazil1 ,st4 ,lucia4 ,it seems probable that some of the highest kinds of cocoa do not find their way into this country1 but are consumed by the inhabitants of ,spain4 ,prep4 ,the pods containing the seeds are gathered when ripe1 and after having lain for a day and a night are opened1 and the seeds1 which are taken out by hand1 are submitted to what is termed the sweating process4 ,they are first placed on a sloping floor or in baskets1 so that the chief part of the pulp in which they are enveloped may drain off1 and are then shut up in a close box1 and left for #bd to #dh hours1 according to the season and weather1 after which they are turned out in the sun to dry4 ,upon a nice performance of the sweating process1 which may be likened to malting1 the value of the cocoa greatly depends4 ,when quite dry1 the seeds are packed in barrels or bags1 and are ready for shipment4 ,the process of roasting is effected in a metal cylinder1 with holes at each end1 through which the vapour generated is allowed to escape4 ,when the aroma is sufficiently developed the seeds are cooled1 and then passed to a 'kibling mill1' which removes the husks and skins from the 'nibs' 7see below74 ,prop41 ,constituents1 c4 ,cocoa1 when unadulterated1 forms a wholesome and highly nutritious beverage4 ,its active principle is theobromine1 an alkaloid greatly resembling caffeine1 the active principle of coffee and tea4 ,a peculiar concrete oil1 called cocoa-butter1 or1 more correctly1 butter of cacao1 is another important constituent1 forming more than half the weight of the seed4 ,the presence of about #bj of albumen gives to cocoa its nutritive character4 ,average composition of cocoa seeds4--7,wanklyn47 ---------------------------------------- -- ,per cent4 ,fat 7cocoa butter7 #ejjj ,albumen1 fibrine1 and gluten #ahjj ,starch #ajjj ,gum #hjj ,colouring matter #bfj ,water #fjj ,theobromine #aej ,ash #cfj ,loss #jcj ---------------------------------------- -- #ajjjj ---------------------------------------- -- ,dr ,letheby calculated that a pint of cocoa made with #a oz4 of ground nibs would contain the following proportions of nutritious matters3-- ---------------------------------------- ----- ,nitrogenous matters #ifb grains ,patty matter #bahh ,gum1 sugar1 and extractive #fef ,mineral matters #age ---------------------------------------- ----- ,total extracted #ciha ---------------------------------------- ----- ,adult4 ,much of the cheap stuff sold as genuine cocoa is shamefully adulterated4 ,out of #fh samples of cocoa and chocolate examined by the ',lancet' commission1 #ci contained coloured earthy substances1 as reddle1 ,venetian red1 umber1 c4 ,to some1 chalk or plaster of ,paris had been added1 for the purpose of increasing the weight4 ,many of the samples consisted of sugar and starch1 with only sufficient cocoa to impart a flavour4 ,cocoas containing a moderate amount of arrow-root or other starch must not be considered adulterated articles1 for it is impossible to render cocoa soluble1 or rather emulsive1 without the addition of some diffusible substance4 ,illustration ,illustration ,illustration ,by an examination of the ash the presence of any mineral adulterant may be detected4 ,mr ,blyth says the amounts of ash in genuine cocoa should never exceed #e per cent4 ,the seed of the cocoa consists of husk and seed proper4 ,under the microscope the husk exhibits on its surface a number of tubular fibres1 filled with granular matter and minute corpuscles4 ,it consists of three membranes2 the first being a single layer of elongated cells2 the second 7forming the chief portion of the husk7 of angular cells1 enclosing mucilage1 and also containing a few spiral vessels and woody fibres4 ,the third membrane is very thin and delicate1 and is made up of small angular cells containing minute globules of fat4 ,the seed is composed of minute cells containing starch4 ,the starch corpuscles are very small1 with a trace of inulin4 7,see cuts on previous page47 ,cocoa1 ,flake4 ,this is formed by grinding the nibs in a mill1 consisting of two cones1 working one inside the other4 ,pure flake cocoa is not a diluted or amalgamated article2 in other words1 it contains no sugar1 and but a trace of starch4 ,cocoa ,nibs4 ,the bruised1 roasted seeds1 freed from husk and membrane4 ,they ought to be of a dull-red or greyish colour1 but are frequently given a bright-red colour by a coating of ,venetian red4 ,cocoa1 ,sol'uble4 ,from cocoa nibs and substances which are readily soluble or diffusible in water1 ground together4 ,sugar and sago or arrow-root are the diluents used by respectable makers1 but all kinds of starches1 coloured with ,venetian red1 are used for the trashy articles which are sold to the poor4 ,no form of cocoa is really soluble1 but by the addition of easily diffusible substances an article is produced which is capable of forming an emulsion with boiling water4 ,the following are the principal varieties of the so-called soluble cocoa3-- #a4 ,,cocoa1 ,,granulated4 ,from cocoa nibs and sufficient sugar and arrow-root to keep the fatty particles from forming a pasty mass4 ,as it is impossible to granulate the nibs without the admixture of some other substance1 those makers who declare that their granulated cocoas are perfectly pure do not act honestly towards their customers4 #b4 ,,cocoa1 ,,hom,,oe,,opathic4 ,a kind of soluble cocoa prepared with arrow-root1 but without sugar4 #c4 ,,cocoa1 ,,iceland-,,moss4 ,from cocoa and ,iceland moss1 freed from its bitter principle1 cetrarine4 ,this form of cocoa was introduced by ,messrs ,dunn and ,hewett1 and is said to form a very valuable article of diet for invalids4 #d4 ,,cocoa1 ,,maravilla4 ,this is stated to be the perfection of prepared cocoa4 ,it consists of cocoa1 sugar1 and sago flour1 the last two being in great excess4 #e4 ,,cocoa1 ,,caraccas4 ,this is similar to the last1 being a mixture of cocoa1 sugar1 and sago flour4 ,the cocoa used in its manufacture is said to be imported from the ,caraccas1 on the north coast of ,south ,america1 and to possess a peculiarly delicious flavour4 ,the amount of flour or starch in these so-called soluble cocoas frequently exceeds #dj per cent41 and the amount of sugar #bj per cent4 ,they have been not inaptly called soups4 ,within the past year or two a new variety of soluble cocoa has been brought into the market4 ,it is sold under various names1 thus1 ',theobromine1 or ,concentrated ,cocoa1' ',cocoa ,essence1' ',cocoatina1' c4 ,we have examined many of these varieties1 and find them to consist of pure cocoa deprived of about two thirds of its fat4 ,it appears very suitable for people of weak digestion4 ,obs4 ,no warm drink that we take approaches cocoa in its nutritive character1 because1 while performing to a certain extent the exhilarating work of coffee or tea1 it presents to the stomach a very considerable quantity of nitrogenous and carbonaceous matter2 this advantage is partly due to the fact that cocoa is taken in the form of an emulsion1 instead of an infusion or decoction4 ,,cocoa ,,for ,,the ,,table is readily prepared from the soluble varieties by simply pouring boiling water upon the powder4 ,from cocoa nibs1 or flaked cocoa1 the beverage is prepared by first pouring boiling water upon them1 and then allowing the mass to simmer from #d to #f hours4 ,the cocoa must on no account be allowed to boil1 for in that case a coagulum will be formed1 which cannot be dissolved in water4 ,,cocoa-,,nut ,,oil4 ,a species of vegetable butter obtained from the common cocoa nut--the fruit of ,cocos nucifera1 the cocoa palm4 ,it is separated from the dried kernel by hydraulic pressure4 ,it contains olein1 and a solid fat often used as a candle material4 ,large plantations of the cocoa palm1 connected with ,price's candle company1 exist in ,ceylon4 ,cocoa-nut oil is often confounded with cocoa- or cacao-butter1 which is the produce of a very different plant1 namely1 ,theobroma cacao4 ,see ,,cocinic ,,acid1 ,,cocoa1 ,,stearic ,,acid1 c4 ,,coc',,culus ,,ind',,icus4 ,syn4 ,,indian ,,berries1 ,,indian ,,cockles1 ,,levant ,,nut1 ,,louse ,,grains2 ,,bac',,ca ,,orienta',,lis1 ,,cocoulus ,,piscator',,ius1 c41 ,l4 ,the fruit of the ,anamirta paniculata1 a shrub which abounds on the sandy shores of ,malabar1 and several other islands in the ,indian ,ocean4 ,the kernels should fill at least two thirds of the fruit4 ,it is a dark1 tough1 hard1 wrinkled berry1 about the size of a cherry1 and possesses an intensely bitter taste4 ,the berry consists of two parts1 the husk and the kernel1 the former being hard and difficult to bruise1 and the latter soft and containing a large proportion of fatty matter4 ,uses1 c4 ,cocculus indicus is poisonous to all animals1 and to most vegetables4 ,it is never employed internally in medicine1 but an ointment1 formed by mixing the powder with lard1 has been used to destroy pediculi and in porrigo4 ,its active principle is picrotoxin1 a peculiar needle-shaped1 crystalline substance1 possessing all the poisonous properties of the berry in an exalted degree1 and of which it contains about #b per cent4 ,its effects on the system are1 to produce giddiness1 convulsions1 and insensibility1 frequently ending in death4 ,a small portion of the cocculus indicus imported is used by poachers1 and a still smaller quantity to destroy vermin1 the remaining1 and by far the greater part1 being employed to adulterate beer and even wine4 ,in our own analytical experience we have seldom found this substance in beer purchased from a respectable house4 ,we have detected it1 however1 in beers purchased in the lowest localities in ,london and elsewhere1 but have every reason to suspect that the adulterants had been added by the publican himself1 in the form of an extract known in the trade by the name of ',b4 ,e1' or black extract4 7,harkness47 ,chemists and druggists are liable to severe penalties if they are found supplying cocculus indicus1 or any extract of the same1 to brewers or publicans4 ,see ,,beer1 ,,porter1 c4 ,,coch',,ineal4 ,syn4 ,,coc',,cus 7,b4 ,p471 ,l4 ,,grana ,,fina1 ,span4 ,the ,coccus ,cacti 7,linn471 an insect found upon the cactuses of ,mexico4 ,it is of great value as a dye stuff4 ,the female insects1 when matured1 are brushed off the plants and dried by artificial heat4 ,the entire insect is used4 ,there are two varieties known in commerce--silver cochineal1 which has a purplish-grey or silver-grey colour2 and black cochineal1 which is smaller1 and of a reddish or purplish-black colour4 ,the former is that commonly met with4 ,adult4 ,genuine cochineal has the sp4 gr4 #abe4 ,it is commonly increased in weight by slightly moistening it with gum-water1 and then rouncing it in a bag1 first with sulphate of baryta1 and then with finely powdered bone-black4 ,in this way its sp4 gr4 is raised to #ace1 in consequence of being loaded by about #ab of useless foreign matter4 ,herr ,durwell1 a ,german chemist1 states that he found a sample of cochineal adulterated with sulphate of zinc4 ,he thinks the sophistication was probably effected by immersing the cochineal in sulphate of zinc1 and then in an alkali1 whereby the white pulverulent aspect of the genuine article was imparted1 and the weight increased4 ,the following is a method which has been given for estimating the value of samples of cochineal3--,grind the samples to be tested to a fine powder1 weigh out #b or #b-a_/b grammes1 and boil this amount in a capacious narrow-necked flask1 with #gej c4 c4 of water for #a hour2 filter immediately through dry paper filters1 and allow it to cool4 ,to test it #ej c4 c4 are measured in a flask of that capacity1 and poured into another flask of about #bjj c4 c41 and the measuring vessel rinsed with a definite quantity of water1 say #aj to #ae c4 c4 ,a weak solution of permanganate is then run in from a burette with a glass cock1 the flask being shaken after the addition of every #aj c4 c4 ,so much permanganate solution is then added that the cochineal extract shall be charged from its original colour to a pink of the faintest shade--almost yellow1 in fact1 but never reaching a full yellow4 ,this pink shade should be persistent1 that is1 it should not turn yellow after standing fifteen minutes2 and after a little practice it will be found very easy to obtain the tinge1 which shows that the colouring matter is almost but not quite destroyed4 ,when a number of samples are to be compared1 arrange an equal number of #bjj c4 c4 flasks and test-tubes on the table1 a tube standing in its rack in front of each flask4 ,then the same number of c4 c4 of the permanganate solution 7which should be1 at least1 so weak that bulk for bulk of this and the cochineal solution will be required7 is run into each flask1 taking care to use too little to completely destroy the colouring matter in all4 ,the flasks are well shaken and allowed to stand for ten minutes4 ,part of the contents of each is then poured into the corresponding test-tube1 and a glance of the tubes as they stand side by side will show which is the least affected by the bleaching liquid4 ,this sample having been selected to serve as a standard1 the contents of the test-tube are returned to the flask1 and more permanganate solution is cautiously added1 until a very faint pink tinge1 which a fraction of a c4 c4 will turn to a full yellow1 is obtained4 ,the number of c4 c4 used having been noted1 a fresh trial is made1 in which the c4 c4 required1 minus one1 are used1 the flask agitated1 and the last c4 c4 or part of it1 as the whole may not be necessary added4 ,if the two results agree1 the next sample is treated in the same way1 and so until all are tested4 ,a final trial may be made by measuring #ej c4 c4 of each solution into its flask1 running in the permanganate in the ascertained amount into each as quickly as possible1 letting the flasks stand ten minutes1 and then making a comparison of all in the test-tubes4 ,if the shades are not exactly alike1 a pretty good guess can generally be made of the fractions of c4 c4 required1 which should be added1 the contents of the tubes being joined to that in the flasks1 and a second or third comparison thus made4 ,this is a rather long description of what is in practice a very simple and good process1 the three principal points to be borne in mind being-- #ast4 ,to use a weak solution of permanganate4 #bnd4 ,to have a very faint pink colour as a standard of comparison4 #crd4 ,to let the liquids remain after agitation together ten or fifteen minutes before comparing them4 ,uses1 c4 ,cochineal is principally used to prepare lake and carmine1 and in dyeing4 ,its colouring principle is freely soluble in water4 ,it imparts every variety of scarlet and crimson to textile fabrics previously prepared with alum1 tin1 and other mordants4 ,it is also used to colour liqueurs1 tinctures1 and confectionery4 ,it has been recommended as an antispasmodic and anodyne1 in hooping-cough and neuralgia4--,dose1 #aj to #fj gr41 in powder1 confection1 or tincture4 ,see ,,carmine and ,,carminic ,,acid4 ,,cocin',,ic ,,acid4 ,syn4 ,,cocostear',,ic ,,acid4 ,a crystalline1 fatty acid1 obtained by the saponification of ,,cocoa-,,nut ,,oil4 ,see ,,stearic ,,acid4 ,,cock-,,metal4 ,syn4 ,,pot ,,metal4 ,copper1 #bj lbs42 lead1 #h lbs42 litharge1 #a oz42 antimony1 #c oz4 ,another variety consists of copper1 lead1 and sometimes a little zinc4 ,,cockroach4 ,see ,,blatta4 ,,cod4 ,syn4 ,,ga',,dus ,,mor',,rhua 7,ph4 ,l471 ,,mor',,rhua ,,vulgaris 7,linn471 ,,asel',,lus 7,pliny71 ,l4 ,a fish common in the seas of the northern hemisphere1 from about #dj to #ge of latitude4 ,the flesh forms a most wholesome and excellent article of food4 ,the best fish are very thick about the neck2 and1 when fresh1 are marked by the redness of the gills1 freshness of the eyes1 and the whiteness and firmness of the flesh4 ,the fish so largely imported from ,newfoundland 7,,newfoundland ,,fish7 are cod beheaded1 split open1 gutted1 and salted4 ,they are caught by millions on the ',grand ,bank4' ,,cod-,,sounds are pickled in brine and also made into isinglass4 ,the spawn is made into ,,caviare1 and the liver is both pressed and boiled for its oil 7see below74 ,,cod ,,is ,,generally ,,cooked by boiling it1 but is sometimes baked1 or cut into slices and broiled or fried4 ,cod's head and shoulders with oyster sauce is a favorite dish4 ,shrimp and anchovy sauce are also good additions4 ,,cod-,,liv',,er ,,oil4 ,syn4 ,,mor',,rhu ,o',,leum1 ,b4 ,p42 ,o',,leum ,,jecor',,is ,,asel',,li1 ,l42 ,,huile ,,de ,,morue1 ,fr4 ,the oil obtained from the liver of the common cod 7oleum e jecore comparatum74 ,prep4 #a4 ,the livers1 being removed from the fish1 are piled on layers of fir-twigs placed in tubs perforated at the bottom1 and are allowed to remain for a considerable time exposed to the sun and air4 ,as the livers putrefy1 the oil runs out and flows through the holes in the tubs into vessels placed to receive it4 #b4 ,the partially decomposed livers1 cut into pieces1 are heated in iron pots without water1 and the oil is poured off and set aside to deposit impurities4 #c4 7,savory47 ,the livers taken from the fresh fish are carefully washed4 ,the large veins are then divided through their whole length1 and any blood in them is carefully rinsed away4 ,the livers are now cut into pieces1 again washed and drained1 and afterwards placed with a small quantity of water in vessels gently heated by steam4 ,as the heat increases1 the oil separates and rises to the surface1 from which it is skimmed off2 and after well cooling1 to allow the deposit of some of the margarin1 it is repeatedly filtered through flannel bags and finally through paper4 ,this process gives a fine1 clear1 straw-coloured oil1 having but a slight smell and taste4 #d4 7,donovan47 ,the perfectly fresh livers are placed in a metallic vessel and heated with constant stirring to #ahj ,fahr41 by which treatment they break down into a uniform pulpy1 liquid mass4 ,this mass is immediately transferred to calico bags1 whence the oil drains out2 after filtration1 while still warm1 this oil is sufficiently pure for use4 ,obs4 ,three kinds of cod-liver oil are usually distinguished--the pale yellow1 pale brown1 and dark brown4 ,the latter is the most impure2 its odour and taste are extremely disagreeable4 ,the most conflicting opinions have been expressed by medical men as to the relative value of the light brown and yellow varieties4 ,ozonised cod-liver oil is said to be prepared by passing oxygen into the oil1 and then exposing it to sunlight4 ,dr ,letheby applied the most delicate tests to this much-vaunted remedy1 but was not able to detect the slightest trace of ozone4 ,prop4 and ,uses4 ,cod-liver oil has acquired much reputation for its remedial powers in pulmonary consumption1 scrofulous and other glandular affections1 chronic gout and rheumatism1 certain skin diseases1 and several other ailments4 ,it is generally supposed that the iodine and bromine1 which are present in minute quantities in this fish1 are the substances to which it owes its efficacy4 ,dr ,de ,jongh refers its virtues to the presence of both iodine and the elements of the bile4 ,our own researches lead us to infer that one of its most active constituents is free phosphorus4 ,good cod-liver oil contains fully #jb of this substance1 as well as about #ji of phosphoric acid4 ,now1 the marked action of minute doses of phosphorus on the nervous1 vascular1 and secreting organs1 is well known to every experienced surgeon4 ,the difficulty1 however1 of bringing it into a form adapted for administration has hitherto prevented phosphorus being extensively employed as a therapeutic agent4 ,this obstacle is removed by the employment of cod-liver oil4 ,nature has here provided a simple remedy1 which the ingenuity of man has failed to produce artificially4 ,this opinion is borne out by the facts1 that cod-liver oil cures those forms of scrofula and other diseases which do not yield to iodine1 and that those varieties of the oil are the most active which contain the most free phosphorus4 ,we1 therefore1 think it reasonable to conclude1 that the efficacy of cod-liver oil depends on the joint action of the minute quantities of iodine1 phosphorus1 and the elements of the bile which it contains1 and not on any one separately2 and that no substance1 at present known1 can be used as a substitute for it4 7,cooley47--,dose1 #a to #h dr41 in water1 syrup1 or orange juice2 or made into an emulsion with #a fl4 oz4 of peppermint water4 ,m4 ,duquesnel states that cod-liver oil flavoured with essence of eucalyptol1 in the proportion of one part of the essence to a thousand1 has neither the taste nor the odour of cod-liver oil4 ,it is taken with facility1 only leaving at the back of the mouth and on the tongue the taste of the essence4 ,m4 ,duquesnel adds that the offensive eructations arising from cod-liver oil are completely corrected4 ,cod-liver ,oil ,jelly4 ,take of cod-liver oil1 #he parts2 isinglass1 #c parts2 sugar1 #h parts2 water1 #d parts4 ,it forms a semi-transparent jelly of a yellowish-green colour1 having a strong odour1 but less strong taste of the oil4 ,the advantages of this preparation are--its easy administration1 complete retention1 and assimilation by the weakest stomach4 ,a teaspoonful is said to be equal to a tablespoonful of the ordinary oil4 ,a lemon flavour may be imparted to it with advantage if desired4 ,cod-liver ,oil and ,lacto-,phosphate of ,lime4 7,shinn47 ,cod-liver oil1 #a pint2 oil of bitter almonds1 peppermint1 and winter green1 of each #aj drops2 powder of gum ,arabic #d oz42 sugar1 #f oz42 solution of lacto-phosphate of lime 7#fj gr4 to #a fl4 oz471 #f-a_/b fl4 oz42 lime water1 #f-a_/b fl4 oz4 ,mix the gum and sugar in a capacious mortar1 and make a smooth mucilage with the lime water and #c oz4 of the solution of lacto-phosphate of lime4 ,add the volatile oils to the cod-liver oil1 and gradually triturate them with the mucilage1 until a perfect emulsion is formed4 ,finally1 add the rest of the solution of the lacto-phosphate of lime1 and mix thoroughly4 ,the solution of lacto-phosphate of lime is made by saturating a solution of lactic acid with freshly precipitated phosphate of lime4 ,cod-liver ,oil with ,iodide of ,iron4 ,triturate iodide of iron1 with cod-liver oil1 #d gr4 to the ounce1 until dissolved4 ,,horsley',s patent is as follows3--,dissolve #bb scruples of iodine in a gallon of cod-liver oil1 at a temperature of #adj ,fahr41 in a water-bath4 ,add to the solution #h scruples of iron 7reduced by hydrogen71 and heat to #ahj ,fahr41 until the combination is complete4--,dose1 #a dr4 to #a_/b oz4 ,cod-liver ,oil1 ,phosphorated4 7,lancet47 ,pure unoxidised phosphorus1 #b gr42 almond oil1 #b oz4 ,put into a bottle1 stoppered1 and immerse the same in a water-bath2 apply heat until the temperature of the oil is about #ahj ,fahr41 as directed by the ,b4 ,p41 in the preparation of oleum phosphoratum2 shake up occasionally1 and again put the bottle into the water if necessary1 until a perfect solution is obtained2 then add about #aj oz4 of cod-liver oil1 and again immerse in the water-bath2 finally1 make up the measure with cod-liver oil to #be oz4 ,one drachm so prepared will contain over the #a_/ajjth of a grain of pure phosphorus4 ,cod-liver ,oil1 ,emulsion of4 ,cod-liver oil1 #h fl4 oz42 tragacanth1 #a dr42 powdered white sugar1 #d dr42 oil of gaultheria1 #i drops2 oil sassafras1 #a drop2 oil bitter almonds1 #aj drops1 water1 #h oz4 ,dissolve the tragacanth and sugar in water1 and strain4 ,add to this first the essential oils1 and then incorporate the cod-liver oil4 ,cod-liver ,oil and ,hypophosphites1 ,emulsion of4 7,canadian ',pharmaceutical ,journal'74 ,powder of gum tragacanth1 #a_/b oz42 glycerin1 #c oz42 water1 #i oz4 ,rub the tragacanth with the glycerin1 and add the water gradually4 ,to this mucilage add the following solution3--,hypophosphite of lime1 #d-a_/b dr42 hypophosphite of soda1 #b-a_/d dr42 hypophosphite of potash1 #b-a_/d dr42 sugar1 #c_/d lb42 boiling water1 #ab oz4 ,make the admixture gradually with brisk trituration4 ,to this medicated mucilage add the following3--,otto of almonds1 bitter1 #aj drops2 otto of cinnamon1 #e drops2 otto of canella1 #e drops2 alcohol1 #f oz4 ,the whole will now form a semi-transparent mucilaginous liquid of about #cg fl4 oz4 in bulk4 ,to this add gradually an equal measure of cod-liver oil1 and mix thoroughly4 ,in practice it is advisable to work on small quantities1 say half a pint of each in a ,no4 #h mortar4 ,if care is taken the product will be very satisfactory4 ,,code',,ia4 ,c#ah;,h#ba,o#c4 ,aq4 ,syn4 ,,code',,ine4 ,an alkaloid discovered by ,robiquet associated with morphia4 ,prep4 ,dissolve commercial hydrochlorate of morphia in water1 and precipitate the morphia with ammonia4 ,codeia is left in solution1 and is obtained in octahedral crystals by spontaneous evaporation4 ,it may be further purified by solution in ether4 ,by the addition of a little water to the ethereal solution and spontaneous evaporation it may be obtained quite pure and in a crystalline state4 ,obs4 ,the morphia may be recovered by digesting the precipitate in weak solution of potassa4 ,prop41 c4 ,freely soluble in alcohol and ether2 soluble in #hj parts of cold and #ag parts of boiling water4 ,its solution in the latter1 by slow evaporation1 yields large1 transparent octahedra4 ,with the acids it forms crystallisable salts4 ,these possess the singular property of producing a general and violent itching of the surface of the body when administered internally4 ,the same symptoms frequently follow the exhibition of opium and hydrochlorate of morphia1 and are referred to the presence of codeia4 ,the commercial muriate of morphia frequently contains #c to #d of codeia4 ,tests4 ,it is distinguished from morphia by not becoming blue on the addition of perchloride of iron1 nor turning red with nitric acid2 and by not being precipitated by ammonia1 when dissolved in hydrochloric acid and mixed with a large quantity of water4 ,unlike morphia1 it is insoluble in weak solution of potash1 and is soluble in ether4 ,the salts of codeia are known by tincture of galls throwing down a copious precipitate from their solutions2 this does not occur with the salts of morphia4 ,it is distinguished from meconia by its aqueous solution showing an alkaline reaction with test-paper4 ,,coffee4 ,the seeds or berries of the ,coffea arabica 7,linn47 or coffee plant2 a shrub of the natural order ,cinchonace1 sub-order ,coffe1 indigenous in the low mountainous districts of ,arabia ,felix1 and largely cultivated in various other parts of the world4 ,about #dj millions of pounds of coffee are annually consumed in this country1 and the consumption for the whole world has been estimated at about #fjj millions of pounds4 ,the seeds are roasted and ground1 and used in the form of a decoction or infusion4 ,the term coffee is applied to the prepared beverage as well as to the seeds4 ,the valuable properties of coffee are mainly due to the presence of the alkaloid ,,caffeia or ,,caffeine4 ,payen gives the following as the composition of the coffee-berry3-- ,water #abjjj ,woody tissue #cdjjj ,fixed fatty matters #aj to #acjjj ,gum1 sugar1 and vegetable acids #aeejj ,nitrogenous matter allied to legumin 7vegetable casein7 #acjjj ,free caffein #jhjj ,compound of caffein with potash #c4e to #ejjj ,solid fatty essence #jjjb ,aromatic essential oil #jjja ,saline matters #ffig ------- #ajjjjj ,prep41 c4 ,the finest kind of coffee is that called mocha1 from ,aden1 but that in common use is principally supplied from the ,british plantations in the ,west ,indies4 ,the selection being made1 the berries are carefully roasted in revolving cylinders by a gradually applied heat1 until the aroma is well developed and the toughness destroyed4 ,too much heat is avoided1 as the volatile and aromatic properties of the coffee1 and1 consequently1 the flavour1 are thereby injured2 whilst1 on the other hand1 if the berries are roasted too little1 they produce a beverage with a raw1 green taste1 very liable to induce sickness and vomiting4 ,when properly roasted1 coffee has a lively chocolate-brown colour1 and should not have lost more than #ah of its weight by the process4 ,if the loss exceeds #bj1 the flavour suffers in proportion4 ,the roasted coffee should be placed in a very dry situation1 and excluded from the air as soon as possible4 ,it loses flavour by keeping1 and also powerfully absorbs moisture from the atmosphere by reason of its hygrometric power4 ,qual41 c4 ,coffee promotes digestion1 and exhilarates the spirits1 and when strong1 generally occasions watchfulness1 but in some phlegmatic constitutions induces sleep4 ,drunk in moderation1 especially if combined with sugar and milk1 it is perhaps the most wholesome beverage known4 ,the various qualities that have been ascribed to it by some persons such as dispelling or causing flatulency1 removing dizziness of the head1 attenuating the blood1 causing biliousness1 c41 appear to be wholly imaginary4 ,in a medical point of view it has been regarded as a cerebral stimulant and anti-soporific1 and as a corrector of opium4 ,as a medicine it should be strong1 and is best taken only lukewarm4 ,adult41 c4 ,the principal substances used for the purposes of adulteration are caramel1 roasted chicory1 roasted locust beans1 roasted corn1 c4 ,chicory being now charged with the same amount of duty as coffee1 is not considered in a revenue point of view an adulteration2 nevertheless1 when we contrast coffee with chicory1 we at once see the vast superiority of the former over the latter1 thus3-- ,coffee is the fruit of a tree1 whilst chicory is the root of an herbaceous plant1 and it is well known that more virtues exist in fruits and seeds than in roots4 ,coffee contains three active principles1 viz4 an essential oil1 caffeia1 and tannic acid1 and these exercise a powerful influence on the system1 retarding the waste of the tissues of the body1 exciting the brain to increased activity1 and exhilarating without intoxicating4 ,chicory contains none of these constituents4 ,coffee exerts on the system highly beneficial physiological effects2 chicory possesses medicinal properties1 which are not desirable in an article of food4 ,chicory1 therefore1 is very objectionable1 and when a dealer sells a mixture of coffee and chicory for pure coffee1 as is almost invariably the case1 he is guilty of selling an adulterated article1 and ought to be punished accordingly4 ,the adulteration with caramel or chicory may readily be detected as follows3-- #a4 ,a spoonful of pure coffee placed gently on the surface of a glass of cold water will float for some time1 and scarcely colour the liquid2 if it contains caramel or chicory1 it will rapidly absorb the water1 and1 sinking to the bottom of the glass1 communicate a reddish-brown tint as it falls4 ,another method of applying this test is by expertly shaking a spoonful of the suspected coffee with a wine-glassful of cold water1 and then placing the glass upon the table4 ,if it is pure1 it will rise to the surface1 and scarcely colour the liquid2 but if caramel or chicory is present1 it will sink to the bottom1 and the water will be tinged of a deep red as before4 #b4 ,the brown colour of decoction or infusion of roasted coffee becomes greenish when treated with a per-salt of iron2 and a brownish-green1 flocculent precipitate is formed4 ,the colour of chicory is only deepened1 but not otherwise altered1 and no precipitate is formed1 under the same treatment4 ,a mixture of chicory and coffee retains a brownish-yellow colour after the precipitate has subsided1 and the liquid appears brownish yellow by refracted light4 ,the addition of a little weak ammonia water aids the subsidence of the precipitate4 ,illustration #c4 ,under the microscope 7see ,chicory7 the presence of chicory may be readily detected by the size1 form1 and ready separation of the cells of the cellular tissue1 and by the presence and abundance of the pitted tissue or dotted ducts1 which are absent from coffee1 and by the size of the spiral vessels1 which are very small in coffee4 ,the most characteristic structure1 however1 and that by which chicory can be easily identified1 is the lactiferous tissue4 ,roasted corn1 and other amylaceous substances1 may also be detected1 in the same way1 by the peculiar size and character of their starch grains4 ,under the microscope the berry is seen to consist of a hard1 tough tissue1 that resists even long soaking4 ,the testa covering the berry is made of lengthened cells with oblique markings resting on a thin membrane1 almost structureless4 ,these oblique markings of the cells are so characteristic as to render the cells distinguishable from every other tissue4 ,the substance of the berry consists of angular cells1 each one of which contains minute drops of oil4 ,this oil is in some measure driven off during the process of roasting1 which1 however1 leaves the structure unimpaired where it is not charred4 ,illustration ,roasted corn1 beans1 c41 may be detected by the cold decoction striking a blue colour with tincture of iodine4 ,pure coffee is merely deepened a little in colour by this substance4 #d4 7,a4 ,h4 ,allen47 ,the amount of ash in genuine coffee does not exceed #de per cent42 chicory yields #e per cent4 ,the silica in coffee ash never exceeds #a per cent41 while in chicory it varies from #aj-cf per cent4 ,the average soluble ash in coffee is #cbd1 while in chicory it is #agd per cent4 ,by determining the soluble ash ,s1 the per-centage of pure coffee ,c may be calculated thus3-- 7#ajj ,s - #agd7 ,c #b --------------- #c ,the density of coffee-infusion is determined by heating the powder with #aj times its weight of cold water1 raising the liquid to the boiling point1 filtering1 and taking the gravity at #aee ,c4 ,taking the density of pure coffee-infusion at #ajjhf1 and that of chicory at #ajbjf1 the per-centage of pure coffee ,c in the sample may be calculated from the equation #ajj7ajbj - ,d7 ,c ------------ #ab where ,d represents the density of the infused sample4 ,the relative tinctorial power of an infusion of a sample of coffee is determined by boiling a given weight with #bj c4 c4 of water for a few minutes1 filtering1 and again boiling the residue until thoroughly exhausted4 ,an equal weight of a standard mixture of equal weights of pure coffee and chicory is treated in a precisely similar manner4 ,the standard solution is made up to #bjj c4 c41 that of the sample to #ajj c4 c42 #aj c4 c4 of the latter are put into a narrow burette1 and some of the standard into a test tube of exactly equal bore4 ,if the tints are exactly the same1 the sample consisted of pure coffee2 if chicory is present1 water must be added to the sample until the tints are the same4 ,each c4 c4 of water represents #e per cent4 of chicory4 ,the presence of leguminous seeds or cereals may be detected by boiling the sample with animal charcoal and water1 filtering1 and testing for starch in the cold liquid with iodine4 ,neither coffee nor chicory contains starch4 ,obs4 ,a few years ago the attention of the scientific world was drawn to the value of roasted coffee leaves1 as furnishing materials for a beverage unexcelled in excellence by the coffee berry itself4 ,it appears that the leaves1 prepared for use1 may be purchased for #a-a_/b;d4 per lb41 or packed ready for export at #b;d4 per lb4 ,that this preparation contains a considerable amount of the nutritious principles of coffee is evident from the analysis2 but as the leaves can only be collected in a good state at the expense of the coffee-bush1 it is doubtful whether the coffees produced by the berries be not1 after all1 the cheapest1 as it certainly is the best4 7,jury ,report1 ,exhibition1 #ahea47 ,coffee for the table is best prepared with the aid of a ,french cafetire1 or coffee biggin1 furnished with a percolator or strainer1 which will permit a moderately rapid filtration4 ,to produce this beverage in perfection1 it is necessary to employ the best materials in its preparation--fresh roasted and fresh ground4 ,at least #a oz4 of coffee should be used to make #c common-sized coffee-cupfuls1 with #a teaspoonful of freshly roasted and ground chicory4 ,if desired strong1 the quantity of both should be doubled4 7,cooley47 ,many habitual coffee drinkers cannot tolerate the use of chicory1 which is a doubtful improver of coffee4 ,the prevailing fault of the coffee made in ,england is its want of strength and flavour4 ,the coffee-pot should be heated previously to putting in the coffee1 which may be done by means of a little boiling water4 ,the common practice of boiling coffee is quite unnecessary1 for all its flavour and aroma is readily extracted by boiling hot water4 ,indeed1 all the useful and agreeable matter in coffee is very soluble1 it comes off with the first waters of infusion1 and needs no boiling4 7,ure47 ,should prejudice1 however1 induce the housewife or cook to boil her coffee1 it should be only just simmered for a minute1 as long or violent boiling injures it considerably4 ,when coffee is prepared in a common pot1 the latter being first made hot1 the boiling water should be poured over the powder1 and not1 as is commonly the plan1 put in first4 ,it should then be kept stirred for #d or #e minutes1 when a cup should be poured out and returned again1 and this operation repeated #c or #d times1 after which1 if allowed to repose for a few minutes1 it will generally become fine of itself4 ,in all cases1 where a percolator is not used1 the liquor should be well stirred up several times before finally covering it up to settle for use4 ,amongst the various descriptions of coffee pots in use we may mention those of ,french make1 consisting of two cylindrical vessels1 the upper having a metal strainer1 on which the ground coffee is placed1 and through which the clear infusion runs into the lower one2 ,loysell's--an apparatus making very good coffee1 and as one of the latest1 an ingenious and inexpensive coffee pot1 known as the ,kaffee ,kanne1 devised by ,mr ,ash1 of ,oxford ,street4 ,ash's ,kaffee ,kanne consists of an ordinary biggin1 surrounded by a jacket containing boiling water4 ,the coffee is made by percolation in the inner vessel1 and being kept at the point of ebullition by the surrounding boiling water1 yields a beverage of excellent flavour and aroma4 ,coffee is sometimes clarified by adding a shred of isinglass1 a small piece of clean eel- or sole-skin1 or a spoonful of white of egg4 ,an excellent plan1 common in ,france1 is to place the vessel containing the made coffee upon the hearth1 and to sprinkle over its surface half a cupful of cold water1 which from its greater gravity descends1 and carries the 'foulness' with it4 ,another plan sometimes adopted is to wrap a cloth1 previously dipped into cold water1 round the coffee-pot4 ,this method is commonly practised by the ,arabians in the neighbourhood of ,yemen and ,moka1 and rapidly clarifies the liquor1 unless a very large quantity of chicory is present4 ,it should be recollected that the use of isinglass1 white of egg1 and all like artificial finings1 remove much of the astringency and vivacity of the liquor4 ,the ,french1 who are remarkable for the superior quality of their coffee1 generally allow an ounce to each large coffee-cupful of water1 and they use the coffee both newly ground and freshly roasted4 ,a shred of saffron1 or a little vanilla1 is frequently added1 whilst the percolating coffee-pot is generally employed4 ,when the ,parisian uses a common coffee-pot he generally divides the water into #b parts4 ,the first portion he pours on boiling hot1 and allows it to infuse for #d or #e minutes2 he then pours this off as clear as possible1 and boils the grounds for #b or #c minutes with the remaining half of the water4 ,as soon as this has deposited the sediment it is decanted1 and mixed with the infusion4 ,the object of this process is to obtain the whole of the strength as well as the flavour4 ,the infusion is thought to contain the latter1 and the decoction the former2 a plausible1 but erroneous idea1 since both of them were carried off by the first water4 ,a much better method1 and one we can recommend from experience1 is to divide the coffee into #b parts4 ,boil the first portion in the coffee-pot for #d or #e minutes1 then add the other portion1 and allow it to infuse slowly for about #aj minutes1 the coffee-pot lid being kept well closed4 ,this gives a coffee possessing a flavour which even the ,french cannot excel4 ,coffee1 ,essence of4 ,a highly concentrated infusion of coffee1 prepared by percolation with boiling water1 gently and quickly evaporated to about #a_/crd or #a_/dth of its bulk1 and mixed with a thick aqueous extract of chicory and syrup of burnt sugar1 so as to give the whole the consistence of treacle4 ,the proportions of the dry ingredients should be--coffee1 #d parts2 chicory1 #b parts2 burnt sugar 7caramel7 #a part4 ,it should be kept in well-corked bottles in a cool place4 ,this preparation is very convenient for making extemporaneous coffee2 but the beverage so made1 though superior to much of that sold at coffee-houses1 is inferior in flavour1 aroma1 and piquancy1 to that we are accustomed to drink at home4 ,much of the so-called ',essence of ,coffee' is simply treacle and burnt sugar1 flavoured with coffee4 ,coffee1 ,searle's ,patent4 ,this is prepared by mixing condensed milk with a very concentrated essence of coffee and evaporating at a low temperature 7in vacuo1 if possible71 until the mixture acquires the consistence of a syrup 7coffee syrup71 paste 7coffee paste71 or candy 7coffee candy74 ,the last may be powdered 7coffee powder1 dry essence of coffee74 ,coffee1 ,substitutes for4 ,these are numerous1 but are now seldom employed1 owing to the cheapness of the genuine article1 and the stringency of the revenue laws4 ,among the principal are the following3-- #a4 ,,coffee1 ,,acorn4 ,from acorns deprived of their shells1 husked1 dried1 and roasted4 #b4 ,,coffee1 ,,bean4 ,horse-beans roasted along with a little honey or sugar4 #c4 ,,coffee1 ,,beet-,,root4 ,from the yellow beet-root1 sliced1 dried in a kiln or oven1 and ground with a little coffee4 #d4 ,,coffee1 ,,dandelion4 ,from dandelion roots1 sliced1 dried1 roasted1 and ground with a little caramel4 #e4 ,,coffee1 ,,german4 ,syn4 ,,succory ,c41 ,,chicory ,c4 ,from chicory or succory4 ,used both for foreign coffee1 and to adulterate it4 ,obs4 ,all the above are roasted1 before grinding them1 with a little fat or lard4 ,those which are larger than coffee-berries are cut into small slices before being roasted4 ,they possess none of the exhilarating properties or medicinal virtues of foreign coffee4 ,,coins4 ,see ,,medals and ,,electrotype4 ,,coke4 ,charred or carbonised coal4 ,the principle of its manufacture is similar to that of charcoal4 ,there are three varieties of coke3-- #a4 ,,kiln-,,made ,,coke2 ,,stifled ,,coke4 ,made by burning pit-coal in a pile1 kiln1 or stove4 ,it has a dull-black colour1 and produces an intense heat when used as fuel4 ,by condensing the bituminous vapours which are given off during the process1 about #c of tar may be obtained from common coal1 and from some strong coal1 by careful treatment fully #aj of its weight4 ,the screenings of dust coal1 separated from the better kinds of bituminous coal1 is the sort commonly used for making coke in ovens4 #b4 ,,gas ,,coke2 ,,distilled ,,coke4 ,the cinder left in the gas retorts4 ,grey2 produces a weak heat1 insufficient to smelt iron4 #c4 ,,shale ,,coke2 ,,mineral ,,carbon4 ,from bituminous shale1 burnt in covered iron pots1 in a similar way to that adopted for making bone-black2 or in piles4 ,black and friable4 ,used to clarify liquids1 but is vastly inferior to bone-black1 and does not abstract the lime from syrups4 ,see ,,fuel1 ,,pit-,,coal1 c4 ,,colchicin',a4 ,syn4 ,,col',,chicine4 ,,colchicia4 ,a peculiar principle discovered by ,gieger and ,hesse in the seeds of the ,colchicum autumnale or common meadow saffron4 ,it also exists in the corms or bulbs4 ,prep4 ,macerate the bruised seeds in boiling alcohol1 add magnesia1 to throw down the alkaloid1 digest the precipitate in boiling alcohol1 and filter4 ,by cautious evaporation colchicine will be deposited1 and maybe purified by re-solution and crystallisation in alcohol4 ,prop41 c4 ,odourless2 bitter2 soluble in water and alcohol2 form salts with the acids4 ,it is very poisonous4 #a_/ajth of a grain1 dissolved in spirit1 killed a cat in #ab hours4 ,it differs from veratria in being soluble in water and crystalline1 and in the non-production of sneezing when cautiously applied to the nose4 ,strong oil of vitriol turns this alkaloid of a yellowish-brown2 nitric acid turns it of a deep violet1 passing into indigo-blue1 green and yellow4 ,it is not used in medicine4 ,,col',,chicum4 ,syn4 ,,mea',,dow ,,saf',,fron2 ,,colchicum ,,autumnale 7,linn471 ,l4 ,the recent and dried corms or bulbs 7colchici cormus71 as well as the seeds 7colchici semina71 are official in the ,british ,pharmacopoeia4 ,the corms are ordered to be dug up in the month of ,july1 or before the autumnal bud has projected4 ,the dry coatings having been torn off1 cut the corms transversely in thin slices1 and dry1 at first with a gentle heat1 but afterwards slowly increased to #aej ,fahr4 ,dose 7of the corms71 #b to #h or #i gr42 7of the seeds71 #b to #g gr41 made into a pill or bolus with syrup or conserve2 chiefly1 as a specific in gout1 to alleviate or check the paroxysm4 ,this drug forms the base of almost all the advertised gout nostrums4 ,it is1 however1 an active poison1 and its administration requires care4 ,after all that has been said respecting colchicum in gout1 and admitting that it rarely fails to allay pain and check a paroxysm1 ,i would record my opinion that he who would wish to arrive at a good old age should eschew it as an ordinary remedy1 and consider that he is drawing on his constitution for a temporary relief1 with a certainty of becoming prematurely bankrupt in his vital energies4 7,collier47 ,antidotes4 ,an emetic consisting of one scruple of sulphate of zinc dissolved in water1 followed by a brisk dose of castor oil1 then stimulants1 and also charcoal4 ,,col',,cothar4 ,see ,,oxides ,,of ,,iron4 ,,cold4 ,syn4 ,,fri',,gus1 ,l4 ,the privation of heat4 ,the term is also applied to the sensation and effects which this privation produces4 ,when the body of an animal is immersed in an atmosphere at a temperature below the healthy standard1 a sensation of coldness is experienced1 produced by the passage of the caloric or heat of the body into the colder medium4 ,if this extraction of caloric exceeds the quantity produced by the vital system1 the temperature of the body decreases1 until it sinks below the point at which the functions of life can be performed4 ,this declination of the heat of the body is gradual2 the extreme sensation of coldness changes into a disinclination for voluntary motion2 next comes on drowsiness1 followed by numbness and insensibility4 ,at this point if the sufferer is not rescued1 and remedial measures had recourse to1 death inevitably and rapidly ensues4 ,the prevention of the effects of cold consists in the use of ample food and clothing proportioned to the inclemency of the weather1 the exposure to be endured1 and the habits of the wearer4 ,the circulation of the blood should be promoted by active exercise1 and any disposition to sleep shaken off by increased bodily exertion4 ,the principal endeavour should be to keep the extremities and chest warm1 as1 if this can be accomplished1 no danger need be feared4 ,in cases of asphyxia produced by intense cold1 the patient should be laid in a room remote from the fire1 and bathed with cold salt-and-water1 or water to which some brandy or vinegar has been added2 after which the body should be wiped dry1 and friction assiduously applied by the hands of the attendants 7warmed72 as many operating at once as can conveniently do so4 ,gentle stimulants should be administered by the mouth1 and the bowels excited by some mild1 stimulating clyster4 ,the lungs should also be inflated1 and an effort made to re-establish the respiration4 ,as soon as symptoms of returning animation are evinced1 and the breathing and circulation restored1 the patient should be laid in a bed between blankets1 and a little wine-and-water administered1 and perspiration promoted by heaping an ample quantity of clothing on the bed4 ,should the patient have suffered from hunger as well as cold1 the appetite may be appeased by the administration of a limited quantity of light food1 taking especial care to avoid excess1 or anything indigestible or exciting1 c4 ,see ,,asphyxia1 ,,bronchitis1 ,,catarrh1 c4 ,,cold ,,cream4 ,a snow-white1 bland ointment1 about the consistence of good lard1 and an admirable substitute for that excipient where expense is no object1 especially for applications about the face4 ,it is commonly sold as a lip-salve and as a healing application to abraded and chapped surfaces generally4 ,the ordinary receipts are given under the head of ,,cosmetic ,,cerate 7which see74 ,the following produces a superior article4 ,prep4 7,dr ,l4 ,turnbull47 ,from white wax1 #a oz42 oil of almonds1 #d oz42 rose-water1 #b oz42 borax1 #a_/b dr42 oil of roses1 #e drops4 ,melt1 and dissolve the wax in the oil of almonds by a gentle heat2 dissolve the borax in the rose-water1 which is then to be warmed a little and added to the heated oil2 lastly1 add the oil of roses1 stirred4 ,,col',,ic4 ,syn4 ,,col',,ica1 ,l4 ,the belly-ache or gripes4 ,the name is popularly given to all severe griping abdominal pains1 without reference to the cause4 ,there are several varieties of this disease1 as noticed below4 ,colic1 ,accident'al4 ,produced by improper food1 and poisons4 ,the treatment may be similar to that recommended for bilious or flatulent colic4 ,colic1 ,bil'ious4 ,in this variety the pain is intermittent and transient1 accompanied by constipation1 nausea1 and vomiting4 ,the fces1 if any1 are bilious1 dark-coloured1 and offensive4 ,the common remedies are1 a full dose of blue pill1 calomel1 colocynth1 or aloes1 followed by a sufficient quantity of ,epsom salts or ,glauber's salts4 ,warm fomentations are also serviceable4 ,colic1 ,flat'ulent4 ,marked by constipation1 and the irregular distension of the bowels by gas1 accompanied by a rumbling noise1 c4 ,it is commonly produced by the use of indigestible vegetables and slops4 ,the remedies are1 a full dose of tincture of rhubarb combined with a few drops of essence of peppermint4 ,if this does not afford relief1 an ,abernethy pill may be taken1 washed down with a glass of any cordial water1 as peppermint1 cinnamon1 or caraway4 ,when the pain is extreme1 warm fomentations to the belly1 or a carminative clyster1 will generally give relief4 ,the ,editor has found castor oil and ,collis ,browne's chlorodyne of great benefit in this complaint4 ,colic1 ,paint'er's4 ,syn4 ,,plumb',,er',s ,,colic1 ,,devonshire ,c41 ,,lead ,c42 ,,col',,ica ,,picto',,num1 ,l4 ,the dry belly-ache4 ,it is marked by obstinate costiveness1 acrid bilious vomitings1 violent pains about the region of the navel1 convulsive spasms in the intestines1 and a tendency to paralysis in the extremities4 ,it is most prevalent in the cider counties1 and amongst persons exposed to the fumes of lead4 ,the remedies are the same as for the spasmodic variety4 ,should these fail1 after the bowels have been thoroughly evacuated1 small doses of camphor and opium may be administered1 and sulphuric beer or sweetened water very slightly acidulated with sulphuric acid1 had recourse to as a beverage4 ,mr ,benson1 the managing director of the ,british ,white-lead ,works at ,birmingham1 says3--,although during several weeks after the addition of the sulphuric acid to the treacle beer1 drank at the works1 little advantage seemed to be derived1 yet the cases of lead colic became gradually less frequent1 and since ,october of that year1 or during a period of fifteen months1 not a single case of lead colic has occurred amongst the people4 7',lancet4'7 ,see ,,beer1 ,,sulphuric ,,acid1 and ,,sulphuric ,,acid4 ,colic1 ,spasmod'ic4 ,marked by a fluctuating pain about the navel1 which goes away and returns by starts1 often leaving the patient for some time4 ,the belly is usually soft1 and the intestines may often be felt in lumps1 which move about under the hand1 or are wholly absent for a time4 ,it is unaccompanied by flatulency4 ,the remedies are warm fomentations1 warm clysters1 and carminatives1 accompanied by small doses of camphor and opium4 ,colic1 ,stercora'ceous4 ,marked by severe griping pains and constipation of the bowels4 ,the remedies are powerful cathartics1 as full doses of calomel1 aloes1 colocynth1 jalap1 c41 followed by purgative salts1 as sulphate of magnesia1 or sulphate of soda4 ,colic in ,horses4 ,first give the horse a sharp trot1 and apply friction over the belly1 and follow this up with a drench of warm gruel to which has been added a glass or two of whisky or gin4 ,should these fail to give relief1 let #d dr4 of aloes be rubbed down in a pint of hot water1 and when the mixture becomes cool enough1 add from thirty to sixty drops of strong solution of ammonia4 ,where the spasms and distress continue severe1 and with little intermission1 the physic may be followed in an hour with #b dr4 of tincture of aconite1 given with an ounce of spirit of chloroform1 in a little water1 and repeated every hour2 soap and water clysters should be administered every half hour1 and friction and hot fomentations applied to the abdomen4 ,,collo',,dion4 ,syn4 ,,collo',,dium1 ,l41 ,b4 ,p4 ,a viscid fluid formed by dissolving pyroxylin 7,schnbein's gun-cotton7 in a mixture of ether and alcohol4 ,in surgery it is used in its natural state1 and combined with certain elastic and medicinal substances4 ,in photography it is used in combination with agents that render it sensitive to the action of light4 ,collodion4 ,syn4 ,,plain ,,collodion4 ,the following are the best methods of preparing plain collodion for surgical purposes3-- ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s47 ,nitrate of potassa1 in powder1 #aj oz42 sulphuric acid1 #h-a_/b fl4 oz42 triturate together in a wedgwood mortar until uniformly mixed2 then add of fine carded cotton 7free from impurities71 #a_/b oz42 and by means of the pestle or a glass rod1 saturate it thoroughly with the liquor for a period of about #c or #d minutes2 next transfer the cotton to a vessel containing water1 and wash it in successive portions of pure water1 with agitation and pressure1 until the washings cease to affect litmus paper or a solution of chloride of barium2 it is then to be spread out and dried by a very gentle heat1 and dissolved by agitation in a stoppered bottle with rectified sulphuric ether1 #a quart1 to which rectified spirit 7alcohol71 #a fl4 oz41 has been previously added4 #b4 7,mialhe47 ,nitrate of potassa1 #dj parts2 concentrated sulphuric acid1 #fj parts2 carded cotton1 #b parts2 proceed as last until the dry cotton is obtained1 then take of the prepared cotton1 #h parts2 rectified sulphuric ether1 #abe parts2 mix in a well-stoppered bottle1 and agitate it for some minutes2 then add gradually1 rectified alcohol1 #a part2 and continue to shake until the whole of the liquid acquires a syrupy consistency4 ,it may be now passed through a cloth2 but a better way to prevent loss is to let it repose for a few days1 and then decant the clear portion4 #c4 7,lauras47 ,this process only differs from ,no4 #b in the following particulars3--,the cotton is immersed for #ab minutes1 then rinsed #b or #c times in cold water1 and afterwards immersed in a solution of carbonate of potassa1 #d parts1 and water1 #bjj parts4 ,lastly1 it is plunged again into simple water1 and dried at a temperature of #gg to #hf ,fahr4 #d4 7,b4 ,p47 ,pyroxylin1 #a part2 rectified spirit1 #ab parts2 ether1 #cf parts2 mix the ether and spirit1 and add the pyroxylin4 ,keep in a well-corked bottle4 #e4 7,parrish47 ,thoroughly saturate clean carded cotton1 #a_/b oz41 with fuming nitric acid and sulphuric acid1 of each #d fl4 oz41 previously mixed and allowed to become cool2 macerate for #ab hours2 wash the cotton in a large quantity of water2 then free it from the water by successive washings in alcohol1 and dissolve in ether1 #c pints4 ,obs4 ,for success in the manufacture of collodion it is absolutely necessary to avoid the presence of water4 ,the ordinary commercial oil of vitriol1 sp4 gr4 #ahd1 may be used4 ,professor ,procter1 of ,philadelphia1 gives preference to the process with the mixed acids 7,no4 #e71 and directs that the cotton should be allowed to macerate for four days4 ,in drying the cotton great care should be taken to prevent an explosion4 ,uses1 c4 ,in surgery plain collodion is employed as a dressing for wounds1 and as a protection to abraded surfaces4 ,on drying1 it unites the former closely1 and preserves the latter from the action of the air4 ,it is impervious to water1 and being transparent1 it admits of the progress of the wound being inspected when necessary4 ,such is its adhesive power1 that a piece of cloth cemented with it to the dry palm of the hand will support a weight of #be to #cj lbs4 ,the parts to which it is applied should be freed from moisture4 ,see ,,collodions1 ,,coloured1 ,,elastic1 ,,medicated and ,,vesicating 7below74 ,collodion1 ,blis'tering4 ,see ,,vesicating ,,collodion4 ,collodion1 ,col'oured4 ,syn4 ,,collodium ,,tinctum1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,cutan4 ,hosp47 ,collodion1 #b oz42 palm oil1 #a dr42 alkanet root1 q4 s4 to colour 7say #ae gr472 digest and decant the clear4 ,colour bears a greater resemblance to the skin than that of common collodion1 whilst it is more flexible2 but it is weaker than the latter4 ,collodion1 ,elas'tic4 ,prep4 #a4 7,lauras47 ,heat together ,venice turpentine1 #b parts2 castor oil1 #b parts2 and white wax1 #b parts2 add sulphuric ether1 #f parts2 and mix all with the product of ,no4 #c 7above71 that is1 to the collodion formed with #h parts of prepared cotton1 #abe ether1 and #h alcohol4 #b4 7,c4 ,s4 ,rand47 ,dissolve prepared cotton 7,no4 #e1 above71 #b dr41 in sulphuric ether1 #e fl4 oz42 then add1 ,venice turpentine1 #b dr41 and complete the solution by slight agitation4 ,obs4 ,the collodion made by either of the above processes1 when applied to the skin1 forms a transparent pellicle1 more pliable and more difficult to remove than that of ordinary collodion4 ,collodion1 ,flexible4 ,,collodion ,,flexile4 7,b4 ,p47 ,mix collodion 7,b4 ,p471 #f fl4 oz41 with ,canada balsam1 #abj gr42 and castor oil1 #a fl4 dr41 and keep in a well-corked bottle4 ,collodion1 ,hemostatic4 ,collodion1 #aj parts2 carbolic acid1 #a part2 tannic acid1 #a_/b part2 benzoic acid1 #a_/b part2 all by weight4 ,to be applied with a pencil brush4 ,collodion1 ,iodised4 ,this may be made at one operation2 it should be kept two days before being used1 but is less reliable if kept for any length of time than the sensitised collodion described below4 ,it is made as follows3--,place #af grains of gun-cotton in a bottle1 add #ah grains of iodide of cadmium in powder1 #f grains of bromide of cadmium in powder1 and #a-a_/b oz4 of spirits of wine 7sp4 gr4 #jhje74 ,shake the bottle until the iodide and bromide are dissolved1 then add #c oz4 of ether1 sp4 gr4 #jgbj1 and shake until the cotton is dissolved4 ,after settling for twenty-four hours1 decant the clear portion into small well-stoppered bottles4 ,collodion1 ,med'icated4 ,it has been proposed to medicate collodion in several ways1 but the practice has not found much favour with the medical profession4 ,the following preparations have been described3-- ,,collodion1 ,,aconite4 ,from aconite root1 by a similar formula to that of ,,belladonna ,c4 7below74 ,,collodion1 ,,belladonna4 ,prep4 ,macerate select belladonna leaves1 powdered1 #h oz41 in ether1 #ab fl4 oz41 with alcohol 7#ie71 #d fl4 oz41 for six hours4 ,pack in a percolator1 and pour en alcohol till a pint of tincture is obtained2 in this dissolve pyroxylin 7gun-cotton71 #a dr41 and ,canada balsam1 #a_/b oz4 ,used as a substitute for ,,belladonna ,,plaster4 ,,collodion1 ,,cantharidin4 ,see ,,collodion1 ,,vesicating4 ,,collodion1 ,,iodine4 ,prep4 ,dissolve iodine and ,canada balsam1 of each #a_/b oz41 in collodion1 #a pint4 ,used as a substitute for ,,iodine ,,ointment4 ,collodion1 ,morphia4 7,l',union ,medicale47 ,dissolve #a part of hydrochlorate of morphia in #cj parts of flexible collodion1 and apply with a camel-hair brush4 ,collodion1 ,photograph'ic4 #a4 ,there are so many methods adopted for preparing photographic collodion1 that a large volume might be filled with notices of them4 ,we have retained ,mr ,hardwich's forms1 which were formerly much esteemed by practical photographers1 and appended to them modern formul which are now1 we believe1 in much greater demand1 and for which we are indebted to ,mr ,ernest ,spon's valuable book ',workshop ,receipts4' #b4 ,pyroxylin1 and iodide of cadmium1 or ammonium1 of each #ae gr42 ether1 #c-a_/b oz42 alcohol1 #a-a_/b oz4 ,place the two first in a dry bottle1 then pour on the spirits of wine1 shake the mixture well1 then add the ether1 shake again and let it stand for #ab hours4 ,decant the clear portion into a wide-mouthed bottle1 keep well stoppered1 and in the dark4 ,avoid shaking the bottle when about to use the collodion1 and never quite use all the bottle contains1 as the sediment which will accumulate at the bottom would spoil the picture4 ,the preparation of a sensitive collodion1 whether positive or negative1 includes three distinct operations1 namely1 the formation of the pyroxylin or gun-cotton1 the conversion of this into plain collodion1 and the final process of iodising the collodion4 ,collodion1 ,plain4 ,mix in a bottle gun-cotton1 #dej gr42 ether1 #be oz42 spirits of wine1 #g oz4 ,shake these well together1 and leave to settle several days4 ,keep well corked4 ,collodion1 ,pos'itive4 7,hardwich47 ,to form the ,,pyroxylin3--,take sulphuric acid1 sp4 gr4 #ahde1 at #fj ,fahr41 #ab fl4 oz42 nitric acid1 sp4 gr4 #ade1 at #fj1 #ab fl4 oz42 water1 #c-a_/b fl4 oz42 mix1 and allow the temperature to fall to #adj2 then immerse cotton1 #cjj grains4 7,if the cotton is found to gelatinise or dissolve in the acid mixture1 the quantity of water is too great1 and may be reduced to #c fl4 oz47 ,the cotton should be well pulled out in pieces1 weighing about #cj grains each2 and should be left in the acid for about #h minutes1 the vessel being covered over4 ,it is taken out with a glass spatula1 squeezed to remove acid1 washed for at least #bd hours by a stream of water1 then squeezed in a cloth1 and pulled out to dry4 ,to form the ,,plain ,,collodion3--,shake up the dry pyroxylin1 #dh grains1 with alcohol1 sp4 gr4 #hje1 #a-a_/b fl4 oz41 and then add ether1 sp4 gr4 #gbe1 #d-a_/b fl4 oz4 ,the solution should be allowed to rest for a week or ten days1 when the clear fluid should be decanted from the sediment4 ,to prepare the ,,iodising ,,solution3--,take of iodide of ammonium1 #a-a_/b dr42 iodide of cadmium1 #a-a_/b dr42 bromide of ammonium1 #dj grains2 powder1 and dissolve in alcohol1 sp4 gr4 #hje to #haf1 #aj fl4 oz4 ,the collodion is iodised by adding the solution to it in the proportion of #a part solution to #c parts collodion4 ,the iodised collodion should be kept for at least six weeks before using4 ,if required for immediate use1 add a few drops of an alcoholic solution of iodine1 formed by dissolving #e grains of iodine in #a fl4 oz4 of alcohol4 ,obs4 ,mr ,hardwich recommends that the cotton1 before being converted into pyroxylin1 should be cleansed by boiling for two hours in a solution of caustic potassa 7#b oz4 to the gallon71 and by being afterwards repeatedly washed and dried4 ,the purest nitric acid1 sp4 gr4 #ade1 should be employed1 but the ordinary commercial sulphuric acid 7oil of vitriol7 is sufficiently pure for use4 ,to purify the ,,ether and to get rid of a certain ozonised principle which would decompose the iodising solution1 ,mr ,hardwich recommends the following process3--,take the best washed ether of commerce and agitate it thoroughly with a small portion of dilute sulphuric acid1 and then introduce it into a retort1 and distil over one third4 ,the alcohol used is of the strength of that sold for absolute alcohol2 it should be pure4 ,collodion1 ,neg'ative4 7,hardwich47 ,to form the ,,pyroxylin3--,take of sulphuric acid1 sp4 gr4 #ahde1 at #fj1 #ah fl4 oz42 nitric acid1 sp4 gr4 #adge1 at #fj1 #f fl4 oz42 water1 #e-a_/d fl4 oz42 cotton1 #cjj grains4 ,mix1 and allow the temperature to fall to #aej ,fahr4 ,the weight of the pyroxylin ought to be #cge grains4 ,to form the ,,plain ,,collodion3--,take alcohol1 sp4 gr4 #hjf1 #a_/b gallon2 ether1 sp4 gr4 #gbe1 #a gall42 pyroxylin1 #aijj grains4 ,saturate the pyroxylin with the alcohol1 then pour in half a gallon of the ether1 agitate for #c or #d minutes1 and repeat the process in adding the remainder4 ,decant the clear liquid from the sediment after a week or ten days' rest4 ,the following forms for ,,iodising ,,solutions are recommended3--a4 7,potassium ,iodiser47 ,iodide of potassium1 #ace grains2 alcohol1 sp4 gr4 #haf1 #aj fl4 oz4 ,powder and dissolve in the alcohol1 previously heated to #adj4--;b4 7,cadmium ,iodiser47 ,iodide of cadmium1 #agj grains2 alcohol1 sp4 gr4 #haf1 #aj fl4 oz4 ,dissolve in the cold1 and filter4--c4 7,bromo-iodiser47 ,bromide of ammonium1 #dj grains2 iodide of ammonium1 #ij grains2 iodide of cadmium1 #ij grains2 alcohol1 sp4 gr4 #haf1 #aj fl4 oz4 ,pulverise and dissolve in the cold4 ,to sensitise the collodion1 add to three parts one part of either a1 b1 or c4 ,obs4 ,most of the practical directions given under the head of ,,positive ,,collodion apply equally to ,,negative ,,collodion4 ,nothing but patient and intelligent practice will ever lead to success in preparing collodion for photographic purposes4 ,although formul of undoubted excellence may be used1 it continually happens that the results are entirely nugatory from some trifling cause4 ,see ,,photography4 ,collodion1 ,sensitised4 ,add to #a oz4 of the plain collodion #f drams of spirits of wine2 #a-c_/d oz4 of ether2 and #c drams of iodide and bromide solution 7see below74 ,shake the bottle well2 the mixture is then ready1 but is improved by being kept four or five hours before using4 ,in hot weather a little more alcohol and less ether2 in very cold weather more ether and less alcohol must be used4 ,as sensitised collodion does not keep well1 it is better not to mix the plain collodion and the iodide and bromide solution until shortly before required for use4 ,iodide and ,bromide ,solution4 ,iodide of cadmium #aed grains2 bromide of cadmium #ed grains2 spirits of wine1 #c-a_/b ounces4 ,pound the iodide and bromide very fine in a mortar1 adding the spirit gradually2 when the iodide and bromide are dissolved1 pass the solution through a filter paper into a bottle4 ,must be kept in a closely-stoppered bottle4 ,collodion1 ,styptic4 ,syn4 ,,styptic ,,colloid4 7,dr ,richardson47 ,to a saturated solution of tannic acid in alcohol and ether1 in equal parts1 add as much pyroxylin as the liquid will dissolve4 ,collodion1 ,ves'icating4 ,syn4 ,,blis',,tering ,,collodion1 ,,canthar',,idin ,c42 ,,collo',,dium ,,ves',,icans1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,tichborne47 ,coarsely powdered cantharides1 #f oz41 are placed loosely in a displacement apparatus 7provided with a tap to regulate the flow71 and treated with ether from methylated spirit1 #ac fl4 oz41 and glacial acetic acid1 #b fl4 oz41 previously mixed together4 ,after the fluid has passed through1 it will be found that the dbris has retained by absorption #g fl4 oz41 which must be displaced by the gradual addition of methylated spirits of wine1 #g fl4 oz4 ,if properly managed1 there is not the least danger of the admixture of the spirits with the percolated menstruum1 as the animal substance of the flies swells considerably under the prolonged influence of the spirits of wine1 so that the same bulk will be insufficient to quite displace the ether4 ,the ethereal solution should be made to measure exactly #ae fl4 oz4 with a little spirit1 and may then be converted into a collodion by the addition of pyroxylin1 #a_/b oz4 ,obs4 ,the glacial acid plays a double part in this preparation4 ,it dissolves the cantharidin1 and at the same time gives to the collodion film the essential property of porosity4 ,ordinary collodion is useless as an excipient1 for it produces a tough and contractile film1 which really screens the skin from the action of the greater part of the blistering material4 #b4 7,ilisch47 ,cantharidin1 #ae gr42 pyroxylin1 #bj gr42 rectified ether1 #a-a_/b oz42 acetic ether1 #a_/b oz42 dissolve4 #c4 7,,oettinger47 ,ether of cantharides and collodion1 equal parts4 ,use4 ,vesicating collodion is used as an irritant4 ,no4 #a was introduced in #ahfb1 and has many advantages over the other two4 ,mr ,tichborne thus described the most effectual method of using it in the ',pharm4 ,journ1'3--,the part upon which the blister is to be raised should be painted with the vesicant to the desired extent1 bearing in mind that the blister produced always extends to about one tenth of an inch beyond the margin of the space covered4 ,care should be taken to give a coating of considerable thickness1 and to ensure this result the brush should be passed over and over again1 until about #a_/b dr4 has been used to the square inch1 or less when operating upon a tender epidermis4 ,it is desirable to place over the intended blister a piece of oil silk1 or1 what is still better1 a piece of sheet gutta percha1 somewhat larger than the surface painted1 as this will stop the exhalations of the skin1 and so render it moist and permeable4 ,in ten minutes1 or a quarter of an hour if the cuticle is hard1 the collodion should be wiped off with a little cotton-wool moistened with ether1 when the blister will almost instantly rise4 ,,col',,loid4 ,see ,,dialysis4 ,,collyr',,ium4 ,l4 ,in medicine and pharmacy1 a topical remedy for diseases of the eye4 ,formerly the term collyrium was applied to any medicament employed to restrain defluxions4 ,collyr'ium1 ,dry4 ,syn4 ,,eye ,,powder2 ,,collyr',,ium ,,sic',,cum1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,dupuytren47 ,white sugar1 #a dr42 red oxide of mercury1 #aj gr42 oxide of zinc1 #bj gr42 mix4 #b4 7,lagneau47 ,sugar candy1 #b parts2 nitrate of potassa1 #a part4 #c4 7,falconer47 ,chloride of barium1 #a gr42 sugar candy1 #a dr4 #d4 7,radius47 ,calomel and white sugar1 of each #a_/b dr42 opium1 #aj gr4 #e4 7,recamier47 ,oxide of zinc and sugar candy1 equal parts4 #f4 7,velpeau47 ,trisnitrate of bismuth and sugar candy1 equal parts4 #g4 7,wiseman47 ,acetate of soda1 #aj gr42 powdered opium1 #a gr42 sugar candy1 #a_/b dr4 ,obs4 ,it is absolutely necessary that the ingredients in the above preparations should be reduced to an impalpable powder by careful trituration in a wedgwood mortar4 ,for use1 a small pinch is placed in a quill or straw1 and blown into the eye previously opened with the fingers4 ,on the whole1 they may be regarded as unnecessary preparations1 and are unsafe1 except in skilful hands4 ,collyrium1 ,liq'uid4 ,see ,,waters 7,eye74 ,collyrium1 ,unct'uous4 ,see ,,ointments 7,eye74 ,,col',,ocynth 7s7inth74 ,syn4 ,,colocynth ,,pulp41 ,,colocynthidis ,,pulpa1 ,b4 ,p4 ,,bit',,ter ,,ap',,ple1 ,,bitter ,,gourd1 ,,bitter ,,cu',,cumber1 ,,peeled ,,colocynth2 ,,coloquint',,ida1 ,,colocynth',,is 7,b4 ,p471 ,l4 ,the decorticated fruit or pulp of the ,citrellus ,colocynthis 7,schrad4--,ph4 ,l471 or ,cucumis ,colocynthis 7,linn4--,ph4 ,e4 ,d474 ,it is an acrid1 drastic purge and hydragogue1 and cannot be given alone with safety2 but1 in combination with other substances1 it forms some of our most useful cathartic medicines4 ,,colocynth',,in4 ,syn4 ,,colocynth',,ium1 ,l4 ,the bitter1 purgative principle of colocynth4 ,,col',,ophene4 ,formed by distilling oil of turpentine with concentrated sulphuric acid4 ,a colourless1 viscid1 oily liquid2 with a high boiling-point2 and exhibiting a bluish tint by reflected light4 ,,col',,ophony4 ,see ,,resin4 ,,colorado ,,beetle4 ,syn4 ,doryphera decemlineata4 ,the ,colorado potato beetle belongs to the family ,chrysomelid1 and is a native of the eastern slopes of the ,rocky ,mountains4 ,it measures nearly half an inch in length1 and has a tawny or yellowish cream-coloured body1 darkly spotted2 with wing cases which are marked with ten black longitudinal stripes4 ,it has been gradually migrating eastward toward the more cultivated lands of the ,northern states1 until it has reached the ,atlantic coast4 ,it is now found over all the central and northern parts of the ,united ,states east of the ,rocky ,mountains1 as well as throughout ,canada1 on the potato crops of all of which regions it has committed incalculable ravages4 ,the leaves and stalks are the parts of the potato plant principally attacked2 the depredators being1 for the most part1 the larv1 of which three broods are said to be produced annually4 ,in ,america1 we believe1 the only means of destroying these insects as well as their eggs and larv consists in the application to the plant of the highly poisonous and dangerous pigment1 ,scheele's green1 a hydrated arsenite of copper4 ,m4 ,girard recommends in preference to the arsenical salt a liberal use of sulpho-carbonate of potash4 ,,colour ,,blindness4 ,syn4 ,,dal',,tonism4 ,a curious defect of vision1 from which the eye is incapable of distinguishing colours4 ,it is of three kinds3--#a4 ,an inability to distinguish any colour properly so called1 the person being only able to distinguish white and black1 light and shade4 #b4 ,an inability to distinguish between the primary colours1 red1 blue1 and yellow1 or between these and the secondary or tertiary hues1 such as green1 purple1 orange1 and brown4 #c4 ,an inability to distinguish nicer shades and hues1 as greys and neutral tints4 ,the first form is rare2 the second and third are common4 ,dr ,george ,wilson found that of #aaed persons examined by him in ,edinburgh1 #fe1 or #a in #agg1 were colour blind2 of these1 #ba confounded red with green1 #ai brown with green1 and #be blue with green4 ,,col',,ouring4 ,syn4 ,,brandy ,,colouring1 ,,brewer',s ,c41 ,,spirit ,c4 ,,car',,amel2 ,,essen',,tia ,,bi',,na1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,brown sugar is melted in an iron vessel over the fire until it grows black and bitter1 stirring it well all the time1 after which water is added1 and it is boiled to a syrup4 ,in the making of brandy colouring white sugar is more frequently used4 ,obs4 ,some persons use lime-water to dissolve the burnt sugar4 ,care must be taken not to overburn it1 as a greater quantity is thereby rendered insoluble4 ,the heat should not exceed #dcj1 nor be less than about #djj ,fahr4 ,the process1 for nice experiments1 is best conducted in a bath of melted tin1 to which a little bismuth has been added to reduce its melting-point to about #dce2 a little powdered resin or charcoal or a little oil being put upon the surface of the metal1 to prevent the oxidisement of the alloy4 ,see ,,caramel4 ,,col',,ours4 ,white light from the sun is of a compound nature1 and may be decomposed into rays of different colours4 ,newton distinguished seven ,,primitive ,,colours1 namely1 violet1 indigo1 blue1 green1 yellow1 orange1 and red4 ,sir ,d4 ,brewster is disposed to think that four of these colours are really compound1 and that three1 namely1 blue1 yellow1 and red1 alone deserve the name of primitive4 ,the colours of natural objects are supposed to result from the power possessed by their surfaces of absorbing some of the coloured rays of light1 while they reflect or transmit1 as the case may be1 the remainder of the rays4 ,thus1 an object appears red because it absorbs or causes to disappear the yellow and blue rays composing the white light by which it is illuminated4 ,black and white are not colours1 strictly speaking4 ,a body is said to be black when it absorbs or quenches a large proportion of all the rays of white light falling upon it4 ,a body is said to be white when it receives the white light1 and reflects all the rays with moderate strength4 ,grey may be regarded as a luminous black or dark white4 ,the names given to colours are far from being satisfactory1 for although many thousand shades may be distinguished by a practised eye1 it is a question whether there are fifty names which would convey the same idea of shade to any ten colourists in the world4 ,the names taken from natural coloured objects1 as indigo1 violet1 orange1 lilac1 amber1 emerald1 c41 are the least objectionable4 ,m4 ,chevreul has devised an ingenious system of naming and classifying colours4 ,he employs only #f fundamental names1 which are those of the three elementary colours1 red1 yellow1 and blue2 and of the three secondary colours1 orange1 green1 and violet4 ,by the direct union of the elementary and secondary colours1 #f tertiary colours are formed4 ,he arranges the twelve colours in a circle1 like the spokes of a wheel1 commencing with the red1 and going to the right1 thus3--,red1 red-orange1 orange1 yellow-orange1 yellow1 yellow-green1 green1 blue-green1 blue1 blue-violet1 violet1 red-violet4 ,the chromatic circle is completed by placing #e shades between the red and red-orange1 #e between the red-orange and orange2 and so on between each of the other couples4 ,this chromatic circle of #gb colours is not imaginary1 but actually exists1 composed of dyed wools4 ,the shades are distinguished by numbers2 thus there are red1 #a red1 #b red1 #c red1 #d red1 and #e red1 c4 ,each of the #gb shades has1 moreover1 #bj different degrees of depth1 from the lightest that can be discerned from pure white to the most intense depth1 approaching to brown and black4 ,these degrees of depth are called tones or tints4 ,the addition of these tones to the chromatic circle brings up the number of tints to #addj4 ,to indicate any one of these tints we have merely to write the number of the shade1 and after it the number of the tone1 as1 for example1 #c blue-violet1 #ac tone4 ,by mixing each of the #addj tints with grey or black1 so as to darken it in different degrees1 a total of #ad1ddj colours may be defined4 ,this part of the system is generally regarded as unnecessary4 ,mr ,o',neill1 in his valuable ',dictionary of ,calico ,printing and ,dyeing' 7to which work we refer the reader for a full account of ,chevreul's classification71 gives a long list of colours and coloured bodies1 which are pretty well defined in common language with the names of the colours1 according to this ingenious system4 ,we select from this list the following examples3-- ,amber in mass #b orange1 #ab tone4 ,amethyst #e blue-violet1 from #c to #af tone4 ,blood1 ox #a red1 #ac and #ad tones4 ,butter yellow-orange1 #b to #c tone4 ,carrot orange1 #g tone4 ,chocolate in cake #e orange1 #ah tone4 ,emerald #b green1 #aa tone4 ,green1 apple #d yellow-green1 #h tone4 ,isabelle #a yellow-orange4 ,mauve #c violet1 #h tone4 ,red-lead yellow-orange1 #bj tone4 ,ruby red1 #aa tone4 ,yellow1 canary #a yellow1 #f tone4 ,for notices of ,,dyes1 ,,pigments1 c41 refer to the principal colours4 ,colours1 ,cake4 ,syn4 ,,artists' ,,colours4 ,these are made by grinding by means of a glass muller and a slab1 the respective pigments previously reduced to powder1 into a smooth paste with equal parts of isinglass size1 and thin gum water4 ,the paste is then compressed into squares as tightly as possible1 and dried with a very gentle heat4 ,old crumbling cake colours should be powdered very finely in a biscuit-ware mortar1 sifted through fine muslin1 and ground up as above1 the gum water being omitted4 ,the powders rubbed up with honey to the consistence of cream constitute moist colours4 ,colours1 ,complement'ary4 ,syn4 ,,accident',,al ,,colours4 ,colours are said to be complementary to each other which1 by blending together1 produce the perception of whiteness4 ,according to ,mayer1 all colours are produced by the admixture of red1 yellow1 and blue light1 in certain proportions2 and by intercepting either one or more of these coloured rays in a beam of light1 those which meet the eye will consist of the remaining coloured rays of the spectrum4 ,thus1 by intercepting the red rays in a beam of white light1 the remaining yellow and blue rays will produce a green colour2 by intercepting the blue rays1 the remaining yellow and red will give an orange2 and so on of other cases2 so that red and green1 blue and orange1 are ,,complementary ,,colours4 ,if we look for some time1 with one eye1 on a bright-coloured object1 as a wafer1 placed on a piece of paper1 and subsequently turn the same eye to another part of the paper1 a similarly shaped spot or mark will be seen1 but the colour will vary1 though it will be always the same under like circumstances4 ,thus1 if the original spot or wafer be of a red colour1 the imaginary one will be green2 if black1 it will be white2 the imaginary colour being always complementary of that first gazed upon4 ,the colour so perceived is often called an ,,accidental ,,colour1 to distinguish it from the real colour4 ,it is a general maxim in design that colours look brightest when near their complementary colours4 ,colours1 ,drug'gists' ,show4 ,see ,,show ,,bottles4 ,colours1 ,flame4 ,see ,,fires 7,coloured74 ,,colts',,foot4 ,this popular herb is the ,tussilago farfara of ,linnus4 ,it is a demulcent bitter1 and is slightly stomachic and tonic4 ,it is much esteemed by the lower classes in coughs1 shortness of breath1 and other affections of the chest4 ,the leaves form the basis of most of the ,british herb tobaccos1 and have been recommended to be smoked in asthma and difficulty of breathing4--,dose4 ,one or two wine-glassfuls of the tea or decoction 7#a oz4 to the pint7 ad libitum4 ,,colum',,bic ,,acid4 ,see ,,tantalic ,,acid4 ,,colum',,bium4 ,see ,,tantalum4 ,,coma4 ,a deep1 heavy sleep1 from which the patient cannot be aroused4 ,see ,,apoplexy4 ,,comachrome ,,for ,,dyeing ,,the ,,hair ,,black4 ,nitrate of silver solution1 with pyrogallic acid4 7,reveil74 ,,combina',,tion4 ,in chemistry1 the union of dissimilar substances4 ,the great general laws which regulate all chemical combinations admit of being laid down in a manner at once simple and concise4 ,the laws of ,,combination ,,by ,,weight are as follows3 #a4 ,all chemical compounds are definite in their nature1 the ratio of their elements being constant4 #b4 ,when any body is capable of uniting with a second in several proportions1 these proportions bear a simple relation to each other4 #c4 ,if a body1 ,a1 unite with other bodies1 ,b1 ,c1 ,d1 the quantities of ,b1 ,c1 ,d1 which unite with ,a1 represent the relations in which they unite among themselves1 in the event of union taking place4 #d4 ,the combining quantity of a compound is the sum of the combining quantities of its components4 7,fownes47 ,there is a remarkable relation between the specific gravity of a body in the gaseous state and its chemical equivalent or combining proportion--a relation of such a kind that quantities by weight of the various gases1 expressed by their equivalents1 or1 in other words1 quantities by weight which combine occupy1 under similar circumstances of pressure and temperature1 either equal volumes or volumes bearing a simple proportion to each other4 ,this relation accounts for the law of ,,combination ,,by ,,volume discovered by ,gay-,lussac1 and thus expressed3-- ,when gases combine1 chemical union invariably takes place1 either between equal volumes or between volumes which bear a simple relation to each other4 ,gerhardt assumes that equal volumes of the elementary gases and vapours1 when compared under similar conditions of pressure and temperature1 contain the same number of atoms4 ,consult the chemical works of ,fownes1 ,roscoe1 ,watts1 c4 ,see ,,affinity1 ,,atomic ,,theory1 ,,equivalents1 c4 ,,compound ,,chinese ,,tablet ,,of ,,alabaster 7,john ,irvine74 ,a cosmetic powder for the skin4 ,it consists of chalk1 free from injurious metals4 7,chandler74 ,compound ,chinese ,tablet of ,alabaster 7,shand74 ,identical in use and composition with the last-mentioned powder4 ,,compound ,,sugar-,,coated ,,may-,,apple ,,pills 7,dr ,scott74 ,recommended as antibilious1 cathartic1 chemical family pills4 ,sugar-coated pills1 consisting of bitter extract1 powdered podophyllum root1 rhubarb1 jalap1 and pepper4 7,hager74 ,,compresses ,,desinfectantes ,,de ,,le ,,perdriel4 ,charcoal powder incorporated with paper4 ,,concentrated ,,castor ,,oil in ,capsules of ,gelatin 7,taylor74 #bd gelatin capsules filled with castor oil1 containing #e per cent4 of croton oil4 7,hager74 ,,concentra',,tion4 ,the volatilisation of part of a liquid in order to increase the strength of the remainder4 ,the operation can only be performed on solutions of substances of greater fixity than the menstrua in which they are dissolved4 ,many of the liquid acids1 solutions of the alkalies1 c41 are concentrated by distilling off their water4 ,in pharmacy1 the term ,,concentrated is commonly applied to any liquid preparation possessing more than the usual strength4 ,thus1 we have concentrated infusions1 decoctions1 liquors1 solutions1 tinctures1 and essences1 most of which are made of #h times the common strength4 ,this is generally effected by using #h times the usual quantity of the ingredients1 with a given portion of the menstruum1 and operating by digestion and percolation2 the latter being generally adopted when the articles are bulky4 ,when the menstruum is water1 a little spirit is added1 to make the product keep4 ,see ,,decoction1 ,,infusion1 c4 ,,con',,crete4 ,a compact mass or cement1 composed of pebbles1 lime1 and sand1 employed in the foundations of buildings4 ,the best proportions have been said to be--#fj parts of coarse pebbles1 #be of rough sand1 and #ae of lime2 but ,semple recommends #hj parts of pebbles1 #dj parts of river sand1 and only #aj parts of lime4 ,the pebbles for concrete should not exceed about #a_/b lb4 each in weight4 ,,con',,diments4 ,substances taken with the food1 to season or improve its flavour1 or to render it more wholesome or digestible4 ,the principal condiments are ,,common ,,salt1 ,,vinegar1 ,,lemon-,,juice1 ,,spices1 ,,aromatic ,,herbs1 ,,oil1 ,,butter1 ,,sugar1 ,,honey1 and ,,sauces4 ,most of these1 in moderation1 promote the appetite and digestion1 but their excessive use tends to vitiate the gastric juice1 and injure the stomach4 ,,condy',s ,,fluid 7from ,england74 ,a weak solution of permanganate of soda4 7,wittstein47 ,,confec',,tion4 ,syn4 ,,confectio1 ,l4 ,anything prepared with sugar2 a sweetmeat1 or candy4 ,in medicine the name is commonly applied to substances1 usually pulverulent1 mixed up to the consistence of a soft electuary1 with powdered sugar1 syrup1 or honey4 ,in the ',london ,pharmacopoeia' 7#ahcf and #ahea7 both ,,conserves and ,,electuaries are included under this head1 though there appears to be some little distinction between them4 ,in the preparation of confections all the dry ingredients should be reduced to very fine powder1 and passed through a sieve1 not coarser than #hj holes to the inch2 and the pulps and syrups used to mix them up should be perfectly homogeneous1 and of a proper consistence4 ,the mixture should be intimate and complete1 in order that the characteristic constituents may be equally distributed throughout the mass4 ,the consistence of the newly made confection should be sufficiently solid to prevent a separation of the ingredients1 and yet soft enough to allow of it being easily swallowed without previous mastication4 ,confections should be preserved in stone jars covered with writing paper1 and placed in a cool and not too dry a situation4 ,without this precaution they are apt to mould on the top4 ,if at any time the mass ferments and swells up1 the fermentative process may be arrested by placing the jar in a bath of boiling water1 for an hour or two1 or until the whole becomes pretty hot2 when it should be removed from the heat1 and stirred occasionally until cold4 ,should the sugar crystallise out of the confection1 or 'candy1' as it is called1 the same method may be followed4 ,or1 the mass may be well rubbed in a mortar until the hard lumps of sugar are broken down and a uniform consistence again produced4 ,on the large scale it may be passed through the mill4 ,as remedial agents1 the officinal confections possess little value1 and are chiefly used as vehicles for the administration of more active medicines4 ,see ,,conserves and ,,electuaries4 ,confection of ,acorns4 ,syn4 ,,confec',,tio ,,sem',,inum ,,quer',,cus1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,bories47 ,powdered acorns1 #c oz42 red coral and catechu1 of each #a-a_/b oz42 confection of dog-rose1 #aj oz42 syrup of red roses1 q4 s4 to make a confection4--,dose1 #a dr41 every #d hours2 in chronic diarrhoea1 c4 ,confection of ,almonds4 ,syn4 ,,almond ,,paste1 ,,conserve ,,of ,,almonds2 ,,confec',,tio ,,amyg',,dal 7,ph4 ,l471 ,,conser',,va ,,amygdala',,rum 7,ph4 ,e471 ,,confec',,tio ,,amygdala'',,rum 7,ph4 ,d4 #ahbf71 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,sweet almonds1 #h oz42 white sugar1 #d oz42 powdered gum ,arabic1 #a oz42 macerate the almonds in cold water1 then remove the skins1 and beat them with the other ingredients until reduced to a smooth confection4 ,the ,ph4 ,e4 form is similar4 ,see ,,powders1 ,,compound ,,powder ,,of ,,almond4 ,uses1 c4 ,to prepare ,,emulsion of ,,milk ,,of ,,almonds4 ,a little of this paste or powder1 triturated with a sufficient portion of water and strained through a piece of calico1 forms emulsion of almonds4 ,this confection will keep longer sound if the almonds1 first decorticated 7blanched71 dried1 and rubbed into the finest powder1 be mixed with the acacia and sugar1 separately powdered1 and the mixed ingredients be kept in a well-stoppered bottle4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,the same effect may be arrived at by simply well drying the blanched almonds before mixing them with the gum and sugar4 ,the addition of even a small quantity of water or syrup causes the confection to become soon mouldy1 or rancid1 or both4 7,brande47 ,confection of ,al'um4 ,syn4 ,,confectio ,,alu',,minis1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,st4 ,b4 ,h47 ,alum 7in fine powder71 #a dr42 conserve of roses1 #f dr4 #b4 7,foy47 ,alum1 #a dr42 conserve of roses1 #a oz4--,dose1 #a dr41 #b or #c times a day2 in lead colic1 and as an astringent in diarrhoea and other affections4 ,confection1 ,aromat'ic4 ,syn4 ,,aromatic ,,elec',,tuary2 ,,confec',,tio ,,aromat',,ica 7,ph4 ,l4 ,d471 ,,electua'',,rium ,,aromat',,icum 7,ph4 ,e471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,nutmegs1 cinnamon1 and hay saffron1 of each #b oz42 cloves1 #a oz42 cardamoms1 #a_/b oz42 prepared chalk1 #af oz42 white sugar1 #b lbs42 reduce the whole to a very fine powder1 and keep it in a closed vessel4 ,when wanted for use1 mix it with water to the consistence of a confection4 #b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,aromatic powder 7,ph4 ,e471 #a part2 syrup of orange peel1 #b parts2 mix4 #c4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,aromatic powder and simple syrup1 of each #e oz42 clarified honey1 #b oz42 powdered saffron1 #a_/b oz42 mix1 and add1 oil of cloves1 #cj drops4 #d4 7,commercial47--a4 ,hay-saffron1 cassia1 and turmeric1 of each #d oz42 cardamoms1 #a oz42 starch1 #h oz42 precipitated chalk1 #b lbs42 white sugar1 #d lbs42 oil of nutmeg1 #b dr42 oil of cloves1 #c dr42 reduce the dry ingredients to fine powder1 and pass it through a sieve 7#hj holes72 then add the oils1 and after well mixing them in1 pass the whole through a coarse sieve 7about #dj holes to the inch71 to ensure perfect admixture4 b4 ,hay-saffron1 #d oz42 turmeric1 #c oz42 powdered starch1 #h oz42 precipitated chalk1 #b lbs42 white sugar1 #d lbs2 oil of cloves and cassia1 of each #c dr42 oil of nutmeg1 #b dr42 essence of cardamoms1 #a oz42 boil the saffron and turmeric in #a gallon of water1 placed in a bright copper pan1 for #aj minutes1 then1 without straining1 add the chalk1 starch1 and sugar2 mix well1 and continue stirring until the mixture becomes quite stiff1 then break it up1 dry it thoroughly by the heat of a steam or water bath2 next reduce it to fine powder1 which must be passed through a fine sieve1 as before2 the oils and tincture are now to be added1 and after being well mixed1 and passed through a coarse sieve1 it should be placed in a jar or bottle1 and bunged up close4 ,very bright coloured4 ,obs4 ,in the wholesale trade this article is kept under two forms--one1 in powder1 as ordered by the ,college1 and commonly called for distinction sake ,,pulv',,is ,,confectio',,nis ,,aromat',,ic2 the other1 mixed up ready for use4 ,in preparing the latter1 it is a common plan to make a strong infusion or decoction of the saffron1 and to use it to mix up the other ingredients1 adding the aromatics last4 7,see #d1 b47 ,when the price of precipitated chalk is an objection to its use1 prepared chalk may be used instead4 ,there is much anxiety evinced by the wholesale druggists to prepare this confection of a rich colour1 without an undue expenditure of saffron1 which is generally economised on account of its costliness4 ,this confection is cordial1 stimulant1 antacid1 and carminative4--,dose1 #aj to #fj gr41 either as a bolus or stirred up with a glass of water2 in diarrhoea1 acidity of stomach1 heartburn1 and any like affection1 if accompanied by looseness of the bowels4 ,in diarrhoea1 ,english cholera1 and flatulent colic1 #a_/d gr4 of powdered opium may be added to each dose4 ,see ,,powders1 ,,powder ,,of ,,chalk1 ,,compound4 ,confection of ,bark4 ,syn4 ,,confec',,tio ,,cincho',n1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,yellow bark and white sugar1 of each #a oz42 capsicum1 #a dr42 simple syrup1 #d oz4 #b4 7,st4 ,b4 ,hosp47 ,yellow bark1 #f dr42 ginger1 #a_/b dr42 treacle1 #c-a_/b oz4--,dose1 #a to #f dr41 where the use of bark is indicated4 ,confection of ,cas'sia4 ,syn4 ,,confec',,tio ,,cas',,si 7,ph4 ,l471 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,prepared cassia1 #a_/b lb42 manna1 #b oz42 prepared tamarinds1 #a oz42 syrup of roses1 #h fl4 oz42 mix with heat1 and evaporate to a proper consistence4--,dose1 #b dr4 to #f dr42 or more1 as a laxative4 ,confection of ,cat'echu4 ,syn4 ,,confec',,tio ,,cat',,echu ,,compos',,ita 7,ph4 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,compound powder of catechu1 #e oz42 simple syrup1 #e fl4 oz4--,dose1 #aj gr4 to #bj gr42 as an astringent1 in diarrhoea1 c42 either alone or combined with chalk4 ,confection of ,copai'ba4 ,syn4 ,,confec',,tio ,,copai',b1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,berton47 ,copaiba and powdered cubebs1 of each #b oz42 alum1 #a oz42 opium1 #e gr42 mix well4 #b4 7,swediaur47 ,turpentine1 #a oz42 copaiba1 #a_/b oz42 mix2 add mucilage of gum ,arabic1 #a oz42 triturate to an emulsion1 and further add1 conserve of roses1 #d oz4 #c4 7,traill47 ,copaiba1 #b oz42 oatmeal1 q4 s4 to form an electuary2 then add1 conserve of roses1 #a oz4 #d4 7,voght47 ,copaiba and powdered cubebs1 of each #d-a_/b dr42 yolk of #a egg2 conserve of roses1 #a_/b oz4 ,all the above are excellent medicines in gonorrhoea4--,dose1 #a to #c dr41 three or four times a day1 made into boluses1 and covered with the fresh emptied skin of a prune before being swallowed2 in gonorrhoea1 gleet1 c4 ,confection of ,cream of ,tar'tar4 ,syn4 ,,confection ,,of ,,bitar',,trate ,,of ,,potas',,sa2 ,,confec',,tio ,,potas',s ,,bitartra',,tis1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,cream of tartar and powdered sugar1 of each #a oz42 simple syrup1 #b oz42 #a nutmeg1 grated4--,dose1 #b dr4 to #f dr4 #b4 7,st4 ,b4 ,hosp47 ,bitartrate of potassa and simple syrup1 of each #c oz42 ginger1 #a dr4--,dose1 #a-a_/b dr4 to #e dr4 ,both are laxatives well adapted for women and children4 ,confection of ,hem'lock4 ,syn4 ,,confec',,tio ,,co',,nii1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,marshall ,hall47 ,fresh hemlock leaves beaten up with an equal weight of sugar4--,dose1 #aj to #bj gr4 as a bolus1 #b or #c times daily1 where the use of hemlock is indicated4 ,the confection of other narcotic plants may be made in the same way4 ,confection of ,hips4 ,syn4 ,,con',,serve ,,of ,,hips1 ,,confection ,,of ,,dog-,,rose1 ,,conserve ,,of ,d4-,r42 ,,confec',,tio ,,ro',s2 ,,cani',n 7,ph4 ,l471 ,,conser',,va ,,ros' ,,fruc',t,s 7,ph4 ,e471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,hips1 #a part2 refined sugar1 #b parts2 beat the hips in a stone mortar1 rub the pulp through a sieve1 add the sugar1 and mix thoroughly4--,dose1 #fj grains or more4 #b4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,fruit of the dog-rose1 without the seeds 7carpels71 #a lb42 pound it to a pulp1 add1 gradually1 powdered white sugar1 #bj oz42 and beat them together until thoroughly incorporated4 #c4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,pulp of hips1 #a part2 white sugar1 #c parts2 as ,no4 #a4 #d4 7,wholesale47 ,pulped hips1 #b cwt42 fine white sugar1 #c cwt42 incorporate them without applying heat4 ,obs4 ,both this and the confection of red roses have a brighter colour1 if made without heat1 or touching metallic vessels4 ,on the small scale it is generally made by beating the ingredients together in a marble mortar1 but in large quantities by grinding in a mill4 ,great care must be taken to remove the seeds 7carpels7 with the hair surrounding them1 before pulping the fruit1 as they are apt1 like the hairs of cowhage1 when swallowed1 to produce vomiting1 itching about the anus1 c4 ,this conserve is slightly laxative1 and is principally used for forming pills4 ,it is very apt to candy by keeping4 ,confection of ,ipecacuan'ha4 ,syn4 ,,confec',,tio ,,ipecacuan',h1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,bories47 ,ipecacuanha1 #ab gr42 sulphur1 #bj gr42 orris root1 #a dr42 syrup of mallows and manna1 of each #b oz4--,dose4 ,a teaspoonful1 #b or #c times daily2 in hooping-cough1 dyspepsia1 c4 ,confection of ,iron1 ,subcarbonate4 7,st4 ,b4 ,hosp47 ,subcarbonate 7peroxide of iron71 #a_/b oz42 treacle1 a sufficient quantity4--,dose1 #a_/b dr4 ,confection of ,jal'ap4 ,syn4 ,,confec',,tio ,,jal',,ap1 ,c4 ,j4 ,,compos',,ita1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,st4 ,b4 ,hosp47 ,jalap1 #d dr42 ginger1 #a dr42 bitartrate of potassa1 #c oz42 treacle1 #e oz4--,dose1 #a to #c dr4 as a purgative4 ,confection of ,kermes4 7,l4 ,p4 #agde47 ,strained juice of kermes1 #c lbs42 rose water1 #f fl4 oz42 white sugar1 #a lb42 oil cinnamon1 #aj gr4 ,confection of ,mer'cury4 ,syn4 ,,confec',,tio ,,hyrar',,gyri1 ,c4 ,,mercuria',,lis1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,stronger mercurial ointment 7,ph4 ,l471 #a part2 conserve of roses1 #c parts4 #b4 7,dr ,d4 ,davis47 ,mercury and manna1 equal parts2 treacle1 q4 s42 triturate until the globules of mercury disappear4 ,dose1 c4 ,the same as those of mercurial pill4 ,confection of ,ni'tre4 ,syn4 ,,confec',,tio ,,potas',s ,,nitra',,tis1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,nitre1 #a part2 confection of roses1 #f parts2 oil of juniper1 a few drops4 #b4 7,st4 ,b4 ,hosp47 ,as the last1 without the juniper4 ,both are used in gonorrhoea4 ,confection of ,o'pium4 ,syn4 ,,confec',,tio ,o',,pii 7,b4 ,p471 ,,electua'',,rium ,o',,pii 7,ph4 ,e471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,compound powder of opium1 #aib gr42 syrup1 #a oz4 #b4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,powdered opium1 #f dr42 long pepper1 #a oz42 ginger1 #b oz42 caraways1 #c oz42 tragacanth1 #b dr42 reduce to fine powder1 and keep it in a closed vessel2 for use1 add to it by degrees hot syrup1 #af fl4 oz4 7i4e4 #c-a_/b dr4 of the powder to each fl4 oz4 of syrup74 ,it contains #a gr4 of opium in every #cf gr4 #c4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,aromatic powder1 #f oz42 senega1 #c oz42 opium1 diffused in a little sherry1 #a_/b oz42 syrup of ginger1 #a lb4 ,contains #a gr4 of opium in every #dc gr4 ,uses1 c4 ,this confection is intended as a substitute for the once celebrated ,mithridate1 philonium1 and theriaca of the old ,pharmacopoeias4 ,it is stimulant1 anodyne1 and narcotic4--,dose1 #e to #cj gr42 in flatulent colic and diarrhoea unaccompanied by fever4 ,confection of ,or'ange ,flowers4 ,syn4 ,,confec',,tio ,,flor',,um ,,auran',,tii1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,orange flowers1 #a part2 white sugar1 #b parts2 beat together to a confection4 #b4 7,tadei47 ,orange flowers1 #a part2 simple syrup1 #c parts2 evaporate to a proper consistence4 ,both are used as agreeable adjuncts or vehicles for other medicines4 ,the first is the best article4 ,confection of ,or'ange ,peel4 ,syn4 ,,confection ,,of ,,orange1 ,,conserve ,,of ,,orange ,,peel2 ,,confec',,tio ,,auran',,tii 7,ph4 ,l471 ,,conser',,va ,,auran'',,tii 7,ph4 ,e471 ,,conser',,va ,,aurantio'',,rum 7,ph4 ,l4 #ahbd71 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,l4 and ,e47 ,external rind of the fresh orange1 separated by rasping1 #a lb42 beat it in a stone mortar with a wooden pestle to a pulp1 then add white sugar1 #c lbs42 and beat them together until incorporated4 ,uses1 c4 ,this confection is an agreeable tonic and stomachic2 it is much used as an adjunct to bitter and purgative powders1 and as a vehicle for the sesquioxide of iron4 ,confection of ,pep'per4 ,syn4 ,,confection ,,of ,,black ,,pepper1 ,,conserve ,,of ,b4 ,p42 ,,ward',s ,,paste2 ,,confec',,tio ,,piperis 7,b4 ,p471 ,c4 ,p4 ,,ni',,gri 7,ph4 ,d4 ,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf71 ,,electua'',,rium ,,pip',,eris 7,ph4 ,e471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,black pepper1 in fine powder1 #b parts2 caraway1 in fine powder1 #c parts2 clarified honey1 #ae parts2 triturate4--,dose1 #fj to #abj gr4 #b4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,black pepper and elecampane1 of each #a lb42 fennel1 #c lbs42 white sugar1 #b lbs42 reduce to a very fine powder1 and keep it in a covered vessel2 for use1 add it1 gradually1 to honey1 #b lbs42 and beat the whole to a paste 7i4 e41 #b oz4 of honey to each #g oz4 of powder74 #c4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,as the last1 but using liquorice powder instead of elecampane1 and at once making a confection4 #d4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,black pepper and liquorice root1 of each #a_/b oz42 refined sugar1 #a oz42 oil of fennel1 #a_/b fl4 oz42 honey1 #b oz42 mix4--,dose1 of each of the above1 #a to #c dr41 two or three times daily1 for #c or #d months2 in piles1 fistula1 c41 unaccompanied with inflammatory symptoms4 ,or1 it may be used as a suppository4 ,it is intended as a substitute for the once celebrated nostrum1 ',ward's ,paste for the ,piles4' ,confection of ,pep'permint4 ,syn4 ,,confectio ,,men',,th ,,piperi',t1 ,l4 ,green peppermint1 #d oz42 white sugar1 #ab oz4 ,anti-emetic and anti-flatulent2 in colic1 diarrhoea1 c42 in the form of a bolus1 or made into a mixture4 ,confection of ,res'in4 ,syn4 ,,confectio ,,resin'1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,dr ,watson47 ,powdered resin1 #a oz42 balsam of copaiba1 #a_/b oz42 honey1 #e oz4--,dose1 #a to #c dr42 in piles and gleet4 ,it is best combined with a little confection of orange peel1 which effectually covers the taste of the copaiba4 ,confection of ,ro'ses4 ,syn4 ,,confection ,,of ,,red ,,roses2 ,,confec',,tio ,,ro',s 7,ph4 ,l4 ,d471 ,,conser',,va ,,ro',s 7,ph4 ,e471 ,,confectio ,,ro',s ,,gal',,lic 7,b4 ,p471 ,,conserva ,r4 ,g4 7,ph4 ,l4 #ahbd71 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,fresh red-rose petals1 #a lb42 white sugar1 #c lbs42 mix as confection of hips4 #b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,fresh petals1 #a part2 sugar1 #b parts4 #c4 7,ph4 ,d47 a4 ,fresh petals1 #c oz42 sugar1 #h oz4 ,or-- b4 ,dried petals1 #a oz42 water1 #b fl4 oz42 macerate for #b hours2 then add refined sugar1 #h oz42 and beat to a mass as before4 ,obs4 ,it is astringent and tonic1 but is principally used as an elegant vehicle for more active medicines4 ,it keeps well1 and does not candy like confection of hips4--,dose1 #a to #b drs41 eaten off a spoon1 either alone or combined with chalk2 in slight cases of diarrhoea1 vomiting in pregnancy1 c4 ,see ,,conserve4 ,confection of ,rue4 ,syn4 ,,conpectio ,,ru',t 7,ph4 ,l471 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,fresh rue 7bruised71 caraways1 and laurel berries1 of each #a-a_/b oz42 prepared sagapenum1 #a_/b oz42 black pepper1 #b dr42 honey1 #af oz42 water1 q4 s42 rub the dry ingredients to a flue powder1 then add1 gradually1 the sagapenum1 previously dissolved in the water and honey over a slow fire1 and mix well4 ,in the ,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf dried rue was ordered4 ,carminative and antispasmodic4 ,in flatulent colic1 and in the convulsions of children1 when there is no inflammation4--,dose1 #ae to #fj gr42 either by the mouth1 or made into an enema with gruel4 ,confection of ,scam'mony4 ,syn4 ,,confec',,tio ,,scammo',,nii 7,b4 ,p471 ,,electua'',,rum ,,scammo'',,nii 7,ph4 ,d474 ,prep4 7,b4 ,p47 ,scammony1 in fine powder1 #bd parts2 ginger1 in fine powder1 #ab parts2 oil of caraway1 #a part2 oil of cloves1 #a_/b part2 syrup1 #bd parts2 clarified honey1 #ab parts2 rub the powders with the syrup and the honey into a uniform mass1 then add the oils and mix4--,dose1 #aj gr4 to #cj gr42 as a warm cathartic1 and in worms1 c4 ,confection of ,scurvy ,grass4 7,p4 ,codex47 ,fresh leaves of scurvy grass1 #a oz42 sugar1 #c oz4 ,beat to a pulp and pass through a hair sieve4 ,confection of ,sen'na4 ,syn4 ,,len',,itive ,,elec',,tuary1 ,,elec',,tuary ,,of ,,senna2 ,,confec',,tio ,,sen',n 7,ph4 ,l4 ,d471 ,,electua'',,rium ,,sen',n 7,ph4 ,e471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,senna1 #h oz42 corianders1 #d oz42 rub them together1 and by a sieve separate #aj oz4 of the mixed powder2 also boil figs1 #a lb41 and fresh liquorice1 bruised1 #c oz41 in water1 #c pints1 until reduced to one half2 press1 strain1 and evaporate the strained liquor in a water bath to #bd fl4 oz42 then add sugar1 #b-a_/b lbs42 dissolve1 and further add1 prepared tamarinds1 cassia1 and prunes1 of each #a_/b lb42 remove from the heat1 and when the whole has considerably cooled1 add the sifted powder1 by degrees1 and stir until the whole is thoroughly incorporated4 #b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,senna1 #h oz42 corianders1 #d oz42 liquorice root1 #c oz42 figs and pulp of prunes1 of each1 #a lb42 white sugar1 #b-a_/b lbs42 water1 #c-a_/d pints4 #c4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,senna leaves1 in fine powder1 #b oz42 corianders 7in fine powder71 #a oz42 oil of caraway1 #a_/b dr42 mix1 and add them to pulp of prunes1 #e oz42 pulp of tamarinds1 #b oz42 brown sugar1 #h oz42 water #b fl4 oz42 previously brought to a smooth paste by the heat of a water bath4 #d4 7,ph4 ,b47 ,boil figs1 #ab oz41 and prunes1 #f oz41 gently in distilled water1 #bd oz41 in a covered vessel for hours1 then1 having added more distilled water to make up the quantity to #bd fluid ounces1 add tamarinds1 #i oz41 and cassia pulp1 #i oz42 macerate for two hours1 and press the pulp through a hair sieve1 rejecting the seeds1 c4 ,dissolve refined sugar1 #cj oz41 and extract of liquorice1 #c_/d oz41 in the mixture with a gentle heat2 and while it is still warm1 add to it gradually senna in fine powder1 #g oz41 and coriander in fine powder1 #c oz41 and stir diligently until all the ingredients are thoroughly combined4 ,the resulting confection should weigh #ge oz4 ,uses1 c4 ,confection of senna is a gentle and pleasant purgative1 and well adapted for persons suffering from piles1 and as a laxative during pregnancy4 ,the dose is #a dr4 to #a_/b oz41 taken at bedtime or early in the morning4 ,obs4 ,there is no one pharmacopoeial preparation which it is more difficult to obtain of good quality than confection of senna4 ,the absolute cost of an article prepared according to the directions of the ,colleges is greater than the price at which many wholesale houses are vending the drug4 ,dr ,paris very truly remarks1 that the directions of the ,pharmacopoeia are very rarely followed4 ,considerable quantities are manufactured1 into which unsound and spoilt apples enter as a principal ingredient2 whilst the substitution of jalap for the whole1 or a portion of the senna1 is a very common practice4 ,we have seen the following forms employed in the trade4 #e4 ,powdered senna' pulp of tamarinds1 cassia1 and prunes1 of each #a-a_/b lb42 powdered corianders1 #c_/d lb42 ,spanish juice1 #a_/b lb42 simple syrup1 #ab lbs4 #f4 ,as the above1 but omitting the cassia pulp1 and adding #b lbs4 more tamarind pulp4 ,both these articles are labelled ,p4 ,l4 and sent out as genuine1 and that when no competition as to price exists4 ,the cheaper article is made as follows3-- #g4 ,common prunes and tamarinds1 of each #af lbs42 treacle1 #c_/d cwt42 species 7a compound of senna dust and small senna1 mixed with #c lbs4 of coriander seeds1 and strengthened with jalap2 all ground to a fine powder71 #ah-a_/d lbs4 ,to this is frequently added1 of rotten or inferior apples1 #a_/d cwt41 which are pulped with the prunes and tamarinds4 ,this article is commonly labelled ,,conf4 ,,senn ,,ver4 by its manufacturer4 ,confection of ,sponge4 ,syn4 ,,elec',,tuary ,,of ,,burnt ,,sponge2 ,,confec',,tio ,,spongii1 ,c4 ,s4 ,,us',t1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,burnt sponge1 #c parts2 confection of orange peel and hips1 of each #a part2 simple syrup1 q4 s4 #b4 7,st4 ,b4 ,hosp47 ,burnt sponge1 made into a confection with syrup of orange peel4 ,the first form produces the most agreeable confection4--,dose1 of either1 #a_/b dr4 to #b dr41 twice or thrice daily2 in scrofula1 c4 ,confection of ,steel4 ,prep4 #a4 ,,confec',,tio ,,fer',,ri ,,sesquiox',,idi1 ,l4--a4 ,from confection of orange and sesquioxide of iron 7,ph4 ,l471 of each #b oz42 white sugar1 #c oz42 syrup1 #a-a_/b oz42 mix4--,dose1 #a dr4 to #c dr4 b4 7,st4 ,b4 ,hosp47 ,sesquioxide of iron1 #a oz42 treacle1 q4 s4--,dose1 #a_/b dr4 to #a dr4 ,both are given in the usual cases wherein iron is indicated2 especially in anmia1 chlorosis1 and amenorrhoea4 #b4 7,,confec',,tio ,,fer',,ri ,,tartariza',,ti4--,st ,b4 ,hosp47 ,cream of tartar1 #a-a_/b oz42 tartrate of iron1 #b dr42 ginger1 #a dr42 treacle1 #b-a_/b oz41 or q4 s4--,dose1 #a dr4 to #b dr41 #b or #c times daily4 ,confection of ,sul'phur4 ,syn4 ,,brimstone ,,and ,,treacle2 ,,confec',,tio ,,sulphu',,ris1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,sublimed sulphur1 #b oz42 treacle1 #d oz4--,dose4 ,a spoonful night and morning for a week or longer1 as an alterative or purifier of the blood2 in skin diseases1 c4 #b4 7,st4 ,b4 ,hosp47 ,precipitated sulphur1 #a oz42 cream of tartar1 #b dr42 honey or treacle1 #b oz4 ,as the last4 #c4 7,b4 ,p47 ,sublimed sulphur1 #d oz42 cream of tartar1 #a oz42 syrup of orange peel1 #d fl4 oz4--,dose1 #a to #b dr42 as a laxative1 in piles1 gonorrhoea1 c4 ,confection of ,tin4 ,syn4 ,,confec',,tio ,,stan',,ni1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,hosp4 ,form47 ,powdered tin1 #a oz42 confection of roses1 #b oz42 mix4--,dose1 #b to #d dr41 every morning2 in worms4 ,confection of ,turpentine4 ,syn4 ,,confec',,tio ,,terebinth',,in1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,b4 ,p47 ,oil of turpentine1 #a fl4 oz42 liquorice powder1 #a oz42 triturate together1 then add clarified honey1 #b oz4--,dose and use1 as the last4 ,confection of ,worm-seed4 ,syn4 ,,confec',,tio ,,cin'1 ,c4 ,s4 ,,cin4 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,slesvico-,holsat4 #ahca1 and ,ph4 ,suec4 #ahde47 ,worm-seed1 #b oz42 heat it in a pan over a gentle fire1 add white sugar1 boiled to a low candy height1 #d oz42 and stir together until they become dry2 then pick out those seeds which are covered with sugar1 and repeat the process with the others4 #b4 ,powdered worm-seed and syrup of orange peel1 equal parts4--,dose1 #a to #b dr41 night and morning1 followed by a brisk purge2 in worms4 ,,confec',,tionery4 ,see ,,candies1 ,,drops1 ,,lozenges1 ,,sugar1 c4 ,,congela',,tion4 ,the conversion of a substance from the fluid to the solid state by the abstraction of heat4 ,see ,,ice and ,,refrigeration4 ,,congestion4 ,a common condition of disease in an undue flow of blood into any part1 or accumulation within it4 ,the vessels seem to lose the power of emptying themselves1 which they possess in health4 ,congestion1 although an effect of both visitation and inflammation1 may exist irrespective of either4 ,two forms of it are distinguished1 active and passive4 ,the first is when some excitement causes the blood to pass more rapidly into a part than its vessels can transmit out of it2 the second when from some inherent debility the vessels cannot get rid of the fluid ordinarily thrown into them4 ,congestion of organs disturb their functions1 and through them the general health4 ,,conglu',,tinum 7,bracy ,clarke's74 ,sulphate of zinc 7white vitriol71 #d oz42 dissolved in water1 #a pint4 ,used as an astringent lotion in veterinary practice1 and much diluted with water 7a dessert-spoonful to #a_/d pint or more of water71 as a collyrium in chronic inflammation of the eyes4 ,,co',,nia4 ,c#h;,h#ae,o4 ,syn4 ,,co',,nine1 ,,con',,icine4 ,an alkaloid1 discovered by ,gieseke in hemlock4 ,it exists in every part of the plant1 but is present in the largest quantity in the seed4 ,prep4 7,gieger47 ,the seeds of hemlock1 or their alcoholic extracts1 is distilled with water and potassa4 ,the conia passes over into the receiver1 and floats on the top of the water1 which also contains a little conine in solution4 ,it is purified in the way directed for the volatile bases4 7,see ,,alkaloid47 ,when the alcoholic extract is employed1 about half its weight of potassa should be used4 ,prop41 c4 ,pure conia is an oily-looking liquid1 smelling intensely of hemlock1 or rather of a combination of the odours of tobacco and mice2 volatile at common temperatures2 reddens turmeric2 boils at about #cdj ,fahr41 but readily distils over with water at #bab2 sp4 gr4 #hi2 with the acids it forms salts1 some of which are crystallisable4 ,six lbs4 of fresh and #i lbs4 of dried seeds yielded #a oz4 of conia4 7,gieger47 ,forty lbs4 of the ripe but green seeds yielded #b-a_/b oz4 of hydrated conia4 7,christison47 ,conia is remarkably poisonous4 #a drop1 placed in the eye of a rabbit1 killed it in #i minutes2 #e drops1 poured into the throat of a dog1 killed it in less than a minute4 ,it has been employed in some convulsive and spasmodic diseases1 but is now seldom used medicinally4 ,the patient cries1 the contortions1 and the rigidity of the limbs1 which have always preceded death 7caused by conia71 leave no doubt as to the cruel pains which this kind of poisoning brings on4 7,boutron-,chalard and ,henry47 ,the treatment may be that recommended under ,,aconite and ,,hemlock4 ,,conservateur ,,fur ,,haarbleinde4 ,a preventive of hair diseases 7,edm4 ,bhligen1 ,leipzig74 ,consists of #aj grammes tinct4 arnica1 #e grammes glycerine1 #aj grammes spirit1 and #fj grammes water4 7,schdler47 ,,con',,serve4 ,syn4 ,,conser',,va1 ,l4 ,recent vegetable matter1 as flowers1 herbs1 roots1 fruit1 and seed1 beaten with powdered sugar to the consistence of a stiff paste1 so as to preserve them as nearly as possible in their natural freshness4 ,conserves are made both by the confectioner and the druggist2 by the first as ,,sweetmeats2 by the other chiefly as vehicles for more active medicines4 ,the ,london ,college of ,physicians now includes both conserves and electuaries under the general head of ,,confections4 ,the term appears1 however1 in some cases1 scarcely appropriate4 ,the word confection has a more general application1 and implies any sweetmeat or composition in which sugar is the principal ingredient4 ,see ,,confection and ,,electuary4 ,conserve of ,ac'etate of ,potas'sa4 ,syn4 ,,conser',,va ,,potas',s ,,aceta',,tis1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,bories47 ,acetate of potassa1 #a_/b oz42 sulphate of soda1 #a dr42 juices of scurvy grass1 fumitory1 and dandelion1 of each #b oz4 7reduced to one half by gentle evaporation82 sugar1 q4 s4 to make a conserve4 ,a teaspoonful #b or #c times daily1 as a diuretic aperient2 in obstruction of the bowels1 c4 ,conserve of ,al'monds4 ,see ,,confections4 ,conserve of ,angel'ica4 ,syn4 ,,conser',,va ,,angel',,ic1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,giordano47 ,fresh angelica root1 #b parts2 water1 #af parts2 macerate for a few hours1 clarify the liquor1 add sugar1 #c parts2 cook the root in the syrup1 and preserve it in this state 7confection71 or dry it 7to a candy74 ,used as an agreeable tonic1 stomachic1 and carminative4 ,conserve1 ,antiscorbu'tic4 ,syn4 ,,conser',,va ,,antiscorbu',,tica1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,selle47 ,horse-radish1 water-cress1 and water-trefoil1 orange-juice1 and radish-juice1 equal parts2 powdered white sugar1 q4 s4 to make a conserve4 ,in scurvy1 c4 ,conserve of ,a''rum4 ,syn4 ,,conser',,va ,a'',,ri1 ,c4 ,a4 ,,macula',,ti1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from fresh arum tubers 7cuckow-pint or wake-robin71 #a_/b lb42 sugar1 #b-a_/b lbs4 ,as a diuretic and attenuant in dropsy1 or as an expectorant in chronic coughs4--,dose1 #a_/b teaspoonful1 gradually increased4 ,conserve of ,broom4 ,syn4 ,,conser',,va ,,scopa'',,rii1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,van ,mons47 ,broom flowers1 #a part2 sugar1 #b parts4--,dose1 #a_/b to #b teaspoonfuls1 #b or #c times a day2 in dropsy1 gout1 rheumatism1 c4 ,conserve of ,hips4 ,see ,,confection4 ,conserve of ,lavender4 ,syn4 ,,conser',,va ,,lavendu',l1 ,l4 ,lavender flowers1 #a part2 powdered lump sugar1 #c parts2 beaten together to a smooth paste4 ,used to sweeten the breath4 ,in a similar way conserves are made from various other leaves and flowers2 but mostly with only twice their weight of sugar1 when they are not very odorous or active4 ,conserve of ,lem'on ,peel4 ,syn4 ,,conserva ,,limo',,nis1 ,c4 ,l4 ,,cort',,icis1 ,l4 ,as ,,confection ,,of ,,orange ,,peel4 ,conserve of ,mal'lows4 ,syn4 ,,conser',,va ,,mal',v1 ,l4 ,from the flowers1 as ,,conserve ,,of ,,lavender4 ,conserve of ,or'ange ,peel4 ,see ,,confection4 ,conserve of ,pep'permint4 ,see ,,confection4 ,conserve of ,rose'mary4 ,syn4 ,,conser',,va ,,rosmari',,ni1 ,l4 ,as ,,conserve ,,of ,,lavender4 ,conserve of ,roses4 #a4 ,see ,,confection4 #b4 7,,acidula',,ted ,,conserve ,,of ,,roses ,,conser',,va ,,ro',s ,,ac',,ida1 ,l47 ,prep4 7,hosp4 ,f47 ,confection of roses and powdered gum1 of each #a oz42 sulphuric acid1 #a dr4 to #a-a_/b dr42 7diluted with7 water1 #b dr4 ,an excellent substitute for tamarinds4 ,conserve of ,sav'in4 ,syn4 ,,conser',,va ,,sabi',n1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,han47 ,fresh savin1 #a part2 sugar1 #b parts4 ,as an emmenagogue1 in amenorrhoea1 c4 ,three parts of sugar make a better conserve4 ,conserve of ,scurvy ,grass4 ,syn4 ,,conser',,va ,,cochlea'',,ri1 ,c4 ,c4 ,,horten',,sis1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,aust4 #ahcf47 ,fresh scurvy grass1 #a lb42 sugar1 #c lbs4 ,stimulant and antiscorbutic4 ,conserve of ,sea ,worm'wood4 ,syn4 ,,conser',,va ,,absinth',,ii ,,mariti',,mi1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,l4 #aghh47 ,from sea wormwood1 as the last4 ,as a stomachic bitter and vermifuge2 in dyspepsia1 c4 ,conserve of ,sloes4 ,syn4 ,,conser',,va ,,pru',,ni ,,sylves',,tri1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,l4 #aghh47 ,from the pulp of the fruit1 #a part2 sugar1 #c parts4 ,astringent4 ,useful in simple diarrhoea1 c42 either alone or combined with chalk4 ,conserve of ,squills4 ,syn4 ,,conser',,va ,,scil',l1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,l4 #aghh47 ,fresh squills1 #a oz42 sugar1 #e oz4 ,diuretic1 attenuant1 and expectorant2 in dropsy1 chronic coughs1 c4--,dose1 #aj to #bj gr4 ,conserve of ,tam'arinds4 ,syn4 ,,conser',,va ,,tamarind',,orum1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,tamarind pulp1 #b oz42 white sugar1 #c oz42 evaporate by the heat of a water bath to the consistence of honey4 ,conserve of ,vi'olets4 ,syn4 ,,conser',,va ,,vio',l1 ,c4 ,v4 ,,odora',t1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,soubeiran47 ,flowers1 #a part2 sugar1 #c parts2 beat to a paste4 ,demulcent and laxative2 used as a purge for infants1 and by ladies to perfume the breath4 ,conserve of ,wa'ter-cress4 ,syn4 ,,conser',,va ,,nastur'',,tii1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,grca1 #ahcg47 ,from fresh water-cresses1 as the last4 ,in scurvy2 taken ad libitum4 ,conserve of ,worm'wood4 ,see ,,conserve ,,of ,,sea ,,wormwood4 ,,constipa',,tion4 ,syn4 ,,constipa',,tio1 ,,obstipa',,tio1 ,l4 ,surgeons distinguish between costiveness and constipation4 ,the first applies to that condition of the body in which the bowels act tardily1 and in which the fces are abnormally and inconveniently indurated2 the last implies the absence of the proper alvine evacuations4 ,the one rapidly undermines the health2 the other destroys life in a period varying from a few days to three or four weeks4 ,in popular language1 however1 the words are frequently used synonymously4 ,the use of bread containing alum1 and water containing much lime 7very hard water71 and especially the want of sufficient exercise1 are common causes of constipation4 ,treatment4 ,when the affection is merely accidental or occasional1 a dose of some aperient or cathartic is the only treatment necessary2 but when it is habitual it calls for further attention4 ,great benefit may generally be secured by adopting a diet free from astringents1 and consisting of a large portion of green vegetables and ripe fruit2 particularly avoiding the use of over-cooked1 salted1 or dried animal food4 ,brown bread may be eaten1 as it acts as a gentle laxative1 from the bran it contains4 ,the occasional use of aperient and emollient enemata may be had recourse to2 but their habitual administration1 as well as that of purgative medicines generally1 by the mouth1 is not to be recommended4 ,the bowels1 accustomed to the continual use of stimulants1 act but languidly or scarcely at all without their application4 ,in females1 especially of the higher classes1 the want of proper exercise is commonly the chief cause of this affection4 ,with such persons a short walk1 two or three times daily1 will often do wonders1 particularly if a little ripe fruit1 a few raisins or tamarinds1 or1 still better1 #b or #c drum figs1 be occasionally eaten4 ,in some cases of obstinate constipation a cold-water dressing1 placed over the pit of the stomach or the abdomen1 will cause the bowels to act in the course of an hour or two4 ,when the inactivity of the bowels arises from a deficiency of bile 7one of the most common causes71 no remedy is more natural1 or more effective1 than inspissated ox-gall4 ,in cases complicated with nervous1 hypochondriacal1 or hysterical affections1 in chlorosis1 dyspepsia1 depraved appetite1 and numerous other ailments1 this remedy frequently succeeds1 after the most active articles of the materia medica have been tried in vain4 ,in the treatment of the constipation of infants1 castor-oil 7#a_/b teaspoonful occasionally71 or manna #a_/d to #a_/b oz41 sucked at will1 may be given4 ,the introduction 7very gently7 of a little slip of writing paper1 parsley stalk1 or suet1 is a method sometimes adopted successfully by nurses4 ,friction on the stomach and bowels with the warm hand1 or a piece of soft flannel1 should also be employed4 ,see ,,gall1 ,,purgative1 c4 ,treatment for ,animals4 ,mr ,finlay ,dun prescribes laxative clysters1 aloes1 or oils4 ,calomel for horses2 croton and gamboge for cattle4 ,salts1 calomel and jalap1 castor oil1 linseed oil1 and emetics for carnivora4 ,oil of turpentine by mouth or rectum2 clysters of tobacco1 nux vomica1 electricity4 ,treatment for ,horses4 ,when the animal is constipated administer #d dr4 of aloes and #a dr4 of calomel1 rubbed down with gruel2 inject soap and water every hour1 taking care to let the horse have walking exercise1 and to apply friction to the belly4 ,if1 after twelve hours1 no effect is produced1 let the aloes and calomel be repeated1 with the addition of three or four drops of croton oil and a wine-glassful of spirit of nitre1 ether1 gin1 or whisky4 ,,constitution ,,balls1 ,vegetable 7,a4 ,h4 ,bldt74 ,two parallelopiped hard brown balls1 each of which weighs #eh grammes1 and is made by melting together #b parts of aloes and #a part coarsely powdered gentian4 7,hager74 ,,consump',,tion4 ,see ,,phthisis4 ,,conta',,gion4 ,by 'contagion' is usually meant the communication of disease by means either of actual contact or through a medium1 such as the air4 ,by some a contagious disease is regarded as one arising from direct contact only1 in contradistinction to an infectious one1 which is believed to act at a distance4 ,see ,,disinfectant4 ,,contu',,sion4 ,a hurt1 or injury to the flesh1 such as might be caused by a blunt instrument or by a fall1 without breach or apparent wound4 ,for treatment1 see ,,bruise4 ,,convalescence4 ,convalescence may be described as the period between the cessation of an attack of serious illness and the restoration1 if not to a perfect1 to an accustomed state of health4 ,convalescent patients should particularly guard against excess in eating or drinking1 or unnecessary and imprudent exposure to cold or damp weather1 during this interval1 as well as against premature exertion of the limbs or voice2 such and all of which are acts of imprudence that may give rise to a return of the disease4 ,in order to avoid this latter risk1 as well as to aid in complete recovery1 repose both of body and mind are generally needed1 more particularly in the earlier stages of convalescence4 ,it should be borne in mind that convalescents from many infectious diseases1 such as measles1 scarlet fever1 smallpox1 typhus1 c41 are much more likely to propagate these diseases than when they are labouring under them in the acute form4 ,during the period of their recovery the skin and other organs are throwing off the poison in large quantities1 and thus exposing those in contact with1 or in the near neighbourhood of the convalescent1 to the great and imminent risk of contagion4 ,even if not contagious himself1 the convalescent's clothes1 if they be the same as those worn by him during his illness1 may also convey the disease4 ,,convulsions4 ,spasmodic contractions of the muscles producing motions of the limbs1 generally accompanied with unconsciousness4 ,convulsions occur at all periods of life1 but in adults they are only symptoms of other diseases4 ,in children they are very common4 ,they are of frequent occurrence in teething2 and a swollen and inflamed state of the gums is said to excite them4 ,dr ,gardner1 in his very useful work1 ',household ,medicine1' says they may be brought on by improper food1 e4g4 the milk of a nurse suffering from some violent emotion4 ,at the siege of ,berlin nearly all the suckling children died of convulsions4 ,they may also be induced by feverish attacks1 hooping-cough1 strong purgatives1 or suppressed eruptions4 ,in the case of a dangerous attack of convulsion no time should be lost in sending for a medical practitioner4 ,pending his arrival1 the patient should be placed as promptly as possible in a hot-water bath4 ,a better plan is to loosen all the dress1 to place the child across the arms1 and sway it up and down gently1 and to allow cool air to play on the face and chest2 give an enema of soap and water1 and apply mustard plasters for a few seconds only to the pit of the stomach4 ,if these fail to give relief1 apply leeches 7number according to the age7 to the temples1 and cold to the head4 ,lance the gums if inflamed4 ,when the fit is over keep the head cool4 ,if there have been white stools1 give a grain or two of calomel1 and repeat it every three or four hours for three or four times until the stools become green or dark4 ,keep the bowels open by castor oil1 and let the patient be put on a milk diet4 ,the latter part of the above treatment is inserted for the benefit of the emigrant or other individual having no means of obtaining proper medical aid4 ,,copahine4 ,copaiba balsam made into a mass with wax and powdered cubebs1 divided into hard egg-shaped pills weighing #e decigrammes each and sugar coated4 ,,copahine ,,mege ,,de ,,jozeau4 ,a fixed quantity of copaiba balsam is mixed with concentrated nitric acid1 and constantly stirred as long as effervescence continues4 ,the oxidised balsam is then washed1 first with warm then with cold water1 till the washings cease to have an acid reaction4 ,from one part of this balsamum copaiv acido nitrico correctum with #a_/aj part powdered cubebs1 #a_/aj part bicarbonate of soda1 #a_/af part calcined magnesia1 with some mucilage1 a mass is prepared and divided into oval pills1 which are afterwards coated with sugar1 mixed with gum and carmine4 ,,copai',,ba4 ,syn4 ,,copai',,va1 ,,copaiva ,,balsam1 ,,capiv',i1 ,,balsam ,,of ,,capiv',i2 ,,copai',,ba 7,ph4 ,l4 ,e4 ,d471 ,l42 ,,baume ,,de ,,copahu1 ,fr42 ,,cobaiva ,,balsam1 ,ger4 ,the oleo-resin1 of a brown colour1 obtained by incision from the trunk of ,copaifera multijuga4 7,b4 ,p47 ,most of the balsam of commerce is obtained from ,para and ,maranhao4 ,it is packed in casks containing from #a to #a-a_/b cwt4 each1 or in large bottles1 or in cylindrical tin boxes4 ,prop41 ,purific41 c4 ,copaiba1 though usually called a 'balsam1' is not correctly so named1 as it contains no benzoic or cinnamic acid4 ,it is correctly described in the ,b4 ,p4 as an 'oleo-resin4' ,considerable variation exists in the colour1 odour1 consistence1 and transparency1 as well as in the proportion of oil and resin yielded by different samples1 scarcely any two of which exactly agree4 ,the sp4 gr4 varies from #iej to #iif4 ,brazilian copaiba is thin1 clear1 and pale2 whilst the ,west ,indian variety is thick1 golden yellow1 less transparent1 and has a less agreeable and somewhat terebinthinate smell4 ,some varieties are opaque1 and continue so unless filtered4 ,this is often a most troublesome operation4 ,the opacity generally arises from the presence of water1 which it retains with great tenacity4 ,the following is the plan we have found to answer on the large scale3--,place the casks upon their ends in a warm situation1 and leave them so for #aj days or a fortnight1 or longer1 if convenient4 ,they may then be tapped a little above the bottom1 when the contents of some of them will generally be found quite transparent1 and may be drawn off and vatted1 care being taken to avoid shaking up the bottom4 ,the copaiva that remains foul must be filtered through one or more long ,canton flannel bags1 sunk in the bottom of a tin cistern1 placed over a suitable receiver1 in a similar way to that adopted for oils2 a few pounds of coarsely powdered charcoal being mixed up with the first #e or #f gallons thrown in4 ,this will rapidly fill up the pores of the bag1 and make the balsam soon flow clear and pale4 ,the bottoms of the casks1 containing the water and impurities1 may be poured into a large can or jar1 and allowed to settle for a few days1 when the copaiba may be poured off the top and filtered4 ,a sudden change of temperature will frequently turn a transparent sample of this article opaque or milky2 it is not1 therefore1 deemed fit to send out by the wholesale trade1 unless it stands this test4 ,to ascertain this point a common practice is to fill a small bottle with the copaiba1 and to leave it out of doors all night in an exposed situation4 ,pur41 ,tests1 c4 ,this substance is frequently adulterated2 indeed1 fully one half that sold for copaiba does not contain #aj of the genuine balsam4 ,this is particularly the case with that sold in capsules1 at low prices1 in the shops4 ,pure balsam of copaiba may be recognised by the following characters3-- #a4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,it is transparent2 free of turpentine odour when heated2 soluble in #b parts of alcohol2 and dissolves one fourth of its weight of carbonate of magnesia with the aid of a gentle heat1 and continues translucent4 #b4 7,chevallier47 ,a drop of the balsam1 placed on a piece of unsized paper1 and heated until all the essential oil is expelled1 forms a semi-transparent1 well-defined spot2 but if the balsam has been adulterated with a fatty oil1 it is surrounded by an oily areola4 #c4 7,planche47 #b-a_/b parts of balsam shaken with #a part of solution of ammonia1 sp4 gr4 #ife1 forms a mixture which becomes clear and transparent in a few moments1 and may be heated to #bab ,fahr4 without becoming opaque4 #d4 7,vigne47 ,boiled with #ej times its weight of water for #a hour1 it should lose at least half its weight4 #e4 7,adder47 ,by agitating the suspected sample with a lye of caustic soda1 and setting the mixture aside to repose1 the balsam after a time rises to the surface1 and the fatty oil present 7if any7 forms a soapy1 thick mass below4 #f4 7',journ4 de ,pharm41' #ahdb47 ,pure copaiba may be adulterated with #ej per cent4 of a fat oil 7nut1 almond1 or castor oil71 without it ceasing to give a clear solution with #b parts of alcohol2 but it combines badly with magnesia and ammonia4 ,excess of alcohol1 however1 separates the oil in all cases4 ,it was formerly considered that the best test for detecting the fat oils was pure alcohol1 to which some caustic potash had been added4 #g4 7,dr ,hager47 ,copaiba which is adulterated with ,gurgun balsam is not quite clear1 and frequently exhibits prisms of gurginic acid under the microscope4 ,the author states that the adulteration may be easily detected by mixing the suspected sample with four volumes of petroleum ether2 the mixture at once becomes turbid1 and gradually deposits a sediment1 which1 after half an hour's settling1 occupies the same volume as the copaiba operated upon4 ,a mixture of pure copaiba with petroleum ether is clear at first1 and either remains clear upon standing or it deposits after several hours a very slight sediment1 which merely covers the bottom of the test tube like a thin film4 ,benzol may be used in place of petroleum ether4 #h4 7,muter47 ,three to four grams of the sample are weighed into a clean1 dry flask1 and saponified on the water bath with #ej c4 c4 of alcohol1 and a lump of caustic soda weighing not less than #e grams4 ,when all is dissolved water is added1 and the whole washed into a half-pint basin1 so as to nearly fill it1 and evaporated to #ajj c4 c4 over a low gas flame4 ,dilute sulphuric acid is then added till the whole just becomes permanently turbid1 and then solution of caustic soda is dropped in till it just clears again4 ,by this means a solution is obtained with the least possible excess of alkali1 and with a good amount of sodium sulphate4 ,the whole is now to be evaporated to perfect dryness on the water bath1 stirring towards the end1 so that the sulphate may mix with the soaps1 and produce an easy pulverulent residue4 ,the residue is moved from the basin into a small1 wide-mouthed1 stoppered bottle1 treated with #gj c4 c4 of ether-alcohol1 and well shaken up4 ,as soon as it is fairly settled the fluid is filtered off through a quick filter1 and this is repeated with two successive quantities of #gj c4 c41 making #baj c4 c4 in all of the solvent used4 ,the residue in the bottle and in the filter now consists of sodium oleate and sulphate if the balsam be impure1 and of the latter only if pure1 with a little trace of the insoluble resin soap already referred to4 ,the contents of the bottle and filter are then dissolved in warm water1 and after heating until all smell of ether is gone the whole is boiled freely acidulated with hydrochloric acid1 and set to cool4 ,if1 when cold1 nothing but a few specks of brown resin should rise to the surface1 the balsam is pure2 but if an oily layer be formed it is adulterated1 and the smell of the separated oleic acid will at once determine whether it is actually castor oil or not4 ,in the case of the presence of oil1 #b grams of pure and dry white wax are added1 and the whole heated till the wax melts with the oleic acid4 ,on cooling1 a solid cake is formed1 which is detached from the side of the beaker1 and the fluid below passed through a filter4 ,the cake is once more melted in boiling water1 cooled1 detached1 dried by gentle pressure between blotting paper1 dried in a water-oven in a weighed platinum dish1 and then weighed1 and the weight of the wax used deducted4 ,the beaker1 filter1 rod1 c41 used are1 if at all dirty1 dried1 extracted with ether1 and the residue left1 after evaporation1 weighed and added to the total4 ,the calculation is then performed as follows3-- 7#a47 ,to the weight in grams found add #bj for loss of oleic acid in solvent1 and then say as #ie 3 #ajj 33 total oleic acid4 7#b47 ,calculate the per-centage from the quantity taken1 and from this deduct #f per cent4 for possible altered resin in the balsam4 ,the error1 owing to the correction1 of course1 increases with the amount of oil present2 but it is stated to be always an error in the direction of under-estimation1 which is the great point for public analysts4 ,when working on #c to #d grains with an admixture of not over #be per cent4 the errors due to loss of oleic acid and insoluble resin soap are said to so nearly balance each other1 that any correction is unnecessary1 and the actual amount of oleic acid found may be taken as correct within a per cent4 #i4 7,b4 ,p47 ,according to the ,british ,pharmacopoeia1 copaiba should be soluble in an equal bulk of benzol4 #aj4 7,the evaporation test47 ,mr ,siebold says3 ,this is an excellent and exceedingly simple test1 but is clumsily applied by many4 ,instead of boiling the balsam with water for many hours1 a small quantity 7about #a to #ae gram7 of the sample should be carefully heated in a watch-glass until all the oil is driven off1 which is the case as soon as the residue has assumed a rich brown colour4 ,a few minutes suffice for the experiment4 ,if the remaining resin is perfectly brittle and pulverisable there is no fatty matter present1 for #a per cent4 of oil would diminish the brittleness of the resin1 so that it cannot be reduced to a fine powder4 ,one per cent4 of oil is thus readily detected1 and with larger quantities of the adulterant 7#c to #e per cent47 the resin feels quite sticky4 ,on heating the resin castor oil and linseed oil may be distinguished by the odour4 ,by mixing the adulterated balsam with ten1 twenty1 forty1 and fifty volumes of pure maranham balsam respectively1 and testing each dilution in this manner1 it is easy to find in which the oil has been reduced to below #a per cent41 and thus to ascertain whether the adulterant amounted to more than #aj1 #bj1 #cj1 #dj1 or #ej per cent41 and this1 ,i think1 would be sufficiently near the mark for the purpose of public analysts4 ,uses1 c4 ,balsam of copaiba is considered detersive vulnerary1 diuretic1 and astringent2 and appears to possess a sort of specific power over diseases of the mucous membranes of the urino-genital organs4 ,it is hence a favourite remedy in gonorrhoea1 as soon as the first inflammatory symptoms have subsided1 antiphlogistic and soothing measures being previously adopted4 ,dose1 #bj to #fj drops on sugar1 floating on water1 or made into an emulsion with yolk of egg or gum arabic1 #c or #d times daily1 if the stomach will bear it4 ,the addition of a few drops of sweet spirits of nitre and laudanum have been recommended1 to allay the nausea4 ,by adding #a dr4 of oil of orange 7ol4 aurantii7 to each oz4 of the balsam1 its flavour becomes far from disagreeable1 and it sits well upon the stomach4 ,copaiba is also given in capsules and pills4 ,see ,,capsules1 ,,emulsion1 ,,oil1 ,,pills1 c4 ,obs4 ,numerous preparations of this article are sold under such names as 'soluble copaiba1' 'specific solution1' 'salt of copaiba1' c42 none of these appear to possess equal activity and certainty of operation to the natural balsam4 ,as the whole virtue of copaiba as a medicine depends on the essential oil it contains1 the value of any of these preparations may be estimated by the quantity of that article which is found in them4 ,in the case of the first two articles above named the quantity is very small indeed1 and in the last it is wholly deficient4 ,the following forms are current in the trade for the reduction 7adulteration7 of balsam of capivi3-- #a4 ,balsam of copaiba1 #d lbs42 castor oil1 #c lbs42 mix well4 #b4 ,balsam1 #g lbs42 castor oil1 #d lbs2 yellow resin1 #b lbs4 #c4 ,equal parts of balsam of copaiba and ,canada balsam4 #d4 ,to the last add ,venice turpentine1 #a lb4 #e4 ,balsams of ,canada and copaiba and nut or castor oil1 equal parts4 #f4 ,copaiba1 #g lbs42 nut oil1 #c lbs42 yellow resin1 #b lbs42 ,canada balsam1 #a lb4 ,used to fill the cheap capsules2 and to sell in the lower parts of ,london and in the manufacturing districts4 ,see also ,,copaiba1 ,,factitious 7below74 ,copaiba1 ,facti''tious4 ,syn4 ,,cobai',,ba ,,facti'',,tia1 ,,bal',,samum ,,copai',b ,,facti'',,tium1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,castor oil 7warm71 #g quarts2 copaiba bottoms1 #a quart2 mix1 and filter through flannel4 #b4 ,castor1 oil1 #a gal42 yellow resin1 #c lbs42 ,canada balsam1 #b lbs42 oil of juniper1 #b oz42 oil of savin1 #a oz42 essences of orange and lemon1 of each #a_/b oz42 powdered benzoin1 #a oz42 melt the resin with the castor oil and benzoin1 and when nearly cold add the essences4 #c4 ,canada balsam1 #i lbs42 castor oil1 #g lbs42 yellow resin1 #a lb42 ,venice turpentine1 #b lbs42 oils of rosemary1 juniper1 and savin1 of each #a dr42 essential oil of almonds1 #bj drops4 #d4 ,canada balsam1 #c lb42 ,venice turpentine1 #a lb42 oils of fennel1 juniper1 and savin1 of each q4 s4 ,used chiefly to fill capsules4 ,it is readily distinguished from balsam of copaiba by the proper tests4 7,see above47 ,train oil or nut oil is frequently substituted for the castor oil4 ,copaiba and ,ka'li4 ,syn4 ,,copaiba ,,cum ,,potass1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,carbonate of potassa and water1 of each1 equal parts2 dissolve1 and add gradually1 transparent balsam of copaiba1 until the fluid1 at first milky1 turns quite clear4 ,resembles miscible copaiba 7see below74 ,copaiba1 ,miscible4 ,prep4 ,from balsam of copaiba 7pure and transparent71 mixed with half its volume of solution of potassa made of double the strength ordered in the ,b4 ,p4 ,obs4 ,as different samples of copaiba often require slightly different quantities of the solution of potassa1 it is best to mix the two gradually and cautiously together4 ,should the mixture be opaque1 a little more of one or other of the ingredients1 as the case may be1 will render it clear4 ,no heat must be used4 ,this article is miscible with water1 with which it forms a kind of milk2 and from containing all the volatile oil of the copaiba1 is a very valuable preparation4 ,its activity is considered equal to that of the balsam itself1 and it is given in similar doses4 ,copaiba1 ,sol'uble4 ,syn4 ,,copai',,ba ,,solubil',,is1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,heat miscible copaiba in an earthen1 glass1 or bright-tinned copper vessel1 to nearly the boiling-point1 pour it while still hot in a separator1 cover it up1 and allow it to cool very slowly4 ,after a few days1 draw off the clear portion from a cock or hole placed at or near the bottom of the vessel1 observing to reject the first few drops which pass through1 and to stop the stream before any of the floating oil 7oleum copaib7 reaches the orifice4 ,a very little concentrated liquor of potassa1 added before applying the heat1 renders it more soluble4 ,thick1 transparent1 soluble in pure water1 and resembles the natural balsam in appearance4 #b4 ,balsam of copaiba and solution of potassa 7,b4 ,p471 equal parts1 by volume2 mix1 boil for a few minutes1 and then proceed as before4 ,thinner than the last4 ,prop4 ,less powerful than miscible copaiba1 but it sits better on the stomach1 and is about four times as strong as specific solution of copaiba4 ,see ,,solution4 ,copaiba1 ,res'in of4 ,syn4 ,,copai',b ,,resi',,na1 ,l4 ,the residuum of the process of distilling the oil of copaiba from the balsam4 ,it consists principally of copaibic acid4 ,it has been recommended for gonorrhoea1 but is nearly inert1 even in #a_/b oz4 or #c_/d oz4 doses4 ,see ,,oil4 ,copaiba1 ,salt of4 ,syn4 ,,sal ,,copai',b1 ,l4 ,there are two preparations sold under this name2 the one1 crude copaibic acid2 the other1 copaibate of an alkali4 ,neither of them possesses the valuable properties of copaiba1 which reside almost entirely in its essential oil1 ,we have taken the 'sal copaib1' and have watched its action on others1 but have not been able to perceive any good effects to result from its administration4 7,cooley47 ,,copai',,bic ,,acid4 ,syn4 ,,capiv',,ic ,,acid4 ,,yellow ,,resin ,,of ,,copaiba4 ,an amber-coloured1 brittle1 semi-crystalline1 resinous substance1 obtained from resin of copaiba1 soluble in alcohol1 rectified spirit1 ether1 and oils1 reddens litmus paper1 and forms salts with the bases1 called copaibates4 ,,co',,pal4 ,syn4 ,,copal'1 ,,gum ,,copal4 ,a resinous substance1 which exudes spontaneously from various trees belonging to the genera ,hymena1 ,guibourtia1 and ,trachylobium4 ,the varieties commonly met with in commerce are ,east ,indian copal1 or anine1 which is the produce of ,hymena ,courbaril1 and ,west ,indian copal1 obtained from numerous species4 ,prop4 ,when of good quality it is too hard to be scratched by the nail1 has a conchoidal fracture1 and a sp4 gr4 ranging from #ajei to #ajgb4 ,unlike other resins1 it is dissolved with difficulty by alcohol and essential oils2 and this property1 combined with its extreme hardness1 renders it very valuable for making varnishes4 ,see ,,varnish4 ,,cop',,per4 ,cu4 ,syn4 ,,cu'',,prum1 ,l42 ,,cuivre1 ,fr42 ,,kupfer1 ,ger4 ,sources4 ,metallic copper 7native copper7 is found in many parts of the globe1 diffused in isolated particles in the form of thin lamin1 in loose grains intermixed with quartz 7copper sand1 copper barilla71 in dendritic pieces1 and in solid blocks1 occasionally of many tons weight4 ,the richest deposits of native copper are those of ,lake ,superior1 in ,north ,america4 ,more frequently and more abundantly it occurs as an ore1 e4g4 red oxide1 black oxide1 green carbonate of copper or mal'achite1 blue carbonate of copper1 vitreous sulphide of copper1 purple copper1 copper pyrites1 or yellow copper ore1 with sulphur1 antimony1 or arsenic1 and other metals 7true grey copper ore or fah'lerz71 as an impure hydrated silicate 7chrys'ocolla71 and as an impure hydrated oxychloride 7atac'amite74 ,the most abundant and important ore is copper pyrites4 ,it is principally obtained from the mines of ,cornwall1 ,devonshire1 and ,cuba4 ,the carbonates of copper are now largely imported from ,australia2 the metal produced by smelting them is generally of the best quality4 ,prep4 ,we will not attempt to give a minute description of the various complex processes by which the reduction of copper from its ores is effected1 but will merely give an outline of the common or ,welsh process4 ,this process includes six distinct operations1 as follows3--#a4 ,the ore 7copper and iron pyrites71 containing from #h to #aj of copper1 is roasted in a reverberatory furnace1 called a 'calciner1' by which much of the sulphide of iron is converted into oxide4 #b4 ,the calcined ore is melted with 'metal slag' 7a product of a subsequent operation--,no4 #c71 in a melting furnace called the 'ore furnace4' ,the products are a regulus1 termed 'coarse metal1' containing about #ce of copper1 and 'ore-furnace slag1' which is thrown away4 ,much of the iron1 and the whole of the so-called earthy matter of the ore1 are thus separated as slag4 #c4 ,the coarse metal1 having been granulated by causing it to flow from the furnace into water1 is calcined with free access of air in a calciner1 and a considerable amount of sulphur is expelled4 #d4 ,the calcined granulated1 coarse metal is melted with the addition of matters rich in oxides of copper1 namely1 'roaster' and 'refinery slags' 7from the two remaining operations1 ,nos4 #e and #f1 respectively71 and native carbonates of copper1 or ores containing oxide of copper4 ,the products are a regulus1 termed 'metal1' which contains about #ge of copper1 and metal slag 7see ,no4 #b74 ,the metal should be in the state of 'white metal1' compact and brittle1 with a feeble metallic lustre and a dark1 bluish-grey colour4 ,it is tapped off into sand moulds4 #e4 ,the pigs of regulus obtained by the last operation are roasted in a furnace through which air passes4 ,the temperature is so regulated that the regulus may be melted in from #f to #h hours4 ,the slag is skimmed off1 and after a time the heat is lowered1 to allow the regulus to solidify4 ,it is again melted and tapped into sand moulds1 the product being called 'blister copper4' #f4 ,this1 the last operation1 is termed 'refining4' ,from #f to #h tons of blister copper1 in pigs1 are melted in a furnace1 and kept exposed for about #ae hours to the oxidising influence of the air4 ,the slag is skimmed off through the end opening4 ,when the oxidation has been sufficiently prolonged1 anthracite or free-burning coal1 as pure as possible1 is thrown upon the surface of the metal1 and after a short time the thick end of a long birch or oak pole is plunged into the molten mass4 ,this part of the operation is termed 'poling4' ,the wood in contact with the copper is rapidly decomposed2 much gas is evolved1 which causes the metal to be splashed about1 and every part of it to be exposed to the reducing action of the coal4 ,when the refiner finds the metal to be at the state of 'tough pitch1' the pole is taken out1 and the coal pushed back from the end opening1 through which the copper is then ladled out as quickly as possible1 and cast into suitable moulds4 ,for full details of this and other processes1 the reader is referred to ,dr ,percy's work on ',metallurgy1' and ,ure's ',dictionary of ,arts1 ,manufactures1 and ,mines4' ,in the laboratory copper is commonly employed under the following forms3-- #a4 ,,bean-,,shot ,,copper4 ,produced by simply lading the melted copper from the refining furnace into hot water4 ,in small lumps like peas and beans2 hence its name4 ,used to make alloys1 solutions1 c4 #b4 ,,electrotype ,,copper4 ,a very pure form1 obtained by decomposing sulphate of copper in an electrotype apparatus4 ,it does not contain lead1 whereas most varieties of commercial copper do contain that metal4 #c4 ,,feather-,,shot ,,copper1 ,,granulated ,c4 ,produced by lading the refined copper from the furnace into cold water4 ,in small pieces1 with a feathered edge4 ,used to make calamine1 brass1 solution of copper1 c4 #d4 ,,copper ,,in ,,plates ,,or ,,foil4 ,those of commerce 7best1 annealed7 are generally employed4 #e4 ,,copper ,,in ,,powder4--a4 ,a solution of sulphate of copper is heated to the boiling-point1 and precipitated with distilled zinc2 the precipitated copper is then separated from the adherent zinc by dilute sulphuric acid1 washed with water1 and dried by exposure to a moderate temperature4 #f4 ,,copper ,,prepared ,,by ,,the ,,hydrometallurgical ,,method4--,one of the oldest processes of this kind1 is that known as the 'cementation' method1 and consists in precipitating copper from a solution of the sulphate of the metal1 by means of metallic iron4 ,in some mines solutions of the sulphate are met with occurring naturally1 in others they are prepared artificially by treating poor ores containing oxide of copper1 with sulphurous acid or diluted sulphuric acid1 and sometimes by roasting copper pyrites and afterwards washing them with water to extract the resulting sulphate4 ,the copper obtained by any of the above processes is called 'cementation copper4' ,in the ,isle of ,anglesea the cementation liquid containing the dissolved sulphate of copper1 is first run into large vessels where the suspended matters are allowed to subside2 from these it is conveyed to tanks containing old scrap-iron1 which serves as the precipitating agent4 ,the scrap-iron is occasionally stirred up so as to renew the metallic surface presented to the solution4 ,the muddy liquor which contains metallic copper as a spongy mass1 besides impurities1 is run into vessels where it deposits the copper1 which after the removal of the supernatant fluid1 is removed and dried in a furnace4 #g4 ,,wet ,,process4 7,henderson's process47 ,the ores 7,spanish and ,portuguese pyrites7 treated by this method vary very slightly in composition1 rarely containing much more than #c per cent4 of copper1 nearly #ej per cent4 of sulphur1 from #dc to #dd per cent4 of iron1 with small quantities of lead1 arsenic1 zinc1 lime1 c4 ,the ores are first employed by the vitriol manufacturers1 as a source of sulphuric acid4 ,in the process of burning they lose about #cj per cent4 of their sulphur4 ,the copper is extracted from the residue by subjecting this latter to the following processes1 which are thus described in the ',encyclopdia ,brittanica4' ,i4 ,grinding4 ,the burnt ore1 as received from the acid burners1 is first mixed with about #ae per cent4 of common salt1 and ground to a fine powder by passing it between a pair of heavy cast-iron rolls4 ,as the amount of sulphur left in the burnt ore is apt to vary1 it is necessary to ascertain its proportion in each parcel of burnt pyrites4 ,when the sulphur falls short of the proportion necessary for effecting the decomposition which follows1 a sufficient quantity of 'green' or unburned pyrites is added to produce a proper balance4 ,if1 on the other hand1 the sulphur has been sufficiently extracted1 dead roasted ore is added4 ,,ii4 ,calcination4 ,this operation is accomplished in several kinds of furnaces1 that used by the ,tharsis ,sulphur and ,copper ,company1 being a large muffle or close furnace4 ,by others a patent furnace with a revolving hearth and mechanical stirring arrangement has been adopted with good results2 and some use open reverbatory furnaces heated by gas from ,siemens's generators4 ,during the roasting the mixture is frequently stirred1 and in the case of hard-worked furnaces1 turned with long rabbles1 and the completion of the operation is ascertained by test assays4 ,when the copper has been brought into a soluble condition1 the charge is raked out of the furnace and permitted to cool under a screen at its mouth4 ,by the calcination the sulphur in the compound is first oxidised1 sulphate of sodium is formed1 and at the same time the chlorine from the sodium chloride unites with the copper to form cupric chloride4 ,a small proportion of cuprous chloride is also formed1 and special precautions have to be taken to prevent the extensive formation of this compound which is dissolved only with difficulty4 ,the hydrochloric acid and other gaseous products evolved during the calcination are condensed as 'tower liquor' in ordinary condensing towers1 and the product is used in the subsequent process of lixiviation4 ,,iii4 ,lixiviation4 ,the calcined ore is conveyed to tightly caulked wooden tanks1 in which it receives repeated washings with hot water1 tower liquor1 and dilute hydrochloric acid till all the soluble copper is thereby extracted4 ,the product of the latter washings is pumped or drawn up by a modification of ,gilford's injector1 to serve as a first liquor for subsequent charges of the lixiviating tanks1 and no solution under a definite strength is permitted to pass on to the next stage in the process4 ,the insoluble residue in the tanks consist of purple ore1 an almost pure ferric oxide1 largely used in settling blast furnaces1 and for smelting purposes2 besides which it is available as jewellers' rouge4 ,,iv4 ,precipitation4 ,the precipitation of metallic copper from the solution of its chloride is accomplished in large tanks by means of metallic iron in the same way that cementation copper is obtained from solutions of the sulphate4 ,the solution is run into the tanks in which there are miscellaneous heaps of old malleable iron2 the chlorine combined with the copper unites with the iron1 and metallic copper in the state or fine division is thrown down4 ,the completion of the precipitation is ascertained by dipping a bright steel knife into the solution in the tank1 and when no deposit of copper covers the steel1 the liquor is run off and a new charge conveyed into the tank4 ,the tanks are drained periodically for removing the precipitate1 which is first roughly separated from the small pieces of iron1 after which it is more thoroughly freed from iron1 c41 by washing in water in a rocking sieve apparatus4 ,the precipitate so obtained should contain #hj per cent4 of metallic copper1 which is either smelted directly for blister copper1 or may be fused with the white metal of the ordinary smelting process1 and subsequently roasted4 ,it has been found possible to extract in this process with profit the small proportions of lead1 silver and gold1 which ,spanish pyrites is known to contain4 ,two processes are in operation for this purpose--one devised by ,mr ,p4 ,claudet1 and the other by ,mr ,w4 ,henderson1 the original patentee of the wet process4 ,the liquors from the first three washings contain practically1 all these metals1 and they alone are treated4 ,mr ,claudet precipitates them from the solution by means of iodide of potassium4 ,mr ,henderson dilutes his solution from #bj to #be ,twaddell1 and adds a very weak solution of lead salt1 such as the acetate by which he obtains a cream-coloured precipitate containing #e or #f per cent4 of silver1 and #c oz4 of gold to each ton of the precipitate4 ,the importance of the wet process may be estimated from the fact1 that although it originated only in #ahfj1 already #ad1jjj tons of copper1 are annually produced by it in ,great ,britain alone1 out of an annual production for the whole world estimated at from #abf1jjj to #acj1jjj tons4 ,prop41 c4 ,copper has a brilliant yellowish-red colour1 a nauseous1 styptic taste1 and emits a disagreeable odour when rubbed2 is very malleable and ductile2 unchanged in dry air2 in damp air it soon becomes covered with a greenish rust 7carbonate of copper72 slightly soluble in dilute sulphuric and hydrochloric acid2 freely soluble in boiling oil of vitriol 7sulphurous anhydride being evolved72 dilute nitric acid dissolves it readily with copious evolution of nitric oxide2 heated to redness in the air1 it rapidly becomes covered with a black scale 7oxide72 it fuses at a full red heat2 its crystals are either octahedra or dodecahedra2 sp4 gr4 #hh to #hif2 it forms numerous compounds 7alloys and salts7 with other bodies1 all of which are more or less poisonous2 its salts are either blue or green1 and most of them 7when neutral7 are soluble in water4 ,tests4 ,metallic copper may be recognised by the above properties2 its oxides1 salts1 c41 by the following characters and reactions3--,the solutions of copper possess a blue or green colour1 which they retain even when considerably diluted with water3--,with caustic potassa they give a light-blue1 bulky precipitate1 turning blackish-brown or black on boiling the liquid3--,ammonia and carbonate of ammonium produce a bluish-white precipitate1 soluble in excess1 yielding a rich deep-blue solution3--,the carbonates of potassium give a light precipitate1 insoluble in excess3--,ferrocyanide of potassium gives a reddish-brown precipitate3--,sulphuretted hydrogen and sulphydrate of ammonium give blackish-brown or black ones3--,a polished rod of iron1 on immersion in an acidulated solution1 quickly becomes coated with metallic copper4 ,estim41 c4 ,copper is generally ,,weighed under the form of black oxide1 but sometimes as pure metal3--,by throwing it down from its solution by pure potassa1 after which it must be carefully collected1 washed1 dried1 ignited in a platinum crucible1 and weighed therein as soon as it is cold4 ,every #e parts of the ignited precipitate 7oxide7 represents #d parts of copper 7nearly72 or1 more accurately1 every #cig parts are equal to #cag of pure metallic copper3--,by immersing a piece of polished steel in the solution1 and weighing the resulting precipitate of the copper 7see above74 ,less delicate than the preceding4 ,copper can be separated from the other metals by means of the following processes3-- ,from lead4 ,by adding sulphuric acid to the nitric solution1 and evaporating to dryness1 when water digested on the residuum will dissolve out the sulphate of copper1 but leave the sulphate of lead behind4 ,from this solution the oxide of the copper may be thrown down as before4 ,from tin4 ,by digestion with hot nitric acid1 which dissolves out the tin4 ,from zinc4 ,by sulphuretted hydrogen1 which throws down the sulphide of copper from an acid solution4 ,from silver4 ,by digesting it in the state of filings or powder in a solution of chloride of zinc1 which dissolves the first1 but leaves the last unchanged4 ,copper may be separated1 in a state of great purity1 from ,,antimony1 ,,arsenic1 ,,bismuth1 ,,lead1 ,,iron1 ,,tin1 ,,zinc1 c41 as it exists in bell-metal1 brass1 bronze1 gun-metal1 mosaic gold1 and other commercial alloys1 by fusing it in a crucible for about half an hour1 along with copper scales 7black oxide7 and ground bottle-glass1 or other like flux4 ,the pure metal is found at the bottom of the crucible1 whilst the impurities are either volatilised or dissolved in the flux4 ,the proportions for refining commercial copper are1 metal1 #aj parts2 copper scales and bottle-glass1 of each #a part4 ,the ,society of ,arts conceived this process to be so valuable1 that they presented one of their gold medals to its inventor1 ,mr ,lewis ,thompson4 ,uses1 c4 ,the ordinary uses of copper are well known4 ,in medicine1 #c or #d gr4 of the filings or powder were formerly given in rheumatism1 and to prevent hydrophobia4 ,some of its salts are still used as astringents1 emetics1 and caustics4 ,its alloys are of great value4 ,with zinc it forms ,,brass2 with tin1 ,,bronze1 ,,bell-,,metal1 ,,gun-,,metal1 and ,,speculum-,,metal4 ,,white ,,copper is formed by the addition of metallic arsenic1 and ,,german ,,silver is a mixture of nickel1 zinc1 and copper4 ,ant4 ,copper in the metallic state is almost inert1 but all its compounds are poisonous4 ,the antidotes are--the white of egg1 milk1 or flour1 mixed with water4 ,the hydrated sulphides of iron1 iron filings1 and ferro-cyanide of potassium have also been strongly recommended1 and are exhibited in the same way4 ,sugar is likewise highly spoken of as an antidote4 ,in all cases a strong emetic should be first given4 ,obs4 ,culinary and pharmaceutical vessels are very commonly made of copper1 but too much caution cannot be exercised in their employment4 ,acid syrups1 vegetable juices1 aqueous extracts1 soups1 stews1 c41 prepared in copper saucepans1 or boilers1 receive a metallic contamination proportional to the length of time they are exposed to the action of the metal4 ,such vessels are frequently tinned1 for the purpose of protecting the copper from contact with their contents1 but this film of tin is necessarily very thin1 and soon becomes imperfect by constant use4 ,when copper vessels are allowed to remain wet or dirty1 or1 more especially1 greasy1 a poisonous green rust forms upon the surface1 somewhat similar to verdigris4 ,if articles are prepared in them in this state1 serious consequences may ensue4 ,cases of poisoning from this cause are frequently met with1 and instances of vomiting following the use of such articles are almost of daily occurrence1 without the reason being suspected4 ,we have occasionally seen confections and extracts1 prepared in copper pans1 deposit a coating of that metal upon the knives used to stir them4 ,the ashes of the inspissated juices of fresh vegetables1 and especially the pulps of fruit1 prepared in vessels of this metal1 have exhibited the presence of copper on the application of chemical tests4 ,ketchup is frequently rendered poisonous in this way4 ,the most wholesome material for culinary utensils is thin sheet iron1 or tinned iron plate 7,,tin71 which is very durable if kept clean and dry when not in use4 ,copper vessels of every kind should be cleaned out1 immediately before use1 even though they may not appear to require it1 and on no account should they be employed for any fluids that are the least acidulous1 or that may have to remain long in them4 ,the following enamel is recommended in ,dingler's ,polytechnic ,journal for coating the inside of the copper vessels1 used for cooking fruit or vegetables3--#ab parts of white fluor-spar1 #ab parts of unburnt gypsum1 and #a part of borax1 are finely powdered1 intimately mixed1 and fused in a crucible4 ,the fused mass is then poured out1 and after cooling1 is rubbed up to a paste4 ,the copper vessel is then coated inside with this preparation1 which is applied by means of a brush1 and the vessel is placed in a moderately warm place1 so that the coating may dry uniformly1 when it is subjected to a gradually increasing heat1 till at length the preparation fuses4 ,on cooling1 the vessel is found to be protected internally by a white opaque enamel1 adhering very firmly to the copper1 not chipping off by ordinary knocking and rubbing1 and impervious to vegetable acids4 ,copper may be cleaned by applying a small portion of the following paste1 and rubbing it dry by a flannel or leather3--#a oz4 oxalic acid1 #f oz4 rotten stone1 #a_/b oz4 gum arabic1 all in powder1 #a oz4 of sweet oil1 and sufficient water to make a paste4 ,copper1 ,neu'tral ,acetate of4 ,cu7,c#b;,h#c,o#b7b4 ,syn4 ,,nor',,mal ,,cupric ,,acetate1 ,,acetate ,,of ,,copper1 ,,crys',,tallised ,,ver',,digris4 ,prep4 ,dissolve common verdigris or cupric hydrate in hot acetic acid1 so as to form a highly concentrated solution2 filter and place in a cool situation to crystallise4 ,prop4 ,beautiful dark1 bluish-green prisms1 which dissolve in #ad parts of cold and #e parts of boiling water4 ,copper1 ,ba'sic ,acetates of4 ,syn4 ,,ba',,sic ,,cu',,pric ,,acetates1 ,,sub-,,ac',,etates ,,of ,,copper4 ,common verdigris is a mixture of several basic acetates which have a green or blue colour4 ,one of these 7,,sesquibasic ,,acetate7 is obtained by digesting powdered verdigris in tepid water1 filtering1 and leaving the soluble part to spontaneous evaporation4 ,it may also be obtained in a state of purity by adding liquor of ammonia in small portions to a boiling concentrated solution of the neutral acetate till the precipitate is just redissolved1 and leaving the solution to cool4 ,it forms a blue1 crystalline mass1 but little soluble in cold water4 ,the green1 insoluble residue of the verdigris1 after treatment with tepid water1 contains another acetate 7,,tribasic ,,acetate72 this may be formed by digesting neutral acetate of copper with the hydrated oxide4 ,a third salt 7,,dibasic ,,acetate1 ,,blue ,,verdigris7 is prepared on a large scale in ,france by exposing copper to the air in contact with fermenting wine-lees4 ,copper1 ,ammo''nio-sul'phate of4 ,syn4 ,,sulphate ,,of ,,cuprammonium4 ,,cu',,pro-,,sulphate ,,of ,,ammo'',,nia2 ,,cu',,pri ,,ammo'',,nio-,,sulphas1 ,l42 ,,cuivre ,,ammoniacal1 ,fr42 ,,kupfer ,,salmiak1 ,ger4 ,prep4 ,sulphate of copper1 #a oz42 sesquicarbonate of ammonium1 #a-a_/b oz42 rub together until carbonic acid ceases to be evolved1 then wrap it in bibulous paper1 and dry it in the air4 ,pur4 ,pulverulent2 dark blue2 at an intense heat it is changed into oxide of copper1 at first sesquicarbonate of ammonia1 and1 afterwards1 sulphate of ammonia1 being thrown off4 ,it is soluble in water to a splendid purple-blue solution1 from which the salt is precipitated by alcohol in blue crystals4 ,this solution has the peculiar property of dissolving ,,cellulose 7cotton1 paper1 c474 ,the cellulose may be precipitated from the solution in colourless flakes by the addition of acids4 ,uses41 c4 ,it is occasionally employed in pyrotechny4 ,in medicine1 it has been given in chorea1 epilepsy1 hysteria1 c41 but is now principally used as an injection1 as a wash for foul ulcers1 used as a collyrium1 in opacity of the cornea4--,dose1 #a_/d gr41 gradually increased to #e gr41 twice a day4 ,great care must be taken in drying1 as it is apt not only to lose a large portion of its weight1 but to become of an inferior colour4 ,both the ingredients should be separately reduced to powder before mixing them4 ,copper1 ,ar'senite of4 ,cu7,as,o#b7b4 ,see ,,green ,,pigments 7,scheele's ,green74 ,copper1 ,carbonate of4 ,cu,c,o#c4 ,syn4 ,,diba',,sic ,,carbonate ,,of ,,copper1 ,,dicarbonate ,,of ,c42 ,,cupri ,,carbonas1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,add carbonate of soda in excess to a solution of sulphate of copper1 and warm the mixture till the pale-blue1 flocculent precipitate becomes sandy and assumes a green tint4 ,used as a pigment4 ,see ,,green ,,pigments and ,,verditer4 ,obs4 ,as prepared above1 the carbonate contains #b equivalents of water4 ,the beautiful green mineral1 ,,mal',,achite1 has a similar composition1 but contains only #a equiv4 of water4 ,another carbonate 7,,tribasic ,c41 ,,blue ,c471 occurs as a natural ore in large1 transparent crystals1 of the most intense blue2 it has not yet been artificially imitated4 ,cuprous ,chloride4 ,cu,cl4 ,syn4 ,,dichloride ,,of ,,copper1 ,,subchloride ,,of ,,copper4 ,prep4 ,by exposing the neutral chloride of copper to the action of heat4 ,prop4 ,white2 fusible2 slightly soluble in water2 and decomposed by exposure to the air4 ,copper1 ,chloride of4 ,cu,cl#b4 ,syn4 ,,neutral ,,chloride ,,of ,,copper4 ,prep4 ,from copper scales or black oxide of copper dissolved in hydrochloric acid1 and the solution evaporated and crystallised4 ,prop41 c4 ,green1 acicular crystals2 deliquescent2 soluble in alcohol1 the flame of which it colours green4 ,when gently heated it loses water1 and assumes the form of a yellowish-brown powder 7,,anhydrous ,,cupric ,,chloride1 or ,,chloride ,,of ,,copper72 at a high temperature it loses half its chlorine1 and becomes converted into cuprous chloride4 ,cupric ,iodide4 ,cu,i#b4 ,syn4 ,,iodide ,,of ,,copper1 ,,dini',,odide ,,of ,,copper2 ,,cu',,pri ,,iodi',,dum4 ,l4 ,prep4 ,by adding iodide of potassium to a solution of sulphate of copper1 and washing out with alcohol the free iodine from the precipitate formed4 ,a greenish-white precipitate4 7,commercial47 ,to a solution of sulphate of copper1 #a part1 and protosulphate of iron1 #c parts1 add a solution of iodide of potassium1 and wash and dry the precipitate4 ,this is the preparation commonly known in trade by the name of 'iodide of copper4' ,cupric ,nitrate4 ,cu7,,no#c7b4 ,syn4 ,,nitrate ,,of ,,copper2 ,,cu',,pri ,,ni',,tras1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,by dissolving the copper in dilute nitric acid to saturation2 evaporating to dryness2 redissolving in distilled water2 filtering1 evaporating1 and allowing to crystallise2 or from black oxide of copper and nitric acid in the same manner4 ,prop41 ,uses1 c4 ,deep-blue prismatic crystals1 very soluble in water and deliquescent1 soluble in alcohol4 ,generally used in medicine externally1 in injections1 or as a caustic1 but sometimes given internally1 dissolved in mucilaginous liquids4--,dose1 #a_/h to #a_/d gr4 ,cuprous ,oxide4 ,cu#b,o4 ,syn4 ,,red ,,oxide ,,of ,,copper1 ,,dinox',,ide1 ,,suboxide2 ,,cupri ,,subox',,ydum1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,add grape sugar to a solution of sulphate or acetate of copper1 then further add caustic potassa in excess2 the blue solution heated to ebullition deposits the suboxide1 which must then be collected1 washed1 and dried4 ,a solution of cane sugar1 #bg parts1 in water1 #fj parts1 is poured over hydrated oxide of copper 7weighed in the compressed and still moist state71 #i parts2 a solution of caustic potassa1 #ah parts1 in water1 #fj parts1 is then added1 and the whole mass well agitated together at the ordinary temperature1 and strained through linen4 ,if the dark-blue filtrate is next heated 7continually stirring71 over a water bath1 anhydrous cuprous oxide is disengaged1 and the liquor becomes nearly colourless4 ,prop41 ,uses1 c4 ,a superb red powder1 with a metallic lustre4 ,it often occurs in beautiful transparent1 ruby-red crystals1 associated with other ores of copper1 and can be obtained in this state by artificial means4 ,it is used as a pigment and a bronze1 and as a stain for glass and enamels1 to which it gives a rich red colour4 ,by heat it is converted into the black oxide4 ,with ammonia it forms a colourless solution1 which rapidly becomes blue from the action of the air4 ,cupric ,oxide4 ,cu,o4 ,syn4 ,,ox',,ide ,,of ,,copper1 ,,black ,,oxide1 ,,protoxide2 ,,cu',,pri ,,protox',,ydum4 ,prep4 ,by heating the nitrate or carbonate of copper to redness4 ,when it ceases to lose weight the conversion is completed1 and the oxide appears as a heavy1 black powder4 ,by heating in the air the hydrated oxide thrown down from solutions of copper by pure potassa4 ,by adding caustic potassa1 in excess1 to a solution of a cupric salt1 and heating the whole to a boiling-point2 the precipitate is then collected1 washed1 and dried4 ,a heavy1 dark-brown powder4 ,uses1 c4 ,protoxide of copper is unchanged by heat unless combustible matter is present1 when it readily parts with its oxygen2 hence its general use in ,,organic ,,analysis as a source of that element4 ,it communicates a beautiful green colour to glass and enamels4 ,with the acids it produces the ordinary salts of copper4 ,cupric ,sulphate4 ,cu,s,o#d4e;,aq4 ,syn4 ,,sulphate ,,of ,,copper1 ,,blue ,,cop',,peras1 ,b4 ,,vit',,riol2 ,,cu',,pri ,,sul',,phas1 ,l42 ,,sulfate ,,de ,,cuivre1 ,fr42 ,,kupfer ,,vitriol1 ,ger42 ,,neela ,,tootia1 ,hind4 ,prep4 7,commercial47 ,the sulphate of copper of commerce is obtained by the oxidation of native sulphide of copper 7,,copper ,,pyrites72 by the joint action of air1 heat1 and moisture1 the copper is converted into an oxide1 and the sulphur into sulphuric acid4 ,the resulting salt is washed out1 and the solution evaporated and crystallised4 ,the water found in and issuing from copper mines often furnishes such a solution ready to the hands of the manufacturers4 ,a large quantity of sulphate of copper is also obtained as a secondary product in the refining of silver1 and is occasionally prepared by dissolving in sulphuric acid an oxychloride of copper1 made for the purpose by exposing sheets of copper to the joint action of air and hydrochloric acid4 7,pure47 ,by the direct solution of the metal1 or preferably1 of its oxide or carbonate in sulphuric acid1 or by purifying the commercial salt by recrystallisation1 c4 ,prop41 ,uses1 c4 ,fine blue crystals1 slightly efflorescent1 having an intensely styptic and metallic taste4 ,by heat the blue salt loses its water of crystallisation1 and becomes a white1 anhydrous powder4 ,it dissolves in #d parts of water at #fj ,fahr41 and in #b parts at #bab2 is insoluble in alcohol and ether2 and is decomposed at an intense heat into protoxide of copper1 sulphurous acid1 and oxygen4 ,it has been used to prevent the dry rot in timber and in dyeing4 ,it is largely employed as a source of metallic copper in the ,,electrotype4 ,grain is steeped in a weak solution of it by the farmer1 to prevent the 'smut1' ,as a medicine1 it is employed chiefly as a styptic 7in solution7 and caustic 7in substance7 to destroy 'proud flesh1' and1 less frequently1 as an astringent or tonic 7from #a_/d gr4 to #b gr471 and an emetic 7#c or #d gr4 to #aj or #ab gr74 ,it is exceedingly poisonous4 ,,cop',,peras4 ,this is a generic name for the ,,crude ,,metallic ,,sulphates4 ,when used without a qualifying adjective1 it generally means sulphate of iron4 ,copperas1 ,blue4 ,crude sulphate of copper4 ,see ,,copper 7above74 ,copperas1 ,calcined'4 ,from green copperas1 heated in an unglazed earthen pot until it becomes white and dry4 ,used as an astringent and 'drier1' and in making ink and dyeing4 ,copperas1 ,green4 ,syn4 ,,copperas4 ,crude sulphate of iron4 ,see ,,iron4 ,copperas1 ,white4 ,crude sulphate of zinc4 ,see ,,zinc4 ,,cop',,pering4 ,iron may be covered with a thin film of copper by merely immersing it 7previously scoured clean7 in an acidulated solution of sulphate of copper1 after which it must be rinsed in clean water4 ,this film soon rubs off1 but still it lasts long enough to deceive the travelling tinker's customers1 who imagine that their copper kettles are properly repaired4 ,metals may be conveniently coated with compact copper to any desired thickness by means of voltaic electricity4 ,see ,,electrotype4 ,,cop',,rolite4 ,syn4 ,,dung',,stone1 ,,fossil ,,manure4 ,this mineral is the petrified dung of carnivorous reptiles4 7,buckland47 ,coprolites are found in all the secondary and tertiary strata4 ,they contain a considerable proportion of phosphate of lime1 for which reason they are largely employed in the manufacture of artificial manures4 ,they form the bases of ,lawes' ,,superphosphate ,,of ,,coprolite ,,manure4 ,the nodules1 after being washed1 are ground to powder in a mill1 and mixed with an equal weight of oil of vitriol4 ,,coptis ,,teeta4 7,ind4 ,ph47 ,syn4 ,,coptis1 or ,,mishmi ,,tita4 ,hab4 ,mishmel mountains1 east of ,assam4 ,officinal part4 ,the dried root 7,coptidis ,radix71 imported into ,bengal from ,assam in small rattan baskets1 each containing from #a to #b ounces of the drug4 ,this consists of pieces of a woody rhizome1 of the thickness of a small goose-quill and from #a to #b inches in length1 often contracted at one extremity into a short woody stem2 the surface is usually rough1 irregular1 more or less annulated1 and marked with the remains of rootlets in the shape of short spiny point4 ,externally1 yellowish-brown2 internally1 much brighter1 frequently of a golden-yellow colour1 exhibiting on fracture a radiated structure4 ,taste1 persistently bitter1 and when chewed tinges the saliva yellow4 ,contains neither tannic nor gallic acid1 but abounds with a yellow1 bitter principle1 soluble in water and alcohol4--,prop4 ,pure bitter tonic4--,therapeutic uses4 ,in debility1 convalescence after fevers1 and other debilitating diseases1 atonic dyspepsia1 and in mild forms of intermittent fevers4--,dose1 #aj to #ae gr4 of the powdered root1 thrice daily4 ,tincture of ,coptis 7,tinctura ,coptidis74 ,take of coptis root1 in coarse powder1 #b-a_/b oz42 proof spirits1 #b pints4 ,macerate for #g days in a closed vessel1 with occasional agitation2 strain1 press1 filter1 and add sufficient proof spirit to make #a pint4--,dose4 #a_/b to #b fl4 oz4 ,infusion of ,coptis 7,infusum ,coptidis74 ,take of coptis root1 in coarse powder1 #e dr42 boiling water1 #a pint4 ,infuse in a covered vessel for #b hours1 and strain4--,dose1 #a to #b fl4 oz41 thrice daily4 ,,cor',,al4 ,syn4 ,,coral',,lium1 ,l4 ,the comprehensive term for all calcareous or stony structures secreted by the marine asteroid polypes1 or zoophytes4 ,the ,,red ,,coral of commerce1 which is so largely employed for beads1 earrings1 and other ornaments1 may be described as the internal skeleton of ,corallium rubrum4 ,coral1 ,red 7,facti''tious74 ,syn4 ,,coral',,lium ,,ru',,brum ,,facti'',,tium1 ,l4 ,prepared chalk1 coloured with a little sesquioxide of iron or rose pink1 and passed through a sieve4 ,sold by the druggists for powdered coral4 ,coral1 ,prepared' ,red4 ,syn4 ,,coral',,lium ,,ru',,brum ,,prepara',,tum4 ,levigated coral was formerly used in medicine as an antacid or absorbent1 and is still occasionally employed as a dentifrice4 ,it consists almost entirely of carbonate of lime1 coloured with red oxide of iron1 and possesses no advantage over good chalk4 ,it is prepared in a similar manner as chalk4 ,,coral1 to ,bleach4 ,immerse the coral in a mixture composed of one part of hydrochloric acid1 and thirty parts of water2 and keep it in this liquid until it becomes quite white4 ,it should then be taken out1 washed well in cold water1 and allowed to dry4 ,,copper1 ,,cyanide 7,cu,cy#b74 ,this salt is much used in electro-coppering4 ,it may be obtained by adding to a solution of a copper salt1 a solution of ferrocyanide of potassium2 when a precipitate is obtained1 which dried1 is of a brown colour1 and is cyanide of copper4 ,,coralline4 ,see ,,tar ,,colours4 ,,cord',,ials4 ,syn4 ,,cardi',,aca1 ,l4 ,warm1 stimulating1 restorative medicines1 that tend to raise the spirits and promote the circulation4 ,the principal cordial medicines are noticed under the heads ,,tincture and ,,syrup4 ,see also ,,patent ,,medicines4 ,cordials4 ,aromatised and sweetened spirits used as beverages4 ,see ,,liqueur4 ,,corian',,der4 ,syn4 7,,coriander ,,fruit1 ,,coriandri ,,fructus1 7,b4 ,p472 ,,corianders1 ,c4 ,,seed2 ,,coriandrum 7,ph4 ,l4 ,e4 ,d471 ,l4 ,the ripe fruit of the ,coriandrum sativum1 dried4 7,b4 ,p47 ,coriander is chiefly used by confectioners and distillers as a flavouring ingredient4 ,in the ,east it is much employed as a condiment1 being an ingredient in ,,curry ,,powder4 ,it is aromatic1 carminative1 and stimulant2 and more effectually covers the taste of senna than any other substance4--,dose1 #bj to #fj gr42 chiefly used as a corrective or adjuvant in compound medicines4 ,,cork4 ,the outer bark of the ,quercus ,suber or cork oak1 a tree common in southern ,france1 ,italy1 and ,spain4 ,the bark obtained from the younger branches of the same tree is employed for tanning4 ,see ,,alcornoco4 ,cork4 ,a stopple or plug for a bottle or jar cut from the above substance4 ,the common practice of employing inferior corks for the purpose of stopping the mouths of bottles is often productive of considerable loss1 from the air being only partially excluded1 and the contents suffering in consequence4 ,many a large bin of valuable wine has become1 from this cause1 in less than a year1 little better than sour ',cape4' ,chemical preparations often suffer from a similar cause4 ,the best corks are those called 'velvet corks1' and of these the finest qualities are imported from ,france4 ,no pains should be spared to obtain sound and soft cork for connecting the combustion- and drying-tubes used in organic analysis4 ,ruschhaupt gives the following process for preparing corks for corking bottles containing alcoholic or caustic liquids3--,paraffin is fused in a suitable vessel1 the dry corks are added1 and immersed in the paraffin by means of a perforated coon or disk4 ,the air is now easily expelled from the pores of the corks1 which after about five minutes1 are removed and cooled2 they may now be cut and bored like wax1 are easily driven into the necks of bottles1 and readily removed1 retain their smoothness and are gas-tight throughout4 ,several attempts have been made to introduce cork-cutting by machinery1 but they have hitherto failed to supersede hand labour4 ,cork-bo''rer4 ,a thin brass tube1 filed to a cutting edge1 used for piercing holes through corks4 ,several tubes of different sizes1 which fit into each other1 are generally sold together4 ,this simple and convenient instrument was introduced into the laboratory by ,dr ,mohr4 ,,corn4 ,syn4 ,,cla',,vus1 ,l4 ,a horny induration of the skin1 with a central nucleus1 very sensitive at the base4 ,the common cause of corns is continued pressure over the projection of the bones1 from tight or stiff boots or shoes4 ,they are of two kinds1 hard and soft4 ,the first grow on the exposed portions of the joints2 the last1 between the toes4 ,preven4 ,this consists in keeping the feet clean1 by frequent ablution with warm water1 and in the use of easy1 soft boots and shoes4 ,without the latter precaution1 corns will generally return1 even after they appear to have been perfectly removed4 ,treatment4 ,after soaking the feet in warm water for a few minutes1 pare the corns as close as possible with a sharp knife1 taking care not to make them bleed4 ,they may now be touched over with a little lunar caustic1 or nitric acid1 or a little concentrated acetic acid or aromatic vinegar4 ,the last two do not stain the skin4 ,the first is used by merely rubbing it on the corns1 previously slightly moistened with water2 the others1 by moistening the corns with them1 by means of a small strip of wood1 or1 preferably1 a rod of glass2 due care being taken not to allow the liquid to touch the neighbouring parts4 ,this treatment1 adopted every #c or #d days for #aj days or a fortnight1 accompanied by the use of soft1 loose shoes1 will generally effect a cure4 ,it has been recommended to remove large corns by ligatures of silk1 applied as close to their base as possible1 and tightened daily until they drop off2 but this plan is tedious1 and often inconvenient1 and is not always successful4 ,another mode of extirpation is1 the application of a small blister1 which will frequently raise them with the skin out of their beds4 ,in this case the exposed surface must be dressed with a little simple ointment4 ,soft corns may be removed by applying ivy leaf1 previously soaked in strong vinegar changing the piece every morning2 or by placing a dressing of soap cerate1 spread on a bit of lint or old rag1 between the toes4 ,one of the simplest and best remedies for hard corns1 and which has received the sanction of high medical authority1 is to wear upon the toe or part affected a small1 circular piece of soft leather1 or1 still better1 a piece of amadou1 spread with diachylon1 or some other emollient plaster1 and having a hole cut in the centre1 corresponding to the size of the corn4 7,sir ,b4 ,brodie47 ,by this means the pressure of the boot or shoe is equalised and the apex of the corn protected from injury4 ,the following are among the most useful of the ,,popular ,,remedies ,,for ,,corns3-- ,corns1 ,caus'tic for4 ,prep4 ,from tincture of iodine and chloride of antimony1 of each1 #a dr42 iodide of iron1 #c grs42 mix4 ,it is applied with a camel-hair brush1 after paring the corn4 #b to #d applications are said to effect a cure4 ,obs4 ,most of the remedies noticed below really act as caustics4 ,corns1 ,lo'tion for4 ,prep4 #a4 ,a solution of sal-ammoniac1 #a part2 in proof spirit1 #d parts4 #b4 ,a concentrated aqueous solution of sulphate of copper4 ,to be applied night and morning4 ,corn ,plasters4 ,prep4 #a4 ,from white diachylon1 #c parts2 yellow resin1 #b parts2 verdigris1 #a part2 melted together1 and spread on leather4 #b4 ,from galbanum plaster1 #a oz42 verdigris1 #a dr42 as the last4 #c4 ,from resin plaster1 #b oz42 black pitch1 #a oz42 verdigris and sal-ammoniac1 of each #a_/b dr4 #d4 ,to the last add powdered opium1 #a dr4 ,recommended to allay pain1 c4 #e4 7,w4 ,cooley47 ,a piece of spread adhesive plaster is placed upon a table1 and a piece of card paper having a round hole cut in it the size of the central portion of the corn is laid upon it2 the exposed part is then softened by holding a piece of heated iron for a second or two near it2 the card paper is then instantly removed1 and nitrate of silver1 in fine powder is sprinkled over the part which has been warmed4 ,as soon as the whole is cold1 the loose powder is shaken off1 and the plaster is ready for use4 ,very cleanly and convenient4 ,two or three applications seldom fail to effect a cure4 #f4 7,,mechanical ,,corn ,,plasters47 ,from common adhesive plaster spread on buckskin1 amadou1 or vulcanised india rubber1 cut into pieces1 and a circular hole corresponding to the size of the corn punched in each4 ,corn ,sol'vent4 ,prep4 #a4 ,carbonate of potassa or pearlash1 contained in an open jar or bottle1 set in a damp place1 until it deliquesces into an oil-like liquid 7oil of tartar74 ,applied by means of a feather1 or a small piece of rag dipped in it is bound on the corn4 #b4 ,hydrate of potassa1 #a dr42 rectified spirit #a oz42 dissolve4 ,as ,no4 #a4 #c4 ,carbonate of potassa1 with smalts1 ochre1 or bole1 q4 s4 to give it the required colour4 ,it must be kept dry1 in a well-corked bottle4 ,a pinch is placed on the corn1 and confined by means of adhesive plaster or rag4 #d4 ,carbonate of soda1 #a oz41 finely powdered and mixed with lard1 #a_/b oz4 ,applied on linen rag every night4 #e4 7,sir ,h4 ,davy's47 ,carbonate of potassa1 #b parts2 salt of sorrel1 #a part2 each in fine powder2 mix1 and place a small quantity on the corn for four or five successive nights1 binding it on with a rag4 ,obs4 ,care must be taken1 in all cases1 to pare the corn moderately close before applying the remedy2 but in no case should any of the above be applied to a raw surface4 ,corns1 ,pomade' for4 ,prep4 #a4 ,powdered verdigris1 #a dr42 savine ointment1 #g dr4 #b4 ,dried carbonate of soda1 #c dr42 lard1 #e dr42 verdigris or smalts1 q4 s4 to give a slight tinge of green or blue4 ,applied on a piece of rag4 ,treatment for ,horses4--,pare out carefully the seat of corn1 removing all reddened and diseased horn2 reduce the crust of the quarter slightly1 where it is unduly strong1 but leave the bars and frog untouched4 ,they must be religiously preserved1 especially in weak feet1 to afford a wide bearing for the bar shoe that should afterwards be used4 ,to soften the parts1 apply1 in bad cases1 a poultice for a day or two1 and a few drops of nitric acid1 when the horn is dry and scurfy2 keep the hoof soft with soft soap and lard1 or any emollient dressing1 and pare out the corn every fortnight4 ,in horses subject to corns1 shoe and pare out frequently2 and along with leather pads1 use a bar shoe made with a wide heel on the inside quarter1 and nailed only on the outside1 or with one nail toward the inside toe4#bej ,footnote #bej3 ,finlay ,dun4 ,,corro',,sive ,,sublimate4 ,see ,,mercury4 ,,corun',,dum4 ,see ,,emery4 ,,coryza4 ,cold in the head4 ,see ,,catarrh4 ,,cosmet',,ics4 ,syn4 ,,cosmet',,ica1 ,l42 ,,cosmetiques1 ,fr4 ,external applications employed for the purpose of preserving or restoring personal beauty4 ,the term is generally understood to refer to substances applied to the cuticle1 to improve the colour and clearness of the complexion2 but some writers have included under this head every topical application used with the like intention4 ,hence cosmetics may be divided into--,,cutaneous ,,cosmetics1 or those applied to the skin2 ,,hair ,,cosmetics1 or such as are employed to promote the growth and beauty of the hair2 and ,,teeth ,,cosmetics1 or such as are used to cleanse and beautify the teeth4 ,see ,,baldness1 ,,cosmetique1 ,,dentifrices1 ,,depilatory1 ,,hair-,,dye1 ,,pomade1 ,,tooth ,,powder1 c4 ,,cosmetic ,,vinegar 7,acetum cosmeticum7 is a mixture of tinct4 benz41 #fj parts2 bals4 ,peruv41 #aj parts2 eau de ,cologne and bals4 vit ,hoffm4 ph4 bor4 aa #aej parts2 aceti puri1 #cjj parts2 allowed to precipitate and filtered clear4 ,,cosmeticum 7,dr ,henry's73--,for scalp diseases and an application for the hair4 ,spirit1 #ahj parts2 oil of lemon1 #c parts2 oil of bergamot1 oil of rosemary1 and oil of lavender1 of each #a part4 7,hager47 ,cosmeticum 7,siemerling7 for skin affections1 freckles1 c4 ,sweet almonds1 #cj grammes2 bitter almonds1 #ae grammes2 blanched and emulsified with #ccj grammes of water2 the emulsion strained and mixed with #be grammes tinct4 benzoin and #ae grammes lemon juice4 7,wittstein47 ,,cosmetique4 ,fr4 ,hard pomatum1 formed into a cake or stick for the toilet4 ,it is sometimes coloured black or brown1 the pigments being added in the state of an impalpable powder4 #a4 7,,black--,,cosmetique ,,noir47 ,from good lard1 #e parts2 wax1 #b parts2 7or1 hard pomatum1 #g parts27 melt1 stir in levigated ivory black1 #b parts2 and pour it into moulds of tinfoil2 which are afterwards to be placed in paper sheaths4 #b4 7,,brown--,,cosmetique ,,brun47 ,as the last1 but using levigated umber for 'plain brown1' and levigated terra di ,sienna for 'auburn' and 'chestnut4' #c4 7,,white1 ,,or ,,plain--,,cosmetique ,,blanc47 ,the same1 without colouring matter4 ,obs4 ,they are generally scented with musk1 ambergris1 or cassia4 ,use4 ,the above are used to colour moustaches1 eyebrows1 whiskers1 c41 as well as to keep the hair in its place4 ,the labels on the packets before us have--pour fixer et lisser les cheveux4 ,the application must be renewed daily1 as the cosmetique is gradually removed by friction1 and perfectly so by soap-and-water4 ,,cosmoline4 ,syn4 ,,cosmolin4 ,under the names of ,cosmoline and ,vaseline some fatty substances melting at #cb to #he or even #ie ,c4 have lately appeared in commerce4 ,they are very variable mixtures of solid paraffin with paraffin oil1 neutral oil1 lubricating oil1 c41 and are the residues left after the distillation of petroleum slightly purified by means of charcoal4 7,miller47 ,cosmoline has been examined by ,mr ,naylor1 who states his belief that it consists of a mixture of paraffins4 ,comparing ,mr ,naylor's results with those obtained by ,mr ,moss1 in an analysis made of a body imported from ,america1 and called ,vaseline1 there seems little reason to doubt that if this latter and ,cosmoline are not the same substance1 they differ from each other only in a very minute degree1 this difference not improbably being due to the varying temperature employed in producing them4 ,cosmoline was found to have the composition3-- ,hydrocarbons 7paraffins87 #ihei ,moisture #jfi ,ash #jjd ------ #iicb ,it melts at #dj;,c41 and has a sp4 gr4 of #jhff at #de;,c4 ,the composition of ,vaseline is as follows3-- ,hydrocarbons 7paraffins87 #iged ,moisture #jej ,ash #jje ------ #ihji ,it melts at #cg ,c41 and has a sp4 gr4 of #jhdj at #ee ,c4 ,both bodies are pale yellow in colour1 translucent1 slightly fluorescent1 and semi-solid1 and both are alike insoluble in water1 slightly soluble in alcohol1 and freely so in ether1 whilst they are unaffected by hydrochloric acid and solution of potash4 ,the processes by which it is believed cosmoline and vaseline are obtained1 consist in separating the various volatile hydrocarbons from crude petroleum by distillation1 the residuum is then brought into contact with superheated steam1 and finally purified by filtration through animal charcoal4 ,vaseline has been also named petroleum jelly4 ,professor ,otto1 of ,new ,york1 says that vaseline is very extensively used throughout the ,united ,states1 as a substitute for lard in the preparation of ointments1 a purpose for which the freedom from smell1 the negative properties and unalterable qualities when exposed to the air1 of both substances1 seem highly to commend their superiority to lard for this purpose4 ,they have also been employed very successfully for lubricating surgical instruments1 and we believe are1 when properly scented1 used largely as the basis of hair pomades1 whilst their suitability for the preparation of suppositories and pessaries has been urged4 ,this has been demonstrated by the much greater length of time during which certain ointments made by them remain fresh and undecomposed when compared with those in which lard was used4 ,the ',american ,journal of ,pharmacy' for ,march1 #ahgg1 gives the following formula as a substitute for cold cream1 by ,e4 ,j4 ,davidson3--,cosmoline1 #bd oz42 white wax1 spermaceti1 of each #ab oz42 glycerin1 #c fl4 oz42 oil of geranium1 #a fl4 dr4 ,,cosmos ,,pomade 7,j4 ,pohlmann1 ,vienna71 #a-a_/b parts white wax1 #c parts spermaceti1 #b parts castor oil1 #h parts almond oil1 #b parts glycerine1 #i parts extract of mignonette1 #a_/b part eau de ,cologne4 7,hager47 ,,cotarn',,ine4 ,a crystallisable substance obtained from the mother-liquors of opianic acid4 ,it is basic1 very soluble1 and bitter4 ,hydrochlorate of cotarnine is soluble and crystalline4 ,,coto ,,bark4 ,a bark said to be imported from the interior of ,bolivia1 and thought by ,dr ,wittstein to belong to a lauraceous or a terebinthinaceous plant4 ,in one specimen examined by ,jobst was found a yellowish-white crystalline substance with the biting taste of the bark1 which ,jobst believes to be its active principle1 and to which he gives the name ,cotoin4 ,another sample1 however1 analysed by ,jobst in conjunction with ,hesse1 failed to yield any cotoin1 but gave instead a crystalline mass which consisted principally of three crystalline bodies1 to which these chemists purpose applying the names paracotoin1 oxyleucotin1 and leucotin4 ,dr ,gietel reports that he made trial of the bark therapeutically with some patients in the general hospital of ,munich1 and the results he obtained were such that he regards it as a specific against diarrhoea in all its varieties4 ,sometimes he administered it in the form of powder1 and at others in that of tincture1 the latter being made in the proportions of one part of bark to ten of spirit4 ,he gave of the powder #a_/b grain four to six times a day1 and of the tincture #aj minims every two hours4 ,herr ,burkhart1 similarly making trial of the cotoin and paracotoin instead1 was equally successful as far as regarded its anti-diarrhoeic action1 paracotoin1 however1 exercising a slighter effect than the cotoin4 ,herr ,burkhart administered paracotoin either in powder #a_/ajth of a gram1 with #a_/fth of a gram of sugar every three hours1 or #a_/b a gram rubbed up as an emulsion4 ,,cot',,ton4 ,syn4 ,,gossypium1 ,l4 ,the cotton of which textile fabrics are made consists of hairs covering the seeds of certain plants belonging to the natural order ,malvace1 or the ,mallow family4 ,our commercial cotton appears to be derived from four distinct species1 viz4-- ,gossypium arboreum4 ,the tree cotton1 an ,indian species4 ,unlike the other cotton plants1 it has the dimensions of a small tree4 ,the cotton-hairs are remarkably soft and silky1 and are woven by the natives into very fine muslin1 used for turbans by the privileged classes only4 ,gossypium ,barbadense4 ,the ',barbadoes' or ',bourbon cotton plant4' ,this is the species which yields all our best cotton4 ,in the small ,american islands which fringe the coast from ,charlestown to ,savannah1 this plant has produced the celebrated 'sea-island cotton1' which is unrivalled for the length of its 'staple1' its strength1 and silkiness4 ,gossypium herbaceum4 ,the common cotton plant of ,india4 ,it produces the ,surat cotton of commerce4 ,gossypium ,peruvianum or acuminatum4 ,a species supposed to be indigenous to ,america4 ,it furnishes the ,south ,american varieties of cotton1 as ,pernambuco1 ,peruvian1 ,maranham1 and ,brazilian4 ,identif4 ,see ,,linen4 ,dyeing4 ,the fibres of cotton have nearly the same affinity for mordants and the colouring matter of dyed stuffs as linen1 and may be treated in the same manner4 ,see ,,dyeing1 ,,linen1 c4 ,cotton ,cake4 ,the cake remaining after the expression of the oil from the seeds of the cotton plant 7,gossypium7 is used as a cattle food4 ,the decorticated is preferred to the undecorticated variety1 as the latter is said to occasionally set up dangerous internal irritation amongst the animals partaking of it4 ,composition of cotton-cake 7decorticated74 ,moisture #iah ,oil #afje ,albuminous compounds #dabe ,non-nitrogenous principles #afde ,phosphates and insoluble earthy matters #hae ,woody fibre #hib ----- #ajjjj ,,cotton1 ,,gun-4 ,see ,,pyroxylin4 ,,cough4 ,syn4 ,,tus',,sis1 ,l4 ,the sudden and violent expulsion of air from the lungs4 ,it is generally symptomatic of other affections1 but is sometimes idiopathic1 or a primary disease4 ,many cases of cough depend upon the extension of catarrh to the trachea and bronchi1 which thus become loaded with mucus or phlegm1 which they endeavour to throw off by the convulsive effort called coughing4 ,in some cases it is caused by a vitiation and inspissation of the secretions1 arising from the imperfect action of the absorbents2 this is the common cause of the dry cough of old people4 ,idiopathic cough is not considered dangerous in itself1 or while running its regular course1 but it is often productive of most serious consequences1 by superinducing the inflammation of some organ1 or laying the foundation of phthisis4 ,cough is sometimes attended by copious expectoration1 and at other times exists without any2 it has hence been distinguished into moist or mucous cough1 and dry cough4 ,treatment4 ,that of common catarrhal cough consists in allaying the irritation as much as possible1 by demulcents and expectorants1 as mucilaginous drinks and lozenges1 which act upon the glottis1 and sympathetically upon the trachea and bronchi4 ,among the first may be mentioned almond milk1 barley water1 refined ,spanish juice1 gum ,arabic1 and a mixture of the last two made into lozenges2 among the second1 the most innocent and convenient is ipecacuanha1 in the shape of lozenges1 #b or #c of which maybe sucked whenever the cough is troublesome4 ,a light diet should be adopted1 the bowels kept slightly relaxed by the use of gentle aperients1 and a mild and equable temperature sought as much as possible4 ,when this plan does not succeed1 recourse may be had to an emetic1 followed by small doses of ,dover's powders1 and extract or tincture of henbane or squill pill4 ,when a cough is troublesome at night and unattended with fever1 a small dose of laudanum1 or tincture of henbane1 taken on going to rest1 will generally procure sleep4 ,in the treatment of dry cough the more stimulating expectorants are useful1 as garlic1 ammoniacum1 styrax1 and benzoin1 combined with narcotics and sedatives1 as henbane1 hemlock1 and opium4 ,a diaphoretic opiate is also very useful1 especially in the cough of old people4 ,see ,,draught1 ,,emulsion1 ,,mixture1 ,,pills1 c4 ,,cou',,marin 7koo74 ,syn4 ,,cu',,marin4 ,the odorous principle of the fruit or bean of ,dipteryxodorata 7tonquin bean74 ,it exists in several other plants1 as ,melilotus officinalis1 ,asperula odorata1 and ,anthoxanthum odoratum4 ,prep4 ,from the sliced tonquin beans1 by macerating in hot alcohol2 straining through cloth1 and distilling off the greater part of the spirit4 ,the syrupy residue deposits1 on standing1 crystals of ,,coumarin1 which must be purified from fat oil by pressure1 and then crystallised from hot water4 ,prop4 ,slender1 brilliant1 colourless needles2 fusible at #abb ,fahr41 and distilling at a higher temperature without decomposition4 ,it has a fragrant odour and burning taste2 it is very slightly soluble in cold water1 more freely in hot water1 and also in alcohol4 ,,counter-,,ir',,ritants4 ,in medicine and pharmacy1 substances applied to the surface of the body to establish a secondary morbid action1 with the view of relieving one already existing4 ,in painful and spasmodic affections1 as neuralgia1 spasms1 and cramp2 in rheumatism1 lumbago1 swelled and painful joints2 in headache1 sore throat1 sprains1 languid glandular tumours1 and many other cases1 this class of medicine often proves extremely valuable4 ,the counter-irritants which are best known are blisters1 mustard poultices1 hartshorn-and-oil1 and liniment of ammonia4 ,,court ,,plas',,ter4 ,see ,,plaster4 ,,cow ,,dung4 ,this substance was formerly employed in large quantities by the calico printers4 ,recently a mixture of sulphate1 carbonate1 and phosphate of lime and soda1 with ,british gum or bran1 has been successfully tested as a substitute for it1 and has the advantage of cleanliness and economy4 ,,cow',,hage4 ,syn4 ,,cow',,itch2 ,,mucun',a 7,ph4 ,l4 ,e4 ,d471 ,l4 ,the hairs of the fruit ,mucuna pruriens 7,ph4 ,l474 ,the hairs from the pods 7,ph4 ,e474 ,the hairy down 7,ph4 ,d474 ,it occasions violent itching when it comes in contact with the skin1 which can only be allayed by a solution of green vitriol1 or by oil4 ,it is frequently administered as a vermifuge1 made into a confection1 by scraping the hair off a pod into treacle1 syrup1 or honey1 for a morning dose1 which is repeated for #c or #d successive days1 followed by a brisk purge4 ,it acts more effectually if its administration has been preceded by a gentle emetic4 ,,cow-,,pox4 ,variola ,vaccina4 ,a disease affecting the udder in cows4 ,the treatment consists in fomenting the udder and applying poultices of spent hops1 giving laxative and saline medicines1 and in drawing off the milk with a teat-syphon4 ,,cows4 ,see ,,dairy4 ,,crab4 ,see ,,shell-,,fish4 ,,cracknels4 ,small1 brittle cakes or biscuits1 made by first boiling and then baking paste4 ,prep4 ,to flour1 #a pint1 add a little grated nutmeg1 the yolks of #b eggs1 #b or #c spoonfuls of rose-water1 and cold water1 q4 s4 to make a paste2 then roll in butter1 #a_/b lb41 and make it into shapes4 ,in one hour put them into a kettle of boiling water1 and boil them until they swim1 then throw them into cold water2 take them out2 and when dry1 bake them on tins4 ,those of the shops contain less butter1 and the rose-water is omitted4 ,,crack',,nuts4 ,thin and sweet cakes or wafers4 ,prep4 #a4 ,flour1 #a lb42 sugar1 #c_/d lb42 melted butter1 #a_/b lb42 #f or #g eggs1 well beaten2 make a paste with a glassful of raisin wine and a little water2 add caraways1 roll it out as thin as paper1 cut it into shapes with a tumbler1 wash the pieces with the white of egg1 and dust them over with powdered sugar4 #b4 ,as the last1 but using #a_/b lb4 more flour4 ,,cramp4 ,see ,,spasms4 ,,crape is cleaned by rinsing it in ox-gall and water1 to remove the dirt2 afterwards in pure water1 to remove the gall2 and lastly1 in a little gum-water1 to stiffen and crisp it4 ,it is then clapped between the hands until dry4 ,,cray-,,fish4 ,see ,,shell-,,fish4 ,,cray',,ons4 ,colouring substances made up into small cylinders or any other convenient form for use in writing or drawing4 ,crayons1 ,draw'ing4 ,prep4 #a4 ,spermaceti1 #c oz42 boiling water1 #a pint2 agitate together till they form a species of emulsion2 add bone ash1 #a lb4 7or more1 previously reduced to an impalpable powder71 and colouring matter1 q4 s4 to give the proper tint2 reduce the whole to a perfectly homogeneous paste1 and form it into crayons4 #b4 ,pipeclay and the finest prepared chalk1 equal parts2 or pipeclay alone1 q4 s42 colouring1 a sufficient quantity2 make them into a paste with pale mild ale4 #c4 ,white curd or ,castile soap1 cut into thin shavings1 #a oz42 boiling water1 #a pint2 dissolve1 and when cold1 add gradually as much rectified spirit of wine as will render the liquid barely transparent4 ,with this fluid make equal parts of the finest elutriated clay and chalk into a stiff paste1 adding colouring matter1 q4 s41 as before4 ,for common qualities1 the spirit of wine may be omitted1 but the mass will then dry more slowly4 #d4 ,curd soap1 #a-a_/b oz42 gum ,arabic1 #a_/b oz42 boiling water1 #a-a_/d pint2 dissolve1 and use it as the last4 ,general ,lomet uses a similar mixture to work up the softest varieties of hematite1 with which he thus forms superior red crayon4 #e4 7,process of the ,brothers ,joel1 of ,paris47 ,shell-lac1 #c parts2 spirit of wine1 #d parts2 oil of turpentine1 #b parts2 dissolve1 add pure clay1 #f parts2 colouring matter1 q4 s42 form the mass into crayons1 and dry them by a stove heat4 #f4 ,pale shell-lac1 #e parts2 wood naphtha1 #ab parts2 dissolve1 and with this fluid mix up the colouring powder1 previously stirred up with an equal weight of fine pale-blue clay2 dry by a stove heat1 as before4 ,when this process is well managed1 it produces crayons equal to those of the best ,parisian houses4 ,obs4 ,the composition may be formed into crayons by simply rolling it on a slab2 but to ensure their solidity the manufacturers generally employ a metallic cylinder of #b or #c inches in diameter1 with one end open and the other firmly secured to a perforated plate1 having holes of the same size as the intended crayons4 ,the crayon composition1 in the state of a stiff paste or dough1 is introduced into the open end1 and is forced down and through the holes1 by means of a small plug or piston1 that exactly fits the inside of the cylinder1 and which is driven by the equable motion of a small screw4 ,the pieces that pass through the holes are then cut into lengths and dried4 ,the substances employed as colouring matters for crayons are very numerous1 and their choice offers a wide field for the skill and fancy of the artist4 ,the pigment having been selected1 it may be reduced to any shade or tint by admixture with other pigments1 and by 'dilution' with a proper quantity of elutriated or prepared chalk4 ,as1 however1 crayon colours do not admit of being mixed together at the time of using them1 like liquid colours1 it is usual to make #c to #f different shades of each colour1 so as to enable the artist at once to produce any effect he chooses4 ,,crayons1 ,,black4 ,from prepared black-lead1 ivory-black1 lamp-black1 c4 ,black chalk and charcoal are frequently made into crayons by simply sawing them into suitably sized pieces4 ,they may then be put into a pipkin of melted wax1 and allowed to macerate for an hour2 after which they should be taken out1 drained1 and laid on a piece of blotting paper to dry4 ,drawings made with these crayons are very permanent1 and if warmed slightly on the wrong side1 the lines will adhere1 and become almost as durable as ink4 ,,crayons1 ,,blue4 ,from indigo1 smalts1 ,prussian blue1 verditer1 c4 ,,crayons1 ,,brown4 ,from umber 7raw and burnt71 terra di ,sienna 7raw and burnt71 ,cullen's earth1 brown ochre1 c42 and some peculiar shades1 from a mixture of black1 carmine1 and either of the above colours4 ,,crayons1 ,,green4 ,from a mixture of king's yellow1 or yellow ochre1 with blues4 ,,crayons1 ,,purple4 ,from any of the more brilliant blues1 mixed with carmine1 lake1 or vermilion4 ,,crayons1 ,,red4 ,from carmine1 carminated lakes1 vermilion1 hematite1 and any of the earthy or mineral colours commonly used as pigments4 ,crayons of red chalk may be prepared in the manner pointed out for crayons of black chalk4 ,,crayons1 ,,white4 ,from pure clay and chalk4 ,,crayons1 ,,yellow4 ,from king's yellow1 ,naples yellow1 orpiment1 yellow ochre1 c4 ,crayons1 ,lithograph'ic4 ,prep4 #a4 ,tallow-soap1 #g parts2 white wax1 #f parts2 melt by a gentle heat1 and add lamp-black1 #a part2 keep it melted with constant stirring1 for #bj or #cj minutes1 then let it cool a little1 and cast it into moulds4 #b4 ,white wax1 #d parts2 shell-lac and hard tallow-soap1 of each #b parts2 lamp-black1 #a part2 as last4 #c4 ,spermaceti1 white wax1 and hard tallow-soap1 of each equal parts2 lamp-black1 q4 s4 to colour4 ,obs4 ,some makers melt the soap1 wax1 and lamp-black in an iron ladle1 over a brisk fire1 and allow the mixture to blaze for a few seconds before adding the shell-lac1 which is no sooner thoroughly incorporated than the heat is increased until the mass again kindles1 when it is at once removed from the fire and stirred until it is cool enough to be poured into the moulds4 ,this method leads to trouble and loss1 without any corresponding advantage4 ,these crayons are used to draw designs upon lithographic stones4 ,crayons for ,writing on ,glass4 ,prep4 #a4 ,from ,french chalk1 cut into suitable pieces4 ,marks made with these crayons1 when obscured or rubbed out1 may be several times revived by simply breathing on the glass4 #b4 7,brunquelle47 ,spermaceti1 #d parts1 tallow1 #c parts1 wax1 #b parts1 are melted together in a cup2 and red lead1 #f parts1 and carbonate of potassa 7in fine powder71 #a part1 stirred in2 the mass is kept melted and stirred for about half an hour longer1 then poured into glass moulds 7tubes7 of the thickness of a common pencil1 and cooled as rapidly as possible4 ,the mass may be screwed up and down in the tube1 and cut to a point with a knife4 ,a crayon is thus obtained which will readily write upon clean1 dry glass4 ,,cream4 ,syn4 ,,crem',,or1 ,c4 ,,lac',,tis1 ,,flos ,,lac',,tis1 ,l4 ,the oleaginous portion of milk1 which collects in a thin stratum upon the surface1 when that fluid is left undisturbed for some time4 ,by violent agitation1 as in the process of churning1 the fatty globules unite together1 forming butter2 whilst the liquid portion1 consisting of caseum1 serum1 and a little butter1 constituting the residuum1 is called butter-milk4 ,this separation is effected the most readily when the cream has become partially sour and coagulated by being kept a few days1 a change which occurs in consequence of the conversion of some of the sugar of the serum into lactic acid1 which precipitates the caseous matter contained in the small portion of the milk with which the cream is mixed4 ,on these simple facts chiefly depend the successful manufacture of butter4 ,the cream intended for churning should therefore be kept until it turns slightly sour1 and assumes the condition above referred to1 as then the butter will readily 'come4' ,if churned while quite sweet the operation will be tedious1 and will frequently fail4 ,when this happens the dairy maids declare the milk is 'charmed' or 'bewitched1' and reluctantly proceed with the operation4 ,the addition of a little rennet or vinegar is the proper remedy in this case1 and will cause the almost immediate separation of the butter4 ,when cream is suspended in a linen bag1 and allowed to drain1 it gradually becomes drier and harder1 by the separation of the liquid portion1 and then forms what is known by the name of cream cheese4 ,by the application of slight pressure the separation of the whey is more completely effected1 and the product is not only better1 but will keep longer4 ,qual4 ,cream1 in a dietetic point of view1 may be regarded in the same light as butter1 as it is converted into butter in the process of digestion4 ,on this account much cream should never be taken at once by persons of delicate stomachs4 ,in eating cream with fruit persons are hardly aware of the large quantity they consume1 until they find it disagree with the stomach1 when the condiment is blamed for the indiscretion of those who take it4 ,mr ,wanklyn gives the following as the composition of six different samples of cream3-- #a4 #b4 #c4 #d4 #e4 #f4 ,water #gbbj #gab #ffcf #fjag #ecfb #ejjj ,fat #aijj #ada #ahhg #ccjb #chag #dcij ,milk1 ,sugar1 ,casein1 #hhj #adg #adgg #fha #hba #faj and ,ash4 ,a quart of good cream generally yields from #ac oz4 to #ae oz4 of commercial butter4 ,mr ,blyth says3 ,the analysis of cream is conducted on exactly the same principle as that of milk2 but the cream must be weighed1 not measured2 and smaller quantities may be evaporated to dryness in order to estimate the water1 if the ratio of water to the solids not fat is such that adulteration may be suspected2 for this ratio1 although occasionally disturbed by some of the casein rising with the fat1 is practically the same as in milk4 ,mineral adulterations1 such as carbonate of magnesia1 will be detected1 if present1 in the ash4 ,see ,,milk1 ,,butter1 c4 ,cream1 ,al'mond4 ,prep4 ,from sweet almonds1 #b oz42 bitter almonds1 #d in no42 blanched and beaten in a mortar to a smooth paste1 adding a teaspoonful of water to prevent oiling2 and afterwards a pint of cream1 and enough powdered lump sugar to sweeten2 the whole is then whisked to a froth1 the glasses filled with the liquor1 and some of the froth placed on the top of each4 ,some persons add the juice of a lemon4 ,cream1 ,bran'dy4 ,prep4 ,to the last add the yolks of #f eggs2 heat it gently over the fire until it thickens1 keeping it well stirred1 then farther add two or three glassfuls of brandy1 and pour it into small cups or shallow glasses4 ,cream1 ,burnt4 ,prep4 ,cream1 #a quart2 cassia1 a small stick2 peel of half a lemon2 boil for #e minutes1 cool a little1 take out the spice1 and add the yolks of #i eggs1 and sugar1 q4 s4 to sweeten2 stir until cold1 put it into a dish1 strew pounded sugar over it1 and bake it until brown4 ,cream1 ,choc'olate4 ,prep4 ,chocolate1 scraped fine1 #a oz42 thick cream1 #a quart2 sugar 7best71 #f oz42 heat it nearly to boiling1 then remove it from the fire1 and mix it well2 when cold1 add the whites of #h or #aj eggs2 whisk rapidly1 and take up the froth on a sieve2 serve the cream in glasses1 and pile up the froth on the top of them4 ,cream1 ,cof'fee4 ,prep4 #a4 ,as the last1 omitting the chocolate1 and using a pint of the strongest made coffee4 #b4 ,add a teacupful of very clear1 concentrated1 made coffee to #a pint each of clarified calf's feet jelly and good cream2 sweeten with lump sugar1 give it one boil up1 and pour it into shapes or glasses when nearly cold4 ,cream1 ,cold4 ,see ,,cosmetic1 ,,cerate and ,,granulated ,,cream 7below74 ,cream1 ,costorph'in4 ,after a village near ,edinburgh1 where it is commonly made4 ,prep4 ,the milk of #c or #d consecutive days1 together with the cream1 are allowed to remain until sour and coagulated2 the whey is then drawn off1 and fresh cream added4 ,it is eaten with sugar and fruit1 especially with strawberries and raspberries4 ,cream1 ,dev'onshire4 ,prep4 #a4 7,,devonshire ,,raw ,,cream47 ,from sour cream mixed with an equal quantity of fresh cream1 and sweetened with sugar4 ,eaten with fruit4 #b4 7,,devonshire ,,scalded ,,cream1 ,d4 ,,clouted ,c47 ,the milk of yesterday is set in a polished1 shallow1 brass pan1 over a clear fire free from smoke1 and gradually heated until very hot1 care being taken not to let it boil2 when the undulations on the surface look thick1 and form a ring round the top of the fluid1 the size of the bottom of the pan1 it is removed from the fire and allowed to cool2 the next day it is skimmed off for sale4 ,used with either tea or coffee1 and excellent with both2 it is also eaten with sugar and fruit1 and is made into butter4 ,see ,,cream 7above74 ,cream1 ,d',illotte's4 ,syn4 ,,crystallised ,,cream1 ,,vegetable ,c4 ,the ingenious manufacturer whose anagrammatic powers have converted his patronym of ,elliott into one less familiar to vulgar ,english ears1 prepares this really elegant hair cosmetic as follows3--,oil of almonds1 #c oz41 and spermaceti1 #a_/b oz41 are melted together2 and bergamot1 neroli1 and verbena1 of each #e drops1 and huile au jasmin1 #aj drops1 are then stirred in1 and the mixture is at once poured into small1 wide-mouthed bottles1 to crystallise4 ,if preferred harder1 #a_/b dr4 more spermaceti may be used1 but the precise quantity to produce the best crystalline appearance depends greatly on the season of the year1 more being required in winter than in summer4 ,cream1 ,facti''tious4 ,syn4 ,,mock ,,cream4 ,prep4 #a4 ,beat #c eggs1 with #b oz4 of sugar1 and a small piece of butter1 until the combination is complete2 then add warm milk1 #a pint2 put the vessel into another containing hot water1 and stir it one way until it acquires the consistence of cream4 #b4 ,arrowroot1 #a spoonful2 wet it with a little cold milk1 then add1 gradually1 boiling milk1 #a_/d pint2 mix well1 and further add1 of fresh butter1 #a oz42 sugar1 #a-a_/b oz42 cold milk1 #c_/d pint2 and continue stirring until the whole is quite cold4 ,cream1 ,ice4 ,see ,,ice4 ,cream1 ,fruit4 ,prep4 ,from pulped or preserved fruit1 #a lb42 cream1 or good raw milk1 #a quart2 sugar q4 s42 boil for #a minute2 cool1 and add a glassful of brandy4 ,a froth is raised on these creams with a chocolate mill4 ,it is taken off and placed on a hair sieve1 and some of it1 after the glasses are filled with the cream1 placed on the top of each4 ,the expressed juice of raspberries1 of currants1 and several other kinds of fruit1 also make delicious creams4 ,in winter1 raspberry jelly1 jam1 or syrup may be used4 ,a glass of good brandy improves these creams4 ,cream1 ,fur'niture4 ,see ,,polish4 ,cream1 ,gran'ulated4 ,syn4 ,,granulated ,,cold ,,cream4 ,prep4 7,owen47 ,almond oil1 #f oz41 white wax and spermaceti1 of each #b oz41 are melted together1 and a little otto of roses added2 the liquor is then poured into a large ,wedgwood-ware or marble mortar1 previously warmed1 and containing #a-a_/b to #b pints of warm water2 brisk agitation with the pestle is then had recourse to1 until the oleaginous portion is well divided1 when the whole is suddenly thrown into a vessel containing a gallon or two of clean cold water2 lastly1 the granulated cream is thrown on a muslin filter2 and as much water as possible is shaken 7gently7 out of it2 after which it is put up for use4 ,cream1 ,lem'on4 ,prep4 ,from cream1 #a pint2 yolks of #c eggs2 powdered sugar1 #f oz42 the yellow rind of #a lemon 7grated71 with the juice2 mix1 apply a gentle heat1 and stir until cold4 ,if desired white1 the whites of the eggs should be used instead of the yolks4 ,cream1 ,or'ange4 ,similar to lemon cream1 but using oranges4 ,cream1 ,pis''tachio4 ,from the kernels of pistachio nuts1 as almond cream4 ,cream1 ,rasp'berry4 ,see ,,cream1 ,,fruit4 ,cream1 ,sat'urnine4 ,syn4 ,,crem',,or ,,plum',,bi ,,aceta',,tis1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,dr ,kirkland47 ,cream1 #a oz42 solution of diacetate of lead1 #a dr42 mix4 ,cooling1 sedative1 and astringent2 a useful application in certain cases to irritable ulcers1 sore nipples1 c4 ,it is poisonous4 ,cream1 ,scotch ,sour4 ,prep4 7,gray47 ,skimmed milk is put over night into a wooden tub1 with a spigot at the bottom1 and this tub is put into another filled with hot water2 in the morning the small tub is taken out and the thin part of the milk 7'wigg'7 drawn off until the thick1 sour cream begins to come4 ,this process requires practice as to the heat of the water2 when it succeeds1 skimmed milk yields nearly one half of this cream1 which is eaten with sugar as a delicacy2 it is only distinguishable from cream by its taste1 and sells for double the price of fresh milk4 ,cream1 ,stone4 ,syn4 ,,cream ,,blancmange4 ,prep4 ,from isinglass1 #a_/b oz41 dissolved in boiling water1 a teacupful1 adding cream1 #a pint1 and sugar1 #d oz42 stirred until nearly cold1 and then poured over fruit or preserves1 placed on the bottom of glass dishes4 ,cream1 ,tarax'acum4 ,syn4 ,,crem',,or ,,tarax',,aci1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,dr ,collier47 ,from washed dandelion roots 7sliced71 sprinkled with spirit of juniper1 and then pressed for their juice4--,dose4 ,a table-spoonful twice or thrice daily1 as a stomachic and tonic1 in dyspepsia1 c4 ,cream1 ,vanil'la4 ,prep4 #a4 ,boil a stick of vanilla 7grated71 and isinglass1 #a_/b oz41 in milk1 #a pint1 until the latter is dissolved2 strain1 add sugar1 #f oz41 and cream1 #a pint2 stir till nearly cold1 then pour it into moulds like blancmange4 #b4 ,cream and strong isinglass jelly1 of each #a pint2 sugar1 #f oz42 essence of vanilla1 #a_/d oz42 mix as before4 ,cream1 ,vel'vet4 ,prep4 ,as the last1 but1 instead of vanilla1 flavour with the rind and juice of a lemon1 and about a teacupful of white wine4 ,cream1 ,whipped'4 ,prep4 ,from the whites of #ab eggs2 cream1 #a quart2 pale sherry1 #a_/b pint2 essence of musk and ambergris1 of each1 #aj drops2 essences of lemon and orange peel1 of each1 #c or #d drops2 whisk to a froth1 remove the latter on to a sieve1 fill the glasses with the cream1 and then pile the froth on the top of them4 ,,cre',,asote4 ,see ,,kreasote4 ,,cre',,atine4 ,see ,,kreatine4 ,,creat',,inine4 ,see ,,kreatinine4 ,,cr,,me4 ,fr4 ,syn4 ,,cream4 ,this name is applied to several compound spirits and cordial liquors1 especially by the ,french liqueuristes1 who pride themselves on the superior quality and cream-like smoothness of their manufactures4 ,like the cordials of the ,english1 they are mostly dilute spirit1 aromatised1 and sweetened4 ,see ,,liqueurs4 ,,creme ,,de ,,beaut4 ,a cosmetic consisting of an emulsion of bitter and sweet almonds4 ,,cren',,ic ,,acid4 ,a brown substance discovered by ,berzelius in certain mineral waters4 ,it is a modification of ,,humus1 and is produced by the decay of vegetable matter4 ,,cresylic ,,acid4 ,c#g;,h#h,o4 ,syn4 ,,cresol1 ,,kresylic ,,acid1 ,,kresol4 ,one of the homologues of carbolic acid1 found in coal tar4 ,cresylic1 like carbolic acid1 is a useful disinfectant4 ,,crib-,,biting4--,the use of deal or any unseasoned wood for the manger may induce this habit in horses4 ,to remedy it the stable fittings should be of iron4 ,as the habit very frequently arises from acidity of stomach in horses1 the administration of chalk or other antacids has been recommended4 ,,crick',,ets4 ,these insects may be destroyed by putting ,scotch snuff into their holes1 or by placing some pieces of beetle wafers for them to eat4 ,,crinum ,,asiaticum4 7,ind4 ,ph47 ,habitat4 ,low humid localities in ,bengal1 the ,concans1 and other parts of ,india2 also cultivated in gardens2 ,ceylon1 the ,moluccas1 and ,cochin ,china4--,officinal part4 ,the fresh root 7,crini ,radix72 bulbous1 with a terminal stoloniferous fusiform portion issuing from the crown of the bulb2 emits an unpleasant narcotic odour2 readily dried in a stove1 and reducible to powder after desiccation4--,properties4 ,emetic2 in small doses nauseant and diaphoretic4--,therapeutic uses4 ,analogous to those of squill4 ,juice of ,crinum 7,succus ,crini2 ,infusum ,crini1 ,beng4 ,ph474 ,take of the fresh root of crinum1 #a_/b an ounce2 cold water1 #b ounces4 ,bruise the root in a stone mortar1 gradually adding the water4 ,strain1 with pressure1 through calico4--,dose4 ,from #b to #d fluid drachms1 every twenty minutes1 until the desired effect is produced4 ,syrup of ,crinum 7,syrupus ,crini74 ,take of the fresh root of crinum1 sliced1 #h ounces2 boiling water1 #a pint2 refined sugar1 #a pound4 ,macerate the root in the water for two hours1 bruise in a mortar1 press through calico1 add the sugar1 and dissolve with the aid of gentle heat4--,dose4 ,about #b fluid drachms1 repeated as required4 ,used as a nauseant and emetic for children4 ,,croton ,,chloral4 ,syn4 ,,butyl ,,chloral4 ,a colourless oleaginous liquid1 having an odour somewhat like that of ordinary chloral2 insoluble in water4 ,croton chloral may be prepared by the process of ,krmer and ,pinner1 who were the first to obtain it4 ,a current of chlorine gas is passed into aldehyd during twenty-four hours4 ,at the commencement of the operation the action is very energetic2 so much so that it is necessary to surround the vessel containing the aldehyd with a refrigerating mixture1 and it is only towards the end that the temperature is raised to #ajj ,c4 ,large quantities of hydrochloric acid are generated during all the time the chlorine is acting on the aldehyd4 ,the resulting product is submitted to fractional distillation1 and the liquid passing over between #afc and #afe ,c4 is croton chloral4 ,croton chloral is the hydride of trichlorcrotonyl 7,c#d;,h#b;,cl#c,,oh71 or the aldehyd of crotonic acid 7,c#d;,h#e,,ooh7 in the radical of which three atoms of hydrogen have been replaced by three atoms of chlorine4 ,like ordinary chloral1 croton chloral combines with water to form a crystallised hydrate which is the substance used in medicine4 ,croton chloral hydrate occurs in white nacreous spangles4 ,it is very slightly soluble in cold water1 more so in warm1 and extremely soluble in alcohol4 ,a convenient solvent for it is glycerin1 in which it dissolves much more easily than in water4 ,the dose of the hydrate as a hypnotic is from #h to #ae grains1 for neuralgia #e grains are given three times a day4 ,dr ,liebreich1 who first introduced croton chloral to the notice of the medical profession1 says he has failed to discover that it exercises any hurtful effects on the stomach and other organs4 ,on the contrary1 ,dr ,worms asserts that he finds it not so generally tolerated as ordinary chloral1 and ,gay affirms that it is more uncertain in its narcotic effects4 ,,cro',,ton ,,oil4 ,syn4 ,,oleum ,,croto',,nis 7,b4 ,p471 ,o4 ,,tiglii 7,ph4 ,l4 ,d471 ,l4 ,the oil expressed from the seeds of ,croton tiglium or purging croton4 ,this oil is a drastic purgative1 and a powerful local irritant and rubefacient4 ,rubbed on the skin1 it produces a pustular eruption1 and frequently purges4 ,in this way 7diluted with thrice its weight of olive oil7 it is occasionally used as a counter-irritant4--,dose 7as a purge71 #a to #b drops2 in obstinate constipation1 lead colic1 c4 ,the residuum from which the oil has been expressed is sometimes used in veterinary practice under the name of croton cake1 or croton farina2 but as the amount of oil it contains varies greatly1 it is irregular and uncertain in its effects4 ,,croup4 ,syn4 ,,cynan',,che ,,laryn'',,gea1 ,c4 ,,suffoca',,tiva1 ,c4 ,,trachea',,lis1 ,l4 ,an inflammatory disease affecting the larynx and trachea4 ,symp4 ,a permanently laborious and suffocative breathing1 accompanied by wheezing1 cough1 a peculiar shrillness of the voice1 and more or less expectoration of purulent matter1 which continually threatens suffocation4 ,there are two varieties1 acute croup and chronic croup4 ,the latter is very rare4 ,treat4 ,bleeding by leeches or cupping1 over the region of the trachea1 should be immediately had recourse to1 when the symptoms are urgent2 or violent local irritants1 as pieces of lint dipped in strong acetic acid1 or blisters1 may be applied to the same part4 ,in weakly subjects of irritable constitution bleeding should be avoided4 ,dr ,larroque recommends repeated vomiting in the croup of children2 and ,m4 ,marotte and ,m4 ,boudet have adopted this plan with great success4 ,the treatment consists in making the patient attacked with croup vomit a great number of times within the day1 so as to detach the pseudo-membrane from the larynx nearly as fast as it is formed4 ,for this purpose ,m4 ,marotte employs one or other of the following formul3-- #a4 ,tartar emetic1 #a-a_/b gr42 syrup of ipecacuanha1 #a oz42 water1 #b oz4 #b4 ,impure emetine1 #c gr42 syrup of ipecacuanha and water1 of each #a-a_/b oz4 ,these draughts are administered by spoonfuls every ten minutes1 until there has been a sufficient number of vomitings4 ,in this manner he says he has been always able to make the patient expectorate a certain quantity of false membrane4 ,this treatment is accompanied by the use of small doses of calomel1 leeches to the throat1 and blisters to the nape of the neck2 but it is the opinion of ,m4 ,marotte that the vomitings alone effect the cure4 ,out of #be cases that occurred at the ,hpital des ,enfans,enfants1 the only authenticated case of cure among all these was effected by emetics4 7,m4 ,boudet47 ,the croup is a very dangerous disease1 and medical aid should be immediately sought wherever it can be procured4 ,it is principally confined to infancy1 or to children under #i years of age2 but occasionally attacks adults4 ,one of our early friends1 a young medical practitioner of great promise1 died of it prematurely1 after only about #bj hours' illness4 ,,crowdie4 ,mix the liquor in which a leg of mutton has been boiled with half a pint of oatmeal1 and two onions cut very fine2 and add pepper and salt4 ,make the oatmeal into a paste with a little of the liquor over the fire1 stir in the remainder of the ingredients1 and let them boil gently for twenty minutes4 ,this forms a very nutritious and cheap dish4 ,,crowing1 ,,in ,,children4 ,syn4 ,,childcrowing4 ,,spurious ,,croup4 ,,spasmodic ,,croup4 ,this very formidable disorder almost always occurs during teething4 ,it comes on in paroxysms4 ,in the intervals between the spasms the respiration is quite natural2 but during the attack there is great difficulty of breathing accompanied with a crowing noise1 and with violent struggling on the part of the little sufferer4 ,convulsions and faintness also sometimes occur4 ,in his ',advice to a ,mother' ,mr ,chavasse prescribes the following treatment3-- ,the first thing1 of course1 to be done is to send immediately for a medical man4 ,have a plentiful supply of cold and hot water always at hand1 ready for use at a moment's notice4 ,the instant the paroxysm is on the child1 plentifully and perseveringly dash cold water upon his head and face4 ,put his feet and legs in hot salt-mustard-and-water1 and if necessary place the child up to his neck in a hot bath1 still dashing water upon his face and head4 ,if he does not quickly come round1 sharply smack the back and buttocks4 ,as soon as a medical man arrives1 he will lose no time in thoroughly lancing the gums1 and in applying appropriate remedies4 ,during the intervals1 great care and attention must be paid to the diet4 ,if the child be breathing a smoky1 close atmosphere1 he should be immediately removed to a pure one4 ,indeed in this disease there is no remedy equal to a change of air--to a dry bracing neighbourhood4 ,even if it be winter1 change of air is the best remedy1 either to the coast or to a healthy farmhouse4 ,in a case of this kind where it is not practicable to send a child from home1 then let him be sent out of doors during the greater part of every day2 let him1 in point of fact1 almost live in the open air4 ,i am quite sure from an extensive experience that1 in this disease1 fresh air1 and plenty of it1 is the best and principal remedy4 ,,cru',,cible4 ,syn4 ,,melting ,,pot2 ,,crucibulum1 ,l42 ,,creuset1 ,fr4 ,a vessel used by metallurgists and chemists for holding substances whilst they are exposed to a high temperature4 ,the crucibles commonly used for fusing metals are formed of clay1 or a mixture of plumbago and clay4 ,for certain purposes1 crucibles of platinum1 gold1 silver1 iron1 porcelain1 and lime1 are employed4 ,crucibles1 ,earth'en4 ,syn4 ,,clay ,,crucibles4 ,from fire-clay1 mixed with silica1 coke1 burnt clay1 or other infusible matter4 ,manuf4 ,the materials1 having been ground and kneaded1 are generally moulded by hand upon a wooden block of the shape of the cavity of the crucible4 ,another method of shaping a crucible consists in ramming the ingredients into a suitable mould1 formed of steel or gun-metal4 7,see engr47 ,illustration3 a a4 ,external steel mould4 b b1 ,clay or composition for forming the crucible4 c1 ,internal steel mould4 d d1 ,wooden stand4 e1 ,cord or chain to withdraw the internal mould or plug4 ,small crucibles are sometimes formed by pouring 'slip1' that is1 clay mixed with sufficient water to give it the consistence of cream1 into porous moulds1 made of a species of stucco4 ,a series of these moulds are placed upon a table and filled with the semifluid composition4 ,by the time the whole 7say #ej or #fj7 are filled1 the 'slip' may be poured out of the one first filled1 leaving only a very small quantity behind to give the requisite thickness to the bottom4 ,the second and third may then be treated in the same way1 until the whole number have been attended to4 ,in each mould a perfect crucible is formed1 by the abstraction of the water of that portion of the 'slip' in immediate contact with the stucco1 and the crucible is either thicker or thinner in proportion to the time this absorbent action has been allowed to go on4 #gj or #hj crucibles may thus be easily made in less than #ae minutes4 ,the moulds and their contents are next placed in a stove or slow oven4 ,in a short time1 from the contraction of the clay in drying1 the crucibles may be removed1 and the moulds1 as soon as they have become dry1 may be again filled2 by care they will last for years4 ,earthen crucibles are used both in the burnt and unburnt state4 ,small crucibles are generally kiln-burnt before they are used1 but the large ,stourbridge clay 'casting-pots1' which are extensively employed in brass foundries1 are never previously burnt4 ,the following kinds of earthen crucibles are much used in the arts3-- ,crucibles1 ,cornish4 ,from ,teignmouth clay1 #a part2 ,poole clay1 #a part2 sand from ,st4 ,agnes's ,beacon1 ,cornwall1 #b parts4 ,when smaller and less refractory crucibles are needed1 the same mixture is employed1 with the addition of an eighth part of ,china clay1 or ,kaolinite from ,st4 ,austell4 ,these crucibles are generally made round1 and of two sizes1 of which one fits into the other2 the larger being #c inches in diameter at the top1 and #c-a_/b inches high outside measure4 ,they are coarse in grain1 and of a greyish-white colour1 spotted with dark specks4 ,they are always kiln-burnt4 ,of all crucibles1 none are more generally useful for metallurgical experiments4 ,crucibles1 ,hessian4 ,from a mixture of equal weights of ,almerode clay and sand4 ,they are generally triangular in shape1 so that the melted metal may be conveniently poured out from each corner4 ,they are usually sold in 'nests' of six crucibles1 fitting one in another4 ,in the character of their body1 and in composition and qualities1 they closely resemble the ,cornish4 ,crucibles1 ,london4 ,from a very refractory clay4 ,they have a reddish-brown colour1 and are close in grain4 ,they are exceedingly useful in assaying1 as they resist the action of fused oxide of lead much better than most clay crucibles4 ,being very liable to crack1 they require to be used with care4 ,,white ,,fluxing-,,pots4 ,from a peculiar kind of foreign clay4 ,they are manufactured by the ,patent ,plumbago ,crucible ,company1 and are much esteemed by metallurgists1 being well moulded and very refractory4 ,they have a smooth surface1 and withstand the action of fluxes satisfactorily4 ,crucibles1 ,stourbridge-clay4 ,from ,stourbridge clay1 #d parts2 burnt clay1 obtained by pounding and grinding old glass pots1 #b parts2 pipe-clay and coke-powder1 of each #a part4 ,anstey's ,patent4 ,from ,stourbridge clay1 #b parts2 hard gas-coke 7previously ground and sifted through a sieve of #a_/hth-inch mesh71 #a part4 ,obs4 ,these crucibles of ,stourbridge clay are made large enough to hold forty pounds or more of melted brass4 ,they are only dried1 and not baked4 ,for use they are warmed1 placed on the furnace1 bottom upwards1 the burning coke gradually heaped round them1 and the firing continued until they acquire a fully red heat4 ,they are then quickly taken out of the furnace1 and put in again with the mouth upwards4 ,if placed in the furnace with the mouth upwards at first1 they are sure to crack4 ,after they have been once used and allowed to become cold they are worthless4 ,crucibles1 ,plat'inum4 ,these are indispensable instruments in the laboratory of the analytical chemist4 ,they are chiefly employed in the ignition of precipitates1 and in the fusion of silicates with carbonated alkalies to render them soluble1 a preliminary step to their analysis4 ,the most ordinary form of the platinum crucible is that of a cup with a flat bottom4 ,they are always provided with lids1 which are sometimes so constructed that they may be used1 when separated from the crucibles1 as capsules for ignitions and evaporations4 ,platinum crucibles are not acted on by carbonated alkalies at a high temperature1 but they are liable to be seriously damaged by the caustic alkalies4 ,precipitates of the more reducible metals must never be ignited in these crucibles1 as the reduction of the metals would infallibly destroy the vessels4 ,crucibles1 ,gold1 are exceedingly useful for many operations1 on account of the way which they stand caustic and carbonated alkalies1 and nitric acid1 which destroy platinum or silver crucibles respectively4 ,their drawbacks are their great expense and ready fusibility4 ,crucibles1 ,silver4 ,these are much used for fusions of alkalies1 being much less acted on than platinum crucibles1 and also for water analyses1 from their cheapness and light weight4 ,they are easily destroyed1 however1 by acids4 ,crucibles1 ,plumba'go4 ,syn4 ,,graphite ,c41 ,,blacklead ,c41 ,,blue ,,pots4 ,from graphite1 ground and sifted1 mixed with sufficient refractory clay to render it plastic4 ,they are shaped by hand on an ordinary potter's wheel1 or by moulds of metal like that figured above under the head of ,,crucibles1 ,,earthen4 ,prop41 c4 ,good blacklead crucibles1 even when of the largest size1 support the greatest and most sudden alternations of temperature without cracking1 and may be used after repeated heating and cooling4 ,their surface1 within as well as without1 may be made very smooth1 so that particles of melted metal will not hang about the sides4 ,they are now almost universally used for melting the precious metals4 ,crucibles1 ,por'celain4 ,these beautiful vessels are now made in ,germany and ,france of all shapes and sizes4 ,they are formed of the most exquisitely white1 thin1 and hard porcelain1 which does not crack when heated1 and which is but little acted on by the most energetic chemical reagents4 ,for some operations they supersede platinum crucibles1 particularly in the ignition of the precipitates of the more reducible metals4 ,they do not retain colouring matter1 and are not porous4 ,their covers are excellently adapted for delicate cases of testing1 the whiteness of the porcelain showing the changes of colour in a single drop of liquid most distinctly4 ,crucibles1 ,iron4 ,used chiefly for preparing common reagents1 as sulphide of iron1 calcic chloride1 c41 and also for preparing pure caustic potassa from the nitrate4 ,,crump',,et4 ,a sort of muffin or tea-cake1 very light and spongy4 ,prep4 ,from flour1 #b lbs41 made into a dough with warm milk-and-water1 adding a little salt1 #c eggs 7well beaten71 and #c teaspoonfuls of yeast1 mixed to the consistence of thick batter2 after standing before the fire for a short time1 to rise1 it is poured into buttered tins1 and baked slowly to a fine yellow4 ,for the table1 crumpets are toasted lightly on both sides1 buttered1 piled on a hot dish1 and cut into halves4 ,,crust4 ,the paste with which pies1 tarts1 c41 are made1 or covered4 #a4 7,,fine47 ,from flour1 #a lb42 sugar1 #a_/d lb42 melted butter1 #a_/b lb42 #c eggs2 milk1 q4 s4 ,requires little baking4 #b4 7,,raised ,,crust1 ,,for ,,meat ,,pies1 ,c47 ,as the last1 but using #f oz4 of lard for the butter1 and #b instead of #c eggs4 #c4 7,,short47 ,from flour1 #a lb42 butter and sugar1 of each #b oz42 eggs1 #b in no42 made into a stiff paste4 ,obs4 ,the quality is improved if the whole or a portion of the butter is employed in the way directed under ,,puff ,,paste4 ,for further information hereon1 consult the cookery books of ,acton1 ,beeton1 ,rundell1 and ,soyer4 ,,cry',,olite 7#c,na,f#a;,al,f#c74 ,a native double fluoride of aluminium and sodium1 found in large quantities in ,greenland1 employed in the manufacture of alum1 and also as a source of metallic aluminium4 ,,cryoph',,orus4 ,see ,,refrigeration4 ,,crys',,tal4 ,a solid body1 having a regular geometrical form4 ,the plane surfaces by which a crystal is bounded are termed faces2 these intersect in straight lines or edges2 and these again meet in points1 and form angles4 ,the axis of a crystal is an imaginary line passing through its centre1 and terminating either in the middle of two faces or of two edges1 or in two angles2 and axes terminating in similar parts of a crystal are named similar axes4 ,when the axes of a crystal are properly chosen1 and placed in a right position1 the various faces are observed to group themselves in a regular and beautiful manner around these axes1 and to be all so related to them as to compose a connected series1 produced according to definite laws4 ,the multitudinous forms of crystals have been distributed by mineralogists and chemists into six primary classes or systems1 distinguishable from one another by the relative positions and lengths of the three axes about which the planes or faces are arranged2 while the different figures of any particular system are distinguishable by the arrangement of the planes in respect to the axes4 ,thus1 the cube or hexahedron1 the rhombic dodecahedron1 and the octahedron all belong to the regular system1 which is characterised by #c equal axes cutting one another at right angles4 ,but in the cube each plane cuts #a axis1 and is parallel to #b axes2 in the dodecahedron each plane cuts #b axes1 and is parallel to a third2 while in the octahedron each plane cuts the #c axes4 ,the names and definitions of the six crystalline systems are given below3-- #a4 ,,regular ,,system4 ,the #c axes equal and rectangular4 #b4 ,,square ,,prismatic ,s4 #b equal axes4 ,the #c axes unequal1 #c4 ,,right ,,prismatic ,s4 and rectangular4 ,all unequal4 #d4 ,,rhombohedral ,s4 ,the #c axes equal1 but not rectangular4 #e4 ,,oblique ,,prismatic ,s4 ,the #c axes not #a axis rectangular to #b4 equal1 and not #f4 ,,doubly ,o4,p4,s4 rectangular4 ,none rectangular4 ,,crystallisation4 ,the act or process by which crystals are formed4 ,the frequent reference to this subject in the pages of this work1 and the constant employment of the process of crystallisation in the manufacture of salts1 c41 in the laboratory1 seem to point out the necessity of a few explanatory remarks thereon under this head4 ,when fluid substances are suffered to pass with adequate slowness to the solid state1 or when solutions of solids are slowly concentrated by evaporation1 or the solvent powers of the menstruum1 gradually lessened by cooling1 the ultimate particles of matter frequently so arrange themselves as to form regular geometrical bodies1 familiarly known by the name of crystals4 ,this wonderful property1 which is possessed by a great variety of substances in the mineral kingdom1 and by nearly all saline bodies1 is resorted to for many useful and important purposes in the chemical arts4 ,it is by means of crystallisation that the majority of salts are obtained in a state of purity2 for in the act of passing into the crystalline state1 the foreign substances with which they are united are left behind in the mother-liquor4 ,salts are crystallised1 either by allowing their hot and saturated solutions to cool slowly1 or by simply evaporating the menstrua as long as crystals form4 ,in the first case the liquid is commonly evaporated until a pellicle appears on the surface1 when the vessel is set aside in some sheltered situation until cold1 at which time the crystals are collected1 and the process repeated for fresh crystals4 ,in the second case the crystals are usually removed from the liquid as soon as they are deposited4 ,the first method is adopted for those salts that are considerably more soluble in hot than in cold water1 as carbonate of soda1 ,epsom salts1 c42 the last method1 for those that possess nearly equal solubility in both cases1 and also for many salts which are not required in handsome crystals2 thus common salt and chromate of potash are crystallised in this way4 ,many of the alkaloids1 and their salts1 are obtained in crystals1 by allowing their solutions 7generally alcoholic or ethereal7 to evaporate spontaneously4 ,by repeating the processes of solution and crystallisation two or three times with the same body1 the crystals obtained by the last operation will usually be found to be quite pure4 ,many solids may be readily obtained in a crystalline state by melting them and allowing them to cool very slowly4 ,thus1 iodide of sulphur is crystallised by melting it in a flask placed in a salt-water bath1 and allowing it to remain in the water until the whole becomes cold4 ,sulphur and many metals are crystallised by pouring them1 in a state of fusion1 into a hot vessel having a plug in the bottom1 which is withdrawn as soon as the surface becomes cool1 when the liquid portion runs out1 and leaves the under surface in the form of a mass of agglomerated crystals4 ,perfectly pure wax1 stearine1 and spermaceti have a very pleasing appearance when treated in this way4 ,,crys',,talloid4 ,see ,,dialysis4 ,,cu',,bebin4 ,a peculiar substance obtained from cubebs4 ,prep4 ,from cubebs 7from which the oil has been expelled by distillation71 by digestion in alcohol1 evaporating the resulting tincture to one fourth1 filtering1 and then evaporating the remaining fluid almost to dryness4 ,the residuum is left in a cold place until it assumes a semi-crystalline appearance1 when it is thrown on a filter1 and the fluid portion 7the 'cubebine' of ,m4 ,cassola7 allowed to drain off4 ,in #bd hours the substance left on the filter is dissolved in #d times its weight of boiling alcohol 7sp4 gr4 #ij71 the solution allowed to deposit its undissolved resin 7still maintaining it near the boiling temperature71 after which the clear portion is decanted4 ,the crystals deposited as the liquid cools are cubebin4 ,it is purified by redissolving it in boiling concentrated alcohol1 and the addition of a little boiling water and animal charcoal1 when long1 white needles will be deposited if the solution is allowed to cool very slowly4 ,prop41 c4 ,it is insoluble in water1 and nearly so in cold alcohol1 but very soluble in boiling alcohol4 ,it strikes a fine crimson colour with sulphuric acid1 which remains unaltered for some hours2 a property which distinguishes it from piperin4 ,its physiological action has been but little studied4 ,according to ,dr ,grres1 this for the most part resembles that of cubebs4 ,,cu',,bebs4 ,syn4 ,,cubeb ,,pepper2 ,,cubeba 7,b4 ,p4 ,u4 ,s471 ,,cubeb 7,b4 ,p471 ,l4 ,the immature and stalked fruit of ,piper cubeba or ,cubeba officinalis4 ,cubebs are stimulant1 stomachic1 and aromatic1 like the other peppers2 they are also diuretic1 and appear to possess a specific influence over the urino-genital organs4--,dose1 #aj to #bj gr41 in affections of the bladder and prostate gland1 and in gleet and leucorrhoea2 #a to #c dr41 in the early and inflammatory stages of gonorrhoea1 in piles1 c4 ,they may be taken in water1 milk1 or bitter ale4 ,,cu',,cumber4 ,the fruit of the ,cucumis sativus 7,linn474 ,used as a salad vegetable4 ,it is somewhat indigestible1 but when properly dressed1 with plenty of oil1 it may be eaten without the slightest fear of evil consequences4 ,the practice of pouring off the natural juice extracted from the cucumber by salt cannot be too strongly condemned4 ,see ,,elaterium4 ,,cud',,bear4 ,syn4 ,,persio4 ,a dye-stuff obtained from ,lecanora tartarea and other lichens1 by a process nearly similar to that used in making ,,archil4 ,the lichen is watered with stale urine or other ammoniacal liquor1 and suffered to ferment for #c or #d weeks1 after which the whole is poured into a flat vessel1 and exposed to the air until the urinous smell has disappeared1 and it has assumed a violet colour4 ,it is then ground to powder4 ,its use is confined to a few cases of silk dyeing1 where it is employed to yield shades of ruby and maroon2 upon wool it gives deep-red shades4 ,the colours produced by it are very fugitive4 ,like archil1 there are two varieties of this dye-stuff--,,blue ,,cudbear and ,,red ,,cudbear4 ,see ,,archil4 ,,culm4 ,in mineralogy1 a slaty kind of ,,anthracite1 occurring in ,wales and ,north ,devon4 ,the term is also applied to any impure1 shaly kind of coal4 ,,cu',,marin4 ,see ,,coumarin4 ,,cu',,min4 ,syn4 ,,cymini ,,semina1 ,,cyminum1 ,l4 ,the fruit 7seed7 of ,cuminum cyminum4 ,it is carminative and aromatic1 like the caraway and anise4 ,see ,,plaster4 ,,cu',,minol4 ,a colourless1 transparent oil1 of powerful odour4 ,it exists with ,,cymol in ,,oil of ,,cumin4 ,see ,,cymol4 ,,cu',,pellation4 ,the process of assaying gold and silver and their alloys by means of the ,,cupel4 ,see ,,assaying4 ,,cup',,ping4 ,this method of topical bleeding is performed as follows3-- ,the skin being softened by means of a sponge and warm water1 and the hair and other extraneous substances being previously removed1 one of the small bell-like glasses 7,,cupping-,,glasses2 ,,cucurbitu',l71 having the air contained in it rarefied by being passed over the flame of a spirit-lamp1 is immediately applied to the part4 ,from the formation of a partial vacuum beneath the cup1 the pressure of the air on the surrounding surface causes that portion immediately under the cup to swell1 and the vessels to become turgid4 ,when this has taken place the cup is removed1 and several incisions are instantly made by means of a scarificator1 an instrument containing numerous lancets1 which1 by means of a spring1 make a number of incisions at the same moment2 the depth of these incisions being regulated by means of a screw which protrudes or withdraws the lancets1 according to the vascularity of the part1 or the quantity of blood to be abstracted4 ,the cupping glass is now again applied4 ,when a sufficient quantity of blood has been collected in the cup1 it is removed by gently introducing the nail of one of the fingers under the upper edge1 by which means1 air being allowed to enter1 the cup becomes detached4 ,the part being washed with warm water to remove any clots of blood1 another cup is applied as before1 and the operation continued until a sufficient quantity of blood is withdrawn4 ,sometimes1 especially when applied to the scalp1 the cups fill so rapidly with blood as to become detached almost immediately on being applied4 ,this method of local bleeding is frequently called ',,cupping ,,with ,,scarifications1' ,when cupping-glasses are applied without the use of the lancet or scarificator1 the operation is called ',,dry ,,cupping1' and is much used to cause a speedy irritation of the skin and reaction1 for the relief of oppressive breathing1 local pains1 c4 ,to obtain the full benefit from this operation1 the cups should be suffered to remain upon the part until they cause an exudation of a small quantity of serum1 or a considerable amount of irritation of the part4 ,dry cupping has been found extremely beneficial in poisoned wounds2 as it acts not only by abstracting the poison1 but also1 by the pressure the glasses exercise on and around the part1 in preventing the absorption of it4 ,obs4 ,for the operation of cupping1 a basin of hot water1 sponges1 and clean1 soft towels1 should be provided4 ,in clumsy hands1 cupping is occasionally a severe and painful operation2 but this is not the case with the skilful operator4 ,a good cupper does not exhaust much of the air in the cup before applying it1 but simply passes its mouth rapidly over the flame of the lamp4 ,when it is held over the flame even for a few seconds1 the compression of the edge of the cup upon the skin is so great1 that it checks the flow of the blood to the scarified part4 ,a good cupper also removes the cup without spilling the contents1 and completes the whole operation quickly and neatly4 ,there are1 however1 few persons1 who are not professional cuppers1 who are sufficiently expert to exhaust the air in the cup by means of the common lamp2 although it is by far the best4 ,a good plan is to rarify the air in the cup by means of a small cone of paper1 dipped in spirits of wine1 or strong brandy2 this is ignited and thrown in the cup1 which is instantly to be applied to the proper spot4 ,where cupping-glasses and the scarificator are not to be had1 wine-glasses1 or any very small tumblers1 may be substituted for the first2 and small incisions by means of a thumb lancet will answer the purpose of the other4 ,the cicatrices of the scarification leave permanent marks on the skin2 on which account1 when blood is to be drawn from the head or neck1 the glasses should be applied behind the ears1 and a portion of hair removed in such a manner that the part may be covered by what remains4 ,a most convenient cupping apparatus is manufactured by ,mr ,bigg1 the eminent surgical instrument maker of ,leicester ,square1 consisting of cups and an exhausting syringe1 so arranged that the use of the spirit-lamp is rendered unnecessary1 and the operation of cupping may be performed nearly as expertly by an inexperienced nurse as by the most accomplished professional operator4 ,it is invaluable in places remote from town4 ,,curar',,ine4 ,syn4 ,,curaria4 ,the vegeto-alkaline base of curara1 urari1 woorara1 woorali1 or wourali1 the arrow-poison of ,central ,america4 ,in physiological effects curarine is antagonistic to strychnia1 a fact which has led to its being proposed as an antidote for the latter poison4 ,curarine is also said to have been employed in ,germany in the treatment of hydrophobia with such success that the patient to whom it was administered recovered4 ,it is a most potent poison1 and should not be allowed to come into contact with the fingers4 ,,curb4 ,in horses4 ,an enlargement at the back of a horse's hock caused by injuring a ligament in this region4 ,see ,,sprain4 ,,curcu',,min4 ,the yellow colouring matter of turmeric1 obtained by digesting the alcoholic extract of the powder in ether1 and evaporating the clear ethereal solution to dryness4 ,a brownish-yellow mass1 yielding a bright-yellow powder4 ,it is scarcely soluble in water1 but very soluble in both alcohol and ether4 ,boracic and hydrochloric acids redden it2 alkalies turn it reddish brown4 ,,curd4 ,coagulated casein4 ,see ,,cheese4 ,,cur',,rants4 ,the currants of our garden are varieties of the ,ribes rubrum and ,ribes nigrum4 7,linn47 ,the first includes ,,red ,,currants and ,,white ,,currants2 the fruit of both of which are gently acidulous1 cooling1 and wholesome4 ,the juice makes excellent wine4 ,the fruit of the last 7,,black ,,currants1 ,,quinsy-,,berries7 is aperitive1 and has been used in calculous affections2 the juice is made into wine1 jellies1 jams1 lozenges1 c4 ,the young leaves are used as a substitute for tea2 one or two buds1 or half a small leaf1 impart to black tea the flavour and fragrance of green4 ,the currants of the grocers 7,,zante ,,currants7 are a small variety of dried grapes4 ,the word currant is a corruption of ,corinth1 whence the fruit originally came4 ,,cur',,ry4 ,syn4 ,,currie4 ,a noted dish in ,indian cookery1 much esteemed throughout the ,east4 ,curries are simply stews1 of which rice usually forms a characteristic ingredient1 highly flavoured with fried onions and curry powder1 to which sliced apples and lemon juice are sometimes added4 ,they are made from every variety of fish1 meat1 poultry1 game1 c41 according to the fancy of the parties4 ,to make a ,dish of ,curry4--,cut an onion into slices and fry it with an apple1 finely chopped1 in two ounces of dripping2 then add slices of cold meat2 mix a dessert-spoonful of curry powder and one of flour in half a pint of water2 pour it over the meat1 and shake the whole over the fire till it boils4 ,cur'ry ,powder4 ,prep4 7,kitchener47 ,from coriander-seed1 #a_/d lb42 turmeric1 #a_/d lb42 cinnamon-seed1 #b oz42 cayenne1 #a_/b oz42 mustard1 #a oz42 ground ginger1 #a oz42 allspice1 #a_/b oz42 fenugreek-seed1 #b oz42 all dried thoroughly1 pounded in a mortar1 rubbed through a sieve1 and mixed together4 ,the famous ,ceylon curry powder is said by ,dr ,balfour to have the following rather indefinite composition3--,a piece of green ginger1 two fragments of garlic1 a few coriander and cumin seeds1 six small onions1 one dry ,chili1 eight peppercorns1 a small piece of turmeric1 half a dessert-spoonful of butter1 half a cocoa-nut1 and half a lime4 ,for it to be in perfection the powder should be made the day on which it is cooked4 ,obs4 ,the above must be regarded as merely a substitute for ,indian curry powder1 which contains many ingredients not to be obtained in ,england4 ,it should be kept in a bottle closely corked or stoppered4 ,the curry powder sold at the present time consists of coriander-seed1 turmeric1 cayenne1 fenugreek-seed1 and a large proportion of sago-flour4 ,,cus',,conine4 ,see ,,aricine4 ,,cuspa'',,ria4 ,syn4 ,,cusparia ,,bark 7,b4 ,p471 ,,angostu'',,ra ,b42 ,,cor',,tex ,,angostu'',r1 ,c4 ,,cuspa'',,ri1 ,,cusparia 7,ph4 ,l4 and ,e471 ,l4 ,the bark of ,galipea cusparia 7,ph4 ,l471 or ,galipea officinalis 7,ph4 ,e474 ,a valuable drug1 imported directly or indirectly from ,south ,america4--,dose1 #aj gr4 to #cj gr41 as a tonic1 stomachic1 and febrifuge1 in similar cases to those in which ,,cascarilla1 ,,calumba1 and ,,cinchona1 are commonly given4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ,characters4 ,false ,angostura4 ,true ,angostura4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ,flat or rolled ,form ,thick1 rugous1 rolled upon up1 little itself4 ,edges cut perpendicularly4 wrinkled1 edges bevelled4 ,brown1 or greenish-yellow1 presenting protuberances or excrescences1 produced by ,colour the great development ,greyish-yellow4 of the corky layer1 which has a still more yellow colour4 ,taste ,very bitter4 ,bitter4 ,reaction ,red colour when dropped ,yellow with ,nitric upon the bark4 colour4 ,acid4 ,angostura or cusparia bark has fallen into comparative disuse1 in consequence of nux vomica or false angostura bark having formerly1 in several instances1 been mistaken for it1 and administered with fatal results4 ,the leading characteristics of these two barks have been pointed out by ,m4 ,gibourt4 7,see previous table47 ,,cuspar',,in4 ,syn4 ,,angostu'',,rin1 ,,angostu'',,ra4 ,the bitter principle of ,cusparia-bark4 ,it is neutral2 crystallises in tetrahedrons2 is easily fusible2 soluble in rectified spirits1 in acids1 and in alkaline solutions4 ,it is precipitated of a whitish colour by tincture of galls4 ,,cus',,tard4 ,a composition of milk1 or cream1 and eggs1 sweetened with sugar1 and variously flavoured4 ,custards may be cooked either in the oven or stew-pan4 ,prep4 #a4 7,soyer47 ,milk 7boiling71 #a pint2 sugar1 #b oz42 thin yellow peel of half a lemon2 mix1 and set it aside for a short time2 then take eggs1 #d in no41 beat them well in a basin2 add1 gradually1 the milk 7not too hot71 pass the mixture through a colander or sieve1 and fill the custard cups with it2 these are then to be placed over the fire in a stew-pan1 containing about one inch of hot water1 and left there for #ab minutes1 or till sufficiently set4 ,the above is for ,,plain ,,custards2 but it forms a good basis to receive any of the usual flavouring ingredients1 as fresh or stewed fruit1 peels1 essences1 orange-flower water1 brandy1 or other spirits1 c4 #b4 7,rundell47 ,as the last1 but using cream instead of milk1 or equal parts of the two1 with #b additional eggs4 ,very rich2 like the last1 any suitable flavouring matter may be added to it4 #c4 7,,almond ,,custards1--,rundell47 ,as either of the above1 adding blanched sweet almonds1 #d oz42 bitter do41 #f in no42 beaten to a smooth paste4 #d4 7,,baked ,,custards1--,rundell47 ,from cream1 #a pint1 with #d eggs2 flavoured with mace1 nutmeg1 and cinnamon1 and add a little white wine1 rose-water1 and sugar2 bake in cups4 #e4 7,,coffee ,,custards1--,soyer47 ,hot milk and strong-made coffee1 of each #a_/b pint2 sugar1 #b oz42 dissolve1 and add it1 gradually1 to #d eggs 7well beaten71 and proceed as in ,no4 #a4 ,chocolate custards and cocoa custards are made in the same way4 #f4 7,,cold ,,custard1 for invalids1--,dewees47 #a egg2 sugar1 a tablespoonful2 beat well together2 and add1 gradually1 constantly stirring1 cold water1 #a_/b pint2 rose water1 #b teaspoonfuls2 and a little grated nutmeg4 ,an agreeable and nutritious demulcent4 ,a wine-glassful every #b or #c hours1 or ad libitum4 #g4 7,,lemon ,,custards1--,rundell47--a4 ,as ,no4 #a 7nearly71 using a little more lemon peel4 ,in the same way orange custards are made1 but using orange peel4 b4 ,from candied lemon peel and lump sugar1 of each #b oz41 beaten in a mortar quite fine1 and added to either ,no4 #a or ,no4 #b4 ,orange and citron custards may be made in the same manner4 ,a little orange-flower water1 or marsala1 or sherry1 may be also added at pleasure4 ,they are best baked4 #h4 7,,orange ,,custards47 ,as above1 ,no4 #g1 a and b4 #i4 7,,rice ,,custards1--,rundell47 ,boil #a_/b a cupful of the best ground rice in a pint of milk until dissolved1 then mix it with a quart of cream2 flavour with nutmeg1 mace1 and a little brandy1 and put it into a cup or a dish4 ,,cutch4 ,see ,,catechu4 ,,cuttle-,,fish4 ,the bone or skeleton of the ,sepia officinalis of ,linnus1 or common cuttle-fish 7,,cuttle-,,fish ,,bone2 ,,os ,,se',,pi71 is used by the law-stationers to erase ink-marks from paper and parchment1 an application familiar to most schoolboys of the present generation4 ,reduced to powder 7,,pul',,vis ,,se',,pi71 it forms a valuable dentifrice and polishing powder1 and is used for forming the moulds for small silver castings4 ,illustration ,the ,sepias1 which inhabit the seas of all quarters of the globe1 like the other cephalapoda1 are carnivorous4 ,they are able to exercise considerable locomotive powers1 by means of their tentacul or arms which surround the mouth1 and which are usually provided with numerous suckers4 ,head downward1 they walk on these arms at the bottom of the ocean4 ,the sepias are also fleet swimmers2 effecting their progress through the water either by making the expansion of their skin perform the same office as fins2 or by the forcible projection of water from the cavity of their mouths1 the reaction accompanying which operation drives them rapidly through the water in a different direction4 ,they are provided sometimes with eight1 and sometimes with ten tentacul1 and have naked bodies4 ,the black fluid which the animal is capable of ejecting from its ink-sac1 when pursued by its enemies1 was formerly employed in the manufacture of the pigment called from its source sepia4 ,illustration ,,cuts4 ,these are incised wounds of greater or less extent1 and must be treated accordingly4 ,the divided parts should be drawn close together1 and held so with small pieces of strapping or adhesive plaster stretched across the wound4 ,if the part is covered with blood1 it should be first wiped with a damp sponge4 ,when the wound is large and it is much exposed1 a good method is to sew the parts up4 ,the application of a little creasote or a spirituous solution of creasote will generally stop local bleeding1 provided it is applied to the clean extremities of the wounded vessels4 ,a good way is to place a piece of lint1 moistened with creasote1 on the wound1 previously wiped clean1 or to pour a drop or two of that liquid on it4 ,an excellent method is to cover the part with a film of collodion4 ,friar's balsam1 quick-drying copal varnish1 tincture of galls1 copperas water1 black ink1 c41 are popular remedies applied in the same way4 ,a bit of the fur plucked from a black beaver hat is an excellent remedy to stop the bleeding from a cut produced by the razor in shaving4 ,a cobweb is said to possess the same property4 ,,cy',,anate4 ,syn4 ,,cy',,anas1 ,l4 ,a salt in which the hydrogen of cyanic acid is replaced by a metal or other basic radical4 ,,cyan',,ic ,,acid4 ,,hcno4 ,syn4 ,,acidum ,,cyan',,icum1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,cyanuric acid1 deprived of its water of crystallisation1 is distilled in a retort1 and the product collected in a well-cooled receiver4 #b4 7,liebig47 ,a current of sulphuretted hydrogen gas is passed through water in which cyanate of silver is diffused1 the process being suspended before all the cyanate of silver is decomposed4 ,prop41 c4 ,cyanic acid is a limpid1 colourless liquid2 it reddens litmus2 is sour to the taste2 possesses a modified sulphurous odour1 similar to that which is always perceived when any of its salts are decomposed by an acid2 it forms salt with the bases called ,,cyanates2 when in contact with water it suffers decomposition in a few hours1 and is converted into bicarbonate of ammonia2 it cannot be preserved for any time1 as shortly after its preparation it spontaneously passes into a white1 opaque1 solid mass1 to which the name ,,cyamelide has been given4 ,by distillation this new substance is reconverted into cyanic acid4 ,,cy',,anide4 ,syn4 ,,cyan',,uret2 ,,cyan',,idum1 ,,cyanure',,tum1 ,l4 ,the compound formed by the union of cyanogen with a metal or other radical4 ,see ,,cyanogen1 ,,hydrocyanic ,,acid1 and the respective bases4 ,cyanide1 ,al'kaline4 ,syn4 ,,crude ,,cyanide ,,of ,,potassium ,,and ,,sodium4 ,prep4 7,r4 ,wagner47 ,dry ferrocyanide of potassium1 #d parts1 dry carbonate of soda1 #a part1 are melted together in an iron crucible at a red heat1 and continually stirred until the iron rod comes out covered with a white crust1 when the heat is withdrawn1 and after a few moments' repose the supernatant liquid portion is poured out on a clean iron slab4 ,this crude mixed cyanide is quite as useful as the more expensive one of ,liebig1 and is equally fit for technical applications1 as electrotyping1 gilding1 silvering1 c4 ,see ,,potassium1 ,,cyanide ,,of4 ,,cy',,anine4 ,a base discovered by ,mr ,g4 ,williams in ,,chinoline ,,blue4 ,see below4 ,cyanine1 ,i'odide of4 ,syn4 ,,chin',,oline ,,blue4 ,the action of iodide of amyl upon chinoline gives rise to iodide of amylchinoline4 ,addition of excess of soda to an aqueous solution of this iodide produces a black resinous precipitate1 which dissolves in alcohol with a magnificent blue colour4 ,this precipitate is the ,,iodide ,,of ,,cyanine1 or ,,chinoline ,,blue4 ,many attempts have been made to use it in dyeing2 they have1 however1 failed on account of the instability of the colour4 ,,cyan',,ogen4 ,,cn or ,cy4 ,a highly important compound radical or quasi element1 discovered by ,m4 ,gay ,lussac in #ahae4 ,best obtained by carefully igniting dry cyanide of mercury in a small retort1 and collecting the gas over mercury4 ,prop41 c4 ,a colourless gas1 possessing a pungent and peculiar odour1 resembling that of peach-kernels or prussic acid2 under a pressure of about #d atmospheres1 at a temperature of #de1 it assumes the liquid form 7,faraday71 and this fluid again becomes gaseous on withdrawal of the pressure2 water absorbs nearly #e times its bulk of cyanogen at #fj ,fahr41 and alcohol about #bc times its volume2 with hydrogen it forms hydrocyanic acid1 and with the metals a most interesting and important class of bodies called cyanides or cyanurets2 when kindled1 it burns with a beautiful purple flame1 carbonic acid and nitrogen being evolved4 ,sp gr4 #ahjf4 ,see ,,hydrocyanic ,,acid1 c4 ,forms a bromide and iodide when the cyanide of mercury is distilled with bromine or iodine1 and which are colourless1 volatile1 highly poisonous solids2 and two isomeric chlorides1 one a very volatile liquid1 prepared by passing chlorine over moist cyanide of mercury1 and the other in white volatile needles1 prepared by exposing aqueous hydrocyanic acid to chlorine in sunshine4 ,,cyanu'',,ric ,,acid4 ,h#c;,c#c,n#c,o#c4 ,syn4 ,,pyro-,u'',,ric ,,aciddagger4 ,a peculiar acid1 discovered by ,scheele4 ,it is a product of the decomposition of the soluble cyanates by dilute acids1 or of urea by heat1 c4 ,,cy',,der4 ,see ,,cider4 ,,cy',,donine4 ,the peculiar gum of quince seed4 ,it resembles bassorin in most of its properties4 ,,cy',,midine4 ,an oily base1 homologous with aniline1 obtained by the action of iron filings and acetic acid on nitro-cymol4 ,,cy',,mol4 ,a peculiar hydrocarbon found in oil of cumin1 in admixture with cuminol4 ,the two bodies are separable in a great measure by distillation1 cymol being the most volatile portion of the oil4 ,,cynapine4 ,an alkaloid obtained from thusa cynapium1 or fool's parsley4 ,it possesses no practical interest4 ,,cysticerci4 ,these parasites are embryo tnia or tapeworm1 infesting the bodies of men and different animals4 ,one variety of the cysticerci has its habitat in the organisms of men1 pigs1 oxen1 horses1 camels1 sheep1 and roe-deer2 another in the muscles and internal organs of cattle2 a third is found in cattle1 sheep1 horses1 the reindeer1 squirrels1 certain kinds of monkeys1 and occasionally in man2 whilst a fourth--the ,cystercus cellulos--is more especially met with in measly pork4 ,professor ,gamgee believes that probably #e per cent4 of the pigs in ,ireland are affected with this last cystercus4 ,the following figure represents a piece of measly pork infested with cysticerci4 ,professor ,leuckart seems to have shown pretty conclusively that man may become infested with a certain form of tapeworm by partaking of imperfectly cooked veal or beef1 infested with the second variety of the parasite4 ,illustration ,,cyst',,ine4 ,c#c,,nh#g,,so#b4 ,syn4 ,,cyst',,ic ,,oxide4 ,obtained from cystic oxide calculi 7in powder7 by digestion in solution of ammonia4 ,by spontaneous evaporation the ammoniacal solution deposits small1 colourless crystals of cystic oxide4 ,it forms a saline compound with hydrochloric acid1 and is decomposed by the strong alkalies4 ,,cy',,tisine4 ,a purgative bitter principle1 extracted from the ,cytisus ,laburnum 7,linn471 or common laburnum1 and some other plants4 ,,daguerre',,otype4 ,see ,,photography4 ,,da'',,hlia ,,dye 7dale'-y'7a74 ,the shade of colour which is commonly termed 'dahlia' is a reddish lilac4 ,it is produced by combining a blue or purple with red when a compound colour is used4 ,upon wool and silk it can be obtained directly by means of archil or cudbear1 either alone or 'blued' by a small quantity of sulphate of indigo4 ,upon cotton indifferent shades of dahlia are obtained by macerating in sumac liquor1 working in tin solution1 and dyeing in logwood mixed with some red wood4 ,,da'',,hline4 ,a species of fecula obtained from the tubers of the dahlia4 ,it is identical with inuline4 ,it is not employed in the arts4 ,,dair',y4 ,the place where milk is kept1 and cheese and butter made4 ,the best situation for a dairy is on the north side of the dwelling-house1 in order that it may be sheltered from the sun during the heat of the day4 ,ample means should be provided to ensure ventilation1 and at the same time to exclude flies and other insects4 ,the temperature should be preserved1 as much as possible1 in an equable state1 ranging from #de to #ee ,fahr4 ,to lessen the influence of external variations of temperature1 the walls should be double1 or of considerable thickness1 and the windows provided with shutters or doors4 ,in summer the beat may be lessened by sprinkling water on the floor1 which will produce considerable cold by its evaporation4 ,dairies built of mud or 'cob' are preferred in the ,west of ,england2 and this preference arises from the uniform temperature they maintain1 on account of the great thickness of the walls1 and their being very bad conductors of heat4 ,in large dairy-farms1 where butter and cheese are made1 the dairy is generally a separate building1 and divided into #c or #d apartments2 one of which is called the 'milk-room1' a second the 'churning-room1' a third the 'cheese-room1' containing the cheese-press1 c42 and a fourth the 'drying-room1' where the cheeses are placed to dry and harden4 ,to these may be added a scullery1 furnished with boiler1 water1 c41 for scalding and cleaning the dairy utensils4 ,cleanliness is very essential in all the operations of the dairy1 and in none more so than in the milking of the cows4 ,the hands and arms of the milkmaid should be kept scrupulously clean1 and should be well washed with soap and water after touching the udder of a sick cow1 as without this precaution the sores may be conveyed to the healthy ones4 ,the milk-cans should be scalded out daily1 and1 as well as all the other dairy utensils1 should be kept clean and dry4 ,before placing the milk on the shelves of the dairy it should be strained through a hair sieve or a searce covered with clean cheese-cloth1 as by this precaution any stray hairs that may have fallen into the milk-pail will be taken out4 ,the average produce of a milch cow1 supplied with good pasturage1 is about #c gallons daily from ,lady-day to ,michaelmas1 and from that time to ,february about #a gallon daily4 ,cows of good breed will be profitable milkers1 to #ad or #ae years of age1 if well fed4 ,see ,,butter1 ,,cheese1 ,,cream1 c4 ,d',,albespyre',s ,,blistering ,,tissue4 ,lard and ship's pitch1 of each #a part2 resina flav4 and yellow wax1 of each1 #d parts2 finely powdered cantharides1 #f parts2 melted together1 and spread over taffety4 ,,damas',,cus ,,blades4 ,see ,,steel4 ,,damenpulver--,ladies' ,powder 7,j4 ,pohlmann1 ,vienna74 ,a face powder composed of #ad parts white lead1 #g of talc1 #a of magnesia1 coloured with carmine and perfumed with volatile oil4 ,,dammar4 ,a resin employed in mounting many microscopic objects2 such as teeth1 hair1 hard bone1 and most tissues which have been previously hardened by treatment with alcohol and chromic acid4 ,dammar is prepared for use as follows3-- a4 ,gum dammar1 #a_/b oz42 oil turpentine1 #a oz42 dissolve and filter4 b4 ,gum mastic1 #a_/b oz42 chloroform1 #b oz42 dissolve and filter4 ,add solution a to solution b4 7,dr ,klein47 ,if allowed to become thick by drying1 dammar may be used as luting4 ,,damp1 under any form1 should be avoided4 ,a humid atmosphere or situation is one of the commonest causes of agues1 asthmas1 rheumatism1 and numerous other diseases4 ,damp ,linen is very injurious1 and should be especially avoided4 ,in travelling1 when it is expected that the bed has not been properly aired1 a good plan is to sleep between the blankets4 ,to ascertain this point the bed may be warmed1 and a cold1 dry1 glass tumbler immediately afterwards introduced between the sheets1 in an inverted position4 ,after it has remained a few seconds1 it should be examined1 when1 if it is found dry1 and undimmed by steam1 it may be fairly presumed that the bed is well aired2 but if the reverse should be the case1 it should be avoided4 ,when it is impossible to prevent the use of damp linen1 as articles of dress1 the best way to obviate any ill effects is to keep constantly in motion and avoid remaining near the fire1 or in a warm apartment1 or in a draught of cold air until sufficient time has elapsed to allow of the escape of the moisture4 ,the effect of evaporation is the reduction of the temperature of the body2 hence the depressing action of damp linen4 ,damp ,walls4 ,ivy planted against the sound wall of a house is said to exclude dampness4 ,if a wall is already damp1 ivy planted against it will1 when grown up1 cause it to become dry1 provided the brickwork is sound and the dampness does not arise from moisture attracted upwards from the foundation4 ,sometimes1 when ivy is propagated from flowering branches1 it will not adhere to a wall at all2 the way to get over this difficulty is to cut it back to near the surface of the ground4 ,the young wood which will then form will take hold and cling immediately to almost anything4 ,the following is said to be a good application for damp walls3--,dissolve #c_/d lb4 of mottled soap in #a gallon of water4 ,this composition is to be laid over the brickwork steadily and carefully with a large thick brush1 but not in such a manner as to form a froth or lather on the surface4 ,it must be allowed #bd hours to dry on the walls4 ,now mix #a_/b lb4 alum with #d gallons of water2 let it stand #bd hours1 and then apply it over the coating of soap4 ,the operation must be performed in dry weather4 ,,dam',,son4 ,a species of small black plum1 much used in the preparation of tarts1 c4 ,damsons are rather apt to disagree with delicate stomachs1 and also to affect the bowels4 ,see ,,plum4 ,,dan',,cing4 ,the practice of dancing as an amusement or exercise must be almost as old as the human race itself4 ,yet1 notwithstanding its antiquity and prevalence amongst all nations1 both barbarous and refined1 the propriety and advantages of its cultivation are of a very questionable character4 ,in a hygienic point of view it can claim no preference1 as an exercise1 over the more simple ones of walking and running2 whilst1 from the associations it frequently induces1 and the heated and confined atmosphere in which its votaries commonly assemble to indulge in it1 it becomes the fertile parent of immorality and consumption4 ,a celebrated cyclopdist has1 perhaps harshly1 but truthfully1 defined dancing to be a silly amusement for the idle and thoughtless4 ,,dandeli',,on4 ,syn4 ,,piss-,a-,,bed2 ,,tarax',,acum 7,ph4 ,l4 ,e4 ,d471 ,l4 ,a common ,british plant of the natural order ,composit4 ,it is known among botanists by the names ,taraxacum officinale1 ,t4 dens leonis1 and ,leontodon ,taraxacum 7,linn474 ,its root 7,taraxaci ,radix1 ,b4 ,p47 is employed in medicine1 being diuretic and tonic4 ,it is roasted and used as coffee1 and when mixed with an equal weight of foreign coffee constitutes the article once so much puffed under the name of 'dandelion coffee4' ,a similar mixture prepared with chocolate forms the 'dandelion chocolate' of the shops4 ,the blanched leaves are used in salads1 and the inspissated juice1 extract1 and decoction are employed in medicine1 and are considered as detergent1 aperitive1 and deobstruent4 ,ground roasted dandelion root cannot now be sold under the name of 'dandelion coffee' or mixed with coffee unless it has previously paid the chicory duty4 ,see ,,decoction1 ,,extract1 c4 ,,dandriff4 ,this is a scaly disease affecting the head1 and giving rise to the formation of the small troublesome particles known as scurf4 ,a serviceable application is two drachms of borax dissolved in a pint of camphor water2 the head to be washed with this lotion once or twice a week1 or much benefit may also be derived by washing the head with tepid water1 agitated with a piece of quillar bark until a strong lather is produced2 or with water containing salt of tartar1 in the proportion of two drachms of the salt to a pint of tepid water4 ,as a general rule1 the use of soap is to be discountenanced4 ,,dan',,iell',s ,,battery4 ,see ,,voltaic ,,electricity4 ,,daph',,nin4 ,a peculiar bitter principle1 discovered by ,vauquelin in the ,daphne mezereum or mezereon4 ,it is procured by separating the resin from the alcoholic tincture of the bark by evaporation2 afterwards1 diluting the residue with water1 filtering1 and adding acetate of lead4 ,a yellow substance falls down1 which1 when decomposed by sulphuretted hydrogen1 yields daphnin1 under the form of small1 colourless1 transparent1 radiated needles4 ,it is bitter2 volatile2 sparingly soluble in cold water2 freely soluble in hot water1 and in alcohol and ether4 ,it possesses basic properties4 ,see ,,mezereon4 ,,darnel4 ,the powder of the seed of the ,lolium temulentum1 a poisonous grass1 is not unfrequently found mixed with the flour of wheat1 oats1 and other cereals1 and when these latter1 under these circumstances1 are partaken of as food1 they give rise to more or less alarming symptoms of poisoning1 which are thus enumerated by ,dr ,pareira3--,headache1 giddiness1 languor1 ringing in the ears1 confusion of sight1 dilated pupil1 delirium1 heaviness1 somnolency1 trembling convulsions1 paralysis1 and great gastro-intestinal irritation4 ,one of the most specific signs of poisoning by darnel seeds is said by ,seeger to be the trembling of the whole body4 ,dr ,taylor mentions a case in which thirty persons who had partaken of bread containing darnel seeds were violently attacked with the above symptoms2 and another case is on record of sixty persons in a prison at ,cologne being similarly attacked from the same cause4 ,hassall states that the flour of the darnel seed presents the following appearance under the microscope3--,the starch corpuscles are polygonal1 and resemble in this respect those of rice4 ,they are1 however1 much smaller1 and frequently united into compound grains of various sizes1 the larger grains consisting of some fifty or sixty starch corpuscles4 ,the structure of the testa is very different from that of either rice or oat1 or indeed any of the other cereal grains4 ,it is formed of three coats or membranes4 ,the cells of the outer coat form but a single layer1 and1 contrary to the arrangement which exists in the oat1 their long axes are disposed transversely1 in which respect they resemble rice4 ,the fibres of the husk of rice and the cells of the testa of ,lolium are1 however1 very distinct in other respects4 ,in the former the cells are long and narrow1 forming fibres1 while in the latter they are but two or three times as broad4 ,illustration ,the cells of the second coat1 which are ranged in two layers1 follow a vertical disposition1 an arrangement which is contrary to that which obtains in all the other cereal grains with the exception of rice4 ,the cells of the third coat form but a single layer1 and resemble those of other grains4 ,,datu',,ra4 ,syn4 ,,thorn-,,apple2 ,,stramo',,nium 7,ph4 ,l4 ,e4 ,d471 ,l4 ,a genus of plants belonging to the nightshade order1 or ',atropace1' ,the species ,datura ,stramonium is an important medicinal plant1 the leaves and seeds being officinal in ,b4 ,p4 ,it is anodyne and sedative1 but not hypnotic1 though it will often induce sleep by relieving pain4 ,it affects the constitution in much the same way as belladonna4--,dose1 #a to #d or #e gr41 in asthma1 gout1 headache1 neuralgic and rheumatic pains1 c4 ,in spasmodic asthma smoking the leaf often gives instantaneous relief1 but must be exhibited with care1 as the whole plant is intensely poisonous4 ,no antidote is known4 ,another species1 namely1 ,datura tatula1 is now preferred for cigars or cigarettes4 ,cigars are made from ,datura ,stramonium more frequently than from ,datura tatula4 ,they are recommended for asthma4 ,see ,,asthma1 ,,cigars 7,stramonium71 ,,daturia 7below74 ,,datu',,ria4 ,syn4 ,,datu',,rine1 ,,daturin',a1 ,,hyoscy',,amine4 ,an organic alkali1 discovered by ,geiger and ,hesse in ,datura ,stramonium or thorn apple4 ,it occurs also in ,hyoscyamus niger or henbane4 ,it is best obtained from the seeds4 ,daturia dissolves in #bhj parts of cold and #gb parts of boiling water2 it is very soluble in alcohol1 less so in ether4 ,it tastes bitter1 dilates the pupil strongly1 and is very poisonous4 ,it may be sublimed unaltered1 and may be obtained in prismatic crystals by the addition of water to its alcoholic solution4 ,with the acids it forms salts1 which are mostly crystallisable4 ,,davids-,,thee--,david's ,tea 7,b4 ,fragner1 ,prague74 ,recommended as a domestic remedy for chronic catarrh of the lungs and air passages1 and especially for tuberculosis4 ,a mixture of equal parts of great centaury1 hyssop1 chervil 7,scandix odorata71 white horehound1 milfoil1 ,iceland moss1 and carduus benedictus4 ,davids-,thee1 ,echter ,karolinenthaler--,genuine ,karolin's ,dale ,david's ,tea 7,krl74 ,recommended for the same diseases as the preceding4 ,a mixture of white horehound1 milfoil1 ,iceland moss1 great centaury1 and ground ivy4 ,according to a communication from a ,bohemian apothecary the original prescription reads thus3--,herba cerefolii 7,scandicis1 chervil71 hb4 centaurii minoris 7lesser centaury71 hb4 marrub4 7horehound71 flor4 millefol4 7milfoil flowers71 lichen4 ,isl41 of each #f parts2 hb4 hyssopi1 #c parts2 hb4 cardui benedicti1 #b parts4 7,a4 ,selle47 ,,dead1 ,,disposal ,,of4 ,as every dead body during the process of the decomposition it undergoes gives rise to products that are not only in the highest degree offensive1 but in an especial sense dangerous to the health and lives of a community1 the disposal of the dead in a manner best calculated to ensure1 with the removal of the corpse from amongst the survivors1 the least injurious consequences of its subsequent decay1 becomes a problem of supreme importance to the sanitarian4 ,probably amongst the nations of antiquity the ,romans1 with their eminently practical minds1 and as we may infer from their other enlightened sanitary arrangements1 were the only ancient people who were not guided either by superstitious or religious ideas in the disposal of their dead1 at one time burned1 but afterwards buried them4 ,the ,greeks practised cremation1 the ,egyptians embalmment 7previously disembowelling the body71 under the belief that after the lapse of many thousands of years the soul would return to its earthly mansion4 ,the ,hebrews sometimes burned their dead1 and sometimes interred them4 ,amongst the ancient ,hindoos the body was got rid of sometimes by cremation1 sometimes by being cast into the ,ganges1 or other sacred river1 and sometimes by exposure1 until eaten by vultures4 ,the ,icthyophagi1 or fish-eaters1 appear to be the only people of antiquity who disposed of their dead by throwing them into the sea4 ,amongst modern civilised nations interment is the method almost universally adopted for disposing of the dead4 ,embalmment has been of late years occasionally practised in ,america1 and was frequently adopted during the late civil war in many cases1 since it afforded the means of sending the bodies of the slain to surviving relatives at long distances4 ,sir ,henry ,thompson's advocacy of cremation was the means of causing the establishment in ,england a few years back of a society for its introduction2 but neither here nor in ,germany1 where it has occasionally been employed1 has the practice being adopted1 save in a very few instances1 most of which seem to have been merely experimental4 ,in ,calcutta cremation is still practised to some extent by the native population2 the process being very effectively carried out by a ,french company1 which has been established for some years4 ,we may mention here an important modification of the ordinary form of interment proposed by ,mr ,sydney ,hadden4 ,mr ,hadden's proposal is to dispense with the coffin1 and to place the corpse instead in a large wickerwork receptacle filled with flowers1 then inter it4 ,of the three modes of disposal of the dead1 viz4 by burial1 by burning1 and by consignment to the sea1 the first1 as we have already said1 is the almost invariably prevalent custom amongst civilised communities4 ,that in a sanitary point of view it is less to be commended than either of the other methods is1 we think1 not difficult of demonstration4 ,when a body is burned the resulting gaseous products of combustion1 which most probably consist mainly of carbonic acid1 carbonic oxide1 and nitrogen1 diffuse harmlessly into the atmosphere1 and there remains behind only the calcined bones which formed the skeleton4 ,an experiment by ,sir ,henry ,thompson has shown that cremation may be performed without giving rise to odour of any kind at a comparatively small expense1 and within a very moderate space of time4 ,he burned a body weighing #bbg lbs4 in fifty-five minutes by placing it in a cylindrical metallic vessel seven feet long and six feet in diameter1 previously heated to incandescence4 ,the evolved gases were made to pass over a large surface of strongly heated fire-bricks1 which formed part of the furnace in which the metallic vessel was placed4 ,the furnace and its fittings were designed by ,dr ,siemens4 ,the remaining ashes weighed about #e lbs4 ,in his pamphlet ',on ,cremation1' ,sir ,henry ,thompson has proposed that the custom1 if adopted1 should be carried out in the following manner3 ,when death occurs1 and the necessary certificate has been given1 the body is placed in a light wood shell1 then in a suitable outside receptacle preparatory to removal for religious rites or otherwise4 ,after a proper time has elapsed it is conveyed to the spot where cremation is to be performed4 ,there nothing need be seen by the last attendant or attendants than the placing of a shell within a small compartment1 and the closing of the door upon it4 ,it slides down into the heated chamber1 and is left there an hour until the necessary changes have taken place4 ,the ashes are then placed at the disposal of the attendants4 ,sir ,henry suggests that1 previous to the burning of any corpse1 proper officers appointed for the purpose should examine into and certify as to the cause of death1 and if satisfied that it has resulted from natural events1 that they should give the certificate he alludes to4 ,sir ,henry ,thompson proposes that the functions of the officers appointed for this purpose should be the same as those of the medicins verificateurs1 who are medical inspectors appointed by the municipality of ,paris and the other large cities1 whose duty consists in visiting each house where a death occurs1 in assuring themselves that the person is really dead1 and that there are no suspicious circumstances attending the demise4 ,in ,paris alone there are more than eighty of such medical functionaries4 ,burial by casting the corpse into the depths of the sea possesses the great advantage over ordinary interment of removing it from near the habitation of man1 whilst the sea water1 by its antiseptic properties1 would be as little favorable to the dissemination of noxious putrescent compounds as cremation is4 ,on the contrary1 if the dead are disposed of by the ordinary method of burial1 the objectionable effects arising from their decomposition in the earth are1 under the most favorable conditions1 only partially overcome2 and the reason is obvious1 since whilst deep-sea burial prevents animal decay altogether1 and burning destroys the body1 which1 if not got rid of1 would become putrid2 burial in the earth permits its slow and lengthened decomposition to go on unchecked1 and to thus very frequently become a source of contamination and danger to health4#bea ,footnote #bea3 ,after death the buried body returns to its elements and gradually1 and often by the means of other forms of life which prey on it1 a large amount of it forms carbonic acid1 ammonia1 sulphuretted and carburetted hydrogen1 nitrous and nitric acids1 and various more complex gaseous products1 many of which are very fetid1 but which1 however1 are eventually all oxidised into the simpler combination4 ,the non-volatile substances1 the salts1 become constituents of the soil1 pass into plants1 or are carried away into the water percolating through the ground4 ,the hardest parts1 the bones1 remain in some soils for many centuries1 and even for long periods retain a portion of their animal constituents4--,,parkes4 ,the atmosphere in the vicinity of graveyards and cemeteries is notoriously unhealthy1 whilst water taken from wells situated near them is often so impure as to be wholly unfit for drinking4 ,several instances are on record in which the disturbance of an old graveyard has frequently been the means of disseminating disease4 ,but although the disposal of the dead by means either of cremation or by consignment of the body to the deep caverns of the ocean are methods1 in a hygienic point of view1 immeasurably superior to earth-burial1 there are1 we think1 certain obstacles to their adoption1 even to a limited extent1 by civilised communities1 at any rate1 for many years to come4 ,both cremation and deep-sea burial are open to the objection1 that should the proposed officers appointed to inquire into the circumstances attending death have been mistaken in their verdict1 as for instance in overlooking1 or not suspecting a case of secret poisoning1 not only would the murderer escape detection1 but a sense of possible immunity from punishment might act as an encouragement to others who were equally guilty minded4 ,the proposal that the stomach should be preserved1 and kept for a certain time1 and1 in case of suspicion justifying it1 examination1 would in many instances fail to lead to detection1 since1 if certain alkaloids had been employed1 they would have to be searched for1 not in the stomach1 but in the tissues of the dead body4 ,again1 an obstacle to the universal adoption of deep-sea burial would be1 in the case of vast continents1 the difficulty of transmission from their interior1 of the corpse1 to the shore4 ,but even if these objections against cremation and sea-burial could be overcome 7and possibly they may be eventually71 there would still remain the invincible repugnance of the survivors to what sentiment and feeling will persist in regarding as cruel indignity and irreverence toward the dead4 ,yet the eventual disposal of our frames is the same in all cases2 and it is probably a matter merely of custom which makes us think that there is a want of affection1 or of care1 if the bodies of the dead are not suffered to repose in the earth that bore them4 ,in reality1 neither affection nor religion can be outraged by any manner of disposal of the dead which is done with proper solemnity and respect to the earthly dwelling-place of our friends4 ,the question should be placed entirely on sanitary grounds1 and we shall then judge it rightly4 ,what is the use of preserving for a few more years the remains which will be an object of indifference to future generations8 ,the next logical step would be to enshrine these remains in some way so as to ensure their preservation1 and we should return to the vast burial mounds in ,egypt4 ,at present the question is not an urgent one1 but if peace continue1 and if the population of ,europe increase1 it will become so in another century or two4 ,already in this country we have seen1 in our own time1 a great change2 the objectionable practice of interment under and round churches in towns has been given up1 and the population is buried at a distance from their habitations4 ,for the present that measure will probably suffice1 but in a few years the question will again inevitably present itself4#beb ,footnote #beb3 ,parkes4 ,since however1 for the reasons above specified1 earth-burial seems to be the only means of disposing of the dead likely to prevail for many years to come1 the question arises as to how its attendant evils can be as much as possible minimised4 ,the following suggestions1 that may assist to effect this1 are offered3--,as quickly as possible after death the body should be covered with sawdust1 to which carbolic acid has been added1 a precaution which not only prevents the escape of fetid gases1 but also of putrescent fluids from a badly jointed coffin4 ,charcoal1 although an excellent disinfectant1 from its colour1 could not out of consideration for the feelings of the relatives or friends1 be used until the coffin with its contents had been screwed down4 ,it is always desirable 7save for some special reason7 that the corpse should be interred within three or four days of the demise4 ,if a body has to be kept above ground for some time1 ,mr ,herbert ,barker recommends a thin layer of sawdust and sulphate of zinc to be placed over it1 in the proportion of two parts of the former to one of the latter4 ,the coffin should be made of a material impervious to the air1 and of such strength as to withstand the pressure of the overlying earth4 ,mr ,wynter ,blyth1 in his ',dictionary of ,hygine1' recommends a coffin described by ,mr ,baker in his evidence before the sanitary commission4 ,the body being first of all placed in a common shell1 this shell is placed in the coffin2 the interval between the two is filled with common pitch1 and then the outside coffin is coated over with pitch2 so that it is as perfectly air-tight as a leaden shell4 ,if desired a glass can be placed so as to leave the face exposed to the view of a jury when necessary with regard to the interment4 ,the advantages of deep over shallow burying are obvious4 ,the greater the mass of superincumbent earth into which the gaseous products of decomposition diffuse1 the better the chance of their absorption and removal by the soil1 and the less risk of their consequent escape into the contiguous atmosphere1 as well as of the danger of contamination to the water of wells1 c4 ,the depth of the grave varies in different countries4 ,in ,austria it is #f ft4 #b in42 in ,hesse ,darmstadt1 from #e ft4 #g in4 to #f ft4 #f in42 ,munich1 #f ft4 #g in42 ,stuttgard1 #f ft4 #f in42 ,russia from #f ft4 #aj in4 ,in our country the practice is generally to make the depth about #f feet1 but then coffins may be placed one on the other1 so that1 as an actual fact1 they often very closely approach the surface4 ,the regulations followed at ,stuttgard are much to be commended4 ,in the cemeteries there the space allotted for each grave is an oblong piece of land #aj feet in length and #e feet broad4 ,in ,france the graves vary in depth from #a-a_/d metres 7#diba feet7 to #b metres 7#fefa feet74 ,they are #h decimtres 7#bbfd feet7 in breadth1 and distant the one from the other from #c to #d decimtres 7#aaiaa inches to #aacb feet47 7,blyth47 ,to render a cemetery therefore as little prejudicial as possible to a community1 not alone should deep burial be enforced1 but only one body should be permitted to be deposited in a grave1 at least1 till after the lapse of some years4 ,some sanitary authorities recommend the use of quicklime or charcoal1 advising them to be thrown into the grave previous to its being closed4 ,of the two1 charcoal is the preferable disinfectant1 although it does not entirely prevent putrefaction1 nor the evolution of bad-smelling gases4 ,no more efficient means of absorbing organic matters1 and carbonic acid given off by the decaying corpse in the earth1 can be devised than that of rapidly growing trees and shrubs in abundance around the graves4 ,for the funereal cypress and yew1 which are slowly growing trees1 why should a needless sentiment prevent the substitution of the much more sanitary and less sombre-looking eucalyptus in countries where this plant will flourish8 ,old burial-grounds which have become offensive may be best disinfected by covering the ground with fresh earth to the depth of several inches1 and by planting it with trees and sowing it with grass seed4 ,twenty-six city graveyards covering a superficial area of about #dh1jjj square yards1 and in which1 according to moderate calculation1 there were not less than #dh1jjj tons of human remains1 were successfully dealt with in this manner4 ,in the case of church vaults they should be first opened1 a quantity of quicklime thrown into them1 and thus freely exposed to the external air4 ,the coffins should then be rearranged crossways like bricks in a building1 and filled in with dry earth or masons' rubbish1 mixed with about #e or #aj per cent4 of vegetable charcoal4 ,the vaults should next be ventilated by means of an upcast and downcast shaft of the size of a rain-water pipe1 and the whole should then be closed in4 ,in #ahfj1 two hundred and fifty vaults in seventy-one city churches were thus disinfected4#bec ,these vaults contained the coffins and remains of at least #aa1jjj dead bodies1 which1 previous to the adoption of the above measures1 were very offensive4#bec ,when bodies are removed from the vaults to other places1 ,dr ,letheby recommends them to be in closed coffins and in cases containing an abundant supply of carbonate of lime powder4 ,footnote #bec3 ,letheby4 ,the disposal of the dead frequently becomes a matter of considerable difficulty in time of war or during a siege4 ,under these circumstances cremation may be found the most desirable method of getting rid of them4 ,if the bodies are buried they should always be at as great a distance as possible from one another1 and as deep as they can be4 ,if procurable1 charcoal should be thrown over them2 if it cannot be obtained sawdust and sulphate of zinc1 or carbolic acid1 may be employed4 ,quicklime is also commonly used1 but it is less useful4 ,at ,metz1 in #ahgj1 the following plan was adopted3--,a pit of about #ag feet in depth was filled with dead disposed of as follows3--,a row of bodies was laid side by side2 above this a second row was placed1 with the heads laid against the feet of the first row2 the third row were placed across1 and the fourth row in the same way1 but with the heads to the feet of the former2 the fifth row was placed as ,no4 #a1 and so on4 ,between each layer of bodies about an inch of lime1 in powder1 was placed4 ,from #ij to #ajj bodies were thus arranged on a length of #f-a_/b feet1 and reached to about #f feet to the surface2 the pit was then filled up with earth1 and though #hdjj bodies were put in that pit there were no perceptible emanations at any time4 ,around ,metz the graves of men1 horses1 and cattle were disinfected with lime1 charcoal1 and sulphate of iron4 ,immense exertions were made to clean and disinfect the camps and battle fields1 and in the month of ,may1 #ahga1 from #abjj to #afjj labourers were employed by the ,germans4 ,wherever practicable the ground was sown with oats or barley or grass4 ,the hillocks formed by the graves were planted with trees4 ,in many cases at ,metz bodies were dug up by the ,germans1 when there was any fear of water-courses being contaminated1 or if houses were near4 ,on account of the danger to the workmen1 graves containing more than six bodies were left untouched1 and the work was always done under the immediate superintendence of a physician4 ,the earth was removed carefully1 but not far enough to uncover the corpse2 then one end of the corpse was uncovered1 and as soon as the uniform or parts of the body were seen1 chloride of lime and sawdust1 or charcoal and carbolic acid1 put in2 the whole earth round the body was thus treated1 and the body at length laid bare1 lifted and carried away4 ,the second body was then treated in the same way4 ,near ,sedan1 where there were many bodies very superficially buried1 burning was had recourse to4 ,straw mixed with pitch was put into the graves1 and was lighted2 one ton of pitch sufficed for from #ae to #bj bodies4 ,opinions as to this practice were divided1 and it is not certain how many graves were thus dealt with4 ,it seems probable that only the surface of the body was burnt1 and when many bodies were together in the grave1 some were not touched at all4 ,on the whole the experiment appears to have been unsuccessful4 ,the ,belgian experience at ,sedan was in favour of employing chloride of lime1 nitric acid1 sulphate of iron1 and chlorine gas4 ,carbolic acid did not answer so well4 ,the sulphate of zinc and charcoal1 which ,barker found so useful1 was not tried4#bed ,footnote #bed3 ,parkes4 ,various statutes have been framed for the burial of the dead and for the management and selection of the burial-grounds4 ,in the carrying out of these enactments the local authorities have only an indirect voice1 exception being made in the case of a local government district in which the vestry determines to appoint a burial board4 ,the vestry then has power to constitute the local board so appointed the burial board of such district or parish1 and to rule that the expenses of such burial board shall be met by a rate levied on such parish1 after the manner of a general district rate4 ,vict4 #ba and #bb1 c4 #ij1 s4 #di1 enacts that if such parish has been declared a ward for the election of members of the local board1 such members are to form the burial board for the parish4 ,by ,vict4 #bd and #be1 c4 #fa1 s4 #ba1 it is enacted that a sanitary authority may provide a proper place for the reception of dead bodies1 as well as for those which are to be subjected to a post-mortem examination4 ,a sanitary authority is also empowered to make arrangements for interment4 ,any urban sanitary authority has the power of regulating these matters by by-laws4 ,when once constituted a burial board1 a sanitary authority has to see to the carrying out of the ,burial ,acts1 to repair the fences of disused burial grounds1 and generally to keep in proper order and regulate all burial grounds within its jurisdiction4 ,the law enacts that the proper sanitary authority shall close any burial ground which is detrimental to the health of those living in its neighbourhood1 or of persons frequenting any church2 and throws upon such sanitary body the duty of providing a proper place of interment elsewhere4 ,it may be well to know that by common law it is incumbent upon any person under whose roof a death has taken place to provide the corpse with interment4 ,such person may neither cast the body forth1 nor carry it uncovered to the grave1 but he must give it decent burial4 ,this obligation is imposed upon public bodies as well as on private persons4 ,upon presentation of a certificate signed by a properly qualified medical practitioner1 a justice of the peace may order1 under certain circumstances1 the removal of the dead body to a mortuary4 ,interment within the walls1 or underneath the pavement or floor of any church1 or other place of public worship1 built in any urban district1 has since ,august #cast1 #ahdh1 been interdicted under a penalty of #ej4 ,,deaf',,ness4 ,an imperfection or absence of the sense of hearing4 ,when deafness is present in infancy and childhood1 it is accompanied with dumbness1 or imperfect articulation1 in consequence of the impossibility of conveying a knowledge of the sounds necessary for the exercise of the imitative faculty of speech4 ,deafness frequently arises from some imperfection or obstruction of the passage leading to the membrane of the tympanum or drum of the ear4 ,in some cases this passage is totally closed by a membrane1 or some malformation of the tube1 which may frequently be removed by a surgical operation4 ,even instances of partial obliteration of this passage have occurred1 which have been successfully treated4 ,the researches of ,mr ,yearsley have established the fact1 that enlarged tonsils are a very common cause of deafness2 and when such is the case1 their excision will generally effect a cure4 ,to this form of the affection ,mr ,yearsley applies the term 'throat deafness4' ,another cause of deafness is the presence of foreign bodies in the aural passages or the accumulation of hardened wax4 ,in these cases the best treatment is to inject warm water into the ear by means of a proper syringe4 ,when deafness arises from imperfection of the tympanum or drum of the ear1 the effects of the application of the artificial membrana tympani invented by ,mr ,yearsley 7moistened cotton wool7 are generally immediate and truly wonderful4 ,by its aid persons previously so deaf as to be incapable of bearing their share in conversation have been enabled to hear an ordinary whisper4 ,insects may be destroyed by pouring a spoonful of warm olive oil1 or camphorated oil1 into the ear over night1 retaining it there until the next morning by means of a piece of cotton wool1 when it may be washed out with a little mild soap and warm water4 ,when there is a deficiency of the natural secretion of wax1 or a dryness of the aural passage1 mild oleaginous stimulants may be employed4 ,for this purpose a little olive oil1 almond oil1 to which a few drops of oil of turpentine1 oil of juniper1 or camphor liniment1 have been added1 may be used with advantage4 ,a piece of cotton wool moistened with glycerin is an excellent application in such cases4 ,when deafness is accompanied with continued acute pain1 or a discharge of purulent matter1 inflammation of the tympanum1 or some other portion of the internal ear1 probably exists1 and medical advice should be sought as soon as possible4 ,the deafness that frequently accompanies a violent cold is generally caused by obstructions in the ,eustachian tubes1 and goes off as soon as the secretions return to a healthy state4 ,in some forms of deafness blisters behind the ears are useful4 ,a clove of garlic wrapped in cotton or gauze1 or a few drops of the juice introduced into the ear1 is extremely efficacious in nervous deafness4 ,when imperfect hearing depends upon obtundity of the auditory nerve1 or an extensive obliteration or malformation of the internal ear1 it scarcely admits of cure4 ,deafness1 ,taylor's ,remedy for4 ,prep4 ,from oil of almonds1 #a lb42 garlic1 bruised1 #b oz42 alkanet root1 #a_/b oz42 digest for a week1 and strain4 ,a little is poured into the ear in deafness4 ,,death4 ,in cases of sudden death interment should be deferred till signs of putrefaction begin to appear1 especially when no gradation of disease has preceded1 as in cases of apoplexy1 hysterics1 external injuries1 drowning1 suffocation1 c4 ,no sooner has breathing apparently ceased1 and the visage assumed a ghastly or a death-like hue1 than the patient1 after his eyes are closed1 is too often hurried into a coffin1 and the body1 scarcely yet cold1 is precipitated into the grave4 ,so extremely fallacious are the signs of death that the semblance has been frequently mistaken for the reality4 ,by prompt means and judicious treatment1 many persons1 when in such a condition1 have been happily restored to their families and friends4 ,the effects of sound upon animal life is astonishing4 ,the beat of a drum1 for instance1 has had a very beneficial effect upon persons in a state of suspended animation4 ,at one time a scream1 extorted by grief1 proved the means of resuscitating a person who was supposed to be dead1 and who had exhibited the usual recent marks of the extinction of life4 ,in cases of catalepsy or trance1 having the semblance of death1 the action of the lungs and heart continues1 though in a nearly imperceptible degree4 ,by placing a cold mirror or piece of highly polished metal immediately over the mouth of the patient1 symptoms of moisture will appear upon the surface if the most feeble respiration takes place4 ,,debil',,ity4 ,syn4 ,,debil',,itas1 ,l4 ,weakness2 languor2 feebleness4 ,when this arises from a diseased action of the stomach1 the occasional use of mild aperients1 followed by bitters and tonics1 may be had recourse to4 ,when from a general laxity of the solids1 and there are no symptoms of fever1 nor a tendency of blood to the head1 a course of chalybeates generally proves advantageous4 ,see ,,an,,mia1 ,,atrophy1 c4 ,,decanta',,tion4 ,the operation of pouring or drawing off the clear portion of a liquid from the impurities or grosser matter that has subsided4 ,it is commonly performed1 either by gently inclining the vessel1 or by the use of a syphon or pump4 ,in the laboratory it is much resorted to in the purification of precipitates1 or other similar operations1 where repeated edulcoration or washing is required1 for which purpose it is preferable to filtration1 from being less troublesome and more economical4 ,in these cases1 after a sufficient time having been allowed for the subsidence of the precipitate or powder1 or for the clearing of the supernatant fluid1 the latter is decanted1 and its place supplied by a fresh portion of water1 which1 after sufficient agitation1 is similarly treated1 and the whole operation repeated as often as necessary4 ,,decant',,ers4 ,there is often much difficulty experienced in cleaning decanters1 especially after port wine has stood in them for some time4 ,the best way is to wash them out with a little pearlash and warm water1 adding a spoonful or two of fresh-slaked lime1 if necessary4 ,to facilitate the action of the fluid against the sides of the glass1 a few small cinders or pieces of raw potato may be used4 ,a spoonful of strong oil of vitriol will also rapidly remove any kind of dirt from glass bottles4 ,decanters which have become furred by holding hard water may be cleaned with a spoonful of hydrochloric acid 7'spirits of salt'71 diluted with #c or #d times its weight of water4 ,see ,,stoppers4 ,,decarbonisa',,tion4 ,this operation is performed on cast iron1 to convert it into soft iron4 ,the articles to be decarbonised are packed in finely powdered hmatite1 or native oxide of iron1 to which iron filings are often added1 and exposed for some time to a strong red heat1 by which the excess of carbon is abstracted or burnt out4 ,the process somewhat resembles annealing or cementation4 ,,decay'4 ,see ,,eremacausis4 ,,dec',,imals4 ,syn4 ,,decimal ,,fractions4 ,fractions which have for their denominator #aj1 or some power of ten2 as #ajj1 #ajjj1 c42 the number of ciphers in the denominator being always equal to the number of figures in the numerator4 ,thus1 #b1 #be1 #abe1 respectively represent #b_/aj1 #be_/ajj1 #abe_/ajjj4 ,the denominator of decimals is never written1 the dot placed before the first figure of the numerator expressing its value4 ,ciphers placed on the right hand of a decimal fraction do not alter its value2 for #e1 #ej1 #ejj1 are each equal to #a_/b2 but ciphers placed on the left hand of a decimal diminish its value in a tenfold proportion2 thus1 #c1 #jc1 #jjc1 respectively answer to the common fractions #c_/aj1 #c_/ajj1 and #c_/ajjj4 ,every figure on the left-hand side of the dot or decimal sign is a whole number4 ,,addition and ,,subtraction ,,of ,,decimals are performed in the same manner as with common numbers1 care being taken to place the numbers under each other according to their several values2 as1 tens under tens1 hundreds under hundreds1 c4 ,,multiplication ,,of ,,decimals is performed in precisely the same manner as with whole numbers1 merely pointing off as many figures in the product as there are decimals in the multiplier and multiplicand put together4 ,,division ,,of ,,decimals4 ,as the last1 but pointing off as many figures in the quotient as the decimal places in the dividend exceed those of the divisor4 ,if there are not figures enough in the quotient1 the deficiency must be supplied by prefixing left-hand ciphers4 ,ciphers are also added to the right hand of the dividend1 or to a remainder1 where there are more figures in the divisor than in the dividend1 by which the quotient may be carried on to any extent4 ,a vulgar fraction is reduced to a decimal by dividing the numerator 7increased sufficiently with ciphers7 by the denominator4 ,thus1 #a_/b #e1 #a_/h #abe1 c4 ,the value of a decimal1 of any denomination1 is found by multiplying it by the number of parts in the next less denomination1 and cutting off as many places to the right hand as there are decimals1 and so on until the terms are exhausted4 ,thus1 #fcd oz4 is #fcd #h ----- #ejgb drachms4 #fj ----- #dcbj or1 #e dr4 #d-a_/c gr4 7nearly74 ,the constant use of decimals in the laboratory1 in the surveys of the ,excise1 and in numerous chemical calculations1 induces us to press the subject on the attention of operatives and others of neglected education4 ,an attentive perusal of the above1 and a few hours' application1 will make the matter familiar to them4 ,,decoc',,tion4 ,syn4 ,,decoct',,um1 ,l4 ,an aqueous solution of the active principles of any substance obtained by boiling2 also the process of preparing such solutions4 ,the effect of decoction in water differs greatly from that of infusion4 ,at the temperature of #bab ,fahr41 the essential oils and aromatic principles of vegetables are dissipated or decomposed2 while by infusion in hot water1 in covered vessels1 they remain for the most part uninjured4 ,the solvent powers of boiling water are1 however1 much greater than those of hot water2 and many vegetable principles scarcely acted on by the one are freely soluble in the other4 ,this is the case with many of the alkaloids1 on which the medicinal virtues of several vegetables depend4 ,on the other hand1 the solutions of many substances1 though more readily made by boiling1 are speedily weakened or rendered inert by ebullition1 in consequence of the active principles being either volatilised along with the steam1 or oxidised or decomposed by exposure to the atmosphere4 ,this is particularly the case with substances abounding in extractive or astringent matter4 ,when the medicinal properties of vegetables are volatile1 or are injured by a strong heat1 infusion should be had recourse to1 in preference to boiling2 but when a solution of the fixed constituents is alone sought1 decoction is preferable4 ,the substances employed for making decoctions should be well bruised1 or reduced to a very coarse powder1 or1 if fresh and soft1 they should be sliced small4 ,in the former case1 any very fine powder or adhering dust should be removed with a sieve1 as its presence tends to make the product thick and disagreeable1 and also more troublesome to strain4 ,the vessel in which the ebullition is conducted should be furnished with an accurately fitting cover1 the better to exclude the air2 and the application of the heat should be so conducted that the fluid may be kept simmering1 or only gently boiling1 as violent boiling is not only quite unnecessary1 but absolutely injurious to the quality of the product4 ,in every case the liquor should be strained whilst hot1 but not boiling1 and the best method of doing this is to employ a fine hair sieve1 or a coarse flannel bag4 ,in general it is found that1 as decoctions cool1 a sediment is formed1 in consequence of the boiling water dissolving a larger portion of vegetable matter than it can retain in solution when cold4 ,this deposit for the most part consists of the active principles of the solution1 and1 unless when otherwise ordered1 should be mingled with the clear liquid by agitation1 when the decoction enters into extemporaneous compositions1 or when the dose is taken4 ,the length of time occupied by the ebullition is another point demanding some attention4 ,long boiling is in no case necessary1 and should be avoided1 especially in decoctions prepared from aromatic vegetables1 or those abounding in extractive4 ,the ,colleges1 in such cases1 direct the ingredients to be boiled for a short time1 or for ten minutes2 or they limit the period of the ebullition by stating the quantity that must be volatilised1 as--boil to a pint1 and strain4 ,the last method is generally employed for those substances that do not suffer by lengthened boiling4 ,in preparing compound decoctions those ingredients should be boiled first which least readily give up their active principles to the menstruum1 and those which most readily part with them should be added afterwards4 ,in many cases it is proper simply to infuse the more aromatic substances in the hot decoction of the other ingredients1 by which means their volatile principles will be better preserved4 ,distilled water1 or perfectly clean rain water1 should alone be used for decoctions1 extracts1 and infusions4 ,spring and river water1 from containing lime1 have much less solvent matter4 ,the aqueous solutions of organic matter1 from the nature of their constituents1 rapidly ferment or putrefy1 at the ordinary temperature of the atmosphere4 ,neither decoctions nor infusions are fit to be used in dispensing1 unless made the same day4 ,they should1 consequently1 be only prepared in small quantities at a time1 and any unconsumed portion should be rejected1 as it would be imprudent for the dispenser to risk his own reputation1 and the welfare of the patient1 by employing an article of dubious quality4 ,it has of late years become a general practice for the wholesale houses to vend preparations under the name of ',concentrated ,decoctions1' which1 with the exception of the compound decoction of aloes1 are stated to be of #h times the pharmacopoeial strength2 so that one drachm of these liquids added to seven drachms of water forms extemporaneous decoctions1 professedly resembling those of the pharmacopoeia4 ,the decoction of aloes is made of only four times the usual strength1 as the nature of its composition would not permit of further concentration4 ,such preparations are1 however1 very imperfect substitutes for the freshly made decoctions4 ,the extreme difficulty of forming concentrated solutions of vegetable matter with bulky ingredients too often leads to the omission of a portion of the materials1 or to the practice of concentrating the liquid by long evaporation4 ,in the first case the strength is1 of course1 less than it should be2 and in the second1 the quality is injured1 and perhaps the preparation is rendered nearly inert by the lengthened exposure to heat1 and the consequent volatilisation or decomposition of its active constituents4 ,the common practice of adding a considerable portion of spirit to these preparations1 which is absolutely necessary to preserve them1 is also objectionable1 as1 in many of the cases in which decoctions are prescribed1 this article1 even in small quantities1 exerts a prejudicial action4 ,some concentrated decoctions have been recently offered for sale which do not contain alcohol1 being preserved by the addition of sulphurous acid1 or sulphite of lime4 ,decoction of ,alconorque4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,alconorco4 ,american alconorque bark1 #a_/b oz42 water1 #af oz12 boil to #h oz41 and strain4--,dose1 #a oz4 two or three times a day1 in phthisis4 ,decoction of ,alder4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,alni4 ,bark of common alder1 #a oz42 water1 #bj oz42 boil to #af oz4 ,decoction of ,alder1 ,black4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,rhamni ,,frangul4 ,black alder bark1 dried1 #a oz42 water1 #a-a_/b pint2 boil to #a pint1 and strain4 ,decoction of ,al'oes4 ,syn4 ,,compound ,d4 ,,of ,a41 ,,balsam ,,of ,,life2 ,,baume ,,de ,,vie1 ,fr42 ,,decoctum ,,al',o,s 7,ph4 ,e471 ,d4 ,a4 ,,compos',,itum 7,b4 ,p4 and ,ph4 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,extract of liquorice1 #a oz42 extract of socotrine aloes1 #b dr42 powdered myrrh and saffron1 of each1 #a-a_/b dr42 carbonate of potassa1 #a dr42 tincture of cardamoms1 #h oz42 water1 a sufficiency4 ,coarsely powder the extract of aloes and myrrh1 and put them1 together with the carbonate of potash and extract of liquorice1 into a covered vessel1 with a pint of distilled water2 boil gently for five minutes1 then add the saffron2 let the vessel with contents cool1 then add the tincture of cardamoms1 and1 covering the vessels closely1 allow the ingredients to macerate two hours1 finally strain through flannel1 pouring as much distilled water over the contents of the strainer as will make the product measure #cj oz4 #b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,aloes1 myrrh1 and saffron1 of each #a dr42 extract of liquorice1 #a_/b oz42 carbonate of potassa1 #dj gr42 water1 #af fl4 oz42 boil to #ab fl4 oz42 strain1 and add of compound tincture of cardamoms #d fl4 oz4 #c4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,as ,no4 #a 7nearly71 but using hepatic aloes4 ,a warm cathartic4--,dose1 #a_/b to #a-a_/b oz42 in habitual costiveness1 dyspepsia1 jaundice1 c4 ,obs4 ,by boiling the saffron as ordered by the ,dublin and ,edinburgh ,colleges1 nearly the whole of its fragrance is dissipated4 ,a better plan is to macerate it in the tincture for a few days1 previously to adding the latter to the decoction of the other ingredients4 ,after the tincture has been strained off from the saffron1 the latter may be washed with a little water1 to remove any adhering colour and odour1 and this may be added to the decoction4 ,the addition of the tincture produces a deposit of mucilaginous and feculent matter1 which has been dissolved out of the liquorice1 for which reason some houses omit the latter altogether1 and supply its place with an equal quantity of sugar or treacle1 and a little colouring4 ,by this method the liquid1 after being once obtained clear1 will continue so for any length of time4 #d4 7,wholesale47 ,solazzi juice1 #a-a_/b lb42 kali 7carbonate of potassa71 #d oz42 hepatic aloes1 #e-a_/b oz42 myrrh 7small71 #e oz42 water1 #d-a_/b galls42 boil to #c galls41 strain through flannel1 cool1 and add1 of compound tincture of cardamoms1 #aj pints2 previously digested for #aj days on saffron1 #b-a_/b oz42 mix well1 and add essential oil of nutmeg1 #ae drops2 oils of cassia and caraway1 of each #aj drops2 and oils of cloves and pimento1 of each #e drops2 in a week decant the clear portion from the sediment1 and preserve it in a cool place4 #e4 7,concentrated2 ,d4 ,a4 ,,concentra',,tum1 ,l47--a4 ,lump sugar1 #h oz42 colouring1 #a_/d pint2 carbonate of potash1 #b oz42 aloes1 #c-a_/b oz42 myrrh and saffron1 of each #b-a_/b oz42 compound tincture of cardamoms1 #a_/b a gall42 water1 #c pints2 boil the first five in the water1 until reduced to nearly one half2 cool1 and add the tincture1 previously digested for a week1 on the saffron2 and proceed as above4 #ad oz4 of extract of liquorice may be used instead of the sugar and colouring4 b4 ,aloes1 myrrh1 liquorice1 and potassa 7all in powder71 and saffron as last2 compound tincture of cardamoms1 #e-c_/d pints2 digest a fortnight1 and filter4 ,in this way a very odorous and beautiful preparation is produced1 which has been much admired4 ,the above are said to possess four times the strength of the ,college preparation4 ,decoction1 ,anticol'ic4 ,syn4 ,,anticolic ,,ap',,ozem1 ,,degland',s ,,colic ,,mixture2 ,,apoz',,ema ,,anticol',,icum1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,senna leaves1 #b oz42 boiling water1 #a pint2 simmer gently to #af fl4 oz42 press out the liquor1 add sulphate of soda1 #a oz42 syrup of buckthorn1 #b oz42 and strain through flannel4 ,used by glassfuls in lead colic1 or after poisoning by lead4 ,decoction1 ,antidar'trous4 ,decoction of ,bitter ,sweet 7see below74 ,decoction of ,apocynum4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,apocyni4 ,root of ,apocynum cannabinum1 #a oz42 juniper berries1 #a oz42 water1 #c pints4 ,boil to #b pints4 ,a wine-glassful frequently4 ,in dropsy4 ,decoction of ,ar'nica4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,arnic1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,swediaur47 ,flowers of ,arnica montana1 #a oz42 water1 #c pints2 boil to a quart2 filter1 and add of syrup of ginger1 #c oz4--,dose1 #a to #b fl4 oz4 every two or three hours2 in aphonia1 paralysis of the voluntary muscles1 rheumatism1 c42 and as a substitute for bark in putrid fever1 agues1 c4 #b4 7,ph4 ,cast4 ,aust41 #ahda47 ,arnica root1 #b dr42 water1 #i oz42 boil to #f oz41 and strain4--,dose1 #a oz42 as the last4 ,decoction of ,asparagus4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,asparagi4 ,roots of asparagus1 #a oz42 water1 #b pints2 boil for #aj or #ae minutes2 diuretic4 ,decoction1 ,astrin'gent4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,astrin',,gens1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,swediaur47 ,oak-bark1 pomegranate peel1 and tormentil root1 of each #b dr2 water and milk1 of each #a lb42 boil #ab minutes1 add of cinnamon1 #b dr42 boil #b or #c minutes longer1 and strain4--,dose4 ,a wine-glassful4 ,decoction of ,avens ,root4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,gei4 7,dr ,a4 ,t4 ,thompson47 ,avens root1 #a oz42 water1 #a pint2 boil for #ae minutes1 and strain4 ,decoction of ,baobab ,tree4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,adansoni4 ,bark of the baobab tree1 #f dr42 water1 #a-a_/b pint2 boil to a pint1 and strain4 ,used as a substitute for decoction of bark4 ,decoction of ,bark4 ,syn4 ,,decoction ,,of ,,cincho',,na2 ,,decoctum ,,cincho',n1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,ph4 ,l43--a4 7,d4 ,,of ,,yellow ,b42 ,d4 ,,cinchon1 ,b4 ,p47 ,yellow cinchona or calisaya bark 7bruised71 #a-a_/d oz42 distilled water1 #a pint2 boil for #aj minutes in a lightly covered vessel2 when cold1 strain and pour on the marc sufficient water to make up #a pint4 b4 7,d4 ,,of ,,pale ,b42 ,d4 ,c4 ,,pallid1 ,ph4 ,l47 ,from pale cinchona or loxa bark1 as above 7a47 c4 7,d4 ,,of ,,red ,b42 ,d4 ,c4 ,,rubr1 ,ph4 ,l47 ,from red bark1 as above 7a74 #b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,brown1 grey1 yellow1 or red cinchona 7bruised71 #a oz42 water1 #bd fl4 oz42 boil for #aj minutes2 when cold filter the liquor1 and evaporate it to #af fl4 oz4 #c4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,from pale or loxa bark1 similar to the ',decoctum cinchon pallid' of ,ph4 ,l4 7#a4 b4 above74 ,dose1 c4 #a to #b fl4 oz41 #c or #d times daily1 as a tonic1 stomachic1 and febrifuge1 when the stomach will not bear the administration of bark in powder2 in fevers1 dyspepsia1 convalescence1 c4 ,the plan recommended by the ,edinburgh ,college of filtering the decoction when cold is absurd4 ,according to ,soubeiran1 #adf gr4 of the deposit thus removed contained #hf gr4 soluble in alcohol1 and rich in the cinchona alkaloids4 ,this liquid should1 therefore1 be well shaken before pouring it out for use1 instead of being filtered4 ,the addition of a few drops of either sulphuric or hydrochloric acid to the water greatly increases its solvent power1 and also1 consequently1 the medicinal value of this preparation4 7,see below47 ,decoction of ,bark 7,acid'ulated74 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,cinchon ,,acidula',,tum1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,to the water for any one of the above1 add dilute sulphuric acid1 #a-a_/b fl4 dr42 boil #aj minutes1 and strain whilst hot4 #b4 7,sir ,j4 ,wylie47 ,cinchona bark1 #a oz42 water1 #af fl4 oz42 diluted sulphuric acid1 #a dr42 as last4 ,decoction of ,bark 7,facti''tious74 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,cinchon ,,factitium1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,bor47 ,willow bark and horse-chestnut bark1 of each #a_/b oz42 calamus root and cloves1 of each #a_/d oz42 water1 #af fl4 oz42 boil to one half4 ,used as a substitute for decoction of cinchona bark1 but is vastly inferior4 ,decoction of ,bark and ,ser'pentary4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,cinchon ,,cum ,,serpenta',,ria1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,sir ,j4 ,pringle47 ,peruvian bark1 #c dr42 water1 #a pint2 boil to one half1 and infuse in the hot decoction1 serpentaria root1 #c dr4 ,as a diaphoretic stimulant1 and tonic1 in fevers1 and as a gargle in sore throat4 ,decoction of ,bar'ley4 ,syn4 ,,barley-,,water2 ,,decoctum ,,hor',,dei 7,b4 ,p471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,pearl barley1 #a oz4 7washed clean72 boil for #bj minutes in #ae oz4 of water1 and strain4 #b4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,similar to above4 7,see ,obs4 below47 ,decoction of ,barley 7,compound47 ,syn4 ,,pec',,toral ,,decoction1 ,,fe',,ver ,,drink2 ,,decoctum ,,pectora',,le1 ,,ptisan',a ,,commu',,nis1 ,,dec4 ,,hor',,dei ,,compos',,itum 7,ph4 ,l471 ,,mistu',,ra ,,hor',,dei 7,ph4 ,e471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,decoction of barley 7simple71 #a quart2 figs 7sliced7 and raisins 7stoned71 of each #b-a_/b oz42 fresh liquorice 7sliced71 #e dr42 water1 #a pint2 boil to a quart1 and strain4 #b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,pearl barley1 #b-a_/b oz42 water1 #d-a_/b pints2 boil to #c pints2 add figs and raisins1 of each #b-a_/b oz42 liquorice root1 #e dr42 water1 #a pint2 and boil to #b pints1 as before4 ,obs4 ,the above are used as demulcents in fevers1 phthisis1 strangury1 c41 taken ad libitum4 ,they are slightly laxative1 and when this would be an objection to their use1 a few drops of laudanum may be added4 ,mixed with an equal quantity of decoction of bark1 barley-water forms an excellent gargle in cynanche maligna 7ulcerated sore throat71 and1 with a like quantity of milk and a little sugar1 a good substitute for the breast in dry nursing infants4 ,it is1 also1 often acidulated with lemon juice or sulphuric acid1 and sweetened 7,decoctum hordei acidulatum74 ,gum ,arabic1 #d dr41 and nitre1 #a dr41 to each pint1 is a common addition in gonorrhoea4 ,cream of tartar1 #a dr41 is occasionally added to render it more aperient4 ,decoction of ,bistort4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,bistort4 ,bistort root1 #b oz42 water1 #a-a_/b pints2 boil #ae or #bj minutes1 and strain4--,dose1 #a oz4 to #b oz42 astringent4 ,decoction1 ,bit'ter4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,ama',,rum1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,dried tops of lesser centaury and wormwood1 and leaves of germander1 of each #c dr42 water1 #a-a_/d pint2 boil to a pint4 #b4 ,gentian root1 #a_/b oz42 water1 #a-a_/b pint2 boil #aj minutes1 take out the root1 slice it1 and add it again to the decoction with dried orange peel1 #a_/d oz42 boil to #a pint1 and strain4 ,decoction of ,bitter ,sweet4 ,syn4 ,,antidar',,trous ,,ap',,ozem2 ,,apozema ,,dulcama'',r1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,trousseau and ,reveille47 ,dulcamara1 #a dr42 water1 #af oz42 boil to #i oz41 and strain4 ,to be taken in three doses during the day4 ,every other day the quantity is to be increased until #ab dr4 or even #b oz4 are taken daily1 so that the patient may begin to feel dryness of the throat1 and some disorder of vision and digestion2 and continue at this quantity for several weeks in succession4 ,in obstinate skin diseases4 ,see ,,decoction ,,of ,,dulcamara4 ,decoction of ,blue ,cardinal ,flowers4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,lobel',i1 ,d4 ,l4 ,,syphilit',,ic1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,root of ,lobelia syphilitica1 #a handful2 water1 #ab lb42 boil to #g lb41 and strain4 #b4 7,swediaur47 ,dried root1 #e oz42 water1 #ab lb42 as last4 ,alterative1 purgative1 and diuretic4 ,obs4 ,this decoction was strongly recommended by ,swediaur in certain complaints4 ,he gave half a pint at first1 twice daily1 and afterwards #d times a day1 unless it acted too strongly on the bowels1 when the frequency of the dose was diminished1 or it was discontinued for #c or #d days1 and then had recourse to again1 until the cure was effected4 ,decoction of ,bran4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,furfuris1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,from bran1 #a_/d lb42 water1 #a-a_/d pint2 boil to a pint4 ,in diabetes2 and sweetened with sugar1 as a demulcent and laxative in cough and sore throat4 #b4 ,bran1 #a quart2 water1 #a-a_/b gall42 boil #e minutes1 and add cold water1 q4 s4 to bring it to the proper temperature4 ,as an emollient foot-bath4 ,decoction of ,broom4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,spar',,tii ,,cacumin',,ium2 ,d4 ,,scopa'',,rii 7,ph4 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,broom-tops 7dried71 #a_/b oz42 water1 #a_/b pint2 boil #aj minutes1 and strain4 #b4 7,ph4 ,b47 ,broom-tops 7dried71 #a oz42 distilled water1 #a pint2 boil for #aj minutes1 and strain4 7,see below47 ,decoction of ,broom 7,compound74 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,spar',,tii ,,cacuminium ,c41 ,d4 ,,scopa'',,rii 7,ph4 ,e471 ,d4 ,s4 ,,compos',,itum 7,ph4 ,l471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,tops of broom 7recent and dried71 juniper berries 7bruised71 dandelion root 7bruised71 of each #a_/b oz42 distilled water1 #a-a_/b pint2 boil to a pint1 and strain4 #b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,tops of broom and juniper1 of each #a_/b oz42 cream of tartar1 #b-a_/b dr42 water1 #a-a_/b pint2 boil to a pint1 as last4 ,the above are diuretic and laxative4--,dose1 #a_/b to #a wine-glassful1 #c or #d times a day2 in dropsy1 especially of the belly 7,,ascites74 ,decoction of ,buckbean4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,menyanthis4 ,buckbean1 #a oz42 water1 #a-a_/b pint2 boil to a pint4 ,decoction of ,burdock4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,arc',,tii1 ,d4 ,,barda',n1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,bardana root1 #f oz42 water1 #e pints2 boil to #c pints1 and strain4 #b4 7,wood47 ,dried root1 #b oz42 water1 #c pints2 boil to #b pints1 and strain4 ,as an alterative2 a pint or more daily1 in all those cases in which sarsaparilla is recommended4 ,decoction of ,cabbage-tree ,bark4 ,,decoctum ,,geoffroy 7,ph4 ,e4 #ahag71 ,d4 ,g4 ,,inermis 7,ph4 ,d4 #ahbf74 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,bark of the cabbage tree 7bruised71 #a oz42 water1 #a quart2 boil to a pint1 and strain4 ,cathartic1 narcotic1 and anthelmintic4--,dose1 #b to #d table-spoonfuls for an adult2 #a to #b teaspoonfuls for a child1 followed by demulcents and castor oil2 in worms1 c4 ,decoction of ,calumba 7,compound74 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,calum',b ,,compos',,itum1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s4 #ahca47 ,calumba and quassia1 of each #b dr42 orange peel1 #a dr42 rhubarb1 #bj gr42 carbonate of potassa1 #cj gr42 water1 #bj fl4 oz42 boil to #af fl4 oz41 strain1 and1 when cold1 add of compound tincture of lavender1 #a_/b fl4 oz4 ,bitter1 tonic1 and stomachic4--,dose1 #a to #b table-spoonfuls #c or #d times daily4 ,decoction of ,centaury4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,cimicifuge1 ,f4 ,h4 ,lesser centaury1 #b oz42 water1 #b pints2 boil for a few minutes1 and strain4 ,decoction of ,cey'lon ,moss4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,fu'',,ci ,,amyla',,cei1 ,d4 ,,ploca'',,ri ,,candi',d1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from ,ceylon moss1 #b dr42 water1 milk1 or whey1 #a pint2 boil to #af fl4 oz41 and strain4 ,it may be sweetened and flavoured4 ,in irritation of the mucous membranes and in phthisis4 ,decoction of ,cham'omile4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,anthe',,midis1 ,d4 ,,cham,,meli1 ,l4 ,from chamomiles1 #a oz42 boiling water1 #a pint2 digest for #aj minutes1 simmer gently for #b or #c minutes longer1 and strain with pressure4 7,see below47 ,decoction of ,chamomile 7,compound74 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,cham,,meli ,,compositum1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,d4 #ahbf47 ,chamomile flowers 7dried71 #a_/b oz42 fennel seed1 #b dr42 water1 #af oz42 boil a short time1 and strain4 ,both the above are bitter1 stomachic and tonic2 the last is vermifuge4 ,they are chiefly used as fomentations and clysters4 ,decoction of ,cherry ,laurel ,bark4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,lauro-,,cerasi ,,corticis4 7,dr ,kastner47 ,cherry laurel bark1 #b oz42 water1 #b pints2 boil1 and strain4 ,decoction of ,chiret'ta4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,chirayt1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from chiretta or chyrata1 #e dr42 water1 #a pint2 boil #h or #aj minutes and strain4--,dose1 #a_/b to #a wine-glassful #b or #c times daily1 as a stomachic tonic2 in flatulency and acidity1 especially in the dyspepsia of gouty persons4 ,decoction of ,cincho'na4 ,see ,,decoction ,,of ,,bark4 ,decoction of ,coffee4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,caffei4 ,boil #aj dr4 of raw coffee berries in #h oz4 of water to #e oz4 ,to be given in #c doses during the intermissions of intermittent fever4 ,decoction of ,col'ocynth4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,colocynth',,idis1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,bat47 ,colocynth pulp1 #a dr42 water1 #h oz42 boil #aj minutes1 and when quite cold1 add of syrup of orange peel1 #a oz42 sulphuric ether1 #a dr4--,dose1 #b to #f dr41 #b or #c times a day2 in dropsy1 c4 ,decoction of ,colts'foot4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,tussilag',,inis1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,pereira47 ,fresh leaves of coltsfoot1 #b oz4 7or flowers1 #a oz472 water1 #b pints2 boil to a pint and strain4 ,a popular remedy in chronic coughs and chest diseases4 ,it is emollient and demulcent4--,dose4 ,half a teacupful1 ad libitum4 7,see below47 ,decoction of ,coltsfoot 7,compound74 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,tussilaginis ,,compositum1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,taddei47 ,coltsfoot flowers1 #f oz42 figs1 raisins1 and jujubes1 of each #b oz42 water1 #ab pints2 boil down to #d pints2 add liquorice root1 #b oz42 again boil and strain4 ,as the last4 ,decoction1 ,com'mon4 ,see ,,decoction ,,of ,,mallows4 ,decoction of ,cor'sican ,moss4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,helminth',,ocorti1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from the moss1 #e dr42 water1 #a-a_/b pint2 boil to a pint4--,dose4 ,a wine-glassful1 three times a day2 as a vermifuge4 ,in #ahbb1 ,mr ,farr brought it forward as a remedy for cancer4 ,decoction of ,cot'ton ,root4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,gossyp',,ii1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,dr ,bouchelle47 ,inner part of the root of the cotton plant1 #d oz42 water1 #a quart2 boil to a pint4--,dose4 ,a wine-glassful1 occasionally1 as an emmenagogue2 or1 every #cj or #dj minutes1 to produce uterine contractions1 for which purpose it is said to be as effectual as ergot of rye4 ,decoction of ,dandeli'on4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,tarax',,aci 7,b4 ,p471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,fresh dandelion root 7bruised71 #a oz42 water1 #a-a_/b pint2 boil to a pint1 and strain4 #b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,herb and root 7fresh71 #g oz42 water1 #a quart2 boil to a pint4 ,aperient1 stomachic1 and tonic4--,dose1 #a to #b fl4 oz41 or more1 #b or #c times daily4 ,decoction1 ,diaphoret'ic4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,diaphoreticum1 ,l4 ,decoction of bark1 #a pint2 liquor of acetate of ammonia1 #d oz42 aromatic confection1 #a oz4--,dose1 #b or #c table-spoonfuls every #c hours4 ,decoction of ,dog-grass4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,gramin',,is1 ,l42 ,,ptisane ,,chiendent1 ,fr4 ,prep4 ,from dog-grass root 7,triticum repens71 #a oz42 liquorice root1 #a_/b oz42 water1 #a quart2 boil #bj minutes1 and strain4 ,aperient and pectoral2 by cupfuls1 ad libitum4 7,see below47 ,decoction of ,dog-grass 7,ioduret'ted74 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,graminis ,,iodure',,tum1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,magendie47 ,decoction of dog-grass1 #cb fl4 oz42 syrup of peppermint1 #b oz42 iodide of potassium1 #a_/b dr42 mix4 ,by cupfuls1 ad libitum4 ,decoction of ,dog-wood4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,cor',,nus ,,florid1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s47 ,dog-wood bark 7bruised71 #a oz42 water1 #a pint2 boil #aj minutes1 and strain whilst hot4 ,tonic and astringent2 recommended as a substitute for bark4--,dose4 ,a wine-glassful4 ,decoction of ,dulcama'ra4 ,syn4 ,,decoction ,,of ,,bitter ,,sweet1 ,d4 ,,of ,,woody ,,nightshade2 ,,decoctum ,,dulcama'',r 7,ph4 ,l4 ,e4 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,woody nightshade or bitter sweet 7the new shoots71 #aj dr42 water1 #a-a_/b pint2 boil to a pint1 and strain4 #b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,dulcamara 7chopped small71 #a oz42 water1 #bd fl4 oz42 boil to a pint1 and strain4 #c4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,twigs of woody nightshade1 #a oz42 water1 #a pint2 boil #aj minutes in a covered vessel1 and strain4 ,it should measure about #af fl4 oz4 ,alterative1 diaphoretic1 and diuretic4--,dose4 ,a wine-glassful1 or more1 #b or #c times a day2 in chronic coughs and chronic skin diseases1 and in most of those cases wherein sarsaparilla proves useful4 ,see ,,decoction ,,of ,,bitter ,,sweet1 also below4 ,decoction of ,dulcama'ra 7,compound74 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,dulcama'',r ,,composi',,tum1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,augustin47 ,dulcamara 7bitter sweet71 #d dr42 burdock root1 liquorice root1 sassafras chips1 and guaiacum wood1 of each1 #b dr42 water1 #b lbs42 boil to #af fl4 oz41 and strain4--,dose1 #a to #b wine-glassfuls #b or #c times a day4 #b4 7,foy47 ,as the last1 but using dulcamara1 #b oz4--,dose1 #a_/b to #a wine-glassful2 in similar cases to those in which the simple decoction is given1 especially in chronic rheumatism and venereal affections4 ,decoction of ,el'der ,bark4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,sambu'',,ci1 ,d4 ,s4 ,,corticis4 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,sydenham47 ,inner bark of elder1 #a oz42 water and milk1 of each #a pint2 boil to one half1 and strain4 #b4 7,collier47 ,bark1 #a oz42 water1 #af fl4 oz42 boil to #a_/b pint1 and strain4 #c4 7,pereira47 ,bark1 #a oz42 water1 #a quart2 boil to one half4--,dose4 ,one wine-glassful #b or #c times a day2 as an aperient and resolvent in various chronic disorders1 in dropsy1 and in certain cutaneous affections2 or1 #b wine-glassfuls1 as before1 as a hydragogue cathartic in dropsies4 ,decoction of ,elecam'pane4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,helen'',,ii1 ,d4 ,,inu',l1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s47 ,elecampane root1 #a_/b oz42 water1 #a pint2 boil a few minutes and strain4 ,tonic and expectorant1 and1 in some cases1 diuretic and diaphoretic4--,dose4 ,a wine-glassful every hour or two4 7,see below47 ,decoction of ,elecampane 7,compound74 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,heleni ,,compositum1 ,d4 ,,inul ,c41 ,l4 ,prep4 7,rotier47 ,elecampane1 #a oz42 hyssop and ground ivy1 of each #b dr42 water1 #a pint2 boil #ae minutes1 strain1 and add of honey1 #b oz4--,dose1 #a to #c table-spoonfuls2 as the last4 ,decoction of ,elm ,bark4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,ul',,mi 7,b4 ,p471 ,l4 ,prep4 ,elm bark 7cut in small pieces71 #a oz42 distilled water1 #af oz42 boil to #h oz41 and strain4--,dose1 #b to #d oz41 three or four times a day1 as a cheap substitute for sarsaparilla in scaly skin diseases4 7,see below47 ,decoction of ,elm ,bark 7,compound74 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,ulmi ,,compositum1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,jeffrey47 ,simple decoction of elm bark1 #h pints2 liquorice root1 sassafras and guaiacum chips1 of each #a oz42 mezereon root1 #c dr42 boil for one hour1 and strain4 ,more active than the last4 ,decoction of ,er'got4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,ergot'1 ,d4 ,,seca',,lis ,,cornuti1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,pereira47 ,ergot of rye 7bruised71 #a dr42 water1 #f fl4 oz42 boil #aj minutes1 and strain4--,dose4 ,one third at intervals of half an hour1 until the whole is taken2 as a parturifacient4 ,decoction of ,fern ,root4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,filicis2 ,d4 ,,radicis ,f41 ,l4 ,prep4 7,dr ,wood47 ,dried fern-root1 #a oz42 water1 #a pint2 boil to #af fl4 oz41 and strain4 ,by wine-glassfuls1 fasting1 until it excites slight nausea2 as a vermifuge1 more particularly for tapeworm4 ,decoction of ,figs4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,fici1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,cadet47 ,figs 7chopped71 #a oz42 water1 #a pint2 boil1 and strain4 ,demulcent and pectoral2 taken ad libitum4 7,see below47 ,decoction of ,figs 7,compound74 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,fici ,,compositum1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,foy47 ,figs and raisins 7chopped71 of each #b oz42 liquorice root1 #a_/b oz42 boiling water1 #a quart2 boil #ae minutes1 and strain4 ,as the last4 ,decoction for ,ene'mas4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,pro ,,enema',,te1 ,l4 ,barley-water1 or thin gruel1 is commonly used under this name4 ,see ,,decoction ,,of ,,mallows1 c4 ,decoction for ,fomenta'tions4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,pro ,,fomento1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,l4 #aghh47 ,dried leaves of southern wood1 tops of sea wormwood1 and chamomile flowers1 of each #a oz42 laurel or bay leaves 7dried71 #a_/b oz42 water1 #a pint1 boil a few minutes1 and strain4 ,decoction of ,galls4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,gal',l1 7,ph4 ,l47 ,prep4 ,from galls 7bruised71 #b-a_/b oz42 water1 #a quart2 boiled to one half1 and strained4 ,as an astringent1 fomentation1 enema1 or injection1 in prolapsus ani1 piles1 and leucorrhoea4 ,decoction of ,guaiac'um4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,guaiac',i 7,ph4 ,e471 ,d4 ,g4 ,,compositum 7,ph4 ,d4 #ahbf71 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,guaiacum shavings1 #c oz42 raisins 7chopped71 #b oz42 water1 #h pints2 simmer down to #e pints1 adding towards the end1 sassafras 7rasped or sliced71 and liquorice root 7bruised71 of each #a oz4 #b4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,guaiacum wood1 #c oz42 sassafras1 #aj dr42 liquorice root1 #b-a_/b oz42 water1 #aj pints1 as the last2 to strain #e pints4 ,obs4 ,the above form the once celebrated ',decoction of the ,woods1'--,dose4 ,a teacupful #c or #d times daily1 or oftener1 in chronic rheumatism1 cutaneous diseases1 after a course of mercury1 c4 ,although its virtues are of a very dubious kind1 there is no doubt that it frequently does good1 especially when persevered in with a sudorific regimen4 ,decoction of ,hairy ,horehound4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,ballot ,,lanat1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,rehmann47 ,siberian or woolly horehound 7,ballota71 #a-a_/b oz42 water1 #a quart2 boil to one half4--,dose4 ,a tumblerful1 or more1 twice a day2 in rheumatic1 gouty1 and dropsical affections1 especially the latter4 ,see ,,decoction ,,of ,,horehound4 ,decoction of ,harts'horn4 ,see ,,mixtures4 ,decoction of ,hel'lebore4 #a4 7,,decoction ,,of ,,black ,,hellebore2 ,,decoctum ,,hellebori ,,nigri1 ,l47 ,prep4 #a4 7,a4 ,t4 ,thomson47 ,black hellebore root1 #b dr42 water1 #a pint2 boil #ae minutes4--,dose1 #a fl4 oz41 every #d hours2 in dropsy1 worms1 chronic skin diseases1 c41 occurring in non-irritable habits4 #b4 7,,decoction ,,of ,,white ,,hellebore2 ,,decoctum ,,veratri1 ,ph4 ,l4 ,d47 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf47 ,white hellebore 7bruised71 #aj dr42 water1 #a quart2 boil to a pint1 and when cold1 add of rectified spirit1 #c fl4 oz4 ,used as a lotion1 in itch1 lepra1 psoriasis1 scald-head1 c42 and to destroy pediculi4 ,in most cases it should be diluted with water1 and should never be applied to the unsound skin4 ,decoction of ,holly ,leaves4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,ilicis4 7,foy47 ,holly leaves1 #a_/b oz42 water1 #af oz42 boil to #ab oz4 ,for three doses4 ,decoction of ,horehound4 ,syn4 ,,compound ,,decoction ,,of ,,horehound2 ,,decoctum ,,marubii ,,compositum1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,dr ,r4 ,e4 ,griffith47 ,dried horehound 7,marrubium vulgare71 #a oz42 liquorice root and flax seed 7bruised71 of each #a_/b oz42 boiling water1 #a-a_/b pint2 macerate for #c or #d hours 7boil a minute71 and strain4 ,an excellent demulcent and pectoral4--,dose1 #a to #b fl4 oz41 as required1 in coughs1 c4 ,decoction of ,horse-chest'nut ,bark4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,hippocastanei1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,dr ,wood47 ,horse-chestnut bark 7coarsely powdered71 #aj dr42 water1 #a pint2 boil #aj minutes1 and strain4 ,used for decoction of cinchona bark4 ,a little liquorice root is frequently added4 7,see below47 ,decoction of ,horse-chest'nut ,bark 7,compound74 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,hippocastanei ,,compositum1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,phoebus47 ,horse-chestnut bark1 #a-a_/b oz42 water1 #ah fl4 oz42 boil to one half1 strain1 and when quite cold1 add of sulphuric ether1 #a to #b dr42 syrup of orange peel1 #a oz4 ,to be used during the intermission of an ague in wine-glassfuls at a time4 #b4 7,spielman47 ,horse-chestnut bark and willow bark1 of each #a_/b oz42 calamus aromaticus and root of water avens1 of each #b dr42 water1 #af fl4 oz42 boil to one half4 ,as the last4 ,decoction of ,iceland ,moss4 ,syn4 ,,decoction ,,of ,,liverwort2 ,,decoctum ,,cetrari 7,ph4 ,l472 ,d4 ,,lichenis ,,islandici 7,ph4 ,d472 ,d4 ,,lichenis 7,ph4 ,l4 #ahbd47 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,liverwort 7,iceland moss71 #e dr42 wecm #a-a_/b2 pint2 boil to a pint1 and strain4 #b4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,iceland moss1 #a oz42 water1 #a-a_/b pint2 boil for #aj minutes in a covered vessel1 and strain4 ,nutritious1 demulcent1 pectoral1 and tonic4--,dose1 #a to #d fl4 oz41 every #c or #d hours2 in chronic affections of the chest and stomach1 especially pulmonary consumption1 old coughs1 dyspepsia1 chronic diarrhoea1 and dysentery4 ,it may be flavoured and sweetened2 milk is frequently added to it4 ,the bitter matter may be removed by steeping the moss for some time in pretty warm water1 or in cold water1 to which a very little carbonate of potash has been added4 ,without this is done1 it is intensely bitter and nauseous4 ,decoction of ,indian ,ba'el4 ,syn4 ,,decoction ,,of ,,gle ,,marmelos2 ,,decoctum ,,bael1 ,l4 ,from the dried unripe fruit of gle marmelos 7,indian bael71 #b oz42 water1 #a pint2 boil to one third1 and strain4--,dose1 #b fl4 oz4 two or three times a day2 in dysentery1 diarrhoea1 and ,english cholera4 ,decoction of ,indian ,pink4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,spigeli1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,indian pink root1 #e dr2 water1 #a pint2 boil #e minutes2 add senna1 #d dr42 digest #ae minutes1 strain and add of manna1 #a oz4--,dose4 ,a small teacupful1 #c times a day1 for an adult2 #a_/b oz4 to #a oz41 or less1 for children2 as an anthelmintic purge4 ,decoction of ,indian ,sarsaparil'la4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,hemedes',,mi1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,pereira47 ,root of ,indian sarsaparilla 7,hemedesmus ,indicus71 #b oz42 water1 #a-a_/b pint2 boil to a pint4 ,diuretic1 alterative1 and tonic4--,dose4 ,by wine-glassfuls1 as decoction of sarsaparilla4 ,decoction of ,i''rish ,moss4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,chon',,dri4 ,prep4 7,pereira47 ,carrageen or ,irish moss1 #a oz42 macerate in lukewarm water for #aj minutes1 take it out and drain it1 and then boil it in water 7or milk71 #c pints1 for #ae minutes1 and strain through linen4 ,obs4 ,if twice the above weight of moss is employed1 a mucilage 7mucilago chondri7 is produced1 which may be flavoured with lemon juice1 spices1 c41 and forms a most nutritious article of spoon diet4 ,it is taken in the same cases as decoction of ,iceland moss2 and is frequently employed in cookery1 as a substitute for animal jelly1 in the preparation of blancmanges1 soups1 c4 ,decoction of ,i''singlass4 ,see ,,lisbon ,,diet ,,drink4 ,decoction of ,jamaica ,dogwood4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,cornus ,,florid4 7,u4 ,s4 ,ph47 ,bark of ,jamaica dogwood1 #a oz42 water1 #af oz4 o4m42 boil #aj minutes and strain1 and make up to #a pint o4m4 ,as a substitute for cinchona1 but is more astringent4 ,decoction of ,jujubes4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,jujubarum4 ,boil #b oz4 of jujubes 7stoned71 for an hour1 in a sufficient quantity of water to produce #b pints of decoction4 ,decoction of ,ju'niper ,berries 7,compound74 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,juniperi ,,compositum1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,st4 ,b4 ,hosp47 ,juniper berries1 #b oz42 cream of tartar1 #c dr42 water1 #d pints2 boil to a quart1 strain1 and add compound spirit of juniper1 #b fl4 oz4 ,diuretic4--,dose1 #b or #c wine-glassfuls1 #c times a day1 warm4 ,decoction of ,linseed 7,compound74 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,li',,ni ,,compositum 7,ph4 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,linseed1 #a oz42 liquorice root 7bruised71 #a_/b oz42 water1 #a-a_/b pint2 boil for #aj minutes in a covered vessel1 and strain whilst hot4 ,emollient and demulcent4--,dose4 ,a wine-glassful ad libitum2 in gonorrhoea1 dysentery1 pulmonary affections1 c4 ,it may be flavoured with lemon peel1 and sweetened4 ,see ,,infusions4 ,decoction of ,liquorice4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,glycyrrhiz1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,d4 #ahbf47 ,liquorice root 7sliced71 #a-a_/b oz42 water1 #af fl4 oz42 boil #aj minutes and strain4 ,a mild demulcent2 it is taken either alone1 by wine-glassfuls1 or is used as a vehicle for more active remedies4 ,decoction1 ,lisbon4 ,see ,,lisbon ,,diet ,,drink4 ,decoction of ,liv'erwort4 ,see ,,decoction ,,of ,,iceland ,,moss4 ,decoction of ,log'wood4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,h,,matoxyli 7,ph4 ,l4 ,e4 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,logwood chips1 #aj dr42 water1 #a-a_/b pint2 boil to a pint1 and strain4 #b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,logwood1 #a oz42 water1 #a pint2 boil to #aj fl4 oz41 adding towards the last1 cinnamon 7in powder71 #a dr4 #c4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,logwood1 #a oz42 water1 #a_/b pint4 ,astringent and tonic4--,dose1 #a table-spoonful to a wine-glassful2 in diarrhoea1 as required4 #d4 7,ph4 ,b47 ,logwood in chips1 #a oz42 cinnamon in coarse powder1 #fj gr42 distilled water1 #a pint4 ,boil for #aj minutes1 and strain to make up #a pint4 ,decoction of ,mad'der4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,rubi1 ,d4 ,r4 ,,tinctori1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,dewees47 ,powdered madder1 #a oz42 boiling water1 #a pint2 simmer for #ae minutes1 and add of cloves 7bruised71 #a dr42 when cold1 strain4--,dose4 ,a wine-glassful1 #b or #c times daily2 in amenorrhoea1 chlorosis1 c42 or every #c hours1 a short time previous to the expected menstrual discharge4 #b4 7,w4 ,cooley47 ,to the last add ammonio-citrate of iron1 #c dr4 #c4 7,st4 ,marie47 ,powdered madder1 #a_/b oz42 hops1 #a dr42 ,english walnut leaves1 #c dr42 water1 #a quart2 boil to #a-a_/b pint1 strain1 and when cold1 add of tincture of tartrate of iron1 #a dr4--,dose1 #b fl4 oz41 night and morning2 in scrofula1 c4 ,decoction of ,mal'lows4 ,syn4 ,,common ,,decoction2 ,,decoctum ,,com',,mune1 ,d4 ,,pro ,,enema',,te 7,ph4 ,l4 #aghg71 ,d4 ,,malv ,,compositum 7,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf71 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf47 ,common mallows 7dried71 #a oz42 chamomile flowers 7dried71 #a_/b oz42 water1 #a pint2 boil #ae minutes1 and strain4 ,used chiefly for fomentations and enemas4 ,decoction of ,malt4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,bi',n1 ,d4 ,,bynes1 ,d4 ,,malti1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,swediaur47 ,ground malt1 #c oz42 water1 #a quart2 boil to a pint1 and strain4 ,an oz4 of syrup of lemons1 or of saffron1 may be added to the cold decoction2 or1 a little liquorice root1 with the malt4 ,demulcent and laxative4 ,a cupful ad libitum4 ,infusion of malt 7sweet wort7 is a more convenient and elegant preparation4 ,decoction of ,marshmal'low4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,alth' 7,ph4 ,d4 #ahbf and ,ph4 ,e4 #ahac71 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,d4 #ahbf47 ,dried root and herb of marshmallow1 #d oz42 raisins 7stoned71 #b oz42 water1 #g pints 7wine measure72 boil down to #e pints1 strain1 allow it to deposit the sediment and decant the clear liquid4 ,demulcent4--,dose4 ,a cupful ad libitum1 in coughs1 colds1 calculous affections1 and other diseases of the urinary organs4 ,see ,,mixtures4 ,decoction of ,matico4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,matico',,nis1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,dr ,jeffreys47 ,matico leaves1 #a oz42 water1 #a pint2 boil #ab minutes1 and strain4 ,astringent4--,dose1 #a fl4 oz41 #b or #c times a day2 in hmorrhagic and other discharges4 ,decoction1 ,mercu''rial4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,hydrargyri1 ,d4 ,,mercuriale1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,quicksilver1 #d oz42 water1 #a pint2 boil in a glass or earthen vessel for an hour1 adding water to replace that lost by evaporation4--,dose4 ,a teacupful4 #b4 ,mercurial pill1 #a oz42 water1 #a quart2 boil to a pint4--,dose4 ,a wine-glassful4 ,both were formerly taken for worms and the itch4 #c4 ,corrosive sublimate1 #a gr42 7dissolved in7 spirit of wine1 #cj drops2 extract of sarsaparilla1 #c dr42 decoction of sarsaparilla1 #h fl4 oz42 mix4--,dose4 ,one large table-spoonful1 #c times a day2 in syphilis and obstinate skin diseases4 ,decoction of ,mezere'on4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,mezerei 7,ph4 ,e4 and ,ph4 ,d4 #ahbf71 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,root-bark of mezereon1 #b dr42 liquorice root1 #d dr42 water1 #a quart2 simmer to #a-a_/b pint1 and strain4 ,stimulant and sudorific4--,dose4 ,a wine-glassful1 or more1 three or four times a day2 in chronic rheumatism1 scrofula1 secondary syphilis1 lepra1 and some other cutaneous affections4 ,much boiling injures the virtues of mezereon4 7,see below47 ,decoction of ,mezere'on 7,compound74 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,mezerei ,,compositum1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,van ,mons47 ,mezereon1 #b dr42 bitter sweet1 #d dr42 burdock1 #b oz42 water1 #b quarts2 boil to #c pints1 add of liquorice root1 #b dr41 and strain4 ,as the last1 and in obstinate diseases of the skin4 ,decoction of ,mugwort4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,artemisi ,,vulgaris4 ,mugwort root1 #a oz42 water1 #bd oz4 ,boil for half an hour4 ,in epilepsy4 ,decoction of ,myrrh4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,myrrh4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,myrrh1 #b dr42 water1 #h-a_/b oz42 triturate the myrrh with the water gradually added2 then boil for #aj minutes in a covered vessel1 and strain4 ,decoction1 ,narcotic4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,anodynum1 ,d4 ,,narcoticum1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,hosp4 ,form47 ,common nightshade 7dried71 #a oz42 poppy heads1 #c in no42 water1 #a pint2 boil #aj minutes1 and strain4 ,as an anodyne fomentation1 used warm4 ,decoction of ,ni'tre4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,nitrosum1 ,d4 ,,nitratum1 ,d4 ,,potass ,,nitratis1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,nitre1 #a_/b oz42 white sugar1 #b oz42 cochineal1 #bj gr42 water1 #a-a_/b pint2 boil a few minutes1 and strain4 #b4 7,hosp4 ,form47 ,barley-water1 #a pint2 nitre1 #e dr42 dissolve4 ,diuretic1 diaphoretic1 and refrigerant4 ,a wine-glassful1 frequently2 in gonorrhoea1 sore throat1 acute rheumatism1 scurvy1 c4 ,decoction of ,oak ,bark4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,querc,s 7,ph4 ,l4 ,e4 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l4 ,e47 ,oak bark 7bruised71 #aj dr42 water1 #a quart2 boil down to a pint1 and strain4 #b4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,oak bark1 #a-a_/b oz42 water1 #a-a_/b pint2 boil #aj minutes1 and strain4 ,astringent4 ,used as a gargle in ulcerated sore throat1 relaxation of the uvula1 c41 and as a wash1 and as an injection in piles1 leucorrhoea1 hmorrhages1 prolapsus ani1 c4 #c4 7,ph4 ,b47 ,oak bark bruised1 #a-a_/b oz42 distilled water1 #a pint2 boil for #aj minutes1 and strain4 ,decoction of ,oats4 ,syn4 ,,water ,,gruel2 ,,decoctum ,,aven1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,cullen47 ,oatmeal1 #a oz42 water1 #c quarts2 boil to a quart1 strain1 and when cold1 decant the clear liquid from the sediment4 #b4 7,a4 ,t4 ,thomson47 ,washed groats1 #d oz42 water1 #d pints2 boil to a quart4 ,nutritious and demulcent4 ,taken ad libitum1 to promote the action of purgatives1 and as an enema1 either alone1 or as a vehicle for more active substances4 ,it is too thin for food4 ,see ,,gruel4 ,decoction of ,parei'ra4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,pareir 7,ph4 ,l471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,pareira brava root 7sliced71 #aj dr42 water1 #a-a_/b pint2 boil to a pint1 and strain4 #b4 7,sir ,b4 ,brodie47 ,pareira1 #d dr42 water1 #c pints2 boil to a pint1 as last4 ,the above are given in gonorrhoea1 leucorrhoea1 and chronic inflammation of the bladder4--,dose4 ,of the first1 #a_/b to #a wine-glassful1 #c or #d times a day2 of the second1 about twice that quantity1 or more4 ,it is commonly combined with some tincture of hyoscyamus2 and when the triple phosphates are present in the urine1 dilute hydrochloric or nitric acid may be added4 ,see ,,pareira4 ,decoction1 ,pec'toral4 ,see ,,decoction ,,of ,,barley4 ,decoction of ,pel'litory4 ,,decoctum ,,pyre'',,thri1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,guy's ,hosp47 ,pellitory root1 #a oz42 water1 #a-a_/b pint2 boil to a pint1 and strain4 ,used as a gastric stimulant1 and as a gargle in the relaxation of the uvula4 ,decoction of ,pome'granate4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,grana',,ti 7,ph4 ,l471 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,pomegranate rind 7fruit-bark71 #b oz42 distilled water1 #a-a_/b pint2 boil to a pint1 and strain4 ,astringent4 ,used as a gargle and injection1 in sore throat1 leucorrhoea1 c42 and internally1 in diarrhoea1 dysentery1 c4--,dose1 #a fl4 oz41 or more4 ,decoction of ,pomegranate ,root4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,granati ,,radicis 7,ph4 ,l471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,root-bark of pomegranate 7sliced71 #b oz42 water1 #a quart2 boil to a pint1 and strain4 #b4 7,collier47 ,bark of the root1 #b oz42 water1 #a pint2 boil to one half4 ,this is the common form used in ,india4 ,dose1 c4 ,a wine-glassful1 half-hourly1 until the whole is taken1 a light diet and a dose of castor oil having been taken the day previously4 ,in tapeworm1 ,dr ,collier recommends the whole of the last preparation to be given at #b doses1 at the interval of #b hours4 ,it purges1 and in #e or #f hours frequently expels the worm2 if this does not take place1 it should be persevered in4 ,look for the head of the tnia 7tapeworm72 for if that is not expelled1 you have done nothing4 7,collier47 ,oil of turpentine and kousso are now more frequently given in tnia in this country4 ,decoction of ,poppies4 ,syn4 ,,decoction ,,of ,,poppy-,,heads1 ,,fomentation ,,of ,p4-,h42 ,,decoctum ,,papaveris 7,ph4 ,l4 ,e4 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,poppy-heads 7bruised71 #d oz42 water1 #b quarts2 boil for #ae minutes1 and strain4 #b4 7,ph4 ,e4 ,d47 ,as the last1 but using only #c pints of water4 ,used as an emollient fomentation1 in painful swellings1 excoriations1 c4 ,the addition of a #a_/d pint of vinegar is said to promote its efficacy4 #c4 7,ph4 ,b47 ,poppy-heads bruised1 #b oz42 distilled water1 #a-a_/b pint4 ,boil for #aj minutes and strain4 ,the product should measure a pint4 ,decoction of ,quas'sia4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,quassi1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from quassia chips 7small74 #a dr42 water1 #a-a_/d pint2 boil to a pint1 and add syrup of orange peel1 #b oz4--,dose4 ,a wine-glassful1 occasionally1 as a stomachic tonic4 ,see ,,infusions4 ,decoction of ,quince4 ,syn4 ,,decoction ,,of ,,quince ,,seed1 ,,mucilage ,,of ,q4 ,s42 ,,decoctum ,,cydonii 7,ph4 ,l471 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from quince seeds1 #b dr42 water1 #a pint2 boil for #aj minutes1 and strain4 ,used as an emollient and sheathing application to abraded or wounded surfaces1 as cracked lip1 nipples1 c42 and to the skin in erysipelas1 to painful hmorrhoidal tumours1 and the like4 ,prepared with a little less water1 it is used by the hairdresser as 'bandoline' or 'fixateur4' ,decoction of ,red ,gum4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,gummi ,,rubri 7,mr ,squire47 ,red gum1 #a oz42 water1 #b pints2 boil #aj minutes1 and strain4 ,decoction of ,rice4 ,syn4 ,,rice ,,water1 ,,rice ,,drink2 ,,decoctum ,,ory',z1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,,rice1 #b oz42 water1 #a quart2 boil to one half1 and strain4 ,demulcent4 ,a good drink in fevers1 coughs1 c41 either alone or sweetened and flavoured with a little lemon peel4 ,decoction of ,sarsaparil'la4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,sar',z 7,ph4 ,l4 ,e471 ,d4 ,,sarsaparill 7,ph4 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,sarsaparilla 7sliced71 #e oz42 water1 #b quarts2 boil to a quart1 and strain4 #b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,sarsaparilla1 #e oz42 boiling distilled water1 #d pints2 macerate for #b hours1 in a vessel lightly covered1 and placed in a warm situation2 then take out the root1 bruise it1 return it again to the liquor1 boil down to a quart1 and strain4 #c4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,sarsaparilla1 #b oz42 boiling water1 #a-a_/b pint2 digest an hour1 boil #aj minutes1 cool1 and strain4 #d4 7,ph4 ,b47 ,digest #b-a_/b oz4 of ,jamaica sarsaparilla cut transversely in #a-a_/b pint of boiling water for an hour1 boil for #aj minutes1 cool1 and strain4 ,make up to one pint4 ,obs4 ,the medicinal virtues of sarsaparilla root reside wholly in the bark1 or cortical portion2 it is therefore quite unnecessary to bruise it1 as directed in the ,ph4 ,e4 ,by those houses which do largely in decoction of sarsaparilla1 the root is seldom split or cut2 the bundles in which it is made up being simply untied and spread open1 to allow of the free exposure of every part to the solvent action of the water4 ,by this plan the whole of the soluble portion of the bark is extracted1 whilst the feculent matter that pervades the wood is only partially dissolved out4 ,according to ,soubeiran1 a mere infusion is preferable4 ,the dose is a teacupful to half a pint1 #c or #d times a day4 ,an extemporaneous decoction of sarsaparilla is made by dissolving #c_/d oz4 of the simplest extract in #a pint of hot water4 ,see ,,sarsaparilla1 and below4 ,decoction of ,sarsaparilla 7,concentrated74 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,sarz ,,concentratum1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,wholesale47 ,sarsaparilla 7,jamaica7 #aj-a_/b lbs41 is placed in a large and well-cleaned copper boiler1 and enough boiling water added to cover it2 it is then left to macerate1 without boiling1 for #c or #d hours1 after which it is boiled for about an hour1 and the clear liquor drawn off into another clean copper pan2 the root 7after it has well drained7 is then washed or 'sparged'#bee with boiling water1 until the latter runs off scarcely coloured2 the washings are added to the decoction1 and the whole evaporated as quickly as possible to #f-a_/b pints2 it is then set to cool1 and rectified spirit of wine1 #a-a_/b pint1 further added2 after agitation1 the whole is set aside in a well-corked bottle1 in a cool place1 for a week4 ,in a few days it is usually found as clear and brilliant as brandy1 with very little sediment1 and will keep for any length of time uninjured4 ,some manufacturers1 instead of washing the root1 give it a second and third water1 boiling it each time and evaporating the mixed liquors4 ,footnote #bee3 ,for an explanation of the operation of 'sparging' see page #cef4 #b4 7,extemporaneous47 ,extract of sarsaparilla1 #f-a_/b oz42 water1 #ab fl4 oz42 dissolve1 add rectified spirit1 #b-a_/b fl4 oz41 and water1 q4 s4 to make the whole exactly measure a pint4 ,obs4 #a drachm of this decoction1 mixed with #g drachms of water1 forms a similar preparation to the ,decoctum ,sarz of the ,ph4 ,l41 and is now very frequently substituted for it in dispensing4 ,see ,,sarsaparilla1 ,,extracts1 and below4 ,decoction of ,sarsaparilla 7,compound74 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,sarz ,,compositum 7,ph4 ,l4 ,e471 ,d4 ,,sarsaparill ,c4 7,ph4 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,decoction of sarsaparilla 7boiling71 #d pints2 sassafras chips1 guaiacum wood 7rasped71 and fresh liquorice root 7bruised71 of each #aj dr42 mezereon 7root-bark71 #c dr42 boil for #ae minutes1 and strain4 #b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,as the last1 but using #d dr4 of mezereon4 #c4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,sarsaparilla 7sliced71 #b oz41 sassafras1 guaiacum turnings1 and liquorice root 7bruised71 of each #b dr42 mezereon root-bark1 #a dr42 boiling water1 #a-a_/b pint2 digest for an hour1 then boil for #aj minutes1 cool1 and strain4 #d4 7,extemporaneous47 ,compound extract of sarsaparilla1 #g-a_/b dr42 boiling water1 #a pint2 dissolve4 #e4 7,ph4 ,b47 ,jamaica sarsaparilla1 cut transversely1 #b-a_/b oz42 sassafras1 guaiacum turnings1 bruised liquorice root1 of each #a_/d oz41 mezereon root bark #fj grains2 digest them with #a-a_/b pint of boiling water in a covered vessel for an hour1 then boil for #aj minutes1 cool1 and strain4 ,make up to #a pint4 ,obs4 ,this decoction is an imitation of the once justly celebrated ',lisbon ,diet ,drink4' ,it is an alterative and diaphoretic4--,dose4 ,a teacupful1 or more1 #c or #d times a day1 either along with1 or after1 a mercurial course2 and in syphilis1 scurvy1 scrofula1 chronic rheumatism1 lepra1 psoriasis1 and several other skin diseases1 and especially in cachexia1 or general bad habit of body4 ,during its use the skin should be kept warm4 ,see ,,sarsaparilla and below4 ,decoction of ,sarsaparilla 7,concentrated ,compound74 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,sarz ,,compositum ,,concentratum1 ,d4 ,,sarsaparill ,c4 ,c41 ,l4 ,there is a very considerable trade done in this article1 in consequence of compound decoction of sarsaparilla being taken in large doses1 both alone and in combination with other remedies1 and the pharmacopoeial preparation spoiling if kept longer than about #ab hours1 in warm weather4 ,like the concentrated simple decoction1 it is said to be of #h times the usual strength1 so that when mixed with #g times its weight of water1 it forms a similar preparation to the ,decoctum ,sarz ,compositum1--,ph4 ,l41 for which it is very generally substituted in dispensing4 ,prep4 #a4 7,wholesale47 ,sarsaparilla 7red ,jamaica71 #if lbs42 mezereon root 7not root-bark71 #i lbs42 liquorice root 7bruised71 #af lbs4 ,the mezereon and liquorice are first laid 7loosely7 on the bottom of a clean copper pan1 and the bundles of sarsaparilla 7untied and loosened7 packed over them1 in horizontal layers1 alternately at right angles with each other4 ,three or four boards1 with as many iron #a_/b-;cwt4 weights1 are next placed on the top of the whole4 ,water is now run in1 to about ten inches higher than the ingredients1 and heat is applied until ebullition commences4 ,the materials are now allowed to macerate1 without boiling1 for #c or #d hours1 after which the liquor is gently boiled for about an hour1 care being taken to add fresh water from time to time1 so as to keep the whole well covered4 ,the decoction is next run off1 and set evaporating as quickly as possible4 ,the ingredients are then washed with successive portions of boiling water1 by allowing it to descend from a species of shower-bath1 after the manner of 'sparging1' described under ,,brewing4#bef ,this is repeated until the water runs off nearly colourless1 the smallest quantity being employed that will effect the object in view4 ,the whole of the liquid is now evaporated without delay1 until reduced to #h-a_/d galls41 when1 after cooling1 #b dr4 of essential oil of sassafras1 dissolved in #b galls4 of rectified spirit of wine1 are added1 and afterwards #a pint of essence of guaiacum4 ,the liquid is then placed in a suitably sized barrel1 set upon its head1 and fitted with a small cock 7not placed too near the bottom71 and allowed to repose for a week1 by which time it becomes clear and brilliant1 and fit for sale4 ,this is the form adopted by the large metropolitan drug-houses most celebrated for this preparation4 ,the product that may be drawn off fit for sale is something over #aj galls4 ,the residuum1 forming the 'bottoms1' consists chiefly of fecula4 ,the latter is well stirred up with #c or #d galls4 of cold water1 and allowed to settle4 ,the clear decanted 'washings' are used as water or liquor in making the next batch of decoction4 ,footnote #bef3 ,see page #cef4 #b4 7,extemporaneous47 ,compound extract of sarsaparilla1 #g-a_/b oz42 boiling water1 #ab fl4 oz42 dissolve1 then add of rectified spirit of wine1 #b-a_/b fl4 oz42 mix well1 and further add of water1 q4 s4 to make the whole measure a pint4 ,obs4 ,to conduct this process successfully1 several large copper pans are required2 one of which 7to boil the ingredients in7 must be capable of containing from #adj to #aej gallons at the least1 and the others must be sufficiently large to receive the liquors as they are drawn off4 ,those for the evaporation should be very shallow1 in order that it may proceed rapidly2 and the whole should be heated by steam4 ,an excellent plan is to employ large wooden vats1 and to apply the heat by means of pipes laid along the bottom1 and supplied with high-pressure steam4 ,this method is less expensive than the use of double steam pans1 as above4 ,when essence of guaiacum is not used1 #bd lbs4 of guaiacum shavings1 from which the dust has been sifted1 are boiled with the other ingredients1 instead4 ,those desirous of using the proportions of the ingredients ordered by the ,colleges may do so by taking eight times the given quantities1 and proceeding as above4 ,the following are special preparations3-- ,,feltz',s ,,decoction ,,of ,,sarsaparilla4 ,syn4 ,,ap',,ozem ,,of ,,feltz2 ,,decoctum ,,sarz ,,cum ,,ichthyocol',,la1 ,l42 ,,ptisane ,,de ,,feltz1 ,fr4 ,prep4 ,from sarsaparilla 7sliced71 #c oz42 isinglass and crude antimony 7in powder71 of each #a_/b oz42 water #e pints2 boil to one half1 and strain4 ,used in skin diseases4 ,,jauperand',s ,,decoction ,,of ,,sarsaparilla4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,sarz ,,cum ,,radice ,,chin1 ,l42 ,,ptisane ,,de ,,jauperand1 ,fr4 ,prep4 7,bories47 ,sarsaparilla and ,china root1 of each #b oz42 senna and sassafras chips1 of each #a_/b oz42 carbonate of potassa1 #a dr42 water1 #b galls42 simmer1 gently1 for several hours1 and strain #ab pints2 when cold1 decant the clear4--,dose1 #b fl4 oz41 two or three times daily2 in scrofula1 c4 ,,vinache',s ,,decoction ,,of ,,sarsaparilla4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,sarz ,,cum ,,senn1 ,l42 ,,ptisane ,,de ,,vinache1 ,fr4 ,prep4 7,foy47 ,sarsaparilla1 ,china wood1 and guaiacum wood1 of each #a-a_/b oz42 crude antimony 7tied in a rag71 #b oz42 water1 #f pints2 macerate for #ab hours 7#g in hot weather71 boil to one half1 add sassafras chips and senna1 of each #a_/b oz41 infuse #a hour longer1 and strain2 when cold1 decant the clear4 ,recommended in scrofula1 secondary syphilis1 and various cutaneous affections4 ,,zittmann',s ,,decoction ,,of ,,sarsaparilla4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,zittmanni1 ,l42 ,,ptisane ,,de ,,zittmann1 ,fr4 ,prep4 #a4 7,,stronger ,,decoction2 ,d4 ,z4 ,,forte1 ,ph4 ,bor4 #ahdg47 ,sarsaparilla1 #ab oz42 water1 #gb lbs4 7say #e-c_/d galls472 digest #bd hours1 then add 7suspended in a bag71 white sugar and alum1 of each #f dr42 calomel1 #d dr42 cinnabar1 #a dr42 boil to #bd lbs41 adding towards the end of the process1 senna1 #c oz42 liquorice root1 #a-a_/b oz42 aniseed and fennel seed1 of each #a_/b oz42 finally strain1 with pressure and after some time decant the clear portion4 ,the formula in the ',ph4 ,suec4' #ahde is similar2 that in the ',hamburg ,codex' directs only #bd lbs4 of water to be used1 and the whole to be reduced to #af lbs4 #b4 7,,weaker ,,decoction2 ,d4 ,z4 ,,tenue4--,ph4 ,bor4 #ahdg47 ,add to the residuum 7waste7 of the last preparation sarsaparilla1 #f oz42 water1 #gb lbs4 7say1 #e-c_/d galls472 boil to #bd lbs42 adding towards the end of the process1 lemon peel1 cinnamon bark1 liquorice root1 and cardamoms 7all bruised71 of each #c dr42 press1 strain1 c41 as before4 ,in the ',ph4 ,suec4' #ahde double the above weights of lemon peel and liquorice root are ordered1 and in the ',hamburg ,codex' 7#ahde7 #bd lbs4 of water only are ordered1 and the whole is to be boiled down to #af lbs4 ,obs4 ,both the above are used in ,germany and on the ,continent generally1 in the same cases as those in which compound decoction of sarsaparilla is administered in ,england4 ,they may be drunk almost ad libitum4 ,a trace of mercury may be detected in the stronger decoction1 when properly prepared4 ,see ,,sarsaparilla4 ,decoction of ,sen'ega ,root4 ,syn4 ,,decoction ,,of ,,american ,,snake ,,root1 ,d4 ,,of ,,rattlesnake ,,root2 ,,decoctum ,,polygal1 ,d4 ,,seneg 7,ph4 ,l471 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,senega or seneka root1 #aj dr42 water1 #a quart2 boil to a pint1 and strain4--,dose1 #a_/b to #b wine-glassfuls three or four times daily2 in humoral asthma1 chronic cough1 dropsy1 c4 ,it is stimulant1 expectorant1 and diuretic1 and1 in large doses1 emetic and cathartic4 ,it is frequently conjoined with ammonia4 ,it is the antidote employed by the ,senega ,indians against the bite of the rattlesnake4 7,dr ,tennant47 ,decoction of ,simaru'ba ,bark4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,simaru',b1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,dr ,wright47 ,simaruba bark1 #b dr42 water1 #bd fl4 oz42 boil to one half1 and strain4 ,tonic4--,dose1 #a to #b fl4 oz42 in chronic dysentery and diarrhoea4 ,decoction of ,squills 7,compound74 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,scill ,,compositum1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s4 #ahda47 ,squills1 #c dr42 juniper berries1 #d oz42 snake root1 #c oz42 water1 #d lbs42 boil to one half1 strain1 and add of sweet spirits of nitre1 #d fl4 oz4 ,in chronic coughs and other chest affections1 unaccompanied with active inflammatory symptoms4--,dose1 #a to #c fl4 oz41 twice or thrice daily4 ,decoction of ,starch4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,am',,yli 7,ph4 ,l471 ,,mucila',,go ,,am',,yli 7,ph4 ,e4 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,l4 ,e47 ,starch1 #a_/b oz42 add1 gradually1 water1 #a pint1 and boil for a short time4 ,the ,dublin preparation is nearly twice as strong4 ,used as an enema in dysentery1 diarrhoea1 and excoriations of the rectum4 ,decoction1 ,sudorif'ic4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,sudorif',,icum1 ,l4 ,the old name of the compound decoctions of sarsaparilla and guaiacum4 ,decoction of ,su'et4 ,syn4 ,,artificial ,,goat',s ,,milk2 ,,decoctum ,,se',,vi1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,suet1 #a oz42 tie it loosely in a piece of muslin and simmer it in cow's milk1 #a-a_/d pint2 adding towards the last1 white sugar1 #a_/b oz4 ,in scrofulous emaciation and phthisis2 taken ad libitum4 ,decoction of ,tam'arinds4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,tamarind',,orum1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,tamarinds1 #a-a_/b oz42 water1 #a pint2 boil for #e minutes1 and strain4 ,a pleasant drink in fevers1 asthma1 chronic coughs1 c4 ,decoction of ,tamarinds and ,sen'na4 ,syn4 ,,dec4 ,,tamarindorum ,,cum ,,senn 7,ph4 ,e4 #agdd71 ,l4 ,prep4 ,tamarinds1 #f dr42 cream of tartar1 #b dr42 water1 #a-a_/b2 pint2 boil in a glazed earthen vessel until reduced to #af oz42 then infuse therein for #ab hours1 senna1 #d dr42 strain1 and add of syrup of violets1 #a oz4 ,a gentle aperient4--,dose4 ,a wine-glassful1 or more4 ,decoction of ,tar4 ,syn4 ,,tar ,,water2 ,,decoctum ,,pi',,cis ,,liq',,uid1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,tar1 #a oz42 water1 #a-a_/b2 pint2 boil to #a pint4--,dose4 ,a pint or more daily2 in chronic catarrh2 and as a wash in chronic skin diseases1 especially those of the head1 in children4 ,decoction1 ,ton'ic4 ,syn4 ,,strengthening ,,decoction2 ,,decoctum ,,roborans1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,peruvian bark 7bruised71 #a_/b oz42 ,virginian snake root1 #b dr42 water1 #a pint2 boil to one half1 strain whilst hot1 and add1 spirit of cinnamon1 #a-a_/b fl4 oz42 diluted sulphuric acid1 #a-a_/b dr4--,dose1 #b oz4 two or three times a day4 #b4 ,decoction of bark1 #e oz42 tincture of bark1 #f dr42 aromatic confection1 #a_/b dr42 salvolatile1 #a dr4--,dose1 #a or #b table-spoonfuls night and morning2 especially in diarrhoea4 ,decoction of ,tor'mentil4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,tormentil',l 7,ph4 ,l471 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,tormentil root 7bruised71 #b oz42 water1 #a-a_/b pint2 boil to a pint1 and strain4 ,astringent4--,dose1 #a to #b fl4 oz41 in chronic diarrhoea1 c4 ,decoction of ,tur'meric4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,curcu',m1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from turmeric root 7in powder71 #a-a_/b oz42 water1 #a pint2 boil for #e minutes1 and strain4 ,a mild aromatic stimulant and stomachic4--,dose4 ,a wine-glassful ad libitum4 ,it is principally used as a test for alkalies1 which turn it brown4 ,unsized paper dipped into it and dried forms the turmeric test-paper of the chemist4 ,decoction of ,verbe'na4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,verbe',n1 ,l4 ,from verbena 7vervain71 #b oz42 water1 #a-a_/b pint2 boil to #a pint1 and strain4 ,obs4 ,the ,verbena officinalis was formerly highly recommended by ,etmuller1 ,hartman1 ,de ,han1 ,morley1 and others1 in scrofula1 cephalalgia1 c41 but afterwards fell into neglect4 ,more recently1 a decoction of the plant has been highly extolled by ,boshanov and others as an anti-febrile4 ,decoction1 ,vul'nerary4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,vulnera'',,rium1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from ground ivy and broad-leaved plantain1 of each #a_/b oz42 water1 #c pints2 boil to #a quart1 strain1 and add sugar1 #a oz4 ,a popular pectoral and tonic1 especially in old coughs2 also to heal wounds4--,dose1 #a_/b a teacupful or more twice a day4 ,decoction of ,wal'nut ,bark4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,jugland',,is1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,gen47 ,green bark of walnuts1 #a oz42 water1 #a pint2 boil for #ae minutes1 and strain4 ,as an anti-syphilitic4 ,before the general introduction of sarsaparilla it was much esteemed in most cases in which that drug is now taken4--,dose1 c4 ,the same as those of comp4 dec4 of sarsaparilla4 ,pearson says that when the putamen 7green rind7 of the walnut has been omitted1 either intentionally or by accident 7from ,decoctum ,lusitanicum71 the same good effects have not followed its use as when it contained this ingredient4 ,decoction of ,walnut ,leaves4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,jugland',,is ,,folio'',,rum1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,negrier47 ,walnut leaves1 #a handful2 water1 #a quart2 boil #ae minutes1 and strain4 ,detersive1 diaphoretic1 and alterative4--,dose1 c4 ,as the last1 especially in chronic rheumatism1 secondary syphilis1 c4 ,decoction of ,wa'terdock4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,rumi',,cis1 ,d4 ,r4 ,,aquat',,ici1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,a4 ,t4 ,thomson47 ,root of common waterdock 7,rumex obtusifolius71 #a oz42 water1 #a pint2 boil for #aj minutes1 and strain4 ,obs4 ,this decoction is astringent1 and was once much celebrated as a remedy for scurvy and some other cutaneous affections4 ,it is the only remedy which proves efficacious in that disease when the ulcers are healed1 and the patient is attacked with asthma4 7,linnaeus1 on the ,scurvy of the ,laplanders47 ,decoction1 ,white 7,sydenham's74 ,syn4 ,,hartshorn ,,drink2 ,,mis',,tura ,,cor',,nu ,,usti4 ,prep4 ,prepared burnt hartshorn1 #b oz42 gum ,arabic1 #a oz42 water1 #c pints2 boil to #a quart1 and strain4 ,mucilaginous2 demulcent4 ,taken ad libitum4 ,decoction of ,whor'tleberry4 ,syn4 ,,decoction ,,of ,,bear-,,berry1 ,d4 ,,of ,,uva-,,ursi2 ,,decoctum ,,uv ,,ursi 7,ph4 ,l4 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,whortleberry leaves1 #a oz42 water1 #a-a_/b pint2 boil to a pint1 and strain4 #b4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,uva-ursi 7the leaves71 #a_/b oz42 water1 #a_/b pint2 boil #aj minutes1 and strain4 ,dose1 c4 #a to #c fl4 oz4 two or three times daily2 in phthisis and purulent affections of the urinary organs1 unaccompanied with active inflammation2 especially in chronic affections of the bladder4 ,decoction of ,wil'low ,bark4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,salicis1 ,d4 ,s4 ,,corticis1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,wilkinson47 ,willow bark 7,salix latifolia71 bruised1 #a-a_/b oz42 macerate in water1 #b lbs41 for #f hours1 then boil for #ae minutes1 and strain4 ,tonic1 astringent1 and febrifuge4--,dose4 ,a wine-glassful4 #b4 7,nieman47 ,willow bark 7,salix alba71 #a-a_/b oz42 water1 #c_/d pint2 boil to one half4--,dose1 #a to #b fl4 oz4 ,both are used as substitutes for decoction of cinchona bark4 ,decoction of ,win'ter-green4 ,syn4 ,,decoction ,,of ,,pyrola1 ,d4 ,,of ,,umbellated ,,winter-,,green1 ,d4 ,,of ,,pipsissewa2 ,,decoctum ,,chimaphil 7,ph4 ,l471 ,d4 ,,pyrol 7,ph4 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,chimaphila 7dried herb71 #a oz42 water1 #a-a_/b pint2 boil to a pint1 and strain4 #b4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,winter-green 7dried leaves71 #a_/b oz42 water1 #a_/b pint2 boil #aj minutes in a covered vessel1 and strain4 ,tonic1 stomachic1 alterative1 and diuretic4--,dose1 #a to #b fl4 oz42 in dropsies1 scrofula1 debility1 loss of appetite1 c42 and in those affections of the urinary organs in which uva-ursi is commonly given4 ,decoction of ,worm'seed4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,santonici1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,wormseed1 bruised1 #b oz42 water1 #a pint2 boil down to #af fl4 oz41 and strain4 #b4 7,dr ,r4 ,e4 ,griffith47 ,fresh leaves of wormseed7,chenopodium anthelminticum71--,linn471 #a oz42 water1 #a pint2 orange peel1 #b dr42 boil 7#aj minutes71 and strain4 ,the above are bitter1 stomachic1 and vermifuge4--,dose4 ,a wine-glassful twice a day2 in worms4 ,it is also used as an injection against ascarides4 ,decoction of ,yar'row4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,millefolii1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from milfoil or yarrow tops1 #a-a_/b oz42 water1 #a-a_/d pint2 boil to a pint1 and strain4 ,astringent1 tonic1 and vulnerary4--,dose4 ,a wine-glassful thrice daily2 in dropsies1 c4 ,it is also used as a fomentation to bruises1 c4 ,decoction of ,black ,snake ,root4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,cimicifuge4 ,black snake root1 #a oz42 water1 #af oz42 boil for #aj minutes4--,dose1 #a oz4 to #b oz4 in rheumatism and dropsy4 ,decoction of ,stavesacre4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,staphisagri4 ,stavesacre seed1 #a oz42 water1 #b pints2 boil for a few minutes1 and strain4 ,for external use4 ,decoction of ,snails4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,limatum 7,,mars ,,mouchon74 ,flesh of vine or garden snails 7cleansed from shell and intestines71 #e oz42 water1 #b pints2 simmer gently for #b hours1 adding towards the end1 maiden hair #b oz41 and strain4 ,decoction of ,soapwort4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,saponari 7,,swediaur74 ,soapwort1 #b oz42 water1 #d lbs42 boil to #b lbs41 and strain4 ,decoction of ,wood-,soot4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,fuliginis 7,dr ,neligan74 ,wood-soot1 #d oz42 water1 #a-a_/b pint4 ,,decolora',,tion4 ,the blanching or removal of the natural colour of any substance4 ,syrups and many animal1 vegetable1 and saline solutions are decoloured or whitened by agitation with animal charcoal1 and subsequent subsidence or filtration4 ,many fluids rapidly lose their natural colour by exposure to light1 especially to the direct rays of the sun4 ,in this way castor1 nut1 poppy1 and several other oils are whitened4 ,fish oils are partially deodorised and decoloured by filtration through animal charcoal4 ,cottons and linens are still commonly bleached by the joint action of light1 air1 and moisture4 ,the peculiar way in which light produces this effect has never been satisfactorily explained4 ,the decoloration of textile fabrics and solid bodies generally is called bleaching4 ,see ,,blanching1 ,,bleaching1 ,,oils1 ,,tallow1 ,,syrups1 ,,sugar1 c4 ,,decomposi'',,tion 7-z7ish'un74 ,in chemistry1 the resolution of compounds into their elements1 or the alteration of their chemical constitution in such a manner that new products are formed4 ,,defeca',,tion4 ,the separation of a liquid from its lees1 dregs1 or impurities by subsidence and decantation4 ,it is commonly employed for the purification of saline solutions and glutinous or unctuous liquids on the large scale in preference to filtration2 than which it is both more expeditious and expensive4 ,see ,,clarification1 ,,decantation1 ,,filtration1 c4 ,,deflagra',,tion4 ,the sudden combustion of any substance for the purpose of producing some change in its composition1 by the joint action of heat and oxygen4 ,the process is commonly performed by projecting into a red-hot crucible1 in small portions at a time1 a mixture of nitrate of potash1 and the body to be oxidised4 ,,deliques',,cence4 ,spontaneous liquefaction by absorption of the moisture of the atmosphere4 ,deliquescent salts are those which by exposure gradually assume the liquid state4 ,they should all be kept in well-closed bottles or jars4 ,,delir',,ium ,,tre',,mens4 ,l4 ,the madness of drunkards2 a disease of the brain resulting from the excessive and protracted use of intoxicating liquors1 particularly of ardent spirits4 ,the early symptoms are extreme irritability and fretfulness1 with unusual mobility of the body4 ,sleeplessness and unpleasant dreams soon follow4 ,at length frightful dreams and visions harass the patient4 ,he sees remarkable sights1 hears extraordinary sounds1 and labours under all the strange delusions of insane persons1 which1 however vague and unfounded1 operate on him with all the force of realities till he becomes furiously mad4 ,the fit almost always comes on after hard drinking2 and the hands are usually1 but not always1 tremulous4 ,a similar affection is occasionally produced by the abuse of opium1 excessive mental anxiety1 night watching1 or depletion4 ,according to ,dr ,armstrong1 even respiring the fumes of ardent spirits will1 under some circumstances1 produce this disease4 ,persons who have undergone surgical operations under the influence of chloroform are more liable to attacks of this kind than other persons4 ,the treatment of delirium tremens consists mainly in the judicious use of opium1 laudanum1 or morphia1 in rather large doses1 frequently repeated4 ,thirty to sixty drops of laudanum may be given every hour or two during the fit1 its effects being carefully watched4 ,the object is to produce quiet sleep1 from which the patient usually wakes free from the worst symptoms of the disease4 ,diaphoretics and mild aperients may also be given1 and a light1 nutritious diet adopted throughout4 ,depletion1 especially bleeding1 should be particularly avoided4 ,alcoholic stimulants and wine1 in certain cases1 have proved useful4 ,under this treatment1 the patient1 unless of a very bad habit of body1 or much debilitated by previous excesses1 usually recovers4 ,he is1 however1 very liable to relapses and subsequent attacks1 which are best prevented by judicious moral management4 ,the judicious administration of chloral hydrate1 in doses of from thirty to sixty grains as well as of bromide of potassium in twenty-grain doses1 either alone or combined with the chloral1 has lately been had recourse to with the happiest results1 for the production of sleep in cases of delirium tremens or in the insomnia of dipsomaniacs4 ,the repetition of the dose of chloral requires to be regulated with very great caution2 and it is only in the case of emigrants and others unable to obtain medical aid that we would recommend it to be given1 and then only should opium have failed to produce the desired effect4 ,not more than sixty grains of the chloral should be administered during the twenty-four hours4 ,the internal administration of tincture of capsicum in moderately large doses1 in the intervals of the opiates or chloral hydrate1 has lately been tried in the treatment of this disease1 it is said1 with success4 ,,delphin',,ic ,,acid4 ,syn4 ,,phoce',,nic ,,acid4 ,a fatty acid1 obtained by saponifying the oil of the delphinus or porpoise4 ,according to recent experiments1 it is identical with valeric acid4 ,,delphin',,ine4 ,syn4 ,,del',,phine1 ,,del',,phia1 ,,delphin',,ia4 ,an alkaloid discovered by ,lassaigne and ,feneulle in ,delphinium staphysagria or stavesacre4 ,prep4 #a4 ,the husked seeds 7in powder7 are boiled in a little water1 and pressed in a cloth2 a little pure magnesia is then added to the filtered decoction1 the whole is boiled for a few minutes1 and refiltered2 the residuum1 after being well washed1 is digested in boiling alcohol1 which dissolves out the alkaloid1 and gives it up again by gentle evaporation and cooling4 #b4 ,the bruised1 but unshelled1 seeds are digested in dilute sulphuric acid1 the filtered liquor precipitated with carbonate of potassa1 and the precipitate digested in alcohol as before4 #c4 7,parrish47 ,an alcoholic extract of the seeds is treated with dilute sulphuric acid1 precipitated with an alkali1 again dissolved in dilute sulphuric acid2 the colouring matter precipitated by a few drops of nitric acid1 the alkaloid by potassa4 ,the alkaloid is then dissolved in absolute alcohol1 and the solution thus formed is evaporated2 one pound yields about one drachm4 ,prop41 c4 ,a light-yellowish or white1 odourless powder2 extremely acrid and bitter2 scarcely soluble in water2 dissolves in ether1 and readily in alcohol2 and has an alkaline reaction4 ,its alcoholic solution produces a burning and tingling sensation when rubbed on the skin1 and a similar sensation is produced in various parts of the body when it is taken in doses of a few grains4 ,it has been exhibited in neuralgia and rheumatism by ,dr ,turnbull4--,dose1 #a_/ab gr4 every three hours1 made into a pill with #a gr4 each of the extracts of henbane and liquorice4 ,it is also used externally under the form of ointment and lotion4 ,,delphinum--,a ,boot ,varnish4 ,shell-lac1 #ge grammes dissolved in alcohol1 #ae grammes1 mixed with #bj drops fish oil1 and #a gramme lampblack4 7,geisse47 ,,demul',,cents4 ,in medicine1 substances which are calculated to soften and lubricate the parts to which they are applied4 ,though having the same signification as the word ,,emollients1 it is desirable to restrict the latter term to such as are intended for external application1 and to include under the above head only such as are intended for internal exhibition4 ,the principal demulcents are gum ,arabic1 gum tragacanth1 liquorice1 honey1 arrow-root1 pearl barley1 isinglass1 gelatin1 milk1 almonds1 spermaceti1 almond and olive oils1 and most other mucilaginous1 amylaceous1 saccharine1 and oily substances4 ,for use1 these are made into ,,mucilages1 ,,decoctions1 ,,emulsions1 or ,,milks1 with water1 and form suitable beverages in dysentery1 diarrhoea1 catarrh1 diseases of the urinary organs1 and all other diseases where diluents are useful4 ,see ,,emollients4 ,,dengue4 ,this disease is most commonly met with in the ,east and ,west ,indies1 and occasionally as an epidemic in ,america4 ,in ,england it rarely shows itself in an epidemic character4 ,the symptoms of dengue appear to combine those of rheumatism and scarlet fever4 ,on the third or fourth day an eruption shows itself1 accompanied with pains in the limbs1 glandular swellings1 and languor4 ,the course of the disease is varied by frequent remissions4 ,it does not come within our design to indicate the treatment1 which appears to be the same as that pursued in scarlet fever4 ,,dens',,ity4 ,comparative masses of equal weights1 or the quantity of matter contained in a given space4 ,it is commonly used synonymously with ,,specific ,,gravity1 which1 however1 refers to comparative weights of equal bulks4 ,thus1 quicksilver is said to have a density greater than that of copper1 and alcohol one less than that of oil of vitriol4 ,,denti',,frices4 ,syn4 ,,dentifricia1 ,l4 ,substances applied to the teeth1 to cleanse and beautify them4 ,the most useful form of dentifrices is that of powder 7,,tooth ,,powder72 but liquids 7,,tooth ,,washes71 and electuaries 7,,tooth ,,electuaries1 ,,tooth ,,pastes71 are also employed4 ,the solid ingredients used in dentifrices should not be so hard or gritty as to injure the enamel of the teeth2 nor so soft or adhesive as to adhere to the gums1 after rinsing the mouth out with water4 ,pumice-stone 7in fine powder7 is one of those substances that acts entirely by mechanical attrition1 and is hence an objectionable ingredient in tooth powder intended for daily use4 ,it is1 however1 very generally present in the various advertised dentifrices1 which are remarkable for their rapid action in whitening the teeth4 ,bath brick is another substance of a similar nature to pumice1 and1 like that article1 should be only occasionally employed4 ,cuttle-fish bone1 coral1 and prepared chalk1 are also commonly used for the same purpose1 but the last is rather too soft and absorbent to form the sole ingredient of a tooth powder4 ,charcoal1 which is so very generally employed as a dentifrice1 acts partly mechanically and partly by its chemical property of destroying foul smells and arresting putrefaction4 ,for this purpose it should be newly burnt1 and kept in well-closed vessels1 until used1 as by exposure to the air it rapidly loses its antiseptic powers4 ,powdered rhatany1 cinchona bark1 and catechu1 are used as astringents1 and are very useful in foulness or sponginess of the gums4 ,myrrh and mastic are employed on account of their odour1 and their presumed preservative action and power of fixing loose teeth4 ,insoluble powders have been objected to on account of their being apt to accumulate between the folds of the gums and in the cracks of the teeth1 and thus impart a disagreeable appearance to the mouth4 ,to remedy this defect1 a reddish or flesh-coloured tinge is commonly given to them with a little rose pink1 red coral1 or similar colouring substance1 when any small portion that remains unwashed off is rendered less conspicuous4 ,some persons employ soluble substances as tooth powders1 which are free from the above objection4 ,thus1 sulphate of potash and cream of tartar are used for this purpose1 because of the grittiness of their powders and their slight solubility in water4 ,phosphate of soda and common salt are also frequently employed as dentifrices1 and possess the advantage of being readily removed from the mouth by means of a little water4 ,among those substances that chemically decolour and remove unpleasant odours1 the only ones employed as dentifrices are charcoal and the chlorides of lime and soda4 ,the first has been already noticed2 the others may be used by brushing the teeth with water to which a very little of their solutions has been added4 ,a very weak solution of chloride of lime is commonly employed by smokers to remove the odour and colour imparted by tobacco to the teeth4 ,electuaries1 made of honey and astringent substances1 are frequently employed in diseases of the gums4 ,the juice of the common strawberry has been recommended as an elegant natural dentifrice1 as it readily dissolves the tartarous incrustations on the teeth1 and imparts an agreeable odour to the breath4 ,see ,,paste and ,,powder 7,tooth71 also ,,washes 7,mouth74 ,,dent',,ine4 ,the tissue of which the teeth are composed4 ,,dentistry4 ,the art or practice of a dentist4 ,directions for the extraction of teeth1 as well as elaborate details for stopping them1 and for the manufacture of artificial ones1 are branches of the dentist's art1 which1 as they necessitate the exercise of considerable skill and long practice1 do not call for notice in a work like the present4 ,we shall confine ourselves1 therefore1 to that section of dentistry which concerns itself with stoppings for the cavities of decayed teeth1 and for the preparation of which we give the following formul3-- #a4 7,soubeiran's47 ,powdered mastic and sandarach1 of each #d dr42 dragon's blood1 #b dr42 opium1 #ae gr42 mix with sufficient rectified spirit to form a stiff paste4 ,a solution of mastic1 or of mastic and sandarach1 in half the quantity of alcohol1 is also used1 applied with a little cotton or lint4 #b4 ,sandarach1 #ab parts2 mastic1 #f parts2 amber1 in powder1 #a part2 ether1 #f parts4 ,applied with cotton4 ,or simply a paste of powdered mastic and ether4 ,or a saturated ethereal solution of mastic1 applied with cotton4 #c4 ,taveare's cement is made with mastic and burnt alum4 ,bernoth directs #bj parts of powdered mastic to be digested with #dj of ether1 and enough powdered alum added to form a stiff paste4 #d4 ,gutta percha1 softened by heat1 is recommended4 ,dr ,rollfs advises melting a piece of caoutchouc at the end of a wire1 and introducing it while warm4 #e4 7,gauger's ,cement47 ,put into a quart bottle #b oz4 of mastic and #c oz4 of absolute alcohol2 apply a gentle heat by a water-bath4 ,when dissolved1 add #i oz4 of dry balsam of tolu1 and again heat gently4 ,a piece of cotton dipped in this viscid solution becomes hard when introduced into the tooth1 previously cleansed and dried as above4 #f4 7,mr ,robinson's47 ,after washing out the mouth with warm water containing a few grains of bicarbonate of soda1 and cleaning the cavity as above directed1 he drops into it a drop of collodion1 to which a little morphia has been added1 fills the cavity with asbestos and saturates with collodion1 placing over all a pledget of blotting paper4 #g4 7,ostermaier's ,cement47 ,mix #ab parts of dry phosphoric acid with #ac of pure and pulverised quicklime4 ,it becomes moist in mixing1 in which state it is introduced into the cavity of the tooth1 where it quickly becomes hard4 ,in some hands this has failed1 from what cause we are not aware4 ,the acid should be prepared as directed under ,,acid1 ,,phosphoric4 #h4 7,silica47 ,this name has been given to a mixture of ,paris plaster1 levigated porcelain1 iron filings1 and dregs of tincture of mastic1 ground together4 #i4 7,wirih's ,cement47 ,it is said to consist of a viscid alcoholic solution of resins1 with powdered asbestos4 #aj4 7,metallic ,cement47 ,amalgams for the teeth are made with gold or silver1 and quicksilver1 the excess of the latter being squeezed out1 and the stiff amalgam used warm4 ,inferior kinds are made with quicksilver and tin1 or zinc4 ,a popular nostrum of this kind is said to consist of #dj gr4 of quicksilver and #bj of fine zinc filings1 mixed at the time of using4 ,mr ,evans states that pure tin1 with a small portion of cadmium1 and sufficient quicksilver1 forms the most lasting and least objectionable amalgam4 ,the following is the formula3--,melt #b parts of tin with #a of cadmium1 run it into ingots1 and reduce it to filings4 ,form these into a fluid amalgam with mercury1 and squeeze out the excess of mercury through leather4 ,work up the solid residue in the hand1 and press it into the tooth4 ,or1 melt some beeswax in a pipkin over the fire1 throw in #e parts of cadmium1 and1 when melted1 add #g or #h parts of tin in small pieces2 pour the melted metals into an iron or wooden box1 and shake them till cold1 so as to obtain the alloy in a powder4 ,this is mixed with #b-a_/b or #c times its weight of quicksilver in the palm of the hand1 and used as above4 ,another cement consists of about #gc parts of silver1 #ba of tin1 and #f of zinc1 amalgamated with quicksilver4 ,an amalgam of copper is said to be sometimes used4 ,but this class of stoppings is altogether disapproved of by other authorities4 ,pure leaf-gold seems the least objectionable4 #aa4 7,marmoratum47 ,finely levigated glass1 mixed with tin amalgam4 #ab4 7,poudre ,metallique47 ,the article sold under this name in ,paris appears to be an amalgam of silver1 mercury1 and ammonium1 with an excess of mercury1 which is pressed out before using it4 #ac4 7,fusible ,metal47 ,melt together #h parts of bismuth1 #e of lead1 #c of tin1 and #a-a_/b or #af of quicksilver1 with as little heat as possible4 7,chaudet47 #ad4 7,non-expensive ,metallic ,tooth-stopping47 ,take #a part of sulphate of mercury1 #a part of copper in fine powder2 rub them well together with a little warm water2 when the amalgam is formed wash well1 and remove the surplus of mercury by pressing it through chamois4--,pharm4 ,journ4 ,,expensive ,,metallic ,,tooth-,,stopping ,,and ,,much ,,preferable4 ,take pure gold1 pure gelatin1 #a part of each2 pure silver1 #b parts2 melt1 and when refrigerated1 reduce to a powder by means of a file2 wash well and dry4 ,in the moment of using it add sufficient mercury to form a plastic paste4--,pharm4 ,journ4 ,,paste ,,for ,,destroying ,,the ,,sensibility ,,of ,,the ,,dental ,,pulp ,,previous ,,to ,,stopping4 ,arsenious acid1 #cj gr42 sulphate of morphia1 #bj gr42 creasote1 q4 s4 ,unsafe2 it is only inserted by way of warning against what may prove an unsuspected cause of mischief4 ,,pivots ,,for ,,artificial ,,teeth4 ,an alloy of platinum and silver4 ,,springs ,,for ,,artificial ,,teeth4 ,equal parts of copper1 silver1 and palladium4 7,chaudet47 ,for ,cachou ,aromatis1 and other compounds for sweetening the breath1 see ,,perfumery4 ,,denti',,tion4 ,see ,,teething4 ,,deob',,struent4 ,in medicine1 a substance which removes obstructions1 and opens the natural passages of the fluids of the body1 as the pores1 lacteals1 and glands4 ,iodine1 mercury1 sarsaparilla1 and aperients1 are deobstruents4 ,,deo',,doriser4 ,any substance having the power of absorbing or destroying fetid effluvia4 ,chlorine1 chloride of lime1 chloride of zinc1 nitrate of lead1 sulphate of iron1 and freshly-burnt charcoal1 are the most effective and convenient deodorisers4 ,peat charcoal has been highly recommended for deodorising manure1 c41 on the large scale4 ,when it is mixed with these substances their fetor is immediately destroyed1 and a compost produced1 which may be substituted for guano for agricultural purposes4 ',biedermann's ,centralblatt fr ,agricultur ,chemie' for ,june1 #ahgg1 contains the results of some experiments undertaken by ,a4 ,eckstein on the comparative deodorising values of certain substances4 ,herr ,eckstein found that #a kilo of copperas dissolved in water destroyed the stench of sulphuretted hydrogen in a privy used daily by at least #ajj persons4 ,the action ceased after twelve hours4 ,a solution of aqueous sulphate of copper produced a similar result4 ,when #a kilo of solid copperas was employed the action lasted for two days4 ,the same result was obtained by using #a kilo of a mixture compound of copperas1 sulphate of copper1 and carbonate of lime4 ,liquid sulphurous acid was found to act very rapidly1 rendering the atmosphere difficult to breathe for an hour2 its action ceased after twenty-three hours4 ,crude carbolic acid1 which was used to the extent of #cj grams1 gave so unpleasant a smell for two days as to render the result impossible to be arrived at4 ,one kilo of copperas enclosed in a bag of parchment paper only began to act after two hours1 and kept the place odourless for two days4 ,one kilo of good chloride of lime1 placed in a similar bag1 did not lose its effect for nine days4 ,with #fj grams of permanganate of soda the action commenced immediately1 but the effect was over in twenty-four hours2 when enclosed in parchment paper it was efficacious for two days4 ,in ,herr ,eckstein's opinion the most powerful deodoriser known is chloride of lime along with sulphuric acid4 ,powdered gypsum is a good absorber of ammonia1 and for this purpose may be sprinkled over the floors of stables1 manure heaps1 c4 ,see ,,disinfectant4 ,,deox',,idation4 ,see ,,reduction4 ,,depil',,atory4 ,a cosmetic employed to remove superfluous hairs from the human skin4 ,depilatories act either mechanically 7,,mechanical ,,depilatories71 or chemically 7,,chemical ,,depilatories74 ,to the first class belong adhesive plasters1 that1 on their removal from the skin1 bring away the hair with them4 ,the second class includes all those substances which destroy the hair by their chemical action4 ,lime or orpiment1 and generally both of them1 have formed the leading ingredients in depilatories1 both in ancient and modern times4 ,the first acts by its well-known causticity1 and also1 when an alkali is present1 by reducing that also1 either wholly or in part1 to the caustic state4 ,the action of the orpiment is of a less certain character1 and its use is even dangerous when applied to a highly sensitive or an abraded surface4 ,the addition of starch is to render the paste more adhesive and manageable4 ,in using the following preparations1 those which are in the state of powder are mixed up with a little warm water to the consistence of a paste1 and applied to the part4 ,sometimes soap lye is used for this purpose1 and some persons spread the pulpy mass on a piece of paper1 and apply it like a plaster4 ,in #ab or #ae minutes1 and sooner1 if much smarting ensues1 the whole should be washed off with warm water1 and a little cold cream1 lip-salve1 or spermaceti cerate1 applied to the part4 ,the application of the liquid preparations is generally accompanied with gentle friction1 care being taken to prevent them extending to the adjacent parts4 ,all the following effect the object satisfactorily1 with proper management2 but some are much more effective than others4 ,a small wooden or bone knife is the best for mixing them with4 ,they must all be kept in well-stoppered bottles1 and no liquid must be added to them until shortly before their application2 and then no more should be mixed than is required for immediate use4 ,depilatory1 ,arsen'ical4 ,orpiment 7sulphide of arsenic7 forms the principal ingredient in many fashionable depilatories1 but its use is not free from danger4 ,the following are well-known preparations3 #a4 7,,colley',s ,d47 ,from nitre and sulphur1 of each #a part2 orpiment1 #c parts2 quicklime1 #h parts2 soap lees1 #cb parts2 boil to the consistence of cream4 ,very caustic4 #b4 7,,delcroix',s ,d42 ',,poudre ,,subtile1'7 ,orpiment1 #a oz42 quicklime1 #aj oz42 starch1 #ad oz4 #c4 7,,oriental ,d42 ,,oriental ,,rusma47--a4 ,quicklime1 #c oz42 orpiment1 #a_/b dr42 strong alkaline lye1 #a lb42 boil together in a clean iron vessel until a feather dipped into the liquor loses its flue4 b4 ,from pearlash1 #b oz42 orpiment1 #c dr42 liquor of potassa1 #a_/b pint2 boil together as before4 ,one of the most caustic and consequently the most certain of depilatory preparations2 but1 with the rest of its class1 open to the objections of containing orpiment4 7,see ,no4 #g47 #d4 7,,paste ,d42 ',p,,te ,,pilatoire1'7 ,to ,no4 #a add of orris root1 #c parts4 #e4 7,,plenck',s ,d42 ',,pasta ,,epilatoria1'7 ,orpiment1 #a part2 quicklime and starch1 of each #ab parts4 #f4 7,,soap ,d42 ',,savon ,,pilatoire1'7 ,turkish depilatory and soft soap1 equal parts4 ,must not be mixed until about to be applied4 7,see ,no4 #g47 #g4 7,,turkish ,d42 ,,turkish ,,rusma47 ,orpiment1 #a part2 quicklime1 #i parts4 ,for use1 it is mixed up with soap lees1 and a little powdered starch4 ,depilatory1 ,boettger's4 ,powdered sulphydrate of sodium1 one part2 washed chalk1 three parts2 made into a thick paste with a little water4 ,let a layer about the thickness of the back of a knife be spread upon the hairy surface4 ,after two or three minutes the stoutest hairs are transformed into a soft mass which may be removed by water4 ,a more prolonged action would attack the skin4 ,depilatory1 ,boudet's4 ,prep4 ,sulphide of sodium 7crystallised71 #c parts2 quicklime 7in fine powder71 #aj parts2 starch1 #aj parts2 mix4 ,to be mixed with water1 and applied to the skin1 and scraped off in #b or #c minutes with a wooden knife4 ,very effective and safe4 ,depilatory1 ,cazenave's4 ,syn4 ,,mahon',s ,d42 ,,pommade ,,pilatoire ,,de ,,cazenave1 ,fr4 ,prep4 ,quicklime1 #a part2 carbonate of soda1 #b parts2 lard1 #h parts2 mix4 ,applied as an ointment4 ,depilatory1 ,chi'nese4 ,prep4 #a4 ,quicklime1 #h oz42 pearlash 7dry7 and liver of sulphur1 of each #a oz42 all reduced to a fine powder2 mixed1 and kept in a close bottle4 #b4 7,,roseate ,d47 ,as ,no4 #a41 but coloured with a little rose pink or light red4 ,these preparations are applied in the same manner as ,boudet's ,depilatory4 ,depilatory1 ,colley's4 ,see ,,depilatory1 ,,arsenical4 ,depilatory1 ,hydrosulphate of ,lime4 ,prep4 7,beasley47 ,mix quicklime and water to a thick cream1 and pass into the mixture #be or #cj times its volume of sulphuretted hydrogen gas4 ,when the gas ceases to be absorbed1 stop the process4 ,the pulpy mass is spread on paper1 and applied for #ab or #ae minutes4 ,it is very effective1 but has a most disgusting smell4 ,spolasco's depilatory is a very similar preparation 7see below74 ,depilatory1 ,mechan'ical4 ,syn4 ,,depilatory ,,plastee4 ,prep4 ,from pitch and resin1 equal parts1 melted together and spread on leather4 ,applied as a plaster4 ,depilatory1 ,rayer's4 ,prep4 ,quicklime1 #b oz42 salt of tartar1 #d oz42 charcoal1 #a_/d oz4 ,less active than ,chinese ,depilatory4 ,depilatory1 ,redwood's4 ,prep4 ,a strong solution of sulphide of barium1 made into a paste with powdered starch1 and applied immediately4 ,mr ,redwood says this is the best and safest depilatory4 ,depilatory1 ,ro'seate4 ,see ,,depilatory1 ,,chinese4 ,depilatory1 ,spolasco's4 ,prep4 ,freshly prepared sulphide of calcium and quicklime1 equal parts4 ,almost equal to ,redwood's 7above74 ,,deposi',,tion 7of ,metals74 ,see ,,electro-,,type4 ,,derby ,,condition ,,powders 7,j4 ,tobias ,simpson1 ,new ,york74 ,celebrated as a safe1 infallible1 and speedy remedy for glanders1 coughs1 colds1 over feeding1 worms1 mouth disease1 and loss of horns or hair1 in horses and other valuable domestic animals4 ,tartar emetic1 #b grammes2 black antimony1 #bj grammes2 sulphur1 #aj grammes2 nitre1 #aj grammes2 fenugreek1 #dj grammes2 juniper berries1 #bj grammes4 7,schdler47 ,,der',,byshire ,,neck4 ,see ,,goitre4 ,,dermasot 7,apotheker ,bertschinger1 ,baden1 ,switzerland74 ,for profuse perspiration of the feet4 ,consists of acetate of alumina1 #ge grammes2 distilled water1 #abj grammes2 butyric ether1 #b drops2 rosanilin to colour it slightly4 7,weber47 ,,desbrierre',s ,,chocolate ,a ,,la ,,magnesie4 #dd grammes of chocolate paste and #ae grammes of calcined magnesia1 made into two tablets4 7,reveil47 ,,desic',,cants4 ,syn4 ,,desiccan',,tia1 ,l4 ,in pharmacology1 substances that check secretion and dry sores of abraded surfaces1 without acting as styptics1 or constringing the fibres of the parts to which they are applied4 ,see ,,astringents4 ,,desicca',,tion4 ,syn4 ,,exsicca',,tion4 ,the evaporation or drying off of the aqueous portion of solid bodies4 ,plants and chemical preparations are deprived of their humidity by exposure to the sun1 a current of dry air1 an atmosphere rendered artificially dry by sulphuric acid1 or by the direct application of heat by means of a water bath1 a sand bath1 or a common fire4 ,planks and timber are now seasoned1 on the large scale1 in this way1 by which a condition may be produced1 in #b or #c days1 which on the old system is barely attainable in as many years4 ,endeavours were made to enforce the importance and value of the desiccation of woods to the builder1 cabinet maker1 architect1 and civil engineer1 so long back as #ahdc1 but without success4 ,since that period certain persons have availed themselves1 commercially1 of our ideas and experiments on the subject1 without any acknowledgment1 either verbal or pecuniary4 7,cooley47 ,,destem',,per4 ,syn4 ,,distemper4 ,colours ground up with size1 gum1 or white of egg1 and water1 as in scene painting4 ,the art of executing work in distemper is called 'distemper painting4' ,,deter',,gent4 ,an agent having the power of removing offensive matter from the skin4 ,the name is now generally restricted to applications that tend to cleanse foul wounds and ulcers4 ,detergent1 ,collier's4 ,prep4 ,from liquor of potassa1 #b fl4 dr42 rose water1 #e-a_/b fl4 oz42 spirit of rosemary1 #a_/b fl4 oz42 mix4 ,one of the best applications known to free the head from scurf1 when the hair is strong and healthy4 ,the head should be afterwards sponged with clean1 soft water4 ,,detona',,tion4 ,see ,,fulminating ,,compounds4 ,,deutox',,ide4 ,see ,,oxides4 ,,deutsche ,,siegestropfen--,german ,triumphal ,drops 7,schmidt74 #dhj grammes of a brown fluid with an agreeably sweet spirituous and aromatic taste1 containing in a hundred parts five parts of the portion soluble in weak spirit of cloves and orange peel1 #bi parts sugar1 #cf parts alcohol1 and #cj parts water4 7,wittstein47 ,,dew-,,point4 ,the temperature at which dew begins to form1 as observed by a thermometer4 ,it varies with the humidity of the atmosphere4 ,,dex',,trin4 ,c#f;,h#aj,o#e4 ,syn4 ,,starch ,,gum1 ,,dextrina1 ,,dextrinum1 ,,british ,,gum4 ,a soluble substance resembling gum1 formed by the action of dilute acids at the boiling temperature1 and by infusion of malt1 at about #afj ,fahr41 on starch4 ,it is also formed when potato starch and some of the other farinas are exposed to a heat of about #djj4 ,see ,,diastase and ,,gum 7,british74 ,,dex',,tro-,,race',,mic ,,acid4 ,see ,,racemic ,,acid4 ,,diabe',,tes4 ,see ,,urine4 ,diabetes 7,saccharine74 ,the symptoms observed in this generally fatal ailment are the passing of an excessive quantity of pale1 straw-coloured urine1 of high specific gravity1 containing more or less grape sugar2 great thirst and hunger1 obstinate dyspepsia1 constipation1 an unpleasant odour from the feet1 or perspiration of the arm-pits1 and bodily debility1 and emaciation4 ,all these symptoms vary in intensity according to the course and duration of the disease1 which is frequently accompanied with hectic fever1 cough1 and sometimes carbuncles1 and generally ends in consumption or some organic disease4 ,the flow of urine sometimes reaches as much as eight gallons in #bd hours2 the average quantity1 however1 is about two gallons4 ,the specific gravity of the urine varies between #ajcj and #ajgj4 ,the quantity of sugar excreted in the twenty-four hours differs greatly1 ranging from half a pound to three pounds4 ,in the treatment of diabetes1 great attention should be paid to diet1 which should consist principally of digestible1 broiled1 or roasted meat1 gluten and bran bread 7these latter being substituted for ordinary bread1 which with sugar must be especially avoided71 liquids in moderate quantity1 of which the most preferable are weak beef tea or mutton broth4 ,if the thirst is extreme1 it is best assuaged by drinking water acidulated with phosphoric acid4 ,spirituous liquids as well as saline aperients should be eschewed4 ,claret is1 however1 a suitable beverage4 ,small doses of laudanum1 given three or four times a day1 have been found of great service4 ,dr ,watson recommends also the administration of creosote4 ,the bowels must be regulated by means of mild aperients4 ,warm baths are also of use1 as they augment the secretion of the skin4 ,the disease may be kept under by administering from twenty to forty minims of tincture of perchloride of iron1 #c times a day4 ,the above treatment is inserted for the guidance only of emigrants and others unable to obtain professional aid2 wherever this can be obtained1 no time should be lost in seeking it4 ,this is the more important1 since the earlier the patient has recourse to the proper remedies1 the greater are the chances of recovery4 ,horses4 ,the disease occurs1 although rarely1 in horses4 ,it is not known either in cattle or dogs4 ,the treatment consists in depriving the animal for some weeks of food containing starch1 or other matters capable of forming sugar4 ,he must be fed on meat soup and cooked animal diet1 to which he quickly becomes reconciled4 ,the strength must be kept up by means of tonic4 ,to counteract the intense thirst1 ,mr ,finlay ,dun recommends the following to be given three times a day in water3--,a drachm of iodide of potassium1 a scruple of iodine1 and four drachms of carbonate of soda4 ,,diach',,ylon4 ,see ,,plasters4 ,,dialy'',,ser4 ,in practical chemistry1 an instrument for separating 'crystalloids' from 'colloids1' introduced by the late ,prof4 ,graham4 ,in its most convenient form it consists of a hoop of gutta percha1 over which a circular piece of parchment paper is stretched4 ,the paper is applied to the hoop while wet1 and is kept stretched by a second hoop1 by an elastic band1 or by a few turns of string4 ,the instrument1 when complete1 resembles an ordinary tambourine4 ,it is distinguished as the ',,hoop ,,dialyser1' ,the fluid to be 'dialysed' is poured into the hoop upon the surface of the parchment paper1 to a small depth only1 such as half an inch1 and the dialyser is then floated upon water in a large glass basin4 ,another form of dialyser1 termed the ',,bulb ,,dialyser1' consists of a small glass bell-jar1 the mouth of which is covered by a piece of parchment paper4 ,this is suspended or otherwise supported in a large vessel of water in such a manner that the parchment paper septum just dips below the surface4 ,see ,,dialysis 7below71 ,,parchment ,,paper4 ,,dial',,ysis4 ,in practical chemistry1 the method of separating substances by 'diffusion' through a septum of gelatinous matter4 ,when a solution having a sp4 gr4 greater is introduced into a cylindrical glass vessel1 and then water very cautiously poured upon it1 in such a manner that the two layers of liquid remain unmoved1 the substance dissolved in the lower liquid will gradually pass into the supernatant water1 though the vessel may have been left undisturbed1 and the temperature remain unchanged4 ,the gradual passage of a dissolved substance from its original solution into pure water taking place1 notwithstanding the higher sp4 gr4 of the substance which opposes this passage1 is called the 'diffusion of liquids4' ,from the investigation of the phenomena of this diffusion1 the late ,prof4 ,graham derived the remarkable results upon which the method under notice is based4 ,different substances1 when in solution of the same concentration1 and under other similar circumstances1 diffuse with very unequal velocity4 ,the range in the degree of diffusive mobility1 says ,prof4 ,graham1 exhibited by different substances1 appears to be as wide as the scale of vapour-tensions4 ,thus1 hydrate of potassa may be said to possess double the velocity of diffusion of sulphate of potassa1 and sulphate of potassa again double the velocity of sugar1 alcohol1 and sulphate of magnesia4 ,but the substances named belong1 as regards diffusion1 to the more volatile class4 ,the comparatively fixed class1 as regards diffusion1 is represented by a different order of chemical substances 7marked out by the absence of the power to crystallise71 which are slow in the extreme4 ,among the latter are hydrated silicic acid1 hydrated alumina1 and other metallic peroxides of the aluminous class1 when they exist in the soluble form2 with starch1 dextrine1 and the gums1 caramel1 tannin1 albumen1 gelatin1 vegetable and animal extractive matters4 ,low diffusibility is not the only property which the bodies last enumerated possess in common4 ,they are distinguished by the gelatinous character of their hydrates4 ,although often largely soluble in water1 they are held in solution by a most feeble force4 ,they appear singularly inert in the capacity of acids and bases1 and in all the ordinary chemical relations4 ,but1 on the other hand1 their peculiar physical aggregation1 with the chemical indifference referred to1 appears to be required in substances that can intervene in the organic processes of life4 ,the plastic elements of the body are found in this class4 ,as gelatin appears to be its type1 it is proposed to designate substances of this class as ',,col',,loids1' and to speak of their peculiar form as the 'colloidal condition of matter4' ,opposed to the colloidal is the 'crystalline condition4' ,substances affecting the latter form will be classed as ',,crystal',,loids1' ,the distinction is1 no doubt1 one of intimate molecular constitution4#beg ,a certain property of colloidal substances comes into play most opportunely in assisting diffusive preparations4 ,the jelly of starch1 that of animal mucus1 of pectin1 of vegetable gelose1 and other solid colloidal hydrates1 all of which1 strictly speaking1 are insoluble in cold water1 are themselves permeable when in mass1 as water is1 by the more highly diffusive class of substances4 ,but such jellies greatly resist the passage of the less diffusible substances1 and cut off entirely other colloid substances like themselves that may be in solution4 ,a mere film of the jelly has the separating effect4 ,now1 parchment-paper1 when wetted1 acts just like a layer of animal mucus or other hydrated colloid1 by permitting the passage of crystalloids1 but not of colloids2 consequently this substance may be used for dialytic septa 7see ,,dialyser1 above74 ,the following experiments recorded by ,graham will give some idea of the results which may be obtained by dialysis3-- ,footnote #beg3 ',philosoph4 ,trans4' for #ahfa4 #a4 ,half a litre of urine was placed in a hoop dialyser1 which was then floated on a considerable quantity of pure water4 ,dialysed for #bd hours1 the urine gave its crystalloidal constituents to the external water4 ,the latter1 evaporated by a water bath1 yielded a white saline mass4 ,from this mass urea was extracted by alcohol in so pure a condition as to appear in crystalline tufts upon the evaporation of the alcohol4 #b4 ,by pouring silicate of soda into diluted hydrochloric acid 7the acid being maintained in large excess71 a solution of silica is obtained4 ,but in addition to hydrochloric acid1 such a solution contains chloride of sodium1 a salt which causes the silica to gelatinise when the solution is heated1 and otherwise modifies its properties4 ,now1 such a solution placed for #bd hours in a dialyser of parchment paper was found to lose #e of its silicic acid 7silica7 and #hf of its hydrochloric acid4 ,after #d days on the dialyser1 the liquid ceased to be disturbed by nitrate of silver4 ,all the chlorides were gone1 with no further loss of silica4 ,what remained was a pure solution of silicic acid1 which could be boiled in a flask1 and considerably concentrated1 without change4 #c4 ,half a litre of dark-coloured porter1 with #je gramme of arsenious acid added 7#a_/ajjjjth part of arsenious acid71 was placed on a hoop dialyser1 #h inches in diameter1 and the whole floated in an earthenware basin containing #b or #c litres of water4 ,after #bd hours the latter fluid had acquired a slight tinge of yellow4 ,it yielded1 when concentrated and precipitated by sulphuretted hydrogen1 upwards of one half of the original arsenious acid in a fit state for examination4 ,,diamantkitt--,diamond ,cement4 #ej parts graphite1 #ae parts litharge1 #aj parts milk of lime1 #e parts slaked lime1 intimately mixed with enough linseed oil to make a firm mass4 7,hager47 ,,diamanttropfen--,diamond ,drops 7,dr ,allinhead74 ,a combination of the juices of mysterious herbs of tropical climes1 which has the power to make all men transparent4 ,,di',,amond4 ,the diamond is pure carbon1 and differs from the carbon of charcoal and lampblack simply in being limpid1 colourless1 and highly refractive of light1 properties which are generally referred to its crystalline form4 ,the weight1 and1 consequently1 the value of diamonds1 is estimated in carats1 one of which is equal to #d grains2 and the price of one diamond1 compared to that of another of equal colour1 transparency1 purity1 form1 c41 is as the squares of the respective weights4 ,the average price of ,,rough ,,diamonds that are worth working is about #b for the first carat2 that of a ,,cut ,,diamond is equal to that of a rough diamond of double weight1 exclusive of the price of workmanship4 ,to estimate the value of a wrought diamond1 ascertain its weight in carats1 double that weight1 and multiply the square of this product by #b4 7,ure47 ,thus1 a cut diamond of-- #a carat is worth #h #b carats #cb #c #gb #d #abh c41 c4 ,see ,,carbon1 ,,gems4 ,di'amond ,dust4 ,genuine diamond dust is the powder produced by the abrasion of diamonds against each other in the process of cutting and polishing them4 ,it possesses the valuable property of polishing the gems1 and giving the finest edge to every kind of cutlery4 ,the discovery of the latter fact1 a few years since1 led certain dishonest persons to extensively advertise spurious preparations1 consisting chiefly of emery powder or powdered quartz1 under the name of diamond dust4 ,the factitious articles acquired a very short and bad notoriety4 ,instead of sharpening cutting instruments1 they infallibly destroyed their edge1 and were particularly unfortunate in converting razors into saws4 ,,diapen',,te4 ,syn4 ,,pulvis ,,diapente4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,e4 #agdd7 ,bay-berries1 birth-wort1 gentian1 ivory dust1 and myrrh1 equal parts4 ,an excellent warm tonic1 especially useful in the debility and rickets of children4 ,the substance sold under this name in the shops is an inferior mixture1 used principally as a tonic in veterinary practice4 ,the following are the forms commonly adopted in its preparation3-- #b4 ,turmeric1 #d lbs42 laurel berries and mustard1 of each #c lbs42 gentian1 #b lbs4 7all in fine powder72 mix4 #c4 ,bay-berries1 gentian1 mustard1 and turmeric1 equal parts4 #d4 ,gentian1 #f lbs42 bay-berries1 #a lb4 ,this is the formula generally used by the farriers4 ,sometimes mustard1 #a lb41 is added4 ,,diaphoret',,ics4 ,syn4 ,,sudorif',,ics2 ,,diaphoretica1 ,,sudorifica1 ,l4 ,medicines which promote or increase the perspiration4 ,those that produce this effect in a very marked degree are more particularly called 'sudorifics4' ,the principal diaphoretics are3--warm diluents1 as barley-water1 gruel1 tea1 c42 salts of the alkalies1 as the citrates of potassa and soda1 acetate of potassa1 acetate and carbonate of ammonia1 sal-ammoniac1 nitre1 c42 preparations of antimony1 as antimonial powder1 tartar emetic1 c2 also alcohol1 camphor1 ,dover's powder1 ipecacuanha1 opium1 wine1 c4 ,the use of diaphoretics is indicated in nearly all diseases accompanied by fever and a dry skin1 and particularly in febrile and pectoral affections4 ,,di',,aphragm 7fr7am74 ,a partition through or across2 a dividing substance4 ,in anatomy1 the term is applied to the midriff1 a muscle separating the chest or thorax from the abdomen or lower belly4 ,in astronomy and optics the term is applied to a circular ring placed in a telescope or other instrument to cut off the marginal portions of a beam of light4 ,in electricity the name is commonly used to denote the porous partition1 cell1 or vessel1 that separates the fluid containing the positive plate from the fluid which surrounds the negative plate1 in a constant voltaic battery4 ,thin partitions of sycamore1 or other porous wood1 are occasionally used1 but cells made of thin biscuit ware are the most convenient and durable diaphragms4 ,plaster of ,paris1 animal membrane1 coarse and tightly wove canvas1 c41 are used also for the purpose4 ,plaster cells are also formed by surrounding an oiled cylinder of wood with a hoop of paper1 and pouring plaster of ,paris1 mixed up with water1 into the space between the two4 ,see ,,electrotype4 ,,diarrh,,oe',a4 ,a purging or looseness of the bowels4 ,the causes of diarrhoea are various1 but among the most common are the presence of irritating matter1 worms1 or acidity in the stomach or bowels2 and exposure to cold 7especially cold to the feet7 or sudden changes of climate or temperature4 ,treatment4 ,in general1 it will be proper to administer a mild aperient1 for which purpose rhubarb or castor oil is usually preferred4 ,the dose of the first may be from #bj to #cj grains in sugar1 or made into a bolus2 that of the second1 from #a_/d oz4 to #a_/b oz41 with a little mint or peppermint water4 ,after the due operation of this medicine1 opium1 astringents1 and absorbents1 may be taken with advantage1 but not in excessive doses1 as is commonly the practice4 ,the first and second are indicated when great irritability exists1 and the third1 in cases of diarrhoea arising from the presence of acidity4 ,chalk mixture1 to which a few drops of laudanum have been added1 or the compound powder of chalk and opium1 are excellent medicines1 and will generally quiet the bowels4 ,a small piece of catechu or hard extract of logwood1 sucked in the same way as a lozenge1 is a pleasant method of taking either of these powerful astringents1 and will generally cure cases of simple diarrhoea arising from excessive peristaltic motion1 or want of tonicity of the muscular coats of the intestines4 ,in bilious diarrhoea1 characterised by the bright yellowish-brown colour of the dejections1 a dose of blue pill or calomel1 assisted by mild diluents and demulcents1 and warmth1 generally proves efficacious4 ,small doses of opium are also useful in some cases4 ,in catarrhal diarrhoea1 chylous diarrhoea1 and the like varieties1 characterised by the dejections being nearly colourless1 and consisting chiefly of water and mucus2 or white and milky1 showing the entire absence of bile2 or1 being entirely liquid1 limpid1 and serous 7in some cases resembling the washings of flesh71 opinions are divided as to the treatment4 ,the majority of the best authorities regard purging as injurious in these varieties1 and rely chiefly on warm baths and warm fomentations1 with the internal administration of mild salines and diaphoretics1 followed by astringents1 tonics1 and occasional doses of opiates4 ,choleraic diarrhoea demands a nearly similar treatment4 ,the diet in every variety of diarrhoea should be light and non-irritating4 ,glutinous broths1 beef tea1 and arrow-root1 are among the best articles which can be taken4 ,to these may be added a little dry toast4 ,arrow-root 7genuine71 either with or without a spoonful of port wine or brandy 7preferably the former71 will of itself cure all ordinary cases of diarrhoea1 if accompanied with repose and a recumbent posture4 ,among external remedies1 warm and stimulating fomentations1 liniments1 c41 to the epigastrium and abdomen1 will be found useful adjuncts to other treatment4 ,a spoonful or two of laudanum1 used as a friction1 will generally allay pain1 and in many cases settle the bowels when all other remedies have been tried in vain4 ,treatment for ,animals4 ,if for the horse1 give at the commencement of the attack from #b to #d dr4 of aloes1 mixed with #a oz4 of bicarbonate of soda1 and the same quantity of ginger in powder2 administer clysters occasionally4 ,cattle may be treated by having administered to them #c_/d lb4 of ,epsom or common salt1 or a pint of linseed oil4 ,whichever of the two is employed1 it must be combined with #b oz4 each of bicarbonate of soda and ginger1 and #a_/b lb4 of treacle2 #a oz4 of laudanum should be added to the above drenches whenever there is much pain and straining1 whether in the horse or cow4 ,should laxatives fail1 aromatics and astringents are called for1 and #a oz4 each of tincture of catechu1 ginger1 and gentian1 given in a pint of warm ale1 may be tried several times a day for a horse4 ,for cows a double dose is required4 ,sheep need only half the dose4 ,,di',,astase4 ,a peculiar azotised substance contained in malt1 which effects the conversion of starch1 first into dextrin1 and then into grape sugar4 ,prep4 ,a cold infusion of malt is heated to #aeh ,fahr4 7to coagulate in albumen72 it is then allowed to cool1 and alcohol is added to the filtered liquor1 when diastase is precipitated1 under the form of a tasteless white powder1 which is freely soluble in water4 ,prop41 c4 ,diastase seems to resemble vegetable albumen1 but very little is known respecting it1 as it has never been got in a state of purity4 ,one part of diastase is capable of converting #bjjj parts of starch into grape sugar4 ,malted barley is said to contain #a_/ejjth part of this substance2 yet this small portion is quite sufficient to convert the starch of the malt into sugar during the operation of mashing1 in the manufacture of beer4 ,see ,,brewing1 ,,dextrin1 ,c4 ,,dicta',,mia4 ,a nutritious1 dietetic article4 ,prep4 7,beasley47 ,sugar1 #g oz42 potato arrow-root1 #d oz42 flour of brent barley 7,triticum monococcum71 #c oz42 ,trinidad and ,granada chocolate1 of each #a oz42 vanilla1 #ae gr42 triturate together4 ,dictamia4 ,a strengthening and restorative preparation4 ,arrowroot1 #f parts2 meal of triticum monococcum1 #f parts2 chocolate1 #d parts2 vanilla1 #a_/d part 7,richter74 ,sugar1 #bag parts2 bran extract1 #ib parts2 starch1 #abe parts2 ,caracas and ,maragnan cocoa1 #cj parts2 vanilla1 #a part4 7,chevallier47 ,,didym',,ium4 ,di4 ,a rare metal1 found associated with cerium and lanthanium in the ,swedish mineral cerite4 ,see ,,cerium4 ,,di',,et4 ,food or victuals4 ,in medicine food regulated by certain rules1 or prescribed for the cure or prevention of disease4 ,the dietetic part of medicine is no inconsiderable branch1 and deserves a much greater share of regard than it commonly meets with4 ,a great variety of diseases might be removed by the observance of a proper diet and regimen1 without the assistance of medicine1 were it not for the impatience of the sufferers4 ,on all occasions it may come in as a proper assistant to the cure1 which sometimes cannot be performed without a due observance of the non-naturals4 ,writers on dietetics 7,,dietetica1 ,l47 have taken much trouble to divide and classify the numerous articles of food suitable to the various conditions of the body in health and disease2 but little practical advantage has resulted from their labours4 ,low diet1 middle diet1 full diet1 milk diet1 farinaceous diet1 fruit diet1 and vegetable diet1 are terms which1 under most circumstances1 are sufficiently simple to be almost self-explanatory4 ,,diges',,tion4 ,in chemistry and pharmacy the operation of exposing bodies to a gentle and continuous heat4 ,the best digesters are thin glass flasks and beakers1 and the most convenient source of heat is the sand bath4 ,digestion is often performed to soften and otherwise modify bodies that are to be distilled4 ,in physiology the term is applied to the conversion of food into chyme1 or the process of dissolving food in the alimentary canal1 and preparing it for circulation and nourishment4 ,in surgery digestion signifies a method of treating ulcers1 wounds1 c4 ,see ,,digestives 7below74 ,,digestibility ,,of ,,different ,,foods4 ,mean time of chymification ,foods4 ,how cooked4 in stomach4 h4 m4 ,rice ,boiled #a ,eggs1 whipped ,raw #a #cj ,trout1 salmon1 fresh ,boiled #a #cj ,venison1 steak ,broiled #a #ce ,sago ,boiled #a #de ,milk ,boiled #b ,eggs1 fresh ,raw #b ,milk ,raw #b #ae ,turkey ,boiled #b #be ,gelatin ,boiled #b #cj ,goose1 wild ,roasted #b #cj ,pig1 sucking ,roasted #b #cj ,lamb1 fresh ,broiled #b #cj ,beans1 pod ,boiled #b #cj ,potatoes1 ,irish ,baked #b #cj ,chicken ,fricassed #b #de ,oysters1 fresh ,raw #b #ee ,eggs1 fresh ,soft-boiled #c ,beef1 lean1 rare ,roasted #c ,mutton1 fresh ,boiled #c ,bread1 corn ,baked #c #ae ,butter ,melted #c #cj ,cheese1 old1 strong ,raw #c #cj ,potatoes1 ,irish ,boiled #c #cj ,beef ,fried #d ,veal1 fresh ,broiled #d ,fowls1 domestic ,roasted #d ,ducks1 ,domestic ,roasted #d ,veal1 fresh ,fried #d #cj ,pork1 fat1 and lean ,roasted #e #ae ,cabbage ,boiled #d #cj ,the results recorded in the above table1 giving the respective time required for the digestion of different foods1 were obtained by ,dr ,beaumont1 through his being enabled to watch the process of digestion actually going on in the stomach of a man1 who had received a wound in that organ1 by which part of it was laid bare1 and could thus be seen into4 ,the above data were controlled by a series of independent experiments1 which consisted in digesting different foods in a solution of gastric juice1 and heating the mixture to #ajj4 ,the relative results of both sets of experiments were found to agree pretty closely2 and they have since1 on the whole1 being confirmed by the researches of other physiologists4 ,,diges',,tives4 ,in surgery substances which1 when applied to wounds or tumours1 induce or promote suppuration4 ,all stimulating applications are of this class4 ,heat is a most powerful digestive agent4 ,the action of digestives is opposed to that of ,,discutients1 which repel or resolve tumours and indurations4 ,,digita',,lin4 ,syn4 ,,digita',,lia4 ,a vegetable principle discovered by ,m4 ,royer in ,digitalis purpurea1 or purple foxglove4 ,prep4 #a4 7,majendie47 ,foxglove leaves 7powdered71 #a lb41 are digested in ether1 first in the cold1 and then heated under pressure2 when the whole has again become cold1 the liquor is filtered 7rapidly71 and the ether is distilled off in a water bath2 the residuum is dissolved in water1 the filtered solution treated with hydrated oxide of lead1 the whole gently evaporated to dryness1 and the dry residuum again digested in hot ether2 from this solution the alkali is obtained1 by evaporation and repeated resolutions1 in a crystalline form4 #b4 7,homolle and ,henry47 ,foxglove leaves 7carefully dried and powdered71 #b-a_/b lbs41 are digested in rectified spirit1 and the tincture expressed in a tincture press2 the spirit is then distilled off1 and the residual extract treated with distilled water1 #a_/b pint1 acidulated with about #b fl4 dr4 of acetic acid1 a gentle heat being employed2 some animal charcoal is then added1 and the whole filtered2 the filtrate is then diluted with water1 and partly neutralised with ammonia2 a fresh-made1 strong decoction of galls is next added2 a copious precipitation of tannate of digitalin ensues2 the precipitate is washed with water1 and mixed with a little alcohol1 after which it is triturated with litharge 7in fine powder7 and exposed to a gentle heat2 the whole is now digested in alcohol1 the tincture treated with animal charcoal1 and evaporated2 the dry residuum is1 lastly1 treated with cold sulphuric ether1 which takes up some foreign matter1 and leaves the digitalin4 #b lbs4 #h oz4 of the dried leaves yield #adj to #aej gr4 of the digitalin4 ,prop41 c4 ,white1 inodorous1 porous masses1 or small scales2 it crystallises with difficulty1 is intensely bitter1 and excites violent sneezing when smelled to2 dissolves freely in alcohol2 scarcely soluble in cold ether2 and takes #bjjj parts of water for its solution2 it is neither basic nor alkaline2 concentrated colourless hydrochloric acid dissolves it1 forming a characteristic solution which passes from yellow to a fine green4 7,homolle47 ,it is one of the most powerful of known poisons1 being fully #ajj times stronger than the powdered leaves of the dried plant4 ,it is used in the same cases4--,dose1 #a_/fj to #a_/cj gr42 either made into pills or dissolved in alcohol and formed into a mixture4 ,owing to the difficulty and uncertainty connected with dispensing such small quantities1 it is now seldom employed in this country4 ,digitalin1 ,crystallised4 ,digitalis leaves from the ,vosges1 in rather fine powder1 #ajjj grams2 neutral lead acetate1 #bej grams2 distilled water1 #ajjj grams4 ,the digitalis should be collected in its second year just when the first flowers appear4 ,with respect to the lead acetate1 it is very important that it should not have an alkaline reaction2 a slight acidity would be preferable4 ,the lead salt is dissolved in the cold water1 the powder added and thoroughly mixed1 the whole passed through a sieve and left in contact twenty-four hours1 taking care to mix it from time to time4 ,the mixture is then packed sufficiently in a displacement apparatus1 and exhausted with #ej alcohol1 until it no longer yields any bitterness4 ,about six parts of liquor are thus obtained1 and this is neutralised exactly with sodium bicarbonate dissolved to saturation in cold water2 about #be to #cj grams will be required4 ,when effervescence ceases1 the alcohol is distilled1 and the liquor remaining is evaporated in a water bath down to #bjjj grams2 it is then left to cool and diluted with its weight of water4 ,two or three days afterwards the clear liquor is decanted off1 by means of a syphon1 and the precipitate drained upon a linen filter4 ,when freed from the extractive liquor the precipitate weighs about #ajj grams4 ,it is suspended in #ajjj grams of #hj alcohol1 and the whole passed through a metal sieve or a fine cloth2 the turbid liquor obtained is heated to ebullition1 and to it is added a solution containing #aj grams of neutral lead acetate2 the heating is continued a few moments1 and the liquor is then left to cool and filtered4 ,the deposit in the filter is washed with alcohol to remove any liquor it may retain1 and then pressed4 ,to this liquor is added #ej grams of finely powdered vegetable charcoal that has been washed with acid and afterwards with water until quite neutral1 and it is then distilled1 the residue being heated for some time in a water bath1 it being very important that all the alcohol should be driven off4 ,a little water is added to replace what may evaporate2 the residue is allowed to cool1 then drained upon the cloth that was used to separate the precipitate1 and the carbonaceous mass is washed with a little water to remove the last portion of the coloured liquor4 ,the carbonaceous residue is then dried completely in a stove at a temperature not exceeding #ajj ,c41 and exhausted by displacement with pure chloroform until it passes colourless4 ,this liquid is distilled to dryness1 and a few grams of #ie alcohol are placed in the retort1 and evaporated to drive off the last traces of chloroform4 ,the residue is crude digitalin with viscous and oily matter4 ,it is dissolved with heat in #ajj grams of #ij alcohol1 and #a gram of neutral lead acetate dissolved in a little water added1 together with #aj grams of animal charcoal in fine granules without powder that has been treated with hydrochloric acid1 and washed until the washings are no longer acid4 ,after boiling for ten minutes it is allowed to cool and settle1 and then filtered in a glass cylinder furnished with a tight cotton plug1 through which it passes quickly and clear4 ,the black deposit is added last1 and exhausted of all bitterness with alcohol4 ,after distillation the digitalin remains as a grumous crystalline mass1 now only contaminated with the coloured oil4 ,a little aqueous liquor that occurs with it is separated and the weight of the impure digitalin is taken in the previously tarred vessel4 ,the digitalin is then dissolved with heat in exactly sufficient #ij alcohol for its solution 7from #f to #ab grams74 ,any alcohol evaporated is replaced1 and then to the cooled solution is added1 sulphuric ether rectified at #fe1 to half the weight of the alcohol employed2 after mixing1 distilled water equal to the weight of the alcohol and ether combined is added1 and the flask is closed and shaken4 ,two layers are formed3 the upper is coloured1 and consists of the ether which has taken up the fat oil2 the lower is colourless1 and contains the digitalin1 which being now free quickly crystallises4 ,the flask is placed in a cool place4 ,two days afterwards the whole is thrown into a small cylinder furnished with a moderately tight cotton plug2 the mother liquor runs off1 and then the coloured layer1 and the small quantity that remains adherent to the crystals1 is removed by a little ether4 ,thus obtained1 this first crystallisation of digitalin is slightly coloured2 it is sufficiently pure1 however1 for its weight to be taken in an analysis2 one tenth being deducted for the digitalin it still contains4 ,to obtain it perfectly white1 two purifications are necessary1 but first a treatment with chloroform is indispensable to separate the remainder of the digitalin which injures its purity4 ,the digitalin1 well dried and reduced to a fine powder1 is dissolved in #bj parts of chloroform1 and the solution is filtered in a cylinder through a tight cotton plug4 ,the liquor passes limpid2 it is distilled to dryness1 and a little alcohol is poured into the retort1 and evaporated to remove the last traces of chloroform4 ,the digitalin is dissolved in #cj grams of #ij alcohol1 #e grams of washed granular animal black added1 and the whole boiled for #aj minutes2 the liquor is filtered and the charcoal exhausted as before indicated2 and1 lastly1 it is distilled1 the digitalin in dry crystals is found on the sides of the vessel1 but it is still slightly coloured4 ,to obtain it perfectly white it is dissolved with heat in exactly sufficient #ij alcohol 7about #f to #h grams72 to the solution is added ether equal to half the weight of alcohol employed1 and double the quantity of distilled water1 and the flask is closed and agitated2 the crystallisation commences quickly4 ,the ether does not separate4 ,it is exposed to the coolness of the night1 and by the next day nearly the whole of the digitalin is deposited in small groups of white needles1 that which retains colouring matter remaining in the mother liquor4 ,the whole is thrown into a cylinder and the crystals washed with ether as before described4 #ajjj grams of ,vosges digitalis of good quality yields about #a gram of crystallised digitalin4 ,digitalin occurs under the form of very white light crystals1 consisting of short slender needles1 grouped around the same axis4 ,it is very bitter and scarcely soluble in water4 #ij alcohol dissolves it well1 anhydrous alcohol dissolves it less freely4 ,pure ether dissolves only traces4 ,chloroform is its best solvent4 ,brought into contact with a small quantity of hydrochloric acid1 digitalin is coloured emerald green1 and this reaction is favoured by a very slight heat4 ,from ',formul for ,new ,medicaments1 adopted by the ,paris ,pharmaceutical ,society4' ,,dill4 ,syn4 ,,anethum 7,ph4 ,l4 ,e471 ,l4 ,the fruit 7seed7 of ,anethum graveolens1 or garden dill1 ,anethi fructus1 ,b4 ,p4 ,dill is an aromatic stimulant and carminative4 ,the ,cossacks employ it as a condiment2 and in this country it is frequently employed to heighten the relish of soups and pickles1 especially cucumbers4 ,,dill ,,water is a favorite remedy of nurses to promote the secretion of milk1 and to relieve the flatulence and griping of infants4--,dose1 of the powder1 #aj gr4 to #a_/b dr41 or more4 ,oil of dill 7,,oleum ,,anethi7 and dill water 7,,aqua ,,anethi7 are officinal in the pharmacopoeias4 ,,dil',,uents4 ,syn4 ,,diluentia1 ,d4 ,aqueous liquors2 so named because they increase the fluid portion of the blood4 ,tea1 barley-water1 water-gruel1 and similar articles1 are the most common diluents1 after pure water4 ,the copious use of diluents is recommended in all acute inflammatory diseases not of a congestive character1 and to promote the action of diuretics and sudorifics4 ,,dinner ,,pills4 ,see ,,pills4 ,,dios',,ma4 ,syn4 ,,bookoo1 ,,buku2 ,,folia ,,barosm1 ,f4 ,,diosm1 ,l42 ,,buchu 7,ph4 ,l471 ,,bucku 7,ph4 ,e471 ,,diosma 7,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf74 ,the leaves of ,barosma serratifolia1 ,b4 crenulata1 and ,b4 crenata4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,these species were all included by ,de ,candolle in the genus ,diosma4 ,buchu is principally employed in chronic affections of the urino-genital organs1 especially that of the mucous membrane of the bladder1 attended with copious discharge of mucus4--,dose1 #bj gr4 to #a_/b dr4 of the powder1 taken in wine2 or made into an infusion or decoction4 ,the officinal buchu leaves are glabrous1 glandular2 either linear-lanceolate with small serrations1 or ovato-oblong1 obtuse1 crenated1 ovate or obovate1 serrated4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,their odour somewhat resembles that of rue1 and their taste is warm and mint-like4 ,,dios',,mine4 ,a bitter extractive matter1 obtained by ,brande from buchu leaves4 ,it is very soluble in water1 but not in alcohol and ether4 ,,diphtheria4 ,a contagious disease affecting the throat and adjoining parts4 ,a false membrane forms on the mucous lining of the several parts of the throat4 ,this alarming malady generally commences with a little soreness of throat attended with fever2 sometimes1 however1 the fever may not come on for some days after the sore throat has shown itself4 ,an ash-coloured spot makes its appearance on one or both tonsils4 ,this spreads to other parts1 extending in doing so1 over the soft palate and uvula1 inclosing the latter in a sheath4 ,sometimes a thin red line surrounds the opaque membrane thus formed4 ,as the disease proceeds this opaque and false membrane tends to enlarge itself1 and may spread down the gullet into the stomach1 or1 what is more dangerous still1 it may involve the mucous membrane of the larynx1 and thence extend along the windpipe into the bronchial tubes4 ,when this is the case the disease is accompanied with cough1 and the peculiar noise of croup2 harsh1 noisy breathing4 ,there also frequently runs from the nostrils a thin acrid secretion1 smelling very offensively1 and often tainting the whole atmosphere of the room4 ,by the inexperienced diphtheria is almost always mistaken for ulcerated sore throat4 ,as in croup1 part of the exudation or false membrane is often coughed up2 sometimes it peels off from the tonsils4 ,some pathologists think that minute particles of this membrane1 loosely adhering to drinking vessels1 linen1 sheets1 the night-dress1 c41 of the patient1 may be the means of communicating the disease2 by others1 however1 this surmise is not accepted4 ,the absence of certainty on this point does not remove the stringent necessity of thoroughly cleansing and disinfecting everything with which the secretions of the patient come into contact4 ,the foregoing has been written with the object of enabling the reader to detect the only symptoms by which this dangerous disease manifests itself1 in order that he may seek medical assistance with which to combat the complaint as promptly as possible4 ,after stating thus much1 it is needless to say that we only recommend the adoption of the following treatment1 in the extreme case of emigrants and others unable to obtain the services of a medical practitioner4 ,a saturated solution of borax in the form of a gargle should be first used1 and used without stint4 ,should this fail to arrest the formation of the membrane1 then a strong solution of alum should be employed instead2 or alum in powder should be applied to the throat every half hour or hour4 ,when children are to be submitted to this treatment1 the alum instead of being used as a gargle may be mixed with honey1 and in this condition laid on the parts with a feather2 or the powdered alum may be blown on the affected parts with a tube4 ,tincture of perchloride of iron1 diluted hydrochloric acid1 and chlorate of potash are also said to have been used successfully as topical applications4 ,the diet should consist of rich nourishing food1 such as strong beef tea and mutton broth1 aided by port wine4 ,the internal remedies embrace quinine or bark1 tincture of perchloride of iron1 pernitrate of iron1 chlorate of potash1 and small1 but repeated doses of the mineral acids4 ,dr ,gardner1 in his useful work ',household ,medicine1' says1 a definite plan said to have been successful is to employ as a gargle a solution of chlorinated soda half an ounce1 syrup half an ounce1 water six ounces1 mixed4 ,at the same time give internally four drops of the solution every two hours1 for two days1 then add quinine4 ,we may add that if this latter prescription be used the diet before indicated should be adopted4 ,,discu',,tients4 ,in surgery1 substances or agents which disperse or resolve tumours1 c4 ,see ,,digestives4 ,,dish-,,covers4 ,as these are made of various materials they must be cleaned and polished with the substances best adapted for each4 ,all kinds of dish-covers directly they come from table should be washed free from grease and wiped dry4 ,plated and silver dish-covers should be polished with plate powder2 that free from mercury should be preferred4 ,when dish-covers 7as is usually the case7 are made of block tin1 they should be polished1 by first rubbing them with sweet oil1 and then dusting over the oil finely powdered whiting2 finishing off the polishing with soft rags4 ,all the best covers are provided with movable handles1 which must be removed during the process of cleaning4 ,,disinfect',,ant4 ,an agent which absorbs1 neutralises1 or destroys1 putrescent effluvia1 miasmata1 or specific contagia1 and thus removes the causes of infection4 ,the principal disinfectants are chlorine1 iodine1 bromine1 the so-called chlorides of lime and soda1 chloride of zinc1 ozone1 carbolic acid1 the alkaline manganates and permanganates1 peat charcoal1 the fumes of nitric and nitrous acid1 sulphurous acids1 heat1 and ventilation4 ,the last two are the most efficient and easily applied4 ,the clothing1 bedding1 c41 of patients labouring under contagious diseases may be effectually 787 disinfected by exposure to a temperature a little higher than that of boiling water1 for about an hour4 ,neither the texture nor colour of textile fabrics is injured by a heat of even #bej ,fahr4 7,dr ,henry47 ,see ,,disinfecting ,,chambers4 ,it is a practice at some of the workhouses to bake the clothes of the paupers who have the itch1 or who are infested with vermin4 ,the soaking and boiling of clothes in the absence of being able to bake them is by no means a bad method for disinfecting them4 ,the process is rendered the more effective by adding to the water in which they are immersed or boiled #a part of strong solution of chloride of lime to #bj or #cj parts of water2 or carbolic acid in the proportion of #a part of the pure acid to #ajj parts of water4 ,in the ,german army1 if the clothes cannot be baked they are soaked for #bd hours in water containing #a part of sulphate of zinc to #abj of water1 or #a part of chloride of zinc to #bdj of water1 after which they are washed in soap and water and dried4 ,quicklime rapidly absorbs carbonic acid1 sulphuretted hydrogen1 and several other noxious gases1 and is therefore commonly used as a wash for the walls of buildings4 ,acetic acid1 camphor1 fragrant pastilles1 cascarilla1 brown paper1 and other similar substances1 are frequently burnt or volatilised by heat1 for the purpose of disguising unpleasant odours1 but are of little value as disinfectants4 ,the sulphates of iron and zinc have the property of rapidly destroying noxious effluvia4 ,a quantity of either of these sulphates thrown into a cesspool1 for instance1 will in a few hours render the matter therein quite scentless4 ,of gaseous disinfectants1 sulphurous acid gas 7obtained by burning sulphur7 is preferable1 on theoretical grounds1 to chlorine4 ,no agent checks so effectually the first development of animal and vegetable life4 ,all animal odours and emanations are immediately and most effectually destroyed by it4 7,graham47 ,see ,,antiseptic1 ,,deodoriser1 ,,fumigation1 ,,infection1 ,,ozone1 ,,carbolic ,,acid1 ,,salicylic ,,acid1 ,,bacteria as originators of disease1 ,,lime1 ,,chloride1 ,,charcoal1 also the ,,disinfecting ,,compounds given below4 ,dr ,wynter ,blyth divides disinfectants into two great classes3--,gaseous1 and solid or liquid4 ,i4 ,volatile1 in the form of ,gas or ,vapour4 #a4 ,substances which1 like the halogens1 appear to form substitution compounds1 e4g4 ,chlorine1 ,bromine1 ,iodine4 #b4 ,substances which probably combine chemically1 and thus destroy contagion3 ,sulphurous acid1 ,nitrous acid1 ,fumes of other acids4 #c4 ,oxidising substances1 such as-- ,pure air1 ,oxygen1 ,ozone4 #d4 ,the volatile oils1 c4 ,feeble disinfectants1 supposed1 however1 to oxidise-- ,camphor1 ,oil of hops1 ,oil of rue1 ,oil of rosemary1 ,oil of chamomile4 ,,ii4 ,solid or ,liquid ,disinfectants4 #a4 ,the chlorides of different metals1 earths1 or bases3 ,chlorides of the alkalies1 ,chlorides of iron1 ,chlorides of copper1 ,chlorides of manganese1 ,chlorides of zinc1 ,chlorides of aluminium1 ,chlorides of lime1 ,chlorides of mercury1 and1 in fact1 all chlorides which are soluble4 #b4 ,all soluble sulphates1 especially sulphates of iron and aluminium4 #c4 ,all soluble sulphites4 #d4 ,some acetates1 as acetate of iron4 #e4 ,some nitrates1 such as the nitrates of potash and soda4 #f4 ,certain agents which appear to arrest putrefaction or condense certain gases1 c41 without either destruction or oxidation3 ,carbolic acid1 ,tar acids1 ,charcoal1 ,great cold1 ,heat sufficient to dry organic substances1 but not to char them4 #g4 ,preservative liquids and solutions4 ,many of these act by coagulating the albumen of organised bodies3 ,antiseptics1 ,alcohol1 ,solutions of corrosive sublimate1 ,solutions of common salt1 ,solutions of saltpetre4 #h4 ,destructive agents4 ,not true disinfectants1 they act not by disinfection1 but by destruction3 ,a dry heat of #bjj to #djj ,f41 ,the strong undiluted acids and alkalies4 #i4 ,agents which act in many ways1 partly by condensing gases1 partly by absorbing moisture1 and partly by a peculiar action on organic matter analogous to tannin3 ,dry earths1 ,clays1 ,the natural and artificial compounds of aluminium4 ,the table on the next page is a summary by the late ,dr ,letheby of some experiments made by ,drs ,dougall and ,calvert1 with the view of determining the relative powers possessed by certain substances of arresting putrefaction1 as measured by their action in preventing the germination of animalcules and fungi1 and the development of vaccine lymph4#beh ,footnote #beh3 ',on the ,relative ,power of various ,substances in ,preventing the ,germination of ,animalcul1' by ,john ,dougall1 #ahga4 ,calvert1 ',proceedings of the ,royal ,society1' vol4 xx1 p4 #ahe4 ,disinfecting ,compounds4 #a4 7,sir ,,wm4 ,,burnett',s ,,disinfecting ,,liquid47 ,a concentrated solution of chloride of zinc4 ,see ,,zinc4 #b4 7,,collins' ,,disinfecting ,,powder47 ,a mixture of dry chloride of lime1 #b parts1 and burnt alum1 #a part4 ,used either dry or moistened with water4 ,see ,,lime4 #c4 7,,condy',s ,,disinfecting ,,fluids47 ,solutions of the alkaline manganates and permanganates4 ,although this is an excellent and rapid deodoriser1 and makes a most serviceable dressing for fetid sores1 it must be borne in mind that it is in no sense an arial disinfectant1 its action being limited to the solid or liquid matters only with which it is brought into immediate contact4 ,it exercises no corrosive action1 but it is open to the objection that it leaves a brown stain upon linen4 ,see ,,manganese4 #d4 7,,ellerman',s ,,deodorising ,,fluid47 ,this is said to consist chiefly of the perchlorides and chlorides of iron and manganese4 ,in a report addressed to the ,metropolitan ,board of ,works in #ahei1 ,drs ,hoffmann and ,frankland stated that the perchloride of iron was the cheapest and most efficient deodoriser that could be applied to sewage4 7,beasley47 #e4 7,,labarraque',s ,,disinfecting ,,solution2 ,,liquor ,,sod ,,chlorinat1 ,ph4 ,l4 ,d47 ,a solution of chlorinated soda1 or1 as it is commonly called1 'chloride of soda4' ,m4 ,labarraque made known this valuable disinfectant in #ahbb1 and obtained the prize of the ,french ',society for ,encouraging ,national ,industry' for its introduction4 #f4 7,,ledoyen',s ,,disinfecting ,,fluid47 ,a solution of nitrate of lead1 #a part1 in about #h parts of water2 or1 of litharge1 #ac-a_/b oz41 in nitric acid 7sp4 gr4 #ach71 #ab oz41 previously diluted with water1 #f pints4 ,sp4 gr4 #adj4 #g4 7,,siret',s ,,disinfecting ,,compounds47--a4 ,a mixture of sulphate of lime1 #ec lbs41 sulphate of iron1 #dj lbs41 sulphate of zinc1 #g lbs41 and peat charcoal1 #b lbs41 made into balls4 b4 ,sulphate of iron1 #bj parts2 sulphate of zinc1 #aj parts2 tan or waste oak-bark 7in powder71 #d parts2 tar and oil1 of each #a part2 as before4 ,used for deodorising cesspools1 c4 #h4 7,,bisulphide ,,of ,,carbon47 ,this generates1 when burnt1 sulphurous acid1 and is1 therefore1 a very valuable disinfectant4 ,its highly inflammable nature1 however1 renders the adoption of certain precautions necessary in its use4 ,a method of employing it in the form of fumigation will be found under the article ,fumigation4 #i4 ,dry salicylic acid volatilised from a hot plate purifies the air1 and perfectly disinfects the walls of a closed room4 7,,von ,,heyden47 #aj4 ,,sanitas is the name given by ,mr ,kingzett1 its discoverer1 to a new liquid antiseptic and disinfectant1 containing peroxide of hydrogen and camphoric acid1 and obtained by the atmospheric oxidation of turpentine4 ,sanitas is said by its inventor to possess the great advantages of being non-poisonous1 and to exercise no injurious effects either on clothing or furniture4 ,it is stated that its antiseptic power is distributed between the peroxide of hydrogen and camphoric acid1 the peroxide of hydrogen being able to evolve large quantities of oxygen1 which in this state is nascent1 and of a powerful and oxidising character4 #aa4 ,,cooper',s ,,universal ,,disinfecting ,,powder4 ,according to ,professor ,wanklyn this powder contains #gj per cent4 of mixed chloride of sodium and chloride of calcium1 and about #f per cent4 of anhydrous sulphate of zinc 7equal to about #ab per cent4 of hydrated sulphate71 a little insoluble matter1 and #ae per cent4 of moisture4 #ab4 ,,dr ,,bond',s ,,cupralum ,,and ,,ferralum4 ,the first of these disinfectants is stated to be a mixture of the sulphates of copper and aluminium1 with potassic dichromate and turpentine4 ,its inventor claims for it that it possesses great power of coagulating albumen and high value both as an antiseptic and deodorant4 ,,ferralum is a mixture of ferrous and aluminic sulphates1 turpentine1 and carbolic acid4 ,its chief use is for flushing sewers and in deodorising cesspools1 urinals1 c4 #ac4 ,,bayard',s ,,disinfectant4 ,a mixture of sulphate of iron1 clay1 lime1 and coal tar4 ,summary of the ,experiments made by ,,dr ,j4 ,,dougall1 and by ,,dr ,,crace ,,calvert1 on the action of various ,antiseptics on ,protoplasmic and ,fungus ,life1 and on ,vaccine ,lymph4 ,,key3 ,a - ,quantity required to prevent ,animalcules in six days4 ,b - ,number of ,days before ,life appeared in a solution containing #a of substance in #ejj water and #a_/b drachm of following-- ,c - ,number of ,days before ,vibrio ,life appeared in a solution of ,albumen containing #a of substance in #ajjj of solution4 ,d - ,beef ,juice4 ,e - ,sol4 of ,egg ,albumen4 ,f - ,reaction of the ,solution4 ,g - ,infusion of ,hay4 ,h - ,human ,urine4 ,i - ,beef ,juice and ,egg ,albumen4 ,j - ,average of all4 ,k - ,effect on ,animalcules in ,putrid ,beef ,juice and ,egg ,albumen1 when added in proportion in third column4 ,l - ,animalcules4 ,m - ,fungi4 ,n - ,animalcules4 ,o - ,fungi4 ,p - ,effect of the ,vapour or ,gas during #bd hrs4 on ,vaccine ,lymph4 ,q - ,animalcules4 ,r - ,putrid ,odour4 ,s - ,fungi4 ,t - ,mouldy ,odour4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------- ,,experiments ,,by ,,dr ,,crace ,,experiments ,,made ,,by ,,dr ,,john ,,dougall1 ,,of ,,glasgow4 ,,calvert4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,a ,b ,c ---------------- --------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,d ,e -------------------------------- ,substances used4 ,f ,g ,h ,i ,j ,k ,l ,m ,n ,o ,p ,q ,r ,s ,t ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------ #a in#a in#a in#a in ,acids4 ,mineral4 ,sulphurous ,acid4 #bej #ej #ej #aag;,death4 #bd #d ,p4 #h ,over #ajj,killed4 #aa ,over #dj #ba ,over #dj ,nitric #djj #djj #bjj #ccc #ah #d ,p4 #ae #e ,t4 #aj #ej #aj #bc ,hydrochloric #ejj #djj #ajj #ccc #bh #d ,p4 #i ,over #ajj -- -- -- -- ,sulphuric #hjj #ejj #ajj #dfg ,over #ajj,over #ajj #cj #aj ,t4 -- #i -- #i #aa ,chromic #djjjadjjabjjbbjj -- #gh #ch ,p4 ,over #ajj,over #ajj -- -- -- -- -- ,organic4 ,carbolic ,neutral4 #cjj #cjj #bjj #bfg ,none4 #ab #ej ,t4 #ch #cf ,p4 ,none4 ,over #dj,over #dj,over #dj,over #dj ,cresylic -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- ,acetic ,acid4 #cej #be #aj #abe -- -- -- -- -- ,killed4 #cj -- #i #ej ,picric #cej #cej #cej #cej;,death4 #dd #aa ,p4 ,over #ajj #dd ,p4 -- #ag ,over #dj #ai ,over #dj ,benzoic #gjj #gjj #bjj #ecc ,over #ajj,over #ajj ,over #ajj -- -- -- -- -- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------ ,alkalies4 ,lime ,alk4 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- #ac #ai ,over #dj,over #dj ,potash #cjj #ej #aj #abj;,death4 -- -- -- -- -- #af -- -- -- ,soda -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- #bc #ca #ah #bi ,ammonia -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- #bd #ej #bj ,over #dj ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------ ,haloids4 ,iodine tincture ,neutral4 #djj #djj #ej #bhc;,death4 #a #hj ,t4 #ae ,over #ajj -- -- -- -- -- ,chlorine gas ,acid4 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- ,killed4 #g #ba #ba -- ,chloride lime ,alk4 #bjj #bjj #be #adb;,death4 #bg #bg ,t4 #dj ,over #ajj #g #ah #af -- ,chloride zinc ,acid4 #cjj #cjj #cjj #cjj #d ,over #ajj #ah -- ,over #dj,over #dj #ej ,over #dj ,chloride aluminum #bjjj #ejj #cjj #icc -- #ai #d ,p4,over #ajj #h ,p4 -- #aj #ba #ej ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------ ,sulphates1 c4 ,bisulphite lime ,acid4 #ajj #ej #be #eh;,death4 #d #ib ,t4 #i ,over #ajj -- #aa #ba #ad ,over #dj ,sulphate zinc #cjj #cjj #bjj #bfg #cj #d ,p4 #ij #gj ,p4 -- -- -- -- -- ,sulphate iron #ejj #ejj #ajj #cfg 8 #ad #e ,t4 #ce #dj ,t4 -- #g ,over #dj #ae -- ,common alum #hjj #ejj #ajj #dfg -- #ad #c ,p4 #ch #ae ,t4 -- -- -- -- -- ,sulphate copper #ajjjajjj #hjj #icc;,death4 #hf #bj ,p4,over #ajj,over #ajj -- -- -- -- -- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------ ,permanganate potash,neutral4 #ejj #bjj #abe #bge ,none4 -- -- -- -- -- #i #ej #bb ,over #dj ,alcohol #cej #ej #bj #adj;,death4 #d #d ,t4 #aj ,over #ajj -- -- -- -- -- ,camphor #cjj #aej #ej #afg ,none4 -- -- -- -- ,none4 -- -- -- -- ,turpentine -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- #ad ,over #dj #db ,over #dj ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------ ,note4--,in the first set of ,dr ,john ,dougall's experiments #c drachms of a solution of the strength mentioned were treated with #a drachm of a filtered infusion of hay1 or with half a drachm of urine or half a drachm of the mixture of beef juice and egg-albumen4 ,in the second set of experiments equal parts of a putrid solution of beef juice and egg-albumen1 full of living animalcules1 and of the solution of the various substances of the strength known to be preventive of life 7as in third column71 were mixed together1 and the results immediately noted4 ,in the third set of experiments #c-a_/b drachms of distilled water1 containing #a in #ejj of the substances named1 were treated with half a drachm of filtered beef juice1 or half a drachm of a solution consisting of #a part white of egg to #d parts water4 ,in the last set of experiments1 separate minims of vaccine lymph were exposed to the several vapours for #bd hours1 and the dried spot in each case was moistened with glycerin and water1 and sealed in a capillary tube until an opportunity for vaccination occurred1 when the whole of the diluted lymph was used in one insertion so as to ensure its full effect4 ,in ,dr ,crace ,calvert's experiments1 #jjbf of a gramme of the substance was added to #bf grammes 7#a to #ajjj7 of a solution of albumen containing #a part white of egg to #d parts pure distilled water4 ,the ,animalcules observed were ,monads 7microphymes71 ,vibrios1 and their cell segments 7microerphymes71 ,bacteria 7microzymes71 ,amoeba1 c42 and the ,fungi were ,torula1 ,mycelium1 ,penicilium1 c41 indicated in ,table by letters ,t and ,p4 ,putrefaction was always characterised by a putrid odour1 an alkaline reaction1 and the presence of animalcules2 whereas ,mouldiness and ,fermentation were distinguished by a mouldy or musty odour1 an acid reaction1 and the presence of ,fungi4 #ad4 ,,larmande',s ,,antimephetic ,,liquor4 ,a solution of the sulphates of zinc and copper4 #ae4 ,,thymol4 ,from experiments made with this substance it appears to be a very powerful and valuable antiseptic1 and likely1 because of its non-poisonous and non-irritant qualities1 to supplant carbolic acid in various branches of surgical practice1 in which this latter agent has hitherto been employed2 such1 for example1 as a dressing for wounds1 ulcers1 and as a topical application for certain skin eruptions1 c4 ,its difficult solubility and price 7spite of its much greater antiseptic power71 however1 for the present at any rate1 preclude it from being made available as an ordinary common disinfectant1 as this term is generally understood4 ,see ,,thymol4 #af4 ,,silicate ,,of ,,soda4 ,it is stated that this salt has considerable anti-putrefactive powers4 #ag4 ,aluminised ,,charcoal4 ,this is recommended by ,dr ,stenhouse as a cheap and very efficient decolorising agent4 ,it is made by dissolving in water #ed parts of the sulphate of alumina of commerce in water1 and mix it with #ib-a_/b parts of finely powdered wood charcoal4 ,when the charcoal is saturated it is evaporated to dryness1 and heated to redness in covered ,hessian crucibles till the water and acid are dissipated4 ,the charcoal contains #g-a_/b per cent4 of anhydrous alumina4 ,the natural disinfectants are air and water4 ,air1 when in violent motion1 as is the case during a hurricane1 has in many instances been known to arrest the course of certain epidemics2 whilst in the form of ordinary ventilation1 although inadequate alone to destroy the causes 7whatever they may be7 of contagion or infection1 it is nevertheless found to supplement1 to a considerable extent1 the application of artificial and specific disinfectants4 ,hence the paramount necessity of perfect ventilation in all apartments in which the sick are placed1 and hence also the measures taken in all hospitals to ensure by this means an increasing supply of fresh air to the wards in which the patients are lying4 ,the diminution in the amount of sickness prevailing in an army caused by the removal of the soldiers from barracks and placing them in sheds or under canvas is another illustration1 tending to show the disinfectant properties possessed by an atmosphere in a state of circulation1 when1 of course1 other hygienic precautions are not neglected4 ,in ,hammond's ',hygine' for #ahfc the author1 who was surgeon-general in the ,united ,states army1 says that he only met with one instance of hospital gangrene in a wooden pavilion hospital1 and not a single one in a tent2 and the same result is recorded by ,kraus1 of the ,austrian army in #ahei1 who says he never discovered that gangrene originated in a tent2 that1 on the contrary1 cases of gangrene at once began to improve when those suffering from the disease were sent from hospital wards into tents4 ,in his work on ',practical ,hygine' ,dr ,parkes advises all cases of typhus occurring in barracks1 whenever practicable1 to be sent to tents or wooden huts having badly-jointed walls4 ,the great solvent power of water1 superadded to its being able to hold matters in suspension1 renders it a most important disinfectant1 and thus enables it in the form of rain to remove from the atmosphere many noxious and pestilential bodies that would doubtless1 if allowed to increase1 become a source of disease4 ,the air-current which constitutes the ventilation of the ,house of ,commons1 before entering the ,commons' chamber1 is made to pass over a fine spray of water1 by which means it has any dust or other organisms washed out of it4 ,the beneficial effect of rain also in flushing drains and canals1 and sweetening the superincumbent air1 and of washing out of it many solid as well as gaseous objectionable impurities1 is well known4 ,the year #ahfj was one of the wettest on record1 as it was also one of the healthiest4 ,dr ,w4 ,budd recommends that when a room is to be disinfected1 a short time before the process is commenced a tub of boiling water should be placed in the apartment1 so that the steam may become condensed on the walls1 and diffused throughout the air1 as he believes there is a greater chance of ensuring the destruction of the disease germs by the arial disinfectants than if these latter were allowed to act on the germs in the dry state4 ,we have already enforced in these pages the importance of the habit of personal cleanliness as being one of the greatest aids to the preservation of health2 and although the unstinted use of soap and water will alone fail to effect the removal of any infectious or contagious maladies1 their use will be found important auxiliaries in assisting recovery4 ,but personal ablution is not the sine qu non4 ,the frequent cleansing of our dwellings1 streets1#bei alleys 7more particularly culs-de-sac71 lanes1 and the sheds and habitations of animals1 by soap and water1 or water alone1 as well as the removal of all decaying or refuse materials from our midst1 is of equal importance1 and must not be disregarded1 if we desire to make our sanitary surroundings such as they ought to be4 ,footnote #bei3 ,in streets where there is much traffic the air above has been found to contain large quantities of dust composed1 amongst other matters1 of the remains of horse droppings2 hence the great importance of assiduously watering and cleansing the thoroughfares of all large cities and towns4 ,a plan for laying the dust of streets has been suggested by ,mr ,cooper1 and consists in watering them with waste chlorides of calcium and magnesium4 ,carbolic acid has been employed for the same purpose by many urban authorities for some years past4 ,we extract the following from ,dr ,parkes' valuable and standard work--',practical ,hygiene1' ,disinfection of ,various ,diseases4 ,,exanthemata1 ,,scarlet ,,fever1 ,,and ,,roth,,ln4 ,the points to attack are the skin and throat4 ,the skin should be rubbed from the very commencement of the rash until complete desquamation1 with camphorated oil1 or oil with a little weak carbolic acid4 ,the throat should be washed with ,condy's fluid1 or weak solution of sulphurous acid4 ,clothes to be baked1 or to be placed at once in boiling water1 as directed further back4 ,the clothes should not be washed at a common laundry4 ,chlorine or euchlorine should be diffused in the air1 the saucer being put some little distance above the head of the patient4 ,carbolic acid and ether or carbolic-acid spray may be used instead4 ,smallpox4--,in this1 as in all cases1 there can be no use in employing arial disinfectants1 unless they are constantly in the air1 so as to act on any particle of poison which may pass into the atmosphere4 ,the skin and the discharges from the mouth1 nose1 and eyes are to be attacked4 ,there is much greater difficulty with the skin1 as inunction cannot be so well performed4 ,by smearing with oil and a little carbolic acid and glycerin1 or1 in difficult cases1 applying carbolised glycerin to the papules and commencing pustules1 might be tried4 ,the permanganate and sulphurious acid solutions should be used for the mouth1 nose1 and eyes4 ,the clothing should always be baked before washing1 if it can be done4 ,the particles which pass into the air are enclosed in small dry pieces of pus and epithelial scales2 and ,bakewell1 who has lately examined them1 expresses great doubts whether any air purifier would touch them4 ,still it must be proper to use euchlorine or carbolic acid4 ,iodine has been recommended by ,richardson and ,hoffmann4 ,measles4--,oily applications to the skin and air purifiers1 and chlorides of zinc and aluminium in the vessels receiving the expectoration1 appear to be the proper measures4 ,typhus 7,exanthematicus74--,two measures seem sufficient to prevent the spread of typhus1 viz4 most complete ventilation and immediate disinfection and cleansing of clothes4 ,but there is also more evidence of use from air purifiers than in the exanthemata4 ,the nitrous acid fumes were tried very largely towards the close of last century and the beginning of this in the hulks and prisons where ,spanish1 ,french1 and ,russian prisoners of war were confined4 ,at that time so rapidly did the disease spread in the confined spaces where so many men were kept1 that the efficacy even of ventilation was doubted1 though there can be no question that the amount of ventilation which was necessary was very much underrated4 ,both at ,windsor and ,sheerness the circumstances were most difficult4 ,at the latter place 7in #aghe71 in the hulk1 #bjj men1 #aej of whom had typhus1 were closely crowded together2 #aj attendants and #bd men of the crew were attacked2 #c medical officers had died when the experiments commenced4 ,after the fumigations one attendant only was attacked1 and it appeared as if the disease in those already suffering became milder4 ,in #agig it was again tried with success1 and many reports were made on the subject by army and naval surgeons4 ,it was subsequently largely employed on the ,continent1 and everywhere seems to have been useful4 ,these facts lead to the inference that the evolutions of nitrous acid should be practised in typhus-fever wards1 proper precautions being taken to diffuse it equally through the room1 and in a highly dilute form4 ,hydrochloric acid was employed for the same purpose by ,guyton de ,morveau in #aggc1 but it is doubtless much inferior to nitrous acid4 ,chlorine has also been employed1 and apparently with good results4 ,in typhus it would seem probable that the contagia pass off entirely by the skin1 at least the effect of ventilation1 and the way in which the agent coheres to the body linen seems to show this4 ,the agent is not also enclosed in quantities of dry discharges and epidemics1 as in the exanthemata1 and is therefore less persistent and more easily destroyed than in those cases4 ,hence possibly the greater benefit of fumigations1 and the reason of the arrest by ventilation4 ,the clothes should be baked1 steeped1 and washed1 as in the exanthemata4 ,bubo ,plague4 ,the measures would probably be the same as for typhus4 ,enteric 7typhoid fever74 ,the bowels' discharges are believed to be the chief1 if not the sole agents in spreading the disease2 the effluvia from them escape into the air1 and will adhere to walls and retain power for some time1 or the discharges themselves may get into drinking-water4 ,every discharge should be at once mixed with a powerful chemical agent2 of these1 chloride and sulphate of zinc have been chiefly used1 but sulphate of copper 7which ,dougall found so useful in stopping the growth of animalcul71 chloride of aluminium1 or strong solution of ferrous sulphate 7#a ounce to a pint of water71 or carbolic acid4 ,after complete mixing the stools must be thrown into sewers in towns2 but this should never be done without previous complete disinfection4 ,in country places they should be deeply buried at a place far removed from any water supply2 they should never be thrown on to manure heaps or on to middens1 nor into earth closets1 if it can be possibly avoided4 ,as the bedclothes and beds are so constantly soiled with the discharges1 they should be baked1 or1 if this cannot be done1 boiled immediately after removal with sulphate or chloride of zinc4 ,it would be less necessary to employ air purifiers in this case than in others4 ,cholera4 ,there can be little doubt that the discharges are here also the active media of the conveyance of the disease1 and their complete disinfection is a matter of the highest importance4 ,it is1 however1 so difficult to do this with the immense discharges of cholera1 especially when there are many patients1 that the evidence of the use of the plan in the last ,european epidemic is very disappointing4 ,the ferrous sulphate 7green vitriol71 which has been strongly recommended by ,pettenkofer as an addition to the cholera evacuations1 was fully tried in #ahff at ,frankfurt1 ,halle1 ,leipzig1 in ,germany1 and at ,pill1 near ,bristol1 and in those cases without any good result4 ,in other places1 as at ,baden1 the benefit was doubtful4 ,it seemed to answer better with ,dr ,budd and ,mr ,davies at ,bristol2 but other substances were also used1 viz4 chlorine gas in the rooms1 and chloride of lime and ,condy's fluid for the linen4 ,on the whole it seems to have been a failure4 ,ferric sulphate1 with or without potassium permanganate1 has been recommended by ,khne instead of ferrous sulphate1 but ,i am not aware of any evidence on the point4 ,carbolic acid was largely used in ,england in #ahff1 and appeared in some cases to be of use1 as at ,pill1 near ,bristol1 and1 perhaps1 at ,southampton4 ,it failed at ,erfurt1 but1 as it is believed the wells were contaminated by soakage1 this is perhaps no certain case4 ,chloride of lime and lime were used at ,stettin without any good result1 and1 on the whole1 it may be said that the so-called disinfection of the discharges of cholera does not seem to have been attended with very marked results4 ,at the same time it cannot be for a moment contended that the plan has had a fair trial1 and we can easily believe that unless there is a full understanding on the part of both medical men and the public of what is to be accomplished by this system1 and a conscientious carrying out of the plan to its minutest details1 no safe opinions of its efficacy or otherwise can be arrived at4 ,it would be desirable to try the effect of chromic acid or bichromate of potash4 ,with regard to air purifiers little evidence exists4 ,chlorine gas diffused in the air was tried very largely in ,austria and ,hungary in #ahcb1 but without any good results4 ,nitrous-acid gas was used in ,malta in #ahfe1 but apparently did not have any decided influences1 although ,ramon da ,luna has asserted that it has a decided preservative effect1 and that no one was attacked in ,madrid who used fumigations of nitrous acid4 ,but negative evidence of this kind is always doubtful4 ,charcoal in bulk appears to have no effect4 ,dr ,sutherland saw a ship's crew severely attacked1 although the ship was loaded with charcoal4 ,carbolic-acid vapour diffused in the atmosphere was largely used in #ahff in ,england2 the liquid was sprinkled about with water1 and sawdust moistened with it was laid on the floors and under the patients4 ,the effect in preventing the spread of the disease was very uncertain4 ,yellow ,fever4 ,in this case the discharges1 especially from the stomach1 probably spread the disease1 and disinfectants must be mixed with them4 ,fumigations of nitrous acid were employed by ,ramon da ,luna1 and it is asserted that no agent was so effectual in arresting the spread of the disease4 ,dysentery4 ,it is well known that dysentery1 and especially the putrid dysentery1 may spread through an hospital from the practice of the same close stool or latrines being used4 ,as long ago as #ahjg1 fumigations of chlorine were used by ,mojon to destroy the emanations from the stools1 and with the best effects4 ,the chlorine was diffused in the air1 and the stools were not disinfected2 but this ought to be done as in enteric fever1 and especially in the sloughing form4 ,it is probable that carbolic acid in large quantity would be efficacious4 ,with respect to ,erysipelas1 ,diphtheria1 ,syphilis1 ,gonorrhoea1 ,glanders1 and ,farcy1 local applications are evidently required1 and carbolic acid in various degrees of strength1 and the metallic salts1 are evidently the best measures4 ,cattle ,plague4 ,the experiments made by ,mr ,crookes on the disinfectant treatment of cattle plague with carbolic acid vapour have an important bearing on human disease4 ,although the observations fall short of demonstration there are grounds for thinking that when the air was kept constantly filled with carbolic acid vapour1 the disease did not spread4 ,so also euchlorine was employed in ,lancashire by ,professor ,stone of ,manchester1 with apparent benefit4 ,dr ,moffat employed ozone 7developed by exposing phosphorus to the air71 and he believes with benefit4 ,as such experiments are very much more easily carried out on the diseases of animals than on those of men1 it is much to be wished that the precise effect of the so-called disinfectants should be tested by continuing the experiments commenced by ,mr ,crookes1 not only in cattle plague in the countries where it prevails1 but in epizootic diseases generally4 ,it may be said1 in conclusion1 that although positive evidence is so deficient1 yet1 taking into consideration the decidedly great and known effect of many so-called disinfectants1 and air-purifiers on organic matters1 and the fact that the infectious organic agencies are certainly easily destroyed in most cases 7since free ventilation renders many of them inert1 and few of them retain their power very long71 it is highly probable that the specific poisons of the so-called zymotic diseases are destroyed by some of these chemical methods1 and at any rate the careful and constant use of chemical agents for the destruction of the specific poisons in the excreta and discharges from the body1 and when they pass into the air1 is not only warranted1 but should be considered comparative4 ,purification of rooms after infectious diseases4 ,in addition to thorough cleansing of all woodwork with soft soap and water1 to which a little carbolic acid has been added 7#a pint of the common liquid to #c or #d gallons of water71 and to removal and washing of all fabrics which can be removed1 the brushing of the walls1 the room should be fumigated for #c hours with either the fumes of sulphurous or nitrous acids4 ,both of these are believed to be superior to chlorine1 especially in smallpox4 ,all doors and windows1 and the chimney being closed1 and curtains taken down1 the sulphur is ignited as directed in our article ,,fumigation4 ,in white-washed rooms the walls should be scraped1 and then washed with hot lime to which carbolic acid is added4 ,mortuaries and dead-houses are best purified with nitrous acid4 ,these directions may be supplemented by the following3--,the towels1 sheets1 articles of clothing1 c41 should be boiled in water1 or plunged in boiling water containing one to two handfuls of soda to the gallon1 before being taken from the room1 after which treatment they should be steeped in water containing #d fluid ounces of carbolic acid to a gallon of water4 ,fabrics soiled by the discharges1 c41 such as rags1 bandages1 and dressings1 if of little value should be immediately consigned to the flames2 but if this be not convenient1 they may be treated with carbolic acid and water1 in the same manner as directed for towels1 sheets1 c4 ,as soon as any infectious disease sets in1 the room of the patient should be at once stripped of curtains1 carpet1 bed-curtains1 valances1 and all unnecessary garments1 whether in a wardrobe or drawers1 as well as of all superfluous furniture1 especially chairs stuffed with wool or covered with fabric of any kind4 ,disinfections of the apartment by fumigations must be postponed until it is vacated2 as before such a time thorough disinfection is impossible4 ,infected bedding1 c41 should be removed in the boxes made for the purpose1 and subjected to the heating process4 ,in most towns provision is made by the ,board of ,guardians1 and under the directions of the medical officer of health1 for the disinfection process to be efficiently carried out4 ,see ,,disinfecting ,,chambers4 ,the disinfection of articles of food is accomplished by thorough cooking1 boiling in the case of milk1 boiling and filtration in the case of water1 and complete roasting1 stewing1 and frying of meat4 ,the experiments of ,mr ,crookes 7to which reference has been made in the extract taken from ,dr ,parkes' ',practical ,hygine'7 with carbolic acid during the cattle plague possess great practical interest both for the chemist and physiologist4 ,of the use of carbolic acid as a disinfectant ,mr ,crookes1 in the ,appendix to the ,report of the ,cattle ,plague ,commissioners1 writes as follows3 ,according to the principles laid down1 the air must be treated1 and where there is no disease there is only a secondary use in treating anything besides the air4 ,several cowhouses have been treated with carbolic acid with very excellent results4 ,the mode has been1 first1 to remove from the floor the mass of manure1 which too often adheres to it2 secondly1 to sprinkle the floor with strong carbolic or cresylic acid2 next1 to wash the walls1 beams1 and rafters1 and all that is visible in the cowhouse1 with lime1 in which is put some carbolic acid1 #a to #ej of the water used1 or with strong carbolic acid alone4 ,next1 to make a solution containing #a of carbolic or cresylic acid to #ajj of water1 or1 perhaps still better1 #fj of water1 and to water the yard and fold until the whole place smells strongly of the acid4 ,only a few farms have been treated in this way1 so far as ,i know1 but in each it has been successful4 ,it may be well to give the cattle a little of the weak solution of carbolic acid1 but this has not been so fully tried as the external use4 ,the washing of the mouth and of the entire animal with the weak solution may be attended with good results1 especially in the early stage of disease2 but ,i know nothing of cure1 and speak only hopefully of prevention4 ,the animals seem to have an instinct for disinfection1 and lick substances touched with this acid4 ,they must not be allowed to drink it1 as when strong it blisters the skin1 and especially the mouth and tongue4 ,mr ,crookes also tried the effect of the acid by injecting it into the veins of the animals1 and thus details the results of his experiments3--,it appeared evident that if harm were to follow the injection of carbolic acid1 the mischievous effect would be immediate2 but that if the fluid could pass through the heart without exerting its paralysing action on that organ1 and could get into the circulation1 no present ill effects need be anticipated4 ,i therefore determined to push these experiments as far as possible1 increasing the quantity of carbolic acid1 until it produced a fatal result4 ,the next operation was on cow ,no4 #aa1 in which #c oz4 of solution 7containing #eb-a_/b gr4 of pure carbolic acid7 were very slowly injected2 no bad effect followed4 ,increasing the dose1 cow ,no4 #ab had injected into her vein #d-a_/b oz4 of solution 7equal to #gh-c_/d gr4 of carbolic acid72 this also was followed by no immediate ill effect4 ,cow ,no4 #ac was then treated with #f oz4 of solution 7containing #aje gr4 of pure carbolic acid71 in two portions of #c oz4 each1 five minutes' interval elapsing between each injection4 ,the first #c oz4 produced a slight trembling1 but not so severe as in the case of cow ,no4 #aj1 as she seemed better in a few minutes4 ,the second dose of #c oz4 was injected4 ,this proved too much1 or was pumped in too hurriedly1 for almost before ,i had finished the animal trembled violently1 its eyes projected1 its breathing became laborious1 it fell down and expired4 ,the result could scarcely be attributed to the accidental injection of air into the vein1 for the distress began with the injection of the first syringeful1 and was only increased by the second2 nor is it likely that this accident would happen twice consecutively4 ,i was particularly careful on this point1 and the construction of the instrument rendered such an occurrence scarcely possible with ordinary precaution4 ,it is probable that the injection was performed too rapidly1 or that the vital powers were lower than usual4 ,in the case of the remaining animal1 ,no4 #ad1 ,i decided to inject as large a dose as it would bear1 stopping the operation at the first sign of trembling1 and delivering the liquid very gradually4 ,the first syringeful caused no bad symptoms1 and ,i had just finished injecting the second dose when trembling commenced4 ,it was rather violent for a short time1 but soon went off1 and in five minutes the animal appeared as well as before4 ,this cow1 therefore1 bore without inconvenience the injection of #f oz4 of a #d per cent4 solution1 containing #aje gr4 of pure carbolic acid4 ,careful observations with the thermometer were taken before each operation4 ,there were no more diseased beasts on the farm1 or ,i should have carried my experiments still further4 ,on visiting the farm the next day ,i was told that all the animals seemed better1 and on testing them with the thermometer that statement was confirmed4 ,i gave directions that each animal was to be drenched with half a wine-glassful 7#a oz47 of carbolic acid in a quart of warm water every morning1 but in other respects they might be treated as ,mr ,tomlinson1 a skilful cow doctor1 should direct4 ,business now calling me to ,london1 ,i was unable to watch the further progress of these cases4 ,this is to be regretted1 as a series of daily thermometric observations would have been of great value in suggesting further experiments4 ,i had1 however1 frequent accounts sent me4 ,cow ,no4 #ad continued to improve slowly until convalescent2 she is now quite well4 ,nos4 #aj1 #aa1 and #ab remained apparently in the same state for four days2 they then changed for the worse1 and died4 ,it is not improbable that had ,i been able to inject a further quantity of carbolic acid during the four days in which they were thus hovering between recovery and relapse1 it would have turned the scale1 and some of them at all events would be now alive and well4 ,the following table gives the thermometric observations2-- ,table showing the results of injecting carbolic acid into the blood of animals suffering from the cattle plague4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,grains of ,temperature ,no4 ,carbolic before ,second ,third ,acid ,injection ,day4 ,day4 ,injected4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,f4 ,f4 #aj #bf-a_/b #ajed #ajch ,better4 ,died on #fth day4 #aa #eb-a_/b #ajch #ajbh ,died on #fth day4 #ab #gh-c_/d #ajdh #ajdd ,died on #fth day4 #ad #aje #ajcg #ajca ,recovered4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,if future experiments prove that injection of carbolic acid or other antiseptic will do good1 it is an operation very easily performed4 ,i have injected five animals1 and taken thermometric observations within an hour4 ,sulphite or bisulphite of soda apparently occasions some pain1 as the animals struggle very much2 with carbolic acid ,i found them tolerably quiet4 ,i have calculated the proportion which the carbolic acid bore to the whole quantity of blood in these operations4 ,taking the whole amount of blood in the animal at #aej lbs41 there were injected into-- ,no4 #aj1 #a part of carb4 acid1 in #dj1jjj of blood4 #aa1 #bj1jjj #ab1 #ac1cjj #ad1 #aj1jjj ,it is worth mentioning incidentally1 that in the case of cow ,no4 #ad 7which recovered7 the proportion of carbolic acid injected into the blood would have been enough to keep from decomposition the whole quantity of that liquid for a considerable time4 ,in ,nos4 #aj1 #aa1 and #ab the proportion of carbolic acid would probably not have been sufficient for that purpose4 ,i am informed by ,dr ,calvert that cresylic acid has much less coagulating power on albumen than carbolic acid1 and my own experiments entirely confirm this statement4 ,we have described under ,,charcoal the disinfecting properties of that substance4 ,these properties have been turned to excellent account by ,dr ,stenhouse1 who has invented a charcoal respirator1 which1 causing the wearer to breathe air drawn through a layer of that substance1 and by thus depriving the air so inspired of any noxious gases or exhalations1 if present1 becomes1 if worn in an infected atmosphere1 a great safeguard against disease4 ,dr ,letheby was accustomed to use a charcoal respirator when analysing dead bodies and other putrid matters of suspected poisoning1 and by so doing never experienced any ill effects1 nor was he conscious of the offensive odour which but for its adoption he must have encountered4 ,professor ,tyndall has suggested for the same purpose a respirator of cotton wool1 by means of which the air1 being filtered before it enters the lungs1 becomes deprived of minute particles of various substances suspended in it1 as well as of the germs1 which so many pathologists believe to be always present during the prevalence of epidemic maladies1 and the cause1 when inhaled1 of the maladies themselves4 ,,disinfecting ,,chambers4 ,the sanitary authorities of most large cities have made provision for the purification of mattresses1 linen1 wearing apparel1 c41 by means of disinfecting chambers or ovens1 in which receptacles the infected articles are subjected for a certain time to hot air4 ,the simplest form of apparatus for this purpose1 and one that could be used on an emergency1 provided the articles to be disinfected were not too bulky1 is a baker's oven4 ,the drying closet of a good laundry would be so far unsafe1 because it would occasionally fail to give a heat sufficient for the destruction of the noxious principles4 ,the disinfecting chambers employed in ,liverpool are arched ovens of solid brickwork1 having a depth of #g feet from front to back1 a width of #e feet from side to side1 and a height of #f-a_/b feet from the floor to the crown of the arch4 ,the doors are made of wrought iron1 tightly fitting into cast-iron framework4 ,the floors are made of double iron gratings1 having alternate openings1 so arranged as to admit at pleasure hot air into the chamber4 ,at the top of the arch there is an opening fitted with an iron valve1 by which the air of the chamber escapes into an exhausting shaft which is connected with the chimney4 ,the heating is accomplished by means of a cast-iron cockle1 the smoke from which escapes by two cast-iron smoke flues1 which1 after forming a coil for the purpose of affording as great a heating surface as possible1 pass along the hot-air passage under the chamber1 into a chimney situated at the opposite end4 ,the cold air is drawn into a brick flue placed underneath the floor of the stokehole into a cavity on each side of the cockle1 and thence into a space underneath the chamber1 whence it becomes heated by the radiation from the surface of the two cast iron flues4 ,from this cavity or passage it is conveyed at will through the gratings as already described4 ,at the entrance of the cold air flue there is a damper1 by which the temperature of the air may be regulated4 ,a heat equal to #bhj ,f4 has been registered in this chamber1 and as high as #chj in a drying closet over the cockle4 ,dr ,french1 the medical officer of health for ,liverpool1 says that1 if necessary1 a temperature reaching #ejj ,f4 can be attained in these chambers2 but this temperature is of course never employed4 ,experience has proved that from #bbj to #bej ,f4 is the most suitable4 ,instances have been known where fabrics1 after being exposed for some length of time to a temperature above #bab ,f41 have sustained injury from being scorched4 ,in some of the chambers1 carbolic acid powder is sprinkled on the floor4 ,we have taken the liberty of transcribing the following description and plates illustrative of the disinfecting stove used in the ,royal ,victoria ,yard1 ,deptford1 from that very useful publication1 ',chemistry1 ,theoretical1 ,practical1 and ,analytical1' published by ,mr ,w4 ,mackenzie4 ,this stove consists of a brick chamber with a slightly arched roof1 and an iron movable floor in two pieces4 ,the chamber is #g feet deep1 #f feet #i inches wide1 and #e feet #h-a_/b inches high in the centre of the arch4 ,it is heated by a flue below the iron floor passing round #c sides of the chamber and up a chimney4 ,there is an opening in the upper part of the chamber in its centre1 which passes along in the roof to the side1 from thence down in the wall entering beneath the fire2 this carries away any of the foul air of the clothes from the chamber through the fire and up the flue4 ,this proceeding takes place after the clothes have been in the chamber say an hour and a half in the following manner3--,the damper in the foul air shaft is withdrawn1 and the furnace door is shut2 any draught that gets to the fire comes to the chamber4 ,over the opening into the furnace is a square opening1 fitted with a glass1 inside of which is a fixed thermometer4 ,when this shows a temperature of #bjj ,f41 the interior of the chamber is at #bej ,f41 the highest point at which it is allowed to be4 ,in the interior of the chamber at the sides there are little movable cranes1 three rows of three supporting rods of iron on which wooden trays rest1 and on which the clothes are placed when the iron cart is not used4 ,the cranes move fore and aft to be out of the way when the cart is used4 ,the cart is of iron on wheels1 and runs into the chamber on tramways to keep it in position2 in the interior of the cart are three iron trays for laying the clothes on4 ,the lowest tray is always the hottest1 so that it is prudent to use the cart1 the iron bottom of which prevents burning4 ,the iron ends of the cart are removed when it is placed in the chamber2 so is the handle4 ,it is usual to keep the clothes at the temperature of #bej ,f4 for two hours4 ,there is a trap door #h inches square about #ad inches above the upper edge of the furnace1 and on a level with the iron floor of the chamber1 for disinfectants4 ,carbolic acid and sulphur are used2 the former is placed on a flat plate1 the latter is sprinkled over the floor4 ,these are used as the last1 and after that has been the clothes are fit to be used without danger to any one4 ,elevation plan 7fig4 #e7 shows the front of the chamber with the doors closed2 the openings 7,nos4 #a1 #b1 and #c7 are for inserting the long thermometer1 which is pushed into the clothing to be disinfected2 they correspond with the three trays4 ,the thermometer can be withdrawn and examined without allowing much cold air to enter2 plugs fit into these three openings when not used for the thermometer4 ,illustration ,section4--,the chamber is shown about the centre of its depth2 the foul-air shaft 7,b7 passes along the roof down the side wall1 and beneath the fire 7,c72 the opening where the fixed thermometer is placed is marked with dotted lines4 ,the damper for the foul-air shaft 7,e7 is represented as shut1 and the damper for the chimney 7,f7 is also shut4 ,illustration ,the ground plan shows the flue beneath the iron plates1 which form the floor of the chamber1 the dotted lines showing the foul-air flue 7,b71 as it passes beneath the fire4 ,in the flue 7,c7 there are openings at ,d1 ,d1 ,d1 for the purpose of cleaning it4 ,illustration ,another form of disinfecting chamber is that invented by ,dr ,esse1 of ,berlin1 and employed in that city4 ,the apparatus consists of two iron cylinders1 one fitted within the other1 with a space between1 into which steam under pressure is introduced4 ,the outer cylinder is surrounded with wood and the top with felt1 to prevent the escape of heat4 ,the articles to be disinfected are put in at the top of the inner cylinder1 the inside of which soon becomes heated up by the surrounding steam4 ,a pulley is used to lift the lid of the inner cylinder1 around which the clothes are hung on pegs1 not being allowed to touch the side of the cylinder4 ,at the top of the inside cylinder is a brass box pierced with holes at the bottom1 which dips a little way down1 through which the air from the interior can rise4 ,in this box the bulb of a thermometer being placed1 the temperature of the inner chamber can be registered4 ,when the steam condenses in the space between the cylinders it is carried off by means of a valve1 which is lifted when the water reaches a certain point in the condenser4 ,in an hour's time the temperature of the interior cylinder can be raised to #bce ,fahr4 ,for heating mattresses another apparatus has been devised by ,dr ,esse4 ,it consists of an iron case with a spiral steam pipe in the centre1 the steam inside the pipe being compressed to two atmospheres4 ,dr ,ransome has invented1 for the use of the ,nottingham hospital1 a gas stove in the form of an iron box1 well packed with a non-conducting material1 which surrounds the outside4 ,a channel leads to the interior of the box1 and inside this channel gas is kept burning in such a manner by a modification of ,kemp's regulator1 that the temperature of the box shall range day and night between #bce and #bee ,fahr4 ,an apparatus put to great use by the ,holborn ,district ,board during the epidemic of smallpox in #ahga was one made by ,fraser's patent4 ,mr ,fraser's disinfecting chamber consists of an oven or receptacle made of brick1 with doors in front4 ,situated on the lower portion of this chamber is a covered furnace connected with flues1 by means of which the interior space is heated to the desired temperature4 ,by a particular arrangement the air laden with the noxious vapours given off by the tainted clothing is conveyed into the furnace1 and so consumed4 ,belonging to the apparatus is a covered truck or cart1 fitted with doors and dampers1 and provided inside with racks and shelves for holding the materials to be purified1 which are thus brought from the infected dwelling and placed1 truck and all1 inside the chamber4 ,the infected materials1 as well as the truck containing them1 are then heated to the necessary point1 disinfection being assisted by sulphurous acid gas1 or some other material adapted for the purpose4 ,when the process is finished the carriage with its contents is drawn back to the house from which they were originally taken1 and the purified articles are restored to the owners4 ,it will be seen that by this arrangement the vehicle is disinfected as well as the clothes it contains4 ,,disloca',,tion4 ,syn4 ,,luxation2 ,,dislocatio1 ,l4 ,the forcible displacement of a bone from its socket1 either by violence or disease4 ,the latter happens when the textures forming the joint have been destroyed by some independent organic affection4 ,a considerable share of anatomical knowledge is required to detect the nature of these accidents2 and it is much to be lamented that students neglect to inform themselves sufficiently on the subject4 7,sir ,a4 ,cooper47 ,in common cases the bones may be frequently replaced by forcibly extending the limb4 ,this should be done as early as possible1 and before inflammation sets in4 ,the latter should be combated by aperients1 local bleeding1 refrigerant lotions1 c4 ,dislocations frequently exist without the fact being suspected1 the swelling and inflammation being referred to other causes4 ,,displace',,ment4 ,see ,,percolation4 ,,distem',,per4 ,a disease among dogs1 usually characterised by a running from the nose and eyes1 and a short dry cough2 followed by wasting of the flesh1 and loss of strength and spirits4 ,at length the brain suffers1 and fits1 paralysis of the extremities1 or convulsions come on4 ,laxatives and emetics are the best remedies4 ,if there is much diarrhoea1 astringents may be afterwards given4 ,the violence of the fits may be mitigated by the administration of antispasmodics1 and by the warm bath4 ,the distemper is a contagious disease1 and is generally fatal to weakly and very young dogs4 ,fits in the advanced stages of the disease are seldom followed by recovery4 ,impatience of light1 red eyes1 obstinate diarrhoea1 spasmodic twitchings1 a yellow colour of the skin1 and a pustular eruption1 are also bad symptoms4 ,distemper ,powders 7,blane's74 ,the basis of these is said to be 'aurum musivum1' or bisulphide of tin4 ,that of another advertised nostrum is a mixture of mercury and chalk1 with a little rhubarb and ipecacuanha4 ,,distilla',,tion4 ,the evaporation and subsequent condensation of the vapour of fluids1 by means of a still and refrigerator1 or other similar apparatus4 ,,dry ,,distillation is a term applied to the distillation of substances per se1 or without the addition of water or other volatile fluid4 ,,destructive ,,distillation is the distillation of substances at temperatures sufficiently high to decompose them1 by which their elements are separated1 or evolved in new combinations4 ,,fractional ,,distillation is the separation of substances having different boiling-points1 by distilling the mixture with a gradually increasing heat1 and collecting the products which come over at different temperatures in separate receivers4 ,see ,,hydrocarbon1 ,,still1 c4 ,distillation4 ,the art of the distiller2 the manufacture of spirituous liquors as practised on the large scale4 ,the process of distillation1 as carried on in the distilleries of ,great ,britain1 may be divided into four general operations1 viz4--#a4 ,the mashing1 or formation of a saccharine infusion from certain vegetable matters1 as malt1 barley1 oats1 rye1 c4 #b4 ,the cooling of this wort or liquor4 #c4 ,the fermentation1 or process by which the sugar of the cooled wort is converted into alcohol4 #d4 ,the separation of the spirit so formed by means of a still and refrigerator4 ,by the first operation the materials for the formation of the alcohol are obtained2 by the second1 they are brought to a temperature most favorable to the transformation that takes place in the third1 after which it only remains to free the product of the last operation from the foreign matter with which it is associated2 this is done in the fourth1 which1 correctly speaking1 constitutes the only part of the process which can be called distillation4 ,the general principles of the first three of the preceding operations are noticed in the articles ,,brewing1 ,,fermentation1 c4 ,it will there be seen that the amylaceous or starchy matter of the grain is first 'saccharified1' and afterwards converted into alcohol1 and that certain precautions are necessary to render the process successful and economical4 ,in many of the distilleries of ,great ,britain molasses and analogous saccharine substances are employed1 in which case the vegetable principle 7sugar7 essential to the formation of alcohol is already present1 and merely requires simple solution in water of a proper temperature1 to be ready to be subjected to immediate fermentation4 ,in general1 however1 the sources of spirit in ,england are the various kinds of grain2 barley1 rye1 maize1 and rice are those commonly employed4 ,these are ground and mixed with bruised malt1 in various proportions1 and are mashed in a similar manner to malted grain4 ,the fermentation is carried on until the density of the liquor ceases to lessen or 'attenuate1' which is determined by an instrument called a saccharometer4 ,when this point is arrived at1 the 'wash' is submitted to distillation1 to prevent the access of the acetous fermentation1 which would lessen its alcoholic value4 ,during the process of distilling off the spirit of the fermented 'wash' or 'wort' a hydrometer is employed to ascertain the 'strength' of the liquor that passes over4 ,as soon as this has fallen to a certain point1 the operation is stopped1 and the 'spent wash' removed4 ,the spirits obtained by the first distillation are generally called 'low wines1' and have a specific gravity of about #ige4 ,by rectification or 'doubling1' a crude milky spirit1 abounding in oil1 at first comes over1 followed by clear spirit1 which is received in a separate vessel4 ,the process is continued until the alcoholic content of the distilled liquor has considerably diminished1 when the remaining weak spirit that distils over1 called 'faints1' is caught separately1 and mixed with the low wines preparatory to another distillation4 ,the strongest spirit passes over first1 and the condensed liquor gradually becomes weaker1 until it ceases to contain alcohol4 ,by receiving in separate vessels any given portion of the product1 spirit of any required strength1 within certain limits1 may be obtained4 ,the same object is more conveniently effected by surrounding the top of the capital of the still with a water bath1 of a temperature corresponding to that of alcoholic vapour of the strength it is desired to obtain4 ,thus1 if we keep the temperature of the water at about #aih ,fahr41 we shall obtain proof spirit2 if at #aib1 a spirit #bj o4 p42 and so on for other strengths4 ,it is found from experience1 and is readily accounted for by theory1 that the lower the temperature at which the distillation is conducted1 the stronger will be the product1 and the less quantity of oil or other volatile matter will come over along with it4 ,to promote this1 it has been proposed to carry on the process in vacuo1 but on the large scale this has never been adopted4 ,the distillation of the wash is usually performed in a separate set of stills to those employed for the rectification of the low wines4 ,for very strong and tasteless spirit1 a third and even a fourth rectification is employed1 conjointly with other methods1 to abstract the water and to remove any foreign matter that vitiates its odour or flavour4 ,a portion of soap is generally put into the still with the wash1 to prevent excessive frothing4 ,we have said that the processes of mashing1 c41 in the distillery are similar to those adopted in brewing beer4 ,we may add that1 as richness in alcohol1 and not flavour1 is the object aimed at in the distiller's wash1 not only is a large quantity of unmalted grain employed1 but the process of boiling the wort with hops is omitted altogether4 ,the wort is commonly 'set' at #gj ,fahr41 and the fermentation and attenuation of the liquor pushed as far as possible by large and repeated doses of the best 'top-yeast' of the porter brewers4 ,it often happens that raw spirit prepared from damaged grain is contaminated with a highly acrid and volatile fatty substance1 which is powerfully intoxicating and irritating to the eyes and nostrils1 and possesses an odour very similar to that of an alcoholic solution of cyanogen4 ,this may be got rid of by dilution with water and skilful rectification1 when most of it passes over with the first and last 'runnings1' the intermediate portion being less loaded with it4 ,another plan is to filter the spirit successively through #f or #g separate vessels containing pine or willow charcoal before rectifying it4 ,in some distilleries the contaminated spirit is well agitated with a considerable quantity of olive oil1 and after repose decanted1 diluted with water1 and rectified as before4 ,the ordinary corn oil or fusel oil of raw spirit is generally1 for the most part1 intercepted by a self-regulating bath arranged between the still-head and the refrigeratory4 ,the quantity of spirit obtained from various substances1 and even from pure sugar1 depends upon the skill with which the several operations are conducted4 ,by theory1 pure sugar should yield #ea of alcohol2 but in practice #aaibe galls4 of proof spirit is the largest quantity which has yet been obtained from #aab lbs4 of sugar4 ,by the revenue authorities this weight of sugar is estimated to afford #aa-a_/b galls4 of proof spirit4 ,the average product is1 perhaps1 about #a gall4 of spirit of this strength for every #aj lbs4 of sugar4 ,according to ,harmstdt1 #ajj lbs4 of starch yield #ce lbs4 of alcohol1 or #gh galls4 of proof spirit2 and #ajj lbs4 of the following grains produce the accompanying quantities by weight of spirit of sp4 gr4 #idbg1 or containing #de of pure alcohol3--wheat1 #dj to #de2 rye1 #cf to #db2 barley1 #dj2 oats1 #cf2 buckwheat1 #dj2 maize1 #dj2 the mean being #cdg galls4 of proof spirit4 ,it is found that a bushel of good malt yields #b galls4 of proof spirit1 and that the largest quantity of proof spirit obtained from raw grain1 mashed with #a_/e or #a_/f of malt1 does not exceed #bb galls4 per quarter4 ,the distiller is allowed to produce worts from any substance1 and at any specific gravity1 provided such gravity can be correctly ascertained by the saccharometer approved of by the ,board of ,inland ,revenue4 ,he is not1 however1 allowed to mash and distil at the same time4 ,see ,,alcohol1 ,,brandy1 ,,fermentation1 ,,fusel ,,oil1 ,,gin1 ,,still1 c4 ,,distomata4 ,a genus of fluke-like parasites infesting men and the higher vertebrate animals4 ,the egg is about the #a_/bhjth of an inch long and #a_/bgjth inch wide4 ,illustration ,the embryo is frequently met with in sewage water1 from which1 if it be removed and placed in pure or distilled water1 it soon dies4 ,the embryo which does not become a distoma gives rise to a progeny 7gradually formed from germ-cells within it7 consisting sometimes of one1 but much more often of a number of bodies of various forms and structures1 each of which possesses powers of movement and locomotion4 ,but the creatures of this second development are not distomata2 neither are the offspring to which they in their turn give rise4 ,like their immediate progenitors1 this offspring produce in their interior germ-cells which develop into minute worms having tails1 and displaying great vivacity when placed in water4 ,these latter alone exhibit the characters of true distomata4 ,these cercaria now either become enclosed1 like a chrysalis in a pupa state1 or they penetrate into the bodies of soft animals1 become encysted and parasitic4 ,it appears probable that the distomata enter the human intestinal canal as cercaria1 and then pass into the biliary passages4#bfj ,footnote #bfj3 ,blyth4 ,a case is on record of two distomata having been extracted from the foot of a woman1 into which it has been surmised they gained an entrance as cercaria whilst the woman was bathing4 ,it is thought that shell-fish1 as well as uncooked fish when eaten1 may be the means of introducing these parasites into the human system4 ,the embryos of the ,distomata hepaticum swim about and live in water1 which may probably1 when drunk1 be the means of conveying them into the bodies of men and sheep4 ,the ailments and symptoms to which these pests give rise depend upon the particular organ or portion of the body in which they establish themselves4 ,in man they are a frequent cause of hmaturia and dysentery4 ,in sheep they occasion fearful mortality1 giving rise to the disease known as 'the rot1' and killing thousands of flocks annually4 ,the number of species affecting men are usually enumerated as nine--viz4 ,fasciola hepatica1 ,distoma crassum1 ,d4 lanceolatum1 ,d4 ophthalmobium1 ,d4 heterophyes1 ,bilharzia hmatopia1 ,tetrastoma renale1 ,hexathrydium renarum1 and ,h4 pinguicola4#bfa ,footnote #bfa3 ,blyth4 ,,distortions4 ,in treating of this subject we shall confine ourselves to those distortions which are preventable--or rather1 we may say1 of two out of the three which will be discussed1 which are voluntary4 ,one very common form of bodily distortion is crooked or curved spine4 ,it is mostly met with in young girls of from ten to sixteen years of age2 and first shows itself either in the elevation of one shoulder above the other1 or in a growing out of one of the shoulder blades1 or of one side of the bosom beyond the other4 ,the elevated shoulder is generally the right one4 ,at the same time the right side of the chest is unnaturally high1 and rounded2 whilst the opposite or left shoulder and chest are on the contrary depressed and concave4 ,very frequently these conditions are accompanied by a projection of the left hip1 and a curving inwards of the loins on the right side4 ,with persons so afflicted the spine presents an appearance that has not inaptly been compared to a long italic f4 ,spinal curvature arises from a weakened state of the muscles1 ligaments1 and bones of the backbone4 ,it is most frequently met with in those whose occupation compels them to stand the greater part of the day2 as well as in persons who pass many hours at the desk or at needlework4 ,spinal curvature is also common in young fragile girls acting as nursemaids1 and as such unduly subjected to carrying heavy infants on one side4 ,amongst the children of the poor1 those of tender years are much too frequently put to this objectionable form of drudgery4 ,any one's recollections of a walk through a poor neighbourhood will enable them to call to mind many instances they must have seen of smaller babes being nursed by larger ones4 ,those subjected to too long standing1 no doubt because the posture affords them relief1 unconsciously contract the habit of frequently standing on the right leg--of standing at ease on it1 as it is called--and at the same time of bending the left knee a little2 and since this position causes the right shoulder to be raised1 and the left side of the pelvis to be thrown out of its place1 it will be evident from what has been already said that1 if persisted in1 it will end in distorting the spine in the manner above indicated4 ,illustration ,the same results will also follow in those other cases1 such for instance as in too long an application at the desk or at the needle1 as well as the carrying for an undue length of time a heavy child in the arms2 these all being occupations in which one side of the body is subjected to an undue and unequal strain over the other4 ,why one-sided postures should cause distortion must be evident1 when it is considered that the intervertebral substance is compressible to such an extent that an adult man of middle stature loses about an inch of his height after having been in the erect posture during the day1 and does not regain it till after some hours of rest4 ,since the united thickness of the intervertebral substance in an adult man is about #chge inches1 we see that they lose nearly one fourth by compression1 which they do not recover till after some hours of rest4 ,but if the weight of the body falls unequally on the spine day after day1 it must be evident that they will become compressed on one side more than the other2 and that if their elasticity be impaired1 and the muscles and ligaments be weak1 and the bones soft1 as they are in young persons who have not a sufficiency of fresh air1 wholesome food and active exercise1 this lateral distortion will become permanent4#bfb ,footnote #bfb3 ,dr ,druitt4 ,another cause tending to distortion of the spine is the foolish habit of using corsets1 a practice which contributes to weaken the dorsal muscles4 ,when the shoulders are continually supported by a corset1 the dorsal muscles upon which the support ought to fall have their functions usurped by the corset1 and hence fail to receive their proper development1 and consequently lose their power2 the result being an inability on the part of the body to support itself without the corset1 and a sinking and bending of the spine when it is removed4 ,in boys1 who never wear corsets1 spinal curvature is rarely met with4 ,in girls1 who do1 it is constantly to be found4 ,to guard against spinal distortions1 bad and awkward positions of the body should1 wherever possible1 be prohibited4 ,amongst the prejudicial postures indulged in by the young1 we have already mentioned the habit of standing on one leg and of carrying heavy loads on one side of the body4 ,to these may be added the habit of lying crooked in bed1 and that of young girls spending a long time in a constrained position in dressing their own hair4 ,every one-sided motion may lead to distortion if it be frequently repeated1 and the tendency once existing1 the evil grows day by day4 ,the use of corsets should be strenuously discountenanced4 ,the early detection of spinal distortion is a matter of considerable importance4 ,hence the advisability of mothers1 nurses1 governesses1 and other guardians of children or young girls1 frequently examining the bodies of their charges to note if they present any of the peculiarities we have indicated at the commencement of this article4 ,should any of these develop themselves1 aid should immediately be sought of a skilful medical practitioner4 ,dr ,lewis ,sayre1 in his work ',spinal ,disease and ,spinal ,curvature' says3--,the great object in the treatment of ,pott's disease is to maintain rest of the affected part by such means as will not debar the patient from the benefits of fresh air1 sunlight1 and change of scene4 ,the patient should not be permitted to assume the upright position before he has been fitted with some artificial support capable of removing all pressure from the bodies of the diseased vertebr4 ,this object may be obtained by straightening the spinal column in such a manner that the weight of the body is borne by the transverse processes and not by the bodies of the vertebr4 ,acting on these principles1 ,dr ,sayre partially envelopes the patient in a jacket of plaster of ,paris1 surrounding the body from the pelvis to the axill4 ,although ,dr ,sayre's work is almost entirely devoted to a much more serious affection of spinal curvature than that treated of here--viz4 posterior angular curvature1 in which actual disease of the bones of the vertebr is concerned--his treatment is no less applicable to the milder form of distortion to which our remarks have been directed4 ,dr ,sayre himself states that #cjj cases have been treated by his method with very signal success1 and very many eminent surgeons bear testimony to the soundness of the principles concerned in it4 ,for the details of its application consult the author's work before alluded to4 ,serious as are the effects very frequently arising from spinal curvature1 amongst which may be included lameness1 lung disease1 and inability to perform the functions of maternity2 still worse results in addition to the two last of these ensue in the case of a persistence in another form of distortion1 which is none the less dangerous because it is voluntary4 ,the distortion to which we refer is that caused by the practice of tightlacing4 ,foremost among the conditions absolutely essential for the preservation of health and bodily well-being1 is the due performance of the function of the lungs1 heart1 liver1 kidneys1 stomach and other important organs4 ,the object of the ribs within which most of these organs are more or less wholly contained is to protect these latter from external pressure1 and therefore injury2 as well as to allow them unimpeded and unrestricted action4 ,to ensure this freedom of movement for the parts and organs within the ribs1 it will be evident that every possible obstacle tending in any degree to compress them1 or circumscribe their limits should be especially avoided4 ,instead of the avoidance of such dangers1 however1 what course do the silly votaries and dupes of that most senseless and remorseless of all tyrants--,fashion--pursue8 ,one the very reverse2 and which is opposed1 not only to personal comfort and common sense1 but1 since it mars nature's outlines1 to symmetry and our proper canons of the grace of the female figure4 ,by means of corsets1 tight stays1 and other implements of torture the ribs are pressed inwards to such an extent that all the conditions we have insisted on as essential to health are imperilled1 and eventually become overthrown4 ,now1 this mischievous and unnatural pressure exerted on the stomach pushes that organ out of its proper position1 and in doing so forces the diaphragm also out of its place2 a disturbance which so curtails the space in which the movements of the lungs and the heart are performed1 that if the pernicious custom be persevered in these latter organs become seriously and incurably diseased4 ,the liver also shares in the damage inflicted1 and frequently becomes incapable of discharging its office4 ,the very much larger number of young women than of young men who die of consumption is undoubtedly referable to the fact that a large proportion of the majority are the victims of tightlacing4 ,nor is it difficult to understand why this should be1 since we know that if the lungs are prevented exercising their full powers of expansion1 unnaturally diminished function will set up disease in them1 which1 if there be a predisposition1 will probably be consumption4 ,this cause also1 by preventing the blood becoming properly oxygenated1 gives rise to a large class of disorders due to impurity of the vital fluid4 ,organic disease of the heart is by no means an uncommon contingency if tightlacing be persevered in2 for that organ is not allowed room to beat1 nor the blood to circulate4 ,one effect of this is seen in frequent fainting fits4 ,again1 tightlacing not infrequently stops the growth and arrests the development of a young girl's mamm1 thus seriously incapacitating her from suckling her babe when she becomes a mother4 ,it also indirectly has a very prejudicial effect upon health by preventing its votaries from taking sufficient walking exercise2 free bodily movement with accompanying expansion of the lungs becomes impossible with those encased in a vice of unyielding armour1 such as constitutes pestilent stays and corsets4 ,amongst the minor evils wrought by the baleful custom1 we may mention indigestion 7for the pressure of the stays weakens the stomach1 and sets up this troublesome complaint71 with its accompaniments of flatulence1 heartburn1 pain in the chest1 c4 ,constipation is also another of its attendant ills2 so also are bad breath and a red nose4 ,i recollect ,dr ,a4 ,todd ,thomson1 in his excellent lectures1 relating a case he had attended where a young lady appeared to be dying from the evil effects of tightlacing4 ,he cut open her stays and she gradually came to herself4 ,if the worthy doctor had not quickly done what he did1 she would soon have been a corpse6 ,dr ,thomson has kindly favoured me with the following interesting particulars of the case for publication3#bfc--',some years since ,i was requested to hasten to a house not far from my own to see a lady who had fallen from her chair in a fit whilst eating her dinner4 ,on being ushered to the drawing room of the house where the circumstance had taken place1 ,i saw a lady lying upon a sofa1 apparently dead1 and several ladies hanging over the couch in great distress4 ,i found little appearance of life except that the temperature of the body was natural2 the pulse had ceased to beat1 and no respiratory action could be detected4 ,on laying my hand over the region of the heart1 ,i felt that the stays were extremely tightly laced2 and conceiving that the suspension of animation arose from that cause1 ,i requested a penknife to be given me1 with which ,i instantly ripped down the stays and gown4 ,in an instant the chest dilated1 on the binding matter giving way1 which was almost like splitting an overbraced drum2 and in a few seconds respiration recommenced and animation returned4 ,in this case the waist was drawn in to a degree that gave a complete hour-glass appearance to the figure1 and prevented the descent of the diaphragm1 whilst the blood could not circulate1 or be renewed in the lungs from the general obstruction of many of the cells and smaller tubes4 ,the quantity of residual air also in the lungs was too small2 and this was still diminished by the warmth of some soup1 which the lady was eating when she fell from the chair1 dilating the gas in her stomach1 and consequently pressing that enlarged organ upwards on the lungs4 ,had ,i not lived close by1 the time necessary to get medical aid from a greater distance might have rendered it unavailable4' ,the above narrative by ,dr ,thomson is valuable not only as illustrating the dangers arising from tightlacing1 but also as emphasizing the rationale of its action as stated by ourselves4 ,in the present article we have explained why it is the use of corsets is to be deprecated4 ,we hope we have succeeded in showing how imperatively the abandonment of stays is called for4 ,footnote #bfc3 ,dr ,chavasse1 ',counsels to a ,mother4' ,another variety of distortion is that brought about by wearing tight boots and shoes1 or boots and shoes constructed upon false principles2 for1 a boot or shoe may be productive of considerable inconvenience to the wearer1 as well as the cause of a certain amount of twisting out of place of the bones of the foot1 without necessarily being too small4 ,amongst the consequences arising from the adoption of tightly fitting or badly constructed boots or shoes may be mentioned the following3--,considerable bodily discomfort1 and pain in walking2 corns and bunions2 growing in of the nails2 chronic enlargement of the base of the great toe2 caries or ulceration of the bones of the feet2 and flat feet4 ,that these are not altogether minor evils may be inferred when it is stated that1 in order to obtain relief from the effects of a bunion1 partial amputation of the foot has been sometimes found necessary2 that the first attacks of gout mostly seize the joint of the ball of the great toe when that joint has become weakened by displacement following the use of faulty boots and shoes2 and that a flat foot interferes with the proper performance of walking4 ,illustration ,the above figure 7,no4 #a7 represents the skeleton of the foot with the bones which form it in their natural position1 and in which they are admirably adapted for executing the various movements required of them4 ,it will be seen to consist of twenty-six bones1 fourteen of which constitute the toes2 the remaining twelve bones enter into the formation of what are termed the tarsus and metatarsus4 ,the five long bones 7a7 are the metatarsal bones4 ,the toes form joints with the fore part of these metatarsal bones4 ,the remaining seven are the tarsal bones2 b1 which is one of these1 is named the astragalus1 and being gripped on each side by a continuation from the bones of the leg called the malleolus1 thus forms the ankle-joint4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,fig4 #b gives a representation of the inner aspect and side view of the foot4 ,it will be seen that it is an arch resting in front on the anterior heads of the five metatarsal bones1 a1 but chiefly on that of the great toe1 and on the calcaneum or heel 7b7 behind4 ,the astragalus1 c1 forms the key-stone of the arch4 ,this arch1 which supports the superincumbent weight of the body1 retains its curved form by means of strong ligaments or bands1 which unite the bones which compose it into a compact but withal flexible mass4 ,the arch1 owing to the pressure thrown upon it from above1 becomes flattened when the foot is resting on the ground2 but when this pressure is removed and the foot hangs free1 the curvature of the arch increases4 ,in front of the metatarsal bones are placed the toes1 which are connected with the metatarsal bones by joints4 ,the great toe has one joint2 each of the smaller ones has two4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,fig4 #c depicts the skeleton of a foot with the bones thrown out of their natural position1 the contortion being the result of wearing tightly fitting or unscientifically constructed boots or shoes4 ,the following extracts from ,dr ,hermann ,meyer will best illustrate how nature's simple mechanical arrangements must be thwarted when coverings for the feet are permitted to be constructed which can give rise to distortions such as those represented in ,figure #c4 ,dr ,meyer says the great toe plays by far the most important part in walking2 because when the foot is raised from the ground with the intention of throwing it forwards1 we first raise the heel1 then rest for a second on the great toe1 and in lifting this from the ground the point of it receives a pressure which impels the body forwards4 ,thus1 in raising the foot the whole of the sole is gradually1 as it were1 'unrolled' up to the point of the great toe1 which again receives an impetus by contact with the ground4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #d4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #e4 ,the great toe ought1 therefore1 to have such a position as will admit of its being unrolled in the manner described2 that is to say1 it must so lie that the line of its axis1 when1 carried backwards1 will emerge at the centre of the heel2 and this is its position in the healthy foot4 ,the sole of an almost sound foot is given in ,fig4 #d1 and the true position of the great toe is indicated by the dotted line4 ,this relation is still better brought out in ,fig4 #e1 which represents the well-preserved foot of a child about two years old4 ,the line drawn through both figures is that in which the foot unrolls itself from the ground4 ,the smaller toes1 however1 are by no means without their uses4 ,in standing they rest on the ground and give lateral support to the foot2 while in walking they are bent in a peculiar manner1 so that they are firmly pressed against the ground2 and here too they support the foot laterally4 ,the first joint is strongly bent upwards1 while the second is hollow above4 ,this peculiar curvature enables the toe in a measure to lay hold of the ground as with bird's claws4 ,dr ,meyer then proceeds to show how the application of these principles is entirely disregarded in the manufacture of our boots and shoes1 and to demonstrate that their neglect gives rise to the objectionable consequences we have before alluded to4 ,as boots and shoes are at present constructed1 the foot is made to adapt itself to the sole1 not the sole to the foot4 ,this pernicious system must be abandoned if we wish to preserve our feet1 as well as our personal comfort4 ,a sole1 says ,dr ,meyer1 is of the proper construction when a line 7see ,fig4 #f1 c d7 drawn at half the breadth of the great toe distant from1 and parallel to1 the inner margin of that toe shall1 when carried backwards1 pass through the centre of the heel4 ,in the usual form of a sole this line passes out of the inner margin of the heel 7see ,fig4 #g74 ,if1 then1 the preservation of the primary straight line is1 as has been already shown1 the principal point in the formation of a proper sole1 it follows that1 if it be thought desirable to have pointed shoes1 the pointing must be effected from the outer side1 as indicated in the annexed ,fig4 #h4 ,in a pair of shoes made on these principles1 placed side by side with the heels in contact1 the inner margins of the front part of the foot are also brought close together 7,fig4 #i74 ,dr ,meyer's pamphlet contains the following strictures on ',high heels' to boots and shoes3 ,it is usual1 in all shoes of even moderate strength1 to make the heel a little higher by means of what is called the heel-piece4 ,these heel-pieces are generally of some little use1 especially in dirty weather1 and we cannot wholly deny their right to existence4 ,but at the same time they ought to be as low as possible1 and heels an inch thick1 as is at present very commonly the case1 have very serious disadvantages indeed4 ,the weight of the body is by this means thrown in a disproportionate ratio on the toes1 the joints of which are consequently overstrained4 ,moreover1 with a high heel the sole is so oblique in its direction that the foot must be constantly gliding forwards and forcibly pressing the toes into the point of the shoe4 ,the toes1 therefore1 even when the shoe is sufficiently long1 are subjected to the same injuries and disfigurations as if it were too short1 and the effects are doubly hurtful when the form of the sole is also incorrect4 ,high heels1 especially if they are also very small2 are peculiarly liable to wear obliquely1 and so the shoe gets trodden on one side2 they must1 therefore1 be peculiarly favorable to origin of flat-foot4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #f4 and ,,fig4 #g4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #h4 and ,,fig4 #i4 ,high and small heels are therefore quite unsuitable4 ,the heel-piece ought to be as low and broad as possible4 ,further and more explicit knowledge on this subject may be obtained from ,dr ,meyer's excellent little pamphlet entitled ',procrustes ante portas1' very ably translated into ,english by ,mr ,j4 ,t4 ,craig1 ,l4,r4,c4,e41 under the title of ',why the ,shoe ,pinches4' ,,diure',,sis4 ,see ,,urine4 ,,diuret',,ics4 ,syn4 ,,diuretica4 ,medicines which promote the secretion of urine4 ,the principal diuretics are--aqueous fluids1 which act by increasing the watery portion of the blood1 and--substances which promote the action of the kidneys4 ,most of the first produce copious diuresis if the skin is kept cool4 ,among the last are acetate1 bitartrate1 and nitrate of potassa2 oils of juniper1 turpentine1 cajeput1 and copaiba2 dilute spirit1 and sweet spirits of nitre2 decoction of common broom1 c4 ,,dividivi4 ,an astringent substance imported from ,jamaica4 ,it contains above #e of tannin2 whilst gall-nuts contain less than #ce1 and the best oak-bark only #ace4 ,hence its value in tanning4 ,,dobereiner',s ,,lamp4 ,a portable apparatus for obtaining instantaneous light by the action of a jet of hydrogen on a small piece of spongy platinum4 ,,dochmius ,,duodenalis4 ,an intestinal parasitic worm4 ,its length is from #a_/c to #a_/b an inch and its breadth about #a_/fjth of an inch4 ,it is furnished with hooklets4 ,it is found in the duodenum1 the ileum1 and the jejunum of man1 and ,greisinger seems to have pretty conclusively established that it is the cause of the disease so prevalent in ,egypt1 and known as the ,egyptian chlorosis4 ,anemia1 dysentery1 and hemorrhoids and liver diseases are also frequently caused by it amongst the natives of ,arabia1 ,brazil1 and ,northern ,italy4 ,in ,india it is also stated to give rise to some very alarming maladies4 ,leuchart affirms that it obtains an entrance into the system through drinking impure water4 ,,doc',,imacy or ,,docimas',,tic ,,art4 ,see ,,assaying4 ,,dog4 ,the effect of medicines on dogs is much the same as on man2 but there are some striking exceptions to this rule4 ,thus1 whilst the dog can take a dose of aloes six or eight times as large as that given to man1 the administration of half as much calomel or oil of turpentine would be productive of serious injury to the animal4 ,the idea usually entertained1 therefore1 that medicines may be given to dogs in doses equalling those taken by man requires considerable modification4 ,dogs have a short and straight alimentary canal1 in consequence of which purgative medicines act more quickly upon them than they do on other veterinary subjects4 ,the facility with which dogs can be made to vomit is also another peculiarity possessed by them4 ,vomiting may be produced by their swallowing nauseous or unpalatable matters1 as well as from their eating various sorts of grass4 ,a good plan to prevent dogs vomiting their medicines is to keep the head well raised for an hour after the administration2 and this may be easily accomplished by attaching a chain or cord to the collar1 and fixing it at the requisite height1 to any object4 ,the kidneys are acted upon with much more difficulty than with the horse1 whilst the skin seems nearly1 if not altogether incapable of being affected4 ,we give below a list of medicines for dogs2 premising that the doses required vary considerably according to the strength1 size1 and age of the dog1 all of which should always be duly taken into account4 ,the doses prescribed in the following formul are for moderately large dogs3-- ,,physic ,,balls ,,and ,,other ,,purgative ,,medicines3-- #a4 ,barbadoes aloes1 #h oz41 antimonial powder1 #a oz41 ginger1 #a oz41 palm oil1 #e oz42 beat together into a mass4--,dose4 ,from #a_/b dr4 to #b dr4 every #d or #f hours1 till the bowels are relieved4 7,youatt47 #b4 ,the same1 with the addition of #a oz4 of calomel4 ,he directs from #de gr4 to #b dr4 for a dose4 7,clater47 #c4 ,aloes1 #a_/b dr4 to #b dr4 made into a ball with syrup of ginger4 #d4 ,aloes1 #a_/b dr4 to #a-a_/b dr41 calomel1 #b to #e gr41 syrup to form a ball2 in inflammation of the bowels1 and in worms4 7,blaine47 #e4 ,cape aloes1 #a_/b dr4 to #a dr41 calomel1 #b to #c gr41 oil of caraway1 #f drops1 syrup to form a ball4 7,m',ewen47 #f4 ,calomel1 #ab gr41 aloes1 #c dr41 opium1 #a gr41 syrup q4 s4 to form a mass1 for #d1 #f1 or #h balls2 one every #d or #e hours till the bowels are relieved4 7,blaine47 #g4 ,croton oil1 #a drop1 ,castile soap1 #bj gr41 conserve to form a ball4 #h4 ,castor oil1 #c parts1 syrup of buckthorn1 #b parts1 syrup of poppies1 #a part4--,dose4 ,from #a to #b tablespoonfuls4--,mr ,youatt's purge4 ,mr ,clark says syrup of buckthorn for dogs should be made with treacle1 and the spices omitted4 #i4 ,epsom salts1 from #a to #d dr41 wrapped in tissue paper1 dividing the doses into convenient-sized packets4 #aj4 ,in costiveness with inflammation3 #a_/b oz4 to #b oz4 castor oil4 7,mr ,spooner47 ,,alterative ,,balls ,,and ,,powders3-- #a4 ,sulphur1 #b-a_/b lb42 nitre1 #a_/b lb42 thiops mineral1 #d oz42 linseed meal1 #a_/b lb42 palm oil1 #a lb41 or as much as may be required2 beat together1 and keep in a jar for use4--,dose1 from #b scruples to #a-a_/b or #b dr4 7,clater47 #b4 ,ethiops mineral1 #bj to #dj gr42 cream of tartar1 #bj to #dj gr42 nitre1 #e to #aj gr42 night and morning1 made into a ball with butter4 7,spooner47 #c4 ,tonic ,alterative4 ,mercurial pill1 #a dr42 aloes #b dr42 myrrh1 benzoin1 balsam of ,peru1 of each #a-a_/b dr42 to be divided into #aj1 #ae1 or #bj pills3 one every evening1 for the yellows1 after aloes and calomel4 7,blaine47 #d4 ,alterative ,powder4 thiops mineral1 #b to #e gr42 cream of tartar1 #d to #aj gr41 tartarised iron1 #a to #c gr41 once a day4 7,clater47 #e4 ,to give a fine skin4 ,give a table-spoonful of tar made up with oatmeal4 7,mayer47 ,,astringent ,,balls1 c43-- #a4 ,catechu1 #a-a_/b dr42 sulphate of quinine1 #bj gr42 opium1 #e gr42 ginger1 #a dr42 conserve of roses1 q4 s4 to form a mass1 to be divided into #h1 #f1 or #d balls4 7,blaine47 #b4 ,prepared chalk1 #b oz42 powdered gum ,arabic1 #a_/b oz42 powdered catechu1 #a_/b oz42 powdered oak bark1 #a_/b oz42 powdered ginger1 #a_/d oz42 opium1 #ae gr42 palm oil1 #a oz42 beat well together4--,dose1 #a_/b dr4 to #b dr41 morning1 noon1 and night1 in the advanced stage of distemper4 7,clater47 #c4 ,opium1 #e gr42 catechu1 #b dr42 gum ,arabic1 #b dr42 ginger1 #a_/b dr42 syrup of poppies1 q4 s42 divide into #ab1 #i1 or #f balls3 in diarrhoea4 7,blaine47 #d4 ,myrrh1 #a dr42 ipecacuanha1 #a scruple2 opium1 #c gr42 chalk1 #b dr42 carbonate of iron1 #a dr42 as ,no4 #c4 7,blaine47 #e4 ,in obstinate cases3 ,alum1 #a dr42 chalk1 #b dr42 opium1 #f gr42 resin1 #c dr42 into #d1 #f1 or #h balls4 #f4 ,in diarrhoea1 after #a to #d dr4 of ,epsom salts2 prepared chalk1 #a to #c scruples2 catechu1 #e to #aj gr42 opium1 #a_/d to #b gr42 twice a day4 7,spooner47 ,,cough ,,balls ,,in ,,asthma1 c43-- #a4 ,after a few emetics4 ,calomel1 #c gr42 foxglove1 #c gr42 cream of tartar1 #a dr42 antimonial powder1 #ab gr42 honey to form #f boluses4 ,one twice a day4 7,blaine47 #b4 ,digitalis1 #bj gr42 antimonial powder1 #dj gr42 nitre1 #b dr42 sulphur1 #c dr42 palm oil1 #c dr41 or q4 s4 ,divide into #aj1 #ae1 or #bj balls1 according to the size of the dog1 morning and night1 interposing an emetic every third or fourth day4 7,clater47 #c4 ,in old cases4 ,p4 squill1 #a_/b gr4 to #a gr42 gum ammoniac1 #e gr42 balsam of ,peru1 #h gr42 benzoic acid1 #a gr42 balsam of sulphur to form a ball4 #d4 ,extract of hemlock1 #a_/b dr42 extract of henbane1 #aj gr42 p4 digitalis1 #bj gr42 conserve of roses to form a mass4 ,divide into #h1 #aj1 or #f balls4 ,one night and morning4 7,blaine47 ,,distemper ,,medicines3-- #a4 ,turbeth mineral1 #a to #c gr42 assafoetida1 #a_/b dr42 aloes1 #bj gr42 soap1 #aj gr42 syrup of poppies to form a ball4 ,to be preceded by an emetic1 and given every third day4 #b4 ,after an emetic1 give a physic ball2 and afterwards the following1 two or three times a day3--,antimonial powder1 #b1 #c1 or #d gr42 nitre1 #e1 #aj1 or #ae gr42 ipecacuanha1 #b1 #c1 or #d gr42 form a ball4 ,if the disease proceed to the debilitating stage1 give the ,tonic ,ball ,no4 #b2 in the putrid or malignant stage give the ,astringent ,ball ,no4 #a4 7,blaine47 #c4 ,after the ,emetic ,powder ,no4 #a 7which should be repeated every #crd or #dth day7 give the ,cough ,ball ,no4 #b1 from #a_/b dr4 to #b dr4 in weight4 ,and if the dog lose flesh1 give equal parts of the cough ball and the ,tonic ,ball 7,no4 #a74 ,in the more advanced stages give the tonic alone2 or the astringent ball if diarrhoea comes on4 7,clater47 #d4 ,give a third of a paper of ,james's powder mixed with butter1 and afterwards warm broth or milk4 ,in #b hours1 another third2 and if this neither vomit nor purge1 give the other third at the end of #d hours4 7,daniel47 #e4 ,blaine's distemper powders1 which are sold in packets1 with directions for use4 #f4 ,camphor1 #c to #e gr42 charcoal1 #aj gr42 opium1 #a gr42 aromatic confection1 q4 s4 to form a ball4--,in the malignant stage1 with diarrhoea4 #g4 ,antimomal powder1 #b to #d gr42 nitre1 #e to #aj gr42 digitalis1 #a_/d to #b gr4 ,afterwards the ,tonic ,pills ,no4 #d4 7,spooner47 ,poudre ,kusique3 a ,french nostrum4 ,mix #de gr4 of nitre1 #de of sulphur1 and #a charcoal4 ,divide into #c doses4 ,give #a for #b successive mornings1 and the third on the #dth morning1 mixed with lard or butter1 or in milk4 ,for a large dog a second packet 7of #c powders7 may be required4 7,habert47 ,another ,french nostrum4 ,hemel's ,powder is of a similar kind4 #h4 ,a strong solution of salt1 to the amount of #a_/b pint daily4 #i4 ,powdered tin1 sulphur1 gunpowder1 of each #a oz42 lard sufficient to form a mass4 ,the size of a nutmeg to be given twice or thrice a week4 #aj4 ,physic ,ball ,no4 #aa4 #aa4 #a_/d oz4 to #a fl4 oz4 of cod-liver oil twice a day1 according to size4 #ab4 ,emetics1 gentle laxatives1 milk diet1 and from #e to #ae gr4 of chlorate of potash twice a day4 7,finlay ,dun47 ,,worm ,,medicines3-- #a4 ,carbonate of iron1 #a_/b oz42 thiops mineral1 #a dr42 gentian1 #a oz42 ginger1 #a_/b oz42 levigated glass1 #a oz42 palm oil1 #i dr42 beat well together4--,dose1 from #c_/d to #b dr4 7,clater47 #b4 ,as much very finely-powdered glass as will lie on a sixpence1 mixed with butter 7,blaine74 ,mr ,youatt says from #a_/b dr4 to #a dr42 powdered glass1 with a little ginger1 made into a ball with lard4 #c4 ,aloes1 sulphur1 prepared hartshorn1 and juice of wormwood1 made into a mass2 the size of a hazel nut to be given three times a week1 fasting1 wrapped in butter4 7,daniel47 #d4 ,tin filings1 or pewter filings1 #a_/b dr4 to #a dr41 with butter or lard4 #e4 ,jalap1 #aj to #ae gr42 calomel1 #b to #c gr4 mixed with butter2 no cold liquid should be allowed4 7,white47 #f4 ,cowhage1 #a_/b dr42 iron filings1 #d dr42 conserve q4 s4 to form a mass1 to be divided into #d1 #f1 or #h balls2 one every night and morning2 and afterwards the purgative ,no4 #d4 7,blaine47 #g4 ,epsom salts1 #a oz42 common salt1 #a dr42 give a small or large teaspoonful daily4 #h4 ,give green walnut leaves boiled in milk4 7,mayer47 #i4 ,from #a_/b dr4 to #b dr41 according to size4 ,betel nut in coarse powder1 made into a ball4 #aj4 ,for ,tapeworm4--,oil of turpentine1 #a_/b dr41 mixed with yolk of egg2 for very large dogs1 #b scruples4 ,some writers prescribe larger doses 7#a to #b dr471 but these sometimes prove fatal4 7,blaine47 #b to #f dr4 of cusso according to size4 #aa4 ,for ,tapeworm4--,oil of turpentine and olive oil1 of each #a_/b oz42 mix1 and give carefully2 #c or #d hours after give #a oz4 castor oil4 ,but see ,no4 #i4 7,white47 #ab4 ,for ,stomach ,worms4--,give the emetic powder 7see further back7 and afterwards a physic ball4 #ac4 ,threadworms4--,these are destroyed by an aloetic clyster4 ,,ointments ,,and ,,lotions ,,for ,,the ,,mange3-- ,n4,b4--,an alterative ball should be given daily and a physic ball occasionally4 ,bleeding is sometimes prescribed4 ,for ,scabby ,mange4--,sulphur1 #d oz42 sal ammoniac1 #a_/b oz42 aloes1 #a dr42 ,venice turpentine1 #a_/b oz42 lard1 #f oz42 mix4 ,after four applications1 wash well with soap and water4 7,blaine47 #b4 ,horse turpentine and palm oil1 each #a_/b lb42 train oil1 #a_/b pint4 ,melt together1 and while cooling1 stir in #c lbs4 of flowers of sulphur4 7,clater47 #c4 ,aloes1 #b dr42 hellebore1 #a_/b oz42 sulphur1 #d oz42 lard or train oil1 #f oz4 7,mc,ewen47 #d4 ,sulphate of zinc1 #a dr42 snuff1 #a_/b oz42 white hellebore1 #a_/b oz42 sulphur1 #d oz42 aloes1 #a_/d oz42 soft soap1 #f oz4 7,blaine47 #e4 ,charcoal powder1 #b oz42 sulphur1 #d oz42 salt of tartar1 #a dr42 ,venice turpentine1 #a_/b oz42 lard1 #f oz4 #f4 ,for ,red ,mange4--,add #a oz4 of strong mercurial ointment to #f oz4 of either of the above4 #g4 ,charcoal1 #a oz42 chalk1 #a oz42 sugar of lead1 #a dr42 white precipitate1 #b dr42 sulphur1 #b oz42 lard1 #e oz4 7,blaine47 #h4 ,wash for ,red ,mange4--,corrosive sublimate1 #bj gr42 spirit of wine1 #b dr42 dissolve and add milk of sulphur1 #a_/b oz42 lime-water1 #a_/b pint4 ,apply by means of a sponge4 7,clater47 #i4 ,for ,ulcerated ,mange4--,ointment of nitrated quicksilver1 #b dr42 sugar of lead1 #bj gr42 flowers of sulphur1 #a_/b oz42 lard1 #a oz42 mix4 7,blaine47 ,,fleas3-- #a4 ,rub the skin with the powdered resin and bran4 #b4 ,let the dog sleep on deal shavings4 #c4 ,scotch snuff steeped in gin4 7,meyer47 7,this requires caution47 #d4 ,oil of aniseed4 7,finlay ,dun47 #e4 ,persian insect powder4 ,,dog-,,balls 7,a4 ,h4 ,bldt1 ,genf74 ,hard pills1 weighing #ae grammes1 of irregular shape and unequal size1 composed of aloes with #a_/c of gentian1 and covered with a brown powder containing liquorice root4 7,hager47 ,,doors4 ,much annoyance is sometimes experienced from the creaking of doors4 ,this may be prevented by rubbing a little soap or a mixture of tallow and black-lead on the hinges2 or by applying to them with a feather a little sweet oil once or twice a year4 ,the trifling trouble and expense 7a penny or two a twelvemonth7 will be amply repaid by their noiselessness and greater durability4 ,to prevent the noise of doors slamming1 a small piece of vulcanised india rubber1 cork1 or leather may be placed so as to receive the shock4 ,,dose4 ,in medicine the quantity taken or prescribed at one time4 ,the doses of medicaments vary with the sex1 age1 temperament1 constitutional strength1 habituation1 and idiosyncrasies of individuals4 ,different circumstances1 especially of climate1 exercise an important influence on the activity of medicines4 ,thus1 the inhabitants of ,england and the northern countries of ,europe bear much larger doses in their own climates than when they remove to warmer latitudes4 ,warmth1 indeed1 appears to promote the action of most medicaments1 whilst cold acts in a contrary way4 ,nor does the same rule apply to all medicines4 ,calomel1 for instance1 is generally borne better by children than by adults2 while opium affects them more powerfully1 and requires the dose to be diminished considerably below that indicated by mere calculation or analogy with other medicines4 ,prescribers ought not to forget that the action of medicines is not simply proportioned to the amount1 but that each remedy has a dose below which it either produces no effect or one contrary to that which we desire it to produce4 ,dr ,paris remarks1 that powerful doses are disposed to produce local rather than general effects2 and ,dr ,barlow gives it as his opinion that practitioners often err1 especially in the treatment of chronic maladies1 from requiring an obvious effect from each dose administered4 ,adult women are said to require only three fourths the full dose for men4 ,the following rules and tables have been framed chiefly with reference to age2 but1 as ,dr ,r4 ,e4 ,griffith correctly observes1 no scheme can be devised1 founded on age alone1 to which there are not many exceptions4 ,i4 ,formula of ,dr ,,young4 ,for children under #ab years1 the doses of most medicines must be diminished in the proportion of the age to the age increased by #ab4 ,thus1 at #b years1 the dose will be #a-gth of that for an adult4 #b for ------------- #a-gth4 #b #ab ,,ii4 ,posological ,table of ,,gaubius4 ,for an adult1 suppose the dose to be #a1 or #a drachm 7#fj grains74 ,under #a year will require #a_/ab or #e grains4 #b years #a_/h or #h grains4 #c #a_/f or #aj grains4 #d #a_/d or #ae grains4 #g #a_/c or #a scruple4 #ad #a_/b or #a_/b drachm4 #bj #b_/c or #b scruples4 #ba to #fj1 the full dose1 or #a or #a drachm4 ,above this age an inverse gradation must be observed4 ,,iii4 ,posological ,table of ,,phoebus4 ,age--,years #hj #fe #ej #be-dj #bj #af #ab #h #e #b ,doses #e_/h #c_/d #g_/h #a #g_/h #c_/d #e_/h #a_/b #c_/h #a_/d ,months #ab #f #b #a ,doses #a_/e #a_/h #a_/ae #a_/bd ,,douche4 ,fr4 ,syn4 ,,douche ,,bath4 ,a species of bath much employed by hydropathists1 both for the relief of local affections1 and to give a healthy stimulus to the whole system4 ,the douche consists of a single jet of cold water1 varying in size from the thickness of a quill to that of a man's arm2 it is projected with great force1 either from above1 below1 or on one side1 upon a particular part of the body4 ,see ,,bath 7,shower74 ,,douglas' ,,disinfecting ,,powder4 ,a mixture of sulphite of calcium1 chalk1 and carbolic acid1 or of sulphite and carbonate of lime4 ,,dover',s ,,powders4 ,see ,,powder4 ,,drab ,,dye4 #a4 7,,for ,,cotton47 ,for #dj lbs4 ,boil #f lbs4 of fustic2 scald #b-a_/b lbs4 of ,lima wood and #b lbs4 of sumach4 ,decant into a wooden vessel1 capable of containing #ajj gallons2 reduce with cold water to handling heat2 enter1 #f turns2 wring out2 sadden with #h ounces of copperas2 #d turns2 wring out again1 and give #d ounces of bluestone4 #b4 7,,for ,,silk47 ,for #ajj yards4 ,boil #d lbs4 of fustic and #f ounces of logwood1 #b-a_/b ounces of cudbear1 #a-a_/d ounce of copperas4 ,cool to #bjj ,fahr42 enter1 winch #bj minutes2 air out2 repeat2 then take a little of the liquor out of the boiler1 dissolve the copperas1 reduce it to handling heat with water1 and give one or two shots through it1 as the pattern requires2 one water out of the saddening2 then give a warm but weak sour to clear the colour1 wash in two waters1 and dry4 #c4 7,,for ,,wool47 ,dark drab4 ,for #ej lbs4 #g lbs4 of fustic1 #h ounces of madder1 #d ounces of cudbear1 #b lbs4 of alum1 #h ounces of tartar4 ,enter between the cold and #afj ,fahr42 after heating up boil from #aj to #cj minutes2 wash in two waters4 ,all dark shades of this may be slightly prepared with chrome2 wash in two waters4 #d4 7,,for ,,wool47 ,light drab4 ,for #ef lbs4 #d lbs4 of fustic1 #a-c_/d lb4 of alum1 #d ounces of madder1 #d ounces of tartar1 #c-a_/b ounces of cudbear4 ,work as for dark drab4 ,,draconine4 ,syn4 ,,dra',,cine1 ,,red ,,resin ,,of ,,dragon',s ,,blood4 ,a peculiar vegetable principle discovered by ,m4 ,melandre in dragon's blood4 ,prep4 ,dragon's blood is dissolved in alcohol1 the solution filtered1 concentrated1 and precipitated with cold water2 the red1 spongy precipitate is well washed1 neutralised with dilute sulphuric acid1 again liberated by means of an alkali1 and well washed with water4 ,prop41 c4 ,draconine has a fine red colour2 is tasteless1 inodorous1 and flexible2 it fuses at #aca ,fahr4 ,the smallest quantity of carbonate of lime in filtering paper may be detected by sulphate of draconine1 the yellow colour instantly turning red4 ,,dragees ,,au ,,lactate ,,de ,,fer4 7,glis ,cont47 #ajj grammes of lactate of iron made into #b1jjj very small pills with powder and mucilage of marshmallow1 and coated with eleosaccharate of anise4 7,reveil47 ,,dragees ,,de ,,copahu ,,de ,,fortin4 #cj grammes balsam of copaiba made into #gb drages1 with #ab grammes calcined magnesia1 and coated first with gum arabic and then with sugar4 7,reveil47 ,,dragees ,,de ,,cubebe ,,au ,,copahu4 ,cubebines 7,labelonye74 #b parts balsam of copaiba1 #b parts extract of cubebs1 #a part yolk of egg1 with sufficient liquorice powder to make a mass1 which is divided into oblong pills1 each weighing #g decigrammes4 ,these are dried and coated with white or raw sugar4 7,hager47 ,,dragees ,,de ,,pougues4 7,garnier47 ,chloride of calcium1 #ej parts2 chloride of magnesium1 #ej parts2 chloride of iron1 #aj parts2 dissolved in water and precipitated with sodium carbonate4 ,the precipitate is washed1 pressed1 and mixed with #ajj parts bicarbonate of soda4 ,of this mixture #be parts are made into a mass with #dge parts of a paste of sugar1 peppermint1 oil1 and mucilage4 ,the mass is then divided into drages weighing #e decigrammes1 which are coated with gum and sugar4 7,reveil47 ,,dragon',s ,,blood4 ,syn4 ,,sanguis ,,draconis1 ,l4 ,a rich red-coloured resin1 obtained from various species of the genus ,calamus4 ,its colour1 in the lump1 is a dark brownish-red2 in powder1 bright red4 ,it is friable1 breaks with a shining fracture1 and has a sp4 gr4 not higher than #aaif or #aaig4 ,when pure1 it readily dissolves in alcohol1 ether1 and oils1 yielding rich red1 transparent solutions4 ,adulterated and factitious dragon's blood is only partly soluble1 and lacks the rich colour of the genuine article4 ,dragon's blood is chiefly used to tinge varnishes and lacquers4 ,dragon's ,blood1 ,factitious4 ,prep4 #a4 ,shell-lac1 #d lbs42 melt1 remove from the fire1 and add1 ,canada balsam1 #f oz41 and gum benzoin1 #b oz42 mix well1 stir in red sanders wood1 #a-a_/b lb41 and ,venetian red1 #c_/d lb4 7both in fine powder72 and form the mass into sticks4 #b4 ,as the last1 omitting the red ,venetian4 ,,drains4 ,the salubrity of a dwelling-house is largely dependent upon the sound condition1 the unimpeded outlet from1 and the proper construction and position of1 its drains1 supplemented by like conditions in the various house-pipes which run from the sinks and closets into them4 ,the sense in which we shall use the term drain is that defined by the ,public ,health ,act of #ahge3--';,drain' means any drain of1 and used for the drainage of one building only1 or premises within the same curtilage1 and made merely for the purpose of communicating therefrom with a cesspool or other like receptacle for drainage1 or with a sewer into which the drainage of two or more buildings or premises occupied by different persons is conveyed4 ,there can be no doubt that the almost universal system pursued with regard to house drainage is radically irrational and dangerous4 ,as the drains lead into the main sewer or cesspool it is most important that the house-pipes which communicate with the drains should be so connected with them and arranged1 as to remove all risk of the foul air of the sewers passing into them through the drains1 and thus 7should the pipes be imperfect7 escaping into and defiling the atmosphere of the house--a very possible contingency for two reasons1 first1 because the traps connecting the pipes with the drains may be defective1 and1 second1 because the aspiratory power of the warm house is constantly tending to draw air 7the sewer air7 through the water in the water trap4 ,instead of making the connection1 as is now so universally done1 between the sink and closet and other pipes and the drain1 by means of a water trap1 underneath the basement1 this junction should be effected outside the house4 ,the drains should1 therefore1 always terminate outside1 and not under the house2 and wherever practicable all house-pipes should be carried outside1 and not inside1 or between the walls of any dwelling1 the objections to which have been already stated4 ,in cases1 however1 in which this arrangement is impossible of execution1 and a pipe can only be carried through the house from the front to the rear1 it is far better to take it above the basement than underneath4 ,the interposition of the water in the trap at the point of union between the house-pipe and the drain is not alone sufficient to effect the necessary amount of disconnection between them4 ,there must be thorough ventilation and communication with the outer air at the point of junction1 otherwise there is danger that the emanations from the sewer may find their way into the house1 as in the former case4 ,a great number of methods have been devised for disconnecting the house-pipes and the outside drains1 the simplest of which consists in placing the trap just outside the house1 in opening the drain on the side of the trap the furthest from the house1 and in carrying up from it a four-inch pipe to as great a height as is convenient4 ,by this means any noxious gas that might escape from the drain is diverted from the house1 and ascends into and diffuses into the superincumbent atmosphere4 ,in the arrangement of the house-pipes it is desirable not to carry the pipes which convey away the sink water and the waste water into the closet-soil pipes1 but1 wherever it can be managed1 to let them discharge over a grating into the drain trap4 ,where we have to deal with soil or water-closet pipes1 or with a pipe formed by the junction of these with the waste-water pipe 7if such an arrangement is unavoidable71 it is most important that there should be complete disconnection between the pipe and the drain by means of one of the many ventilating contrivances so well known to sanitary engineers4 ,the best material for the manufacture of drain pipes is hard1 well-burnt1 smooth1 and glazed earthenware2 bricks and porous earthenware are particularly ill adapted for the purpose2 so also are iron pipes1 unless they are thoroughly cemented inside4 ,in the laying of drain pipes care should be taken to place them on concrete1 in loose soils1 and on well-worked puddled clay1 in the case of clay soils4 ,when they are laid in very loose soils it is sometimes necessary1 besides employing concrete1 to additionally use even piling for the depth of a foot4 ,leakage and consequent soakage of the soil are sure to take place sooner or later if the drain pipes are not laid on a good foundation1 as they are when the drains are badly and carelessly joined4 ,illustration ,messrs ,brooke1 of ,huddersfield1 have invented a combined drain and subsoil pipe1 the latter1 on which the drain pipe rests1 being perforated1 carries off the subsoil water4 ,this contrivance is adapted for wet soils4 ,when junction pipes are required for uniting the drain pipes those known as oblique junctions only should be used4 ,the junctions known as square junctions should be avoided1 as they are always sure to become blocked up4 ,with respect to the fall of drain pipes ,dr ,parkes says1 one in forty-eight is frequently given1 or three quarters of an inch in every yard2 a fall of one in sixty-five in drains of six inches diameter1 and one in eighty-seven in drains of eight inches diameter1 will give a velocity of #bbj feet per minute4 ,in order that drain pipes may be properly cleaned it is desirable to have them so made that they can be opened at intervals by means of lids or caps4 ,the following cuts represent a few of the many kinds of pipes adapted for this purpose4 ,illustration ,in addition to this method of cleansing them1 drain pipes should be regularly flushed out at least once a month4 ,house pipes are usually cleaned out by means of a flexible bamboo1 or by jointed rods fitted with screws and rollers1 which serve to loosen sediment4 ,a frequent examination of all house pipes and traps should be made1 and every joint and bend of the former well looked to4 ,unfortunately1 however1 they are so frequently covered in1 that this is impossible4 ,where it can be done all skirting boards and covers under which the pipes and traps are concealed should be removed4 ,when1 however1 this cannot be managed the following plan of examination into their condition may be followed3--,pour water down the pipe1 and observe if there be any smell2 if there be1 the pipe is full of foul air1 and requires ventilation2 or else the trap is defective1 and the bad smell is due to sewer gas4 ,or1 instead of pouring down water1 a lighted candle or a piece of smouldering brown paper may be held over the entrance of the pipe1 or the grating over a trap1 when the air will be driven back4 ,if the condition of the pipe be tested by throwing water down it1 it should be noticed whether the water runs away at once or whether it is checked in its progress4 ,this is all that1 under the circumstances1 can be done inside the house2 but though an examination of the pipe is precluded inside1 it may be possible to remove the earth on the outside1 and so to get down to and open the drain with which the pipe communicates4 ,under these circumstances water mixed with lime should be poured down the house pipe2 if the milky-looking water is long in making its appearance1 and runs only in driblets1 the drain requires flushing2 if the milky-looking water is much coloured and mixed with dirt1 then the pipes and trap are foul1 or there is a sinking or depression in some part of the drain where the water is lodging4 ,afterwards a pailful of lime and water should be poured down the pipe1 which should be afterwards flushed by pouring water down it until the water flows off nearly clear4 ,referring to the construction and position of the pipes which carry off the waste water1 soil1 c41 from our houses into the drains1 ,dr ,parkes writes--,builders are always anxious to conceal tubes1 and thus carry them inside the walls1 or in the case of hollow walls1 between the two4 ,the consequence is that any escape of air must be into the house4 ,i have known a case in which the leakage of a closet pipe carried down in a hollow wall constantly contaminated the air of a house4 ,it would be infinitely better to run the pipes at once through the wall to the outside4 ,few persons have any idea of the carelessness of plumbers' work--of the bad junctions1 and of the rapidity with which pipes get out of order and decay4 ,when a leaden pipe carrying water is led into a water-closet discharge pipe1 it is frequently simply puttied in1 and very soon the dried putty breaks away1 and there is a complete leakage of gas into the house4 ,even if well joined the lead pipe will1 it is said1 contract and expand1 and thus openings are at last formed4 ,dr ,fergus1 of ,glasgow1 has directed particular attention to this in the case of lead closet pipes1 which become easily perforated1 and which have only a limited duration of wear4 ,see ,,traps1 ,,sewers4 ,,draught4 ,syn4 ,,haustus1 ,l4 ,a single dose of liquid medicine1 usually dispensed in one-and-a-half-ounce or two-ounce phials4 ,draughts are almost exclusively extemporaneous compounds1 and differ from 'mixtures' only in containing one dose2 whereas mixtures contain several4 ,the latter have now very generally superseded draughts among all but the higher classes1 when the dose is to be frequently repeated4 ,draughts possess the advantages of extreme convenience1 and1 from only one phial being opened at a time1 of preserving the preparation better than when it is exposed to the air by the frequent removal of the cork4 ,they are usually taken from a wine-glass1 which they about #b_/crds fill4 ,in the preparation of draughts the same precautions are observed as are pointed out under ,,mixture2 regard being had to the increased volume of the dose4 ,the ingredients of a six-ounce mixture1 for example1 containing 7say7 #ab doses1 may be equally distributed among a dozen draught phials1 after which each may be filled up with distilled water1 or any other simple vehicle4 ,in most cases a little syrup may be advantageously added4 ,in many instances no addition will be required1 the doses of each form of preparation being the same4 ,the following are useful formul1 which will serve as examples for others of the class4 ,the number might be easily multiplied1 and1 indeed1 might be extended so as to include #c_/dths of the whole materia medica2 but such a plan would lead to useless repetitions1 and occupy much space4 ,see ,,mixture1 ,,prescribing1 c4 ,draught1 ,abernethy's4 ,see ,,abernethy ,,medicines and ,,mixture4 ,draught1 ,ace'tate of ,ammo''nia4 ,syn4 ,,haustus ,,ammoni ,,acetatis1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,st4 ,b4 ,hosp47 ,solution of acetate of ammonia1 #d fl4 dr42 water to make #a-a_/b fl4 oz4 #b4 7,dr ,paris47 ,camphor mixture1 #a-a_/b fl4 oz42 liquor of acetate of ammonia1 #d fl4 dr42 antimonial wine1 #bj drops2 mix4 ,as a refrigerant and diaphoretic in febrile affections2 taken late in the evening4 ,draught1 ,ac'etate of ,potas'sa4 ,syn4 ,,haustus ,,potass ,,acetatis1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,mid4 ,hosp47 ,acetate of potassa1 #cj gr42 bicarbonate of potassa1 #bj gr42 peppermint water1 #a fl4 oz4 ,diuretic1 antacid1 and laxative4 ,draught1 ,ammoni'acal4 ,syn4 ,,haustus ,,ammoniacalis1 ,h4 ,,ammoni1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,brande47 ,liquor of ammonia1 #bj to #cj drops2 compound tincture of cardamoms and tincture of gentian1 of each #a_/b fl4 dr42 campho-mixture1 #a-a_/b fl4 oz4 ,an aromatic absorbent and stomachic2 in heartburn1 acidity1 low spirits1 c4 ,draught1 ,an'odyne4 ,syn4 ,,haustus ,,anodynus1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,tincture of opium1 #ae drops2 pimento water and syrup of poppies1 of each #b dr42 water1 #a fl4 oz4 #b4 7,copland47 ,nitre1 #f gr42 laudanum1 #ab drops2 compound spirit of ether1 #a fl4 dr42 syrup of poppies1 #b fl4 dr42 camphor mixture1 #i fl4 dr4 #c4 7,ellis47 ,tincture of opium1 #ae to #be drops2 syrup of poppies1 #b fl4 dr42 spirit of cinnamon1 #a fl4 dr42 distilled water1 #a-a_/b fl4 oz4 #d4 ,as the above1 but substituting a like quantity of solution of either acetate or hydrochlorate of morphia in lieu of the laudanum4 ,all the above are given as soothing draughts to allay pain and produce sleep1 especially the last thing at night4 ,no4 #d is to be preferred if there are febrile symptoms present4 ,draught1 ,antac'id4 ,syn4 ,,haustus ,,antacidus1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,bicarbonate of soda1 #bj gr42 tincture of calumba1 #c fl4 dr42 tincture of hops1 #a fl4 dr42 syrup of orange peel1 #b fl4 dr42 water1 #f fl4 dr4 ,to improve the appetite in heartburn and dyspepsia2 taken #a hour before a meal4 #b4 ,liquor of ammonia1 #af drops2 syrup of saffron1 #b fl4 dr42 infusion of gentian1 #c fl4 dr42 water1 #g fl4 dr4 ,as the last1 taken occasionally1 especially in debility1 low spirits1 c4 #c4 7,collier47 ,compound tincture of cardamoms1 #a fl4 dr42 solution of bicarbonate of magnesia 7fluid magnesia71 #i fl4 dr42 simple syrup1 #b fl4 dr4 ,twice a day2 in dyspepsia1 heartburn1 c41 especially in gouty patients4 #d4 7,a4 ,t4 ,thomson47 ,magnesia1 #a dr42 peppermint water1 #a-a_/b fl4 oz42 tincture of orange peel1 #a fl4 dr4 ,in dyspepsia1 c41 with acidity or diarrhoea4 #e4 ,as ,no4 #a1 but using bicarbonate of potassa for bicarbonate of soda4 ,in acidity1 diarrhoea1 c41 accompanied by great irritability of the coats of the stomach4 #f4 ,prepared chalk1 #cj gr42 spirit of nutmeg and tincture of opium1 of each #ab to #bj drops2 syrup of saffron1 #c dr42 cinnamon water1 #a fl4 oz4 ,in acidity1 with extreme looseness of the bowels4 ,draught1 ,anti-arthrit'ic4 ,syn4 ,,haustus ,,anti-,,arthriticus1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,tincture of colchicum seeds 7,l471 #a_/b fl4 dr42 syrup of orange peel1 #b-a_/b fl4 dr42 water1 #a fl4 oz4 ,in gout2 taken over-night1 followed by another in the morning4 #b4 7,brande47 ,wine of colchicum1 #a_/b fl4 dr42 carbonate of magnesia1 #ae gr42 cinnamon water1 #a_/b fl4 oz42 water1 #a fl4 oz4 ,as the last4 #c4 7,sir ,c4 ,scudamore47 ,magnesia1 #ah gr42 ,epsom salts1 #a-a_/b dr42 vinegar of colchicum1 #a fl4 dr42 simple syrup1 #a fl4 dr42 cinnamon water1 #i fl4 dr4 ,as the last4 #d4 7,sir ,h4 ,halford's ,,gout ,,preventive47 ,compound infusion of gentian1 #a-a_/b fl4 oz42 tincture of rhubarb1 #a fl4 dr42 bicarbonate of potassa1 #ae gr4 ,draught1 ,anti-asthmat'ic4 ,syn4 ,,haustus ,,anti-,,asthmaticus1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,vinegar of squills1 #a_/b fl4 dr42 ipecacuanha wine1 #ae drops2 cinnamon water1 #a-a_/b fl4 oz4 ,expectorant4 ,one to be taken three times daily during the attack4 ,draught1 ,anti-emet'ic4 ,syn4 ,,haustus ,,anti-,,emeticus1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,juice of #a lemon2 liquor opii sedativus1 #aj drops 7or laudanum1 #ae drops72 ether1 #bj drops2 simple syrup1 #b dr42 water1 q4 s4 #b4 7,,haustus ,,anti-,,emeticus ,,riverii1--,p4 ,c47 ,bicarbonate of potassa1 #cj gr42 lemon juice1 #d dr42 syrup of lemon1 #a oz42 water1 #c oz42 mix quickly1 and tie down the cork4 ,to check nausea and vomiting4 ,this is best given effervescing4 ,draught1 ,anti-hyster'ic4 ,syn4 ,,haustus ,,anti-,,hystericus1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,cyanide of potassium1 #a gr42 lettuce water 7distilled71 #b fl4 oz42 syrup of orange flowers1 #a-a_/b oz42 water1 #e-a_/b fl4 oz42 for #f draughts4 ,one to be taken when the fit is expected1 and a second in half an hour4 ,should the fit come on1 the dose may be repeated at intervals of about #ae minutes until #c or #d have been altogether administered4 ,the symptoms1 however intense1 are generally either at once arrested1 or greatly alleviated by this treatment4 ,draught1 ,antilith'ic4 ,syn4 ,,haustus ,,anti-,,lithicus1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,venables47 ,borax1 #h gr42 bicarbonate of soda1 #aj gr42 aerated water1 #h fl4 oz4 ,for a draught2 in red gravel4 #b4 7,dr ,paris47 ,carbonate of soda1 #ab gr42 tincture of calumba1 #a fl4 dr42 infusion of quassia1 #a fl4 oz42 water1 #c fl4 dr4 ,in dyspepsia and gravel1 attended with the lithic-acid diathesis4 ,draught1 ,anti-neural'gic4 ,syn4 ,,haustus ,,anti-,,neuralgicus1 ,h4 ,,narcotin1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,jeston47 ,narcotine1 #b gr42 diluted sulphuric acid1 #bj drops2 infusion of roses1 #a-a_/b fl4 oz4 ,one every #b hours in the intermissions of neuralgia4 ,draught1 ,antisep'tic4 ,syn4 ,,haustus ,,antisepticus1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,dr ,collier47 ,decoction of yellow bark1 #a fl4 oz42 tincture of opium1 #e drops2 spirit of pimento and water1 of each #b fl4 dr4 ,in putrid fevers1 gangrene1 c4 ,draught1 ,antispasmod'ic4 ,syn4 ,,haustus ,,antispasmodicus1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,dr ,collier47 ,tincture of castor1 #a fl4 dr42 sulphuric ether1 #aj drops2 peppermint water1 #aa fl4 dr42 mix4 ,in hysteria1 and that species of irregular muscular action dependent on debility4 #b4 7,dr ,gregory47 ,fetid spirit of ammonia1 #a_/b to #a fl4 dr42 camphor mixture1 #aj fl4 dr42 syrup of saffron1 #a fl4 dr4 ,in cases complicated with low spirits1 debility1 c4 #c4 7,a4 ,t4 ,thomson47 ,musk mixture1 #ad fl4 dr42 liquor of ammonia1 #af drops2 tincture of castor1 #a fl4 dr42 syrup of poppies1 #a_/b fl4 dr42 mix4 ,three or four times daily1 in hysteria and convulsive affections1 after the bowels have been well cleared by some aperient4 #d4 7,a4 ,t4 ,thomson47 ,oil of aniseed1 #aj drops2 magnesia1 #bj gr42 tincture of senna1 #b fl4 dr42 peppermint water1 #aj fl4 dr42 mix4 ,in flatulence and spasms of the stomach4 ,draught1 ,ape''rient4 ,syn4 ,,haustus ,,aperiens1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,paris47 ,infusion of senna1 #a fl4 oz42 tincture of senna1 tincture of jalap1 and syrup of senna1 of each #a fl4 dr42 tartrate of potassa1 #a dr42 mix4 #b4 7,ryan47 ,epsom salts1 #d dr42 tincture of senna1 #a-a_/b fl4 dr42 syrup of ginger1 #a fl4 dr42 spirit of sal-volatile1 #bj drops2 infusion of senna1 #a-a_/b fl4 oz4 #c4 7,thomson47 ,tartrate of potassa1 #c dr42 tincture of senna and syrup of saffron1 of each #a dr42 infusion of senna1 #a-a_/b oz4 ,the above are good aperients1 and in their composition and action resemble the ordinary black draught4 #d4 7,,effervescing ,a4 ,d47--a4 7,dr ,barker47 ,bisulphate of potassa1 #gc grs42 carbonate of soda1 #gb gr42 water1 q4 s42 dissolve the two in separate glasses1 mix the solutions1 and drink whilst effervescing1 in the same way as soda water4 b4 7,w4 ,cooley47 ,bicarbonate of soda1 #a dr42 potassio-tartrate of soda1 #b drs42 dissolve in about #a-crd of a glassful of cold water2 and pour it on another like quantity of water1 holding in solution tartaric acid1 #dj grs41 and syrup of orange peel1 #a-a_/b fl4 dr42 and drink it instantly4 c4 7,paris47 ,potassio-tartrate of soda1 #b dr42 bicarbonate of soda1 #dj grs42 dissolve1 and add lemon juice1 #a or #b tablespoonfuls4 d4 7,young47 ,cream of tartar1 #c dr42 carbonate of soda1 #b-a_/b dr42 throw them into a soda-water bottle three parts filled with cold water1 cork immediately1 and wire down the cork4 ,the last three are examples of ,,factitious ,,effervescing ,,seidlitz ,,water1 and are good saline aperients4 ,the method of taking them may be varied by mixing the dry ingredients 7in fine powder7 on a piece of paper1 and throwing the mixture suddenly into a tumbler #b-crds filled with water1 and drinking the liquid whilst effervescing4 ,see ,,cathartic ,d4 7below47 ,draught1 ,ap'petite4 ,see ,,draught1 ,,dinner4 ,draught1 ,aromat'ic4 ,syn4 ,,aromatic ,,antacid1 ,,draught2 ,,haustus ,,aromaticus1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,aromatic confection1 #a dr42 spirit of sal-volatile1 #a_/b dr42 syrup of saffron1 #b drs42 pimento water1 #i fl4 dr4 ,excellent in dyspepsia1 with acidity1 and in diarrhoea1 preceded by an aperient4 #b4 7,h4 ,,arom4 ,,cum ,,rheo4--,st4 ,b4 ,hosp47 ,aromatic confection1 #a dr42 infusion of rhubarb and cinnamon water1 of each1 #f fl4 dr4 ,in diarrhoea and dyspepsia1 especially when there is acidity and deficiency of bile4 ,draught1 ,astrin''gent4 ,syn4 ,,haustus ,,astringens1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,tannin1 #c gr42 rectified spirit1 #a fl4 dr42 simple syrup1 #b fl4 dr42 water1 #f fl4 dr4 #b4 7,dr ,paris47 ,chalk mixture1 #a-a_/b fl4 oz42 tincture of catechu1 #a fl4 dr42 laudanum1 #ae drops4 #c4 7,thomson47 ,extract of logwood1 #ab gr42 tincture of catechu1 #a fl4 dr42 cinnamon water1 #ae fl4 dr4 ,the above are excellent remedies in diarrhoea 7preceded by a purgative71 and in dysentery1 c4 ,one may be taken after each motion4 ,draught1 ,black4 ,see ,,mixture4 ,draught1 ,cam'phor4 ,syn4 ,,haustus ,,camphor1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,guy's ,hosp47 ,camphor1 #f gr42 rectified spirit1 q4 s4 to powder2 white sugar1 #a dr42 mucilage1 #c dr42 water1 #a-a_/b fl4 oz4 ,anodyne and diaphoretic1 c4 ,draught1 ,cas'tor ,oil4 ,syn4 ,,haustus ,,olei ,,ricini1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,guy's ,hosp47 ,castor oil1 #d dr42 yelk of egg1 q4 s4 7#b in no472 simple syrup1 #a fl4 dr42 cassia or cinnamon water1 #a fl4 oz4 ,aperient4 ,draught1 ,cathar'tic4 ,syn4 ,,haustus ,,catharticus1 ,l4 ,the following are given as additions to those under ,,aperient ,d41 and other heads3--,prep4 #a4 7,dr ,thomson47 ,tartrate of potassa1 #e dr42 tincture of senna1 #a fl4 dr42 infusion of senna1 #ad-a_/b fl4 dr42 syrup of saffron1 #a_/b fl4 dr42 mix4 ,in acute diseases1 taken early in the morning4 #b4 7,thomson47 ,epsom salts and manna1 of each #b dr42 infusion of roses1 #ad fl4 dr42 dilute sulphuric acid1 #aj drops4 ,in inflammatory affections1 and to check vomiting in low fevers4 #c4 7,thomson47 ,carbonate of magnesia1 #a dr42 powdered rhubarb1 #bj gr42 peppermint water1 #ab fl4 dr4 ,in dyspepsia1 attended with costiveness and acidity1 taken an hour before dinner4 #d4 7,thomson47 ,castor oil1 #e fl4 dr42 powdered gum1 #bj gr42 rose water1 #a fl4 oz42 compound tincture of lavender1 #h drops2 syrup of poppies1 #a fl4 dr4 ,in colic and calculus4 ,the above differ from aperient draughts simply in their greater strength4 ,draught1 ,chalk4 ,syn4 ,,haustus ,,cret1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,powdered gum1 chalk1 and simple syrup1 of each #a dr42 aromatic water 7as that of caraway1 cinnamon1 nutmeg1 pimento1 or peppermint71 #a-a_/b fl4 oz4 #b4 ,,chalybeated ,c4 ,d42 ,,haustus ,,cret ,,et ,,ferri1 ,l4--,paris47 ,chalk mixture1 #g fl4 dr42 compound mixture of iron1 #c fl4 dr42 sesquicarbonate of ammonia1 #e or #f gr4 ,in diarrhoea1 particularly in that arising from debility and anmia4 #c4 7,c4 ,d4 ,,with ,,rhubarb2 ,,haustus ,,cret ,,cum ,,rheo1 ,l47--a4 ,chalk mixture 7see above71 #a-a_/b fl4 oz42 powdered rhubarb1 #ab gr4 b4 7,lond4 ,hosp47 ,powder of chalk with opium1 #ab gr42 rhubarb1 #ae gr42 syrup of saffron and compound tincture of cardamoms1 of each #a fl4 dr42 caraway water1 #aj fl4 dr4 ,in heartburn1 dyspepsia1 and certain forms of diarrhoea4 ,draught1 ,chlo''rine4 ,syn4 ,,haustus ,,chlorinii1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,copland47 ,chlorine water1 #a_/b fl4 dr42 water1 #a-a_/b fl4 oz42 mix1 and add of syrup of poppies1 #a_/b fl4 dr4 ,one every #f hours2 in the worst form of typhus fever1 and other putrid diseases1 c4 ,draught1 ,cit'rate of ,ammo''nia4 ,syn4 ,,haustus ,,ammoni ,,citratis1 ,h4 ,a4 ,,sesquicarbonatis ,,effervescens1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,guy's ,hosp47 ,sesquicarbonate of ammonia1 #bj gr42 water1 #a fl4 oz42 dissolve1 and add of lemon juice1 #a_/b fl4 oz4 ,an agreeable1 cooling1 saline draught in febrile cases4 ,draught1 ,cit'rate of ,potas'sa4 ,syn4 ,,haustus ,,potass ,,citratis1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from carbonate of potassa1 #bd gr4 7or bicarbonate1 #bi gr472 water1 #a fl4 oz42 dissolve1 and add of lemon juice1 #e fl4 dr4 ,as the last4 #bj gr4 of citric acid may be used instead of the lemon juice4 ,draught1 ,col'chicum4 ,see ,,draught ,,anti-,,arthritic4 ,draught1 ,copai'ba4 ,syn4 ,,haustus ,,copaib1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,st4 ,b4 ,hosp47 ,balsam of copaiba1 #a_/b fl4 dr42 mucilage 7thick71 #d fl4 dr42 pimento water1 #c fl4 dr42 water1 #e fl4 dr4 ,in gonorrhoea1 c4 ,draught1 ,cough4 ,see ,,mixture4 ,draught1 ,diaphoret'ic4 ,syn4 ,,haustus ,,diaphoreticus1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,collier47 ,infusion of serpentary1 #a-a_/b fl4 oz42 tincture of serpentary1 #a fl4 dr4 ,tonic and diaphoretic4 #b4 7,thomson47 ,sesquicarbonate of potassa1 #bj gr42 fresh lemon juice1 #d fl4 dr42 tartrate of antimony1 #a_/f gr42 water1 #aa fl4 dr42 syrup of poppies1 #a fl4 dr4 ,antifebrile and diaphoretic4 #c4 7,thomson47 ,liquor of acetate of ammonia1 #f fl4 dr42 camphor mixture1 #aj fl4 dr42 nitrate of potassa1 #aj gr42 syrup of tolu1 #a_/b fl4 oz4 ,anodyne and diaphoretic4 ,all the above are used in inflammatory affections4 ,draught1 ,din'ner4 ,syn4 ,,appetite ,,draught2 ,,haustus ,,dictus ,,ante ,,cibum4 ,prep4 #a4 ,tinctures of cascarilla1 hops1 and rhubarb1 of each #a fl4 dr42 spirit of sal-volatile1 #a_/b fl4 dr42 tincture of capsicum1 #bj drops2 syrup of orange peel1 #b dr42 water1 #a-a_/b fl4 oz4 #b4 ,compound tincture of gentian1 #a_/b fl4 oz42 sal-volatile1 #a_/b a teaspoonful2 cinnamon water1 #a fl4 oz42 compound tincture of cardamoms1 #a teaspoonful4 ,either of the above to be taken an hour before a meal4 ,draught1 ,diuret'ic4 ,syn4 ,,haustus ,,diureticus1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,collier47 ,tincture of jalap1 #b fl4 dr42 vinegar of squills1 #a fl4 dr42 peppermint water1 #aj fl4 dr42 mix4 #b4 7,copland47 ,acetate of potassa1 #a_/b dr42 infusion of quassia and cinnamon water1 of each #f fl4 dr42 vinegar of squills and sweet spirits of nitre1 of each #a_/b fl4 dr4 #c4 7,thomson47 ,nitre1 #h gr42 tincture of digitalis1 #af drops2 infusion of roses1 #ac fl4 dr42 syrup of roses1 #a fl4 dr4 #d4 7,turner47 ,nitre and powdered gum1 of each #ae gr42 almond mixture1 #a-a_/b fl4 oz4 ,the above are used as diuretics in dropsy2 the last1 also in scurvy1 and in the incontinence of urine of children4 ,draught1 ,donovan's4 ,syn4 ,,draught ,,of ,,hydriodate ,,of ,,arsenic ,,and ,,mercury2 ,,haustus ,,hydriodatis ,,arsenici ,,et ,,hydrargyri1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,donovan47 ,liquor of hydriodate of arsenic and mercury 7,donovan's71 #b fl4 dr42 distilled water1 #c-a_/b fl4 oz42 syrup of ginger1 #a_/b fl4 oz42 mix for #d draughts4 ,one1 night and morning2 in lepra1 lupus1 psoriasis1 and some other obstinate cutaneous affections4 ,it must not be allowed to touch anything metallic4 ,draught1 ,efferves'cing4 ,prep4 7,lond4 ,hosp47 ,sesquicarbonate of soda1 #cj gr42 water1 or peppermint water1 #a-a_/b fl4 oz42 syrup of orange peel1 #b fl4 dr42 tincture of calumba1 #a_/b fl4 dr42 tartaric or citric acid1 #be gr42 add the acid last1 and drink whilst effervescing4 ,stomachic1 tonic1 and anti-emetic2 in acidity1 dyspepsia1 c4 7,see ant47 ,draught1 ,emet'ic4 ,syn4 ,,haustus ,,emeticus1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,sulphate of zinc1 #ae gr4 to #cj gr42 water1 #i fl4 dr42 dissolve4 ,in cases of poisoning1 and at the commencement of an attack of ague4 #b4 7,copland47 ,ipecacuanha1 #cj gr42 sesquicarbonate of ammonia1 #bj gr42 tincture of capsicum1 #cj drops2 oil of chamomile1 #aj drops2 mint water1 #b fl4 oz4 ,as a stimulant emetic in cases of poisoning by laudanum or other narcotics4 #c4 7,guy's ,hosp47 ,antimonial wine1 #b fl4 dr42 ipecacuanha wine1 #f fl4 dr42 water1 #d fl4 dr4 ,for unloading the stomach in ordinary cases4 #d4 7,mid4 ,hosp47 ,tartar emetic1 #a gr42 ipecacuanha1 #bj gr42 syrup1 #b fl4 dr42 water1 #aj fl4 dr4 ,as the last4 #e4 7,dr ,pickford47 ,sulphate of zinc1 #bj gr42 sulphate of magnesia1 #d dr42 water1 #a-c_/d oz4 ,when it is also desired to act rapidly on the bowels4 #f4 7,rodier47 ,sulphate of copper1 #aj gr42 water1 #b fl4 oz4 ,in poisoning by laudanum4 #g4 7,sprague47 ,ipecacuanha1 #cj gr42 sesquicarbonate of ammonia1 #bj gr42 tincture of capsicum1 #a fl4 dr42 peppermint water1 #c fl4 oz4 ,in poisoning by narcotics4 #h4 7,a4 ,t4 ,thomson47 ,ipecacuanha1 #bj gr12 ipecacuanha wine1 #b fl4 dr42 water1 #aj fl4 dr4 ,for unloading the stomach1 in ordinary cases4 #i4 7,trousseau47 ,ipecacuanha1 #h gr42 syrup of ipecacuanha1 #a fl4 oz42 water1 q4 s4 for #d draughts4 ,one every #aj minutes1 until vomiting occurs4 ,draught1 ,e'ther4 ,syn4 ,,haustus ,,thereus1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,neligan47 ,sulphuric ether1 #a fl4 dr42 spermaceti1 #c gr42 rub together 7expertly71 and add of peppermint water1 #aj fl4 dr4 ,an excellent stimulant and antispasmodic1 febrile symptoms being absent4 ,draught1 ,expec'torant4 ,syn4 ,,haustus ,,expectorans1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,collier47 ,mixtures of ammoniacum and almonds1 of each #f fl4 dr42 tincture of squills1 #ab drops4 ,in hoarseness1 chronic coughs1 c4 ,draught1 ,hen'bane4 ,syn4 ,,haustus ,,hyoscyami1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,tincture of henbane1 #cj to #fj drops2 syrup of saffron1 #a fl4 dr42 water1 #aj fl4 dr4 ,anodyne and soporific4 ,used to allay nervous excitement1 and induce sleep1 when laudanum is inadmissible4 #b4 7,,henbane ,,and ,,squills ,d42 ,,haustus ,,hyoscyami ,,cum ,,scill1 ,l4--,dr ,bree47 ,extract of henbane1 #c gr42 tincture of squills1 #aj drops2 dilute nitric acid1 #f drops2 water1 #a-a_/b fl4 oz4 ,anodyne and expectorant2 in asthmas1 chronic coughs1 c4 ,draught1 ,hydrocyan'ic4 ,syn4 ,,haustus ,,hydrocyanicus1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,donovan47 ,cyanide of potassium1 #a gr42 syrup of lemons1 #a_/b fl4 oz42 distilled water1 #g-a_/b fl4 oz4 ,for #h draughts4 ,one for a dose4 #b4 7,dr ,s4 ,dickson47 ,medicinal ,hydrocyanic acid 7,l471 #ae drops2 liquor of ammonia1 #bj drops2 syrup of orange flowers 7or simple syrup71 #c fl4 dr42 water1 #h-a_/b fl4 oz42 mix1 and divide into #f draughts4 ,one--#b or #c times a day2 in gastrodynia1 and all those nameless nervous and hysterical affections arising from excessive irritability1 mental anxiety1 c4 ,in a case that came under our notice1 in which life was an absolute burden to the patient1 relief was afforded by the first draught1 and #d or #e effected a comparative cure1 although almost every other remedy had been tried in vain4 ,draught1 ,laennec's4 ,syn4 ,,laennec',s ,,contra-,,stimulant ,,draught2 ,,haustus ,,contrastimulans1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from tartar emetic1 #b grs42 syrup of poppies1 #b fl4 drs42 orange-flower water1 #a-a_/b fl4 oz4 ,every two hours in pneumonia1 c4 ,draught1 ,lax'ative4 ,syn4 ,,haustus ,,laxans1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,see ,,draughts1 ,,aperient4 #b4 7,dr ,copeland47 ,infusion of senna and compound infusion of gentian1 of each #f fl4 dr42 sulphate of potassa1 #bj to #cj gr42 extract of taraxacum1 #cj to #dj gr42 compound tincture of cardamoms1 #a-a_/b fl4 dr4 ,aperient1 stomachic1 and alterative4 ,draught1 ,mor'phia4 ,syn4 ,,haustus ,,morphi1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,brera47 ,morphia1 #a_/d gr42 syrup of poppies1 #a fl4 dr42 water1 #aa fl4 dr4 ,two or three drops of acetic acid may be advantageously added4 ,at bed-time1 as a soporific4 ,draught1 ,narcot'ic4 ,syn4 ,,haustus ,,narcoticus1 ,h4 ,,opiatus1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,st4 ,b4 ,hosp47 ,laudanum1 #ab to #bj drops2 syrup of red poppies1 #a fl4 dr42 pimento water1 #c fl4 dr2 water1 #a fl4 oz4 ,to induce sleep in slight cases1 when fever is absent4 #b4 7,a4 ,t4 ,thomson47 ,camphor mixture1 #a-a_/b fl4 oz42 laudanum1 #ce drops2 sulphuric ether and syrup of saffron1 of each #a fl4 dr4 ,in intermittent headache4 #c4 7,thomson47 ,carbonate of ammonia1 #ae gr42 fresh lemon juice1 #a_/b fl4 oz42 water1 #a fl4 oz42 spirit of nutmeg1 #a fl4 dr42 syrup of orange peel1 #a_/b fl4 dr42 tincture of hemlock1 #aj drops4 ,in diseases of increased irritability4 #d4 7,thomson47 ,carbonate of potassa1 #bj gr42 fresh lemon juice1 #a_/b fl4 oz42 peppermint water1 #a fl4 oz42 laudanum1 #be drops2 syrup of tolu1 #a_/b fl4 dr4 ,to procure sleep in the majority of diseases4 7,see above47 ,draught1 ,nux ,vom'ica4 ,syn4 ,,haustus ,,nucis ,,vomic1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,dr ,joy47 ,nux vomica 7in fine powder71 #c gr42 powdered gum1 #b dr2 compound tincture of cardamoms1 #a fl4 dr42 cinnamon water1 #aj fl4 dr4 ,diuretic1 narcotic1 stimulant1 and tonic2 in paralysis1 impotence1 debility1 c41 unaccompanied by inflammation of the nervous centres4 ,see ,,strychnine4 ,draught1 ,refri''gerant4 ,syn4 ,,haustus ,,refrigerans1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,carbonate of potassa1 #bj grs42 syrup of orange peel1 #a fl4 dr42 spirit of nutmeg1 #a_/b fl4 dr42 water1 #a-a_/b fl4 oz4 #b4 7,thomson47 ,nitre1 #ab gr42 almond mixture1 #a-a_/b fl4 oz42 syrup of tolu1 #a fl4 oz4 #c4 7,collier47 ,carbonate of potassa1 #bj gr42 antimonial wine1 #bj drops2 syrup of orange peel1 #a fl4 dr42 tincture of orange peel1 #a_/b fl4 dr42 water1 #a-a_/b fl4 oz42 mix1 and add a large table-spoonful of lemon juice4 ,in inflammatory diseases1 c4 ,draught1 ,saline'4 ,see ,,draught1 ,,effervescing1 c4 ,draught1 ,stomach'ic4 ,see ,,draught1 ,,dinner1 c4 ,draught1 ,ton'ic4 ,syn4 ,,strengthening ,,draught2 ,,haustus ,,tonicus1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,collier47 ,disulphate of quinine1 #b gr42 tincture of orange peel1 #a fl4 dr42 diluted sulphuric acid1 #e drops2 laudanum1 #aj drops2 infusion of cascarilla1 #a-a_/b fl1 oz4 ,in pyrosis1 c41 #a hour before dinner4 #b4 7,a4 ,t4 ,thomson47 ,infusion of yellow bark1 #a-a_/b fl4 oz42 compound tincture of cinchona1 #a fl4 dr42 powdered cinchona1 #dj gr42 syrup of orange peel1 #a fl4 dr4 ,in intermittents and acute rheumatisms4 #c4 7,thomson47 ,infusion of cascarilla1 #a-a_/b fl4 oz42 tincture of cascarilla and ginger1 of each #a fl4 dr4 ,in dyspepsia1 arising from intemperance4 #d4 7,walton47 ,infusion of cascarilla1 #i fl4 dr42 tinctures of rhubarb and ginger1 of each #a fl4 dr42 syrup of saffron1 #a_/b fl4 dr42 ammonio-citrate of iron1 #f gr42 tincture of capsicum1 #e drops4 ,in anmia1 and debility accompanied by paleness and relaxation4 ,draught1 ,ver'mifuge4 ,syn4 ,,haustus ,,vermifugus1 ,h4 ,,anthelminthicus1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,m4 ,levacher47 ,castor oil1 #d dr42 oil of turpentine1 #b dr42 mint water1 #b fl4 oz42 syrup1 #a fl4 oz42 powdered gum1 #b dr42 for an emulsion4 ,in tapeworm4 ,,draw',,ings4 ,chalk and pencil drawings may be fixed so as not to suffer from slight abrasion1 by washing them with skimmed milk1 or with water holding in solution a little isinglass or gum4 ,when the first is used1 great care must be taken to deprive it of the whole of the cream1 as the latter substance would cause the drawing to look streaky4 ,an easy way of applying these fluids is to pour them into a shallow vessel1 and to lay the drawing flat upon the surface of the liquid2 after which it should be gently removed and placed on white blotting paper1 in an inclined position1 to drain and dry4 ,,drenches4 ,syn4 ,,drinks4 ,in veterinary practice1 these terms are applied to liquid medicines or mixtures which are administered to horses and neat cattle1 and chiefly to the latter4 ,a drench for a ,,horse should not be less than half a pint1 nor more than a quart2 about a pint is1 perhaps1 the best quantity2 that for a ,,cow or ,,ox should measure about a quart1 and not more than about #e half pints4 ,see ,,veterinary ,,medicine4 ,,dres',,sing4 ,in the industrial arts1 a preparation of gum1 starch1 size1 c41 employed in stiffening or finishing off textile fabrics and paper4 ,in surgery1 the term is appropriated to any application to a wound or sore1 made by means of lint1 linen1 or leather4 ,,simple ,,dressing is simple cerate or spermaceti cerate4 ,among cooks1 the stuffing of fowls1 pork1 veal1 c41 is commonly called 'dressing4' ,,driers4 ,driers are substances employed to facilitate the drying of paints4 ,the driers most commonly employed are sugar of lead1 litharge1 and white copperas4 ,either of these when well ground1 and mixed in small proportion with paints1 very materially hastens their drying4 ,indeed1 some colours will not dry without them4 ,red lead is also well adapted for a drying agent1 and in cases where its colour does not preclude it1 is much used4 ,the best drier is sugar of lead4 ,its cost1 however1 is somewhat higher than that of the other driers4 ,it is important to bear in mind that in the finishing coats of delicate colours driers are not generally had recourse to1 as they have a slight tendency to injure the colour4 ,a drying property may be imparted to linseed oil by boiling it with drying substances2 it then becomes a very useful vehicle for some purposes4 ,see ,,oils1 ,,drying4 ,,driffield ,,oils4--,for the prevention of gangrene and for healing incised and other wounds1 bruises1 sprains1 swellings1 and external inflammations4 ,a dusky brownish-green clear oil1 consisting of olive oil1 digested with wormwood1 savin1 and arnica1 and afterwards perfumed with a mixture of oils of rosemary1 thyme1 and juniper1 #a pint 7#dgd grammes74 7,hager47 ,,drinks 7,summer74 ,see ,,beer1 ,,ginger1 ,,lemonade1 ,,sherbet1 c4 ,,drink1 ,,cordial 7,dr ,cherwy74 ,a herbal lemonade to heal all chronic and scrofulous diseases4 ,it contains #aae grammes water1 #ae grammes spirit1 #b grammes potassium iodide1 #e grammes bitter almond water1 #aj grammes sugar1 and #c grammes burnt sugar4 7,hager47 ,,dripping ,,to ,,clarify4 ,put the dripping into a stewpan over the fire1 and let it boil1 and as it does so1 skim it carefully4 ,when it boils pour it into a basin1 in which you have previously put a little cold water4 ,it must stand till cold4 ,it is then to be taken out of the water4 ,the dripping will now be in the form of a cake1 at the bottom of which will be found adhering little pieces of meat1 skin1 c4 ,these must be scraped off1 and the dripping will have been purified4 ,another method is to mix boiling water with the dripping1 to stir well1 let it get cold1 and then to take it out and scrape it as above4 ,,drop4 ,see ,,measures4 ,,drops1 ,,cholera--,,choleratropfen 7,a4 ,bastler1 ,vienna74 ,oils of anise1 cajeput1 and juniper berries1 of each #bj parts2 spirit of ether1 #fj parts2 tincture of cinnamon1 #abj parts2 ,haller's acid elixir1 #e parts4--,dose1 #cj to #ej drops4 7,wittstein47 ,,drops 7,confectionery74 ,these are confections of which the principal basis is sugar4 ,they differ from lozenges chiefly in the ingredients being combined by the aid of heat4 ,occasionally they are medicated4 ,prep4 ,double refined sugar is reduced to powder1 and passed through a hair sieve 7not too fine71 and afterwards through a gauze sieve1 to take out the fine dust1 which would destroy the beauty of the drop4 ,it is then put into a clean pan1 and moistened with any favorite aromatic1 as rose or orange-flower water1 added slowly1 stirring it with a paddle all the time1 from which the sugar will fall as soon as it is moist enough1 without sticking4 ,the colouring 7if any7 is next added1 in the liquid state1 or in very fine powder4 ,a small1 polished copper1 or tinned-copper pan1 furnished with a lip1 is now one half or three parts filled with the paste1 and placed over the fire1 or over the hole of a stove1 or preferably on a sand bath1 and the mixture stirred with a little bone or glass spatula until it becomes liquid4 ,as soon as it almost boils1 it is taken from the fire1 and if it is too moist1 a little more powdered sugar is added1 and the whole stirred1 until it is of such a consistence as to run without too much extension4 ,a tin plate1 very clean and smooth1 and very slightly oiled1 being now ready1 the pan is taken in the left hand1 and a bit of bright iron1 copper1 or silver wire1 about #d inches long1 in the right4 ,the melted sugar is next allowed to fall regularly on the tin plate1 the wire being used to remove the drop from the lip of the pan4 ,in two or three hours afterwards the drops are taken off with the blade of a knife1 and are at once put into bottles or tins4 ,on the large scale1 'confectionery drops' are moulded by a machine consisting essentially of two metal rollers covered with hollows4 ,a sheet of the warm and soft composition1 on being passed between the rollers1 is at once converted into a batch of symmetrical drops1 the upper and lower halves being moulded by the corresponding hollows of the upper and lower rollers4 ,see ,,candying1 ,,confection1 ,,essence1 ,,stains 7,confectioner's71 ,,sugar ,,plums4 ,the following are a few of the principal confectionery drops kept in the shops3-- ,drops1 ,acid'ulated4 ,syn4 ,,acid ,,drops4 ,prep4 ,tartaric acid1 #a_/b oz41 dissolved in a very little water1 is added to each lb4 of sugar1 as above2 with essence of lemon1 orange1 or jargonelle pear1 to flavour1 as desired4 ,drops1 ,chocolate4 ,prep4 ,chocolate1 #a oz41 is reduced to fine powder by scraping1 and added to powdered white sugar1 #a lb42 when the mixture is made into drops1 as above1 care being taken to avoid heating it a second time4 ,drops1 ,cof'fee4 ,prep4 ,a clarified1 concentrated infusion of coffee1 #a oz41 is used for each lb4 of sugar4 ,drops1 ,fruit4 ,these are prepared according to the general description4 7,see above47 ,the flavouring essences 7volatile oils or essences of lemon1 orange1 citron1 raspberry1 jargonelle pear1 c47 not being added until the sugar is melted1 to avoid1 as much as possible1 loss by evaporation4 ,the colouring matter may be any of the transparent 'stains' usually employed for cakes1 jellies1 and confectionery4 ,in this way are made the majority of the first-class fruit drops and bon-bons of the sugar-bakers4 ,in some cases the plan is varied by adding the clarified concentrated juice1 or jelly of the fruit to the sugar4 ,one variety of raspberry and currant 7red and black7 drops are made in this way4 ,drops1 ,ginger4 ,prep4 ,from essence or tincture of ginger1 as above4 ,an inferior kind is made in the way described under ,,candy1 ,,ginger4 ,drops1 ,jargonelle'4 ,fruit drops flavoured with essence of jargonelle pear 7,,solution ,,of ,,acetate of ,,amyle74 ,drops1 ,lem'on4 ,acidulated drops flavoured with essence of lemon4 ,they are usually stained with an infusion of turmeric4 7,see above47 ,drops1 ,pep'permint4 ,from the whitest refined sugar1 flavoured with ,english oil of peppermint or its spirituous solution 7essence of peppermint71 or with peppermint water4 ,drops1 ,rasp'berry4 ,see ,,drops1 ,,fruit 7above47 ,drops 7,med'icated74 ,syn4 ,,gutt1 ,l4 ,this term is commonly applied to compound medicines that are only taken in small doses4 ,at the present time they are almost exclusively confined to empirical and domestic medicine4 ,the plan of directing liquids to be measured by dropping is objectionable1 because the drops of different fluids vary in size1 and are also further influenced by the size of the bottle and the shape of its neck1 as well as the quantity of liquid it is poured from4 ,see ,,essence1 and below4 ,drops1 ,acoust'ic4 ,syn4 ,,acoustic ,,balsam2 ,,gutt ,,acoustic1 ,,balsamum ,,acousticum1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,oil of almonds1 #a oz42 laudanum and oil of turpentine1 of each #a dr42 mix4 ,for hardened wax1 and to allay pain4 #b4 ,tinctures of benzoin1 castor1 and opium1 of each1 #a fl4 oz42 essential oil of assafoetida1 #e drops4 ,as the last1 and in deafness arising from debility of the organism4 #c4 7,baum's47 ,tinctures of ambergris1 assafoetida1 castor1 and opium1 of each1 #a oz42 terebinthinated balsam of sulphur and oil of rue1 of each1 #ae drops4 ,in atonic deafness4 #d4 7,bouchardat47 ,compound spirit of balm1 #b-a_/b dr42 oil of almonds1 #e dr42 ox-gall1 #aj dr42 cresote1 #aj or #bj drops4 ,in cases complicated with hardened wax1 fetid discharges1 c4 #e4 7,dr ,hugh ,smith47 ,ox-gall1 #c dr42 balsam of ,peru1 #a dr4 ,in fetid ulcerations of the ear4 ,one or two drops of the above are poured into the ear2 or a piece of cotton wool moistened therewith is introduced instead4 ,the last is the safest plan4 #f4 ,glycerin1 either alone or diluted with water4 ,in deficiency of the natural secretions of the ear2 used in sufficient quantity to moisten the first passages4 ,see ,,deafness1 ,,glycerin4 ,drops1 ,a'gue4 ,prep4 ,white arsenic1 #a_/b gr42 hot water1 #a oz42 dissolve4--,dose1 #a_/b to #a teaspoonful1 twice a day4 ,see ,,solution 7,arsenite of ,potassa74 ,drops1 ,an'odyne4 ,syn4 ,,gutt ,,anodyn1 ,l4 ,the solutions of acetate and hydrochlorate of morphia are commonly vended in the shops under this name4 ,drops1 ,ant'acid4 ,syn4 ,,gutt ,,antacid1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,u4 ,c4 ,hosp47 ,liquor of potassa1 #c fl4 oz12 powdered myrrh1 #a oz42 triturate together until thoroughly incorporated1 add of liquor of ammonia1 #a fl4 oz41 mix well1 place the mixture in a stoppered bottle1 and the next day decant the clear portion4 ,antacid1 tonic1 and stomachic4--,dose1 #aj to #bj drops1 or more1 in water4 ,drops1 ,antihyster'ic4 ,syn4 ,,gutt ,,antihysteric1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,cyanide of potassium1 #b gr42 rectified spirit1 #e fl4 dr42 syrup of orange flowers1 #c fl4 dr4--,dose1 #aj drops to #a_/b teaspoonful1 when the attack is expected1 and repeated occasionally as required2 in hysterical affections1 gastrodynia1 c4 ,drops1 ,antiscorbu'tic4 ,syn4 ,,gutt ,,antiscorbutic1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,expressed juice of water-cress1 #b fl4 oz42 salt of tartar1 #a oz42 agitate together occasionally for a few hours1 and in #b or #c days decant4--,dose1 #ab or #ae drops1 to a teaspoonful1 twice a day1 in a cupful of new milk4 #b4 ,citrate of potassa1 #d dr42 ammonio-citrate of iron1 #b dr42 water1 #aj fl4 dr4--,dose4 ,as the last1 in water4 #c4 7,,green',s ,,antiscorbutic ,,drops47 ,merely a disguised solution of corrosive sublimate4 ,most of the other 'antiscorbutic' and 'anti-venereal drops' advertised by quacks have a like composition4 ,drops1 ,antiscrof'ulous4 ,syn4 ,,gutt ,,antiscrofulos1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,iodine1 #aj gr42 iodide of potassium1 #a dr42 water1 #a fl4 oz4 #b4 7,augustin47 ,chlorides of iron and barium1 of each1 #a_/b dr42 distilled water1 #a fl4 oz4--,dose1 #aj to #cj drops1 #b or #c times a day4 ,drops1 ,antispasmod'ic4 ,syn4 ,,gutt ,,antispasmodic1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,tinctures of castor1 valerian1 and assafoetida1 of each1 #b dr42 tincture of capsicum and balsam of ,peru1 of each1 #a dr42 camphor1 #bj gr42 acetate of morphia1 #c gr4--,dose1 #aj to #bj drops1 as required4 ,drops1 ,bateman's4 ,see ,,drops1 ,,pectoral4 ,drops1 ,battley's4 ,see ,,liquor ,,opii ,,sedativus4 ,drops1 ,bitter4 ,syn4 ,,gutt ,,amar1 ,l42 ,,gouttes ,,am,,res1 ,fr4 ,prep4 ,from nux vomica 7rasped71 #a lb42 liquor of potassa1 #a_/b fl4 oz42 bistre1 #a dr42 compound spirit of wormwood1 #cb fl4 oz42 digest #aj days1 express the tincture1 and filter4 ,a most unscientific preparation2 said to be tonic and stomachic4--,dose1 #a to #h drops in water or any bitter infusion4 ,in large doses it is poisonous4 ,drop1 ,black4 ,syn4 ,,armstrong',s ,,black ,,drop1 ,,lancaster',s ,b4 ,d41 ,,quaker',s ,b4 ,d41 ,,toustall',s ,b4 ,d41 ,,braithwaite',s ,,genuine ,b4 ,d42 ,,gutta ,,nigra1 ,l4 ,this celebrated preparation was originally prepared nearly a century and a half ago by ,edward ,toustall1 a medical practitioner in the county of ,durham1 and one of the ,society of ,friends4 ,the formula passing into the possession of a relative of his 7,john ,walton1 of ,shildon71 was found among his brother's papers1 and1 by the permission of ,thomas ,richardson1 of ,bishop's ,wearmouth1 one of his executors1 was handed to ,dr ,armstrong1 who subsequently published it in his work on typhus fever4 ,prep4 #a4 7,original formula47 ,opium 7sliced71 #a_/b lb42 good verjuice1 #c pints2 nutmegs1 #a-a_/b oz42 saffron1 #a_/b oz42 boil them to a proper thickness2 then add1 of sugar1 #a_/d lb41 and yeast1 #b teaspoonfuls4 ,set the whole in a warm place1 near the fire1 for #f or #h weeks1 then place it in the open air until it becomes of the consistence of a syrup2 lastly1 decant1 filter1 and bottle it up1 adding a little sugar to each bottle4 ,to yield two pints of strained liquor4 #b4 7,,acetum ,,opii1 ,l4--,u4 ,s47 ,opium1 #h oz42 nutmeg1 #a-a_/b oz4 7both in coarse powder72 saffron1 #a_/b oz42 distilled vinegar1 #bd fl4 oz42 digest on a sand bath with a gentle heat for #dh hours1 and strain2 digest the residuum with an equal quantity of distilled vinegar for #bd hours2 then put the whole into a percolator1 and return the filtered liquid as it passes until it runs clear2 afterwards pour on the material1 fresh distilled vinegar until #dh fl4 oz4 of filtered liquor shall be obtained2 in this dissolve sugar1 #ab oz41 and gently evaporate the whole to #eb fl4 oz4 #c4 7,wholesale47 ,opium1 #aj oz41 and distilled vinegar1 #a quart1 are digested together for about a fortnight1 and after sufficient repose the clear portion is decanted4 ,this is the form commonly adopted by the wholesale trade in ,england4--,dose1 #e to #aj drops4 ,it is usually considered to be of fully #d times the strength of laudanum4 ,drops1 ,carmin'ative4 ,syn4 ,,gutt ,,carminativ1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,radius47 ,oil of mace1 #a dr42 nitric ether1 #c dr4--,dose1 #f to #aj drops on sugar2 in flatulent colic1 c4 ,drops1 ,cham'omile4 ,see ,,essence4 ,drops1 ,dalby's4 ,see ,,patent ,,medicines 7,dalby's ,carminative74 ,drops1 ,durande's4 ,syn4 ,,gutt ,,theris ,,terebinthinat1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,m4 ,durande47 ,rectified sulphuric acid1 #c parts2 oil of turpentine1 #a part4--,dose1 #bj to #cj drops1 or more2 in the passing of gall-stones4 ,drops1 ,dutch4 ,syn4 ,,haerlem ,,drops1 ,,turpentine ,,drops2 ,,balsamum ,,terebinthin1 ,l4 ,the genuine or imported ',dutch ,drops' is the residuum of the rectification of oil of turpentine4 ,it is also prepared by distilling resin1 and collecting the product in different portions4 ,at first a white1 then a yellow1 and lastly a red oil1 comes over4 ,the last is the balsam4 ,the article commonly sold under the name in this country is prepared by one or other of the following formul3-- #a4 ,oil of turpentine1 tincture of guaiacum1 and sweet spirit of nitre1 of each #a oz42 oils of amber and cloves1 of each #ae drops4 #b4 ,balsam of sulphur1 #a part2 oil of turpentine1 #e parts4 ,this last is the form most generally employed4 ,they are all regarded by those who use them as detergent1 diuretic1 stimulant1 and vulnerary4 ,drops1 ,female4 ,syn4 ,,emmenagogue ,,drops2 ,,gutt ,,emmenagog1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,brande47 ,compound tincture of aloes and tincture of valerian1 of each1 #b fl4 oz42 tincture of sesquichloride of iron1 #a fl4 oz4--,dose4 ,a teaspoonful in water or chamomile tea2 in obstructed menstruation1 c4 ,drops1 ,fit4 ,syn4 ,,soot ,,drops2 ,,tinctura ,,fuliginis1 ,,gutt ,f41 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from wood-soot1 #b oz42 sal-ammoniac1 #a oz42 salt of tartar1 #a_/b lb42 soft water1 #d lbs42 digest a week and filter4 ,reputed antispasmodic1 and also useful in scurvy and certain skin diseases4--,dose4 ,a teaspoonful or more1 occasionally1 in water4 ,drops1 ,golden4 ,syn4 ,,de ,,la ,,motte',s ,g4 ,d42 ,,bestucheff',s ,,nervous ,,tincture2 ,,gutt ,,aure1 ,l42 ,,elixir ,d',,or1 ,,gouttes ,d',,or ,,du ,g,n,,ral ,,lamotte1 ,fr4 ,prep4 #a4 7,original47 ,chloride of iron 7obtained by distilling iron pyrites with twice its weight of corrosive sublimate71 #c oz42 alcohol1 #g oz12 expose the mixture in a closely stoppered bottle to the rays of the sun until it becomes decoloured4 #b4 ,chloride of iron1 #a part2 alcohol and ether1 of each1 #c parts4 ,these drops have the remarkable property of losing their yellow colour in the sun1 and recovering it in the shade4 ,they are taken in gout1 hypochondriasis1 and nervous complaints1 in doses of from #aj to #fj drops4 ,drops1 ,hooping-,cough4 ,syn4 ,,gutt ,,anti-,,pertussic1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,dr ,graves47 ,tincture of assafoetida and compound tincture of camphor1 of each #a_/b fl4 oz42 compound tincture of bark1 #e fl4 oz4--,dose4 ,a teaspoonful1 #b or #c times a day4 #b4 7,potestates ,succini47 ,oil of amber1 #a oz42 carbonate 7not sesquicarb47 of ammonia1 #a_/b oz42 strongest rectified spirit 7alcohol71 #a_/b pint2 digest #c or #d days1 and decant the clear portion4--,dose1 #aj drops to #a dr41 applied as a friction4 ,drops1 ,infantile4 ,several anodyne1 carminative1 and absorbent preparations1 which pass by this name1 will be found under ,,mixtures1 c4 ,drops1 ,jes'uits'4 ,syn4 ,,elixir ,,antivenereum1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,gum guaiacum1 #g oz42 balsam of ,peru1 #d dr42 root of sarsaparilla1 #e oz42 rectified spirit of wine1 #a quart2 digest for #ad days4 #b4 7,quincy47 ,copaiba1 #a oz42 gum guaiacum1 #b dr42 oil of sassafras1 #a dr42 salt of tartar1 #a_/b dr42 rectified spirit1 #e fl4 oz42 digest a week4 #c4 7,walker's47 ,copaiba1 #f oz42 gum guaiacum1 #a oz42 chio turpentine and salt of tartar1 of each1 #a_/b oz42 cochineal1 #a dr42 rectified spirit1 #a quart2 digest a week4 ,see ,,comp4 ,,tincture ,,of ,,benzoin4 ,drops1 ,koechlin's4 ,prep4 7,augustin47 ,solution of ammonio-chloride of copper and mercury1 #a fl4 dr42 water1 #aj fl4 dr4 ,in obstinate venereal affections1 scrofula1 c4--,dose4 ,a teaspoonful after each meal4 ,drops1 ,lav'ender4 ,syn4 ,,red ,,drops2 ,,gutt ,,lavendul1 ,l4 ,the same as compound tincture of lavender4 ,drops1 ,life4 ,syn4 ,,salmon',s ,,drops ,,of ,,life2 ,,gutt ,,vit1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,tincture of castor1 #h fl4 oz42 antimonial wine and water1 of each #a lb42 opium1 #c oz42 saffron1 #a_/b oz42 cochineal1 camphor1 and nutmegs1 of each #b dr42 digest for #aj days and filter4 ,anodyne and diaphoretic4--,dose1 #bj to #fj drops4 ,drops1 ,mercu''rial4 ,syn4 ,,gutt ,,hydrargyri ,,bichloridi1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,bichloride of mercury1 #b gr42 hydrochloric acid1 #c drops2 rectified spirit and distilled water1 of each1 #a_/b fl4 oz4--,dose1 #ab to #bj drops4 #b4 ,bichloride of mercury1 #b gr42 sal-ammoniac1 #c gr42 compound decoction of sarsaparilla1 #b fl4 oz4--,dose4 ,a teaspoonful4 #c4 7,sir ,a4 ,cooper47 ,corrosive sublimate1 #a gr42 dilute hydrochloric acid1 #a_/b dr42 dissolve1 and add tincture of bark1 #b fl4 oz4--,dose4 ,as the last4 ,they are all taken #b or #c times daily1 as alteratives in scrofula1 syphilis1 cancer1 c4 ,it should not be measured in a metal spoon4 ,drops1 ,norris's4 ,an aqueous solution of tartar emetic1 mixed with spirit of wine1 and coloured4 ,drops1 ,odontal'gic4 ,syn4 ,,tooth-,,ache ,,drops2 ,,gutt ,,odontalgic1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,dr ,blake47 ,alum 7in fine powder71 #a dr42 sweet spirit of nitre1 #g fl4 dr42 agitate together occasionally for an hour4 #b4 7,dr ,copland47 ,powdered opium and camphor1 of each #aj gr42 oils of cloves and cajeput1 of each #a dr42 highly rectified spirit and sulphuric ether1 of each #a_/b fl4 oz4 #c4 7,cottereau47 ,a saturated ethereal solution of camphor1 to which a few drops of liquor of ammonia is added4 #d4 7,dr ,r4 ,e4 ,griffith47 ,wine of opium1 ,hoffman's anodyne1 and oil of peppermint1 equal parts4 ,used as a friction on the cheek or gum1 as well as applied to the teeth4 #e4 7,perry's47 ,a concentrated ethereal tincture of camphor and pellitory4 #f4 7,righini47 ,creosote1 #f dr42 rectified spirit1 #d dr42 tincture of cochineal1 #b dr42 oil of peppermint1 #a_/b dr4 #g4 ,camphor1 #b dr42 rectified spirit1 #a oz4 ,obs4 ,the above are applied to the tooth with a camel-hair pencil1 or a little wad of lint or cotton wool is moistened with them1 and placed in or against the tooth4 ,drops1 ,pectoral4 ,syn4 ,,bateman',s ,p4 ,d42 ,,gutt ,,pectorales1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,paregoric1 #aj fl4 oz42 tincture of castor1 #d fl4 oz42 laudanum1 #a fl4 oz42 tincture of saffron or of cochineal1 #a_/b fl4 oz42 oil of aniseed1 #ae drops4 #b4 ,castor1 #a oz42 oil of aniseed1 #a dr42 camphor1 #e dr42 cochineal1 #a-a_/b dr42 opium1 #c_/d oz42 treacle1 #a lb42 proof spirit1 #a gal42 digest for a week4 #c4 7,phil4 ,coll4 of ,pharm47 ,camphor1 catechu1 powdered opium1 and red sanders wood1 of each #b oz42 oil of aniseed1 #d fl4 dr42 proof spirit1 #d old wine-gallons2 digest #aj days1 and filter4--,dose4 ,a teaspoonful1 or more1 in coughs1 colds1 hoarseness1 c41 assisted by an aperient4 ,drops1 ,rheumat'ic4 ,syn4 ,,gutt ,,rheumatic1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,iodide of potassium1 #a dr42 tincture of guaiacum1 #b fl4 oz42 dissolve4--,dose1 #bj to #cj drops4 ,in both chronic and occasional rheumatism1 assisted with the copious use of lemon juice4 #b4 7,lampadius47 ,bisulphuret of carbon and ether1 of each #b fl4 dr4--,dose1 #f to #ab drops1 on sugar1 or in milk4 #c4 7,wutzer47 ,bisulphuret of carbon1 #a fl4 dr42 alcohol1 #b fl4 dr4--,dose4 ,as ,no4 #b4 ,the last two are sudorific1 alterative1 resolvent1 and emmenagogue1 and1 besides rheumatism1 have been used with advantage in amenorrhoea1 in some cutaneous affections1 in glandular swellings1 c4 ,drops1 ,rousseau's4 ,see ,,wine ,,of ,,opium 7by ,fermentation47 ,drops1 ,sed'ative4 ,syn4 ,,gutt ,,sedativ1 ,l4 ,the solutions of acetate and hydrochlorate of morphia1 black drop1 ,rousseau's drop1 and ,battley's liquor opii sedativus1 are frequently sold under this name by the druggists4 ,the anti-hysteric drops 7ant7 is also an excellent sedative4 ,drops1 ,spilbury's4 ,prep4 #a4 7,dr ,paris47 ,from bichloride of mercury1 gentian root1 and dried orange peel1 of each #b dr42 precipitated sulphuret of antimony and red sanders wood1 of each1 #a dr42 proof spirit1 #af fl4 oz42 digest ten days and strain4 #b4 ,levigated crocus metallorum 7'crocus of antimony'71 #f dr42 corrosive sublimate1 #de gr42 red sanders1 #a_/b dr42 gentian root and dried orange peel1 of each #b dr42 brandy 7or equal parts of rect4 sp4 and water71 #af fl4 oz42 digest as before4--,dose1 #e to #cj drops2 as an antiscorbutic1 c4 ,drops1 ,steel4 ,see ,,tincture ,,of ,,sesquichloride ,,of ,,iron4 ,drops1 ,ton'ic4 ,prep4 7,collier47 ,elixir of vitriol1 #b fl4 dr42 tincture of calumba1 #f fl4 dr4 ,a teaspoonful three times daily1 in a wine-glassful of cold water4 ,drops1 ,torrington's4 ,see ,,tincture ,,of ,,benzoin 7,comp474 ,drops1 ,van ,swieten's4 ,an aromatised solution of corrosive sublimate4 ,drop1 ,ward's ,white4 ,prep4 ,from quicksilver1 #d oz42 nitric acid1 #af fl4 oz42 dissolve1 add sesquicarbonate of ammonia1 #g oz42 evaporate and crystallise2 then dissolve the resulting salt by the heat of a sand bath1 in #d times its weight of rose-water4 ,very poisonous4--,dose1 #e to #ae drops1 as an antiscorbutic1 antivenereal1 c4 ,drops1 ,worm4 ,syn4 ,,gutt ,,anthelmintic1 ,g4 ,,vermifug1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,creosote1 #a dr42 oil of turpentine1 #g fl4 dr4--,dose4 ,a teaspoonful1 #c or #d times a day4 #b4 7,peschier47 ,oil of male-fern1 #c fl4 dr42 rectified oil of turpentine1 #e fl4 dr4 ,as the last2 in tapeworm4 #c4 7,schwartz'47 ,barbadoes tar1 #a fl4 oz42 tincture of assafoetida1 #a-a_/b fl4 oz4--,dose1 #cj to #dj drops1 three times a day2 in tapeworm4 ,,drops 7,scouring74 ,prep4 #a4 ,oil of turpentine and oil of lemons1 equal parts4 ,both of the ingredients should have been recently distilled or rectified4 #b4 ,oil of lemon bottoms1 #a-c_/d lb42 oil of turpentine1 #a quart2 mix well1 and distil by the heat of a sand bath1 until #c pints have come over1 or as long as the distillate is clear1 pale1 and sweet4 ,used to remove paint1 grease1 c41 from cloth4 ,,dropsy4 ,syn4 ,,hydrops1 ,l4 ,an unnatural collection of aqueous fluid in any part of the body4 ,dropsy has received different names1 according to the part of the body affected by the disease4 ,when it occurs in the cellular membrane it is called ,,anasarca2 when in the cavity of the abdomen1 ,,ascites2 in the cavity of the cranium1 ,,hydrocephalus2 in the scrotum1 ,,hydrocele2 in the uterus1 ,,hydrometra2 and in the chest1 ,,hydrothorax4 ,dropsy is mostly a symptom of extreme debility and a broken-down constitution1 and frequently follows lengthened attacks of exhausting chronic diseases4 ,the treatment of dropsy1 perhaps1 more than any other disease1 depends upon the circumstances with which it is connected1 and1 more especially1 upon those which have caused it4 ,the acute inflammatory forms of dropsy generally require depletion4 ,in most other cases1 tonics may be advantageously administered4 ,to promote the absorption of the accumulated fluids1 diuretics are commonly resorted to4 ,confirmed dropsy 7especially ,,hydrocephalus and ,,hydrothorax71 occurring in patients either much debilitated by previous disease or of a bad habit of body1 is seldom curable4 ,,drowning4 ,the cause of death from submersion in water is the entire seclusion of air from the lungs1 by which the aration of the venous blood is prevented4 ,in consequence of this deprivation of air1 venous blood circulates through the arterial system1 whilst the pulmonary vein ceases to convey oxygenated blood to the heart4 ,under ordinary circumstances1 in the course of #d or #e minutes after the access of air has been cut off1 life becomes extinct4 ,many cases have1 nevertheless1 occurred of persons being submerged for #ae or #bj minutes1 and even longer1 and where perfect insensibility has existed1 in which recovery has taken place4 ,prev4 ,the specific gravity of the human body is less than that of water1 so long as the lungs are partially filled with air2 and this difference is sufficient to keep the body floating with the mouth and nostrils free for respiration1 provided the face is turned upwards by throwing the head back on the shoulders1 by which the weight of the head is sustained by the water4 ,when a person throws himself into the water1 the body rises rapidly to the surface and assumes nearly the erect position1 the upper part of the head1 down to a little below the eyes1 remaining above the surface of the water4 ,this arises from the greater density of the legs and thighs compared to that of the chest1 which acts as a species of float or buoy to the rest of the body4 ,in this situation the head may be thrown back1 so that the face may form the exposed portion1 as before mentioned1 when respiration may be carried on without inconvenience in still water1 and regularly1 but sufficiently1 so as to sustain life for some time1 even in a rough sea4 ,the adoption of this simple precaution would have saved thousands of valuable lives4 ,another point which should be remembered by every person in danger of drowning is1 that there is always a considerable amount of residual air in the lungs1 in a nearly deoxidised state1 and that if this air is expelled by two or three forced inspirations1 and a deep inspiration is then taken1 a larger quantity of vital air will be introduced into the lungs1 and the blood will continue arated for a proportionally longer time2 and consequently1 a longer period will elapse before another inspiration will be required4 ,if we prepare ourselves by taking two or three forced inspirations1 and then take a full inspiration1 we may remain for #a-a_/b or #b minutes before a second attempt at respiration need be made4 ,this is the plan adopted by the pearl fishers1 and other divers who are remarkable for remaining beneath the surface of the water for some time4 ,a person in danger of shipwreck1 or expecting immediate submersion1 in any other situation1 should have recourse to this expedient1 which would prevent the dreadful effects of attempting respiration whilst under water4 ,treat4 ,the first object is the restoration of the animal heat4 ,for this purpose1 the wet clothes should be removed1 and the body1 after being well dried1 surrounded with warm air4 ,in the absence of a warm-air bath1 the body may be laid between well-heated blankets1 and bottles of hot water applied to the feet and armpits4 ,gentle friction with warm flannel or the hands should also be assiduously employed4 ,meanwhile attempts should be made to excite respiration artificially2 and when the apparatus is at hand1 slight shocks of electricity should be kept up at the same time4 ,on the appearance of returning life1 such as sighing or convulsive twitching1 a vein may be opened4 ,the throat may be tickled with the finger or a feather1 to excite vomiting1 and a teaspoonful of warm water administered4 ,if the power of swallowing exists1 a table-spoonful of warm wine or brandy and water may be given4 ,even if no symptom of returning animation appear1 these means of recovery should be persisted in for three or four hours4 ,in the treatment of this species of asphyxia1 nasal stimulants1 as ammonia1 aromatic vinegar1 c41 should be avoided1 as well as the injection of tobacco smoke1 both of which have been found highly prejudicial4 ,the practice of holding the body with the head downwards1 which is sometimes adopted by the vulgar and ignorant1 under the idea of allowing the water to run out by the mouth1 is still more dangerous and absurd4 ,the supposition that water is inhaled by drowning persons instead of air is perfectly fallacious4 ,the peculiar mechanism of the glottis1 or upper portion of the windpipe1 is such as to prevent1 by the spasmodic closure of the epiglottis1 the entrance of more than a very trifling and accidental quantity of water1 which is altogether too insignificant to produce any very injurious effects4 ,see ,,asphyxia4 ,,drugs4 ,substances used in medicine1 sold by druggists1 and compounded by apothecaries and physicians4 ,our continental neighbours1 wiser than ourselves1 not merely require that persons engaged in selling and dispensing drugs and pharmaceutical preparations shall be fully qualified by previous education and training for the task1 but also that the various articles they sell and use shall be commercially pure and of the proper quality4 ,in the ,united ,states of ,america this subject has also engaged the attention of the government and legislature4 ,under the ,act of the #bfth ,june1 #ahdh1 inspectors were appointed to examine the quality of imported articles of this class before allowing them to pass the ,customs for home use4 ,an abridged copy of the order addressed to the collectors and other officers under this act is appended1 and will be useful to the reader1 as assisting to establish a standard by which the value of the substances named therein may be estimated4 ,,treasury ,,department1 ,june #dth1 #ahec4 ,the following articles are to be entitled to entry when ascertained by analysis to afford the per-centages as under1 viz43-- ,,aloes1 #hj of pure aloetic extract4 ,,assaf,,oe,,tida1 #ej of its peculiar bitter resin1 and #c of volatile oil4 ,,cinchona ,,bark1#bfd #a of pure quinine1 or #b of the several alkaloids1 as quina1 cinchona1 quinidine1 aricine1 c4 ,,benzoin1 #hj of benzoin resin4 ,do4 #ab of benzoic acid4 ,,colocynth1 #ab of colocynthine4 ,,elaterium1 #cj of elaterine4 ,,galbanum1 #fj of resin4 ,do4 #aj of gum1 and #f volatile oil4 ,,gamboge1 #gj of pure gamboge resin1 and #b of gum4 ,,guaiacum1 #hj of pure guaiacum resin4 ,,gum ,,ammoniacum1 #gj of resin1 and #ah of gum4 ,,jalap1#bfe #aa of pure jalap resin4 ,,myrrh1 #cj of pure resin1 and #ej of gum4 ,,opium1 #i of pure morphia4 ,,rhubarb1#bff #dj of soluble matter4 ,,sagapenum1 #ej of resin1 #cj of gum1 and #cj of volatile oil4 ,,scammony1 #gj of pure scammony resin4 ,,senna1 #bh of soluble matter4 ,medicinal leaves1 flowers1 barks1 roots1 extracts1 c41 not specified above1 must be1 when imported1 in perfect condition1 and of as recent collection and preparation as practicable4 ,pharmaceutical and chemical preparations1 whether crystallised or otherwise1 used in medicine1 to be pure and of a proper consistence and strength1 as well as of perfect manufacture1 conformably with the standard authorities named in the ,act2 and must1 in no instance1 contain over #c of excess of moisture or water of crystallisation4 ,essential or volatile oils1 and expressed oils used in medicine must be pure and of the standard sp4 gr4 noticed and declared in the dispensatories named in the above ,act4 ,patent or ,secret ,medicines are by law subject to the same examination as other medicinal preparations1 and cannot be permitted to pass the ,custom-house for home consumption1 but must be rejected and condemned1 unless the special examiner is satisfied1 after due investigation1 that they are fit and safe to be used for medical purposes4 ,an appeal from the examiner to the collector to be admitted within #aj days4 ,,james ,,guthrie1 ,secretary to the ,treasury4 ,footnote #bfd3 ,of whatever denomination4 ,footnote #bfe3 ,root in powder4 ,footnote #bff3 ,only ,turkey1 ,east ,indian1 and ,russian1 admissible4 ,,drum',,mond ,,light4 ,see ,,light 7,artificial74 ,,drunk',,enness4 ,see ,,abstinence1 ,,intemperance1 c4 ,,dry',,ers 7,painter's74 ,prep4 #a4 ,litharge 7best7 ground to a paste with drying-oil4 ,for dark colours4 #b4 ,from white copperas and drying oil2 as the last4 #c4 ,from sugar of lead and drying oil4 ,the last two are for pale colours4 #d4 ,from white copperas and sugar of lead1 of each #a lb42 pure white lead1 #b lbs4 ,for 'whites1' and opaque light colours1 greys1 c4 ,dryers are employed1 as the name implies1 to increase the drying and hardening properties of oil paints4 ,a little is beat up with them at the time of mixing them with the oil and turpentine for use4 ,,dry',,ing4 ,see ,,desiccation1 c4 ,,dry',,ing-,,oil4 ,see ,,oils4 ,,dry-,,rot4 ,a peculiar disease that attacks wood1 and renders it brittle and rotten4 ,it is generally caused by dampness and the subsequent development of the spores of fungi1 particularly those of ,merulius lacrymans and vastator and ,polyporus destructor4 ,the dry-rot principally attacks 'ill-seasoned' timber1 and more particularly that of ships and badly ventilated buildings4 ,prev4 ,various means have been proposed to prevent the attacks of dry-rot and to arrest its progress when it has commenced1 among which the process called ',,kyanizing' 7,kyan's patent7 is that most generally known and most extensively adopted4 ,it consists in immersing the timber in a bath of corrosive sublimate4 ,the process termed ',,paynizing' 7,payne's patent7 consists in first filling the pores with a solution of chloride of calcium1 under pressure1 and next forcing in a solution of sulphate of iron1 by which an insoluble sulphate of lime is formed in the body of the wood1 which is thus rendered nearly as hard as stone4 ,wood so prepared is now largely employed in our public works and railways4 ,sir ,w4 ,burnett's process 7patented in #ahcf7 consists in impregnating the timber with a solution of chloride of zinc4 ,mr ,j4 ,bethell's process 7patented in #ahch7 consists in thoroughly impregnating the wood with oil of tar containing creasote and a crude solution of acetate of iron1 commonly called 'pyrolignite of iron4' ,the impregnation is effected in a strong cylindrical vessel1 connected with a powerful air-pump1 so that in the first instance a vacuum being formed1 and subsequently a pressure of several atmospheres applied1 the liquid may as much as possible be forced into all the pores of the wood4 ,the above processes for 'seasoning' preserve the timber not only from dry-rot1 but from the influence of the weather and the attacks of insects and worms4 ,the construction of air-drains or passages around wood-work to be preserved is1 where the method is applicable1 a great aid to the preservation of wood4 ,dry-rot is both prevented in new buildings and cured in old ones by filling up the spaces between the floor-joists with 'tank-waste' from alkali works4 ,this can also be applied to the ends of beams resting in walls4--,chemical ,news4 ,,dub',,bing4 ,prep4 #a4 ,by boiling the waste cuttings of sheep-skins in crude cod oil4 #b4 ,black resin1 #b lb42 tallow1 #a lb42 crude cod oil or train oil1 #a gall42 boil to a proper consistence4 ,used by the curriers to dress leather1 and by shoemakers and others to soften leather1 and to render boots and shoes waterproof4 ,,duboisia ,,myoporoides4 7,nat4 order1 ,solanac47 ,a small tree growing in ,australia1 ,new ,caledonia1 and ,new ,guinea4 ,the leaves have been used in ,brisbane and ,sydney as a substitute for atropine1 and extract of belladonna2 to both of which ,mr ,tweedy believes them to be superior in prompt and energetic action4 ,mr ,tweedy further states that1 in every case in which he has used duboisia to produce dilatation of the pupil of the eye1 its action has been beneficial1 and he is induced to conclude1 more advantageous than that of atropine4 ,according to ,dr ,ringer1 duboisia1 besides causing dilatation of the pupil1 quickens the pulse1 parches the tongue1 stops the secretions of the skin1 and induces headache and drowsiness4 ,he also reports that it is antagonistic in its action to muscarine1 and produces tetanus after the lapse of some hours or days4 ,for an account of the botanical properties of the plant1 the reader is referred to a paper by ,mr ,e4 ,m4 ,holmes in the ',pharmaceutical ,journal' for ,march #ith1 #ahgh2 and to the ',lancet' of ,march #bnd1 #ahgh1 for some experiments on its physiological effects by ,messrs ,ringer and ,tweedie4 ,the ,duboisia myoporoides was introduced into medical practice by ,dr ,bancroft1 of ,brisbane4 ,since the above has been written1 ,mr ,gerrard has obtained a powerful alkaloid from an extract of the leaves of the ,duboisias1 very similar in chemical properties to aconite1 and possessed of the same physiological qualities as the extract4 ,,duck4 ,see ,,poultry4 ,,ductil',,ity is the property of being drawn out in length without breaking4 ,see ,,metals4 ,,dulcama',,ra4 ,see ,,nightshade 7,woody74 ,,dumb',,ness4 ,syn4 ,,aphonia1 ,l4 ,as speech is an acquired and imitative faculty1 persons who are either born deaf or become so in early infancy are also1 necessarily1 dumb4 ,the first step in treating dumbness must therefore be directed to the removal of the deafness on which the imperfection rests4 ,the exertions of modern philanthropists have1 however1 been so far successful in such cases as to enable the deaf-mute to converse with those around him by signs4 ,those interested in the subject may consult an admirable treatise on ',deaf-dumbness1' by ,m4 ,e4 ,hubert-,valleroux1 of which an excellent translation appeared in the ',medical ,circular1' vol4 ii1 for #ahec4 ,see ,,deafness4 ,,dumplings1 ,norfolk4 ,mix half a pound of flour with half a teaspoonful of baking powder and a pinch of salt2 make into a little dough with cold water2 fall into small balls1 put them into boiling water immediately1 and boil for twenty minutes4 ,,dunger--,,manure 7,boutin1 ,paris74 ,a bluish-green fluid1 containing about #aij grammes of solid matter per litre4 ,the residue consists of sulphates of copper1 iron1 magnesia1 and soda1 sal ammoniac1 nitrates of potash and soda1 common salt1 and none or a mere trace of phosphoric acid4 ,the blue deposit which separates on standing is ultramarine4 7,keller1 ,karmrodt1 and ,nessler47 ,,dung',,ing4 ,syn4 ,,cleansing4 ,one of the principal processes in the arts of calico printing and dyeing1 its object being to free the cloth from loose matters1 which would interfere with the dyeing4 ,after the thickened mordants have been applied to the fabric and properly fixed1 it is necessary to remove the now useless thickening matter1 together with the excess of mordant1 which has not come into actual contact with the cloth4 ,formerly a bath formed of cow-dung1 diffused through hot water 7#acj to #bab ,fahr47 was always used to wash away these loose matters2 but now various manufactured substances are successfully employed for the purpose4 ,the best dung substitutes are the arsenite and arseniate of soda1 the silicate of soda1 and phosphate of lime4 ,experience proves that1 in the case of these substitutes1 a final rinse in cow-dung before dyeing is advantageous4 ,a process very similar to 'dunging' is employed after dyeing1 to clear and give purity to the undyed parts4 ,this subsequent process is distinguished by the term 'clearing4' ,cow-dung has been used in 'clearing' operations1 but its employment is not to be recommended4 ,bran scalded and mixed with water is employed for certain goods1 but bleaching powder is the most generally used 'clearing agent4' ,,dust1 ,,atmospheric4 ,when a ray of sunlight is admitted into a dark room1 or an electric beam is transmitted through a glass tube1 myriads of little motes are revealed1 which move and dance about in all directions4 ,in ordinary daylight these minute particles are invisible4 ,nevertheless1 they are always more or less present in the atmosphere wherever 7except under special conditions7 this permeates1 and they constitute that more or less attenuated1 impalpable1 generally dry1 or dessicated form of matter which we denominate dust4 ,as with every inspiration we take into our bodies more or less of this suspended material1 the study of the composition and characters of the different substances which compose it is one possessed of paramount interest1 both for the pathologist and sanitarian4 ,amongst solid1 inorganic matters found in the open air are silica1 peroxide of iron1 silicate of alumina1 carbonate and phosphate of lime1 sand1 carbon1 chloride of sodium1 and metallic iron4 ,these1 of course1 are of telluric origin1 and are carried into the atmosphere by strong currents and winds1 which latter have the power of transporting dust to great distances1 e4g4 red sand from the interior of ,africa has been found in the sails of ships #fjj or #hjj miles distant from the ,african coast1 whilst particles of carbon1 sand1 and dried mud1 ejected to great heights from volcanoes into the air1 have been transported over still greater distances4 ,some doubt appears to prevail as to whether all dust storms originate on the earth1 it having been conjectured that some of the solid matters found in the atmosphere may be of meteoric origin1 and may have entered it from the realms of space4 ,the chloride of sodium 7which the chemist knows is so omnipresent that he cannot heat an ordinary platinum wire in a ,bunsen burner without indications of its presence7 is derived from the spray of the sea1 lifted and diffused into the air by the wind2 the iron dust from the rails over which railway trains are constantly passing2 the silica1 amongst other sources1 from the traffic over macadamised thoroughfares4 ,the organised and organic substances contained in the external air are very numerous4 ,the animal kingdom is the source of the wings of moths1 butterflies1 and other insects1 spiders' legs and webs1 hair1 wool1 epithelium1 and eggs1 many of these bodies being mere dbris4 ,the vegetable kingdom contributes spores1 pollen1 cells1 cotton fibre1 and the germs of vibriones and monads4 ,besides these are many living creatures1 brought by the agency of monsoons and cyclones from extensive deserts4 ,showers of sand derived from these wastes occur in different parts of ,europe4 ,ehrenberg submitted the sand obtained during seventy of these showers to microscopic examination1 and found1 in addition to sand and oxide of iron1 numerous organic forms1 amongst which #aid ,polygastrica1 #ade ,phylolithari1 besides ,polythalmia1 c4 ,silvestre found four species of diatoms and living infusoria in the sand obtained from a dust shower in ,sicily in #ahgb4 ,but1 besides the presence of these organisms in the external air1 which may be regarded exceptional1 it contains1 under ordinary conditions1 numerous living creatures1 some brought into it from the earth by the force of winds1 others growing in it4 ,more than #bjj forms--rhizopods1 tardigrades1 and ,anguilul--have been found in it by ,ehrenberg4 ,so tenacious of life are these latter that1 even if dried1 they will retain their vitality for months1 and even years4 ,of the organisms found in the air the following are the most important3--#a4 ,extremely small1 round1 and oval cells1 which1 that they may be rightly examined by the microscope1 require a power of #fjj or #ajjj diameters4 ,they are found sometimes growing together and sometimes cleaving1 when they present an appearance like the figure #h4 ,sulphuretted hydrogen in the air is said to stimulate their growth and carbolic acid to check it4 ,although existing in the open air1 they are by far more abundant in the atmosphere of dirty prisons4 ,they are also met with in the sweat of the prisoners inhabiting these localities4 ,observers believe they increase rapidly by cleavage4 ,no ill effects have been traced to them4 ,to the same class1 perhaps1 of these round and oval cells the bacteria and monads1 which have been described as gathered from the air1 must be assigned2 the development of these cells into vibriones and rod-like bacteria1 though asserted1 has not yet been definitely proved1 and1 indeed1 ,burden-,sanderson's observations rather throw doubt on the statement that true bacteria exist in the air4 #b4 ,spores of fungi are not infrequent in the open air2 they occur most commonly in the summer 7,july and ,august72 they are not in this country more frequent with one wind than another2 the largest number found by ,maddox in ten hours was #bej spores2 on some days not a spore can be found4 ,maddox leaves undetermined the kind of fungus which the spores developed under cultivation2 the spores were pale or olive coloured and oval1 probably from some form of smut4 ,angus ,smith found in water through which the air of ,manchester was drawn innumerable spores4 ,mr ,dancer has calculated that in a single drop of the water #bej1jjj fungoid spores as well as mycelium were present2 but as the water was not examined for some time there may have been growth4 ,mycelium of fungus seems uncommon in the air1 but is sometimes found4 ,the cells of the ,protococcus pluvialis are not uncommon1 neither1 perhaps1 are those of other alg4 ,on the whole the experiments of ,maddox show that in his locality 7near ,southampton7 it is incorrect to speak of the air being loaded with fungoid spores2 they can be found1 but are not very numerous4#bfg ,footnote #bfg3 ,parkes4 ,amongst other suspended matters are minute fragments of dried horse droppings1 derived from the original substance1 reduced to powder by the traffic1 and carried by aerial currents into the atmosphere4 ,in the ',chemical ,news' for ,october1 #ahga1 ,professor ,tichborne gives the results of some analyses of the street dust of ,dublin4 ,some dust taken from the top of a pillar #acd feet high contained #big per cent4 of organic matter1 whilst that collected from the street consisted of as much as #deb per cent4 ,this organic matter was principally composed of comminuted stable manure2 it was capable of acting as a ferment1 and was possessed of deoxidising powers sufficient to reduce nitrate to nitrite of potash4 ,this evidence of the presence of suspended known matters in the air has led some pathologists to conjecture that certain formless substances found in it1 undeterminable by the microscope1 may in reality be disease germs1 which1 being transported through long distances by the wind1 may also be the means of spreading certain maladies from one locality to another4 ,in this manner cholera has been supposed to have been propagated from ,india1 the particles of the dried excreta of cholera patients being supposed to be the carriers of the formidable disease2 this hypothesis of its origin1 however1 is not yet1 at any rate1 universally accepted4 ,in the case of smallpox and scarlet fever the distance to which the 'contagions' spread by means of the air is certainly inconsiderable4#bfh ,footnote #bfh3 ,ibid4 ,hitherto we have spoken only of the nature of the dust occurring in the external air4 ,the composition of that met with in confined spaces is1 of course1 largely influenced by surrounding conditions and circumstances2 for instance1 in indifferently ventilated apartments1 in addition to the substances already enumerated1 the dust of the confined air has been found to contain small particles of food1 bits of the hair of human beings1 domestic animals1 and feathers of birds1 as well as of coals1 cinders1 charred wood1 linen1 cotton1 and wool fibres1 varieties of epithelium1 and certain round cells resembling nuclei4 ,in the apartments of the sick it is additionally charged with a very large quantity of organic matter4 ,the spores of the ,tricophyton and ,acorion have been discovered in and seem peculiar to skin hospitals4 ,in that taken upon two occasions from the ward of ,st4 ,louis 7the ,skin ,hospital of ,paris71 and submitted to examination1 one specimen was found additionally to contain #cf per cent4 and in the other #df per cent4 of organic matter4 ,the scaly and round epithelia found in most rooms are in large quantity in hospital wards1 and probably in cases where there is much expectoration and exposure of pus or puriform fluids to the air the quantity would be still larger4#bfi ,footnote #bfi3 ,parkes4 ,the investigation of the air of a cholera ward in #ahdi by ,britain and ,swayne1 at ,clifton1 revealed the presence of bodies resembling fungi2 minute scales of variolous matter have been found by ,bakewell in smallpox wards1 and cells of pus and epithelium in the sheds and stables of animals affected with cattle disease and pleuro-pneumonia4 ,dr ,watson detected in the air of a ward for consumptive patients at ,netley1 together with pus cells1 bodies bearing a great resemblance to the cells met with in tuberculous matter1 these latter not being discoverable in the open air or in the rooms of non-consumptive persons2 whilst ,rainy1 examining the air of the cholera ward at ,st4 ,thomas's ,hospital1 found bacteria in it1 besides fungi4 ,the presence of these bodies was1 however1 detected in the open air4 ,the atmosphere of mines1 workshops1 manufactories1 and rooms in which handicraft of any kind is carried on1 is more or less laden with small particles of substances employed in the arts1 manufactures1 and various industries4 ,the nature of these floating substances1 as well as a list of the diseases1 together with the amount of mortality they produce1 will be found under the article ,,trades1 ,,certain1 ,,their ,,effects ,,on ,,health4 ,dr ,wynter ,blyth gives the following instructions for collecting atmospheric dust for examination3-- ,the most simple way to obtain the emanations from a sick room for microscopical observation is to suspend a common water bottle from the ceiling filled with iced water4 ,the moisture of the air condenses1 and brings with it organic matters2 or the moisture may be gathered which adheres to panes of glass in cold weather2 or a bottle may be taken containing some distilled water1 absolutely free from impurities of any kind1 and filled several times with the air of the place4 ,the water may then be submitted to microscopical and chemical examination4 ,metallic dust1 such as iron1 may be attracted by a magnet4 ,the most usual and successful way is1 however1 by aspiration1 either by an aspirator made for the purpose see ,,aspirator1 or by means of an ordinary cask1 by which a considerable volume of air is drawn through a small quantity of distilled water1 glycerin1 or other liquid4 ,the indirect way for the organic matter1 c41 mentioned above1 viz41 analysis of the rain water1 and the obvious way of collecting the dust1 by carefully sweeping it off shelves1 c41 may be also enumerated4 ,examination of dust4 ,the dust obtained by any or all of these methods should now be examined microscopically and chemically4 ,low powers should be used at first1 and then 7if looking for germs7 the highest that can be obtained4 ,if the dust is in any quantity it can be submitted to chemical examination1 but a knowledge of what class it belongs to--animal1 mineral1 or vegetable--is sufficient for most purposes4#bgj ,footnote #bgj3 ',dictionary of ,hygiene4' ,,dust-,,bin4 ,a dust-bin on any premises may become a nuisance and a peril to health if certain precautions are not observed with respect to it4 ,it should have a tolerably tight-fitting cover1 and one that is waterproof also1 if1 especially as it ought to be1 the dust-bin is situated in the open air4 ,the bottom should never be the bare earth1 but one that is properly bricked or tiled4 ,it should be lime-washed occasionally1 in summer time the most frequently4 ,only dry refuse1 such as ashes and the sweepings of rooms1 c41 should be thrown into it4 ,on no account should fragments of vegetable or animal nature be put in1 such as fishbones1 potato parings1 cabbage stalks1 dirty or discarded pieces of apparel1 or bits of rags or dusters4 ,these should be at once burnt on the kitchen fire2 the best kind of stove for consuming these is that known as the kilnhouse4 ,meat bones should be got disposed of as soon as possible1 as they frequently give rise to unpleasant and offensive odours4 ,finally1 the dust-bin should not be too large4 ,if too capacious1 it acts as a guile for servants not to have it cleaned out as often as it should be1 the frequent removal of its contents being a most essential condition toward the preservation of health4 ,,dusting4 ,this very important branch of household labour is sometimes very inefficiently performed4 ,very frequently the dust of an apartment is not removed1 but merely disturbed or driven from one place to settle down on another4 ,it should always as much as possible be got rid of by means of a duster or a brush and dust-pan4 ,as the dust should adhere to the former1 this should from time to time be taken out into the open air and shaken4 ,during the time a room is being dusted the furniture should be collected in as small a space as possible1 and enveloped in the dusting-sheet4 ,the dusting-sheet on its removal should be carefully folded together1 taken into the air and shaken4 ,the furniture may then be dusted and returned to the proper places4 ,a duster should never be rubbed over furniture standing close to a wall1 or a dirty mark on the wall-paper will be the result4 ,the same caution applies to mantel-pieces1 where the paper may soon be spoilt by the act of dusting1 unless contact with the duster be avoided4 ,,dutch ,,drops4 ,the dark-coloured residue left by the dry distillation of turpentine4 7,hager47 ,,dutch ,,gold4 ,see ,,alloy4 ,,dutch ,,liq',,uid4 ,see ,,olefiant ,,gas4 ,,dye',,ing4 ,the act of tinging or colouring absorbent materials by impregnating them with solutions of colouring matters or dye-stuffs4 ,the colouring matters which impart their tints without the intervention of other substances are called 'substantive colours'2 while those which require such aid are called 'adjective colours4' ,the bodies employed to fix and develop the latter class are called 'mordants4' ,the exact way in which dye-stuffs act upon fibrous materials has not yet been investigated as fully as it deserves2 the generally received opinion is that the fibre has a chemical affinity for the colouring matter in the case of substantive dyes1 and likewise for the mordant1 which1 in its turn1 has an affinity for the colouring matter of adjective dyes4 ,another opinion is that the fibres have pores1 which1 when expanded by heat or chemical agents1 admit particles of colouring matter4 ,however this may be1 it is certain that different materials 'take' dyes in different proportions2 thus1 silk and wool take the coal-tar dyes in the most perfect manner1 but cotton requires the intervention of a most powerful mineral or animal mordant4 ,wool takes the colouring matters of most dye-stuff so well that the deepest tints can readily be produced4 ,,silk and ,,cotton are dyed with greater difficulty1 whilst ,,linen shows still less disposition to take dyes4 ,the operations which take place in dyeing are 'mordanting1' 'ageing1' 'dunging1' 'dyeing1' and 'clearing4' ,the first of these operations is noticed under ,,mordant4 ,after the fabric has been mordanted1 it is generally hung up in a room through which a current of steam and air is passing1 by means of which the union between the fibre and the mordant is quickened very considerably4 ,this exposure to moist air is the step in the process to which the term 'ageing' is applied4 ,the operations of 'dunging' and 'clearing' are noticed above 7see ,,dunging74 ,the 'dyeing' proper1 which follows the 'dunging1' is effected by running the fabric through the solution of the dye-stuff1 the colour being modified more or less by the nature of the mordant used4 ,under the names of the different colours the means used to dye such colours are minutely described4 ,see ,,black ,,dye1 ,,blue ,,dye1 c4 ,the following particulars respecting the production of the more common colours may prove interesting to the reader1 who merely requires some general information on the subject3-- ,,black is usually produced by logwood or galls with an iron mordant4 ,common black silks are dyed with logwood and fustic1 iron being used as a mordant4 ,the best silks are dyed black on a blue ground4 ,woollen goods are first dyed blue with indigo1 and afterwards with sumac1 logwood1 and green or blue copperas4 ,cotton and linen goods are dyed black in a very similar manner4 ,,blue is commonly produced from indigo1 either in the form of sulphate or in aqueous solution4 ,prussian blue1 with a persalt of iron or tin as a mordant1 gives a very splendid dark blue4 ,of late several blues of novel shades have been produced from coal-tar4 ,,red is obtained in various shades by using cochineal1 safflower1 lac-dye1 madder1 or logwood1 with a tin mordant4 ,,purple4 ,until the last few years the dyer was dependent for his purples on orchil or cudbear1 but he has now at his disposal the magnificent series of aniline1 or coal-tar1 colours1 ranging from the most delicate violet1 or 'mauve1' to the full crimson-purple1 known as 'magenta4' ,see ,,purple ,,dye4 ,,yellow4 ,the most important yellow dyes are made from quercitron1 fustic1 turmeric1 arnotto1 and ,french and ,persian berries4 ,for further information1 see ,,bleaching1 ,,calico-,,printing1 c4 ,,dyer',s ,,spirits4 ,see ,,tin ,,mordants4 ,,dyes4 ,see ,,dyeing1 and the names of the principal colours4 ,,dye-,,stuffs4 ,the colouring materials used in dyeing are so called4 ,the more important of them are noticed under the respective names4 ,,dynamite4 ,nobel's dynamite consists of a mixture of #ge parts of nitroglycerin incorporated with #be parts of an infusorial earth known as 'kieselghur1' found at ,luneburgh1 and consisting of the fossil shells of infusoria4 ,kieselghur is almost pure silica4 ,dynamite is in regular use on the ,continent for mining operations1 and its manufacture and transport appear to be subject only to reasonable precautions4 ,if ignited in the open air1 or even when loosely packed1 it burns quietly away1 with the evolution of a small quantity of nitrous acid4 ,although the first cost of dynamite is four times that of gunpowder1 it is said to be really only half as expensive1 since it possesses eight times the explosive power of the latter2 added to which the labour of boring blast-holes is avoided4 ,it also possesses the advantage of not being impaired in efficiency by damp4 ,when required for use the dynamite is rammed into a thick paper cartridge1 into which a fusee is passed1 by means of which it is ignited4 ,although dynamite when once made may be comparatively harmless until exploded at will2 that great risk is incurred in its manufacture may be inferred from the fact that1 upon two occasions the manufactory on the ,continent in which it is prepared has been twice entirely destroyed4 ,on the occasion of the last accident it was impossible to learn the cause of the disaster1 since every one in the building was blown to atoms4 ,diralin is said to be a mixture of nitroglycerin with sawdust or wood-pulp as used in paper-mills1 the two latter substances having been previously treated with nitric and sulphuric acids4 ,,dynamom4 7,dr ,momma ,dsseldorf47 ,a galvano-electric curative apparatus4 ,a small capsule of horn1 containing a disc secured to a pedicel4 ,on the disc a number of sharp needles are fixed4 ,by gently moving the apparatus1 and afterwards withdrawing it1 artificial pores are produced in the skin by punctures which are not very painful4 ,these are then to be rubbed with a certain oil1 probably containing cantharides4 7,wittstein47 ,,dys',,entery4 ,syn4 ,,bloody ,,flux2 ,,dysenteria1 ,l4 ,a disease arising from inflammation of the mucous membrane of the large intestines1 and characterised by stools consisting chiefly of blood and mucus1 or other morbid matter1 accompanied with griping of the bowels1 and followed by tenesmus4 ,there is generally more or less fever1 and the natural fces are either retained or discharged in small1 hard balls 7scybala74 ,the common causes of this disease are marsh miasma1 improper diet1 excessive exhaustion1 and fatigue1 and1 above all1 exposure to the cold and damp air of night after a hot day4 ,treat4 ,the common dysentery of this country generally gives way to gentle aperients 7castor oil or salts-and-manna71 to cleanse the bowels1 followed by mild opiates or morphia1 to allay irritation4 ,the chronic symptoms1 which frequently hang about for some time1 are best combated by mild tonics and vegetable bitters 7bark1 calumba1 cascarilla74 ,occasionally1 chalybeates 7ammonia-citrate of iron1 lactate of iron1 wine of iron1 saccharine carbonate of iron7 will be found useful during convalescence4 ,throughout1 the diet should be light and nutritious4 ,the contagious dysentery1 of camps and hot climates1 is a severe and often fatal disease1 in which the preceding symptoms are complicated with remittent or typhoid fever4 ,its treatment is tedious and difficult1 and depends chiefly on judiciously meeting the several symptoms as they develop themselves4 ,aperients1 diaphoretics1 and nauseants1 followed by tonics1 are the remedies generally relied on4 ,the febrile symptoms must be treated according to their inflammatory or putrid tendency4 ,this variety of the disease frequently gives rise to organic diseases of the abdominal viscera1 dropsy1 c4 ,it is regarded by some as contagious1 but without sufficient reason4 ,,dysmennorh,,oe',a4 ,see ,,menstruation4 ,,dyspep',,sia4 ,l4 ,syn4 ,,dyspep',,sy1 ,,indigestion4 ,this complaint pervades every rank of society1 and is1 perhaps1 of all others1 the most general4 ,few indeed are there who wholly escape it1 in one or other of its forms4 ,the common symptoms of dyspepsia are--want of appetite1 sudden and transient distensions of the stomach1 frequent eructations1 heartburn1 stomachic pains1 occasional vomiting1 and1 frequently1 costiveness or diarrhoea4 ,sometimes the head is affected1 and dimness of sight1 double vision1 musc volitantes1 and slight vertigo1 are experienced1 along with a multitude of other symptoms1 depending on a derangement of the functions of the nervous system4 ,the causes of dyspepsia are numerous4 ,in the higher ranks of society it is a common consequence of over-indulgence in the luxuries of the table1 of late hours1 or of the want of proper exercise1 both of body and mind4 ,in the studious1 and those who lead a sedentary life1 it is usually caused by excessive mental exertion or anxiety1 or by the fatigues of business1 and the want of sufficient bodily exertion and of pure air4 ,in the lower orders of society it generally results from inebriety1 or a deficiency of proper food and clothing1 bad ventilation1 c42 and is not unfrequently occasioned by the physical powers being over-taxed1 especially soon after meals4 ,the treatment of dyspepsia depends less on medicine than on the adoption of regular habits of life4 ,moderation in eating1 drinking1 and the indulgence of the passions2 early rising1 due exercise1 and retiring to rest at an early hour1 will do much to restore the tone both of the stomach and nerves4 ,excessive study and mental exertion should be avoided1 and recourse should frequently be had to society and amusements of a lively and interesting character4 ,if the bowels are confined1 mild aperients should be taken1 and if diarrhoea is present1 antacids and absorbents may be had recourse to with advantage4 ,the stomach may be strengthened by the use of mild bitters1 tonics1 and stimulants1 and sea bathing1 or the shower or tepid bath1 may be taken1 when convenient1 to strengthen the nervous system4 ,when dyspepsia is a secondary or symptomatic disease1 the cause should be sought out1 and the treatment varied accordingly4 ,among the aperient medicines most suitable to dyspepsia may be mentioned--,epsom salts1 phosphate of soda1 and ,seidlitz powders1 each of which should be taken largely diluted with water4 ,an occasional dose of the ',abernethy ,medicines' 7which see7 has also been recommended4 ,among antacids1 are the bicarbonates and carbonates of potassa and soda1 either of which may be taken in doses of half a teaspoonful dissolved in water2 or1 if the spirits are depressed1 one or two teaspoonfuls of spirit of sal volatile will be more appropriate2 and in cases accompanied by diarrhoea1 a little prepared chalk4 ,as bitters1 the compound infusion of orange peel1 or of gentian1 are excellent4 ,as tonics1 small doses of bark1 or of sulphate of quinine1 to which chalybeates may be added1 if there is pallor of countenance1 or a low pulse1 with no disposition to fever or headache4 ,when dyspepsia is complicated with hysteria1 hypochondriasis1 or chlorosis1 the treatment noticed under those heads may be conjoined to that above recommended4 ,when it depends on constipation1 or a deficiency of bile1 the mildest and most effective of all remedies will be found supplied in inspissated ox-gall4 ,in all cases of incipient constipation1 ox-gall is a remedy of undoubted efficacy2 and even in protracted cases1 when hope has almost fled--but where evidences of strangulation are not unequivocally manifested--it should never be omitted by the practitioner4 ,in habitual or chronic constipation1 accompanied by indigestion1 clay-coloured stools1 and a feeling of oppression after food has been taken1 it acts with almost specific certainty4 ,when1 however1 the liver begins to assume its healthy action1 its employment should be discontinued1 and it will then produce all the symptoms of regurgitation of bile into the stomach4 ,this state will be readily recognised as a favorable omen of returning power4 7,dr ,allnatt47 ,,dyspn,,oe',a4 ,difficulty of breathing4 ,it is generally symptomatic of some other affections4 ,when it occurs in persons of a nervous or irritable habit of body1 perfect quiet1 a semi-recumbent posture1 fresh air1 and some small doses of ether1 ammonia1 or opium1 will generally effect a cure4 ,those of a full habit require aperients and depletion4 ,to prevent attacks of the kind1 excess in eating and drinking1 and the use of stimulants1 should be avoided4 ,,dysu'',,ria4 ,l4 ,syn4 ,,dys',,ury4 ,difficult urination4 ,it is generally symptomatic of disease of the kidneys1 bladder1 or urethra4 ,the treatment depends on the exciting cause4 ,,ear 7,inflamma'tion of74 ,syn4 ,,otitis1 ,l4 ,this affection1 when it attacks the internal part of the ear1 is generally accompanied with confusion of sound1 deafness1 and more or less fever4 ,it is most frequent among children1 and is commonly produced by exposure to draughts of cold air1 and1 occasionally1 by foreign matters1 as cherry-stones1 insects1 c41 having got into the external ear4 ,in such cases1 the removal of the offensive matter1 and due attention to warmth and cleanliness1 with a dose of laxative medicine1 will be all the treatment required4 ,the pain may generally be relieved by throwing warm water into the ear by means of a syringe1 and fomenting the surrounding parts with decoction of poppy-heads and chamomile flowers4 ,should this treatment not succeed1 a drop or two of laudanum1 with one drop of oil of cloves and a little oil of almonds1 may be dropped in the ear1 and a piece of cotton wool introduced afterwards4 ,cases of acute inflammation of the internal ear are occasionally met with in adults1 which assume a very serious character1 and demand the most careful treatment4 ,see ,,deafness4 ,earache4 ,pain in the ear may arise from various causes1 amongst which1 in the absence of organic disease1 cold1 and that peculiar derangement of health popularly called 'nervousness1' are the most common4 ,in the one case1 the proper remedy is warmth2 in the other1 the attention should be directed to the restoration of the body to the healthy standard4 ,earache1 ,simple ,cure for4 ,take a common1 tobacco-pipe1 place a wad of cotton in the bowl1 drop upon it #h or #aj drops of chloroform1 and cover with another wad of cotton2 place the stem to the affected ear1 then blow into the bowl1 and in many cases the pain will cease almost immediately4--,amer4 ,journ4 ,,earths4 ,in chemistry1 a group of metallic oxides4 ,the principal earths are baryta strontia1 lime1 magnesia1 alumina1 berylla or glucina1 yttria1 zirconia1 and thoria4 ,the first four are termed ,,alkaline ,,earths2 the remainder1 together with the oxides of the very rare metals erbium1 terbium1 norium1 cerium1 lanthanum1 and didymium1 constitute the ,,earths ,,proper4 ,the term earth was very loosely applied by the older chemical and pharmaceutical writers1 and the practice is still common among the vulgar at the present day4 ,thus1 ,,absorbent ,,earth 7chalk72 ,,aluminous ,e41 ,,argillaceous ,e4 7alumina72 ,,bolar ,e4 7bole72 ,,bone-,e4 7phosphate of lime72 ,,fuller',s ,e4 7an absorbent clay72 ,,heavy ,e4 7baryta72 ,,japan ,e41 or ,,terra ,,japonica 7catechu72 ,,sealed ,e4 7bole71 c41 are names even now frequently encountered both in trade and in books4 ,,earthen-,,ware ,,and ,,glass1 to prevent the ,cracking of4 ,when quite new1 all vessels of glass and earthenware should be laid to soak in cold water1 and after some hours1 this water1 covering the vessels1 should be gradually heated to the boiling point4 ,it is a good plan to place a little hay on the top of the water4 ,glass and earthenware vessels thus treated are far less liable to crack when subjected to the heat of boiling water than it would otherwise be4 ,,earth-,,nut4 ,see ,,arachis ,,hypog,,oe,a4 ,,eau4 7,fr47 ,water4 ,this word1 like its ,english synonym1 is applied to numerous substances1 differing in their composition1 sensible properties1 and uses1 of which the following are a few useful examples3--,,eau ,,douce1 fresh or river water2 ,,eau ,,de ,,mer1 sea or salt water2 ,,eau ,,de ,,fontaine1 ,,eau ,,de ,,source1 spring water2 ,,eau ,,de ,,puits1 well or pump water2 ,,eau ,,de ,,rivi,,re1 river water2 ,,eau ,,distill,e1 distilled water2 ,,eau ,,de ,,rose1 rose water2 ,,eau ,,de ,,vie1 brandy2 ,,eau ,,de ,,cologne1 ,cologne water2 ,,eau ,d',,hongrie1 ,hungary water2 ,,eau ,b,,nite1 holy water2 ,,eau ,,forte1 aquafortis2 ,,eau ,,de ,,savon1 soapsuds2 ,,eau ,,de ,,senteur1 scented water1 c4 ,eau ,athenienne4 7,hte4 ,bourgeois1 ,paris47 ,pour nettoyer la tte et enlever les pellicules--for cleaning the head and removing scurf4 ,an alcoholic solution of potash-soap1 with some solution of potash and aromatic oil4 7,dr ,p4 ,goppelsrder47 ,eau ,berger for ,dyeing the ,hair4 ,two fluids for consecutive application4 ,no4 #a is a solution of #ac grammes sulphate of copper1 #be grammes nitrate of nickel1 #cj grammes distilled water1 #d grammes ammonia4 ,no4 #b is a solution of calcium sulphide1 made by passing sulphuretted hydrogen into milk of lime until it ceases to be absorbed1 and then filtering from the excess of lime4 7,w4 ,engelhardt47 ,eau ,capillaire ,progressive1 pour rtablir la coleur naturelle des cheveux et de la barbe4 ,formule rationelle1 succs garanti4 ,progressive hair-wash for restoring the natural colour of the hair and beard4 ,formula rational1 success guaranteed 7,dr ,r4 ,brimmeyer1 chimie-pharmacien1 ,echternach1 ,luxembourg74 7,schdler47 ,eau d',afrique1 for dyeing the ,hair ,black4 ,three fluids to be consecutively applied4 ,no4 #a is a solution of #c parts nitrate of silver in #ajj parts water4 ,no4 #b is a solution of #h parts sodium sulphide in #ajj parts water4 ,no4 #c is a solution of nitrate of silver like ,no4 #a1 but perfumed4 7,reveil47 ,eau d',atirona4 ,an elegant fluid cosmetic soap1 by the use of which all imperfections of the skin will be easily and painlessly removed4 ,it consists of #be grammes of a spirituous tincture of cinnamon and cloves1 #d grammes soda soap1 and a drop of peppermint oil4 7,wittstein47 ,eau de ,bahama4 ,a black dye for the hair4 ,it is a solution of sugar of lead perfumed with oil of anise1 and containing flowers of sulphur in suspension4 7,reveil47 ,eau de ,beaut1 ,eau de ,paris sans pareille1 or ,eau de ,princesses 7,august ,renard1 ,paris72 with a ,german title1 ,rhmhehst bekanntes cosmetisches ,wasser genannt ,prinzessen-,wasser4 ,the well-known and renowned cosmetic called ,princesses' ,water4' ,to experience the brilliant effects of this marvellous fluid we need only1 after washing1 habitually pass a small sponge moistened with the fluid gently over the skin1 and allow it to dry without rubbing4 ,by so doing our complexion will remain white1 smooth1 clear1 and soft1 even to extreme old age4 ,those1 however1 who are troubled with freckles1 heat-spots1 or any other eruption should use the water several times a day as directed4 ,they need suffer no longer from any defect of the skin4 ,princesses' ,water when shaken is a milk-white fluid contained in an oval bottle with a long neck1 which holds #abe grammes4 ,on standing it deposits a white precipitate4 ,it is made from #be grammes calomel1 #de grammes corrosive sublimate 7so altered by the added perfume that the usual tests do not reveal it71 and #abb grammes orange-flower water4 ,eau de ,botot4 ,a mouth wash4 ,tincture of cedar wood1 #ejj grammes2 tincture of myrrh and tincture of rhatany1 of each #abe grammes2 peppermint oil1 #e drops4 7,winkler47 ,eau de ,capille 7,kamprath ,schwartze74 ,a hair dye4 ,a mixture of #af grammes glycerine1 #h grammes hyposulphite of soda1 #a gramme sugar of lead 7or an equivalent quantity of ,liq4 ,plumbi subacet471 about #b grammes precipitated sulphur and #acj grammes water1 perfumed with a small quantity of eau de ,cologne4 7,hager47 ,eau de ,charbon1 ,dr ,chattam's 7,a4 ,ahnelt1 ,charlottenburg1 the ,african traveller74 ,a prophylactic and specific against syphilis4 #aej grammes of a slightly red fluid1 consisting of a watery solution of carbolic acid coloured with aniline and perfumed with #a drop peppermint oil and #h drops chloroform dissolved in #bj grammes spirit4 7,hager47 ,eau de ,cythre4 ,a hair dye4 ,a solution of #d parts chloride of lead and #h parts crystallised hyposulphite of soda in #hh parts distilled water4 7,hager47 ,eau de ,docteur ,sachs4 ,for promoting the growth of the hair1 preventing its turning grey1 for protecting the scalp from all injurious influences1 and for preserving it in a state of purity and health4 ,a solution of castor oil in spirit containing picrotoxin4 7,dr ,c4 ,schacht47 ,eau de ,fe--,fairy ,water4 ,a natural hair wash 7,lattke1 ,chemiker1 ,kiel74 ,recommended as a preparation consisting solely of harmless vegetables4 ,it consists mainly of a strong solution of nitrate of lead4 7,himly47 ,eau des ,fes--,fairy ,water4 ,a hair wash4 ,a solution of #a-a_/d parts lead sulphite in about #c parts sodium hyposulphite1 #g-c_/d parts glycerin1 and #hh parts water4 ,according to the directions for use1 more than three bottles of #abj grammes of the ,fairy ,water should not be used before the hair has been treated with ,eau de ,poppe1 and1 to raise it to the highest possible degree of beauty1 with ,huile rgnratrice d',hygie4 7,hager47 ,eau de ,hebe4 ,for freckles4 ,to be applied with a small sponge in the evening and washed off in the morning4 ,lemons1 cut small1 digested in a closed flask with distilled vinegar1 lavender vinegar1 oil of lemon1 and rosemary1 and filtered4 ,eau de ,java ,anticholerique is a solution of camphor and carbolic acid in spirit4 7,casselmann47 ,eau de la ,floride4 ,a colourless fluid with a greenish-yellow deposit consisting of sugar of lead1 #ej parts2 flowers of sulphur1 #bj parts2 distilled water1 #ajjj parts4 7,f4 ,eymael47 ,eau de ,lechelle may be replaced by a filtered mixture of #bjj parts aqua aromatica1 #cjj parts aqua dest41 #aj parts acid4 carbol41 #aj parts ol4 thymi1 #bj parts acid4 tannic4 ,eau de lys de ,lohse 7,lohse formerly--before the ,french war--,lohs1 ,berlin74 ,a cosmetic consisting of #b grammes zinc oxide1 #b grammes prepared talc1 #d grammes glycerin1 and #bjj grammes rose water4 7,schdler47 ,eau de ,mont ,blanc4 ,a hair dye4 ,a solution of nitrate of silver4 ,eau de ,naples4 ,neapolitan washing solution4 ,a mixture of #ab parts borax1 #ajj parts distilled water1 #ej parts rose water1 #a part camphor1 #d parts tinct4 benzoin4 7,w4 ,hildwein47 ,eau de ,quinine--,glycerin ,hair ,wash1 with ,extract of ,peruvian ,bark 7,a4 ,heinrich1 ,leipzig74 ,for removing scurf and strengthening the hair4 #b grammes balsam of ,peru1 #f grammes castor oil1 #fj grammes rum1 #ce grammes water1 #e grammes tincture of red cinchona4 7,hager47 ,eau de ,vienne4 ,a hair dye from ,paris4 ,two fluids1 one of which is a solution of nitrate of silver in ammoniacal water1 and the other a solution of pyrogallic acid4 ,eau ,dentifrice de ,mallard4 ,star anise1 common anise1 cinnamon1 cloves1 of each1 #h parts2 guaicum wood1 #aj parts2 brown cinchona1 #f parts2 rose leaves1 #e parts2 nutmegs1 #b parts1 are placed in a displacement apparatus and percolated with #c parts cochineal2 #ab-ae parts water1 #ajjj parts sp4 vini2 sp4 gr4 #hfj4 ,the tincture is displaced with water and #ajjj parts are mixed with #g parts of a mixture of peppermint oil1 spirit of scurvy grass1 and tinct4 of benzoin1 allowed to stand and filtered4 ,eau ,dentifrice des ,cordillres4 ,an ,indian recipe4 #cfj parts strong spirits1 #ccj parts water1 #b-a_/b parts extract of red or yellow cinchona1 #a part oil of cinnamon1 #b parts oil of cloves1 #c parts oil of anise1 #e parts oil of peppermint4 7,hager47 ,eau ,ecarlate--,scarlet ,water4 7,brdel74 ,for renovating red linen and woollen fabrics4 ,oxalium1 #be parts2 soda1 #af parts2 potash1 #e parts2 water1 coloured with cochineal and slightly perfumed1 #ajjj parts4 7,sauerwein47 ,eau ,lajeune4 ,a hair dye4 ,an elegant pasteboard box1 in which are three bottles of fluid and two bone-handled tooth-brushes4 ,no4 #a contains a clear fluid consisting of pyrogallic acid #ae gramme1 #c gramme colouring matter of alkanet1 #age grammes spirit of wine1 #bg grammes water4 ,no4 #b is filled with a thick brown fluid1 which from decomposition has produced a deposit sometimes brown1 sometimes grey4 ,this partly-decomposed fluid was originally a mixture of silver nitrate1 #ce grammes2 ammonia1 #de grammes2 gum arabic or some similar mucilage1 #be grammes2 distilled water1 #bc grammes4 ,no4 #c1 labelled ,fixateur1 contains #ge grammes fluid1 consisting of #e gramme sodium sulphide1 #g grammes distilled water4 ,the directions for use1 translated into various languages1 say--,dissolve #aj grammes subcarbonate of soda in half a litre of warm or cold rain water1 and with this wash the grease from the hair4 ,afterwards rinse it in clear water1 and dry it thoroughly with a cloth4 ,pour one part of fluid ,no4 #a into a saucer1 and with brush ,no4 #a apply it to the roots of the hair4 ,allow it two or three minutes to dry1 then rub the hair with an old linen cloth to remove the superfluous moisture4 ,next repeat the operation1 using fluid and brush ,no4 #b1 and without waiting wash the hair with warm or cold soapy water4 ,this hair dye is quite harmless1 and leaves no marks on the skin behind it4 ,to use it for the ,beard4--,the process is the same as that for the hair1 except that instead of the soda solution1 ordinary soap is to be used to cleanse the beard from grease4 ,it often happens that when the user of the dye has not taken ordinary care in cleansing the hair1 the latter becomes of a false and unnatural tint4 ,in this case the ,fixateur should be used4 ,a small sponge should be moistened with this and passed over the hair1 which will make the colour natural and glossy4 ,the ,fixateur as well as the sponge must only be used in this way4 ,it may be employed two days after the first operation without it being necessary to dye the hair anew4 7,hager47 ,eau ,medicinales are either simply watery solutions 7,,hydrol,s1 ,,hydrolatures1 ,,solutions ,,par ,l',,eau71 or distilled water 7,,eaux ,,distill,,es72 or they are vinous or alcoholic tinctures or solutions of essential oils1 aromatics1 or more active drugs4 ,see ,,cordials1 ,,hair ,,dyes1 ,,perfumery1 ,,spirits1 ,,tinctures1 ,,waters1 c4 ,eau ,tonique de ,chalmin is a perfumed solution of tannin4 ,eau ,tonique ,parachte des ,cheveux4 ,to prevent the falling off of the hair4 ,macerate some pieces of violet root for some days in #abj grammes rose water1 filter1 and add to the fluid #b decigrammes sulphate of iron1 #c drops vinegar1 #ac gramme each of tincture of benzoin and balsam of ,peru1 #ge grammes ,provence oil1 and #aj drops oil of bergamot4 7,dr ,casselmann47 ,eau ,virginale 7,chable74 ,lead acetate1 zinc sulphate1 of each #a part2 distilled water1 #bh parts2 eau de ,cologne1 #ab parts4 ,dissolve and mix2 allow to stand for a month and filter4 ,a spoonful mixed with a glass of water to be used as a vaginal injection4 7,reveil47 ,eaux1 in perfumery1 are solutions of the fragrant essential oils in spirit1 as eau de ,cologne1 eau de bouquet1 c42 or they are distilled waters1 largely charged with the odorous principles of plants1 as eau de rose1 eau de fleurs d'oranges1 c4 ,eaux1 of the liqueuriste1 are aromatised spirits or cordials4 ,,eb',,lanine4 ,the yellowish-red1 crystallisable1 solid substance1 which is left behind in the retort1 when wood spirit is rectified from quicklime4 ,it is insoluble in water1 and sublimes without fusion at #bgc ,fahr4 ,,ebonite4 ,the only difference between this and vulcanite1 consists in the colouring materials used4 ,see ,,caoutchouc4 ,,eb',,ony4 ,the wood of the ,diospyrus ,melanoxylon1 an ,east ,indian tree1 of the natural order ,ebenace4 ,two other species of the same genus1 namely1 ,diospyrus ,ebenus and ,d4 ,ebenaster1 yields respectively ,,mauritius ,,ebony and the ,,bastard ,,ebony of ,ceylon4 ,pale-coloured woods are stained in imitation of ebony 7,,factitious ,,ebony71 by washing them with or steeping them in a strong decoction of logwood or of galls1 and1 when dry1 washing them over with a solution of sulphate or acetate of iron4 ,they are then rinsed in clean water1 and the process is repeated1 if required4 ,the wood is lastly polished or varnished4 ,,ebri',,ety4 ,see ,,intoxication4 ,,ebulli'',,tion4 ,the state of boiling1 or the agitation of a liquid arising from its rapid conversion into vapour by heat4 ,ebullition occurs in different liquids at very different temperatures1 such temperatures being called their 'boiling-points4' ,under the same circumstances the boiling-points are constant1 and by observing them the chemist is often able to distinguish liquids which much resemble each other4 ,the boiling-point of the same liquid may1 however1 vary considerably under different circumstances4 ,the causes which induce variation are increased or diminished atmospheric pressure1 the greater or less depth of the liquid1 and the character of the containing vessel4 ,thus boiling water is colder by some degrees when the barometer is low1 in bad weather1 or at the top of a hill1 than when the barometer is higher1 in fine weather1 or at the bottom of a valley or mine4 ,there is a very simple and beautiful experiment1 illustrative of the effect of diminished pressure in lowering the boiling-point of a liquid4 ,a little water is made to boil for a few minutes in a flask or retort placed over a lamp1 until the air has been expelled1 and the steam issues freely from the neck4 ,a tightly fitting cork is then inserted1 and the lamp at the same moment withdrawn4 ,when the ebullition ceases1 it may be renewed at pleasure for a considerable time by the affusion of cold water1 which1 by condensing the vapour within1 occasions a partial vacuum4 ,liquids in general boil from #fj to #adj lower than their ordinary boiling-points when heated in vacuo4 ,the following table furnishes very exact information respecting the effect of increasing pressure upon the boiling-point of water3-- ,boiling water contained in a deep vessel is hotter than that in a shallow one1 on account of the greater resistance in the one case than the other to the escape of the steam4 ,it is also found that fluids boil at a lower temperature and more quietly in vessels with rough and spicular surfaces1 than in those with smooth or polished ones4 ,the boiling-point of water1 as marked on the scale of the thermometer1 is #bab ,fahr41 but in glass vessels1 under common circumstances1 it varies from ,,table ,i4--,boiling-points of ,water at different ,pressures4 ,by ,mr ,c4 ,,greville ,,williams4 ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,boiling-point ,barometer ,boiling-point ,barometer ,fahr4 ,inches4 ,fahr4 ,inches4 ---------------------------------------- ----------- #ahd #affgf #bjj #bcded #ahe #agjdg #bja #bcicg #ahf #agdba #bjb #bddda #ahg #aghjc #bjc #bejad #ahh #ahaif #bjd #bedfh #ahi #aheic #bje #beiib #aij #ahiib #bjf #bfebi #aia #aidjg #bjg #bgjfh #aib #aihbb #bjh #bgfad #aic #bjbed #bji #bhahc #aid #bjfhg #baj #bhgdd #aie #baabd #baa #bicca #aif #baegf #bab #biibb #aig #bbjcj #bac #cjeaf #aih #bbdih #bad #caabj #aii #bbife #bae #cagcj ---------------------------------------- ----------- #babbed to #baef2 whilst in perfectly pure and smooth glass vessels water may be heated to #bba ,fahr4 without boiling4 ,that the elevation of the boiling-point in this case is due to the nature of the surface1 may be at once demonstrated by throwing into water1 about to boil in a glass matrass1 a little iron filings or coarsely powdered glass1 when ebullition will commence with almost explosive violence1 at the same time that the temperature of the fluid will sink about #b ,fahr4 ,the boiling-point of water contained in ordinary vessels may be raised considerably above #bab ,fahr41 by the addition of saline matter1 as will be seen in the following table1 extracted from ,mr ,c4 ,g4 ,williams's excellent ',handbook of ,chemical ,manipulation1'-- ,,table ,,ii4--,boiling-points of ,saturated ,solutions of various ,salts at the ordinary ,atmospheric ,pressure4 ,by ,c4 ,g4 ,,williams4 ,name of ,salt4 ,boiling-point4 ,chloride of calcium #cee ,fahr4 ,acetate of soda #bef ,nitrate of soda #bdf ,sal-ammoniac #bcf ,common salt #bbd ,cream of tartar #bad ,the above solutions are suitable for chemical baths4 ,with the exception of the first1 they furnish in their boiling-points temperatures1 as nearly as can be obtained1 #aj above each other4 ,they were chosen by ,mr ,williams because1 in 'fractionating' volatile substances1 it is usual to separate the distilled products by differences of temperature equal to #aj ,fahr4 ,in long operations it is found inconvenient to employ a saturated saline solution for a bath 7by which the highest temperature would be obtained71 as the constant evaporation of the water induces the crystallisation of the salt4 ,it is hence usual to keep it considerably below that point4 ,the following table1 compiled chiefly from the pages of ,dr ,miller's ',elements of ,chemistry1' gives the boiling-points of several interesting substances4 ,,table ,,iii4--,boiling-points of various ,liquids at the ordinary ,atmospheric ,pressure4 ,name of ,substance4 ,boiling-point4 ,liquid carbonic acid -#ajh ,fahr4 ,liquid sulphurous acid #agf ,chloric ether #eai ,aldehyd #fid ,ether #idh ,bisulphide of carbon #aahe ,bromide #aded ,wood spirit #adii ,alcohol 7sp4 gr4 #hae7 #agca ,benzol #agfh ,dutch liquid #ahdg ,acetic acid #bdca ,sulphur 7melted7 #fji ,mercury #ffb ,,ebul',,lioscope4 ,syn4 ,,ebullition ,,alcoholometer1 ,,thermo-,,alcoholometer4 ,this instrument is essentially a thermometer1 and its application to alcoholometry is based upon the fact that the boiling-point of a spiritous liquid is scarcely altered by the presence1 within certain limits1 of the substances which may be dissolved in it1 and which1 by increasing its specific gravity1 render the ordinary alcoholometers or hydrometers useless for the purpose of indicating its alcoholic richness4 ,the ebullioscope was invented by the ,abb ,brossard-,vidal1 of ,toulon1 and in its original form consisted of a spirit-lamp surmounted by a small boiler1 into which a large cylindrical glass bulb was plunged1 having an upright stem of such calibre that the quicksilver contained in them1 by its expansion and ascent when heated1 raised before it a little glass float in the stem1 which was connected by a thread with a similar glass bead1 hanging in the air4 ,this thread passed round a pulley1 which1 turning with the motion of the beads1 caused an index to move along a graduated circular scale1 which represented on its face the per-centage of absolute alcohol in spirituous liquors of different boiling-points4 ,this form of the apparatus being found inconvenient and liable to get disarranged1 various improvements were made in it by ,,mm4 ,conaty1 ,lerebour1 and others4 ,the modification of the instrument now in use1 and known as ,field's ,,patent ,,alcoholometer1 was made by the late ,dr ,ure1 and can scarcely be improved on4 ,it consists of a thermometer having a very minute bore and a large bulb1 similar to that employed to determine the height of mountains from the boiling-point of water1 but instead of thermometric degrees being marked upon the scale the per-centage under proof is placed on the left-hand side of the stem1 and the per-centage content of proof spirit on the right-hand side4 ,these commence at #aghe ,fahr41 the temperature at which 'proof spirit' boils1 and which here forms the bottom of the scale4 ,the succeeding number are based upon the boiling-points of mixtures of alcohol and water4 ,the little boiler being charged1 and about a teaspoonful of salt 7#ce gr47 being added1 to prevent loss of alcohol by evaporation1 the thermometer is set in its place1 and the spirit-lamp lighted4 ,when the mercury begins to rise out of the bulb of the thermometer1 the 'damper-plate' is pushed in a little way1 to moderate the heat4 ,the eye is now kept steadily on the instrument1 and as soon as the liquor boils freely1 and the mercury becomes stationary in the stem1 the indication is carefully noted1 and the damper-plate pushed home to extinguish the flame4 ,the ebullioscope is adjusted to the mean boiling-point of water under an atmospheric pressure of #bie inches4 ,when the pressure is either higher or lower1 both water and alcohol boil at a somewhat different temperature1 to meet which a barometrical equation is attached to the thermometer by means of a small subsidiary scale4 ,it is therefore necessary1 prior to commencing the operation of testing any liquor1 to charge the little boiler with pure water only1 and to fix the thermometer in its place4 ,when the water boils freely1 the mercury becomes stationary in the stem1 exactly opposite the true barometrical indication at the time4 ,should this be against the line #bie1 no correction will be required2 but should it stand at any other line1 above or below1 then the various boiling-points will bear reference to that boiling-point only4 ,in the latter case1 the boiling-point of the water on the barometrical indicator must be set against the boiling-point of the liquid on the scale1 when opposite the line--#bie will be found the true strength4 ,thus3--the barometer being at #cj inches1 and the indication or boiling-point being #gb u4 p41 #cj on the indicator must be placed against #gb u4 p4 on the thermometer1 when against the line of #bie will be seen #fif u4 p41 the real strength of the sample tested4 ,when a spirit is stronger than the 'excise proof1' its boiling-point varies too little with its alterations of strength to render the ebullioscope of much practical value4 ,to make it applicable to the stronger spirits1 it is therefore necessary to dilute them with exactly their own bulk of pure water before testing them1 and then to double the resulting indication1 as suggested by ,dr ,ure4 ,our own plan is always to do this when the spirit is stronger than #bj u4 p4 ,by means of the ebullioscope the alcoholic content of beer1 wines1 and spirits1 of every variety and class1 may be readily determined with sufficient accuracy for all practical purposes2 and by methods which we shall hereafter point out1 the amount of saccharine extractive1 or sugar1 in cordialised spirit1 malt liquors and wines1 may also be ascertained4 ,the ebullioscope 7,field's ,,alcoholometer7 employed by us in numerous and extensive investigations connected with public hygine1 was made by ,mr ,long1 of ,little ,tower ,street1 and is an instrument which should be in the hands of every wine and spirit merchant and licensed victualler1 as well as every private gentleman who feels interested in the quality of the liquors in his cellar4 ,the instrument is accompanied by a useful little pamphlet of directions and tables1 which has been very accurately got up1 as we understand1 by the late ,dr ,ure1 expressly for ,mr ,long4 7,a4 ,j4 ,cooley47 ,,echinococcus ,,hominis4 ,this creature1 which is the larva of the ,tina ,echinococcus1 is a very common parasite infesting man1 and has been found in the human lungs1 heart1 kidneys1 liver1 spleen1 ovaries1 breasts1 membrane of the throat1 and the bones4 ,the disease to which it gives rise is of a very long and painful nature1 frequently terminating fatally1 and one in which no remedies have hitherto been found of any avail4 ,the part of the human economy most frequently attacked by the ravages of the ,echinococcus is the liver1 in the substance of which it gives rise to the formation of a hydatid tumour4 ,this tumour is composed of a thick-walled cyst or bag1 within which is another of a much more delicate texture4 ,this latter membrane is the mother-sac of the ,echinococcus embryo 7,huxley71 and corresponds with the germinal membrane of ,professor ,goodsir4 ,it is studded with innumerable transparent cells1 varying as extremes of measurement from #a_/ajjjjth to #a_/cjjjth of an inch4 ,it is the seat of development of innumerable ,echinococci1 and to this membrane1 in a fresh hydatid tumour1 they are found connected by a delicate membrane1 either singly1 or more commonly in clusters1 the number of individuals on the cluster varying from #aj to #ajj or more1 as shown in the annexed woodcut4#bga ,footnote #bga3 ,aitken4 ,illustration ,the size of the embryo varies from #a_/ahth to #a_/bjth of a line to #a_/ajth to #a_/ahth1 according as it is elongated or contracted4 ,fig4 #b represents two ,echinococci4 ,in the one the head is drawn within the vehicle1 and in the other it is extruded4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,fig4 #c represents a transverse view of an echinococcus2 ,s ,s are suctorial discs2 the hooklets may be seen encircling a membranous disk4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #d4 ,in ,fig4 #d we have a representation of the circlet of these hooklets1 ,b1 which are thirty-four in number2 ,c gives various views of separate hooklets2 b is the base2 c the central extremity2 e the hooklets viewed upon their concave or inferior border4 ,the dotted lines connecting f1 g1 k1 represent the outer surface of the neck1 and runs through the fixed point of the three hooks which move upon the central fixed process1 as on the pivot4 ,the inhabitants of ,iceland are said to suffer severely from the effects of the ,echinococcus ,humanus2 it has been computed that a sixth of the population of the island are attacked by it4 ,,eclectic ,,remedies4 ,these are medicines chiefly employed by a sect of ,american practitioners1 self-styled ,eclectics4 ,the medicinal properties appended to each of these preparations are those ascribed to them by the ,eclectics themselves4 ,,apocynin4 ,from the roots of ,apocynum and ,rosoemifolium4 ,given in jaundice1 hepatic torpor1 and constipation4--,dose1 #a_/b to #b gr4 ,,asclepedin4 ,from ,asclepias tuberosa4 ,expectorant1 diaphoretic1 and tonic4--,dose1 #a to #e grains three times a day4 ,,baptistin4 ,from ,wild ,indigo4 ,given in liver affections4--,dose1 #a_/d to #a_/b grain4 ,,barosmin4 ,from ,buchu4 ,diuretic1 alterative1 antispasmodic4--,dose1 #b to #d grains4 ,,caulophyllin4 ,from ,caulophyllum thalictroides4 ,tonic and alterative1 acts on the uterus4--,dose1 #a_/d to #a grain three times a day2 as a parturient1 #b to #d grains4 ,,cerasein4 ,from the ,cerasus virginiana4 ,given as a substitute for quinine when this latter is inadmissible4--,dose1 #e to #aj gr4 ,,cimicifugin4 ,syn4 ,,macrotin4 ,from ,black ,snakeroot4 ,tonic1 alterative1 nervine1 antiperiodic1 and in chorea4--,dose1 #a to #f gr4 ,,cornine4 ,from ,cornus ,florida 7,dogwood74 ,antiperiodic4--,dose1 #aj grains4 ,,eupatorine4 ,from ,eupatoreum purpureum4 ,diuretic4--,dose1 #c to #e grains4 ,,euphorbin4 ,from ,euphorbia corollata4 ,emetic1 cathartic1 expectorant1 and vermifuge4--,dose1 #a grain or less4 ,,gelsemin4 ,from ,gelsemium sempervirens4 ,given in pneumonia1 hysteria1 and dysmenorrhoea4--,dose1 #a_/d to #b grains4 ,this must not be confounded with the powerful alkaloid1 ,gelsimia4 ,,geranin1 or ,,geraniin4 ,from ,geranium maculatum4 ,astringent4--,dose1 #a to #e gr4 ,,hamamelin4 ,from ,hamamelis ,virginica 7,witch hazel74 ,astringent4--,dose1 #e grains4 ,,hydrastin4 ,from ,hydrastis ,canadensis4 ,tonic4--,dose1 #c to #e grains4 ,this must not be confounded with the alkaloid ,hydrasta4 ,,iridin4 ,from the ,blue flag4 ,alterative1 sialagogue1 anthelmintic4--,dose1 #a_/b to #e gr4 ,,inglandin4 ,from ,butter-nut4 ,given in chronic hepatic disorders and constipation4--,dose1 #b to #d gr4 ,,leptandrin4 ,from ,leptandra ,virginica4 ,given in liver affections1 chronic dysentery1 diarrhoea1 and typhus4--,dose1 #b to #d gr4 ,,lycopin4 ,from ,lycopus ,virginicus4 ,given in hmorrhage1 diabetes1 and dysentery4--,dose1 #b to #c grains4 ,,myricin4 ,from ,myrica cerifera4 ,stimulant1 astringent1 and antispasmodic4--,dose1 #b to #aj grains4 ,,populin4 ,from ,populus tremuloides4 ,tonic and febrifuge4--,dose1 #d to #h grains4 ,,prunin4 ,from ,wild ,cherry ,bark4 ,stimulant1 tonic1 and expectorant4--,dose1 #a to #b gr4 ,,rumin4 ,from ,rumex crispus4 ,action like rhubarb4--,dose1 #c grains4 ,,sanguinarin4 ,from ,sanguinaria ,canadensis4 ,hepatic and alterative4--,dose1 #a_/b to #b grains4 ,,stillingin4 ,from ,stylingia sylvatica4 ,given in bronchitis and laryngitis4 ,used externally as a stimulant4 ,internally1 #a drop with mucilage4 ,,edelenzianwurzelsaft--,noble ,gentian-root ,juice--,enzian ,extract--,extract of ,gentian4 ,a water-clear1 colourless ,schnapps1 which contains much fusel oil and has had some of the spirit removed1 distilled from gentian plant4 7,hager47 ,,edible ,,earths4 ,there seems little reason to doubt that the inhabitants of many countries1 especially during famine and in times of scarcity1 use certain kinds of earth as food4 ,in ,spain1 a particular kind of earth known as bucaro is eaten2 the ,russian peasant partakes of his rock-flour2 the ,thuringian of his rock-butter2 the ,swede1 of his bergmehl or mountain meal2 the native of ,java of an earth known as teneampa2 the ,hindoo1 of the so-called ,patna earth2 and the ,persian of a species of soil known as ,gheli ,giveh4 ,mr ,molvar has analysed an earth1 eaten by the poorer classes of the ,neograd district in ,hungary1 and finds it has the following composition3-- ,carbonic acid #djceg ,lime #eadhh ,magnesia #jaaj ,volatile matter #eede ,ferrous oxide #jaeh ,alumina #bbgb ,as the volatile matter seemed to be the probable means of nourishment1 it was subjected to a special examination1 and was found to contain1 besides empyreumatic substances1 #jjfg water1 and #jjaj nitrogen4 ,dr ,schmidt1 a ,german chemist1 gives the following as the composition of #ajj parts of the air-dried powder from the coast of the ,white ,sea3-- ,water given off at #ajj ,c #jbfj ,given off at a low red heat #jhce ,alumina #djgig ,ferric oxide #jcaj ,magnesia #jfah ,lime traces ,soda #ahbi ,potassa #ihde ,silicic acid1 trace of fluorine1 and loss #deejf ,this earth is eaten by the ,laplanders1 who mix it with the flour of which they make their bread4 ,the ,persian edible earth called ,gheli ,giveh contains3-- ---------------------------- ,magnesic carbonate #ffifc ---------------------------- ,calcic carbonate #bcfcd ---------------------------- ,sodium chloride #cedb ---------------------------- ,sodic sulphate #jbic ---------------------------- ,sodic carbonate #jeih ---------------------------- ,magnesic hydrate #acaa ---------------------------- ,ferric oxide #jjib ---------------------------- ,alumina #jbbg ---------------------------- ,silicic acid #jgfe ---------------------------- ,water combined at #abj #aaec ---------------------------- ,hydroscopic moisture #adbb ---------------------------- ,the ',chemical ,news' 7xxxvi1 #bjb7 contains the analysis by ,mr ,paterson ,muir of a clay from ,mackenzie ,county1 ,south ,island1 ,new ,zealand1 which is largely eaten by sheep4 ,it consists of3-- ------------------------ ,silica #fabe ------------------------ ,alumina #agig ------------------------ ,ferric oxide #egb ------------------------ ,lime #aia ------------------------ ,magnesia #jhg ------------------------ ,sodium chloride #cfi ------------------------ ,potassium chloride trace ------------------------ ,water #gca ------------------------ ,organic matter #agg ------------------------ #ajjdi ------------------------ ,see ,,animalcul4 ,,edulcora',,tion4 ,the affusion of water on any substance for the purpose of removing the portion soluble in that fluid4 ,edulcoration is usually performed by agitating or triturating the article with water1 and removing the latter1 after subsidence1 by decantation or filtration4 ,it is the method commonly adopted to purify precipitates and other powders which are insoluble in water4 ,the washing-bottle is a most useful instrument for the edulcoration of precipitates4 ,in its simplest form1 it is a bottle fitted with two bent glass tubes1 one drawn to a fine point and reaching to the bottom of the bottle1 the other only entering the cork a few inches4 ,by blowing down the latter tube1 the water is forced out of the former in a fine stream4 ,see ,,wash-,,bottle4 ,,eel4 ,syn4 ,,anguilla1 ,l4 ,a family of fishes belonging to the 'apodal' section of the malacopterygii4 ,at least three species of eels are found in this country--the 'sharp-nosed1' the 'broad-nosed1' and the 'snig4' ,the first1 which is common in streams and lakes1 attains the greatest size--sometimes #be lbs4 or even #cj lbs4 ,the 'snig' is considered superior to other kinds for the table4 ,as articles of food1 eels are said to be laxative and far from wholesome4 ,the fat 7,,eel ,,fat2 ,,adeps ,,anguill1 ,,oleum ,a47 is among the simples of the ,ph4 ,l4 #afah1 and was formerly considered 'good against stripes1' and is even now used by the vulgar as a friction for stiff joints4 ,for the table1 eels are generally dressed by stewing1 frying1 baking1 or potting1 which is done in the usual way1 the fish being cut into pieces #b or #c inches long1 and melted butter1 onions1 sweet herbs1 and anchovy sauce1 added at will4 ,the ,,conger ,,eel is a distinct and gigantic species of the same family4 ,its flesh is coarse and oily1 but is much esteemed by the inhabitants of the southern coast of ,devon1 on which it abounds4 ,letheby states the following to be the composition of the ,eel3 ----------------------- ,nitrogenous matter #ii ----------------------- ,fat #ach ----------------------- ,saline matter #ac ----------------------- ,water #ge ----------------------- #ajjj ----------------------- ,payen's analysis differs from the above1 in giving a larger proportion of nitrogenous matter1 and a still greater quantity of fat4 ,the native inhabitants of ,new ,zealand and kindred races suffer largely from scrofula1 the prevalence of which disease amongst them has been attributed to their partaking so largely of eel as a common article of diet4 ,,efferves',,cence4 ,the rapid escape of gas in small bubbles from a liquid4 ,see ,,draught1 ,,powder1 c4 ,,efflores',,cence4 ,the spontaneous conversion of a crystalline solid into a dry pulverulent form4 ,crystals which in a dry atmosphere lose their water of crystallisation1 and become crusted over with a mealy powder1 are said to be ,,efflorescent4 ,,egg4 ,syn4 ,,ovum1 ,l4 ,a body produced in the females of birds and certain other animals1 containing an 'embryo' of the same species1 or body1 from which a similar animal may ultimately be produced4 ,the eggs of the common domestic fowl are nutritious and easily digestible2 and when lightly cooked by boiling and eaten with a little salt1 are admirably adapted as an aliment for the sick and delicate4 ,when boiled hard or fried1 they are rendered less digestible1 and possess no advantage in this respect over butcher's meat4 ,a new-laid egg1 beaten up in a cup of tea1 coffee1 or chocolate is an excellent ingredient in the breakfast of a person with a poor appetite1 and is very supporting4 ,a glass of wine1 beer1 or porter1 similarly treated1 along with a biscuit1 has been recommended as a light and nutritious luncheon or supper1 well suited to the debilitated and dyspeptic4 ,raw eggs may be advantageously substituted for cod-liver oil in all the cases in which this last is ordered1 occurring in persons with delicate or irritable stomachs4 ,the addition of fresh salad oil vastly increases their medicinal virtues4 ,a fresh egg is said to contain about the same amount of nourishment as #a-a_/b oz4 of fresh meat and #a oz4 of wheaten bread1 but in a more digestible form4 ,composition of the contents of the egg4 ,water #gdjb ,albumen #adjh ,oil and fat #ajbe ,mineral matter #afe ------- #ajjjj ,composition of the white of egg4 7,thompson47 ,nitrogenous matter #bjdj ,fatty matter ,saline matter #afj ,water #ghjj ------ #ajjjj ,composition of the yolk4 7,thompson47 ,nitrogenous matter #afjj ,fatty matter #cjgj ,saline matter #acj ,water #ebjj ------ #ajjjj ,egg1 ,white of 7,,albumen ,,ovi71 is officinal in the ,b4 ,p4 ,yelk of egg 7vitellus ovi7 is an ingredient in the ,,brandy ,,mixture 7,,mistura ,,spiritus ,,vini ,,gallici7 of the ,london ,college4 ,it is also a popular application to chaps1 cracked nipples1 abrasions1 c41 and is largely used to render oleaginous substances miscible with water1 in the preparation of emulsions4 ,the average weight of the new-laid egg of a hen is about #b-a_/b oz41 and its sp4 gr4 is #ajhj to #ajij2 the white generally weighs about #a-a_/b oz42 the yolk1 a little under #c_/d oz42 and the shell and skin1 #a_/d oz4 ,dr ,prout found that an egg1 on being kept for #b years in a dry situation1 lost #edd-c_/aj gr41 from the evaporation of a portion of its water through the shell4 ,by boiling in water an egg loses from #b to #c of its weight4 ,choice4 ,the larger end of a new-laid egg feels cold when placed against the tongue4 ,new-laid eggs appear semi-transparent when placed between the eye and a strong light1 and have a small and perceptible division of the skin from the shell1 which is filled with air4 ,this mode of examination among the trade is called 'candling4' ,when they shake they are stale4 ,the eggs of turkeys and pea-hens are much esteemed for some purposes2 those of ducks and geese are coarse and inferior4 ,sound eggs will sink if put into a solution1 consisting of #a oz4 of salt in #aj oz4 of water2 in the same solution indifferent ones will float1 whilst bad or worthless ones will swim even in pure water4 ,pres4 ,eggs may be preserved for any length of time by excluding them from the air4 ,one of the cleanest and easiest methods of doing this is to pack them with the small end downwards1 in clean dry salt1 in barrels or tubs1 and to place them in a cool and dry situation4 ,we have eaten eggs thus preserved that were more than a twelvemonth old1 and that had been for some months on shipboard in a tropical climate1 and which yet retained all the peculiar sweetness of new-laid eggs4 ,with a like intention1 eggs are placed in vessels containing milk of lime or strong brine1 or are rubbed over with butter1 lard1 or gum water1 all of which act by excluding the air4 ,eggs for keeping should never be laid on their sides1 and when kept in the air should be occasionally turned to prevent the yolk attaching itself to the side instead of floating in the albumen4 ,some persons place the eggs in a netting or on a sieve or colander1 and immerse them for an instant in a caldron of boiling water before packing them away4 ,the practice of packing eggs in damp straw1 or anything else that can convey a flavour should be carefully avoided4 ,the shells of eggs are porous1 and readily admit the passage of gaseous substances1 especially of fetid odours4 ,it is from inattention to this point that a large number of the eggs imported from the coast of ,france have a less delicate flavour than those of our poultry yards4 ,damp chopped straw1 as well as most other organic substances exposed to warmth and moisture1 readily ferment or putrefy2 and during fermentation a considerable increase of temperature takes place1 as any one may readily perceive by examining the common hotbeds in our gardens1 which are merely masses of organic matter in a state of decomposition4 ,eggs1 as long as they retain the embryo of the future chick in a vital state1 possess in themselves a certain degree of warmth1 which tends materially to promote the decomposition of the substances they are packed in1 particularly in the presence of moisture4 ,a correspondent of the ',chemical ,news' says3 ,eggs may be kept fresh for a whole year by subjecting them to the following process4 ,the fresh eggs are carefully placed in a mixture of five kilogrammes of alum1 dissolved in five litres of water1 heated to from #de to #ej ,c41 and left in that liquid for from thirty to forty minutes2 the eggs are next drained1 and in the meantime the solution of alum is heated to boiling-point4 ,the eggs are again immersed in the liquid and kept therein from ten to fifteen seconds2 after having been drained and cooled1 they are packed in either dry bran1 sawdust1 cork-dust1 sifted ashes1 or in cotton-wool4 ,m4 ,durand1 of ,blois1 proposes to preserve eggs by coating them with silicate of soda4 ,to ,preserve ,eggs fresh for many weeks4--,as the eggs are taken from the nest1 brush each one separately with a thin solution of gum ,arabic1 being careful to leave no portion of the shell uncovered by it4 ,the half of each egg must first be done1 and left to become dry before the remainder is touched1 that the gum may not be rubbed off any part by its coming in contact while wet with the hand as it is held to be varnished1 or with the table when it is laid down to harden4--,,eliza ,,acton4 ,eggs to boil in the ,shell4--,eggs brought from a cold place and suddenly plunged into boiling water are very frequently liable to crack1 and thus to allow of the partial escape of their contents4 ,in winter it will be found a good plan to hold them for an instant over the steam of the saucepan before they are placed in it1 which they should be1 very gently4 ,by boiling for three minutes1 the whites will become in a partially solid state4 ,exactly five minutes will harden the whites and leave the yolks liquid4 ,eight or ten minutes will render them hard4 ,eggs should always be boiled in water sufficient to entirely cover them4 ,they should be boiled #ae minutes for salad-dressings4 ,eggs1 to ,poach4--,take for this purpose a wide and delicately clean pan about half filled with the clearest spring water2 throw in a small saltspoonful of salt1 and place it over a fire quite free from smoke4 ,break some new-laid eggs into separate cups1 and do this with care1 that the yolks may not be injured4 ,when the water boils1 draw back the pan1 glide the eggs gently into it1 and let them stand till the whites appear almost set1 which will be in about a minute2 then without shaking them move the pan over the fire1 and just simmer them from two minutes and a half to three minutes4 ,lift them out separately with a slice1 trim quickly off the ragged edges1 and serve them upon dressed spinach or upon minced veal1 turkey1 or chicken2 or dish them for an invalid upon delicately toasted bread1 sliced thick and free from crust2 it is an improvement to have the bread buttered1 but it is less wholesome4 ,comparative time of poaching eggs3 swan's eggs1 #e to #f minutes 7in basin1 #aj minutes72 turkey's eggs1 #d minutes2 hen's eggs1 #c to #c-a_/b minutes2 ,guinea fowl's1 #b to #c minutes2 bantam's1 #b minutes4 ,obs4 ,all eggs may be poached without boiling if kept just at simmering point1 but one boil quite at last will assist to detach them from the stewpan1 from which they should always be very carefully lifted on what is called a fish or egg slice4 ,there are pans made on purpose for poaching and frying them in good form2 but they do not1 we believe1 answer particularly well4 ,if broken into cups slightly rubbed with butter and simmered in them1 their roundness of shape will be well preserved4--,,eliza ,,acton4 ,egg1 ,elas'tic4 ,take a good and sound egg1 place it in strong vinegar1 and allow it to remain for #ab hours2 it will then become quite soft and elastic4 ,in this state it can be squeezed into a tolerably wide-mouthed bottle2 when in1 it must be covered with water having a little soda dissolved in it4 ,in a few hours the egg will be restored to nearly its original solidity2 after which the liquid may be poured off and the bottle dried1 the whole being kept as a curiosity to puzzle one's friends for an explanation how the egg got there4 7',parlour ,pastime4'7 ,egg ,flip4 ,prep4 #a4 ,beer1 #a pint2 eggs1 #c in no42 sugar1 #b oz42 nutmeg and ginger1 q4 s4 to flavour2 the eggs are broken into one half of the beer1 the sugar added1 and the whole beaten well together2 the mixture is then placed in a clean warmer1 and heated over the fire to nearly the boiling-point1 and stirred one way all the time1 care being taken not to let it either boil or curdle2 the other portion of the beer and the spices are then added1 and the whole mixed well together4 #b4 ,as above1 but adding a glass of spirit4 ,some persons also add a little lemon peel4 ,eggs1 ,packing1 for ,shipboard4 ,the following plan is now adopted by many firms shipping eggs3--,in the bottom of the box may be placed bran1 cut hay1 and sawdust4 ,tear up old newspapers to about #h or #aj inches square4 ,the paper should be about medium--that is1 not too stiff nor too soft4 ,place one of these pieces of paper on the hand1 and on this an egg1 on one end2 close the lower hand so as to bring the paper up all round the egg2 with the other hand crumple the loose corners and edges of the paper down over the other end of the egg2 lay another piece of paper on the hand1 on which place the same egg1 but the other end up2 bring up the new paper and crumple down as before4 ,this gives a good cushion to both ends1 and a fair one over the centre4 ,repeat this till you have six thicknesses of paper1 reversing the egg each time1 and always keeping it on the end4 ,this gives you a ball about #c to #c-a_/b in4 thick by #c-a_/b to #d in4 long4 ,care should be taken not to press the paper too closely to the egg while covering4 ,place on one end in the box or basket2 place alongside and press them together close enough to prevent their becoming loose in the box1 fillings at the ends and on top with crumpled paper4--,j4 ,p4 ,egg1 ,glaire of4 ,prep4 ,separate the whites from the yolks1 and whisk them to a froth1 let them stand #bd hours1 and strain them through muslin4 ,used as a glaze or varnish by bookbinders and others4 ,egg1 ,liquid4 ,prep4 7,jayne47 ,from lime1 #a bushel 7slaked with water72 common salt1 #b or #c lbs42 cream of tartar1 #a_/b lb42 water1 q4 s4 to form a mixture strong enough to float an egg4 ,used to preserve eggs1 which it is stated it will do for two years1 by simply keeping them in it4 ,simple milk of lime answers quite as well4 ,egg ,wine4 ,as egg flip1 but using equal parts of white wine and water1 instead of beer4 ,,ela',,idine4 ,a fatty compound of eladic acid and glycerin1 formed by the action of nitrous acid or nitrate of mercury on olive oil4 ,it is neutral2 melts at #ij ,fahr42 and is very soluble in ether1 scarcely so in alcohol4 ,it is one of the components of ,,citrine ,,ointment4 ,by saponification it is resolved into its two constituents4 ,,ela',,in4 ,see ,,olein4 ,,elaiom',,eter4 ,syn4 ,,oleom',,eter4 ,an instrument for ascertaining the specific gravity of oils4 ,see ,,hydrometer and ,,oil4 ,,elal',,dehyd4 ,a peculiar crystalline substance which forms in ,,aldehyd when kept for some weeks at a temperature of #cb ,fahr4 ,it melts into a colourless liquid at about #ch1 in which state it is miscible with water1 alcohol1 and ether4 ,it is isomeric with aldehyd1 but its vapour has about three times the density of that substance1 whilst it neither combines with ammonia nor comports itself with potassa and solution of silver like aldehyd4 ,,elaop',,tene4 ,see ,,oil 7,volatile74 ,,elat',,erin4 ,syn4 ,,momordicine4 ,the active principle of ,,elaterium4 ,it was discovered by ,dr ,clutterbuck in #ahai1 but first obtained in a state of purity in #ahcj by the late ,mr ,hennel4 ,elaterin4 ,syn4 ,,elaterium4 7,dr ,morries47 ,obtained by evaporating tincture of elaterium 7made with rectified spirit7 to the consistence of thin oil1 and throwing it in boiling distilled water4 ,when cold1 the crystalline precipitate is collected1 and dried with a gentle heat4--,dose1 to commence with #a-afth of a grain4 ,prep4 #a4 7,dr ,morries47 ,elaterium is digested in hot alcohol1 the resulting tincture filtered1 evaporated to the consistence of thin oil1 and then thrown into boiling distilled water4 ,when the whole is cold1 the precipitate is collected and purified by redissolving it in alcohol and precipitation by water1 as before4 #b4 7,hennel47 ,the alcoholic extract of elaterium is digested in ether1 and the residuum dissolved in hot alcohol2 crystals form as the solution cools4 #c4 ,an alcoholic tincture is evaporated to the consistence of a syrup1 and thrown into a mixture of equal parts of liquor of potassa and water at a boiling temperature4 ,almost pure elaterin separates as the liquid cools4 ,obs4 ,elaterin forms delicate1 white1 silky crystals1 having a bitter taste2 it is fusible at about #cfe ,fahr42 tastes bitter2 odourless2 neutral2 insoluble in water2 and dissolves readily in hot alcohol4 ,its medicinal action is similar to that of elaterium1 differing only in its greater activity4--,dose1 #a_/af gr4 to #a_/bj gr4 ,,elater',,ium4 ,syn4 ,,squirting ,,cucumber4 ,in pharmacy1 'the fresh unripe fruit' of the wild cucumber1 ',ecbalium officinarum--,richard1' ,ph4 ,l4 7,momordica ,elaterium1 ,linn474 ,according to present usage1 the word is more generally applied to the feculence deposited from the juice of the wild cucumber4 ,it is thus applied in ,ph4 ,b4 ,e4 ,d4 ,see below47 ,elaterium4 ,b4 ,p4 ,syn4 ,,extract ,,of ,,elaterium1 ,e4 ,,of ,,squirting ,,cucumber2 ,,extractum ,,elaterii 7,ph4 ,l471 ,,elaterium 7,ph4 ,e4 ,d417 ,l4 ,the feculence of the juice of the above fruit4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,slice wild cucumber before it is quite ripe in the long direction1 and strain the juice1 very gently expressed1 through a fine hair sieve2 then set it aside for some hours1 until the thicker part has subsided4 ,the thinner supernatant fluid being rejected1 dry the thicker portion with a gentle heat4 ,the processes of the other colleges are essentially the same4#bgb ,footnote #bgb3 ,at the ,mitcham ,gardens1 elaterium is manufactured in much the same way1 only that considerable force is used in the expression of the juice1 and the product therefore less potent1 though more in quantity4 ,the manufacture usually commences about the second week in ,september4 7,dr ,royle74 #b4 7,dr ,clutterbuck47 ,the cucumbers 7fully ripe7 are cut longitudinally1 and sprinkling with cold water1 and the juice allowed to strain through a fine sieve into an earthenware vessel4 ,the seeds and surrounding pulp are next placed on the sieve1 with the split fruit1 and washed repeatedly with cold water4 ,the washings being received in the same vessel with the juice1 the whole is allowed to repose for a few hours1 when the clear portion is decanted and the sediment spread thinly on fine linen1 and dried by exposure to the air and a gentle heat avoiding the sunshine or a bright light4 ,quality very fine4 ,forty fruits1 by this process1 yield only #f gr4 of elaterium4 #c4 7,apothecaries' ,hall47 ,the fruit1 slit into halves1 is placed in hempen or horsehair bags1 and submitted to slight pressure in a tincture press4 ,the juice1 as it runs off1 passes through a fine hair sieve into a cylindrical glass jug or jar1 where it is allowed to remain for two hours1 when the clear supernatant liquor is poured off1 and the thick portion containing the sediment is poured on a paper filter1 supported on linen1 and allowed to drain1 after which it is dried by a gentle heat in a stove4 ,the product has a green colour1 and constitutes the finest elaterium of commerce4 ,a darker and inferior article is obtained from the liquor1 poured from the first sediment by placing it in shallow pans1 and allowing it again to deposit4 ,prop41 c4 ,elaterium is sold in thin cakes1 and when pure has a pale-gray or greenish-gray colour1 floats on water1 is easily pulverised by pressure1 and forms with rectified spirits a rich1 green-coloured tincture4 ,elaterium obtained as a second deposit 7,,elaterium ,,nigrum71 is dark and inferior4 ,alcohol dissolves from #ej to #fj of good elaterium4 ,when exhausted by rectified spirit1 the solution1 concentrated1 and poured into hot dilute solution of potassa1 deposits1 on cooling1 minute silky1 colourless crystals 7of ,,elaterin71 weighing from #a_/gth to #a_/dth of the elaterium operated on4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,obs4 ,to procure a fine sample of elaterium it is necessary to remove it as soon as it is deposited1 as a heavy mucilage falls down soon afterwards1 which materially injures its quality and appearance4 ,english elaterium is the best4 ,the foreign is uniformly adulterated with chalk or starch1 and coloured with sap green4 ,dose1 #a_/af gr4 to #a_/b gr41 formed into a pill with extract of gentian and liquorice powder2 as a hydragogue and cathartic in dropsies1 twice a day1 repeated every other day for a week or ten days4 ,its use must be avoided when there is much debility or any inflammatory symptoms4 ,larger doses than #a_/b gr4 of pure elaterium are poisonous4 ,the antidotes are emetics1 followed by demulcents1 opium1 and stimulants4 ,,el',,der4 ,syn4 ,,sambucus 7,ph4 ,l4 ,e471 ,l4 ,a large shrub or small tree belonging to the natural order ,caprifoliac4 ,it is indigenous in ,europe1 and has long been valued for its medicinal properties4 ,the recent flowers of the ,sambucus nigra 7,ph4 ,l47 or common elder are regarded as diaphoretic and pectoral1 and a distilled water 7,,elder-,,flower ,,water2 ,,aqua ,,sambuci7 is made of them4 ,the inner bark of the same tree is purgative and emetic1 and is used in dropsy2 the leaves are purgative2 the juice of the fresh berries is made into wine 7,,elder ,,wine71 and is largely used to make ,,factitious ,,port ,,wine1 and to adulterate the real wine4 ,see ,,waters 7,distilled74 ,,elecampane'4 ,syn4 ,,inula 7,ph4 ,l471 ,l4 ,the root of ,inula ,helenium 7,ph4 ,l474 ,a plant of the nat4 order ,composit4 ,tonic1 diaphoretic1 and expectorant4--,dose1 #bj gr4 to #a dr41 or more1 either in the form of powder or decoction2 in catarrh1 dyspepsia1 c4 ,it is now seldom used4 ,,electranodyn4 ,for the cure of neuralgia1 headache1 migrain1 faceache1 and apoplectic attacks4 ,as a necklace for children for toothache1 as a preventive of quinsy1 c4 ,a tissue paper converted into a nitrogenous material 7pyroxylin or dppelpapier7 by immersion in a mixture of sulphuric and nitric acid1 and containing besides an insignificant proportion of wax and resin4 7,hager47 ,,elec',,tric4 ,syn4 ,,electrical4 ,exhibiting the effects of ,,electricity when 'excited' by friction2 pertaining to1 derived from1 or produced by electricity4 ,electric4 ,syn4 ,,insulator1 ,,non-,,conductor4 ,a substance which may under ordinary circumstances be readily made to evince electrical properties by friction4 ,electrics do not transmit1 or conduct1 electricity2 whilst1 on the other hand1 ,,anelectrics are good transmitters or conductors of electrical action4 ,the most perfect electrics are shell-lac1 sulphur1 amber1 jet1 resinous bodies1 gums1 gun-cotton1 glass1 silk1 diamond1 agate1 and tourmaline2 dry fur1 hair1 wood1 feathers1 and paper2 turpentine and various oils2 dry atmospheric air and other gases1 steam of high elasticity1 and ice at #j ,fahr4 ,the most perfect anelectrics or conductors are the metals1 charcoal1 and saline fluids4 ,electric ,eel4 ,the ,gynotus electricus1 a fish having the power or giving violent electric 'shocks'2 which power it exerts for killing or stunning its prey4 ,it is an inhabitant of the fresh-water lakes and rivers of the warmer regions of ,america1 ,africa1 and ,asia4 ,electrical ,machine4 ,an instrument for the excitation and collection of electricity4 ,the term is only applied to contrivances in which friction is the immediate cause of the electrical disturbance2 those which act through chemical force1 magnetism1 or heat1 being known by various distinctive names1 as 'voltaic battery1' 'electro-magnetic machine1' 'induction-coil1' 'thermo-electric pile1' c4 ,the electrical machines in common use are composed of a hollow glass cylinder1 or circular plate of glass1 turning on an axis1 and rubbing against two or more leather rubbers covered with silk1 the electricity being collected by sharp points fixed in a metal rod standing on a glass pillar4 ,a description of these instruments1 however1 would be out of place in the present work1 which does not aim at giving information that may be easily obtained from other sources4 ,cylinder machines are seldom made of greater size than #ac inches by #i1 and are about as powerful as an #ah-;inch plate machine4 ,the latter are commonly made up to #c and #d feet diameter1 and will1 with a suitable condenser1 give #ae inch sparks in air4 ,,electri'',,city 7-tr7is'-7it-e74 ,the name given primarily to one of the great forces of nature1 and secondarily to that department of physical science which embraces all that is known respecting this particular force4 ,many theories respecting the nature of electricity have been advanced for the purpose of explaining electrical phenomena4 ,the theory of ,dr ,franklin supposed the existence of a single homogeneous1 imponderable fluid1 of extreme tenuity and elasticity1 in a state of equable distribution throughout the material world4 ,this fluid is assumed to be repulsive of its own particles1 but attractive of all other matter4 ,when distributed in bodies1 in quantities proportionate to their capacities or attraction for it1 such bodies are said to be in their 'natural state4' ,when we increase or diminish the natural quantity of electricity in any substance1 excitation is the result1 and the substance1 if 'overcharged1' is said to be electrified 'positively1' or if 'undercharged1' 'negatively4' ,these theories1 and all others based upon the assumption that electricity is a form of matter1 have been found to be inadequate for the elucidation of electrical phenomena4 ,at the present day1 however1 two kinds of electric forces are recognised1 and distinguished as negative and positive1 but they are both assumed to be analogous in principle1 and very generally assumed to be simply due to different analogous motions of matter4 ,for a full exposition1 however1 the reader must refer to some of the especial works on the subject4 ,,electricity1 ,iron reduced by4 ,gelatin capsules of the size of a #b-;grain pill1 filled with powdered blacksmith scales 7black oxide of iron74 7,hager47 ,,electro-,,chem',,istry4 ,that branch of chemistry which treats of the agency of electricity in effecting chemical changes4 ,,electro-,,etch',,ing4 ,see ,,etching4 ,,electrol',,ysis4 7-tr7ol'-e-s7is74 ,electro-chemical decomposition4 ,the voltaic current has the power of loosening and separating the constituents of certain compound bodies when these are interposed in the circuit4 ,the substances which are thus susceptible of decomposition are termed electrolytes4 ,they are all binary compounds1 containing single equivalents of their components1 which are held together by very powerful affinities4 ,the amount of electrical power required to effect decomposition varies greatly with different electrolytes3 solution of iodide of potassium1 melted chloride of lead1 hydrochloric acid1 water mixed with a little sulphuric acid1 and pure water1 demand very different degrees of decomposing force1 the resistance increasing from the first-mentioned substance to the last1 which latter it has been denied can be decomposed4 ,one of the indispensable conditions of electrolysis is fluidity4 ,when a liquid is electrolysed its components are discharged solely at the limiting surfaces1 where1 according to the usual figurative mode of speech1 the current enters and leaves the liquid1 all the intermediate portions appearing quiescent4 ,the terms 'anode' and 'cathode' have been proposed respectively for the surfaces which are supposed to receive and let out the current of positive electricity4 ,the anode is therefore directly against or opposite the positive pole of the battery1 or1 according to the improved nomenclature1 the positive electrode2 and the cathode against the negative pole1 or electrode4 ,the bodies which are set free by the action of the current are termed ions2 those which go to the anode and appear at the positive electrode being distinguished by the term anions1 and those which go to the cathode and appear at the negative electrode by the term cathions4 ,this nomenclature has1 however1 been but partially adopted1 and is making but slow way1 if any1 many preferring the old terms of electro-positive for anions1 and electro-negative for cathions4 ,the relative decomposing effects produced by the same current in different electrolytes are exactly expressed by the chemical equivalents of the electrolytes4 ,thus1 if a current be made to traverse acidulated water1 iodide of potassium1 and chloride of lead1 these three electrolytes will suffer decomposition at the same time1 but by no means to the same extent2 for the current which decomposes but #i parts of water will separate into their elements #aff parts of iodide of potassium and #aci parts of chloride of lead4 ,the electrolysis of metallic salts is now carried out on a large scale in the beautiful arts1 which we notice under the general head of ,,electrotype4 ,,electromotive ,,essence 7,romershausen74 ,an embrocation for restoring the suspended functions of the skin by stimulating the flow of vital electricity and the functions of the nerves4 ,a solution of oils of turpentine and rosemary in the ninth dilution of alcohol previously coloured red with some vegetable dye4 7,reithner47 ,,electro-,,pla'',,ting and ,,gilding4 ,see ,,electrotype4 ,,electroph',,orus4 ,a simple instrument for exciting electricity1 generally used in the chemical laboratory for charging small ,leyden jars when gases have to be exploded by the electric spark4 ,to construct it1 a plate of tinned iron is made into a circle of about #ab inches diameter2 a raised border is then turned up for about half an inch1 and the extreme edge is turned outwards over a wire to avoid a sharp border4 ,a mixture of equal parts by weight of shell-lac1 ,venice turpentine1 and resin1 is made by gently heating them together with stirring until well fused and thoroughly incorporated4 ,this composition is poured into the plate1 to quite fill it1 and kept melted until all bubbles have disappeared4 ,another portion of the instrument1 serving the same purpose as the conductor of an electric machine1 is a circle of wood1 rather smaller than the resinous plate1 rounded at the edge1 and neatly covered with tin-foil4 ,an insulating handle1 formed of a piece of stout glass rod1 is cemented into the centre of this wooden disc4 ,before using the instrument it must be carefully dried and slightly warmed4 ,the resinous surface is excited by beating it obliquely with a folded piece of warm flannel4 ,when this has been done for about a minute1 the warm dry cover of the instrument is to be placed upon the resinous plate1 and touched with the finger4 ,if the cover is then raised a few inches1 and the knuckle approached1 a powerful spark of positive electricity will pass2 and if the cover be again replaced1 touched1 and raised1 a second spark will pass4 ,this may be repeated many times without again exciting the resinous plate4 ,by receiving the sparks with the knobs of a ,leyden jar1 a charge strong enough to give a powerful shock1 or explode a gaseous mixture1 may be rapidly obtained4 ,other forms have been given to the instrument1 but the essential part of every one is a plate of some resinous substance4 ,,electrotype4 ,syn4 ,,electro-,,met',,allurgy1 ,,galvan',o-,,plas',,tic4 ,the art of working in metals by the aid of electricity4 ,strictly speaking1 the term electrotype is only applicable to one branch of 'electro-metallurgy'--that which relates to the production of copies of engraved plates1 medals1 coins1 and other works--but it is now commonly employed in the sense indicated by our definition4 ,according to this extended signification of the term1 the art of electrotype includes ,,electro-,,plating1 and ,,electro-,,gilding4 ,general ,principles4--,if a current from a voltaic battery be passed1 by means of platinum electrodes1 through water to which some sulphuric acid has been added1 electrolysis1 takes place1 hydrogen appearing at the cathode1 and oxygen at the anode4 ,if into the acid liquid some crystals of sulphate of copper be now thrown1 electrolysis will still go on1 but only one of the elements of the water1 namely oxygen1 will be evolved2 for the hydrogen1 on being released1 will take the place of the copper in the solution1 and the copper thus liberated will be deposited on the platinum plate or wire which constitutes the negative electrode4 ,this experiment may be continued until all the copper is extracted from the solution4 ,let this experiment be repeated with a copper plate for the positive electrode1 and it will be found that neither of the gases will be evolved4 ,the hydrogen1 as before1 will take the place of the copper in the solution2 the oxygen1 instead of escaping at the anode1 will combine with the copper of the electrode and the sulphuric acid to form sulphate of copper4 ,the chemical forces called into action by the current are so beautifully balanced1 that in the last experiment the quantity of copper supplied by the positive electrode exactly equals the quantity withdrawn from the solution and deposited upon the negative electrode4 ,the whole art of electrotype consists in applying the metals thus released from their solutions to artistic or useful purposes4 ,to obtain compact and brilliant deposits1 many precautions have to be observed4 ,the solutions must be kept saturated1 or nearly so2 the mould to be copied1 or object to be coated1 must not be too small1 or out of proportion to the size of the zinc plate of the battery2 in fine1 the power employed must be carefully regulated according to the work to be done4 ,in all arrangements the moulds or objects which receive the deposits act as negative electrodes1 and are consequently in connection with the zinc of the battery or generating cell4 ,electrotype ,processes4 ,although reguline deposits of many metals can be obtained through the agency of voltaic electricity1 we shall only treat of those of copper1 silver1 gold1 and platinum4 ,when copper is deposited1 the object is generally to produce a substantial copy of a medal1 an engraved plate1 or other work of art2 but when solutions containing the precious metals are electrolysed1 the deposits are nearly always used for covering the surface of inferior metals4 ,we shall notice the operations connected with the deposition of copper1 and those relating to electro-plating under separate heads4 #a4 ,,deposition ,,of ,,copper3 ,the moulds or models intended to receive the deposited metals may be formed of various materials4 ,for medals and similar small works1 moulds of fusible metal1 white wax1 stearine1 stearic acid1 and gutta percha1 are commonly used4 ,the first are formed by dropping or pressing the medals to be copied upon the melted metal1 taking care that the former are quite cold1 and that the surface of the metal is bright or free from oxide4 ,to make a mould in gutta percha1 the material must be softened in warm water1 and then pressed upon the medal by means of a strong screw press4 ,with the other materials the manipulation is very easy4 ,a ribbon of cardboard or thick paper is placed round the medal1 so as to form a rim2 the material1 which has been melted in an earthen vessel1 is then poured on1 and allowed to remain until quite cold and hard1 when it is cautiously removed4 ,for large works1 moulds of plaster of ,paris are usually employed2 these require to be saturated with wax or tallow1 by standing them in a shallow vessel containing these substances in a melted state4 ,for copying seals and small coins1 impressions in ordinary sealing-wax may be used as electrotype moulds4 ,non-metallic moulds must be coated with some substance which has the property of conducting electricity before they can be used as negative electrodes4 ,the substance commonly employed is plumbago or black-lead4 ,it must be in the condition of an impalpable powder4 ,it is rubbed briskly over the surface of the mould 7wax1 stearine1 plaster1 c47 by means of a strong fine camel-hair brush1 till the whole presents the well-known black-lead polish4 ,the adhesion of the plumbago may be often promoted by breathing slightly on the mould4 ,to cause it to adhere to sealing wax impressions1 the wax may be slightly moistened with spirits of wine1 or exposed to the vapour of ether4 ,delicate moulds and objects1 which cannot well be black-leaded1 may be covered with a conducting film of silver1 by first dipping them in bisulphuret of carbon holding about #a_/bjth part of phosphorus in solution1 and then1 after a few seconds1 immersing them in a weak solution of nitrate of silver1 and allowing them to dry in the light4 ,metallic moulds require no preparation4 ,the voltaic apparatus used may now be described4 ,the single-cell arrangement1 used for small works1 is formed on the principle of ,daniell's ,constant ,battery4 ,it consists of a vessel of glass1 earthenware1 or wood1 containing a smaller cell of thin biscuit ware1 or other porous material2 a rod or plate of amalgamated zinc1 placed within the porous cell1 and a wire connecting the zinc with the mould to be copied2 the latter being placed in the outer vessel4 ,the annexed figure represents a convenient form of the single-cell3-- ,the battery arrangement has many advantages over that described above1 and should always be employed when large objects are to be electrotyped1 or when a number of small moulds are to be operated upon4 ,in this arrangement the copper solution is electrolysed in a separate vessel1 termed the decomposition cell1 and the current generated by one or more cells of a ,daniell's or ,smee's battery4 ,this arrangement is shown in the following engraving3-- ,illustration3 a4 ,an oval vessel of salt-glazed earthenware or wood nearly filled with a saturated solution of sulphate of copper4 b4 ,a porous diaphragm1 containing the cylinder or plate of zinc 7c71 and filled with dilute sulphuric acid4 d4 ,a small bar of brass or copper fastened to the vessel by the binding screws 7e1 e71 and supporting the plate of zinc 7c71 by the hook of copper wire 7f71 and the mould 7g71 by the hook 7h74 i4 ,a small shelf or partition to support crystals of sulphate of copper1 to keep up the strength of the solution4 ,illustration3 a4 ,a constant battery cell4 b4 ,decomposition cell1 a cubical vessel made of wood or earthenware1 and filled with a mixture of #a part of dilute sulphuric acid 7#a acid #i water71 and #b parts of saturated solution of sulphate of copper by measure4 c1 c1 c4 ,moulds suspended to the brass rod 7f71 and connected with the zinc or positive element of the battery 7a71 by means of the screw 7g47 d1 d4 ,pieces of sheet copper suspended on the brass rod 7h71 and connected with the zinc end of the battery1 by means of the screw 7i71 employed to keep up the strength of the cupreous solution in the decomposition cell4 ,to connect the moulds with the zinc or positive element1 stout copper wires or strips of thin sheet copper are employed4 ,in the case of a non-metallic mould1 the wire must lead directly to the plumbagoed surface1 or1 what amounts to the same thing1 the plumbago must be extended to the point of attachment4 ,the connecting wires1 and the backs and edges of metallic moulds1 must be covered with sealing-wax varnish1 or other non-conducting substance1 to prevent them receiving the deposit4 ,before a mould is placed in the copper solution it is advisable that everything should be arranged1 so that the immersion may occasion immediate voltaic action4 ,if the connection between the zinc and the mould is not effected until after the immersion1 the solution may act chemically on the surface of the mould1 and cause the deposit to appear dark and dirty4 ,when a mould has remained in the solution long enough to receive a complete coating of copper1 it may be lifted out with impunity for examination4 ,if everything is going on well1 the deposited metal will present a brilliant1 light1 copper-coloured surface4 ,when sufficiently thick1 the deposit is removed with care1 washed and placed to dry4 ,electrotype medals may be polished with wash-leather and the plate brush1 or bronzed4 ,various natural objects such as insects1 fruits1 c42 small works of art1 such as busts and statuettes2 chemical vessels1 particularly glass flasks and retorts2 and numerous classes of articles1 may be rendered less fragile by coating them with copper by the electrotype process4 ,,ii4 ,,deposition ,,of ,,the ,,precious ,,metals-- ,the solutions generally employed as electrolytes from which silver and gold are respectively separated1 are those of the argento-cyanide and the auro-cyanide of potassium4 ,these compounds are what chemists call double salts2 for instance1 cyanide of potassium is simply a compound of potassium and cyanogen2 but argento-cyanide of potassium is cyanide of silver united with cyanide of potassium4 ,when a solution of this double salt is electrolysed silver appears at one electrode and cyanogen at the other1 while a proportionate amount of the simple cyanide of potassium is formed in the solution4 ,but if the positive electrode is of silver1 the cyanogen combines with it1 and forms cyanide of silver1 which unites with the liberated cyanide of potassium1 and so keeps up the strength of the solution4 ,as in the deposition of copper1 the apparatus used for plating or gilding may be the single cell or the decomposition cell and battery4 ,the necessity of economising solutions of silver and gold has1 however1 led to certain modifications in the apparatus4 ,the single-cell arrangement consists1 as before 7see above71 of an outer vessel of glass or earthenware1 containing a cell of porous biscuit ware2 but the object to be silvered or gilded is placed1 with the cyanide solution in the latter1 while the zinc is placed in the outer vessel1 with the dilute sulphuric acid4#bgc ,the zinc is usually employed in the form of a cylinder1 completely surrounding the porous cell4 ,in the battery arrangement the decomposition cell may be of porcelain or glass2 the silver or gold employed to keep up the strength of the solution may be in plates1 wires1 or ingots4 ,for plating small objects1 a single cell of a ,daniell's battery will afford ample decomposing power2 gilding may be better accomplished by using three such cells4 ,the battery arrangement is much more convenient1 effective1 and economical than the single-cell arrangement4 ,footnote #bgc3 ,the strength of the acid water acting upon the zinc must be regulated according to the work to be done4 ,if the action between the acid and the zinc be too energetic1 the electricity developed will be more than sufficient to release pure metal1 and hydrogen will be evolved1 which will interfere with the deposition4 ,on a large scale1 electro-plating is carried out in oblong vats1 occasionally holding from #bjj to #bej gallons of solution4 ,silver plates connected with a powerful voltaic or magneto-electric battery1 are placed at intervals in the vats2 they form the positive electrodes1 and correspond in extent of surface with the articles to be coated1 and face them on both sides4 ,the articles 7tea-pots1 cruet-frames1 forks1 spoons1 c47 act as the negative electrodes1 and are suspended by copper wires from brass rods laid lengthways over the vats1 and connected with the battery4 ,the articles plated are usually formed of nickel silver or ,german silver1 which is chosen on account of its silvery whiteness1 a quality of great importance when portions of the coating of noble metal have been worn away by use4 ,to prepare the articles for plating1 they are first boiled in a solution of potassa1 to free them from grease2 they are then quickly dipped in red nitrous acid1 to remove any oxide that may have formed on the surface1 and after this well washed in water1 to remove every trace of acid4 ,they are then suspended from copper wires1 and dipped into a solution of mercury in cyanide of potassium1 or some other mercurial solution1 and afterwards washed in water1 as before4 ,the amalgamation of the surface effected by the last operation promotes the adhesion of the film of silver4 ,the articles having been weighed1 are now immersed in the silvering solution1 and left until a sufficient amount of silver has been deposited on them4 ,their condition at any time may be ascertained by weighing a test-object removed from the solution4 ,in some electro-plating establishments the silvering solution is kept constantly stirred by simple mechanical arrangements2 in others1 continual motion is given to the suspended articles4 ,on being removed from the vats the plated articles are well brushed with brushes of fine brass wire attached to a lathe1 and cleaned with fine ,calais sand2 they are afterwards polished on revolving brushes with rottenstone1 then by hand with soft leather and rouge1 and1 lastly1 with the naked female hand4 ,a lasting polish is given to some articles by burnishing with a burnisher formed of highly polished hardened steel1 bloodstone1 agate1 or flint4 ,the process of electro-gilding on the large scale is nearly the same as that of electro-plating or silvering1 but1 of course1 plates of gold are suspended in the solution instead of silver plates4 ,various solutions for silvering1 plating1 and platinising1 have been recommended4 ,we give below those generally employed4 #a4 ,solvent solution4 ,cyanide of potassium1 #b oz2 distilled water or rain water1 #a pint2 dissolve4 ,other proportions may be employed4 ,used as a general solvent for salts of silver1 gold1 and platinum4 #b4 ,silver solution4 ,oxide of silver8#bgd 7not dried71 #a oz42 the solvent solution 7,no4 #a71 #a pint4 ,used for the single-cell apparatus1 its strength being maintained as the deposition proceeds by a fresh supply of oxide from time to time4 ,footnote #bgd3 ,precipitated from pure solution of nitrate of silver by excess of lime water4 ,it should be well washed1 and preserved in bottles with distilled water4 ,cyanide of silver dissolved in solvent solution 7,no4 #a74 ,this is the solution generally employed for plating with a separate decomposition cell4 #c4 ,gold solution4 ,add to a pint of ,no4 #a oxide of gold1 #a_/d oz4 ,used in the same manner as the second silver solution4 ,cyanide of gold dissolved in solution of cyanide of potassium 7,no4 #a74 ,used as last4 #d4 ,platinum solution4 ,the double chloride of platinum and potassium1 dissolved in solution of caustic potassa4 ,other solutions have been proposed1 but this appears to be decomposed with the greatest ease4 ,the above sketch of the electrotype art is necessarily very imperfect4 ,for minute details respecting manipulation1 the reader is referred to the excellent treatises on the subject that have been written2 more particularly to ,ernest ,spon's valuable work1 entitled ',workshop ,receipts4' ,,elec',,tuary4 ,syn4 ,,electuarum1 ,l4 ,electuaries 7,,electuaria7 are formed of light powders1 generally vegetable1 mixed up with honey1 syrup1 or sugar1 to the consistence of a stiff paste4 ,in the present ,pharmacopoeia they are included under the title ,confection1 but this arrangement is manifestly improper1 as the words are not synonymous4 ,in ,conserves and ,confections the addition of the saccharine matter is in much larger proportion1 and is designed to preserve the vegetable matter2 in ,electuaries1 the syrup is designed merely to communicate the required form4 7,dr ,murray47 ,the preparation of electuaries is similar to that of confections and conserves1 and the same precautions must be observed to reduce the dry ingredients to very fine powder before adding them to the syrup or other substances used to give them form4 ,care must also be taken to diffuse the ingredients equally through every portion of the mass1 by patient and laborious stirring4 ,the neglect of this point has often led to disagreeable consequences1 from some portion of the electuary being nearly inert1 while another portion has possessed increased activity4 ,see ,,confection1 ,,conserve1 ,,linctus1 c4 ,electuary of ,ac'etate of ,potassa4 ,see ,,conserve4 ,electuary of ,al'um4 ,syn4 ,,electuarium ,,aluminis1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,phoebus47 ,alum1 #a dr42 extract of logwood1 #d dr42 balsam of ,peru1 #f drops2 water of sage1 q4 s4 ,astringent and antiseptic2 in diarrhoea1 sponginess of the gums1 c4 #b4 7,st4 ,marie47 ,alum1 #a dr42 catechu and extract of bark1 of each #b dr42 conserve of roses1 #f dr42 simple syrup1 q4 s4--,dose4 ,a teaspoonful1 every #d hours2 in chronic diarrhoea1 leucorrhoea1 hmorrhages1 c4 ,see ,,confection4 ,electuary1 ,an'odyne4 ,syn4 ,,electuarium ,,anodynum1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,see ,,confection ,,of ,,opium4 ,electuary1 ,anti'monial4 ,syn4 ,,electuarium ,,antimonii1 ,fr4 ,prep4 ,electuary of senna1 #a oz42 guaiacum resin1 thiops mineral1 prepared sulphuret of antimony1 each #a_/b oz42 syrup1 q4 s4--,dose1 #a dr4 to #b dr4 twice a day4 ,electuary1 ,anti-rheumatic4 ,syn4 ,,electuarium ,,antirheumaticum2 ,,chelsea ,,pensioner4 ,prep4 ,guaiacum resin1 #a dr42 rhubarb1 #b dr42 bitartrate of potash1 #a oz42 sulphur1 #b oz42 one nutmeg2 mix the powders with #a lb4 of honey4 ,take two spoonfuls night and morning4 ,electuary1 ,ar'abic4 ,syn4 ,,electuarium ,,sarz ,,compositum1 ,e4 ,,arabicum1 ,l42 ,,electuaire ,,arabique1 ,fr4 ,prep4 ,from sarsaparilla1 #e oz42 senna and ,china root1 of each1 #c oz42 dried walnut peel1 #a oz4 7all in fine powder72 honey1 q4 s4--,dose1 #a to #d dr4 ,see ,,traitement ,,arabique4 ,electuary1 ,aromat'ic4 ,syn4 ,,electuarium ,,aromaticum 7,ph4 ,e474 ,this preparation differs from the aromatic confection of the other ,british colleges1 in not containing chalk4 ,it is aromatic and stomachic1 but not antacid or absorbent4 ,,confection4 ,electuary1 ,bath4 ,syn4 ,,electuarium ,,anti-,,cachecticum1 ,e4 ,,martiale1 ,e4 ,,ferri ,,compositum1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from blacksmiths' clinkers1 reduced to an impalpable powder1 and made into an electuary with honey or treacle1 q4 s42 afterwards adding powdered ginger and carbonate of magnesia1 of each1 #a oz41 to every lb4 of the mixture4--,dose4 ,a teaspoonful night and morning every day1 for #c or #d days1 and again1 after an equal interval1 as long as thought necessary2 as a chalybeate tonic1 and in worms4 ,electuary of ,bitar'trate of ,potas'sa4 ,syn4 ,,electuarium ,,potass ,,tartratis1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,monro47 ,cream of ,tartar1 #a oz12 powdered ginger and conserve of roses1 of each #a dr42 syrup of orange peel1 q4 s4--,dose1 #a to #c dr42 as a hydragogue purge4 ,it is also a useful laxative in common cases4 ,see ,,confection ,,of ,,cream ,,of ,,tartar4 ,electuary1 ,black4 ,syn4 ,,trousseau',s ,,electuary1 ,,trousseau',s ,,black ,,tonic2 ,,electuarium ,,nigrum1 ,e4 ,,ferri ,,tannatis1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from sesquichloride of iron1 #d dr42 tannin1 #a dr42 confection of roses1 #b oz42 syrup of orange peel1 #a oz4 ,tonic and astringent4--,dose1 #e to #cj gr4 ,electuary of ,black ,pep'per4 ,see ,,confection ,,of ,,pepper4 ,electuary of ,burnt ,sponge4 ,syn4 ,,electuarium ,,spongi ,,ust1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,hulse47 ,burnt sponge1 #aj gr42 rhubarb1 #d gr42 conserve of roses1 q4 s4 ,for a dose1 to be taken night and morning2 in scrofula1 glandular swellings1 c4 ,see ,,confection ,,of ,,sponge4 ,electuary of ,cas'sia4 ,syn4 ,,electuarium ,,cassi 7,ph4 ,d4 #ahbf471 ,e4 ,c4 ,,fistul 7,ph4 ,e471 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,d4 #ahbf47 ,fresh cassia pulp and syrup of orange1 of each1 #a_/b lb42 manna1 #b oz42 tamarind pulp1 #a oz42 mix1 and evaporate to a proper consistence4--,dose1 #b dr4 to #a oz42 as a gentle laxative for children1 or as a vehicle for other cathartics4 ,that of the shops is commonly made with equal parts of tamarind and cassia pulps1 mixed with #a_/hth of manna1 and flavoured with a few drops of tincture of orange peel1 without any evaporation4 ,see ,,confection4 ,electuary of ,cat'echu4 ,syn4 ,,electuarium ,,catechu1 ,,confectio ,c41 ,c4 ,,japonica1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,powdered catechu and kino1 of each1 #d oz42 cinnamon and nutmegs1 of each1 #a oz42 opium 7dissolved in a little sherry71 #a-a_/b dr42 syrup of red roses 7evaporated to the consistence of honey71 #a-a_/b pint4 ,see ,,confection1 and below4 ,electuary of ,cat'echu 7,compound74 ,syn4 ,,electuarium ,,catechu ,,compositum 7,ph4 ,d474 ,see ,,confections4 ,both the above are astringent1 aromatic1 and anodyne4--,dose1 #ae gr4 to #a dr41 or more2 in diarrhoea1 dysentery1 c4 ,electuary1 ,cathar'tic4 ,syn4 ,,electuarium ,,catharticum1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,confection of senna1 #a-a_/b oz42 flowers of sulphur1 #a_/b oz42 syrup of roses or of orange peel1 q4 s4--,dose4 ,a teaspoonful1 #c or #d times a day1 in piles2 or1 #b to #c teaspoonfuls1 as a gentle laxative for females1 and in skin diseases1 gonorrhoea1 c4 ,a mild and excellent medicine4 ,it may be safely given in larger doses4 #b4 7,brera47 ,aloes1 #h gr42 cream of tartar1 #b dr42 honey1 q4 s4 ,for a dose4 ,in amenorrhoea1 attributed to abdominal engorgement4 ,electuary1 ,cephal'ic4 ,syn4 ,,electuarium ,,cephalicum1 ,e4 ,,valerian ,,compositum1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,hosp4 ,f47 ,valerian root and mistletoe of the oak1 of each #a oz42 honey1 #a-a_/b oz42 tincture of henbane1 q4 s4 to make an electuary4 ,in nervous and rheumatic headache1 c42 assisted by an aperient4 ,electuary of ,char'coal4 ,syn4 ,,electuarium ,,carbonis1 ,e4 ,,carbonii1 ,,confectio ,c41 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,hosp4 ,f47 ,confection of senna1 #b oz42 fresh burnt charcoal1 #a_/b oz42 carbonate of soda1 #a_/d oz42 syrup of orange peel1 q4 s4 #b4 7,radius47 ,electuary of senna1 #b oz42 powdered charcoal and carbonate of soda1 of each1 #a dr4 ,both the above are given in obstinate constipation4--,dose1 #a to #c teaspoonfuls twice a day4 ,see ,,electuary ,,for ,,the ,,teeth4 ,electuary for ,chol'era4 ,syn4 ,,electuarium ,,anti-,,cholericum1 ,l4 ,the preparations that come under this name are numerous1 including aromatic confection1 and several like absorbent or astringent preparations4 ,this name has been given to the ,american remedy for cholera1 noticed at page ,electuary of ,cincho'na ,bark4 ,syn4 ,,electuary ,,of ,,bark2 ,,electuarium ,,cinchon1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,from yellow bark and simple syrup1 of each #a oz42 conserve of red roses and confection of orange peel1 of each #a_/b oz4 ,tonic and febrifuge4--,dose1 #a to #d dr42 in debility1 agues1 c4 #b4 7,radius47 ,peruvian bark1 #a oz42 syrup of orange peel1 q4 s4 ,as the last4--,dose1 a teaspoonful or more1 #c or #d times daily4 7,see below47 ,electuary of ,cinchona 7,compound74 ,syn4 ,,electuarium ,,cinchon ,,compositum1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,,acidulated1--,copland47 ,yellow bark1 #a oz42 confection of roses1 #a_/b oz42 diluted sulphuric acid1 #a dr42 syrup of ginger1 #a-a_/b oz4 #b4 7,,astringent1--,saunders47 ,powdered ,peruvian bark1 orange peel1 and conserves of roses and hips1 of each #f dr42 crabs' eyes 7or prepared chalk71 #b dr42 syrup of catechu1 q4 s4--,dose4 ,a teaspoonful1 #b or #c times daily2 in chronic diarrhoea1 c4 #c4 7,,with ,,catechu1--,pierquin47 ,peruvian bark1 #a oz42 catechu and balsam of tolu1 of each #a dr42 syrup of comfrey 7,symphytum officinale1--,linn471 q4 s4--,dose4 ,as the last2 in spitting of blood1 hmorrhages1 c4 #d4 7,,with ,,cloves1--,dewees47 ,peruvian bark1 #b oz42 cloves1 #a dr4 7better1 #d dr472 simple syrup1 q4 s4 ,a piece the size of a walnut1 every hour or two1 during the intermission of an ague4 #e4 7,,with ,,iron1--,cadet47 ,peruvian bark1 #f dr42 oxide of iron and confection of opium1 of each #b dr42 syrup of cinnamon1 q4 s4--,dose4 ,a teaspoonful1 or more1 twice a day2 in dropsy of the belly1 after the evacuation of the fluid1 and as a tonic in debility1 accompanied by nervous excitement1 c41 in the absence of fever4 #f4 7,quarin's47 ,red bark1 #a oz42 ammoniated iron1 #a dr42 made into an electuary with equal parts of oxymel of squills and syrup of the 'five roots' 7diuretic74 ,tonic1 febrifuge1 and pectoral4 #g4 7,,with ,,sal-,,ammoniac1--,p4 ,cod47 ,gray bark1 #b-a_/d oz42 hydrochlorate of ammonia1 #a dr42 honey and syrup of wormwood1 of each #b oz4 ,in intermittents occurring in scrofulous subjects4 #h4 7,,with ,,soda1--,p4 ,cod47 ,powdered cinchona1 #a oz42 carbonate of soda1 #b dr42 thin mucilage1 q4 s4 to mix4 ,tonic1 febrifuge1 and stomachic4--,dose1 #b dr41 #b or #c times a day2 in agues1 complicated with acidity and dyspepsia4 #i4 7,,with ,,sulphur1--,cadet47 ,peruvian bark1 #a dr42 sulphur1 crabs' eyes 7chalk71 and spermaceti1 of each #b dr42 extract of opium1 #d dr42 conserve of roses1 #d dr42 syrup of milfoil1 q4 s4 ,highly praised in debility from phthisis4--,dose4 ,a teaspoonful1 #b or #c times a day1 assisted with the liberal use of raw or lightly boiled eggs and cod-liver oil4 #aj4 7,,with ,,tin1--,cadet47 ,peruvian bark #a oz42 tin filings and valerian root1 of each #a_/b oz42 syrup of saffron1 q4 s4 ,in epilepsy1 worms1 c4--,dose4 ,a teaspoonful1 morning and evening4 ,see ,,confection ,,of ,,bark4 ,electuary of ,copai'ba4 ,syn4 ,,electuarium ,,copaib1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,copaiba and powdered cubebs1 equal parts2 conserves of roses and orange peel1 of each 7in equal quantities71 q4 s4 #b4 7,caspar47 ,blanched almonds1 #f dr42 powdered marsh-mallow root1 #a dr42 catechu1 #a_/b dr42 balsam of copaiba1 #c dr4 #c4 7,ricord47 ,confection of almonds1 #a oz42 copaiba1 #a_/b oz42 hard extract of rhatany1 #c dr42 syrup of orange peel1 q4 s4 ,all the above are excellent in gonorrhoea1 gleets1 c4 ,the last two agree better with the stomach than most other like preparations4--,dose1 #a teaspoonful1 or more 7rapidly increased to #b or #c dr471 #c or #d times daily4 ,see ,,confection4 ,electuary of ,cow'hage4 ,syn4 ,,electuarium ,,dolichos1 ,e4 ,,mucun1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,dip the pods of dolichos in treacle1 allow them to drain a moment1 and then scrape off the hairs for use4 #b4 7,chamberlain47 ,as the last1 nearly4 #c4 7,correa47 ,cowhage 7the hairs or set71 #dj gr42 syrup1 #a_/b oz4 #d4 7,ellis47 ,cowhage 7hairs71 #a dr42 honey1 q4 s4 #e4 7,guy's ,hosp47 ,cowhage 7hairs71 any quantity1 made into an electuary with treacle1 q4 s4 ,in worms4--,dose4 ,for a child1 a teaspoonful2 for an adult1 a table-spoonful2 in the morning1 fasting1 and at night1 for #c or #d days2 followed by a dose of castor oil1 to which a teaspoonful of turpentine may be advantageously added4 ,see ,,cowhage4 ,electuary of ,cu'bebs4 ,syn4 ,,electuarium ,,cubeb1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,see ,,electuary ,,of ,,copaiba4 #b4 7,beral47 ,cubebs and copaiba1 of each #b oz42 powdered alum1 #a oz42 extract of opium1 #e or #f gr42 mix4 #c4 7,bouchardat47 ,cubebs1 #a_/b oz42 copaiba1 #a oz42 sweet spirit of nitre1 #a_/b fl4 dr42 oil of peppermint1 #h or #aj drops2 powdered sugar1 q4 s4 #d4 7,radius47 ,cubebs1 #a_/b oz42 honey1 #a oz4 ,in gonorrhoea1 mucous discharges from the vagina1 bladder1 c4--,dose1 #a teaspoonful1 afterwards increased to #b or #c teaspoonfuls1 twice or thrice daily4 ,see ,,confection ,,of ,,copaiba1 ,,electuary ,,of ,c41 c4 ,electuary1 ,demul'cent4 ,syn4 ,,electuarium ,,demulcens1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from spermaceti1 syrup of poppies1 and syrup of tolu1 of each #b dr42 powdered gum tragacanth1 #a dr42 confection of roses1 #f dr42 nitre1 #a_/b dr4--,dose4 ,a piece the size of a small filbert1 frequently2 as a pectoral and demulcent in coughs1 hoarseness1 c4 ,electuary1 ,deob'struent4 ,syn4 ,,electuarium ,,deobstruens1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,copland47 ,confection of senna1 #a-a_/b oz42 cream of tartar1 #a oz42 sulphur and syrup of ginger1 of each #f dr42 borax1 #c dr42 syrup of poppies1 #b dr4--,dose4 ,a teaspoonful1 or more1 nightly2 in the obstinate constipation of females1 painful and suppressed menstruation1 c4 ,electuary for ,dys'entery4 ,syn4 ,,electuarium ,,anti-,,dysentericum 7,ph4 ,e4 #agdd71 ,l4 ,electuary of catechu1 mixed with half its weight of ,locatel's balsam4 ,electuary1 ,emmen'agogue4 ,syn4 ,,electuarium ,,emmenagogicum1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from myrrh1 #a dr42 ammoniated iron1 #a scrup42 syrup of ginger1 q4 s4 to mix4--,dose1 #a_/b dr4 to #a dr41 night and morning2 in deficient or suppressed menstruation4 ,electuary for ,epilep'sy4 ,syn4 ,,electuarium ,,anti-,,epilepticum1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,see ,,electuary ,,of ,,cinchona 7,comp471 ,no4 #aj4 #b4 7,dr ,mead47 ,powdered cinchona1 #a oz42 valerian and tin 7both in powder71 of each1 #a_/b oz42 syrup1 q4 s4 to mix4--,dose4 ,a teaspoonful1 night and morning4 ,electuary1 ,feb'rifuge4 ,see ,,electuary ,,of ,,cinchona1 c4 ,electuary1 ,compound ,guaiacum4 ,syn4 ,,electuarium ,,guaiaci ,,compositum4 7,mid4 ,h47 ,prep4 ,guaiacum resin1 #b dr42 rhubarb1 #a dr42 sulphur1 #b dr42 nitre1 #b dr42 syrup of poppies1 q4 s42 mix4--,dose1 #a_/b dr4 to #a dr4 ,electuary of ,in'digo4 ,syn4 ,,electuarium ,,indigi1 ,e4 ,,pigmenti ,,indici1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,phoebus47 ,powdered indigo1 #d dr42 aromatic powder1 #a_/b dr42 syrup1 #a fl4 oz4 or q4 s4 ,in spasmodic diseases1 especially in epilepsy1 chorea1 and hysteria1 and the convulsions of children4 ,it has also been used with advantage in that species of impotence in which strychnia is useful4 ,the above quantity is to be all taken1 in divided doses1 during the day4 ,to be of permanent advantage1 it should be continued for several weeks4 ,electuary of ,ipecacuan'ha4 ,see ,,confection4 ,electuary of ,jal'ap4 ,see ,,confection4 ,electuary of ,kermes4 ,,marmelade ,,de ,,zanetti2 ,,electuarium ,,kermetis1 ,e4 ,k4 ,,mineralis1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from manna1 #d oz42 pulp of cassia and oil of almonds1 of each #b oz42 butter of cacao1 #a_/b oz43 ,kermes mineral1 #aj gr42 syrup of marsh-mallow1 #c fl4 oz42 syrup of orange flower1 q4 s4 ,a diaphoretic laxative4--,dose1 #a to #d teaspoonfuls1 or more4 ,electuary of ,lau'rel ,ber'ries4 ,see ,,confection ,,of ,,rue4 ,electuary1 ,len'itive4 ,see ,,confection ,,of ,,senna4 ,electuary1 ,mahomed's4 ,prep4 #a4 ,from grocer's currants1 #b oz42 powdered senna1 #a_/b oz42 powdered ginger1 #a dr42 finely powdered capsicum and cloves1 of each #bj gr42 croton oil1 #c drops2 conserve of roses and syrup of saffron1 of each in equal parts1 q4 s4 to mix4 #b4 7,bateman47 ,currants1 #a oz42 senna1 #a_/b oz42 ginger1 #a_/b dr42 syrup of roses1 q4 s42 croton oil1 #a drop4--,dose1 #a or #b teaspoonfuls1 early in the morning2 in dyspepsia and habitual constipation4 ,the first formulary produces a most useful medicine1 particularly for free-livers4 ,electuary of ,male ,fern4 ,syn4 ,,electuarium ,,felicis ,,maris1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,powder of male fern1 #c dr42 conserve of roses1 #a oz4 #b4 7,radius47 ,ethereal extract of male fern1 #a_/b dr42 honey of roses1 #a oz4 ,the half of either to be taken at night1 and the remainder the next morning4 ,in worms4 ,electuary1 ,mustard4 ,syn4 ,,electuarium ,,sinapis4 7,guy's ,h47 ,prep4 ,mustard seed1 lightly bruised1 #a oz42 sulphur1 #b dr42 syrup of orange peel1 #a fl4 oz4--,dose1 #a dr41 #c or #d times a day4 ,electuary of ,ni'tre4 ,syn4 ,,electuarium ,,potass ,,nitratis1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,hosp4 ,f47 ,nitre1 #c dr42 confection of roses1 #b oz4--,dose4 ,a piece of the size of a filbert1 where the use of nitre is indicated4 ,see ,,confection4 ,electuary1 ,olibanum4 ,syn4 ,,electuarium ,,olibani4 ,fr4 ,prep4 ,olibanum1 #a_/b oz42 balsam of copaiva1 #a_/b oz42 conserve of hips1 #a oz42 syrup1 q4 s4--,dose1 #b dr4 twice a day4 ,electuary of ,o'pium4 ,see ,,confection ,,of ,,opium4 ,electuary1 ,pec'toral4 ,syn4 ,,electuarium ,,pectorale1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,e4 #agdd47 ,from conserve of roses1 #b oz42 compound powder of tragacanth1 #d dr42 flowers of benzoin1 #a dr42 syrup of tolu1 q4 s4--,dose4 ,a little1 ad libitum4 #b4 ,oxymel of squills1 syrup of marsh-mallows1 mucilage of gum ,arabic1 and syrup of tolu1 of each #a_/b oz42 powdered lump sugar1 #b oz4 ,as the last4 ,electuary of ,pep'per4 ,see ,,confection1 and above4 ,electuary for ,piles4 ,syn4 ,,electuarium ,h,,morrhoidale1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,see ,,confection and ,,electuary ,,of ,,pepper4 #b4 7,dr ,copland47 ,cream of tartar1 #a oz42 precipitated sulphur 7pure71 #c dr42 confection of senna1 #b oz42 syrup of orange peel or ginger1 q4 s4 to mix4 #c4 7,dr ,graves47 ,confection of senna and sulphur1 of each #a oz42 balsam of copaiba and cream of tartar1 of each #a_/b oz42 jalap and ginger1 of each #a dr42 syrup of orange peel1 q4 s4 #d4 7,hosp4 ,f47 ,confection of senna1 #b oz42 black pepper and precipitated sulphur1 of each #a_/b oz42 oil of cubebs1 #a dr42 syrup1 q4 s4 ,the last three are useful laxatives in piles1 and by their preventing the accumulation and hardening of the fces1 often remove the affection4--,dose4 ,a teaspoonful1 three or four times a day4 ,from the difficulty experienced in procuring pure precipitated sulphur1 washed sublimed sulphur may be advantageously substituted4 ,electuary of ,pomegran'ate ,syn4 ,,electuarium ,,granati1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,from the root-bark1 #a dr42 assafoetida1 #a_/b dr42 croton oil1 #f drops2 conserve of roses1 #a oz4--,dose4 ,a teaspoonful1 night and morning4 #b4 7,radius47 ,extract of the root-bark1 #f dr42 lemon juice1 #b fl4 dr42 linden water1 #c fl4 dr42 gum tragacanth1 q4 s4 to make an electuary4 ,one half to be taken at once2 the remainder in an hour4 ,both are given in tape-worm4 ,electuary of ,prunes4 ,syn4 ,,electuarium ,,prunonum4 7,zwelfer47 ,prep4 ,pulp of prunes boiled to a due consistence1 #b lbs42 pure sugar1 #a lb4 ,electuary of ,resin4 ,see ,,confection ,,of ,,resin4 ,electuary of ,rhubarb4 ,syn4 ,,electuarium ,,rhei1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,saunders47 ,powdered rhubarb1 #a-a_/b dr42 sulphate of potassa1 #a dr42 cream of tartar1 #d dr42 pulp of tamarinds1 #b oz4--,dose4 ,a teaspoonful1 as a mild stomachic laxative4 ,electuary1 ,compound ,saffron4 ,syn4 ,,electuarium ,,croci ,,compositum4 ,,confection ,d',,hyacinthe1 ,f4 ,prep4 ,prepared ,armenian bole1 #h oz42 levigated crab's eyes1 #h oz42 cinnamon1 #c oz42 yellow sandal1 red sandal1 myrrh1 of each #a oz42 dittany of ,crete1 #a oz42 all in fine powder4 ,on the other hand1 dissolve #a-a_/b lb4 of honey in #c lbs4 of syrup of pinks1 over a gentle fire1 and strain1 and when nearly cold stir into it #a oz4 of saffron in powder4 ,let stand twelve hours1 and then stir in carefully the powders first mentioned4 ,electuary of ,scam'mony4 ,see ,,confection4 ,electuary for ,scur'vy4 ,see ,,conserve 7,antiscorbutic74 ,electuary of ,sen'na4 ,see ,,confection ,,of ,,senna4 ,electuary of ,squills4 ,syn4 ,,electuarium ,,scill1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,oxymel of squills1 #b fl4 oz42 cream of tartar and powdered sugar1 of each #a-a_/b oz4--,dose1 #a to #b teaspoonfuls1 as a laxative and expectorant2 in old coughs1 c4 #b4 7,radius47 ,squills1 nitre1 gum ammoniacum1 and tartrate 7bitartrate7 of potassa1 of each #b dr42 sal-ammoniac1 #bj gr42 syrup of cinnamon1 q4 s4--,dose1 #b dr42 three times a day2 in dropsies4 ,see ,,conserve ,,of ,,squills4 ,electuary of ,steel4 ,syn4 ,,electuarium ,,ferri1 ,e4 ,,chalybeatum1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,dr ,collier47 ,potassio-tartrate of iron1 #a_/b oz42 confection of roses1 #a oz42 syrup q4 s4 to mix4 #b4 7,collier47 ,precipitated sesquioxide of iron1 #a oz42 honey1 #b oz42 ginger syrup1 #a_/b fl4 oz4 ,both the above are tonic and emmenagogue4--,dose4 ,one teaspoonful1 thrice a day4 ,see ,,confection4 ,electuary1 ,stim'ulant4 ,syn4 ,,electuarium ,,stimulans1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from gum ammoniacum 7strained71 #a oz42 vinegar of squills1 #a_/b oz42 mixed with a gentle heat1 and spread on leather4 ,applied to the chest or pit of the stomach1 as a mild counter-irritant and antispasmodic2 and as a discutient to tumid glands and indolent tumours4 ,it is wrongly called an electuary4 ,electuary1 ,stomach'ic4 ,syn4 ,,dinner ,,electuary2 ,,electuarium ,,stomachicum1 ,,confectio ,,stomachica1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,rhubarb1 ginger1 and extract of chamomile1 of each #a dr42 confection of orange peel1 #d dr42 syrup q4 s4 #b4 ,rhubarb and gentian1 of each1 #a-a_/b dr42 extract of hops and powdered capsicum1 of each #a_/b dr42 oil of chamomile1 #ab drops2 confection of hips and syrup of orange peel1 of each #a_/b oz4 #c4 ,green peppermint1 lump sugar1 and confection of orange peel1 equal parts4--,dose4 ,a teaspoonful1 an hour before a meal4 ,they are all excellent stomachics1 and are useful to improve the appetite1 and in dyspepsia4 ,electuary of ,sul'phur4 ,see ,,confection ,,of ,,sulphur1 and below4 ,electuary of ,sulphur 7,compound74 ,syn4 ,,electuarium ,,sulphuris ,,compositum1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,sulphur1 #c_/d oz42 cream of tartar1 #a oz42 confections of senna and black pepper1 of each #b oz42 syrup of ginger1 #a fl4 oz4 ,an excellent medicine in piles4--,dose4 ,a teaspoonful1 twice a day4 #b4 7,,with ,,borax47 ,flowers of sulphur1 #a oz42 cream of tartar1 #a-a_/b oz42 borax1 #a_/b oz42 confection of senna1 #b-a_/b oz42 syrup of orange peel q4 s4 to mix4--,dose4 #a to #c teaspoonfuls1 in diseases of the uterine organs and lower bowels4 ,see ,,confection4 ,electuary for the ,teeth4 ,syn4 ,,electuarium ,,dentifricum1 ,l4 ,see ,,tooth ,,paste1 ,,dentifrice1 c4 ,electuary of ,tin4 ,see ,,confection ,,of ,,tin1 and below4 ,electuary of ,tin 7,compound74 ,syn4 ,,electuarium ,,stanni ,,compositum1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,powdered tin1 #a oz42 confection of oil of turpentine1 #b oz4 #b4 7,dr ,cheston47 ,tin filings1 #d dr42 carbonate of iron 7sesquioxide71 #a dr42 conserve of wormwood1 #c dr4 #c4 7,foy47 ,powder of tin1 #a oz42 extract of wormwood and powdered jalap1 of each1 #a dr42 compound syrup of chicory1 q4 s4 ,in worms4-,dose4 ,a tablespoonful1 or more1 for #b or #c successive mornings1 fasting2 followed by a purge4 ,electuary of ,tur'pentine4 ,syn4 ,,electuarium ,,terebinthin1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,st4 ,b4 ,hosp47 ,common turpentine1 #a oz42 honey1 #b oz4--,dose1 #a to #b teaspoonfuls2 in complaints of the urinary organs1 worms1 c4 #b4 7,radius47 ,turpentine1 soap1 and rhubarb1 of each1 #a dr42 syrup of wormwood1 q4 s4--,dose4 ,three teaspoonfuls a day2 in dropsy1 worms1 c4 #c4 7,e4 ,,olei ,,terebinthin1--,copland47 ,as confection of turpentine1--,ph4 ,d4 ,see ,,confection4 ,electuary1 ,ver'mifuge4 ,syn4 ,,electuarium ,,anthelminticum1 ,e4 ,,vermifugum1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,bresmer47 ,worm-seed and tansy-seed1 of each #d dr42 powdered valerian root1 #b dr42 jalap and sulphate of potassa1 of each #a-a_/b to #a_/b dr42 oxymel of quills1 q4 s4 to mix4--,dose4 ,a teaspoonful1 or more2 repeated night and morning1 followed by a brisk purge4 #b4 7,rosenstein47 ,worm-seed1 #aj gr42 sulphate of iron1 #d gr42 jalap and honey1 of each #bj gr4 ,for two doses1 as the last4 #b or #c dr4 of confection of senna are often substituted for the jalap and honey4 #c4 7,foy47 ,aloes1 #a_/b oz42 common salt1 #c dr42 flour1 #b oz42 honey q4 s4 to form a stiff paste4 ,used as a suppository in ascarides4 #d4 ,flowers of sulphur1 #d oz42 powdered jalap1 #a oz12 powdered bark1 #a oz42 syrup of buckthorn q4 s4--,dose4 ,two or three teaspoonfuls1 every morning early4 ,see ,,confection and ,,electuary ,,of ,,tin1 ,,turpentine1 ,,worm-,,seed1 c4 ,electuary for ,worms4 ,see ,,electuary ,,vermifuge 7above74 ,,el',,ements4 ,syn4 ,,elementary ,,bodies1 ,,simple ,b42 ,,elementa1 ,l4 ,in chemistry1 those substances or bodies which have hitherto resisted every attempt which has been made to decompose them1 or to resolve them into simpler forms of matter4 ,earth1 air1 fire1 and water1 were regarded by the ancients as simple bodies1 of which all others are composed1 and they still constitute the 'four elements' of the vulgar4 ,the imaginary principles or elements of the alchemists were termed salt1 sulphur1 and mercury4 ,about sixty-four different kinds of matter are at present recognised as elementary bodies4 ,they are substances having the most diverse characters4 ,the great majority exist in the solid state2 bromide and mercury are liquid2 while oxygen1 hydrogen1 nitrogen1 and chlorine1 are gaseous4 ,about four fifths of the elements are metallic1 as instanced by gold1 silver1 copper1 iron1 c42 the remainder are non-metallic1 as instanced by carbon1 sulphur1 phosphorus1 c4 ,a list of the known elements is given under the head of ,,atomic ,,weights 7which see74 ,,el',,emi4 ,syn4 ,,gum ,,elemi2 ,,elemi 7,b4 ,p474 ,a terebinthinate concretion1 from an uncertain plant4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,,mexican ,,elemi is known to be the produce of a species of the genus ,elaphrium4 ,,manilla ,,elemi is probably the product of ,canarium commune4 ,prop41 c4 ,the elemi of commerce is of a pale-yellow colour1 brittle without1 but soft and tough within2 it has a warm bitter taste1 and a fragrant aromatic smell1 partaking of fennel and juniper4 ,it is only partially transparent even in thin plates1 is very fusible1 and has a density a little greater than that of water4 ,it contains #ab-a_/b per cent4 of volatile oil 7oil of elemi74 ,it is used to give toughness to lacquers and varnishes1 and in medicine in the preparation of ,,elemi ,,ointment4 ,pur4 ,the elemi of the shops is often adulterated1 but more frequently a factitious kind is sold for the genuine gum4 ,this fraud may be detected by exposing the suspected article to heat1 along with a little water1 when the factitious fragrance of the spurious article evaporates1 and the coarse terebinthinate smell of the resin used to adulterate it1 or which is sold for it1 becomes readily distinguishable4 ,elemi1 ,facti''tious4 ,prep4 #a4 ,yellow resin1 #h lbs42 melt1 add ,canada balsam1 #b lbs2 withdraw the vessel from the heat1 and further add of oil of juniper1 #b dr42 oil of sweet fennel1 #a dr42 oil of nutmeg1 #a_/b dr4 #b4 ,yellow resin1 #g lb42 ,canada balsam1 #a lb42 juniper oil bottoms1 #d dr42 oil of mace1 #c dr42 mix as before4 ,,el',,emin4 ,the crystalline resin of gum elemi4 ,,elix',,ir4 ,in pharmacy1 a name formerly applied to various compound tinctures1 and to preparations supposed to contain the quintessence of other substances4 7,it is still applied to several popular remedies47 ,the elixirs of the alchemists were solutions employed in their fruitless attempts to transmute the baser metals into gold4 ,elixir1 ,ac'id4 ,syn4 ,,elixir ,,acidum1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,dippell's7 ,sulphuric acid1 #a part1 dropped gradually into rectified spirit of wine1 #e parts2 placed in a large flask1 and afterwards coloured by digestion on animal kermes and saffron1 of each #a part4 #b4 7,haller's1--,ph4 ,sax4 #ahcg47 ,from sulphuric acid and rectified spirit1 of each #a part2 as before4 #c4 7,vogler's47 ,from sulphuric acid and nitrous ether1 equal parts1 as above4 ,astringent and antiseptic4--,dose4 ,a few drops1 in water4 ,elixir of ,al'oes4 ,syn4 ,,compound ,,tincture ,,of ,,aloes2 ,,elixir ,,alo,s1 ,l4 ,see ,,tincture4 ,elixir of ,aloes 7,compound74 ,syn4 ,,elixir ,,of ,,alo,s ,,compositum1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,dr ,copland47 ,acetate of potassa1 inspissated ox-gall1 socrotine aloes1 and myrrh1 of each #b dr42 hay saffron1 #a dr42 brandy 7or proof spirit71 #b-a_/b fl4 oz42 digest a week1 and strain4 ,stomachic and laxative4--,dose4 ,a teaspoonful1 or more2 in dyspepsia1 constipation1 c4 ,elixir1 ,anti-asthmat'ic4 ,syn4 ,,elixir ,,anti-,,asthmaticum1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,oil of aniseed1 camphor1 and balsam of tolu1 of each #a oz42 cochineal1 #a dr42 proof spirit1 #a gal42 digest a week1 and filter4 #b4 ,as the last1 adding powdered opium1 #a-a_/d oz4--,dose4 ,a teaspoonful to allay irritation1 assisted by an occasional dose of aperient medicine2 in asthma1 chronic coughs1 c4 #c4 7,boerhaave's47 ,aniseed1 asarabacca1 elecampane1 liquorice root1 orris root1 and sweet flag 7calamus71 of each equal parts2 made into a tincture1 with brandy4--,dose1 #bj to #dj drops4 ,elixir ,antigoutteux de ,villette is a tincture of #ajj parts brown cinchona bark1 #ej parts poppy petals1 #be parts sassafras1 #ej parts guaiacum in #d1jjj parts rum1 mixed with #b1ejj parts syrup of sarsaparilla4 7,hager47 ,elixir1 ,anti-scrof'ulous4 ,syn4 ,,elixir ,,anti-,,scrofulosum1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,the ammoniated tincture of gentian4 ,see ,,tincture4 #b4 7,desforges47 ,guaiacum1 #e oz42 cinchona bark and pellitory of each #c oz42 cloves1 #e dr42 orange peel and benzoin1 of each #b dr42 hay saffron1 #a_/b dr42 rectified spirit and brandy1 of each #a_/b pint2 digest a week1 and filter4 ,used as an application to scorbutic gums4 ,elixir1 ,bitter4 ,syn4 ,,elixir ,,amarum 7,ph4 ,germ47 ,prep4 ,extract of buckbean1 extract of orange peel1 of each #b parts2 peppermint water1 alcohol 7#fh per cent471 of each #af parts2 spirit of ether 7made of #c parts of alcohol and #a part of ether71 #a part4 ,dissolve and mix4 ,elixir1 ,boerhaave's ,asthmat'ic4 ,see ,,elixir ,,antiasthmatic 7above74 ,elixir1 ,boerhaave's ,vis'ceral4 ,syn4 ,,elixir ,,boerhaavii1 ,e4 ,b4 ,,viscerale1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,han47 ,aloes1 myrrh1 and saffron1 of each #a oz42 tartrate of potassa1 #b oz42 alcohol 7strongest rectified spirit71 #ad oz42 water1 #a oz42 macerate #c days1 and filter4 ,this preparation has been highly praised in visceral obstruction4 7,dr ,griffith47--,dose1 #a to #c teaspoonfuls4 ,elixir of ,celery 7,dr ,wilkinson's47 ,for increasing1 preserving1 and producing virility4 ,juniper berries1 angelica root1 lovage root1 of each #a part2 spirit1 #ab parts2 orange-flower water1 rose water1 of each #d parts2 spring water1 sufficient4 ,distil #bj parts1 and mix the distillate with #ab parts clarified honey4 7,hager47 ,elixir1 ,claude's4 ,syn4 ,,elixir ,,clauderi1 ,l4 #a4 7,pideret47 ,salt of tartar1 sal-ammoniac1 strained aloes1 and myrrh1 of each #a oz42 elder-flower water1 #a-a_/d pint1 digest1 with agitation1 for #bd hours1 and filter4 #b4 7,parrish47 ,carbonate of potassa1 #a oz42 aloes1 guaiacum1 myrrh1 saffron1 and rhubarb 7contused71 of each #b dr42 water1 #ah fl4 oz4 ,macerate a few days1 and decant4--,dose1 #a to #b teaspoonfuls2 in amenorrhoea1 constipation1 scurvy1 visceral obstructions1 c4 ,elixir1 ,cough4 ,syn4 ,,elixir ,,anti-,,catarrhale1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,see ,,anti-,,asthmatic ,,elixir4 #b4 7,hufeland47 ,extracts of blessed thistle and dulcamara1 of each #a dr42 cherry-laurel water1 #a fl4 dr42 fennel-water1 #a fl4 oz4--,dose1 #a to #b teaspoonfuls1 #c or #d times a day4 ,it is a most useful remedy in coughs occurring in nervous1 hysterical1 or irritable patients4 ,see ,,elixir ,,of ,,ipecacuanha1 ,,elixir ,,lettsom',s1 c4 7below74 ,elixir1 ,daffy's4 ,syn4 ,,elixir ,,salutis1 ,e4 ,,senn ,,compositum1 ,,tinctura ,,senn ,,composita1 ,l4 ,this is an aromatised and sweetened tincture of senna1 to which other cathartics are generally added4 ,nearly every drug-house has its own formula for this article4 ,the following are those employed in the ,london trade3-- ,prep4 #a4 ,east ,india senna1 #a-a_/b lb42 jalap1 #e oz42 coriander seed and aniseed1 of each #a_/b lb42 rhubarb1 #a_/d lb42 red sanders wood1 #b oz42 salt of tartar1 #b oz42 treacle1 #g lbs42 rectified spirit of wine1 #b-a_/b galls42 water1 #c-a_/d galls4 ,all the solids are well bruised1 and macerated in the mixed fluids for #ad days1 when the whole is pressed1 and strained through a flannel bag4 ,it is too glutinous to run through filtering paper4 #b4 ,senna1 rhubarb1 and aniseed1 of each #b lbs42 jalap and caraways1 of each #a lb42 red sanders wood1 #a_/b lb42 brown sugar1 #g lbs42 proof spirit1 #aj galls42 as the last4 #c4 ,senna1 #ef lbs42 aniseed1 #g lbs42 rhubarb 7,east ,india71 #ad lbs42 coriander seed1 #f lbs42 caraway seed and red sanders wood1 of each #e lbs42 cassia bark and jalap1 of each #c lbs42 proof spirit1 #ajj galls42 digest for #ad days1 press1 strain1 and add molasses1 #hd lbs42 mix well1 and either clarify or strain through flannel4 #d4 ,for proof spirit in the last two formul1 equal parts of spirit of wine and water are employed by the smaller houses4 #e4 7,redwood47 ,senna1 #a_/b lb42 aniseed1 caraways1 and jalap1 of each #a oz4 #b dr42 juniper berries1 #b-a_/b oz42 proof spirit1 #f pints2 macerate for #ad days1 then add of treacle1 #aj-a_/b oz42 water1 #a lb4 #e oz42 mix and strain4 #f4 7,dicey's47 ,senna1 #a lb42 guaiacum shavings1 elecampane root 7dried71 aniseed1 caraway seed1 coriander seed1 and liquorice root1 of each #a_/b lb42 stoned raisins1 #b lbs42 proof spirit or brandy1 #i quarts2 macerate for #aj days4 #g4 7,swinton's47 ,senna1 #a lb42 jalap1 #c lbs42 coriander seed1 caraway seed1 liquorice root1 and elecampane root1 of each #d oz42 moist sugar1 #b lbs42 rectified spirit of wine and water1 of each #a gal42 as the last4 ,obs4 ,daffy's elixir is a favorite purge with drunkards1 and is a common and very popular remedy in flatulent colic1 dyspepsia1 diarrhoea1 c4--,dose1 #a to #d table-spoonfuls1 or more4 ,elixir de ,pepsin ,digestif4 7,grimault ,co47 ,for loss of appetite and disordered digestion4 ,contains pepsine1 in quantities not at all proportionate to the price of the article4 ,elixir ,deslauriers ,toni-,febrifuge au ,quinquina et ,caff4 ,a tonic febrifuge4 ,yellow cinchona 7,kningschina71 #bj grammes2 brown cinchona1 #h grammes2 powdered coffee beans1 slightly roasted1 #af grammes2 wine1 #bej grammes2 sugar1 #ae grammes2 citric acid1 #be grammes4 ,boil once after standing some time in a warm place1 and filter4 ,add to the filtered liquid #he grammes sugar and #ae grammes spirit4 ,elixir de ,st4 ,hubert pour les ,chasseurs is a solution of #b parts carbolic acid in #ej parts spirit4 7,casselmann47 ,elixir1 ,devil's4 ,syn4 ,,elixir ,,capsici ,,compositum1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from pods of capsicum1 and cloves 7bruised71 of each #a oz42 ginger and saffron1 of each #c oz42 cantharides1 #e dr42 proof spirit1 #g lbs42 digest for #aj days4--,dose1 #a_/b dr4 to #c dr41 in mixtures4 ,it is stimulating1 anti-choleraic1 and aphrodisiac4 ,elixir of ,garlic4 ,syn4 ,,elixir ,,allii1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from garlic roots 7bruised71 #hj in no42 rectified spirit1 #a pint2 digest1 distil to dryness1 and repeat the process with the same spirit from fresh roots1 a second and a third time2 lastly1 add camphor1 #b dr4 ,diaphoretic and pectoral4--,dose4 ,a teaspoonful1 twice a day2 in asthma1 old coughs1 diarrhoea from debility1 c4 ,elixir1 ,garus's4 ,syn4 ,,elixir ,,gari1 ,l42 ,,elixir ,,de ,,garus1 ,fr4 ,prep4 #a4 ,myrrh1 #a oz42 aloes and saffron1 of each #a_/b oz42 cinnamon1 cloves1 and nutmeg1 of each #a dr42 proof spirit1 #a quart2 digest a week1 add water1 #e fl4 oz41 and distil over #a quart2 to the distillate 7,,alcoolat ,,de ,,garus7 add of syrup of maidenhair1 #b lbs42 orange-flower water1 #a-a_/b fl4 oz4 #b4 7,foy47 ,compound tincture of saffron1 #h pints2 syrup of maidenhair1 #aj pints2 mix2 add caramel1 q4 s4 to colour1 dissolved in orange-flower water1 #a_/b pint4 #c4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,aloes and saffron1 of each #a oz42 myrrh1 cinnamon1 and cloves1 of each #a_/b oz42 nutmeg1 #a_/b dr42 proof spirit1 #ab pints2 orange-flower water1 #af fl4 oz42 macerate #b days1 distil #f pints1 and add to the distillate 7,,alcoolat ,,de ,,garus71 of syrup of capillaire1 #g-a_/b pints2 and colour with saffron q4 s4 #d4 7,soubeiran47 ,socotrine aloes and saffron1 of each #a oz42 myrrh1 canella alba1 citron1 and nutmegs1 of each #a_/b oz42 spirit 7sp4 gr4 #ibc71 #bj lbs42 orange-flower water1 #af fl4 oz42 macerate as last1 distil #aj lbs41 and add to the distillate 7,,alcoolat ,,de ,,garus71 of syrup of capillaire1 #ab-a_/b lbs42 orange-flower water1 #h fl4 oz42 with saffron q4 s4 to colour4 #e4 7,thierry47 ,aloes1 myrrh1 and saffron1 of each #b dr42 nutmeg1 #d dr42 canella alba and cloves1 of each #a oz42 spirit 7#hfd71 #ac lbs42 draw over #ab lbs4 of 'alcoolat1' add to the residue of the distillation rose water1 #aj lbs42 distil #f lbs41 and add as much of this aromatic water to the alcoolat as will raise its sp4 gr4 to #hij4 ,then to every #aa lbs4 of the above mixed liquor add of simple syrup1 #ae lbs42 tincture of vanilla and orange peel1 of each #b-a_/b fl4 oz42 fresh milk 7skimmed71 #a lb42 and tincture of saffron q4 s4 to colour2 digest with agitation for two days1 and filter4 ,used as a stomachic1 carminative1 and stimulant1 in doses of a wine-glassful4 ,that prepared without distillation forms an excellent stomachic purge4 ,with the exception of that from the #bnd formula1 the products may be regarded as agreeable cordial liquors rather than medicines4 ,it is much employed on the ,continent4 ,elixir of ,gold4 ,syn4 ,,elixir ,,aurii1 ,l42 ,,elixir ,d',,or1 ,fr4 ,prep4 #a4 ,de la ,motte's ,golden ,drops4 #b4 ,terchloride of gold1 #bj gr42 rectified spirit1 #f fl4 dr42 ether1 #c fl4 dr42 dissolve4--,dose1 #e to #ae drops1 taken in distilled water2 in gout1 scrofula1 nervous diseases1 cancer1 indurated glands1 secondary syphilis1 c4 ,this last preparation is often confounded with the gouttes d'or du ,gnral de la ,motte2 but the two are evidently distinct articles4 ,see ,,drops4 ,elixir1 ,haller's4 ,see ,,elixir ,,acid 7above74 ,elixir1 ,hoffman's ,visceral4 ,syn4 ,,elixir ,,hoffmanni1 ,e4 ,h4 ,,viscerale1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,as ,,elixir ,,of ,,orange-,,peel1--,ph4 ,bor4 #ahdg4 #b4 ,thin outside peel of orange 7dried71 myrrh1 and centuary1 of each #b dr42 extracts of carduus benedictus1 cascarilla1 and gentian1 of each #a dr42 white wine 7sherry71 #a quart4 ,aromatic and stomachic4--,dose4 ,a dessert-spoonful1 or more4 ,elixir for ,impotence in ,males 7,dr ,ludwig ,tiedemann74 ,prepared from directions given in the ,puntsaou from genuine ginseng root4 #ace grammes of a dark brown aromatic vinous liquid1 prepared by digesting orange berries in wine4 ,the embrocation is an equal quantity of a pleasantly-smelling liquid consisting of spirit with tincture of storax and a small admixture of volatile oils4 7,hager47 ,elixir of ,ipecac'uanha4 ,syn4 ,,elixir ,,ipecacuanh1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,cadet47 ,powdered ipecacuanha and balsam of tolu1 of each #d dr42 flowers of benzoin1 opium1 and saffron1 of each #b dr42 oil of aniseed1 #a dr42 camphor1 #dj gr42 alcohol 7rectified spirit71 #a-a_/b pint2 digest a week and filter4--,dose1 #a to #b dr41 as a stimulant1 diaphoretic1 expectorant1 and stomachic2 in chronic coughs1 asthmas1 and old colds1 and in certain forms of deficient appetite1 dyspepsia1 diarrhoea1 c4 ,elixir of ,jal'ap4 ,syn4 ,,elixir ,,jalap ,,compositum1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from jalap1 #d oz42 scammony1 #d dr42 gamboge1 #b dr42 proof spirit1 #a quart4--,dose1 #a_/b dr4 to #c dr41 as a purgative2 especially in worms4 ,elixir ,karoly pour les ,fourrures4 ,a solution of camphor and carbolic acid in strong spirit1 mixed with a clear brown acrid tincture1 perhaps tinct4 pyrethri rosei4 7,casselmann47 ,elixir1 ,lettsom's4 ,prep4 7,augustin47 ,oil of aniseed1 #a dr42 camphor1 #a-a_/b dr42 benzoic acid1 opium1 and saffron1 of each #b dr42 ipecacuanha and balsam of tolu1 of each #d dr42 rectified spirit1 #b lbs42 digest #aj days and filter4--,dose1 #e to #ae drops1 for a child2 #a_/b to #a teaspoonful1 for an adult2 in ordinary coughs1 hooping-cough1 c4 ,elixir of ,life1 ,bitter 7,jacob ,wolff74 ,for strengthening the constitution4 ,a brandy prepared from #a gramme aloes1 #aj grammes cinnamon1 #be grammes sweet flag1 #e grammes angelica root1 #f grammes cake saffron1 #aj grammes caramel1 #bae grammes glycerin1 #ahj grammes spirit1 #cej grammes water4 7,hager47 ,elixir1 ,live-long4 ,syn4 ,,elixir ,,of ,,long ,,life2 ,e4 ,,long ,,vit1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,see ,,tincture ,,of ,,rhubarb ,,and ,,aloes4 #b4 7,,elixir ,,vit ,,matthioli47 ,a mixture of several aromatics and stimulants1 made with rectified spirit4 ,elixir of ,myrrh4 ,syn4 ,,elixir ,,myrrh1 ,l4 ,see ,,tincture ,,of ,,savine 7,comp471--,ph4 ,l4 #aghh4 ,elixir d',or4 ,see ,,elixir ,,of ,,gold4 ,elixir of ,or'ange ,peel4 ,syn4 ,,elixir ,,aurantiorum ,,compositum1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,bor4 #ahdg47 ,orange peel1 #f oz42 cinnamon1 #b oz42 carbonate of potassa1 #a oz42 ,madeira wine1 #d lbs42 macerate #f days1 express the tincture1 and add of extracts of buckbean1 cascarilla1 gentian1 and wormwood1 of each1 #a oz42 dissolve1 and after repose for subsidence1 decant and filter4 ,an excellent aromatic bitter and stomachic4 #b4 7,moscati47 ,orange peel1 #a oz42 cascarilla1 #a_/b oz42 waters of citron peel and wormwood1 and rectified spirit1 of each #a_/b pint2 digest a week4 ,resembles the last4--,dose 7of either74 ,a table-spoonful to a wine-glassful4 ,elixir1 ,parego'ric4 ,syn4 ,,elixir ,,paregoricum1 ,l4 ,see ,,tincture ,,of ,,camphor 7,comp474 ,elixir1 ,paregoric 7,scotch74 ,syn4 ,,elixir ,,paregoricum ,,scoticum1 ,l4 ,see ,,tincture ,,of ,,opium 7,ammoniated74 ,elixir1 ,pec'toral4 ,syn4 ,,elixir ,,pectorale1 ,l4 7,ph4 ,e4 #agde47 ,balsam of tolu1 #b oz42 gum benzoin1 #a-a_/b oz42 saffron1 #a_/b oz42 rectified spirit1 #cb fl4 oz42 digest in a gentle heat for #d days and filter4--,dose1 #a_/b to #a teaspoonful4 7,see above47 ,elixir1 ,pol'ychrest4 ,syn4 ,,elixir ,,polychreston1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,e4 #agde47 ,guaiacum 7gum71 #f oz42 balsam of ,peru1 #a_/b oz42 rectified spirit1 #bc fl4 oz42 digest as last1 strain1 and add oil of sassafras1 #b fl4 dr4 ,pectoral and anti-rheumatic4--,dose1 #aj to #fj drops1 or more4 ,elixir1 ,paracelsus's4 ,see ,,elixir ,,proprietatis 7below74 ,elixir ,proprieta'tis4 ,l4 ,syn4 ,,paracelsus',s ,,elixir ,,of ,,propriety2 ,,elixir ,,de ,,propri,t ,,de ,,paracelse1 ,fr4 ,an old preparation1 nearly corresponding to the compound tincture of aloes of modern pharmacy1 and which is now sold for it4 ,prep4 #a4 7,soubeiran47 ,tincture of myrrh1 #d oz42 tinctures of aloes and saffron1 of each #c oz4 7',trait4 ,pharm4' #ahdg47 #b4 7,,elixir ,,proprietatis ,,cum ,,acido47--a4 ,the last1 slightly acidulated with oil of vitriol1 and filtered4 b4--,ph4 ,bor4 #ahdg4--;,aloes and myrrh1 of each #b oz42 saffron1 #a oz42 spirit 7sp4 gr4 #ijj71 #b lbs42 dilute sulphuric acid 7#a to #e71 #b oz42 macerate #d days1 and filter4 #c4 7,,elixir ,,proprietatis ,,tartarizatum2 ,e4 ,p4 ,,alkalizatum47 ,from elixir proprietatis1 alkalised with salt of tartar1 and filtered4 ,the last two are old preparations1 now seldom inquired for in this country1 except in places remote from ,london4 ,elixir1 ,radcliffe's4 ,prep4 #a4 ,from socotrine aloes1 #f dr42 rhubarb1 #a dr42 cinnamon 7cassia71 cochineal1 and zedoary root1 of each #a_/b dr42 syrup of buckthorn1 #b fl4 oz42 brandy1 #a-a_/d pint2 digest #aj days and strain4 #b4 ,as the last1 but substituting proof spirit1 #a pint1 and water1 #a_/d pint1 for the brandy4 ,aromatic1 stomachic1 and aperient4--,dose1 #a to #d dr42 in similar cases to those in which ',,daffy',s ,,elixir' is taken4 ,elixir of ,ro'ses4 ,syn4 ,,elixir ,,ros1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,eau de rose1 #b fl4 oz42 spirits of horseradish and scurvy grass1 of each #a fl4 oz42 otto of roses1 #c drops2 camphor and cochineal 7both in powder71 #ab gr42 powdered sugar-candy1 #a_/b oz42 digest1 with frequent agitation1 for a week1 and after repose decant the clear1 and strain through a piece of muslin4 ,used as an elegant application in scurvy of the gums1 and also to perfume the breath4 #b4 7,beasley47 ,cinnamon1 #c oz42 ginger1 #b oz42 cloves1 #a dr42 essence of peppermint1 #a oz42 oil of orange peel1 #a dr42 otto of roses1 #ae 78 #be7 drops2 rectified spirit1 #b-a_/b pints2 digest #ae days and filter4 ,used as a tooth cosmetic4 ,elixir ,sa'crum4 ,tincture of aloes and rhubarb4 ,elixir ,salu'tis4 ,syn4 ,,elixir ,,of ,,health4 ,the compound tincture of senna of old pharmacy4 ,see ,,elixir1 ,,daffy',s4 ,elixir of ,scam'mony4 ,syn4 ,,elixir ,,scammonii1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,guibourt47 ,scammony 7pure71 #b dr42 proof spirit1 #h fl4 oz42 mix in a suitable vessel1 apply heat1 set the spirit on fire1 and add of sugar1 #d oz42 when the whole is dissolved 7melted down71 extinguish the flame1 and further add of syrup of violets1 #b fl4 oz42 mix well1 and after sufficient repose decant the clear portion from the dregs4 ,the product should be #ab oz41 containing #ab gr4 of scammony per oz4--,dose1 #a to #b dessert-spoonfuls in milk or aromatised water2 or made into an emulsion with aromatics2 in worms1 c4 ,elixir1 ,squire's4 ,prep4 #a4 7,original ,formula47 ,aurum musivum1 #c oz42 opium1 #b oz42 camphor1 #a oz42 cochineal1 #a_/b oz42 sweet fennel1 #a_/d oz42 tincture of serpentary1 #a pint 7old meas472 spirit of aniseed1 #a gal4 7old meas472 sugar1 #a lb42 dissolved in water1 #a pint 7old meas472 digest #aj days and filter4 #b4 ,powdered opium1 #b oz42 ginger1 red sanders wood1 and camphor1 of each #a oz42 oil of aniseed1 #a_/b oz42 oil of sweet fennel1 #a_/b dr42 tincture of serpentary1 #a pint2 proof spirit1 #e pints2 water1 #a quart2 as last4 ,stimulant1 anodyne1 diaphoretic1 and pectoral4--,dose1 #a to #b teaspoonfuls2 in chest affections1 nervous headaches1 c41 in the absence of inflammatory symptoms4 ,elixir1 ,stomach'ic4 ,compound tincture of gentian was formerly so called4 ,elixir1 ,stoughton's4 ,prep4 #a4 ,raisins 7stoned and bruised71 #a lb42 gentian root1 #c_/d lb42 dried orange peel1 #f oz42 serpentary1 #a_/d lb42 calamus aromaticus1 #a-a_/b oz42 cardamoms1 #a_/b oz42 sugar colouring1 #a_/d pint2 brandy or proof spirit1 #b galls42 digest a week and strain4 #b4 ,tincture of gentian 7compound71 and brandy or proof spirit1 of each #a quart2 tincture of serpentary and syrup of saffron1 of each #a pint2 tinctures of aloes and rhubarb1 of each #a_/d pint2 bitter almonds 7bruised71 #h in no42 digest as before4 #c4 7,foy47 ,aloes and cascarilla1 of each #a dr42 rhubarb1 #d dr42 gentian1 germander1 dried orange peel1 and wormwood1 of each #f dr42 rectified spirit1 #cb fl4 oz42 as before4 ,stimulant1 tonic1 and stomachic4--,dose1 #bj drops to a teaspoonful4 ,elixir1 ,ton'ic4 ,syn4 ,,elixir ,,roborans4 ,see ,,tincture ,,of ,,crown ,,bark 7,comp41--,ph4 ,bor4 #ahdg74 ,elixir ,tonique ,antiglaireux de ,guill4 ,a stomachic tonic for diarrhoea4 ,calumba root1 #ij parts2 orris root1 #fj parts2 gentian root1 #h parts2 jalap root1 #aejj parts2 aloes1 #ac parts2 saffron1 #fj parts2 sulphate of quinine1 #af parts2 tartar emetic1 #b parts2 nitre1 #af parts2 yellow sandal1 #cj parts2 syrup prepared from barley sugar1 rectified spirit1 and water1 of each #aa1jjj parts4 ,macerate the drugs in spirit for #bd hours1 and dissolve the salts in the water4 ,filter the liquids1 mix and leave for #bd hours1 then add the syrup1 stand and filter next day4 7,reveil and ,hager47 ,elixir1 ,tooth4 ,syn4 ,,elixir ,,dentifricum1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,lefandinire's47 ,guaiacum raspings and cloves1 of each #a oz42 pellitory of ,spain and nutmeg1 of each #b dr42 oil of rosemary1 #bj drops2 bergamotte1 #aj or #ab drops2 brandy1 #a quart2 macerate a fortnight1 and filter4 #b4 ,cinnamon1 cloves1 and nutmeg1 of each1 #a dr42 vanilla1 #a_/b dr42 camphor1 #aj gr42 tincture of pellitory1 #b fl4 oz42 brandy or proof spirit1 #a_/b pint2 digest as before4 ,see ,,antiscrofulous and ,,rose ,,elixirs 7above74 ,elixir ,valerianatis ,ammonici 7,goddard74 ,valerianic acid1 #c grammes dissolved in #dj grammes distilled water and neutralised with ammonium carbonate4 ,add this to #ce grammes spirit1 #ej grammes syrup1 #a drop bitter almond oil1 #b drops oil of orange peel1 #cj grammes diluted bitter almond water1 #ab grammes tincture of red sandal1 #c grammes tincture of orange peel1 #b grammes burnt sugar1 and filter4 ,elixir1 ,vis'ceral4 ,syn4 ,,elixir ,,viscerale1 ,l4 ,see ,,elixirs1 ,,boerhaave',s and ,,hoffman',s 7above74 ,elixir of ,vit'riol4 #a4 ,the old name for aromatic ,,sulphuric ,,acid 7which see74 #b4 7,mynsicht's47 ,see ,,tincture 7,acid ,aromatic74 #c4 7,scourer's47 ,dilute sulphuric acid #a to #e74 ,used to scour metals4 #d4 7,,sweet ,e4 ,,of ,v42 ,e4 ,,vitrioli ,,dulci1 ,l47 ,the old name for aromatic ,,spirit ,,of ,,ether 7which see74 #e4 7,virgani's74 ,prep4 ,from spirit of sulphuric ether1 #b lb42 aromatic tincture1 #c lb4 ,elixir1 ,woroneje4 ,capsicum1 #a oz42 nitre1 #a_/b oz42 sal-ammoniac1 #b dr42 nitro-hydrochloric acid1 #b fl4 dr42 vinegar1 #a-a_/b pint2 native white or rose naphtha1 or petroleum1 #a-a_/b fl4 dr42 olive oil1 #a fl4 oz42 oil of peppermint 7,mitcham71 #ae fl4 oz42 strongest rectified spirit1 #f quarts2 digest #ab days1 with constant agitation1 and filter4--,dose1 #b teaspoonfuls every #ae minutes2 in cholera1 diarrhoea1 c4 ,,ellag',,ic ,,acid4 ,,hc#g;,h#b,o#d4;,aq4 ,when an aqueous infusion of nut-galls is left for some time exposed to the atmosphere1 the tannic acid gradually disappears1 and is replaced by gallic acid1 and an insoluble grey powder1 to which the term ellagic acid was applied by ,chevreul4 ,it is soluble in alkalies1 forming salts1 and is precipitated by acids4 ,,elm4 ,syn4 ,,ulmus1 ,l4 ,a genus of tree forming the type of the natural order ,ulmace4 ,the interior bark of the ,ulmus campestris1 or common small-leaved elm 7,ulmi cortex71 is officinal in ,b4 ,p4 ,this substance is demulcent1 diaphoretic1 and diuretic1 and slightly febrifuge1 astringent1 and tonic4 ,it has been employed in agues1 and as a substitute for sarsaparilla in cutaneous eruptions1 but is now little used4 ,the leaves of the elm-tree are reported to be vulnerary4 ,see ,,decoction and ,,ulmin4 ,,elutria',,tion4 ,cleansing by washing4 ,the term is commonly applied to the operation of washing insoluble powders with water1 to separate them from foreign matter1 or the coarser portion4 ,it is usually performed by grinding or triturating the mass with a little water until reduced to a very fine powder1 and this paste is suddenly diffused through a large quantity of water1 contained in a deep vessel1 from which1 after the subsidence of the grosser portion1 the liquid is poured into another vessel1 and allowed to deposit the fine powder it still holds in suspension4 ,when this has taken place1 the clear supernatant liquor is decanted1 and the sediment drained and dried4 ,the coarse sediment deposited in the first vessel is now submitted to a fresh grinding and diffusion through water1 and the entire operation is repeated until the whole of the pulverisable portion is washed over4 ,the proper length of time for the liquid to remain in the first vessel depends solely on the density of the powder and the degree of fineness required in the product2 heavy powders subsiding almost immediately1 while light ones often take several minutes to deposit the coarser portion4 ,sometimes three or more vessels are employed1 and the muddy liquor1 after remaining a short time in the first1 is poured into the next one1 and this1 in a short time longer1 into the third1 and so on1 until the last vessel is filled1 by which means powders of different degrees of fineness are obtained1 that deposited in the last vessel being in the minutest state of division4 ,the elutriated paste or moist powder is then drained1 and dried4 ,on the small scale the trituration is performed with a stone and muller1 or in a mortar2 on the large scale1 in a mill1 driven by either horse or steam power4 ,antimony chalk1 bistre1 and other pigments1 as well as various other substances insoluble in or unacted on by water1 are commonly obtained in the state of an impalpable powder by elutriation1 or 'washing over1' as it is called by amateurs and operatives4 ,,elydor',,ic ,,painting4 ,a method of painting invented by ,m4 ,vincent1 of ,montpetit1 in which the pigments are mixed up with an emulsion of oil and water4 ,it is said to add the fresh appearance of water colours1 and the finish of miniature painting1 to the mellowness of oil colours4 ,,embalm',,ing4 ,syn4 ,,mummification4 ,the preservation of the dead bodies of animals4 ,see ,,putrefaction4 ,,embos',,sing4 ,the formation of ornamental figures in relief on cloth1 leather1 paper1 and wood1 has now been brought to such perfection as to place this species of decoration within the reach of almost every class of society4 ,,embossed ,,cloth and ,,paper are now employed by the bookbinder to cover even the low-priced volumes that pass through his hands2 whilst the ,,embossed ,,leather that encloses the album or ornaments our furniture frequently bears the richest patterns of the arabesque or moresque4 ,cloth and paper are usually embossed by machinery2 leather and wood more frequently by hand labour4 ,,embroca',,tion4 ,syn4 ,,embrocatio1 ,l4 ,a fluid medicine for external and local use4 ,embrocations do not differ1 materially1 from liniments and lotions1 and are applied in the same manner4 7,see those preparations1 and below47 ,embrocation1 ,guestonian4 ,syn4 ,,embrocatio ,,terebinthin ,,cum ,,acido ,l4 ,prep4 7,dr ,paris47 ,oil of turpentine and olive oil1 of each #a-a_/b oz42 dilute sulphuric acid1 #c fl4 dr42 agitate together until mixed4 ,used in rheumatism1 c4 ,embrocation1 ,lynch's4 ,olive oil 7coloured with alkanet root71 #e fl4 oz42 oils of amber1 rosemary1 and turpentine1 of each #a dr4 ,in bruises1 rheumatism1 c4 ,embrocation1 ,roche's4 ,prep4 #a4 7,dr ,paris47 ,olive oil1 mixed with half its weight of the oil of cloves and amber4 #b4 ,olive oil1 #b oz42 oil of amber1 #a oz42 oils of cloves and lemons1 of each #a dr4 ,for hooping-cough4 ,embrocation1 ,ward's4 ,see ,,essence4 ,embrocation of ,cantharides4 ,syn4 ,,embrocatio ,,cantharides4 7,dr ,struve1 in hooping-cough47 ,prep4 ,tartarized antimony1 #a scruple2 water1 #b oz42 tincture of cantharides1 #a_/b oz4 ,to be rubbed over the region of the stomach1 covering the part afterwards with flannel4 ,embrocation of ,delphinia4 ,syn4 ,,embrocatio ,,delphini4 7,dr ,turnbull47 ,prep4 ,delphinia1 #a scruple to #a dr42 rectified spirit1 #b oz4 ,embrocation of ,quinine4 ,syn4 ,,embrocatio ,,quini4 7,dr ,gustamacchia47 ,prep4 ,sulphate of quinine1 #h to #ab gr42 rectified spirit1 #a oz4 ,embrocation of ,veratria4 ,syn4 ,,embrocatio ,,veratri4 7,dr ,turnbull47 ,prep4 ,veratria1 #a scruple to #a dr42 rectified spirit1 #b oz4 ,,embroid',,ery4 ,gold and silver fancy work of this description may be cleaned with a little spirit of wine1 either alone or diluted with an equal weight of water4 ,gin is frequently used for the same purpose4 ,the common practice of using alkaline or acid liquors is very injurious1 and frequently destroys the beauty of the articles instead of cleaning them4 ,,em',,erald4 ,syn4 ,,smaragdus2 ,,emeraude ,fr4 ,this beautiful deep-green gem ranks next to the diamond in value4 ,the finest are brought from ,peru1 but fair varieties are found in ,bavaria1 ,siberia1 and ,india4 ,a fine emerald weighing #d or #e gr4 is worth as many pounds2 one of #aj gr41 about #b per gr42 one of #ae gr41 #c to #d per gr42 and so on in proportion to the increase in size4 ,one of #bd gr41 if of pure water1 is worth about #ajj4 ,according to the analysis of ,vauquelin1 the purest specimens consists of #fe parts silica1 #ad alumina1 #ac glucina1 #bef lime1 and #cej oxide of chromium1 to which last the gem owes its rich green colour4 ,see ,,beryl1 ,,gems1 ,,pastes1 c4 ,emerald ,green4 ,see ,,green ,,pigments4 ,,emery is an impure1 amorphous1 compact1 and opaque variety of corundum1 and consists of alumina1 with a small per-centage of silica and peroxide of iron4 ,it occurs in ,spain1 the isles of ,greece1 and other localities1 and derives its name from ,cape ,emeri1 in the island of ,naxos4 ,its hardness is so great1 that it scratches and wears down nearly all minerals except the diamond2 hence the use of its powder for cutting and polishing glass and various other hard substances4 ,for commercial purposes1 the lumps of emery1 as taken from the mine1 are broken into pieces about the size of a hen's egg1 which are then crushed under stampers1 similar to those used for pounding metallic ores4 ,the coarse powder is then sifted through sieves covered with wire-cloth of different degrees of fineness1 by which it is sorted into different sizes4 ,in this state it forms the emery of the shops1 or flour emery4 ,for delicate purposes1 it is afterwards prepared by elutriation4 ,emery ,cakes are formed by melting emery flour with a little beeswax1 and after thorough admixture1 forming it into solid lumps of suitable sizes4 ,used to dress the edges of buff and glaze wheels4 ,emery ,cloth is prepared by brushing the surface of thin cotton cloth over with liquid glue1 and sifting the emery powder over the surface while still warm4 ,emery ,paper is made in the same way as emery cloth4 ,both are used either with or without oil1 in the same way as glass paper4 ,emery ,sticks are made of pieces of wood in the same way1 and are used for the same purposes1 as emery paper4 ,emery ,stones are formed of emery1 of the requisite coarseness1 mixed with about half its weight of good ,stourbridge loam1 and water q4 s4 to make a stiff paste1 which is forced into metallic moulds by a powerful press4 ,the pieces1 when thoroughly dry1 are exposed in a muffle for a short time to a temperature just under a full white heat4 ,in this way 'discs' and 'laps' are generally made4 ,for 'wheels1' only #a_/dth of loam is used4 ,another method1 applicable for 'cutting stones' generally1 is to press the flour emery1 previously moistened with water1 into moulds1 with strong pressure1 as before1 without any other addition1 and then to fire it at nearly a full white heat4 ,,emetia4 ,syn4 ,,emetin1 ,,emetina4 ,a feebly basic or alkaloidal body1 existing in and forming the active principle of ipecacuanha4 ,prep4 #a4 7,medicinal--,,emetic ,,extract47--a4 ,ipecacuanha 7in coarse powder7 is digested first in ether1 and then in rectified spirit for #c or #d days2 the alcoholic tincture is next expressed and evaporated 7distilled7 to dryness2 the residuum is dissolved in distilled water1 and the solution precipitated with acetate of lead2 the precipitate is then diffused through distilled water1 in a tall glass vessel1 and sulphuretted hydrogen is passed through it1 to throw down the lead2 after which the liquor is decanted1 filtered1 evaporated to the consistence of a thick syrup1 and spread in a thin layer on warm plates of glass1 and allowed to dry in a current of warm air1 or by a gentle heat in a stove4 ,the maceration in ether is frequently omitted4 b4 ,ipecacuanha1 #a part2 rectified spirit 7#hce71 #g parts2 make a tincture1 distil off the spirit1 dissolve in cold distilled water1 #e parts2 filter the solution1 and evaporate1 c41 as before4 ,inferior to the last4 c4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,as the last1 nearly4 ,obs4 ,medicinal or impure emetia is brownish1 red1 deliquescent1 and emetic in doses of #a_/d to #a_/b gr4 #b4 7,pure47--a4 ,ipecacuanha 7in coarse powder71 #a part1 is digested for #bd hours in distilled water1 #aj parts2 together with calcined magnesia1 added in slight excess2 the deposit is then thrown on a filter1 washed carefully with very cold water1 and dried2 it is next dissolved in rectified spirit and neutralised with dilute sulphuric acid2 the filtered solution is decoloured with animal charcoal1 again filtered1 and again precipitated by digestion with magnesia2 the last deposit forms a colourless solution with rectified spirit1 which1 by gentle evaporation1 gives up its emetia as a yellowish white pulverulent mass1 which may be rendered perfectly white by redissolving it in alcohol1 c41 as before4 ,the process is rendered easier by first digesting the powdered ipecacuanha in ether4 b4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,alcoholic extract of ipecacuanha1 #a part2 water1 #aj parts2 dissolve1 filter2 add calcined magnesia1 #a part2 evaporate to dryness1 wash the product on a filter with very cold water1 #e parts2 dry it again1 and dissolve it in boiling alcohol2 evaporate the filtered tincture to dryness1 redissolve the residuum in a little water1 acidulate 7slightly7 with dilute sulphuric acid1 decolour with animal charcoal1 filter1 precipitate with liquor of ammonia1 and dry the precipitate by a gentle heat4 c4 7,ph4 ,suec4 #ahde47 ,powdered ipecacuanha1 #a part2 water1 acidulated with sulphuric acid1 #f parts2 digest1 filter2 add lime1 #a part1 and evaporate to dryness over a water bath2 the residuum is then exhausted with boiling rectified spirit1 and otherwise treated as in the last formula4 ,prop41 c4 ,pure emetia is white1 pulverulent1 inodorous1 and bitter2 fusible at #abb ,fahr42 very soluble in alcohol and boiling water1 but only slightly so in ether1 oils1 and cold water4 ,it restores the blue colour of reddened litmus1 and partially neutralises the acids1 forming scarcely crystallisable salts4 ,it is reddened by nitric acid1 and this red colour is deepened by ammonia4 ,tincture of iodine produces a reddish precipitate in an alcoholic solution of emetia4 ,with tincture of galls this solution behaves like morphia2 but1 unlike the last substance1 the salts of iron produce no change of colour in it4 ,these reactions1 combined with its emetic properties1 are sufficient for its identification4--,dose4 ,white and pure emetia is emetic in doses of #a_/bj to #a_/af gr4 ,the large doses ordered in certain pharmaceutical compilations1 evidently in error of the difference between the strengths of the pure and the impure or medicinal emetia1 have1 in several cases which have been reported on1 produced very serious consequences4 ,the ',journal de ,pharmacie et de ,chemie1' for ,september1 #ahge1 contains a new process for the extraction of emetia1 by ,m4 ,a4 ,glenard4 ,this process is based upon the combined use of lime and ether4 ,it consists in treating with ether a suitably prepared powder1 or an extract of ipecacuanha and lime1 or the precipitate formed upon adding an excess of lime to a solution obtained by treating ipecacuanha in the cold with water acidulated by sulphuric acid4 ,either of these mixtures1 or the precipitate1 when treated with ether1 will yield all the alkaloid it contains4 ,the alkaloid may be obtained from the ethereal solution by distilling it to dryness1 and treating the residue with acidulated water1 or by at once shaking the solution with acidulated water4 ,a more or less acid aqueous liquid is thus obtained1 which upon the addition of ammonia1 yields the emetine almost colourless1 and much more pure than that produced by the process ordinarily employed4 ,preparation of ,crystallised ,hydrochlorate and ,pure ,emetine4--,when water1 acidulated with hydrochloric acid1 is employed to remove the emetine from the ether1 an acid solution is obtained1 which1 when sufficiently concentrated by evaporation1 forms a nearly colourless1 solid1 crystalline mass4 ,this mass is formed of extremely delicate needles1 formed in bundles that radiate around a central point1 and form small spheres with an embossed surface1 resembling mulberries in appearance4 ,upon pressing these crystals in a cloth the more or less coloured mother liquid runs off1 and the crystals redissolved in water give a colourless solution1 from which a fresh crystallisation of perfectly pure hydrochlorate of emetine can readily be obtained4 ,the production of this crystallised hydrochlorate of emetine is worthy of notice1 since it does not accord with what has been stated by different authors1 who have all considered emetine to be incapable of forming crystallisable salts4 ,it is especially interesting in that it furnishes a convenient and certain method of obtaining perfectly pure emetine1 for which it is only necessary to precipitate a solution of the hydrochlorate with an alkali4 ,but it is important to observe that ammonia does not precipitate all the emetine of the hydrochlorate1 and that the precipitate is less in proportion as the salt is more acid4 ,it might appear from this that emetine is soluble in hydrochlorate of ammonia4 ,but the author finds that it is the result of a decomposing action exercised by the emetine upon the hydrochlorate of ammonia1 as is shown by the following two experiments4 ,if a little dry powdered emetine be placed in a glass containing a solution of hydrochlorate of ammonia1 it may be observed to agglomerate and become transformed into a soft resinoid mass1 at the same time the disengagement of ammonia may be recognised1 and the resinoid mass gradually undergoes a kind of metamorphosis1 and becomes white and crystalline4 ,again1 if emetine in powder be suspended in water1 and solution of hydrochlorate of ammonia be gradually added1 the emetine is dissolved1 and upon evaporation of the solution crystals of double hydrochlorate of emetine and ammonia is obtained4 ,the author believes the decomposition of hydrochlorate of ammonia by an organic alkali to have been hitherto unobserved4 ,it does not appear1 however1 that emetine is alone in this action1 as the author has observed that quinine1 under similar conditions1 behaves in the same manner4 ,zinoffsky 7',jour4 de ,pharm4 d',anvers1' xxix1 #dij7 gives the following process for the quantitative determination of emetia3--,treat fifteen grams of powdered ipecacuanha with alcohol of #he per cent41 acidified with a few drops of sulphuric acid1 so as to form a volume of #aej cubic centimtres4 ,filter1 and after expelling the alcohol from #ajj cubic centimtres of the liquid by distillation1 add to the residue a titrated solution of iodo-hydrargyrate of potassium until a filtered portion ceases to be affected by this reagent4 ,the number of cubic centimtres of iodo-hydrargyrate multiplied by #jjahi 7#jjjja of the equivalent of emetine7 gives the quantity of emetine contained in ten grains of the root4 ,a normal solution of iodo-hydrargyrate is obtained by mixing aqueous solutions of #acedf grams of bichloride of mercury1 and #dih of iodide of potassium1 adding water to make one litre4 ,one cubic centimtre of this solution precipitates #jjjja1 or #jjjjje of an equivalent of alkaloid4 ,wine of ipecacuanha can be titrated by the same process4 ,composition of ,emetine and its ,hydrochlorate4--,these substances dried at #aaj ,c41 gave upon analysis results corresponding with following centesimal composition3 ,hydrochlorate ,emetine4 of ,emetine4 ,carbon #gbbe #fcjj ,hydrogen #hfa #hae ,nitrogen #ecf #dge ,oxygen #acgh #aafd ,chlorine #abdf ,from these figures the author has constructed the following formul3 ,emetine3 ,c#cj;,h#bb,,no#d4 ,hydrochlorate of ,emetine3 ,c#cj;,h#bb,,no#d;,h,cl4 ,preparation and ,composition of ,emetine 7,j4 ,lefort and ,f4 ,wurtz1 ',comptes ,rendus1' lxxxiv1 #abii74 ,when ipecacuanha is dissolved in water1 and a concentrated solution of potassium nitrate added1 a thick mass is produced1 consisting of emetine nitrate4 ,it is washed with water1 dissolved in alcohol1 and the solution poured into milk of lime4 ,the mixture is evaporated to dryness1 and digested with ether1 which dissolves out the emetine1 leaving it as a yellowish mass on evaporation4 ,on dissolving this mass in sulphuric acid1 and pouring the solution into dilute ammonia1 the alkaloid is obtained as a white precipitate1 which is dissolved in alcohol1 from which it separates in minute radiate groups of needles4 ,by analysis it gave numbers leading to the formula ,c#bh;,h#dj,n#b,o#c4bge ,footnote #bge3 ,note by the translator 7',journal of ,chem4 ,soc1'73 ,this is printed ,c#bh,n#b;,h#dj,o#e in the formula for emetine nitrate1 and as no data are given1 it is impossible to tell which are correct4 ,pure emetine nitrate was prepared1 and was found to have the formula ,c#bh,n#b;,h#dj,o#e,,noh2 this in conjunction with ,glenard's results1 shows that emetine does not form basic salts4 ,,emet',,ics4 ,syn4 ,,vomits1 ,,anacathartics2 ,,anacathartica1 ,,emetica1 ,,vomitoria1 ,l4 ,medicines which induce vomiting4 ,the principal emetics are ipecacuanha and tartarised antimony1 and their preparations2 and the sulphates of zinc and copper4 ,of these the first is commonly employed either in substance or infused in wine 7ipecacuanha wine71 when it is merely wished to evacuate the contents of the stomach1 when that organ is in a disordered state or overloaded with food2 and is the one most adapted in ordinary cases for children and females4 ,tartar emetic 7tartarated antimony7 7dissolved in water7 and antimonial wine1 either alone or combined with ipecacuanha1 are preferable at the commencement of fevers and other inflammatory disorders1 in consequence of the nausea1 relaxation1 and depression of the muscular power and circulation which commonly follow their use4 ,when poison has been taken1 sulphate of zinc is generally preferred as an emetic1 on account of the promptness and completeness of its action1 and its effects ceasing as soon as it is ejected from the stomach4 ,sulphate of copper is employed in the same cases as sulphate of zinc1 but its action is more violent and disagreeable1 whilst its intense metallic taste is a great objection to its use4 #be to #cj gr4 of either of the above sulphates are dissolved in #c or #d fl4 oz4 of warm water1 and a fourth of the solution is given every ten minutes1 until copious vomiting ensues4 ,in the absence of other substances1 when an immediate emetic is required1 a teaspoonful of flour of mustard 7an article always at hand71 stirred up with half a pint of warm water1 and drank at a draught1 will generally act easily and effectively1 and relieve the stomach before other remedies can be obtained and applied4 ,the operation of emetics is powerfully promoted by drinking copiously of diluents1 especially of warm or tepid water4 ,the latter1 in fact1 is itself an emetic1 when taken in quantity4 ,its use will also prevent that dreadful straining and retching which makes emetics so much dreaded by the nervous and delicate4 ,the timely administration of an emetic at the commencement of fevers and other inflammatory affections will frequently cause copious diaphoresis1 and produce a cure1 or at least greatly mitigate the severity of the symptoms4 ,dropsies have also been cured by vomiting2 and swelled testicle1 bubo1 and other glandular swellings1 have occasionally been dispersed by the action of emetics4 ,visceral obstructions1 in both sexes1 have also yielded to the same treatment4 ,small and repeated doses of emetics are frequently administered1 with advantage1 to produce nausea1 in many diseases of the lungs and stomach4 ,certain chronic and obstinate diseases1 as rheumatism and asthma1 are sometimes relieved by emetics1 when every other line of treatment has failed4 ,emetics should be avoided in plethoric habits1 in hernia1 pregnancy1 and whenever visceral inflammation is suspected4 ,they should also be given with great caution to young children and females1 and to the nervous and delicate4 ,in such cases1 wine or powder of ipecacuanha should alone be employed4 ,emetic ,cups4 ,syn4 ,,antimonial ,,cups2 ,,pocula ,,emetica1 ,,calices ,,vomitorii1 ,l4 ,small cups made of metallic antimony4 ,wine left in them for #aj or #ab hours becomes emetic4 ,emetic ,tartar4 ,see ,,antimony1 ,,tartarated4 ,,em',,etine4 ,see ,,emetia4 ,,emmen',,agogues4 ,syn4 ,,emmenagoga1 ,l4 ,medicines which are considered to have the power of promoting the menstrual discharge when either retained or suspended4 ,there are1 probably1 few remedies which exert this specific power on the uterus1 the majority of repeated emmenagogues acting rather by their influence on the system generally1 or on parts contiguous to the uterus1 than in the uterus itself4 ,among the substances usually arranged under this class are--aloes1 black hellebore1 birthwort1 borax1 cubebs1 ergot1 gamboge1 gin1 iodide of potassium1 iodine1 madder1 mercurials1 the peppers1 rue1 savine1 stimulants 7generally71 stimulating diuretics1 stinking goosefoot1 stinking orache1 wine1 c4 ,of the above1 ergot and madder are the only articles which exercise a direct power on the uterus1 and that rather in increasing its expulsive energy than in promoting the menstrual function1 though they are advantageously employed for the latter purpose4 ,several of the other substances named are drastic purgatives1 or possess cerebro-spinal properties1 or local powers of irritation1 by which they increase the pelvic circulation1 or produce excitement in the neighbouring parts1 in many cases of a dangerous and irreparable character4 ,hence many writers on pharmacology deny the existence of emmenagogues4 ,to ensure the successful administration of this class of medicines1 the system must be previously prepared for their use by invigorating it1 if there is either relaxation or debility2 and an opposite course should be pursued when there is an undue degree of arterial action4 ,in the majority of cases1 the restoration of the discharge is rather attributable to a proper regulation of the system than to any specific power in the medicine administered4 ,,emoll',,ients4 ,syn4 ,,emollientia1 ,l4 ,in pharmacy and therapeutics1 demulcents of an oleaginous1 saponaceous1 or emulsive character1 applied to surfaces 7generally external71 to soften and relax the fibres4 ,see ,,demulcents4 ,,emul',,sin4 ,syn4 ,,synaptase4 ,an azotised substance1 forming a large proportion of the white pulp of both bitter and sweet almonds4 ,it is yellowish-white1 soluble in cold water1 and coagulated by heat and alcohol4 ,its most remarkable property is its action on amygdalin by which the volatile oil of almonds and hydrocyanic acid1 with other products are formed4 ,it has never been obtained in a state of purity4 ,,emulsines4 ,see ,,emulsion4 ,,emul',,sion4 ,syn4 ,,emulsio1 ,l4 ,a milky fluid1 formed by the mechanical admixture of oil and water1 by means of some other substance that possesses the power of combining with both4 ,the emulsions of the ,pharmacopoeia are in the ',british ,pharmacopoeia' included in the class ,mistur 7which see74 ,in the preparation of emulsions1 the oily or resinous ingredients are usually suspended by means of mucilage of gum arabic1 almonds1 or yolk of egg4 #a dr4 of the first1 made with equal parts of gum and water2 #a oz4 of the second 7usually #bf in number72 and one in no4 of the last1 will form #b dr4 of any oil into an emulsion with about #a oz4 of water1 gradually added4 ,in some cases1 instead of the above substances1 a little liquor of potassa is employed1 by which a saponaceous emulsion is formed4 ,in all cases the mucilage or other viscid substance should be put into the mortar before anything else4 ,the oil or resinous matter may then be very gradually rubbed in1 taking care not to add it more quickly than it can be subdued by the pestle2 and if1 during this part of the manipulation1 the mixture should begin to assume a breaking or curdling appearance at the edges1 a few drops of water must be immediately incorporated with it1 before adding the remainder of the oil4 ,from the want of this precaution1 it is common for an emulsion suddenly to lose its tenacious consistence in the mortar1 and it is then in vain to endeavour to restore it4 ,after the oil is thoroughly incorporated1 some care is requisite to avoid separating it again by too hasty an effusion of the water or other fluid of the mixture4 ,if any alcoholic or acid liquid is to be added1 it must be at the very end of the process4 ,indeed1 the addition of an acid liquid1 even a slightly acescent syrup1 will often entirely destroy an emulsion4 ,mixtures of copaiba are frequently spoiled by the addition of spirit of nitric ether2 a misfortune which might be avoided by first diluting it with one or two parts of water4 ,an excellent method of preparing emulsions of resins and gum-resins1 is to put the article into a marble or wedgwood mortar1 and to pour over it about #d times its weight of rectified spirit1 which is then to be ignited1 and the mixture triturated until an equal consistence is obtained4 ,the liquid is then to be added gradually1 and the whole patiently triturated or shaken until cold4 ,yolk of egg or mucilage may be added to the fluid resin or gum-resin1 if desired1 as in the common method1 but an excellent emulsion may be made without them4 ,the presence of soluble salts in an emulsion is apt to occasion the separation of the oleaginous portion4 ,spirit produces the same effect in those which are made with yolk or mucilage2 and acids in those made with an alkali4 ,the addition of these substances to emulsions should be therefore avoided as much as possible4 ,emulsions of wax1 spermaceti1 oil of turpentine1 and balsam of copaiba1 are the most readily and completely formed with yolk of egg4 ,volatile oils are more readily made into emulsions if mixed with an equal volume of some simple fixed oil1 before proceeding to operate on them4 ,scammony is generally formed into an emulsion with milk2 and resin of jalap1 with almonds and water4 ,in a paper read before the ,american ,pharmaceutical ,association by ,mr ,gregory1 the author recommends the use of powdered gum instead of mucilage in the preparation of emulsions4 ,he thinks that three drachms of acacia in fine powder are necessary to emulsify one ounce of any of the volatile oils1 and that a little less 7about two drachms7 will answer for the fixed oils and balsams1 and that to this quantity of gum four drachms and a half of water must be added 7no more and no less71 and that either the water or the oil may be added first to the gum1 but it is quickest to add the oil the first2 and well triturate before adding the water4 ,less gum can be made to yield a good result by a careful operator1 but1 as a general practical working rule1 it may be said that three drachms are necessary for one ounce of oil4 ,the following formul1 for certain emulsions1 are merely given here for examples4 ,various others will be found under ,,mixture1 ,,lotion1 ,,wash1 c4 ,emulsion of ,al'monds4 ,syn4 ,,milk ,,of ,,almonds1 ,,almond ,,mixture2 ,,emulsio ,,amygdal1 ,,mistura ,a41 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,blanched almonds1 #a oz42 beat them to a smooth paste1 add1 gradually1 water1 #a_/b pint2 and when the whole is thoroughly incorporated1 strain through a piece of gauze4 #b4 ,as the last1 adding sugar1 #a oz42 or syrup 7either simple or flavoured71 #a-a_/b fl4 oz4 ,see ,,emulsion ,,of ,,oil ,,of ,,almonds 7below74 ,emulsion of ,assafoet'ida4 ,syn4 ,,emulsio ,,assaf,,oe,,tid1 ,,mistura ,a41 ,l4 ,prep4 7,duclow47 ,assafoetida1 #a oz42 powdered gum1 #b oz42 oil of almonds1 #c-a_/b fl4 oz42 water1 #f fl4 oz4 ,antispasmodic4--,dose1 #a to #b table-spoonfuls2 in hysterical affections1 c4 ,emulsion of ,cam'phor4 ,syn4 ,,emulsio ,,camphor1 ,e4 ,,camphorata1 ,,mistura ,,camphor 7,ph4 ,e471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,castr4 ,ruth4 #ahdj47 ,camphor1 #a_/b dr42 triturate with milk1 #a_/b fl4 oz41 gradually added2 then further add of water1 #g-a_/b fl4 oz4 #b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,camphor1 #bj gr42 lump sugar1 #a_/b oz42 triturate together1 and add of blanched almonds1 #a_/b oz42 again triturate1 then gradually add of water1 #a pint4 ,stimulant1 antispasmodic1 and diaphoretic4--,dose1 #a fl4 oz4 to #b fl4 oz4 ,emulsion of ,cas'tor ,oil4 ,syn4 ,,emulsio ,,olei ,,ricini1 ,,mistura ,o4 ,r41 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,castor oil1 #a oz42 thick mucilage1 #a-a_/b oz42 syrup of orange peel1 #a fl4 oz42 water1 #f fl4 oz4 #b4 ,as the last1 but using milk instead of water4--,dose4 ,one third2 as an aperient for females who object to taking the unprepared oil4 ,emulsion of ,copai'ba4 ,syn4 ,,emulsion ,,of ,,capivi2 ,,emulsio ,,copaib1 ,,mistura ,c41 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,balsam of copaiba and syrup of orange peel1 of each #b oz42 yolks of #e eggs2 milk1 #ad fl4 oz4 #b4 7,beral47 ,copaiba and mucilage1 of each #b oz42 water1 #ab fl4 oz4--,dose1 #a_/b oz4 to #a oz41 #b or #c times a day2 where the use of copaiba is indicated4 ,emulsion of ,cubebs4 ,syn4 ,,emulsio ,,cubeb4 7,dublanc47 ,prep4 ,essence of ,cubebs1 #d oz42 mucilage1 #d oz4 ,mix them4 ,emulsion of ,gum4 ,syn4 ,,emulsio ,,acaci1 ,,mistura ,,acaci 7,ph4 ,e471 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from sweet almonds 7blanched71 #aj dr42 white sugar1 #e dr42 mucilage1 #c fl4 oz42 water1 #a quart4 ,demulcent4 ,in coughs1 c41 ad libitum4 ,emulsion of ,indian ,hemp4 ,syn4 ,,emulsio ,,cannabis ,,indic4 7,mr ,bromfield47 ,prep4 ,rub #a scruple of extract of ,indian hemp in warm water with #a fl4 dr4 of olive oil2 then add gradually1 still triturating the mixture1 #d dr4 of mucilage of acacia and #g-a_/b oz4 of distilled water4 ,emulsion of ,oil of ,almonds4 ,syn4 ,,emulsio ,,olei ,,amygdal1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from oil of almonds1 #c dr42 thick mucilage and simple syrup1 of each1 #e dr42 rose water1 #a fl4 oz42 distilled water1 #c to #d fl4 oz4 ,an elegant and efficient substitute for almond milk4 ,see ,,emulsion ,,of ,,almonds 7above74 ,emulsion1 ,pancreatic4 ,see ,,pancreatin4 ,emulsion of ,peru'vian ,balsam4 ,syn4 ,,emulsio ,,balsamica1 ,e4 ,,balsami ,,peruviani1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,as emulsion of copaiba4 #b4 7,hosp4 ,f47 ,balsam of ,peru1 #a_/b oz42 oil of almonds1 #f dr42 powdered gum1 #a oz42 triturate together1 and add1 gradually1 rose water1 #d fl4 oz4--,dose1 #a or #b table-spoonfuls2 in old asthmas1 chronic coughs1 winter coughs1 c4 ,emulsion of ,poppies4 ,syn4 ,,emulsio ,,papaveus4 ,prep4 ,poppy seeds1 #b drachms2 water1 #h oz4 ,make into an emulsion and strain4 ,emulsion of ,raw ,meat4 7,yvon47 ,raw meat #bej grammes2 sweet almonds1 #ge grammes2 bitter almonds1 #e grammes2 white sugar1 #hj grammes4 ,after blanching the almonds beat them up with the rest of the ingredients in a marble mortar until a rose-coloured uniform paste is obtained4 ,this may be easily made into an emulsion with water1 and will not unmix for #bd hours4 ,it can be made still more nourishing by the addition of the yolks of two eggs1 and by the substitution of milk for water4 ,this emulsion is frequently prescribed by continental physicians4 ,emulsion of ,resin of ,jalap4 ,syn4 ,,emulsio ,,purgans ,,cum ,,resin ,,jalap4 7,par4 ,pharm47 ,prep4 ,resin of jalap1 #h gr42 white sugar1 #a oz42 orange-flower water1 #b dr42 water1 #d oz4 ,triturate the resin with a little of the sugar1 add gradually half the yolk of an egg1 triturate for a long time1 then add gradually the rest of the sugar and the water4 ,emulsion of ,scam'mony4 ,syn4 ,,emulsio ,,scammonii1 ,,mistura ,s4 7,ph4 ,e471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,resin of scammony1 #g gr42 new milk1 #c fl4 oz4 ,for a dose4 #b4 7,planche47 ,aleppo scammony1 #g gr42 sugar1 #b dr42 new milk1 #c fl4 oz42 cherry-laurel water1 #e drops4 ,for a dose4 ,purgative2 in torpor of the intestines1 dropsy1 worms1 c4 ,the formula of the ,paris ,codex is similar4 ,emulsion of ,spermace'ti4 ,syn4 ,,emulsio ,,cetacei1 ,,mistura ,c41 ,l4 ,prep4 ,as emulsion of wax4 ,demulcent4 ,emulsion of ,tur'pentine4 ,syn4 ,,emulsio ,,terebinthin1 ,,mistura ,t41 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,chio turpentine1 #b dr42 white sugar1 #a oz42 yolk of #a egg2 milk of almonds1 #d fl4 oz4 ,in gleets4--,dose1 #b table-spoonfuls1 #c or #d times a day4 #b4 7,clossius47 ,venice turpentine1 #a-a_/b dr42 yolk of #a egg2 peppermint water1 #d-a_/b fl4 oz4 7,see below47 ,emulsion of ,oil of ,turpentine4 ,syn4 ,,emulsio ,,olei ,,terebinthin1 ,,mistura ,o4 ,t41 ,l4 ,prep4 7,carmichael47 ,rectified oil of turpentine1 #a fl4 oz42 yolk of #b eggs2 emulsion of almonds1 #d fl4 oz42 syrup of orange peel1 #b fl4 oz42 spirit of lavender1 #d fl4 dr42 oil of cinnamon1 #e or #f drops4--,dose1 #a fl4 oz41 twice or thrice a day2 in nephritic pains1 and that variety of ophthalmia termed iriditis4 7,see above47 ,emulsion of ,wax4 ,syn4 ,,emulsio ,,cer1 ,e4 ,,cer ,,alb1 ,,mistura ,c41 ,,lac ,c41 ,l4 ,prep4 7,guibourt47 ,white wax1 #a oz42 powdered gum1 #a-a_/b dr42 water1 #bd fl4 oz42 simple syrup1 #d fl4 oz42 put the syrup and gum into a warm mortar1 add the wax1 and triturate with a warm pestle until united2 then add the water 7warm7 gradually1 and continue the agitation till the whole is quite cold4 ,demulcent4 ,ad libitum4 ,,enam',,el4 ,a species of vitreous varnish1 coloured with metallic oxides1 applied in a thin stratum to brightly polished metallic surfaces 7copper or gold71 on which it is fused by the flame of a lamp urged by the blowpipe1 or by the heat of a small furnace4 ,the basis of all enamels is a highly transparent and fusible gloss1 called 'frit1' 'flux1' or 'paste1' which readily receives a colour on the addition of metallic oxides4 ,it may be made by one or other of the following formul3 ,prep4 #a4 ,red lead1 #af parts2 calcined borax1 #c parts2 powdered flint glass1 #ab parts2 powdered flints1 #d parts2 fuse in a ,hessian crucible for #ab hours1 then pour it out into water1 and reduce it to a powder in a biscuit-ware mortar4 #b4 ,tin1 #c parts2 lead1 #aj parts2 mix1 calcine in an iron pot at a dull cherry-red heat1 and scrape off the oxide as it forms1 observing to obtain it quite free from undecomposed metal2 then reduce it to fine powder by grinding and elutriation4 ,in this state it is known among enamellers as 'flux' or 'calcine4' #d parts of this 'calcine' are next mixed with an equal weight of pure sand or powdered flints1 and #a part of sea salt1 or other alkaline matter2 the mixture is then partially fused in a ,hessian crucible1 by which it undergoes semi-vitrification4 #c4 7,chaptal47 ,lead and tin1 equal parts2 calcine as above1 and take off the mixed oxides or 'calcine' and ground flints1 of each1 #a part2 pure carbonate of potash1 #b parts2 and proceed as before4 #d4 7,wynn47 ,flint glass1 #c oz42 red lead1 #a oz42 as last4 #e4 7,wynn47 ,red lead1 #ah parts2 borax 7not calcined71 #aa parts2 flint glass1 #af parts2 as last4 #f4 7,wynn47 ,powdered flints1 #aj parts2 nitre and white arsenic1 of each1 #a part2 as last4 ,obs4 ,the precise qualities of the products of the above processes depend greatly upon the duration and degree of heat employed4 ,by increasing the quantity of sand1 glass1 or flux1 the enamel is rendered more fusible1 and the opacity and whiteness is increased by the addition of oxide of tin4 ,the use of borax should be avoided1 or it should be used sparingly1 as it is apt to make the enamel effloresce and lose colour4 ,enamel1 ,black4 ,prep4 #a4 ,calcined iron 7protoxide71 #ab parts2 oxide of cobalt1 #a part2 mix1 add an equal weight of white flux1 and fuse as before4 #b4 7,clouet47 ,pure clay1 #c parts2 protoxide of iron1 #a part4 ,a fine black4 #c4 ,peroxide of manganese1 #c parts2 zaffre1 #a part2 mix1 and add it1 as required1 to white flux4 ,enamel1 ,blue4 ,prep4 #a4 ,white 'frit' or 'flux1' coloured with oxide of cobalt4 #b4 ,sand1 red lead1 and nitre1 of each #aj parts2 flint glass or ground flints1 #bj parts2 oxide of cobalt1 #a part1 more or less2 depending on the desired depth of colour4 ,enamel1 ,brown4 ,prep4 #a4 ,manganese1 #e parts2 red lead1 #af parts2 flint powder1 #h parts2 as before4 #b4 7,wynn47 ,manganese1 #i parts2 red lead1 #cd parts2 flint powder1 #af parts4 #c4 ,red lead and calcined iron1 of each1 #a part2 antimony1 litharge1 and sand1 of each1 #b parts4 ,to be added in any required proportion to white 'frit1' according to the colour desired4 ,a little oxide of cobalt or zaffre is frequently added to alter the shade4 ,enamel1 ,green4 ,prep4 #a4 ',flux' or 'frit1' #b lbs42 black oxide of copper1 #a oz42 as before4 #b4 ,as the last1 but adding red oxide of iron1 #a_/b dr4 ,less decisive4 #c4 ,copper dust and litharge1 of each #b oz42 nitre1 #a oz42 sand1 #d oz42 'flux' or 'frit1' q4 s4 #d4 ,from transparent 'frit1' any quantity2 oxide of chromium1 q4 s4 to colour4 ,colour superb2 it will stand a great heat2 in common hands1 however1 it frequently turns on the dead-leaf tinge4 #e4 ,transparent 'flux1' #e oz42 black oxide of copper1 #bj to #dj gr42 oxide of chromium1 #b gr4 ,resembles the emerald4 #f4 ,from blue and yellow enamel mixed in the required proportions4 ,enamel1 ,ol'ive4 ,prep4 ,blue enamel1 #b parts2 black and yellow enamel1 of each1 #a part4 ,see ,,enamel ,,brown4 ,enamel1 ,or'ange4 ,prep4 #a4 ,red lead1 #ab parts2 red sulphate of iron and oxide of antimony1 of each1 #a part2 flint powder1 #c parts2 calcine together1 powder1 and melt with 'flux1' #ej parts4 #b4 7,wynn47 ,red lead1 #ab parts2 oxide of antimony1 #d parts2 flint powder1 #c parts2 red sulphate of iron1 #a part2 calcine1 then add 'flux1' #e parts1 to every #b parts of this mixture4 ,enamel1 ,pur'ple4 ,prep4 #a4 ',flux' or 'frit1' coloured with oxide of gold1 purple precipitate of cassius1 or peroxide of manganese4 #b4 ,sulphur1 nitre1 green vitriol1 antimony1 and oxide of tin1 of each1 #a lb42 red lead1 #fj lb42 mix1 fuse1 cool1 powder1 and add rose copper 7red oxide71 #ai oz42 zaffre1 #a oz42 crocus martis1 #a-a_/b oz42 borax1 #c oz42 and of a compound formed of gold1 silver1 and mercury1 #a lb42 fuse1 stirring the melted mass with a copper rod all the time1 then place it in crucibles1 and submit them to the action of a reverberatory furnace for #bd hours4 ,this is said to be the purple enamel used in the mosaic pictures in ,st4 ,peter's at ,rome4 ,enamel1 ,red4 ,prep4 #a4 ',paste' or 'flux1' coloured with the red oxide or protoxide of copper4 ,should the colour pass into the green or brown1 from the partial peroxidation of the copper1 from the heat being raised too high1 the red colour may be restored by the addition of any carbonaceous matter1 as tallow1 or charcoal4 #b4 ,by tinging the glass or 'flux' with the oxide or salts of gold1 or with the purple precipitate of cassius4 ,these substances produce shades of red1 inclining to crimson or purple of the most exquisite hue4 ,the enamel often comes from the fire quite colourless1 and afterwards receives its rich hue at the lamp4 #c4 7,wynn47 ,sulphate of iron 7calcined dark71 #a part2 a mixture of #f parts of 'flux' 7,no4 #e71 and #a of colcothar1 #c parts4 ,dark red4 #d4 7,wynn47 ,red sulphate of iron1 #b parts2 'flux' 7,no4 #a71 #f parts2 white lead1 #c parts4 ,light red4 ,enamel1 ,rose-col'oured4 ,prep4 ,purple enamel 7or its elements71 #c parts2 'flux1' #ij parts2 mix1 and add silver leaf or oxide of silver1 #a part1 or less4 ,enamel1 ,transpa''rent4 ,the 'frit' or 'flux' described above4 ,enamel1 ,vi'olet4 ,prop4 #a4 ,purple enamel1 #b parts2 red enamel 7,no4 #b71 #c parts2 'frit1' #f parts4 #b4 ,saline or alkaline 'frit' or 'flux1' any quantity2 peroxide of manganese1 q4 s4 to colour4 ,as the tint depends on the metal being at the maximum of oxidation1 contact with oily or carbonaceous substances should be particularly avoided4 ,enamel1 ,white4 ,prep4 #a4 ',calcine' 7from #b parts of tin and #a part of lead71 #a part2 fine crystal glass or 'frit1' #b parts2 manganese1 a few grains2 powder1 mix1 melt1 and pour the fused mass into clean water2 again powder1 and fuse1 and repeat the whole process #c or #d times1 avoiding contamination with smoke1 dirt1 or oxide of iron4 ,a fine dead white4 #b4 ,washed diaphoretic antimony1 #a part2 fine glass 7free from lead71 #c parts2 mix1 and proceed as before4 ,very fine4 #c4 ,lead1 #cj parts2 tin1 #cc parts2 calcine as before1 then fuse #ej parts of this 'calcine' with an equal weight of flints1 in powder1 and #ajj parts of salt of tartar4 ,a fine dead white enamel4 ,obs4 ,for white enamel1 the articles must be perfectly free from foreign admixture1 as this would impart a colour4 ,when well managed1 either of the above forms will produce a paste that will rival the ,,opal4 ,enamel1 ,yellow4 ,superior yellow enamels are less easily produced than those of most other colours2 they require very little flux1 and that mostly of a metallic nature4 ,the following come highly recommended by experienced artists3-- ,prep4 #a4 ,from 'frit' or 'flux1' fused with oxide of lead1 and a little red oxide of iron4 #b4 ,lead1 tin1 ashes1 litharge1 antimony1 and sand1 of each #a oz42 nitre1 #d oz42 mix1 fuse1 and powder2 and add the product to 'flux' or 'frit1' q4 s4 #c4 ,white oxide of antimony1 alum1 and sal-ammoniac1 of each #a part2 pure carbonate of lead1 #a to #c parts1 or q4 s4 7all in powder72 mix1 and expose them to a heat sufficiently high to decompose the sal-ammoniac4 ,used as the last4 ,very bright coloured4 #d4 7,wynn47 ,red lead1 #h oz42 oxide of antimony1 and tin1 calcined together1 of each #a oz2 mix1 and add of 'flux' 7,no4 #e71 #ae oz42 mix well and fuse4 #e4 ,pure oxide of silver added to the metallic 'fluxes4' ,the salts of silver are also used1 but are more difficult to manage4 ,if a thin film of oxide of silver be spread over the surface of the enamel to be coloured1 exposed to a moderate heat1 then withdrawn1 and the film of reduced silver on the surface removed1 the part under will be found tinged of a fine yellow4 7,clouet47 ,enamelling of ,cast-,iron4 ,wagner in his ',chemical ,technology' gives the following account of this process3--,the surface of the cast-iron to be enamelled is first carefully cleaned by scouring with sand and dilute sulphuric acid1 next a somewhat thickish magma1 made of pulverised quartz1 borax1 feldspar1 kaolin and water is brushed over the clean metallic surface as evenly as possible1 and immediately after a finely powdered mixture of feldspar1 soda1 borax1 and oxide of tin1 is dusted over1 after which the enamel is burnt in by the heat of a muffle4 ,in ,france an enamel is applied which consists of #acj parts of flint glass1 #bj-a_/b parts of carbonate of soda1 and #ab parts of boric acid fused together1 and afterwards ground to a fine powder4 ,it would appear1 however1 from the statements contained in a paper read by ,mr ,tatlock1 ,f4,r4,s4,e41 ,f4,c4,s41 that the enamel used for iron vessels is frequently of a less harmless kind than that described by ,wagner4 ,mr ,tatlock states that in some instances the milk-white porcelainous enamel1 with which cast-iron cooking vessels are now so commonly prepared1 has a composition such as to render it highly objectionable1 on account of the facility with which it is acted upon by acid1 fruits1 common salt1 and other ordinary dietetic substances1 by which means lead1 and even arsenic1 are dissolved out in large quantity during cooking processes4 ,mr ,tatlock gives the analysis of three samples of enamel from the interior of three cast-iron pots obtained from different manufacturers4 ,these iron vessels were all employed for cooking3-- ,no4 #a4 ,no4 #b4 ,no #c4 per cent4 per cent4 per cent4 ,silica #fajj #dbdj #dbjj ,alumina #hjj #bhh #fjf ,oxide of iron #aaj #bjd #djd ,lime #cjb #jaf #jgh ,magnesia #jbh #jaj #jba ,oxide of lead absent #behi #ahdh ,potash #efa #gii #fdf ,soda #bjfg #adfg #aibe ,phosphoric acid trace trace trace ,arsenious acid #jjb #jdb #ajb ,carbonic acid #jcj absent absent ,borax absent #cde #agj ------- ------- ------- #ajjjj #ajjjj #ajjjj ------- ------- ------- ,total bases #cheh #ecgc #eebh ,the author showed that it was not so much on account of the presence of large proportions of lead and arsenic that the enamels are so dangerous1 but because they are so highly basic in character1 that they are acted upon with facility by feebly acid solutions1 the lead and arsenic being thereby easily dissolved out4 ,he demonstrated that the ratio of the bases to the silica in ,no4 #a was #a to #aeh2 in the ,no4 #b1 as #a to #jgi2 and in the ,no4 #c1 as #a to #jgf4 ,a one per cent4 solution of citric acid boiled in the ,no4 #a did not affect it in the slightest1 while in the case of the ,no4 #c1 the glassy surface of the enamel was at once roughened and destroyed1 and lead dissolved out to such an extent as to give immediately a dense black precipitate with sulphuretted hydrogen4 ,he thought that no enamel was fit to be used unless it were totally unaffected by boiling with a one per cent4 solution of citric acid1 which was a very moderate test1 and gave it as his opinion that either the use of such poisonous ingredients as lead and arsenic in large quantity should be entirely abandoned1 or that the composition otherwise of the enamel should be of such a character as to ensure that none of the poisonous substances could be dissolved out1 in the circumstances under which the enamelled vessels are used4 ,,encau',,stic4 ,see ,,painting 7,encaustic74 ,,endemic4 ,indigenous4 ,peculiar to a district4 ,those are called endemic diseases1 which are produced by causes more or less local4 ,the word is often confounded with epidemic4 ,,ene',,ma4 ,syn4 ,,clyster2 ,,en',,ema 7pl4 ,,enem',,ata71 ,l4 ,a medicine1 usually liquid 7sometimes gaseous71 thrown into the rectum or lower bowels4 ,clysters usually consist of some weak glutinous or mucilaginous fluid1 to which the active ingredients are added2 or a decoction or infusion is made of the medicaments1 which is then used1 either alone1 or after the addition of a little gum1 starch1 or sugar4 ,the proper vehicle for astringent vegetable matter1 metallic salts1 and the mineral acids1 is pure water4 ,oleaginous and resinous substances are made into emulsions before being employed for enemas4 ,in all cases the fluid is administered warm4 ,the quantity of fluid forming a clyster1 for an adult1 may vary from #a_/b to #c_/d pint2 that for an infant within a month old1 should be about #a fl4 oz42 for a child of one year1 about #b-a_/b fl4 oz42 from one to seven years1 from #c or #d fl4 oz42 and from seven to twelve or fourteen1 #f or #g fl4 oz42 after that age to puberty1 #a_/b pint may be employed4 ,the quantity or dose of the active ingredients in a clyster should be #d or #e times as great as that of the same medicines when taken by the mouth2 as it is generally regarded that the susceptibility of the rectum is only #a_/eth that of the stomach1 and that to exert a like absorbent action it occupies #e times as long as the latter viscus4 ,the dose1 and the interval between its repetition1 should1 therefore1 be proportionately increased4 ,narcotics1 as opium1 tobacco1 c41 should1 however1 be given in only twice or thrice the quantity that would be exhibited in the usual manner4 ,enemata are usually administered by means of a syringe1 bladder1 or elastic bag1 furnished with a rectum tube2 but many ingenious and elegant pieces of mechanism1 adapted for self-administration1 are made by the instrument makers4 ,great care should be taken to avoid injuring the coats of the rectum by the use of a rough or improperly shaped pipe1 or one that is too long4 ,the extremity of the pipe or tube should also be perfectly smooth and well rounded 7rather spherical than pointed71 and in using it no force should be employed4 ,a neglect of this point often produces very serious consequences1 especially in young children4 ,tobacco smoke may be administered by means of a double pair of bellows1 supplied with air from a small funnel under which the herb is burning1--and gaseous matter1 by connecting the rectum tube with a small gasometer1 exerting a trifling pressure on the confined gas4 ,the number of substances employed in the preparation of enemata is very great4 ,the following are some of them1 arranged according to their effects3-- #a4 7,anodyne and ,narcotic47 ,opium1 henbane1 c41 are employed to allay spasms of the bowels1 stomach1 uterus1 bladder1 c4 #b4 7,aperient or ,cathartic47 ,aloes1 colocynth1 senna1 various purging salts1 gruel1 decoction of marshmallows1 decoction of linseed1 warm water1 c41 are commonly employed to promote the peristaltic action of the bowels1 or to destroy worms4 #c4 7,demulcent and ,emollient47 ,decoction of starch1 gum1 isinglass1 glue1 c41 either alone or combined with opium1 are used to protect the coats of the intestines1 and to allay irritation2 and also to restrain diarrhoea1 especially when combined with astringents1 as logwood1 catechu1 or oak bark4 #d4 7,nutrient47 ,animal jelly1 soups1 broths1 milks1 c41 are frequently used as injections to convey nourishment to the body4 #e4 7,sedative47 ,tobacco infusion or smoke1 and tartar emetic 7in solution71 are employed to relax the powers of the body1 to remove spasms1 depress the circulation1 and to produce syncope4 ,enemata or clysters are now very frequently employed in our large towns1 especially among the higher classes2 but a great prejudice exists among many persons against their use1 arising from a fastidious and mistaken delicacy4 ,the introduction of improved apparatus of late years1 by which the administration of these remedies is attended with less difficulty and exposure than formerly1 has removed much of the repugnance which previously existed4 ,clysters are invaluable when it is necessary to evacuate the bowels as speedily as possible1 and when the stomach will not bear the administration of a purgative by the mouth1 as well as in cases requiring a direct medication of the lower bowels1 as in dysentery1 colic1 c4 ,as a mere laxative1 an injection of tepid water1 milk-and-water1 or water gruel1 will generally be found sufficient4 ,by the addition of #a or #b table-spoonfuls of common salt1 ,epsom salts1 salad oil1 or molasses1 to this laxative enema1 it will form an excellent purgative one1 which will1 in most cases1 induce a full discharge4 ,in all cases1 the patient should be directed to retain the injection for as long a time as possible1 and not to attempt to empty his bowels immediately after the reception of the medicine4 ,in irritation of the bladder1 rectum1 or uterus1 an anodyne injection or enema often affords much relief4 ,in diseases of the lower bowels1 clysters are also of almost indispensable utility1 as also in the dislodgment of ascarides seated in the rectum2 nor are they less beneficial in those cases of sudden sinking of the powers of life where deglutition is impossible1 and yet a prompt stimulating impression is requisite to save the patient2 under such circumstances1 clysters of some of the diffusible stimuli have proved of the greatest benefit4 ,the injection of large quantities of liquid matter into the bowels1 as well as the constant use of clysters 7even of warm water only71 is deemed by the highest medical authorities to be injurious1 and occasionally dangerous4 ,the practice should not1 therefore1 be allowed to grow into a habit4 ,the bowels continually accustomed to a stimulant cease to act without one4 ,the same remarks apply to aperients taken by the mouth4 ,the following formul embrace the whole of the enemas 7,,enemata7 of the ',british ,pharmacopoeia1' as well as a few others in common use3-- ,enema of ,albu'men4 ,syn4 ,,enema ,,albuminis1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ricord7 ,infusion of linseed1 #ab oz42 whites of #b or #c eggs2 mix4 ,in chronic diarrhoea1 and as a nutritient clyster in debility from stomach diseases4 ,the reason for rejecting the yolks of the eggs is not very obvious1 as the preparation is much more effective with them4 ,enema of ,al'oes4 ,syn4 ,,enema ,,alo,s 7,b4 ,p471 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from aloes1 #b scrup42 carbonate of potassa1 #ae gr42 mucilage of starch1 #a_/b pint4 ,in ascarides1 atonic amenorrhoea1 c4 ,it should not be employed when irritability of the rectum1 bladder1 or genitals1 exists2 nor in piles1 or when there is a tendency to prolapsus ani or prolapsus uteri4 ,enema1 ,an'odyne4 ,see ,,enema ,,of ,,opium4 ,enema1 ,antispasmod'ic4 ,syn4 ,,enema ,,antispasmodicum1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from tincture of assafoetida1 #c fl4 dr42 laudanum1 #cj to #fj drops2 water gruel or barley water1 #a_/b pint4 ,in spasmodic affections of the bowels4 7,see below47 ,enema of ,assafoet'ida4 ,syn4 ,,fetid ,,clyster1 ,,antispasmodic ,c42 ,,enema ,,assaf,,oe,,tida 7,b4 ,p471 ,e4 ,f,,oe,,tidum 7,ph4 ,e4 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,assafoetida1 #cj gr42 water1 #d oz42 rub together until mixed4 #b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,to cathartic enema 7,ph4 ,e471 add of tincture of assafoetida1 #b fl4 dr4 #c4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,warm water1 #ab fl4 oz42 tincture of assafoetida1 #b fl4 dr4 #d4 7,st4 ,b4 ,hosp47 ,assafoetida1 #b dr42 yolk of an egg2 barley water1 #g fl4 oz4 ,stimulant1 antispasmodic1 and carminative4 ,an excellent remedy in hysteria1 flatulent colic1 hooping-cough1 infantile convulsions1 worms in the lower bowels1 c4 ,see ,,enema ,,hooping-,,cough4 ,enema1 ,astrin''gent4 ,syn4 ,,enema ,,astringens1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,tincture of catechu1 #a fl4 oz42 barley water1 #i fl4 oz4 #b4 ,extract of rhatany1 #b dr42 syrup1 or made starch1 #b oz42 water1 #g fl4 oz4 #c4 ,decoction of galls1 oak-bark1 pomegranate1 or other like astringent substance1 #c or #d fl4 oz42 water or barley water1 #f or #g fl4 oz4 #d4 7,hosp4 ,f47 ,electuary of catechu1 #b dr42 water and lime water1 of each #d-a_/b fl4 oz4 ,in diarrhoea1 c41 arising from a relaxed condition of the coats of the lower bowels2 and in fissures of the anus1 c4 ,enema of ,bark4 ,syn4 ,,enema ,,cinchon4 ,decoction of bark is used4 ,enema of ,belladonna4 ,syn4 ,,enema ,,belladonn 7,ratier47 ,prep4 ,belladonna1 #aj gr42 water1 #f oz42 infuse4 ,enema of ,cam'phor4 ,syn4 ,,enema ,,camphor1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,camphor liniment1 #d fl4 dr42 yolks of #b eggs2 water gruel1 #g fl4 oz4 #b4 ,camphor1 #a dr42 rectified spirit1 #b dr42 triturate till dissolved1 then add1 gradually1 of simple syrup1 #a oz42 when thoroughly incorporated1 further add of thin gruel1 #g fl4 oz4 ,anodyne1 antispasmodic1 and diuretic4 ,in difficult or obstructed micturition4 ,enema of ,cas'tor ,oil4 ,syn4 ,,enema ,,olei ,,ricini1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,hosp4 ,f47 ,castor oil and mucilage1 of each1 #a oz42 gruel1 #a_/b pint4 #b4 ,castor oil1 #a oz42 liquor potassa1 #b fl4 dr42 triturate1 and add of honey1 #a oz42 when mixed1 further add of hot gruel1 #a_/b pint2 and agitate until cool enough to be administered4 ,enema1 ,cathar'tic4 ,syn4 ,,purgative ,,clyster2 ,,enema ,,catharticum 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,e4 ,d471 ,e4 ,,laxativum1 ,e4 ,,purgativum1 ,l4 ,these have been already alluded to4 ,by increasing the quantity of the active ingredients1 a mild laxative or aperient clyster is converted into an active purgative or cathartic one4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,senna1 #a_/b oz42 boiling water1 #af fl4 oz42 infuse an hour1 then add of ,epsom salts1 #a_/b oz42 sugar1 #a oz42 when dissolved1 further add of olive oil1 #a oz42 and mix them by agitation4 #b4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,epsom salts1 #a oz42 olive oil1 #a fl4 oz42 mucilage of barley4 #af fl4 oz4 ,same as enema of sulphate of magnesia1 ,b4 ,p41 except that in the latter mucilage of starch is substituted for mucilage of barley4 #c4 7,ph4 ,d4 #ahbf47 ,manna1 #a oz42 compound decoction of chamomile1 #a_/b pint2 dissolve1 and add1 of olive oil1 #a oz42 ,epsom salts1 #a_/b oz4 #d4 ,compound decoction of mallows1 #a_/b pint2 ,epsom salts1 #c_/d oz42 sweet oil1 #b fl4 oz42 mix1 as above4 ,obs4 ,the above are employed in all ordinary cases where the use of an immediate cathartic is indicated4 ,enema of ,cevidina4 ,syn4 ,,enema ,,cevidin 7,soubeiran47 ,cevadilla1 #b dr42 water1 #aj oz42 boil to #g oz42 strain and add milk1 #h oz4 ,to destroy ascarides4 ,enema of ,chlo''ride of ,lime4 ,syn4 ,,enema ,,chloridi ,,calcis1 ,e4 ,,antiputrescens1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,chloride of lime1 #aj gr42 tepid water1 #a fl4 oz42 triturate1 then add of barley water1 or plain tepid water1 #g fl4 oz4 #b4 7,pereira47 ,chloride of lime1 #aj to #ae gr41 added to a common enema4 ,as a deodoriser1 when the alvine evacuations are unusually fetid4 ,enema of ,chloride of ,soda4 ,syn4 ,,enema ,,sod ,,chlorinat4 ,prep4 ,labarraque's solution1 #bd drops2 decoction of mallows1 #af oz4 ,enema of ,chloride of ,sodium4 ,syn4 ,,enema ,,sodii ,,chloridi4 ,prep4 ,common salt1 #a oz42 barley water1 #a_/b pint2 olive oil1 #a oz4 ,enema for ,col'ic4 ,syn4 ,,enema ,,anticolicum1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from oil of cajeput or peppermint1 #ae drops2 dissolved in sweet spirit of nitre1 #fj drops2 laudanum1 #ce drops2 infusion of chamomile1 #a_/b pint4 ,enema of ,col'ocynth4 ,syn4 ,,enema ,,colocynthidis 7,ph4 ,l471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,extract of colocynth1 #a_/b dr42 soft soap1 #a oz42 triturate1 and add of water1 #a pint4 #b4 7,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf47 ,as the last1 but using compound extract of colocynth4 #c4 7,guy's ,hosp47 ,colocynth pulp1 #a dr42 water1 #c_/d pint2 boil so as to strain #a_/b pint2 and add of common salt1 #a_/b oz42 syrup of buckthorn1 #a fl4 oz4 ,an efficient enema in colic and obstinate constipation1 in the absence of spasms and inflammatory symptoms4 ,enema1 ,com'mon4 ,syn4 ,,enema ,,commune1 ,l4 ,gruel or barley water1 either with or without the addition of a little common salt or oil1 are generally so called4 ,the first are simply laxative2 the latter1 purgative4 ,decoction of mallows1 linseed tea1 or water gruel1 are also commonly used as the vehicle4 ,prep4 #a4 7,st4 ,bar4 ,hosp47 ,barley water1 #a pint2 common salt1 #a oz42 dissolve4 #b4 7,guy's ,hosp47 ,water gruel1 #aj to #ae fl4 oz42 common salt1 #a oz4 #c4 7,u4 ,c4 ,hosp47 ,water gruel1 #h to #ab fl4 oz42 salt1 #a oz42 linseed oil1 #b fl4 oz4 ,enema of ,copai'ba4 ,syn4 ,,enema ,,copaib1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,from balsam of copaiba1 #b dr42 liquor opii sedativus1 #ae drops2 yolk of egg1 q4 s42 barley water1 #g-a_/b fl4 oz4 #b4 7,collier47 ,to the last add1 of extract of opium1 #a gr42 oil of turpentine1 #d fl4 dr4 #c4 7,velpeau47 ,copaiba1 #b dr42 laudanum1 #bj drops2 yolk of #a egg2 water gruel1 #h fl4 oz4 ,in ascarides1 gonorrhoea1 and some affections of the lower bowels and bladder1 when the stomach rejects the balsam4 ,enema of ,creosote4 ,syn4 ,,enema ,,creosoti4 7,dr ,wilmot47 ,creasote1 #a dr42 decoction of starch1 #ab oz4 ,in epidemic dysentery4 ,enema of ,croton ,oil4 ,syn4 ,,enema ,,olei ,,crotonis4 7,sundelin47 ,prep4 ,croton oil1 #b to #d drops2 linseed oil1 #b oz42 gruel1 #d oz4 ,enema of ,cubebs4 ,syn4 ,,enema ,,cubeb4 7,velpeau47 ,prep4 ,decoction of mallow1 #aj oz42 powdered cubebs1 #f dr4 ,enema1 ,domes'tic4 ,syn4 ,,enema ,,domesticum1 ,l4 ,this name has been applied to an enema of warm water1 either with or without the addition of a little sugar1 honey1 or milk4 ,the effect is laxative4 ,enema1 ,emoll'ient4 ,syn4 ,,enema ,,emolliens1 ,e4 ,,demulcens1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from decoction of linseed1 barley1 or starch1 #a pint2 linseed or olive oil1 #a oz4 ,soothing and laxative2 in excoriations of the lower bowels4 #bj to #dj drops of laudanum may be added when there is much pain or looseness4 ,enema of ,ergot4 ,syn4 ,,enema ,,ergot4 7,boudin47 ,prep4 ,infuse #a dr4 of ergot in #h oz4 of hot water and strain4 ,enema1 ,feb'rifuge4 ,syn4 ,,enema ,,febrifugum1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,collier47 ,water gruel1 #ab fl4 oz42 sugar1 #a fl4 oz4 ,in low fevers4 #b4 7,brande47 ,vinegar1 #b fl4 oz42 infusion of chamomile1 #e or #f fl4 oz4 ,in typhus4 ,enema1 ,fe'tid4 ,see ,,enema ,,of ,,assaf,,oe,,tida4 ,enema of ,galls and ,opium4 ,syn4 ,,enema ,,gall ,,et ,,opii4 7,dr ,ryan47 ,prep4 ,decoction of galls1 #h oz42 tincture of opium1 #a_/b dr4 ,enema for ,hoo'ping-cough4 ,syn4 ,,enema ,,pertussiculaire1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,see ,,enema ,,assaf,,oe,,tida4 #b4 7,m4 ,reiken74 ,assafoetida1 #h gr42 yolk of #a egg2 water1 #a_/b pint4 ,obs4 ,this quantity is sufficient for #aj or #ab clysters for children under #a year2 #e or #f for those under #c years2 and #b or #c for those under #g4 ,two clysters are prescribed daily in hooping-cough4 ,according to ,m4 ,reiken1 this is more successful in removing hooping-cough than any other remedy4 ,to ensure success1 it should not be administered until the feverish symptoms have passed4 ,m4 ,reiken sometimes uses an ointment of assafoetida as well as the clyster4 ,enema of ,ipecacuanha4 ,syn4 ,,enema ,,ipecacuanh4 7,u4 ,c4 ,hosp47 ,ipecacuanha root 7bruised71 #a dr42 boiling water1 #h oz4 ,macerate for an hour and strain4 ,enema1 ,lax'ative4 ,see ,,enemas 7,cathartic1 ,common1 c474 ,enema of ,lead4 ,syn4 ,,enema ,,plumbi1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,dr ,newbold47 ,acetate of lead1 #f gr42 tepid distilled water1 #f fl4 oz4 ,in strangulated hernia2 repeated in two or three hours4 ,enema of ,morphia4 ,syn4 ,,enema ,,morphi4 7,beera47 ,prep4 ,morphia1 #a gr42 oil of almonds1 #a oz4 ,triturate and add infusion or decoction of linseed1 q4 s4 ,enema1 ,nitrate of ,silver4 ,syn4 ,,enema ,,argenti ,,nitratis4 7,boudin47 ,prep4 ,nitrate of silver1 #a to #c gr42 distilled water1 #e oz4 ,enema1 ,nu'trient4 ,syn4 ,,feeding ,,clyster2 ,,enema ,,nutriens1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,strong beef tea1 #ab fl4 oz42 thickened a little with arrow-root or hartshorn shavings4 #b4 7,m4 ,nasse74 ,strong meat soup1 #c_/d pint2 dilute hydrochloric acid1 #a_/b fl4 dr4 #c4 ,yolks of #b eggs2 brown sugar and salad oil1 of each #a oz42 mutton broth1 #ab fl4 oz4 ,to nourish the body1 when aliments cannot be taken or retained by the stomach4 ,enema1 ,oi''ly4 ,see ,,enema 7,emollient74 ,enema of ,o'pium4 ,syn4 ,,enema ,,opiatum1 ,e4 ,,opii 7,b4 ,p4 and ,ph4 ,l471 ,e4 ,,opii vel ,,anodynum 7,ph4 ,e471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,mucilage of starch1 #b fl4 oz42 tincture of opium1 #a_/b dr4 #b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,starch1 #a_/b dr42 water 7boiling71 #b fl4 oz42 mix1 and when cool enough add of tincture of opium1 #a_/b to #a fl4 dr4 #c4 7,ph4 ,d4 #ahbf47 ,laudanum1 #a dr42 warm water1 #f fl4 oz4 ,obs4 ,the above are the orders of the colleges1 but in practice the quantity of laudanum is frequently doubled2 this should1 however1 be done with great care4 ,opium clysters are used in dysentery1 colic1 cholera1 and various painful affections of the intestines1 bladder1 c4 ,the bowels should be emptied before their administration1 and in inflammatory complaints they should not be used for the first #dh hours4 ,clysters containing opium1 even in small quantities1 are dangerous remedies for young children2 yet there are cases in which they sometimes succeed when every other remedy has failed4 ,this is particularly so in the low chronic diarrhoea of infancy and early childhood4 ,a case of this kind occurred in the family of the writer4 ,the family medical attendant1 as well as the physician he consulted1 abandoned the little sufferer to apparently inevitable death1 as beyond the reach of further assistance4 ,a small opium clyster was given1 and the child recovered4 ,enema of ,ox-gall4 ,syn4 ,,enema ,,fellis1 ,e4 ,f4 ,,bovis1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,dr ,allnatt47 ,fresh ox-gall1 #b fl4 oz42 water gruel1 #h fl4 oz4 #b4 7,dr ,clay47 ,ox-gall1 #b fl4 oz42 water1 #d or #e fl4 oz4 ,to soften indurated fces1 and in costiveness arising from deficiency of bile4 ,enema of ,percyanide of ,iron4 ,syn4 ,,enema ,,ferri ,,percyanidi4 ,prep4 ,triturate #e gr4 of ,prussian blue1 with #b oz4 of water2 to be used daily1 increasing the dose if necessary4 ,an ,american remedy for ascarides4 ,enema of ,pop'pies4 ,syn4 ,,enema ,,papaveris1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,,decoction ,,of ,,poppies4 #b4 ,poppy-heads 7with the seeds71 #e dr42 water1 #c_/d pint2 boil to #ab fl4 oz41 and strain4 ,anodyne2 as a substitute for opium clyster4 ,enema1 ,pur'gative4 ,see ,,enema ,,cathartic4 ,enema of ,quinine4 ,syn4 ,,enema ,,quini4 ,sulphate of quinine1 #e to #ae gr42 decoction of starch1 #f oz4 ,enema of ,rue4 ,syn4 ,,enema ,,rut4 ,prep4 ,confection of rue1 #bj to #fj gr2 thin gruel1 #f oz4 to #h oz4 ,enema1 ,sim'ple4 ,barley water1 rice water1 thin-made starch1 and decoction of mallows1 are frequently so called1 from being used either for simple laxative enemas1 or as the vehicle for more active substances4 ,enema of ,soap4 ,syn4 ,,enema ,,saponis1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,st4 ,b4 ,hosp47 ,soft soap1 #f dr42 hot water1 #a pint2 dissolve4 ,to soften indurated fces1 c42 and as a detergent in certain ulcerations of the rectum4 ,enema of ,soot4 ,syn4 ,,enema ,,fuliginis4 ,wood soot1 #d oz42 water1 #a-a_/b pints2 boil to a pint4 ,enema of ,starch4 ,syn4 ,,enema ,,amyli1 ,l4 ,see ,,enema ,,simple 7above74 ,enema1 ,stim'ulant4 ,syn4 ,,enema ,,stimulans1 ,l4 ,the ordinary cathartic clysters are often so called4 ,the following belong to a different class3-- ,prep4 #a4 ,tincture of capsicum1 #a fl4 oz42 barley water or thin arrow-root1 #a_/b pint2 mix4 ,in cholera1 especially the cold stages4 #b4 ,to the last add1 of ether1 #b fl4 dr42 laudanum1 #cj drops4 #c4 ,decoction of poppies1 #a_/b pint2 tincture of capsicum1 #c fl4 dr42 oil of nutmeg1 #aj drops4 ,in diarrhoea4 ,enema of ,tobac'co4 ,syn4 ,,enema ,,tabaci 7,ph4 ,l4 ,e4 ,d471 ,,infusum ,,tabaci 7,ph4 ,d4 #ahbf71 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,tobacco leaf1 #bj gr42 boiling water1 #h oz42 infuse half an hour1 and strain4 #b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,tobacco1 #ae to #cj gr42 boiling water1 #h fl4 oz42 as last4 #c4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,tobacco1 #a scrup42 boiling water1 #h fl4 oz4 #d4 7,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf47 ,tobacco1 #a dr42 boiling water1 #a pint4 ,obs4 ,tobacco clyster is used in strangulated hernia1 obstinate constipation1 retention of urine1 c4 ,it is violently depressing and relaxing2 producing fainting1 and even death1 when improperly or injudiciously administered4 ,it is not to be forgotten that #b dr41 #a dr41 and even #a_/b dr41 of tobacco1 infused in water1 have proved fatal4 ,the cautious practitioner1 therefore1 will not use more than #ae or #bj gr4 7,pereira47 ,three parts of ,virginia tobacco are equal to seven parts of any other kind4 7,davy47 ,enema of ,tur'pentine4 ,syn4 ,,turpentine ,,clyster2 ,,enema ,,terebinthin 7,ph4 ,l471 ,e4 ,,olei ,t41 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,oil of turpentine1 #a oz42 mucilage of starch1 #ae oz4 #b4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,oil of turpentine1 #a fl4 oz42 yolk of #a egg2 triturate together1 then add of decoction of barley1 #ai fl4 oz4 #c4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,as the last1 but using simple water instead of barley water4 #d4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,oil of turpentine1 #a fl4 oz42 mucilage of barley1 #af fl4 oz4 #e4 7,dr ,neligan47 ,oil of turpentine1 #a_/b fl4 oz42 syrup of garlic1 #a fl4 oz42 barley water1 #f or #g fl4 oz4 ,in ascarides1 and as an antispasmodic and purgative in colic1 obstinate constipation1 calculus1 peritonitis1 tympanitis 7,,drum-,,belly71 c4 ,enema1 ,ver'mifuge4 ,syn4 ,,enema ,,anthelminticum1 ,e4 ,,vermifugum1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,castor oil1 #a oz42 mucilage1 #c_/d oz42 decoction of the root of male fern1 #g fl4 oz4 ,in worms1 especially tape-worm4 #b4 7,collier47 ,oil of turpentine1 #a fl4 oz42 olive oil 7warm71 #a_/b pint4 ,in ascarides4 #c4 7,dr ,darwall47 ,tincture of sesquichloride of iron1 #a dr42 water1 #g or #h fl4 oz4 ,in ascarides1 especially when occurring in childhood2 the quantity used being proportionately lessened4 ,see ,,enemas of ,,aloes1 ,,assaf,,oe,,tida1 ,,turpentine1 c4 ,enema of ,vinegar4 ,syn4 ,,enema ,,acetici4 7,brande47 ,prep4 ,vinegar1 #b oz42 infusion of chamomile1 #d oz4 ,in typhus fever4 ,enema of ,wine4 ,syn4 ,,enema ,,vinosum1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from sherry wine and hot water1 of each #g fl4 oz4 ,in suspended animation4 ,sometimes a wine-glassful of brandy is added4 ,,energy1 relative values of ,food as sources of4 ,chemists and physiologists1 although they agree that muscular power is derived from the action of the oxygen supplied during respiration upon the digested portions of the food1 differ in their conclusions as to whether the nitrogenous or non-nitrogenous principles of the food1 form the chief source of this power or not4 ,the opinion of ,liebig1 ,playfair1 ,ranke1 and others1 that the oxidation and metamorphosis of the nitrogenous tissue is the fountain of muscular force has of late years been contested1 and on the opposite view adduced1 viz4 that it is principally to the oxidation of the carbonaceous or non-nitrogenous constituents of the food1 that animal dynamic power is due4 ,this latter view has received support from the experiments of ,frankland1 ,lawes1 and ,gilbert 7from their observations on the feeding of cattle71 ,edward ,smith1 ,meyer1 ,pettenkofer1 ,voit1 ,wislicenus1 ,fick1 ,parkes1 and others4 ,the data upon which it is based are those derived from the observation of the amount of heat generated by the combustion of a definite quantity of food out of the body2 which1 it is affirmed with certain deductions1 represents the quantity of heat evolved by the oxidation of the same food within the body2 and as heat is the equivalent of muscular force or energy1 that aliment which1 in burning1 gives off the most heat1 must1 it is supposed1 necessarily be the richest in the production of animal motive power4 ,of course these conditions will1 amongst others1 be very considerably modified by the extent to which the processes of the animal economy1 such as digestion1 assimilation1 c41 can liberate the elements of the food so as to become available as sources of this energy4 ,were these processes perfect1 all the carbon of the carbonaceous1 as well as that of the nitrogenous constituents of the diet1 after deducting the carbon which passes off as urea 7one part of dry nitrogenous matter yielding about a third of its weight of urea7 would be utilised and converted into heat-producing power4 ,but even under these circumstances a considerable portion of this thermotic power would be expended in sustaining the internal movements of the body1 such as respiration and the heart's action1 which it has been computed are daily maintained by a force capable of raising #fjj1jjj pounds a foot high4 ,no wonder if1 with such varying factors introduced into the problem1 physiologists and physicists should differ so widely in their calculations2 and that1 whilst one inquirer believes that food practically yields only about half the force which1 according to theory1 it actually contains2 another estimates it at only one fifth4 ,the following table by ,dr ,frankland shows the amount of force which different foods yield when burned4 ,the results agree very closely with those theoretically given by ,playfair and others4 ,energy developed by one gramme1 or one ounce of the following substances1 when oxidised in the body4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #a ounce will equal foot-tons ,per #a gramme of energy1 or ,name of ,substance cent4 of will equal in other words1 ,water kil4-metres would raise the of energy4 under-given number of tons1 #a foot high4#bgf ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,beef 7lean7 #gje #fjd #eej ,veal 7lean7 #gji #dif #dec ,ham 7lean1 boiled7 #edd #gaa #fdi ,bread crumb #ddj #iaj #hcj ,flour 444 #afbg #adhe ,ground rice 444 #aeia #adec ,oatmeal 444 #affe #aebj ,pea meal 444 #aeih #adfj ,potatoes #gcj #dbb #che ,carrots #hfj #bbj #bjj ,cabbage #hhe #agh #afb ,butter 444 #cjgg #bhji ,egg 7white of7 #hfc #bdd #bbc ,egg 7yolk7 #dgj #adjj #abgj ,cheshire cheese #bdj #ahdf #afhe ,arrowroot 444 #afef #aeac ,milk #hgj #bff #bdc ,sugar 7lump7 444 #adah #abie ,ale 7,bass' bottled7 #hhd #cbh #cjj ,porter 7,guinness' stout7 #hhd #dee #dae ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,footnote #bgf3 ,the amount of work done is generally estimated in this country as so many lbs4 or tons lifted #a foot4 ,in ,france it is expressed as so many kilogrammes lifted #a metre1--and called 'the kilogrammemetre1' as above4 ,a table of this kind1 says ,dr ,parkes1 is useful in showing what can be obtained from our food1 but it must not be supposed that the value of food is in exact relation to the energy which it can furnish4 ,in order that the force shall be obtained1 the food must not only be digested and taken into the body properly prepared1 but its energy must be developed in the place and in the manner proper for nutrition4 ,the mere expression of potential energy cannot fix dietetic value1 which may be dependent on conditions in the body unknown to us4 ,for example1 it is quite certain1 from observation1 that gelatin cannot take the place of albumen1 though its potential energy is little inferior1 and it is easily oxidised in the body4 ,but1 owing to some circumstances yet unknown1 gelatin is chiefly destroyed in the blood and gland-cells1 and its energy1 therefore1 has a different direction from that of albumen4 ,so also of the potential energy1 it is quite possible that all is not usefully employed4 ,the tables of energy give broad indications1 and can be used in a general statement of the value of a diet2 but at present they do not throw light upon the intricacies of nutrition4 ,,enflurage4 ,see ,,pommade4 ,,engra'',,ving4 ,the art of producing designs or figures on metal1 wood1 c41 by incision or corrosion1 usually for the purpose of being subsequently printed on paper1 calico1 or other materials4 ,the mechanical operations of the engraver do not come within the province of this work4 ,several of the materials which he employs in his trade will1 however1 be found noticed under their respective heads4 ,there is this important difference between engraving on metal plates and wood-engraving3 in the former all the lines and dots that are to print black are hollowed out with a graving-tool1 or 'bitten in' by acid2 in the latter all the parts that are to appear white in the impression are cut away1 and the lines which produce the imprint are left on the face of the block4 ,casts of wood-blocks1 or 'stereos4' are often used instead of the original blocks when a great number of impressions is required4 ,to produce them stucco moulds are prepared1 and from these the casts in type metal are taken4 ,the casts are usually about #a_/h in4 thick1 and have to be screwed upon wooden blocks to bring them to the height of the types which are printed with them4 ,as soon as one cast is worn out another may be taken1 and the original block is thus preserved in the state in which it left the engraver's hands4 ,for the reproduction of engraved metallic plates the ,,electrotype ,,process is commonly employed4 ,woodcuts are also copied1 though less frequently1 by this process4 ,the mode by which the postage-stamp plates are multiplied is as follows3--#bdj 'queen's heads' or stamps 7a pound's worth7 are engraved on one steel plate4 ,this plate is then hardened1 and an impression of it taken on a softened steel roller4 ,this roller1 in its turn1 is also hardened1 and softened steel plates being passed under it1 an impression precisely like that of the original plate is produced on each of them4 ,these plates are then hardened and employed for printing the penny postage stamps for sale4 ,they last a long time2 and when they are worn out they are destroyed1 and their place is supplied by fresh ones1 which are produced by the cylinder before referred to1 which continues ready to supply any number that may be required4 ,bank-note plates are reproduced in the same manner4 ,see ,,electrotype1 ,,etching1 c4 ,engravings1 to ,clean4 ,place the engraving on a smooth board1 and cover it thinly with finely powdered and very clean common salt4 ,next squeeze lemon-juice upon the salt so as to dissolve a considerable portion of it4 ,now elevate one end of the board so that it may form an angle of about forty-five or fifty degrees4 ,next pour on the engraving boiling water from a tea-kettle until all the salt and lemon-juice are washed off4 ,the engraving will then be found to be perfectly clean and free from stains4 ,care must be taken to dry it on the board or on some smooth surface very gradually4 ,it will acquire a yellow tint if dried by the sun or before a fire4 ,engravings1 to ,mount4 ,strain thin calico on a frame1 then carefully paste on it the engraving1 so as to be free from creases2 afterwards1 and when dry1 give the engraving two coats of thin size 7made by putting a piece of glue the size of a small nut into a small cupful of hot water72 finally1 when this dries1 varnish the engraving with a varnish known as 'white hard4' ,,enteri',,tis4 ,see ,,inflammation ,,of ,,the ,,bowels4 ,,entozo',a4 ,parasitic animals which infest the bodies of other animals4 ,see ,,worms4 ,,entry1 ,powers of4 ,the ,public ,health ,act thus defines the power of any local authority to enter into premises whereon a nuisance is supposed to exist2 and the conditions under which this power is to be exercised4 ,the local authority or their officer shall be admitted to any premises for the purpose of examining as to the existence of a nuisance thereon1 or of enforcing the provisions of any ,act in force within the district requiring fireplaces and furnaces to consume their own smoke at any time between the hours of nine in the forenoon and six in the afternoon1 or in the case of a nuisance arising in respect of any business1 then at any hour when such business is in progress or is usually carried on4 ,where under the ,public ,health ,act a nuisance has been ascertained to exist1 or an order of abatement or of prohibition has been made1 the local authority or their officer shall be admitted from time to time into the premises between the hours aforesaid until the nuisance is abated or the works ordered to be done are completed1 as the case may be4 ,where an order of abatement or prohibition has not been complied with or has been infringed1 the local authority or their officer shall be admitted from time to time at all reasonable hours or at all hours during which business is in progress or is usually carried on into the premises where the nuisance exists1 in order to abate or remove the same4 ,if admission to premises for any of the purposes of this section is refused1 any justice on complaint thereof on oath by any officer of the local authority 7made after reasonable notice in writing of the intention to make the same has been given to the person having custody of the premises7 may1 by order under his hand1 require the person having custody of the premises to admit the local authority or their officer into the premises during the hours aforesaid2 and if no person having custody of the premises can be found1 the justice shall1 on oath made before him of that fact1 by order under his hand1 authorise the local authority or their officer to enter such premises during the hours aforesaid4 ,any order made by a justice for admission of the local authority or their officer on premises shall continue in force until the nuisance has been abated1 or the work for which the entry was necessary has been done4 ,any person refusing to obey a justices' order for admission of the local authority or their officers is liable to a penalty not exceeding five pounds4 ,power of entry at reasonable times is given to the medical officers of health and inspector of nuisances to inspect food1 c4 ,penalty for obstruction1 five pounds and under4 ,,enure',,sis4 ,see ,,urine4 ,,ephestia ,,eletella--,the ,chocolate ,moth4 ,the larv of this moth frequently cause serious damage to cocoa1 flour1 or biscuits when these are stored4 ,professor ,huxley proposes to guard against the ravages of the insect by the adoption of the following precautions-- #a4 ,have no cocoa stored in any place in which biscuits are manufactured4 #b4 ,lead up all biscuit puncheons as soon as they are full of the freshly-baked biscuit4 #c4 ,coat puncheons with tar after they are leaded up1 or at least work lime-wash well into the joints and crevices4 #d4 ,line the bread-rooms of the ships with tin1 so that if the ,ephestia has got into a puncheon it may not infest the rest of the ship4 #e4 ,if other means fail1 expose the woodwork of puncheons to a heat of #bjj ,f4 for two hours1 or they might be destroyed by driving into the puncheon a stream of carbonic oxide1 and afterwards exposing it well to the air4 ,weevils in biscuit have frequently been exterminated by this method1 and there appears to be no reason why this treatment should not be equally efficacious for getting rid of the larv of the ,ephestia ,eletella4 ,,ephial',,tes4 ,see ,,nightmare4 ,,epidem',,ic4 ,common to many people4 ,in pathology1 an epidemic disease 7,,epidemic2 ,,epidemy7 is one which seizes a number of people at the same time and in the same place1 but which is not dependent on any local cause1 but on some extraordinary condition of the air4 ,when a disease is peculiar to a people or nation1 and appears to depend on local causes1 it is said to be ',,endemic' or ',,enchorial1' ,thus1 ,asiatic cholera may be taken as an example of the first1 and the agues of low countries1 and the goitre of the ,alps1 as examples of the other4 ,epidemics may be divided into indigenous and exotic4 ,amongst the former may be included scarlet fever1 measles1 hooping-cough1 influenza1 typhoid2 whilst the latter embrace such as are imported1 viz4 ,asiatic cholera1 plague1 c4 ,no year passes without the prevalence of an epidemic of one kind or the other in this country4 ,the following enactments for the prevention of epidemic diseases are now in force3-- ,whenever any part of ,england appears to be threatened with1 or is affected by1 any formidable epidemic1 endemic1 or infectious disease1 the ,local ,government ,board may make1 and from time to time alter and revoke1 regulations for all or any of the following purposes1 viz43-- 7#a7 ,for the speedy interment of the dead2 and-- 7#b7 ,for house-to-house visitation2 and-- 7#c7 ,for the provision of medical aid and accommodation1 for the promotion of cleansing1 ventilation1 and disinfection1 and for guarding against the spread of the disease2-- and may by order declare all or any of the regulations so made to be in force within the whole or any part or parts of the district of any local authority1 and to apply to any vessels as well as arms or parts of the sea within the jurisdiction of the ,lord ,high ,admiral of the ,united ,kingdom1 or the ,commissioners for executing the office of the ,lord ,high ,admiral for the time being1 for the period in such order mentioned1 and may by any subsequent order abridge or extend such period4 7,p4 ,h41 s4 #acd47 ,all such regulations1 c41 made by the ,local ,government ,board are to be published in the ',london ,gazette1' and such publication is to be held as conclusive evidence4 7,p4 ,h41 s4 #ace47 ,the local authority of any district within which1 or part of which1 regulations so issued by the ,local ,government ,board are declared to be in force1 shall superintend and see to the execution thereof1 and shall appoint and pay such medical or other officers or persons1 and do and provide all such acts1 matters1 and things as may be necessary for mitigating any such disease1 or for superintending or aiding in the execution of such regulations1 or for executing the same1 as the case may require4 ,moreover1 the local authority may from time to time direct any prosecution or legal proceedings for or in respect of the wilful violation or neglect of any such regulation4 7,p4 ,h41 s4 #acf47 ,the local authority and their officers shall have power of entry on any premises or vessel for the purpose of executing or superintending the execution of any regulations so issued by the ,local ,government ,board as aforesaid4 7,p4 ,h41 s4 #acg47 ,whenever1 in compliance with any regulation so issued by the ,local ,government ,board as aforesaid1 any poor-law medical officer performs any medical service on board any vessel1 he shall be entitled to charge extra for such service1 at the general rate of his allowance for services for the union or place for which he is appointed1 and such charges shall be payable by the captain of such vessel on behalf of the owners thereof1 together with any reasonable expenses for the treatment of the sick4 ,where such services are rendered by any medical practitioner who is not a poor-law medical officer1 he shall be entitled to charges for any service rendered on board1 with extra remuneration on account of distance1 at the same rate as those which he is in the habit of receiving from private patients of the class of those attended and treated on shipboard1 to be paid as aforesaid4 ,in case of dispute in respect of such charges1 such dispute may1 where the charges do not exceed twenty pounds1 be determined by a court of summary jurisdiction2 and such court shall determine summarily the amount which is reasonable1 according to the accustomed rate of charge within the place where the dispute arises for attendance on patients of the like class as those in respect of whom the charge is made4 7,p4 ,h41 s4 #ach47 ,the ,local ,government ,board may1 if they think fit1 by order authorise or require any two or more local authorities to act together for the purposes of the provisions of this ,act relating to prevention of epidemic diseases1 and may prescribe the mode of such joint action1 and of defraying the costs thereof4 7,p4 ,h41 s4 #aci47 ,any person who-- 7#a47 ,wilfully violates any regulation so issued by the ,local ,government ,board1 as aforesaid2 or1 7#b47 ,wilfully obstructs any person acting under the authority or in the execution of any such regulation shall be liable to a penalty not exceeding five pounds4 7,p4 ,h41 s4 #adj47 ,,epigas',,tric4 ,in anatomy1 pertaining to the ,,epigas',,trium1 or the part of the abdomen over the stomach4 ,,epilep',,sy4 ,syn4 ,,falling ,,sickness2 ,,epilepsia1 ,,morbus ,,caducus1 ,l4 ,the popular name of this disease arises from the patient1 when attacked by it1 suddenly falling to the ground4 ,the other leading symptoms consist of convulsions1 stupor1 and1 generally1 frothing at the mouth4 ,it comes on by fits1 which after a time go off1 leaving a certain amount of lassitude and drowsiness behind4 ,sometimes certain peculiar symptoms precede the attack4 ,among these1 a sensation of coldness or of a current of cold air from the extremities of the body towards the head 7,,aura ,,epileptica71 palpitation1 flatulency1 stupor1 and an indescribable cloud or depression1 are the most common4 ,the occurrence of these symptoms are not1 however1 uniform1 even in the same patient2 but it generally happens that the party falls down suddenly1 and without the slightest warning4 ,epilepsy is often symptomatic of other affections1 as excessive irritation of the prim vi from worms1 indigestible or noxious food1 or poison2 or it depends on local injuries1 particularly those of the head1 accompanied with lodgments of water on the brain1 tumours1 pressure1 c4 ,violent affections of the nervous system1 sudden frights or fits of passion1 violent mental emotions1 the sudden suppression of old evacuations1 and1 in childhood1 difficult teething1 are also common causes of sympathetic epilepsy4 ,occasionally it arises from mobility of the sensorium1 induced by plethora1 or by excessive debility4 ,in such cases the treatment must be energetically directed to the removal of the exciting cause4 ,when epilepsy occurs as an idiopathic or primary affection1 or when it cannot be referred to any apparent cause1 more especially when the attack commences about the age of puberty1 and the fits are frequent1 it is generally hereditary1 and there is great danger of its terminating either in apoplexy1 or lunacy1 or imbecility4 ,the treatment of idiopathic epilepsy is principally directed to the improvement of the general health1 and the diminution of nervous irritability by sedatives and tonics4 ,among the first1 camphor1 ether1 henbane1 hemlock1 musk1 oil of cajeput1 opium1 and morphia1 and1 more recently1 hydrocyanic acid1 have been principally relied on4 ,among the second1 bark1 cascarilla1 quinine1 strychnia1 valerian1 the sulphate of iron1 zinc1 and copper1 arsenious acid1 and nitrate of silver1 have each their zealous advocates4 ,the objection against the last preparation is the danger of its disfiguring the patient1 by tinging the skin of a permanent dull1 leaden hue4 ,in cases accompanied with plethora1 a low diet1 daily out-of-door exercise1 and the frequent use of aperients1 with occasional blistering1 cupping1 and other depletive measures1 are indicated2 whilst in those marked by inanition and debility1 an entirely opposite course must be adopted4 ,when the disease is complicated with syphilis1 a mild course of mercury may be given2 and when with scrofula1 iodine1 iodide of potassium1 or cod-liver oil1 assisted by sea-bathing1 will be proper4 ,among other methods of treatment may be mentioned the administration of an active emetic or purgative1 twice weekly1 in the morning1 when the stomach is empty4 ,the first has now few supporters2 but the second is said to be often productive of great benefit4 ,during a fit of epilepsy the only thing that can be done for the patient is to prevent the sufferer injuring himself1 and to loosen every part of his dress that presses on his head1 neck1 or chest4 ,when premonitory symptoms occur1 a brisk emetic1 a large dose of laudanum and ether1 a cold plunge or shower bath 7when not contra-indicated71 or anything else which gives a sudden shock to the system or raises its tone1 frequently prevents the accession of the fit4 ,epilepsy more commonly attacks children than adults1 and boys than girls4 ,its returns are frequently periodical1 and its paroxysms commence more frequently in the night than in the day1 being somewhat connected with sleep4 ,it is sometimes counterfeited by street impostors in order to excite the charity of the passers-by4 ,for ,animals4 ,all animals are subject to attacks of epilepsy1 more particularly dogs and pigs4 ,the animal seized with the fit loses the senses of sight and hearing1 and falling down exhibits the same symptoms as those which accompany the disease in human beings4 ,cattle1 although they bellow greatly during an attack1 rarely die from it2 but it not infrequently suffocates dogs1 and is in them a not unusual cause of sudden death4 ,the fit1 which lasts from ten to fifty minutes1 when it passes off1 leaves the animal dull1 and is apt to return4 ,epileptic fits are a frequent accompaniment of distemper in dogs4 ,they are often induced in cattle by tough and indigestible food1 and in these as well as in dogs1 by intestinal worms4 ,hot weather and excitement1 especially in dogs1 are a frequent cause of an epileptic fit4 ,by energetic treatment after the first attack the further course of the malady may often be arrested4 ,the best treatment is to give1 when the fit is over1 a brisk purge1 with an ounce of oil of turpentine in horses or cattle1 and twenty to forty drops in dogs4 ,if the disease is caused by worms give the medicines ordered in such cases4 ,,epispas',,tics4 ,see ,,blister and ,,vesicant4 ,,ep',,ithem4 ,syn4 ,,epithema1 ,l4 ,any external liquid medicine for local application2 as an embrocation or lotion4 ,some writers confine the term to those preparations which are intended to be applied by means of a cloth dipped into them4 ,see ,,liniment1 ,,lotion1 c4 ,epithem1 ,astrin''gent4 ,syn4 ,,epithema ,,astringens1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,powdered ice1 #g dr42 powdered catechu1 #a dr42 mix4 #b4 7,brera47 ,powdered bole and rhatany1 of each #a oz42 vinegar of roses1 q4 s4 to form a paste4 ,both are applied to the nostrils and forehead to stop bleeding at the nose4 ,epithem1 ,gly''cerin4 ,syn4 ,,epithema ,,glycerin1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,mr ,startin47 ,glycerin1 #a oz42 rose water and lime water1 of each #c or #d fl4 oz42 powdered gum tragacanth1 q4 s4 to form a thin mucilage4 ,in scalds1 burns1 and excoriations4 ,epithem1 ,vermifuge4 ,syn4 ,,epithema ,,vermifugum1 ,l4 7,hoffmann74 ,wormwood and centaury1 beaten up with aloes and colocynth1 and applied over the belly4 ,epithem1 ,vesica'ting4 ,syn4 ,,epithema ,,vesicatorium1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,alibert47 ,rye or barley meal1 made into a paste with vinegar1 and #cj to #dj gr4 or more of powdered ,spanish flies sprinkled over the surface4 #b4 7,ph4 ,l4 #agdf47 ,spanish flies 7in fine powder7 and wheat flour1 equal parts1 made into paste with vinegar1 q4 s4 ,as a blister4 ,epithem1 ,vol'atile4 ,syn4 ,,epithema ,,volatile1 ,e4 ,,ammoni1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,l4 #agfd47 ,common turpentine and water of ammonia1 equal parts4 ,an excellent counter-irritant2 either with or without the addition of a little olive oil4 ,,epizootic ,,diseases4 ,these are diseases which attack different species of domestic animals in the same manner that epidemics do man4 ,these maladies ravage large tracts of country1 frequently causing great mortality amongst the various animals inhabiting the localities visited by them2 different animals being assailed by different forms of epizootic disease4 ,for instance1 there is the rinderpest1 or plague peculiar to cattle1 the typhoid or gastric fever which prevailed so largely amongst horses in this country in #ahed1 and #ahfa and #ahfb2 the smallpox of sheep2 the diphtheria affecting oxen1 sheep1 goats1 and pigs2 the influenza of horses1 and the charbon of pigs4 ,dogs1 cats1 tame and wild birds1 fish1#bgg silkworms and bees1 each suffers from a special variety of epizootic disease4 ,footnote #bgg3 ,great mortality has prevailed amongst the salmon during the present year1 owing to the attacks of a peculiar white fungus1 called the ,saprolegnia ferox1 a parasite that multiplies so rapidly as speedily to envelope any fish it attacks4 ,epizootic diseases are met with in most ,european countries4 ,they are very common in ,russia1 where they commit great devastation amongst the horned cattle1 #djj1jjj of which are said to die annually from their ravages4 ,of epizootics1 ,mr ,finlay ,dun says3--,they extend at the same time over large tracts of country1 attack in a similar manner great numbers of animals1 tend to assume a typhoid form1 and withstand badly all depletive treatment4 ,they depend upon some general causes as yet unknown1 but which it has usually been thought sufficient to term atmospheric2 but are always most common and fatal amongst animals breathing impure air1 densely crowded1 badly fed1 or exposed to cold winds2 and are generally prevented or robbed of their virulence by guarding against such debilitating causes1 and maintaining a high standard of health4 ,,equise',,tic ,,acid4 ,in chemistry1 a substance identical with ,,aconitic ,,acid 7which see74 ,,equiv',,alent4 7,,equivalency47 ,in modern chemistry1 the equivalent of a body is that weight of it which will exactly replace in a compound #a atom of hydrogen or #a atom of either of the other monivalent elements 7see ,table1 below74 ,monivalent elements are those which replace one atom of hydrogen in chemical combinations in the ratios of their atomic weights4 ,one atom of a divalent1 trivalent1 tetrivalent1 pentivalent1 and hexivalent element replaces respectively1 or is equivalent to1 two1 three1 four1 five1 or six atoms of hydrogen or of any other monivalent element4 7,for further information on this subject consult the works on chemistry by ,fownes1 ,miller1 ,kay-,shuttleworth1 c47 ,table of the ,elements1 arranged according to their ,equivalency4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,monivalent4 ,divalent4 ,trivalent4 ,tetrivalent4,pentivalent4 ,hexivalent4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,hydrogen ,oxygen ,boron ,carbon ,nitrogen ,sulphur ,fluorine ,barium ,gold ,silicon ,phosphorus ,selenium ,chlorine ,strontium ,tin ,vanadium ,tellurium ,bromine ,calcium ,titanium ,arsenic ,tungsten ,iodine ,magnesium ,thorium ,antimony ,molybdenum ,csium ,zinc ,niobium ,bismuth ,osmium ,rubidium ,didymium ,tantalum ,iridium ,potassium ,lanthanium ,zinconium ,ruthenium ,sodium ,yttrium ,aluminium ,rhodium ,lithium ,glucinum ,platinum ,chromium ,thallium ,cadmium ,palladium ,manganese ,silver ,mercury ,lead ,iron ,copper ,cobalt ,nickel ,uranium ,cerium ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,,erb',,ium4 ,according to ,prof4 ,mosander1 the substance usually called yttria is a mixture of the oxides of three metals--yttrium1 erbium1 and terbium1 which differ in the character of their salts1 and in some other important particulars4 ,the first is a powerful base2 the others1 very weak ones4 ,the latter are separated with extreme difficulty1 and possess no practical importance4 ,illustration ,,erdman',s ,,float4 ,this useful little instrument1 invented as its name implies1 by ,erdman1 is used to ensure accuracy in the readings of ,mohr's burette4 ,it is in the form of an elongated glass bulb1 loaded with a globule of mercury at the bottom1 the same as a hydrometer1 and with a glass hook at the top1 by means of which it can be placed in or removed from the liquid in the burette at pleasure4 ,the float has a circular mark scratched by a diamond1 running round the middle1 which1 when the instrument is placed in the fluid in the burette1 should correspond with the graduation or degree on the burette at which the fluid stands4 ,the actual height of the fluid in the burette is of no consequence1 since1 if the operation be commenced with the line on the float opposite the #j gradation on the burette1 the same proportional division is always maintained4 ,it is most essential that1 when the fluid is being drawn off1 the float should accompany it in its descent without wavering1 and that the circular mark upon it should always be parallel to the graduations of the burette4 ,another condition is1 that when the float has been pressed down in the fluid of the closed burette it should slowly rise again4 ,a correspondent in ,liebig's ',annalen der ,chemie und ,pharmacie' for ,april1 #ahge1 states that ,erdman's floats generally become lined internally with a green or yellow layer1 from the oxidation of the mercury1 and are thus rendered opaque and consequently useless4 ,he proposes to place the mercury in a distinct cell1 hermetically sealed from the upper part of the float which carries the circular mark4 ,he has had floats of this construction in use for years4#bgh ,see ,,burette4 ,footnote #bgh3 ',chemical ,news4' ,,eremacau',,sis4 ,slow burning2 decay4 ,this expression was applied by ,liebig to the peculiar decomposition which moist organic matter undergoes1 when freely exposed to the air1 by the oxygen of which it is gradually burned or destroyed1 without any sensible elevation of temperature4 ,see ,,putrefaction4 ,,er',,got4 ,syn4 ,,ergot ,,of ,,rye1 ,,spurred ,,rye1 ,,horned ,r41 ,,cockspur ,r41 ,,obstetrical ,r4 ,,ergota 7,b4 ,p471 ,l4 ,the diseased seeds of ,secale cereale 7,linn471 or common rye4 ,ergot of rye deteriorates greatly by age1 being subject to the attacks of a description of acarus resembling the cheese mite1 but much smaller1 which destroys the whole of the internal portion of the grain1 leaving nothing but the shell1 and a considerable quantity of excrementitious matter4 ,to prevent this the ergot should be well dried1 and then placed in bottles or tin canisters1 and closely preserved from the air4 ,the addition of a few cloves1 or drops of the oil of cloves1 or strong acetic acid1 or a little camphor1 or camphorated spirit of wine1 will preserve this substance for years in close vessels4 ,m4 ,martin proposes to steep the dry ergot in strong mucilage1 and then to dry it on a sheet of white iron4 ,this operation he repeats once or oftener1 and finally preserves the prepared and thoroughly dried ergot in a well-corked glass flask4 7',jour4 de ,chimie ,md4'7 ,the wholesale druggists generally keep it in well-covered tin canisters or tin boxes4 ,h4 ,ducros 7',zeitschr4 des ,oesterr4 ,apoth4 ,ver41' #ahgf-h71 on the strength of many years' experience1 recommends powdered wood-charcoal for the preservation of ergot of rye4 ,the ergot is placed in a wide-mouth stoppered bottle1 and covered with a thick layer of the powdered charcoal4 ,whenever it is required for use some of the ergot is transferred to a piece of paper1 and freed from the adhering charcoal by blowing and rubbing4 ,what is not required is returned to the bottle4 ,n4 ,b4 ,gionovi 7',zeitschr4 des ,oesterr4 ,apoth4 ,ver41' #ahgf1 #abf7 states he has used the following process with the best success4 ,a small quantity of ether is dropped on the ergot contained in a bottle1 and the latter closed with a well-fitting stopper4 ,the addition of ether is repeated every time the bottle is opened4 ,ergot of rye is much used to restrain uterine hmorrhage1 and to accelerate the contraction of the uterus in protracted labour4 ,it is also much used as an emmenagogue4--,dose4 ,to facilitate labour1 #bj to #cj gr41 either in powder or made into an infusion2 repeated at intervals of #bj or #cj minutes until #c or #d scruples have been taken4 ,in other cases 7leucorrhoea1 hmorrhages1 c47 the dose is #e to #ab gr41 three times daily1 for a period not longer than a week or ten days at a time4 ,m4 ,tancret states that he has succeeded in obtaining an alkaloid from ergot of rye1 which he names ergotinine4 ,the isolation of ergotinine is said to be attended with great difficulty1 owing to its great tendency to undergo spontaneous changes1 a short contact with the air being sufficient to decompose it2 a circumstance which may perhaps help to explain the rapid change that the powder ergot experiences4 ,professor ,dragendorff1 however1 refuses to admit that ergotinine is the active principle of ergot1 or that it is a distinct chemical substance4 ,he ascribes the therapeutic power of the drug mainly to sclerotic acid1 which body1 after various unsuccessful attempts1 he has obtained from ergot1 with certain other determinate compounds1 by the following process3--,very finely powdered ergot is exhausted with distilled water1 the solution concentrated in vacuo1 and the residuary liquid mixed with an equal volume of #ie per cent4 alcohol4 ,this causes the precipitation of a peculiarly shiny substance 7scleromucin71 together with a portion of the salts1 and the greater part of the suspended fatty matter4 ,the mixture having been allowed to stand on ice for twenty-four to forty-eight hours1 it is filtered1 and the filtrate mixed with a further quantity of #ie per cent4 alcohol1 sufficient to precipitate all the sclerotic acid in combination with the bases 7chiefly as calcium sclerotate74 ,the separation of the precipitate is promoted as before1 by placing the mixture on ice for some days4 ,this causes the deposited mass1 which has a brownish colour1 to adhere firmly to the walls of the vessel1 so as to permit the supernatant liquid to be easily poured off4 ,the precipitate is kneaded with alcohol of #hj per cent41 and immediately thereafter dissolved in a sufficient quantity of #dj per cent4 alcohol1 when the remainder of the scleromucin and another large portion of the foreign salts are left behind4 ,the filtered liquid is now mixed with absolute alcohol1 whereby sclerotic acid is precipitated in conjunction with certain bases and other substances4 ,the impure product1 when carefully dried over sulphuric acid1 was found on analysis to contain #he per cent4 of potassium1 about #jcf per cent4 of calcium1 #dc per cent4 of sodium1 #bgd per cent4 of phosphoric acid1 or altogether #abi per cent4 of ash4 ,the greater part of these admixtures may be removed1 and the sclerotic acid obtained free1 by adding before the final precipitation with absolute alcohol a considerable quantity of hydrochloric acid 7for every #ajj c4 c4 of solution #e-f gm4 of the acid1 sp4 gr4 #aajj71 allowing to stand at ordinary temperature for a few hours1 and then proceeding to precipitate4 ,in this manner the amount of ash may be brought down to #c per cent41 and by repeated solution1 addition of acid1 and precipitation1 it may further be reduced to less than #b per cent4 or #c per cent4 ,a more complete purification is difficult and hazardous1 because every addition of hydrochloric acid causes the decomposition of a small quantity of sclerotic acid1 while at the same time a portion of the latter is lost by remaining in solution4 ,the resulting product1 although not chemically pure1 is nevertheless physiologically pure1 as it always produces constant and identical results1 no matter from what sample of 7good7 ergot it was obtained4 ,good ergot contains about #d to #de per cent4 of the acid1 although samples are met with which contain scarcely #ae to #b per cent4#bgi ,footnote #bgi3 ,from ',new ,remedies4' ,frogs are stated to have been thrown into a state of palsy by the hypodermic injection of #jjb to #jjd gram of sclerotic acid4 ,see ,,decoction1 ,,extract1 ,,infusion1 ,,oil1 ,,tincture1 c4 ,,er',,gotin4 ,syn4 ,,ergotina1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,bonjean's47 ,powdered ergot is exhausted with cold water1 by displacement1 and the resulting solution is heated in a water bath to about #bjj ,fahr41 and filtered2 the filtered liquor is then evaporated to the consistence of a syrup1 and when cold1 is treated with rectified spirit1 in considerable excess1 to precipitate its gummy matter2 after repose1 the clear portion is decanted1 by the heat of a water bath1 to the consistence of a soft extract4 ,prod4 #ae4 ,according to ,m4 ,bonjean1 this preparation possesses all the 'hmostatic' without any of the 'poisonous' qualities of ergot4 ,it has a reddish-brown colour1 a bitter taste1 and an odour somewhat resembling that of roasted meat4 ,its aqueous solution is red1 limpid1 and transparent4--,dose1 #d to #aj gr41 either made into a pill or dissolved in water4 #b4 7,wigger's47 ,powdered ergot is first digested in ether1 to remove the fatty matter1 and then in boiling alcohol2 the alcoholic tincture is evaporated1 and the resulting extract treated with water2 the undissolved portion1 dissolved in hot alcohol and filtered1 yields pure ergotine by gentle evaporation4--,prod4 #a-a_/d4 ,it has a brownish-red colour2 is resinous1 acrid1 bitter1 insoluble in water and ether1 soluble in alcohol1 and poisonous4 ,it evolves a peculiar odour when warmed4 ,its therapeutical action has not been determined4 ,see ,,extract4 ,,er',,rhines4 ,syn4 ,,errhina1 ,l4 ,substances applied to the pituitary membrane of the nose1 for the purpose of producing an increased discharge of nasal mucus4 ,when they are given to excite sneezing1 they are called ,,sternutatories or ,,ptarmics4 ,asarabacca1 euphorbium1 several of the labiat 7herb vel flores71 sal-ammoniac1 powdered sugar1 subsulphate of mercury1 tobacco1 and white hellebore1 are the principal substances of this class4 ,errhines act as local irritants1 and are occasionally employed in chronic affections of the eyes1 face1 ears1 and brain2 as in amaurosis1 ophthalmia1 deafness1 weak sight1 headache1 c4 ,errhine1 ,al'um4 ,syn4 ,,errhinum ,,aluminis1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,radius47 ,alum and ,armenian bole1 of each1 #a dr42 kino1 #a_/b dr42 red oxide of iron1 #b dr4 7all in powder72 mix and triturate4 ,in bleeding at the nose4 ,a little is snuffed up the nostrils4 ,errhine1 ,hmostat'ic4 ,syn4 ,,errhinum ,h,,mostaticus1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from powdered catechu1 #a dr42 opium1 #e gr42 sugar1 #b dr4 ,as the last4 ,,eruptions 7of the ,skin74 ,for brevity and convenience1 these cutaneous affections may be divided into #e classes3-- ,eruptions1 ,animal'cular4 ,these are due to the presence of minute parasites 7,,acari71 which burrow and breed in the scarf-skin1 and occasion much local irritation4 ,see ,,itch4 ,eruptions1 ,pap'ular4 ,syn4 ,,dry ,,pimples4 ,in these the surface is raised into little elevations or pimples1 which sometimes show themselves on the surface1 and at others are only appreciable by the touch4 ,they are usually accompanied with a greater or less degree of cutaneous irritation and troublesome itching1 in attempting to relieve which they are frequently converted into disagreeable and painful sores and excoriations1 which are often difficult to heal4 ,treat4 ,in simple cases1 where there is not much disarrangement of the general health1 these eruptions commonly yield to the occasional use of mild saline aperients1 and warm or tepid bathing1 or frequent ablution with warm soap and water4 ,sea-bathing is also a powerful remedy4 ,stimulants of all kinds should be avoided1 and ripe fruit and vegetables should form a prominent part of the diet4 ,lemonade1 made by squeezing a lemon into a tumbler of water1 and sweetening the mixture with a little sugar1 is one of the best beverages on these occasions4 ,to relieve the itching1 brisk friction with a soft flesh-brush may be had recourse to1 followed by the use of a lotion formed by adding the juice of a lemon or a wine-glassful of distilled vinegar1 to #c_/d of a pint or a pint of water1 either with or without the addition of a table-spoonful of glycerin4 ,occasional single pimples1 depending on local causes1 generally require no particular treatment4 ,see ,,lichen1 ,,prurigo1 ,,red ,,gum1 and ,,toothrash4 ,eruptions1 ,pus'tular4 ,syn4 ,,mattery ,,pimples4 ,these are distinguished by the pimples 7pustules7 containing an opaque yellow fluid or matter 7pus1 lymph74 ,they are generally developed on a ground of inflamed skin2 and the degree of this inflammation of the skin is the basis of their division into two groups1 termed technically ',,impetigo' and ',,ecthyma1' ,the former presents the slighter degree of inflammation1 and1 sometimes1 there is scarcely any redness of the skin2 the latter is always accompanied by considerable inflammation and redness4 ,the little bubbles attain their full size in the course of two or three days1 and either dry up without breaking1 or more frequently burst and then dry1 forming a hard crust1 which offers considerable variety of colour1 being sometimes yellowish1 sometimes brownish1 and sometimes almost black4 ,the latter form is popularly known as 'crusted tetter4' ,in ecthyma the pustules are generally of the size of a split pea1 and surrounded at their base by a broad halo of redness4 ,they are usually separate1 not clustered like impetigo1 scattered over various parts of the body1 and followed either by a hard black crust or by a sore4 ,treat4 ,the inflammation and pain may be generally alleviated by the application of a lotion formed of rectified spirit of wine1 #a part2 and water1 #e or #f parts2 to which a table-spoonful of distilled vinegar is often added4 ,the crusts or scabs1 when they become hard or troublesome1 may be removed by a warm fomentation or an emollient poultice2 a little simple cerate being afterwards applied to allay irritation4 ,when the constitution is full and inflammatory 7as it usually is in impetigo71 a depletive treatment may be adopted1 when it is low and debilitated 7as it usually is in ecthyma71 tonics and a more liberal diet1 with the free use of lemon juice diluted with water1 as a beverage1 should be had recourse to4 ,sea-bathing is also highly useful4 ,see ,,tetters4 ,eruptions1 ,sca'ly4 ,syn4 ,,dry ,,tetter4 ,this is a form of inflammatory condition of the true skin 7,,derma71 which commonly makes its appearance as a small dull red1 salmon-red1 or liver-coloured spot1 slightly raised above the level of the surrounding skin1 constituting a broad1 flat1 pimple-like prominence1 about the size of a split pea4 ,upon the surface of this prominence the scarf-skin becomes slightly roughened1 and after a little while a very distinct but circular scale is produced1 which increases in thickness by the addition of fresh layers1 and after assuming various colours in different varieties of the disease1 ultimately separates and falls off1 either leaving a permanently bare surface1 or being followed by crops of other like scales1 which also fall off1 and are replaced in rapid succession4 ,this class of eruptions is more obstinate than any of the other varieties1 and often defies medical skill4 ,each particular form generally requires special treatment4 ,in all1 however1 endeavours should be made to restore the general health of the body in the manner which existing circumstances may indicate4 ,the red meats1 ripe fruit1 and antiscorbutic vegetables should form a large portion of the diet2 and sea-bathing1 or shower1 sulphuretted1 or ioduretted baths1 should be taken daily1 if possible4 ,dry friction with a flesh-brush1 and daily exercise to perspiration1 are also highly recommended4 ,see ,,leprosy1 ,,psoriasis1 ,,tetters1 c4 ,eruptions1 ,vesic'ular4 ,syn4 ,,watery ,,pimples4 ,these consist of little vesicles or bladders1 filled with a small quantity of a transparent and colourless liquid4 ,they result from a similar action to that which produces ordinary blisters4 ,inflammation is excited in the sensitive skin by an inward or outward cause1 and the inflamed vessels pour out the watery part of the blood1 and so raise the scarf-skin from off the sensitive layer1 in the form of a small dome1 which in some situations is conical1 in others a segment of a sphere4 ,they present great variety in point of number and size2 some are so minute as to be scarcely discernible without close inspection1 whilst others increase to the magnitude of a hen's egg4 ,they are numerous in the inverse ratio of their size2 the smaller ones being very abundant1 and the larger ones scanty and few4 ,treat4 ,this consists chiefly in the due attention to the general principles of health--cleanliness1 exercise1 food1 and raiment1 as already pointed out1 assisted by such special remedies as the particular case or circumstances may demand4 ,antiphlogistics or tonics must be had recourse to1 according to the condition of the system1 and local irritation allayed by the usual means4 ,simple cases frequently yield to a dose or two of some saline aperient and a change of diet4 ,see ,,acne1 ,,erysipelas1 ,,pemphigus1 ,,rupia1 ,,tetters1 and ,,skin4 ,,ervalen',,ta4 ,the meal of lentil 7,ervum lens1--,linn471 variously doctored with other substances4 ,in some cases the article sold under the name does not contain a particle of lentil meal4 ,prep4 #a4 7,paris ,ervalenta47 ,indian-corn meal 7fine71 and bean flour1 of each #ad lbs42 salt and sugar1 of each #a lb42 mix1 and pass the compound through a sieve4 #b4 7,warton's47 ,lentil powder1 #a part2 durra or ,turkey millet flour 7,sorghum vulgare71 #b parts4 ,some persons assert that it contains a large quantity of the flour of ,indian corn4 ,see ,,revalenta and ,,lentils4 ,,eryn'',,go4 ,syn4 ,,eryngium1 ,l4 ,the root of the ,eryngium campestre1 a plant common in middle and southern ,europe4 ,it is sweet1 aromatic1 and tonic1 and formerly enjoyed much repute in gonorrhoea1 suppressed menstruation1 and visceral obstructions generally1 especially those of the gall-bladder1 liver1 and uterus4 ,candied eryngo 7,,eryngium ,,conditum1 ,,eryngii ,,radix ,,condita71 according to ,lindley1 has the credit of being a decided aphrodisiac1 and has a considerable sale4 ,eryngium aquaticum 7bitter snake-weed7 and ,e4 maritimum 7sea eryngo1 sea holly7 furnish the eryngo of the ,ph4 ,u4 ,s4 ,see ,,candying4 ,,erysip',,elas4 ,syn4 ,,st4 ,,anthony',s ,,fire1 ,,the ,,rose4 ,a peculiar form of inflammation1 which chiefly attacks the skin1 and is generally accompanied or followed by an eruption of a very red colour1 sometimes vesicular1 and by tumefaction4 ,it commonly attacks the head and face1 and is at its height from the third to the sixth day1 but the duration and progress of the symptoms are variable4 ,from the eighth to the twelfth day the eruption usually scabs or scales off4 ,sometimes suppuration occurs1 especially of the eyelids and scalp1 and during the latter stages of the disease there is1 in general1 a tendency to debility4 ,in many cases erysipelas is attended by typhoid symptoms1 and is then a dangerous and often fatal disease4 ,treat4 ,aperients and diaphoretics1 assisted by a cooling diet4 ,when the inflammatory symptoms run high1 blistering and cupping are frequently had recourse to4 ,local irritation may be subdued by milk-and-water1 or cooling or evaporating lotions1 or by sprinkling starch1 hair-powder1 or arrow-root1 on the part4 ,the tendency to debility in the latter stages should be combated with bark1 quinine1 or other like tonics4 ,when shiverings1 sickness1 and delirium1 attend the height of the disorder1 wine1 bark1 ammonia1 and other stimulants1 are usually prescribed1 and depletion must be avoided4 ,the same treatment is also adopted in the gangrenous forms of the disease1 to which doses of opium and calomel are also commonly added4 ,when suppuration and sloughing of the cellular membrane have taken place1 it is usual to make incisions to give exit to the discharge1 and relieve the tension of the limb4 ,these may be about #a-a_/b inch in length1 and from #b to #d inches apart1 and should be made in the direction of the long dimensions of the limb4 ,mr ,higginbottom1 of ,nottingham1 applies 7freely7 lunar caustic to the inflamed skin1 and also to the healthy skin1 to the extent of an inch or more beyond it4 ,the result1 in many cases1 is a complete change of action in the part1 and a resolution of the disease4 ,iodine paint is often successfully used in the same way4 ,wherever practicable medical assistance should be called in on the first appearance of this dangerous disease4 ,erysipelas is generally symptomatic of a debilitated or bad constitution4 ,it is also a common sequel of surgical operations in crowded and ill-ventilated hospitals1 where it often appears to be contagious4 ,in these cases cleanliness1 ventilation1 and change of air1 are the only remedies4 ,we need scarcely add1 that this disease should never be tampered with1 but the best medical advice sought1 whenever it can be procured4 ,for animals4 ,the bowels should be kept gently open1 by small doses of medicine1 and laxative glysters4 ,if there be any feverish symptoms1 saline diuretics should be administered2 and as a lowering treatment is objectionable1 tonics and stimulants should be had recourse to at an early stage of the disease4 ,the affected parts should be kept constantly moist with a lotion composed of one part of ,goulard's extract to thirty parts of distilled or freshly boiled water4 ,nutritious food1 fresh air and general comfort must not be neglected4 ,cold applications are hurtful4 ,horses are seldom attacked by erysipelas4 ,,erythore',,tin4 ,syn4 ,,red ,,resin ,,of ,,rhubarb4 ,a yellow or reddish-yellow substance1 forming one of the three resins found by ,schlsberger and ,doepping in rhubarb4 ,it is very soluble in alcohol2 less so in ether2 with ammonia and potassa it forms soluble compounds of a rich purple colour4 ,see ,,rhubarb4 ,,eryth',,ric ,,acid4 ,prep4 ,the lichen ,roccella tinctoria 7,canary or herb-archil7 is boiled with milk of lime1 and the filtered solution precipitated with hydrochloric acid2 the dried precipitate is dissolved in warm alcohol1 and filtered2 as the solution cools1 crystals of erythric acid are deposited4 ,prep41 c4 ,feebly acid2 colourless2 inodorous2 scarcely soluble in water2 soluble in alcohol and ether2 chloride of lime turns its solutions of a blood-red colour4 ,,eryth',,rine1 ,,amarythrine1 ,,erythriline1 ,,pseudo-,,erythrine1 and ,,telerythrine4 ,substances obtained by ,kane and ,heeren from ,roccella tinctoria1 ,parmelia roccella1 ,leconara ,tartarea1 c4 ,they are of little practical importance4 ,,escharot',,ics4 ,syn4 ,,escharotica1 ,l4 ,substances that destroy the texture of living organic bodies1 with the production of an 'eschar' or 'scab4' ,escharotics have been divided into two classes--mechanical and chemical4 ,among the former are actual cauteries1 as a heated iron1 moxas1 c42 among the latter are all those substances commonly known as caustics4 ,some writers have subdivided chemical escharotics into ,,eroding ,,escharotics1 as blue vitriol1 red precipitate1 burnt alum1 c42 and into ,,caustic ,,escharotics1 as lunar caustic1 pure potassa1 strong sulphuric acid1 nitric acid1 c42 but these distinctions possess little practical value4 ,in cauterising with a heated iron1 this should be at a white heat1 as1 at this temperature1 it occasions less pain to the patient1 from its causing an immediate death of the parts to which it is applied4 ,the surrounding surface should be protected by some non-conductor of heat1 but not by wet paper or cloth1 as the sudden extrication of steam will produce a blistered surface around the burn1 and will much increase the pain4 7,dr ,r4 ,e4 ,griffith47 ,see ,,caustic1 ,,solution1 c4 ,,es',,culents4 ,substances used for food4 ,the more important esculents are noticed under their respective heads4 ,,escu',,lic ,,acid4 ,a peculiar acid found by ,m4 ,bussy in the bark of the horse-chestnut4 ,it is but little known1 and has not been applied to any use4 ,,eserine4 ,powder of ,calabar bean1 #ajj parts2 tartaric acid1 #a part2 potassium bicarbonate in powder1 q4 s42 alcohol 7#ij7 q4 s42 rectified and washed ether q4 s4 ,exhaust the bean mixed with tartaric acid by several digestions in alcohol at the heat of a water-bath1 alcohol equal to about three times the weight of the powder being used for each maceration4 ,distil the combined liquors and filter2 heat the residue in a water-bath exposed to the air until it contains no more alcohol4 ,after cooling suspend the extract in a small quantity of distilled water1 and filter through paper to separate the insoluble resin4 ,agitate the filtrate with rectified and washed ether1 until the ether is no longer sensibly coloured2 two or three treatments are usually sufficient4 ,treat the aqueous liquor which contains the eserine in the state of acid tartrate1 with a slight excess of potassium bicarbonate1 until the reaction is alkaline4 ,shake this liquor several times with ether1 which removes the liberated eserine1 and deposits it upon evaporation4 ,the product is purified by fresh crystallisations from ether4 ,pure eserine is colourless or slightly rose coloured2 it crystallises in thin lamin having a rhomboid form4 ,most frequently it occurs in commerce under the form of yellowish spangles1 or amorphous masses more or less coloured by the action of the air4 ,it is slightly soluble in water1 but dissolves freely in alcohol1 ether1 and chloroform4 ,when a one per cent4 solution of it is treated with potash or soda it rapidly acquires a characteristic rose colour4 ,heated in a flask with a water-bath in contact with excess of ammonia1 it gives upon evaporation of the liquor in the open air1 a magnificent blue colour1 very soluble in the water4 ,this solution treated with acids1 produces a very fine dichroic liquor1 violet and transparent by transmission1 and carmine red and turbid by refraction4 ,eserine has the property of contracting energetically the pupil of the eye4 ,a kilogram of ,calabar beans yields on the average one gram of eserine 7from ',formul for new ,medicaments1 adopted by the ,paris ,pharmaceutical ,society4'7 ,see ,,calabar ,,bean4 ,eserine1 ,neutral ,hydrobromate of4 ,this body is prepared with colourless hydrobromic acid in the same manner as the sulphate4 ,the solution evaporated to a syrupy consistence1 crystallises in the course of a few days in fibrous masses1 rarely colourless and non-deliquescent4 ,the neutral hydrobromate of eserine is employed like the sulphate and in the same doses1 although it contains a little less eserine4 7,from ',formul for ,new ,medicaments1' adopted by the ,paris ,pharmaceutical ,society47 ,see ,,calabar ,,bean4 ,eserine1 ,neutral ,sulphate of4 ,this salt is obtained by saturating directly and exactly a known quantity of eserine with dilute sulphuric acid 7#a in #aj72 or better still1 by shaking a solution of the eserine with a titrated solution of sulphuric acid so as not to exceed the point of saturation4 ,the filtered solution of sulphate of eserine is evaporated rapidly to dryness by the aid of a gentle heat4 ,sulphate of eserine can be crystallised in long prismatic needles1 combined in radiating groups1 but it is very difficult4 ,it is preferable to preserve it in the amorphous state1 and in well-stoppered bottles1 as it is very deliquescent4 ,sulphate of eserine is employed like eserine1 internally under the form of granules containing up to one milligram4 ,it is employed also for the eyes as a solution1 containing two to five centigrams of the salt to ten grams of distilled water4 ,solutions containing eserine1 pure or combined1 alter rapidly in contact with the air1 becoming red2 they should only be prepared in small quantities as required4 7,from ',formul for ,new ,medicaments1' adopted by the ,paris ,pharmaceutical ,society47 ,see ,,calabar ,,bean4 ,,esprit4 ,fr4 ,,spirit4 ,this term is commonly applied to alcoholic solutions of the essential oils1 and to various odorous and aromatic essences sold by the perfumers and druggists as articles of the toilet4 ,see ,,essence1 ,,spirit1 c4 ,,es',,sence4 ,syn4 ,,essentia1 ,l4 ,the active and characteristic portion of a substance1 or that on which its most remarkable properties depend4 ,the term has been very loosely applied to various preparations presumed to contain these essential principles or qualities1 disencumbered of grosser matter4 ,modern systematic writers generally restrict its application to the volatile oils obtained from vegetable substances by distillation1 or to a strong solution of them in alcohol4 ,in pharmacy and perfumery1 the word 'essence' is applied to concentrated preparations that differ vastly from each other4 ,thus1 concentrated effusions1 decoctions1 liquors1 solutions1 and tinctures1 are frequently called 'essences' by those who vend them2 but the term 'fluid extracts' would be more appropriate1 if those already mentioned are not deemed sufficiently showy and attractive4 ,we shall here confine ourselves to a brief notice of the principal compound essences1 or those that undergo some preparation beyond being merely extracted from vegetables by distillation along with water4 ,the latter will be considered under the article ,,oil4 ,the concentrated preparations of the pharmaceutist1 termed 'essences1' are mostly prepared by digesting the active ingredient or ingredients in rectified spirit of wine1 either with or without the addition of a certain portion of water2 or they are extemporaneously formed by dissolving a portion of the essential oil of such substances in the spirit4 ,in this way are made the essences of lavender1 musk1 ginger1 c4 ,when it is desired only to obtain the aromatic and volatile portion of the ingredients1 the latter are usually digested in the spirit for a few days1 and then submitted to distillation1 when the alcohol comes over loaded with aromatic essential oil1 or other volatile matter4 ,in this way are prepared most of the fragrant essences of the perfumer and druggist1 when simple solution of the essential oils in alcohol is not resorted to4 ,in many cases the active principles of the ingredients are partly volatile and partly fixed1 or at least do not readily volatilise at the temperature at which alcohol distils over4 ,this is the case1 for instance1 with the active portion of ergot and ,jamaica ginger4 ,in such cases digestion alone should be adopted4 ,when the principles of organic substances1 of which it is desired to obtain a concentrated solution1 are resinous or oily1 or little soluble in weak spirit 7which is mostly the case71 the strongest rectified spirit of wine should alone be employed4 ,in the preparation of essences without distillation1 the method by percolation or displacement is preferable to that of simple maceration and expression1 when the nature of the ingredients and other circumstances render it applicable1 as it is not only more economical1 but a more concentrated solution may thereby be obtained4 ,at the same time1 however1 the reader should remember1 that this mode of operating requires much greater experience and skill to ensure success than the former method4 ,this clumsiness of manipulation is the common cause of the failures which are so frequently met with in the preparation of these articles4 ,the ingredients for the preparation of essences must undergo the same operations of bruising1 powdering1 or slicing1 as directed under ',,tincture1' previous to digestion in the spirit1 or other menstruum2 and the length of time they should be allowed to infuse1 when this method alone is adopted1 should not be less than ten days2 but this time may be advantageously extended to a fortnight1 or even longer4 ,during the whole of this period frequent agitation should be employed1 and when the ingredients are so bulky as to absorb the whole of the fluid1 the vessel which contains them should be securely fastened by a bung or stopper covered with bladder1 and inverted every alternate day4 ,by this means every portion of the ingredients will be equally exposed to the action of the menstruum4 ,in all such cases the method of displacement1 or percolation1 is preferable4 ,for the essences used as perfumes and for flavouring1 not only must the spirit be perfectly tasteless and scentless1 but it must be also quite devoid of colour4 ,the following formul embrace most of the essences met with in the shops4 ,those not found among them may be readily prepared by applying the general directions given above1 or by employing the formula given for the preparation of the essence of some similar substance1 merely varying the characteristic ingredient4 ,thus1 were it desired to form an essence of ambergris or of myrrh1 and no formul could be found for these preparations1 the tyro would consider in what menstruum the active principles of these substances were most soluble4 ,this1 he would immediately see by reference to their properties1 is rectified spirit of wine4 ,he would next have to decide on the proper strength of his essence4 ,in this he must be guided1 either by the strength of the like preparations of other makers1 or by his own judgment of what would be useful1 novel1 or convenient4 ,suppose he decided that his essence should represent #a-ajth of its weight of the solid ingredient4 ,he would then take #b oz4 of ambergris or myrrh1 and #bj oz4 of rectified spirit1 which he would digest together for #aj days or a fortnight in the manner described above4 ,had the required preparation been an essence of senna 7for example71 he would probably recollect1 or might easily ascertain by reference1 that the active properties of senna are soluble in both water and weak spirit4 ,then1 to make an essence #d times as strong as the tincture of the pharmacopoeia1 #g oz4 of senna1 and #a pint of proof spirit1 should be employed1 with due digestion1 as before4#bhj ,the same applies to other preparations4 ,see ,,concentration1 ,,decoction1 ,,infusion1 ,,liquor1 ,,spirit1 ,,tincture1 c4 ,footnote #bhj3 ,see directions given under ,,tincture4 ,essence of ,ac'onite4 ,syn4 ,,essentia ,,aconiti1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from aconite 7herb1 dried1 and powdered71 #h oz42 rectified spirit1 #af oz42 macerate for #d days at a temperature of #fh ,fahr41 press1 and strain2 the marc or residuum is again macerated with 7a little7 spirit1 and pressed as before1 so that the weight of the mixed tinctures may amount to double that of the herb4--,dose1 #c to #f drops4 ,see ,,tincture4 ,essence of ,all'spice4 ,syn4 ,,essence ,,of ,,pimento2 ,,essentia ,,piment1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from essential oil of pimento or allspice1 #a fl4 oz42 strongest rectified spirit of wine1 #a pint2 agitate until perfectly united1 and the next day decant the clear portion1 if there is any sediment4 ,used to make pimento water1 and by cooks and confectioners as a 'flavouring4' ,essence of ,al'monds4 ,syn4 ,,essence ,,of ,,bitter ,,almonds1 ,e4 ,,of ,,peach ,,kernels1 ,e4 ,,of ,,ratafia1 ,e4 ,,of ,,noyeau1 ,,quintessence ,,of ,n41 ,,almond ,,flavour2 ,,essentia ,,amygdal1 ,e4 ,a4 ,,amar1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,from essential oil of almonds1 as the last4 #b4 7,pereira47 ,essential oil of almonds1 #a fl4 oz42 rectified spirit1 #g fl4 oz4 ,uses1 c4 ,it is added to wine1 cordials1 perfumery1 pastry1 c41 to impart an agreeable nutty flavour or aroma4 ,it is also employed to prepare cherry-laurel1 peach-kernel1 and bitter-almond water4 ,a large quantity is consumed by the confectioners1 and by wine merchants to 'improve' their sherries1 and to give ,cape wine a sherry flavour4 ,it should be used in very small quantities1 as it is very powerful1 and1 in quantity1 poisonous4 ,a few drops are sufficient for several pounds of pastry4 ,the first formula is that used in trade4 ,the second is sometimes used by the druggists1 and is occasionally vended under the name of ',,concentrated ,,essence ,,of ,,bitter ,,almonds1' c4 ,the directions for purifying the almond oil from hydrocyanic acid before dissolving it in the spirit1 given in more than one recent book of receipts1 are absurd1 as in this way the oil loses much of its characteristic odour and flavour1 and by keeping gradually becomes nearly destitute of both4 ,see ,,essential ,,oil4 ,essence of ,am'bergris4 ,syn4 ,,essentia ,,ambr ,,grise1 ,e4 ,a4 ,,simplex1 ,,tinctura ,a4 ,,concentrata1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,ambergris 7cut very small71 #e dr42 rectified spirit1 #a pint2 place them in a strong bottle or tin can1 secure the mouth very firmly1 and expose it to the heat of the sun1 or in an equally warm situation1 for #a or #b months1 frequently shaking it during the time2 lastly1 decant1 and filter through paper4 #b4 7,guibourt47 ,ambergris1 #a dr42 rectified spirit1 #c oz42 digest #aj or #ab days4 #c4 7,redwood47 ,ambergris1 #b-a_/b dr42 rectified spirit1 #a pint2 macerate for #ad days4 ,chiefly used as an element in other perfumes4 ,the first is the formula employed by the ,london houses4 ,essence of ,ambergris and ,musk4 ,syn4 ,,concentrated ,,tincture ,,of ,a4 ,,and ,m42 ,e4 ,,ambr ,,grise 7,,odorata71 ,e4 ,a4 ,,et ,,moschi1 ,e4 ,,regia1 ,l42 ,,essence ,,royale1 ,fr4 ,prep4 #a4 ,ambergris 7cut small71 #c_/d oz42 #a or #b fresh-emptied musk-pods 7or musk1 #ab gr472 rectified spirit1 #a pint2 proceed as in ,no4 #a 7above74 #b4 ,ambergris1 #b-a_/b oz42 bladder musk1 #a_/b oz42 spirit of ambrette 7purple sweet sultan71 #a gal42 as last4 #c4 ,ambergris1 #b-a_/b oz42 bladder musk1 #a oz42 spirit of ambrette1 #a gal42 as before4 ,the fragrance of the above1 especially of the last two1 is very powerful1 and is much esteemed4 #d4 ,ambergris1 #a_/b oz42 musk and lump sugar1 of each #a_/d oz42 triturate together in a wedgwood-ware mortar1 adding oil of cloves1 #bj drops2 true balsam of ,peru1 #cj drops1 and enough essence of jasmine or tuberose to convert it into a perfectly smooth paste2 then put it into a strong bottle with rectified spirit1 #a quart2 observing1 before adding the whole of the last1 to rinse the mortar out well with it1 that nothing may be lost2 lastly digest for #f or #h weeks1 as directed in ,no4 #a 7above74 #e4 ,ambergris1 #d dr42 musk1 #a-a_/b dr42 sand1 #c oz42 triturate1 then add1 of oil of cinnamon1 #a dr42 oil of rhodium1 #a_/b dr42 essence of roses and eau fleurs d'orange1 of each #a_/d pint2 rectified spirit1 #a-a_/b pint2 digest as before 7or not less than #ad days71 and decant and filter4 ,the last two are very fine1 though inferior to ,nos4 #b and #c4 #f4 ,to the last 7,no4 #e71 add civet1 #a dr42 salt of tartar1 #c dr42 and an additional pint of rectified spirit4 ,inferior to the above1 but cheaper4 ,obs4 ,essence of ambergris is used as a perfume1 and is added in small quantities to sweet-scented spirits and wines1 to improve their flavour and aroma4 ,a very small quantity of any one of them added to lavender water1 eau de ,cologne1 tooth-powder1 hair-powder1 wash-balls1 or a hogshead of claret1 communicates a delicious fragrance4 ,see ,,ambergris and ,,essence ,,royale 7below74 ,essence d',ambrette4 ,fr4 ,syn4 ,,essence ,,of ,,musk ,,seed1 ,,spirit ,,of ,m4 ,s42 ,,esprit ,d',,ambrette1 ,fr4 ,prep4 #a4 ,musk seed 7ground in a clean pepper-mill71 #a-a_/d lb42 rectified spirit1 #c pints2 digest for #c or #d weeks in a warm place1 and filter4 #b4 ,musk seed1 #d lbs42 rectified spirit1 #a gal42 digest #aj days1 add water1 #b quarts1 and distil over #a gal4 ,very fine4 ,essence of ,ammoni'acum4 ,syn4 ,,concentrated ,,tincture ,,of ,,ammoniacum2 ,,essentia ,,ammoniaci1 ,,tinctura ,a4 ,,concentrata1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,ammoniacum 7in tears71 #a lb41 is bruised in a very cold marble mortar with half its weight of coarse and well-washed siliceous sand or powdered glass1 and rectified spirit1 #a_/b pint1 gradually added2 the trituration is continued until the whole is reduced to a smooth paste1 and is then placed in a wide-mouthed bottle1 and spirit of wine1 #a-a_/b pint1 further added2 the whole is then digested together for a week with constant agitation1 and after sufficient repose to settle1 the supernatant transparent liquid is decanted into another bottle for use4 #b4 ,gum ammoniacum1 #a lb41 is reduced to a cream with boiling water1 #c_/d pint2 as soon as the mixture has cooled a little1 it is placed in a strong bottle1 and rectified spirit of wine1 #a-a_/d pint1 is cautiously added2 the mixture is then corked down close1 and the whole macerated for a few days2 the bottle is next placed in a moderately warm situation1 that the sediment may subside1 after which the clearer portion is poured off through flannel into another bottle4 ,obs4 ,this preparation is used as a substitute for the gum in substance1 for extemporaneously preparing emulsion of ammoniacum1 mixture of a41 c4 ,it is represented to possess fully the same amount of medicinal virtue as an equal weight of the solid gum1 on which account it has a considerable sale4 ,the product of the first formula1 when well managed1 is a beautiful pale brownish-coloured1 transparent tincture2 that of the second is milky and less sightly4 ,the preparation generally sold under the name of ',,concentrated ,,essence ,,of ,,ammoniacum' 7,,essentia ,,ammoniaci ,,concentrata1 ,l471 and represented as twice as strong as the gum in substance1 is generally prepared by the first formula given above for ,,essence ,,of ,,ammoniacum4 ,a stronger article may be prepared by a similar process1 by using #a lb4 of ammoniacum to a pint of the strongest rectified spirit4 ,as1 however1 a clear liquid at this strength is somewhat difficult to produce1 it is very seldom attempted by the druggists2 they therefore generally content themselves with sending out the liquid at half the professed strength1 leaving the label to confer the additional concentration4 ,see ,,ammoniacum4 ,essence of ,anchov'ies4 ,syn4 ,,essentia ,,clupe1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,anchovies1 #a lb41 are 'boned1' reduced to a pulp in a wedgwood-ware or marble mortar1 and passed through a clean hair or brass-wire sieve3 meanwhile the bones and other portion that will not pass through the sieve are boiled with water1 #a pint1 for #ae minutes1 and strained2 to the strained liquor1 salt1 and flour1 of each1 #b-a_/b oz41 together with the pulped anchovies are added1 and the whole simmered for #c or #d minutes1 when the vessel is removed from the fire1 and as soon as the mixture has cooled a little1 strong pickling vinegar1 #a_/b pint1 is mixed in2 it is then bottled1 and the corks tied over with bladder1 and either 'waxed' or 'capsuled4' ,product1 #c lbs4 7nearly74 #b4 ,anchovies1 #g lbs42 water1 #i pints2 salt and flour1 of each1 #a lb4 ,product1 #bj lbs4 #c4 ,to the last add of ,cayenne pepper1 #a_/d oz42 the peel of a lemon 7grated71 and mushroom catsup1 #d oz4 ,very savoury4 #d4 ,from ,british anchovies 7pickled sprats7 or young pilchards1 along with herring liquor1 or the drainings of anchovy barrels4 ,use1 c4 ,as a sauce and condiment2 when well prepared1 it has a fine flavour4 ,that of the shops is usually coloured with ,venetian red or ,armenian bole4 ,an infusion of cochineal1 or a little annotta1 would form a more appropriate colouring1 and would be perfectly harmless4 ,see ,,anchovy and ,,sauce4 ,essence of ,angel'ica4 ,syn4 ,,essentia ,,angelic1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,van ,mons47 ,angelica root 7bruised71 #a part2 rectified spirit1 #h parts2 water1 #af parts2 digest1 and distil over #f parts2 ,stomachic1 carminative1 and alexipharmic4--,dose1 #a to #b spoonfuls4 ,essence of ,ani'seed4 ,syn4 ,,essentia ,,anisi 7,b4 ,p471 ,l42 ,,esprit ,d',,anise1 ,fr4 ,oil of anise1 #a part2 rectified spirit1 #d parts2 mix 7,b4 ,p474 ,stimulant1 aromatic1 and carminative4--,dose1 #aj to #bj minims4 ,used also to flavour liqueurs1 and to make aniseed water4 ,see ,,spirit4 ,essence of ,an'odyne4 ,syn4 ,,essentia ,,anodyna1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,hard aqueous extract of opium 7in powder71 #a dr42 powdered cinnamon1 #a_/b dr42 rectified spirit1 #a fl4 oz42 digest a week4--,dose1 #e to #bj drops4 #b4 ,extract of henbane 7recent71 #e dr42 rectified spirit1 #b fl4 oz42 as last4--,dose1 #aj to #cj drops4 ,narcotic1 sedative1 and antispasmodic4 ,both are excellent preparations4 ,essence1 ,antihyster'ic4 ,syn4 ,,essentia ,,antihysterica1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,cyanuret of potassium1 #c gr42 powdered sugar1 #a dr42 rectified spirit and eau d'orange1 of each #d fl4 dr42 agitate together until dissolved4--,dose1 #aj to #bj drops1 in pure water2 in hysteria1 gastrodynia1 c4 ,see ,,draught 7,antihysteric74 #b4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,resembles ,,fetid ,,spirit ,,of ,,ammonia 7which see74 ,essence of ,ap'ple4 ,syn4 ,,solution ,,of ,,valerianate ,,of ,,amyl2 ,,essentia ,,pomi ,,odorata1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from apple oil 7valerianate of oxide of amyl71 as ,,essence ,,of ,,almonds4 ,used to flavour liqueurs and confectionery4 ,essence of ,ar'nica4 ,syn4 ,,essentia ,,arnic1 ,e4 ,a4 ,,florum1 ,,tinctura ,a4 ,e4 ,,concentrata1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,baden1 #ahda47 ,from arnica flowers1 ,,essence ,,of ,,aconite4 ,it represents half its weight of herb4 ,essence1 ,aromat'ic4 ,syn4 ,,essentia ,,aromatica1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from hay saffron1 dr42 and rectified spirit1 #f fl4 dr42 digested together2 to the filtered tincture is added oil of cinnamon and powdered white sugar1 of each #a dr42 ether 7rect471 #b fl4 dr42 oil of nutmeg and essence of ginger1 of each #a_/b dr42 after agitation and a few days' repose1 the clear portion is decanted into a stoppered phial4--,dose1 #e to #ae drops1 on sugar or in a glass of wine or weak spirit2 in cholera1 diarrhoea1 spasms1 c4 ,essence of ,bark4 ,syn4 ,,essentia ,,cinchon1 ,e4 ,,corticis ,c41 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,resinous extract of yellow bark1 #d dr42 rectified spirit1 #a-a_/b fl4 oz42 tincture of orange peel1 #a_/b fl4 oz42 acetic acid 7,ph4 ,l471 #a fl4 dr42 digest a week4 #b4 ,disulphate of quinine1 #a_/b dr42 resinous extract of bark1 #b dr42 rectified spirit1 #b fl4 oz42 as before4--,dose1 #ab drops to a teaspoonful2 as a febrifuge and tonic4 ,essence of ,beef4 ,syn4 ,,essence ,,of ,,red ,,meats1 c4 ,prep4 #a4 ,from lean beef 7chopped small71 #a lb42 water1 #a_/b pint2 place them in a bottle1 which they will only half fill1 and agitate them violently for half an hour2 then throw the whole on a sieve1 and receive the liquid in a jug2 next boil the undissolved portion in water1 #a pint1 for #bj minutes2 strain1 mix the decoction with the cold infusion1 evaporate the liquid to the consistence of a thin syrup1 adding spice1 salt1 c41 to taste1 and pour the essence1 whilst boiling hot1 into bottles1 jars1 or 7still better7 tin cans1 which must then be at once hermetically corked1 sealed1 or soldered up1 and stowed away in a cold place4 ,in this state it will keep a long time4 7,brande's47 #b4 7,ellis47 ,take of lean beef 7sliced71 a sufficient quantity to fill the body of a porter bottle2 cork it up loosely1 and place it in a pot of cold water1 attaching the neck1 by means of a string1 to the handle of the pot2 boil for #a-a_/b to #b hours1 then decant the liquid and skim it4 ,spices1 salt1 wine1 brandy1 c41 may be added as before4 ,highly nutritious and sustaining4 ,essence of ,ber'gamot4 ,see ,,oil 7,volatile74 ,essence1 ,bit'ter4 ,syn4 ,,essentia ,,amara1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,den47 ,wormwood1 #d parts2 gentian root1 bitter orange peel1 and blessed thistle1 of each #a part2 rectified spirit1 #de parts2 digest a week4 ,tonic and stomachic4--,dose1 #a_/b dr4 to #b dr4 ,essence of ,calum'ba4 ,syn4 ,,essentia ,,calumb1 ,l4 ,see ,,infusion ,,of ,,calumba4 ,essence of ,cam'phor4 ,syn4 ,,camphor ,,drops1 ,,liquor ,,of ,,camphor1 ,,concentrated ,,essence ,,of ,c41 ,,concentrated ,,solution ,,of ,c41 ,,conc4 ,,camphor ,,julep2 ,,essentia ,,camphor1 ,,liquor ,c41 ,l4 ,c4 ,,concentratus1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,camphor 7clean71 #d-a_/b oz42 rectified spirit1 #a gall42 dissolve4 ,this forms the ',,essence ,,of ,,camphor' and ',,liquor ,,camphor' of the wholesale houses4 ,about #a_/b fl4 dr41 added to #g-a_/b fl4 dr4 of cold distilled water1 forms 7by agitation7 a transparent aqueous solution of camphor1 fully equal in strength to the filtered ',,mistura ,,camphor' 7camphor julep7 of the ,ph4 ,l4 ,the above made with weaker spirit forms the 'spirit of wine and camphor' of the shops4 #b4 ,camphor1 #a oz42 rectified spirit1 #aj oz4 7by weight72 dissolve4 ,this forms the ',,concentrated ,,essence ,,of ,,camphor' of the wholesale druggists4 #aj or #ab drops1 added to #a fl4 oz4 of pure cold water1 make a transparent camphor julep1 as before4 ,there is a large quantity of these solutions of camphor sold by the ,london houses1 who charge a considerable price for them4 ,they are very convenient for preparing extemporaneous camphor julep or camphor mixture in dispensing4 #c4 7,fordred47 ,tincture of camphor1 #ac fl4 dr42 tincture of myrrh1 #a_/b fl4 dr42 rectified spirit1 #ah-a_/b fl4 dr42 mix4 #a fl4 dr41 added to #d fl4 oz4 of water1 forms camphor julep4 ,it has been proposed to bleach the tincture of myrrh with animal charcoal1 but this interferes with its proper action4 #d4 7,homoeopathic47 ,see ,,cholera ,,remedies1 ,nos4 #f and #g4 #e4 7,houlton47 ,spirit of camphor 7,ph4 ,l471 #a fl4 oz42 proof spirit1 #g fl4 oz42 #a fl4 dr4 to #c fl4 oz4 of water2 forms ',,camphor ,,julep1' #f4 7,redwood47 ,camphor1 #a dr42 rectified spirit1 #b-a_/b oz42 dissolve1 and add of water1 #a_/b oz4 #g4 7,swediaur47 ,powdered camphor1 #a dr42 water saturated with carbonic acid gas1 #ab fl4 oz42 dissolve4 #a part of this solution1 added to #d parts of water1 forms ',,camphor ,,mixture1' ,see ,,camphor4 ,essence of ,cap'sicum4 ,see ,,essence ,,of ,,cayenne4 ,essence of ,car'away4 ,syn4 ,,essentia ,,carui1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from oil of caraway1 as ,,essence ,,of ,,almonds4 ,its applications and uses are similar4 ,an inferior kind is prepared by macerating the seeds in proof spirit4 ,essence of ,car'damoms4 ,syn4 ,,essentia ,,cardamomi1 ,e4 ,c4 ,,concentrata1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from lesser cardamom seeds 7ground in a pepper mill71 #e-a_/b lbs42 rectified spirit of wine1 #a gall42 digest for a fortnight1 press1 and filter4 ,obs4 ,this preparation is very convenient for flavouring cordials1 pastry1 c41 and is very powerful4 ,in the laboratory it is frequently substituted for powdered cardamoms in making compound extract of colocynth1 and has the advantage of adding no inert matter to the preparation1 whilst it imparts the characteristic odour of the seeds in a remarkable degree4 ,when used in this way it is not added to the extract until it is nearly cold and about to be taken from the pan4 ,the test or shells of the seed should be separated from the kernels1 as the former are quite inert1 and if used occasion a loss of spirit for no purpose4 ,essence of ,cascaril'la4 ,syn4 ,,essentia ,,cascarill1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,cascarilla 7bruised71 #ab oz42 proof spirit1 #a pint2 proceed either by digestion or percolation4 ,the product is #h times the strength of the infusion of cascarilla4 7,ph4 ,l47 #b4 ,see ,,infusion 7,concentrated74 ,essence of ,cas'sia4 ,syn4 ,,essentia ,,cassi1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from oil of cassia1 as essence of allspice or almonds4 ,essence of ,cayenne'4 ,syn4 ,,essence ,,of ,,cayenne ,,pepper1 ,e4 ,,of ,,capsicum1 ,,concentrated ,e4 ,,of ,c42 ,,essentia ,,capsici1 ,,tinctura ,,capsici ,,concentrata1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,capsicum 7recent dried pods1 bruised71 #c lbs42 rectified spirit1 #a gall42 digest #ad days1 press1 and filter4 ,some persons prepare it by the method of displacement4 #b4 ,capsicum1 #a_/d lb42 proof spirit1 #a pint2 digest as before4 ,weaker than ,no4 #a4 #c4 7,kitchener's47 ,cayenne pepper1 #a oz42 brandy1 #a pint2 digest1 c41 as before4 ,obs4 ,the product of the first formula is a transparent1 dark-coloured liquid1 having an intensely burning taste4 ,one drop is sufficient to deprive a person of the power of speech for several seconds2 and a few drops will impart the rich pungency of cayenne to a large quantity of soup1 sauce1 or any other article4 ,it forms the ',,essence ,,of ,,cayenne' and the ',,conc4 ,,ess4 ,,of ,,cayenne ,,pepper' of the ,london houses4 ,it is principally used as a flavouring1 and to make ,,soluble ,,cayenne ,,pepper2 also in dispensing4 ,it is fully eight times as strong as the ',,tinctura ,,capsici' 7,ph4 ,l474 ,the product of the third formula is used exclusively for culinary purposes4 ,the pods or fruit of ,capsicum annuum 7capsicum chilly71 ,c4 baccatum 7bird pepper71 and ,c4 fructescens 7,guinea pods1 red pepper71 are indiscriminately used for this preparation1 but the first are those preferred for medicinal purposes2 the others have similar properties1 but are more pungent and acrimonious2 hence the preference given to them in the preparation of cayenne pepper4 ,see ,,pepper4 ,essence of ,ce'drat4 ,see ,,oil 7,volatile74 ,essence of ,cel'ery4 ,syn4 ,,essence ,,of ,,celery ,,seed2 ,,essentia ,,apii1 ,,ess4 ,a4 ,,seminis1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,from celery seed 7bruised or ground71 #d-a_/b oz42 proof spirit1 #a pint2 digest a fortnight1 and strain4 #b4 7,concentrated47 ,celery seed1 #g oz42 rectified spirit1 #a pint2 digest as before4 ,very fine4 ,both are used for flavouring4 ,essence1 ,cephalic4 ,see ,,essence ,,for ,,headache4 ,essence of ,cham'omile4 ,syn4 ,,chamomile ,,drops2 ,,essentia ,,anthemidis1 ,e4 ,,cham,,meli1 ,e4 ,c4 ,,alba1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,from essential oil of chamomile1 as essence of allspice4 ,stomachic and stimulant4--,dose1 #e to #cj drops2 #a_/b fl4 oz41 shaken with about #a pint of pure water1 forms an excellent extemporaneous chamomile water4 #b4 ,gentian root 7sliced or bruised71 #a lb42 dried orange peel1 #a_/d lb42 proof spirit1 #a gal42 essential oil of chamomile1 #c-a_/b fl4 oz42 macerate a week4 ,slightly coloured4 ,some persons use #a_/b lb4 of quassia wood1 instead of the gentian and orange peel4 ,both the above are stomachic and tonic1 and are favourite remedies in loss of appetite1 dyspepsia1 c4--,dose4 ,as the last1 on sugar1 or in a wine-glassful of wine or beer4 ,essence of ,chiret'ta4 ,see ,,infusion 7,concentrated74 ,essence of ,cin'namon4 ,syn4 ,,essentia ,,cinnamomi1 ,,spiritus ,c4 ,,concentratus1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,from oil of cinnamon1 as ,,essence ,,of ,,allspice or ,,almonds4 #b4 ,cinnamon1 #e oz42 rectified spirit1 #c_/d pint2 water1 #a_/d pint2 digest a week1 and strain4 ,inferior to the last4 ,essence of cassia is commonly sold for it4 ,essence of ,civ'et4 ,syn4 ,,essentia ,,zibethi1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,civet 7cut small71 #a oz42 rectified spirit1 #a pint2 as ,,essence ,,of ,,musk4 #b4 ,instead of rectified spirit use spirit of ambrette4 ,both are used in perfumery2 chiefly in combination with other substances4 ,essence of ,cloves4 ,syn4 ,,essentia ,,caryophilli1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,white47 ,from oil of cloves1 as ,,essence ,,of ,,allspice4 ,used as a 'flavouring4' #b4 7,coloured47 ,cloves 7bruised71 #c-a_/b oz4 proof spirit1 #c_/d pint2 water1 #a_/d pint2 digest a week1 and strain4 ,inferior to the last4 ,it is #h times as strong as ,,infusion ,,of ,,cloves 7,ph4 ,l474 ,chiefly used in dispensing4 ,essence of ,cof'fee4 ,see ,,coffee4 ,essence of ,co'gnac4 7kone'-y7ak74 ,syn4 ,,brandy ,,essence4 ,prep4 ,from brandy oil1 #b fl4 oz42 rectified spirit1 #ah fl4 oz4 ,for flavouring malt spirit to imitate brandy4 ,see ,,oil4 ,essence of ,cologne4 ,syn4 ,,concentrated ,,eau ,,de ,,cologne2 ,,essentia ,,coloniensis1 ,,aqua ,c4 ,,concentrata1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,by taking #h times the quantity of the ingredients ordered for ,,cologne ,,water1 and using the strongest rectified spirit4 #b4 ,oils of lemon and cedrat1 of each1 #b dr42 oil of rosemary1 #a dr42 oil of bergamotte1 #a oz42 spirit of neroli1 #b fl4 oz42 purest rectified spirit1 #e fl4 oz4 ,used as a condensed perfume4 ,essence of ,colts'foot4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ryan47 ,balsam of tolu1 #a oz42 rectified spirit and compound tincture of benzoin1 of each #c oz42 dissolve1 and in a few days decant the clear portion4 #b4 7,paris47 ,equal parts of balsam of tolu and compound tincture of benzoin1 with double the quantity of rectified spirit4 #c4 ,tincture of tolu1 #e fl4 oz42 compound tincture of benzoin1 #c fl4 oz42 powdered sugar 7quite dry71 #a oz42 hay saffron1 #a dr42 digest a week1 with frequent agitation4 ,obs4 ,pectoral and stimulant4 ,a quack remedy for consumption and most other diseases of the lungs1 but unless assisted by occasional aperients1 and in the absence of fever1 it is more likely to kill than cure in these complaints4 ,the last is the best formula4 ,essence of ,cu'bebs4 ,syn4 ,,concentrated ,,essence ,,of ,,cubebs2 ,,essentia ,,cubeb1 ,e4 ,c4 ,,concentrata1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,cubebs 7bruised1 or preferably ground in a pepper mill71 #a_/b lb42 rectified spirit1 #a pint2 digest #ad days1 press1 and filter4 #b4 7,wholesale47 ,cubebs1 #d-a_/d lbs42 rectified spirit1 #a gall4 ,this essence has a very large sale1 and if carefully prepared from a good sample of the drug1 is a most excellent preparation4 ,every fl4 oz4 represents #b-a_/b dr4 of cubebs4--,dose1 #a to #c dr4 ,essence of ,cubebs 7,oleo-resinous74 ,prep4 7,dublanc47 ,oleo-resinous extract of cubebs1 #a oz42 rectified spirit1 #c oz42 dissolve4 ,a very active and concentrated form of administering cubebs1 which must not be confounded with the preceding preparation1 which is the one always meant when ',essence of ,cubebs' is ordered4--,dose1 #a_/b dr4 to #a dr4 ,essence of ,dill4 ,syn4 ,,dill ,,drops2 ,,essentia ,,anethi1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,from oil of dill1 as ,,essence ,,of ,,allspice4 #b4 ,oil of dill1 extract of dill1 and salt of tartar1 of each #a_/b oz42 rectified spirit1 #a pint2 digest1 and strain4 ,both the above are aromatic and anti-flatulent4 ,the first is commonly used as an adjunct to other medicines1 especially to purgatives for children4 ,the second is a popular tonic and stomachic in the flatulent colic1 dyspepsia1 c41 of women and children4--,dose4 ,a few drops1 on sugar4 ,essence of ,er'got4 ,see ,,liquor or ,,ergot ,,of ,,rye4 ,essence of ,ergot 7,ethereal74 ,syn4 ,,essentia ,,ergot ,,etherea1 ,e4 ,,secalis ,,cornuti ,e41 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,mr ,lever47 ,ergot 7powdered71 #b oz42 rectified sulphuric ether1 #b fl4 oz42 digest a week1 express the tincture1 filter1 and abandon the liquid to spontaneous evaporation2 lastly1 dissolve the residuum in ether1 #a fl4 oz4 ,this is an expensive and troublesome formula4 ,the following modification of it is both simpler and less expensive4 #b4 ,ergot 7ground71 #h oz42 ether1 #af fl4 oz42 prepare a tincture as before1 and by a gentle heat distil off the ether in a retort connected with a well-cooled refrigerator1 until #ae fl4 oz4 shall have passed over2 continue the evaporation at a reduced heat until the remainder of the ether has passed off2 lastly1 dissolve the residuum1 as soon as cold1 in ether1 #d fl4 oz4 ,obs4 ,each fl4 oz4 represents #b oz4 of ergot4--,dose1 #aj to #cj drops as a parturifacient1 taken on sugar2 #c to #e drops as a hmostatic and emmenagogue1 in hmorrhages1 floodings1 c4 ,it possesses all the acrid1 narcotic principle of the ergot1 but less of the hmostatic principle than the ordinary essence1 whilst it is much more costly4 ,essence of ,fen'nel4 ,syn4 ,,essence ,,of ,,sweet ,,fennel2 ,,essentia ,f,,oe,,niculi1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from oil of fennel 7,foeniculum dulce71 as ,,essence ,,of ,,allspice4 ,essence of ,gen'tian4 ,see ,,infusion ,,of ,,gentian 7,concentrated74 ,essence of ,gin'ger4 ,syn4 ,,concentrated ,,tincture ,,of ,,ginger1 ,,essentia ,,zingiberis1 ,,tinctura ,z4 ,,concentrata1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,unbleached ,jamaica ginger 7bruised71 #e oz42 rectified spirit1 #a pint2 digest a fortnight1 press1 and filter4 #b4 7,oxley's ',,concentrated ,,essence ,,of ,,jamaica ,,ginger1' ,the same as the preceding1 with the addition of a very small quantity of essence of cayenne4 ,the above possess only about #d times the strength of tincture of ginger 7,ph4 ,l472 and though vended in the shops as essence of ginger1 scarcely deserves the name4 #c4 ,as ,no4 #a 7next article1 below71 but using double the quantity of spirit4 ,very fine4 #d4 7,kitchener's47 ,ginger 7grated71 #c oz42 yellow peel of lemon 7fresh71 #b oz42 brandy1 #a-a_/b pint2 digest #aj days4 ,for culinary purposes1 c4 ,see below4 ,essence of ,ginger 7,concentrated74 ,syn4 ,,essentia ,,zingiberis ,,concentrata4 ,prep4 #a4 ,jamaica ginger 7best unbleached1 in coarse powder7 and siliceous sand1 equal parts1 are sprinkled with rectified spirit of wine1 q4 s4 to perfectly moisten them1 and after #bd hours the mass is placed in a 'percolator1' and after returning the first runnings #b or #c times1 the receiver is changed1 and more rectified spirit poured on gradually1 and at intervals1 as required1 until as much essence is obtained as there has been ginger employed4 ,obs4 ,the quality of the product of the above formula is excellent1 but the process is somewhat difficult to manage4 ,the mass remaining in the percolator is treated with fresh spirit until exhausted1 and the tincture so obtained is employed1 instead of spirit1 for making more essence with fresh ginger4 ,the last portion of spirit in the waste mass may be obtained by adding a little water4 ,coarsely powdered charcoal is frequently used instead of sand1 in which case the product has less colour2 at the same time1 however1 a little of the flavour is lost4 #b4 7,wholesale47--a4 ,best unbleached ,jamaica ginger 7as last71 #ab lbs42 rectified spirit1 #b-a_/b galls41 are digested together for #ad days1 and the expressed and strained tincture reduced by distillation1 in a steam or water bath1 to exactly #a gall42 it is next cooled1 and transferred as quickly as possible into stoppered bottles1 and the next day filtered4 ,obs4 ,the product of the last formula is a most beautiful article1 of immense strength1 and the richest flavour4 ,the assertion made by a recent writer on pharmacy1 that 'the product is very strong1 but has lost some of the flavour of the ginger1' is evidently made in ignorance of the preparation4 ,we were the first to introduce and publish this formula1 and have employed it for years on the most extensive scale1 and can conscientiously assert that1 for inexpensiveness1 and the quality of the essence produced by it1 it is unequalled by any other4 ,the process1 though apparently complicated is1 in reality1 easily performed4 ,the spirit distilled over contains none of the fragrant or aromatic principles of the ginger2 on the contrary1 the little flavour it has received 7apparently from a species of ethereal oil7 is rather disagreeable than otherwise1 and is better got rid of than retained in the essence4 ,the spirit is used with advantage for preparing the common tincture of ginger1 and several other articles4 ,the cause of failure when this process is adopted is careless or awkward manipulation4 ,when possible1 hydraulic pressure should be employed to express the tincture1 #b oz4 of this essence are regarded as equivalent to #c oz4 of the finest ginger1 being fully twenty times as strong as the ',,tincture ,,of ,,ginger' 7,ph4 ,l474 ,a single drop1 swallowed1 will almost produce suffocation4 ,cooley4 b4 ,from ginger 7as last71 #bd lbs42 rectified spirit1 #f gall42 make a tincture1 as before1 and reduce it by distillation to #a gall42 then cool as quickly as possible out of contact with the air and add1 of the strongest rectified spirit of wine1 #a gall42 lastly1 filter1 if required4 ,quality resembles ,no4 #b1 a 7nearly74 ,we are in the habit of applying the method developed in the last two formul to the preparation of the essences of several other substances1 the active principles of which are not volatile at a low temperature4 ,cooley4 ,essence of ,grape4 ,prep4 ,from grape oil1 as ,,essence ,,of ,,almonds4 ,it is used to flavour brandy and wines4 ,see ,,oil 7,volatile74 ,essence of ,guaiac'um4 ,syn4 ,,fluid ,,extract ,,of ,,guaiacum2 ,,essentia ,,guaiaci1 ,,extractum ,,guaiaci ,,fluidum1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,recent guaiacum shavings1 from which the dust has been sifted1 #c cwt41 are exhausted by coction in water1 as in the preparation of an extract1 using as little of that fluid as is absolutely necessary2 the decoction is evaporated to exactly #a-c_/d gall42 it is next stirred until cold1 to prevent the deposit of resinous matter1 when it is put into a bottle1 and spirit of wine1 #e pints1 is added2 the whole is then repeatedly agitated for a week1 after which it is allowed to settle for #g or #h days1 and the clear portion is decanted into another bottle4 ,obs4 ,this preparation is frequently substituted for guaiacum shavings in the preparation of compound decoction of sarsaparilla4 #a pint of this essence is considered equivalent to #ai lbs4 of guaiacum in substance4 ,see ,,decoction ,,of ,,sarsaparilla 7,comp474 ,essence for the ,handkerchief4 ,see ,,essentia ,,odorata1 c4 ,essence for the ,headache4 ,syn4 ,,cephalic ,,essence1 ,,embrocation ,,of ,,ammonia1 ,,dr ,,hawkins' ,,embrocation1 ,,ward',s ,e41 ,,ward',s ,,essence ,,for ,,the ,,headache2 ,,embrocatio ,,ammoni1 ,,linimentum ,a41 ,,essentia ,,cephalica1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,oil of lavender 7,mitcham71 #a dr42 camphor1 #a oz42 liquor of ammonia1 #d oz42 rectified spirit1 #a pint2 dissolve4 ,very fragrant and powerful4 #b4 7,beasley47 ,spirit of camphor1 #b lbs42 strong water of ammonia1 #d oz42 essence of lemon1 #a_/b oz4 #c4 7,redwood47 ,camphor and liquor of ammonia1 of each #b oz42 oil of lavender1 #d dr42 rectified spirit1 #ad oz4 ,very fragrant4 ,stimulant and rubefacient4 ,used as a counter-irritant lotion in local pains1 as headache1 earache1 colic1 c4 ,compound camphor liniment is usually sold for it4 ,see ,,liniment4 ,essence of ,henbane4 ,syn4 ,,essentia ,,hyoscami1 ,l4 ,see ,,essence 7,anodyne71 ,no4 #b4 ,essence of ,hop4 ,syn4 ,,essentia ,,lupuli1 ,e4 ,,humuli1 ,,tinctura ,,lupuli ,,concentrata1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,new hops 7rubbed small71 #bf-a_/b oz42 proof spirit1 #a quart2 digest #bd hours1 then distil over 7quickly7 #a pint1 and set the distillate 7spiritus lupuli7 aside in a corked bottle2 to the residuum add water1 #a pint2 boil #ae minutes1 cool1 express the liquor1 strain1 and evaporate it as quickly as possible to dryness by the heat of a water bath1 powder the residuum1 and add it to the distilled spirit2 digest a week1 and filter4 #b4 ,lupulinic grains 7yellow powder or lupulin of the strobiles71 #e oz42 rectified spirit1 #a pint2 digest #aj days2 express1 and filter4 ,both the above are powerfully bitter1 and loaded with the aroma of the hop4 ,they are fully #h times as strong as the ',,tinctura ,,lupuli' of the ,ph4 ,l4 ,a few drops added to a glassful of ale or beer render it agreeably bitter and stomachic4 #c4 7,,brewer',s ,e4 ,,of ,,hops47 ,several noxious preparations under the name of extract of hops are sold by the brewer's druggist4 ,they are mostly semi-fluid extracts of quassia1 gentian1 and like powerful bitters4 ,of three of these articles which we have examined1 one 7for ,,pale ,,ale7 consisted of the mixed extracts of quassia and chamomile2 another was a preparation of picric acid2 whilst a third 7'strongly recommended for ,,porter'7 consisted of about equal parts of the extracts of bitter aloes1 cocculus indicus1 and wormwood4 ,a few years ago one of these vile compounds was publicly advertised1 and 'warranted' as being equal to #ajj times its weight in hops 7#a oz4 to #e-a_/b lbs474 ,essence of ,jargonelle' ,pear4 ,syn4 ,,pear ,,essence1 ,,esprit ,,de ,,jargonelle1 c4 ,prep4 ,from pear oil 7acetate of oxide of amyl71 as ,,essence ,,of ,,almonds4 ,this is now largely employed to flavour confectionery and liqueurs4 ,see ,,amyl and ,,oil 7,volatile74 ,essence of ,jas'mine4 ,see ,,spirit and ,,oil 7,volatile74 ,essence of ,jes'samine4 ,see ,,spirit and ,,oil4 ,essence of ,jon'quil4 ,see ,,spirit and ,,oil4 ,essence of ,lav'ender4 ,syn4 ,,essentia ,,lavandul 7,,odorata71 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,oil of lavender 7,mitcham71 #b oz42 rectified spirit 7strongest71 #a pint4 #b4 ,as the strongest ,eau de lavende4 ,see ,,spirit4 ,essence of ,lavender 7,red74 ,see ,,spirit and ,,tincture4 ,essence of ,lem'on4 ,syn4 ,,essentia ,,limonis1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,see ,,oil 7,volatile74 #b4 7,w4 ,procter47 ,fresh oil of lemons1 #a fl4 oz42 deodorised alcohol 7strongest flavourless rectified71 #h fl4 oz42 exterior yellow rind of lemons 7fresh71 #a_/b oz42 digest #dh hours1 and filter4 ,used for flavouring mixtures1 pastry1 c4 #c4 ,from oil of lemons1 as ,,essence ,,of ,,allspice4 ,used as the last4 ,essence of ,lemon ,peel4 ,syn4 ,,essence ,,of ,,lemon ,,rind1 ,,quintescence ,,of ,l4 ,p42 ,,essentia ,,corticis ,,limonis1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,yellow peel of fresh lemons1 #a_/b lb42 spirit of wine1 #a pint2 digest for a week1 press1 and filter4 ,very fragrant4 #b4 ,yellow peel of fresh lemons1 #a lb42 boiling water1 #a_/b gall42 infuse #a hour1 express the liquor1 boil down to #a_/b pint1 cool1 and add oil of lemon1 #a_/d oz41 dissolved in spirit of wine1 #a-a_/b pint2 mix1 and filter4 ,used as the preceding4 ,essence of ,lov'age4 ,syn4 ,,essentia ,,levistici1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,wurt47 ,lovage root 7levisticum officinale71 #b oz42 lovage seeds1 #a oz42 rectified spirit1 #aj oz42 digest a week1 and filter4 ,aromatic1 stomachic1 and diaphoretic4--,dose1 #a_/b dr4 to #a dr42 in dyspepsia1 dropsies1 c4 ,essence1 ,madden's4 ,concentrated infusion of roses4 ,essence of ,malt4 ,see ,,colouring4 ,essence of ,mint4 ,syn4 ,,essence ,,of ,,spearmint2 ,,essentia ,,menth1 ,e4 ,m4 ,,spicat1 ,e4 ,m4 ,,viridis1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,as ,,essence ,,of ,,peppermint4 ,essence of ,moss-,rose 7from the ',chemist and ,druggist'74 ,otto of rose1 #a-a_/b dr42 essence of ambergris1 #b-a_/b oz42 essence of musk1 #a oz42 alcohol1 #ae oz42 concentrated rose water1 #aj oz4 ,mix1 and shake frequently for a week4 ,essence of ,musk4 ,syn4 ,,essentia ,,moschi1 ,,tinctura ,m4 ,,concentrata1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,grain musk1 #b oz41 and boiling water1 #a pint1 are digested together in a close vessel until cold1 when rectified spirit of wine1 #g pints1 is added2 the vessel 7preferably a tin bottle7 being corked close1 and tied over with bladder1 the whole is digested1 with frequent agitation1 for #b months1 in the sunshine 7in summer71 or in an equally warm situation in winter4 ,at the end of the time the essence is decanted and filtered4 #b4 ,grain musk1 #a_/d oz42 rectified spirit of wine1 #b pints2 essence of ambergris1 #a fl4 oz42 digest as before4 #c4 ,musk 7from the bladder1 rubbed very small71 #e oz42 civet1 #a oz42 essence of ambergris1 #a pint2 spirit of ambrette1 #a gall42 as before4 ,obs4 ,all the preceding formul yield superior essences1 but the product of the last is of the very finest quality1 and such as is seldom sold1 except by the most celebrated houses1 when it fetches a very high price4 ,it is powerfully and deliciously odorous1 and has received the approval of royalty itself1 both in these kingdoms and on the ,continent4 ,the second formula also produces a very fine article1 but less choice than just referred to4 ,the digestion should be long continued1 and on no account less than #c weeks1 as otherwise much fragrant matter is left undissolved4 ,the addition of #a fl4 dr4 of either liquor of ammonia or liquor of potassia 7the first is best7 to each pint of the essence1 vastly increases its fragrance4 ,the essence of musk of the wholesale ,london druggists is generally made by merely digesting the freshly emptied musk pods in rectified spirit4 ,sometimes a little 7a very little7 grain musk is added4 ,see ,,essence ,,royale and ,,essence ,,of ,,ambergris4 #d4 7,guibourt47 ,musk1 #a part2 proof spirit1 #ab parts2 digest a fortnight1 or longer4 ,used in dispensing1 c4 ,essence of ,musk ,seed4 ,see ,,essence ,d',,ambrette4 ,essence of ,mus'tard4 ,syn4 ,,essentia ,,sinapis1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,whitehead's47 ,black mustard seed 7bruised71 and camphor1 of each #b oz42 oil of rosemary1 #c dr42 balsam of tolu1 #a dr42 annatto1 #a_/b dr42 digest a week1 and filter4 ,essence of ,myr'tle4 ,syn4 ,,essence ,,of ,,myrtle ,,blossoms2 ,,essence ,,de ,,myrte1 ,,esprit ,,de ,m41 ,fr4 ,prep4 ,myrtle tops 7in blossom71 #b-a_/b lbs42 proof spirit1 #i pints2 digest #c days1 then distil #a gall4 ,a pleasant perfume4 ,see ,,oil 7,volatile74 ,essence of ,nero'li4 ,syn4 ,,essence ,,de ,,fleurs ,d',,oranges1 ,,esprit ,,de ,f4 ,d',o41 ,fr4 ,prep4 #a4 ,neroli1 #c dr42 rectified spirit of wine1 #a pint2 mix4 ,a delicious perfume4 #b4 ,oil of orange1 #b dr42 orris root 7bruised71 #a_/b oz42 ambergris1 #aj gr42 neroli1 #ce drops2 spirits of wine1 #a pint2 digest #ad days1 and filter4 ,very fragrant1 but less 'chaste' than the last4 ,essence of ,nut'meg4 ,syn4 ,,essentia ,,myristic1 ,e4 ,m4 ,,moschat1 ,e4 ,,nucis ,m41 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from essential oil of nutmeg1 as ,,essence ,,of ,,allspice4 ,used as a flavouring or zest by cooks1 liqueuristes1 and confectioners4 ,essence1 ,odontal'gic4 ,see ,,essence1 ,,toothache4 ,essence d',,oeillets4 ,fr4 ,prep4 ,from cinnamon1 #c oz42 cloves1 #a-a_/d oz4 7both well bruised72 rectified spirit1 #a quart2 digest for a week4 ,oil of cloves and spirit of cloves also bear this name in some places4 ,essence of ,o'pium4 ,see ,,essence ,,anodyne1 ,no4 #a4 ,,black ,,drop and ,,rousseau',s ,,laudanum have also been sometimes so called4 ,essence of ,o'range4 ,syn4 ,,essentia ,,aurantii1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,as ,,essence ,,of ,,lemon4 ,essence of ,orange ,peel4 ,syn4 ,,essentia ,,corticis ,,aurantii1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,golden47 ,fresh yellow rind of orange1 #d oz42 rectified spirit and water1 of each #a_/b pint2 digest for a week1 press1 filter1 and add of sherry wine1 #a quart4 ,a pleasant liqueur4 #b4 7,saccharated47 ,see ,,oleo-,,saccharum4 ,essence d',orient4 ,fr4 ,a pearly-looking substance1 found at the base of the scales of the blay or bleak1 a small fish of the genus cyprinus4 ,prep4 ,the scales are scraped from the fish into a tub containing water1 and after agitation and repose the fluid is poured off1 and its place supplied with fresh water1 and this in its turn1 after agitation and repose1 is also poured off4 ,this part of the operation is repeated till the 'essence' and scales are perfectly freed from impurities1 when the whole is thrown on a sieve1 which retains the latter1 but allows the former to flow through4 ,after repose for a short time1 the essence is obtained as a deposit at the bottom of the vessel4 ,obs4 ,essence d',orient has a bluish-white and pearly aspect1 and is employed to cover the interior of glass bubbles and beads1 in imitation of pearls and mother-of-pearl4 ,its tendency to putrefaction1 while in the moist state1 may be obviated by the addition of a little liquor of ammonia4 ,essence of ,patch'ouli4 ,syn4 ,,essence ,,de ,,patchoulie1 ,,esprit ,,de ,,pouch ,p,t ,fr44 ,prep4 #a4 ,indian patchouli 7leaves or foliaceous tops71 #b-a_/b lb42 rectified spirit1 #i pints2 digest for a week2 add of water1 #a gall42 oil of lavender 7,mitcham71 #c dr42 common salt1 #b lbs42 agitate well together1 distil over 7rapidly7 #a gallon1 and add of essence of musk1 #c-a_/b fl4 dr4 ,a very fashionable perfume4 ,essence of patchouli1 thus prepared1 has been largely used1 both at court and by the nobility generally4 #b4 ,patchouli1 #c oz42 rectified spirit1 #a pint2 digest a week1 press1 and filter4 ,a still commoner kind is made with proof spirit4 ,essence of ,pear4 ,syn4 ,,essence ,,of ,,jargonelle4 ,essence of ,pen'nyroyal4 ,see ,,essentia ,,pulegii1 ,e4 ,,menth ,p41 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from pennyroyal 7,mentha pulegium71 as ,,essence ,,of ,,peppermint4 ,stimulant1 carminative1 and emmenagogue4 ,used in dispensing1 especially to make extemporaneous pennyroyal water4 ,essence of ,pep'permint4 ,syn4 ,,essentia ,,menth ,,piperit 7,b4 ,p47 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,oil of peppermint1 #a part2 rectified spirit1 #d parts4 ,mix4--,dose1 #aj to #bj minims4 #b4 ,to the last add of herb peppermint1 parsley leaves1 or spinach leaves 7preferably one of the first two71 #a_/b oz41 and digest for a week1 or until sufficiently coloured4 ,sap green 7#aj or #ab gr41 rubbed up with a teaspoonful of hot water7 is also used for the same purpose4 ,a delicate light green4 #c4 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s47 ,oil of peppermint1 #b fl4 oz42 rectified spirit1 #af fl4 oz4 ,obs4 ,essence of peppermint is not conceived to be good by the ignorant unless it has a pale-greenish tint1 which they take as a proof of its being genuine4 ,the most harmless way of tinging it is that indicated above4 ,a little green mint or parsley will1 indeed1 be found to improve the flavour4 ,these additions are quite harmless4 ,the practice of using cupreous salts1 adopted by some lazy and unprincipled makers1 is unpardonable1 and admits of no excuse1 even a lame one1 as not the least advantage1 either of convenience1 cost1 or appearance1 results from such a practice1 while the colouring matter1 though small in quantity1 is nevertheless sufficient to impart a noxious quality to the liquid4 ,this fraud may be detected by the addition of liquor of ammonia in excess1 which will strike a bluish or greenish-blue colour when copper is present4 ,essence of peppermint 7like that of most of the other aromatic oils7 is cordial1 stimulant1 and stomachic4 ,a few drops 7#aj to #cj7 on sugar1 or mixed with a little water or wine1 is an excellent remedy in flatulence1 colic1 nausea1 sickness1 c4 ,it is also extensively used as a flavouring ingredient by cooks1 confectioners1 and druggists4 ,a few drops1 well agitated with half a pint of cold water1 form an excellent extemporaneous peppermint water4 ,the formul #a and #b1 generally the latter1 are those employed by the respectable portion of the ,london trade4 ,the various published receipts for this and similar essences1 ordering the essential oil in a larger proportion than that directed above1 are never adopted in practice1 and their products 7often impossible combinations7 exist only in the imaginations of the writers4 ,essence of ,pimen'to4 ,see ,,essence ,,of ,,allspice4 ,essence of ,pine-apple4 ,from pine-apple oil 7butyric ether1 butyrate of ethyl71 as ,,essence ,,of ,,almonds4 ,it forms a delicious flavouring for liqueurs1 confectionery1 rum1 c4 ,see ,,ether and ,,oil 7,volatile74 ,essence of ,quas'sia4 ,syn4 ,,essentia ,,quassi1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,from quassia 7sliced71 #a-a_/b oz42 proof spirit1 #a pint2 digest #aj days1 and filter2 #a_/b fl4 dr4 added to #g-a_/b fl4 dr4 of water1 forms the infusion of quassia1 of the ,ph4 ,l4--,dose1 #a_/b dr4 in water or wine1 an hour before a meal1 as a stomachic tonic1 in dyspepsia1 loss of appetite1 c41 particularly when complicated with gout2 #a to #b dr41 three or four times daily1 as a febrifuge1 and antiseptic1 in intermittents1 putrid fevers1 c4 #b4 7,brewer's74--a4 ,from powdered quassia 7sprinkled with a little rum7 and foots 7coarse moist sugar or sugar bottoms71 equal parts1 reduced to the consistence of a semi-fluid extract by the addition of a few spoonfuls of water4 ,for ale4 b4 ,from powdered quassia1 #a part2 burnt sugar colouring1 #b parts2 well stirred together4 ,for porter and stout4 ,both are used by fraudulent brewers as substitutes for hops4 ,essence of ,quin'ine4 ,syn4 ,,essentia ,,quin1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from disulphate of quinine1 #a-a_/b oz42 rectified spirit1 #a_/b pint2 digest with warmth1 gradually dropping in a little dilute sulphuric acid 7avoiding excess71 and employing constant agitation until the whole is dissolved4 #a fl4 dr41 added to #g dr4 of proof spirit1 forms the ',,tincture ,,of ,,quinine' 7,ph4 ,l474 ,every fl4 dr4 contains #h gr4 of disulphate of quinine1 or about #aj gr4 of the neutral sulphate4 ,if more sulphuric acid is added than is sufficient to dissolve the salt 7i4 e4 convert it into a neutral sulphate71 the solution is apt to deposit part of it on keeping1 owing to the gradual formation of ether1 by the action of the excess of acid on the alcohol4 ,essence of ,rat'afia4 ,the same as ,essence of ,almonds4 ,so called from being used to flavour ratafias1 noyeau1 and other liqueurs4 ,essence of ,rhu'barb4 ,syn4 ,,essentia ,,rhei1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from rhubarb 7in powder7 and siliceous sand1 of each #e oz42 proof spirit1 #a pint2 by the method of displacement4 ,every fl4 oz4 represents the active virtues of #b dr4 of rhubarb4 ,essence of ,rondele'tia4 ,prep4 #a4 ,essence 7oil7 of bergamotte1 essence 7oil7 of lemon1 and oil of cloves1 of each #a dr42 otto of roses1 #aj drops2 rectified spirit1 #a pint4 #b4 ,to the last add1 of oil of lavender1 #a dr42 neroli1 #ae drops4 ,a very fashionable and agreeable perfume4 ,essence of ,rose'mary4 ,syn4 ,,essentia ,,rosemarini1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from oil of rosemary1 as ,,essence ,,of ,,allspice4 ,used as a perfume2 also to make extemporaneous rosemary water4 ,essence of ,ro'ses4 ,syn4 ,,essentia ,,ros 7,,odorata71 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,attar of roses 7genuine71 #b dr42 alcohol1 #a pint2 agitate frequently until they unite4 #b4 ,attar of roses1 #a oz42 rectified spirit1 #a gall42 mix in a close vessel1 and assist the solution by placing it in a bath of hot water4 7,see ,,essence ,,of ,,musk47 ,as soon as the spirit gets warm1 take it from the water and shake it till quite cold2 the next day filter4--,obs4 ,unless the spirit of wine is of more than the common strength1 it will not retain the whole of the otto in solution in very cold weather4 #c4 ,to each pint of either of the preceding1 add1 of oil of bergamotte1 #cj drops2 neroli and essence of musk1 of each #bj drops4 #d4 ,petals of roses1 #c lbs41 digest in spirit of wine1 #e quarts1 for #bd hours2 distil to dryness in a water bath2 digest the distilled spirit on #b lbs4 of fresh rose petals1 as before1 and repeat the whole process of maceration and distillation1 a third1 fourth1 fifth1 and sixth time1 or oftener1 the last time only drawing over #a gall41 which is the essence4 ,each of the above is very superior4 ,the last has a peculiar delicacy of flavour1 when the spirit used to make it is pure4 ,essence of ,roses 7,red74 ,syn4 ,,essentia ,,ros 7,,rubra71 ,,tinctura ,e4 ,,concentrata1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from rose leaves1 #a lb42 proof spirit1 #a gall42 digest for #ad days1 press1 strain1 add concentrated acetic acid1 #b-a_/b fl4 dr42 mix well1 and the next day filter4 ,used to make extemporaneous ,,syrup and ,,honey ,,of ,,roses1 c4 ,smells1 colours1 and tastes strongly of the flower4 ,,concentrated ,,infusion ,,of ,,roses is sold under the same name4 ,essence ,royale4 ,fr4 ,prep4 #a4 7,soubeiran47 ,ambergris1 #dj gr42 musk1 #bj gr42 civet and carbonate of potassa1 of each #aj gr42 oil of cinnamon1 #f drops2 oil of rhodium and otto of roses1 of each #d drops2 rectified spirit of wine1 #d fl4 oz4 7say #a_/d pint72 macerate for #aj days or longer4 ,antispasmodic and aphrodisiac4 ,a few drops on sugar1 or in syrup of capillaire4 #b4 ,see ,,essence ,,of ,,ambergris4 ,essence of ,sarsaparil'la4 ,syn4 ,,concentrated ,,essence ,,of ,,sarsaparilla2 ,,essentia ,,sars2 ,e4 ,,sarsaparill2 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,sarsaparilla root 7best red ,jamaica71 #b-c_/d lbs41 is carefully decorticated1 the bark reduced to coarse powder1 and digested for a week or #aj days in sherry1 #c_/d pint1 and rectified spirit1 #a_/d pint1 with frequent agitation2 after which the essence is expressed1 and in a week the clear portion is decanted from the sediment4 ,a very elegant preparation4 #a_/b fl4 dr4 added to #g fl4 dr4 of water forms #a fl4 oz4 of a solution of equal strength to decoction of sarsaparilla of the ,ph4 ,l4 ,every fl4 oz4 represents the active principles of #b oz4 7 #b oz4 #he gr4 avoir47 of sarsaparilla root4 ,in other words1 it is twice as strong as the root1 and #af times as strong as the decoction4 #b4 ,alcoholic extract of sarsaparilla1 #g oz42 sherry1 #c_/d pint2 rectified spirit1 #a_/d pint2 dissolve and filter4 ,strength as the last4 #c4 7,beral47 ,alcohol extract1 #d oz42 sherry wine1 #a pint2 dissolve and filter4 ,about #c fl4 dr41 added to water1 #a pint1 form an extemporaneous decoction4 #d4 7,guibourt47 ,alcoholic extract1 #d oz42 white wine1 #a lb4 ,strength the same as ,nos4 #a and #b 7nearly74 #e4 7,hening47 ,sarsaparilla 7bruised71 #aj oz42 distilled water1 #f pints2 macerate at a temperature of #abj ,fahr4 for six hours and strain2 repeat with the same quantity of fresh water2 mix the liquors1 and evaporate in china vessels at #afj ,fahr4 ,if reduced to #aj fl4 oz4 7or to #i fl4 oz41 with #a fl4 oz4 of rectified spirit added71 #a fl4 dr41 mixed with #g fl4 dr4 of water1 will be equal to the decoction of the usual strength4 ,if reduced to #e fl4 oz4 #a fl4 dr4 will be equal to #b fl4 oz4 of the decoction4 #f4 ,the bark separated from sarsaparilla root1 #b-c_/d lbs41 is exhausted with water as last2 the liquid is evaporated as quickly as possible1 in a water bath1 to #af fl4 oz41 and when cold1 mixed with rectified spirit1 #d fl4 oz4 ,strength same as ,no4 #a4 #g4 ,the infusion in ,no4 #f is evaporated to #aj-a_/b fl4 oz41 and when cold mixed with sherry1 #a_/b pint2 in a week the clear portion is decanted from the sediment4 ,strength same as ,no4 #a4 ,obs4 ,the formul ,nos4 #a1 #b1 #f1 and #g have each in turn been extensively employed by us in the laboratory with the most satisfactory results4 ,see ,,liquor ,,of ,,sarsaparilla4 ,essence of ,sarsaparilla 7,compound74 ,syn4 ,,essentia ,,sarsaparill ,,composita1 ,e4 ,,sars ,c41 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,one pint of ,no4 #a1 #b1 #f1 or #g 7above71 is triturated with the extract prepared from mezereon bark1 #c-a_/d oz41 and extract of liquorice1 #d oz42 when mixed it is returned to the bottle1 and essence of guaiacum1 #a-a_/b fl4 dr41 and oil of sassafras1 #bj drops1 are added1 the whole is then well agitated for at least #ae minutes1 and after a week's repose the clear portion is decanted as before4 #a_/b fl4 dr41 with #g-a_/b fl4 dr4 of water1 forms extemporaneous compound decoction of sarsaparilla4 #b4 7,cadet47 ,sarsaparilla 7bruised71 #h oz42 hot water1 q4 s42 exhaust the root by successive macerations2 unite the liquors1 and evaporate to #aj fl4 oz42 strain1 and add1 when cold1 of alcohol 7#hdb7 and tinctures of guaiacum and mezereon1 of each #d fl4 dr42 white wine1 #a fl4 oz42 oil of sassafras1 #ab drops2 extract of liquorice1 #b dr42 agitate1 and after repose decant as before4 ,this is nearly #h times as strong as ',,dec4 ,,sars ,,co4'--,ph4 ,l4 ,the first is the best formula4 ,see ,,liquor ,,of ,,sarsaparilla 7,compound74 ,essence of ,sa''vory ,spices4 ,prep4 #a4 ,black pepper1 #d oz42 powdered turmeric1 #c dr42 coriander seeds1 #a-a_/b dr4 7all ground and genuine72 oil of pimento1 #a-a_/b fl4 dr42 oils of nutmeg1 cloves1 cassia and caraway1 of each #a_/b dr42 rectified spirit1 #a pint2 digest1 with agitation1 for a fortnight4 ,very fine4 #b4 ,black pepper1 #c oz42 allspice1 #a-a_/d oz42 nutmegs and burnt sugar1 of each #a_/b oz42 cloves1 cassia1 coriander1 and caraway seeds1 of each #a dr4 7all bruised or ground72 rectified spirit1 #a pint2 digest with agitation1 as before1 for #ad days1 press1 and filter4 ,used as a flavouring4 ,when made with proof spirit or brandy1 and only #a_/b the above weight of spice1 it is called ',,tincture ,,of ,,savory ,,spices1' ,essence of ,sen'na4 ,see ,,liquor and ,,infusion 7,concentrated74 ,essence of ,smoke4 ,see ,,essence1 ,,westphalian4 ,essence of ,soap4 ,syn4 ,,spirit ,,of ,,soap1 ,,shaving ,,fluid2 ,,esprit ,,de ,,savon1 ,,essence ,,de ,,savon1 ,,essence ,,royale ,,pour ,,faire ,,la ,,barbe1 ,fr42 ,,essentia ,,saponis1 ,,tinctura ,,saponis ,,concentrata1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,castile soap 7in shavings71 #d oz42 proof spirit1 #a pint2 dissolve1 and add a little perfume4 #b4 ,venetian soap1 #c_/d lb42 salt of tartar1 #a oz42 benzoin1 #a_/b oz42 spirit of wine1 #a gall4 #c4 ,best soft soap1 #a_/d lb42 boiling water1 #a pint2 dissolve1 cool1 and add1 oils of cinnamon 7cassia71 verbena1 and neroli1 of each #f drops2 dissolved in rectified spirit1 #a pint2 mix well1 and if not perfectly transparent1 add a little more strong spirit1 or filter through blotting paper4 ,obs4 ,this alcoholic solution of soap is chiefly used for shaving1 and is very convenient in travelling1 as a good lather may be instantly produced without the trouble of employing a soap-box4 ,instead of the above perfumes1 #ae drops of essence of musk or ambergris1 or #cj drops of any of the perfumed spirits1 or #c drops of attar of roses1 or #f drops of any of the aromatic essential oils1 may be added1 when a corresponding name is given to the preparation1 as esprit de savon1 de la rose1 c4 #d4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,white soap1 #c oz42 carbonate of potassa1 #a dr42 proof spirit1 #ab oz42 dissolve4 ,used medicinally4 ,they are all used as frictions1 c4 #e4 7,,camphorated1--,guibourt47 ,white soap1 #c parts2 camphor1 #a part2 spirit of rosemary1 #af parts2 dissolve4 ,a variety of opodeldoc4 ,used as an embrocation in rheumatic pains1 sore throat1 c4 ,essence of ,soup ,herbs4 ,syn4 ,,spirit ,,of ,,soup ,,herbs1 ,,conc4 ,,tincture ,,of ,s4 ,h41 c4 ,prep4 7,kitchener's47 ,lemon thyme1 winter savory1 sweet marjoram1 and sweet bazil1 of each #a oz42 lemon peel 7grated71 and eschalots1 of each #a_/b oz42 bruised celery seed1 #a_/d oz42 proof spirit or brandy1 #a pint2 digest for #aj days or a fortnight4 ,a superior flavouring essence for soups1 gravies1 c4 ,see ,,essence ,,of ,,savoury ,,spices4 ,essence of ,spear'mint4 ,see ,,essence ,,of ,,mint4 ,essence of ,sprats4 ,syn4 ,,essence ,,of ,,british ,,anchovies4 ,from pickled sprats 7,british anchovies71 as ,,essence ,,of ,,anchovies1 for which it is commonly sold4 ,essence of ,spruce4 ,syn4 ,,fluid ,,extract ,,of ,,spruce2 ,,essentia ,,abietis1 ,,extractum ,a4 ,,fluidum1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,a decoction of the young tops of the black spruce-fir ,abies nigra1 evaporated to the consistence of a thick syrup4 ,used to make spruce beer1 c4 ,essence1 ,toothache4 ,syn4 ,,essentia ,,odontalgia1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,acetate of morphia1 #a_/b dr42 tincture of pellitory of ,spain 7made with rectified spirit71 #b fl4 oz42 acetic acid 7glacial71 #d fl4 dr42 dissolve1 and add of oil of cloves1 #f fl4 dr4 #b4 7,redwood47 ,pellitory1 #a_/b lb42 extract of belladonna1 #b dr42 rectified spirit1 #a pint2 digest #ad days1 strain1 and add1 of hyponitrous ether1 #a oz42 oil of wine1 #a_/b oz42 oil of cloves1 #b dr4 ,see ,,drops 7,odontalgic74 ,essence of ,tu''berose4 ,prep4 ,the flowers are stratified with sheep's or cotton wool1 impregnated with the purest oil of ben or of olives1 in an earthen vessel1 closely covered1 and kept for #ab hours in a water bath2 the flowers are then removed1 and fresh ones substituted1 and this is repeated until the oil 7,,huile ,,au ,,tuberose7 is sufficiently scented4 ,the wool or cotton is then mixed with the purest spirit of wine1 and distilled in a water bath2 or it is first digested in a warm situation1 and in a well-closed vessel1 for several days1 during the whole of which time frequent agitation is had recourse to4 ,a similar plan is followed for the preparation of essences of jasmine1 violets1 and other like flowers4 ,see ,,spirit4 ,essence of ,turtle4 ,syn4 ,,essence ,,of ,,green ,,turtle4 ,prep4 ,from essence of anchovies and shallot wine1 of each #c oz42 basil wine1 #a_/b pint2 mushroom ketchup1 #a_/d pint2 the juice of #b lemons2 the yellow peel of #a lemon2 curry powder1 #a_/d oz42 digest for a week4 ,used to impart the flavour of turtle to soups and gravies4 ,essence of ,tyre4 ,see ,,hair ,,dye4 ,essence of ,vanil'la4 ,syn4 ,,essentia ,,vanill1 ,,tincture ,v4 ,,concentrata1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,vanilla 7cut small71 #b oz42 rectified spirit1 #a pint1 digest a fortnight4 #b4 7,wholesale47 ,vanilla1 #b lbs42 rectified spirit1 #a gall42 proceed as for ,,essence ,,of ,,musk4 ,very superior4 #c4 ,vanilla 7best71 #c_/d lb42 spirit of ambrette1 #a quart2 cloves1 #cj gr42 grain musk1 #g gr42 as last4 ,much esteemed4 ,it is chiefly used as a perfume and for flavouring4 ,essence of ,verbe'na4 ,syn4 ,,essence ,,of ,,lemon-,,grass1 ,e4 ,,of ,,citronelle2 ,,essentia ,,verben1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,from oil of lemon-grass or verbena 7,andropogon citratum71 as ,,essence ,,of ,,allspice4 #b4 ,to the last add1 of essences of ambergris and bergamotte 7oil71 of each #a fl4 dr42 neroli1 #a_/b fl4 dr4 #c4 ,to ,no4 #a4 add1 of oils of lavender and bergamotte1 of each #a_/b dr42 essence of vanilla1 #b fl4 dr4 ,a powerful and refreshing perfume4 ,essence of ,vio'let4 ,syn4 ,,essentia ,,viol1 ,l42 ,,essences ,,des ,,violettes1 ,fr4 ,see ,,essence ,,of ,,tuberose and ,,spirit4 ,essence of ,vittie ,vayr4 ,syn4 ,,essence ,,of ,,vetiver2 ,,essence ,,de ,,vittie ,,vayr ,,double1 ,fr4 ,prep4 #a4 ,vittie vayr or cuscus 7the root of ,andropogon muricatus1 cut small and bruised71 #c lbs42 proof spirit1 #i pints2 digest a week1 add of water1 #e pints1 and the next day distil over #a gall4 of essence4 #b4 ,to the last1 before distillation1 add1 of otto of roses1 #a_/b dr42 eau de melisse 7spirit of balm71 #a_/b pint2 and proceed as before4 ,used as a perfume4 ,in #ahca it was much employed in ,paris as a prophylactic of cholera4 ,essence1 ,volatile 7,acetic74 ,syn4 ,,pungent ,,acetic ,,essence2 ,,essentia ,,volatilis ,,acetica1 ,l4 ,aromatic vinegar4 ,essence1 ,volatile 7,ammoniacal74 ,syn4 ,,pungent ,,ammoniacal ,,essence1 ,,aromatic ,,ammoniacal ,e42 ,,essentia ,,volatilis1 ,e4 ,v4 ,,ammoniacalis1 ,e4 ,v4 ,,aromatica1 c41 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,oil of cinnamon1 #f drops2 otto of roses1 #ab drops2 oil of cloves1 #a fl4 dr42 essence of bergamotte1 #b fl4 dr42 oil of lavender 7,mitcham71 #d fl4 dr42 essence of musk1 #e fl4 dr42 liquor of ammonia 7strongest71 #a pint2 mix in a cold place1 and shake the bottle until the whole is combined4 #b4 ,essence of violets and oil of cinnamon1 of each #ab drops2 neroli1 essence of jasmine1 and otto of roses1 of each #a_/b dr42 oil of lavender1 #a dr42 essence royale and essence 7oil7 of bergamotte1 of each #b-a_/b dr42 liquor of ammonia 7strongest71 #a pint2 as the last4 #c4 ,oils of lemon and bergamotte1 of each #e fl4 dr42 oil of lavender1 #a-a_/b fl4 dr42 otto of roses1 #a fl4 dr42 oils of cassia1 neroli1 cloves1 and cedrat1 of each #a_/b fl4 dr42 oil of sandal wood1 #ae drops2 liquor of ammonia 7strongest71 #a pint4 #d4 ,essence of bergamotte1 #f fl4 dr42 oil of lavender1 #d fl4 dr42 oil of cloves1 #c fl4 dr42 oil of cassia1 #a-a_/b fl4 dr42 oil of verbena 7lemon-grass71 #a fl4 dr42 otto of roses1 #cj drops2 liquor of ammonia1 #ah fl4 oz4 #e4 7,redwood47 ,oil of bergamotte1 #c oz42 essence of lemons1 #b oz42 oil of lavender1 #f dr42 essence of jasmine1 #d dr42 oil of sassafras1 #c dr42 oil of neroli1 #b dr42 otto of roses1 #a-a_/b dr42 oil of origanum and essence of ambergris1 of each #a dr42 musk1 #bj gr42 macerate for a week1 and decant the clear portion4 ,it is added to the strongest liquor of ammonia in proportion of #a-a_/b oz4 to the pint4 ,obs4 ,the above are used to fill smelling-bottles4 ,they are all very fragrant and refreshing4 ,essence1 ,ward's4 ,see ,,essence ,,headache4 ,essence of ,water-fen'nel4 ,syn4 ,,essentia ,,phellandri ,,aquatici1 ,e4 ,f,,oe,,niculis ,a41 ,l4 ,prep4 7,cottereau47 ,water-fennel seeds 7fine-leaved water-hemlock1 bruised71 #a oz42 proof spirit1 #d fl4 oz42 digest4 ,narcotic and pectoral4--,dose1 #e to #be drops1 combined with bark2 in phthisis1 c4 ,essence1 ,westphalian4 ,,essence ,,of ,,smoke1 ,e4 ,,of ,,wood-,,smoke1 ,,cambrian ,,essence1 ,,smoking ,,fluid2 ,,essentia ,,fuliginis1 c41 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,crude or empyreumatic pyroligneous acid1 #a pint2 sugar colouring1 #b oz42 dissolve1 and in a week decant the clear portion4 #b4 ,tar1 #c dr42 sugar colouring1 #b oz42 hot crude pyroligneous acid1 #a pint2 agitate constantly for #a hour1 and after repose decant the clear portion4 #c4 ,acetic acid 7,ph4 ,l471 #a pint2 creasote1 #e dr42 mix4 ,white4 #d4 ,barbadoes tar1 #a_/d oz42 burnt sugar and common salt1 of each #a oz42 strong pickling vinegar1 #c_/d pint2 port or elder wine1 #a_/d pint2 digest as before4 ,inferior to the preceding4 ,used to impart a smoky flavour to meat1 fish1 c41 by brushing it over them1 or adding a little to the brine in which they are pickled4 ,essence of ,worm'wood4 ,syn4 ,,essentia ,,amara1 ,e4 ,,absinthii1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,extract of wormwood1 #d oz42 oil of wormwood1 #a oz42 rectified spirit1 #a pint2 digest a week and filter4 ,tonic1 stomachic1 and vermifuge4--,dose1 #aj drops to a teaspoonful4 #b4 7,van ,mons47 ,tincture of wormwood1 #a pint2 salt of wormwood1 #e dr42 extract of wormwood1 #a dr42 digest as before4--,dose1 #a_/b to #a-a_/b fl4 dr4 ,essences1 ,fla''vouring4 ,syn4 ,,culinary ,,essences1 ,,spice ,e41 ,,essences ,,for ,,the ,,table1 c4 ,those used by cooks1 confectioners1 liqueurists1 c41 are all made by either dissolving #a fl4 oz4 of the essential oil of the particular substance in #a pint of rectified spirit1 or by digesting #d to #f oz4 of the bruised spice1 or #e to #aj oz4 of the dried herb1 in a like quantity 7#a pint7 of spirit4 ,the first method is preferable1 from being the least troublesome1 and yielding the finest product4 ,they are commonly labelled ',,concentrated ,,essence ,,of ----4' ,an inferior article1 vended under the names of ',,essences ,,of ,,culinary ,,herbs1' ',,culinary ,,tinctures1' ',,tinctures ,,for ,,kitchen ,,use1' c41 are prepared from half the above quantity of oil or spice1 infused in a pint of proof spirit or ,british brandy4 ,the principal compounds of this class are the essences of allspice1 caraway1 cardamoms1 cassia1 cayenne1 celery seed1 cinnamon1 cloves1 coriander seed1 fennel1 garlic1 ginger1 lemon peel1 mace1 marjoram1 nutmegs1 orange peel1 peppermint1 spearmint1 sweet basil1 and the like4 ,the whole of these are employed to flavour soups1 gravies1 sweetmeats1 pastry1 wines1 mulled wines1 liqueurs1 c4 ,essences1 ,flower4 ,those for which separate formul are not given in this work may most of them be made from the essential oil of the flowers and rectified spirit1 as the last2 or by digesting the flowers 7crushed or bruised71 #c to #e lbs41 in proof spirit1 #b galls41 for a few days1 and then drawing over1 by distillation1 #a gall4 ,for the essences of those flowers which are not strongly odorous1 the spirit thus obtained is distilled from a like quantity of flowers1 a second1 and a third time1 or even oftener4 ,the essences of other organic substances1 whose fragrant principles are volatile1 may be prepared in the same manner4 ,a small quantity of some other odorous essence is frequently added to the product1 to enrich or modify the fragrance4 ,see ,,flowers and ,,essences ,,by ,,infusion4 ,essences1 ,fra'grant4 ,see ,,flower ,,essences 7above71 ,,essentia ,,odorata1 ,,perfumery1 c4 ,essences1 ,fruit4 ,see ,,essences ,,of ,,apple1 ,,pine-,,apple1 ,,jargonelle1 c4 ,essences by ,infu'sion4 ,this term1 among perfumers1 is commonly applied to those essences1 eaux1 and esprits1 which are prepared by digesting the ingredients in the spirit used as the vehicle for the aroma1 in opposition to those obtained by 'distillation1' or by 'contact1' or 'pressure4' ,thus1 the ,,essences ,,of ,,ambergris1 ,,musk1 and ,,vanilla1 are of this class4 ,essences1 ,vi'nous4 ,syn4 ,,essentia ,,vinosa1 ,l4 ,these are prepared in a similar way to the wines 7,,vina7 of the pharmacopoeia1 by using #h times the usual quantity of ingredients1 and the very strongest sherry wine4 #a fl4 dr41 added to #g fl4 dr4 of wine or water 7properly the first only71 forms an extemporaneous imitation of the officinal ,,vina ,,medicata4 ,some of the above are largely used in dispensing1 and by travellers4 ,see ,,liquor and ,,wine4 ,,essentia ,,bi',,na4 ,see ,,colouring4 ,essentia1 ,odora'ta4 ,prep4 #a4 ,oil of lavender1 #a dr42 oils of cloves1 cassia1 and bergamot1 of each #a_/b dr42 neroli1 #bj drops2 essence royale1 #b fl4 dr42 rectified spirit1 #a_/b pint2 mix4 #b4 7,redwood47 ,english oil of lavender1 #dh drops2 oil of cloves1 #cb drops2 oil of orange peel1 #af drops2 oil of bergamotte and sweet spirit of nitre1 of each #h drops2 oil of yellow sandal-wood1 neroli1 and otto of roses1 of each #b drops2 oil of cinnamon1 #a drop2 rectified spirit1 and essence of ambergris and musk1 of each #a oz42 honey water1 #h oz42 mix4 ,used as a perfume for the handkerchief1 c4 ,the last form seems unnecessarily complicated and minute4 ,essentia ,odorif'era4 ,prep4 #a4 ,grain musk and balsam of ,peru1 of each #aj gr42 civet1 #d gr42 oil of cloves1 #e drops2 oil of rhodium1 #c drops2 salt of tartar 7dried by a dull-red heat and cooled71 #a_/b dr42 rectified spirit 7strongest71 #b-a_/b fl4 oz42 macerate for #ad days1 and pour off the clear4 #b4 ,oil of rhodium and balsam of ,peru1 of each #a_/b dr42 oil of cloves1 #a dr42 spirit of ammonia1 #b fl4 dr42 essence of civet and vanilla1 of each #b fl4 oz42 essence of musk1 #e fl4 oz42 neroli1 oils of lavender1 verbena1 and cassia1 of each #f drops4 ,as last4 ,both are very pleasant1 durable1 and powerful perfumes for personal use4 ,,essential ,,oil4 ,see ,,oil 7,volatile74 ,,essential ,,salt ,,of ,,bark4 ,see ,,bark and ,extract4 ,,essential ,,salt ,,of ,,lemons4 ,syn4 ,,salt ,,of ,,lemons2 ,,sal ,,limonum1 ,l4 ,the preparation sold under this name is made by mixing cream of tartar 7bitartrate of potassa7 with twice its weight of salt of sorrel 7quadroxalate of potassa71 both in fine powder4 ,it is used to remove fruit stains1 c41 from linen1 by rubbing a little of it on the part moistened with warm water4 ,it is poisonous1 if swallowed in quantity4 ,,etch',,ing4 ,a species of engraving1 in which the design is formed on the plate by the action of an acid1 or some other fluid1 instead of being cut out by the graver4 ,proc4 ,in the ,,ordinary ,,process ,,of ,,etching the plate is covered with 'etching ground' 7an acid-resisting varnish71 and the design is scratched on the metal through the ground1 by means of a pointed tool of steel called the 'etching needle' or 'point4' ,a border of wax is then placed round the plate1 and the 'biting' fluid poured on1 and allowed to remain till the 'lights' or finest portions of the design are sufficiently 'bitten in1' ,the etching fluid is then poured off1 the plate washed1 and the light parts 'stopped out' with ,brunswick black or other varnish2 the solvent is again poured on1 and allowed to remain until the finest portion of the exposed lines are sufficiently deep1 when the acid is again poured off1 and the whole process is repeated till the very darkest lines or shadows are sufficiently 'bitten in1' ,the plate is then cleaned1 and is ready to be printed from4 ,occasionally the etched design receives a few finishing touches with the 'graver4' ,there are several varieties of etching1 of which the following are the principal3--,,etching ,,with ,a ,,soft ,,ground1 when a coating of lard or tallow is employed1 and the design is drawn on a piece of paper1 laid evenly on the ground1 by which means the fatty matter adheres to the paper1 on the parts pressed on by the point or pencil1 and the copper beneath becomes exposed1 and is then acted on by the acid4 ,the effect resembles that of chalk or pencil drawings4--,,stippling1 or executing the design in dots instead of lines4--,,aquatinta or ,,aquatint1 a mode of etching on copper for producing an effect resembling a drawing in ,indian ink4 ,it is performed by sifting powdered asphaltum or lac resin on the plate1 previously slightly greased1 and1 after shaking off the loose powder1 gently heating it over a chafing dish2 on cooling1 the lights are covered with turpentine varnish coloured with lampblack1 by means of a hair pencil1 and a rim of wax being placed round the plate1 a mixture of 'aquafortis' and water is poured on it1 and allowed to remain for #e or #f minutes1 when it is poured off1 the plate dried1 and recourse had to the pencil as before4 ,the process of 'stopping' and 'etching' is repeated again and again1 until the darkest shades are produced4 ,sometimes1 instead of using asphaltum1 an alcoholic solution of shell-lac or gum mastic is poured over the plate1 placed in a slanting direction2 this varnish forms a film1 which1 on drying1 leaves innumerable cracks or minute fissures through which the acid acts on the plate4 ,the fineness or coarseness of the grain depends entirely upon the condition of the powdered asphaltum1 or on the quantity of matter dissolved in the spirit employed to form the ground4 ,the fluids employed for 'biting in' the designs vary considerably1 almost every artist having his own receipt4 ,aquafortis1 more or less diluted1 is1 however1 generally employed for ,,copper1 and this1 with the addition of pyroligneous acid1 for etching on ,,steel2 but any fluid that rapidly dissolves the metal may be used for the purpose4 ,the 'etching ground' may be formed of any substance capable of resisting the action of the etching fluid1 and which is1 at the same time1 sufficiently soft to allow of the free use of the needle or point1 and sufficiently solid to prevent an injury to the design during the 'scratching in1' ,in ,,etching ,,on ,,glass1 the ground is laid on1 and the design 'scratched in' in the usual way1 when liquid hydrofluoric acid is applied1 or the glass is exposed to the action of hydrofluoric acid gas4 ,the former renders the surface of the etching transparent1 the latter opaque4 ,a simple modification of the process is to wet the design with sulphuric acid1 and then to sprinkle on some finely pulverised fluor spar 7fluoride of calcium71 by which means hydrofluoric acid is set free and attacks the glass4 ,this method may be very easily applied to the graduation of glass vessels1 thermometer tubes1 c4 ,,etching ,,on ,,glass ,,by ,,electricity4 ,plant 7',ann4 ,chem4 ,phys4' #e1 xiii1 #adc-add74 ,the author had previously drawn attention to the fact that when an electric current is passed through saline solutions in glass vessels1 platinum wire serving as electrodes1 the glass is immediately attacked1 and he therefore proposes the following method for etching on glass3 ,the surface of the glass to be engraved is coated with a concentrated solution of potassium nitrate1 and beneath the layer of liquid a platinum wire1 connected with one of the poles of a battery1 is stretched across the plate4 ,with the other pole is connected another platinum wire1 the whole of which1 except the point1 is insulated2 with this the designs are drawn on the glass1 which is engraved wherever the wire comes in contact with it1 flashes of light being emitted at the same time4 ,the depth of engraving depends on the rate at which the platinum wire moves2 the slower the rate the deeper the line4 ,a ,,rapid ,,method ,,of ,,etching ,,on ,,iron ,,or ,,steel1 capable of very general application1 is as follows3--,the metal is warmed until it is capable of melting a piece of beeswax1 or 'etching ground1' which is then carefully rubbed over it1 so as to form a thin and even coating2 when cold1 the design is 'scratched in' in the common way2 a little powdered iodine is then sprinkled on the exposed parts1 and at the same time a few drops of water are added1 and the two worked into a liquid paste with a camel-hair pencil4 ,the paste is then moved about over the intended etching1 for a period varying from one to five minutes1 according to the depth of the lines required to be produced4 ,afterwards the whole is removed1 and reapplied1 c41 as with the usual etching fluids4 ,the same etching-paste1 by being kept for a few days1 again acquires the property of dissolving iron1 and may be used again and again2 but independently of this1 the iodide of iron formed during the process1 if rapidly evaporated to dryness in a clean iron vessel by a moderate heat1 and placed in stoppered bottles1 will sell for more than the original cost of the iodine4 ,to travellers and amateurs who amuse themselves with the delightful art of etching1 iodine1 from its portability and convenience1 will1 doubtless1 prove invaluable4 ,we have adopted it with considerable success1 and have found it especially useful in marking surgical instruments1 razors1 and other edge tools4 ,we published this method many years ago4 ,several parties have since availed themselves of our suggestions and formul1 but without the slightest acknowledgment of the source from which they obtained them4 7,a4 ,j4 ,cooley47 ,etching1 ,electro-4 ,this mode of etching1 which is in many respects superior to the ordinary mode1 is based upon the destructive action of certain 'anions' during 'electrolysis4'#bha ,if two plates of copper be connected with the opposite ends of a voltaic battery1 and placed in a vessel containing very dilute sulphuric acid1 the plate connected with the copper of the battery will be attacked by the anion oxygen which is released during the decomposition of the acid4 ,this destructive action can be localised at pleasure by covering certain parts of the plate with a protecting stratum of varnish1 ordinary 'etching ground' for instance4 ,in the practice of electro-etching1 the drawing is 'scratched in' in the usual way through an ordinary ground2 a stout wire is then soldered to the plate1 and this1 as well as the back of the plate1 is coated with sealing-wax varnish4 ,thus prepared1 the plate is placed in a suitable 'decomposition cell' opposite a plate of somewhat similar size1 and the two are connected respectively with the copper and zinc of a ',daniell's cell1' or the silver and zinc of a ',smee's cell4'#bhb ,after about ten minutes the plate is removed1 washed1 and dried2 and when the 'fine work' has been stopped out with ,brunswick black1 it is returned for another space of ten minutes4 ,by alternately exposing the plate to the action of the decomposing fluid1 and 'stopping out' parts of the work1 the required gradation in tints is obtained4 ,the exact duration of the various exposures1 as well as their number1 must1 of course1 be regulated by circumstances4 ,see ,,etching ,,fluids 7below74 ,footnote #bha3 ,see ,,electrolysis and ,,electrotype1 pages #dbh and #dbi4 ,footnote #bhb3 ,see ,,voltaic ,,electricity4 ,etching ,fluids4 #a4 7,for ,,copper47--a4 ,from 'aquafortis1' #b-a_/b fl4 oz42 water1 #e fl4 oz42 mix4 b4 ,to the last add of verdigris1 #a oz42 water1 #b-a_/b fl4 oz42 dissolve4 ,for light touches4 c4 7,,eau ,,forte1--,callot and ,piranesi47 ,alum1 sal-ammoniac1 sea salt1 and verdigris1 of each #d oz42 vinegar 7pyroligneous acid71 #h fl4 oz42 water1 #af fl4 oz42 mix1 dissolve1 boil for #a or #b minutes in a glazed or stoneware vessel1 cool1 and decant the clear portion4 ,used as the last4 d4 ,water acidulated with sulphuric acid4 ,used in the process of electro-etching4 #b4 7,for ,,steel47--a4 ,from iodine1 #a oz42 iron filings or wire1 #a_/b dr42 water1 #d fl4 oz4 ,it must be kept in a stoppered bottle1 until required for use4 b4 ,from iodine1 #c dr42 iodide of potassium1 #a dr42 proof spirit1 #a fl4 oz42 water1 #b fl4 oz4 ,as the last4 c4 7,mr ,turrel47 ,pyroligneous acid1 #d fl4 oz42 alcohol 7rectified spirit71 #a fl4 oz42 mix1 and add of nitric acid or double aquafortis 7sp4 gr4 #abh71 #a fl4 oz4 d4 ,from hydrochloric acid1 #e parts2 water1 #ie parts2 mix1 and add the liquid to a solution of chlorate of potassa1 #a part1 in water1 #ej parts4 e4 ,a solution of common salt4 ,used in the process of electro-etching4 ,etching ,ground4 ,syn4 ,,etching ,,varnish4 ,prep4 #a4 ,beeswax1 #e parts2 linseed oil1 #a part2 melted together4 #b4 7,callot's ,,hard ,,varnish1 ,,florentine ,v41 ,,florence ,v47 ,from linseed oil and mastic1 equal parts1 melted together4 #c4 7,callot's ,,soft ,,varnish47 ,from linseed oil1 #d oz42 gum benzoin and white wax1 of each #a_/b oz42 boil to two thirds4 #d4 7,lawrence47 ,white wax1 #b oz42 black pitch and ,burgundy pitch1 of each #a_/b oz42 melt1 add by degrees1 of powdered asphaltum1 #b oz42 and boil together1 until a piece1 when thoroughly cold1 will break by being bent double #b or #c times between the fingers2 next pour it into warm water1 make it into small balls1 and place each of them in a piece of taffety for use4 ,obs4 ,the preceding compositions are applied to the surface of the plates1 previously made sufficiently warm to melt them easily1 their even diffusion being promoted by dabbing them with a wad of cotton4 ,those that are white are then generally blackened on the surface by skilfully passing them over the smoky flame of one or more candles1 by which the marks of the etching point on the bright metal are rendered the more visible4 ,e',,ther4 ,syn4 ,,oxide ,,of ,,ethyl4 ,described under ,,ethyl1 ,,oxide ,,of4 ,several substances are known under the name of ethers besides the true ethers or salts of ethyl1 and are given below4 ,ether of ,canthar'ides4 ,syn4 ,,ther ,,cantharidalis1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,,oettinger47 ,from powdered cantharides1 #a part2 ether1 #b parts2 digested together for #c or #d days1 and the tincture expressed4 ,used as a vesicant1 c4 ,ether1 ,chlo''ric4 ,this name was applied by ,dr ,t4 ,thomson to the ,,chloride ,,of ,,olefiant ,,gas1 or ',,dutch ,,liquid1' and afterwards1 by ,guthrie and ,silliman1 to ,,chloroform1 which they took for an alcoholic solution of chloride of olefiant gas4 ,it now forms one of the synonyms of chloroform4 ,the medicinal ',,chloric ,,ether' of the shops is a solution of chloroform1 #a part1 in rectified spirit #h parts2 of which the dose is #bj or #cj drops in water1 as an antispasmodic and anodyne4 ,see ,,chloroform4 ,ether1 ,chlorinet'ted4 ,formed by the action of dry chlorine on pure ether4 ,when the action is long continued1 a heavy1 oily product 7,,bichlorinetted ,,ether71 smelling like fennel1 is formed4 ,by the still further action of chlorine1 aided by sunlight1 a white1 crystalline substance 7,,pentachlorinetted ,,ether71 a compound resembling sesquichloride of carbon1 is obtained4 ,ether1 ,cu''preous4 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,cupri ,,chloridi ,,therea1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,van ,mons47 ,sulphate of copper1 #f parts1 and chloride of barium1 #e parts1 are triturated together1 and the mixture digested in ether1 #c or #d parts1 until all the chloride of copper is dissolved4--,dose1 #b to #e drops2 in epilepsy1 c4 ,ether1 ,methy'lic4 ,syn4 ,,oxide ,,of ,,methyl1 ,,wood-,,ether1 ,,methyl-,,ether2 ,,ther ,,methylicus1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from wood spirit1 #a part2 concentrated sulphuric acid1 #d parts2 mix in a retort1 apply heat1 pass the evolved gas 7methylic ether7 through a little strong solution of potassa1 and then collect it over mercury4 ,see ,,methyl4 ,ether1 ,spirits of ,nitrous4 ,see ,,spirits4 ,ether1 ,washed4 ,syn4 ,,ther ,,lotus1 ,l4 ,ordinary ether1 agitated first with #b or #c times its volume of distilled water1 and a few grains of carbonate of potassa1 or a few drops of milk of lime2 and after decantation1 again agitated with a like quantity of water only4 ,used for inhalations4 ,for other purposes the washed ether is afterwards digested on chloride of calcium1 to deprive it of retained water4 ,e',,therin4 ,syn4 ,,camphor ,,of ,,oil ,,of ,,wine4 ,a volatile1 white1 crystalline substance1 deposited by light oil of wine when left in a cold situation for some time4 ,it is isomeric with etherole1 and received its name from the assumption of its being the base of the ethereal compounds4 ,according to this hypothesis1 ether is a hydrate of etherin4 ,etherin forms brilliant prisms and plates2 is tasteless2 soluble in alcohol and ether2 fuses at #bcj ,fahr41 and boils at #ejj ,fahr42 and is a little lighter than water4 ,the crystals are purified by pressure between the folds of bibulous paper1 solution in ether1 and evaporation4 ,e',,therole4 ,the yellowish1 oily liquid1 forming the residual portion of light oil of wine1 after it has deposited its etherin4 ,it is lighter than water2 is freely soluble in both alcohol and ether2 and has a rather high boiling-point4 ,see ,,etherin and ,,oil ,,of ,,wine4 ,,ethion',,ic ,,ac',,id4 ,prep4 ,an alcoholic solution of the crystals of sulphate of carbyle is diluted with water1 the whole neutralised with carbonate of baryta1 the filtered liquid evaporated by a very gentle heat to a small bulk1 and a large quantity of alcohol added2 the precipitate 7ethionate of baryta7 is treated 7cautiously7 with dilute sulphuric acid 7avoiding excess71 by which the baryta is withdrawn1 and ethionic acid left in solution4 ,prop41 c4 ,ethionic acid closely resembles sulphovinic acid4 ,it is decomposed by heat4 ,its salts 7ethionates71 however1 differ completely from the sulphovinates4 ,they are all soluble in water1 and are said to be anhydrous4 ,the ethionates of ammonia1 potassa1 and soda crystallise readily2 those of lead1 baryta1 lime1 and the other earths are uncrystallisable4 ,see ,,isethionic ,,acid1 and below4 ,,ethion',,ic ,,anhy',,dride4 ,prep4 ,pure and dry olefiant gas is passed over anhydrous sulphuric acid 7'sulphuric anhydride'7 contained in a ,u-shaped tube4 ,prop41 c4 ,when thus produced1 it is in white1 milky crystals1 which speedily deliquesce in the air1 giving rise to ethionic acid4 ,it is similar in appearance1 and probably identical with1 'sulphate of carbyle1' which results from the absorption of the vapour of anhydrous sulphuric acid by absolute alcohol4 ,e',,thiops4 ,syn4 ,,thiops1 ,l4 ,a name given by the older chemists to several black powders on account of their colour1 and still occasionally employed in medical works4 ,ethiops1 ,graphi'tic4 ,syn4 ,,ethiops ,,of ,,plumbago2 ,,thiops ,,graphiticus1 ,l4 ,from plumbago1 #b parts2 quicksilver1 #a part2 triturated together until the globules disappear4--,dose1 #e to #aj gr42 in herpes1 and some other obstinate skin diseases4 ,ethiops1 ,martial4 ,black oxide of iron1 prepared by keeping iron filings under water1 and occasionally shaking them4 ,it is washed with water1 dried as quickly as possible1 and preserved from the air1 to prevent further oxidation4 ,formerly much esteemed as a tonic4 ,ethiops1 ,min'eral4 ,syn4 ,,ethiops ,,mineral2 ,,thiops ,,mineralis1 ,,hydrargyri ,,sulphuretum ,,cum ,,sulphure1 ,l4 ,black sulphuret of mercury1 with excess of sulphur4 7,tyson's47 ,oxide of mercury 7prepared by decomposing calomel with an equivalent proportion of liquor of potassa to which a little liquor of ammonia has been added7 and flowers of sulphur1 equal parts1 triturated together4 ,this is recommended as an efficient substitute for the old and uncertain preparation commonly sold under the name of ,ethiops mineral4 ,it is1 however1 of more than double the usual strength1 and should therefore be taken in proportionate doses4 ,see ,,mercury 7,sulphide74 ,ethiops1 ,veg'etable4 ,syn4 ,,thiops ,,vegetabilis1 ,,pulvus ,,querc,s ,,marin1 ,l4 ,bladder wrack 7,fucus vesiculosus71 burned in a close vessel till it becomes black and friable4 ,used in bronchocele1 scrofula1 c4 ,like burnt sponge1 it owes its virtues to the presence of a very minute quantity of iodine4--,dose1 #bj gr4 to #a dr41 or more1 made into an electuary with honey or sugar4 ,e',,thyl4 ,c#b;,h#e4 ,syn4 ,,ethyle4 ,the hydrocarbon assumed to be the radical of the ether-compounds 7ethyl-series74 ,a body containing carbon and hydrogen in the proportions indicated by the formula of ethyl1 #b7;,c#b;,h#e71 has been obtained by exposing dry iodide of ethyl in sealed tubes for several hours to the action of finely divided zinc1 at a temperature of from #cbj to #cch ,fahr4 ,in this reaction the iodine of the iodide of ethyl combines with the zinc1 and the hydrocarbon supposed to be ethyl is set free4 ,on opening the sealed tubes and allowing the gas 7which is a mixture of the 'ethyl' and certain secondary products7 to pass into a freezing mixture1 the temperature of which is kept below -#i ,fahr41 the 'ethyl' condenses to a colourless1 mobile liquid4 ,hitherto no compound ether has been produced from the 'ethyl' thus prepared4 ,according to the beautiful theory of ,liebig1 ethyl is a 'salt-basyle1' forming 'haloid salts' with chlorine1 iodine1 and bromine2 its oxide is ether1 and the hydrate of this oxide alcohol4 ,the compound ethers may be compared with ordinary salts in which the metal is replaced by the radical ethyl4 ,ethyl1 ,oxide of4 7,c#b;,h#e7b,o4 ,syn4 ,,ether1 ,,sulphuric ,,ether1 ,,ther 7,b4 ,p471 ,,ther ,,sulphuricus 7,,ph4 ,e4 ,d4 ,u4 ,s471 4 ,,rectificatus1 4 ,,vitriolicus1 4 ,,spiritus ,,vitrioli ,,dulois1 ,l4 ,a colourless1 highly volatile1 fragrant1 inflammable liquid1 obtained by distilling a mixture of sulphuric acid and alcohol4 ,it was not known before the #acth century4 ,prep4 ,there are two methods employed for the preparation of ether4 ,the one is by mixing the whole of the ingredients at once1 and immediately subjecting them to distillation at a proper temperature2 the other is by adding the alcohol in a slender streamlet to the acid1 previously heated to the etherifying point4 ,the former1 though less economical1 is the one more generally employed4 #a4 ,rectified spirit1 #c lbs42 sulphuric acid1 #b lbs42 carbonate of potassa 7previously ignited71 #a oz42 pour #b lbs4 of the spirit into a glass retort1 add the acid1 and place the vessel on a sand bath1 so that the liquor may boil as quickly as possible1 and the ether1 as it forms1 pass over into a well-cooled receiver2 continue the distillation until a heavier fluid begins to pass over1 then lower the heat1 add the remainder of the spirit1 and distil as before2 mix the distilled liquors together1 pour off the supernatant portion1 add the carbonate of potassa1 and agitate occasionally for one hour2 finally1 distil the ether from a large retort1 and keep it in a well-stoppered bottle4 ,sp4 gr4 #gej4 #b4 ,the strongest oil of vitriol1 #c parts1 are mixed with alcohol1 q4 s4 7about #b parts at #hcj7 to reduce its sp4 gr4 to #aghj2 an object which may be easily obtained by distilling off some of the ether if required4 ,the still or retort is then connected with a vessel full of alcohol1 of at least #ij1 by means of a small syphon tube1 furnished with a stop-cock2 the longer limb of which should be of glass1 and so arranged that it just dips into the mixture of acid and alcohol4 ,heat is next applied1 and the contents of the still raised to the boiling-point as rapidly as possible1 and as soon as full ebullition commences the stop-cock of the syphon is cautiously turned1 so as to allow the alcohol to flow down in such a manner as to keep the boiling liquid exactly at the same level2 or1 in other words1 to supply a quantity of alcohol exactly equal to that of the liquid which distils over4 ,by careful manipulation the whole of the alcohol which enters the retort passes over as ether and water1 and this decomposition proceeds for some time1 and would continue for an unlimited period did not the sulphuric acid ultimately become too weak to form ether1 from the gradual absorption of the superfluous water contained in the alcohol4 ,were it convenient or practicable to use absolute alcohol1 a given weight of sulphuric acid of the proper strength1 would maintain the power of producing ether for an indefinite period4 ,in practice1 the quantity of alcohol that may thus be etherified is twice or thrice as much as by the common process1 while neither sulphurous acid1 sulphovinic acid1 nor sweet oil of wine is generated1 and the residual liquid of the distillation continues limpid1 and has only a pale-brown colour4 ,this is termed the 'continuous1' or ',boullay's' method4 7,this process is similar to that given in the ,b4 ,p47 #c4 ,alcohol of #ij1 five parts are mixed with oil of vitriol1 #i parts1 in a vessel of copper or iron immersed in cold water2 the mixture is next introduced into a still or retort1 and raised to a state of ebullition as rapidly as possible1 as before4 ,a fresh quantity of alcohol1 equal in bulk to the liquid distilled over1 is then added to the liquid in the still1 and distillation again had recourse to4 ,as much concentrated alcoholic solution of potassa as will give it a perceptible alkaline reaction is next added to distilled liquor1 which is then rectified by the heat of a water bath1 as long as the ether which distils over has the sp4 gr4 #gbj to #gbe at #hj ,fahr4 ,instead of the potassa1 a little milk of lime may be used1 along with its own bulk of water4 ,by allowing the product to stand for some days over chloride of calcium or quicklime1 and again rectifying it along with one of these substances1 perfectly pure ether may be obtained4 ,obs4 ,the mixture of alcohol with sulphuric acid requires some caution4 ,it is best done by introducing the alcohol into a suitable vessel1 and imparting to it a rapid whirling motion1 by which a considerable conical cavity is formed in the centre1 and into which the acid may be gradually poured with perfect safety4 ,the mixed fluids should be brought to a state of rapid ebullition1 as quickly as possible1 as without this precaution much of the alcohol distils over before the liquor acquires the proper temperature for etherification4 ,on the small scale1 a tubulated retort1 connected with a ,liebig's condensing tube1 and two globular receivers surrounded with a freezing mixture1 or ice-cold water1 may be employed as the distillatory apparatus4 ,the second receiver should be connected with the first one by means of a bent glass tube1 reaching nearly to the bottom of the former2 and the whole of the joints should be securely luted1 as soon as the expanded air has been allowed to escape4 ,we have employed the following convenient little apparatus for the preparation of small quantities of ether1 and it will be found very suitable for the distillation of most other highly volatile liquids1 and particularly for boiling mixtures of alcohol and organic acids4 ,by connecting the neck of a flask or digester containing volatile fluids with the lower instead of the upper end of the refrigerator1 ebullition may be carried on without loss1 as the vapour will be condensed1 and run back into the vessel from which it has distilled4 ,illustration3 a4 ,condenser tube4 b1 c ,glass tube4 d4 ,funnel by which cold water runs in from the water bottle h4 e4 ,pipe by which water escapes through f into the bottle g4 i4 ,retort4 k4 ,adapter1 connecting the retort with the condenser4 l4 ,adapter1 connecting the condenser with the bottles t1 t4 ,a4 ,wooden tressel1 with movable arms n1 o1 for supporting and adjusting the heights of the condenser4 ,b4 ,wooden stool for supporting the water bottle4 q4 ,furnace4 r4 ,support for the furnace4 p4 ,gutter for carrying off water that overflows the funnel d1 and preventing its escape along the pipe c4 s4 ,leg of syphon connected with bottle containing alcohol4 t1 t4 ,glass globes1 placed in the basins v1 v1 and surrounded with pounded ice or ice-cold water4 w4 ,safety tube1 containing a little mercury at x4 ,for the rectification of ether1 a water bath is employed along with the above simple refrigerator1 and the receivers surrounded by ice or a freezing mixture4 ,chem4 comp41 c4 ,ether is generally regarded as the oxide of ethyl1 and alcohol as the hydrate of this base4 ,this view is borne out by analysis1 which proves that ether differs from alcohol by the elements of water4 ,recent experiments have also shown that the relation existing between the two compounds is--if alcohol be expressed by the formula ,c#b;,h#f,o1 the true formula of ether will be 7,c#b;,h#e7b,o4 ,we cannot describe these experiments here1 but we may remark that ether cannot be made to combine with water directly1 nor can alcohol be converted into ether by the abstraction of water1 pure and simple1 without the aid of other substances4 ,the compound ethers may be compared to ordinary salts in which the metal is replaced by a radical termed ethyl1 having the formula ,c#b;,h#e4 ,this view is1 of course1 in accordance with the theory which regards ether as the oxide of ethyl4 ,according to theory1 #a equivalent1 or #df parts of absolute alcohol1 should produce #a eq41 or #cg parts1 of pure ether2 but in practice1 the greatest product obtained by operating according to ,boullay's method1 which produces more ether than any other1 does not exceed #cc-a_/b parts for the preceding quantity of alcohol1 or #gae4 ,a mixture of #i parts of oil of vitriol1 and #e parts of alcohol of #ij1 ceases to produce ether after #ca parts of such alcohol have been added4 ,the most economical method of etherification is that known as the continuous ether process1 or the process of ,boullay4 ,when this is adopted1 the retort or flask should be fitted with a sound cork1 perforated by an aperture to receive a thermometer1 and the application of the heat1 and the flow of alcohol1 should be so managed1 that a temperature of #cjj ,fahr4 and a state of rapid and violent ebullition 7points of essential importance7 are maintained4 ,prop41 ,uses1 c4 ,pure ether is a colourless1 transparent1 and very limpid fluid1 having a penetrating and agreeable smell1 and a burning1 sweetish taste2 its evaporation produces the sensation of extreme cold2 when prevented1 a sensation of heat is experienced4 ,its specific gravity varies between #gab and #gbd4 ,if it contains water it begins to crystallise in brilliant white plates when cooled to -#bd ,fahr41 and become a white crystalline mass at -#df or -#dg ,fahr42 but if absolutely pure1 ether cannot be solidified by any degree of cold that can be produced1 it remaining fluid when placed in contact with solid carbonic acid1 at a temperature of about -#adh ,fahr4 ,boils at #if or #ig ,fahr42 is very combustible2 is soluble in about #aj parts of distilled water1 and mixes with alcohol in all proportions4 ,it abstracts corrosive sublimate1 terchloride of gold1 sesquichloride of iron1 and many of the alkaloids1 from their watery solutions1 and is hence invaluable in analysis and pharmacy4 ,it readily dissolves the volatile and fixed oils1 and most fatty matters1 as well as sulphur and phosphorus in small quantities4 ,by exposure to light and air it absorbs oxygen1 and water and acetic acid are gradually formed4 ,it is decomposed by exposure to a high temperature4 ,its evaporation occasions intense cold4 ,the greatest degree of cold yet produced 7-#aff ,fahr47 has resulted from the admixture of ether with solid carbonic acid4 ,ether is powerfully stimulant1 narcotic1 and antispasmodic1 and externally refrigerant1 if allowed to evaporate1 or stimulant and counter-irritant if its evaporation is prevented1 and is used in various diseases4 ,applied to the forehead by means of the fingers or a strip of linen1 it generally relieves simple cases of nervous headache4 ,in pharmacy it is largely employed in the preparations of tinctures alkaloids1 spirits1 c42 and in chemistry is invaluable in organic analyses4 ,its principal commercial application is as a solvent for pyroxyline1 in the manufacture of collodion4 ,it is also employed as a solvent of resins1 india rubber1 c41 in the preparation of varnishes1 and for several other useful purposes4--,dose1 #bj drops to #b fl4 dr42 in water or wine4 ,excessive doses of ether produce intoxication resembling that from alcohol1 and require similar antidotes4 ,sulphuric ether is said to be taken largely in the north of ,ireland as a stimulant1 particularly in ,antrim4 ,shortly before the discovery of chloroform1 it was found that when the vapour of ether was inhaled it gradually produced insensibility to pain4 ,it was therefore employed as an ansthetic in surgical operations4 ,having been found less efficient than chloroform1 and more troublesome to administer1 its use for this purpose has been abandoned4 ,tests4 ,ether may be recognised by its volatility1 odour1 taste1 sparing solubility in water1 admixture with alcohol in all proportions1 great inflammability 7burning with a yellowish-white flame71 and its power of dissolving fats and resins4 ,its further identification can only be effected by ultimate analysis4 ,pur4 ,the ether of the shops generally contains alcohol1 water1 or acetic acid1 and sometimes all of them4 ,its usual specific gravity fluctuates between #gcc and #gfe4 ,exposed to the air1 it volatises entirely4 ,it turns litmus paper red2 sometimes very slightly1 and occasionally even not at all4 #a_/b fl4 oz4 mixes completely with #a_/b pint of water4 ,pure ether should1 however1 be neutral to test-paper1 although seldom so4 ,when shaken in a minim measure with half its volume of concentrated solution of chloride of calcium1 its volume should not lessen4 #aj fluid ounces of water should only dissolve #a fluid ounce of ether1 and remain transparent4 ,illustration ,preserv4 ,ether rapidly evaporates at common temperatures when kept in corked bottles1 and even in bottles secured with ground-glass stoppers and tightly tied over with bladder and leather2 it also becomes sour by age4 ,to prevent this waste1 the stoppers should fit accurately1 and the bottles should be placed in as cool a situation as possible4 ,bottles furnished with ground-glass caps1 as well as stoppers1 are frequently employed4 7,see engr47 ,dewar's 'ether phial' is formed on a similar principle4 ,we have seen bottles of ether accurately stoppered1 tied over with bladder1 and thickly coated with wax1 which have yet become quite empty by a voyage to the tropics1 though they still appeared to be as closely secured as when they were first filled4 ,caution4 ,the vapour of ether is very inflammable1 and when mixed with atmospheric air1 it forms a violently explosive mixture4 ,the density of this vapour is #behf1 that of air being #a2 hence it rapidly sinks1 and frequently accumulates in the lower parts of buildings1 especially cellars which are badly ventilated1 in the same way as water does4 ,the only remedy is thorough ventilation4 ,many serious accidents have arisen from this cause1 for no sooner is a light carried into an apartment where such vapour is present than an explosion takes place4 ,ethyl1 ,acetate of4 ,c#b;,h#e;,c#b;,h#c,o#b ,syn4 ,,acetate ,,of ,,oxide ,,of ,,ethyl1 ,,acetic ,,ether1 ,,pyroligneous ,,ether2 ,,ther ,,aceticus1 ,l4 ,a compound discovered by the ,count de ,lauraguais in #agei4 ,prep4 #a4 ,acetate of potassa1 #c parts 7or an equiv4 quant4 of acetate of soda71 alcohol 7#he71 #c parts1 oil of vitriol 7strongest71 #b parts1 are mixed together and distilled1 by the heat of a sand bath1 from a glass or earthenware retort into a well-cooled receiver2 the distillate is agitated with a little water to remove undecomposed alcohol1 and then digested first with a little chalk to remove acidity1 and afterwards with fused chloride of calcium1 to absorb water2 it is1 lastly1 rectified by a gentle heat4 #b4 ,rectified spirit 7sp4 gr4 #hd71 #ej parts1 acetic acid 7sp4 gr4 #ajge71 #cc parts1 are mixed together1 and oil of vitriol 7strongest71 #aj parts1 added2 the distillation is continued until #fe parts have passed over1 and the distillate1 after digestion for some hours on a little dry carbonate of potassium1 is rectified as before1 the first #ej parts only being kept for use4 ,prop41 c4 ,acetic ether is colourless1 and bears a considerable resemblance to ordinary ether1 but it has a much more agreeable and refreshing odour4 ,it boils at #afe ,fahr42 has a sp4 gr4 of #hi at #fj ,fahr41 dissolves in about #g parts of water2 and mixes in all proportions with alcohol and ether4 ,it is decomposed by alkalies and the strong acids4 ,acetic ether is diaphoretic1 stimulant1 antispasmodic1 and narcotic4--,dose1 #a_/b to #b fl4 dr42 in similar cases to those in which sulphuric ether is employed1 and especially in nervous and putrid fevers1 spasmodic vomitings1 and diseases of the bowels and stomach1 arising from debility1 and not of an inflammatory character4 ,its principal consumption is in the manufacture of ,british brandy4 ,ethyl1 ,benzoate of4 ,c#b;,h#e;,c#g;,h#e,o#b4 ,syn4 ,,benzoic ,,ether1 ,,benzoate ,,of ,,ether1 ,b4 ,,of ,,oxide ,,of ,,ethyl2 ,,ther ,,benzoicus1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,alcohol 7sp4 gr4 #hcj71 #d parts2 benzoic acid 7cryst471 #b parts2 concentrated hydrochloric acid1 #a part1 are distilled together2 as soon as the product turns milky when mixed with water1 the receiver is changed1 and the liquid that distills over collected2 to this liquid water is added1 and the supernatant ether is decanted1 and boiled with water1 and a little oxide of lead 7to separate benzoic acid72 it is1 lastly1 freed from water by allowing it to stand over chloride of calcium4 ,prop41 c4 ,a colourless oily liquid1 slightly heavier than water1 and possessing an aromatic odour and taste4 ,it boils at #daj ,fahr41 and is miscible with alcohol and ether4 ,ethyl1 ,bromide of4 ,c#b;,h#e;,br4 ,syn4 ,,ther ,,hydrobromicus1 ,l4 ,a volatile1 ethereal liquid1 discovered by ,serullas4 ,prep4 ,bromine1 #h parts2 alcohol1 #cb parts2 dissolve1 place the mixture in a retort1 add of phosphorus1 #a part1 and distil by a gentle heat as soon as the liquid becomes cold4 ,the ether is separated from the distillate by the addition of water4 ,prop41 c4 ,a very volatile liquid1 with a penetrating taste and smell2 boiling at #aje ,fahr41 and heavier than water4 ,ethyl1 ,bu'tyrate of4 ,c#b;,h#e;,c#d;,h#g,o#b4 ,syn4 ,,butyric ,,ether1 ,,pine-,,apple ,,oil2 ,,ther ,,butyricus1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,by passing hydrochloric acid gas into an alcoholic solution of butyric acid1 and purifying the product from free acid4 ,commercially1 from crude butyric acid saponified with caustic potassa or baryta1 and the resulting soap distilled along with alcohol and oil of vitriol4 ,uses4 ,crude butyric ether forms the 'pine-apple oil' of commerce1 and when largely diluted with rectified spirit1 the 'pine-apple essence' so much employed as a flavouring substance by confectioners1 liqueuristes1 c4 ,it imparts a delicious flavour to sweetmeats1 rum1 arrack1 punch1 c4 ,the ,germans add it to common rum1 to form the flavouring for their 'pine-apple ale4' ,ethyl1 ,carbonate of4 7,c#b;,h#e7b;,,co#c4 ,syn4 ,,carbonic ,,ether1 ,,carbonate ,,of ,,oxide ,,of ,,ethyl2 ,,ther ,,carbonicus1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,fragments of potassium are added to oxalic ether1 gently warmed1 as long as bubbles of gas are formed2 the excess of metal is removed from the semi-solid mass1 some water added1 and the whole distilled4 ,the carbonic ether floats on the surface of the liquid in the receiver1 and is collected1 dried by contact with chloride of calcium1 and rectified along with some potassium or sodium1 till it ceases to yield acetate of potassa when acted on by caustic potassa4 ,prop41 c4 ,colourless1 limpid1 and aromatic2 tastes pungent and burning2 boils at #bei to #bfj ,fahr4 ,it greatly resembles oxalic ether4 ,it is decomposed by alkalies4 ,ethyl1 ,chlo'ride of4 ,c#b;,h#e;,cl4 ,syn4 ,,light ,,hydrochloric ,e41 ,,chloride ,,of ,,ethyl2 ,,ther ,,hydrochloricus1 ,l4 ,a highly volatile compound1 formed of ethyl and chlorine4 ,prep4 ,rectified spirit of wine is saturated with dry hydrochloric acid gas in the cold1 and the product is distilled in a retort connected with a ,wolfe's apparatus1 the first bottle of which should be two thirds filled with tepid water 7#gj to #ge ,fahr471 and the remainder surrounded with a mixture of ice and salt4 ,to render it perfectly anhydrous1 it must be digested on a few fragments of fused chloride of calcium4 ,a mixture of oil of vitriol1 #c parts1 and alcohol1 #b parts1 is poured upon common salt 7dried71 #d parts2 and the whole distilled as before4 ,prop41 c4 ,this ether has a sweetish taste2 is soluble in about #ae parts of water1 and miscible in all proportions with alcohol2 boils at #ed ,fahr42 burns with a flame edged with green2 is neutral to test paper2 and does not affect a solution of nitrate of silver4 ,sp4 gr4 #iba1 at #cb ,fahr4--,dose1 #aj to #cj drops1 as an antispasmodic and a powerful diffusible stimulant4 ,owing to its extreme volatility it can only be taken dissolved in spirit4 ,ethyl1 ,cy'anide of4 ,c#b;,h#e;,,cn4 ,syn4 ,,ther ,,hydrocyanicus4 ,l4 ,prep4 ,cyanide of potassium and sulphovinate of baryta1 equal parts1 are mixed and distilled in a glass retort by a moderate heat4 ,the product separates into two strata2 the lighter one is impure hydrocyanic ether2 this is decanted and agitated with #d or #e times its bulk of water at #abj to #adj ,fahr41 and the operation is repeated with about #b parts of water2 the ether is again decanted1 and placed in contact with chloride of calcium for #bd hours1 and then rectified4 ,prop41 c4 ,it boils at #aij ,fahr4 ,sp4 gr4 #ghh4 ,in its therapeutical effects it resembles hydrocyanic acid1 but is less active4 ,its odour is1 however1 more penetrating and offensive4--,dose1 #b to #f drops1 in mucilage or emulsion2 in obstinate or convulsive coughs1 gastrodynia1 hysterical affections1 c4 ,ethyl1 ,cy'anate of4 ,c#b;,h#e;,,cno ,syn4 ,,cyanic ,,ether1 ,,cyanate ,,of ,,oxide ,,of ,,ethyl4 ,prep4 ,by distilling a dry mixture of cyanate of potassa and sulphovinate of potassa in nearly equivalent proportions4 ,a mixture of cyanic and cyanuric ethers passes over into the receiver4 ,by distilling this mixture the two are readily separated2 that which passes over by the heat of a water bath being the first1 and the residuum in the retort the second4 ,prop41 c4 ,an ethereal1 very mobile liquid1 boiling at #adj ,fahr4 ,ethyl1 ,cyan'urate of4 7,c#b;,h#e7c;,c#c,n#c,o#c4 ,syn4 ,,cyanurate ,,of ,,oxide ,,of ,,ethyl4 ,prep4 ,see ,,cyanic ,,ether4 ,prop41 c4 ,tasteless1 inodorous1 colourless1 transparent1 needles and prisms2 fusing at #ahe ,fahr4 ,ethyl1 ,i'odide of4 ,c#b;,h#e;,i4 ,syn4 ,,ther ,,hydriodicus1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,phosphorous1 #d parts1 alcohol 7sp4 gr4 #hd71 #gj parts1 and iodine1 #ajj parts1 are gradually and cautiously mixed together1 and distilled4 ,prop41 c4 ,a colourless liquid1 possessing a strong ethereal odour1 and boiling at #aeh ,fahr42 sp4 gr4 #aib4 ,it is reddened and decomposed by exposure to air and light4 ,ether1 ,methy'lic4 ,syn4 ,,oxide ,,of ,,methyl1 ,,wood-,,ether1 ,,methyl-,,ethyl4 ,see ,,methyl4 ,ether1 ,muriatic 7,heavy74 ,syn4 ,,ther ,,muriaticus ,,ponderosus1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,alcohol1 of #hj to #he1 is saturated1 in the cold1 with chlorine gas1 water is next added1 and the oily fluid that separates collected and washed with water1 as long as any of it is dissolved4 ,prop41 c4 ,heavy muriatic ether is a volatile1 oily1 colourless liquid1 boiling at about #bde ,fahr41 and heavier than water4 ,its precise constitution is undetermined4 ,this ether enters into the composition of the ,,spiritus ,,muriatico-,,ethereus1 a remedy occasionally used on the ,continent4 ,ethyl1 ,nitrate of4 ,c#b;,h#e,,no#c4 ,syn4 ,,nitric ,,ether1 ,,nitrate ,,of ,,oxide ,,of ,,ethyl2 ,,ther ,,nitricus1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,nitric acid 7sp4 gr4 about #acge71 #ej parts2 nitrate of urea1 a little 7say #b or #c parts72 dissolve1 add alcohol1 #ej parts1 and distil with the usual precautions1 until #g-hths of the whole 7of the liquid portion7 have passed over2 agitate the distillate with a little water to separate the ether1 and preserve the heavier portion4 ,prop41 c4 ,nitric ether possesses an agreeable sweetish taste and odour2 it is insoluble in water2 the alcoholic 7but not the aqueous7 solution of potassa decomposes it rapidly2 sp4 gr4 #aaab4 ,its vapour is very apt to explode when strongly heated1 and therefore a small quantity only should be prepared at a time4 ,ethyl1 ,nitrite4 ,c#b;,h#e,,no#b4 ,syn4 ,,nitric ,,ether1 ,,hyponitrous ,,ether1 ,,nitrite ,,of ,,ether1 ,,nitrite ,,of ,,oxide ,,of ,,ethyl1 ,,hyponitrite ,,of ,e42 ,,ther ,,nitrosus1 4 ,,hyponitrosus1 ,l4 ,this is a compound1 of which 'sweet spirit of nitre' is an impure alcoholic solution4 ,prep4 #a4 ,starch 7potato farina71 #a part2 nitric acid 7sp4 gr4 #acj71 #aj parts2 mix in a capacious retort1 connected with a wide tube1 #b or #c feet long1 bent at right angles1 and terminating near the bottom of a two-necked bottle1 containing a mixture of alcohol 7of #he71 #b parts1 and water1 #a part1 and surrounded with a freezing mixture1 pounded ice1 or very cold water2 the other neck of the bottle being connected by a long glass tube with a good refrigerator or condenser4 ,all elevation of temperature must be avoided4 ,the heat of a water bath only must be cautiously applied to the retort4 ,the gas liberated passes into the alcohol1 causing the ether to distil in a gentle stream4 ,the tube connecting the retort and bottle must be cooled by means of rag or moist paper1 kept wetted with ice-cold water2 as1 if the temperature of the tube and the alcohol rises only a little1 the latter becomes spontaneously hot1 and boils violently1 by which the product is vitiated4 ,this process is very productive and economical1 and yields pure nitrous ether4 #b4 ,a mixture of oil of vitriol1 #h parts1 and alcohol1 #i parts1 is poured upon crystallised nitrate of ammonia1 #aa parts1 contained in any suitable distillatory vessel connected with a well-cooled receiver4 ,nitrous ether gradually distils over on the application of a gentle heat4 ,an admirable process1 but more expensive than the preceding4 ,even a common fire may be employed without danger1 as the liberation of the ether proceeds gradually1 and not almost instantaneously1 as in operating in the usual way4 ,sulphate of ammonia is left in the retort4 ,the product is scarcely inferior to that of the last formula4 #c4 ,rectified spirit1 #df fl4 oz42 pure nitric acid 7sp4 gr4 #aejj71 #g fl4 oz42 put #ae fl4 oz4 of the spirit1 with a little clean sand1 into a quart matrass1 fitted with a cork1 and a safety tube reaching to within an inch of the spirit1 and a second tube leading to a refrigeratory4 ,fill the safety tube with pure nitric acid1 then add through it1 gradually and cautiously1 #c-a_/b fl4 oz4 of the acid4 ,when the violent action that ensues is nearly over1 gradually add the remaining portion of the acid1 #a_/b fl4 oz4 at a time1 and at intervals4 ,agitate the ether that distils over1 first with a little milk of lime1 till it ceases to redden litmus paper1 and then with half its volume of concentrated solution of chloride of calcium4 ,the pure hyponitrous ether thus obtained should have a density of #hii4 #d4 7,mr ,john ,williams47 ,nitrite of ethyl is best made by passing nitrous acid gas into alcohol4 ,the nitrous acid gas is prepared by acting upon such bodies as starch1 copper1 mercury1 or arsenious acid with nitric acid4 ,the alcohol is generally recommended in the text-books to be diluted with half its bulk of water2 this1 however1 ,i consider a decided mistake4 ,the alcohol should be as concentrated as possible1 even absolute alcohol is preferable4 ,the main points to be attended to are that the current of nitrous acid gas should be slow and steady1 so as to give time for the reaction to proceed properly1 and that the vessel containing the alcohol should be kept as cool as possible2 in this way much of the production of bye-products will be avoided1 and the gas can be passed through the alcohol1 as long as it continues to be absorbed4 ,the resulting liquid is anything but pure2 it contains much nitrite of ethyl1 some aldehyde1 acid--it is even stated to contain malic acid4 ,in fact it is well known that the reaction between the nitrous acid1 and such products as alcohol1 however pure1 is not sharp1 but is always accompanied by secondary products4 ,from the crude alcoholic solution obtained by the method ,i have described1 the pure nitrite of ethyl can be obtained without difficulty4 ,nitrite of ethyl is an extremely volatile liquid2 it boils at about #fa ,f41 whereas aldehyde boils at #ij ,f41 and alcohol at #ahj ,f4 ,taking advantage of this fact1 we are enabled to separate it from the crude liquid by distillation4 ,some precautions are1 however1 necessary1 to ensure the purity of the product4 ,the flask containing the crude product is placed in a water bath1 and connected by bent tubes with several other flasks and bottles4 ,the first tube should be passed into a small empty flask1 this will condense most of the alcohol which may pass over during the operation4 ,then a second bent tube passes into a second flask containing a little water2 this condenses any alcohol which may not have been stopped in the first flask1 together with free acid1 and nearly all the aldehyde4 ,from this wash bottle a third tube proceeds into a somewhat shallow flask1 containing a strong solution of caustic potash2 the gas1 however1 is not allowed to pass through this alkaline liquid1 but simply over the surface4 ,in this way the last portion of the aldehyde is absorbed1 and the potash solution gradually assumes an amber colour4 ,from this vessel1 the gas 7for such at the ordinary temperature of the laboratory1 the nitrite of ethyl is--in very cold weather it would be necessary to gently warm the different flasks7 is passed through a tube charged with anhydrous chloride of calcium to absorb moisture1 and the pure and dry nitrite of ethyl thus produced1 finally passes into alcohol1 which readily absorbs it4 ,it is only necessary to note the weight of the alcohol used for absorbing the gas1 and its weight at the end of the operation1 to know the strength or per-centage of nitrite of ethyl which must be in solution4 ,thus1 if #i oz4 of alcohol becomes #aj oz41 it is evident we have a solution of #aj per cent42 if it becomes #ab oz41 then the strength must be #be per cent41 and so on4 ,ordinary spirits will answer for condensing the nitrite of ethyl1 but it is better to use absolute alcohol1 as it is very desirable to avoid the presence of water in any form4 ,the solutions made with weaker spirit soon turn acid2 those made with absolute alcohol1 on the other hand1 keep a long time4 ,it is very true the very strong solutions of #ej and #be per cent4 show traces of acidity when tested with moistened litmus paper1 but the #aj per cent4 solution is quite neutral4#bhc ,footnote #bhc3 ,the object of ,mr ,williams' paper1 which is published in the ',pharmaceutical ,journal' for ,dec4 #hth1 #ahgg1 is to give instructions for the preparation of a pure nitrite of ethyl1 which when mixed with alcohol in definite proportions1 shall supersede the variable compound sold under the name of ,sweet ,spirits of ,nitre4 ,one point ,i have not mentioned2 it is that the distillation must be conducted at the very lowest possible temperature2 in fact1 the water in the water-bath should only be kept gently warm1 and the process should be continued only so long as the conducting tubes feel cool to the touch2 when they become warm the distillation should be discontinued4 ,by passing the gas into a tube in a freezing mixture1 instead of into alcohol1 the pure nitrite of ethyl is readily obtained in a liquid form2 it is1 however1 necessary to seal the tube1 otherwise the very volatile liquid would soon be lost4 ,prop41 c4 ,pure nitrous ether has a pale-yellow colour1 an agreeable odour of apples1 and boils at #fb ,fahr42 sp4 gr4 #idg at #fj ,fahr4 ,commercial nitrous ether contains aldehyde1 boils at #gj ,fahr41 has a more or less suffocating odour combined with that of the pure ether1 has a sp4 gr4 of #hhf at #dj ,fahr41 and turns brown when mixed with alcoholic solution of potassa1 while the latter remains unaltered4 ,it also acidifies by age1 whilst pure nitrous ether remains neutral4 ,they are both very inflammable1 and burn with a white flame4 ,ordinary nitrous ether dissolves in about #dh parts of water1 and mixes in all proportions with alcohol and sulphuric ether4 ,nitrous ether is refrigerant1 diaphoretic1 and diuretic1 but is seldom employed alone1 though1 when largely diluted with alcohol 7sweet spirits of nitric1 spirit of nitric ether71 it is a common remedy in several diseases4 ,it is also used to flavour malt spirit1 in imitation of brandy 7,british brandy71 although for this purpose it is vastly inferior to acetic ether4 ,see ,,spirits 7,medicinal74 ,ethyl1 ,,oenanthate of4 ,syn4 ,,oe,,nanthic ,,ether1 ,,pelargonic ,,ether1 ,,oe,,nanthate ,,of ,,oxide ,,of ,,ethyl4 ,prep4 #a4 ,the oil obtained towards the end of the distillation of fermented liquors1 especially wines1 consists1 in a great measure1 of the crude ether4 ,it is purified by agitation with a weak solution of carbonate of potassa1 freed from water by a few fragments of chloride of calcium1 and then re-distilled4 ,prop41 c4 ,,oenanthic ether is colourless2 lighter than water2 boils at about #ejj ,fahr42 and has a powerful1 intoxicating vinous odour1 resembling that of an empty wine cask or bottle that has been exposed to the air for some time4 ,it is very sparingly soluble in water1 but freely soluble in alcohol4 ,its sp4 gr4 is #hfb4 ,as obtained by distillation1 it is united with a little ,,oe,,nanthic ,,acid4 #bbjj imperial gallons of wine 7about #ce hogsheads7 only yielded #b-a_/e lbs4 of the mixed oil4 ,ethyl1 ,oxalate of4 7,c#b;,h#e7b;,c#b,o#d4 ,syn4 ,,oxalic ,,ether1 ,,oxalate ,,of ,,oxide ,,of ,,ethyl2 ,,ther ,,oxalicus1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,alcohol and dry oxalic acid1 equal parts1 are digested together in a glass flask furnished with a very long glass tube of small bore1 so that the spirit1 volatilised by the heat1 may be condensed1 and flow back into the flask4 ,after #f or #h hours the process is generally complete1 and the liquid contains merely a trace of free acid1 from which it may be separated4 ,prop41 c4 ,a colourless1 oily liquid1 slightly heavier than water1 boiling at #cfc ,fahr41 only slightly soluble in water1 and having an aromatic smell4 ,alkalies decompose it4 ,sp4 gr4 #aji4 ,ethyl1 ,sulphate of4 7,c#b;,h#e7b,,so#d4 ,prep4 ,the vapour of pure anhydrous sulphuric acid is passed 7with the usual precautions7 into perfectly anhydrous ether2 the resulting syrupy liquid is agitated with a mixture of #d volumes of water1 and #a volume of ether1 and after repose the upper stratum1 which is an ethereal solution of the sulphate of ethyl1 is decanted1 and the oxide of ethyl volatilised by a very gentle heat4 ,the colourless liquid forming the residuum is the true sulphuric ether or sulphate of ethyl just referred to4 ,it is a very unstable compound1 and cannot be distilled without suffering decomposition4 ,ethyl1 ,valerianate of4 ,c#b;,h#e;,c#e;,h#i,o#b4 ,syn4 ,,valerianic ,,ether1 ,,valerate ,,of ,,oxide ,,of ,,ethyl2 ,,ther ,,valerianicus1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,by passing dry hydrochloric acid gas into an alcoholic solution of valeric acid4 ,it is a fragrant1 volatile liquid1 lighter than water1 having a high boiling-point1 and a rich fruity odour1 said to closely resemble that of butyric ether or pine-apple oil4 ,it is used to flavour liqueurs1 c4 ,,ethyl',,amine4 ,,nh#b7;,c#b;,h#e74 ,syn4 ,,ethyl-,,ammonia4 ,one of the bases of the ethyl-series1 obtained by substituting one atom of hydrogen in ammonia ,,nh#c by ethyl ,c#b;,h#e4 ,,eucalyp',,tin4 ,a peculiar substance existing in ,botany ,bay kino4 ,a substance exuded by several species of the ,eucalyptus4 ,it has been employed medicinally in diarrhoea4 ,,eucalyptol4 ,see ,,eucalyptus4 ,,eucalyptus4 ,the ,eucalypti1 of which there are many species1 belong to the natural order ,myrtace1 and are natives of ,australia1 where they are known under the names of gum-trees1 or as stringy-bark trees4 ,the most interesting and important characteristic of these plants is the power they undoubtedly possess of correcting1 if not of removing1 the pestilential exhalations which are regarded as the origin of the fevers that occur in marshy localities4 ,this discovery is due to ,m4 ,ramel1 and was made by him in #ahef4 ,m4 ,gimbert1 amongst other cases1 cites one of a farm1 twenty miles from ,algiers1 the atmosphere surrounding which was of a very pestilential character4 ,in the spring of #ahfg #ac1jjj eucalyptus trees were planted on the farm1 and ,m4 ,gimbert states that since then not a single case of fever has taken place1 the freedom from disease occurring the same year the plants were placed in the ground1 and the good effects commencing whilst the trees were only two or three mtres in height4 ,the following is extracted from ',les ,mondes' 7#ahgf73--;,between ,nice and ,monaco there is a locality so unhealthy that the ,paris1 ,lyons1 and ,mediterranean ,railway ,company have been obliged to change every two or three months the watchman at a crossing there4 ,plantations of the eucalyptus have been formed there1 and at present the same watchman has resided there for several months with his family without experiencing the least inconvenience4 ,again3--,in the ,campagna1 about three miles from ,rome1 there stand some deserted church buildings and a monastery1 the latter having been abandoned because of the mortality amongst the monks caused by the noxious exhalations4 ,some six years since a company of ,french trappists1 having obtained permission from the ,italian ,government1 planted the grounds in and around the monastery with eucalyptus trees1 and the result is stated to have been so total an immunity of the building from fever1 although situated in the worst part of the ,campagna1 that the monastery is now tenanted1 the health of the occupants being1 it is said1 unimpaired4 ,the writer in the ',pharmaceutical ,journal1' who contributes this statement1 adds3--,whether this grand result has been obtained through the efficacy of the extract of the eucalyptus taken each morning with their cup of black coffee1 or whether it is to be attributed to the effects of the plantations1 ,i leave to scientific men to determine4#bhd ,footnote #bhd3 ,bentley4 ,it seems very probable that the effects above described are due to the eucalyptus having such extensive and far-spreading roots1 which suck up and appropriate the moisture of the surrounding soil1 the presence of which1 aided by heat1 giving rise to vegetable decomposition1 is believed to be the cause of malarial poisoning4 ,the avidity of the plant for water is very great2 it has been computed that one tree will absorb ten times its weight of moisture from the soil4#bhe ,it is most likely owing1 at any rate in very large measure1 to this cause1 rather than to the supposed antiseptic and disinfecting odours exhaled by its leaves1 that the salubrious effects of the eucalyptus are due4 ,the blue gum tree1 or ,eucalyptus globulus 7so distinguished because of the rounded form of the lid which covers its unexpanded flower bud71 has been successfully introduced into ,asia1 ,africa1 and ,southern ,europe4 ,if1 as asserted1 it can only exist in a climate where the temperature is never lower than the freezing point1 its domestication 7save in hot-houses7 is impossible in our own country4 ,footnote #bhe3 ',pharm4 ,journal1' ,february #eth1 #ahgf4 ,illustration3 ,,eucalyptus ,,globulus 7from the ',archiv der ,pharm41' #ahgc1 p4 #abi47 ,the ,eucalyptus globulus is a very rapidly-growing tree1 and attains to great proportions4 ,in some cases it has been known to attain the colossal dimensions of #cej feet in height and a #ajj in circumference4#bhf ,footnote #bhf3 ,bentley4 ,this magnitude is entirely out of proportion to the size of the seed1 which is very minute2 so minute that it has been computed one pound weight of the seed could produce #afb1jjj trees4 ,various preparations of the leaves and bark of the eucalypti have been introduced into medicine1 which will be found under the respective pharmaceutical preparations4 ,they were asserted to be specially serviceable in intermittent fevers and bronchitis4 ,the idea that their efficacy in the former class of disease was due to the presence in the barks of the eucalypti of an alkaloid similar to1 if not the same as1 quinine1 has been shown to be an erroneous one1 from the experiments of the ,government chemist of ,ootacamund 7,mr ,broughton71 who1 after a most careful chemical analysis1 failed to discover either quinine1 quinidine1 cinchonine1 cinchonidine1 or the least trace of any one of the cinchona alkaloids4 ,when the leaves of the ,eucalyptus globulus are held to the light they reveal the presence of little semi-transparent dots1 which are found to be receptacles for a volatile oil1 that may be obtained in large quantity by submitting the plant to aqueous distillation4 ,this volatile oil has been examined by ,cloez1 who found it to consist chiefly of a substance allied in chemical characters to camphor1 which substance he named eucalyptol4#bhg ,any therapeutic power possessed by the eucalyptus may be referred to this substance1 since1 as just stated1 it cannot be due to a bark alkaloid4 ,footnote #bhg3 ,messrs ,faust and ,homeyer state that ,cloez's ,eucalyptol is a mixture of terpen and cymol4 ,before finishing our notice of the reputed curative effects of the eucalyptus we may mention that ,dr ,gimbert employs the leaves instead of lint for dressing wounds and fetid ulcers1 and says he has found them1 when thus used1 excellent deodorisers2 that another method of employing the leaves of the eucalyptus consists in having them made into cigarettes1 which are reported to be useful in asthma and bronchial complaints4 ,lastly1 let us state that another species of eucalyptus exudes a very astringent substance1 which1 from its appearance and properties1 being so analogous to kino1 has been denominated ,botany ,bay kino4 7,see ,,eucalyptin47 ,the essential oil of eucalyptus1 which1 according to the species of the plant from which it is obtained1 varies in colour from light yellow to light blue1 is now largely employed as a diluent for the more delicate volatile oils used in perfumery4 ,many species of the eucalyptus yield excellent timber1 possessed of great hardness and durability1 and little affected by moisture4 ,this timber has the power of resisting the attacks of insects4 ,the wood of the eucalyptus is also very rich in potash4 ,the maple and the elm1 which are regarded as yielding a large per-centage of this substance1 afford only about half as much as can be obtained from the eucalyptus1 this latter tree yielding #ba per cent4 of potash4 ,the barks of different species have also been advantageously utilised for paper making1 as well as for tanning4 ,in this country eucalyptus seeds are reared in a greenhouse4 ,they may be sown in a mixture of loam1 peat1 and ordinary soil1 with a sprinkling of sand on the surface4 ,the following directions for the cultivation of the eucalyptus in ,england were communicated to the ',medical ,times and ,gazette' of #ahgc by ,mr ,bennett ,stanford1 of ,pyt ,house1 ,tisbury3--,i have successfully reared from seed two dozen of these trees1 and they are now growing well out of doors4 ,i obtained the seed five years ago from ,south ,australia1 and forced it in a hothouse2 in one year it was four feet high1 and now1 in its fifth year1 it is growing rapidly in a sheltered position in the park1 having attained a height of thirty feet4 ,the first three years the tree must be taken under cover in the winter1 and the fourth and fifth years should be protected for several feet up with wisps of hay or straw4 ,when the trees are kept indoors in winter it should be in an orangery or very high greenhouse1 with plenty of light and a little water4 ,,euchlo'',,rine4 ,a bright-yellow gas1 prepared by gently heating chlorate of potassa with hydrochloric acid4 ,it is probably a mixture of chlorous acid and free chlorine4 ,prof4 ,stone1 of ,manchester1 has found ,euchlorine of a great service as an aerial disinfectant4 ,,euglen4 ,these are ciliated infusorial animalcules inhabiting ponds and water-tanks4 ,sometimes they abound in water in quantities so enormous as to impart to that fluid a blood-red appearance4 ,the principal species are the ,euglena viridis and the ,euglena pyrum4 ,their presence is supposed to indicate the existence in the water in which they are found1 of decaying animal and vegetable matter upon which they are believed to feed4 ,,euphor',,bium4 ,syn4 ,,gum ,,euphorbium2 ,,euphorbium 7,ph4 ,e471 ,l4 ,the concrete resinous juice of the ,euphorbia canariensis1 and other species of the same genus4 ,it is a powerful acrid1 purgative1 rubefacient1 sternutatory1 and vesicant1 and the violence of its action has led to its disuse4 ,,eu',,pione4 ,an ethereal liquid forming the chief portion of the light oil of wood-tar1 and which also exists in the tar obtained during the destructive distillation of animal substances1 and in the fluid product of the distillation of rape oil4 ,it is separated from these substances by agitating them with oil of vitriol1 or a mixture of oil of vitriol and nitre1 and subsequent cautious distillation4 ,pure eupione is tasteless1 exceedingly thin1 limpid1 and aromatic2 boils at #aaf ,fahr42 and is the lightest fluid known2 sp4 gr4 #fee4 ,it is very inflammable1 burns with a very bright flame1 and gives a transient greasy stain to paper4 ,it is isomeric with hydride of amyl4 ,other volatile hydrocarbons of like origin are often confounded with eupione by chemical writers4 ,,eupyr',,ion4 ,any contrivance for obtaining instantaneous light2 as a lucifer match1 c4 ,,evac',,uants4 ,syn4 ,,evacuantia1 ,l4 ,medicines which augment the secretions or excretions4 ,,cathartics1 ,,diaphoretics1 ,,diuretics1 ,,emetics1 ,,errhines1 ,,expectorants1 and ,,sialogogues1 belong to this class4 ,,evapora',,tion4 ,the conversion of a fluid into vapour by means of heat1 diminished atmospheric pressure1 or exposure to a dry atmosphere4 ,evaporation is had recourse to--#a4 ,for the vapour as a source of heat or power1 as in the case of steam-boilers1 c42--#b4 ,to separate volatile fluids from impurities or other bodies1 which are either fixed or less volatile2--#c4 ,to recover solid bodies from their solutions1 as in the preparation of extracts1 chemical salts1 c42--#d4 ,to concentrate or strengthen a solution by the expulsion of some of the fluid matter that forms the menstruum2--#e4 ,to purify liquids by the dissipation of the volatile matters which may contaminate them4 ,it is found that1 under ordinary circumstances1 evaporation is confined to the surface of the heated liquid1 and is therefore slower or quicker1 in proportion to the extension of that surface4 ,hence has arisen the adoption of wide1 shallow vessels for containing fluids during their exposure to heat for this purpose4 ,evaporation proceeds most rapidly when a current of air 7especially hot and dry air7 is made to pass over the surface of the fluid2 as1 in this ease1 the vapour is prevented from resting upon the surface1 and impeding the process by its pressure4 ,for a similar reason1 liquids evaporate more rapidly in vessels partially covered than in open ones4 ,in the former case the cool incumbent air condenses and throws back a portion of the vapour1 which thereupon1 besides its cooling action1 offers mechanical resistance to the diffusion of the vaporous particles as they arrive at the surface of the liquid4 ,in the latter case these obstacles are avoided1 and the impetus of the vapour pouring forth from a contracted orifice 7or pipe71 not only readily overcomes the pressure of the atmosphere1 but offers less surface for its cooling action1 until it has passed much beyond the points at which it can exert any influence on the fluid from which it has escaped4 ,in this way the chemical action of the atmosphere on the liquid operated on is also considerably lessened4 ,on the small scale1 shallow capsules of glass1 wedgwood-ware1 porcelain1 or metal1 are commonly employed as evaporating vessels1 and these are exposed to heat by placing them over a lamp1 or naked fire1 or in a water bath1 or sand bath1 according to the temperature at which it is proper to conduct the process4 ,on the large scale1 high-pressure steam is usually employed as the source of heat4 ,the term 'spontaneous evaporation' is applied to the dissipation of a fluid by mere exposure in open vessels1 at the common temperature of the atmosphere1 and without the application of artificial heat4 ,the celerity of this species of evaporation wholly depends on the degree of humidity of the surrounding air1 and differs from the former1 in which the rate of evaporation is proportionate to the degree of heat at which the process is conducted1 and the amount of pressure upon the surface of the liquid4 ,evaporation 'in vacuo' 7as it is called7 is conducted under the receiver of an air-pump1 or in an attenuated atmosphere1 produced by filling a vessel with steam1 by which means the air is expelled1 when all communication with the external atmosphere is cut off1 and the vapour condensed by the application of cold4 ,fluids are also evaporated in air-tight receivers over sulphuric acid1 by which they are continually exposed to the action of a very dry atmosphere4 ,when such a receiver is connected with an air-pump in action1 evaporation proceeds with increased rapidity1 and intense cold is produced4 ,it appears1 from the experiments of ,dr ,ure1 that if the bottom of a pan1 and the portion of the sides immersed in a hot fluid medium 7solution of chloride of calcium1 for example71 be corrugated1 so as to contain a double expanse of metallic surface1 that pan will evaporate exactly double the quantity of water1 in a given time1 which a like pan1 with smooth bottom and sides1 will do1 immersed equally deep in the same bath4 ,if the corrugation contain three times the quantity of metallic surface1 the evaporation will be threefold in the above circumstances4 ,but if the pan1 with the same corrugated bottom and sides1 be set over a fire1 or in an oblong flue1 so that the current of flame may sweep along the corrugations1 it will evaporate no more water from its interior than a smooth pan of like shape and dimensions placed alongside it in the same flue1 or over the same fire4 ,in the laboratory1 steam heat is now almost exclusively employed4 ,copper1 or tinned1 glazed1 or silvered coppered pans1 boilers1 and stills1 are surrounded by a 'jacket' of cast iron1 and high-pressure steam admitted between the two4 ,by due management of the supply-cock1 a range of temperature may be thus obtained extending from about #ij to #cbe ,fahr4 ,it is found that1 under ordinary circumstances1 #aj square feet of heated surface will evaporate fully #a lb4 of water per minute2 and that a thin copper tube exposing #aj feet surface will condense about #c lbs4 of steam per minute1 with a difference of temperature of about #ij ,fahr4 ,this is equal to #cj ,fahr4 per lb42 and1 consequently1 the heat of the steam employed to produce the evaporation should be #bab #cj #bdb ,fahr4 ,an attention to the facts and principles thus briefly explained above will be found of great value in the laboratory4 ,,excip',,ient4 ,see ,,prescription4 ,,exci',,tants4 ,see ,,stimulants4 ,,excoria',,tions4 ,syn4 ,sprays1 ,,chafings4 ,in surgery and pathology1 superficial injuries or affections of the skin1 consisting of the removal of the scarf-skin or cuticle1 accompanied with more or less irritation and slight inflammations4 ,when arising from rough friction or attrition1 they are more commonly called abrasions4 ,young children are very apt to be chafed under the arms1 behind the ears1 between the thighs1 and in the wrinkles and folds of the skin generally1 unless great attention is paid to cleanliness1 and wiping the skin perfectly dry after washing them4 ,whenever there is a tendency to excoriations of this kind1 either in adults or children1 a little finely powdered starch1 or violet powder1 applied by means of a puff1 or a small bag of muslin1 once or twice a day1 will generally remove them1 and prevent their occurrence in future4 ,mild unguents1 as cold cream1 or spermaceti cerate or ointment1 may also be used with advantage4 ,the preference should1 however1 be given to the remedies first named1 from their not soiling the linen4 ,see ,,abrasion4 ,,excreta4 ,the excrementitious matter evacuated from the bowels varies of course in composition and quantity according to the food from which it is derived4 ,berzelius found a sample analysed by himself to yield about seventy-five per cent4 of water1 the remainder being made up of alimentary waste1 and biliary matter4 ,a large amount of phosphates of calcium and magnesium was found in the ash remaining after the incineration of the solid matter4 ,a specimen of fcal matter examined by ,playfair yielded #ae per cent4 of nitrogen and #de per cent4 of carbon4 ,marcet states that he has obtained from excrement a crystallisable body possessing an alkaline reaction2 to which he gives the name excretin2 also a fatty substance1 which he terms excretolic acid4 ,to excretin he assigns the formula ,c#gh;,h#aef,,so#b2 the composition of the acid has not been determined4 ,hinterberger has succeeded in getting excretine 7excretin71 free from sulphur1 and gives as its simplest formula ,c#bj;,h#cf,o2 which shows a close resemblance to cholesterin1 ,c#bf;,h#dd,o4 ,but cholesterin is less easily dissolved in vinegar than excretin1 and the solution deposits crystals which1 when viewed by the microscope1 are found to be beautiful silky six-sided prisms1 while the excretin solution yields round masses4 ,treated with bromine1 excretin gave a crystalline body having the formula ,c#bj;,h#cd;,br#b,o2 but the author did not succeed in preparing a chlorinated compound of excretin4 ,in the excreta of carnivorous animals no excretin has been discovered1 although a substance resembling it has been found4 ,cholesterin has been obtained from the fces of the crocodile1 but no urates2 whilst the excreta of the boa contain urates1 but are destitute of cholesterin4 ,the fces of animals that live on vegetables contain neither excretin1 butyric acid1 nor cholesterin4 ,the excreta of birds and serpents1 which mixed with the secretion from the kidneys1 are discharged from the animals by the cavities1 are very similar to urine1 and consist chiefly of alkaline urates and earthy phosphates4 ,the excrements of insects consist mainly of the remnants of the tissues1 animal or vegetable which they have swallowed as food1 mixed with constituents of the urine1 provided the insect has no special urinary organs4 ,briger examined the fces of healthy persons1 and of convalescents1 and found in addition to acetic1 butyric1 and isobutyric acids1 small quantities of phenol and indol1 and a new crystallisable body1 which he terms skatol 7skatos1 fces74 ,it crystallises in irregular-dentate shining plates1 resembling indol1 which by frequent recrystallisation from hot water1 can be obtained snow white4 ,skatol forms the chief constituent of the volatile aromatic components of human fces4 ,fces of dogs 7whether fed on meat or bread diet7 contained no skatol1 but indol1 and in addition a yellow oil1 with a revolting and peculiarly irritating smell4 ,briger has not yet been able to analyse this yellow oil1 although it forms the chief volatile constituent of dogs' fces4 ,he has repeatedly obtained it from distillation from human pathological fluids4 ,in the pancreas after putrefaction1 and in the fces of typhus patients1 no skatol was found4 ,the author considers skatol identical with the substance which ,secretan obtained by the decomposition of egg albumen under water for six months4 ,skatol injected under the skin of rabbits1 passes out in the urine as a substance yielding colouring matter4 ,skatol is believed by the author to be the substance in human urine which1 according to ,jaff1 yields a red or violet colour on the addition of hydrochloric acid and chloride of lime4 ,phenol1 the author finds1 is a constant component of human fces4 ,the above results show that specific products of decomposition are normal components of intestinal digestion4#bhh ,footnote #bhh3 ',deut4 ,chem4 ,ges4 ,berg41' x1 #ajbg-ajca4 ,liebig calculated that the daily average amount of fcal matter passed by a man is #e-a_/b oz2 ,lawes says that it averages in healthy male adults1 #db oz2 ,parkes estimates it 7in ,europe7 at #d oz4 on the average2 ,letheby at #bghd1 and ,frankland at #c oz4 ,in ,india1 a native on the average excretes as much as #ab oz41 this increase over the above quantities being due to the large proportion of rice and farinaceous food of which the ,hindoos' diet consists4 ,the daily average amount of urine excreted by a human being has been given by ,lawes at #df oz42 ,parkes places it at #ej oz4 by measure for each male adult2 ,letheby at #cahea1 and ,frankland at nearly #dj oz4 by measure4 ,according to ,parkes' figures a population of a thousand persons1 would thus void daily #aef lbs4 of solids1 and #bfj gallons of urine2 or #be tons of fces1 and #ia1bej gallons of urine per annum2 whilst according to ,letheby1 from the same number of people1 the daily discharge would be #bbff lbs4 avoirdupois of urine and #agge lbs4 of fces4 ,messrs ,lawes and ,gilbert estimate the manurial value of the urine and fces together at #fs4 #h;d4 per annum for every individual1 which corresponds to a yearly produce of about #aj lbs4 of ammonia2 but ,messrs ,hoffman1 ,witt1 and ,thudichum assess it at #hs4 #f;d4 for a mixed population of both sexes and of all ages1 which they say represents about #ac lbs4 of ammonia4 ,fcal matter decomposes much more rapidly when mixed with urine than it would otherwise do1 ammonia and fetid gases being given off in considerable quantities4 ,should much water be also present1 and the temperature moderately high1 light carburetted hydrogen1 carbonic anhydride1 nitrogen1 and sulphuretted hydrogen are likewise evolved4 ,unless human excreta be effectually as well as speedily removed from the dwellings1 streets1 c41 of a community1 that community will assuredly pay the penalty of their neglect in the shape of health seriously endangered and deteriorated4 ,if this be so with healthy evacuations1 the peril becomes considerably intensified when the excreta are discharged by patients labouring under contagious or many other diseases4 ,see ,,urine1 ,,sewage4 ,,ex',,ercise is essential to the healthy performance of the functions of both body and mind4 ,without it1 the stomach acts feebly1 the bowels become inactive1 and the circulation of the blood languid and imperfect2 the chest contracts1 the respiration becomes impeded1 the brain is insufficiently supplied with pure arterial blood1 the mind grows lethargic1 the complexion assumes a sickly and effeminate hue1 and the features generally lack the energy and expression which they possess in perfect health4 ,with exercise1 the bodily functions are performed with vigour and regularity1 the constitution is thereby strengthened1 and the attacks of disease repelled4 ,by exercise the mind too is excited to healthy action1 its gloomy reveries are dispelled1 and the fair face of creation is presented to the mind's eye in its proper hues4 ,it robs undue mental exertion of half its injurious effects upon the body1 whilst it stimulates and directs it in its proper course4 ,it improves the temper1 and humanises the character4 ,the disposition is refined1 the passions restrained1 violent emotions checked1 the habits improved1 and the personal charms promoted under the stimulus of judicious exercise4 ,to females1 bodily exercise is even more necessary than to males4 ,the disposition and education of females are such as tend to produce habits of sloth and indolence to a greater degree than in the other sex4 ,hence to them exercise is doubly important--it is inseparable from health4 ,the more retiring dispositions of females lead them almost unconsciously into habits of inactivity1 which1 above all1 they should endeavour to shake off and avoid4 ,by so doing--by replacing habits of indolence and inactivity by liveliness and moderate exercise1 the development of the body will be promoted1 additional grace and elegance imparted to its natural movements1 and the enjoyments arising from both mental and bodily health increased1 whilst disease and deformity will be prevented by the removal of their cause4 ,the necessity of exercise exists equally in every grade of society and age of life4 ,those who are engaged in sedentary employments or in-door occupations1 should particularly seek refreshing out-door exercise during the periods of relaxation from their diurnal duties4 ,to the studious and delicate of both sexes1 this is absolutely necessary to preserve the health and vigour of the body4 ,in infancy1 exercise of a suitable kind should be almost the constant occupation of the little beings that claim our protection and care4 ,it should1 however1 be always borne in mind1 that the muscular exercise of very young children must be of the gentlest class4 ,prejudice and ignorance frequently induce nurses and parents to teach their children to walk1 as they falsely call it1 and thus their feeble limbs are urged to make premature efforts to totter along1 before the bones and muscles have acquired sufficient strength to support the body in an erect position4 ,from this course the legs and joints frequently become bent and misshapened1 and severe injuries are often inflicted on the head and body by blows and falls4 ,it should never be forgotten1 that crawling and rolling are their first modes of progression1 and require the least exertion4 ,next comes the sitting posture2 from this the child gradually advances to the erect one2 then to walk by slight assistance2 and1 lastly1 to walk safely alone4 ,all this should come naturally1 and never be promoted1 further than by laying the infant on the carpet or floor1 for the full exercise of its little strength4 ,as soon as a healthy child is able to walk instead of crawl1 its own disposition induces it to do so4 ,the faculty of imitation1 the spirit of enterprise1 and the pride of doing what others do1 present even in infancy1 is rather apt to lead the infant to over-exertion than the contrary4 ,the practice of constantly 'dolling' children in the arms is most prejudicial to the early development of their feeble powers4 ,it is injudicious to take an infant out during the hottest part of the day in summer2 such a proceeding tends to enervate and depress1 rather than to strengthen him4 ,whenever he goes out his head should be protected from the direct rays of the sun by means of a large brimmed hat made of cotton or straw and an umbrella4 ,the neglect of these precautions frequently gives rise to the disordered stomach1 sickness1 and diarrhoea1 so prevalent during very hot weather4 ,during other periods of the day1 the weather being favorable and the locality healthy1 an infant cannot be too much out of doors1 especially during teething4 ,infants of three or four months' old may1 under certain precautions1 be sent out into the open air during the winter4 ,they must be well wrapped up2 they should be carried in the nurse's arms1 and not consigned to a perambulator2 they should never go out in foggy nor wet weather2 if the wind be neither in the east nor the north-east there will be no objection to their being sent out on a clear frosty day4 ,spring is a trying period for infants and children1 because of the prevalence of east winds2 hence the necessity of seeing that they are well and warmly clad when sent out during this season4 ,there is much less danger of a child taking cold during the autumn than the spring1 as in autumn the winds frequently blow from the south1 or warm quarter4 ,in childhood the exercise should be regulated according to constitution and age2 avoiding inactivity1 on the one hand1 and excessive exercise on the other4 ,the out-door plays and pastimes of ,,boys will generally be found sufficient1 and in some cases will even require to be curbed1 to prevent fatigue and the overtasking of the young frame4 ,with girls it is frequently difficult to find sufficient exercise without trespassing on the prejudices of the ignorant1 or the routine of their daily education4 ,with them walking1 and some healthy amusement1 as skipping1 hooping1 or the like1 should be indulged in for some hours daily4 ,when this is impossible or inconvenient1 they may be habituated to the practice of the more simply and cleanly portion of the domestic duties4 ,in the performance of the latter1 the health will be promoted1 whilst the care and attention which is always due by a female to herself and others1 at all periods of her life1 will become an easy acquisition1 and assist the cultivation of the best feelings of her nature4 ,in youth exercise matures and promotes the development of the frame2 and in manhood it is equally necessary1 as already noticed1 to keep it in healthy action4 ,in age it will be found to assist the vital functions1 and put off decay4 ,in fact1 to all--young1 old1 rich1 and poor1 physical exercise is essential to the permanent enjoyment of health4 ,in a medical point of view1 exercise1 employed moderately1 has a tonic and stimulating influence on the system1 and is calculated to prove beneficial in a great variety of complaints4 ,used immoderately1 it exhausts both the mental and bodily powers1 and produces great debility4 7,pereira47 ,well-directed exercise favours the preservation of the general health1 by calling into direct action the majority of the organs of the body2 and it also acts powerfully on the skin1 by stimulating its functions1 increasing its temperature1 awakening its tone1 and subjecting it to a current of atmosphere favorable to its respiratory offices4 ,but to be beneficial in the highest degree1 exercise must be accompanied by feelings of present interest and enjoyment4 ,the mind must direct and go with it2 to ensure its full benefits1 the soul must be present4 ,during convalescence1 properly regulated exertion is highly serviceable2 but it should never be carried so far as to produce exhaustion1 and should be pursued for some time in doors1 before it be attempted in the open air2 the latter1 at first1 should always take place in a carriage1 that can be opened or closed at will2 the patient may then attempt short walks in the open air2 but1 in all cases1 it is of importance that he is not unduly fatigued1 as1 otherwise1 injury instead of benefit will be the result4 ,one of the most serious errors1 committed with regard to exertion1 is that of permitting a convalescent to sit up too frequently1 or for too long a time1 under the mistaken notion of giving him strength4 ,a patient should never be allowed to sit up longer than is agreeable to his feelings1 and never so long as to produce a sense of fatigue4 7,dr ,r4 ,e4 ,griffith47 ,the physiological effects of exercise have been studied by numerous scientific observers4 ,the carefully conducted experiments of ,dr ,edward ,smith have satisfactorily demonstrated that during bodily exertion the circulation of the blood through the lungs is much increased in velocity1 that these latter inspire air and eliminate carbonic anhydride in quantities proportionate to the exercise taken1 and that these quantities show an enormous increase over the amounts of these gases inhaled and exhaled during a state of rest4 ,adopting the recumbent position as unity1 ,dr ,edward ,smith has given the following table1 illustrating the quantities of air inhaled during various forms of exercise3 ,lying position #a ,sitting #aah ,standing #acc ,singing #abf ,walking #a mile per hour #aij ,walking #b miles per hour #bgf ,walking #c miles per hour #cbb ,walking and carrying #cd lbs4 #cej ,walking and carrying #fb lbs4 #chd ,walking and carrying #aah lbs4 #dge ,walking at #d miles per hour #e ,walking at #f miles per hour #g ,riding and trotting #dje ,swimming #dcc ,treadmill #eej ,since a man takes into his lungs #dhj cubic inches of air per minute1 in walking four miles an hour he draws in #bdjj cubic inches1 and if six miles #cbfj cubic inches a minute4#bhi ,footnote #bhi3 ,parkes4 ,dr ,smith estimated the amount of carbonic anhydride evolved under differing conditions1 and found that-- ,carbonic acid exhaled per minute in grains4 ,during sleep #dii ,lying down1 and almost asleep 7average of three observations7 #eia ,walking at the rate of #b miles an hour #ahaj ,walking at the rate of #c miles an hour #behc ,working at the treadmill1 ascending at the rate of #bffe feet per minute 7average of three observations7 #ddig ,the relative amounts of carbonic anhydride eliminated from the lungs during periods of rest and exercise have also been investigated by ,pettenkofer and ,voit4 ,the following table1 which gives the results of their experiments1 also records the quantities of oxygen absorbed1 and of water and urea excreted at the same time3-- ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,elimination in ,grammes of-- ,absorption----------------------------- - of ,oxygen in ,carbonic ,water4 ,urea4 ,grammes4 ,acid4 ---------------------------------------- - ,rest-day4 #gjhi #iaae #hbhj #cgb ,work-day4 #iede #abhdb #bjdba #cgj ,excess on work-day 7with exception #bdff #cgbg #abada #jb of urea7 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,if the quantities in the above table be converted into ounces it will be found that nearly #h-c_/d oz4 more oxygen were absorbed and #ac oz4 more of carbonic anhydride eliminated by the lungs during a work-day than during a rest-day4#bij ,it must be stated that during the work-day an interval of rest was taken1 and that the labour was by no means excessive4 ,footnote #bij3 ,parkes4 ,hirn and ,speck appear to have conclusively proved that the formation of the carbonic anhydride occurs in the muscles1 and that it is rapidly carried off from them4 ,in short1 this latter result seems essential for the development of muscular energy4 ,at any rate it is found that if the respiratory movements be in any way interfered with during exercise1 and the elimination of carbonic anhydride in any degree checked1 the muscular power rapidly diminishes4 ,an examination of ,pettenkofer and ,voit's table shows that exercise gives rise to the escape of a large amount of water from the body1 and to a slightly diminished quantity of urea4 ,since the accumulation of the superfluous carbon supplied by the food gives rise to morbid and diseased states of the body1#bia we shall now be enabled to understand why deficient exercise should be a source of physical ill-being1 and why1 on the contrary1 the proper use of the muscles should be so essential a condition for the maintenance of health1 since it is in them that the great formation of the eliminated carbon is effected4 ,we shall also not fail to see why1 since during exercise the excretion of water is so largely increased1 the blood necessarily becomes less diluted and richer in quantity4 ,footnote #bia3 ,deficient exercise is one of the causes which produce those nutritional alterations in the lung which we class as tuberculosis4--,,parkes4 ,whilst insufficiency of exercise gives rise to a weak action of the heart1 and very frequently to fatty degeneration of that organ1 exercise that is not excessive1 although it increases the beats of the heart from ten to thirty beyond this acceleration1 and imparting greater force to the pulsations1 does not interfere with their regularity4 ,furthermore1 muscular exercise1 by considerably augmenting the flow of the blood through the whole body1 the heart included1 exercises a most beneficial function1 since it causes in all organs a more rapid outflow of plasma and absorption--in other words1 a quicker renewal4 ,in this way also it removes the products of their action1 which accumulate in organs1 and restores the power of action to various parts of the body4#bib ,footnote #bib3 ,parkes4 ,palpitation1 enlargement1 and valvular disease of the heart result from excessive or injudicious exercise4 ,wherever1 therefore1 fatigue or embarrassment of the heart shows itself rest must be had recourse to4 ,persons having weak hearts suffer greatly in ascending mountain or other heights4 ,the effect of exercise upon the kidneys is to diminish the quantity of water1 as well as the chloride of sodium and other chlorides in the urine4 ,as we have seen1 the urea is very slightly lower2 but after much exertion the uric acid is increased4 ,there is also a slight increase in the amounts of sulphates and carbonic anhydride4 ,parkes could find no alteration in the phosphates4 ,the diminution of water and the chlorides is due to the excretion of these by the skin1 the function of which is greatly augmented by exercise4 ,no urea escapes by the skin1 but many acids 7probably fatty ones7 are liberated by that organ4 ,speck has shown that during exercise the amount of fluid is nearly double what it is when the body is quiescent4 ,this escape of fluid by perspiration doubtless affords an explanation of a diminution in the quantity of the excreta from the bowels4 ,the fces exhibit no decrease in nitrogen4 ,exercise increases the growth of the muscles1 making them at the same time harder1 and also causing them to obey more readily the behests of the will4 ,prolonged or excessive exertion1 without sufficient rest1 has been found to interfere with their nutrition1 and to cause them to become soft4 ,there is a tolerably general impression that much exercise tends to cripple the development of the mental faculties1 and this idea is said to have received support from the circumstance that the athletes at our universities seldom signalise themselves in contests of learning4 ,but this fact1 it has been suggested1 may be explained by the athletic exercise being indulged in to such an extent as to leave no time for cultivating the mind4 ,if an illustration were required to prove that great bodily energy is quite consonant with mental vigour it might be found in the life of the late ,professor ,wilson1 of ,edinburgh4 ,on this point ,dr ,parkes says3 ,considering that perfect nutrition is not possible except with bodily activity1 we should infer that sufficient exercise would be necessary for the perfect performance of mental work4 ,as regards the changes that take place in the muscles during exercise ,dr ,parkes writes3 ,the chief changes that take place in the muscles during action appear to be these3 there is a considerable increase of temperature 7,helmholtz71 which1 up to a certain point1 is proportioned to the amount of work2 it is also proportioned to the kind1 being less when the muscle is allowed to shorten than if prevented from shortening 7,heidenhain72 the neutral or alkaline reaction of the tranquil muscle becomes acid from para-lactic acid and acid potassium phosphate2 the venous blood passing from the muscles becomes much darker in colour1 is much less rich in oxygen1 and contains much more carbonic acid 7,sczelkow72 the extractive matters soluble in water lessen1 those soluble in alcohol increase 7,helmholtz1 in frogs72 the amount of water increases 7in tetanus1 ,j4 ,ranke71 and the blood is consequently poorer in water2 the amount of albumen in tetanus is less1 according to ,ranke1 but ,khne has pointed out that the numbers do not justify the inference4 ,liebig stated that the creatin is increased 7but this was an inference from old observations on the extractum carnis of hunted animals1 and requires confirmation74 ,sarokin has stated the same fact in respect to the frog4 ,the electro-motor currents show a decided diminution during contraction4 ,that great molecular changes go on in the contracting muscles is certain1 but their exact nature is not clear2 according to ,ludimar ,hermann there is a jelly-like separation and coagulation of the myosin1 and then a resumption of its prior form1 so that there is a continual splitting of the muscular structure into a myosin coagulum1 carbonic acid1 and a free acid1 and this constitutes the main molecular movement4 ,but no direct evidence has been given of this4 ,the increased heat1 the great amount of carbonic acid1 and the disappearance of oxygen1 combined with the respiratory phenomena already noted1 all seem to show that an active oxidation goes on2 and it is very probable that this is the source of the muscular action4 ,the oxidation may be conceived to take place in two ways--either during rest oxygen is absorbed and stored up in the muscles1 and gradually acts there1 producing a substance which1 when the muscle contracts1 splits up into lactic acid1 carbonic acid1 c42 or1 on the other hand1 during the contraction an increased absorption of oxygen goes on in the blood1 and acts on the muscles1 or on the substances in the blood circulating through the muscles4 ,the first view is strengthened by some of ,pettenkofer and ,voit's experiments1 which show that during rest a certain amount of storage of oxygen goes on1 which no doubt in part occurs in the muscles themselves4 ,indeed1 it has been inferred that it is this stored-up oxygen1 and not that breathed in at the time1 which is used in muscular action4 ,the increased oxidation gives us a reason why the nitrogenous food must be increased during periods of great exertion4 ,an increase in the supply of oxygen is a necessity for increased muscular action2 but ,pettenkofer and ,voit's observations have shown that the absorption of oxygen is dependent on the amount and action of the nitrogenous structures of the body1 so that1 as a matter of course1 if more oxygen is required for increased muscular work1 more nitrogenous food is necessary4 ,but1 apart from this1 although experiments on the amount of nitrogenous elimination show no very great change on the whole1 there is no doubt that1 with constant regular exercise1 a muscle enlarges1 becomes thicker1 heavier1 contains more solid matter1 and1 in fact1 has gained in nitrogen4 ,this process may be slow1 but it is certain2 and the nitrogen must either be supplied by increased food1 or be taken from other parts4 ,so that1 although we do not know the exact changes going on in the muscles1 it is regarded as certain that regular exercise produces in them an addition of nitrogenous tissue4 ,whether this addition occurs1 as usually believed1 in the period of rest succeeding action1 when in some unexplained way the destruction which it is presumed has taken place is not only repaired1 but is exceeded 7a process difficult to understand71 or whether the addition of nitrogen is actually made during the action of the muscle1 must be left undecided for the present4 ,the substances which are thus oxidised in the muscle or in the blood circulating through it1 and from which the energy manifested as heat or muscular movement is believed to be derived1 may probably be of different kinds4 ,under ordinary circumstances the experiments of ,fick and ,wislicenus and others1 and the arguments of ,traube1 seem sufficient to show that the non-nitrogenous substances1 and perhaps especially the fats1 furnish the chief substances acted upon4 ,but it is probable that the nitrogenous substances also furnish a contingent of force4 ,the exact mode in which the energy thus liberated by oxidation is made to assume the form of mechanical motion is quite obscure4 ,there seems little doubt that the exhaustion of muscles is chiefly owing to two causes--first and principally to the accumulation in them of the products of their own action 7especially para-lactic acid72 and secondly1 from the exhaustion of the supply of oxygen4 ,hence rest is necessary1 in order that the blood may neutralise and carry away the products of action1 so that the muscle may recover its neutrality and its normal electrical currents1 and may again acquire oxygen in sufficient quantity for the next contraction4 ,in the case of all muscles these intervals of action and of exhaustion take place1 in part even of the period which is called exercise2 but the rest is not sufficient entirely to restore it4 ,in the case of the heart the rest between the contractions 7about two thirds of the time7 is sufficient to allow the muscle to perfectly recover itself4 ,the foregoing remarks on the effects of muscular exercise will have prepared us for the inference which statistics abundantly support1 viz4 that1 other conditions being favorable1 the healthiest occupation is that which consists in the practice 7of course within reasonable limits7 of manual labour in the open air4 ,the ,rev4 ,professor ,haughton1 in his work entitled ',a ,new ,theory of ,manual ,labour1' has drawn up a table 7which we append7 of the amount of force expended during various kinds of work4 ,it represents the number of tons lifted one foot per diem3-- ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,labouring ,force of ,man4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,kind of ,work4 ,amount of ,work4 ,authority4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,pile-driving #cab tons lifted #a foot4 ,coulomb4 ,pile-driving #ceb ,lamaude4 ,turning a winch #cgd ,coulomb4 ,porters carrying goods1 #cbe and returning unladen ,pedlars always loaded #cjc ,porters carrying wood up a stair1 #cha and returning unloaded ,paviours at work #ceb ,haughton4 ,military prisoners #caj at shot drill 7#c hours71 and oakum-picking and drill ,shot drill alone 7#c hours7 #afjg ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,professor ,haughton has devised a formula by means of which a certain amount of walking exercise may be made to represent its equivalent in manual labour4 ,he points out that walking on a level surface is equivalent to raising one twentieth part of the weight of the body through the distance walked4 ,when ascending any height1 the whole weight of the body is1 of course1 raised through the ascent4 ,the formula is-- 7,w ,wl7 ,d --------------- #bj #bbdj where ,w is the weight of the person2 ,wl the weight carried 7if any72 ,d the distance walked in feet2 #bj the co-efficient of traction2 and #bbdj the number of pounds in a ton4 ,the result is the number of tons raised one foot4 ,to get the distance in feet #ebhj must be multiplied by the number of miles walked4 ,supposing a man to weigh #aej lbs4 with his clothes1 by the employment of the above formula we should arrive at the following results3-- ---------------------------------- ,work done in ,kind of ,exercise4 tons lifted #a foot4 ---------------------------------- ,walking #a mile #agfg ---------------------------------- ,walking #b miles #cecd ---------------------------------- ,walking #aj miles #agfg ---------------------------------- ,walking #bj miles #cecd ---------------------------------- ,walking #a mile and carrying #fj lbs4 #bdge ---------------------------------- ,walking #b miles and carrying #fj lbs4 #die ---------------------------------- ,walking #aj miles and carrying #fj lbs4 #bdge ---------------------------------- ,walking #bj miles and carrying #fj lbs4 #die ---------------------------------- ,from the above data something like a rough approximation may be formed of the daily amount of exercise requisite for a healthy male adult4 ,since #ejj tons lifted a foot is extremely hard work1 the number of miles corresponding to this extreme amount of labour would1 if persevered in1 be objectionable4 ,dr ,parkes1 regarding #cjj tons lifted a foot as an average day's work for a healthy man1 thinks that walking exercise equivalent to half that amount should be taken daily4 ,this1 or a #aej tons1 represents a nine miles' walk4 ,he1 however1 qualifies the suggestion by adding that1 as there is much exertion taken in the ordinary business of life1 this amount may be in many cases reduced2 and concludes by saying1 ,it is not possible to lay down rules to meet all cases1 but probably every man with the above facts before him could fix the amount necessary for himself with tolerable accuracy4 ,for muscular exercise to be safe and efficient1 it must be taken under certain conditions and precautions4 ,we have noticed the evil effects of immoderate bodily exertion on the heart4 ,the lungs are no less seriously affected by an excessive indulgence in it1 which shows itself in spitting of blood and in congestion of the pulmonary vessels4 ,congestion of the lungs brought on by overtaxed bodily strength very frequently causes the death of horses in the hunting field4 ,these facts1 therefore1 not only point to the importance of avoiding undue or extreme exertion1#bic but also to the necessity of ensuring the full and uncramped play of the respiratory organs during exercise1 and the consequent removal of any impediment in the way of tight clothing that in any manner interferes with their freedom of exercise4 ,laboured respiration and sighing are indications of pulmonary congestion1 and counsel temporary rest and abstention from exercise4 ,footnote #bic3 ,there must be proper intervals of rest1 or the store of oxygen1 and of the material in the muscles which is to be metamorphosed during contraction1 cannot take place4 --,,parkes4 ,the great augmentation in the excretion of carbon which leaves the lungs in the form of carbonic anhydride during exercise has been already referred to4 ,as this carbon is derived from the food1 it follows that in the intervals of exercise an increase of carbonaceous diet is necessary4 ,for this purpose physiologists prefer the fatty to the amylaceous varieties of diet4 ,it has been already stated why at the same time the nitrogenous food must be increased during periods of great exertion4 ,there seems little doubt that water is the best drink that can be taken during moderate as well as great exercise4444 ,it is best taken in small quantities and frequently4 ,spirits are decidedly prejudicial1 and indispose to bodily exertion4 ,they are hurtful because they lessen the exhalation of carbonic anhydride from the lungs4 ,trainers never allow them1 and but very little wine or beer4 ,the thirst that not unfrequently accompanies exercise is due to the great escape of water from the skin which has been already alluded to4 ,this liberation of moisture1 being also accompanied1 as already explained1 by a large excretion of the chlorides and1 perhaps1 by other salts4 ,dr ,parkes advises the use of an additional supply of chloride of sodium to the diet of those taking much exercise2 he suggests that probably potassium chloride and phosphate might be added with advantage4 ,the evaporation from the skin has the effect of reducing the bodily temperature and rendering it equable4 ,this temperature1 however1 falls very rapidly after exertion is over2 and hence at this time it is always advisable to guard against the chance of a chill by covering the body over4 ,flannel forms the best protection4 ,keeping the skin clean by daily ablution greatly aids in the escape of fluid during exercise4 ,the large amount of carbonic anhydride given off by the lungs during bodily exercise explains the advantages of open air exercise1 and why walking in the fresh air produces such excellent effects in some forms of dyspepsia4 ,this increased exhalation of carbonic anhydride also points to the importance of thorough ventilation when indoor exercise is taken1 particularly by large bodies of men or women1 as in riding schools and on the treadmill4 ,the mortality amongst miners1 whose labour is performed in confined and ill-ventilated spaces is very great4 ,according to ,mr ,simon1 with the exception of those who work in the well-ventilated mines of ,durham and ,northumberland1 the #cjj1jjj miners in ,england break down prematurely from bronchitis and pneumonia1 caused by the atmosphere in which they are compelled to work4 ,,expan',,sion4 ,all substances1 solid1 liquid1 and gaseous1 when chemical change does not take place1 expand by heat1 and contract by cold4 ,in some of them this property occurs in a greater degree than in others1 but is constant for the same substance under the same circumstances4 ,the chemist avails himself of this property in the construction of his thermometer2 the wheelwright1 in fixing on the tire of his wheels2 the engineer1 in restoring to the perpendicular the leaning walls of buildings1 c4 ,this expansion by heat is of great importance in the manufactures1 as allowance has to be made of it in every purpose where metals are employed4 ,the following is a list of the expansion of the chief metals1 c41 when heated from #cb to #bab ,fahr41 or from #j to #ajj ,cent43-- ,substance4 ,expansion4 ,in bulk4 ,in length4 ,glass #a in #chd #a in #aaej ,platinum #a in #cgg #a in #acaa ,steel #a in #cji #a in #ibf ,iron #a in #bhb #a in #hdf ,gold #a in #bbg #a in #fhb ,copper #a in #aid #a in #ehb ,brass #a in #agi #a in #ecf ,silver #a in #age #a in #ebd ,tin #a in #agb #a in #eaf ,lead #a in #aag #a in #cea ,zinc #a in #aac #a in #cdj ,of the liquids1 they expand as follows1 when heated from #j to #ajj ,cent41 or from #cb to #bab ,fahr43-- ,mercury #a in #ee in bulk4 ,water #a in #ba in bulk4 ,gases practically all expand alike2 that is to say1 for every degree ,fahrenheit a gas expands #a_/dia of its bulk at #cb1 and for every degree ,centigrade #a_/bgc of their volume at #j;,c4 ,an example will show the importance of this4 ,suppose an iron bar1 connecting two sides of a building1 and of a length of about #he feet4 ,the increase in length by heat of this bar would make it #a inch longer in summer than in winter2 and it would1 if no allowance be made1 pull or thrust the walls to this extent each year4 ,,expec',,torants4 ,syn4 ,,expectorantia1 ,l4 ,medicines that promote the secretion of the trachial and bronchial mucus4 ,according to ,dr ,good1 true expectorants are those medicines which rather promote the separation of the viscid phlegm with which the bronchi are loaded1 than simply inviscate and dilute it2 though these are also treated as expectorants by many writers4 ,ammoniacum1 antimonials1 assafoetida1 the balsams of ,peru and tolu1 benzoic acid1 benzoin2 the fumes of vinegar1 tar1 and several of the volatile oils2 garlic1 ipecacuanha1 the oleo-resins1 squills1 tartarised antimony1 and the smoke of tobacco and stramonium1 are among the principal substances commonly called expectorants4 ,tartarised antimony1 squills1 chlorine1 and ammoniacal gases1 have also been used 7diluted7 to provoke the coughing and favour the expulsion of foreign bodies from the air-passages2 and also to favour the expectoration of mucus1 pus1 and membranous concretions1 when the local irritation is not sufficiently great4 7,schwilgue47 ,expectorants are commonly employed in pulmonary complaints and affections of the air tubes1 attended by a vitiated state of the mucus1 or an imperfect performance of the natural functions of the secretory vessels4 ,of all classes of the materia medica1 none are more uncertain in their action than expectorants4 7,pereira47 ,the act of ejecting matter from the chest is called ,,expectoration4 ,,exper',,iments are acts or operations intended to develop some unknown fact1 principle1 or effect2 or to establish or demonstrate it1 when discovered4 ,similar operations1 performed merely for amusement1 are also often1 though incorrectly1 called by this name4 ,in rational experiments these two objects are combined4 ,to experimental research is due the present high state of advancement and usefulness of the various sciences most intimately connected with our happiness and well-being4 ,the danger of taking things for granted has been thus pleasantly and instructively pointed out by ,archbishop ,whately3--,it was objected to the system of ,copernicus1 when first brought forward1 that if the earth turned on its axis1 as he represented1 a stone dropped from the summit of a tower would not fall at the foot of it1 but at a great distance to the west2 in the same manner as a stone dropped from the masthead of a ship in full sail does not fall at the foot of the mast1 but towards the stern4 ,to this it was answered1 that a stone1 being a part of the earth1 obeys the same laws1 and moves with it2 whereas it is no part of the ship1 of which1 consequently1 its motion is independent4 ,the solution was admitted by some1 but opposed by others2 and the controversy went on with spirit2 nor was it till one hundred years after the death of ,copernicus that1 the experiment being tried1 it was ascertained that the stone1 thus dropped from the head of the mast1 does fall at the foot of it4 ,,exportation4 7,,exportation ,,on ,,drawback47 ,by law1 a certain allowance1 or drawback of duty1 is payable on certain articles1 when exported from any part of the ,united ,kingdom1 either as merchandise or ship stores4 ,thus3-- ,,sugar1 refined in the ,united ,kingdom1 from #ds4 to #fs4 per cwt41 according to quality4 ,,tobacco1 manufactured in the ,united ,kingdom1 #cs4 #c;d4 per lb4 ,the full drawback is only allowed on normal tobacco1 which contains #ac per cent4 of moisture4 ,if the moisture exceeds #ac per cent41 a proportionate reduction is made in the drawback2 if it is found less than #ac per cent41 a proportionate increase is granted4 ,,snuff is entitled to drawback at #cs4 #c;d4 per lb41 subject1 however1 to an increase if the moisture is less than #ac per cent41 and the inorganic matter not over #ah per cent41 and to a decrease if the moisture in organic matter exceeds these per-centages4 ,,beer4 ,the amount of this drawback is proportional to the quantity of malt or sugar used in the brewing of the beer1 and is nearly equivalent to the duty originally paid on such malt or sugar4 ,it is computed according to the following scale3--,for every barrel1 or #cf gallons of beer1 the original gravity of which was not less than #ajdj1 a drawback of #ds4 #c;d41 and for every additional #e degrees1 from #ajdj to #aabe inclusive1 a further sum of #f;d4 per barrel4 ,,solidified ,,worts1 made by a licensed brewer1 from malt or sugar1 or malt and sugar1 a drawback of #bs4 #aj-e_/ajj;d4 per #bh lbs4 ,,malt4 ,under certain restrictions1 a drawback of the duty charged1 after deducting #g-a_/b per cent4 of the measured quantity4 ,,spirits1 from #ajs4 to #ajs4 #c;d4 per proof gallon4 ,in all cases samples are taken by the ,custom ,house officer1 and forwarded to the ,inland ,revenue laboratory1 where they are examined previous to the payment of the drawback4 ,,expres',,sion4 ,in the useful arts1 the mechanical operation by which a fluid contained in the pores or cells of a solid is pressed out or expelled4 ,many of the fluid substances employed in pharmacy and chemistry are obtained by expression4 ,thus1 the unctuous vegetable oils1 as those of almonds1 linseed1 c41 are procured by submitting these substances to powerful pressure between iron plates1 which are either made warm1 or the bruised seeds are previously exposed in bags to the steam of boiling water4 ,the juices of fresh vegetables are also obtained by expression4 ,the substances are first bruised in a marble mortar1 or1 on the large scale1 in a mill1 and immediately submitted to the press1 to prevent them passing into a state of fermentation1 which would injure the quality of the product4 ,fruits which contain highly flavoured or fragrant seeds1 or which have rinds containing essential oil1 are generally deprived of them before being sent to the press4 ,the subacid fruits are also allowed to lay together for some days before pressing them1 as the quantity and quality of the product is thereby increased4 ,the fluid matter absorbed by the ingredients employed in the preparation of tinctures1 infusions1 decoctions1 extracts1 c41 is generally obtained by powerful pressure4 ,expression is also frequently had recourse to for the purpose of obtaining solids in a state of purity1 as in the expulsion of olein from stearin1 water from bicarbonate of soda1 c4 ,on the small scale1 the common screw-press1 or one of like construction1 is usually employed2 but the power thus obtained is insufficient to expel the whole of a fluid diffused through the pores of a solid4 ,hence has arisen the use of the hydraulic press1 which is now almost alone employed on the large scale4 ,in all these cases the substances are placed in bags made of haircloth1 or coarse canvas1 previously to their being submitted to pressure4 ,for tinctures and like pharmaceuticals1 a small screw-press 7,,tincture ,,press7 made of 'galvanised' or tinned iron1 and varying in capacity from #a quart to several gallons1 is employed4 ,,exsicca',,tion4 ,see ,,desiccation4 ,,ex',,tract4 ,syn4 ,,extractum1 ,l4 ,among chemists this term is understood to apply to the residuum of the evaporation of aqueous decoctions or infusions of vegetable matter4 ,in medicine and pharmacy1 it has a less definite signification1 being applied to various preparations obtained by evaporating the expressed juices1 or the decoctions1 infusions1 or tinctures of vegetable substances1 until a mass1 of a solid or semi-solid consistence is formed4 ,extracts vary in their nature and composition with the substances from which they are prepared1 and the fluids employed as solvents4 ,when water is employed as the menstruum1 the products 7,,aqueous ,,extracts1 ,,watery ,e42 ,,extracta ,,aquosa1 ,e4 ,,simpliciora1 ,l47 usually consist of gum1 starch1 sugar1 albumen1 extractive and saline and other matter1 along with the peculiar principles on which the medicinal virtue of the vegetable depends4 ,when spirit is employed as the solvent1 the products 7,,alcoholic ,,extracts2 ,,extracta ,,alcoholica1 ,l47 contain most of the substances above enumerated1 except the gum and starch1 together with several other substances which are soluble in spirit1 but which are either wholly or nearly insoluble in water2 as resins1 essential oils1 and the proximate principles of vegetables4 ,these preparations1 with scarcely an exception1 are considerably more powerful than the aqueous extracts of the same vegetables4 ,in some cases proof spirit or under-proof spirit is employed1 when the extracts 7,,spirituous ,,extracts2 ,,extracta ,,spirituosa1 ,l47 generally possess properties between those of the above4 ,in other cases1 dilute acetic acid or acidulated water is employed as the menstruum1 when the products 7,,acetic ,,extracts2 ,,extracta ,,acetica1 ,l47 possess much greater activity than when prepared with water2 and would in many cases prove fatal1 if exhibited in doses as large as those of the aqueous extracts4 ,still more active extracts are obtained by a combination of the last two menstrua4 ,according to ,ferrari1 plants treated with rectified spirit of wine1 mixed with #a_/cfth part of acetic acid1 yields extracts of remarkable activity4 ,on the ,continent ether is sometimes used as the menstruum for the active principles of certain substances1 as cantharides1 cubebs1 worm-seed1 c4 7,,ethereal ,,extracts2 ,,extracta ,,etherea1 ,l47 ,the term 'simple extract' is applied to an extract prepared from a single plant or vegetable substance1 and the term 'compound extract' to one prepared from two or more of such substances4 ,the ,,fluid ,,extracts 7,,extracta ,,fluida1 ,l47 of modern pharmacy are those which are only evaporated to the consistence of a thin syrup1 and then mixed with #a-ajth to #a-hth of their volume of rectified spirit4 ,prep4 ,the preparation of medicinal extracts may be conveniently considered under two divisions1 viz4--#a4 ,the production of a solution of the soluble portion of the substances operated on2 and1 #b4 ,the reduction of this solution by evaporation to the consistence of an extract4 #a4 ,,preparation ,,of ,,solutions3--,the preliminary operations in the manufacture of extracts are similar to those employed in the preparation of ,,decoctions1 ,,infusions1 and ,,tinctures4 ,the proper quantity of the ingredients being taken1 the whole is well bruised or reduced to coarse powder1 or otherwise divided by slicing with a knife1 that every portion may be fully exposed to the solvent action of the fluid4 ,in some few cases 7as with gentian1 c47 the 'slicing1' or reduction to fragments1 is often conveniently deferred until the action of the menstruum shall have so far softened the ingredients as to render them of easy division by the knife4 ,those substances 7as sarsaparilla1 chamomiles1 c47 whose medicinal principles reside in the cortical portion1 of which are of easy solubility1 are commonly subjected to the action of the menstruum without being subjected to any particular preparation4 ,in the preparation of ,,aqueous ,,extracts1 the ingredients are treated with water until all the soluble matter that it is desirable to obtain is dissolved out4 ,there are several methods of effecting this object1 depending upon the nature of the substances acted on4 ,in some cases maceration in cold water is resorted to2 in others percolation with that fluid in a 'displacement apparatus4' ,more generally1 however1 boiling water is poured on the substance1 and is digested on it for some time1 as in the preparation of infusions2 or the substance is exhausted by boiling in water1 as in the preparation of decoctions4 ,after the ebullition or infusion has continued a sufficient time1 the heat is removed1 and the liquid portion drawn off4 ,the ingredients are then pressed to extract the remaining liquid2 or they are washed or 'sparged' with hot water1 which expels it by displacement4 ,according to the usual practice in the majority of cases1 a second quantity of water is poured on after the first has been thoroughly drained off1 and the effusion or decoction is repeated a second and even a third time1 or until the ingredients are perfectly exhausted of their soluble portion4 ,the liquor or liquors thus obtained being allowed to repose for #ae or #bj minutes1 for the purpose of depositing the sand or other gritty and heavy matter that is mechanically mixed with them1 are carefully decanted from the sediment1 and1 after being run through a fine hair-sieve1 or flannel bag1 are ready for concentration4 ,in some instances1 however1 this method proves insufficient to render the liquid clear4 ,in such cases1 the solution may generally be rendered transparent by clarification with a little white of egg1 removing the scum as it rises1 straining the liquid through flannel1 as before2 or the liquid may be filtered through a bag made of fine ',welsh flannel1' or of 'tweeled cotton cloth' 7,canton flannel71 both of which should be soaked in clean water for at least an hour before use4 ,in the small way1 filters of linen or paper are sometimes employed2 but as all media sufficiently fine to render vegetable solutions transparent soon choke up1 this filtration is objectionable1 from the length of time it occupies4 ,in some houses the aqueous infusion or decoction is allowed to repose for #bd hours1 and then decanted and evaporated2 but such a plan is objectionable1 as1 however smooth and glossy extracts so prepared may appear1 their medicinal virtues are lessened by the lengthened exposure to the atmosphere4 ,when about one half of an aqueous solution has evaporated1 it is often advantageous to repass it through a flannel or horsehair strainer1 to remove the flocculi that generally form by the action of the heat and air4 ,this is especially necessary with vegetable solutions prepared without boiling1 and should be adopted whenever a smooth and slightly extract is desired4 ,,ii4 ,,reduction ,,of ,,solutions3--,the reduction of the solution to the proper consistence is effected by evaporation4 ,the mode in which this is performed varies for different extracts4 ,the ,london ,college directs that1 unless otherwise ordered1 the evaporation should be conducted as quickly as possible1 in a broad1 shallow pan1 placed in a water bath1 until a proper consistence is acquired for forming pills2 stirring assiduously with a spatula towards the end of the operation4 ,the ,dublin ,college orders that all simple 7aqueous7 extracts 7,,extracta ,,simpliciora71 unless otherwise ordered1 are to be prepared by boiling the vegetable matter in #h times its weight of water1 till the liquid is reduced to one half2 the liquor is then to be expressed1 and1 after a short time allowed for defecation1 to be decanted1 filtered1 and evaporated in a steam or water bath1 until it begins to thicken1 and then finally inspissated by a reduced heat1 with continual stirring1 until a consistence for forming pills be attained4 ,the instructions of the ,edinburgh ,college are similar1 with the one important exception1 however1 of ordering the evaporation to be conducted in a water bath saturated with chloride of sodium4 ,though the water bath has the sanction of the ,london ,college1 it is ill adapted for the purpose to which it is here ordered to be applied1 as from its low evaporative power the advantages which are derived from its equable temperature are vastly overbalanced by the lengthened exposure of the solution in a heated state to the action of the atmosphere4 ,it has been shown that a vegetable extract so prepared is inferior in quality to a similar one formed by rapid evaporation in a shallow pan over a naked fire1 or placed in a sand bath1 provided proper care is taken1 and assiduous stirring is adopted during the whole time of the exposure to heat4 ,in practice1 however1 the use of a naked fire is perfectly inadmissible1 as the least neglect on the part of the operator would probably lead to the incineration of the whole4 ,these objections are obviated by the addition of the #a_/eth part of salt to the water of the bath1 which raises its boiling-point to #bah-c_/d ,fahr41 when the temperature of the contained extract is fully #bab2 the remaining #f being lost by the interposition of the substance of the evaporating vessel4 ,,on ,,the ,,large ,,scale1 the evaporation of infusions or decoctions for extracts is usually conducted in very wide1 shallow1 copper or tinned-copper pans1 having steam-tight jackets of cast iron1 and heated by steam 'playing' between the two4 ,the rapid deterioration which vegetable juices and solutions undergo by exposure to the air1 especially at high temperatures1 has led to the introduction of apparatus1 by which they may be concentrated without contact with the atmosphere1 and at a less degree of heat than is required for that purpose in open vessels4 ,such is the method1 commonly called ',barry's process1' in which the air is removed from certain air-tight refrigerators by the introduction of steam1 which is then condensed by the application of cold1 by which means a partial vacuum is obtained4 ,another process for attenuating the atmosphere over the surface of fluids during evaporation is by the action of an air-pump4 ,this plan was introduced by ,howard1 and is commonly applied to the concentration of syrups in the sugar refineries4 ,extracts obtained by either of these methods are said to be prepared 'in vacuo1' and are found in practice to be immensely superior to the common extracts of the shops1 and consequently require to be exhibited in proportionably small doses4 ',the ,american ,journal of ,pharmacy' for ,september1 #ahgg1 contains a new process for the preparation of extracts without heat1 by ,professor ,herrara4 ,we extract the following from the ,professor's paper3-- ,the results of my observations have satisfied me that1 when the water partially congeals1 the dissolved principles remain in solution in the mother liquors1 and that two or three congelations are generally sufficient for obtaining the solutions concentrated enough to finish the extract by exposure upon plates to the heat of the sun1 or of a drying closet1 heated to about #cj cent4 7#hf ,fahr474 ,the extracts prepared by this method accurately represent the properties of the plants1 and the principles which are changed by the influence of heat remain unaltered2 even the volatile constituents are not dissipated1 though most of the water be removed by freezing4 ,owing to the small cost of the necessary apparatus1 it appears to me that my process for preparing extracts should be preferable even in those countries where ice is less readily obtainable than combustibles4 ,extract of conium prepared with unpurified juice by the process mentioned1 has preserved the characteristic odour of conia1 and by dissolving it in water4 ,i have obtained a solution exactly representing the juice of the plant in appearance and properties1 and giving when heated an abundant coagulation1 proving that even albumen had remained unaltered4 #agej grams of cow's milk at #i ,r41 left1 after three congelations1 #gej grams of a liquid having a density of #adh1 and by evaporation in the sun this left a dry extract of milk1 which again formed that liquid on being dissolved in water4 ,a number of other liquids similarly treated1 gave corresponding results1 and it seems to me1 therefore1 that medicinal extracts are best prepared by congelation4 ,it may be objected that the medical juices should be previously purified1 but it should be remembered that coagulated albumen always encloses a considerable portion of the active principles1 and that the heat necessary to effect the coagulation and the evaporation by means of a water-bath is sufficient to change many principles2 also that the extracts thus prepared are sometimes inert or less active4 ,the careful experiments made by ,orfila and the clinical experience of others demonstrate that extracts prepared with unpurified juice are stronger4 ,the apparatus employed by me is the so-called sorbetire2#bid for larger quantities the apparatus of ,gougaud is preferable4 ,the frigoric mixture is composed of ice and sodium chloride1 or preferably of crystallised calcium chloride4 ,after a large portion of the solution has congealed1 the mass is enclosed in a cloth and subjected to pressure1 the press-cake of ice is broken and again pressed1 to separate the mother liquor as completely as possible1 and the congelation is repeated two or three times1 with the precaution that it is not carried far enough to cause the precipitation of the sparingly soluble principles4 ,the mother liquor is then put into shallow dishes and exposed to the heat of the sun or of a drying room1 the temperature of which does not exceed #cj ,c4 7#hf ,f47 until the extract has attained the desired consistence4 ,footnote #bid3 ,an apparatus similar to that used for ice-cream4 ,obs4 ,when water1 acidulated with acetic acid1 is employed in the preparation of extracts1 the vegetable substances are usually macerated in it1 in the cold1 or the dilute acid is sprinkled over the bruised plant in the fresh or recent state1 and the whole is then submitted to strong pressure1 to expel the juice1 which is strained and evaporated in the usual way1 but preferably in a well-tinned or plated-copper pan4 ,,alcoholic and ,,spirituous ,,extracts are prepared by evaporating a filtered concentrated tincture of the ingredients in any suitable vessel1 by which the volatilized spirit may be saved4 ,in general1 rectified spirit is used as the menstruum2 but in some cases proof spirit is employed2 and1 in others1 the substances are first digested in proof spirit1 and afterwards in water1 and the mixed tincture and infusion evaporated in the usual manner4 ,,ethereal ,,extracts are obtained in a similar manner to alcoholic ones2 but being merely prepared in small quantities at a time1 the process may be conveniently performed in glass vessels4 ,when it is required to boil either of the above fluids 7alcoholic or ethereal71 or any other volatile liquid on the ingredients1 a vessel fitted with a long tube1 or a ,liebig's condenser reversed1 as noticed under ether1 may be used to prevent any loss of the menstruum4 ,the ,,inspissated ,,vegetable ,,juices 7,,juices1 ,e42 ,,succi1 ,l47 of the ,british ,pharmacopoeia are obtained by expressing the juices from the fresh plants1 and preserving them by the addition of spirit4 ,by thus preserving the juice of the plant its properties are not impaired by the action of the air during the time necessary to dry the leaf for tincture1 nor by the action of both air and heat during the time necessary to evaporate the juice to the consistence of an extract4--,squire4 ,the directions of the ,edinburgh ,college for preparing their inspissated juices 7,,succi ,,spissati1 ,l47 are--,beat the fresh substance1 and press it strongly through a canvas bag1 in order to obtain the juice2 which1 being put into a wide1 shallow vessel1 and heated by means of boiling water saturated with sea-salt1 is to be reduced to the consistence of honey4 ,the mass1 when cold1 is to be put into glazed earthen vessels1 and moistened with strong alcohol4 ,by operating in this way a considerable portion of the activity of narcotic vegetables is lost4 ,some of their juices1 as that of aconite1 are impaired in so short a time as scarcely to compensate for the trouble of preparing them4 ,this deterioration does not1 however1 take place in any remarkable degree1 if the expressed juice from the recent vegetable be evaporated by exposing it in a thin stratum to a current of very dry air1 as adopted by ,mr ,squire4 ,this may be managed by putting the juice into small1 flat trays or dishes1 placed on shelves in a suitably arranged apparatus1 alternated with similar vessels of concentrated sulphuric acid2 or by causing a current of very dry air1 at the common temperature of the atmosphere1 to pass over them4 ,it has been shown that #aj gr4 of extract1 thus prepared1 were more than equal to #bj gr4 prepared in vacuo2 and to more than #fj gr41 and in some cases1 #ij gr41 of those prepared by the common process of boiling down the juice to an extract4 ,the concluding portion of the process of extract-making1 technically termed 'finishing-off1' requires the most scrupulous attention4 ,as the evaporation advances1 the heat should be lessened1 and as soon as the extract acquires the consistence of thick treacle it should be removed altogether1 and the remainder of fluid matter evaporated by the heat retained by the copper pan1 the escape of vapour being promoted by assiduous and laborious stirring with a suitably shaped wooden spatula4 ,this part of the process should be continued until a proper consistence is attained and the extract is nearly cold4 ,when high-pressure steam or a chloride of calcium bath is employed1 care must be taken to withdraw the heat before stirring the semi-liquid mass2 as1 if an extract having a temperature of about the boiling-point of water1 or even a few degrees below it1 is agitated1 it becomes full of bubbles1 and appears rough and puffy1 and this appearance cannot be removed by subsequent stirring1 or by any method but redissolving it in water and re-evaporation4 ,this is especially the case with the extracts of sarsaparilla 7simple and compound71 gentian1 liquorice1 and most others of a similar class4 ,a good laboratory man knows from experience the proper time for the removal of the heat1 but unpractised persons often fail in this particular4 ,in such cases should the heat retained by the evaporating pan1 and by the extract1 prove insufficient to complete the process1 a little more may be cautiously applied4 ,without assiduous and laborious stirring in the way described1 a very smooth and glossy extract cannot be produced4 ,to promote this artificial appearance1 some persons add #c or #d each of olive oil and gum arabic1 dissolved in water1 with about #a or #b of spirit of wine4 ,the consistence of the ordinary extracts of the shops is the same as that of electuaries and confections1 and is described in the ,ph4 ,e4 as equal to that of thick honey4 ,the instructions of the ,ph4 ,l4 and ,d41 to evaporate the mass until it acquires a consistence proper for making pills1 except in #b or #c cases 7as ,ext4 ,colocynth4 ,comp41 c471 is not adopted1 and1 indeed1 would be found inconvenient in practice4 ,extracts evaporated to such a consistence are commonly termed 'pilular extracts1' and when evaporated so that they are quite dry1 and brittle when cold1 they are called 'hard extracts' 7,,extracta ,,dura1 ,l474 ,pres4 ,extracts should be put into pots as soon as taken from the pan1 and1 after being carefully and securely tied over with bladder1 should be 'stored' in a dry situation4 ,the ,london ,college orders a small quantity of rectified spirit to be sprinkled upon all the softer extracts1 to prevent them becoming mouldy4 ,a better way is to employ a little spirit1 holding in solution a few drops of oil of cloves1 or a still less quantity of creasote4 ,this should be added to them the last thing before removing them from the evaporating pan1 and when they are nearly cold4 ,the same object is effected by moistening the inside of the bladder 7used to tie them over7 with a few drops of oil of cloves or creasote4 ,hard extracts should be kept in bladders or gut skins1 placed in stone pots1 and well covered over4 ,with care1 extracts prepared from recent vegetable substances may be preserved twelve months1 or from season to season2 and those from dry ingredients1 or such as are less inclined to spoil1 for perhaps double that time2 but beyond these periods their virtues cannot be relied on1 and they should consequently be discarded1 if remaining unused or unsold4 ,pur41 c4 ,the quality of an extract cannot be ascertained by mere inspection1 nor is it readily discovered by chemical tests4 ,a knowledge of these facts has induced the mercenary and fraudulent manufacturer to employ damaged and inferior drugs in their preparation1 alike regardless of the welfare of the patient and the credit of the practitioner4 ,a common practice with some manufacturers is1 not only to pick out the least expensive variety of every drug for the preparation of their extracts1 but the most inferior and often damaged and worthless portion of this already inferior article4 ,the production of a smooth1 bright1 and glossy extract is all that is usually attempted by these individuals1 and all that is sought after by the mass of purchasers1 who mistake the simulation of the mere external signs of good quality for its actual existence4 ,it is a fact1 which we can verify from extensive experience in the laboratory1 and from years of practical observation on this point1 that extracts faithfully prepared from good materials do not possess the sightly and pleasing appearance of those commonly vended by the wholesale druggists4 ,on comparing the extracts prepared by different metropolitan houses1 we have found that those which have exhibited a remarkably bright and glossy appearance have been uniformly inferior1 and sometimes nearly inert2 whilst others1 with a less prepossessing appearance1 have been generally of good quality4 ,these facts are well established by reference to the extracts of those houses and institutions that are remarkable for the superior quality of their preparations1 and by comparing them with the common extracts of the shops supplied by the wholesale trade4 ,a good extract should be--#a4 ,free from grit1 and wholly soluble in #bj parts of the menstruum employed in its preparation1 forming a nearly clear solution4--#b4 ,it should have a uniform texture and colour1 and be of a proper consistence4--#c4 ,if a narcotic or active extract1 it may be exhibited in proper doses1 and its effects watched4 ,its activity may also be tested on any small animal4--#d4 ,an assay for the proximate vegetable principle 7alkaloid1 c47 contained in the plant from which it has been prepared may be made4 ,the extracts prepared from the expressed juices of plants1 without straining off the coagulated albumen1 are1 of course1 exceptions to the first test4 ,unfortunately1 these tests are not always easily performed1 and the last two are inapplicable to those extracts that exercise no very marked physiological action1 unless when taken in repeated doses1 long continued4 ,this want of a ready means of accurately testing the qualities of extracts has enabled the fraudulent manufacturer to sell inferior articles with impunity1 and often without the least fear or danger of detection4 ,in general1 an extract more than six months old contains only half the activity of a similar one newly made4 ,when more than twelve months old they should be rejected as worthless1 and the stock renewed4 ,uses1 c4 ,the extracts of the shops are generally acknowledged to be the most varying1 imperfect1 and uncertain class of medicines belonging to modern pharmacy4 ,they are mostly used in the same cases as the plants from which they are prepared1 but in smaller doses4 ,concluding ,remarks4 ,in the preparation of extracts the great desiderata to be aimed at are--to suit the menstrua and the methods of manipulating to the peculiar characteristics of the active constituents of the vegetable substances operated on4 ,the pharmaceutist should always bear in mind that a perfect extract should be a concentrated1 solid mass1 representing1 as near as possible1 in medicinal efficacy1 the materials from which it has been prepared1 and capable of being redissolved1 so as to form a solution closely resembling that from which it has been derived4 ,an extract possessing equal strength to the whole mass of the ingredients from which it has been prepared is almost next to an impossibility1 however desirable such a degree of perfection may be4 ,the medicinal properties of all solutions of vegetable matter are injured by being reduced to the solid state2 and this deterioration1 more or less1 takes place1 whether the solvent be water1 acetic acid1 proof spirit1 or alcohol4 ,the volatile portions 7the essential oils1 the aroma1 c47 are nearly or wholly dissipated2 and though these do not always form the principal or active ingredients of the vegetables from which extracts are prepared1 yet they generally exercise a modifying and controlling influence over the other ingredients1 which considerably alters their therapeutical action4 ,the loss of aroma may often be a trifling deficiency1 but in the extracts of aconite1 henbane1 hemlock1 belladonna1 and other narcotic plants1 this is not the case4 ,in these cases it is well known that the inert preparations are wholly deficient of the odour of the recent plant1 and that in proportion as the odour is developed1 so is their activity preserved4 ,the powerful smell of the recently expressed juice of hemlock1 with the scarcely perceptible odour of the extract 7,,extractum ,,conii1 ,ph4 ,l471 offers an excellent example of this fact4 ,the dose of the one often reaches #bj or #cj gr41 whilst that of the other seldom exceeds #e or #aj drops1 or a portion equivalent in dry ingredients to considerably less than #a_/b gr4 ,when extracts are ordered in prescriptions1 those of the ',pharmacopoeia' should be alone employed by the dispenser1 as the substitution of others for them would not only be violating faith with the prescriber1 but might also produce consequences alike injurious to the dispenser and the patient4 ,many medical gentlemen prefer extracts prepared by particular processes or persons1 but such intention is always indicated in their prescriptions4 ,extract of ,ac'onite4 ,syn4 ,,extract ,,of ,,wolfsbane1 ,e4 ,,of ,,monkshood1 ,,inspissated ,,juice ,,of ,,aconite2 ,,extractum ,,aconiti 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l4 ,e4 ,u4 ,s471 ,,succus ,,spissatus ,,aconiti 7,ph4 ,d4 #ahbf71 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,take #aab lbs4 of the fresh leaves and flowering tops1 bruise them1 press out the juice1 heat it gradually to #acj ,f41 and separate the green matter by a calico filter4 ,heat the strained liquor to #bjj ,f4 to coagulate albumen1 and again filter4 ,evaporate the filtrate by a water bath to the consistence of a thin syrup2 then add to it the green colouring matter previously separated1 and stirring the whole together assiduously1 evaporate at a temperature not exceeding #adj ,f4 to a pill consistence4--,dose1 #a to #b gr4 #b4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,take of fresh leaves of aconite1 #a lb42 bruise them in a stone mortar1 express the juice1 and evaporate it1 unstrained1 to a proper consistence4 ,the formul of the ,ph4 ,d4 ,u4 ,s4 are similar4 #c4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,beat the fresh leaves of aconite to a pulp1 and express the juice1 then subject the residuum to percolation with rectified spirit until the latter passes through without being materially coloured2 unite the expressed juice and the percolated tincture1 filter1 distil off the spirit1 and evaporate in a vapour or a water bath to a proper consistence4 ,stronger than the preceding4 ,obs4 ,a variable and uncertain preparation4 ,numbness and tingling follow its application to the limbs or tongue when it is of good quality4--,product4 #a cwt4 of fresh leaves yield between #e lbs4 and #f lbs4 of extract4 ,prop4 ,anodyne1 sudorific1 and narcotic2 very poisonous4--,dose1 #a_/b gr4 to #b gr41 made into a pill with liquorice powder2 once or twice a day1 in neuralgic pains1 chronic rheumatism1 glandular swellings1 c41 gradually and cautiously increased to #e or #f gr4 #d4 7,alcoholic2 ,e4 ,a4 ,,alcoholicum1 ,l47--a4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,aconite 7in coarse powder71 #a lb42 proof spirit1 #c-a_/b lbs4 7say #b-a_/b pints72 proceed by the method of displacement1 and when all the spirit has penetrated the powdered mass1 keep this covered with distilled water1 until the liquid begins to cause a precipitate in falling into that which has previously passed through2 next distil the spirit from the tincture1 and evaporate the residuum to the proper consistence4 b4 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s47 ,aconite #a lb42 spirit1 sp4 gr4 #ice 7 #ac u4 p471 #a quart1 or q4 s42 as last4 c4 7,ph4 ,baden47 ,from the tincture prepared with rectified spirit1 and by either maceration or displacement4 ,stronger than the last two4 d4 7,ph4 ,bor47 ,the juice is expressed from the fresh herb1 which is then sprinkled with about #a_/c of its weight of water1 and again pressed2 the mixed and strained liquid is evaporated in a vapour bath1 at #abb to #adj ,fahr41 to about one half2 to this1 as soon as cold1 an equal weight of spirit 7sp4 gr4 #ijj7 is added1 and after frequent agitation for #bd hours1 the whole is filtered1 with pressure2 the marc is treated with fresh spirit 7equal to about #a-dth that first used7 and again pressed2 the mixed liquors are next filtered1 and are1 lastly1 evaporated1 as before1 to the proper consistence4 ,obs4 ,resembles the simple extract1 but is much more powerful4 ,it has been exhibited internally in the form of pills1 and used externally1 combined with ointment or spread on simple plaster4--,dose1 #a_/ab to #a_/f gr4 every three hours4 #e4 7,ammoniated2 ,e4 ,a4 ,,ammoniatum1 ,l4--,dr ,turnbull47 ,extract of aconite1 #a dr42 liquor of ammonia 7strongest71 #aj or #ab drops2 mix4 #f4 7,dried72 ,e4 ,a4 ,,siccum1 ,l4--,p4 ,cod47 ,the expressed juice1 strained through a sieve or coarse linen1 is at once1 without depuration1 exposed in earthen dishes1 in layers of about #b lines deep1 in a stove or current of dry air1 to a temperature ranging between #ie and #ajd ,fahr41 until reduced to dryness4 ,the dried extract is to be packed in bottles4 #g4 7,saccharated2 ,e4 ,a4 ,,saccharatum1 ,l47 ,from extract of aconite 7,ph4 ,bor471 #d oz42 sugar of milk 7in powder71 #a oz42 mix1 and dry the mass in a warm place1 adding sugar of milk1 q4 s4 to make the whole equal in weight to that of the extract used 7#d oz474 ,an excellent preparation1 which keeps well4 ,the other ,,narcotic ,,extracts1 as those of ,,belladonna1 ,,hemlock1 ,,henbane1 c41 are to be treated in a similar manner4 ,see ,,aconite1 and below4 ,extract of ,aconite ,root4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,aconiti ,,radicis ,,alcoholicum1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,dr ,fleming2 ,dr ,turnbull47 ,from a tincture of the root made with rectified spirit4 ,it is said to be #ab times as strong as the extract of the leaves4 ,extract of ,ag'aric4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,agarici1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,from the infusion of white agaric 7,polyporus officinalis7 prepared with cold water4 ,purgative4--,dose1 #a to #d gr4 ,extract of ,alcorno'co4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,alcornoc1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from a decoction of alcornoco bark 7,south ,american74 ,astringent and tonic4--,dose1 #e to #bj gr4 in phthisis1 c4 ,extract of ,al'oes4 ,syn4 ,,purified ,,aloes1 ,,washed ,a42 ,,extractum ,,alo,s ,,barbadensis 7,b4 ,p471 ,,extractum ,,alo,s 7,ph4 ,l471 ,e4 ,a4 ,,aquosum 7,ph4 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,barbadoes aloes1 in small pieces1 #a lb42 treated with #a gall4 of boiling water for #ab hours1 and the clear liquid evaporated4--,dose1 #a to #c gr4 ,b4 ,p4 #b to #f gr4 #b4 7,b4 ,p47 ,socotrine aloes1 #a lb41 treated with #a gall4 of boiling water for #ab hours1 and the clear liquid evaporated to dryness4 #c4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,aloes 7hepatic71 #d oz42 water1 #a quart2 boil till dissolved2 when cold1 decant the clear liquid1 and evaporate as before4 #d4 7,ph4 ,bor4 #ahdg47 ,by macerating powdered aloes in cold water for #dh hours1 with frequent agitation1 and then evaporating in a water bath at a temperature not exceeding #aej to #afe ,fahr41 until a pilular consistence is attained4 ,obs4 ,the second is the form commonly adopted in the laboratory4 ,when made with the juice of borage1 burgloss1 c41 it forms the old ',,aloes ,,insuccata1'--,dose1 #e to #ae gr4 ,see ,,aloes and ,,extract ,,of ,,barbadoes ,,aloes4 ,extract of ,aloes1 prepared with ,sulphuric ,acid4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,alo,s ,,acido ,,sulfurico ,,correctum 7,germ4 ,ph474 ,prep4 ,dissolve extract of aloes1 #h ounces1 in distilled water #cb ounces1 then gradually add sulphuric acid1 #a oz4 7by weight71 and evaporate to a dry extract4 ,extract of ,anem'one4 ,see ,,extract ,,of ,,pasque ,,flower4 ,extract of ,angel'ica4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,angelic1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,baden47 ,from a tincture of the root1 prepared with spirit sp4 gr4 #idd 7 #ba-a_/b u4 p474 #b4 7,ph4 ,bor47 ,angelica root and rectified spirit1 of each #b parts2 water1 #i parts2 digest1 strain1 and evaporate4 ,inferior to the preceding4 #c4 7,dr ,moir47 ,angelica root1 #b lbs42 rectified spirit1 #a gall42 make a tincture2 to the 'marc' add proof spirit1 #a gall41 and repeat the digestion2 filter the two tinctures separately1 mix1 distil off the spirit1 and evaporate4 ,balsamic1 stomachic1 and tonic4--,dose1 #aj to #bj gr4 ,the last is the most balsamic and agreeable4 ,extract of ,ap'ples4 ,syn4 ,,chalybeated ,e4 ,,of ,a42 ,,extractum ,,ferri ,,pomatum1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,bor47 ,crab-apples 7unripe71 #f lbs42 peel them and reduce them to a pulp2 add iron wire 7in small coils71 #a lb42 digest in a vapour bath for about a week1 express1 strain1 decant1 and evaporate in a porcelain vessel1 with constant stirring1 to the consistence of a soft extract2 dissolve the residuum in water1 #d parts1 strain and evaporate as before4--,dose1 #e to #aj gr42 as a chalybeate tonic4 ,the formula of the ,ph4 ,baden is nearly similar4 #b4 7,ph4 ,germ47 ,reduce #e lbs4 of unripe apples to a pulp2 mix them with cut straw1 and press4 ,to the strained juice after removal of the sediment add #a-a_/b oz4 of reduced iron4 ,when this has dissolved1 to the cooled liquid add as much water as will make up #d-c_/d lbs4 ,filter1 and reduce to a thick extract4 ,extract of ,ar'nica4 ,syn4 ,,extract ,,of ,,arnica ,,flowers2 ,,extractum ,,arnic ,,florum1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,from the dried flowers1 as ,,alcoholic ,,extract ,,of ,,aconite--,p4 ,cod4 #b4 7,ph4 ,grca1 #ahcg47 ,from a tincture of the flowers1 prepared with rectified spirit1 #c parts1 and water1 #e parts4--,dose1 #b to #f gr42 as a stimulant in various diseases accompanied with debility1 deficient nervous sensibility1 paralysis1 dropsies1 diarrhoea1 amenorrhoea1 dysentery1 c4 ,extract of ,arnica-,root4 ,syn4 ,,extract ,,of ,,arnica2 ,,extractum ,,arnic ,,radicis1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,baden47 ,as ,,extract ,,of ,,angelica--,ph4 ,baden4 #b4 7,ph4 ,grca47 ,from tincture of the root1 prepared as ,no4 #b 7above74 ,the form of the ,hamburg ,codex is nearly similar4--,dose1 c4 ,as the last4 ,extract of ,art'ichoke4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,cynar1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from the fresh leaves of the artichoke1 as ,,extract ,,of ,,aconite--,ph4 ,l4--,dose1 #c to #f gr41 twice or thrice daily2 in rheumatism1 c4 ,extract of ,aspar'agus4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,asparagi1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,soubeiran47 ,from the expressed juice of the shoots1 clarified and evaporated by a gentle heat4 #b4 ,from the juice of the roots1 as ,no4 #a4 ,both are diuretic4--,dose1 #ae gr4 to #a_/b dr41 or more4 ,extract of ,bael4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,bel ,,liquidum1 ,l4 ,b4 ,p4 ,bael1 #a2 distilled water1 #ae2 rectified spirit1 #a_/h2 macerate for #ab hours in #e of the water1 pour off the liquid1 repeat the operation twice for #a hour2 press1 filter1 and evaporate to #a1 including the spirit4 ,a fluid ounce is equal to a solid ounce4--,dose1 #a to #b dr4 ,extract of ,balsam ,apple4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,balsamim4 ,the inspissated juice of the balsam apple4--,dose1 #e to #ae drops in dropsy4 ,extract of ,bark4 ,see ,,extract ,,of ,,cinchona4 ,extract of ,belladon'na4 ,syn4 ,,extract ,,of ,,deadly ,,nightshade1 ,,inspissated ,,juice ,,of ,,belladonna2 ,,extractum ,,belladonn 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l4 ,e4 ,d471 ,,succus ,,spissatus ,,belladonn1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,take #aab lbs4 of fresh leaves and tender branches1 bruise in a stone mortar or other suitable apparatus1 and press out the juice1 heat it gradually to #acj ,f41 separate the green colouring matter by a calico filter1 heat the strained liquor to #bjj ,f4 to coagulate the albumen1 and again filter2 evaporate the filtrate by a water bath to the consistence of a thin syrup1 then add to it the green colouring matter previously separated1 and1 stirring the whole together assiduously1 continue the evaporation at a temperature not exceeding #adj1 until the extract is of a suitable consistence for forming pills4--,dose1 #a_/d to #a_/b gr41 gradually increased to #a or #b gr4 #b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,express the juice from the bruised fresh plant1 sprinkle the 'marc' with water1 and again apply pressure2 mix the expressed liquids1 filter them1 and evaporate the filtered liquor in a vapour bath to the consistence of an extract4 #c4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,from the leaves1 collected when the plant begins to flower4 ,the expressed juice is allowed to stand for #bd hours1 and the clear portion is decanted2 the sediment is placed on a calico filter1 washed with an equal bulk of cold water1 and the filtrate mixed with the expressed juice4 ,the mixed liquid is next heated in a water bath1 to coagulate its albumen1 and after being skimmed1 and filtered through flannel whilst hot1 the washed sediment is added1 and the whole evaporated1 as before4 #d4 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s47 ,the expressed juice is heated to the boiling-point1 filtered and evaporated 7see below74 ,obs4 ,the ,p4 ,cod4 directs this extract to be made by two different formul4 ,the product of the one resembles that of the ,ph4 ,l42 that of the other1 that of the ,ph4 ,e4 ,that of the ,ph4 ,l41 from retaining the fecula1 is the weakest preparation4--,dose1 #a_/b gr4 to #a gr41 gradually increased to #c or #d gr42 as an anodyne in neuralgia1 tic-douloureux1 c42 as an antispasmodic to relieve rigidity and spasms1 in various affections of the uterus1 rectum1 urethra1 bladder1 c41 and in hooping-cough2 in various maladies of the eyes2 and as a resolvent and discutient in several glandular diseases4 ,it has been highly recommended as a preservative against scarlet fever4 ,it is most frequently employed externally1 under the form of a plaster1 ointment1 or lotion4 ,it is poisonous4 #e4 7,alcoholic2 ,e4 ,b4 ,,alcoholicum1 ,l47--a4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,as ,,alcoholic ,,extract ,,of ,,aconite--,p4 ,cod4 b4 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s47 ,as the last 7nearly71 using spirit of #ice 7about #ac u4 p474 c4 7,moir47 ,the expressed juice is coagulated by heat1 cautiously applied1 and filtered2 the filtrate is reduced to the consistence of a syrup1 and mixed with an equal volume of nearly anhydrous alcohol 7say of #ij72 the clear portion is lastly evaporated1 as before4 ,obs4 ,the above is much more powerful than the common extract1 and is chiefly used in external applications4 ,see ,,belladonna1 and below4 ,extract of ,belladonna ,ber'ries4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,baccarum ,,belladonn1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,from the expressed juice of the berries1 evaporated to the consistence of thick honey4--,dose1 #a to #e gr4 ,extract of ,bis'tort4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,bistort1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,from the dried root of bistort or snake-weed 7,polygonum ,bistorta71 by percolation with temperate distilled water4 #b4 ,from the infusion made with boiling water1 or from the decoction4 ,astringent and tonic4--,dose1 #aj gr4 to #a_/b dr4 ,extract of ,bit'ter-sweet4 ,syn4 ,,extract ,,of ,,woody ,,nightshade2 ,,extractum ,,dulcamar1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,from the decoction of the stalks4 #b4 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s47 ,from the dried stalks1 by percolation with temperate water4 ,diaphoretic1 diuretic1 and narcotic4--,dose1 #c to #f gr42 in chronic asthma1 rheumatism1 and chest diseases2 and particularly in chronic skin diseases4 ,extract1 ,black4 ,see ,,extract ,,of ,,cocculus4 ,extract of ,black ,pepper4 ,see ,,extract ,,of ,,pepper4 ,extract of ,bladder-wrack4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,fuci ,,vesiculosi4 ,from the dried plant of the bladder-wrack4 ,given in obesity4 ,extract of ,bor'age4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,boraginis1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,from the dried herb 7,borago officinalis74 #b4 7,ph4 ,lusit47 ,from the clarified juice of the fresh plant4 ,exhilarating1 restorative1 and pectoral4--,dose1 #aj to #cj gr41 or more4 ,extract of ,box4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,buxi1 ,e4 ,,corticis ,b41 ,l4 ,prep4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,from the tincture of the root bark1 prepared 7with proof spirit7 by displacement1 as ,,extract ,,of ,,aconite--,p4 ,cod4 ,extract of ,broom4 ,syn4 ,,extract ,,of ,,broom ,,tops2 ,,extractum ,,scoparii1 ,e4 ,,spartii ,,scoparii1 ,l4 ,from decoction of broom tops4 ,diuretic and cathartic2 and1 occasionally1 emetic4--,dose1 #bj gr4 to #a dr42 in dropsy1 c4 ,it is now seldom used4 ,extract of ,bry'ony4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,bryoni1 ,e4 ,b4 ,,alb1 ,e4 ,,radicis ,b4 ,a41 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from the infusion or decoction of the root of white bryony 7,bryonia dioica74 ,purgative1 diuretic1 and emmenagogue4--,dose1 #aj gr4 to #a_/b dr4 ,it was once a favourite remedy in asthma1 dropsy1 epilepsy1 c4 ,extract of ,bu'chu4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,buchu1 ,e4 ,,diosm1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,from buchu leaves1 as the last4 #b4 7,ethereo-alcoholic2 ,e4 ,b4 ,,thero-,,alcoholicum1 ,l4--,w4 ,procter47 ,buchu 7in coarse powder71 #a lb42 ether1 #d fl4 oz42 alcohol 7rectified spirit71 #ab fl4 oz42 percolate without digestion1 adding dilute alcohol until a pint of ethereo-alcoholic tincture is obtained1 and suffer this to evaporate spontaneously2 treat the residue in the displacer with dilute alcohol1 till #b pints are obtained2 evaporate to a syrup1 add the product of the first tincture1 mix1 and complete the evaporation4--,dose1 #e to #aj gr42 in diseases of the urinary organs1 c4 #c4 7,fluid2 ,e4 ,b4 ,,fluidum1 ,l4--,w4 ,procter47 ,buchu leaves1 #h oz42 rectified spirit1 #af fl4 oz42 for a tincture by displacement1 adding water1 until #ab fl4 oz4 have passed through2 allow this to evaporate spontaneously until reduced to one half2 next digest the mass in the percolator with cold water1 #a pint1 for #ab hours1 express a pint1 and evaporate this to #aj fl4 oz42 lastly1 add the #f fl4 oz4 of residual tincture1 agitate together1 and in a few days filter1 or decant the clear portion4--,dose1 #a to #b teaspoonfuls4 ,see ,,diosma4 ,extract of ,buck'bean4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,menyanthis1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,from the expressed juice of the fresh plant4 #b4 7,ph4 ,bor47 ,from the infusion made with boiling water4 ,bitter1 tonic and astringent4--,dose1 #e to #aj gr4 ,in large doses it is purgative1 cathartic1 and even emetic4 ,extract of ,buck'thorn4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,rhamni1 ,e4 ,,baccarum ,r41 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from the filtered expressed juice of buckthorn berries4 ,some persons allow it first to run into a state of fermentation2 but the quantity of the product is thereby greatly lessened4 ,hydragogue and purgative4--,dose1 #ae gr4 to #a dr41 or more4 ,extract of ,bur'dock4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,bardan1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,from the decoction of burdock root4 #b4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,as ,,extract ,,of ,,bistort--,p4 ,cod4 ,in gout1 rheumatism1 skin diseases1 c4--,dose1 #aj gr4 to #a dr4 ,sir ,robert ,walpole praised burdock root as a gout medicine2 and others have considered it an excellent substitute for sarsaparilla4 7,lindley47 ,extract of ,butter-nut4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,juglandis1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s47 ,from the inner bark of the root of the butter-nut or white walnut 7,juglanda alba71 as ,,extract ,,of ,,bitter ,,sweet--,ph4 ,u4 ,s4 ,a mild1 yet efficacious aperient and vermifuge4--,dose4 ,as a laxative1 #e to #aj gr42 as a purgative1 #ae to #cj gr4 ,extract of ,cainca ,root4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,cainc4 7,p4 ,pharm47 ,prep4 ,put #aj oz4 of the dried root of cainca into a percolator1 pour on it proof spirit q4 s4 to penetrate the powder in every part1 and let it remain #ab hours2 then let the liquid drain1 and pass successively through the powder in the percolator as much proof spirit as will amount with that previously used to #fj oz4 by weight4 ,distil off the spirit and evaporate to a soft extract4 ,extract of ,calabar ,bean4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,physostigmatis4 7,b4 ,p47 ,calabar bean in coarse powder1 #a2 rectified spirit1 #e2 macerate the bean for #dh hours in one fourth of the spirit in a closed vessel1 agitating occasionally1 then transfer to a percolator1 and when the fluid ceases to pass add the remainder of the spirit1 so that it may slowly penetrate through the powder2 subject the residue of the bean to pressure1 adding the pressed liquid to the product of the percolation2 distil off the spirit1 and evaporate what is left to the consistence of a soft extract by a water bath4--,dose1 #a_/af to #a_/d gr4 ,extract of ,calum'ba4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,calumb1 ,e4 ,,radicis ,c41 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,calumba cut small1 #a2 water1 #e2 macerate in half the water for #ab hours1 strain1 and press2 macerate again with the remaining water1 strain1 and press2 mix and filter the liquors1 and evaporate with the heat of a water bath to pill consistency4--,dose1 #b to #aj gr4 #b4 7,alcoholic--,ph4 ,bor47 ,nearly as ,no4 #c 7below71 but using stronger spirit2 the evaporation is to be conducted at a heat not above #afg ,fahr41 until it acquires the consistence of a pill-mass1 which1 after being rendered quite dry by a very gentle heat1 is to be reduced to fine powder4 ,it should have a brownish-yellow colour1 and give a turbid solution with water4--,dose1 #d to #ab gr4 ,they are all tonic and stomachic4 #c4 7,spirituous--,p4 ,cod47 ,as ,,extract ,,of ,,box4 ,the ,ph4 ,baden orders spirit of #idd to be used4--,dose1 #e to #ae gr4 ,extract of ,cannabis ,indic4 ,see ,,extract ,,of ,,indian ,,hemp4 ,extract of ,canthar'ides4 ,syn4 ,,extract ,,of ,,spanish ,,flies2 ,,extractum ,,cantharides1 ,e4 ,,lytt1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,from the tincture1 as ,,extract ,,of ,,box4 #b4 7,soubeiran47 ,from a tincture prepared with spirit of the sp4 gr4 #ibc 7about #b u4 p474 #c4 7,acetic2 ,e4 ,c4 ,,aceticum1 ,l47 ,from a tincture prepared with acetic acid1 sp4 gr4 #ajdh4 #d4 7,ethereal2 ,e4 ,c4 ,,thereum1 ,l47 ,from the ethereal tincture4 ,obs4 ,the ether1 acid1 and spirit distilled from the above must be either thrown away or used to make fresh extract1 as it is highly poisonous4 ,they are all for external use only1 and should have the consistence of soft butter4 ,extract of ,car'damoms4 ,syn4 ,,ethereal ,e4 ,,of ,c42 ,,extractum ,,cardamomi ,,thereum1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,w4 ,procter47 ,by spontaneous evaporation of the ethereal tincture4 ,it consists of the volatile and fixed oils of the seeds and is used to aromatise pills1 powders1 c4 ,extract of ,ca'rob ,beans4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,ceratoni1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from the decoction of the pods 7,,carob1 or ,,algaroba ,,beans7 of the ',ceratonia siliqua1' or ',st4 ,john's bread tree4' ,see ,,algaroba4 ,extract of ,caroli'na ,pink4 ,see ,,extract ,,of ,,pink-,,root4 ,extract of ,car'rot4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,carot1 ,e4 ,,radicis ,c41 ,l4 ,prep4 7,swediaur47 ,from the clarified expressed juice1 evaporated to the consistence of honey4 ,recommended as an application to ulcerated cancers4 ,extract of ,cascaril'la4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,cascarill1 ,e4 ,,corticis ,c41 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,guibourt47 ,from the alcoholic 7rectified spirit7 tincture4 #b4 7,ph4 ,baden47 ,as the last1 but using spirit of the sp4 gr4 #idd4 #c4 7,ph4 ,l4 #aghh47 ,as ,,extract ,,of ,,jalap--,ph4 ,l4 ,obs4 ,this extract is tonic1 aromatic1 and stomachic4--,dose1 #e to #ae gr41 or more1 #b or #c times a day4 #bh lbs4 of bark yield about #e-a_/d lbs4 of extract4 ,extract of ,cas'sia4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,cassi1 ,l4 ,see ,,cassia ,,pulp4 ,extract of ,cat'echu4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,catechu1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,from decoction of catechu4 #b4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,from the infusion in boiling water4 ,astringent and tonic4--,dose1 #e to #be gr4 ,see ,,catechu4 ,extract of ,cel'andine4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,chelidonii1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,bor47 ,from the herb 7,chelidonium majus71 as ,,alcoholic ,,extract ,,of ,,aconite--,ph4 ,bor4--,dose1 #c to #aj gr4 #b4 7,van ,mons47 ,from the expressed juice1 coagulated by heat1 filtered1 and evaporated1 towards the end adding the coagulum4--,dose1 #e to #ae gr41 or more4 ,used as a drastic hydragogue in dropsies2 and in scrofula1 c4 ,extract of ,cen'taury4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,centaurii1 ,l4 ,extracts under this name are prepared from ',american centaury' 7,sabbatia angularis71 and 'common centaury' 7,erythra ,centaurium74 ,prep4 #a4 ,by evaporating the decoction1 or the infusion made with hot water4 ,the dose and properties resemble those of extract of gentian4 #b4 7,alcoholic2 ,e4 ,c4 ,,alcoholicum1 ,l47 ,as ,,extract ,,of ,,box 7see above74 ,extract of ,cevadil''la4 ,syn4 ,,alcoholic ,,extract ,,of ,,sabadilla2 ,,extractum ,,sabadill1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,dr ,turnbull47 ,from tincture of cevadilla seeds1 made with rectified spirit4 ,employed by ,dr ,turnbull as a remedy in painful rheumatic and neuralgic affections1 and1 generally1 as a substitute for ,,veratria4--,dose1 #a_/aj to #a_/f gr4 ,it is extremely poisonous4 ,extract of ,cham'omile4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,anthemidis 7,ph4 ,e471 ,e4 ,a4 ,,nobilis1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,by evaporating the decoction of the flowers to the proper consistence4 ,obs4 ,this extract contains only the bitter portion of the chamomile1 the aromatic volatile oil being dissipated during the evaporation4 ,this1 however is remedied in the formul given by the ,british ,pharmacopoeia1 which is as follows3--- ,boil chamomile flowers #a lb41 in one gallon of distilled water1 until the volume is reduced to one half2 strain1 press and filter4 ,evaporate by a water bath to a proper consistence1 adding oil of chamomile1 #ae minims at the end of the process4 ,it is usually prepared from old flowers that have lost their smell and colour1 and are thus rendered unsaleable4 ,the extract of chamomile that smells strongly of the flowers1 frequently vended by the druggists1 is prepared by adding #a dr4 of the essential oil of chamomile to every pound of extract1 when nearly cold1 and just before removing it from the evaporating pan4 ,this addition1 unlike many which are made in the laboratory1 vastly increases the medicinal virtues of this article4 ,the mass of extract of chamomile met with in the shops is nothing but extract of gentian scented with a little oil of chamomile4 #a cwt4 of chamomiles yields about #dh lbs4 of extract4 ,extract of chamomile is bitter1 tonic1 and stomachic4--,dose1 #aj to #bj gr41 made into a pill1 either alone or combined with a little rhubarb and ginger4 ,see ,,pills1 c4 ,extract of ,chenopo''dium4 ,syn4 ,,extract ,,of ,,stinking ,,goose-,,foot2 ,,extractum ,,chenopodii1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,from the stinking orache or goose-foot 7,chenopodium olidum71 as ,,extract ,,of ,,aconite4--,ph4 ,l4 #b4 7,mr ,houlton47 ,from the expressed juice by spontaneous evaporation4 ,a better plan is to expose it to heated air4 ,antihysteric1 emmenagogue1 and vermifuge4--,dose1 #e to #bj gr4 ,extract 7,fluid7 of ,wild ,cherry4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,pruni ,,virginian ,,fluidum4 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s47 ,wild cherry in fine powder1 #af oz4 7troy72 glycerin1 #d oz4 7old measure72 water1 #h oz4 7old measure74 ,mix the glycerin and the water1 and digest the wild cherry in #h oz4 of the mixture for #d days1 then pack in a percolator and pour on the remaining #d oz4 of glycerin and water4 ,when this has disappeared from the surface pour on rectified spirit 7#hag7 until #ab oz4 7old measure7 of fluid have been obtained1 and set this portion aside4 ,then percolate with spirit1 until #bj oz4 7old measure7 more have been obtained2 evaporate to #d oz4 7old measure71 and mix with the reserved portion4 ,extract of ,cincho'na4 ,syn4 ,,extract ,,of ,,bark4 ,three simple extracts1 prepared respectively from ,,yellow1 ,,pale1 and ,,red ,,cinchona1 are given in ,ph4 ,l43--,prep4 #a4 7,from ,,calisaya or ,,yellow ,,bark3--,,extract ,,of ,,cinchona1 ,e4 ,,of ,,yellow ,c41 ,e4 ,,of ,,heart-,,leaved ,c42 ,,extractum ,,cinchon1 ,l47--a4 ,,extractum ,,cinchon ,,flav ,,liquidum 7,b4 ,p474 ,yellow cinchona bark in coarse powder1 #af2 distilled water1 a sufficiency2 rectified spirit1 #a2 macerate the bark in #dj of water for twenty-four hours1 then pack in a percolator1 and add water until #bdj have passed through1 or until the bark is exhausted2 evaporate the liquor to #bj1 at a temperature not exceeding #afj2 then filter1 and continue the evaporation to #c1 or until the sp4 gr4 of the liquid is #abjj2 when cold1 add the spirit gradually1 constantly stirring4 ,sp4 gr4 #aajj4--;,dose1 #aj to #cj minims4 b4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,yellow cinchona 7coarsely bruised71 #c lbs42 distilled water 7temperate71 #d pints2 macerate for #bd hours 7constantly stirring71 and strain through linen2 what remains1 again macerate in water1 #a quart1 for #bd hours1 and strain2 evaporate the mixed liquids to a proper consistence4 ,obs4 ,the aqueous extracts of cinchona bark possess little medicinal virtue1 owing to the insolubility of the alkaloids 7quinine1 cinchonine1 c47 in water1 and also from the rapid oxidation of their extractive matter1 when exposed in solution to the joint action of heat and atmospheric oxygen4--,dose1 #e gr4 to #a_/b dr41 in mixtures1 faintly acidulated with sulphuric acid4 ,cinchona bark yields from #bd to #cj of aqueous extract4 #b4 7,from ,,pale ,,bark3--,,extract ,,of ,,pale ,,cinchona1 ,e4 ,,of ,,pale ,,bark1 ,e4 ,,of ,,lance-,,leaved ,b42 ,,extractum ,,cinchon ,,vallid1 ,l47--a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,from pale bark1 as ,,extract ,,of ,,cinchona--,ph4 ,l4 7above74 b4 7,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf47 ,from the decoction4 ,obs4 ,this forms the ,,extract ,,of ,,bark of the shops4 ,the red and yellow cinchona barks are scarcely ever used for making extracts4 ,their richness in quinine leads to their almost1 exclusive employment for the manufacture of that alkaloid1 by which their value is greatly enhanced4 ,as far as our knowledge extends1 no other extract of bark than this is either employed or asked for4 #c4 7,from ,,red ,,bark3--,,extract ,,of ,,red ,,cinchona1 ,e4 ,,of ,,red ,,bark1 ,e4 ,,of ,,oblong-,,leaved ,b42 ,,extractum ,,cinchon ,,rubr1 ,l47--a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,from red bark1 as ,,extract ,,of ,,cinchona--,ph4 ,l4 7above74 b4 7,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf47 ,from the decoction4 ,obs4 ,these extracts are ordered to be kept in two states1 the one 7,,soft ,,extract ,,of ,,cinchona2 ,,extractum ,,cinchon ,,molle7 for making pills1 c42 the other 7,,hard ,,extract ,,of ,,cinchona2 ,,extractum ,,cinchon ,,durum7 for powdering4--,the dose1 c41 of all the above are the same4 #d4 7,dry3--,,essential ,,salt ,,of ,,bark2 ,,extractum ,,cinchon ,,siccum1 ,l47--a4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,from an aqueous infusion of pale bark 7prepared by displacement with water at a temperature not above #gg ,fahr471 evaporated to the consistence of a thick syrup1 and then spread thinly and uniformly on earthenware dishes1 or sheets of glass1 and dried in a stove1 by a very gentle heat4 ,it is separated from the plates with a knife1 and preserved in well-closed phials4 ,prior to spreading it out on the plates1 about #d or #e of thick mucilage is commonly added4 b4 7,ph4 ,bor47 ,as the above 7nearly74 c4 7,ph4 ,hann4 #ahca47 ,similar to the above2 but the liquid1 when it acquires the consistence of treacle1 is diluted with water1 and again evaporated to a like consistence2 and this dilution and evaporation is repeated until1 on the addition of water1 it forms a clear solution4--,dose1 #e to #be gr4 ,the product of the last formula is nearly inert1 and that of the others possesses little activity4 #e4 7,fluid3--,,extractum ,,cinchon ,,fluidum1 ,l47--a4 ,see ,,liquor ,,of ,,cinchona4 b4 7,dr ,neligan47 ,from yellow bark1 as ,,fluid ,,extract ,,of ,,buchu4 #f4 7,resinous3--,,alcoholic ,,extract ,,of ,,bark2 ,,extractum ,,cinchon ,,alcoholicum1 ,e4 ,,cinchon1 ,l47--a4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,from any variety of cinchona bark 7in powder71 #d oz42 proof spirit1 #bd fl4 oz42 prepare a tincture by displacement1 distil off most of the spirit1 and evaporate the residuum to the consistence of an extract4 ,this is the only ,,extractum ,,cinchon of the ,edinburgh ,college4 b4 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s47 ,peruvian bark1 #a lb42 rectified spirit1 #d pints2 make #d pints of tincture by displacement2 add water to the mass in the percolator1 digest1 and obtain #f pints of infusion2 distil off the spirit from the tincture1 and evaporate the infusion to the consistence of syrup1 then mix the two1 and complete the evaporation4 ,more active than the aqueous extract4--,dose1 #e to #bj gr4 c4 7,ellis47 ,yellow bark1 #b lbs42 hydrochloric acid1 #d fl4 dr42 water1 #a gall42 boil1 strain1 and repeat the decoction with fresh water and acid2 mix the decoctions1 filter1 and agitate it with fresh-slaked lime1 #b-a_/b oz42 filter or decant2 dry the residuum1 and exhaust it with hot alcohol1 q4 s42 lastly1 evaporate the alcoholic tincture to a pilular consistence4--,dose1 #a to #e gr4 ,some persons have proposed to call this ',,essential ,,salt ,,of ,,bark1' #g4 7,vinous3--,,extractum ,,cinchon ,,vinosum1 ,l4--,ph4 ,hesse47 ,peruvian bark 7in powder71 #a part2 white wine 7sherry71 #h parts2 digest #c days1 express1 filter1 and evaporate4 ,extract of ,coc'culus4 ,syn4 ,,extract ,,of ,,cocculus ,,indicus1 ,,black ,,extract1 ,,extract 7,brewer's71 ,,beer ,,strengthener1 ,,hard ,,multum2 ,,extractum ,,cocculi1 ,e4 ,c4 ,,indici1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from cocculus indicus1 by decoction4 ,it is kept in two states--one having the consistence of thick treacle2 the other1 that of a pilular extract4 ,the first is 'put up' in bladders2 the last is made into #a_/b-lb4 rolls1 like lead-plaster-or roll-chocolate4 ,it is narcotic and poisonous1 and is employed by fraudulent brewers and publicans to give a false strength to their liquors4 ,see ,,cocculus ,,indicus1 ,,beer1 c4 ,extract of ,col'chicum4 ,syn4 ,,extract ,,of ,,meadow ,,saffron1 ,e4 ,,of ,,the ,,corms ,,of ,,colchicum2 ,,extractum ,,colchici 7,b4 ,p474 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,the expressed juice of fresh colchicum corms1 cleared of deposit1 boiled1 strained1 and evaporated to a proper consistency at a temperature of #afj ,fahr4--,dose1 #a to #b gr4 #b4 7,wholesale47 ,from the decoction of the dried corms4 ,prod4 #ej to #ee4 ,obs4 ,this extract is given in the usual cases in which colchicum is employed4--,dose1 #a to #d gr41 every third or fourth hour4 7,thomson47 ,a favorite remedy of ,dr ,hue1 of ,st4 ,bartholomew's ,hospital1 in the early stages of acute rheumatism4 ,the dose is #a gr4 every four hours4 7,pereira47 #c4 7,acetic2 ,,acetic ,,extract ,,of ,,meadow ,,saffron2 ,,extractum ,,colchici ,,aceticum 7,b4 ,p47--a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,crushed fresh corms1 previously peeled1 #ai2 acetic acid1 #a2 stir together1 press1 boil1 and strain through flannel1 and evaporate to a soft extract4--,dose1 #a to #b gr4 with an equal weight of liquorice powder4 b4 7,wholesale47 ,dried corms1 #ad lbs42 acetic acid 7pyroligneous71 #f pints2 distilled water1 #e-a_/d gall42 digest for #ad days1 express1 filter1 and evaporate4 ,product1 #b-a_/b to #c lbs4 ,obs4 ,the above extracts are generally prepared from the dried corms1 and hence the very uncertain and inferior quality of those commonly met with4 ,they also possess less activity than pharmacopoeial preparations4 ,they rapidly get dry and crumbly1 and1 unless a little spirit and oil of cloves are added1 will scarcely keep a week in warm weather without becoming mouldy4--,dose1 #a to #c gr4 two or three times a day4 ,it is much stronger than the common extract1 and contains the acetate of colchicine4 ,sir ,c4 ,scudamore prefers the acetic extract prepared by the formula b 7above74 #d4 7,alcoholic2 ,,extractum ,,colchici ,,alcoholicum1 ,l4--,p4 ,cod474 ,as ,,extract ,,of ,,box4 ,more active than even the acetic extract4 ,all the preparations of colchicum are poisonous in large doses4 ,extract of ,colo'cynth4 ,syn4 ,,extract ,,of ,,bitter ,,apple2 ,,extractum ,,colocynthidis 7,ph4 ,l4 ,e471 ,e4 ,c4 ,,simplex1 ,e4 ,c4 ,,molle1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,from colocynth pulp 7cut in pieces and the seeds removed71 by simple maceration in cold water for #cf hours1 frequently pressing it with the hands1 and afterwards strongly pressing out the liquor1 which must be strained before evaporating it4 #b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,from the decoction4 ,this is the plan adopted at ,apothecaries' ,hall1 and in the laboratory generally4 ,many houses do not even remove the seeds4 ,obs4 ,this extract rapidly gets hard1 crumbly1 and mouldy by keeping4 ,for the remedy1 see observations on ,,extract ,,of ,,colchicum1 above4--,dose1 #e gr4 to #bj gr42 as a cathartic4 ,colocynth pulp yields above #fe of extract4 #c4 7,alcoholic2 ,,extractum ,,colocynthidis ,,alcoholicum1 ,l47--a4 7,ph4 ,baden47 ,as ,,extract ,,of ,,angelica--,ph4 ,bad47 b4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,from a tincture prepared with proof spirit4 ,much more active than the simple extract4--,dose1 #b to #g gr4 #d4 7,dry2 ,,extractum ,,colocynthidis ,,siccum1 ,l47--7,ph4 ,bor47 ,as the last1 but using spirit of the sp4 gr4 #ijj 7about #af o4 p471 digesting at a tepid heat1 evaporating to dryness1 and powdering4--,dose1 #a to #f gr4 ,extract of ,colocynth 7,compound74 ,syn4 ,,compound ,,extract ,,of ,,bitter ,,apple1 ,,cathartic ,,extract2 ,,extractum ,,catharticum1 ,e4 ,,colocynthidis ,,compositum1 ,b4 ,p4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,colocynth free from seeds1 #f2 extract of ,socotrine aloes1 #ab2 scammony1 or resin of scammony in powder1 #d2 hard soap in powder1 #c2 cardamoms free from capsules in fine powder1 #a2 proof spirit1 #afj4 ,macerate the colocynth in the spirit for four days1 press out the tincture1 distil off the spirit1 and add to it the extract of aloes1 the soap1 and the scammony2 then evaporate the residue by a water bath to a pilular consistence1 adding the cardamoms towards the end of the process4--,dose1 #b to #e gr41 with #b or #c gr4 of extract of hyoscyamus to prevent griping4 #b4 7,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf47 ,colocynth pulp 7sliced1 without the seeds71 #f oz41 proof spirit1 #a gal42 digest with a gentle heat for #d days1 express1 strain1 and add1 of extract of aloes 7,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf71 #ab oz41 powdered scammony1 #d oz41 ,castile soap 7cut small71 #c oz41 and evaporate 7distil7 to a proper consistence2 adding1 towards the last1 powdered cardamoms1 #a oz4 #c4 7,wholesale47 ,the formul adopted by the wholesale druggists are mere modifications of that of the ,ph4 ,l4 #ahji2 water being used instead of spirit as the menstruum1 with actual benefit1 as we honestly believe1 to the quality of the preparation4 ,the following are extensively employed by those who do most in this article1 and we can speak highly of the quality of the products obtained by their use4 a4 ,turkey colocynth1 #ah lbs41 is boiled in about #bj times its weight of water for five or six hours2 to the strained decoction is added hepatic aloes1 #dj lbs41 which are boiled until dissolved1 when the solution is decanted4 ,in the mean time the colocynth is exhausted with a second quantity of water 7less than the first71 and the strained liquor is added to the undissolved residuum of the aloes1 and boiled for a few minutes2 after which it is drawn off and mixed with the first decoction of aloes2 the mixed liquors are then allowed to stand until quite cold 7commonly until the next day71 to deposit the resinous portion4 ,the liquor is next decanted or drawn off1 and set evaporating as quickly as possible2 as soon as the consistence of treacle is arrived at1 the whole is allowed to cool considerably1 and moist sugar 7clean71 #d lbs41 and ,castile soap1 #aj lbs4 7previously melted with a little water71 are added2 powdered scammony1 #f lbs41 is next gradually sifted in1 the extract all the time being assiduously stirred by a second person4 ,lastly1 the heat is further moderated1 and the stirring continued until a rather harder consistence is acquired than is proper for the extract1 when the steam is wholly 'shut off1' or the vessel removed from the heat1 and as soon as the whole has become sufficiently cool to prevent any considerable evaporation of the spirit1 essence of cardamoms1 #b lbs4 7say #a quart71 is expertly stirred in2 and the extract at once 7whilst still warm7 put into stone jars or pots1 and tied or covered over for store or use4 ,the product is usually labelled ',,ext4 ,,colocynth4 ,,comp4 ,,opt4' ,it looks well1 and smells very aromatic1 and is really an excellent preparation4 b4 ,turkey colocynth1 #b-a_/d lbs42 hepatic aloes1 #e-a_/b lbs42 powdered scammony1 #a-a_/b lb42 powdered cardamoms1 #f oz4 7or essence1 #a_/b pint72 ,castile soap 7genuine71 #a lb4 #b oz42 pale moist sugar1 #a_/b lb42 proceed as last4 ,this produces a beautiful article1 and of unquestionable quality1 equally effective1 and milder in its action than the ,college preparation4 ,it is labelled and sent out as ,,ext4 ,,colocynth4 ,,comp4 ,,ph4 ,l4 7#ahcf74 #d4 7,ph4 ,l4 #ahji47 ,colocynth1 #f dr4 7#f parts72 aloes1 #a-a_/b oz4 7#ab parts72 scammony1 #a_/b oz4 7#d parts72 hard soap1 #c dr4 7#c parts72 cardamoms1 #a dr4 7#a part72 as ,no4 #c1 a 7nearly74 ,qual41 c4 ,compound extract of colocynth is often adulterated with acrid cathartics to make up for the deficiency or inferiority of its proper ingredients1 and foreign matter often becomes mixed with it by the use of impure scammony4 ,the presence of cape aloes may usually be detected by the nauseous odour2 chalk 7an article frequently present in bad scammony71 by placing a little ball of the extract in a glass tube1 and pouring over it some dilute hydrochloric or acetic acid1 when an effervescence will ensue if that substance be present2 jalap1 scammony adulterated with fecula1 and other starchy substances1 by the filtered decoction of the extract turning blue on the addition of tincture of iodine2 gamboge1 by the decoction becoming deep red on the addition of liquor of potassa1 and by a filtered alcoholic solution of the extract forming a yellow emulsion with water1 which becomes transparent and assumes a deep-red colour on the addition of caustic potassa2 and further1 by this solution 7if the alkali is not in excess7 giving a yellow precipitate with acids and with acetate of lead1 a brown precipitate with sulphate of copper1 and a very dark brown one with the salts of iron2 also by the ethereal solution of the extract dropped on water yielding an opaque yellow film1 soluble in caustic potassa if it contains gamboge4 ,dose1 #c gr4 to #ae gr4 ,it is a safe and mild1 yet certain1 purgative4 ,it may be mixed with calomel without the latter being decomposed4 #b-a_/b or #c gr41 mixed with an equal weight of blue pill and taken overnight forms an excellent aperient in dyspepsia1 liver complaints1 c4 ,see ,,abernethy ,,medicines4 ,obs4 ,there are few formul which have undergone so many alterations in the hands of the ,college as that for compound extract of colocynth4 ,before #ahji1 proof spirit was ordered to be employed as the menstruum1 and1 omitting the soap1 the preparation resembled that of the ,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf4 ,in #ahji1 the ,college directed water to be used instead of spirit1 and added a certain quantity of soap4 ,in the next edition of the ,pharmacopoeia 7#ahae71 the soap was again omitted2 but in the edition of #ahbd1 the formula of #ahji was again adopted1 substituting1 however1 proof spirit for the water4 ,these directions were also continued in the edition of #ahcf4 ,in the last ,london ,pharmacopoeia 7#ahea7 the formula for this extract is omitted altogether1 and in its place a pill 7,,pilula ,,colocynthidis ,,composita7 is inserted4 ,the compound extract of colocynth and the simple and compound extracts of sarsaparilla are in greater demand in the wholesale trade1 and are sold in larger quantities at a time1 than all the other medicinal extracts put together4 ,as a proof1 if it were necessary1 that honesty is the best policy1 it may be mentioned that a certain metropolitan druggist1 remarkable for the superiority of this preparation1 has obtained no inconsiderable fortune by its sale alone2 while the host of miserable vendors of the evaporated decoction of musty colocynth seed1 ,cape aloes1 worthless scammony1 and scentless cardamoms1 sold under the name1 attempt to ruin each other by offering their rubbish at a price that precludes the possibility of a large profit1 or even of the establishment of a respectable connection4 ,extract of ,conia4 ,see ,,extract ,,of ,,hemlock4 ,extract of ,contrayer'va4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,contrayerv1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,palat4 ,cod47 ,from contrayerva root1 as ,,extract ,,of ,,cinchona--,ph4 ,l4--,dose1 #aj gr4 to #a_/b dr42 as a diaphoretic tonic in low conditions of the system4 ,extract of ,copai'ba4 ,syn4 ,,resinous ,,extract ,,of ,,copaiba2 ,,extractum ,,copaib1 ,e4 ,c4 ,,resinosum1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,mr ,thorn47 ,from balsam of copaiba1 by distilling off the oil until the residuum assumes the consistence of an extract4--,dose1 #aj to #bj gr41 or more4 ,one of the many useless preparations which encumber modern pharmacy4 ,it may be taken in #c dr4 doses without any perceptible effect beyond a fit of indigestion4 ,extract of ,copal'che4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,copalchi1 ,e4 ,,corticis ,c41 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from copalchi bark 7,croton pseudo-,china71 as ,,extract ,,of ,,cascarilla1 which it for the most part resembles4--,dose1 #a to #c gr4 ,extract 7,fluid7 of ,cotton ,root4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,gossypii ,,radicis ,,fluidum 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s474 ,cotton root in very fine powder1 #af oz4 7troy72 macerate with glycerin1 #c fluid oz4 7old measure72 rectified spirit1 #h oz4 7old measure72 water1 #e oz4 7old measure71 in closed percolator for #d days2 then let the percolation commence1 and finish it by adding dilute alcohol 7eq4 vols4 of alcohol #hce and water7 until #bd oz4 7old measure7 have been obtained2 reserve the first #ad oz41 and evaporate the remaining #aj oz4 7to which previously add #a fluid oz41 old measure7 of glycerin to #b fluid oz4 7old measure71 and mix with the reserved portion4 ,extract of ,couch ,grass4 ,syn4 ,,extract ,,of ,,dog',s ,,grass2 ,,extractum ,,graminis1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,from the root of couch grass1 or dog's grass 7,triticum repens71 as ,,extract ,,of ,,bistort--,p4 ,cod4 #b4 ,from the fresh root1 as ,,extract ,,of ,,aconite--,ph4 ,l4 #c4 7,fluid2 ,,mellago ,,graminis1 ,,extractum ,,graminis ,,fluidum1 ,l4--,ph4 ,hann4 #ahca47 ,from the decoction of the fresh root of couch grass1 evaporated to the consistence of new honey4 ,pectoral4--,dose1 #ae gr4 to #a_/b dr41 or more4 ,extract of ,cu'bebs4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,cubeb1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,from the alcoholic tincture evaporated by a very gentle heat4--,dose1 #e gr4 to #cj gr4 #b4 7,mr ,toller47 ,to the last add a little powdered ,castile soap1 when it begins to thicken1 and evaporate to a pilular consistence4--,dose1 #aj gr4 to #cj gr4 #c4 7,fluid3 ,,liquor ,,cubeb1 ,,extractum ,c4 ,,fluidum1 ,l47--a4 ,cubebs 7ground in a coffee-mill71 #a-a_/d lb42 rectified spirit1 #a quart2 prepare a tincture1 either by displacement or by digestion for a week1 and reduce it1 by distillation at a very gentle heat1 until the whole measures exactly #a pint4 ,every fl4 oz4 represents #b oz4 of cubebs4--,dose1 #bj to #dj drops4 b4 7,m4 ,puche47 ,from cubebs and proof spirit1 equal parts1 by percolation2 without subsequent evaporation4 ,represents its own weight in cubebs4--,dose1 #a_/b to #a fl4 dr4 c4 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s4 #ahea47 ,cubebs1 #a lb4 7nearly72 ether1 q4 s42 make #a quart of tincture2 then distil off #a-a_/b pint of the ether by the heat of a water bath1 and expose the residuum in a shallow vessel until the remainder of the ether has evaporated4 d4 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s47 ,,extractum ,,cubeb ,,fluidum4 ,cubebs in moderately fine powder1 #af oz4 7troy72 alcohol 7#hag71 #af oz4 7old measure74 ,macerate in a closed percolator for #d days1 and then let the percolation commence1 and finish it by adding more menstruum until #bd oz4 7old measure7 have been obtained2 reserve the first #ad oz41 evaporate the remaining #aj oz4 to #b oz41 and mix this with the reserved portion4 #d4 7,oleo-resinous2 ,,extractum ,,cubeb1 ,e4 ,,cubebrum1 ,e4 ,c4 ,,oleo-,,resinosum1 ,l47--a4 7,m4 ,dublanc47 ,the essential oil resulting from the careful distillation of any given quantity of cubebs1 is mixed with the resinous extract obtained by evaporating a tincture of the dried residuum made with rectified spirit2 the whole being reduced to the consistence of a thick syrup4 #a lb4 of cubebs yields about #f oz4 of this extract4 b4 7,labelonge47 ,cubebs are first exhausted with ether1 and then with proof spirit1 in a displacement apparatus2 the alcoholic tincture is evaporated to an extract over a water bath1 and when cold1 the ethereal tincture is mixed with it1 and the mixture abandoned to spontaneous evaporation until the ether is volatilised4 c4 7,w4 ,procter47 ,an ethereal tincture 7by displacement7 is poured into a large retort1 and #e-fths is drawn over by the heat of a water bath2 the evaporation of the residuum1 to the proper consistence1 is carried on at a heat not exceeding #abj ,fahr4 ,the formula of the ,ph4 ,baden is nearly similar4 ,said to represent #f to #h times its weight in cubebs4 #a lb4 yields #b oz4 of this extract4 d4 7,hamb4 ,cod4 #ahde47 ,this resembles a 7above74 ,obs4 ,this extract has a darkish brown colour1 and tastes and smells strongly of cubebs4 ,it is only slightly soluble in water4--,dose1 #e gr4 to #bj gr42 made into an emulsion or pills1 or enclosed in a capsule4 ,see ,,cubebs4 ,extract of ,cu'cumber4 ,see ,,elaterium4 ,extract of ,cuspa''ria4 ,,extract ,,of ,,angostura ,,bark2 ,,extractum ,,cuspari1 ,e4 ,,corticis ,c41 ,e4 ,,angostur1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,from angostura bark1 as ,,extract ,,of ,,cinchona--,ph4 ,l4 #b4 7,alcoholic47 ,as ,,extract ,,of ,,cinchona--,ph4 ,e4 ,stronger than the last4 ,both are aromatic1 bitter1 tonic1 and stimulant4--,dose1 #aj gr4 to #a_/b dr42 in dyspepsia1 chronic diarrhoea1 dysentery1 c4 ,extract of ,daff'odil4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,narcissi1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,from the fresh flowers of daffodil or yellow narcissus 7,narcissus pseudo-narcissus71 as ,,extract ,,of ,,anconite--,ph4 ,l4 #b4 7,alcoholic47 ,from the dried flowers1 as ,,extract ,,of ,,box4 ,both are pectoral and expectorant2 and in large doses nauseant and emetic4--,dose1 #a_/b gr4 to #b gr42 in hooping-cough1 c4 ,extract of ,dandeli'on4 ,see ,,extract ,,of ,,taraxacum4 ,extract of ,digita'lis4 ,see ,,extract ,,of ,,foxglove4 ,extract of ,dog's ,grass4 ,see ,,extract ,,of ,,couch ,,grass4 ,extract of ,dog'wood4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,corn,s1 ,e4 ,,corni1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from ,american or tree dogwood 7,cornus ,florida71 as ,,extract ,,of ,,cinchona ,,bark4 ,obs4 ,in its general effects1 ,american dogwood approaches the cinchonas1 and is said to be not inferior to them in the cure of intermittents4 7,bigelow47 ,it contains a peculiar bitter principle1 called cornine4 ,several other varieties of the genus ,cornus1 as round-leaved dogwood 7,cornus circinata71 swamp dogwood 7,cornus sericea71 c41 are used in ,america1 but are less valuable4 ,extracts1 ,dried or ,powdered4 ,syn4 ,,extracta ,,sicca ,,vel ,,pulverata 7,ph4 ,prus474 ,these are made by mixing #d parts of the extract with #a part of powder of sugar of milk1 and setting the mixture in a warm place till dry4 ,triturate the mass to powder1 adding more of the sugar of milk if necessary1 to make the weight the same as the extract used4 ,the ,german ,pharmacopoeia directs them to be mixed with dextrin1 and then dried at a temperature of #abb ,fahr41 and1 while still warm1 triturated into a uniform powder1 with dextrin q4 s4 to make the weight of the powder equal to twice the weight of the extract employed4 ,extract of ,dulcama''ra4 ,see ,,extract ,,of ,,bitter ,,sweet4 ,extract of ,elate'rium4 ,syn4 ,,inspissated ,,juice ,,of ,,the ,,squirting ,,cucumber2 ,,succus ,,spissatus ,,momordic ,,elaterii4 ,for preparation and recent synonyms1 see ,,elaterium4 ,extract of ,el'der ,berries4 ,syn4 ,,elder ,,rob2 ,,roob ,,sambuci1 ,,extractum ,,sambuci1 ,e4 ,s4 ,,nigr1 ,e4 ,,baccarum ,s41 ,,succus ,,sambuci ,,inspissatus1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l4 #aghh47 ,the expressed and depurated juice of elder berries1 evaporated to the consistence of honey4 #b4 7,ph4 ,e4 #agdd47 ,to the above1 when it begins to thicken1 add #a-eth part of sugar4 #c4 7,ph4 ,bor47 ,as the last 7nearly71 but adding only #a oz4 of white sugar to each pound of the extract whilst still warm4--,dose1 #a to #d dr42 in rheumatism1 gout1 and various skin affections4 ,extract of ,el'ecampane4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,inul1 ,e4 ,,radicum ,i4 ,,campan1 ,e4 ,,helenii1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l4 #agdf47 ,from a decoction of the dried root4 #b4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,as ,,extract ,,of ,,bistort--,p4 ,cod4 #c4 7,ph4 ,suec #ahde47 ,from a tincture prepared with proof spirit and water1 equal parts4--,dose1 #aj gr4 to #a_/b dr42 as a diaphoretic1 expectorant1 and tonic2 in asthma1 hooping-cough1 various skin diseases1 c4 ,extract of ,elm4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,ulmi1 ,e4 ,,corticus ,u41 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,from the decoction of the bark of the common elm 7,ulmus campestris74 #b4 7,soubeiran47 ,as ,,extract ,,of ,,box4 ,astringent and alterative4--,dose1 #bj gr4 to #a dr42 in secondary syphilis1 chronic skin affections1 c4 ,extract of ,er'got4 ,syn4 ,,aqueous ,,extract ,,of ,,ergot1 ,h,,mostatic ,,extract2 ,,extractum ,,ergot1 ,e4 ,e4 ,,aquosum1 ,e4 ,,secalis ,,cornuti1 ,e4 ,h,,mostaticum1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,extractum ,ergot ,liquidum4 ,ergot in coarse powder1 #af2 ether1 #bj2 distilled water1 #gj2 rectified spirit1 #h4 ,shake the ether in a bottle with half its bulk of the water1 and1 after separation1 decant the ether4 ,place the ergot in a percolator1 and free it from oil by passing the washed ether through it2 remove the marc and digest it in the remainder of the water for twelve hours at #afj ,f4 ,press out the liquor1 and evaporate it to #i1 and when cold add the #h of spirit2 allow it to stand for an hour to coagulate1 filter1 and make up the quantity to #af4--;,dose1 #ae to #cj minims4 ,according to ,squire1 the amount of ether employed should be double the above1 in two percolations1 and the marc should be dried in the air before digesting with water4 ,see ,,ergotine 7,bonjeau's74 #b4 7,alcoholic2 ,,extractum ,,ergot ,,alcoholicum1 ,l47 ,see ,,ergotine 7,wigger's74 ,extract of ,eucalyptus ,globulus4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,eucalypti ,,globuli4 7,griffith47 ,prep4 ,eucalyptus leaves cut at will4 ,distil the volatile oil with water2 exhaust the residue in the still with water1 prepare an extract1 exhaust this with alcohol1 evaporate to the consistence of an extract1 and1 while cooling1 stir in the volatile oil4--,dose1 #b gr4 to #h gr4 ,extract of ,fern4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,filicis #a;,,iquidum--,b4 ,p4 see ,,extract ,,of ,,male ,,fern4 ,extract of ,fleabane 7,canadian74 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,erigeronis4 ,prep4 #a4 ,from ,canadian fleabane1 by evaporating an aqueous infusion4--,dose1 #e to #aj gr4 #b4 7,,extractum ,,erigerontis ,,canadensis ,,fluidum--,ph4 ,u4 ,s47 ,canadian erigeron in moderately coarse powder1 #af oz4 7troy72 rectified spirit1 #af oz4 7old measure74 ,proceed as for fluid extract of cubebs 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s474 ,extract of ,flesh4 ,see ,,extract ,,of ,,meat1 ,,essence ,,of ,,beef1 ,,tea 7,beef71 c4 ,extract of ,fox'glove4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,digitalis 7,ph4 ,e471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf47 ,from the leaves of ,digitalis purpurea1 as ,,extract ,,of ,,aconite--7,ph4 ,l47 #b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,from the filtered expressed juice1 either evaporated in vacuo1 with the aid of heat1 or by exposure to a current of dry air4 #c4 7,p4 ,cod47--a4 ,as ,,extract ,,of ,,bistort--,p4 ,cod4 b4 ,as ,,extract ,,of ,,box--,p4 ,cod4 #d4 7,ph4 ,baden47 ,as ,,alcoholic ,,extract ,,of ,,aconite--,ph4 ,bad4 ,obs4 ,the juice of foxglove is very readily injured by exposure to air and heat4 ,the evaporation should therefore be conducted as rapidly as possible1 but at a low temperature4 ,it is narcotic1 sedative1 and is powerfully poisonous4--,dose1 #a_/b gr41 cautiously increased to #b or #c gr4 ,it is principally given in fevers1 dropsy1 diseases of the heart1 pulmonary consumption1 epilepsy1 scrofula1 and asthma4 ,this extract spoils by long keeping4 ,the last two are stronger than the rest1 and keep better4 ,it is omitted in the present ,ph4 ,l4 ,extract of ,fu'mitory4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,fumari1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,from either the infusion or decoction of the dried leaves of common fumitory 7,fumaria officinalis74 #b4 7,b4 ,cod47 ,from the clarified juice of the fresh herb4 ,slightly aperient1 diaphoretic1 and alterative4 ,it has been given in obstructions of the liver and cutaneous affections of the leprous kind4 ,extract of ,galls4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,gall1 ,e4 ,,gallarum1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,from the infusion by maceration or displacement with cold water4 #b4 ,from the hot infusion or decoction4 ,the first is to be preferred4 ,astringent4 ,used chiefly in ointments and injections for piles1 foul ulcers1 c41 and1 internally1 in hmorrhages1 spitting of blood1 c4 ,extract of ,gen'tian4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,gentian 7,b4 ,p471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,gentian root 7sliced71 #c lbs42 distilled water 7temperate71 #d pints2 macerate for #ab hours1 and gently express the liquor2 repeat the maceration with water1 #a quart1 for #f hours2 and evaporate the mixed liquors4 #b4 7,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf47 ,from the ordinary infusion of the root made with #aj or #ab times its weight of boiling water1 the maceration being continued for #bd hours4 #c4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,from an infusion prepared by percolation with cold water4 ,the formul of the ,ph4 ,baden1 ,paris1 and ,u4 ,s4 are similar4 #d4 7,b4 ,p47 ,gentian1 #a lb42 water 7boiling71 #aj2 macerate for #b hours1 boil #ae minutes1 strain1 and evaporate to a soft pilular consistence4--,dose1 #aj to #ae gr4 #e4 7,ph4 ,d4 #ahbf47 ,from the decoction4 ,obs4 ,on the large scale1 this extract is almost universally prepared by exhausting the root by coction with water1 as in the last formula4 ,when well prepared it is one of the smoothest and brightest extracts of the ,pharmacopoeia4 ,good gentian root yields by infusion in hot water fully #ej1 and by decoction about #fj of extract4--,dose1 #aj gr4 to #cj gr41 two or three times daily1 as a stomachic bitter and tonic2 either alone or combined with rhubarb1 ginger1 or aloes4 ,it is1 however1 more especially used as a vehicle for chalybeates and other metallic preparations4 ,the principal consumption of extract of gentian is by the brewers1 in lieu of hops4 #f4 7,,hard ,e4 ,,of ,g42 ,e4 ,d4 ,,durum1 ,l47 ,the last dried by a gentle heat until brittle enough to powder4 ,extract 7,fluid7 of ,ginger4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,zingiberis ,,fluidum4 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s47 ,as fluid extract of cubebs1 but using rectified spirit4 ,extract 7,fluid7 of ,golden ,seal4 ,syn4 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s47 ,,extractum ,,hydrastis ,,fluidum4 ,prep4 ,hydrastis 7,golden ,seal7 in very fine powder1 #af oz4 7troy72 macerate with #b oz4 7old measure7 of glycerine2 rectified spirit1 #ad oz4 7old measure71 in closed percolator for #d days2 then let the percolation commence1 and finish it by adding a mixture consisting of #b parts of spirit and #a of water1 until #bd oz4 7old measure7 have been obtained4 ,remove the first #ad oz42 evaporate the remaining #aj oz4 to #b oz4 7old measure71 and mix with the reserved portion4 ,extract1 ,goulard's4 ,see ,,solution ,,of ,,subacetate ,,of ,,lead4 ,extract of ,guaiac'um4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,guaiaci1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l4 #agdf47 ,from lignum vit shavings or sawdust1 exhausted by coction with water2 as soon as the mass becomes thick1 #a-hth of rectified spirit is to be added4 #b4 ,as the last1 omitting the spirit4 ,diaphoretic1 diuretic1 and alterative2 in dropsy1 gout1 rheumatism1 skin diseases1 c4 ,extract of ,guarana'4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,guaran1 ,e4 ,,paullini1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,dr ,gavrelle47 ,from tincture of guarana 7seeds of ,paullinia sorbilis71 prepared by coction with proof spirit4 ,tonic and alterative4--,dose1 #b to #e gr41 twice or thrice daily4 ,extract1 ,hmostat'ic4 ,see ,,extract ,,of ,,ergot4 ,extract of ,hedge ,hyssop4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,gratiol1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,bor47 ,from the herb 7,gratiola officinalis71 as ,,alcoholic ,,extract ,,of ,,aconite--,ph4 ,bor4 #b4 7,ph4 ,baden47 ,as ,,extract ,,of ,,aconite--,ph4 ,baden4 #c4 7,vinous47 ,as ,,vinous ,,extract ,,of ,,cinchona4 ,purgative1 diuretic1 and vermifuge4--,dose1 #b to #e gr41 gradually increased1 watching its effects2 in dropsy1 jaundice1 gout1 c4 ,it has been said to be the basis of the celebrated ',,eau ,m,,dicinale ,d',,husson1' ,extract of ,hel'lebore4 ,the extracts prepared from three different plants may be included under this head3-- #a4 7,,extract ,,of ,,black ,,hellebore2 ,,extractum ,,hellebori1 ,e4 ,h4 ,,nigri1 ,l47--a4 7,ph4 ,l41 #aghh47 ,from the infusion or decoction of black hellebore 7,helleborus officinalis74--,dose1 #e to #ab gr4 b4 7,alcoholic--,p4 ,cod4 ,ph4 ,u4 ,s47 ,as ,,extract ,,of ,,box 7nearly74 ,that of the ,ph4 ,bad4 is similar4--,dose1 #c to #h gr4 c4 7,vino-alcoholic--,cottereau47 ,powdered black hellebore1 #b lbs42 salt of tartar1 #a_/b lb42 dilute alcohol 7sp4 gr4 #ice71 #g pints2 digest #ab hours1 and express the tincture2 add to the marc1 white wine1 #g pints2 digest for #bd hours1 express1 mix the tincture1 filter1 and evaporate4--,dose1 #b to #f gr4 ,obs4 ,when prepared by coction with water till exhausted of soluble matter1 black hellebore root yields about #dj of extract4 ,in small doses it is alterative1 purgative1 and resolvent2 in larger ones1 it is a drastic1 hydragogue cathartic1 and emmenagogue1 dangerous unless combined and its effects carefully watched4 #b4 7,,extract ,,of ,,green ,,hellebore1 ,e4 ,,of ,,american ,h41 ,e4 ,,of ,,itch-,,wood2 ,,extractum ,,veratri ,,viridis1 ,l47 ,from the fresh root 7rhizome7 of the green hellebore 7,veratrum viride71 as ,,extract ,,of ,,aconite--,ph4 ,l4--,dose1 #a_/f to #a_/b gr4 ,used in ,america in the same cases as white hellebore4 #c4 7,,extract ,,of ,,white ,,hellebore2 ,,extractum ,,veratri1 ,e4 ,,hellebori ,,albi1 ,l47 ,from the root 7rhizome7 of the white hellebore 7,veratrum album71 as ,,extract ,,of ,,black ,,hellebore4--,dose1 #a_/ab gr4 to #a_/d gr4 ,emetic1 purgative1 stimulant1 and highly acrid4 ,in gout1 rheumatism1 and nervous affections1 mania1 c4 ,see ,,veratrine4 ,extract of ,hem'lock4 ,syn4 ,,inspissated ,,juice ,,of ,,hemlock2 ,,extractum ,,conii 7,b4 ,p471 ,,succus ,,spissatus ,,conii1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,the inspissated juice of the fresh plant1 prepared as directed for ,,extractum ,,belladonn4--,dose1 #d to #f gr4 #b4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,from the fresh plant 7,conium maculatum71 as ,,extract ,,of ,,aconite4--,ph4 ,l4 #c4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,as ,,extract ,,of ,,foxglove--,ph4 ,e4 #d4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,as ,,extract ,,of ,,belladonna--,ph4 ,d4 ,obs4 ,of all the inspissated juices 7not even excepting that of aconite71 this is the one most readily injured by exposure to the air and heat1 and which soonest loses its qualities by age4 ,its active principle is ,,conine4 ,extract of hemlock has a greenish colour1 and a strong odour of the fresh-bruised plant4 ,it is of good quality only when a very strong odour of conia 7a 'mouse-odour'7 is disengaged by degrees1 on its being carefully triturated with liquor of potassa4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,the extracts of hemlock may become feeble1 if not inert1 in one of two ways1--either by the heat being continued after the concentration has been carried to a certain extent1 or by long keeping4 ,on the one hand1 ,i have always observed that from the point at which the extract attains the consistence of thin syrup1 ammonia begins to be given off in abundance1 together with a modified odour of conine2 and1 on the other hand1 ,i have found extracts which were unquestionably well prepared at first1 entirely destitute of conine in a few years4 7,christison47 ,the most active extract is that which is procured by moderate pressure from the leaves only4 7,brande47 ,the extract of the ,ph4 ,d41 being freed from the inert albumen and chlorophyll1 contains most of the active principle1 and is nearly soluble in water4 7,royle47 ,on the large scale1 the whole of the green portion of the plant is pressed for juice4 #a cwt4 of hemlock yields from #c to #e lbs4 of extract4--,dose1 #b gr41 gradually increased to #e gr41 or more1 until some obvious effect is produced2 as an anodyne1 alterative1 and resolvent in various obstinate disorders1 as glandular and visceral enlargements1 foul and painful ulcers1 scrofula1 cancer1 neuralgia1 rheumatism1 troublesome coughs1 c4 #e4 7,alcoholic2 ,,extractum ,,conii ,,alcoholicum1 ,l47--a4 7,ph4 ,baden47 ,as ,,alcoholic ,,extract ,,of ,,aconite--,ph4 ,baden4 b4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,as the last1 but using proof spirit4--,dose1 #a_/b to #b gr4 #f4 7,dried2 ,,extractum ,,conii ,,siccum1 ,l47--a4 ,as the ,,dried ,,extract ,,of ,,aconite--,p4 ,cod4 b4 7,archer47 ,by drying the extract of the ,dublin ,college with a continuous current of warm air4 #g4 7,,extractum ,,conii ,,seminis ,,alcoholicum47 7,p4 ,cod47 ,prep4 ,hemlock seeds in coarse powder1 #a lb2 percolate with proof spirit until exhausted4 ,distil off most of the spirit1 and evaporate residue in a water bath to pilular consistence4 ,extract of ,hemp4 ,syn4 ,,extract ,,of ,,american ,,hemp2 ,,extractum ,,apocyni1 ,e4 ,a4 ,,cannabini1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from the root of the ,apocynum cannabinum1 as ,,extract ,,of ,,gentian4 ,a hydragogue cathartic4--,dose1 #b to #f gr42 in dropsy1 c4 ,the plant from which this extract is prepared is called ',indian ,,hemp' in the ,united ,states of ,america1 a practice which should be avoided1 as this name is now almost exclusively appropriated to ,cannabis ,indica1 a variety of the common hemp 7,cannabis sativa1 var4 ,indica7 growing in ,india4 ,see ,,extract ,,of ,,indian ,,hemp4 ,extract of ,hen'bane4 ,syn4 ,,extract ,,of ,,hyoscyamus2 ,,extractum ,,hyoscyami 7,b4 ,p471 ,,succus ,,spissatus ,,hyoscyami1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,from the fresh leaves and leafstems of common henbane 7,hyoscyamus niger71 as ,,extract ,,of ,,aconite--,ph4 ,l4 #b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,as ,,extract ,,of ,,foxglove--,ph4 ,e4 #c4 7,ph4 ,p47 ,from the fresh leaves and young branches1 as ,,extract ,,of ,,belladonna4--,dose1 #c to #f gr4 #d4 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s47 ,from the expressed juice coagulated by heat and strained4 ,obs4 ,in the ,paris ,codex ,extracts are ordered to be prepared from henbane both by the processes ,nos4 #a and #d above4--,product 7by the ordinary method73--#a lb4 of the fresh leaves yielded fully #h dr4 of extract 7,geiger72 #a cwt4 yielded #d to #e lb4 7,brande72 #a cwt4 of the recent plant yielded1 by an ordinary screw press1 #ei-a_/b lbs4 of juice1 and this evaporated in a water bath gave #e lbs4 #i oz4 of extract 7,squire72 #a-c_/d cwt4 of the green herb yielded #aa lbs4 of extract 7,gray74--,dose1 #b to #aj gr42 as an anodyne1 hypnotic1 antispasmodic1 sedative1 and narcotic1 more especially in those cases in which the use of opium is objectionable4 ,externally1 as a topical application to sore or inflamed parts1 either made into an ointment or spread on plaster4 #e4 7,alcoholic2 ,,extractum ,,hyoscyami ,,alcoholicum1 ,l47 ,the formul of the ,ph4 ,bad41 ,par4 ,u4 ,s4 are similar to those for ,,alcoholic ,,extract ,,of ,,aconite4 #f4 7,e4 ,,of ,,henbane ,,seeds2 ,,extractum ,,seminum ,,hyoscyami1 ,l4--,p4 ,cod47 ,an extract of the seeds made with spirit sp4 gr4 #ijj 7about #af o4 p47 is dissolved in #d parts of cold water1 and the solution filtered and evaporated4 ,stronger than the simple extract4--,dose1 #a_/d to #c gr4 ,extract of ,ho'ly ,this'tle4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,cardui ,,benedicti1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,baden47 ,from holy or blessed thistle 7,carduus ,benedictus7 by displacement with cold water4 #b4 7,ph4 ,bor47 ,as ,,extract ,,of ,,gentian--,ph4 ,l4 7nearly74 ,tonic1 diaphoretic1 febrifuge1 often diuretic1 and occasionally emetic4--,dose1 #e to #ae gr41 as a tonic or stomachic chiefly4 ,extract of ,hops4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,lupuli 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l4 ,e471 ,e4 ,,humuli 7,ph4 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,hop1 #h2 rectified spirit1 #ae2 distilled water1 #hj4 ,macerate the hop in the spirit for #g days1 press out the tincture1 filter1 and distil off the spirit1 leaving a soft extract2 boil the residual hop with the water for one hour1 then express the liquor1 strain1 and evaporate on a water bath to the consistence of a soft extract4 ,mix the two extracts1 and evaporate at a temperature not exceeding #afj to a pilular consistence4--,dose1 #e to #aj gr4 #b4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,from commercial hops 7the strobiles or catkins of ,humulus ,lupulus71 #b-a_/b lbs42 boiling distilled water1 #b galls42 macerate for #bd hours1 boil to a gallon1 strain whilst hot1 and evaporate to a proper consistence4 ,the form of the ,ph4 ,e4 is nearly similar4 #c4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,as ,,extract of ,,aloes--,ph4 ,d4 ,tonic and stomachic1 and slightly anodyne and hypnotic4--,dose1 #e gr4 to #cj gr42 in dyspepsia1 and cases that do not permit of the use of opium4 #a cwt4 of ordinary hops yield about #dj lbs4 of extract4 7,brande47 ,the druggists usually employ hops #b or more years old1 called by the dealers 'yearlings1' 'olds1' or 'old olds1' because these may be purchased at #b_/c to #a_/b the price of those of the last season's growth4 ,the first of the above are estimated to have only #b_/c the strength of new hops2 the second about #a_/b2 and the last little or none1 at least in a medical point of view4 #d4 7,alcoholic2 ,,extractum ,,lupuli ,,alcoholicum1 ,l4--,cottereau47 ,by displacement with proof spirit4 ,stronger than the aqueous extract4 ,extract of ,hore'hound4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,marrubii1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,from the fresh herb1 as ,,extract ,,of ,,aconite4 #b4 ,from the infusion or decoction4 ,antispasmodic1 pectoral1 tonic1 and emmenagogue4--,dose1 #aj gr4 to #a dr4 #c4 7,ph4 ,baden47 ,by displacement with cold water4 #d4 7,alcoholic2 ,,extractum ,,marrubii ,,alcoholicum1 ,l47--a4 ,from a tincture made with proof spirit4 ,said by ,m4 ,thoriel to possess considerable power as a febrifuge4--,dose1 #e gr4 to #bj gr4 b4 7,ph4 ,lusit47 ,from a tincture made with a mixture of rectified spirit1 #a part1 and water1 #g parts4 ,inferior to the last4 ,extract of ,ind'ian ,hemp4 ,syn4 ,,cannabine1 ,,hemp ,,resin1 ,,alcoholic ,,extract ,,of ,,indian ,,hemp2 ,,extractum ,,cannabis ,,indic1 ,e4 ,c4 ,i4 ,,alcoholicum1 ,,resina ,,cannabis1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,indian hemp in coarse powder1 #a2 rectified spirit1 #e2 macerate seven days1 press out the tincture1 distil off the spirit1 and evaporate4--,dose1 #a_/d to #a grain in pill4 #b4 7,o',shaughnessy47 ,the dried resinous tops of ,indian hemp 7',,gunjah'7 are boiled in rectified spirit until all the resin is taken up1 when most of the spirit is distilled off1 and the evaporation completed by the heat of a water bath4 #a cwt4 yields about #g lbs4 #c4 7,robertson74 ,by slowly acting on the 'gunjah' with the vapour of alcohol1 by a species of percolation2 the spirit of the resulting tincture is partly removed by distillation1 and the rest by slow evaporation at a temperature not above #aej ,fahr4 #a cwt4 yields about #h lbs4--,dose of the last two1 #a to #c gr41 gradually increased4 #d4 7,messrs ,smith47 ,the bruised 'gunjah' is exhausted with tepid water1 then with a solution of carbonate of soda 7#a of carbonate to #b of gunjah71 and next with pure water2 it is then pressed1 dried1 and exhausted by displacement with rectified spirit2 the tincture is agitated with a milk of lime 7containing #a oz4 of lime for every lb4 of gunjah71 and1 after filtration or decantation1 any retained lime is precipitated by a little sulphuric acid in slight excess2 the tincture is next agitated with animal charcoal1 and again filtered2 most of the spirit is now removed by distillation1 and #c or #d times its bulk of water being added1 the remaining spirit is removed by a gentle heat2 lastly1 the remaining water is poured off1 and the resin remaining washed with fresh water1 and dried4 ,product1 #f4--;,commencing dose1 #a_/d gr4 #c4 7,purified2 ,,extractum ,,cannabis ,,indic ,,purificatum1 ,l4--,ph4 ,d47 ,from the crude extract of ,indian hemp1 as imported 7',,churrus'71 #a oz42 rectified spirit1 #d fl4 oz42 dissolve1 and after defecation1 decant1 and evaporate4 ,obs4 ,the preparations of ,indian hemp are said to be ansthetic1 anodyne1 hypnotic1 stimulant1 phrenic1 and aphrodisiac1 and1 in overdoses1 to produce catalepsy4 ,they have been recommended in hysteria1 hydrophobia1 cholera1 rheumatism1 chorea1 convulsions1 and various other painful spasmodic and nervous affections of a serious character4 ,according to the observations of ,dr ,o',shaughnessy1 #a gr4 of the extract produced catalepsy in a rheumatic patient4 ,the extract prepared with the plant grown in our botanic gardens has quite a different effect to that of the ,indian plant2 and it also appears that the inhabitants of this country are less susceptible to its action than those of ,india1 and consequently bear the drug in larger doses4 ,this hemp is known in ,india as the 'increaser of pleasure1' the 'exciter of desire1' the 'cementer of friendship1' the 'causer of a reeling gait1' the 'laughter-mover1' c4 ,see ,,extract ,,of ,,hemp 7above71 ,,hemp1 c4 ,extract of ,ipecac'uanha4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,ipecacuanha1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,from ipecacuanha1 as ,,extract ,,of ,,box4--,p4 ,cod4 #b4 7,ph4 ,bor47 ,as ,,extract ,,of ,,henbane ,,seeds4 ,expectorant and emetic4--,dose1 #a-a_/b to #h gr4 ,extract of ,i'ron4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,ferri1 ,e4 ,,martis1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,from tincture of tartarised iron4--,dose1 #b to #aj gr42 as a chalybeate tonic4 #b4 7,compound47 ,see ,,extract ,,of ,,apple4 ,extract of ,jabor'andi 7,fluid74 7,f4 ,v4 ,greene1 ',amer4 ,journ4 ,pharm41' #ahgg47 ,prep4 ,jaborandi leaves in moderately fine powder1 #af troy oz42 alcohol 7#ej per cent471 a sufficient quantity4 ,moisten the powder thoroughly with the menstruum1 pack in a conical glass percolator1 place a layer of two inches of well-washed sand on the top of the cloth covering the material1 add menstruum until the liquid begins to drop from the percolator1 when the lower orifice is to be closed with a cork1 and the percolator securely covered2 set aside in a moderately warm place for four days4 ,at the expiration of this time remove the cork1 and add more menstruum by degrees until the material is exhausted4 ,the first #ad ounces 7old measure7 of the percolate are to be reserved1 and the remainder evaporated on a water bath1 with constant stirring towards the close1 to #b fluid ounces 7old measure71 which are to be added to the reserved portion4 ,if the percolation and evaporation have been properly performed the fluid extract will not be required to be filtered4 ,extract of ,jal'ap4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,jalap 7,b4 ,p471 ,e4 ,,sive ,,resina ,,jalap 7,ph4 ,e471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,jalap in coarse powder1 #a2 rectified spirit1 #e2 distilled water1 #aj2 macerate the jalap in the spirit for seven days1 press out the tincture1 then filter1 and distil off the spirit1 leaving a soft extract2 again macerate the residual jalap in the water for four hours1 express1 strain through flannel1 and evaporate by a water bath to a soft extract2 mix the two extracts1 and evaporate at a temperature not exceeding #adj ,f4 to a proper consistence for forming pills4--,dose1 #e to #ae gr4 #b4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,jalap 7powdered7 #b-a_/b lbs42 rectified spirit1 #a gall42 digest four days1 and express the tincture2 boil the 'marc' in water1 #b galls42 until reduced to #a_/b gall42 filter the tincture and decoction separately1 and let the one distil and the other evaporate until each thickens2 lastly1 mix the two and complete the evaporation4--,product4 ,about #ff #af of alcoholic and #ej of aqueous extract4 7,brande47 #ah lbs4 yield #ab lbs4 of extract4 7,lab4 ,journ47--,dose1 #f to #ae gr4 #c4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,from tincture of jalap prepared by displacement with rectified spirit4 ,it consists of impure resin of jalap4 ,it is more active than the last4--,prod4 #af4--;,dose1 #b to #f gr4 #d4 7,ph4 ,ed4 #agdd1 ,,extractum ,,jalap ,,alkalinum47 ,as extract jalap 7,b4 ,p47 adding for every pound of jalap1 #a oz41 or q4 s4 of carbonate of potash4 ,obs4 ,extract of jalap is an active purgative4 ,it should be well beaten up with a little sulphate of potassa1 sugar1 or some aromatic powder1 to prevent it griping4 ,the substance commonly sold as extract of jalap in the shops is prepared by boiling jalap root for #c or #d hours in water1 when it is taken out1 and well bruised or sliced1 and again boiled with water until exhausted of soluble matter4 ,the mixed decoctions are then allowed #ab or #ad hours for defecation1 after which the supernatant portion is decanted and evaporated4 ,extract of jalap should be kept in the soft state 7,,extractum ,,jalap1 ,e4 ,j4 ,,molle71 so as to form pills2 and in the hard state 7,,hard ,,extract ,,of ,,jalap2 ,,extractum ,,jalap ,,durum71 that it may be rubbed to powder4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,extract of ,jasmine 7,yellow74 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,gelsemii ,,fluidum4 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s47 ,prep4 ,yellow jasmine in very fine powder1 #af oz4 7troy72 rectified spirit1 #af oz4 7old measure74 ,proceed as for fluid extract of cubebs4 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s47 ,extract of ,ju'niper4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,juniperi1 ,e4 ,,baccarum ,j41 ,l4 ,prep4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,macerate juniper berries in water at #gg to #hf ,fahr41 for #bd hours1 strain1 repeat the process with a fresh quantity of water1 mix the liquors1 filter1 and evaporate4--,dose1 #bj gr4 to #a dr42 as a stimulant diuretic1 in dropsy1 c42 and also as a pill-basis4 ,extract of ,kalada'na4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,kaladan1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,bengal ,disp47 ,from the tincture of the seeds of kaladana 7,pharbitis ,nil74 ,purgative said to be equal to ,,extract ,,of ,,jalap1 and of double the strength4 ,extract of ,lettuce4 ,syn4 ,,inspissated ,,juice ,,of ,,lettuce2 ,,extractum ,,lactuc 7,b4 ,p471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,the inspissated juice evaporated to a pillular consistence1 according to the directions given for ,,extractum ,,belladonn4 #b4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,from the fresh leaves of garden lettuce 7,lactuca sativa71 as ,,extract ,,of ,,aconite--,ph4 ,l4 ,anodyne1 sedative1 hypnotic1 and antispasmodic4--,dose1 #c to #aj gr4 #a cwt4 of lettuce yields #d lbs4 to #e lbs4 of extract4 #c4 7,probait47 ,from the external parts of the stalks and the old and yellow leaves1 after the plants have flowered1 by maceration in water for #bd hours1 and decoction for #b hours2 the expressed liquid is first evaporated by a gentle heat1 and afterwards spread on shallow dishes1 and dried by exposure to a current of air4 ,stronger than the last4--,dose1 #a to #e gr4 #d4 7,e4 ,,of ,,wild ,,lettuce1 ,,inspissated ,,juice ,,of ,w4 ,l42 ,,extractum ,,lactuc ,,viros1 ,,succus ,,spissatus ,l4 ,v4--,ph4 ,e41 ,l47--a4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,from the leaves of strong-scented wild lettuce 7,lactuca virosa74#bie ,footnote #bie3 ,see general instructions1 p4 #fhb4 b4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,as ,,alcoholic ,,extract ,,of ,,aconite4--,p4 ,cod4 c4 7,ph4 ,baden47 ,as ,,extract ,,of ,,foxglove--,ph4 ,baden4 ,see ,,lactucarium4 ,extract of ,liq'uorice4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,glycyrrhiz 7,b4 ,p471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,,soft ,e4 ,,of ,l42 ,,extractum ,,glycyrrhiz ,,molle1 ,l47--a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,from fresh liquorice root1 as ,,extract ,,of ,,hops--,ph4 ,l4 b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,from the fresh root1 cut into slices1 dried1 and powdered1 as ,,extract ,,of ,,gentian--,ph4 ,e4 ,the form of the ,ph4 ,baden is very similar4 c4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,as ordered for simple extracts 7,,extracta ,,simpliciora--,ph4 ,d474 d4 7,b4 ,p47 ,liquorice root in coarse powder1 #a2 cold distilled water1 #e2 macerate the root in half the water for twelve hours1 strain1 and press2 again macerate the pressed marc with the remainder of the water for #f hours1 strain and press1 mix the strained liquors1 heat to #bab ,f41 strain1 and evaporate to a pill consistence4--,dose1 #a_/b to #a dr4 e4 7,b4 ,p4 ,,extractum ,,glycyrrhiz ,,liquidum47 ,prep4 ,liquorice root in coarse powder1 #a lb42 distilled water1 #d pints4 ,macerate the liquorice with two pints of water for twelve hours1 strain1 and press2 again macerate the pressed marc with the remainder of the water for six hours1 strain1 and press4 ,mix the strained liquors1 heat to #bab ,fahr41 and strain through flannel2 then evaporate by a water bath until it has acquired1 when cold1 a specific gravity of #aafj2 add to this one eighth of its volume of rectified spirit2 let the mixture stand for twelve hours and filter4 f4 7,u4 ,s4 ,disp47 ,crude liquorice 7,,spanish ,,juice71 q4 s4 is dissolved in water1 and the solution filtered and evaporated4 ,to produce a good article 7,,extractum ,,glycyrrhiz ,,purificatum7 in this way1 the solution should be allowed some hours for defecation1 and should not be decanted and strained until quite cold4 ,obs4 ,soft extract of liquorice is often employed as a pill-basis1 and the hard extract 7,,spanish ,,juice1 c47 is used as a lozenge to allay tickling cough4 ,the principal portion of the latter is1 however1 consumed by the porter brewers and brewers' druggists4 ,the product of the last formula1 evaporated until it is quite solid when cold1 and made into small pipes1 sticks1 or rolls1 forms the ,,best ,,refined ,,liquorice or ,,refined ,,juice of the shops4 #b4 7,,hard ,e4 ,,of ,l41 ,,spanish ,,juice1 ,s4 ,,liquorice1 ,,glycyrrhizin1 ,,black ,,sugar2 ,,extractum ,,glycyrrhiz ,,simplex1 ,e4 ,g4 ,,durum1 ,,succus ,g41 ,s4 ,g4 ,,spissatus1 ,l47 ,this is seldom prepared by the ,english druggists1 being principally imported in the dry state from ,spain and ,italy4 ,that from ,solazzi 7,,solazzi ,,juice7 is the most esteemed4 ,a great deal of the foreign extract is mixed with fecula1 or the pulp of plums1 hence its inferior quality4 ,it also frequently contains copper1 derived from the boilers in which it is prepared4 ,the extract prepared from the fresh root is usually preferred to the best foreign1 as the latter has a less sweet and agreeable taste4 ,,refined ,,juice is prepared by dissolving the foreign juice in water1 filtering and evaporating4 ,see ,,liquorice1 and above4 ,extract of ,lobe'lia4 ,syn4 ,,acetic ,,extract ,,of ,,indian ,,tobacco2 ,,extractum ,,lobeli1 ,e4 ,l4 ,,inflat1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,w4 ,proctor47 ,lobelia seeds 7bruised71 #h oz42 dilute alcohol 7sp4 gr4 #ice71 #d pints2 acetic acid1 #a fl4 oz42 by maceration for #bd hours1 and subsequent displacement4 ,expectorant and diaphoretic1 in small doses2 emetic and narcotic1 in larger ones4 ,it is principally used in asthma and other chest diseases4--,dose1 #a_/d gr4 to #e gr4 ,extract of ,log'wood4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,h,,matoxyli 7,b4 ,p471 ,e4 ,h4 ,,campechiani1 7,ph4 ,e471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,logwood in chips1 #a2 boiling distilled water1 #aj2 macerate #bd hours1 boil to #e1 strain1 and evaporate to an extract1 but not in iron vessels4 #b4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,from cut logwood 7logwood chips71 as ,,extract ,,of ,,hops--,ph4 ,l4 #c4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,as the last 7nearly74 #d4 7,ph4 ,d4 #ahbf and ,wholesale47 ,from the decoction4 ,obs4 ,the ,ph4 ,u4 ,s4 #ahda orders the wood to be rasped4 ,the ,ph4 ,baden directs displacement with cold water4 ,on the large scale1 this extract is prepared solely by decoction4 #a cwt4 of wood yields about #bj lbs4 of extract 7,brande72 #hj lbs4 yield #ad lbs4 of extract 7,gray47 ,it is kept in two states--hard 7,,extractum ,h,,matoxyli ,,durum7 and soft 7,e4 ,h4 ,,molle74 ,the dose of the first is #aj to #bj gr41 dissolved in wine1 or any cordial water2 as an astringent1 after each motion in diarrhoea2 the second is often employed as a lozenge in the same disease1 and is an inexpensive and agreeable remedy for simple relaxation of the bowels4 ,extract of ,lov'age4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,levistici1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,baden47 ,from lovage 7,levisticum officinale71 as ,,extract ,,of ,,bistort--,p4 ,cod4 ,aromatic1 stomachic1 and diaphoretic4--,dose1 #e to #ae gr4 ,extract of ,lu'puline4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,lupulin1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,from lupuline 7the powder separated from hops by rubbing and sifting71 by infusion in cold water1 or by displacement4 #b4 7,,extractum ,,lupulin ,,coctione ,,paratum47 ,from the decoction4 ,both similar to extract of hops1 but stronger4 ,the first is the most aromatic2 the last the most bitter4 ,extract of ,mad'der4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,rubi4 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,hamb47 ,from the tincture of dyer's madder 7,rubia tinctorum71 made with rectified spirit1 #a part1 and water1 #c parts4--,dose1 #aj gr4 to #cj gr42 as a diuretic1 emmenagogue1 and parturifacient2 and in jaundice1 c4 ,extract of ,mahog'any4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,swieteni1 ,l4 ,from the chips and sawdust of mahogany 7,swietenia ,mahogoni74 ,it is astringent1 and is frequently sold for kino4 ,it is also employed in tanning4 ,extract of ,male ,fern4 ,syn4 ,,alcoholic ,,extract ,,of ,,male ,,fern2 ,,extractum ,,filicis1 ,b4 ,p4 ,prep4 #a4 7,dr ,ebers47 ,from the tincture of the dried root of male fern 7,lastra ,filix-mas71 made with rectified spirit4 ,in tape-worm4--,dose1 #bj gr4 to #a_/b dr41 twice a day1 made into an electuary with powdered sugar1 and followed by a strong dose of castor oil4 #b4 7,ethereal47 ,b4 ,p4 7,,extractum ,,filicis ,,liquidum47 ,fern root1 in coarse powder1 #a2 ether1 #b-a_/b1 or a sufficiency4 ,pack closely in a percolator with #a of the ether1 add the rest at intervals1 until it passes through colourless1 distil off the ether1 and the liquid extract remains4--,dose1 #cj to #fj minims4 ,see ,,oil ,,of ,,male ,,fern4 ,extract of ,malt4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,malti1 ,e4 ,,bynes1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,from the infusion made with water at a temperature ranging between #afj and #agj ,fahr41 drained off1 without pressure1 and evaporated to the consistence of honey4 ,nutritious and laxative4--,dose4 ,a table-spoonful1 or more1 ad libitum4 #b4 ,,extract ,,of ,,malt1 ,,ferrated4 7,ph4 ,g47 ,extract of malt1 #dg-a_/b oz41 mixed with #a oz4 of pyrophosphate of iron and citrate of ammonia1 dissolved in #a-a_/b oz4 of water4 ,extract of ,ma''rygold4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,calendul1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,guibourt47 ,by maceration of the herb and flowers of the common marygold 7,calendula officinalis7 in tepid water for #bd hours1 and subsequent coction for #ae or #bj minutes4 #b4 7,ph4 ,baden47 ,as ,,extract ,,of ,,angelica--,ph4 ,baden4--,dose1 #b to #aj gr42 cordial1 diaphoretic1 alterative1 and emmenagogue2 in dyspepsia1 and scirrhous and cancerous affections4 ,extract of ,may-apple4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,podophylli4 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s4 #ahda47 ,from the tincture of the root 7rhizomes7 of may-apple 7,podophyllum peltatum74--,dose1 #e to #ae gr42 as a substitute for extract of jalap4 ,see ,,podophyllin4 ,extract of ,mea'dow ,saf'fron4 ,see ,,extract ,,of ,,colchicum4 ,extract of ,meat4 ,syn4 ,,extract ,,of ,,flesh2 ,,extractum ,,carnis1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,liebig47 ,the lean of recently killed meat 7chopped very small71 #a part2 cold water1 #h parts2 agitate it well together for #aj minutes2 then heat it gradually to the boiling-point1 let it simmer gently for a few minutes1 and strain through a hair sieve whilst still hot2 lastly1 evaporate to a soft mass4 #a lb4 of meat yields barely #a oz4 ,see ,,essence ,,of ,,beef1 ,,tea 7,beef71 c4 ,extract of ,mezere'on4 ,syn4 ,,mezereon ,,resin2 ,,extractum ,,mezerei1 ,,resina ,,mezerei1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,alcoholic2 ,e4 ,m4 ,,alcoholicum1 ,l47--a4 7,ph4 ,hamb47 ,by distilling off #e_/fths of the tincture made with rectified spirit1 and filtering the residue1 retaining what is left on the filter4 b4 ,by the simple distillation of the tincture4 ,obs4 ,green or brownish green2 insoluble in water4 #a_/b oz4 mezereon root-bark yielded #a-a_/b oz4 7,hamb4 ,disp47 ,it is chiefly used in preparing blistering ointments and plasters4 #b4 7,ethereal2 ,,green ,,oil ,,of ,,mezereon2 ,,extractum ,,mezerei ,,thereum4 ,b4 ,p47--a4 ,b4 ,p4 ,mezereon bark cut small1 #a lb42 rectified spirit1 #h pints2 ether1 #a pint4 ,macerate the mezereon in #f pints of the spirit for #c days1 with frequent agitation1 strain1 and press4 ,to the residue of the mezereon add the remainder of the spirit1 and again macerate for #c days1 with constant agitation1 strain1 and press4 ,mix and filter the strained liquors1 recover the greater part of the spirit by distillation1 evaporate what remains to the consistence of a soft extract1 put this in a stoppered bottle with the ether1 and macerate for #bd hours1 shaking them frequently2 decant the etherial solution1 recover part of the ether by distillation1 and evaporate what remains to the consistence of a soft extract4 b4 7,ph4 ,bor47 ,by digesting alcoholic extract of mezereon in ether for some days with agitation1 reducing the tincture to #a-dth by careful distillation1 and evaporating the residuum by a gentle heat to the consistence of an extract4 c4 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s4 ,,extractum ,,mezerei ,,fluidum47 ,mezereon in moderately coarse powder1 #af oz4 7troy72 alcohol 7#hag71 #af oz4 7old measure72 proceed as for fluid extract of cubebs4 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s47 ,obs4 ,both the alcoholic and ethereal extract of mezereon must be kept in stoppered bottles4 ,the latter1 like the former1 is used as an external irritant4 ,extract of ,mil'foil4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,millefolii1 ,e4 ,achili m41 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from the herb milfoil or yarrow 7,achillea millefolium71 as ,,extract ,,of ,,hops--,ph4 ,l4 ,astringent1 tonic1 and alterative4--,dose1 #aj gr4 to #a_/b dr4 ,extract of ,mimo'sa ,bark4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,corticis ,,mimos1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from the bark of several ,australian species of ,acacia or ,mimosa 7,acacia mollissima1 ,a4 decurrens1 ,a4 melanoxylon1 c474 ,it is chiefly imported from ,van ,diemen's ,land4 ,astringent4 ,said to be superior to oak bark for tanning4 ,extract of ,mone'sia ,bark4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,monesi1 ,e4 ,m4 ,,purificatum1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from the monesia or buranheim bark 7bark of ,chrysophyllum ,buranheim72 or from commercial monesia1 as ,,extract ,,of ,,catechu4 ,astringent4--,dose1 #d to #h gr4 ,extract of ,mug'wort4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,artemisi1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from the tops of the common mugwort 7,artemisia vulgaris71 as ,,extract ,,of ,,box1--,p4 ,cod4 ,an active emmenagogue4 ,extract of ,myrrh4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,myrrh1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,aqueous2 ,,extractum ,,myrrh ,,aquosum1 ,l47--a4 ,from the strained decoction4 b4 7,ph4 ,bor47 ,as ,,extract ,,of ,,aloes--,ph4 ,bor41 afterwards reducing it to a fine powder4 ,the formula of the ,ph4 ,baden is similar4--,dose1 #f to #ae gr41 or more4 #b4 7,alcoholic2 ,,resin ,,of ,,myrrh2 ,,extractum ,,myrrh ,,alcoholicum1 ,e4 ,m4 ,,resinosum1 ,l47 ,from the tincture4 ,tonic and stimulant4--,dose1 #e to #aj gr41 or more4 #c4 7,compound2 ,,extractum ,,myrrh ,,compositum1 ,l4--,swediaur47 ,myrrh1 #b oz42 gum arabic 7in powder71 #b dr42 triturate1 add water1 q4 s4 to form a thick emulsion1 and add extract of couch grass1 #d oz4 ,much recommended in phthisis and uterine ulcerations4--,dose1 #a to #b dr4 in water1 twice or thrice daily4 ,extracts1 ,narcotic1 with ,sugar4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,narcotica ,,cum ,,saccharo4 7,guager47 ,prep4 ,dissolve #f oz4 of alcoholic extract of the plant in #ad dr4 or #b oz4 of strong alcohol by trituration in a porcelain mortar1 and mix with it #cj oz4 of powdered white sugar1 gradually added1 with constant stirring4 ,set the mixture in a warm situation until dry4 ,add sugar q4 s4 to make up #cf oz4 ,these preparations are less liable to lose their efficacy than the simple extracts4 #f gr4 represent one of the extract4 ,extract of ,net'tles4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,urtic1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,from the juice of nettles 7,urtica dioica71 as ,,extract ,,of ,,aconite--,ph4 ,l4 ,antiscorbutic1 diuretic1 and narcotic4 ,extract of ,nose'gay4 ,syn4 ,,essence ,,of ,,nosegay2 ,,extrait ,,de ,,bouquet1 ,fr4 ,prep4 ,flowers of benzoin1 #a dr42 essence of ambergris1 #b fl4 oz42 spirits of jasmine and extract 7esprit7 of violets1 of each #a pint2 spirits of cassia1 roses1 orange flowers and gillyflowers1 of each #a_/b pint2 mix4 ,a delightful perfume4 ,extract of ,nux ,vom'ica4 ,syn4 ,,extract ,,of ,,koochla ,,nuts2 ,,extractum ,,nucis ,,vomic1 ,b4 ,p4 ,prep4 #a4 7,aqueous2 ,e4 ,n4 ,v4 ,,aquosum1 ,l4--,ph4 ,bor47 ,from the powdered nut1 as ,,extract ,,of ,,hops--,ph4 ,l4 7nearly47--,dose1 #a to #e gr4 #b4 7,alcoholic2 ,,extractum ,,nucis ,,vomic--,ph4 ,l4 ,e4 and ,d41 ,e4 ,n4 ,v4 ,,alcoholicum1 ,l47--a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,soften nux vomica by steam1 dry rapidly1 and reduce to fine powder2 boil with rectified spirit until exhausted1 strain1 distil off the spirit1 and evaporate to the consistence of a soft extract4--,dose1 #a_/b to #b gr4 b4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,koochla or poison nuts 7seed or fruit of ,strychnos ,nux-vomica71 #h oz42 rectified spirit1 #c pints2 expose them to steam until softened1 then bruise1 slice1 and dry them1 and macerate them in #b-crds of the spirit for #g days2 express the tincture1 and repeat the maceration with the remaining #a-crd of the spirit2 again express the liquid2 lastly1 filter the mixed tinctures1 distil off the greater part of the spirit1 and complete the evaporation by a gentle heat4 ,the formula of the ,p4 ,cod4 is similar1 but using spirit sp4 gr4 #hfc 7#da o4 p474 c4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,the sliced and dried nuts are to be ground in a coffee-mill1 and either exhausted by percolation with rectified spirit or by boiling the powder in repeated portions of the menstruum4 ,the formul of the ,ph4 ,baden and ,u4 ,s4 are similar4 d4 7,ph4 ,d4 #ahbf47 ,from a tincture of the rasped nut made with proof spirit1 observing that the extract1 whilst thickening1 should be properly stirred4 ,obs4 ,this extract consists chiefly of impure igasurate of strychnia1 and is exhibited in similar cases to that alkaloid4 ,used as a stimulant of the nervous system in paralysis4--,dose1 #a_/b gr41 gradually and cautiously increased to #b gr4 ,it is very poisonous4 ,on the large scale1 the nuts are ground in a drug-mill4 ,extract of ,oak ,bark4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,querc,s1 ,e4 ,,corticis ,,querc,s1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,d4 #ahbf47 ,from the decoction4 ,astringent4--,dose1 #aj gr4 to #a_/b dr4 ,now seldom used4 ,extract of ,o'pium4 ,prep4 #a4 7,,aqueous ,,extract ,,of ,,opium1 ,,simple ,e4 ,,of ,o42 ,,extractum ,,opii 7,b4 ,p471 ,e4 ,o4 ,,aquosum 7,ph4 ,d471 ,e4 ,o4 ,,purificatum1 ,l47--a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,opium in thin slices1 #a lb42 distilled water1 #f pints4 ,macerate the opium in #b pints of the water for #bd hours1 and express the liquor4 ,reduce the residue of the opium to a uniform pulp1 macerate again in #b pints of the water for #bd hours1 and express4 ,repeat the operation a third time4 ,mix the liquors1 strain through flannel1 and evaporate by a water bath to a proper consistence for forming pills4--,dose1 #a_/b to #a gr41 or more4 b4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,opium 7powdered71 #a-a_/b lb42 distilled water 7cold71 #b-a_/b pints2 mix gradually1 and macerate for #bd hours1 frequently stirring with a spatula2 7press71 strain1 and repeat the maceration for #bd hours with a fresh quantity 7#b-a_/b pints7 of water2 lastly1 evaporate the 7mixed7 strained liquors to a proper consistence4 ,the formul of the ,ph4 ,e4 ,d4 and ,baden1 and ,p4 ,cod41 are essentially the same4 c4 7,ph4 ,d4 #ahbf47 ,as the last1 but using boiling water1 and exposing the mixed liquors to the air for #b days1 before filtering1 and evaporating them4 ,inferior to the last4 d4 7,purified47 ,the extract1 prepared with cold water1 is evaporated to dryness1 powdered1 and redissolved in cold water2 after #dh hours' exposure1 and defecation1 it is decanted from the dregs1 filtered1 and gently evaporated1 as before4 ,superior to any other extract of opium made4 ,obs4 ,good opium yields from #fj to #gj of its weight of extract1 but much depends upon the variety used4--,dose1 #a_/d gr4 to #b gr41 as an anodyne1 sedative1 and hypnotic4 ,it is less stimulating than ordinary opium4 ,that prepared by the third formula is1 indeed1 scarcely inferior in its action to the salts of morphine4 ,this extract is kept in both the hard and soft state 7,,extractum ,,opii ,,durum1 ,e4 ,o4 ,,molle74 ,a solution of the former1 in distilled water1 with the addition of a little spirit to keep it1 forms ,battley's ',,liquor ,,opii ,,sedativus1' ,the ,dublin formula is that adopted by the wholesale druggists4 ,besides the aqueous extract1 there are the following preparations3-- #b4 7,,extractum ,,opii ,,liquidum1 ,b4 ,p42 ,,extract ,,of ,,opium47 ,distilled water1 #af2 rectified spirit1 #d4 ,digest the extract of opium in the water for an hour1 stirring frequently2 filter1 and add the spirit4 ,the product should measure #bj4--;,dose1 #aj to #cj minims4 #c4 7,acetic2 ,,extractum ,,opii ,,aceticum1 ,l4--,soubeiran47 ,opium1 #a oz42 distilled vinegar1 #a quart2 digest #b days 7with heat71 decant1 filter1 and evaporate4 #d4 7,alcoholic2 ,,extractum ,,opii ,,alcoholicum1 ,l4--,ph4 ,antwerp47 ,from the tincture4 #e4 7,aqueo-alcoholic2 ,e4 ,,opii ,,aquo-,,alcoholicum1 ,l4--,taddei47 ,the opium1 exhausted by spirit1 is digested in warm water1 and the infusion and tincture1 separately filtered1 are mixed and evaporated4 #f4 7,de-narcotised2 ,,extractum ,,opii ,,absque ,,narcotina1 ,l4--a4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,the aqueous extract is reduced with hot water to the consistence of a syrup1 and when cold this is mixed with #h times its volume of ether1 and the whole is frequently shaken for a day or two2 the ethereal solution is then decanted1 and the process repeated with fresh ether1 as long as it dissolves anything4 ,the original form of ,robiquet is similar4 ,said to consist entirely of impure ,,muriate ,,of ,,morphine1 ,,gum1 and ,,extractive4 b4 7,m4 ,lamousin-,lamothe47 ,aqueous extract1 #d parts2 resin1 #a part2 beat well together2 add boiling water1 #af parts2 boil to one half2 add cold water1 #h parts1 filter1 and evaporate4 #g4 7,by fermentation2 ,,extractum ,,opii ,,per ,,fermentationem1 ,l47--a4 ,opium and sugar1 of each #d oz42 water1 #a quart2 rub together1 and keep the mixture1 loosely covered1 in a warm situation 7about #gj ,fahr471 for #aj days or more2 then add of cold water1 #a quart1 and the next day filter and evaporate4 b4 7,duyeux47 ,from an unstrained mixture of opium1 #a part1 with water1 #h parts1 and a little yeast2 left for a week at a temperature of #fh to #gg ,fahr41 and then diluted1 filtered1 and evaporated4 ,some parties have recommended quince juice as the menstruum4 #h4 7,roasted2 ,,extractum ,,opii ,,torrefacti1 ,l4--,guibourt47 ,powdered opium is heated on a flat dish over a moderate fire1 with constant stirring1 as long as fumes are given off2 it is then exhausted by treating it twice with #f times its weight of water1 and the mixed liquor1 after filtration1 is evaporated4 #i4 7,vinous2 ,,extractum ,,opii ,,vino ,,paratum1 ,l4--,p4 ,cod47 ,from wine of opium4 ,the above extracts of opium 7excepting the alcoholic7 are regarded as less exciting than the other preparations of the drug4 ,the dose of each is similar to that of the aqueous extract4 ,extract of ,or'ange ,peel4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,corticis ,,aurantii1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,from the thin yellow peel1 as ,,extract ,,of ,,madder4 #b4 ,see ,,aurantii4 ,extract of ,ox-gall4 ,syn4 ,,inspissated ,,ox-,,gall2 ,,extractum ,,fellis ,,bovini1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,from ox-gall1 strained1 and evaporated in a water bath4--,dose1 #e to #ae gr42 in pills4 #b4 7,hunter ,lane47 ,as the last1 but reducing the gall to dryness1 and then powdering it4 ,it must be preserved in well-corked bottles4--,dose1 #c to #ab gr4 ,extract of ,parei'ra4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,pareir 7,b4 ,p471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,pareira root in coarse powder1 #a2 boiling distilled water1 #aj1 or a sufficiency2 digest the pareira with #a-a_/b of water for twenty-four hours1 then pack in a percolator1 and water till by slow percolation #aj has passed through2 evaporate in a water bath to a pilular consistence4--,dose1 #ac to #bj gr4 #b4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,from the root of velvet leaf or pareira brava 7,cissampelos ,pareira71 as ,,extract ,,of ,,hops--,ph4 ,l4 #c4 7,p4 ,e47 ,as ,,extract ,,of ,,liquorice--,ph4 ,e4 ,the ,p4 ,cod4 formula is similar4 ,alterative1 tonic1 and diuretic4--,dose1 #aj gr4 to #a_/b dr42 chiefly in affections of the bladder4 #d4 ,,extractum ,,pareira ,,liquidum 7,b4 ,p474 ,pareira in coarse powder1 #af2 boiling distilled water1 #afj1 or a sufficiency2 rectified spirit1 #c2 macerate in #bj of water for twenty-four hours2 pack in a percolator1 adding more of the water2 allow the liquor slowly to pass until #afj has been collected1 or the pareira is exhausted2 evaporate to #ac1 and1 when cold1 add the spirit2 filter and make up to #af4--;,dose1 #a_/b dr4 to #b dr4 ,extract of ,par'sley4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,petroselini1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,from the root1 as ,,extract ,,of ,,bistort--,p4 ,cod4 #b4 7,m4 ,peraibe47 ,from the fresh leaves1 as ,,extract ,,of ,,aconite4 ,febrifuge and tonic4--,dose1 #e to #aj gr4 ,extract of ,pasque ,flower4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,anemonis1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,from the recent or dried flower1 as either of the ,,extracts ,,of ,,aconite--,p4 ,cod4--,dose1 #a to #d gr4 ,obs4 ,several species of ,anemone have been used in medicine1 especially ,anemone pratensis and ,a4 pulsatilla4 ,according to ,baron ,stoerck1 the former is resolvent1 and is an effectual remedy in various chronic diseases1 particularly in amaurosis1 cataract1 opacity of the cornea1 nocturnal pains1 suppressions1 c4 #a_/b to #a gr41 combined with sugar of milk1 has been highly recommended in hooping-cough4 ,extract of ,pa'tience ,dock4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,patienti1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from the root of ,rumex ,patientia or garden patience1 as ,,extract ,,of ,,hops4 ,aperient and stomachic4 ,used in double doses in lieu of extract of rhubarb4 ,extract of ,paullin'ia4 ,see ,,extract ,,of ,,guarana4 ,extract of ,peach ,blos'som4 ,prep4 ,from essence of lemons1 #a oz42 pure balsam of ,peru1 #b dr42 essence 7oil7 of bitter almonds1 #a dr42 rectified spirit1 #c pints2 spirit of orange flowers1 #a pint2 spirit of jasmin1 #a_/d pint2 mix4 ,a pleasant and powerful perfume4 ,extract of ,pel'litory4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,pyrethri1 ,e4 ,p4 ,,thero-,,alcoholicum1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,w4 ,procter47 ,alcohol 7rectified spirit71 #a pint2 ether1 #a_/b pint2 mix1 and pour it gradually on root of pellitory 7,anacyclus ,pyrethrum71 #a lb41 placed in a percolator2 afterwards pour on alcohol1 #a pint2 and subsequently sufficient dilute alcohol 7proof spirit7 to displace #b-a_/b pints of tincture 7,,essence ,,of ,,pellitory1 ,,toothache ,,essence72 the latter is either suffered to evaporate spontaneously1 or by a very gentle heat1 until a soft extract is attained4 ,used to destroy the sensibility of the nerves of the teeth1 previous to plugging1 and for toothache4 ,extract of ,pep'per4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,piperis1 ,e4 ,p4 ,,nigri1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,from decoction of black pepper 7bruised74 ,stimulant2 stronger tasted than the berries1 but less aromatic4--,dose1 #aj gr4 to #a dr42 in agues4 #b4 7,fluid2 ,,extractum ,,piperis ,,fluidum1 ,l47--,ph4 ,u4 ,s4 ,from black pepper1 as ,,fluid ,,extract ,,of ,,cubebs--,ph4 ,u4 ,s41 separating the ,,piperine by expression through a cloth1 and keeping the fluid portion for use4 ,extract of ,pimpinel'la4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,pimpinell1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from the root of burnet saxifrage 7,pimpinella saxifraga71 as ,,extract ,,of ,,hops4 ,astringent4--,dose1 #aj to #bj gr4 ,extract of ,pink'root4 ,syn4 ,,extract ,,of ,,worm ,,grass1 ,e4 ,,of ,,wormseed ,,root2 ,,extractum ,,spigeli1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,from ,carolina pinkroot 7,spigelia ,marylandica71 as ,,extract ,,of ,,box--,p4 ,cod4--,dose1 #e to #bj gr4 #b4 7,fluid2 ,,essence ,,of ,,pinkroot1 ,,liquor ,,of ,p42 ,,extractum ,,spigeli ,,fluidum1 ,l47 ,pinkroot1 #a lb42 proof spirit1 #c pints2 make a tincture1 evaporate to #aj fl4 oz41 add sugar1 #c_/d lb41 and rectified spirit1 q4 s4 to make the whole measure exactly a pint4--,dose4 ,for a child1 beginning with #a_/b a teaspoonful4 #c4 7,compound2 ,,compound ,,liquor ,,of ,,pinkroot2 ,,extractum ,,spigeli ,,fluidum ,,comp41 ,l47--a4 7,estlack47 ,carolina pinkroot or spigelia 7bruised71 #d oz42 senna1 #c oz42 savine1 #a dr42 pour on boiling water1 #a quart2 when cold1 add rectified spirit1 #a_/b pint2 digest #bd hours1 express 7or percolate71 filter1 evaporate to #ab fl4 oz41 in which dissolve1 manna1 #a oz42 sugar1 #h oz4 ,every fl4 oz4 is equal to #b dr4 of pinkroot and #a-a_/b dr4 of senna4--,dose4 ,for a child1 #a_/b to #a teaspoonful2 for an adult1 a tablespoonful4 b4 7,w4 ,procter47 ,pinkroot1 #af oz42 senna1 #h oz4 7both in coarse powder72 dilute alcohol 7sp4 gr4 #ice71 #b pints2 macerate for #b days1 then proceed by displacement1 adding fresh spirit1 until #d pints have passed through2 filter1 evaporate to #bj fl4 oz41 and add carbonate of potassa1 #a oz42 next add oils of caraway and aniseed1 of each #a_/b dr42 7previously triturated with7 powdered sugar1 #bd oz42 lastly1 apply a gentle heat to dissolve the sugar4 c4 7,,extractum ,,spigeli ,,et ,,senn ,,fluidum--,ph4 ,u4 ,s47 ,as the last 7nearly74--,dose4 ,as above4 ,all the above preparations of pinkroot are regarded as powerful and certain anthelmintics2 particularly the last two4 ,extract of ,pipsis'sewa4 ,see ,,extract ,,of ,,winter-,,green4 ,extract of ,poi'son ,oak4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,rhois ,,toxicodendri1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,from the expressed juice of the leaves of ,rhus toxicodendron4 ,narcotic1 stimulant1 and alterative4--,dose1 #a_/b gr4 to #a gr41 gradually increased2 in chronic rheumatism1 obstinate skin diseases1 c4 ,extract of ,pomegran'ate4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,granati1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,soubeiran1 ,p4 ,cod47 ,from the root-bark of pomegranate1 as ,,extract ,,of ,,box4 ,in tapeworm4--,dose1 #aj to #bj gr42 followed by a purgative4 #b4 7,e4 ,g4 ,,corticis ,,fructus1 ,l47 ,from the decoction of the fruit-rind4 ,as the last4 ,extract of ,pop'pies4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,papaveris 7,b4 ,p471 ,e4 ,p4 ,,albi1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,capsules coarsely powdered1 #af2 rectified spirit1 #b2 distilled water1 a sufficiency2 mix the poppy capsules with #dj of the water1 stirring them frequently during #bd hours2 then pack in a percolator1 and pass water slowly through them until about #afj have passed through2 evaporate the liquor by a water bath to #bj2 when cold1 add the spirit4 ,after #bd hours filter the liquor1 and evaporate to a pilular consistence4--,dose1 #b or #e grains4 #b4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,bruised poppy-heads 7without the seeds71 #ae oz42 boiled distilled water1 #a gall42 macerate #bd hours1 boil to one half1 strain1 and complete the evaporation4 #c4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,as the last1 with capsules not quite ripe4 ,obs4 ,the medical action of extract of poppies1 for the most part1 resembles that of opium2 but it is considerably weaker1 and is generally regarded as less prone to produce headache and delirium4--,dose1 #b to #ab gr4 ,it is usually prepared by the large manufacturers1 by exhausting the capsules1 by coction with water2 hence the inferior quality of the extract of the shops1 which contains a considerable quantity of inert matter4 ,the principal consumption of this extract is among the brewers1 brewers' druggists1 and wine merchants4 ,for this purpose it is evaporated until it becomes hard on cooling1 when it is formed into half-pound rolls1 and covered with paper1 like lead plaster4 ,one of these rolls added to a hogshead of ale1 stout1 or sherry1 materially increases the 'headiness' or apparent strength of these beverages4 ,extract of ,pota'to4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,solani ,,tuberosi1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,dr ,j4 ,latham47 ,from the stem and leaves of the potato plant1 as ,,extract ,,of ,,aconite--,ph4 ,l4 ,narcotic4--,dose1 #b to #aj gr4 ,extract of ,pur'ging ,flax4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,lini ,,cathartici1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,dr ,b4 ,lane47 ,from the dried herb1 as ,,extract ,,of ,,hops--,ph4 ,l4 ,aperient and diuretic--,dose1 #e to #aj gr42 #ad lbs4 yielded #b-a_/d lbs4 of extract4 ,extract of ,quas'sia4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,quassi 7,b4 ,p471 ,,ex4 ,q4 ,,ligni1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,quassia scraped1 #a lb42 distilled water1 a sufficiency2 macerate the quassia in #h oz4 of water for #ab hours2 pack in a percolator2 add water till the quassia is exhausted2 evaporate1 filter before it becomes thick1 and again evaporate in a water bath to a proper consistence for pills4--,dose1 #b to #e gr4 #b4 ,from the decoction of quassia chips4 ,product1 #e to #f4 #c4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,from the rasped wood1 as ,,extract ,,of ,,bistort--,p4 ,cod4 ,bitter and stomachic4--,dose1 #e to #aj gr41 or more4 ,obs4 ,this extract is almost universally prepared by coction1 and is principally consumed by the brewers1 who employ it as a substitute for hops1 in large quantities4 ,the bark is frequently substituted for the wood1 but is considerably less bitter4 ,the ,ph4 ,baden has an extract prepared with spirit of #idd4 ,extract of ,quince ,seeds4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,cydoni1 ,e4 ,c4 ,,seminum4 ,prep4 ,from the decoction4 ,sucked as a lozenge1 in hoarseness1 c4 ,extract of ,ragwort4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,jacob,,oe4 ,the inspissated juice of rag-wort4 ,extract of ,rha'tany4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,rhatani2 ,e4 ,,krameri 7,b4 ,p471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,rhatany in coarse powder1 #a2 cold distilled water1 #ae2 macerate #bd hours in #b of the water1 then percolate the whole2 evaporate by water bath to dryness4--,dose1 #e to #bj grains4 #b4 7,ph4 ,e4 ,baden and ,u4 ,s47 ,from dried rhatany root 7,krameria triandria71 as ,,extract ,,of ,,bistort--,p4 ,cod4 #c4 7,ph4 ,bor47 ,by two successive macerations in boiling water of #bd hours each1 and evaporating at a temperature not exceeding #afe ,fahr4 ,obs4 ,extract of rhatany is astringent and tonic4--,dose1 #aj to #bj gr4 ,a large quantity of this extract1 of very inferior quality1 is imported from ,brazil1 and other parts of ,south ,america4 ,it is kept in two states1 hard and soft2 the former resembles ,,kino1 and is often sold for it2 the latter is chiefly consumed by the manufacturers and 'improvers' of port wine4 ,extract of ,rhu'barb4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,rhei 7,b4 ,p471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,rhubarb 7sliced or bruised71 #h oz42 rectified spirit1 #e oz42 distilled water1 #ej oz42 macerate #d days1 strain1 and set it aside1 that the fces may subside2 next decant the clear portion1 strain1 mix1 and evaporate to a proper consistence over a water bath at #afj ,f4 #b4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,as ,,extract ,,of ,,cinchona--,ph4 ,l4 7nearly74 ,the extract is obtained of finer quality by evaporation in a vacuum with a gentle heat4 ,the ,baden formula is similar4 ,obs4 ,this extract is usually prepared by decoction from inferior and damaged rhubarb1 picked out from the chests on purpose2 hence the inferior quality of the extract of the shops4 ,when made of good ,turkey1 or even ,east ,india rhubarb1 it is a very valuable preparation4--,dose4 ,as a stomachic1 #e to #aj gr42 as a purgative1 #aj gr4 to #a_/b dr4 ,it is seldom exhibited alone4 ,product4 #e4 #c4 7,fluid2 ,,liquor ,,of ,,rhubarb1 ,,essence ,,of ,r42 ,,liquor ,,rhei1 ,,extractum ,,rhei ,,fluidum1 ,l47--a4 7,w4 ,procter47 ,rhubarb 7in coarse powder71 #h oz42 mix it with an equal bulk of coarse sand1 and moisten it with dilute alcohol 7sp4 gr4 #ice1 #ac u4 p47 to form a pasty mass2 in a short time introduce it into a percolator1 shake it until uniformly settled1 and cover it with cloth or paper2 then pour on the rest of the spirit 7the remainder of #b pints7 until the product has little odour or taste of the root2 next gently evaporate the tincture to #e-a_/b fl4 oz41 and add sugar1 #e oz41 when the whole should measure #h fl4 oz4--,dose1 #ae to #cj drops4 b4 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s47 ,as the last1 adding of oils of fennel and anise1 of each #d drops2 7dissolved in7 tincture of ginger1 #d fl4 dr4 #d4 7,compound2 ,,extractum ,,rhei ,,compositum1 ,e4 ,,panchymagogum1 ,l4--,ph4 ,bor47 ,extract of rhubarb1 #c dr42 extract of aloes1 #a dr4 7softened with7 water1 #d dr42 mix1 and add of soap of jalap1 #a dr4 7dissolved in7 proof spirit1 #d dr42 lastly1 evaporate to an extract1 dry this in a warm place1 and powder4 ,stomachic and purgative4--,dose1 #d to #bj gr4 ,extract of ,rue4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,rut1 ,e4 ,,foliorum ,,rut1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,from rue leaves 7,rut graveolens71 as ,,extract ,,of ,,hops--,ph4 ,l4 #b4 7,alcoholic--,p4 ,cod47 ,as ,,alcoholic ,,extract ,,of ,,aconite--,p4 ,cod4 7nearly47 ,the formula of the ,ph4 ,wert4 is similar4 ,obs4 ,this extract is stomachic1 carminative and emmenagogue4--,dose1 #aj to #bj gr41 twice a day4 ,it is usual to add a little of the essential oil to the extract1 just before taking it out of the evaporating-pan1 and when nearly cold4 ,the first is the form adopted in trade in this country4 ,extract of ,saf'fron4 ,syn4 ,,polychroite1 ,,extractum ,,croci1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,from hay saffron1 as ,,extract ,,of ,,colocynth--,ph4 ,l4 #b4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,from the tincture4 ,superior to the last4 ,obs4 ,the first is used chiefly as a colouring and flavouring substance by cooks1 confectioners1 wine and cordial brewers1 c4--,dose1 #e to #ae gr42 as an excitant1 antispasmodic1 and emmenagogue4 ,extract of ,sarsaparil'la4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,sarz1 ,e4 ,,sarsaparill1 ,l42 ,,extrait ,,de ,,salsepareille1 ,fr4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf47 ,from sarsaparilla1 as ,,extract ,,of ,,hops--,ph4 ,l4 ,the ,ph4 ,d4 #ahbf is similar4--,dose1 #aj gr4 to #a dr4 ,product4 7,from ,jamaica sarsaparilla7 #cb to #cf4 #b4 7,alcoholic2 ,,extractum ,,sarz ,,alcoholicum1 ,l47--a4 ,from a tincture of the root-bark1 prepared with proof spirit1 either by digestion or percolation4 b4 7,p4 ,cod4 and ,ph4 ,u4 ,s47 ,from sarsaparilla root 7powdered71 as ,,alcoholic ,,extract ,,of ,,aconite--,p4 ,cod4 ,superior to the aqueous extract4--,dose1 #aj to #bj gr4 #c4 7,fluid2 ,,liquor ,,of ,,sarsaparilla1 ,,essence ,,of ,s42 ,,liquor ,,sarz1 ,,essentia ,,sarsaparill1 ,,extractum ,,sarz ,,liquidum--,ph4 ,l41 ,e4 ,s4 ,,fluidum--,ph4 ,e4 ,d41 ,l472 ,,extractum ,,sarz ,,liquidum--7,b4 ,p47 a4 ,jamaica sarsaparilla cut transversely1 #af2 distilled water 7temp4 #afj ,fahr471 #bhj2 rectified spirit1 #a4 ,macerate in half the water for #f hours1 and decant the liquor2 digest the residue in the remainder of the water for #f hours more1 mix the liquors1 express and filter2 evaporate by water bath to #g1 or until it has a sp4 gr4 of #aacj2 when cold add the spirit4 ,sp4 gr4 should be about #ajbe4--;,dose1 #a to #d dr4 b4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,sarsaparilla1 #c-a_/b lbs42 distilled water1 #c galls42 boil to #ab pints1 pour off the liquor1 and strain whilst hot2 again boil the sarsaparilla in water1 #b galls41 to one half1 and strain2 evaporate the mixed liquors to #ah fl4 oz42 and when cold1 add of rectified spirit1 #b fl4 oz4 ,each fl4 oz4 represents #b-a_/h oz4 of the root 7nearly74 c4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,sarsaparilla1 #a lb42 boiling water1 #d pints2 digest #b hours1 then bruise the root1 boil it for #b hours1 filter1 and express the liquid2 repeat the coction with water1 #b pints1 as before2 evaporate the mixed liquors to the consistence of a thin syrup1 and1 when cold enough1 add of rectified spirit q4 s4 to make up #af fl4 oz4 ,each fl4 oz4 represents #f dr4 of the root1 and #f fl4 oz4 of the decoction4 d4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,sarsaparilla1 #a lb4 7avoir472 proceed as before1 and add of rectified spirit1 q4 s4 to make the product up to #bj fl4 oz4 ,strength1 as the last 7nearly74 ,in the ,ph4 ,d4 #ahbf the decoction of sarsaparilla1 #a lb4 7troy71 was ordered to be evaporated to #cj oz41 which with the spirit 7#b oz47 made the preparation only half the strength of the present one4 #d4 7,compound2 ,,extractum ,,sarz ,,compositum1 ,e4 ,,sarsaparill ,,comp41 ,l47 ,there is no form for this preparation in the ,pharmacopoeias1 but it is nevertheless in immense demand1 from its great convenience in dispensing4 ,the following formul are employed by one of the wholesale houses that does largest in this preparation3-- a4 ,guaiacum shavings 7from which the small has been sifted71 #cj lbs41 ,italian juice1 #bd lbs41 mezereon root1 #f lbs41 are boiled with water q4 s41 for #a hour2 the decoction is then drawn off1 and the boiling repeated with fresh water a second and a third time2 the mixed decoctions are allowed to deposit for #f or #h hours1 or longer1 and the clear portion decanted and strained through flannel2 the liquid is now reduced to the consistence of treacle1 when extract of sarsaparilla1 #i lbs41 is added1 and the evaporation conducted at a considerably lower temperature until near its completion1 when the source of heat is removed1 and the remaining evaporation conducted at the expense of that retained by the metal of the 'pan1' when nearly cold1 and just before removing the extracts to the 'pots' or 'jars1' essential oil of sassafras1 #b dr41 dissolved in rectified spirit1 #a quart1 is added1 and quickly but completely stirred in4 ,the product is a very showy article1 if well managed1 and weighs about #de lbs41 the precise quantity depending on the quality of the juice employed4 ,it is labelled ',,ext4 ,,sarz ,,comp4' b4 ,as the last1 but only using #ae lbs4 of juice1 and that ,solazzi4 ,prod4 ,about #ce lbs4 ,it is labelled and sent out as ',,ext4 ,,sarz ,,co4 ,,opt4' c4 ,by any of the forms given under ,,compound ,,decoction ,,of ,,sarsaparilla1 either common or concentrated1 by continuing the evaporation4--,dose4 ,same as that of the simple extract4 #e4 7,fluid ,compound2 ,,compound ,,liquor ,,of ,,sarsaparilla47--a4 ,from any of the preceding formul by arresting the evaporation when the fluid has acquired the consistence of a thin syrup1 and adding to each pint1 when cold1 rectified spirit1 #d fl4 oz4 b4 7,alcoholic--,w4 ,hodgson47 ,sarsaparilla 7bruised71 #af oz42 liquorice root 7bruised71 guaiacum wood 7rasped71 and sassafras bark 7sliced71 of each #b oz42 mezereon 7sliced71 #f dr42 spirit1 sp4 gr4 #ice 7 #ac u4 p47 #g pints2 digest #ad days1 express1 filter1 evaporate to #ab fl4 oz42 add of sugar1 #h oz41 and as soon as this is dissolved1 withdraw the heat4 ,stronger than the last4--,dose1 #a fl4 dr4 c4 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s4 ,,extractum ,,sarsaparill ,,compositum ,,fluidum47 ,prep4 ,sarsaparilla in moderately fine powder1 #af oz4 7troy72 liquorice root in moderately fine powder1 #b oz4 7troy72 sassafras in moderately fine powder1 #b oz4 7troy72 mezereon in moderately fine powder1 #cfj grains2 glycerin1 #d oz4 7old measure72 rectified spirit1 #h oz4 7old measure72 water1 #d oz4 7old measure74 ,macerate in a closed percolator for #d days1 and then let the percolation commence1 and finish it by adding diluted alcohol 7equal volumes of alcohol at #hce1 and water71 until #b pints 7old measure7 have been obtained4 ,reserve the first #ab oz41 having added #d oz4 7old measure7 of glycerin to the remainder of the percolate1 which evaporate to #f oz4 7old measure71 and mix with the reserved portion4 #f4 7,from the root-bark2 ,,extractum ,,corticis ,,sarz1 ,l47 ,from the decoction or tincture of the root-bark4 ,the cortical portion of sarsaparilla yields fully #ej of aqueous extract4 ,five times as much as the meditullium4 7,pope47 ,obs4 ,each of the above extracts of sarsaparilla 7simple1 fluid1 and compound71 when of good quality1 dissolves in water1 forming a deep reddish-brown solution1 perfectly transparent1 and depositing little sediment1 even by standing some days4 ,see ,,sarsaparilla4 #a4 ,extract of ,savine4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,sabin4 7,ph4 ,l4 #aghh47 ,by evaporating a decoction of dry savine4 #b4 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s4 ,,extractum ,,sabin ,,fluidum47 ,as fluid extract of cubebs4 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s47 ,extract of ,scam'mony4 ,syn4 ,,resin ,,of ,,scammony2 ,,resina ,,scammonii1 ,e4 ,s4 ,,alcoholicum1 ,e4 ,,sive ,,resina ,,scammonii 7,ph4 ,e471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,from powdered scammony1 exhausted with proof spirit1 and the resulting tincture distilled until little but water passes over2 the remaining water is then poured from the resin1 which is next well washed in boiling water and dried at a temperature below #bdj ,fahr4 ,brown2 impure4 #b4 ,as the last1 but using either alcohol of #ij or ether1 and animal charcoal4 ,white2 pure4 ,obs4 ,scammony resin is translucent1 fusible1 and combustible2 and freely soluble in alcohol1 ether1 and oil of turpentine4 ,it is frequently adulterated with jalap resin1 a fraud readily detected by its insolubility in the last two menstrua4--,dose1 #e to #aj gr4 ,when pure or virgin scammony can be procured it is an unnecessary preparation4 7,pereira47 ,extract of ,scurvy-grass4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,cochleari1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,from the clarified juice of fresh scurvy-grass1 by exposure to warm air4 ,anti-scorbutic1 stimulant1 anti-rheumatic1 and diaphoretic4--,dose1 #a to #b dr4 ,the valuable principles of the juice are dissipated by much heat4 ,extract of ,sen'ega4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,seneg1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,from seneka or snake-root 7,polygala ,senega71 as ,,extract ,,of ,,box--,p4 ,cod4 #b4 ,compound2 ,,extractum ,,seneg1 ,,compositum1 ,e4 ,s4 ,,et ,,scill1 ,l4--,ecky47 ,from equal parts of squills and senega1 as the last1 but by displacement4 ,both the above are stimulant1 expectorant1 sudorific1 and diuretic4--,dose1 #a to #ab gr4 #c4 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s4 ,,extractum ,,seneg ,,fluidum47 ,as ,,extract ,,of ,,cotton-,,root4 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s47 ,extract of ,sen'na4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,senn1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,,extractum ,,senn ,,aquosum1 ,l47--a4 ,as ,,extract ,,of ,,colocynth--,ph4 ,l4 b4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,as ,,extract ,,of ,,bistort--,p4 ,cod4 c4 7,ph4 ,bor47 ,from senna leaves1 by maceration in tepid water 7#ajd ,fahr47 for #bd hours1 and expression and filtration2 the operation is repeated with fresh water1 and the strained liquors evaporated to a thick extract 7at #adi to #aeg ,fahr471 which is dissolved in water1 #d parts1 the solution filtered1 and again evaporated4--,dose1 #aj to #bj gr4 ,it is principally used as a basis for purgative pill4 ,when prepared by decoction it is nearly inert4 ,a better extract is prepared from the common tincture made with proof spirit4 #b4 ,alcoholic2 ,,extractum ,,senn ,,alcoholicum1 ,l4--7,guibourt47 ,senna 7in powder71 #a part2 rectified spirit1 #e parts2 heat gradually to boiling1 let it cool2 in #bd hours express1 strain1 and repeat the process with fresh spirit2 lastly1 distil and evaporate4 ,proof spirit answers for this purpose4 #c4 7,fluid2 ,,extractum ,,senn ,,fluidum1 ,l4--,ph4 7,u4 ,s47 ,senna 7in coarse powder71 #b-a_/b lbs42 spirit 7at or near proof71 #fd fl4 oz42 macerate #bd hours1 then act by displacement1 subsequently adding weak spirit 7#a of rectified spirit to #c of water7 until #aj pints of tincture are obtained2 evaporate to #a pint1 filter1 add sugar1 #bj oz41 and oil of fennel1 #a fl4 dr4 7dissolved in7 compound spirit of ether1 #b fl4 dr4 ,every fl4 oz4 represents #a oz4 of senna4 ,extract of ,smoke4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,fuliginis1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,aqueous47 ,wood-soot1 #b oz42 water1 #a pint2 boil to #af fl4 oz41 filter1 and evaporate4 #b4 7,acetic47 ,wood-soot1 #b oz42 distilled vinegar and water1 of each1 #a_/b pint2 as the last4 ,formerly reputed antispasmodic1 alterative1 c4--,dose1 #c to #f gr41 #b three times a day2 in dyspepsia1 hysteria1 cancer1 scrofula1 and various syphilitical affections4 ,extract of ,snake-root4 ,see ,,extract ,,of ,,senega4 ,extract of ,black ,snake-root 7fluid74 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,cimicifug ,,fluidum 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s474 ,prep4 ,as ,,fluid ,,extract ,,of ,,cubebs4 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s47 ,extract of ,soap'wort4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,saponari1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,p4 ,cod4 ,ph4 ,bad47 ,from the dried roots of soapwort 7,saponaria officinalis71 as ,,extract ,,of ,,bistort--,p4 ,cod4 ,aperient and alterative4--,dose1 #ae gr4 to #a_/b dr4 ,extract of ,spruce4 ,see ,,essence ,,of ,,spruce4 ,extract of ,squills4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,scill1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,aqueous2 ,e4 ,s4 ,,aquosum4--a4 7,ph4 ,baden47 ,from squills1 as ,,extract ,,of ,,colocynth--,ph4 ,l4 7nearly74 b4 7,ph4 ,bor47 ,from squills1 as ,,extract ,,of ,,senna--,ph4 ,bor4 7nearly71 but using boiling water1 avoiding ebullition during the evaporation1 and powdering the residuum4--,dose1 #a to #e gr4 #b4 7,alcoholic2 ,,extractum ,,scill ,,alcoholicum1 ,l4--,p4 ,cod47 ,from the tincture prepared with proof spirit1 by distillation and evaporation4--,dose1 #a_/b to #c gr41 as an expectorant and diuretic1 twice or thrice a day4 ,in larger doses it is nauseant and emetic4 #c4 7,acetic2 ,,extractum ,,scill ,,aceticum47 ,digest powder of squills1 #a lb41 in acetic acid1 #c oz42 and distilled water1 #a pint1 with a gentle heat1 for #dh hours4 ,express strongly1 and without straining2 evaporate to a proper consistence4 7,one grain of this is said to equal three of the powder47 ,extract 7fluid7 of ,stillingi4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,stilling ,,fluidum 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s474 ,prep4 ,stillingia1 in fine powder1 #af oz4 7troy72 macerate with #ab oz4 7old measure7 of rectified spirit2 #c oz4 7old measure7 of glycerin2 and #a oz4 7old measure7 of water1 for four days in a closed percolator1 and proceed as for ,,fluid ,,extract ,,of ,,cotton-,,root4 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s47 ,extract of ,stor'ax4 ,see ,,styrax4 ,extract of ,stramo''nium4 ,syn4 ,,extract ,,of ,,thorn-,,apple2 ,,extractum ,,stramonii1 7,ph4 ,l4 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,pack stramonium seeds1 coarsely powdered1 in a percolator1 and pass about their own weight of washed ether slowly through them1 remove the ether1 and set aside4 ,now pour over them proof spirit until the seeds are exhausted2 distil off the spirit1 and evaporate the residue by a water bath to a proper pill consistence4--,dose1 #a_/d gr41 gradually increasing4 #b4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,seeds of thorn-apple 7,datura stramonium71 #ae oz42 boiling distilled water1 #a gall42 macerate for #d hours in a vessel lightly covered1 near the fire2 afterwards take out the seeds1 bruise them in a stone mortar1 and return them to the liquor2 then boil down to #d pints1 strain whilst hot1 and evaporate4 ,the ,ph4 ,d4 is similar4 ,product4 7,about7 #ab1 ,anodyne and narcotic4--,dose1 #a_/d gr4 to #a_/b gr41 gradually increased1 twice or thrice a day2 neuralgia1 rheumatism1 tic doloureux1 spasmodic asthma1 epilepsy1 worms1 c4 #c4 7,p4 ,cod4 ,ph4 ,u4 ,s47 ,from the expressed juice of the fresh leaves1 heated to boiling1 and filtered4 ,the ,p4 ,cod4 also orders it to be prepared as ,,extract ,,of ,,aconite--,ph4 ,l4 ,anodyne and narcotic4--,dose1 #a_/b gr4 to #a gr4 ,obs4 ,on the large scale1 this extract is prepared by expressing the juice of the fresh herb1 and boiling the remainder in water2 the juice and decoction are then mixed1 filtered1 and evaporated4 #a-a_/b cwt4 of stramonium yielded #cg lbs4 of juice1 and this1 with the decoction1 gave #ca lbs4 of extract4 7,gray47 #d4 7,alcoholic2 ,,extractum ,,stramonii--,ph4 ,e41 ,e4 ,s4 ,,alcoholicum1 ,l47--a4 7,ph4 ,e4 ,ph4 ,u4 ,s47 ,from the seeds 7ground in a coffee-mill71 by percolation with proof spirit4 ,product4 7,about7 #ad2 #a lb4 yielded #b-a_/d oz4 7,recluz47 b4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,from the leaves1 as ,,extract ,,of ,,aconite--,p4 ,cod4--,dose1 #a_/d gr4 gradually increased4 7,see above47 ,extract of ,suc'cory4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,chicorii1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,guibourt47 ,from the fresh root1 as ,,extract ,,of ,,aconite--,ph4 ,l4 ,aperient1 deobstruent1 and tonic4--,dose1 #aj gr4 to #a_/b dr4 ,extract of ,sweet ,flag4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,acidi1 ,e4 ,,calami ,,aromatici1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from the rhizomes1 as ,,extract ,,of ,,rhubarb--,ph4 ,l4 ,see ,,sweet ,,flag4 ,extract of ,tan'sy4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,tanaceti1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,from the herb 7,tanacetum vulgaris71 as ,,extract ,,of ,,hop--,ph4 ,l4 #b4 7,giordano47 ,as ,,extract ,,of ,,horehound--,ph4 ,lusitan4 ,obs4 ,this extract is said to be tonic1 stomachic1 anthelmintic1 emmenagogue1 and febrifuge4 ,dr ,clark says that in ,scotland it was found to be serviceable in various cases of gout4 ,the infusion is1 however1 preferable4--,dose1 #e gr4 to #bj gr4 ,extract of ,taraxacum4 ,syn4 ,,extract ,,of ,,dandelion2 ,,extractum ,,taraxaci 7,ph4 ,l4 ,e471 ,e4 ,t4 ,,herb ,,et ,,radicis 7,ph4 ,d4 #ahbf71 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,crush fresh dandelion root1 press out the juice1 and allow it to deposit2 heat the clear liquor to #bab ,f41 and maintain the temperature for #aj minutes2 then strain and evaporate by a water bath1 at a temperature not exceeding #afj ,f4 to a proper consistence4--,dose1 #e to #ae grains4 #b4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,from the recent root of dandelion 7,leontodon ,taraxacum71 as ,,extract ,,of ,,hop--,ph4 ,l4 ,the formul of the ,ph4 ,e4 ,u4 ,s4 are nearly similar4 #c4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,from the herb and root1 as the other simple extracts 7,,extracta ,,simpliciora74 #d4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,from the expressed juice1 as ,,extract ,,of ,,stramonium--,p4 ,cod47 #e4 7,ph4 ,bor47 ,as ,,extract ,,of ,,senna--,ph4 ,bor4 7nearly74 #f4 7,ph4 ,baden47 ,by displacement with cold water4 #g4 7,wholesale47 ,from the decoction4 #h4 7,fluid47 ,see ,,liquor ,,of ,,taraxacum4 ,obs4 ,the extract of the shops is usually prepared by exhausting the root by coction with water4 ,the products of the first two of the above formul1 when recent1 have a faint and agreeable odour1 and a sweet bitter taste2 those of ,nos4 #d1 #e1 and #f1 smell strongly of the recent root1 have a pale and lively brownish-yellow colour1 and a bitter acidulous taste1 without any trace of sweetness2 that of the last one is devoid of odour1 and possesses a coffee-brown colour1 and a sweetish1 burnt taste1 not much unlike a solution of burnt sugar4 ,the medicinal virtue of this extract is greatest when the aroma and bitter taste of the recent root is well developed2 and when sweet1 its efficacy as a remedy is impaired4 7,squire47 ,taraxacum root should be gathered during the winter months1 when the quantity of the product is looked at2 as then a given weight of the juice yields more extract2 but in summer and autumn it possesses more bitterness and aroma4 #d lbs4 of juice from roots gathered in ,november and ,december yielded #a lb4 of extract1 while it took from #f to #i lbs4 of juice from the root1 gathered in spring or summer1 to yield a like quantity4 7,squire47 ,the herb yields by the evaporation of its expressed juice about #e of extract4 ,according to ,mr ,jacob ,bell1 the average yield of #a cwt4 of root is about #g-a_/h lbs4 7',pharm ,journ41' x1 #ddf47 ,good extract of taraxacum should be wholly soluble in water4--,dose1 #aj gr4 to #a_/b dr42 as a resolvent1 aperient1 and tonic1 in liver and stomach complaints1 c4 ,extract of ,tea4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,the1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,from an infusion of any of the rougher kinds of black tea4 ,astringent4 ,has been recommended in diarrhoea2 formed into pills4--,dose1 #aj gr4 to #a_/b dr4 ,a hard1 black-looking substance1 smelling and tasting faintly of tea1 is imported under the same name from ,china4 #b4 7,pidding's47 ,the joint products of distillation and infusion combined4 ,proposed to be made in ,china1 and exported as a condensed preparation of tea4 7,,essence ,,of ,,tea2 ,,essentia ,,the72 to be used as a substitute for the leaves1 in order to save the expense of freight1 c4 ,extract of ,thorn-,apple4 ,see ,,extract ,,of ,,stramonium4 ,extract of ,tobac'co4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,tabaci1 ,e4 ,,nicotian1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,chippendale47 ,from decoction of tobacco4 ,proposed as an external application in neuralgia1 c4 #b4 7,alcoholic2 ,,extractum ,,tabaci ,,alcoholicum1 ,l4--,ph4 ,bor47 ,tobacco leaves1 #a lb42 spirit 7sp4 gr4 #ijj71 #b lbs42 digest in a warm place for some days1 express strongly1 and again digest in a mixture of water and spirit 7#ijj71 of each1 #a lb41 for #bd hours2 again press out the liquor1 and evaporate the strained and mixed liquors into a vapour bath1 at a temperature not exceeding #afg ,fahr4 ,extract of ,tor'mentil4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,tormentill1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,amst47 ,from the root of ,potentilla ,tormentilla1 as ,,extract ,,of ,,hops--,ph4 ,l4 ,the ,ph4 ,baden directs its preparation by displacement with cold water4 ,astringent and febrifuge4--,dose1 #ae to #cj gr42 in diarrhoea4 ,it was formerly regarded as a specific in syphilis4 7,lindley47 ,extract of ,u'va ,ur'si4 ,see ,,extract ,,of ,,whortleberry4 ,extract of ,valer'ian4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,valerian1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,from valerian root1 as ,,extract ,,of ,,hop--,ph4 ,l42 but using a covered vessel4 #b4 7,ph4 ,bor4 and ,baden47 ,as ,,extract ,,of ,,cinchona--,ph4 ,l4 7nearly71 employing strong force in the expression of the liquor1 and only evaporating to the consistence of syrup4 ,obs4 ,it is usual to add to this extract a little of the ,,essential ,,oil ,,of ,,valerian1 dissolved in a small quantity of rectified spirit1 just before removing it from the evaporating-pan1 and when nearly cold4 ,anti-spasmodic and nervine4--,dose1 #aj gr4 to #a_/b dr4 ,in hysteric and spasmodic diseases4 ,valerian yields about #dj of soft extract4 #c4 7,alcoholic2 ,,extractum ,,valerian ,,alcoholicum1 ,l4--,p4 ,cod47 ,as ,,extract ,,of ,,box4--,p4 ,cod4 #d4 7,fluid2 ,,extractum ,,valerian ,,fluidum1 ,l4--,ph4 ,u4 ,s474 ,rectified spirit1 #ab fl4 oz42 mix1 add of valerian 7in coarse powder71 #h oz4 digest and percolate1 adding1 subsequently1 spirit 7at or near proof7 until #af fl4 oz4 of tincture have passed through2 let this evaporate spontaneously1 in a shallow vessel1 until reduced to #e fl4 oz42 in the meantime add fresh spirit to the mass in the percolator1 until #aj fl4 oz4 more of tincture are obtained1 which add to the above residuum of the evaporation1 observing to dissolve any oleo-resinous deposit in a little rectified spirit1 and add to it to the rest2 lastly1 filter1 and add of rectified spirit1 q4 s4 to make the whole measure #af fl4 oz4 ,extract of ,vanil'la4 ,see ,,liquor ,,of ,,vanilla4 ,extract of ,wall ,pel'litory4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,parietari1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from fresh wall-pellitory 7,parietaria officinalis71 as ,,extract ,,of ,,aconite--,ph4 ,l4 ,aperient1 diuretic1 and pectoral4--,dose1 #aj gr4 to #a_/b dr4 ,extract of ,wal'nut4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,juglandis ,,immatur1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,from unripe walnuts 7,juglans regia71 as ,,extract ,,of ,,aconite--,ph4 ,l4 #b4 ,from the decoction of the green shells4 ,vermifuge4--,dose1 #bj to #cj gr4 in cinnamon water4 ,extract of ,walnut ,leaves4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,juglandis ,,foliorum1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,from the decoction of dried walnut leaves4 #b4 7,soubeiran47 ,by displacement with tepid water4 ,diaphoretic and alterative4--,dose1 #b to #d gr41 twice or thrice a day2 in scrofula1 scirrhus1 c4 #c4 7,alcoholic2 ,,extractum ,,juglandis ,,foliorum ,,alcoholicum1 ,l4--,ph4 ,bor47 ,from walnut leaves 7cut71 as ,,alcoholic ,,extract ,,of ,,tobacco--,ph4 ,bor4 7nearly74 ,extract of ,wa'ter-dock4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,rumicis ,,aquatici1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from the root1 as ,,extract ,,of ,,hops1 ,ph4 ,l4 ,astringent and antiscorbutic4--,dose1 #ae gr4 to #a dr42 in skin diseases1 c4 ,extract of ,whor'tleberry4 ,syn4 ,,extract ,,of ,,bearberry2 ,,extractum ,,uv ,,ursi4 7,ph4 ,l471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,from the dried leaves of the bearberry 7,arctostaphylos ,uva-,ursi71 as ,,extract ,,of ,,hops--,ph4 ,l4--,dose1 #e to #ae gr41 twice or thrice a day2 in chronic diseases of the bladder and kidneys1 attended with increased secretion of mucus1 without inflammation4 #b4 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s4 ,,extractum ,,uvi-,,ursi ,,eluidum47 ,as fluid extract of cotton-root4 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s47 ,extract of ,willow ,bark4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,salicis4 7,ph4 ,par47 ,from ,powdered willow bark1 as ,,extract ,,of ,,rhatany4 ,extract of ,win'ter ,cher'ry4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,alkekengi1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from the berries of ,physalis alkekengi1 as ,,extract ,,of ,,elder4 ,aperient1 detergent1 and diuretic4 ,dose1 #b to #d dr4 ,extract of ,win'ter-green4 ,syn4 ,,extract ,,of ,,pipsissewa2 ,,extractum ,,chimaphil1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from the herb winter-green or pipsissewa 7,chimaphila umbellata71 as ,,extract ,,of ,,hops--,ph4 ,l4--,dose1 #aj gr4 to #a_/b dr42 in dropsy1 scrofula1 and chronic affections of the urinary organs4 ,extract of ,wood ,sor'rel4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,acetosell1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,pideret47 ,from the expressed juice of the fresh herb 7,oxalis acetosella47 ,acid1 bitter1 and antiscorbutic4--,dose1 #ae gr4 to #a_/b dr4 ,extract of ,worm ,grass4 ,see ,,extract ,,of ,,pinkroot4 ,extract of ,worm'seed4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,cin ,,thereum1 ,e4 ,,seminum ,c4 41 ,l4 ,prep4 7,hamb4 ,cod4 #ahde47 ,wormseed1 #a oz42 ether1 #d oz42 digest #c or #d days1 press1 filter1 distil off #d-eths1 and evaporate the residuum to a proper consistence4 ,prod4 #be to #cj4 ,vermifuge4--,dose1 #c to #aj gr41 night and morning1 for #b or #c successive days1 followed by a brisk purge4 ,extract of ,worm-wood4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,absinthii2 ,,extractum ,,artemesi ,,absinthii1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,d41 #ahbf47 ,from the dried flowering tops of wormwood1 as the other simple extracts 7,,extracta ,,simpliciora--,ph4 ,d47 #b4 7,ph4 ,bor47 ,as ,,extract ,,of ,,rhatany--,ph4 ,bor4 #c4 7,p4 ,cod4 and ,ph4 ,baden47 ,by displacement by cold water4 ,obs4 ,bitter1 stomachic1 tonic1 and vermifuge4--,dose1 #aj gr4 to #bj gr41 #b or #c times daily2 in dyspepsia1 loss of appetite1 gout1 c4 ,it is usual to add a few drops of the oil of wormwood to the extract before taking it from the pan4 #d4 7,alcoholic2 ,,extractum ,,absinthii ,,alcoholicum1 ,l4--,guibourt47 ,from a tincture prepared from the dried tops of wormwood boiled in proof spirit4 ,more active than the last4 ,extract of ,yew4 ,syn4 ,,extractum ,,taxi1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,loder47 ,from the inspissated juice of the fresh leaves of the yew 7,taxus baccata74 ,its action on the circulation greatly resembles that of digitalis1 but is more manageable4--,dose1 #a to #g gr42 in epilepsy1 c4 #b4 7,alcoholic1--,ph4 ,baden47 ,from the dried leaves1 as ,,alcoholic ,,extract ,,of ,,aconite--,ph4 ,baden4 ,obs4 ,in addition to the preparations given above1 there are many others which are often called ',,extracts1' ,these may be grouped under the following heads3-- ,extracts1 ,concentra'ted4 ,syn4 ,,resinoids4 ,pharmaceutical preparations of more or less value1 largely employed by the ,american physicians who style themselves ',,eclectics1' ,they are supposed to present in the most concentrated form the medicinal virtues of the plants from which they are derived4 ,see ,,resinoids4 ,extracts1 ,fluid4 ,syn4 ,,extracta ,,fluida1 ,,extracta ,,liquida1 ,l4 ,this name has been applied in modern pharmacy to various preparations differing materially from each other in their degree of fluidity and concentration4 ,some of these have been already noticed1 and others will be found under one or other of their synonyms4 ,much confusion would be avoided by confining the name ',,fluid ,,extract' to those preparations only which differ from the ordinary officinal extracts in being in the liquid form2 whilst others of a like character1 but of less consistence or concentration1 might be conveniently classed under the general denomination of ',,liquors' 7,,liquores1 ,l474 ,the various condensed preparations of vegetable substances1 now common in trade1 professedly several times stronger than the common ,,decoctions1 ,,infusions1 and ,,tinctures1 might be simply and advantageously distinguished by the addition of ',,concentrated' to their names4 ,tinctures made with rectified spirit1 and of 7say7 at least #h times the usual strength1 might be appropriately termed ',,essences1' ,see ,,decoction1 ,,essence1 ,,extract1 ,,infusion1 ,,oleo-,,resin1 ,,syrup1 ,,tincture1 c4 ,extracts1 ,perfu'matory4 ,see ,,extrait4 ,extracts1 ,pulver'ulent4 ,syn4 ,,dried ,,extracts1 ,,desiccated ,e42 ,,saccharated ,e42 ,,extracta ,,pulverata1 ,e4 ,,sicca1 ,e4 ,,cum ,,saccharo1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,ordinary soft extract of the drug1 #d parts2 white sugar 7in powder71 #a part2 mix1 and dry by exposure in a warm situation2 lastly1 reduce the mass to powder1 and if it weighs less than #d parts1 triturate it with more powdered sugar until its weight is equal to the original weight of the extract used in its preparation4 ,the strength of the extract thus continues unchanged4 #b4 7,ph4 ,bor47 ,as the last1 but using powdered sugar of milk1 in lieu of cane sugar4 #c4 7,gauger47 ,alcoholic extract1 #c parts1 rectified spirit1 #a part1 are triturated together in a porcelain mortar until thoroughly incorporated1 when white sugar 7in powder71 #ae oz41 is gradually added1 and the two carefully and completely blended together2 the mixture is dried as before1 and more sugar added until the whole weighs exactly #ah oz4 ,six grains represent one grain of the unprepared extract4 ,obs4 ,the above are admirable preparations1 intended chiefly to render the perishable extracts of the narcotic plants 7,,extracta ,,narcotica7 less liable to suffer by age4 ,see ,,extract ,,of ,,aconite 7,saccharated71 c4 ,,extrac',,tive4 ,syn4 ,,extractive ,,principle4 ,fourcroy entertained the belief that all vegetable extracts contained a common basis of definite composition1 to which he gave the name of extractive4 ,chevreul and other chemists have shown1 however1 that ,fourcroy's extractive is not a chemical compound but a heterogeneous mixture1 varying in composition with the plant from which it is obtained4 ,extractive has a brown colour1 or one becoming so in the air2 it speedily putrefies1 and becomes oxidised1 and is rendered insoluble by long exposure to air1 and by repeated solutions and evaporations4 ,in its unaltered state it is soluble in water and in alcohol1 is nearly insoluble in ether1 and is precipitated from its solutions by the acids and metallic oxides4 ,with alumina it forms the basis of several brown dyes4 ,,extrait4 ,fr4 ,literally an extract4 ,among perfumers1 extraits are mostly spirituous solutions of the essential oils or odorous principles of plants and other fragrant substance4 ,the ,french commonly apply the term to any concentrated spirit1 either simple or compound4 ,in the shops of the ,parisian perfumers upwards of #fj preparations of the kind are distinguished by this name4 ,the extracts of ,,jasmine1 ,,jonquil1 ,,may-,,lily1 ,,orange ,,blossoms1 ,,violets1 and other like flowers of delicate perfume1 are obtained by agitating and digesting the 'huiles' and 'pomades' of the flowers with the purest rectified spirit in the manner described under ,,scented ,,spirits 7'esprits'74 ,this process is repeated with fresh oil or pomade until the spirit is rendered sufficiently fragrant4 ,the other extracts 7both simple and compound7 are made by the common methods of infusion and distillation4 ,see ,,essence1 ,,extract1 ,,spirit1 c4 ,,eye4 ,in anatomy and physiology1 the organ of vision4 ,in order that vision may be distinct1 it is necessary that the pencil of rays diverging from each point of the object and entering the pupil should converge to a focus on the retina4 ,near-sightedness 7',,myopia1' ,l47 is due to the too great convexity of either the 'lens' or 'cornea1' causing the rays to converge to a focus before reaching the retina4 ,the spectacles worn by myopic persons have concave glasses1 which1 by increasing the divergence of the rays falling upon the eye1 have the effect of carrying back each focal point towards the retina4 ,in the long sight of old people 7',,presbyopia1' ,l47 the foci of the refracted pencils are situated behind the retina1 the 'lens' or the 'cornea' being not sufficiently convex4 ,this defect is corrected by convex glasses1 which increase the convergence of the incident rays4 ,foreign ,bodies in the ,eye4--,particles of dust1 small insects1 hairs1 and such like minute bodies frequently get under the eyelid1 and thus become a source of considerable discomfort1 and very frequently of great pain4 ,hence the necessity of their prompt removal4 ,in order to effect this the inside of the lids should be so exposed as to reveal the intruding substance4 ,the lower lid may be easily turned down so as to show the inner surface1 but the upper lid cannot be so easily manipulated4 ,the end1 however1 may be attained by taking firm hold of the lid with the finger and thumb1 drawing it downward and forward1 placing a quill or a small pencil-case on the outer upper part1 and turning the lid backwards over it4 ,when the annoying particle is seen it should be removed by gently drawing over it1 with a wiping motion1 a piece of rag or linen handkerchief1 wrapped round the finger1 or by means of a camel-hair brush1 if this latter be at hand4 ,if these means fail to remove it1 and it should be imbedded too firmly in the membrane1 it may be picked off with a tooth-pick1 the end of a pair of tweezers1 a fine ivory paper-knife1 or with a stiff hair from a clothes-brush bent at right angles4 ,if lime-dust has blown into the eye it is only the larger particles that can be removed in this manner2 the finer particles may be dissolved out by washing the eye with a lotion made of one part of common vinegar and two parts of water4 ,a drop or two of pure sugar syrup will also frequently dissolve the lime4 ,when a powerfully destructive substance1 such1 for instance1 as sulphuric acid or oil of vitriol1 is1 as sometimes happens1 thrown by some person into the eye1 the best course is to wash it out with a solution containing four grains of washing soda in an ounce of water4 ,this should be done as quickly as possible1 and pending the time the soda lotion is being got ready1 the eye1 being kept open1 should be diligently washed with cold water4 ,grains of gunpowder should be carefully removed4 ,hot fluid1 such as melted fat or pitch1 may be got rid of by putting into the eye a few drops of almond or olive oil4 ,upon removal of the foreign body the pain generally subsides2 but it sometimes happens that the membranes may be lacerated1 in which case more or less inflammation may ensue4 ,under these circumstances a medical practitioner should be consulted4 ,for animals the same treatment may be followed4 ,see ,,blindness1 ,,colour ,,blindness1 ,,vision1 c4 ,eye ,balsam1 ,vegetable 7,martin ,reichel1 ,wrzburg74 ,opium1 #e parts2 oxide of mercury1 #e parts2 camphor1 #b parts2 wax cerate1 #eb parts4 7,hager47 ,eye ,drops4 ,see ,,water 7,eye74 ,eye ,essence 7,dr ,romershausen74 ,a tincture prepared from fennel seeds and fresh young fennel4 7,hager47 ,eye ,powder 7,laeyson1 ,paris71 also known as ,odorous ,powder4 ,for the strengthening1 restoration1 and preservation of the sight4 ,a powder composed of--,burnt chalk1 #ajj parts2 ammonia1 #ej parts2 charcoal1 #f parts2 oxide of iron1 #b parts2 cinnamon bark1 #b parts4 7,p4 ,l4 ,geiger47 ,eye ,pow'ders4 ,see ,,collyria4 ,eye ,salt4 ,powdered alum4 7,g4 ,graefe47 ,eye ,salve4 ,see ,,ointment 7,eye74 ,eye ,snuff4 ,see ,,snuff4 ,eye ,water 7,biedermann1 ,annaberg74 #b grms4 sulphate of zinc in #fj grms4 distilled water1 with a little infusion of cloves4 ,eye ,water 7,brun7 is a solution of #d parts of aloes in #cb parts of white wine1 with #cb parts of rose water1 and #a-a_/b part of tincture of saffron4 ,eye ,water 7,chantomelanus7 makes spectacles superfluous4 ,a turbid yellow-brownish liquid1 consisting of a weak extract of lavender flowers in diluted spirit1 in which some oil of lavender has also been dissolved4 7,opwyrda47 ,eye ,water1 ,dr ,graefe's 7,l4 ,roth1 ,berlin74 ,sulphate of zinc1 #ae grms42 fennel water1 #ajj grms41 slightly coloured with fennel seed tincture4 7,schdler47 ,eye ,water 7,j4 ,p4 ,h4 ,hette74 ,a solution of ethereal oils of lavender1 bergamot1 rosemary1 and tincture of opium in spirits of wine1 #ej per cent4 7,wittstein47 ,eye ,water 7,bernhard ,kraft1 ,calbe7 for acute inflammation of the eyes and for strengthening the sight4 ,seven grammes of an impure muddy sediment-leaving spring water containing half a gramme of native sulphate of zinc containing iron4 7,schdler47 ,eye ,water 7,inspector ,stroinski1 ,neisse74 ,one part of sulphate of zinc dissolved in #ejj parts of common river water4 7,schreiber47 ,once a trace of patchouli perfume was added to this water4 7,hager47 ,eye ,water1 ,dr ,white's 7,t4 ,ehrhard1 ,altenfeld1 ,thuringia74 ,four cloves1 a piece of cinnamon the size of a large pea1 #b teaspoonfuls of rose water1 #a drop of vinegar1 #aj drops of arnica tincture4 ,digest for an hour and filter4 ,dissolve in the filtrate some white vitriol of the size of a pea4 7,hager47 ,sulphate of zinc1 #c parts2 honey1 #d parts2 water1 #hj parts2 perfumed with oil of cloves and a trace of mustard oil4 7,wittstein47 ,eye ,waters4 ,see ,,water4 ,,face ,a',,gue4 ,the common name for the intermittent form of facial ,,neuralgia or ,,tic ,,douloureux4 ,see ,,neuralgia4 ,,face ,,paints4 ,syn4 ,,fards1 ,fr4 ,see ,,bloom1 ,,carmine1 ,,pearl ,,white1 ,,rouge1 c4 ,,fac-,,sim',,ile4 ,an exact imitation of an original in all its traits and peculiarities4 ,the term is chiefly used in relation to copies of old manuscripts1 or of the handwriting of famous men1 or of interesting documents1 produced by engraving or lithography4 ,see ,,signatures4 ,,facti'',,tious4 ,syn4 ,,factitius1 ,l4 ,artificial2 made by art1 in distinction from that produced by nature4 ,numerous illustrations of the application of this word occur in the pages of the present work4 ,f,,ces4 ,excrement4 ,in the laboratory1 the 'settling' or sediment deposited by a liquor4 ,see ,,defecation1 ,,excreta4 ,,faint',,ing4 ,syn4 ,,swooning2 ,,syncope1 ,,deliquium ,,animi1 ,l4 ,in pathology1 a state in which the respiration and circulation are apparently suspended for a time1 or are extremely feeble4 ,the symptoms are too well known to require description4 ,the causes are supposed to be--diminished energy of the brain1 and organic affections of the heart or neighbouring vessels4 ,this has led nosologists to divide syncope into two varieties3-- #a4 ,occasional 7,,syncope ,,occasionalis1 ,s4 ,,accidentalis1 ,l471 primitively induced by sudden and violent emotions of the mind1 powerful odours1 derangement of the stomach or bowels1 constrained position of the body1 tight-lacing1 pressure1 loss of blood1 debility from disease1 c4 ,this variety is frequently followed by vomiting1 and1 occasionally1 by convulsions or epileptic fits4 ,the recovery is accelerated by the horizontal position1 without the head being the least elevated1 by which the arterial blood is more vigorously thrown upon the brain1 and thereby stimulates it to resume its usual functions4 ,pungent substances 7smelling-bottle1 vinaigrette1 c47 may be applied to the nostrils1 and cold water sprinkled on the face and chest4 ,in all cases the dress 7corset1 waist-band1 neck-cloth1 c47 should be instantly loosened1 and indeed this is the first assistance which should be given1 either in syncope or apoplexy4 ,as soon as the patient can swallow1 a little brandy-and-water1 or wine1 or a few drops of ether or spirit of sal volatile1 may be given4 #b4 ,cardiac 7,,syncope ,,cardiaca1 ,l471 arising without any apparent cause1 with violent palpitation during the intervals1 and altogether of a more formidable character than the preceding4 ,the subsequent treatment must here be directed to the cure or alleviation of the original disease4 ,,faints4 ,the first and last runnings of the whiskey-still4 ,the one is technically termed the 'strong faints1' the other1 the 'weak faints4' ,they are both purified by rectification1 c4 ,see ,,distillation4 ,,faith4 ,dr ,pereira remarks1 that faith in the beneficial agency of remedies1 and confidence in the skill of the medical attendant1 are important adjuvants in the treatment of disease4 ,to them both the physician and empiric owe part of their success4 ,,fal',,ling ,,sick',,ness4 ,see ,,epilepsy4 ,,familiensalbe1 ,family ,ointment 7,gring74 #af grammes of a hard yellow salve in a round box2 a mixture of #i parts wax1 #c parts fat2 #b parts turpentine1 #b parts inspissated juice of ,ornithogalium scilloides ,jacquin1 or ,o4 candatum ,aiton4 ,these plants are known to the public as ,meerzwiebel 7sea onion or squill71 but they are only related to that plant in appearance4 7,hager47 ,,far',,cy4 ,see ,,glanders4 ,,fardel-,,bound4 ,syn4 ,,clue-,,bound1 ,,wood-,,evil4 ,an affection of the third stomach of cattle1 induced by their unduly partaking of coarse indigestible food4 ,cattle are most commonly attacked by fardel in summer and autumn1 when they are able to get at tough1 strong1 and hard grass4 ,it is also frequently caused by rye-grass in seed and ripe vetches1 as well as by eating largely of the shoots of trees or the cuttings of hedges1 a circumstance which has given rise to the disease being called 'wood-evil4' ,sometimes an attack may be brought on through over-feeding1 combined with a deficiency of water4 ,the symptoms vary greatly in intensity1 and are often some days before they definitely manifest themselves4 ,the animal ceases to ruminate1 refuses food1 and1 if a cow1 the secretion of milk is stopped4 ,then1 after a day or two fever 7indicated by heat and dryness in the nose and mouth7 comes on1 with somewhat quickened circulation and breathing1 the breathing by the second or third day being accompanied by a grunt at the beginning and end of respiration1 which is very noticeable when an attempt is made to move the animal4 ,in all attacks the animal suffers from obstinate constipation4 ,the first stomach is frequently much distended1 and if any fces are passed they are caked1 dark coloured1 and of variable consistence4 ,when the disease is attended with most of these symptoms1 the animal may live ten days or a fortnight2 but unless relief is afforded1 nausea very frequently sets in1 and continues to increase1 the pulse at the same time getting gradually weaker1 and the strength failing4 ,in some instances the animal has an epileptic fit1 and in others death is preceded by great stupor2 whilst in others1 again1 if it be a horse1 it is attacked with stomach staggers4 ,the treatment consists in removing the obstinate constipation by powerful purgatives1 advantage being taken to gain their utmost efficacy by combining several together1 and giving them along with plenty of fluid4 ,three-quarters of a pound each of ,epsom and of common salt1 twenty croton beans1 and a drachm of calomel1 will suffice for a full-grown1 middle-sized ox or cow1 and must be administered in three or four bottles of water or very thin gruel4 ,in this disease there is little fear of giving too much medicine4 ,the action of the purgatives is greatly expedited by the use of occasional stimulants1 which in diseases of the digestive organs of cattle may be given without fear of engendering or aggravating inflammation4 ,every encouragement must be used to get the animal to drink1 for large quantities of fluid are obviously most essential in washing out the obstruction which causes the evil4 ,the cessation of the grunt1 the passage of some hard cakes of dung1 with the subsequent abatement of the fever1 are the signs of amendment for which we watch2 but even after the first movement of the bowels considerable attention1 a sloppy diet1 and several doses of purgative medicine1 are requisite to empty the canal and prevent the recurrence of the obstruction4 ,if twenty hours elapse after the administration of the above combination without any action of the bowels1 the same dose may be repeated1 along with a good quantity of some stimulant1 such as a bottle of ale1 with two ounces of oil of turpentine and two ounces of ginger4 ,half the quantity of the purgative may be given at the end of a like interval1 if no effect be produced2 but the further employment of purgatives is injurious1 inasmuch as it increases the nausea without expediting the action of the bowels4 ,a week will sometimes elapse without any alvine evacuation2 in some cases ,i have known ten or eleven days1 and in some fifteen days4 ,yet even in these recovery took place2 and so long as stupor and frenzy are staved off1 there is always hope of a cure4 ,after the prompt and energetic adoption of the treatment recommended1 little further remains to be done except to withhold all solid indigestible food1 administer frequent quantities of water1 or any simple fluid1 which must be horned over if the beast will not take it2 allow also plenty of treacle1 and encourage the action of the medicine by clysters1 scalding the belly1 and occasional exercise4 ,blood-letting is not only useless1 but even injurious4 7,,finlay ,,dun47 ,,far',,ina4 ,the flour of any species of corn1 pulse1 tuber1 or starchy root4 ,the most important kinds of farina are noticed under their respective heads4 ,the following dietetic articles of a farinaceous character are extensively advertised3-- ,,baker',s ,,alimentary ,,compound4 ,fine flour 7pastrycook's71 #b parts2 finely ground rice1 #a part4 ,,baster',s ,,compound ,,farina4 ,wheat flour1 #ad oz42 white sugar1 #b oz4 ,,braden',s ,,farinaceous ,,food4 ,similar to ,hard's 7below74 ,,bright',s ,,nutritious ,,farina4 ,rice flour and potato starch1 equal parts4 ,,bright',s ,,breakfast ,,powder4 ,chocolate1 #a part2 nutritious farina 7,bright's7 #b parts4 ,,bullock',s ,,semola4 ,wheat flour1 from which a portion of the starch has been removed1 so as to leave an excess of gluten4 ,,denham',s ,,farinaceous ,,food4 ,wheat flour1 #c parts2 barley meal1 #a part2 the mixture is slightly baked1 and again ground and sifted4 ,said to be slightly laxative4 ,,duryea',s ,,maizena4 ,indian corn starch prepared for food4 ,,gardiner',s ,,alimentary ,,preparation4 ,pure rice flour1 very finely ground4 ,,hard',s ,,farinaceous ,,food4 ,wheat flour1 slightly baked1 and resifted4 ,,kingsford',s ,,oswego ,,prepared ,,corn4 ,an excellent preparation of ,indian corn4 ,,leath',s ,,alimentary ,,farina4 ,wheat flour 7baked71 with some sugar1 ,indian corn meal1 and tapioca4 ,according to some1 it also contains potato starch4 ,,maidman',s ,,nutritious ,,farina4 ,potato starch tinged with beet-root or other pink colouring matter4 ,,plumbe',s ,,farinaceous ,,food4 ,south-sea arrow-root1 with about #a-crd its weight of pea flour4 ,,polson',s ,,corn ,,flour4 ,the starch of ,indian corn or maize prepared with great care4 ,it is much used as a substitute for arrow-root1 and for custards1 puddings1 c4 ,,smith',s ,,nursing ,,farina4 ,equal parts of baked wheat flour and rice flour4 ,obs4 ,many of the above compounds are deficient in the nitrogenous elements of nutrition1 and all of them nearly destitute of the mineral and saline matters which are absolutely necessary to the formation of the bones and tissues1 and the support of the body in health1 and are consequently utterly unsuitable as an exclusive article of diet1 especially for young children4 ,unfortunately1 it has been too much the fashion of medical men of late years to recommend these compounds1 and even to furnish testimonials as to their excellence1 apparently relying solely on the representation of their proprietors or vendors4 ,we deem it1 however1 to be a public duty to caution parents and nurses against their injudicious use4 ,as mere adjuvants or auxiliaries1 when the natural food supplied by the mother may be insufficient for the nutrition of the infant1 some of them may doubtless be of value2 but in all other cases they should be largely combined with pure cow's milk1 beef tea1 meat broths or gravies1 eggs1 or other substances rich in the nitrogenous and saline elements of nutrition4 ,,farm',,ing4 ,the business or management of a ,,farm4 ,formerly farming was looked upon as a profession easily understood1 and successfully pursued only by an empiric4 ,it is now1 however1 regarded in a different light1 and the farmer1 to succeed1 not only requires perseverance and observation1 but also a sound knowledge of natural sciences4 ,see ,,butter1 ,,cheese1 ,,implements1 ,,manures1 ,,soils1 c4 ,,farms1 ,,sewage4 ,see ,,sewage ,,farms4 ,,fat4 ,syn4 ,,adeps1 ,l4 ,the fat of animals is a concrete oil contained in the cellular membrane of their bodies1 more especially round the kidneys1 in the folds of the omentum1 at the base of the heart1 upon the surface of the intestines1 and among many of the muscles4 ,fat varies in consistence1 colour1 and odour1 with the animal from which it is obtained4 ,that of the carnivora is usually soft and rank-flavoured2 that of the ruminantia solid and nearly scentless4 ,it is generally whitest and most copious in the well-fed young animal1 and yellowish and more scanty in the old4 ,that under the skin and surrounding the kidneys 7suet7 is also more solid than that in the neighbourhood of the movable viscera4 ,in the cetacea1 or whale tribe1 the fatty secretion assumes the form of oil4 ,these variations in consistency depend upon the relative proportions of solid stearin and liquid olein present in the fat4 ,the vegetable fats are found in various parts of certain plants1 but are generally most abundant in the seeds4 ,they are extracted by simple pressure or else by boiling4 ,two kinds of vegetable fat1 namely1 palm-oil and cocoa-nut oil1 are extensively employed in the useful arts4 ,all fats are lighter than water4 ,they are all soluble in ether1 benzol1 and turpentine1 and may be mixed with each other in any proportion4 ,in former times the fats of many animals were employed in pharmacy1 but at present those principally used are lard and suet4 ,in perfumery1 in addition to these1 beef marrow and bear's grease are employed4 ,for both these purposes the crude material is cut into small pieces1 and freed as much as possible from all extraneous membranes2 after which it is placed in a boiler with water1 and heated until it is completely fused1 when the whole is strained1 and allowed to cool very slowly4 ,by this means a cake of cleansed fat is obtained1 which may be readily separated from any adhering water4 ,fats and the fat oils are best preserved by being run into glazed jars1 and secluded from the action of the air4 ,a little benzoic acid or gum-benzoin1 dissolved in them by heat1 will generally prevent1 and in all cases greatly defer1 the accession of rancidity4 ,we introduced this method into the laboratory in our early days of manipulation1 and ourselves1 and others to whom we have made it known1 have since employed it with undeviating advantage in the manufacture of cerates1 ointments1 and other preparations containing fatty matter or the fixed oils4 ,it has been shown by ,dr ,griesler that nitric ether1 and its alcoholic solution1 act in the same manner4 ,a few drops are not only sufficient to prevent rancidity1 but1 it is said1 will even destroy the disagreeable odour of rancid fat4 ,when heated to remove the alcohol1 they immediately become bright1 clear1 and scentless4 ,see ,,oil1 ,,glycerin1 ,,olein1 ,,palmitin1 ,,stearin1 ,,tallow1 c41 also below4 ,fat1 to melt down4 ,let all the small pieces of fat cut off joints1 c41 be collected1 divided into small pieces1 put in a stew pan 7a little water being added to prevent their burning71 and placed on the fire4 ,this must be stirred carefully at intervals to prevent any of the pieces of fat sticking to the bottom4 ,when thoroughly melted 7which it will be in about an hour and a half7 pour through a strainer into a basin with some cold water in it4 ,thus prepared1 dripping or fat may be used instead of suet1 and there are few who would know any difference between them4 ,dripping1 if clarified as above1 may be used over and over again for frying1 provided it has not been previously employed in dressing fish1 in which case it will impart a fishy taste4 ,but it can be used repeatedly for fish if it is kept for that purpose only4 ,the skimmings off the top of the saucepans1 while a piece of meat is boiling1 will also do capitally for light puddings4#bif ,footnote #bif3 ',artisan ,cookery4' ,griffith and ,farran4 ,,fat',,ty ,,acids4 ,in chemistry1 compounds having acid properties derived from the various fats and oils4 ,the radicals of these acids exist in the natural fats combined with a base called glyceryl4 ,when fats are saponified by an alkali1 stearate1 palmitate1 and oleate of potassa or soda1 as the case may be1 are produced and glycerin is set free4 ,on decomposing either of these compounds with sulphuric acid a sulphate of the alkali is formed1 and the fatty acid is precipitated4 ,some of the fatty acids1 as stearic1 cerotic1 palmitic1 and lauric1 are solid at ordinary temperatures2 others1 as oleic1 are liquid4 ,the hard fatty acids are extensively used as candle materials1 being superior in every respect to the natural fats from which they are derived4 ,,fat',,tening4 ,until comparatively a recent date1 the plan used to fatten domestic animals was to prevent their taking exercise1 and to gorge them with food4 ,the excessive fat produced by these means was1 however1 found to be far from wholesome1 and was less delicate than that arising in the natural way4 ,this system was therefore gradually abandoned in favour of the present one1 which consists in supplying the animal with abundance of wholesome food1 and with the means of taking exercise as far as the disposition or feelings dictate4 ,hence the farmers in the most enlightened districts1 such as ,berwickshire1 ,east ,lothian1 c41 instead of tying up their fattening cattle in stables like horses1 and placing their food before them1 put two or three together in small yards with sheds attached1 in which they can run about1 eat when they choose1 and take shelter from the rain1 or cold1 or the sun1 at pleasure1 under the open shed4 ,swine are treated in the same manner1 and also spring lambs that are fattened for the market4 ,poultry are no longer kept in coops and crammed1 or rabbits in hutches2 but the former are allowed to take exercise in fields sown with various herbs1 and the latter are kept in a species of artificial warren1 where they can take exercise by burrowing4 7,loudon47 ,,favourite ,,prescription 7,dr ,pierce's7 for the cure of those chronic weaknesses and complaints peculiar to females4 #bhj grammes of a turbid greenish-brown fluid with a bulky deposit of the same colour1 made according to the following recipe3--,savin tops1 #aj grammes2 larch agaric and cinnamon1 of each #e grammes2 ,china ,jan 7ash cinchona bark71 #aj grammes2 boil with sufficient water to make #bbj grammes when strained4 ,dissolve in the filtrate gum ,arabic1 #aj grammes2 white sugar1 #e grammes2 and add tinct4 digitalis and tinct4 opii1 of each #b grammes2 star anise oil1 #h drops2 #ij per cent4 spirit1 #de grammes4 7,hager47 ,,fear4 ,although fear is a depressing and debilitating emotion1 and sometimes acts prejudicially on the health1 it frequently acts as a curative or preventive of disease4 ,it is a well-known fact that females who are the most faint-hearted and desponding during the period of their sex's trial1 generally experience a more rapid convalescence than those who are more confident and resolute4 ,during the raging of an epidemic fear generally induces temperance1 cleanliness1 and the adoption of other precautions which tend powerfully to prevent disease4 ,boerhaave1 according to ,pereira1 is said to have prevented the occurrence of epileptic attack 7brought on by the sight of a person falling down in a fit in the sight of the hospital patients71 by directing a red-hot iron to be applied to the person who should next be affected4 ,,fea',,thers4 ,ostrich feathers are those most esteemed as articles of personal decoration1 and goose feathers for beds2 but the feathers of other birds are commonly used for both purposes4 ,feathers are prepared for ornamental purposes by scouring them with white soap-and-water 7#a oz4 to the pint71 used hot2 they are next well rinsed in several successive portions of pure water1 and after being drained and shaken1 are1 lastly1 passed through water slightly blued with pure indigo1 and dried out of the dust4 ,when dry1 the ribs are generally rubbed with a piece of glass1 having a curved notch in it1 for the purpose of increasing their pliancy1 and the filaments are curled by drawing them1 between the edge of a blunt knife and the ball of the thumb of the hand which holds it4 ,feathers1 ,bleaching of3-- ,a new trade has sprung up within the past ten years1 by which black1 brown1 or grey feathers are bleached sufficiently to enable them to be dyed any required colour4 ,the process is as follows3--,the feathers are first thoroughly washed with soap-and-water1 to free them from any oil they may contain4 ,they are next transferred to a bath composed of bichromate of potash dissolved in water1 to which has been added a few drops of nitric or sulphuric acid4 ,in this bath they rapidly lose their black1 brown1 or grey colour1 and become almost white4 ,on being removed from this bath they are well rinsed in water1 and are then fit to be dyed1 even the most delicate colour4 ,great care is required in the process1 as the flue of the feather is apt to be destroyed1 if kept too long in the bath4 ,a bleached feather may be readily known by the yellow colour of its stem4 ,other methods have been adopted1 such as a bath of chloride of lime1 peroxide of hydrogen1 or sulphurous acid1 c41 but the bichromate bath gives the best results4 ,feathers1 ,dyeing of3-- ,,black4 ,by immersion for #b or #c days in a bath 7at first hot7 of logwood1 #h parts1 and copperas or acetate of iron1 7about7 #a part4 ,,blue4 ,with the indigo vat4 ,,brown4 ,by any of the brown dyes for silk or woollen4 ,,crimson4 ,a mordant of alum1 followed by a hot bath of brazil wood1 and afterwards by a weak one of cudbear4 ,,pink or ,,rose4 ,with safflower and lemon juice4 ,,plum4 ,the red dye1 followed by alkaline bath4 ,,red4 ,a mordant of alum1 followed by a hot brazil-wood bath4 ,,yellow4 ,from an alum mordant1 followed by a bath of turmeric or weld4 ,other shades may be obtained by a mixture of the above dyes4 ,feathers may also be dyed by simple immersion1 for two or three minutes1 in a bath of any of the aniline colours4 ,goose feathers for ,,beds are generally ,,purified by simply exposing them to the sun or in a stove until perfectly dry1 and then beating them to remove loose dirt4 ,when carelessly collected and dirty1 they are sometimes first cleansed with lime water1 or1 better still1 with a weak solution of carbonate of soda1 or water to which a little solution of chloride of lime has been added2 after which they are rinsed in clean water1 and dried or stoved as before4 ,old feathers are cleansed or purified in the same way4 ,,feb',,rifuges4 ,syn4 ,,febrifuga1 ,l4 ,in pharmacy1 substances or agents which cure or alleviate fever4 ,the term is more particularly applied to medicines used against the ague1 as ,,cinchona ,,bark and ,,arsenious ,,acid1 and their preparations4 ,the extreme value of cold water1 as a drink in ardent fever1 has been known in all ages4 ,in #agbc ,dr ,hancocke published a work entitled--',febrifugum ,magnum1 or ,common ,water the best ,cure for ,fevers1 and probably for the ,plague1' which in a short time ran through several large editions1 but appears to have been overlooked by the hydropaths of the present day4 ,,fec',,ula4 ,syn4 ,f,,cula1 ,l4 ,the matter which subsides from cold water in which bruised or rasped vegetable substances have been washed4 ,the fecula obtained from the seeds of the cereals and leguminos1 and from tuberous or bulbous roots1 consists of nearly pure ,,starch4 ,in some cases the starch is associated with the green colouring matter 7,,chlorophyll7 and the narcotic principles of the vegetables which yield it4 ,the green fecula obtained by straining the expressed juices of the leaves and herbaceous parts of plants is of this character4 ,the fecula of all the amylaceous roots1 rhizomes1 and tubers1 may be easily obtained1 on the small scale1 by rasping them1 pressing1 and working the pulp in cold water1 and after straining the resulting milky liquid through a hair sieve1 allowing it to settle4 ,the sediment may be again washed by diffusion through clean cold water1 and must be1 lastly1 collected1 and dried out of the dust1 and1 without artificial heat4 ,the fecula of narcotic plants for medicinal purposes is obtained by allowing the expressed juice to repose for #bd hours1 and then decanting the clear portion1 and drying the residue4 ,sometimes heat is employed4 ,see ,,arrow-,,root1 ,,starch1 c4 ,,feeding ,,bottles4 ,we extract from ',the ,sanitary ,record' the following valuable paper on ',feeding ,bottles1' by ,dr ,eustace ,smith1 assistant-physician to the ,city of ,london ,hospital for ,diseases of the ,chest1 and ,physician to the ,east ,london ,hospital for ,children3--,in the artificial rearing of infants it is of importance that food should be given to them from a feeding-bottle4 ,by this means the natural method of taking nourishment is imitated2 the muscles of the mouth and cheeks are brought into play2 and the secretion of saliva--a secretion which1 very scanty at birth1 becomes gradually more copious and takes so active a part in digestion--is encouraged and increased4 ,almost all babies will take their food more readily by this method1 their instinct teaching them to suck everything that is put into their mouths4 ,even in cases where a deficiency in the hard palate presents so great an obstacle to sucking1 on account of the impossibility of creating the necessary vacuum in the mouth1 the difficulty can be overcome by a simple mechanical contrivance4 ,therefore1 in every case of hand-feeding1 a suitable bottle is the first thing to be desired4 ,to be satisfactory a feeding-bottle must fulfil three indispensable conditions3 it must be simple in construction and easily manageable2 it must be capable of being readily cleaned2 and in its use the milk must flow easily and without great effort on the part of the infant4 ,the ordinary feeder in use at the present time consists of a flattened glass flask1 closed at the mouth by a cap1 which fits over the neck4 ,a caoutchouc tube passes through the cap1 and is connected inside the bottle with a straight glass pipe4 ,the other end of the elastic tube is attached to the teat1 or mouth-piece1 by means of a short hollow cylinder called the 'union-joint4' ,the teat is firmly fixed to this by means of the shield4 ,in the construction of the cap and union-joint1 metal1 earthenware1 or wood1 is employed4 ,the metal used by the best makers is tin1 and this1 if cleanliness be properly attended to1 is not objectionable4 ,in cheaper bottles1 sold in the shops for sixpence1 the mouth is closed by a perforated cork1 through which the flexible tube passes4 ,here there is no cap1 but in all essential points the construction is the same as in the more expensive articles4 ,in this apparatus it is important that the channel through the tubes should be perfectly free4 ,the point at which the channel is narrowest is the union-joint1 which connects the mouth-piece with the flexible tube4 ,in a badly made bottle an impediment may exist at this point from carelessness in the manufacture1 and may present a great obstacle to the ready passage of the fluid4 ,care also should be taken that the flexible tube passes completely through the cap1 before it becomes connected with the glass pipe4 ,this is very important4 ,in the early feeding-bottles constructed upon this model by ,o',connel1 the glass pipe passed from within the bottle through the cap1 and was attached outside this to the caoutchouc tube4 ,it was thus held rigidly in the centre of the bottle1 and as a natural consequence1 when the apparatus was in use1 unless the bottle was held upright during the whole meal1 long before its contents were exhausted the milk ceased to flow1 as the end of the pipe soon came to be above the surface of the fluid1 which necessarily gravitated to the lowest part as the bottle lay on its side4 ,when1 however1 the connection between the two tubes is made within instead of outside the bottle1 this disadvantage no longer exists1 for the glass tube being free to move1 its end is able to sink to whichever side of the bottle is undermost1 and therefore always remains below the level of the fluid4 ,the best bottles have a small cylindrical stop1 i4e4 a thick ring of metal or wood placed within the flexible tube1 just above its junction with the glass pipe4 ,the object of this is to prevent the latter being drawn through the cap1 and thus held rigidly in the centre of the bottle4 ,the method of connection of the cap with the neck of the bottle is not unimportant4 ,it should not be too tight or air will be prevented from entering the bottle to supply the place of the milk which is withdrawn4 ,a common plan is to line the interior of the cap with cork1 but this substance1 besides its risk of being broken and detached by careless handling1 has the further disadvantage of absorbing milk1 which turns sour and may afterwards set up fermentation in fresh milk put into the bottle for a subsequent meal4 ,in the best bottles the cap is constructed to screw on to the neck1 as in the ',alexandra' ,feeding bottle made by the ,messrs ,maw2 or is united to it by an application of the 'bayonet catch1' as in the ',improved' feeding-bottle made by ,messrs ,lynch and ,son4 ,in this very admirable apparatus three grooves in the inside of the cap pass over corresponding projections on the neck of the bottle2 the cap is then turned to the right1 with a slight screwing motion1 and becomes securely fastened4 ,with badly made bottles infants often have very great difficulty in drawing up the milk1 and can only do so by violent efforts1 which soon exhaust their strength or their patience4 ,there are two reasons why milk in these cases may not flow easily--either the cap fits too tightly1 so that air cannot enter with sufficient facility in proportion as the liquid contents become diminished1 as has just been mentioned2 or the caoutchouc forming the flexible tube is too thin1 so that it collapses when suction is applied4 ,in the first case a small hole should be made through the cap1 so as to allow a free admission of air1 or if the bottle be a simpler one1 closed at the mouth by a perforated cork1 this may be slightly eased at the neck of the bottle1 so as to fit less closely4 ,in the second case1 stouter caoutchouc should be used in the construction of the tube4 ,in weakly infants1 or those much reduced in strength by acute disease1 special attention should be paid to these points1 as such children will often refuse to take the bottle1 if they find any difficulty in drawing up the milk4 ,infants born with a cleft palate cannot suck from an ordinary bottle1 as the deficiency in the hard palate prevents the necessary vacuum being formed in the mouth4 ,such children are1 therefore1 usually brought up with a spoon1 and often waste and die through insufficient nourishment4 ,an ingenious contrivance first suggested by ,mr ,oakley ,coles will1 however1 entirely remove the difficulty1 and enable them to suck with as much ease as if they suffered from no such congenital difficulty4 ,the plan is a very simple one1 and consists in attaching to the nipple of any ordinary feeding-bottle a flap of sheet elastic1 cut to fit the roof of the mouth4 ,this flap must be of the shape and about the size of the bowl of a teaspoon1 and is to be sewn to the upper part of the stalk of the teat1 where this projects from the shield4 ,in the mouth of the child the flap forms an artificial palate1 which if the sheet elastic chosen be sufficiently stout1 offers firm resistance to the tongue pressing against in sucking1 and prevents fluid from passing into the nose in the act of swallowing4 ,the closest attention must be paid to the cleaning of feeding-bottles4 ,each time after being used the whole apparatus should be well washed out with water containing a little soda in solution4 ,the inside of the cap must be carefully cleaned1 and the brush should be carried several times through the whole length of the tubing4 ,afterwards the bottle and tubes should be laid in cold water until again wanted4 ,an objection to the common brush usually supplied with each feeder is1 that after a few days' use the softened bristles are apt to get detached and be caught in the joints of the tubing1 whence they may afterwards be washed by the stream of fluid and be swallowed by the child4 ,accordingly1 a new cleaner has been manufactured by ,messrs ,maw and ,sons1 in which bristles are entirely dispensed with4 ,they are replaced by a thin strip of caoutchouc1 which is wound round in a spiral form1 at the end of the ordinary wire handle4 ,this instrument answers all the purposes of a brush1 without the disadvantages alluded to1 and is besides far more durable4 ,excellent feeding-bottles are now made by many different manufacturers1 and are sold at prices which place them within the reach of the poorest4 ,these cannot all be mentioned1 but some of the bottles more commonly met with1 may be shortly referred to4 ,the six-penny feeder made by ,messrs ,maw1 ,son1 and ,thompson1 can be recommended for its simplicity of construction1 and at the same time for its perfect efficiency4 ,in this instrument there is no cap1 instead the mouth of the bottle is closed by a cork1 which is perforated for the passage of the flexible tube4 ,in all other respects the construction of this apparatus is the same as in the more expensive instruments4 ,the ',alexandra' feeding-bottle1 price half-a-crown1 by the same makers1 is an admirable bottle4 ,the cap screws on to the neck1 and is furnished with a small hole for the admission of air4 ,a 'stop' in the lower part of the flexible tube prevents the glass pipe being drawn into the cap1 and the instrument is supplied with all the latest improvements4 ,the bottles made by ,messrs ,maw are all furnished with the new patent cleaner just described4 ,the improved feeding-bottle made by ,messrs ,lynch and ,son1 at one shilling and eighteen pence1 has been before referred to4 ,the material used for the cap is boxwood4 ,it is a capital bottle1 and will give the fullest satisfaction to the purchaser4 ,mr ,lang's ',alma ,mater' feeding-bottle can also be recommended4 ,in this instrument the cap is made of earthenware and is lined with cork4 ,a good bottle is made by ,mr ,elam1 of ,oxford ,street1 price two shillings2 the cap is formed of britannia metal1 and screws on to the neck4 ,a cheaper bottle1 but one which for elegance of design and accuracy of detail cannot be surpassed1 is ,mr ,mather's ',princess' feeding-bottle4 ,a tin cup screws on the neck1 and is pierced by a small hole for the admission of air4 ,the opening is fitted with a 'cone valve' of simple and ingenious construction1 which allows air to enter freely when suction is applied to the tube1 but closes firmly against any escape through the air-hole of the fluid contents of the bottle4 ,the bottle itself has a double curve towards the neck to provide against too sudden bending of the flexible tube against the tap4 ,this is apt to happen when the curve is single1 if the bottle lie with the convexity downwards1 and partial obstruction of the tube may be the result4 ,the ',princess' feeding-bottle is sold in the shops for eighteen pence4 ,all bottles bear their name in raised letters upon the glass1 but a report which has obtained currency that these letters are hollow in the interior1 and difficult to cleanse is without any foundation in fact4 ,any one may test this for himself by placing a finger within the bottle underneath the letters1 when the internal surface will be found perfectly plain and uniform4 ,in all cases where cork enters into the construction of a feeding-bottle1 especial care should be taken in cleansing the apparatus1 and the cork should be well soaked in soda and water in order that any sour milk it may contain may be neutralised at once4 ,,feet 7,the74 ,to preserve the feet in a proper condition1 they should be frequently soaked1 and well washed in warm or tepid water4 ,the nails of the toes should be pared1 to prevent their becoming inconveniently long1 and from growing into the flesh1 soaked1 and well washed in warm or tepid water4 ,many persons suffer severely from ,,tender ,,feet4 ,this generally arises from the use of thin cotton or silk stockings1 and boots or shoes that are either too tight or stiff1 or not sufficiently porous to permit of the escape of the perspiration4 ,waterproof boots and shoes which are also air-tight 7as those of gutta percha and ,india rubber71 are common causes of tender feet1 and even of headaches1 dyspepsia1 and apoplexy4 ,the best treatment of tender feet is the immediate adoption of worsted stockings or socks1 and light1 easy shoes of buckskin1 goatskin1 or some other equally soft kind of leather4 ,it is highly necessary for the preservation of health to preserve the feet ,,dry2 persons who are1 therefore1 exposed to the wet1 or who are frequently passengers through the public streets in bad weather1 should regard sound and good boots and shoes as of the first importance4 ,in fact1 in a hygienic point of view1 a wet back should be less shunned than wet feet4 ,many persons frequently experience ,,extreme ,,coldness and ,,numbness ,,of ,,the ,,feet4 ,the best and most natural remedy for this is active exercise or friction1 the former being always adopted when possible4 ,in such cases the use of warm woollen stockings is absolutely necessary1 and the debilitated and aged may advantageously keep them on throughout the night1 or at all events until the feet acquire a comfortable degree of warmth4 ,the ,,disagreeable ,,odour which is evolved by the feet of some individuals in hot weather may be removed by the observance of extreme cleanliness1 and by occasionally soaking the feet in warm water1 to which a small quantity of chloride of lime or sal ammoniac has been added4 ,a good deodoriser for unpleasant smelling feet is said to be the following1 invented by ,m ,paulcke3--,a mixture of equal parts of salicylic acid1 soap1 talc1 and starch1 to be applied in the form of powder4 ,,distortion ,,of ,,the ,,feet is not uncommon in childhood1 being sometimes congenital1 but as frequently the result of weakness or bad nursing4 ,a child with its feet turned inwards is called ,,varus2 when they are turned outwards it is styled ,,valgus4 ,the proper use of bandages1 early applied1 will generally correct these deformities2 but if they be neglected in infancy they become incurable4 7',med4 ,lex4'7 ,,clubfoot1 of which there are several varieties1 may also be frequently relieved by a simple surgical operation4 ,see ,,boots and ,,shoes1 ,,distortions4 ,,felt',,ing4 ,this is a process by which various species of fur1 hair1 and wool1 are blended into a compact texture1 in many respects resembling cloth4 ,it depends on the peculiar anatomical construction of these substances1 enabling them to interlace and intertwine with each other1 by which they become permanently matted together4 ,felt was formerly chiefly employed for hats4 ,it is now commonly used for mill-bands1 filters1 c42 and when varnished or japanned1 or saturated with asphalte or bitumen1 is a durable substitute for japanned leather1 and for roofing4 ,,fennel4 ,syn4 ,f,,oe,,niculum 7,ph4 ,l471 ,l4 ,the fruit 7seed7 of ,foeniculum dulce1 or sweet fennel2 the oil distilled from the fruit 7,,oil ,,of ,,fennel2 ,,oleum ,f,,oe,,niculi1 ,l47 as well as a distilled water 7,,fennel ,,water2 ,,aqua ,f,,oe,,niculi1 ,l471 are officinal in the ,pharmacopoeias4 ,they are stimulant and carminative2 but are now seldom employed4 ,,fen',,ugreek4 ,the seeds of ,trigonella ,foenum ,grcum4 ,resolvent and stomachic4 ,the seeds dye yellow2 formerly roasted for coffee2 now chiefly employed in veterinary medicine4 ,,fer',,ment4 ,syn4 ,,fermentum1 ,l4 ,a substance which induces fermentation4 ,according to one view ferments are compounds whose decomposition proceeds simultaneously with that of the body undergoing metamorphosis4 ,they all contain albuminous or azotised principles1 which in a moist state putrefy and suffer decomposition4 ,according to ,pasteur1 however1 fermentation is excited by living organisms--fungi and infusoria4 ,see ,,fermentation and ,,yeast4 ,,fermenta',,tion4 ,syn4 ,,fermentatio1 ,l4 ,in chemistry1 a peculiar metamorphosis of a complex organic substance1 by a transposition of its elements under the agency of an external disturbing force4 ,fermentation1 according to the theory proposed by ,liebig1 is a metamorphosis1 by which the elements of a complex molecule group themselves so as to form more intimate and stable compounds4 ,it is excited by the contact of all bodies the elements of which are in a state of active decomposition or fermentation4 ,in nitrogenised substances of a very complex constitution1 putrefaction or fermentation is spontaneously established when water is present1 and the temperature sufficiently high1 and it continues till the original compounds are wholly destroyed4 ,substances destitute of nitrogen1 on the contrary1 require1 in order to their undergoing this metamorphosis1 the presence of a nitrogenised substance1 already in a state of putrefaction 7fermentation74 7,liebig47 ,the substances which promote this change are termed ,,ferments1 and among these the principal are gliadin1 gluten1 vegetable albumen1 and all nitrogenous substances in a state of spontaneous decomposition or fermentation4 ,it is imagined that when these substances1 in the act of undergoing change1 are brought into contact with neutral ternary compounds of small stability1 as sugar1 the molecular disturbance of the body1 already in a state of decomposition1 may be1 as it were1 propagated to the other1 and bring about the destruction of the equilibrium of forces to which it owes its being4 ,the complex body1 under these circumstances1 breaks up into simpler products1 which possess greater permanence4 7,fownes47 ,,yeast1 the ferment most commonly employed for inducing the vinous fermentation1 is such a substance in an active state of putrefaction1 and whose atoms are in continual motion4 ,putrefying animal substances are equally capable of exciting the same action4 ,if we add to a solution of pure sugar an albuminous substance1 a caseous or fleshy matter1 the development of yeast becomes manifest1 and an additional quantity of it is found at the end of the operation4 ,thus1 with nourishment1 ferment engenders ferment4 ,it is for this reason that a little fermenting must1 added to a body of fresh grape juice1 excite fermentation in the whole mass4 ,these effects are not confined to alcoholic 7vinous7 fermentation4 ,the smallest portion of sour milk1 of sour dough1 or sour juice of beet-root1 of putrefied flesh and blood1 occasions like alterations in fresh milk1 dough1 juice of beet-root1 flesh1 and blood4 ,but further1 and which is a very curious circumstance1 if we put into a liquid containing any fermenting substance another in a sound state1 the latter would suffer decomposition under the influence of the former4 ,if we place urea in the presence of beer-yeast1 it experiences no change2 while if we add it to sugar-water in a fermenting state1 the urea is converted into carbonate of ammonia4 ,we thus possess two modes of decomposition2 the one direct1 the other indirect4 7,ure47 ,a very remarkable circumstance connected with fermentation is that it is always accompanied by the development of microscopic living organism--fungi and infusoria4 ,so constantly1 indeed1 is this the case1 that many chemists and physiologists regard these organisms as the existing cause of fermentation and putrefaction2 and this view appears to be corroborated by the fact that each particular kind of fermentation takes place most readily in contact with certain living organisms4 7,fownes47 ,thus the vinous or alcohol-producing fermentation is accompanied1 or caused1 by two fungi1 called ,torula cerevisi and ,penicillium glaucum2 the acetous or vinegar-producing fermentation by ,torula aceti2 the lactous fermentation 7souring of milk7 by ,penicillium glaucum4 ,the butyric fermentation by an animal--an infusorium1 which cannot exist in free oxygen1 but flourishes in an atmosphere of hydrogen1 c4 ,of late years these latter views as to the cause of fermentation have been accepted by most of the scientific world1 notwithstanding the opposition they experienced from so powerful an antagonist as ,liebig4 ,from the researches of ,pasteur1 the distinguished author of the modern theory of fermentation1 as opposed to the chemico-physical theory of ,liebig1 it appears that when yeast is placed in a solution of sugar and water1 or in a solution of sugar and water containing albuminous substances1 under proper conditions as to temperature1 the fermentation that ensues is due to the process of growth taking place in the yeast plant2 the new cells of which1 in assimilating part of the sugar and converting it into cellulose and fat1 cause1 at the same time1 the breaking up of the sugar molecule1 and resolve it into the more stable combinations of alcohol and carbonic acid4 ,in order that the ferment or fungus should grow it is essential that1 in addition to the cellulose and fat1 it should be supplied with ammoniacal salts and soluble phosphates4 ,these are generally present in the liquid about to be fermented2 but when yeast is added to pure sugar and water it lives at the expense of the sugar1 and of the nitrogenous and mineral substances contained within itself4#big ,footnote #big3 ,pasteur4 ,speaking of the influence of oxygen on the development of yeast on alcoholic fermentation1 ,pasteur states that ready-formed yeast can germinate and grow in a liquid containing sugar and albuminous matters1 even when oxygen is completely excluded4 ,the quantity of yeast formed1 however1 in this case1 is but small1 and the fermentation goes on slowly2 nevertheless1 a large quantity of sugar disappears 7sixty to eighty parts to one part of yeast74 ,if the air has access to a large surface the fermentation goes on quickly1 and a much larger quantity of yeast is formed in proportion to the quantity of sugar which disappears4 ,in this case1 also1 oxygen is absorbed by the yeast1 which grows quickly1 but does not act so decidedly as a ferment1 inasmuch as only four to ten parts of sugar disappear for one part of yeast produced4 ,when the air is excluded the same yeast again acts as a powerful ferment4 ,pasteur1 therefore1 infers that yeast which acts as a ferment in the absence of air abstracts oxygen from the sugar1 and that upon this deoxidising power its action as a ferment depends4 ,the violent activity of the yeast at the commencement of the fermentation is due to oxygen dissolved in the liquid4 ,in liquids containing albumen 7yeast and water1 c47 yeast likewise grows1 though sparingly1 even if the solution does not contain a trace of sugar1 provided there is a sufficient access of air4 ,but if the air is excluded this does not take place1 even though the liquid may contain1 besides albumen1 a non-fermentable sugar1 such as milk sugar4 ,the yeast formed in a liquid not containing sugar possesses all the properties of a ferment1 and excites fermentation in a solution of sugar excluded from the air4#bih ,footnote #bih3 ',bull4 ,soc4 ,chem41' #ahfa1 pp4 #fa1 #gi4 ,similarly1 ,pasteur regards putrefaction as a kind of fermentation1 set up and maintained by an animal organism1 or ferment belonging to the genus ,vibrio4 ,putrefaction1 when taking place in contact with the air1 is always accompanied by decay or ,,eremacausis4 ,the abandonment of the old theory as to the nature of eremacausis1 viz4 that it consisted in the gradual combustion of decaying organic matters by atmospheric oxygen1 has been necessitated by the experiments of ,pasteur1 ,schrder1 and others1 which have conclusively established the facts that organic substances are not oxidised by perfectly pure air1 and that their decomposition and subsequent destruction are due to the presence in the air of the sporules or seeds of certain low organisms4 ,pasteur cites numerous instances corroborative of the statement that perfectly pure oxygen fails to affect1 save to a very limited extent1 organic substances4 ,in one case an aqueous infusion of yeast mixed with sugar was enclosed in a sealed flask with double its volume of air1 which had been previously depurated by being made to pass through a red-hot tube4 ,at the end of three years the liquid 7which had during part of the time been kept at a temperature of from #be to #cj ,cent47 was found to be perfectly fresh and transparent1 and the air when examined gave #aha vols4 of oxygen1 #hje vols4 of nitrogen1 and #ad of carbonic acid4 ,under the same conditions urine and milk1 whether fresh or previously boiled1 showed minute traces only of oxidation2 crystals of uric acid and phosphates formed in the urine1 but the milk was unaltered1 having preserved its alkaline reaction1 and showed no disposition to curdle4 ,very different1 however1 was the result when either of the above substances was enclosed with ordinary air4 ,it was then found that in a few days the whole of the oxygen was absorbed1 carbonic acid being at the same time simultaneously formed4 ,a certain quantity of moistened oak sawdust kept in contact with ordinary air for a fortnight was found at the end of that time to have absorbed #adj cubic centimtres of oxygen2 whilst the same amount of sawdust enclosed with an equal volume of purified air had removed only a few cubic centimtres of the gas in a month4 ,in the former experiment a microscopic film of mycelia and spores of ,mucidine formed on the sawdust4 ,from numerous experiments of a like nature with the above1 and attended with analogous results1 chemists and physiologists now generally regard eremacausis as effected by agencies similar in character to those which produce fermentation and putrefaction4 ,the observations of ,schrder upon the processes of fermentation and putrefaction are remarkable4 ,he has shown that any organic liquid may be prevented from fermenting or putrefying if it be heated under pressure to about #bff ,f4 7#acj ,c471 then transferred to a flask and boiled1 the mouth of the flask being plugged whilst boiling with a pellet of cotton wool1 which is left in the neck of the flask4 ,in this way he preserved1 during a hot summer1 various liquids1 including freshly-boiled wort1 blood1 white of egg1 whey1 urine1 broth1 and milk2 but when afterwards the plug of cotton wool was withdrawn these liquids in a few days began to undergo decomposition4 ,he explains these results by supposing that the spores of some organism must find access to the substance in order to set up the process of decomposition4 ,by a temperature of #bfj ,f4 7#abfg ,c47 any such spores which the substance itself might contain are destroyed1 and as the air is filtered through the cotton wool before it reaches the interior of the flask1 none of these organic germs can afterwards gain access to the body under experiment4 ,i have repeated some of these experiments with complete success4#bii ,footnote #bii3 ,the ,editor of this work has also repeated ,schrder's experiments on milk1 and obtained the same results4 ,if air be transmitted with suitable precautions slowly through narrow ignited platinum tubes1 so as to destroy all suspended organic particles1 no fermentation or putrefaction will take place on admitting such air into contact with putrescible substances previously heated to #bfj for an hour4#cjj ,footnote #cjj3 ,miller4 ,pasteur has shown the existence of these floating germs in the air by drawing a large volume of atmospheric air1 by means of an aspirator1 through a narrow tube obstructed by collodion wool4 ,on subsequently dissolving this wool in a mixture of alcohol and ether various microscopic sporules were left undissolved4 ,the entire absence of the exciting causes--warmth1 air1 and moisture--leaves even those substances which under ordinary circumstances are most liable to change1 in a state in which they may remain for an almost indefinite period without perceptible alteration4 ,thus1 animal substances in a frozen or dry state do not undergo decomposition1 nor does a solution of sugar or the juice of grapes 7must7 when perfectly excluded from the air2 but on the mere exposure of these substances to warmth1 moisture1 or atmospheric air1 putrefaction or fermentation immediately commences4 ,remove the cork from the bottle of 'capillaire' on the parlour sideboard1 or pierce the skin of one of the grapes on the dessert table with a needle1 and these bodies1 which would have otherwise suffered no change for weeks1 or even months1 will soon exhibit symptoms of spontaneous decomposition4 ,the knowledge of this fact has been practically applied to the preservation of animal and vegetable substances for food4 ,even the most putrescible of these may be preserved for an unlimited period by enclosure in metallic cases1 or glass bottles1 from which the air has been completely removed and excluded4 ,the important duties which fermentation or putrefaction performs in the economy of our globe1 and in several of the arts of life and civilisation1 have long rendered the development of its principles an object of the highest interest and importance1 both in a scientific and practical point of view4 ,in its most extended sense1 this subtile process of nature1 though occasionally productive of injurious effects1 may be regarded as one of the most necessary and beneficial with which we are acquainted4 ,like the labours of a scavenger1 it speedily removes from the surface of our globe those matters which would otherwise remain for some time without undergoing decomposition4 ,it either dissipates in air1 or reduces to more fixed and useful forms of matter1 those organic substances which1 by their presence1 would prove noxious1 or1 at all events1 useless to the animal and vegetable kingdoms4 ,it is the giant power that cleans the ,augean stable of nature1 at the same time that it provides some of the most esteemed articles of utility and luxury for the well-being and enjoyment of man4 ,chemists have distinguished fermentation into different varieties1 which1 in general1 are named after the more important products of its action4 ,of late years1 the number of these varieties has been greatly increased by the extension of the term to several operations besides those formerly included under it4 ,see ,,acetification1 ,,bread1 ,,putrefaction1 ,,brewing1 c4 ,,fern 7,male74 ,syn4 ,,male ,,shield ,,fern1 ,,filix ,,mas1 ,,radix ,,filicis1 ,l4 ,the root 7rhizome7 of the ,lastra ,filix-mas1 or male fern4 ,it is bitter1 astringent1 or vermifuge4--,dose1 #a to #c dr4 in powder1 or made into a decoction1 repeated for #c or #d days1 and followed by a purge4 ,it is chiefly given in tapeworm4 ,in ,switzerland it is deemed almost infallible1 but has proved less successful in these countries4 ,see ,,oils4 ,,ferricy',,anide4 ,syn4 ,,ferridcyanide1 ,,ferridcyanuret4 ,a compound of ferricyanogen with a metal or other basic radical4 ,the ,,ferricyanide ,,of ,,potassium1 or ',,red ,,prussiate ,,of ,,potash1' as it is often improperly called1 is a well-known example4 ,the ferricyanides of ,,ammonium and the ,,alkalies and ,,alkaline ,,earths are soluble2 those of most of the ,,metals1 insoluble4 ,see below4 ,,ferricyan',,ogen4 ,syn4 ,,ferridcyanogen1 ,,ferric-,,cyanogen4 ,the peculiar salt-radical which exists in the so-called red prussiate of potash4 ,it is isomeric with ferrocyanogen1 from which it differs in capacity of saturation 7being tribasic71 and in the behaviour of its compounds with solutions of the metals4 ,it has not been isolated4 ,see ,,potassium 7,ferricyanide74 ,,ferrocy',,anide4 ,syn4 ,,ferrocyanuret1 ,,prussiate2 ,,ferrocyanidum1 ,,ferrocyanuretum1 ,l4 ,a compound of ferrocyanogen with a metal or other basic radical4 ,the principal substance of this kind is the ,,ferrocyanide ,,of ,,potassium or ',,yellow ,,prussiate ,,of ,,potash1' as it is often called4 ,see the respective basis--,,ammonium1 ,,potassium1 ,,sodium1 c41 and below4 ,,ferrocyan',,ogen4 ,syn4 ,,ferrocyanogenium1 ,l4 ,a bibasic salt radical1 composed of the elements of #c equivalents of ,,cyanogen and #a equivalent of the metal ,,iron4 ,it has never been isolated4 ,it unites with the various bases to form ,,ferrocyanides4 ,see ,,cyanogen1 ,,hydroferrocyanic ,,acid1 ,,iron1 c4 ,,ferru',,go4 ,l4 ,rust of iron4 ,see ,,iron 7,sesquioxide74 ,,fe',,ver4 ,syn4 ,,febris1 ,,pyrexia1 ,l4 ,in pathology a condition characterised by loss of appetite1 thirst1 languor1 debility1 unwillingness to move1 accelerated pulse1 increased heat of surface1 and general disturbance of all the functions4 ,a large number of diseases in which all or some of these symptoms appear are called ,,fevers4 ,they have been divided by nosologists into intermittent 7,,intermittentes71 remittent 7,,remittentes71 and continued fevers 7,,continu74 ,the first of these are generally known as ,,agues2 the second differ from agues in there being one or more marked exacerbations and remissions of the symptoms every #bd hours1 but without any entire intermission4 ,the terms 'hectic1' 'nervous1' 'bilious1' 'inflammatory1' c41 have also been applied to particular varieties of fever2 and names indicative of certain cutaneous appearances connected with them have been given to others2 as 'scarlet' fever1 'yellow' fever1 c4 ,the usual symptoms of incipient fever 7febrile symptoms7 are--chilliness 7varying from a simple shiver to a sensation of cold water running down the back71 a quick pulse1 hot and dry skin or flushing1 languor1 often evinced by yawning1 depression of spirits1 alternate fits of shivering and heat1 hurried and uneasy respiration1 flying pains in various parts of the body1 as the head1 back1 and loins2 loss of appetite1 nausea or vomiting1 dry mouth1 furred tongue1 costiveness1 urine small in quantity1 and usually of a deep colour1 c4 ,when any of these symptoms appear1 their progress may often be arrested by the timely exhibition of an emetic1 followed by a saline purgative1 and diaphoretics2 at the same time promoting the action of these remedies by a low diet and drinking copiously of diluents1 and carefully avoiding animal food1 spirits1 fermented liquors1 or anything at all stimulant4 ,whenever symptoms of fever become established1 medical advice should be sought and implicitly followed4 ,in parts where it cannot be obtained the treatment recommended under ,,ague1 ,,inflammation1 ,,remittent ,,fever1 and ,,typhus1 may be followed with advantage4 ,in visiting or attending persons labouring under fevers1 it is advisable to avoid immediate contact with them or their clothing1 or standing near them in such a position as to inhale their breath1 or the effluvia evolved 7in some cases7 by their bodies2 and when remaining for some time in the apartment it is preferable to sit or stand near the fireplace1 or between the window and door1 as such parts of the room are generally better ventilated than the other portions4 ,the greatest purifier of the atmosphere of a sick chamber is a good fire1 because it occasions a continual current of the impure air up the chimney1 and a corresponding influx of fresh air from without4 ,chloride of lime1 or chloride of zinc1 or their solutions1 are also good purifiers4 ,the first1 however1 should not be used in quantity1 as the evolved chlorine might in that case impede the respiration of the patient4 ,it is also advisable to avoid entering the room of a patient labouring under contagious diseases of any class when the stomach is empty or the spirits depressed2 and it has been recommended to clear the mouth of the saliva immediately after quitting the chamber4 ,see ,,ablution1 c4 ,,fever ,,drops 7,c4 ,warburg's ,vegetable74 ,camphor and aloes1 #b-a_/b2 orange peel1 #aj2 elecampane root1 #ab2 digest with #ij per cent4 spirit #bdj1 mixed with ac4 sulphuric dil4 #bd4 ,to the tincture add quinine sulphate #i2 tinct4 opii crocat1 #b-a_/b4 7,ragsky47 ,,fever ,,powders 7,james's1 also called ,james's ,powder and ,pulvis ,jacobi74 ,it consists essentially of phosphate and antimoniate of lime with free antimonic acid4 ,,feverstone--,lapis ,anti-febrilis--,fieber ,stein4 ,lead oxide1 #ed parts2 arsenic acid1 #df parts2 melted together4 7,winckler47 ,,fi',,brin4 ,syn4 ,,fibrine4 ,an azotised substance1 forming the coagulable portion of fresh-drawn blood1 and the principal constituent of the muscular or fleshy parts of animals4 ,it is eminently nutritious1 and capable of yielding in the animal body albumen1 caseine1 and the tissues derived from them4 7,liebig47 ,prep4 ,fibrin is easily obtained in a nearly pure state1 by agitating or beating newly drawn blood with a small bundle of twigs1 when it attaches itself to the latter under the form of long reddish filaments1 which become white when worked with the hands in a stream of cold water4 ,it may also be procured by washing the coagulum of blood1 tied up in a cloth1 in cold water1 until all the soluble portions are removed4 ,a small quantity of fat1 which it still contains1 may be removed by digesting it in ether4 ,prop41 c4 ,pure fibrin occurs as long1 white1 elastic filaments1 which are tasteless1 inodorous1 and insoluble in both hot and cold water4 ,wetted with acetic acid1 it forms1 after a time1 a transparent jelly1 which is slowly soluble in pure water4 ,very dilute solutions of the caustic alkalies dissolve it completely1 and the new solution greatly resembles liquid albumen4 ,dried by a gentle heat it loses about #hj of water4 ,,fichtennadel-,,brustzucker 7,pine-needle ,pectoral ,sugar74 7,l4 ,morgenthau1 ,mannheim47 ,for irritable cough1 hoarseness1 tightness of the chest1 asthma1 stubborn lung affections1 chronic catarrh1 c4 ,little sticks of bonbon1 containing a very little opium1 and wrapped in tinfoil4 7,hager47 ,,fichtennadel-,,tabak 7,pine-,needle ,tobacco4 7,l4 ,morgenthau47 ,is said to be patented in ,england4 ,ordinary tobacco moistened or sprinkled with a weak spirituous solution of wood wool extract and wood wool oil and dried2 made up in cigars for smoking4 7,hager47 ,,fig4 ,syn4 ,,ficus 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l4 ,e4 ,d471 ,,carica1 ,,caric ,,fructus1 ,l4 ,the figs of commerce are the dried fruit of ,ficus ,carica1 the common fig-tree4 ,they are demulcent1 emollient1 laxative1 and pectoral4 ,roasted and boiled figs are occasionally employed as poultices to gumboils and other affections of the mouth4 ,,filaria ,,dracunculus4 ,the ,guinea worm4 ,the female of this parasite is to be met with in tropical climates only1 infesting the subcutaneous cellular tissue of man and some animals4 ,in appearance it resembles a piece of white whip-cord of uniform thickness4 ,according to ,mr ,ewart it varies in length from twelve and three quarters to forty inches1 and is on an average twenty-five and a half inches long4 ,it usually contains only one young worm1 although rare instances have occurred in which as many as fifty of its progeny have been discovered in the same parent4 ,in almost every case when this creature leaves the body1 it does so by the lower extremities2 occasionally1 however1 it does so by the mouth1 the cheeks1 or below the tongue4 ,when the young of the guinea worm are placed in pure water they survive only four or five days2 in foul water they will exist for three weeks4 ,it appears that immersion in water1 of the body of the person afflicted with the parasite1 sometimes has the effect of inducing the creature to leave his human quarters1 since ,dr ,lorimer states that many people belonging to the bazaars in the vicinity of the lines1 affected with the parasite1 come1 for the express purpose of extracting the worm1 to the same tank where the men of the regiment bathe4 ,the people so infested swim about in the water1 with the worm hanging loose1 drawing the limb quickly backwards and forwards1 and from side to side1 until the expulsion is affected4 ,outside the body the guinea worm is generally found beneath organic dbris in wells1 tanks1 and other reservoirs for water1 from whence it appears to be now pretty universally admitted it effects an entrance through the skin during bathing or wading4 ,,filaria ,,sanguinis ,,hominis4 ,in #ahgb1 ,dr ,t4 ,r4 ,lewis1 in examining microscopically the blood and urine of some of his patients in ,india1 discovered a worm enveloped in an extremely delicate tube1 closed at both ends1 within which it could either elongate or shorten itself4 ,this parasite 7called from its principal habitat the ,filaria ,sanguinis ,hominis7 is about #a_/geth of an inch in length1 and about #a_/cejjjth of an inch in diameter4 ,when removed from the body with a small quantity of blood1 it is described as being in a state of incessant motion1 unceasingly coiling and uncoiling itself1 lashing the blood-corpuscles in all directions1 and insinuating itself between them4 ,the worms are said1 when first taken from the body1 to present a translucent appearance2 the larger specimens1 however1 frequently exhibit an aggregation of granules towards the junction of the lower and middle half4 ,occasionally a bright spot1 suggestive of a mouth1 is seen at the thicker extremity4 ,it is stated that they continue active from six to thirty hours4 ,mr ,lewis does not believe they are able to perforate the tissues4 ,these parasites1 says ,mr ,lewis1 are so persistently ubiquitous1 as to be obtained day after day by simply pricking any portion of the body1 even to the tips of the fingers and toes of both hands and both feet of one and the same person1 with a finely pointed needle4 ,on one occasion six excellent specimens were obtained in a single drop of blood by merely pricking the lobule of the ear4 ,dr ,lewis estimates1 from the number of the ,filaria found in one drop of the blood of one patient1 that his body must have contained more than #adj1jjj4 ,the presence of these creatures in the blood is believed to be the cause of chylous urine1 which is a very common disease in the ,east4 ,it seems probable they gain admission into the body from being present in drinking water4 ,,fil',,bert4 ,syn4 ,,filberd4 ,the fruit of the cultivated hazel or nut-tree 7,corylus ,avellana74 ,filberts are distinguished from common nuts by their lengthened figure and larger size4 ,the best are imported from ,spain4 ,,files4 ,the manufactures of these articles do not come within the limits of this work4 ,it may1 however1 be useful to mention that ,,files1 ,,floats1 and ,,rasps1 which cut dull from age1 dirt1 or being much worn1 are greatly improved by being kept wet1 immersed in water for some hours1 or even for a day or two4 ,mr ,ernest ,spon recommends the following method for renovating files3--,the file to be first cleansed from all foreign matter1 and then dipped in a solution of one part of nitric acid1 three parts of sulphuric acid1 and seven parts of water2 the time of immersion will be according to the extent the file has been worn1 and the fineness of the teeth1 varying from five seconds to five minutes4 ,on taking it out of the mixture1 wash in water1 then dip in milk of lime1 wash off the lime1 dry by a gentle heat1 rub over equal parts of olive oil and turpentine1 and finally brush over with powdered coke4 ,,fil',,ter4 ,syn4 ,,filtrum1 ,l4 ,an instrument or apparatus for straining or filtering liquids4 ,,fil',,tering ,,powders4 ,prep4 #a4 ,fuller's earth washed1 dried without heat1 and reduced to coarse powder4 #b4 ,pipe clay or potter's clay1 as the last4 ,both the above are used to filter and bleach oils4 #c4 ,clay or fuller's earth1 #a part2 fine siliceous sand1 #b parts2 the two are separately washed1 after which they are drained1 and mixed together1 and dried as before4 ,used for ,,glutinous ,,oils4 #d4 ,granulated animal charcoal1 sifted and fanned from the dust4 ,used to filter and bleach ,,syrups and ,,vegetable ,,solutions4 ,obs4 ,filtering powders are prepared of several degrees of coarseness1 and should be chosen with reference to the degree of fluidity of the liquid to be filtered through them4 ,in no case should they be reduced to fine powder1 as not only is the process of filtration thereby rendered unnecessarily tedious1 but in some cases 7as when charcoal dust is mixed with glutinous vegetable solutions and syrups7 the filtrate carries off a portion of the powder1 which can afterwards be separated from it only with considerable difficulty4 ,see ,,charcoal1 ,,filtration1 ,,oil1 c4 ,,filtra',,tion4 ,syn4 ,,filtratio1 ,l4 ,the separation of liquids from substances mechanically suspended in them1 by passing them through media having pores sufficiently fine to retain or keep back the solid matter4 ,filtration is one of the most common and useful of the chemico-mechanical operations of the arts1 and its successful performance in an economical and expeditious manner is therefore a matter of the highest importance in the laboratory1 and1 indeed1 in almost every branch of human skill and industry1 in which liquids are employed4 ,simple in principle1 and apparently easily performed1 it is1 nevertheless1 one of those operations which require no less of care than of tact and experience to conduct it with certainty and success4 ,the losses sustained in the laboratory1 by defective manipulation in this particular1 often exceed those arising from ignorance and accidents in every other department conducted in it4 ,filtration is generally resorted to for the purpose of freeing liquids from feculence1 dirt1 and other foreign matter1 and for obtaining them in a clear or transparent state2 but1 in some cases1 it has for its object the collection of the suspended substances1 as precipitates1 c41 and in others both these intentions are combined4 ,the word 'filtration' is absolutely synonymous with 'straining1' but in the language of the laboratory it is usually applied to the operation of rendering liquids transparent1 or nearly so1 by passing them through fine media1 as filtering paper1 sand1 and the like2 whilst the term 'straining' is employed to designate the mere separation of the grosser portion1 by means of coarse media1 flannel1 horsehair cloth1 c41 through which they flow with considerable rapidity4 ,filtration is distinguished from 'clarification' by its mere mechanical action1 whereas the latter operates by depuration1 or the subsidence of the suspended substances or fces1 arising from their gravity being naturally greater than the fluid with which they are mixed1 or being rendered so by the application of heat1 or by the addition of some foreign substance4 ,the apparatus1 vessels1 or media1 employed for filtration1 are called ',,filters1' and are technically distinguished from ',,strainers' by the superior fineness of their pores4 ,both strainers and filters act on the same principles as the common sieve on powders2 they all1 in like manner1 retain or hold back the coarser matter1 and permit the liquid or smaller and more attenuated particles to pass through4 ,the term 'medium' 7pleural 'media'7 is applied to the substance or substances through the pores of which the liquid percolates4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,the form of filters1 and the substances of which they are composed1 are various1 and depend upon the nature of the liquids for which they are intended4 ,on the small scale1 funnels of tin1 zinc1 copper1 wedgwood-ware1 earthenware1 glass1 or porcelain1 are commonly employed as the containing vessels4 7,see engr47 ,the filtering medium may be any substance of a sufficiently spongy or porous nature to allow of the free percolation of the liquid1 and whose pores are1 at the same time1 sufficiently small to render it limpid or transparent4 ,unsized paper1 flannel1 linen1 calico1 cotton wool1 felt1 sand1 coarsely powdered charcoal1 porous stone1 or earthenware1 and numerous other substances of a similar kind1 are employed for this purpose4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,for many liquids that filter easily1 and in which the suspended matter is of a coarse and porous nature1 it is often sufficient merely to place a little cotton wool or tow1 or a small piece of sponge1 in neck of the funnel1 as at 7a1 fig4 #a7 in the above engr42 but such an apparatus1 from the small extent of the filtering surface1 acts either slowly or imperfectly1 and soon gets choked up4 ,filters of unsized paper are well suited for all liquids that are not of a corrosive or viscid nature1 and are universally employed for filtering small quantities of liquids in the laboratory4 ,a piece of the paper is taken of a size proportionate to the quantity of the liquid to be filtered1 and is first doubled from corner to corner into a triangle 7see engr4 a71 which is again doubled into a smaller triangle b1 and the angular portion of the margin being rounded off with a pair of scissors c1 it constitutes a paper cone1 which is placed on a funnel of proportionate capacity1 and is then nearly filled with the liquid4 ,a piece of paper so cut1 when laid flat upon the table1 should be nearly circular4 ,filtering paper is now sold ready cut in circles of various sizes1 which simply require doubling for use4 ,another method of forming a paper filter1 preferred by some persons1 is to double the paper once1 as above1 and then to fold it in a similar way to a fan1 observing so to open it and lay it on the funnel that a sufficient interval be left between the two to permit of the free passage of the filtered liquid on its descent towards the receiver4 ,the 'plaited filter1' as thus formed1 is exceedingly useful for general purposes2 it exposes the entire surface of the paper to the liquid1 and allows filtration to proceed more rapidly than a 'plain filter' does4 7,see ,fig4 #c47 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,mr ,rother takes objection to the ordinary plain paper filter employed in the laboratory1 because of the superfluous fold which in two thicknesses lies under one half of the extended surface of the filter4 ,he says the interposition of these two extra layers compels the liquid to pass through three thicknesses of paper on the half side of the extended filter1 whilst the other half side presents only a single thickness4 ,it is evident that the two hidden layers are a very appreciable impediment to the current1 aside from the more important fact that the liquid will traverse this side less rapidly than the other1 and thus occasion an imperfect washing of the precipitate1 or at least prolong the operation beyond reasonable limits4 ,recognising these objections to the old filter1 ,mr ,rother has invented a very simple modification of the plain filter which1 whilst saving #ej per cent4 of the paper1 he states1 removes all the defects of the old form4 ,this new filter practically presents but a single thickness of paper to penetrate1 at the same time preserving an even surface1 equal in all other advantages to the plain filter4 ,the filtrations are said to be more rapid than with the usual form1 and the absence of the superfluous half sheet admits of more rapid drying4 ,to make the new filter3--,cut the circular disk of filtering paper in two through the line of its diameter1 take either half disk1 and fold it across the line of the radius1 then turn down the double edge of the cut side and fold it over several times--finally1 run a hard smooth surface along the seam thus produced1 to compress it1 and spread the finished filter into an appropriate funnel1 first moistening it with water before the liquid to be filtered is poured in4 ,in reference to funnels1 it may be remarked that those employed for filtering rapidly should be deeply ribbed on the inside1 or small rods of wood or glass1 or pieces of straw1 or quills1 should be placed between them and the paper4 ,the neck or tubular part of the funnel should1 in like manner1 be deeply ribbed or fluted on the outside1 to permit of the free passage of the air1 when it is placed in a narrow-mouthed bottle or receiver4 ,when this is not the case1 filtration proceeds but slowly1 and the filtered liquid is apt to be driven up the outside of the neck of the funnel by the confined air1 and to be continually hissing and flowing over the mouth of the vessel4 ,the breadth of a funnel1 to filter well1 should be about three fourths its height1 reckoning from the throat 7a74 ,when deeper1 the paper is liable to be continually ruptured1 from the pressure of the superincumbent fluid2 and when shallower1 filtration proceeds slowly1 and an unnecessarily large surface of the liquid is exposed to the atmosphere1 and is lost by evaporation4 ,to lessen this as much as possible1 the upper edge of the glass is frequently ground perfectly smooth1 and a piece of smooth plate-glass is laid thereon4 ,when paper filters are of large dimensions1 or employed for aqueous fluids that rapidly soften the texture of the paper1 or for collecting heavy powders1 or metallic precipitates1 it is usual to support them on linen or calico1 to prevent them breaking4 ,this is best done by folding the cloth up with the paper1 and cutting the filter out of the two1 in the same way as would be done with doubled paper1 observing so to place it in the funnel that the paper and calico may remain close together1 especially towards the bottom4 ,illustration ,the filtration of small quantities of liquid1 as in chemical experiments1 may often be conveniently performed by merely placing the paper on the circular top of a recipient 7see engr471 or on a ring of glass or earthenware laid on the top of any suitable vessel4 ,a filter of this kind that will hold one fluid ounce will filter many ounces of some liquids in an hour4 ,good filtering paper should contain no soluble matter1 and should not give more than #a_/bej to #a_/bcj of its weight of ashes4 ,the soluble matter may be removed by washing it1 first1 with very dilute hydrochloric acid1 and secondly1 with distilled water4 ,the ',munktell' ,swedish filtering paper#cja is composed of flax fibres very much crushed and broken1 and owes its value to the broken pieces of the fibres filling up the pores1 and thus preventing solids from passing through the paper4 ,rhenish filtering paper is also made from flax1 but in consequence of the more perfect condition of its fibres1 is more porous than ,munktell's1 and therefore inferior to it for filtering purposes4 ,another kind of ,rhenish paper1 also of flax1 in which the fibres are much torn1 is manufactured and is said to be a useful article1 and to allow the rapid passage of fluids through it4 ,the white filtering papers of ,english make have a small quantity of cotton mixed with the flax2 and the fibres are much torn and crushed2 hence they make serviceable filters4 ,footnote #cja3 ,dr ,f4 ,mohr says that ,swedish filtering paper is now undeserving its traditional reputation1 and that it contains soluble alumina4 ,the grey1 circular cut filtering paper of varying sizes1 of foreign make1 as well as the grey sheet filtering paper of ,dutch and ,english manufacture1 contains a large quantity of wool1 much of which is coloured2 as well as jute and esparto grass1 both of these latter in an unbleached state4 ,the amount of ash in the ,munktell paper has of late increased in quality4#cjb ,footnote #cjb3 ,greenish4 ,illustration ,for filtering a larger quantity of a liquid than can be conveniently managed with a funnel1 and also for substances that are either too viscid or too much loaded with feculence to allow them to pass freely through paper1 conical bags made of flannel1 felt1 tweeled cotton cloth or ,canton flannel1 linen or calico1 and suspended to iron-hooks by rings or tapes1 are commonly employed4 ,the first two of the above substances are preferable for saccharine1 mucilaginous1 and acidulous liquors2 the third for oily ones2 and the remainder for tinctures1 weak alkaline lyes1 and similar solutions4 ,these bags have the disadvantage of sucking up a considerable quantity of the fluid poured into them1 and are therefore objectionable1 except for large quantities1 or when they are to be continued in actual use as filters for some time4 ,on the large scale1 a number of them are usually worked together1 and are generally enclosed in cases to prevent evaporation1 and to exclude dirt from the filtered liquor that trickles down their sides4 ,these arrangements will be noticed further on4 ,illustration ,a simple mode of filtering aqueous fluids1 which are not injured by exposure to the air1 is to draw them off from one vessel to another1 by means of a number of threads of loosely twisted cotton or worsted1 arranged in the form of a syphon4 7,see engr47 ,the little cotton rope at once performs the operations of decantation and filtration4 ,this method is often convenient for sucking off the water from a small quantity of a precipitate4 ,for fuller information on the subject of laboratory filtration1 the reader is referred to the following papers 7which are too long for quotation here7 in ',the ,chemical ,news'3-- ,on a ,new ,mode of ,filtration1 by ,j4 ,b4 ,cooke1 ,may #cjth1 #ahgc2 ,filtering ,apparatus1 by ,john ,f4 ,kerr1 ,february #fth1 #ahgd2 ,implements for ,filtration1 by ,p4 ,casamajor1 ,july #bcrd1 #ahge1 and #cjth1 #ahge2 ,ibid1 by ,w4 ,jago1 ,february #dth1 #ahgf2 ,on ,rapid ,filtration1 by ,e4 ,c4 ,h4 ,hildebrand1 ,august #aath1 #ahgf2 also to ',journal of the ,chemical ,society1' for papers on3--,simple ,suction arrangement for ,rapid ,filtering1 by ,c4 ,holthof1 vol4 xxxii1 part #b1 p4 #ejh2 ,employment of ,compressed ,air on ,filtering ,solutions1 by ,w4 ,lebe1 vol4 xxxii1 part #a1 p4 #bgj4 ,when solid substances1 as porous stone or earthenware1 are used as the media for filtrations1 vessels of metal1 wood1 or stone-ware1 are employed to contain them and the supernatant liquid4 ,in these cases the filtering medium is usually arranged as a shelf or diaphragm1 and divides the vessel into two compartments2 the upper one being intended to contain the dirty liquid1 and the under one to receive the same when filtered4 ,such an apparatus is set in operation by merely filling the upper chamber1 and may at any time be readily cleared out by reversing it1 and passing clean water through it in an opposite direction4 ,small arrangements of this kind1 intended to be screwed on to the water supply-pipe by either end1 and which answer the purpose intended in the most satisfactory manner1 have been manufactured and vended under the name of ',,reversible' or ',,self-,,cleaning ,,filters1' ,when pulverulent substances1 as sand1 coarsely powdered charcoal1 c41 are employed1 a similar arrangement is followed2 but in this case the shelf or diaphragm must consist of any convenient substance pierced with numerous holes1 over which must be placed1 first a stratum of coarse pebbles1 next some of a finer description1 and on this a proper quantity of the sand1 charcoal1 or other medium4 ,over the whole should be placed another layer of pebbles1 or a board or plate of metal or earthenware1 pierced with a number of holes1 to allow the liquid to be poured into the filter without disturbing its arrangement4 ,apparatus of this kind1 of a permanent description1 and arranged for filtering large quantities of liquids1 are properly denominated ',,filtering ,,machines1' ,among the liquids usually submitted to filtration1 the following may be mentioned as the principal--water1 oils1 syrups1 tinctures1 vegetable juices1 infusions1 and decoctions4 ,the filtration of water may now be considered4 ,the water of our wells is presented by nature ready filtered to the hand of man1 and often exhibits an admirable degree of transparency and purity4 ,it acquires this state by percolating through the mineral strata of the earth1 which deprives it of the organic matter it derives from the soil and subsoil1 but1 at the same time1 it dissolves a portion of the saline and earthy media through which it passes1 and hence acquires that peculiar 'hardness' which is constantly found in spring water4 ,on the large scale1 this natural system of filtration has been imitated by some of the commercial companies that supply our cities and towns with water4 ,extensive beds of sand and gravel have been employed1 with variable success1 as the filtering media2 and were it not that filters gradually lose their porosity by the accumulation of the retained matter in their pores1 such a method would be excellent4 ,but the great expense of such filters precludes the possibility of frequently cleaning or renewing them1 by which means they can alone be kept in an efficient state4 ,a filter which possesses the advantages of being easily and cheaply cleaned when dirty1 and which frees water from mechanical impurities with immense rapidity1 may be formed by placing a stratum of sponge between two perforated metallic plates1 united by a central screw1 and arranged in such a manner as to permit of the sponge being compressed to any required degree4 ,water1 under gentle pressure1 flows with such rapidity through the pores of compressed sponge1 that it is said that a few square feet of this substance will perfectly filter several millions of gallons of water daily4 ,this method of filtration has been made the subject of a patent1 and has been favorably noticed by the legislature4 ,a few barrels or hogsheads of water may be easily filtered daily1 by the arrangement represented in the engraving4 ,illustration3 ,a4 ,a common water-pipe or cock4 b4 ,a false bottom fitting in perfectly water-tight4 c4 ,a perforated wooden or metallic vessel or box covered with a bag of felt or other filtering substance 7not shown in the engraving74 d4 ,a small tube1 fitting water-tight into the false bottom and uniting the interior of the filter with the lower portion of the cask4 ,it is evident that when water is poured into the upper portion ,b of a vessel1 so arranged1 it will sink through the filter c1 and pipe d1 into the lower chamber ,c1 and this filtration will go on as long as the supply continues1 and water is drawn from the cock e4 ,by uniting the cock e with a tank or casks1 and by keeping the upper portion ,b always full by means of a ball-cock1 a considerable quantity of water may be thus filtered4 ,the advantage of this plan is1 that the filter c can be always readily got at1 and easily cleaned or renewed4 ,for filtering water on the small scale1 and for domestic use1 'alcarazzas1' diaphragms of porous earthenware and filtering-stone and layers of sand and charcoal1 c41 already referred to1 are commonly employed as filtering media4 ,the filtering power of porous stone or earthenware may be greatly increased by adopting the arrangement represented in the margin1 which consists in making the diaphragm of the shape of a disc 7d71 supporting plates of the same material1 the whole forming but one piece4 ,the ',,platylithic ,,water-,,filters1' which are formed of porous stone cut on this plan1 present #bjj to #cjj square inches of filtering surface4 ,a cheap1 useful form of portable filter1 is the following1 given in the ',proceedings of the ,british ,association1' ,take any common vessel1 perforated below1 such as a flower-pot1 fill the lower portion with coarse pebbles1 over which place a layer of finer ones1 and on these a layer of clean coarse sand4 ,on the top of this a piece of burnt clay1 perforated with small holes1 should be put1 and on this again a stratum of three or four inches thick1 of well burnt pounded animal charcoal4 ,a filter thus formed will last a considerable time1 and will be found particularly useful in removing noxious and putrescent substances held in solution by water4#cjc ,the ',,portable-,,filters1' set up in stone-ware1 that are commonly sold in the shops1 contain a stratum of sand1 or coarsely-powdered charcoal2#cjd before1 however1 having access to this1 the water has to pass through a sponge1 to remove the coarser portion of the impurities4 ,among the many new kinds of portable filters now offered for sale1 which claim special notice1 are the following1 viz4-- ,footnote #cjc3 ,a very similar filter to this was invented by the late ,mr ,george ,robins1 the celebrated auctioneer4 ,mr ,robins' filter differed from the above in having a lid with a hole in the centre in which a sponge was placed2 an arrangement which by keeping back the suspended matter contained in the water1 prevented the filter from being clogged up4 ,footnote #cjd3 ,frankland and ,byrne have shown that animal is greatly superior to vegetable charcoal when employed for water-filters4 ,illustration #a4 ,the ,,moulded ,,carbon ,,filter1 consisting of a spherical or cylindrical vessel formed of compressed carbon4 #b4 ,the ,,silicated ,,carbon ,,filter1 in which the medium is a compact substance1 formed of animal charcoal and the ashes of ,boghead coal4 ,of the many forms of this filter1 we may mention the ',syphon ,filter for ,travellers1' by means of which wholesome water may be drunk from any pond or stream by simply immersing the filter therein and drawing the water through the tube by suction4 ,of the ',silicated ,carbon ,filter1' ,professor ,wanklyn says that it will render river water containing a considerable amount of free and albuminoid ammonia as pure as deep spring water4 #c4 ,,bischoff',s ,,patent ,,spongy-,,iron ,,filter4--,this differs from one invented many years ago by ,dr ,medlock1 in bringing the water into contact with spongy iron instead of thin iron rods1 and thus effecting filtration much more rapidly4 ,medlock believed that the iron rods brought about the oxidation of the nitrogenous organic matter and its consequent conversion into nitrites and nitrates4 ,bischoff states that he has experimentally investigated the properties of spongy iron1 and finds that it-- a4 ,decomposes even distilled water1 which has been previously boiled4 b4 ,that it reduces nitric acid to ammonia4 c4 ,that the amounts of organic nitrogen and albuminoid ammonia are always much reduced after filtration through spongy iron4 d4 ,that a minute quantity of iron is dissolved by the carbonic acid contained in the water1 ferrous bicarbonate being formed4 ,the latter being soon oxidised and precipitated is easily removed by filtration4 e4 ,that the action of spongy iron on impure water is two fold1 viz4 chemical and mechanical4 ,the chemical action is clearly indicated by the decomposition of water4 ,the readiest explanation for the decomposition of water1 is1 the intimate contact between the electro-positive and electro-negative bodies1 such as metallic iron and carbon1 or even metallic iron and any ferric oxide1 which has escaped reduction1 or which has been reoxidised by exposure to air or water2 and it may well be supposed that1 consequent to the galvanic current thus produced1 the atmospheric oxygen dissolved in water is ozonised1 and caused to act as a powerful oxidising agent in organic matter4 ,we extract the tables on the next page from the ,sixth ,report of the ,royal ,commission on ,rivers' ,pollution4 ,the ,commissioners1 we may here state1 speak in high terms of this filter4 #d4 ,the so-called ,,magnetic ,,carbide ,,of ,,iron ,,filter4 ,in this1 the filtering material is said to be prepared by heating hmatite with sawdust4 ,this filter has a good repute4 asterism ,the ,royal ,commission on ,rivers ,pollution strongly recommend filters of animal charcoal to be recharged every three to six months1 since they found that myriads of minute worms were developed in the animal charcoal1 and passed out with the water when these filters were used for ,thames water1 and when the charcoal was not renewed at sufficiently short intervals4 ,cleansing of ,filters4--,every two or three months 7according to the kind of water7 air should be blown through1 and if the charcoal be in the block form it should be brushed4 ,then four to six ounces of the pharmacopoeial solution of potassium permanganate1 or twenty to thirty grains of the solid permanganate in a quart of distilled water1 and ten drops of strong sulphuric acid1 should be poured through1 and subsequently a quarter to half an ounce of pure hydrochloric acid in two to four gallons of distilled water4 ,this plan would be useful on foreign stations where the filter cannot be sent home1 or taken to pieces2 if it can be taken to pieces1 the charcoal should be spread out in a thin layer1 and exposed for some time to air or sun1 or heated in an oven4 ,the ,average ,composition of ,thames ,water1 before and after ,filtration through ,spongy ,iron4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------ ,dissolved ,matters4 ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,description4 ,total ,organic ,organic ,ammonia4 ,nitrogen1 ,total solid carbon4nitrogen4 as nitratescombined impurity4 and nitrogen4 nitrites4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,as delivered from ,chelsea ,waterworks #bhjd #aih #jdb #jjji #aag #bbj ,the same water filtered through spongy iron #afh #jfi #jah #jai #jah #jdi ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,the mean of the #adth and #aeth taken after the spongy iron filter had been in operation in the ,rivers ,commission ,laboratory for upwards of eight months4#cje ,as supplied from ,waterworks #bddg #agj #jee #jja #jih #aed ,after filtration through spongy iron #adbf #jhc #jaf #j #j #jaf ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------ ,dissolved ,matters4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,hardness4 ----------------------------- ,description4 ,previous ,chlorine4,temporary4,permanent4 ,total4 ,no4 of ,sewage samples or ,animal analysed4 contamin- ation4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,as delivered from ,chelsea ,waterworks #adfd #bja #aee #fb #bag #ae ,the same filtered through spongy iron #agg #bjj #fh #di #aag #ae ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,the mean of the ,analysis #adth and #aeth of the samples taken #aeth after the sample4 spongy iron filters had been in operation in the ,rivers ,commission ,laboratory for upwards of eight months4#cje ,as supplied from ,waterworks #fge #aie --- --- #aia --- ,after filtration through spongy iron #j #aie --- --- #if --- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,footnote #cje3 ,the figures demonstrate that the purifying action of spongy iron1 if at all altered1 has been increased1 as regards the most important impurities of water1 viz41 nitrogenous matters and hardness4 ,if sponges are at all used1 they should be removed from time to time1 and thoroughly washed in hot water4#cjf ,footnote #cjf3 ,parkes ',practical ,hygiene4' ,oils are filtered1 on the small scale1 through cotton-wool1 or unsized paper1 arranged in a funnel2 and on the large scale1 through long bags1 made of tweeled cotton-cloth 7,canton flannel74 ,these bags are usually made about #ab or #ae inches in diameter1 and from #d to #h feet long 7see engr471 and are inclosed in bottomless casings1 or bags of coarse canvas1 about #e to #f or #h inches in diameter1 for the purpose of condensing a great extent of filtering surface into the smallest possible space4 ,a number of these double bags 7from #a to #ej or #fj7 are connected with corresponding holes in the bottom of a block-tin or tinned-copper cistern1 into which the oil to be filtered is poured4 ,the mode in which these bags are fastened to the cistern is of the utmost importance1 as on the joint being close and secure depends the integrity of the apparatus4 ,three methods of doing this are figured in the engraving1 which1 with the references1 will explain themselves1 the same letters referring to the same parts of each4 ,illustration3 ,filtering-bag of cotton-cloth4 ,cotton filtering-bag1 'creased1' or enclosed in its canvas envelope1 ready for fixing4 ,the second of the above arrangements is the least expensive1 and certainly the most convenient in practice2 and when the cylinder l fits the hole closely 7allowing for the bag71 is as safe1 or safer1 than an ordinary screw4 ,illustration3 a4 ,bottom of cistern4 b4 ,filtering-bag4 c4 ,screw of the conical nozzle fitting into the cistern4 d4 ,binding cord connecting bag and nozzle4 e4 ,binding cord connecting bag and lower nozzle4 f4 ,bayonet-catch1 connecting the lower portion of the nozzle fastened to the bag with the upper and fixed part1 g4 i4 ,the thick hem at the top of the bag 7purposely made large by enclosing a piece of thick cord therein71 resting on the shoulders1 k4 l4 ,a metallic cylinder1 loosely fitting the hole in the cistern1 and over which the top of the bag is drawn1 before being put into its place2 when fitted1 as in the engraving1 it retains the hem i securely in its place above the shoulder k4 ,the bags are surrounded by a wooden screen fitted up with doors for the purpose of keeping off the dust2 and the bottom of the apartment is furnished with large steam-pipes1 by which a proper temperature may be kept up in cold weather4 ,the use of heat should1 however1 never be had recourse to when it can be avoided1 as although it vastly increases the rate of filtration1 the oil so filtered is more apt to become opaque in cold weather than when the process is conducted at the natural temperature of the atmosphere4 ,this is particularly the case with castor oil and sperm oil4 ,in the ,united ,states of ,america1 where the latter is consumed in enormous quantities for illumination1 the best is always 'winter strained1' as it is popularly called4 ,in practice1 it is more convenient to have a number of small cisterns at work 7say #ej or #ajj galls4 each71 than one or two larger ones1 as any accident that may occur is more easily remedied1 and that without stopping the whole operation4 ,when cotton-cloth bags are employed without being 'creased1' or enclosed in others of canvas1 they should not be longer than about #c or #d feet1 and not wider than about #e or #f inches when filled4 ,when larger they are dangerous4 ,illustration ,a convenient method of filtering a single cask of oil is1 to insert the pipe of a two-way patent filter into the cork-hole1 by which means the whole will be filtered as drawn off1 without any trouble on the part of the operator4 ,this filter consists of a porous bag stretched over a perforated metallic vessel1 nearly the shape and size of the exterior casing1 and its edge is tightly screwed between the sides and bottom of the latter1 so as to be quite water-tight4 ,the cock communicates with the interior of the perforated plate and filter1 and the supply-pipe with the exterior4 ,by this means the interior chamber1 which occupies #e_/fths of the vessel1 rapidly fills with filtered oil1 and continues full as long as any liquor remains in the cask4 ,this arrangement is also well adapted to the filtration of wines1 beer1 cordials1 porter1 and various other liquors4 ,it is unequalled in simplicity and usefulness4 ,the same filter may be removed from cask to cask1 with the facility of a common cock4 ,the filtration of ,,syrups is now generally effected on the large scale by passing them through the ',,creased ,,bag ,,filter' just described4 ,on the small scale1 as employed by confectioners and druggists1 they are usually passed through ,,conical ,,flannel ,,bags4 7,see page #gbf47 ,the filtration of thick syrups is1 however1 attended with some difficulty1 and it is therefore a good plan to filter them in a somewhat dilute state1 and afterwards to reduce them to a proper consistence by evaporation in clean vessels of tinned copper1 by steam heat4 ,syrups1 when filtered in a heated state1 run well for a time1 but the pores of the fabric rapidly get choked1 from the thickening of the syrup and partial crystallization of the sugar1 occasioned by the evaporation of the aqueous portion from the surface of the bag4 ,this may be partially prevented by enclosing the bag in a metallic casing4 ,on the whole clarification is preferable for syrups to filtration on the small scale4 ,they need only be well beaten up while cold with a little white of egg1 and then heated2 a scum rises1 which must be removed as soon as it becomes consistent1 and the skimming continued until the liquid becomes clear4 ,any floating portions of scum that may have escaped notice are easily removed by running the syrup through a coarse flannel strainer1 whilst hot4 ,the most extensive application of the process of filtration in the arts is in the refining of sugars4 ,,tinctures ,,and ,,dilute ,,spirits are usually filtered1 on the small scale1 through ,,bibulous or ,,unsized ,,paper placed on a funnel2 and on the large scale1 through thin and fine ,,cotton ,,bags4 ,in general1 however1 tinctures clarify themselves by the subsidence of the suspended matter1 when allowed to repose for a few days4 ,hence it is the bottoms alone that require filtering2 the supernatant clear portion need only be run through a small hair sieve1 a piece of tow or cotton placed in the throat of a funnel1 or some other coarse medium1 to remove any floating substances1 as pieces of straw1 c4 ,spirits which are largely loaded with essential oil1 as those of ,,aniseed1 c41 run rapidly through paper or calico1 but usually require the addition of a spoonful or two of magnesia before they will flow quite clear4 ,when possible1 tinctures1 spirits1 and all similar volatile fluids1 are better and more economically cleared by subsidence or clarification than by filtration1 as1 in the latter way1 a portion is lost by evaporation1 and the strength of the liquid is thereby altered4 ,vegetable juices should be allowed to deposit their feculous portion before filtration4 ,the supernatant liquid will then be often found quite clear4 ,it is only when this is not the case that filtration should be had recourse to4 ,a small quantity may be filtered through coarse or woollen filtering paper1 supported on a piece of coarse calico placed on a funnel2 when the quantity is large1 one of the ,,conical ,,bags before described should be employed4 ,the bottoms from which the clear portion has been decanted should be placed on a separate filter1 or else not added until the whole of the other portion has drained through4 ,vegetable juices are often rendered clear by simply heating them to about #ahj or #bjj ,fahr41 by which their albumen is coagulated2 they are also frequently clarified by the addition of a little white of egg and heat1 in the same way as syrups4 ,many of them 7as those of hemlock1 henbane1 aconite1 c47 are greatly injured by heat1 and must consequently be filtered1 or only simply decanted after repose4 ,in all cases they should be exposed to the air as little as possible1 as they rapidly suffer decomposition4 ,vegetable infusions and decoctions may be cleared by defecation followed by filtration4 ,the conical bags of flannel before described are usually employed for this purpose4 ,when the liquid is to be evaporated to an extract1 they are commonly suspended by a hook over the evaporating pan4 ,a convenient method of straining these fluids1 practised in the laboratory1 is to stretch a square of flannel on a frame or 'horse1' securing it at the corners by pieces of string4 7,see engr47 ,such a frame1 laid across the mouth of a pan1 is more easily fed with fresh liquid than a bag1 whose mouth is #dj or #ej inches higher4 ,the same purpose1 for small quantities of liquid1 is effected by laying the flannel across the mouth of a coarse hair sieve4 ,the concentrated infusions and decoctions being usually weak tinctures1 may be filtered in the same way as the latter4 7,see above47 ,many vegetable solutions1 that from the viscidity of the suspended matter can scarcely be filtered1 may be readily clarified with white of egg in the cold1 or pass the filter rapidly if a very small quantity of acetic1 tartaric1 sulphuric1 or other strong acid1 is previously added4 ,illustration ,corrosive liquids1 as the ,,strong ,,acids1 are filtered through powdered glass1 or ,,siliceous ,,sand1 supported on pebbles in the throat of a glass funnel1 or through asbestos or gun-cotton placed in the same manner4 ,charcoal has also been employed for the same purpose1 but is not fit for some acids4 ,strong caustic alkaline lyes are also filtered through powdered glass or sand4 ,weak alkaline lyes may be filtered through fine calico1 stretched across the mouth of a funnel4 ,many corrosive liquids1 as solution of potassa1 c41 require to be excluded from the air during filtration4 ,the simplest apparatus that can be employed for this purpose is that figured in the margin3--7a7 is a globular bottle fitted with the ground stopper 7d71 and having a perforated neck 7f7 ground to the bottle 7b72 7c7 is a small tube1 wrapped round with as much asbestos1 linen1 or calico1 as is required to make it fit the under neck of the bottle through which it passes4 ,the tube 7c7 may also be fixed by placing pebbles and powdered glass or sand round it1 as before mentioned4 ,for use1 the solution to be filtered is poured into the bottle 7a7 nearly as high as the top of the tube 7c71 and the stopper is replaced4 ,the liquid then descends into 7b71 and a similar quantity of air passes up the tube into 7a74 ,,liquor ,,potass may be always obtained fine by depuration in close vessels1 when the sediment of lime only need be filtered1 which may be effected with calico fixed across the mouth of a funnel4 ,illustration ,when a precipitate1 or the suspended matter in a liquid1 is the object of the filtration1 the filter should be of such a nature that the powder may be easily separated from it1 when dry1 and that with the least loss possible4 ,linen filters are for this reason preferable for large quantities1 and those of smooth bibulous paper for small ones4 ,the powder should be washed down the sides of the filter1 and collected1 by means of a small stream of water1 in one spot at the bottom1 assisting the operation with a camel-hair pencil2 and1 when the whole is dry1 it should be swept off the paper or cloth with a similar pencil or brush1 and not removed by a knife1 as is commonly done1 when it can be possibly avoided4 ,the 'first runnings' of liquid from a filter are commonly foul1 and are pumped back or returned until the fluid runs perfectly limpid and transparent1 when it is 'turned into' the 'filtered liquor cistern1' or proper receiver4 ,in many cases the liquid does not readily become transparent by simply passing through the filter2 hence has arisen the use of ,,filtering ,,powders1 or substances which rapidly choke up the pores of the media in a sufficient degree to make the fluid pass clear4 ,in the employment of these powders care should be taken that they are not in too fine a state of division1 nor used in larger quantities than are absolutely necessary1 as they are apt to choke up the filter1 and to absorb a large quantity of the liquid4 ,the less filtering powder used1 the more rapid will be the progress of the filtration1 and the longer will be the period during which the apparatus will continue in effective action4 ,for some liquids these substances are employed for the double purpose of decolouring or whitening1 as well as rendering them transparent4 ,in such cases it is preferable first to pass the fluid through a layer of the substance in coarse powder1 from which it will 'run' but slightly contaminated into the filter2 or1 if the powder is mixed with the whole body of the liquid1 as in bleaching almond oil1 c41 to pass the mixture through some coarser medium to remove the cruder portion before allowing it to run into the filter4 ,another plan is1 after long agitation and subsequent repose1 to decant the clearer portion from the grosser sediment1 and to employ separate filters for the two4 ,granulated animal charcoal is used according to the first method1 to decolour syrups1 oils1 c42 and filtering powder by the second and third1 to remove a portion of the colour1 and to clarify castor and other oils4 ,the common plan of mixing large quantities of filtering powder with castor oil1 and throwing the whole into the filter1 as adopted by the druggists1 is injudicious4 ,when simple filtration is required1 it is better to use little or no powder1 and to continue returning the oil that 'runs' through1 until1 by the swelling of the fibres of the filter bags1 it flows quite clear4 ,by this plan the same filters may be used for a long period of time 7for many years71 and will continue to work well2 whilst1 by the usual method1 they rapidly decline in power1 and soon deliver their contents slowly1 and after a short time scarcely at all4 ,it is often of great advantage to render a filter 'self-acting1' or to construct it in such a way that it may 'feed itself1' so that it may continue full and at work without the constant attention of the operator4 ,on the small scale1 this may be readily effected on the principle of the common fountain lamp 7see engr472 and on the large scale1 by placing the vessel containing the unfiltered liquid on a higher level than the filter1 and by having the end of the supply-pipe fitted with a ball-cock1 to keep the liquid in the filter constantly at the same height4 ,illustration ,the rapidity of filtration depends upon--the porosity of the filtering medium--the extent of the filtering surface--the relative viscidity or mobility of the filtering liquid--the pressure or force by which the liquid is impelled through the pores of the filter1 and--the porosity and fineness of the substances it holds in suspension4 ,the most efficient filter is produced when the first two or the first three are so graduated to the others that liquid filters rapidly1 and is at the same time rendered perfectly transparent4 ,in the common method of filtration no pressure is exerted beyond that of the weight of the column of the liquid resting on the filtering medium1 but in some cases additional pressure is employed4 ,this is had recourse to for the purpose of producing a more rapid filtration1 and more especially for filtering liquids that1 from their viscidity1 will scarcely pass through the pores of substances sufficiently fine to remove their impurities in the ordinary way4 ,illustration ,one of the easiest means of employing pressure in filtration is to increase the height of the column of the filtering liquid4 ,from the peculiar properties of fluids1 by which they transmit pressure in an equal degree in all directions1 this column need not be of equal diameter throughout1 but may be conveniently contracted to the size of a small pipe1 as in the accompanying engraving1 which represents a small filter on this construction at work4 7a7 ,is the funnel or reservoir of foul liquid2 7b7 a small pipe conveying the liquid to the filter2 7c c7 a chamber1 of which the upper portion 7d7 is filled with the descending liquid1 and the lower portion 7e7 with the filtering media2 7i i7 are screws by which the bottom plate is fastened on1 which plate is removed to clean out or renew the filter4 ,for use1 the cocks 7k7 and 7l7 are closed1 and the liquid poured into the funnel 7a72 the cock 7k7 is next opened1 and1 in a few minutes after1 the cock 7l71 when an uninterrupted flow of filtered liquor will be obtained as long as any fluid remains in the funnel 7a7 and the tube 7b74 ,the length of the tube determines the degree of pressure4 ,care must be taken first to pass the foul liquid through a hair sieve1 or some other strainer1 to remove any substance that might choke up the pipe 7b74 ,another method of employing pressure in filtration is the withdrawal of the air from the receiving vessel1 as in the vacuum filter1 by which a pressure of about #ad-a_/b lbs4 to the square inch becomes exerted on the surface of the liquid by the atmosphere4 ,the vacuum in the receiving vessel may be produced by the air-pump1 by steam1 or by the ,bunsen or ,sprengel pump4 ,a commoner method of applying pressure than either of those already mentioned is to condense the air over the surface of the liquid by means of a forcing-pump1 or by steam4 ,on the small scale1 pressure may be applied to filtration by means of a syphon1 whose shorter leg has its mouth blown into the shape of a bell or funnel1 over which filtering paper or fine calico may be stretched4 ,the application of pressure to filtration is not always advantageous1 and beyond a certain limit is generally attended with inconvenience1 if not with absolute disadvantage4 ,it is found in practice that fluids under pressure take a longer period to run clear than without pressure1 and that ruptures of the media more frequently take place in the former case1 or with pressure1 than in the latter4 ,great pressure is in no case advantageous4 ,the filters already noticed are those that act by the fluid descending through the media2 but in some cases the reverse method is employed1 and the liquid filters upwards1 instead of downwards4 ,these are called ascending filters1 and are often preferable to those on the descending principle1 because the suspended matters that require removal by filtration usually sink1 and thus a portion escapes being forced into the pores of the filter4 ,they are also more convenient when pressure is employed4 ,the construction depends upon the same principles as the common filter1 and merely requires that the feeding vessel should be higher than the upper surface of the filtering media4 ,,oils are conveniently filtered in this way1 because of their little specific gravity4 ,by fixing a small filter on this principle into the head of a cask1 and pouring in water through a funnel1 whose neck reaches nearly to the bottom of the cask1 the oil will float up and pass the filter1 leaving the sediment behind4 ,in cold weather hot water may be employed4 ,illustration3 a4 ,cask of oil4 b4 ,stand4 c4 ,funnel for water4 d4 ,filter4 ,in some cases the upward and downward systems of filtration are united in the same apparatus1 and this plan is advantageous where the space for operating is limited4 ,for this purpose it is merely necessary to connect the bottom of an ascending filter with the top of a descending one1 or the reverse2 the proper pressure being in either case applied4 ,filtration1 the ,laws of4 ,the ',revue ,universelle des ,mines1' #ahgd1 pp4 #dfi1 #eea contains a paper by ,m4 ,paul ,havre recording his investigations on the rapidity of the filtration of water through sand1 wool1 c41 which resulted in ascertaining and measuring the influences which may modify the flow of water4 ,in all cases of filtration1 the influences which are exerted are3--the pressure and temperature of the water1 the thickness of the filtering medium1 compression in the case of fibrous filters1 the size of the grains and their mixture in the case of a filtering medium analogous to sand4 ,the influence of obstruction1 due to the dirtiness of the filter1 depends on circumstances too variable to be taken into account4 ,the delivery of a filter per square mtre per #bd hours is equal to two cubic mtres multiplied by the pressure of water in mtres1 divided by the thickness of the filtering medium in mtres4 ,an application of this formula is made to existing filter beds1 including those at ,southwark and at the ,chelsea waterworks4 ,the first experiments for ascertaining the influence of a head of water on the delivery led to the following results3--,the delivery increases in a higher ratio than the square root of the pressure1 due to the height 7,,torrecelli',s ,,law72 the delivery increases in direct ratio to the height of the column of water above the filter1 admitting a previous initial delivery1 due solely to the pressure of water above the filter2 the co-efficient of the increase of delivery is constant1 and in this case of a filtering substance #hffb inches 7#bb centimtres7 thick1 is equal to #jajf pint 7#f centilitres7 for sand to #jebh pint 7#cj centilitres7 for compressed wool1 and to #jgib pints 7#de centilitres7 for wool only slightly compressed4 ,the subsequent experiments were made with graduated transparent cylinders1 #cbh feet 7#a mtre7 high1 with the ends perfectly level1 the filtering substances being kept in place by a thick double cloth tied tightly under the bottom of the tube4 ,this apparatus presented no other obstacle to the running of the water than the layer of filtering substance2 it permitted experiments to be made at all temperatures1 and the thickness of the filtering medium to be measured exactly4 ,in these experiments sand is 'taken as the type of pulverulent substances1' but an unexpected difficulty was encountered in the settling or partial agglomeration of the large and small grains of the unsifted sand1 thus diminishing the delivery of water to one half1 one third1 and ultimately to one fifth of its previous volume4 ,this led to the adoption of sand--the grains of which were uniform in size1 and to the discovery of the fact that1 other tissues being equal1 the resistance of filtration is constant when the sand is coarse1 when the grains of fine sand are of nearly equal size1 and when there is but little fine sand mixed with the coarse4 ,from experiments in filtering through a layer of coarse sand approximately #d inches 7#aj centimtres7 thick1 it was found that the higher the temperature the more rapid was the delivery1 and by filtering through a layer of coarser sand #aah inches 7#cj centimtres7 thick1 the conclusion was arrived at that the temperature exerts an influence in proportion to the thickness of the layer4 ,see ,,air-,,pump1 ,,bunsen',s ,,water-,,air ,,pump2 ,,clarification2 ,,defecation2 ,,finings1 c4 ,,fi',,nings4 ,substances used by publicans1 brewers1 wine merchants1 c41 to clarify their liquors4 ,prep4 #a4 7,,brewer',s ,,finings2 ,,cooper',s ,f47 ,isinglass 7finely shredded71 #a lb41 and sour beer or cider or vinegar1 #c or #d pints1 are macerated together1 and more of the sour liquor added as the isinglass swells1 until about a gallon has been used1 agitation with a whisk or a small bundle of twigs being occasionally had recourse to1 for the purpose of promoting the solution4 ,as soon as the whole of the isinglass is dissolved1 the mixture is reduced to the consistence of thin syrup1 with weak mild beer1 or cider1 or any other liquid that the finings are intended for4 ,the whole is next strained through a tammy cloth or a hair sieve1 and at once reduced to a proper state of dilution1 by the addition of more liquor4 ,product1 #f-a_/b to #g galls4 ,a pound of good isinglass will make about #ab galls4 of finings4 7,ure47 ,used to clarify fermented liquors1 especially beer4 #a to #a-a_/b pint is the usual dose for a barrel of ale or porter2 and a quart for a hogshead of cider or wine4 #b4 7,,spirit ,,finings47--a4 ,alum 7ord4 cryst471 #a lb42 powder1 and divide it into #ab equal portions1 which are to be separately wrapped in blue paper1 and marked ,no4 #a4 ,next take of carbonate of soda 7sesquicarbonate of the shops71 #f oz42 divide this as the last1 wrap it in white paper1 and mark each parcel ,no4 #b4 ,keeps dry anywhere4 b4 ,from alum1 #a lb42 salt of tartar 7dry71 #a_/d lb42 proceed as before4 ,the white papers containing the salt of tartar must be kept in a dry1 well-corked1 wide-mouthed bottle or jar4 ,both of the last two are used to clarify gin and cordials4 ,the contents of one of the blue papers are dissolved in about a pint of hot water1 and the resulting solution is well 'rummaged up' with the liquor4 ,a solution of the contents of one of the white papers1 in about #a_/b pint of hot water1 is then added1 and the agitation continued for some minutes longer2 after which the cask is 'bunged' close and the whole allowed to repose until the next day4 ,this is sufficient for a barrel 7say #cj to #cf galls471 but many persons use double the quantity4 ,the effect is not only to clarify1 but also to 'blanch' the liquor4 ,obs4 ,good liquors1 either fermented or spirituous1 need no artificial 'fining1' as they always clarify themselves by repose4 ,with those1 however1 which are out of 'condition1' or of inferior quality1 it is often necessary1 as1 without such a proceeding1 they remain unsaleable4 ,this is particularly the case with malt liquor4 ,attempts to clarify it in the cask seldom fail to do harm4 ,the only thing that can be used with advantage for fining foul or muddy beer is isinglass4 7,ure47 ,the disadvantages resulting from the artificial clarification of fermented liquors are--that they do not afterwards 'stand well on draught1' that much of the conservative astringent matter which they contain is precipitated with the 'finings1' that their piquancy and flavour is more or less diminished1 and that they are more than usually liable to become flat and vapid1 whether in cask or bottle4 ,the larger the proportion of 'finings' used1 the more marked are their injurious effects1 and the shorter the interval which elapses before the accession of the several symptoms referred to4 ,we have seen the most disastrous consequences follow the injudicious use of 'finings1' more especially in respect to those liquors in which a certain amount of piquancy1 astringency1 and briskness1 is an essential condition4 ,in one instance which came under our notice upwards of #cj barrels of 'underground' 7a very strong old ale7 was thus reduced in value to less than #a-crd its original cost2 and in another1 a large bottled stock of the 'finest old ,burton' was found to be utterly unsaleable4 ,in both cases the 'spoiled liquor' was got rid of by mixing it in and selling it with #c;d4 and #d;d4 beer4 ,liquors which 'refuse to fine' or become clear1 when treated with 'finings' in the usual manner1 are called 'stubborn' by coopers and cellarmen4 ,see ,,brewing1 ,,gin1 ,,malt1 ,,liquors1 ,,wines1 c4 ,,fire4 ,the calamities resulting from this destructive agent are of such frequent occurrence1 as to justly claim a notice of the subject here4 ,the causes of fires are numerous1 and of a varied character1 and1 in most instances1 difficult to determine1 because it is the interest of those concerned to suppress all evidence connected with the matter4 ,accident1 that convenient word given to the imaginary hack to which so many fires are referred1 if truthfully interpreted1 will1 in general1 be found to be equivalent to carelessness1 recklessness1 or guilt4 ,we believe that there are few fires which have happened that might not have been prevented by the exercise of common prudence1 and that a vast number have been caused by direct negligence1 arising from sheer laziness and indifference1 to use no harsher terms4 ,as familiar instances1 may be mentioned--allowing sparks to fall on the ground and remain there without extinguishing them2 carrying a naked candle into rooms containing inflammable substances2 smoking carelessly and in dangerous places1 as workshops1 warehouses1 on shipboard1 c42 keeping instantaneous light matches in improper places1 and neglecting to pick up those that may happen to fall on the ground1 c4 c4 ,the list might easily be extended1 but we believe every reflecting reader can do so for himself4 ,the great increase in the number of fires since the introduction of lucifer matches1 and the almost general use of tobacco1 cannot fail to have attracted the attention of every one4 ,the danger of matches falling about might be avoided by the use of those which can only be ignited by rubbing them on the prepared surface of the box4 ,these 'safety matches' are coming into general use1 and must eventually supersede all the more dangerous kinds4 ,the late ,mr ,braidwood classes the causes of fires under the following heads3--#a4 ,inattention in the use of fires and lights4 #b4 ,improper construction of buildings1 c4 #c4 ,furnaces or close fires1 for heating buildings1 or for mechanical purposes4 #d4 ,spontaneous ignition4 #e4 ,incendiarism4 ,amongst many other causes of fire1 too numerous to specify1 may be noticed--incautiously approaching window- and bed-curtains with a candle or lamp1 airing linen before the fire1 allowing children to play with fire1 women's dresses taking fire1 and taking off the burning coals from a fire and laying them on the hearth4 ,another very common cause of fire is covering up a fire-place when not in use with wood1 or paper and canvas1 c4 ,the soot falls either from the flue itself or an adjoining one into the grate2 a neighbouring chimney takes fire1 a spark from this falls down the blocked-up flue1 ignites the soot in the grate1 which smoulders until the covering is burnt through1 and thus sets the building on fire4 ,another cause of fire1 and one which cannot be too strongly condemned1 is the dangerous practice of reading in bed by candle-light4 ,a very serious annual loss of property is also caused by want of proper care in hanging up or removing the goods in linendrapers' shop windows when the gas is burning4 ,another frequent cause of fire is the employment of young children in lighting fires1 from their propensity to play with flame4 ,the employment of close fires with brick flues is also a frequent source of danger4 ,frequently1 from various causes1 the furnace almost always cracks1 thus giving egress to smoke and flame4 ,when this occurs no time should be lost in thoroughly repairing the defect1 or building a new furnace2 merely plastering over the surface will be found an ineffective and dangerous remedy4 ,to guard against the dangers arising from the ignition of wearing apparel many methods have been suggested for rendering fabrics flame proof1 all of them consisting in soaking the dress in a weak solution of a non-inflammable substance1 such as chloride of zinc1 alum1 tungstate of sodium1 sulphate of ammonia1 c4 ,of these alum has the advantage of greatly improving the appearance of the fabrics1 especially if they be coloured4 ,fire-guards1 particularly where there are children1 ought to be adopted much more generally than they appear to be4 ,prev4 ,this consists of the exercise of those ordinary precautions which the good sense of every careful and trustworthy man1 be he taskmaster or servant1 cannot fail to suggest4 ,it would be useless to enumerate them4 ,immediately on the fire being discovered1 secure an alarm being given to the nearest of the fire escape stations1 not delaying an instant2 do not wait to see if it is wanted4 ,life is more valuable than property1 and events have often proved how fatal even a moment's hesitation is in sending for the fire-escape4#cjg ,footnote #cjg3 ',handbook for ,emergencies1' ,cassell4 ,the late ,mr ,braidwood's advice was1 that if the fire appears at all serious1 and there are fire-engines within a reasonable distance1 that it is best to wait until they arrive2 many buildings have been destroyed from opening doors1 and trying to extinguish fires with insufficient means4 ,if no engines are within reach it is advisable to keep a hand-pump4 ,if that is not to be had1 the next best thing is to collect as many buckets outside the room on fire as can be obtained1 keeping the door shut2 then to creep into the room on hands and knees 7if the heat and smoke are considerable71 and throw the water as nearly in the direction of the fire as possible1 keeping the door shut while more water is being collected4 ,the police of the metropolis understand shutting up fires so well1 that they have in many instances kept fires two or three miles distant from the engine-stations1 shut up till the fireman arrived in time to extinguish them4 ,fires might often be readily extinguished when first discovered by the timely application of a few buckets of water4 ,when an apartment is found to be on fire1 the door1 chimney1 and windows should be immediately closed1 if possible1 and only opened for the purpose of projecting water on the flames4 ,by this means the supply of air will be cut off1 and rapid combustion prevented4 ,the same applies to the lower doors and windows of a house 7especially the shop window71 which are often injudiciously kept open or removed1 under the pretence of rendering assistance4 ,the neglect of this precaution has often caused a mere smouldering fire1 that might have been easily put out1 to burst into an unextinguishable mass of flame4 ,it has been proposed at various times to make certain additions to the water used for the purpose of extinguishing fires1 in order to render its action more certain and effective4 ,it is found that sal ammoniac 7#e oz4 to the gall47 exerts this property in a remarkable degree4 ,several other articles1 as common salt1 pearlash1 and kitchen soda1 act in the same way1 though less effectively4 ,a few buckets of such water will speedily arrest the progress of a fire before it has much extended itself4 ,such a plan is easily applied1 by adding the saline matter to the buckets of water1 which are either used by hand1 or to feed the engine for the first few minutes of its working4 ,when1 however1 a fire has made much progress1 the action of such substances becomes scarcely perceptible4 ,chimneys on fire are readily extinguished in several ways1 without having recourse to throwing water down them from the top1 by which much damage is frequently done to the furniture in the rooms4 ,one of the simplest methods is1 to cautiously scatter a handful of flowers of sulphur over the dullest part of the burning coals2 the sulphurous vapours1 being incapable of supporting combustion1 rapidly extinguish the flames4 ,another method is1 to shut the doors and windows1 and to stop up the bottom of the chimney with a piece of wet carpet or blanket1 throwing a little water or flowers of sulphur1 or even common salt1 on the fire immediately before doing so4 ,by this means the draught is stopped1 and the burning soot extinguished for want of air4 ,in many of the first-class houses recently erected1 'fire-place shutters' are provided1 which1 when partly drawn down1 act as powerful bellows or 'blowers' and which1 when wholly drawn down1 so as to touch the hearth-stone1 entirely close up the fireplace1 and instantly extinguish the combustion of the fuel in the grate1 or that of the soot in the chimney4 ,this simple arrangement1 the advantages of which were pointed out in an early edition of this work1 renders fires in chimneys of little moment1 as it is only necessary to draw down the shutter to put them out4 ,if a chimney is stopped at top1 instead of at the bottom1 the whole of the smoke must1 of necessity1 be driven into the apartment4 ,in ,france1 ,m4 ,marateuh has successfully applied the principle of ,davy's safety lamp for the prevention of fires in chimneys4 ,he places fire-frames of iron work near the base of the chimney1 one above the other1 about one foot apart2 no flame passes through them1 whilst the draught in the chimney is not interfered with1 the result being that no fire can happen in the chimney4 ,escape from apartments on fire may be best effected by creeping on the hands and knees4 ,in this way the window or door may be reached4 ,it is found that the atmosphere of a room so full of smoke as to produce suffocation to a person standing upright1 may generally be safely breathed on nearly a level with the floor4 ,a damp cloth1 or handkerchief1 tied over the mouth and nostrils1 or1 still better1 over the whole face and head1 will enable a person to effect a passage through the densest smoke1 and1 in many cases1 to escape from buildings on fire1 when otherwise it would be impracticable4 ,should descent by the staircase be found impossible1 then the window should be immediately sought1 and a ladder or fire-escape waited for4 ,in the absence of either1 if the danger is imminent1 a rope should be made by tying the sheets and blankets of the bed together1 one end of which should be firmly secured to a chair or table1 or preferably to one of the bed-posts1 and with this apparatus descent should be cautiously attempted4 ,jumping out of the window should be avoided1 as persons who have not been brought up as clowns1 or harlequins1 run just as much danger in performing such an exploit as they do by remaining in the burning building4 ,when it is impossible to escape from a burning building by the stairs or windows1 retreat may be sometimes secured by a trap door opening on to the roof1 or by a skylight1 when1 unless it be an isolated house1 the roof of one of the adjoining buildings may probably be gained with safety4 ,fire-escapes of various kinds have been employed of late years in the metropolis1 and have proved of the greatest value in rescuing persons from burning buildings4 ,it is said that there is no instance on record of a person being burnt to death in a dwelling-house in ,edinburgh1 where the houses are usually high2 yet in ,london1 where fire-engines and fire-escapes are provided in greater numbers1 deaths are very frequent from this cause4 ,the reason of this difference is1 that in the former city the stairs are all made of stone1 by which means a road of escape is secured4 ,the clothes of females and children1 when on fire1 may be most readily extinguished by rolling the sufferer in the carpet1 hearth-rug1 table-cover1 a great-coat1 cloak1 or any other woollen article at hand4 ,if this be expertly done1 the flames may be rapidly put out1 unless the skirts of the dress be distended by hoops or crinoline1 when there is great difficulty in staying the progress of the flames4 ,should assistance not be at hand1 the person whose clothes are on fire should throw herself on the ground1 and roll the carpet round her1 as before described2 or if such a thing is not in the room1 she should endeavour to extinguish the flames with her hands1 and by rapidly rolling over and over on the floor4 ,in this way the fire will be stifled1 or at least the combustion will proceed so slowly that less personal injury will be experienced before assistance arrives4 ,the advantage of assuming the horizontal position is manifest from the fact that nine times out of ten it is the lower parts of the dresses of females that first catch fire4#cjh ,footnote #cjh3 ,for the mode of rendering muslin and other inflammable articles of ladies' apparel fire-proof1 see ,,incombustible ,,fabrics4 ,the extinction of fires on board ships by means of carbonic-acid gas was some years since suggested to the ,admiralty by ,mr ,j4 ,r4 ,hancorn4 ,he proposes that a simple and economical apparatus should be attached to every decked vessel capable of supplying this gas1 which is a well-known non-supporter of combustion1 and will extinguish fire at the very instant of coming in contact with the burning matter4 ,chalk with sulphuric acid diluted with water 7vinegar with any other acid will do7 yields #dd of the gas2 hence1 a ton of chalk1 and a fourth part of that quantity of sulphuric acid1 will be found sufficient to extinguish any fire on board a ship4 ,mr ,hancorn also proposed this as a method of destroying vermin in ships1 such as rats and cockroaches1 for which purpose it is more easily applied and more effectual than that usually adopted4 ,this plan was rejected by the ,admiralty1 from a fear that the destructive action of the gas might extend to the crew as well as the fire4 ,but it surely is possible by mechanical means to expel the gas before again entering the ship's hold4 ,at any rate1 the grand point would be obtained of extinguishing the fire1 though the crew might have only the deck to stand on4 ,precautions to be taken against a ,fire amongst ,farming ,stock4--,the following are the suggestions of ,mr ,beaumont1 the secretary of the ,county ,fire ,office3-- ,forbid your men to use lucifer matches1 to smoke or light pipes or cigars1 destroy wasp nests1 or fire off guns in or near the rickyard1 or to throw hot cinders into or against any wooden out-building on the farm1 on pain of instant dismissal4 ,place your ricks in a single line1 and as far distant from each other as you conveniently can4 ,place hayricks and cornstacks alternately2 the hayrick will check the progress of the fire4 ,keep the rickyard1 and especially the spaces between the stacks and ricks1 clear of all loose straw1 and in all respects in a neat and clean state4 ,the loose straw is more frequently the means of firing than the stack itself4 ,have a pond close to the rickyard1 although there may be a bad supply of water4 ,when a steam thrashing machine is to be used1 place it on the lee-side of the stack or barn1 so that the wind may blow the sparks away from the stacks4 ,let the engine be placed as far from the machine as the length of the strap will allow4 ,have the loose straw continually cleared away from the engine2 see that two or three pails of water are kept close to the ashpan1 and that the pan itself is kept constantly full of water4 ,it is often difficult to get horses out of buildings on fire1 but it is said that they will readily come out if1 after being blindfolded1 the saddle and bridle1 or the harness1 c41 to which they are accustomed1 are thrown over them as usual4 ,we learn from the last report issued by ,captain ,shaw that the actual number of fires in the year #ahgg in ,london was #aecc4 ,of these fires #acgd1 or #ij per cent41 were slight1 no persons being endangered1 and no considerable destruction of property taking place4 ,the number of really serious conflagrations was #aej2 in #hh of these life was endangered1 and in #bd cases there was loss of life4 ,the actual number of persons whose lives were in danger was #afe2 but of these #acf were saved1 and the lives eventually lost amounted only to #bi4 ,the smallness of the loss is due in great degree to the courage of the members of the ,brigade1 seven of whom have been commended for special efforts for saving life during the year4 ,even of the twenty-nine persons who perished fourteen were taken alive out of the burning buildings1 and died in hospital of their wounds4 ,it is very satisfactory in view of the vast height of buildings used in business1 and the flimsy character of so many ,london houses1 that the risk of death from fire should be so small4 ,it is one of the very slightest risks to which we are exposed in modern ,london4 ,the fire-escapes must of course be credited with much of this security4 ,there are now #ajh stations of these useful machines2 and instances of their utility in rescuing the inmates of burning houses are constantly occurring4 ,the various tables which ,captain ,shaw appends to his report give some very curious details as to the character of ,london fires4 ,the hours at which they most commonly break out are by no means those which are popularly supposed to be the most dangerous4 ,no considerable proportion occur after people have gone to bed4 ,from seven o'clock in the evening till eleven o'clock there are more alarms of fire than in an equal portion of the twenty-four hours4 ,not a third of the number which occur in these evening hours take place in the small hours of the morning1 which are in fact less destructive than the same period in the afternoon4 ,there are1 moreover1 in the detailed list of fires some curious statistics1 illustrating the comparative security of private houses over places of business4 ,a very large part of the half million houses in ,london must come under the description of private dwellings1 yet the alarms of fire in this class of buildings were only #caf in the year1 and only in five of those were there serious conflagrations4 ,in the lists of business premises nearly every trade in the metropolis is mentioned2 and next to houses let out in lodgings1 public-houses seem to suffer most4 ,the causes of fires tell the old story of carelessness4 ,they were instances of the almost inconceivable folly of seeking for an escape of gas with a lighted candle4 ,the throwing down of lights is responsible for a considerable number of fires4 ,ordinary cases of chimneys on fire are not included in ,captain ,shaw's summary2 but they give the brigade a good deal of work4 ,the number of calls of this kind was #cgdd1 of which #abef proved to be false alarms4 ,the number of these false alarms will probably be reduced when the stations at which men with hose are situated are more numerous4 ,fire ,anni'hilator 7,phillips's74 ,this is essentially a gaseous fire engine1 which at any moment can be made to discharge a stream of mixed gases and vapours having the power of checking combustion4 ,when first introduced it was generally regarded as a most important invention1 but it has not proved an effective substitute for the common water engine4 ,for extinguishing fires on board ship and in close apartments it is undoubtedly well adapted1 but as a street engine it is comparatively useless1 owing to the unmanageable nature of its fire-annihilating vapours4 ,the composition with which the ',fire ,annihilator' is charged is a mixture of dried ferrocyanide of potassium1 sugar1 and chlorate of potassa4 ,it is set in action by a blow on a glass vessel containing oil of vitriol1 which1 being fractured1 permits the acid to flow over the 'charge1' when the anti-combustion gas is liberated1 and rushes forth with great impetuosity4 ,fire-damp4 ,see ,,hydrogen 7,light ,carburetted74 ,fire-engine4 ,the common fire-engine is a compound forcing-pump1 consisting of two 'forcing-pumps' placed on opposite sides of an 'air-vessel1' with which both communicate4 ,the 'fulcrum' of the 'lever' by which both pumps are worked is placed midway between them2 consequently they act alternately in charging the air-vessel4 ,in order to obtain a very forcible jet it is necessary to prevent the escape of any portion of the contents of the air-vessel until the confined air is considerably compressed4 ,the lever is connected with handrails on each side of the engine1 and these are alternately raised and depressed by the workers4 ,engines worked by steam power are now common in ,london and most of our large towns4 ,fire-,extinguishing ,powder 7,feuerloschpulver71 ,bucher ,leipzig4 ,nitre1 #ei parts2 sulphur1 #cf parts2 coal1 #d parts2 iron oxide1 #a part4 7,wittstein47 ,fire1 how to light a4 ,in a close stove the first thing is to empty the fireplace4 ,take out the larger cinders and half-burnt coal with your fingers1 and lay them on one side for lighting the fire2 then rake out all the ashes 7this can be done with the lids on1 then it will not make so much dust74 ,next take off all the lids1 and sweep all the soot carefully out2 once or twice a week the flue pipe must be taken off and cleared out1 also the flues under the oven4 ,the soot should be carried away at once1 as it blows about4 ,then blacklead the stove2 put in a few cinders1 lay on them a piece of paper and a few sticks crossing each other2 on these lay very lightly some pieces of half-burnt coal and a few cinders1 leaving space for the draught4 ,do not fill the grate full2 put the lids on1 draw out the damper1 light the fire1 and shut the front door4 ,an open fire is lighted in much the same way4 ,there are no flues to clean out2 but the chimney1 as high as one can reach and behind the register door1 should be cleared from soot daily4#cji ,footnote #cji3 ',household ,management1 c41' by ,w4 ,t4 ,tegetmeier4 ,fire-proofing4 ,see ,,incombustibility1 c4 ,fireworks4 ,see ,,pyrotechny1 and below4 ,,fires4 7,in pyrotechny47 ,coloured fires may be termed1 not inaptly1 the chefs-d'oeuvre of the pyrotechnist's art1 since on their excellence the attractions of most other varieties of fireworks depend4 ,the following forms1 under judicious management1 yield fires of remarkable beauty4 ,blue ,fire4 ,prep4 #a4 ,from metallic antimony1 #a part2 sulphur1 #b parts2 nitre1 #e parts4 #b4 ,from realgar1 #b parts2 charcoal1 #c parts2 chlorate of potassa1 #e parts2 sulphur1 #ac parts2 nitrate of baryta1 #gg parts4 #c4 7,mr ,a4 ,bird47 ,charcoal and orpiment1 of each #a part2 black sulphuret of antimony1 #af parts2 nitre1 #dh parts2 sulphur1 #fd parts4 #d4 7,fownes47 ,tersulphuret of antimony1 a part2 sulphur1 #b parts2 dry nitre1 #f parts4 ,this is the composition used for the ,bengal or blue signal light employed at sea4 #e4 7,prof4 ,marchand47 ,sulphur1 sulphate of potassa1 and ammonio-sulphate of copper1 of each #ae parts2 nitre1 #bg parts2 chlorate of potassa1 #bh parts4 ,for theatrical illuminations4 ,this may be rendered either lighter or darker coloured by lessening or increasing the quantities of the sulphate of potassa and ammonio-sulphate of copper4 #f4 7,,light ,,blue--,marchand47 ,sulphur1 #af parts2 calcined alum1 #bc parts2 chlorate of potassa1 #fa parts4 #g4 7,,dark ,,blue--,marchand47 ,calcined alum and carbonate of copper1 of each #ab parts2 sulphur1 #af parts2 chlorate of potassa1 #fj parts4 #h4 7,marsh47 ,sulphate of copper1 #g parts2 sulphur1 #bd parts2 chlorate of potassa1 #fi parts4 #i4 7,ruggieri47 ,nitre1 #b parts2 sulphur and zinc1 of each #c parts2 gunpowder1 #d parts4 #aj4 ,from sulphur1 #a part2 dried verdigris1 #b parts2 chlorate of potassa1 #i parts4 ,fire1 ,crimson4 ,prep4 #a4 7,marsh47 ,chlorate of potassa1 #d-a_/d parts2 charcoal 7alder or willow71 #e-c_/d parts2 sulphur1 #bb-a_/b parts2 nitrate of strontia1 #fg-a_/b parts4 ,for pots4 #b4 7,marsh47 ,charcoal1 #d-a_/d parts2 sulphuret of antimony1 #e-a_/b parts2 chlorate of potassa1 #ag-a_/d parts2 sulphur1 #ah parts2 nitrate of strontia1 #ee parts4 ,for boxes and stars4 #c4 7,marchand47 ,sulphur1 #af parts2 chalk 7dry71 #bc parts2 chlorate of potassa1 #fa parts4 ,turns on the purple4 ,see ,,red ,,fire 7below74 ,fire1 ,green4 ,prep4 #a4 ,nitrate of baryta1 #gg parts2 chlorate of potassa1 #h parts2 fine charcoal1 #c parts2 sulphur1 #ac parts4 #b4 ,from metallic arsenic1 #b parts2 charcoal1 #c parts2 chlorate of potassa1 #e parts2 sulphur1 #ac parts2 nitrate of baryta1 #gg parts4 ,very beautiful1 particularly when burnt before a reflector4 #c4 7,mr ,a4 ,bird47 ,charcoal and black sulphuret of antimony1 of each #b parts2 chlorate of potassa1 #e parts2 sulphur1 #f parts2 nitrate of baryta1 #hj parts4 #d4 7,fownes47 ,lampblack1 #a part2 chlorate of potassa1 #d parts2 sulphur1 #f parts2 dry nitrate of baryta1 #ah parts4 #e4 7,marchand47 ,boracic acid1 #aj parts2 sulphur1 #ag parts2 chlorate of potassa1 #gc parts4 ,very beautiful4 #f4 7,marchand47 ,chlorate of potassa1 #ah parts2 sulphur1 #bb parts2 nitrate of baryta1 #fj parts4 ,for theatrical illuminations4 #g4 7,,light ,,green--,marchand47 ,sulphur1 #af parts2 carbonate of baryta1 #bd parts2 chlorate of potassa1 #fj parts4 ,extremely delicate4 #h4 7,marsh47 ,charcoal and sulphuret of arsenic1 of each #a-c_/d parts2 sulphur1 #aj-a_/b parts2 chlorate of potassa1 #bc-a_/d parts2 nitrate of baryta1 #fb-a_/b parts4 ,for pots or stars4 ,fire1 ,lilac4 ,prep4 #a4 7,marsh47 ,black oxide of copper1 #f parts2 dry chalk1 #bj parts2 sulphur1 #be parts2 chlorate of potassa1 #di parts4 ,for pans4 #b4 7,marsh47 ,from black oxide of copper1 #c parts2 dried chalk1 #bb parts2 sulphur1 #be parts2 chlorate of potassa1 #ej parts4 ,for stars4 ,fire1 ,orange4 ,see ,,red ,,fire1 ,no4 #h 7below74 ,fire1 ,pink4 ,prep4 7,marchand47 ,charcoal1 #a part2 chalk and sulphur1 of each #bj parts2 chlorate of potassa1 #bg parts2 nitre1 #cb parts4 ,for theatrical illuminations4 ,see ,,red ,,fire1 ,no4 #aj 7below74 ,fire1 ,purple4 ,prep4 #a4 ,from lampblack1 realgar1 and nitre1 of each #a part2 sulphur1 #b parts2 chlorate of potassa1 #e parts2 fused nitrate of strontia1 #af parts4 #b4 7,marsh47 ,sulphuret of antimony1 #b-c_/d parts2 black oxide of copper1 #aj parts2 sulphur and nitrate of potassa1 of each #bb-c_/d parts2 chlorate of potassa1 #db parts4 ,for pans4 #c4 7,marsh47 ,sulphate of copper1 #i-c_/d parts2 sulphur1 #ac parts2 chlorate of potassa1 #gg-a_/d parts4 ,for stars4 #d4 ,from sulphur1 #ab parts2 black oxide of copper1 #ab parts2 chlorate of potassa1 #cj parts4 ,see ,,crimson ,,fire1 ,no4 #c 7above71 and ,,red ,,fire1 ,no4 #i 7below74 ,fire1 ,red4 ,prep4 #a4 ,from sulphur1 sulphuret of antimony1 and nitre1 of each #a part2 dried nitrate of strontia1 #e parts4 #b4 7,mr ,a4 ,bird47 ,charcoal1 #a part2 black sulphuret of antimony1 #d parts2 chlorate of potassa1 #e parts2 sulphur1 #ac parts2 dried nitrate of strontia1 #dj parts4 #c4 7,fownes47 ,lampblack1 #b parts2 chlorate of potassa1 #h parts2 sulphur1 #i parts2 dried nitrate of strontia1 #cb parts4 #d4 7,marchand47 ,sulphur1 #af parts2 carbonate of strontia1 #bc parts2 chlorate of potassa1 #fa parts4 #e4 7,marchand47 ,chlorate of potassa1 #bj parts2 sulphur1 #bd parts2 nitrate of strontia1 #ef parts4 ,for theatrical illuminations4 #f4 7,marsh47 ,coaldust1 #b parts2 gunpowder1 #f parts2 sulphur1 #bj parts2 dried nitrate of strontia1 #gb parts4 #g4 7,ruggieri47 ,sulphuret of antimony1 #d parts2 chlorate of potassa1 #e parts2 sulphur1 #ac parts2 fused nitrate of strontia1 #dj parts4 ,a little charcoal or lampblack makes it burn quicker4 #h4 7,,orange ,,red--,marchand47 ,sulphur1 #ad parts2 chalk1 #cd parts2 chlorate of potassa1 #eb parts4 #i4 7,,purple ,,red--,marchand47 ,sulphur1 #af parts2 chalk1 #bc parts2 chloride of potassa1 #fa parts4 #aj4 7,,rose-,,red--,marchand47 ,sulphur1 #af parts2 dried chloride of calcium1 #bc parts2 chlorate of potassa1 #fa parts4 ,see ,,pink ,,fire4 #aa4 ,from charcoal1 #b parts2 chlorate of potassa1 #f parts2 sulphur1 #ac parts2 dried nitrate of strontia1 #dj parts4 ,fire1 ,violet4 ,prep4 #a4 ,from charcoal1 #h parts2 sulphur1 #aj parts2 metallic copper1 #ae parts2 chlorate of potassa1 #cj parts4 #b4 7,,dark ,,violet--,marchand47 ,alum and carbonate of potassa1 of each #ab parts2 sulphur1 #af parts2 chlorate of potassa1 #fj parts4 #c4 7,,pale ,,violet--,marchand47 ,sulphur1 #ad parts2 alum and carbonate of potassa1 #af parts2 chlorate of potassa1 #ed parts4 ,fire1 ,white4 ,prep4 #a4 ,from nitre1 #fj parts2 sulphur1 #bj parts2 black antimony1 #aj parts2 meal powder1 #f parts2 powdered camphor1 #d parts4 ,for either pans or stars4 #b4 7,mr ,a4 ,bird47 ,white arsenic1 #a part2 charcoal1 #b parts2 black antimony1 #af parts2 nitre1 #dh parts2 sulphur1 #fd parts4 #c4 7,marchand47 ,charcoal1 #b parts2 sulphur1 #bb parts2 nitre1 #gf parts4 ,for theatrical illuminations4 #d4 7,marchand47 ,gunpowder1 #ae parts2 sulphur1 #ba parts2 nitre1 #fd parts4 ,as the last4 #e4 7,marsh47 ,gunpowder1 #ab-a_/b parts2 zinc filings1 #ah parts2 sulphur1 #bc parts2 nitre1 #df-a_/b parts4 ,for pans4 #f4 7,marsh47 ,zinc dust or filings1 #ae parts2 sulphur1 #bh parts2 nitre1 #eg parts4 ,for stars4 #g4 7,ruggieri47 ,sulphur1 #ac-a_/d parts2 sulphuret of antimony1 #ag-a_/d parts2 nitre1 #dh parts4 #h4 7,ruggieri47 ,from realgar1 #b parts2 sulphur1 #g parts2 nitre1 #bd parts4 #i4 7,ruggieri47 ,charcoal1 #a part2 sulphur1 #bd parts2 nitre1 #ge parts4 #aj4 7,ruggieri47 ,iron or zinc borings1 #be parts2 gunpowder1 #ajj parts4 ,fire1 ,yellow4 ,prep4 #a4 ,from sulphur1 #af parts2 dried carbonate of soda1 #bc parts2 chlorate of potassa1 #fa parts4 #b4 7,marchand47 ,gunpowder1 #ad parts2 sulphur1 #af parts2 dried soda1 #bj parts2 nitre1 #ej parts4 #c4 7,marchand47 ,charcoal1 #a-a_/b parts2 sulphur1 #ag-a_/b parts2 dried soda1 #bj parts2 nitre1 #fa parts4 ,green-coloured ,fires4#caj ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,no4 ,potassium ,chlorate1 ,barium ,nitrate1 ,sulphur1 per cent4 per cent4 per cent4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- #a #cf #dj #bd #b #bi #dh #bc #c #bd #ec #bc #d #ba #eg #bb #e #ah #fj #bb #f #af #fb #bb #g #ad #fd #bb #h #ac #ff #ba #i #ab #fg #ba #aj #aa #fh #ba #aa #aj #fi #ba #ab #ie #fie #ba #ac #i #gj #ba #ad #he #gje #ba #ae #h #ga #ba ---------------------------------------- ------------------------- ,footnote #caj3 ,kern 7',chemical ,news1' ,september #bith1 #ahgf74 ,red-coloured ,fires4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,no4,potassium ,chlorate1,strontium ,nitrate1,sulphur1 ,carbon ,powder1 per cent4 per cent4 per cent4 per cent4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ #a #dj #ci #ah #c #b #cb #df #ai #b #c #bg #ea #bj #b #d #bc #ee #bj #b #e #bj #eh #bje #ae #f #ah #fj #ba #a #g #af #faf #bab #ab #h #ae #fc #ba #a #i #ac #fd #bb #a #aj #ab #fe #bb #a #aa #aa #ff #bb #a #ab #aj #fg #bb #a #ac #aj #fgbe #bb #jge #ad #ibe #fh #bb #jge #ae #i #fhce #bb #jfe ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,violet-coloured ,fires4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,no4,potassium ,chlorate1,calcium ,carbonate1,malachite powdered1,sulphur1 per cent4 per cent4 per cent4 per cent4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- #a #eb #bi #d #ae #b #eb #bh #e #ae #c #eb #bf #g #ae #d #eb #bd #i #ae #e #eb #bc #aj #ae #f #eb #ba #ac #ae #g #ea #bj #ad #ae #h #ea #ah #af #ae #i #ea #af #ah #ae #aj #ea #ae #ai #ae #aa #ea #ac #ba #ae #ab #ea #aa #bc #ae #ac #ea #aj #bd #ae #ad #ea #h #bf #ae #ae #ea #f #bh #ae ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- #d4 7,marsh47 ,charcoal1 #f parts2 sulphur1 #ai-a_/b parts4 ,for pans4 ,very beautiful4 ,in preparing coloured fires for fireworks according to the usual formul given in manuals of pyrotechny1 it is often important to know the speed at which they burn2 as in some cases1 such as decorations and lances1 they should burn slowly2 whereas in others1 such as wheels1 stars for rockets1 and ,roman candles1 they ought to burn quicker4 ,the foregoing tables are so arranged that every formula with a higher number yields a slower burning mixture than one with a lower number4 ,thus ,no4 #e burns quicker than ,no4 #f1 and slower than ,no4 #d4 ,obs4 ,the ingredients in the above compounds are to be separately reduced to powder and sifted through lawn1 after which they should be kept in well-corked wide-mouthed bottles until the time of mixing them for use4 ,the chlorate of potassa1 more especially1 must be separately treated and cautiously handled1 in order to prevent the possibility of explosion from friction whilst it is in contact with combustible matter4 ,the requisite quantity of each of the ingredients being weighed out and placed on a clean sheet of white paper1 the whole is to be thoroughly but carefully mixed together with a light hand1 by means of a bone or wooden knife4 ,the compound is next lightly packed into small cups or pans for illuminations1 or into small pill-boxes for stars and trains1 a little priming and quick-match being lastly attached to each4 ,to ensure success the several ingredients must be dry and commercially pure2 and though reduced to the state of a uniform powder1 care must be taken that they are not absolutely 'dusty1' or too finely pulverised4 ,the nitrate of strontia1 alum1 saltpetre1 carbonate of soda1 c41 before being weighed1 require to be gently heated in an iron pot or pan until they fall to powder1 and lose their hygrometric moisture1 or water of crystallisation4 ,to ensure the perfect admixture of the ingredients1 the whole1 after they have been stirred together on paper1 as before directed1 may be passed through a hair or perforated zinc or brass sieve4 ,further1 as coloured fires rapidly deteriorate by keeping1 and even sometimes inflame spontaneously1 to prevent disappointment and accidents they should not be prepared long before they will be required for use1 and should be stored in some situation in which their spontaneous combustion would be productive of no disastrous consequences4 ,of the above formul1 those bearing the name of the late ,mr ,marsh1 of ,woolwich1 more especially deserve the attention of the pyrotechnist4 ,to guard against the danger sometimes arising from the spontaneous combustion of coloured fires containing sulphur and chlorate of potash1 ,mr ,saunders recommends intimately mixing #abj grains of bicarbonate of potash with each pound of sulphur before using it in the manufacture of any composition into which chlorates enter4 ,see ,,flame1 ,,pyrotechny1 c4 ,,fish4 ,syn4 ,,pisces1 ,l4 ,fishes form the fourth class of vertebrate animals 7,,vertebrata7 in the ,cuvierian arrangement of the animal kingdom1 and in the variety of their genera and species are second only to the ,,insecta1 whilst in prolificness and number they probably exceed all other animated beings that reach a size equal to that of even the smallest member of their prodigious race4 ,besides their value to man as food1 they furnish him with oil1 isinglass1 and various other articles of utility and luxury1 and provide1 either directly or indirectly1 an inexhaustible supply of manure for the fertilisation of his fields4 ,as food fish are undoubtedly wholesome and nutritious1 although less so than the flesh of animals or the grains of the cereals4 ,of all the various substances used as aliments by man1 fish are1 however1 the most liable to run into a state of putrefaction1 and should therefore be only eaten when perfectly fresh or1 if not recently taken1 then only when their perfect preservation has been ensured by any of the ordinary methods employed for the purpose4 ,those that are the whitest and most flaky when cooked1 as cod1 flounders1 haddock1 hake1 soles1 turbot1 whiting1 c41 are the most easily digested2 and those abounding in oily matter1 as eels1 herrings1 mackerel1 salmon1 c41 are most nutritious1 though the most likely to offend the stomach4 ,salt-water fish have been said to be more wholesome than river fish1 but without sufficient reason4 ,salted fish are hard of digestion1 unless when carefully cooked and well masticated4 ,skin diseases are said to be more common among those who live continually on fish than among those who abstain from it2 but this probably arises from their use being unaccompanied by a proper quantity of fresh vegetables or fruit1 both of which are scarcer on the sea-coast than further inland4 ,as one of the components of a mixed diet1 the value of fish is indisputable4 ,acid sauces and pickles are the proper additions to fish1 from their power of retarding the progress of putrefaction1 and of correcting the relaxing tendency of large quantities of oil and butter4 ,artificial ,propagation4 ,the fecundity of fish is positively marvellous4 ,according to the recent observations of ,mr ,frank ,t4 ,buckland1 salmon yield about #ajjj ova or eggs to every lb4 of their weight2 a trout weighing #a lb4 produced upwards of #ajjj2 a mackerel 7#a lb471 #hf1abj2 a herring 7#a_/b lb471 #ai1hdj2 a sole 7#a lb471 #acd1dff2 a turbot 7#h lbs471 #che1bjj2 and a cod 7#bj lbs471 #d1hgb1jjj4 ,the ova here spoken of form what is commonly called the 'hard roe' of the female fish2 the 'soft roe' is 'the milt' of the male fish4 ,to protect the spawn1 and the fry1 when hatched1 is the object of the art of fish culture1 which has made great progress during late years4 ,when the spawn is not artificially protected1 the greater portion is always wasted1 being swept away by the stream1 and devoured by fish1 birds1 and insects4 ,the natural enemies of the newly hatched fish are1 again1 so numerous1 that it is really surprising that any should escape destruction4 ,according to given data and accurate calculations of the returns of fisheries made by ,messrs ,ashworth and ,buist1 only one salmon egg out of every thousand deposited ever becomes a fish fit for human food4 ,other fish1 both fresh and salt water1 suffer in proportion4 ,the hatching of fish by artificial means has been carried out on a large scale in ,france1 and has been commenced in ,scotland and ,ireland1 and on a small scale in ,england4 ,the spawning fish1 having been caught by a net1 is made to deposit her eggs by gently pressing on the abdomen2 these are impregnated by 'milt' expressed from the male fish in a similar manner1 and mixed with them in a shallow tub or other vessel prepared for the purpose4 ,the impregnated eggs are placed in long shallow boxes1 bottomed with gravel and pebbles1 and so arranged that a small stream of water from a reservoir may flow from one to another4 ,the time of hatching depends entirely upon the temperature of the water2 from #dj to #de ,fahr4 seems to be the healthiest temperature4 ,after about #ej days 7in the case of salmon71 when all goes well1 the young fish makes its appearance as a misshapen creature about an inch long1 with a bag containing the yolk of the egg attached to its abdomen4 ,at #c days old the fry is about #b gr4 in weight2 at #af months it has increased to #b oz4 ,to preserve the young fish in health1 the boxes must be covered with shades of slate or zinc4 ,the ,french fish-breeders generally feed the young fry with boiled frogs powdered fine4 ,the ,scotch give boiled liver4 ,mr ,buckland prescribes a diet of roe of sole1 or plaice1 or whiting4 ,as to the age at which it is advisable to turn the young fish out of the nursery1 there is much difference of opinion4 ,some breeders recommend turning them out as soon as the 'umbilical bag' is absorbed2 others think they should be taken care of till they are older and stronger1 and better able to defend themselves or escape from attack4 ,for full details respecting the artificial propagation of fish1 the reader is referred to ,mr ,buckland's recent work1 entitled ',fish-,hatching4' ,nutritive ,value of ,fish4--,the white varieties of fish1 such as whiting1 cod1 haddock1 sole1 plaice1 flounder1 and turbot1 according to ,letheby1 contain only about twenty-two per cent4 of solid matter1 of which eighteen is nitrogenous4 ,to increase their nutritive value1 therefore1 these fish should be eaten with butter4 ,according to the same authority mackerel1 eels1 and salmon are richer in fat than the above kinds2 mackerel containing about seven per cent41 and salmon about six1 whilst the oily matter of eels amount to nearly fourteen per cent4 ,the same is the case with the sprat1 the herring1 and the pilchard1 as well as with most of our fresh-water fish4 ,as regards shell-fish1 all the different varieties of them afford about the same amount of nutrition4 ,they contain about thirteen per cent4 of solid matter1 which in composition is similar to that of white fish4 ,shell-fish vary in digestibility2 mussels1 limpets1 and whelks being rather difficult of digestion1 whilst scallops1 cockles1 periwinkles1 lobsters1 and crabs are a trifle more easy of digestion1 and oysters still more so4 ,all shell-fish are unsuited for delicate stomachs2 although they are largely eaten by the poorer dwellers on the coast4 ,on the ,continent1 vineyard snails1 and in ,china1 slugs1 are eaten1 and are said to possess a delicate flavour and nutritive properties4#caa ,footnote #caa3 ,letheby4 ,choice1 c4 ,the flesh of any fish is always in the highest perfection1 or in season1 as it is called1 during the period of the ripening of the milt and roe4 ,after the fish has deposited the spawn1 the flesh becomes soft1 and loses a great deal of its peculiar flavour4 ,this is owing to the disappearance of the oil or fat from the flesh1 it having been expended in the function of reproduction4 7,fleming's ',phil4 ,zoology4'7 ,fish should be dressed as soon after being caught as possible1 as much of their peculiar delicacy and flavour is lost by keeping1 even for a few hours4 ,turbot and salmon are said by the fishmongers to be improved in flavour when #b or #c days old1 but this is surely a mistake1 as the former1 when dressed immediately after being caught1 possesses a fine creamy taste1 which it afterwards loses2 whilst the latter1 by the loss of a single tide1 loses a portion of the fine white curd which is previously found between the flakes1 and by longer keeping1 this curd1 with the larger flakes1 disappear altogether4 ,in the eyes of some epicures the richness1 is however1 increased by this change4 ,mackerel1 and some other fish suffer so much from keeping only a few hours1 that they become quite unwholesome4 ,herrings offer a remarkable example of the advantage of dressing fish as fresh as possible4 ,when cooked soon after being caught1 they possess considerable delicacy and flavour1 but after being kept for only a few hours1 the oil separates from the flesh1 and they become soft1 greasy1 and strong-flavoured4 ,in the choice of every kind of fish1 stiffness1 brightness of the eyes1 and redness of the gills1 may be regarded as invariable signs of freshness4 ,a peculiar elasticity will also be perceived in fish recently caught1 little or no permanent impression being made by the ordinary pressure of the fingers1 from the flesh immediately rising when the pressure is withdrawn4 ,fresh fish also lie in a partly curled position1 and never quite straight1 as in the case when they have been kept for some time4 ,thickness and fleshiness are deemed marks of the good condition of all fish4 ,cleaning1 dressing1 c4 ,on the proper cleaning of fish preparatory to dressing it1 depends much of its delicacy and flavour4 ,ordinary cooks seldom do this well1 from not slitting the fish sufficiently open to permit the inside to be thoroughly washed1 and seldom using sufficient water4 ,the superior flavour of fish cleaned by the fishmongers arises from their performing the operation more completely1 and from the large quantity of water they employ about them4 ,the flavour of all fish is improved by adding a little salt or vinegar to the last water in which they are washed4 ,the sound1 milt1 and roe1 should be carefully cleaned and preserved4 ,fish is preferably 'dressed' by simple boiling1 broiling1 or frying2 in fact1 the finer kinds of fish are often injured by the excessive interference of the cook4 ,when boiled1 all large fish1 with the skin whole1 must be placed on the fire in cold water2 if crimped1 or cut into slices or pieces1 in boiling water2 if whole1 it must not be covered with more than two or three inches of water1 or the skin will crack1 and not only spoil the appearance of the fish1 but will diminish the gelatine and gluten it contains1 and instead of eating firm and full of flavour1 it will be soft and woolly1 especially if over-boiled4 7,soyer47 ,as soon as a scum rises from boiling1 it should be removed by the skimmer4 ,the addition of a little salt or vinegar to the water improves the flavour of most fish1 and renders the flesh firmer4 ,the proportions should be two teaspoonfuls of salt to every quart of water4 ,if the fish be whole1 as soon as it begins to boil remove the cover on one side1 and let it simmer gently until done4 7,soyer47 ,a fish is known to be sufficiently dressed by the flesh in the thicker parts separating easily from the bone4 ,if a large fish ,i generally try it by gently pushing a wooden skewer through the thickest part2 if it goes in easily it is done4 7,soyer47 ,when this is the case it should be removed from the kettle1 as by soaking in the water fish loses its firmness1 and becomes soddened4 ,sole1 skate1 and mackerel1 are usually put into boiling water1 whether whole or sliced4 ,fish for broiling should be well washed in strong vinegar1 wiped dry with a towel1 and floured before placing them on the gridiron2 and the bars of the latter should be hot1 and well buttered4 7,rundell47 ,fish for frying should be prepared as for broiling1 and the butter1 oil1 or lard should be allowed to boil for a minute or two before putting them into the frying-pan4 ,the latter should be perfectly smooth and bright1 and the butter or oil in abundance1 to prevent the fish sticking to it and burning4 ,as the fish are cooked solely by the heat of the melted fat1 to fry them in the highest perfection there should be enough of it to cover them4 ,butter or oil is the best for the purpose4 ,to avoid loss1 the contents of the frying-pan1 after the fish is removed1 should be poured into a clean jelly-jar or basin1 and reserved for another occasion4 ,the fish being removed from the pan1 the superfluous fat should be drained from them preparatory to 'serving' them4 ,when fish is divided into fillets or cutlets before being cooked1 it is usual to take out the bones1 and to dress it with force-meat1 c4 ,in serving fish of the finer kinds1 no other additions are required than melted butter and the ordinary fish sauces and pickles4 ,the dishes are commonly garnished with raw parsley1 for the sake of appearance1 but boiled parsley1 chopped small1 should accompany it4 ,all kinds of fish should be served on a napkin4 ,caution4 ,it sometimes happens that a fishbone accidentally swallowed remains in the oesophagus1 and occasions serious inconvenience2 in fact1 instances have been known where so much irritation has arisen that death has followed4 ,in such cases it is advisable1 as soon as possible1 to take of tartar emetic1 #d gr41 dissolved in warm water1 #a_/b pint2 and immediately afterwards the whites of six eggs4 ,the coagulated mass will not remain in the stomach more than two or three minutes1 and the remedy has been known to remove no less than #bd pins at once4 ,,fish ,,glue4 ,see ,,glue and ,,isinglass4 ,,fish ,,poisoning4 ,see ,,accidents4 ,,fish ,,skin4 ,syn4 ,,shark ,,skin4 ,the skin of the spotted dog-fish or rough hound 7chien de mer1 ,fr471 stretched and dried4 ,used for polishing wood and ivory4 ,several other varieties of fish skin are employed in the arts4 ,the dressed skin of the 'rousette' 7peau de rousette1 ,f471 is transparent1 and very beautiful4 ,cemented on green paper1 and rubbed down and polished1 it is used as veneer for fancy boxes4 ,the skins of several varieties of ,squalus are also used for both the above purposes4 ,see ,,shagreen4 ,,five ,,herbs4 ,see ,,species4 ,,fix',,ature ,syn4 ,,bandoline1 ,,clysphitique1 ,,eau ,,collante1 ,,fixateur1 ,fr4 ,this consists of any of the simple vegetable mucilages1 combined with a little spirit1 to preserve it1 and with a little perfume1 to render it more agreeable4 ,prep4 #a4 ,from carrageen1 ,irish1 or pearl moss1 soaked in cold water for an hour or two1 and after being drained1 and pressed dry in a clean napkin1 dissolved by boiling in soft water1 q4 s4 ,the decoction is strained through cambric1 and when nearly cold is mixed with about #a_/crd or #a_/dth of its volume of eau de ,cologne or other scented spirit1 with the further addition of a few drops 7#e or #f7 of oil of cloves4 ,sometimes a little brandy is added to the mucilage1 and when it is intended for present use1 as is common with home manufactures1 the spirit is frequently omitted altogether4 #a_/d oz4 of the prepared moss is fully enough for #c_/d pint of strained decoction1 if rightly managed4 #b4 ,from quince seed boiled in water1 as the last4 #a_/d oz4 yields nearly #c_/d pint of strained decoction4 #c4 ,pale gum arabic 7picked71 #a-a_/b oz42 rose water1 #b fl4 oz42 pure water1 #c fl4 oz42 dissolve4 #d4 ,gum arabic1 #c-a_/d oz42 water1 #a_/b pint2 dissolve1 and drop in eau de ,cologne1 gradually1 until the cloudiness at first occasioned ceases to be removed by agitation2 the next day decant the clear portion4 ,all of the above are very superior1 and keep well4 #e4 7,redwood47 ,gum tragacanth1 #a-a_/b dr42 water1 #g oz42 proof spirit1 #c oz42 otto of roses1 #aj drops2 macerate #bd hours1 and strain4 #f4 ,malt1 #g oz42 hot water 7that will barely permit the finger to be held in it without pain71 #a_/b pint2 infuse in a covered jug or basin1 gently press out the liquid1 and as soon as cold add of proof spirit 7or brandy or ,cologne water71 #b-a_/b fl4 oz4 and strain4 ,obs4 ,bandoline is used by ladies and by hairdressers for stiffening the hair1 and to make it curl firmly and remain in place4 ,it is applied either by moistening the fingers and passing the hair through them1 or by means of a small sponge4 ,see ,,pommade4 ,,fixed ,,air4 ,see ,,carbonic ,,acid4 ,,fixed ,,oils4 ,see ,,fat and ,,oils4 ,,flake ,,white4 ,see ,,white ,,pigments4 ,,flame4 ,gas or vapour in an incandescent state4 ,the light emitted from pure flame is exceedingly feeble2 illuminating power being almost entirely dependent upon the presence of solid matter4 ,see ,,illumination1 and below4 ,flame ,colours4 ,the vapours of metallic compounds communicate colours to flames4 ,the characteristic colours of some metals are very beautiful1 and their exhibition forms a favorite experiment of chemical lecturers4 ,the coloured flames are generally produced by the combustion of alcohol or rectified spirit upon certain salts in fine powder4 ,in this way a ,,green colour is communicated by boracic acid or chloride of copper2 a ,,red one by the nitrates of iron1 lime1 or strontia2 a ,,violet1 by potassa and its salts2 and a ,,yellow1 by nitrate of soda4 ,messrs ,church and ,crookes have recently described a mode of exhibiting the characteristic flames of the metals which is admirably adapted for the lecture-table4#cab ',gun-paper1' made in the same way as 'gun-cotton1' is to be soaked in solutions of the chlorates of the different metals1 dried with care1 and kept dry4 ,a good 'gun-paper' for the purpose is prepared by soaking strips of ,swedish filtering-paper for ten minutes in a mixture of #d parts oil of vitriol with #e parts strong nitric acid1 both by measure4 ,the strips1 when taken out of the acid1 should be washed first with cold1 and then with hot rain or distilled water1 till the washings are no longer sour to the taste4 ,the solutions of the metallic salts need not be very strong2 but if they are warm1 the strips of 'gun-paper' will be more easily and completely saturated with them4 ,since some of the chlorates attract moisture from the air1 it is better to dry the papers prepared with them before the fire previous to lighting them4 ,they are shown to best advantage when a strip is loosely crumpled up into a pellet1 lighted quickly at one corner1 and thrown up into the air against a dark back ground4 ,they leave after burning1 if properly prepared1 no ash whatever4 ,paper prepared with the salt of potassa gives a flash of ,,violet flame1 that prepared with the soda salt the characteristic ,,yellow flame1 and that with chlorate of baryta a very beautiful ,,green light4 ,the chlorates of strontium1 lithium1 and calcium1 when thus ignited1 give intense colours4 ,the ,,violet-,,blue flame of copper is well seen1 even with the chloride of that metal1 while paper soaked in nitrate of potassa shows the potassium flame better than if the chlorate be used4 ',gun-paper' prepared with a very weak solution of chloride or chlorate of thallium shows the characteristic ,,sprig-,,green flame of that metal with great distinctness4 ,chlorate of barium1 being an article of commerce1 may be employed for the preparation of the other chlorates1 it being merely necessary to add to this salt in solution an exactly equivalent quantity of the sulphate or carbonate of the metal whose chlorate is desired4 ,for instance1 in order to make 'chlorate of copper1' #aea gr4 of chlorate of barium being dissolved in hot distilled water1 a boiling solution containing #abe gr4 of pure crystallised sulphate of copper is to be added to it4 ,insoluble white 'sulphate of baryta' falls1 while the solution1 filtered and evaporated1 yields the new chlorate in crystals4 ,see ,,fires1 ,,pyrotechny1 c4 ,footnote #cab3 ,see ',intellectual ,observer1' ,april1 #ahfc4 ,,flan',,nel4 ,it has been shown by the experiments of ,count ,rumford that the conducting power of the different materials employed for clothing varies considerably4 ,a thermometer surrounded with cotton wool1 and heated by immersion in boiling water1 took #ajdf seconds to lose #ace ,fahr41 when plunged into a bath of melting ice2 but1 under the same circumstances1 when sheep's wool was employed1 #aaah seconds elapsed before a like sinking of the thermometer took place 7',phil4 ,trans41' #agib72 thus showing the greater conducting power of the former1 and consequently the superiority of the latter substance for the manufacture of warm clothing4 ,but the chief advantage of wool1 as an article of underclothing1 depends less upon its actual power of conducting heat than its peculiar texture4 ,flannel acts as a gentle stimulus on the skin1 and exercises the most beneficial action1 by keeping the pores clean1 and in a state most favorable to perspiration4 ,this action is a species of friction similar in character1 although inferior in degree1 to that of the common flesh-brush or horse-hair glove1 so long employed as a skin stimulant4 ,flannel has also the advantage of absorbing the perspiration as soon as emitted1 and allowing its watery portion to pass off into the atmosphere almost as soon as formed1 but this is not the case with cotton and linen fabrics4 ,the different effects of flannel and linen are particularly susceptible during brisk exercise4 ,when the body is covered with the former1 though perspiration be necessarily increased1 the perspired matter freely passes off through the flannel1 and the skin remains dry and warm4 ,if the same exercise be taken in linen shirts1 perspiration1 as in the former case1 is indeed also increased1 but the perspired matter1 instead of being dispersed into the atmosphere1 remains upon the linen1 and not only clogs the pores of the skin1 but gives a disagreeable sensation4 ,from this property of flannel1 persons who wear it next the skin seldom catch cold from changes of temperature1 even though perspiring profusely2 but in similar cases1 when linen or calico shirts are worn1 chilliness immediately comes on1 followed by sniffling1 sneezing1 and cough1 and all the other symptoms of severe catarrh4 ,the common objections raised against the use of flannel are founded on vulgar prejudices1 ignorance1 obstinacy1 or bravado1 and are undeserving of the notice of sensible people4 ,in a fickle and moist climate like that of ,england1 every person should wear a robe of flannel next the skin1 or at all events a waistcoat of flannel reaching below the loins2 and this should not be discarded as soon as the cold weather has passed1 but its use should be continued all the year round2 for in reality flannel is1 if possible1 even more required in summer than in winter1 because persons perspire more freely in hot than in cold weather1 and are consequently more susceptible of cold1 while at that period of the year their clothing is less capable of protecting them from the effects of sudden changes of temperature and draughts of cold air1 moisture1 c4 ,females1 children1 persons of delicate constitutions1 and all others who from their habits of body or life perspire freely1 or are much exposed1 should wear flannel4 ,in washing flannels it is recommended that they should only be put into warm water1 by which method their colour will be preserved1 and they will be prevented from shrinking4 ,,flash4 ,prep4 ,from burnt-sugar colouring1 #a gall42 fluid extract of capsicum or essence of ,cayenne1 #c_/d pint1 or enough to give a strong fiery taste4 ,used to colour spirits1 and to give them a false strength4 ,it is made by the brewers' druggists1 and labelled ',,isinglass ,,and ,,burnt ,,sugar1' ,,flasks4 ,the late lamented and ingenious ,mr ,fownes suggested the employment of ,florence oil-flasks as cheap substitutes for retorts1 receivers1 digesters1 and some other vessels used for chemical purposes4 ,his plan was to cut the neck smoothly round with a hot iron1 and softening it in the flame of a good argand gas-lamp1 to turn over the edge so as to form a lip1 or border4 ,the neck will then bear a tight-fitting cork without splitting4 ,,flatulence4 ,syn4 ,,flatulency1 ,,wind4 ,in pathology1 a morbid collection of gas in the stomach and bowels4 ,its most common cause is indigestion4 ,when the natural fluids of the stomach are secreted in a healthy state1 they exercise an antiseptic and digestive action on the food1 by which it is speedily reduced to a magma that is little liable to spontaneous change whilst in the body2 but when the reverse is the case1 fermentation soon commences1 and the stomach and associated viscera become distended with gas1 and all the well-known symptoms of flatulency are developed in rapid succession4 ,the quantity of gas thus accumulated in the 'prim vi' is often enormous4 ,an ordinary apple during fermentation yields about #fjj times its bulk of gas1 and many vegetables yield much more4 7,dr ,hales47 ,it is1 therefore1 not at all surprising that so much inconvenience should be felt when the food1 instead of being digested and assimilated1 runs into the state of active fermentation4 ,the treatment of flatulency consists mainly in the selection of proper articles of food4 ,oleraceous vegetables1 peas1 beans1 under-dressed potatoes1 and indigestible fruits should be especially avoided1 as well as the use of large quantities of weak or warm liquids4 ,the diet should consist principally of animal food1 carefully but not over-cooked1 with a sufficient quantity of good mealy potatoes 7mashed1 not whole71 and good wheaten meal-bread1 moderately seasoned with common salt and spices4 ,the most suitable beverages are toast-and-water1 and a little good brandy largely diluted with water4 ,the healthy tone of the stomach may be re-established by the proper use of tonics1 bitters1 and mild aperients4 ,to relieve the fit of flatulency1 carminatives and aromatics1 as black pepper1 mustard1 peppermint1 ginger1 cinnamon1 lavender1 and most spices1 may be had recourse to4 ,a glass of peppermint cordial1 or of brandy strongly flavoured with peppermint or ginger1 is a popular and efficient remedy4 ,a few drops 7#ae to #cj7 of ether1 with a little tincture of capsicum or spirit of sal volatile1 seldom fail to give relief4 ,see ,,dyspepsia4 ,,flavouring ,,substances4 ,see ,,essence1 ,,oil 7,volatile71 ,,spice1 ,,wine1 c4 ,,flax4 ,see ,,linen1 ,,linseed1 and ,,oil4 ,,flea4 ,this troublesome little animal is the ,pulex irritans of ,linnus1 and belongs to the ,suctoria1 or fourth order of the ,insecta4 ,its favorite haunts are our warm underclothing1 and its most productive breeding-places are in the 'flue' which careless servants allow to accumulate underneath our beds4 ,cold1 light1 perfumes1 and ventilation1 are inimical to its propagation4 ,,flechtenkapseln 7,tetter ,capsules1 or ,dr ,berkeley's ,antiherpetic ,capsules for ,skin ,diseases1 ,tetter1 c47 ,capsules filled with tar4 7,hager47 ,,flechtenmittel--,tetter ,cure4 7,paris74 #a4 ,a ,washing ,fluid4--,common water1 containing #a-a_/b per cent4 sulphuric acid4 #b4 ,a ,salve4 ,a mixture of lard and spermaceti1 with #a_/bd of their weight of calomel4 7,x4 ,schmidt47 ,,flechtenpulver--,tetter ,powder 7,st ,lube's1 ,france74 ,nitre1 #ajj2 antimony chloride1 #aj2 antimony oxide1 #bjj1 #ae grammes for a dose4 7,wittstein47 ,,flechtensalbe--,tetter ,salve 7,fontaine1 ,paris74 ,for all skin diseases4 ,olive oil and white wax1 with #a_/af of white precipitate4 7,wittstein47 ,flechtensalbe 7,bruno ,reichel1 ,apolda74 ,a mixture of wax and lard coloured green4 7,schdler47 ,flechtensalbe 7,f4 ,schwarzlose1 ,berlin1 and ,s4 ,g4 ,schwartz1 ,breslau74 ,for salt-flux1 tetters1 and similar skin diseases4 ,peru balsam1 #a2 carbolic acid1 #b2 yellow wax1 #aj2 lard1 #cj4 7,schdler47 ,flechtensalbe 7,surbi1 ,paris74 ,for all kinds of skin diseases4 ,a mixture of beef tallow1 #cj2 olive oil1 #aj2 zinc oxide1 #b2 steatite1 #b4 7,wittstein47 ,,flechtenseife1 ,tetter ,soap 7,dr ,berkeley74 ,ordinary tar soap4 7,hager47 ,,flechtenwasser4 ,the wonderful wholesome mineral vegetable tetter-water 7,dr ,a4 von ,s474 ,corrosive sublimate1 #be grammes2 water1 #ahj grammes2 benzoin tincture1 #f grammes4 7,weber47 ,,fleckenwasser 7,bronner74 ,cleansing fluid 7literally spot or stain water7 for the removal of grease and dirt spots4 ,benzine only4 ,fleckenwasser1 ,englisches 7,english cleansing fluid for removing acid1 resin1 wax1 tar1 and grease spots47 ,a mixture of #ie per cent4 alcohol1 #ajj grammes2 liq4 ammon41 sp4 gr4 #hge1 #cj grammes2 benzine1 #d grammes4 7,artus47 ,,fleisch-,,extract-,,liqueur 7,eau de ,vie ,alimenteuse--,extract of ,meat ,liqueur--,aqua ,vit ,incarnativa7 7,a4 ,hensel1 ,berlin74 ,a beautiful red spicy liquor1 leaving1 when distilled1 #cb per cent4 of solid matter4 ,this residue contains in #ajj parts 7besides anilin-red71 resin and extractive 7partly from ginger and partly from cinnamon71 #c-a_/d2 sugar1 #bg-a_/b2 extract of meat1 #a-a_/d4 7,hager47 ,fleisch-,extract-,syrup 7,syrup of ,extract of ,meat7 7,meyer1 ,berk74 ,blood-serum made into a syrup with sugar4 7,hager47 ,,fleischfaser-,,zwieback ,f,r ,,hunde--,fibrin ,dog ,biscuits 7,new ,york74 ,said to be made of pure meal1 fibrin1 dates1 and other ingredients1 and recommended as an excellent food for dogs4 ,according to the prospectus its use makes all other foods unnecessary1 as it gives the animals peculiar endurance1 strong muscles1 and sound bones4 ,the directions for use say that it is most advantageously given in its unprepared form1 as dry1 heavy1 hard cakes1 and only in case it is refused should it be softened for a short time in cold water4 ,according to the analysis performed in the laboratory of the ,poppelsdorf ,agricultural ,academy the proportion of nitrogenous to non-nitrogenous ingredients is #a to #cgj4 ,microscopic analysis detects the presence of dried fibrin1 and also a considerable admixture of structureless hyaline cartilaginous matter4 ,from this it follows that the nitrogen revealed by analysis does not all represent protein or fibrin1 and that the proportion which arises from indigestible gelatinous matter will be of smaller value4 7,dr ,e4 ,kern47 ,,flesh4 ,syn4 ,,caro1 ,l4 ,the muscular substances of animals2 the softer1 solid portions of the body1 as distinguished from the bones and fluids4 ,see ,,fibrin1 ,,food1 c4 ,flesh-brush4 ,this simple instrument is used for exciting the cutaneous circulation4 ,those which have the bristles set on a leather back are esteemed the best4 ,the flesh-glove or hair flesh-rubber is a useful modification of the common flesh-brush4 ,those manufactured by ,messrs ,savory and ,moore1 in imitation of the ,indian kheesah or mitten1 are superior to all others4 ,in the absence of both flesh-brush and glove1 a rough towel wound round the hand is no bad substitute4 ,see ,,friction4 ,,fliegenpapier1 ,,giftfreies--,non-,poisonous ,fly ,papers 7,bergmann ,co41 ,rochlitz74 ,contains abundance of arsenious acid4 7,hager47 ,,fliegenpulver--,fly ,powder 7,baumann1 now ,markel1 ,austria74 #ic to #id per cent4 of dry sandy ferruginous clay 7ordinary loam7 saturated with a decoction of some bitter substance1 as quassia or gentian4 7,hager47 ,,flies4 ,see ,,fly4 ,,flip4 ,see ,,egg ,,flip4 ,,fl,,hemittel--,flea ,powder 7,leipsic74 ,powdered soap4 7,fischer47 ,,fl,,hewasser--,flea ,water 7,koch1 veterinary surgeon1 ,vienna74 #g brandy1 #a benzine1 #a black soap4 7,hager47 ,,floriline--,vegetable ,tooth ,paste made by ,john ,yates 7,albin ,mller1 ,brnn74 ,it is contained in a quadrangular china pot1 and is a red1 dry1 rather hard mass made from prepared chalk1 #bj grammes2 starch powder1 #aj grammes2 glycerin1 #h grammes2 pellitory tincture1 #c grammes2 peppermint oil1 #aj drops2 and water q4 s41 coloured with ,florentine lac4 7,hager47 ,,floun',,der4 ,a flat fish1 very like the plaice1 but smaller1 and of more obscure colour4 ,it is very common about the ,british coast1 and is found in the ,northern1 ,baltic1 and ,mediterranean seas4 ,its flesh is very wholesome4 ,,flour4 ,syn4 ,,farina1 ,l4 ,the finely ground and 'dressed' meal of bread corn1 and of the seeds of some of the leguminos4 ,that known specifically as 'flour' in this country is obtained from spring varieties of ,triticum vulgare 7the common wheat74 ,var41 c4 ,of varieties of flour there are several1 depending chiefly on the amount of bran which they contain1 and the relative fineness of the sieves through which they are passed3-- ,,fine ,,wheat ,,flour1 ,,pastry ,,flour2 ,,farina1 ,f4 ,,tritici1 ,f4 ,,seminis ,,tritici4 ,the finest flour1 obtained from the meal produced in the first grinding of wheat between sharp stones1 by means of a sieve of #fd wires to the inch4 ,used for pastry4 ,,middlings4 ,the remainder of the flour of the first grinding1 obtained by means of a slightly coarser sieve4 ,used for making household bread1 but is mostly reground for the next variety4 ,,seconds4 ,the finest part of the flour1 obtained by regrinding 'middlings' between blunt stones4 ,used by the bakers for their finest wheaten bread4 ,,pollard4 ,the coarse flour1 from which the seconds has been sifted4 ,used for making sea biscuits and gingerbread1 and to fatten poultry and hogs4 ,,country ,,household ,,flour4 ,this is usually ground only once1 and sifted to #d_/eths of the weight of the wheat4 ,,ammunition ,,flour is ground and sifted to nearly #e_/fths the weight of the wheat4 ,according to ,mr ,accum1 thirty-two pecks of wheat in the ,london mills yield1 of flour #ch-a_/b parts2 pollard1 #h parts2 and bran 7furfur tritici71 #ab parts2 the bulk of the wheat being doubled by grinding4 ,according to ,mr ,hard1 miller1 of ,dartford1 quoted by ,dr ,pereira1 the wheat having been ground in the usual way1 is allowed to remain in the state of meal for some time before 'dressing1' which removes the heat caused by the process1 and enables the miller to obtain more flour1 and the baker a better quality1 than if 'dressed' immediately it is ground4 ,the process of dressing is by a wire cylinder containing a certain number of sheets of different texture or fineness1 which cylinder contains eight hair brushes attached to a spindle passing through the centre of the cylinder1 and laid out so as to gently touch the wire4 ,this cylinder is fed by a 'shoe' with the meal2 then the 'flour' and 'offal1' after passing through the wire in this way1 are divided by wooden partitions fixed close to the outside of the cylinder4 ,the produce of the wheat-meal dressed through the wire machine consists of--#a1 ,flour2--#b1 ,white ,stuff1 or ,boxings1 or ,sharps2--#c1 ,fine ,pollard2--#d1 ,coarse ,pollard1 or ,horse ,pollard2--#e1 ,bran4 ,the #bnd product 7i4 e4 the white stuff7 is then submitted to another 'dressing' through a fine cloth machine1 and produces--#a1 ,fine ,middlings1 for biscuits2--#b1 ,toppings1 or ,specks2--#c1 ,dustings2--#d1 ,best ,pollard1 ,turkey ,middlings1 or ,coarse ,middlings4 ,,table of the ,produce of ,one ,quarter of ,wheat 7 #ejd lbs47 ,by ,,mr ,,hard4 ,flour #cib lbs4 ,biscuit or fine middlings #aj ,toppings or specks #h ,best pollard1 ,turkey p41 or twenty-penny #ae ,fine pollard #ah ,bran and coarse pollard #ej ,loss by evaporation and waste #aa ---- #ejd ---- ,analysis of ,flour4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------------- ,,peligot4 ,,wanklyn4 ,mean of #ad ,,letheby4 ,,payen4 ,fine ,wheaten ,analyses4 ,flour4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,per cent4 ,per cent4,per cent4 ,per cent4 ,water #adj #aej #adbb #afe ,fat #ab #bj #abe #ab ,nitrogenous matters1 gluten1 c4 #abh #ajh #adde #abj ,ditto1 soluble in water #ah -- -- -- ,non-nitrogenised substances1 dextrin1 sugar1 c4 #gb ,starch #eig #gje #fhdh #fif ,cellulose #ag ,salts 7ash7 #af #ag #af #jgd ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------------- ,according to ,vauquelin1 ,french wheat flour contains about #aj of water1 #aa of gluten1 #ga of starch1 #e of sugar1 and #c of gum2 and the water of the dough amounts to about #ej4 ,the quantity of the bran in wheat ranges under #b4 ,pur4 ,this article of food is very frequently adulterated both by the miller and the baker1 as has been before alluded to in the article on bread4 ,the principal physical characteristics of wheat flour of good quality are the following--it has a dull white colour1 somewhat inclining to yellow2--it exhibits no trace of bran1 even when pressed smooth with the hand1 or with a polished surface2--its cohesiveness is so great that1 on being squeezed in the hand1 the lump is some time before it loses its shape2--it has a homogeneous appearance1 and does not lose more than from #f to #ab by being carefully dried in a stove4 ,the smaller the loss in this way the finer is the quality1 other matters being equal1 and the more economical in use4#cac 7,see below47 ,footnote #cac3 ,see also ,,bread1 ,adult1 and ,exam4 ,tests4 #a4 ,solution of ammonia turns pure wheat flour yellow2 but if any other corn has been ground with it1 pale brown2 or if peas or beans have been ground with it1 a still darker brown4 #b4 ,solution of potassa1 containing about #ab of caustic alkali1 dissolves pure wheat-flour almost completely2 but when it is adulterated with the flour of the leguminous seeds 7beans1 peas1 c471 the cellulos of these substances remains undissolved1 and its hexagonal tissue is readily identified under the microscope4 ,mineral substances 7chalk1 plaster of ,paris1 bone dust1 c47 are also insoluble in this test1 and appear as a heavy white sediment4 #c4 ,boiling water poured on the sample causes the evolution of the peculiar odour of pea or bean flour when these substances are present4 ,bread made with such flour evolves a like odour on being toasted4 #d4 ,pure hydrochloric acid poured on potato flour1 or on wheat flour adulterated with it1 develops a smell of rushes2 it also dissolves starch1 but changes the colour of pure wheat-flour to a deep violet4 #e4 ,nitric acid turns wheat flour of an orange-yellow colour1 but forms a stiff and tenacious jelly with potato fecula1 the colour of which it does not alter4 #f4 ,a portion of the suspected sample submitted to dry distillation in a stoneware retort1 and the distillate collected in a receiver containing a little water1 the latter is found to remain perfectly neutral if the wheat flour is pure1 but acquires a distinctly alkaline reaction when beans1 pulse1 or pea meal is present4 7,rodrigues47 #g4 ,triturate #cjj gr4 of the sample with an equal weight of clean siliceous sand1 and after five minutes form a homogeneous paste with water2 afterwards further adding more water1 until about #b fl4 oz4 have been used4 ,the filtered liquid1 treated with an equal quantity of a strong and pure aqueous solution of iodine1 develops a pink colour1 which gradually disappears when the specimen examined consists of pure wheat flour2 but assumes a deep-purple colour1 which disappears much more slowly1 if the flour is adulterated with even #aj of fecula or potato flour4 ,this test succeeds1 not only with flour and meal1 but also with macaroni1 vermicelli1 c4 7,m4 ,chevallier47 #h4 ,the milky liquid holding the starch in suspension 7see ,anal41 page #gdi7 is poured into a small conical glass1 and left at rest for some time2 the clear liquid is then decanted1 and any remaining water carefully sucked up with a pipette1 and the whole left for some time1 in order that the deposit may harden4 ,the upper gray layer is next removed with a teaspoon1 and the harder and stiffer second layer left undisturbed until it becomes quite solid by drying4 ,when in this state1 it may be upset in the form of a cone1 upon a lump of dry plaster4 ,the fecula or potato starch 7if any is present71 being heavier than that of wheat1 forms the apex of the cone1 and its quantity may be estimated in the following manner3--,the operator cuts from the apex of the little cone above mentioned a slice1 which he triturates only for a short time in an agate mortar 7one of glass1 or porcelain1 or wedgwood-ware1 will not do71 and he tests that with aqueous solution of iodine4 ,if it turns blue1 it is fecula4 ,another slice is treated in the same manner1 until the operator comes to the wheat starch1 which1 in the present instance1 is not affected by the aqueous solution of iodine4 ,this difference of behaviour of the two species of starch with iodine is due to the friction of the pestle and mortar1 which is sufficient to divide or tear the envelopes of the particles of the potato starch1 which then become blue when treated by solution of iodine4 ,the particles of wheat starch1 on the contrary1 are not disaggregated by that treatment1 and being therefore protected by their envelope1 are not acted upon by the solution of iodine1 or1 at most1 assume only a brown tinge4 7,m4 ,robine47 #i4 ,wheat flour adulterated with plaster of ,paris1 ground bones1 chalk1 and potato flour1 has a higher specific gravity than a sample of the pure flour4 ,this may be readily ascertained by any person by filling a small vessel with some pure flour1 and then with the given sample4 ,a vessel which will contain #a lb4 of wheat flour will contain #a-a_/b lb4 of fecula 7potato flour71 and hence the proportion of this adulteration may be easily estimated4 7,ure47 #aj4 ,if to a sample of wheat flour is added a solution of potassa1 containing about #a-c_/d of the pure alkali1 the granules of potato farina1 or of bean meal1 or pea meal1 present 7if any71 will acquire #d or #e times their original volume1 while those of the pure wheat starch will be scarcely affected by it4 ,this change is very perceptible under a microscope of small power4 #b parts of liquor of potassa 7,ph4 ,l47 and #e parts of distilled water form a mixture that answers for the above purpose4 #aa4 ,by means of the microscope the admixture of the cheaper feculas and meals with wheat flour is readily detected by the characteristic appearance of the starch grains2 and when the adulteration exceeds #i or #aj1 its extent may be readily estimated with considerable accuracy4 ,as the range of adulteration is generally from #ab to #bg1 this method is applicable in the greater number of cases4 ,analysis4 ,the value of wheat flour as an aliment depends upon the quantity of gluten1 sugar1 starch1 and phosphate of lime1 which it contains2 and its superiority over the flour of the grains of the other cereals is referred to its containing a larger proportion of the first and last of these substances than they do4 ,the quantitative analysis of flour is very simple1 and may be easily made by persons unacquainted with chemistry1 by attending to the instructions below3-- a4 ,make #ajjj gr4 of the sample into a dough with a little water1 let it rest an hour and then gently knead it in successive water1 until the starchy particles are perfectly removed4 ,collect the portion 7,,gluten7 left in the hand1 drain off the water1 place it on a piece of filtering or blotting paper1 several times doubled1 and set it aside4 b4 ,mix the several waters employed in the preceding process1 and set them aside in a tall vessel1 to deposit the suspended portion 7,,starch74 ,after a sufficient time pour off the clear liquid1 and throw the whole of the sediment on a weighed paper filter1 placed in a funnel1 observing to remove the portion adhering to the bottom of the vessel by means of a little clean water1 that none may be lost4 c4 ,evaporate the decanted liquid1 as well as what runs from the filter1 until it becomes curdy1 then filter it through a piece of weighed blotting paper1 and preserve the sediment 7,,albumen72 next evaporate the residuum to the consistence of a syrup1 agitate it with #aj times its weight of alcohol1 and filter1 observing to wash the paper filter clean with a little alcohol after the solution has passed through it4 ,the substance on the paper is ,,phosphate ,,of ,,lime and ,,gum1 and must be set aside4 ,by subsequent digestion in water1 filtration1 and evaporation1 the two may be obtained separately4 d4 ,evaporate or distil off the spirit from the solution and washings1 as above2 the residuum is ,,sugar4 e4 ,dry the substances educed as above1 by a gentle heat1 and weigh them4 ,the weight of the albumen may be taken with that of the gluten1 as it possesses about the same nutritive value1 and also because it has been asserted by some persons that the former substance is in reality gluten1 and not albumen4 ,by dividing the given weights by #aj1 the per-centage value of the sample is obtained4 ,the pieces of filtering paper employed should be carefully dried and weighed before using them1 and the same degree of heat should be employed for this purpose as that to which they will be afterwards exposed in the drying of the substances resulting from the operations4 ,obs4 ,the above method of ascertaining the actual value of any sample of flour as an article of food1 though not strictly accurate1 approximates sufficiently to the truth for all practical purposes1 and is well adapted to the wants of the baker and large purchaser4 ,in many cases it will only be necessary to perform the first part of the process 7a71 which will give the per-centage of the most important constituent of the flour2 the rest being of minor consequence4 ,in addition to what has been already stated in the article on ,,bread1 it may be useful to mention that a pound of the best flour1 from thoroughly dried wheat1 will take #aj fl4 oz4 of water to form it into ordinary dough1 or #i fl4 oz4 to form it into bread dough4 ,under the old parliamentary acts1 a sack of flour 7#bhj lbs47 was presumed to produce #hj loaves 7quartern or quarter-peck71 the weight of which1 within #dh hours after being baked1 was to be #d lbs4 #e-a_/b oz4 each4 ,at the present time fully #ib loaves1 weighing #d lbs4 each1 are produced by the ,london bakers from one sack of flour1 when honest weight is given2 but as the latter is rarely the case1 and the bread is frequently 'slack' or 'under-baked1' and thus contains more water than good bread ought to do1 a much larger product is commonly obtained4 ,the dough loses about #a_/gth of its weight in baking1 if in batches2 but fully #a_/fth1 if baked in small loaves1 and placed in the oven separately4 ,the best bread contains about #a_/d-a_/fth of its weight of added water2 and common bread1 often much more than #a_/dth4 ,the proportion of water in the ,london bread has greatly increased during the last few years1 owing to the introduction of the fraudulent plan of making the dough with rice jelly or moss jelly4 ,this is the reason why the bread of some bakers suffers such a loss of weight in a few hours after being taken from the oven4 ,a #d lbs4 loaf of bread purchased from a baker at ,lambeth1 after remaining on the sideboard of a sitting-room for #bd hours1 was found to have lost no less than #f-a_/b oz4 by evaporation1 and in two days longer its interior cells were covered with green mould1 and the whole was unfit for food4 ,the bakers1 aware of these facts1 are particularly careful not to bake more bread than they can dispose of whilst 'new1' and are in the habit of refusing to weigh their bread before selling it1 when it is more than #aj or #ab hours old1 although they are liable to be 'fined' for such a refusal4 ,see ,,bread1 ,,cakes1 ,,farina1 c41 also below4 ,flour1 ,baked4 ,syn4 ,,farina ,,tosta1 ,f4 ,,tritici ,,tosta1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from wheat flour1 carefully baked in a 'slack' oven1 until it acquires a pale-buff hue4 ,astringent2 used to make food for infants troubled with diarrhoea4 ,see ,,farina4 ,flour1 ,barley 7,prepared74 ,syn4 ,,farina ,,hordei ,,preparata1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,bor47 ,from barley flour1 compressed into a tin cylinder until the vessel is #b-crds full1 which is then suspended at the upper part of a still #b-crds filled with water1 and after the 'head' is fitted on1 the water is kept boiling for #cj hours 7#b days of #ae hours each74 ,lastly1 the upper layer being removed1 the rest is reduced to powder1 and kept in a dry place4 ,flour1 ,boiled4 ,syn4 ,,triticina1 ,,farina ,,preparata1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from fine flour1 tied up in a linen cloth as tight as possible1 and after it has been frequently dipped into cold water1 the outside of the cloth is dredged over with flour1 until a crust is formed round it1 to prevent the water soaking into it whilst boiling2 it is then boiled for a long time1 and when cold1 it is divided into small oblong pieces4 ,for use1 it is reduced to powder1 either by grinding or grating it1 and is then prepared like arrow-root4 ,it forms a good diet for children1 in diarrhoea1 c42 and as it may be easily prepared at home1 it has the advantage of being free from adulteration4 ,flour1 ,jones's ,patent4 ,prep4 ,from kiln-dried flour1 #a cwt42 tartaric acid1 #aj-a_/b oz42 mix thoroughly2 after #b or #c days1 add1 of bicarbonate of soda1 #ab oz42 lump sugar1 #a_/b lb42 common salt1 #a-a_/b lb42 mix1 and pass the compound through the 'dressing-machine4' ,it is necessary that the whole of the ingredients should be perfectly dry1 and separately reduced to fine powder before adding them to the flour4 ,by simply mixing it with cold water1 and at once baking it1 it produces light1 porous bread4 ,obs4 ,we have already had occasion to pay a passing tribute to the excellence and usefulness of ,jones's ,patent ,flour4#cad ,it is1 indeed1 invaluable to every household1 as furnishing the means of producing1 with great economy1 and extemporaneously1 not merely cakes1 puddings1 pastry1 and fancy bread1 but the 'staff of life' itself1 household bread1 of a purity1 flavour1 and lightness1 seldom1 if ever1 met with in that purchased of the bakers4 ,flour1 ,sewell's ,patent4 a4 7,no4 #a47 ,flour1 #a sack 7#bhj lbs472 hydrochloric acid 7sp4 gr4 #aad71 #de oz42 mix1 by adding the acid in a 'spray1'--b4 7,no4 #b47 ,to the last1 add 7expertly7 bicarbonate of soda1 #ci oz42 mix thoroughly1 and pass the whole through a sieve or 'dressing machine4' ,obs4 ,this flour is used as the last1 to which1 however1 it is inferior in quality4 ,no4 #a will keep #e weeks4 ,no4 #b will keep a month4 ,jones's flour will keep good in a dry place for years4 ,if ,no4 #a is alone employed for the dough1 to each pound of the flour1 #fe gr4 of bicarbonate of soda1 with salt q4 s41 must be added4 ,the patentee claims for his invention the merit of the soda and acid being converted into culinary salt in the process of making up the flour and baking the dough4#cad ,footnote #cad3 ,see ,,unfermented ,,bread4 ,,flower ,,dew 7,f4 ,j4 ,weber1 successor of ,rau1 ,bamberg74 ,a flat bottle with the name of ,rau moulded on it2 its gross weight is more than #hj grammes1 but it contains scarcely #bb grammes of a nearly colourless but slightly yellow fluid1 consisting of a pleasant aromatic solution of oils of bergamot1 lemon1 orange flowers1 and rose in strong spirit4 ,,flowers4 ,syn4 ,,flores1 ,l4 ,these beautiful and fragrant ornaments of our gardens and our dwellings are too highly esteemed by all classes of the community to require anything in favour of their cultivation to be said here4 ,our remarks will1 therefore1 chiefly refer to their collection1 improvement1 and preservation4 ',full' or 'double flowers1' or those in which the internal organs become petals1 are so much more beautiful than the 'single flowers' of the corresponding species and varieties1 that their production1 with tolerable ease and certainty1 has long been a desideratum with both the professional and amateur florist4 ,various plans have been proposed having this object in view1 among which are the following3--#a4 ,the use of the best seed only1 but not before it is at least #c or #d years old4 #b4 ,the selection of the outer row of seed only1 and its careful preservation intact for at least #b seasons before sowing it4 ,we are assured that this method is particularly successful with dahlias4 #c4 ,the removal of the plants to a shady situation as soon as the flower-buds begin to develop themselves1 and stinting them with water and nourishment for a few weeks4 ,in this method a few only of the buds are permitted to mature2 the rest being snipped off with a pair of scissors as early as possible4 #d4 ,the use of small pots and a scanty supply of water until the flowers are partly developed1 when water is supplied in abundance1 with or without the addition of a little liquid manure4 ,to hasten the blooming of flowers1 it is a common practice with some gardeners to grow them in as small pots as is consistent with their healthy existence1 and carefully to avoid transplanting them to larger pots1 for several weeks before their usual time of blossoming4 ,a plant on the point of flowering1 if transferred to a larger pot and a richer soil1 immediately commences making roots and leaves1 whilst the embryo flowers either wholly decay1 or their development is checked until the usual season of their production has passed over4 ,the following liquid has been used with great advantage to promote the vigorous growth and the early flowering of plants3--,sulphate or nitrate of ammonia1 #d oz42 nitrate of potassa1 #b oz42 sugar1 #a oz42 hot water1 #a pint2 dissolve and keep it in a well-corked bottle4 ,for use1 put #h or #aj drops of this liquid into the water of a hyacinth glass or jar1 for bulbous-rooted plants1 changing the water every #aj or #ab days4 ,for flowering plants in pots1 a few drops must be added to the water employed for them4 ,the preference should be given to rain water for this purpose4 ,the fluid sold under the name of liquid guano may be used in the same manner4 ,flowers may be preserved in a fresh state for a considerable time1 by keeping them in a moist atmosphere4 ,when growing on the parent stem1 the large amount of evaporation from the surface of their leaves is compensated for by an equivalent proportion of moisture supplied by the roots2 but when they are plucked1 the evaporation from the surface continues1 while the supply of moisture is cut off4 ,to supply1 in part1 this loss of moisture by evaporation1 has arisen the almost universal practice of placing flowers in water2 but their mutilated stems possess a far inferior power of sucking up fluids to that of the roots1 and thus their decay is only deferred for a time4 ,to preserve them more effectually1 or at least to render their existence less ephemeral1 we may surround them with a moist atmosphere1 by which the loss of water from the surface of their leaves will be reduced to the smallest possible amount4 ,it is now eighteen years ago since we first saw1 in the drawing-room of a gentleman1 in the hot dry weather of the dog-days1 flowers preserved day after day in all their freshness by the following simple contrivance--,a flat dish of porcelain had water poured into it4 ,in the water a vase of flowers was set2 over the whole a bell-glass was placed1 with its rim in the water4 ,this was a ',ward's case' in principle1 although different in its construction4 ,the air that surrounded the flowers being confined beneath the bell-glass1 was kept constantly moist with the water that rose into it in the form of vapour4 ,as fast as the water was condensed it ran down the sides of the bell glass back into the dish2 and if means had been taken to inclose the water on the outside of the bell-glass1 so as to prevent its evaporating into the air of the sitting-room1 the atmosphere around the flowers would have remained continually damp4 ,we recommend those who love to see plenty of fresh flowers in their sitting-rooms in dry weather to adopt this method4 ,the experiment can be tried by inverting a tumbler over a rose-bud in a saucer of water4 7',gardener's ,chron4'7 ,another method by which some flowers may be preserved for many months is to carefully dip them1 as soon as gathered1 in perfectly limpid gum water1 and after allowing them to drain for #b or #c minutes1 to set them upright1 or arrange them in the usual manner in an empty vase4 ,the gum gradually forms a transparent coating on the surface of the petals and stems1 and preserves their figure and colour long after they have become dry and crisp4 ,yet another method 7given in the ',pharmaceutical ,journal'7 is as follows3--,a vessel with a movable cover is provided1 and having removed the cover from it1 a piece of metallic gauze of moderate fineness is fixed over it1 and the cover replaced4 ,a quantity of sand is then taken sufficient to fill the vessel1 and passed through a sieve into an iron pot1 where it is heated with the addition of a small quantity of stearin1 carefully stirred so as to thoroughly mix the ingredients4 ,the quantity of stearin to be added is at the rate of half a part to #ajj parts of sand4 ,care must be taken not to add too much1 as it would sink to the bottom and injure the flowers4 ,the vessel with its cover on and the gauze beneath it is then turned upside down1 and the bottom being removed1 the flowers to be operated upon are carefully placed on the gauze and the sand gently poured in1 so as to cover the flowers entirely1 the leaves being thus prevented from touching each other4 ,the vessel is then put in a hot place1 such1 for instance1 as the top of a baker's oven1 where it is left for #dh hours4 ,the flowers thus become dried1 and they retain their natural colours4 ,the vessel still remaining bottom upwards1 the lid is taken off1 and the sand runs away through the gauze1 leaving the flowers uninjured4 ,faded flowers may be generally more or less restored by immersing them half-way up their stems in very hot water1 and allowing them to remain in it until it cools1 or they have recovered4 ,the coddled portion of the stems must then be cut off1 and the flowers placed in clean cold water4 ,in this way a great number of faded flowers may be restored1 but there are some of the more fugacious kinds on which it proves useless4 ,flowers may be produced in winter by taking up the plants1 trees1 or shrubs in the spring1 at the time when they are about to bud1 with some of their own soil carefully preserved around the roots1 and placing them upright in a cellar till ,michaelmas2 when1 with the addition of fresh earth1 they are to be put into proper tubs or vessels1 and placed in a stove or hot-house1 when they must be treated in the usual manner4 ,by this method1 in the month of ,february1 fruits or roses will appear4 ,flowers sown in pots about ,michaelmas may thus be made to bloom at ,christmas4 ,the apparently instantaneous flowering of plants1 exhibited a few years ago by ,m4 ,herbert to an astonished audience1 was1 we believe1 effected by the heat generated by fragments of quicklime concealed in the mould close to1 but not in immediate contact with1 the roots4 ,the plants selected by ,m4 ,herbert--a group of geraniums and a rose tree--were planted in two rather deep boxes of garden mould1 and were covered with glass shades4 ,the operator commenced by pouring over the roots1 from a small watering-pot1 a liquid which1 uniting to the ingredients already in the earth1 caused a great heat1 as was shown by an intense steam or vapour1 which was evolved within the shades1 and allowed1 to some extent1 to escape through a small hole in the top1 which at first was kept closed4 ,the effect upon the geraniums was certainly almost instantaneous2 the buds beginning to burst in about five or six minutes1 and the plants being in full bloom within ten minutes1 when the blossoms were gathered by ,m4 ,herbert1 and distributed amongst the ladies present4 ,with the rose tree the exhibitor was less fortunate4 ,the invention may prove useful where ladies require to decorate their drawing-rooms or boudoirs with the beauties of the floral world somewhat earlier in the season than they can otherwise be obtained4 ,it must not1 however1 be forgotten that the plants are1 as it were1 parboiled during the process1 and die after a few days4 ,as regards the sanitary value of flowers1 ,mantegazza1 of ,pavia1 states that ozone is generated in larger quantities by certain plants possessing spicy aromatic odours1 than by the action of electricity upon the air4 ,he says that in some plants this ozone is developed by the direct rays of the sun1 whilst in others the action1 once begun in solar light1 is continued in darkness2 and that cherry-laurel1 clove1 lavender1 mint1 lemon1 fennel1 narcissus1 heliotrope1 hyacinth1 mignonette1 c41 all produce ozone largely on exposure to the rays of the sun4#cae ,he also finds that whilst the ozonigenic properties of flowers reside mainly in their perfumes1 the most odoriferous yielding the largest amount of ozone1 certain others possessing no particular perfume1 have extraordinary ozonigenic power2 as1 for instance1 the sunflower1 broad belts of which were planted by the late ,commodore ,maury around the grounds of the national observatory at ,washington1 to the effect of which he attributed the after immunity of his family from intermittent fevers4#caf ,footnote #cae3 ,the experiments of ,mr ,kingzetti on the limited oxidation of essential oils1 lead to the inference that instead of ozone1 peroxide of hydrogen is the body evolved4--,,ed4 ,footnote #caf3 ,recent researches seem to have shown that the hygienic properties of the sun-flower1 like those of the ,eucalyptus1 are chiefly1 if not wholly due to the power the plant possesses of abstracting enormous quantities of moisture from the soil1 and thus removing from certain localities an active element in the production of malaria4--,,ed4 ,the collection and preservation of flowers for medicinal purposes and distillation1 will be found noticed under ,,vegetables4 ,flowers1 ,artificial4 ,the beauty and value of these pleasing articles of personal decoration mainly depend upon the taste and ingenuity of the maker4 ,the delicate fingers of woman1 and her ready powers of imitation and invention1 combined with her natural affection for the chaste and beautiful1 have enabled her the more especially to excel in this manufacture4 ,the productions of the female artificial florists of the ,french capital are justly admired everywhere4 ,the ,french employ velvet1 kid1 and fine cambric for the petals1 and taffeta for the leaves4 ,very recently thin plates of bleached whalebone have been used with great success for some portions of artificial flowers4 ,as colours and stains1 the following are employed in ,paris3-- ,,blue4 ,indigo dissolved in oil of vitriol1 and the acid partly neutralised with salt of tartar or whiting4 ,,green4 ,a solution of distilled verdigris4 ,,lilac4 ,liquid archil4 ,,red4 ,carmine dissolved in a solution of salt of tartar1 or in spirits of hartshorn4 ,,violet4 ,liquid archil1 mixed with a little salt of tartar4 ,,yellow4 ,tincture of turmeric4 ,the above colours are usually applied to the petals with the fingers4 ,flowers4 ,syn4 ,,flores1 ,l4 ,among chemists1 this term is applied to various pulverulent substances obtained by sublimation1 as flowers of antimony1 benzoin1 zinc1 sulphur1 c4 ,the term has been discarded from modern chemical nomenclature1 but is still commonly employed in familiar language and trade4 ,,fluid ,,cam',,phor4 ,prep4 7,sir ,j4 ,murray47 ,from camphor 7in powder71 #a dr42 freshly precipitated carbonate of magnesia1 #b dr42 cold distilled water1 #a pint2 the solution is effected by forcing in carbonic acid gas under pressure4 ,each fl4 oz4 contains #c gr4 of camphor1 and #f gr4 of carbonate of magnesia4 ,see ,,essence ,,of ,,camphor4 ,,fluid ,,magne',,sia4 ,syn4 ,,liquor ,,magnesi ,,carbonatis1 ,l4 ,m4 ,,bicarbonatis1 ,l4 ,the preparations sold under this name are mere solutions of freshly precipitated carbonate of magnesia in water1 formed by means of carbonic acid gas1 under powerful pressure1 and long agitation4 ,those best known are ,sir ,j4 ,murray's and ,mr ,dinneford's1 each fl4 oz4 of which is said to contain about #ag-a_/b gr4 of the carbonate1 but their actual richness in the latter seldom exceeds #aj or #ab gr41 and by the time they reach the consumer is often as low as #e or #f gr4 ,recently precipitated carbonate of magnesia placed in a bottle or other suitable vessel1 which is then filled by means of a soda-water apparatus with water fully charged with carbonic acid gas1 readily dissolves on slight and cautious agitation1 and the arated water becomes saturated with magnesia4 ,a scruple of carbonate of magnesia put into a soda-water bottle1 and thus treated1 is all taken up in from #bj minutes to half an hour1 and the beverage continues beautifully clear4 ,,fluid-,,ozon 7,j4 ,krohn1 ,munich1 with a certificate from ,justus von ,liebig74 ,a mouth wash and toilet water4 ,an aqueous solution of permanganate of soda1 #a in #i1 contaminated with traces of sodium sulphate and chloride4 7,wittstein47 ,,flum',,mery4 ,a species of thick hasty-pudding made with oatmeal or rice1 flavoured with milk1 cream1 almonds1 orange flowers1 lemons1 c41 according to fancy4 ,prep4 #a4 7,,dutch ,,flummery47 ,from blancmange and eggs1 flavoured with lemon peel and sweetened with sugar4 #b4 7,,french ,,flummery47 ,from equal parts of blancmange and cream1 sweetened1 and flavoured4 ,the above are poured into forms1 and served cold1 to eat with wine1 spirit1 cider1 c4 #c4 7,a4 ,t4 ,thomson47 ,take oatmeal or groats1 #a quart2 rub it for a considerable time with hot water1 #b quarts2 and let the mixture stand until it becomes sour2 then add another quart of hot water1 and strain through a hair sieve4 ,let stand till a white sediment is deposited1 decant the fluid portion1 and wash the sediment with cold water4 ,this is now to be boiled with fresh water1 until it forms a mucilage1 stirring the whole time4 ,a light and nutritious food1 during early convalescence4 ,,fluoboric ,,acid4 ,syn4 ,,borofluoric ,,acid4 ,this may be easily prepared by saturating hydrofluoric acid with boracic acid1 keeping the mixture cool1 and then concentrating it in platinum vessels till dense fumes arise4 ,,fluohydric ,,acid4 ,see ,,fluoride ,,of ,,hydrogen4 ,,flu',,oride ,,of ,,hydrogen4 ,,hf4 ,syn4 ,,fluohydric ,,acid2 ,,hydrofluoric ,,acid2 ,a4 ,,hydrofluoricum1 ,l4 ,an acid composed of hydrogen and fluorine4 ,it was discovered by ,scheele1 but was first obtained in a pure state by ,gay-,lussac and ,thnard1 in #ahaj4 ,prep4 ,pour concentrated sulphuric acid on half its weight of fluor spar1 carefully separated from siliceous earth1 and reduced to fine powder4 ,the mixture must be made in a capacious leaden retort1 and a gentle heat only applied1 and the evolved gas must be collected in a leaden receiver1 surrounded by ice4 ,prop41 c4 ,a colourless fluid below #ei ,fahr41 which speedily evaporates in dense white fumes when exposed to the air4 ,its affinity for water exceeds that of sulphuric acid1 and its combination with that fluid is accompanied with a hissing noise1 and a considerable increase of its sp4 gr4 up to a certain point4 ,it attacks glass and silica1 for which reason it cannot be preserved in glass vessels4 ,bottles of lead1 silver1 platinum1 or pure gutta percha1 are used to keep it in4 ,it is highly corrosive1 instantaneously destroying the skin on contact1 and producing deep and serious ulcerations2 its vapour is pungent1 irritating1 irrespirable1 and poisonous4 ,with the bases it unites to form ,,fluorides4 ,in the arts1 hydrofluoric acid is used for etching on glass4 ,,flu',,orides4 ,compounds of fluorine with metals and other basic radicals4 ,the fluorides of the metals are1 with the exception of those of the alkaline metals1 insoluble in water1 while the fluorides of hydrogen1 boron1 and silicon1 are gaseous1 condensing at a low temperature to volatile liquids4 ,,flu',,orine4 ,f4 ,syn4 ,,fluorinium1 ,l4 ,an element that has not yet been isolated1 owing to its attacking and combining with every element or compound that at present has been exposed to it1 except oxygen4 ,it is presumably gaseous1 and of a pale greenish-yellow colour4 ,,flu',,osilicic ,,acid4 ,syn4 ,,fluoride ,,of ,,silicon ,,and ,,hydrogen2 ,,hydrofluosilic ,,acid4 ,prep4 ,from powdered fluor spar1 and siliceous sand or powdered glass1 of each #a part2 concentrated sulphuric acid1 #b parts3 mix in a glass retort1 apply a gentle heat1 and pass the evolved gas into water through a layer of mercury4 ,decomposition ensues1 silica being deposited in a gelatinous state1 and hydrofluosilicic acid or fluosilic acid remains in solution4 ,the acid liquor is used as a test for potassium and barium1 with whose salts it yields nearly insoluble precipitates4 ,,flux4 ,syn4 ,,fluxus1 ,,fluor1 ,l4 ,in medicine1 a term formerly applied to several diseases attended with a copious discharge1 as diarrhoea 7,,flux71 dysentery 7,,bloody ,,flux71 ,english cholera 7,,bilious ,,flux71 fluor albus 7,,white ,,flux71 c4 ,these terms are still current among the vulgar4 ,flux4 ,in metallurgy1 c41 a term applied to various substances of easy fusibility1 which are added to others which are more refractory1 to promote their fusion4 ,prep4 #a4 7,,black ,,flux47 ,nitre1 #a part2 crude tartar or cream of tartar1 #b parts2 mix1 and deflagrate1 by small quantities at a time1 in a crucible1 heated to dull redness4 ,the product consists of carbonate of potassa1 mixed with charcoal in a finely divided state4 ,used for smelting metallic ores4 ,it exercises a reducing action1 as well as promotes the fusion4 ,it must be kept in a dry corked bottle4 #b4 7,,christison',s ,,flux47 ,carbonate of soda 7cryst471 #h parts2 charcoal 7in fine powder71 #a part2 heat the mixture gradually to redness4 ,for reducing arsenic4 #c4 7,,cornish ,,reducing ,,flux47 ,crude tartar1 #aj parts2 nitre1 #d parts2 borax1 #c parts2 triturate together4 #d4 7,,cornish ,,refining ,,flux1 ,,white ,,flux47 ,crude tartar and nitre1 equal parts1 deflagrated together4 ,see ,,black ,,flux4 #e4 7,,crude ,,flux47 ,same as ,,black ,,flux1 omitting the deflagration4 ,reducing4 #f4 7,,fresenius',s ,,flux47 ,carbonate of potassa 7dry71 #c parts2 cyanide of potassium1 #a part4 ,for the arsenical compounds4 #g4 7,,liebig',s ,,flux47 ,carbonate of soda 7dry7 and cyanide of potassium1 equal parts4 ,as the last4 ,see ,,arsenious ,,acid4 #h4 7,,morveau',s ,,reducing ,,flux47 ,powdered glass 7free from lead71 #h parts2 calcined borax and charcoal1 of each1 #a part2 all in fine powder1 and triturated well together4 ,used as ,,black ,,flux4 #i4 7,,white ,,flux47 ,see above4 #aj4 7,,fluxes ,,for ,,enamels47 ,see ,,enamels4 #aa4 7,various47 ,borax1 tartar1 nitre1 sal-ammoniac1 common salt1 limestone1 glass1 fluor spar1 and several other substances1 are used as fluxes in metallurgy4 ,obs4 ,on the large scale1 crude tartar is employed in the preparation of fluxes2 on the small scale1 commercial cream of tartar or bitartrate of potassa4 ,,fly4 ,the common house-fly 7,musca domestica7 causes considerable annoyance to the person in hot weather1 as well as damage to handsome furniture1 especially to picture frames1 gilding1 and the like4 ,the best way to exterminate them is to expose on a plate one or other of the mixtures given under ,,fly ,,poison 7below74 ,the blow-fly 7,musca vomitoria71 and other insects1 may be kept from attacking meat by dusting it over with black pepper1 powdered ginger1 or any other spice1 or by skewering a piece of paper to it on which a drop or two of creasote has been poured4 ,the spices may be readily washed off with water before dressing the meat4 ,it is a fact not generally known1 that flies will not pass through a netting made of fine silk1 thread1 or wire1 even though the meshes may be an inch apart1 unless there is a window or light behind it4 ,this affords us a ready means of excluding these insects from all our apartments which have windows only on one side of them1 without keeping the latter closed4 ,it is merely necessary to have an ornamental netting stretched across the opening1 when1 although flies may abound on the outside1 none will venture into the room so protected4 ,if1 however1 there is a window on the other side of the room1 they will fly through the netting immediately4 ,see below4 ,fly-blow in ,sheep4 ,oil of turpentine1 #c oz42 oil of amber1 #a oz42 corrosive sublimate1 #a dr4 ,the sublimate must be first dissolved in a pint of whey1 and then mixed with the oils4 ,fly ,papers4 ,those papers which1 a few years ago1 were sold about the streets of ,london by harsh-voiced cries of ,catch 'em alive-oh6 and which might be seen in many shop-windows covered with dead and dying flies1 were prepared by rubbing factitious birdlime over sheets of paper4 ,it would be difficult to conceive a more cruel or more offensive mode of catching flies than that of glueing their living bodies to an adhesive surface4 ,a preferable kind of fly-paper is that called ',,papier ,,moure1' which contains a large quantity of arsenic in its substance4#cag ,this paper is kept wet when in use1 and the flies1 by sipping the moisture1 are poisoned4 ,footnote #cag3 ,mr ,plowman1 in a letter to the ',pharm4 ,journ41' ,june #bbnd1 #ahgh1 says that in a specimen of ,papier ,moure examined by him he failed to detect the least trace of arsenic4 ,fly ,poison4 ,prep4 #a4 ,a strong solution of white arsenic 7say #a dr4 to the pint71 sweetened with moist sugar1 treacle1 or honey4 ,sold under the name of ',,fly ,,water1' #b4 ,treacle1 honey1 or moist sugar1 mixed with about #a_/abth their weight of ,king's yellow or orpiment4 ,obs4 ,both the above are dangerous preparations1 and should never be employed where there are children4 #c4 7,redwood47 ,quassia chips 7small71 #a_/d oz42 water1 #a pint2 boil #aj minutes1 strain1 and add of treacle1 #d oz4 ,flies will drink this with avidity1 and are soon destroyed by it4 #d4 ,black pepper1 #a teaspoonful2 brown sugar1 #b teaspoonfuls2 cream1 #d teaspoonfuls4 ,see below4 ,fly ,powder4 ,the dark grey-coloured powder 7so-called 'sub-oxide'7 obtained by the free exposure of metallic arsenic to the air4 ,mixed with sweets1 it is used to kill flies4 ,fly ,water4 ,see ,,fly ,,poison 7above74 ,,fog4 ,the influence of very intense foggy weather upon the death-rate is well illustrated by a reference to the ,registrar-,general's returns for #ahgc4 ,from the #hth to the #abth of ,december of that year an unprecedently thick fog prevailed in ,london4 ,the mortality in the metropolis for the week ending ,december #fth was twenty-three persons per thousand2 in the week following1 during which the fog occurred1 the death-rate rose to twenty-seven2 and in the week after that1 when the full effects of the fog could be estimated1 the deaths were found to be thirty-eight in the thousand4 ,in the same periods the deaths from phthisis and diseases of the respiratory organs were respectively #ebj1 #gfd1 and #aaab4 ,that this increased death-rate was not the result of the inclement weather by which the fog was accompanied is evidenced by the circumstance that in large provincial towns1 where the weather was equally severe1 but in which no fog occurred1 the increase in the mortality1 when compared to ,london1 was slight4 ,the mean of the deaths registered in ,london1 in the two weeks ending ,december #bjth1 showed an increase of #da per cent4 upon the number returned in the first week of the month2 whilst during the same date the deaths in seventeen large ,english towns were only #h per cent4 ,this fatal fog occurred during the ,london cattle-show week1 and killed a great number of the animals sent for exhibition4 ,in a specimen of the air of ,manchester1 obtained during the visitation of that city by a very dense fog1 ,dr ,angus ,smith discovered it contained a diminished amount of oxygen when compared with a favorable sample of air4 ,,foils4 ,these are thin leaves of polished metal1 placed under precious stones and pastes1 to heighten their brilliancy1 or to vary the effect4 ,foils were formerly made of copper1 tinned copper1 tin1 and silvered copper1 but the last is the one wholly used for superior work at the present day4 ,foils are of two descriptions3--white1 for diamonds and mock diamonds1 and--coloured1 for the coloured gems4 ,the latter are prepared by varnishing or lacquering the former4 ,by their judicious use the colour of a stone may often be modified and improved4 ,thus1 by placing a yellow foil under a green stone that turns too much on the blue1 or a red one under a stone turning too much on the crimson1 the hues will be brightened and enriched in proportion4 ,prep4 #a4 7,,crystal1 ,,diamond1 or ,,white ,,foil47--a4 ,this is made by coating a plate of copper with a layer of silver1 and then rolling it into sheets in the flatting mill4 ,the foil is then highly polished1 or covered with crystal varnish4 b4 ,the inside of the socket in which the stone or paste is to be set is covered with tin foil1 by means of a little stiff gum or size2 when dry1 the surface is polished and the socket heated1 and whilst it is warm1 filled with quicksilver2 after repose for two or three minutes the fluid metal is poured out1 and the stone gently fitted in its place2 lastly1 the work is well fitted round the stone1 to prevent the alloy being shaken out4 c4 ,the bottom of the stone is coated with a film of real silver1 by precipitating it from a solution of the nitrate in spirit of ammonia1 by means of the oils of cassia and cloves4#cah ,this method vastly increases the brilliancy both of real and factitious gems1 and the work is very permanent4 ,footnote #cah3 ,see ,,silvering4 #b4 7,,coloured ,,foils47 ,the following formul produce beautiful coloured effects1 when judiciously employed3-- a4 7,amethyst47 ,lake and ,prussian blue1 finely ground in pale drying oil4 b4 7,blue47 ,prussian blue 7preferably ,turnbull's71 ground with pale1 quick-drying oil4 ,used to deepen the colour of sapphires4 c4 7,eagle marine47 ,verdigris tempered in shell-lac varnish 7alcoholic71 with a little ,prussian blue4 d4 7,garnet47 ,dragon's blood dissolved in rectified spirit of wine4 e4 7,vinegar garnet47 ,orange lake finely tempered with shell-lac varnish4 f4 7,green47--,greek3 a4 ,from pale shell-lac1 dissolved in alcohol 7lacquer71 and tinged green by dissolving verdigris or acetate of copper in it4 ,greek3 b4 ,from sesquiferrocyanide of iron and bichromate of potassa1 of each #a_/b oz42 ground to an impalpable powder1 first alone1 and then with gum mastic 7clean and also in fine powder71 #b oz42 a little pyroxilic spirit is next added1 gradually1 and the whole again ground until the mass becomes homogeneous and of a fine transparent green4 ,the beauty increases with the length of the grinding4 ,the predominance of the bichromate turns it on the yellowish green2 that of the salt of iron on the bluish green4 ,for use it is to be thinned with pyroxilic spirit4 7',chem41' iii1 #bca47 ,used for emeralds4 g4 7,red47 ,carmine1 dissolved in spirit of hartshorn1 or in a weak solution of salt of tartar1 and a little gum 7dissolved7 added4 h4 7,ruby47--,greek3 a4 ,from lake or carmine1 ground in isinglass4 ,greek3 b4 ,lake ground in shell-lac varnish4 ,both are used when the colour turns on the purple4 ,greek3 g4 ,from bright lake ground in oil4 ,used when the colour turns on the scarlet or orange4 i4 7,yellow47--,greek3 a4 ,various shades of yellow may be produced by tinging a weak alcoholic solution of shell-lac or mastic1 by digesting turmeric1 annotta1 saffron1 or socotrine aloes in it4 ,the former is the brightest1 and is used for topazes4 ,greek3 b4 ,from hay saffron digested in #e or #f times its weight of boiling water until the latter becomes sufficiently coloured1 and a little solution of gum or isinglass added to the filtered liquor4 ,when dry1 a coating of spirit varnish is applied4 ,obs4 ,by the skilful use of the above varnishes1 good imitations of the gems may be cheaply made from transparent white glass or paste2 and by applying them to foils set under coloured pastes 7,,factitious ,,gems71 a superior effect may be produced4 ,the pigments employed must be reduced to the finest state possible by patient grinding1 as without this precaution transparent and beautiful shades cannot be formed4 ,the palest and cleanest mastic and lac1 dissolved in alcohol1 and also the palest and quickest drying oil should alone be used when these substances are ordered4 ,in every case the colour must be laid on the foil with a broad soft brush2 and the operation should be performed1 if possible1 at once1 as no part should be crossed1 or twice gone over1 whilst wet4 ,if the colour turns out too pale1 a second coat may be given when the first one has become quite dry1 but this practice should be avoided if possible4 ,,fomenta',,tion4 ,syn4 ,,fomentatio1 ,,fomentum1 ,,fotus1 ,l4 ,a liquid1 either simple or medicated1 used for local bathing4 ,fomentations are distinguished from lotions chiefly in being applied in a heated state1 and in larger quantities1 and for a longer period at a time4 ,fomentations are chiefly employed to allay pain or irritation1 or to promote suppuration or the healthy action of the parts4 ,as the intention is to convey heat1 combined with moisture1 to the part fomented1 the utmost care must be taken to manage the application so as to promote the object in view as much as possible4 ,flannel cloths wrung out of the hot or boiling liquid1 by means of two sticks1 turned in opposite directions1 form the best vehicles for fomentations4 ,if they are shaken up1 and laid lightly over the part1 they involve a considerable quantity of air1 which1 being a bad conductor1 retains the heat in them for a considerable time4 ,in every process of fomenting there should be two flannels1 each 7say7 three yards long1 with the ends sewed together1 to admit of the boiling water being wrung out of them2 and the one flannel should be got ready whilst the other is applied4 ,the fineness or the coarseness of the flannel is not a matter of indifference4 ,the coarser it is the less readily does it conduct heat1 and the longer it retains its warmth2 therefore it is more efficient for fomenting4 ,white flannel also retains the heat longer than coloured flannel4 7,dr ,r4 ,e4 ,griffith47 ,more harm than good is frequently done by allowing the patient to become chilled during the application4 ,if only one 7flannel7 is used1 the skin becomes chilled during the time occupied in removing the flannel1 soaking it in the water1 wringing it out1 and reapplying it2 but if two are used1 one of them is ready1 and can be applied the moment the other is taken off1 by which means the part is never exposed to the air1 no matter how long the fomentation is continued4 ,in some diseases 7rheumatism1 peritonitis1 c471 the patient is scarcely conscious of a degree of heat which scalds the nurse's hands4 ,in this case the fomenting flannels should be put in a towel1 by which means they may be wrung out without being handled by the nurse1 and may be applied far hotter than can be done by any other method4 7,dr ,j4 ,b4 ,nevins47 ,the quantity of liquid forming a fomentation1 as well as the size of the cloths employed1 must entirely depend upon circumstances4 ,in some cases 7as in slight affections of the face1 c47 the application may be effectually made by holding the part in the steam of the hot liquid1 and bathing it continually by means of a sponge or cloth4 ,in some instances #a_/b pint to a pint of liquid may be found a sufficient quantity2 whilst in others several quarts will be required4 ,under all circumstances1 care must be taken to keep the fomentation as near as possible at the temperature ordered1 during the whole time of its application2 and1 as soon as the operation is finished1 to quickly wipe the part dry1 and to cover it with ample clothing1 in order that the reaction set up may not be prematurely checked4 ,fomentations usually consist of simple water1 or the decoction of some simple vegetable substance1 as chamomiles1 elder flowers or mallows2 but1 occasionally1 the leaves and flowers of aromatic and narcotic plants1 and saline matter1 are employed under this form4 ,the following formul are given as examples3-- ,fomentation1 ,acetic4 ,syn4 ,,fotus ,,aceticus 7,paris ,codex74 ,fomentations of vinegar are sometimes prepared with white1 with rose1 or with aromatic vinegar 7,paris ,codex7 in the proportion of one of vinegar to four of water4 ,fomentation1 ,an'odyne4 ,syn4 ,,fotus ,,anodynus1 ,,fomentatio ,,anodyna1 ,,fomentum ,,anodynum1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,simple decoction of poppy-heads4 #b4 7,hosp4 ,f47 ,poppy-heads 7without the seeds71 #a-a_/b oz42 water1 #c-a_/b pints2 boil to #b-a_/b pints2 add of elder flowers1 #c_/d oz42 boil to a quart and strain4 ,used to allay pain4 #c4 7,pierquin47 ,opium1 #a oz42 wine1 #a quart2 boil to a pint and strain4 ,used in severe gouty1 rheumatic1 neuralgic1 and syphilitic pains4 #d4 ,opium1 #a oz42 water1 #a quart2 boil to #c_/d pint1 add pyroligneous acid1 #b fl4 oz42 boil for #aj minutes longer1 then further add of sherry wine1 #c_/d pint2 and as soon as the whole again boils1 strain it for use4 ,superior to the last1 and cheaper4 ,fomentation1 ,antineural'gic4 ,syn4 ,,fomentatio ,,antineuralgica1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,mialhe47 ,acetate of morphia1 #b gr42 acetic acid1 #b or #c drops2 eau de ,cologne1 #b or #c dr42 dissolve4 ,in facial neuralgia4 #b4 7,trousseau and ,reveil47 ,cyanide of potassium1 #a dr42 distilled water1 #f fl4 oz42 dissolve and keep it in a well-closed bottle in the dark4 ,used in neuralgia1 especially in that of the face 7tic douloureux74 ,a compress of lint or soft linen is dipped in it and applied to the part4 ,it must not be used internally or applied to a wounded surface1 as it is very poisonous4 ,see ,,fomentations1 ,,anodyne1 ,nos4 #c and #d 7above71 also ,,fomentation1 ,,stimulant4 ,fomentation1 ,antiseptic4 ,syn4 ,,fomentatio ,,antiseptica1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,decoction of mallows1 #d pints2 sal ammoniac1 #b oz42 dissolve1 and add of disulphate of quinine1 #bj gr41 dissolved in camphorated spirit1 #d fl4 oz4 #b4 7,hosp4 ,f47 ,decoction of bark1 #a quart2 infusion of chamomile1 #a pint2 camphorated spirit1 #b fl4 oz42 hydrochloric acid1 #a fl4 dr4 ,both are used when there is a tendency to gangrene or putrescence4 ,fomentation of ,ar'nica4 ,syn4 ,,fomentatio ,,arnic1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,flowers of arnica1 #a oz42 water1 #c pints2 boil to a quart1 and strain4 ,used in contusions4 #b4 7,graefe47 ,flowers of arnica1 #b oz42 rue 7leaves71 #a oz42 boiling water1 q4 s4 to strain #ab fl4 oz4 of infusion after an hour's maceration at nearly the boiling temperature4 ,used in contusions and extravasations1 especially as an application to black eyes4 #c4 7,radius47 ,flowers of arnica1 #a_/b oz42 boiling vinegar1 q4 s4 to strain #f fl4 oz4 of infusion1 in which dissolve of carbonate of ammonia1 #b dr4 ,used in oedema of the scrotum4 ,fomentation1 ,aromat'ic4 ,syn4 ,,fomentatio ,,aromatica1 ,,fotus ,,aromaticus1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,sea wormwood1 southernwood1 and chamomiles1 of each #a oz42 laurel leaves1 #a_/b oz42 water #e pints2 boil to half gall41 and strain4 ,in rheumatism1 cutaneous affections1 colic1 c4 #b4 7,augustin47 ,rosemary1 #a_/b oz42 red wine1 and water1 of each #c fl4 oz42 infuse and strain with expression4 ,in contusions1 especially black eyes4 #c4 7,hosp4 ,f47 ,cloves and mace1 of each #a oz42 opium1 #bj gr42 red wine 7boiling71 #a pint2 digest at near boiling for #a hour1 and strain4 ,used as both the last4 #d4 7,rideau47 ,bay leaves1 rosemary1 southernwood1 and wormwood1 of each #a oz42 water1 #b quarts2 boil #e minutes1 and strain4 ,as ,no4 #a4 ,fomentation1 ,astrin'gent4 ,syn4 ,,fotus ,,astringens1 ,f4 ,,roborans1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,decoction of oak bark4 #b4 ,to each quart of the last add of alum #a dr4 #c4 7,ph4 ,chirur47 ,bruised galls1 #a oz42 boiling water1 #b-a_/b pints2 digest #a hour1 and strain4 #d4 7,ricord47 ,tannin1 #b-a_/b dr42 aromatic wine 7hot71 #a_/b pint2 dissolve4 #e4 ,bistort and pomegranate peel1 of each #b oz42 sal ammonia1 #a_/d oz42 red wine1 #a pint42 infuse at a gentle heat4 ,the above are used in hmorrhages1 piles1 prolapsus1 c4 ,fomentation of ,belladon'na4 ,syn4 ,,fotus ,,belladonn1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ophthalmic ,hosp47 ,extract of belladonna1 #a dr42 boiling water1 #a pint4 ,used to dilate the pupil in certain affections of the eye2 it is usually applied on the forehead4 ,fomentation of ,bitter-sweet4 ,syn4 ,,decoctum ,,dulcamar1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,bitter-sweet stalks1 #aj dr42 water1 #a-a_/b pint2 boil to a pint1 and strain4 ,fomentation of ,cham'omile4 ,syn4 ,,fomentatio ,,anthemidis1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,chamomiles1 #b oz42 water1 #c pints2 boil #aj minutes1 and strain with expression4 ,emollient4 ,fomentation1 ,com'mon4 ,syn4 ,,fotus ,,communis4 7,l4 #agdd47 ,prep4 ,dried southernwood1 sea wormwood1 chamomile1 of each #a oz42 dried bay leaves1 #a_/b oz42 water1 #e pints2 boil slightly1 and strain4 ,fomentation1 ,compound of ,hemlock4 7,guy's ,hosp47 ,syn4 ,,fomentum ,,conii ,,compositum4 ,prep4 ,dried hemlock1 #b oz42 dried chamomiles1 #a_/b oz42 boiling water1 #a-a_/b pint2 macerate for #b hours1 strain1 and press4 ,fomentation1 ,diuret'ic4 ,syn4 ,,fomentatio ,,diuretica1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,trousseau47 ,tinctures of squills and foxglove1 of each #b oz42 hot water1 #f fluid oz42 mix4 ,applied by lint or linen compresses to the insides of the thighs1 in dropsies1 when the stomach will not bear diuretics4 ,fomentation of ,el'der ,flowers4 ,syn4 ,,fotus ,,sambuci1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from elder flowers1 #a oz42 boiling water1 #b quarts2 digest in a hot place for #a hour1 and express the liquor4 ,emollient4 ,fomentation1 ,emol'lient4 ,syn4 ,,fomentatio ,,emolliens4 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,marshmallow root and poppy heads1 of each #a oz42 water1 #c pints2 boil to a quart1 and strain4 #b4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,emollient herbs1 #a oz42 boiling water1 #a quart2 infuse #a hour1 and strain with expression4 7,see above47 ,fomentation1 ,foxglove4 ,syn4 ,,fomentum ,,digitalis4 ,dried foxglove1 #a oz42 boiling water1 #a-a_/b pint2 infuse1 and strain4 ,fomentation of ,galls4 ,syn ,,fomentum ,,gall4 ,prep4 ,bruised galls1 #a_/b oz42 boiling water1 #b lbs42 macerate for an hour and strain4 ,fomentation1 ,narcot'ic4 ,syn4 ,,fomentatio ,,narcotica1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,narcotic herbs1 #a oz42 boiling water1 #a-a_/b pint2 infuse as last4 ,fomentation1 ,poppy4 ,syn4 ,,fomentum ,,papaveris4 ,as ,,decoction ,,of ,,poppies4 ,fomentation1 ,resol'vent4 ,syn4 ,,fotus ,,resolvens1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,richard47 ,fomentation of elder flowers1 #h fl4 oz42 liquor of diacetate of lead1 #a_/b fl4 dr42 mix4 ,used to discuss tumours1 c4 ,fomentation1 ,stim'ulant4 ,syn4 ,,fomentatio ,,stimulans1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,sesquicarbonate of ammonia1 #a oz42 tincture of cantharides1 #b fl4 oz42 warm water1 #a pint4 #b4 ,household mustard1 #d oz42 hot water1 #a-a_/b pint2 mix4 ,both the above are rubefacient and counter-irritant1 and excellent in rheumatism1 neuralgia1 c4 ,fomentation1 ,tannin4 ,syn4 ,,fomentum ,,tannini4 7,ricord47 ,prep4 ,tannin1 #b dr42 aromatic wine1 #h oz4 ,fomentation1 ,ver'mifuge4 ,syn4 ,,fomentatio ,,vermifuga1 ,,fotus ,,anthelminticus1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,leaves and flowers of tansy1 wormwood1 and chamomile1 of each #c oz42 water1 #a quart2 boil to #a-a_/b pint1 and strain4 ,applied to the abdomen1 c41 in worms4 ,fomentation1 ,wine4 ,syn4 ,,fotus ,,vinosus 7,par4 ,cod47 ,prep4 ,red wine1 #b pints2 honey #d oz4 ,,food4 ,syn4 ,,cibus1 ,,materia ,,alimentaria1 ,l4 ,anything which feeds or promotes the natural growth of organic bodies1 by supplying them with materials which1 by assimilation1 may be converted into the substances of which they are composed2 or which1 by its decomposition or slow combustion1 maintains the temperature1 or some other essential condition of life1 at the proper standard4 ,the numerous articles employed as food are all compounds2 and in many cases they consist of mechanical mixtures or chemical combinations of two or more compounds4 ,organized matter1 or that which has possessed either animal or vegetable life1 or which has been produced by living organs1 seems to be alone capable of assimilation1 to any extent1 by the animal system2 and hence it is from the organic kingdom that our aliments are necessarily derived4 ,water1 iron1 earthy phosphates1 chloride of sodium1 and other salts1 which form the inorganic constituents of the body1 though not of themselves nourishing1 are also assimilated when taken in conjunction with organic aliments1 and then contribute essentially to nutrition4 ,in the animal and vegetable substances employed as food1 these inorganic compounds are provided in small but sufficient quantities to meet the requirements of the healthy body1 and in this state of combination alone can they be regarded in the light of aliments4 ,a complete consideration of this subject embraces1 not only all the substances used as food1 but also those things which when taken with them improve their flavour1 promote their digestion1 and render them more wholesome and nutritive2 and also their preparation for the table in its various relations with health and disease4 ,the following ',,bills ,,of ,,fare1' for which we are indebted chiefly to ,soyer1 ,rundell1 and others1 exhibit the various articles in season at different periods of the year4 ,,first ,,quarter4 ,january4--,poultry and game3 ,pheasants1 partridges1 hares1 rabbits1 woodcocks1 snipes1 turkeys1 capons1 pullets1 fowls1 chickens1 and tame pigeons4--,fish3 ,carp1 tench1 perch1 lampreys1 eels1 cray-fish1 cod1 soles1 flounders1 plaice1 turbot1 thornback1 skate1 sturgeon1 smelts1 whitings1 lobsters1 crabs1 prawns1 and oysters4--,vegetables3 ,cabbage1 savoys1 colewort1 sprouts1 leeks1 onions1 beet1 sorrel1 chervil1 endive1 spinach1 celery1 garlic1 scorzonera1 potatoes1 parsnips1 turnips1 brocoli 7white and purple71 shalots1 lettuces1 cresses1 mustard1 rape1 salsafy1 and herbs of all sorts 7some dry and some green72 cucumbers1 asparagus1 and mushrooms are also to be had1 though not in season4--,fruit3 ,apples1 pears1 nuts1 walnuts1 medlars1 and grapes4 ,february and ,march4--,meat1 fowls1 and game1 as in ,january1 with the addition of ducklings and chickens4--,fish3 ,as the last two months 7cod is not thought so good from ,february to ,july1 although it is still sold at the fishmonger's74--,vegetables3 ,the same as the previous months1 with the addition of kidney-beans4--,fruit3 ,apples1 pears1 and forced strawberries4 ,,second ,,quarter4 ,april1 ,may1 and ,june4--,meat3 ,beef1 mutton1 veal1 lamb1 and venison 7in ,june74--,poultry3 ,pullets1 fowls1 chickens1 ducklings1 pigeons1 rabbits1 and leverets4--,fish3 ,carp1 tench1 soles1 smelts1 eels1 trout1 turbot1 lobsters1 chub1 salmon1 herrings1 cray-fish1 mackerel1 crabs1 prawns1 and shrimps4--,vegetables3 ,as before2 and in ,may1 early potatoes and cabbages1 peas1 radishes1 kidney-beans1 carrots1 turnips1 cauliflowers1 asparagus1 artichokes1 and numerous salads 7forced74--,fruit3 7in ,june7 strawberries1 cherries1 melons1 green apricots1 and currants and gooseberries for tarts2 pears1 grapes1 nectarines1 peaches1 and some other fruit4 ,,third ,,quarter4 ,july1 ,august1 and ,september4--,meat1 as before4--,poultry1 c43 ,pullets1 fowls1 chickens1 rabbits1 pigeons1 green geese1 leverets1 and turkey poults4 ,two former months1 plovers and wheat-ears 7in ,september71 partridges1 geese1 c4--,fish3 ,cod1 haddocks1 flounders1 plaice1 skate1 thornback1 mullets1 pike1 carp1 eels1 shellfish 7except oysters71 and mackerel 7during the first two months of the quarter1 but they are not good in ,august74--,vegetables3 ,of all sorts1 beans1 peas1 ,french beans1 c4--,fruit3 7,in ,july7--,strawberries1 gooseberries1 pine-apples1 plums 7various71 cherries1 apricots1 raspberries1 melons1 currants1 and damsons4 7,in ,august and ,september7--,peaches1 plums1 figs1 filberts1 mulberries1 cherries1 apples1 pears1 nectarines1 and grapes4 7,during the latter months7--,pines1 melons1 strawberries1 medlars1 and quinces4 7,in ,september7--,morella cherries1 damsons1 and various plums4 ,,fourth ,,quarter4 ,october1 ,november1 and ,december4--,meat1 as before1 and doe venison4--,poultry and ,game3 ,domestic fowls1 as in first quarter2 pheasants 7from the #ast of ,october72 partridges1 larks1 hares1 dotterels 7at the end of the month71 wild-ducks1 teal1 snipes1 widgeon1 and grouse4--,fish3 ,dories1 smelts1 pike1 perch1 halibuts1 brills1 carp1 salmon-trout1 barbel1 gudgeons1 tench1 and shellfish4--,vegetables3 7,as in ,january71 ,french-beans1 last crops of beans1 c4--,fruit3 ,peaches1 pears1 figs1 bullace1 grapes1 apples1 medlars1 damsons1 filberts1 walnuts1 nuts1 quinces1 services1 and medlars4 7,in ,november7--,meat1 c43 ,beef1 mutton1 veal1 pork1 house-lamb1 doe venison1 and poultry and game as in the last month4--,fish3 ,as the last month4--,vegetables3 ,carrots1 turnips1 parsnips1 potatoes1 skirrets1 scorzonera1 onions1 leeks1 shalots1 cabbage1 savoys1 colewort1 spinach1 chardbeats1 chardoons1 cresses1 endive1 celery1 lettuces1 salad-herbs1 and various pot-herbs4--,fruit3 ,pears1 apples1 nuts1 walnuts1 bullace1 chestnuts1 medlars1 and grapes4 7,in ,december7--,meat1 c43 ,beef1 mutton1 veal1 house-lamb1 pork1 and venison4--,poultry and ,game3 ,geese1 turkeys1 pullets1 pigeons1 capons1 fowls1 chickens1 rabbits1 hares1 snipes1 woodcocks1 larks1 pheasants1 partridges1 sea-fowls1 guinea-fowls1 wild ducks1 teal1 widgeon1 dotterels1 dun-birds1 and grouse4--,fish3 ,cod1 turbot1 halibuts1 soles1 gurnets1 sturgeon1 carp1 gudgeons1 codlings1 eels1 dories1 and shell-fish4--,vegetables3 ,as in last month4 ,asparagus1 c41 forced4--,fruit3 ,as before1 except bullace4 ,food1 ,inspection of4 ,the ,public ,health ,act enacts that-- ,any medical officer of health or inspector of nuisances may at all reasonable times1 inspect and examine any animal1 carcase1 meat1 poultry1 game1 flesh1 fish1 fruit1 vegetables1 corn1 bread1 flour1 or milk exposed for sale1 or deposited in any place for the purpose of sale1 or of preparation for sale1 and intended for the food of man1 the proof that the same was not exposed or deposited for any such purpose1 or was not intended for the food of man1 resting with the party charged2 and if any such animal1 carcase1 meat1 poultry1 game1 flesh1 fish1 fruit1 vegetables1 corn1 bread1 flour1 or milk1 appears to such medical officer or inspector to be diseased1 or unsound1 or unwholesome1 or unfit for the food of man1 he may seize and carry away the same himself or by an assistant1 in order to have the same dealt with by a justice4 7,p4 ,h41 s4 #aaf47 ,if it appears to the justice that any animal1 carcase1 meat1 poultry1 game1 flesh1 fish1 fruit1 vegetables1 corn1 bread1 flour1 or milk so seized is diseased1 or unsound1 or unwholesome1 or unfit for the food of man1 he shall condemn the same and order it to be destroyed1 or so disposed of1 as to prevent it from being exposed for sale1 or used for such food2 and the person to whom the same belongs or did belong at the time of sale1 or of exposure for sale1 or in whose possession1 or on whose premises the same was found1 shall be liable to a penalty not exceeding #bj for every animal1 carcase1 or fish1 or piece of meat1 flesh1 or fish1 or any poultry or game1 or for the parcel of fruit1 vegetables1 corn1 bread1 or flour1 or for the milk so condemned1 or at the discretion of the justice1 without the infliction of a fine1 to imprisonment for a term of not more than three months4 ,the justice who1 under this section1 is empowered to convict the offender1 may be either the justice who may have ordered the article to be disposed of or destroyed1 or any other justice having jurisdiction in the place4 7,p4 ,h41 s4 #aag47 ,any person who in any manner prevents any medical officer of health or inspector of nuisances from entering any premises and inspecting any animal1 carcase1 meat1 poultry1 game1 flesh1 fish1 fruit1 vegetables1 corn1 bread1 flour1 or milk exposed or deposited for the purpose of sale1 or of preparation for sale1 and intended for the food of man1 or who obstructs or impedes any such officer or inspector1 or his assistant1 when carrying into execution the provisions of this ,act1 shall be liable to a penalty1 not exceeding #e4 7,p4 ,h41 s4 #aah47 ,any complaint made on oath1 by a medical officer of health1 or by an inspector1 or other officer of a local authority1 any justice may grant a warrant to any such officer1 to enter any building1 or part of a building in which any such officer has reason for believing that there is kept or concealed any animal1 carcase1 meat1 poultry1 game1 flesh1 fish1 fruit1 vegetables1 corn1 bread1 flour1 or milk which is intended for sale for the food of man1 and is diseased1 unsound or unwholesome1 or unfit for the food of man and to search for1 seize1 and carry away any such animal1 or other article1 in order to have the same dealt with by a justice under the provisions of this ,act4 ,any person who obstructs any such officer in the performance of his duty1 under such warrant shall1 in addition to any other punishment to which he may be subject1 be liable to a penalty not exceeding #bj4 7,p4 ,h41 s4 #aai47 ,,fool4 ,cooks give this name to a species of jam made of boiled and crushed fruit1 mixed with milk or cream1 and sweetened4 ,fool1 ,ap'ple4 ,from the peeled and cored fruit1 placed in a jar1 with moist sugar1 q4 s4 to render it palatable1 and a very little cider or perry2 the jar is set in a saucepan of water over the fire1 and the heat continued until the apples become quite soft1 when they are pulped through a colander1 and a sufficient quantity of milk1 a little cream1 and some sugar1 added to bring them to the proper 'palate4' ,fool1 ,goose'berry4 ,from gooseberries1 as the last4 ,those which are unripe are generally preferred4 ,these preparations1 when nicely made1 are very pleasant and wholesome4 ,,foot 7,human74 ,see ,,feet4 ,,foots4 ,coarse moist sugar4 ,the scrapings of the sugar hogsheads1 refuse sugar1 waste1 and dirt1 is also sold to the publicans under this name1 who use it in the adulteration of their beer2 chiefly to make it stand more water1 and to impart 'briskness4' ,,force',,meat4 ,syn4 ,,farce1 ,,stuffing4 ,a species of sausage meat1 either served up alone1 or employed as an ingredient in other dishes4 ,mrs ,rundell truly remarks that at many tables1 where everything else is done well1 it is common to find very bad forcemeat or stuffing4 ,to avoid this error1 care should be taken to so proportion the ingredients that no one flavour should predominate2 yet if several dishes be served the same day1 there should be a marked variety in the tastes of the forcemeats as well as of the gravies4 ,a general fault is1 that the tastes of lemon peel and thyme overcome all others2 therefore they should only be used in small quantities4 ,forcemeats should be just consistent enough to cut with a knife1 but not dry and heavy4 ,herbs are very essential ingredients2 and it is the copious and judicious use of them that chiefly gives the cookery of the ,french its superior flavour4 ,to force fowls1 meat1 c41 is to stuff them4 7,mrs ,rundell47 ,,for',,cing4 ,horticulturists apply this term to the art of accelerating the growth of plants1 so as to obtain fruits or flowers at unusual seasons4 ,dung-beds1 bark-beds1 and frames1 pits1 and houses1 with glass roofs1 are commonly employed by the gardeners for this purpose4 ,,forgeries1 ,,protection ,,from4 ,see ,,paper1 ,,protective4 ,,formate4 ,syn4 ,,formiate4 ,salts1 in which one atom of hydrogen in formic acid is replaced by a metal or other basic radical4 ,they are best obtained either by direct saturation of the acid1 or by double decomposition2 most of them are very soluble1 and are decomposed by hot oil of vitriol4 ,formate of ammonium crystallises in square prisms2 formate of sodium1 in rhombic prisms2 formate of potassium is deliquescent1 and crystallises with difficulty2 the formates of barium1 calcium1 magnesium1 and strontium1 form small prismatic crystals2 formate of lead assumes the shape of small colourless needles1 soluble in #dj parts of water2 the formates of cobalt1 iron1 manganese1 nickel1 and zinc1 are easily crystallisable1 whilst that of copper forms very beautiful1 large1 bright-blue rhombic prisms2 formate of silver is less soluble than the salt of lead1 and is decomposed at a gentle heat4 ,,formic ,,acid4 ,,hcho#b4 ,syn4 ,,hydrogen ,,formiate4 ,an organic acid1 obtained by oxidizing many organic substances1 and found in the red ant4 ,prep4 ,sugar1 #a part2 water1 #b parts2 binoxide of manganese1 #c parts2 mix in a retort capable of holding fully #aj times the bulk of the ingredients1 and add1 cautiously1 oil of vitriol1 #c parts1 diluted with an equal weight of water2 as soon as the first violent effervescence has subsided1 heat may be applied1 and the product collected and purified1 as below4 ,formate of lead in fine powder is introduced into a long glass tube1 one end of which is connected with an apparatus evolving sulphuretted hydrogen1 and the other with a receiver4 ,as soon as the salt is entirely decomposed 7blackened7 a very gentle heat is applied1 and the distilled liquid collected2 the product is1 lastly1 boiled for a minute or less1 to expel any adhering sulphuretted gas4 ,this furnishes chemically pure formic acid4 ,from wood spirit1 #a part2 bichromate of potassium and sulphuric acid1 of each #c parts2 the sulphuric acid1 diluted with an equal weight of water1 being gradually added last4 ,a portion of wood spirit distils over with the acid1 and may be again treated with bichromate of potassium and sulphuric acid1 when a fresh portion of formic acid will be produced4 ,this process yields a large product4 ,prop41 purific41 c4 ,the products of the above processes are limpid and colourless2 the stronger ones fume slightly in the air1 and possess an extremely penetrating odour4 ,the acid obtained by the second process boils at #bji ,fahr41 crystallises in brilliant scales below #cb1 and has the sp4 gr4 #abcec4 ,its vapour is inflammable1 and burns with a blue flame4 ,it is extremely corrosive1 and rapidly destroys the texture of living organic substances4 ,the products of the other processes are very dilute1 and possess the above properties in only a minor degree4 ,they may all be purified and concentrated by saturating them with pure carbonate of sodium or of potassium1 and after subjecting the liquid to a gentle heat for a short time1 and liberating the formic acid from the salt by means of dilute sulphuric acid1 finally submitting the mixture to distillation1 when the hydrated acid will come over perfectly pure4 ,formic acid reduces the salts of mercury and silver1 and forms salts with the bases termed formiates4 ,formic acid is readily distinguished from acetic acid1 which in many points it resembles1 by heating it with a little solution of oxide of silver or mercury2 the metal is reduced1 and precipitated in a pulverulent state1 while carbonic acid is extricated4 ,the odours of the two acids also vary4 ,,formica4 ,syn4 ,,the ,,ant4 ,the following are the principal species of the genus ,formica4 ,f4 flava1 the yellow ant4 ,many careful observers say this species keeps in its nest the ,aphis radicans1 which when its abdomen is touched by the ant1 excretes a saccharine substance on which the ants feed4 ,f4 rufa1 or large red ant1 ,f4 fusca2 or brown ant1 ,polyergus rufescens1 and ,f4 sanguinea4 ,these two latter are sometimes called amazon ants1 from their pugilistic propensities4 ,they have been known to make regular raids against other species of ants1 and to carry off their larv and pup to their own nests1 where they rear the insects that come of them1 and afterwards employ them as slaves1 causing them to excavate passages1 to collect food1 to carry larv and 7so dependent do the masters become on the exertions of their bondsman7 even to feed them2 it being a well-attested fact that the slave holders would starve if left to themselves4 ,see ,,ant4 ,,formobenzoic ,,acid4 7,,hc#g;,h#f,o1,,cho#b74 ,syn4 ,,formiate ,,of ,,hydride ,,of ,,benzoyle4 ,,mandelic ,,acid4 ,when the distilled water of bitter almonds 7containing hydrocyanic acid and the essential oil7 is boiled with hydrochloric acid1 a curious reaction occurs2 the hydrocyanic acid is decomposed--into ammonia which unites with the hydrochloric acid1 and formic acid which enters into combination with the oil of almonds--producing a new body possessed of acid properties1 and termed ,formobenzoic acid4 ,on evaporating the solution the acid may be obtained in mixture with ammonia hydrochlorate1 from which it may be separated by ether2 the ethereal solution deposits it in rhomboidal tables4 ,it has a sour taste and is easily soluble in alcohol4 ,when heated it fuses at a low temperature1 emitting an agreeable odour of hawthorn blossoms4 7,miller47 ,,form',,ula4 ,l4 ,in pharmacy and medicine1 a short form of prescription2 a recipe4 ,by chemists the term is applied to a grouping of symbols1 expressing the composition of a body2 thus1 ,h,cl 7standing for #a atom of hydrogen united to #a atom of chlorine7 is the formula for hydrochloric acid4 ,a chemical formula is termed empirical when it merely gives the simplest possible expression of the composition of the substance to which it refers4 ,a rational formula1 on the contrary1 aims at describing the exact composition of molecule1 or combining weight of the substance1 but stating the absolute number of atoms of such of the elements essential to that object1 as well as the mere relations existing between them4 ,the empirical formula is at once deduced from the analysis of the substance1 reckoned to #ajj parts2 the rational formula requires1 in addition1 a knowledge of its combining quantity1 which can only be obtained by direct experiment1 by synthesis1 or by the careful examination of one or more of its most definite compounds4 ,thus1 the composition of acetic acid is expressed by the formula ,,ch#b,o1 which exhibits the simplest relations of the three elements2 if we want to express the quantities of these1 in atoms required to make up one molecule of acetic acid1 we have to adopt the formula ,c#b;,h#d,o#b or ,,hc#b;,h#c,o#b4 ,,for',,myl4 ,syn4 ,,formyle4 ,a hypothetical organic radical1 having the composition ,c#b;,h4 ,its existence was inferred from the constitution of certain organic compounds which are now referred to the methyl-series4 ,formic acid was supposed to be an oxide of formyl2 and chloroform1 the terchloride of formyl4 ,,foxglove4 ,syn4 ,,digitalis 7,b4 ,p471 ,l4 ,a genus of plants belonging to the natural order ,scrophulariac4 ,the leaves of the uncultivated ',digitalis purpurea1' or purple foxglove1 are officinal in our pharmacopoeias4 ,they must be gathered before the terminal flowers have expanded4 ,the petiole and midrib of the leaf being cut off1 dry the lamina4 7,phar4 ,l47 ,the seeds 7,,digitalis ,,semina71 which were ordered1 as well as the leaves1 in former pharmacopoeias1 are said to be in many points preferable to them4 ,when good1 the leaves are of a dull-green colour1 and possess a feeble narcotic odour1 and a bitter1 unpleasant taste4 ,both the dried leaves and the powder should be preserved in corked bottles covered with dark-coloured paper1 or in well-closed tin canisters1 and kept in a dark cupboard2 and the stock should be renewed yearly1 as age considerably diminishes the medicinal activity of digitalis4 ,action1 uses1 c4 ,foxglove is diuretic1 sedative1 and antispasmodic1 and exerts a specific action over the cerebro-spinal system1 promoting the functions of the absorbents1 and reducing the force of the circulation in a remarkable manner4 ,it is administered in fevers and inflammations1 to reduce the frequency of the pulse1 and to allay excessive vascular excitement2 in dropsy 7unless the habit is full and pulse tight and cordy71 as a diuretic1 either alone1 or combined with squills1 calomel1 salines1 or bitters2 in internal hmorrhages1 as a sedative1 when the pulse is full1 hard1 and throbbing2 in diseases of the heart and great vessels1 and in phthisis1 to reduce the force and velocity of the circulation2 in epilepsy and insanity1 to repress vascular excitement2 and in spasmodic asthma1 scrofula1 and several other diseases1 with one or other of the above intentions4 ,the greatest caution is required in the use of foxglove1 as its effects accumulate in the system1 and the unwary practitioner is occasionally surprised at the sudden demise of his patient1 even after he has left off the use of this drug4--,dose1 #a_/b gr4 to #a-a_/b gr41 in powder1 every #f hours4 ,see ,,extract1 ,,infusion1 ,,tincture1 c4 ,,fox',,ing4 ,see ,,malt ,,liquors4 ,,fract',,ure4 ,syn4 ,,fractura1 ,l4 ,the breaking or disrupture of a bone4 ,when the bone is nearly divided into two parts1 it is called a ,,simple ,,fracture2 when the integuments are also lacerated1 a ,,compound ,,fracture2 and when the bone is splintered1 a ,,comminuted ,,fracture4 ,,fragrant ,,pain-,,curer 7,five-minute74 ,dr ,walter ,scott1 ,new ,york4 ,a remedy to remove all kinds of pain in five minutes4 ,a clear colourless fluid containing ether1 #f grammes2 glycerin1 #ba grammes2 common salt1 #cd grammes2 distilled water1 #agj grammes4 7,hager47 ,,frank',,incense4 ,syn4 ,,common ,,frankincense2 ,,thus 7,ph4 ,l471 ,l4 ,the turpentine which exudes from the bark of ,abies excelsa 7,norway spruce fir7 and ,pinus palustris 7pitch or swamp pine71 hardened by the air4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,the gum-resin olibanum1 which is the produce of the ,boswellia thurifera1 is the 'odorous frankincense' of commerce4 ,prepared ,frankincense4 ,syn4 ,,thus ,,pr,,paratum 7,ph4 ,l471 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,frankincense1 #a lb42 water1 q4 s4 to cover it2 boil until the resin is melted1 and strain through a hair sieve2 when the whole has cooled1 pour off the water1 and keep the frankincense for use4 ,resembles common resin in its general properties4 ,,frax',,inin4 ,syn4 ,,fraxin2 ,,fraxina1 ,l4 ,a peculiar bitter1 neutral1 and crystallisable substance1 soluble in boiling water1 extracted from the bark of ,fraxinus excelsior1 or common ash4 ,it is febrifuge4 ,,frec',,kles4 ,these are round or oval-shaped yellowish spots1 similar to stains1 developed on the skin4 ,there are two varieties--,,freckles1 or ,,summer ,,freckles1 resulting from the action of the sun and heat during the summer season1 and disappearing with the hot weather or exposure2 and--,,cold ,,freckles1 which occur at all times of the year4 ,the former are chiefly confined to persons of fair complexion1 whilst the latter attack persons of all complexions indifferently1 and sometimes assume a lively yellow or greenish colour4 ,treatment4 ,common freckles may generally be removed by the frequent application of dilute spirits1 acids or alkaline solutions2 the last two just strong enough to prick the tongue4 ,cold freckles commonly occur from disordered health1 or some general disturbance of the system1 to which attention should be chiefly directed4 ,in both varieties the solution of bichloride of mercury 7,ph4 ,l471 or ,gowland's lotion1 will be found a most useful external application4 ,see below4 ,freckles1 ,lotion for4 ,prep4 #a4 ,bichloride of mercury1 #e gr42 hydrochloric acid1 #cj drops2 lump sugar1 #a oz42 rectified spirit of wine1 #b oz42 rose water1 #g oz42 agitate together until the whole is dissolved4 #b4 ,petals or leaves of red roses1 #a oz42 hot water1 #ab fl4 oz42 infuse an hour1 and strain1 with expression1 #a_/b pint2 add of citric acid1 #cj gr42 dissolve1 and in a few hours1 decant and clear4 #c4 ,rose leaves 7dried71 #a_/d oz42 lemon juice 7freshly expressed7 and rum or brandy1 of each #a_/d pint2 digest #bd hours1 and squeeze out the liquor for use4 #d4 7,kittoe's47 ,sal ammoniac1 #a dr42 spring water1 #a pint2 lavender water or eau de ,cologne1 #a_/d oz2 mix4 ,the above are applied with the fingers night and morning1 or oftener4 ,freckles1 ,pomade for4 ,prep4 #a4 ,citrine ointment1 #a dr42 simple ointment1 #g dr42 otto of roses1 #c drops4 #b4 ,elder flower ointment1 #a oz42 sulphate of zinc 7levigated71 #bj gr42 mix by porphyrization1 or by trituration in a wedgwood-ware mortar4 ,both the above1 applied night and morning1 are excellent for either cold or summer freckles4 ,,freez',,ing ,,mixtures4 ,see ,,ice and ,,refrigeration4 ,,french ,,ber',,ries4 ,syn4 ,,persian ,,berries1 ,,avignon ,b42 ,,graines ,d',,avignon1 ,fr4 ,the unripe berries or fruit of the ,rhamnus infectorius4 ,they are imported from ,france and ,persia2 those from the latter country being esteemed the best4 ,some writers state that the ,persian berries are the product of a distinct species1 namely1 ,r4 amygdalinus4 ,they are chiefly used for dyeing morocco leather yellow4 ,their decoction dyes cloth1 previously mordanted with alum1 tartar1 or protochloride of tin1 of a yellow colour2 with sulphate of copper1 an olive2 and with red sulphate of iron1 an olive-green colour4 ,,french ,,pol',,ish4 ,several varnishes are used under this name4 ,that most generally employed is a simple solution of pale shell-lac in either methylated spirit or wood naphtha4 ,sometimes a little mastic1 sandarac1 or elemi1 or copal varnish1 is added to render the polish tougher4 ,prep4 #a4 ,from pale shell-lac1 #e-a_/b oz42 finest wood naphtha1 #a pint2 dissolve4 #b4 ,pale shell-lac1 #c lbs42 wood naphtha1 #a gall4 ,methylated spirit 7#fh o4 p47 may be substituted for the naphtha in each of the above formul4 #c4 ,pale shell-lac1 #e oz42 gum sandarac1 #a oz42 spirit 7#fh o4 p471 #a pint4 #d4 ,pale shell-lac1 #e-a_/b oz42 gum elemi1 #c_/d oz42 spirit1 #a pint4 #e4 ,pale shell-lac1 #a-a_/d lbs42 mastic1 #a_/d lb42 spirit1 #b quarts4 #f4 ,pale shell-lac1 #b-a_/d lbs42 mastic and sandarac1 of each #c oz42 spirit1 #a gall42 dissolve1 add copal varnish1 #a pint1 and mix by roughly agitating the vessel4 ,all the above are used in the manner described below4 #g4 ,shell-lac1 #ab oz42 wood naphtha1 #a quart2 dissolve1 and add of linseed oil1 #a_/b pint4 #h4 ,shell-lac1 #a_/b lb42 gum sandarac1 #a_/d lb42 spirit1 #a quart2 dissolve1 add of copal varnish1 #a_/d pint2 mix well1 and further add of linseed oil1 #a_/b pint4 ,the last two require no oil on the rubber4 ,obs4 ,the preparation of ,french polish is precisely similar to that of other spirit or naphthalic varnishes4 ,sometimes it is coloured1 in order to modify the character of the wood4 ,a ,,reddish ,,tinge is given with dragon's blood1 alkanet root1 or red sanders wood2 and a ,,yellowish ,,tinge1 by turmeric root or gamboge4 ,when it is simply desired to ,,darken the wood1 brown shell-lac is employed to make the polish2 and when the object is to keep the wood ,,light ,,coloured1 a little oxalic acid 7#b to #d dr4 to the pint7 is commonly added4 ,these substances are either steeped in or agitated with the polish1 or with the solvent1 before pouring it on the 'gums1' until they dissolve1 or a sufficient effect is produced4 ,french polish is not required to be so clear and limpid as other varnishes1 and is1 therefore1 never artificially clarified4 ,see ,,varnish1 and below4 ,,french ,,pol',,ishing4 ,this process1 now so generally employed for furniture and cabinet work1 is performed as follows3--,the surface to be operated on being finished off as smoothly as possible with glass paper1 and placed opposite the light1 the 'rubber' being made as directed below1 and the polish 7see above7 being at hand1 and preferably contained in a narrow-necked bottle1 the workman moistens the middle or flat face of the rubber with the polish1 by laying the rubber on the mouth of the bottle and shaking up the varnish against it1 once1 by which means the rubber imbibes the proper quantity to cover a considerable extent of surface4 ,he next encloses the rubber in a soft linen cloth1 doubled1 the rest of the cloth being gathered up at the back of the rubber to form a handle4 ,the face of the linen is now moistened with a little raw linseed oil1 applied with the finger to the middle of it1 and the operation of polishing immediately commenced4 ,for this purpose the workman passes his rubber quickly and lightly over the surface uniformly in one direction1 until the varnish becomes dry1 or nearly so1 when he again charges his rubber as before1 omitting the oil1 and repeats the rubbing1 until three coats are laid on4 ,he now applies a little oil to the rubber1 and two coats more are commonly given4 ,as soon as the coating of varnish has acquired some thickness1 he wets the inside of the linen cloth1 before applying the varnish1 with alcohol1 or wood naphtha1 and gives a quick1 light1 and uniform touch over the whole surface4 ,the work is1 lastly1 carefully gone over with the linen cloth1 moistened with a little oil and rectified spirit or naphtha1 without varnish1 and rubbed1 as before1 until dry4 ,the ,,rubber for ,french polishing is made by rolling up a strip of thick woollen cloth 7list7 which has been torn off1 so as to form a soft elastic edge4 ,it should form a coil1 from #a to #c inches in diameter1 according to the size of the work4 ,,fres',,co-,,painting4 ,see ,,painting4 ,,fricandeau4 ,fr4 ,among cooks1 a ragot1 or fricasse of veal4 ,the same term is also sometimes applied to stewed beef1 highly seasoned4 ,,fricassee4 ,fr4 ,a dish prepared by stewing or semi-frying1 highly flavoured with herbs1 spices1 or sauce4 ,small things1 as chickens1 lamb1 c41 and cold meat1 are usually formed into fricassees4 ,,fric',,tion4 ,in a general sense1 the act of rubbing one body against another2 attrition4 ,friction4 ,in mechanics this is the resistance which the surface of a moving body meets with from the surface of the body on which it moves4 ,to lessen the amount of friction in machines1 various unctuous substances1 as oil1 tallow1 soap1 black-lead1 c41 are used by engineers4 ,these substances act by imparting smoothness to the points of contact1 and thus reduce their resistance to each other4 ,the full consideration of the subject belongs to engineering4 ,friction4 ,in medicine1 friction1 whether simple or conjoined with liniments1 is a therapeutical agent of considerable power4 ,by it the circulation is promoted in debilitated parts1 and medicinal substances 7iodine1 mercurials1 opium1 c47 are made to penetrate the pores of the skin4 ,the benefit of friction1 which consists of motion and heat1 whether or not the same be raised by rubbing the body with a coarse cloth or the flesh-brush1 has advantages inconceivable and scarcely credible1 by which the obstructions of the pores and cutaneous glandules are opened1 their stagnating juices broken into small particles1 dissolved1 and rendered fit to be carried off in perspiration1 in the room of which1 as my ,lord ,verulam well observes1 new juice will succeed with new vigour to the body2 and longevity1 saith that great naturalist1 is this way most certainly promoted 7,daniel ,turner74 ,simple friction is performed by the hand alone1 or with a piece of flannel1 a hair glove1 or a flesh-brush4 ,if it be properly performed--namely1 by short1 brisk strokes with the tips of the fingers1 and with great celerity1 when the naked hand is the agent2 and if it be continued for an hour or upwards1 and repeated several times a day--its influence in reducing swelled glands and swellings of the joints1 as well as in alleviating rheumatic pains1 is very great2 but1 besides being well performed1 the friction should be continued for 7at least7 half an hour1 in order to render it useful4 7,dr ,r4 ,e4 ,griffith47 ,gentle1 slow1 and equable friction1 by producing a continued repetition of an agreeable impression on the nervous system1 acts both as an anodyne and hypnotic4 ,for this purpose the operator should sit by the side of the bed1 and introducing the hand under the bedclothes1 rub the legs or the arms 7or other parts7 gently with equally lengthened but slow movements4 ,when the invalid is a child1 its influence is more powerful when aided by a monotonous1 but a soft tune1 which1 although it operates upon a distinct sense1 yet1 by combination1 renders the friction more soporific4 7,griffith47 ,when the friction is accompanied with the use of any acrid or irritating substance1 or is intended to introduce any active remedy into the system1 the rubbing should be brisk1 and of sufficient force to slightly abrade and inflame the cuticle2 and should be continued until the substance1 which is usually in the form of an ointment1 either wholly or partially disappears1 owing to its absorption by the skin4 ,the hand of the operator should1 in most cases1 be guarded by a glove2 otherwise he is likely to share with the patient the effects of the medicine1 a result not always agreeable or even safe4 ,,frigorific ,,mixtures4 ,see ,,refrigeration4 ,,frit4 ,the pulverulent materials of glass1 heated until they coalesce without melting4 ,see ,,enamel1 ,,glass1 ,c4 ,,frit',,ters4 ,fried batter4 ,a species of pancake1 containing fruit1 sweetmeats1 poultry1 meat1 or fish4 ,prep4 #a4 7,m4 ,alexis ,soyer47 ,the following is thirty receipts in one3--,soak crum of bread1 #a lb41 in cold water1 q4 s42 take the same quantity of any kind of boiled or roasted meat 7a little fat71 and chop it into fine dice2 press the water out of the bread2 put into the pan butter1 lard1 or dripping1 #b oz41 with chopped onions1 two teaspoonfuls2 fry two minutes1 add the bread1 stir with a wooden spoon until rather dry1 then add the meat1 and season with salt1 #a teaspoonful1 pepper1 #a_/b do41 and a little grated nutmeg if handy2 stir till quite hot2 then further add two eggs1 one at a time1 mix very quickly1 and pour it on a dish to cool2 next roll it into the shape of small eggs1 then in flour1 'egg' them1 and bread-crum them2 lastly1 fry in abundance of fat to a nice yellow colour1 and serve either plain or with any sharp or other savory sauce you fancy4 ,innumerable dishes can be made in this way2 in fact1 from everything that is eatable1 and at any season of the year--from the remains of meat1 poultry1 game1 fish1 vegetables1 c4 ,the same can be done with chopped1 dried1 or preserved fruits1 simply using a #a_/d lb4 more bread1 and sifting powdered sugar and cinnamon over them4 ,cream may also be used for fruit1 or curds4 ,fritters are also 7and more commonly7 fried in ordinary batter1 instead of bread-crumbs4 ,there is no end to what may be done with these receipts4 ,they can be ornamented and made worthy the table of the greatest epicure if the bread be soaked in cream1 and spirits or liquor introduced into them4 7,soyer47 #b4 ,mrs ,rundell3--a4 7,,apple ,,fritters47 ,see ,,fruit ,,fritters4 b4 7,,buckwheat ,,fritters1 ,b4 ,,cakes1 ,,bockings47 ,made by beating up buckwheat flour to a batter with some warm milk1 adding a little yeast1 letting it rise before the fire for #cj or #dj minutes1 then beating in some eggs and milk or warm water1 as required1 and frying them like pancakes4 ,buckwheat fritters1 when well prepared1 are excellent4 ,made without eggs and served up with molasses1 they form a common dish in almost every breakfast in ,north ,america4 c4 7,,curd ,,fritters47 ,from dried curd1 beaten with yolk of egg and a little flour1 and flavoured with nutmeg4 d4 7,,french ,,fritters47 ,common pancakes1 beaten up with eggs1 almonds1 and flavouring sugar1 orange-flower water1 and nutmeg1 and the paste dropped into a stew- or frying-pan half full of boiling lard1 so as to form cakes the size of large nuts1 which are cooked till brown4 e4 7,,fruit ,,fritters47 ,from the sliced fruits1 with rich batter4 f4 7,,souffl ,,fritters47 ,rich pancakes1 flavoured with lemon4 g4 7,,spanish ,,fritters47 ,from slices of ,french rolls soaked in a mixture of cream1 eggs1 sugar1 and spices1 and fried brown4 ,,frog4 ,the esculent variety1 in ,europe1 is the common green or gibbous frog1 the ,rana esculenta of ,linnus4 ,as an aliment1 it is much esteemed on the ,continent1 the hind legs only being eaten4 ,its liver is among the simples of the ,ph4 ,l4 #afah1 and was once considered a useful remedy in certain forms of ague4 ,the ,americans eat the bull-frog 7the ,rana taurina74 ,this variety of the edible frog1 which is a native of the ,northern ,states and is much prized as a table delicacy1 has been lately introduced into ,france by the ,socit d',acclimatisation4 ,its flesh1 when cooked1 is said to have a taste very like that of turtle4 ,in ,south ,africa1 a large frog called ,matlamtlo is eaten4 ,frogs are also favourite food with the natives of ,china and ,australia4 ,,frog ,,ointment or ,thrush ,mixture4 ,brown syrup1 #ij grammes2 verdigris1 #f grammes2 strong acetic acid1 #aj grammes2 solution of perchloride of iron1 #b grammes4 7,hager47 ,,frost-,,bites4 ,when those parts of the body in which the circulation of the blood is most languid are exposed to extreme cold1 they quickly become frozen1 or1 as it is called1 'frost bitten4' ,the fingers1 toes1 ears1 nose1 and chin are most liable to this attack4 ,the remedy is long-continued friction with the hands or cold flannel1 avoiding the fire1 or even a heated apartment4 ,,frostbeulentinctur1 ,,frostbeulenwasser--,chilblain ,tincture1 ,chilblain ,water4 ,manufactured by a chiropodist of ,munich4 ,it is a solution of #b grammes zinc sulphate in #fj grammes water4 7,wittstein47 ,,frostsalbe--,frost ,ointment 7,wahler1 ,kupferzell74 ,mutton tallow1 #bd2 hog's lard1 #bd2 iron oxide1 #d2 heat it in an iron vessel1 stirring continually with an iron rod until the whole has become black2 then add #d parts ,venice turpentine1 #b parts bergamot oil1 and #b parts ,armenian bole rubbed smooth with olive oil4 ,,fruit4 ,syn4 ,,fructus1 ,l4 ,among botanists this is the mature ovary or pistil1 containing the ripened ovules or seeds4 ,in familiar language1 the term is applied to any product of a plant containing the seed1 more especially those that are eatable4 ,fruits are extensively employed as articles of diet by man1 both as luxuries and nutriment4 ,the fruit of the cereals furnishes our daily bread2 that of the vine gives us the well-known beverage1 wine1 whilst other varieties enrich our desserts1 and provide us with some of our most valuable condiments and aromatics4 ,the acidulous and subacid fruits are antiseptic1 aperient1 attenuant1 diuretic1 and refrigerant4 ,they afford little nourishment1 and are apt to promote diarrhoea and flatulency4 ,they are1 however1 occasionally exhibited medicinally1 in putrid affections1 and are often useful in bilious and dyspeptic complaints4 ,the farinaceous fruits 7grain71 as already stated1 furnish the principal and most useful portion of the food of man4 ,the oleo-farinaceous 7nuts1 c47 are less wholesome and less easy of digestion than those purely farinaceous4 ,the saccharine fruits1 or those abounding in sugar1 are nutritious and laxative1 but are apt to ferment and disagree with delicate stomachs when eaten in excess4 ,stone fruits are more difficult of digestion than the other varieties1 and are very apt to disorder the stomach and bowels4 ,as a rule1 fruit should never be eaten in large quantities at a time1 and only when quite ripe4 ,it then appears to be exceedingly wholesome1 and to be a suitable corrective to the grossness of animal food4 ,it also exercises a powerful action on the skin1 and is a specific for scurvy in its early stages4 ,many cutaneous diseases may likewise be removed by the daily use of a moderate quantity of fruit1 or other fresh vegetable food4 ,cases are not uncommon which1 after resisting every variety of ordinary medical treatment1 yield to a mixed fruit or vegetable diet4 ,fruits should be gathered in dry weather1 and preferably about noon1 because the dew and moisture deposited on them during the night and earlier part of the morning has then evaporated4 ,they should be quite ripe when gathered1 but the sooner they are removed from the tree after this point is arrived at1 the better4 ,immature fruit never keeps so well as that which has ripened on the tree2 and overripe fruit is liable to be bruised and to lose flavour4 ,the less fruit is handled in gathering the better4 ,some of them1 as ,,peaches1 ,,nectarines1 ,,grapes1 ,,plums1 c41 require to be treated with great delicacy1 to avoid bruising them or rubbing off the bloom4 ,some fruit1 as a few varieties of ,,apples1 ,,pears1 and ,,oranges1 c41 are gathered before they are fully ripe1 in order that they may the better undergo the perils of transit and storage4 ,pres4 ,ripe fruits are commonly preserved in the fresh state by placing them in a cool dry situation1 on shelves1 so that they do not touch each other2 or by packing them in clean1 dry sand1 sawdust1 straw1 bran1 or any similar substance1 with like care1 to preserve them from the action of air and moisture4 ,an excellent plan1 commonly adopted for dessert fruit in this country1 is to wrap each separately in a piece of clean1 dry paper1 and to fill small1 wide-mouthed jars or honey-pots with them4 ,the filled pots are then packed one upon another 7see engr47 in a dry and cold place 7as a cellar71 where the frost cannot reach them4 ,the space 7a7 between the two pots may be advantageously filled up with plaster of ,paris made into a paste with water4 ,the joint is thus rendered air-tight1 and the fruit will keep good for a long time4 ,the mouth of the top jar is covered with a slate4 ,for use1 the jars should be taken one at a time from the store-room as wanted1 and the fruit exposed for a week or ten days in a warm dry room before being eaten1 by which the flavour is much improved4 ,illustration ,fruit is preserved on the large scale for the ,london market by placing in a cool situation first a layer of straw or paper1 and so on alternately1 to the height of #bj or #be inches1 which cannot be well exceeded1 as the weight of the superincumbent fruit is apt to crush or injure the lower layers4 ,sometimes alternate layers of fruit and paper are arranged in baskets or hampers1 which are then placed in the cellar or fruit-room4 ,the baskets admit of being piled one over the other without injury to the fruit4 ,the use of brown paper is inadmissible for the above purposes1 as it conveys its peculiar flavour to the fruit4 ,thick white-brown paper is the cheapest and the best4 ,fruit ,essences 7,artificial74 ,these remarkable products first attracted attention at the ,exhibition of #ahea4 ,to speak somewhat generally1 they are mixtures of amylic1 butyric1 pelargonic1 valerianic1 and other ethers1 in alcohol4 ,by judicious mixture1 the flavour of almost any fruit can be more or less perfectly imitated4 ,the artificial essences are generally coloured to represent the juice of the fruit from which they are supposed to be derived4 ,the ,,essence ,,of ,,jargonelle ,,pear and the ,,essence ,,of ,,apple1 which are1 perhaps1 the best of all the artificial essences1 are respectively formed from the ,,acetate and ,,valerianate ,,of ,,amyle4 ,see ,,amyle1 ,,essence1 c4 ,,fru',,menty4 ,wheat boiled in water until quite soft1 then taken out1 drained1 thinned with milk1 sweetened with sugar1 and flavoured with nutmeg4 ,when currants and eggs are added1 it forms ',,somersetshire ,,frumenty1' ,some persons boil the wheat like rice4 ,eaten with milk1 in the evening1 for some time1 it will often relieve costiveness4 7,griffith47 ,,fry',,ing4 ,the frying-pan is1 without doubt1 the most useful of all kitchen implements1 and1 like a good-natured servant1 is often imposed upon and obliged to do all the work1 while its companion1 the gridiron1 is quietly reposing in the chimney corner4 ,the usual complaint of food being rendered greasy by frying is totally remedied by sauting the meat in a small quantity of fat1 butter1 or oil1 which has attained a proper degree of heat1 instead of placing it in cold fat1 and letting it soak while melting4 ,according to the 7common7 mode in which all objects are cooked which are called fried1 it would answer to the ,french word 'saut1' or the old ,english term 'frizzle1' but to fry any object1 it should be immersed in very hot fat1 oil1 or butter4 ,to frizzle1 saut1 or1 as ,i will now designate it1 semi-fry1 is to place in the pan any oleaginous substance1 so that1 when melted1 it shall cover the bottom of the pan by about two lines2 and when hot1 the article to be cooked is to be placed therein4 ,to do it to perfection requires a little attention1 so that the pan shall never get too hot4 ,it should also be perfectly clean--a great deal depends on this4 7,soyer47 ,according to the writer quoted above1 a chop or steak1 for frying1 should be chosen #c_/d of an inch thick1 and should never exceed one inch1 nor be less than half an inch1 and to be as near as possible of the same thickness all over4 ,an ill-cut chop 7or steak7 never can be but ill-cooked2 you can always equalise them 7when badly cut7 by beating them out with a chopper4 ,the motive of semi-frying food is to have it done quickly2 therefore1 to fry a whole fowl1 or even half 7for example71 is useless1 as it could be cooked in a different way in the same time2 but to semi-fry a fowl 7in joints or pieces71 with the object of having it quickly placed on the table1 in order to satisfy a good1 and perhaps fastidious appetite1 it should be done in a similar way to that practised in ,egypt some #cjjj years since1 and of late years for the great ,napoleon--that is1 cooked in oil4 ,in ,france this dish is called ',poulet la ,marengo1' ,it is related that the great conqueror1 after having gained that celebrated victory1 ate three small chickens at one meal done in this way1 and his appetite and taste were so good1 and he approved of them so highly1 that he desired that they may always be served in the same way during the campaign4 ,for many objects ,i prefer the frying-pan to the gridiron2 that is1 if the pan is properly used4 ,as regards economy1 it is preferable1 securing all the fat and gravy1 which is often lost when the gridiron is used4 ,this simple batterie de cuisine may be employed equally as well in the cottage as in the palace1 or in the bachelor's chamber as in the rooms of the poor4 7,soyer47 ,,fuch',,sin4 ,see ,,tar ,,colours4 ,,fucus',,amid1 ,,fu',,cusine1 and ,,fu',,cusol4 ,compounds obtained by ,dr ,stenhouse from several varieties of ,,fucus by treatment with sulphuric acid1 as in the preparation of ,,furfurine 7which see74 ,,fu',,el4 ,matter used for the production of heat by burning4 ,the principal substances employed as fuel are--,,anthracite1 ,,charcoal1 ,,coal ,,gas1 ,,coke1 ,,oil1 ,,spirit1 ,,pitcoal1 ,,turf1 and ,,wood4 ,the heating power of almost every description of fuel has been determined by the direct experiments of ,lavoisier1 ,regnault1 ,andrews1 and others2 the general principle of their methods consisting in the use of an apparatus wherein the entire heat of combustion was absorbed by a known weight of water1 the whole arrangement being protected from the influence of external changes of temperature1 and the increase of the temperature of the water being known by the simultaneous indication of several delicate thermometers suspended in it4 ,the real value of such determinations is simply relative4 ,the imperfect character of most boiler and furnace arrangements1 and the large quantity of fuel which passes into the 'ash-pit' unconsumed1 together with the irregular 'draught1' and the amount of heat absorbed by excess of cold air1 result practically in an enormous loss of heating power1 even under the most careful management4 ,the mechanical condition of a fuel must be considered in estimating its value4 ,in a series of trials instituted by the ,government it was a sine qu non that the toughness of each kind of coal must be such1 for naval use1 as to resist1 without crumbling1 the constant friction in the ship's hold1 at the same time that its 'fracture' must be such that it packs into the smallest possible space4#cai ,footnote #cai3 ,for full information on coal and other fuels1 refer to ,ure's ',dict4 of ,arts1 ,manufactures1 c41' ,percy's ',metallurgy1' and ,watt's ',dict4 of ,chemistry4' ,in the chemical laboratory ,,coal ,,gas is now generally employed as fuel4 ,it is cheap and manageable1 and1 with proper apparatus1 may be made to supply almost any amount of heat4 ,where gas cannot be conveniently procured1 ,,oil and ,,spirit are used as fuel for lamps4 ,see ,,anthracite1 ,,charcoal1 ,,coke1 ,,furnace1 ,,pitcoal1 c41 also below4 ,fuel1 ,econom'ical4 ,various mixtures have been recommended under this name4 ,the following is one of the best3-- ,prep4 ,small coal1 charcoal1 or sawdust1 #a part2 clay1 loam1 or marl1 #a part2 sand1 or ashes1 #b parts2 water1 q4 s42 make the mass up wet into balls4 ,for use1 these balls are piled on an ordinary fire to a little above the top bar4 ,they are said to produce a heat considerably more intense than that of common fuel1 and ensure a saving of one half the quantity of coals1 whilst a fire thus made up will require no stirring1 nor fresh fuel for ten hours4 ,the quantity of the combustible ingredient in them should be doubled1 when they are intended to be used with a very little foundation of coal4 ,obs4 ,of late years simple ,,fire-,,clay ,,balls have been much used for radiating heat from parlour-grates1 and so effecting saving in the consumption of fuel4 ,they are very useful for partially filling up those roomy1 old-fashioned1 badly-constructed grates1 which are still to be found in many private houses4 ,,peat and ,,turf1 both recent and charred1 are commonly used as fuel by the lower classes1 in neighbourhoods where they are plentiful4 ,,fir ,,cones or ,,tops contain a great quantity of solid woody in addition to the resinous matter1 and are well adapted for domestic fires4 ,fuel1 ,prepared4 ,syn4 ,,compressed ,,fuel1 ,,patent ,f41 ,,steam ,f4 ,many artificial fuels are now in use4 ,the greater number have one character in common--they are composed of small coal cemented by some bituminous matter4 ,the following are the principal kinds3-- ,,fuel1 ,,aberdare ,,patent ,,steam4 ,from the 'small' of the ,south ,wales ,steam ,coal mixed with coal1 pitch1 and compressed by hydraulic machinery4 ,the pitch is broken up1 and thoroughly mixed with the small coal over a furnace1 in iron pans1 in which shafts with obliquely attached blades are continually revolving4 ,the mixture is afterwards pressed into iron moulds by a force equal to about #b-a_/b tons per inch4 ,the weight of a cubic foot of this excellent fuel is #hj lbs42 the space occupied by #a ton1 #bh cubic feet4 ,,fuel1 ,,case ,,and ,,morris',s ,,patent4 ,from the 'small' of the 'best steam coal1' ground moderately fine1 treated so as to absorb a certain portion of liquid coal tar1 and then pressed by machinery into blocks4 ,it is said to occupy less space by about #aj than ordinary coal4 ,,fuel1 ,,grant',s ,,patent4 ,this is formed of coal dust1 #a cwt41 and coal-tar pitch1 #bj lbs41 melted together by a heat of #bbj ,fahr41 and moulded into blocks the size of common bricks1 under a pressure of #e or #f tons4 ,these are1 lastly1 whitewashed4 ,it is heavier than common steam coal1 and is said to go fully one third further1 by which facility of transport and economy is combined4 ,,fuel1 ,,purified ,,block4 ,this is prepared by the torrefaction of washed coal dust1 and is said to possess in a remarkable degree the advantages of both coke and steam coal4 ,,fu',,ligoka',,li4 ,prep4 7,dr ,polya47 ,caustic potassa1 #a part2 water1 q4 s42 dissolve2 add of wood soot1 #e parts2 boil #a hour1 dilute with water1 filter1 evaporate the filtrate to dryness1 and put the product at once into warm1 dry bottles4--,dose1 #b to #c gr41 thrice a day1 made into pills1 which must be coated with gum and kept from the air4 7,see below47 ,fuligokali1 ,sulphuretted4 ,syn4 ,,fuligokali ,,sulphuretum1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,dr ,polya47 ,caustic potassa1 #g parts2 sulphur1 #b parts2 water1 q4 s42 dissolve with heat1 add of fuligokali1 #cj parts1 evaporate to dryness1 and preserve it in well-corked dry bottles4--,dose1 c4 ,as the last4 ,obs4 ,m4 ,gibert states that he has tried both fuligokali and sulphuretted fuligokali on his patients at the ,hospital ,saint-,louis1 both internally and externally1 with manifest advantage in various obstinate chronic skin diseases4 ,he made a pomade of #cj grammes 7say #a oz47 of lead ointment1 and #a or #b grammes 7say #bj to #be gr47 of fuligokali1 in which he recognised positive resolvent1 detersive1 and stimulant properties4 ,see ,,anthracokali4 ,,fuller',s ,,earth4 ,syn4 ,,cimolia1 ,c4 ,,terra1 ,l4 ,a soft1 unctious1 friable1 greenish or yellowish-grey species of clay1 containing #ec of silica1 #aj of alumina1 and about #i of oxide of iron4 ,after being dug out of the earth it is thoroughly dried in ovens1 and then thrown into cold water1 where it soon falls to powder1 and is purified by the common process of edulcoration or washing-over4 ,it is extensively used to extract oil and grease from cloth in the process of 'fulling1' it forms an excellent filtering powder for oils1 and is applied as a cooling and healing dressing by the poor to inflamed breasts1 excoriations1 c4 ,,ful',,minating ,,compounds4 ,these are numerous1 and are scattered through several distinct classes of bodies4 ,among the most powerful and dangerous are the chloride and iodide of nitrogen and the fulminates of silver and mercury4 ,fulminating ,an'timony4 ,syn4 ,,pyrophorus ,,of ,,antimony1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,tartar emetic 7dried71 #ajj parts2 lampblack or charcoal powder1 #c parts2 triturate together1 put it into a crucible that it will three fourths fill 7previously rubbed inside with charcoal powder71 cover it with a layer of dry charcoal powder1 and lute on the cover2 after #c hours' exposure to a strong heat in a 'reverberatory furnace1' and #f or #g hours' repose to allow it to cool1 c41 cautiously transfer the solid contents of the crucible1 as quickly as possible1 without breaking it1 to a wide-mouthed stoppered phial1 where1 after some time1 it will spontaneously crumble down into a powder4 ,obs4 ,when the above process is properly conducted1 the resulting powder contains potassium1 and fulminates violently on contact with water4 ,a piece the size of a pea introduced into a mass of gunpowder explodes it on being thrown into water1 or on its being moistened in any other manner4 ,fulminating ,bis'muth4 ,prep4 ,from bismuth1 #abj parts2 carburetted cream of tartar1 #fj parts2 nitre1 #a part4 ,very rich in potassium4--,prop41 c41 resemble those of the last4 ,we have been assured that this is the compound used by the late ,capt4 ,warner for some of his secret fusees4 ,fulminating ,cop'per4 ,syn4 ,,fulminate ,,of ,,copper4 ,prep4 ,digest copper 7in powder or filings7 with fulminate of mercury or of silver1 and a little water4 ,it forms soluble green crystals that explode with a green flame4 ,fulminating ,gold4 ,prep4 ,recently precipitated peroxide of gold is digested in strong liquor of ammonia for #bd hours1 and the resulting product is dried in the open air or at a temperature below #ahj ,fahr41 care being taken to avoid the slightest friction1 lest it should explode4 ,a deep olive-coloured powder4 ,obs4 ,this compound can only be safely made in very small quantities at a time1 as without great care it explodes with extreme violence4 ,this is caused by the slightest friction or sudden increase of heat4 ,its fulminating property may be destroyed by boiling it in pearlash lye1 or weak oil of vitriol2 and by heating the residuum after washing it in water1 pure gold will be obtained4 ,fulminating ,mer'cury4 ,syn4 ,,fulminate1 ,,fulminate ,,of ,,mercury4 ,prep4 #a4 ,mercury1 #a part2 nitric acid 7sp4 gr4 #acge71 #ab parts2 dissolve1 add at intervals1 to this solution1 alcohol 7sp4 gr4 #hej71 #afc parts2 apply heat till the effervescence and cloud of gas disappears1 adding1 gradually1 on the action becoming violent1 #afc parts more of alcohol4--,product4 #aab of the mercury employed4 #b4 ,mercury1 #ajj parts2 nitric acid 7sp4 gr4 #ad71 #ajjj parts 7or #gdj parts by measure72 dissolve by a gentle heat1 and when the solution has acquired the temperature of #acj ,fahr41 slowly pour it through a glass funnel tube into alcohol 7sp4 gr4 #hcj71 #hcj parts 7or #ajjj parts by measure72 as soon as the effervescence is over1 and white fumes cease to be evolved1 filter through double paper1 wash with cold water1 and dry by steam 7not hotter than #bab7 or hot water4 ,the fulminate is then to be packed in #ajj gr4 paper parcels1 and these stored in a tight box or corked bottle4--,product1 #acj of the weight of mercury employed4 ,prop41 c4 ,small brownish-grey crystals1 which sparkle in the sun2 entirely soluble in #acj parts of boiling water1 and deposited as the solution cools under the form of beautiful pearly spangles4 ,it greatly resembles fulminate of silver in its appearance and general properties4 ,it explodes violently by both friction and percussion1 but unlike the silver-salt1 merely burns with a sudden and almost noiseless flash when kindled in the open air4 ,obs4 ,the second formula is not only the cheapest1 but the best and safest4 ,the first is more expensive and dangerous4 ,there is no little hazard in pouring the alcohol into the nitric solution2 for at each effusion an explosive blast takes place2 whereas1 by pouring the solution into the alcohol1 no danger whatever is incurred4 ,this preparation is used for priming the copper percussion caps for fowling-pieces1 muskets1 c4 ,dr ,ure1 in his first report to the ,board of ,ordnance1 recommended the use of a spirituous solution of gum sandarac1 as the best substance for diluting the fulminate1 and fixing it in the caps2 but in a subsequent report to the same ,board1 he stated that a solution of mastic in spirit was to be preferred4 ,at the present time the following composition is applied to the interior of percussion caps in quantities varying from #b to #c of a grain3--,chlorate of potassium1 #bf parts2 nitre1 #cj2 fulminate of mercury1 #ab2 sulphur1 #ag2 ground glass1 #ad2 gum1 #a1 making altogether #ajj parts4 7,watts47 ,caution4 ,fulminate of mercury should only be dried in small parcels at a time1 and these should be placed at a distance from each other4 ,the dreadful explosion which occurred some years ago at ,apothecaries' ,hall1 and by which ,mr ,hennel1 the talented chemist of the ,apothecaries' ,company1 lost his life1 was occasioned by the spontaneous detonation of this substance4 ,fulminating ,plat'inum4 ,syn4 ,,platinum ,,fulminans1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,by acting on binoxide of platinum with pure ammonia4 ,it is analogous to the gold and silver ammonio-compound4 ,fulminating ,powder4 ,syn4 ,,detonating ,,powder2 ,,pulvis ,,fulminans1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,nitre1 #c parts2 carbonate of potash 7dry71 #b parts2 flowers of sulphur1 #a part2 reduce them separately to fine powder1 before mixing them4 ,a little of this compound 7#bj to #cj gr471 slowly heated on a shovel over the fire1 first fuses and becomes brown1 and then explodes with a deafening report4 #b4 ,sulphur1 #a part2 chlorate of potassa1 #c parts4 ,when triturated1 with strong pressure1 in a marble or wedgwood-ware mortar1 it produces a series of loud reports4 ,it also fulminates by percussion4 #c4 ,chlorate of potassa1 #f parts2 pure lampblack1 #d parts2 sulphur1 #a part4 ,a little placed on an anvil detonates with a loud report1 when struck with a hammer4 ,no4 #a is the substance commonly known as ',,fulminating ,,powder1' ,see ,,blasting ,,powder4 ,fulminating ,sil'ver4 ,syn4 ,,argentum ,,fulminans1 ,l4 ,two very distinct compounds are known by this name1 the one containing oxide of silver and ammonia1 and the other being a true fulminate of silver4 ,prep4 #a4 7,,ammonia-,,compound ,,of ,,silver1 ,,berthollet',s ,,fulminating ,,silver47--a4 ,digest oxide of silver 7recently precipitated and dried by pressure between bibulous paper7 in concentrated liquor of ammonia1 for #ab or #ae hours1 pour off the liquid1 and cautiously dry the black powder in the air1 in divided portions4 ,the decanted ammoniacal liquor1 when gently heated1 yields1 on cooling1 small crystals1 which possess a still more formidable power of detonation than the black powder1 and will scarcely bear touching1 even whilst under the liquid4 b4 ,dissolve chloride of silver in strong liquor of ammonia1 cautiously add pure potassa 7in fragments71 and when effervescence ceases1 decant the fluid portion1 and wash and dry the powder1 as before4 #b4 7,,fulminate ,,of ,,silver1 ,,brugnatelli',s ,,fulminating ,,silver2 ,,argenti ,,fulminas1 ,l47--a4 ,pour alcohol1 #a oz41 on nitrate of silver 7in fine powder71 #ajj gr41 previously placed in a capacious flask or beaker glass1 and shortly afterwards add strong nitric acid1 #a oz42 as soon as all the powdered nitrate assumes the form of white clouds1 add cold distilled water1 q4 s4 to suspend the ebullition1 and next collect the powder on a filter1 and otherwise proceed as with the ammonia-compound 7above74 b4 7,fownes47 ,metallic silver1 #dj to #ej gr42 nitric acid 7sp4 gr4 #acg71 #c_/d fl4 oz42 dissolve by the aid of a gentle heat1 add1 whilst the solution is still hot1 alcohol1 #b fl4 oz41 and again apply heat until reaction commences2 the fulminate slowly separates from the hot liquid under the form of small1 brilliant1 white1 crystalline plates1 which1 after being slightly washed with a little cold distilled water1 are to be distributed upon separate pieces of filtering paper1 in portions not exceeding #a or #b gr4 each1 and left to dry in the air4 ,when dry1 the papers are to be folded up1 and carefully preserved in a box or bottle4 ,a sixpence and the strongest commercial nitric acid and rectified spirit answer for the above purpose4 c4 7,liebig47 ,grain silver1 #a part2 nitric acid 7sp4 gr4 #acf to #ach71 #aj parts2 dissolve at a gentle heat1 and add the solution to alcohol of #he1 #bc parts2 apply a gentle heat till the liquid begins to boil1 then remove it from the fire and set it aside to cool2 the fulminate of silver is deposited in lustrous1 snow-white1 acicular crystals1 and when washed and dried1 equals in weight that of the silver employed4 ,prop41 c4 ,the properties of both compounds are very similar4 ,those of the true ,,fulminate ,,of ,,silver 7,no4 #b7 need only be considered here4 ,this dissolves in #cf parts of boiling water1 but the solution deposits the greater portion of the fulminate as it cools4 ,it is one of the most dangerous substances for which we are indebted to modern chemistry4 ,it explodes with unparalleled violence by friction or percussion1 or when strongly heated1 or when touched with strong sulphuric acid2 the metal is reduced1 and a large volume of gaseous matter suddenly liberated4 ,strange to say1 though its explosive tendency is so great that it can be hardly made1 handled or kept1 with safety1 it may1 when very cautiously mixed with oxide of copper1 be burned in a tube to determine its composition1 in a similar manner to that employed in the analysis of other organic substances4 ,many frightful accidents have happened from the spontaneous explosion of this substance4 #a or #b gr4 are the most that can be exploded with safety in a building or confined space4 ,fulminating ,zinc4 ,syn4 ,,fulminate ,,of ,,zinc2 ,,zincum ,,fulminans1 ,,zinci ,,fulminas1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from fulminate of silver1 zinc filings1 and a little water1 digested together1 as ,,fulminating ,,copper4 ,,fulmina',,tion4 ,syn4 ,,fulminatio1 ,l4 ,detonation4 ,a sudden explosion1 accompanied with a loud report and extreme violence4 ,some chemists1 without sufficient reason1 have endeavoured to confine the application of the term to the explosion of a fulminate4 ,,fumiga',,tion4 ,syn4 ,,fumigatio1 ,,suffumigatio1 ,l4 ,fumigations 7,,fumigationes7 are vapours of gases extemporaneously extricated for the purpose of destroying contagious or noxious miasmata or effluvia1 or to mask unpleasant odours1 or to produce a medicinal action on those parts of the body with which they are brought in contact4 ,fumigations1 for the purpose of obviating or masking unpleasant odours in the sick chamber1 must never be employed to the neglect of cleanliness and ventilation2 for most of them1 instead of purifying the air1 actually render it less fit for respiration4 ,the common practice of burning scented paper1 pastilles1 sugar1 juniper berries1 benzoin1 cascarilla1 c41 so as to create an odoriferous smoke1 is of this character4 ,as disinfecting agents1 they are probably useless1 and are relics of an ancient custom of burning frankincense and other odorous substances in vitiated air1 to overcome the fetor which is more or less present4 ,the fumes thus diffused through the atmosphere disguise unpleasant odours2 but they accomplish nothing more4 ,the infection remains not only unaltered by the diffusion of the most powerful aromatic vapours1 but its deleterious properties are sometimes augmented by them4#cbj ,footnote #cbj3 ,we deem it right to remark that a different opinion respecting the disinfecting power of odoriferous smoke is now held by many scientific men4 ,according to this opinion1 the minute particles of aromatic substances do really destroy or render inert the noxious miasmata4 ,among the various substances used as ,,disinfecting ,,fumigations1 chlorine1 by almost general consent1 holds the first place4 ,dr ,carmichael ,smyth recommended nitrous acid1 which is even now preferred by ,dr ,christison to chlorine2 whilst ,prof4 ,graham regarded the fumes of burning sulphur as more efficacious than either of these substances4 ,the vapours of hydrochloric acid and of vinegar1 and the smoke of gunpowder1 which once had their advocates1 have now justly sunk into disfavour4 ,no apartment should be submitted to fumigation until it is vacated2 as until then its thorough disinfection is impossible1 and but little benefit or immunity from contagion is conferred by any arial disinfecting agent1 the presence of which fails to cause discomfort to the patient4 ,of all common diseases1 scarlet fever appears to be the one most requiring fumigation4 ,for this purpose1 chlorine gas or heat should be employed4 ,the infectious matters of certain diseases1 especially scarlet fever1 are either dissipated or destroyed at a heat slightly above that of boiling water4 7,dr ,henry47 ,contagious diseases are very commonly propagated in this metropolis by persons having their linen washed by laundresses who perform their operations in the same sinks of dirt and misery in which they live4 ,see ,,cigars 7in pharmacy71 ,,disinfectant1 ,,inhalation1 c41 and below4 ,fumigation1 ,ace'tic4 ,syn4 ,,fumigatio ,,acetica1 ,l4 ,the fumes of strong vinegar or acetic acid1 obtained by heating the liquid over a lamp1 or by sprinkling it on a hot shovel4 ,aromatic vinegar in this way yields very refreshing fumes1 and was formerly thought more efficacious than simple acetic acid4 ,fumigation1 ,an'odyne4 ,syn4 ,,fumigatio ,,anodyna1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,trousseau ,reveil47 ,stramonium and sage1 equal parts1 sufficient to fill a small pipe4 ,smoked in spasmodic asthma1 irritating coughs1 c4 ,fumigation1 ,aromat'ic4 ,see ,,balsamic ,,fumigation4 ,fumigation1 ,balsam'ic4 ,syn4 ,,aromatic ,,fumigation2 ,,fumigatio ,,aromatica1 ,f4 ,,balsamica1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,from gum benzoin1 either alone or mixed with olibanum or styrax1 thrown on hot cinders or a heated shovel4 #b4 7,dr ,dohrn47 ,gum olibanum1 #d parts2 gum benzoin1 styrax1 and flowers of roses and lavender1 of each #a part2 to be reduced to powder1 and used as before4 #c4 ,amber1 mastic1 and olibanum1 of each #c oz42 benzoin and styrax1 of each #a oz42 camphor1 #a dr4 ,as last4 ,the above are used in hooping-cough1 asthma1 c42 a small quantity only being employed at a time4 ,fumigation1 ,belladon'na4 ,syn4 ,,fumigatio ,,belladonn1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,m4 ,schroeder47 ,from dried belladonna leaves1 #a to #b dr42 as before4 ,in spitting of blood1 asthma1 tickling cough1 c4 ,fumigation1 ,chlorine4 ,syn4 ,,disinfecting ,,fumigation1 ,,guyton-,,morveau',s ,f42 ,,fumigatio ,,chlorinii1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,common salt1 #c parts2 water and sulphuric acid1 of each #b parts2 black oxide of manganese #a part2 mix in a shallow vessel1 placed in the centre of the apartment4 ,this is used to disinfect unoccupied rooms4 #b4 ,hydrochloric acid and powdered black oxide of manganese mixed in proportions so as to make a thin paste4 ,used as directed under #a4 #c4 ,chloride of lime1 either sprinkled on the floor 7if uncarpeted7 or 7if carpeted7 placed about the room in shallow dishes4 ,used for inhabited rooms1 and on shipboard1 c4 #d4 ,a solution of chloride of lime 7#a oz4 of the chloride to each quart of water74 ,used as the last but more freely4 ,obs4 ,chlorine fumigations1 although so popular1 and so much relied on by many medical practitioners1 are apparently useless in preventing the progress of certain contagious diseases4 ,in ,moscow1 chlorine was extensively tried and found unavailing1 nay1 even injurious1 in cholera4 7,dr ,pereira47 ,at the time that the cholera hospital was filled with clouds of chlorine1 then it was that the greatest number of the attendants were attacked4 7,dr ,albers47 ,at the ,smallpox ,hospital1 where chlorine was tried1 with the view of arresting the progress of erysipelas1 all offensive smell was removed1 but the power of communicating the disease remained behind4 7',lond4 ,med4 ,gaz4'7 ,notwithstanding these marked failures1 the confidence of many eminent members of the profession continues unabated4 ,as a fumigating agent1 disinfectant and antiseptic1 chlorine1 ,i believe1 stands unrivalled4 ,for destroying miasmata1 noxious effluvia1 and putrid odours1 it is the most powerful agent known4 7,dr ,pereira47 ,our own experience leads us to the conclusion that chlorine is more useful in neutralising the contagious or morbific matter of fevers 7especially of scarlet fevers7 and putrid diseases generally1 than of the other diseases in which it has been employed4 ,fumigation1 ,hydrochlo''ric4 ,syn4 ,,muriatic ,,fumigation2 ,,fumigatio ,,muriatica1 ,f4 ,,acidi ,,hydrochlorici1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from common salt placed in a cup or saucer1 and an equal weight of sulphuric acid poured over it4 ,now seldom used4 ,it rapidly neutralises ammoniacal fumes4 ,fumigation1 ,i'odine4 ,syn4 ,,fumigatio ,,iodinii1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,from iodine1 #e to #be gr41 or more1 according to extent of surface1 placed on a heated iron contained in a box or case in which the limb is enclosed4 ,in the usual skin diseases in which the use of iodine is indicated4 ,iodine may be readily diffused through the atmosphere by placing a small quantity on a hot plate4 ,duroy says iodine powerfully arrests putrefaction4 #b4 7,compound2 ,,fumigatio ,,iodinii ,,composita--,sellers47 ,iodine1 #bj gr42 red sulphide of mercury1 #dj gr42 sulphur1 #f dr42 mix1 and divide into #ab powders4 ,one to be used1 as the last1 #c times daily2 in lepra1 psoriasis1 c4 ,fumigation1 ,mercu''rial4 ,syn4 ,,fumigatio ,,mercurialis1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,bouchardat47 ,olibanum 7in powder71 #b parts2 red sulphide of mercury1 #c parts4 ,a little is sprinkled on red-hot coals or a heated shovel held beneath the part2 or the fumes are inhaled4 ,obs4 ,abernethy used the black oxide of mercury 7#a-a_/b to #b dr471 and applied it to the whole body1 excepting the head1 in a similar way to the sulphur bath1 and continued the application for about a quarter of an hour4 ,see ,,candles1 7,mercurial71 and ,no4 #b 7above74 ,fumigation1 ,mu'riatic4 ,see ,,hydrochloric ,f4 7above74 ,fumigation1 ,ni'trous4 ,syn4 ,,fumigatio ,,nitrosa4 ,prep4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,sulphuric acid1 diluted with half its weight of water1 is placed in a porcelain cup 7any shallow vessel of glass or earthenware will do71 placed over heated cinders1 and small quantities of powdered nitre added to it from time to time4 ,obs4 ,heat causes the gas to be evolved more rapidly1 and thus renders the fumes more offensive1 without increasing their efficacy4 ,equal weights of oil of vitriol and water are the proportions usually employed1 #a_/d oz4 of nitre is said to be sufficient for a small room4 7,dr ,bateman47 ,the vessel containing the ingredients should be placed in an elevated position in the centre of the apartment4 ,dr ,carmichael ,smith1 who introduced nitrous acid gas as a fumigation 7#agii71 received a reward of #ejjj from ,parliament for publishing his formula4 ,fumigation1 ,sulphu'rous4 ,syn4 ,,fumigatio ,,sulphurosa1 ,f4 ,,sulphuris1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,the gas produced by burning sulphur1 sulphurous anhydride1 or1 as ,mr ,keates has suggested1 by burning bisulphide of carbon4 ,to guard against the danger arising from fire1 when sulphur is burnt for the purposes of fumigation1 the operator is advised to proceed as follows3--,having closed the fireplace1 windows1 c41 of the apartment to be disinfected1 procure a common pail or a large earthenware pan1 and place it in the centre of the room2 then into the middle of the pail or pan put upside down an ordinary flower-pot4 ,then pour water into the pail or pan 7as the case may be7 until it nearly reaches to the top of the inverted flower-pot4 ,now stand on the flower-pot a plate or saucer of earthenware or common crockery1 sufficiently large to hold the quantity of sulphur required2 place this quantity of sulphur in the plate or saucer1 and put on it a few live coals2 then close the door of the apartment1 and leave it undisturbed for six or eight hours4 ,at the expiration of this time the door may be opened1 as well as the windows1 the barricade being at the same time removed from the fireplace2 a thorough draught of air being thus established1 the sulphurous smell will soon disappear4 ,during the fumigation all articles within the room should be spread out so as to expose as great a surface as possible4 ,the cubic space to be thus disinfected should be calculated by multiplying the length1 height1 and breadth together1 and taking an ounce and a half of sulphur for every #ajj cubic feet4 ,for a small bedroom one pound of sulphur would be sufficient4 ,indeed1 eighteen ounces would suffice for a room measuring #ab ft4 #aj ft4 #aj ft4#cba ,footnote #cba3 ',water1 ,air1 and ,disinfectants1' by ,noel ,hartley4 #b4 ,flowers of sulphur1 #g parts2 nitre1 #d parts2 benzoin and olibanum1 of each #b parts2 camphor1 #a part2 pressed into the bowls of tobacco-pipes1 and lighted with a quick-match4 ,see ,,bath and ,,disinfectant4 ,fumigation1 ,tar4 ,syn4 ,,fumigatio ,,picea1 ,,suffumigatio ,,picis ,,liquid1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,vegetable tar1 #a part2 water1 #g or #h parts2 mix1 and let it simmer in an open vessel set over a spirit lamp placed near the centre of the apartment4 #b4 7,sir ,a4 ,crichton47 ,norway tar1 #a lb42 powdered carbonate of potash1 #a_/b oz4 or #a oz42 mix1 and heat it as last4 ,the potash is added to neutralise any volatile acid4 ,formerly highly thought of in bronchitis and pulmonary consumption4 ,fumigation1 ,tooth'ache4 ,syn4 ,,fumigatio ,,odontalgica1 ,f4 ,,anti-,,neuralgica1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,from henbane seeds1 powdered and thrown into a basin of boiling water1 and the affected part held in the steam4 ,sometimes a little of the seed is placed on a heated iron spoon1 and the part exposed to the fumes4 #b4 7,beasley47 ,a popular remedy is to throw henbane seed on hot cinders1 inverting a cup over them to receive the smoke and empyreumatic oil produced4 ,the cup is then filled with hot water1 and the steam conveyed to the affected side of the mouth4 ,,fu'',,ming ,,liquors4 ,see ,,ammonium ,,sulphydrate1 ,,arsenic ,,trichloride1 ,,tin ,,bichloride1 c4 ,,fung',i4 ,in botany1 a natural order of cellular plants1 producing their fructification in the air2 growing in or upon decaying or living organic substances1 and nourished through their vegetative structure called the spawn or mycelium4 ,fungi have very variable properties4 ,some are medical1 others edible1 others are deadly poisons4 ,the various diseases of plants known as blight1 mildew1 rust1 smut1 vine-mildew1 potato-disease1 ergot1 c41 are either caused by or accelerated by the agency of fungi4 ,see ,,agaric1 ,,mushroom1 c4 ,,fur',,nace4 ,an enclosed fireplace for obtaining a high degree of heat4 ,furnaces vary much in construction and size1 according to the particular manufacture in which they are employed4 ,they may be broadly divided into two classes--,,wind-,,furnaces and ,,blast ,,furnaces4 ,in the former a high temperature is produced without the aid of bellows by means of a powerful draught4 ,in the latter heated air is blown in through a pipe or pipes at the bottom4 ,for many metallurgic and large chemical operations ,,reverberatory ,,furnaces are employed4 ,a furnace of this kind is usually long1 with a low roof to keep down the flame and hot air upon the 'hearth' or space between the fireplace and the flue4#cbb ,for the smaller operations in chemistry1 a variety of furnaces have been invented1 and the introduction of coal-gas as a fuel by ,develle1 ,griffin1 ,gore1 ,fletcher1 and others1 has wrought a complete change in the arrangements of the laboratory4 ,the ,,gas-,,furnaces of ,mr ,j4 ,j4 ,griffin are adapted for almost every operation performed by the aid of heat4 ,those more recently introduced by ,mr ,w4 ,gore are very compact and portable1 and will rapidly produce a 'white heat1' without the help of bellows or high chimney1 by means of ordinary coal-gas and atmospheric air4 ,the first and smallest size consumes #cc cubic feet of gas 7value seven farthings7 per hour1 and is suitable for assayers1 jewellers1 analytical chemists1 experimentalists1 dentists1 and others4 ,it is capable of fusing eight ounces of copper or six ounces of cast iron1 copper begins to melt in it in about twelve minutes from the time of lighting4 ,the second-sized one consumes about twice that quantity of gas1 is suitable for manufacturing jewellers generally1 and for a great variety of practical persons who require to melt small quantities of gold1 silver1 copper1 german silver1 brass1 cast iron1 glass1 and other substances1 or require a small crucible heated to high temperatures4 ,it is capable of melting #de ounces of copper1 or #dj ounces of cast iron1 and with its heat up it melts one pound of copper in eight minutes2 copper begins to melt in about twenty minutes from the time of lighting4 ,footnote #cbb3 ,for an illustration of this kind of furnace1 see ,,sodium1 ,carbonate of4 ,fletcher's#cbc ,,universal ,,furnaces for high temperatures1 which are said to require neither blast nor attention1 are intended for laboratory purposes1 enamel burning1 heating soldering irons1 and for jewellers' and dentists' work4 ,these furnaces are made in two distinct types2 one with a perforated cover to the crucibles and muffles to attain the maximum heat2 the other with a slide chimney and a double lid over the crucible4 ,footnote #cbc3 ,manufactured by ,thos4 ,fletcher1 ,museum ,street1 ,warrington4 ,the power and rapidity of working depend in each case on the length of the chimney used4 ,a furnace with a four-feet chimney will melt a crucible of cast-iron in thirty-five minutes2 a furnace with an eight-feet chimney will melt the same quantity of iron in about twenty minutes1 starting with the furnace cold4 ,the stove with the side chimney1 although more convenient in use1 is slower in working1 taking about twice as long to obtain the same temperature4 ,the following are varieties of ,fletcher's ,,universal ,,furnace3-- #a4 ,,small ,,laboratory ,,furnace for crucibles1 with nickel-plated burner tubes4 ,this takes crucibles up to #b-a_/b by #b-a_/d inches outside1 and with a three-feet chimney1 as supplied with the furnace1 will1 it is stated1 melt copper1 gold1 silver1 c41 in about ten minutes1 or cast-iron in thirty-five minutes from the time the gas is lighted4 ,small muffle fittings1 with muffles #b-a_/d by #c by #b-a_/b inches inside1 can be supplied with this furnace4 #b4 ,,small ,,crucible ,,furnace1 with fixed chimney4 ,this furnace is more especially designed for gold1 silver1 copper1 c41 and1 as sent out with a four-feet chimney and a single lid1 is amply powerful1 and practically of a very convenient form4 #c4 ,,small ,,muffle ,,furnace1 with three feet chimney4 ,this requires about eighteen inches longer chimney than the small crucible furnace to obtain the same temperature in the same time1 owing to a slight loss of heat by radiation from the stoppers4 #d4 a4 ,,large ,,muffle ,,furnace4 ,this is identical in design and construction with the smaller one4 ,the clear working space inside the muzzle is #c-g_/h by #e inches1 by about #c inches deep4 ,this is recommended as a useful furnace for watch dial enamellers1 assayers1 photo-enamel burning1 and for all purposes where exact temperatures are required not exceeding the fusing point of cast iron4 ,the burner of this furnace is twice the size of the small laboratory furnace1 and requires a gas supply from a pipe and tap of half-an-inch bore4 ,the burner is the same shape as the muffle1 and is unfit for crucible work4 b4 ,,extra ,,large ,,muffle ,,furnace #d-a_/b by #c-c_/d by #g inches clear inside working space4 ,this will take a ,no4 #c plumbago pot1 and with half an inch gas pipe1 giving a supply of about #ce feet per hour1 will1 it is affirmed1 melt #c or #d lbs4 of brass in about #be minutes1 and the same quantity of cast iron in #fj or #gj minutes from the time the gas is first lighted1 without the slightest trouble or attention4 #e4 ,,ladle ,,furnace4 ,this takes ladles up to #f-a_/b inches diameter1 and will melt #f or #h lbs4 of zinc in about #ae minutes1 or the same quantity of lead1 tin1 c41 in about half the time4 ,it is said to be a convenient and powerful arrangement for dentists1 heating soldering-irons1 making granulated zinc1 sand baths1 c4 #f4 ,,small ,,laboratory ,,furnace1 complete for crucibles1 muffles1 ladles1 and sand baths4 #g4 ,,fletcher',s ,,injector ,,gas ,,furnace 7with ,blast74 ,this furnace is intended for general purposes1 and for the treatment of refractory substances at high temperatures4 ,the patentee states that it will burn perfectly in the same space any available gas supply from #aj to #ej feet per hour1 or more1 if required1 giving temperatures in exact proportion2 and any operation may be repeated at any time by taking a note of the position of the air slide which governs the combustion of the gas4 ,mr ,fletcher gives the power of the small furnace as follows3--,with an #a_/b inch gas supply-pipe1 day pressure1 starting with the furnace cold1 it will melt silver in #c minutes1 cast iron in #h minutes1 cast steel in #be minutes4 ,with a supply of #ej feet per hour1 the same results are stated to be obtained in a little over half the time1 and so on in proportion with a greater or less gas supply4 ,it is also said to work satisfactorily for gold1 c41 melting it with a supply of gas too small for any other furnace1 and the maximum temperatures obtained are limited1 only by the available gas supply and the fusibility of the casing4 ,the highest temperature as obtained by measuring by ,wedgwoods' ,pyrometer1 is said to be #ijjj ,fahrenheit4 ,this furnace is stated to be particularly suited for gold and silver melting1 and refining1 iron assays1 and general crucible work1 and safe in the hands of the most careless workman4 ,it is adapted for crucibles not exceeding #d inches by #b-a_/d1 #e inches by #c-a_/b1 #g-a_/b inches by #e4 ,for further information respecting furnaces intended for use in the laboratory and assay office1 the reader is referred to ',watt's ,dictionary of ,chemistry1' also to ',ure's ,dictionary of ,arts1 ,manufactures1 and ,mines1' for description of the furnaces employed in the different metallurgical operations2 and to the ',chemical ,news' 7,june #cjth1 #ahgf1 and ,february #bnd1 #ahgg71 for a description of a new decomposing furnace4 ,see ,,assaying1 ,,chimneys1 ,,copper1 ,,crucible1 ,,fuel1 c4 ,,fur',,nishing4 ,it is essential for the sake of neatness1 and for a pleasing effect to the eye1 that there should be a harmony of colours1 and also a similarity of style1 in the main articles of furniture4 ,the tints of the carpet1 of the paper or paint of the walls1 and of the window-curtains1 should be all in harmony in each room2 that is1 either possess a general resemblance of colour1 or various colours in pleasing contrast and harmony with each other4 ,if the preponderating colour of the curtains is scarlet1 and the colour of the walls or carpet blue1 a most inharmonious and unpleasing effect is produced2 but brown and green1 or green and gold1 will be in harmony1 and may1 therefore1 be placed together4 ,carpets being the most expensive articles1 it is safest to buy them first1 and then to let their colour guide us in the tone and style of the curtains1 paper-hangings1 chair-covers1 hearth-rugs1 and the various minor articles4 ,it is also economical to buy carpets of the same pattern for several rooms1 because in the event of removal to a house with different sized apartments1 a piece of one carpet may be taken to alter the size of another4 ,,fur',,niture4 ,see ,,french ,,polishing1 ,,oil1 ,,polish1 ,,varnish1 c4 ,,furs4 ,of these the most valuable are ,ermine and ,sable4 ,fur skins1 when unprepared1 or merely dried1 go under the name of ',peltry4' 7,brande47 ,furs may be preserved from moths and other insects by placing a little colocynth pulp 7bitter apple71 or spice 7cloves1 pimento1 c471 wrapped in muslin1 among them2 or they may be washed in a very weak solution of corrosive sublimate in warm water 7#aj to #ae gr4 to the pint71 and afterwards carefully dried4 ,as well as every other species of clothing1 they should be kept in a clean1 dry place1 from which they should be taken out occasionally1 well beaten1 and exposed to the air1 and re-turned4 ,,fu',,sel-,,oil4 ,syn4 ,,fousel ,,oil1 ,,potato-,,oil1 ,,oil ,,of ,,potato ,,spirit1 ,,grain ,,oil1 ,,grain-,,spirit ,,oil1 ,,marc-,,brandy ,,oil1 ,,crude ,,hydrated ,,oxide ,,of ,,amyl4 ,source4 ,an offensive1 strong-smelling oil1 produced along with alcohol during the fermentation of grain1 potatoes1 c41 on the large scale1 and which gives the peculiar and disagreeable flavour and odour to raw whiskey4 ,it is found chiefly in the last portion of the spirit which passes over1 called the 'faints1' to which it imparts its characteristic odour and flavour4 ,by rectifying the faints at a very gentle heat1 most of the alcohol and water first pass over together with only a little fusel oil1 whilst the latter forms the residuum in the still4 ,various names 7as above7 are given to the crude oil thus obtained1 according to its source4 ,in each case it essentially consists of hydrated oxide of amyl1 but trifling and variable quantities of other organic compounds are mixed with it1 which slightly modify its character1 more particularly its odour and flavour4 ,the oil of potato spirit is the purest form of crude fusel oil4 ,obs4 ,the exertions of the distiller are directed1 as much as possible1 to lessen the formation of fusel oil during the fermentation of his 'worts1' and to eliminate1 during the distillation and rectification of his liquors1 the greatest possible proportion of that with which they may be contaminated4 ,prop41 c4 ,fusel oil is a nearly colourless volatile liquid1 with a rather high boiling point1 a durable1 penetrating1 offensive smell1 and an acrid1 burning taste2 when swallowed1 it occasions nausea1 giddiness1 headache1 c42 in slightly larger quantities1 vomiting1 delirium1 oppressive respiration1 and lessened sensibility to pain2 its vapour also produces these effects4 ,in quantity1 it is a narcotic poison4 ,the greater intoxicating power of whiskey1 more especially that from raw grain1 than other spirit1 is due to the larger quantity of fusel oil which it contains4 ,this appears to be well known to the lower class of whiskey drinkers in these countries1 and to the consumers of corn brandy in some of the northern parts of ,europe4 ,the last are said to frequently demand to be served with a glass of good fusel4 ,in ,england fusel oil is chiefly used for lamps and varnishes4 ,purific4 ,the ,,amylic ,,alcohol 7,,alcohol ,,amylicum7 of the ,dublin ,college is thus prepared4 ,introduce the ordinary fusel oil of the distilleries into a small still or retort1 connected with a condenser1 and apply heat2 as soon as the oil begins to flow over1 unmixed with water1 the receiver should be changed1 and the distillation resumed1 and carried nearly to dryness2 the product in the second receiver1 and the oily matter which separates from the water in the first receiver1 are to be reserved for use4 ,it is employed in the preparation of ,,valerianate ,,of ,,soda4 ,see ,,amyl4 ,,fu',,sible ,,alloy'4 ,syn4 ,,fusible ,,metal4 ,prep4 #a4 ,bismuth1 #b parts2 lead1 #e parts2 tin1 #c parts4 ,melts in boiling water4 #b4 7,d',arcet's47 ,bismuth1 #h parts2 lead1 #e parts2 tin1 #c parts4 ,melts below #bab ,fahr4 #c4 7,walker47 ,bismuth #h1 tin #d1 lead #e parts2 antimony1 #a part4 ,the metals should be repeatedly melted and poured into drops1 until they are well mixed4 #d4 7,onion's47 ,lead1 #c parts2 tin1 #b parts2 bismuth1 #e parts4 ,melts at #aig ,fahr4 #e4 ,to the last1 after removing it from the fire1 add of quicksilver 7warm71 #a part4 ,liquid at #agb1 solid at #adj ,fahr4 ,obs4 ,the first four of the above are used to make ,,toy-,,spoons1 to surprise children by their melting in hot liquors4 ,a little mercury may be added to lower their melting points4 ,nos4 #b and #c are specially adapted for making ,,electrotype ,,moulds4 ,the beautiful casts of the ,french medals known to all electrotypers as ,cliche moulds are in the alloy ,no4 #c4 ,the above alloys are also used to form ,,pencils for writing on asses' skin1 or paper prepared by rubbing burnt hartshorn into it1 c42 also as a ,,metal ,,bath in the laboratory4 ,the last is used for ,,anatomical ,,injections4 ,,fu',,sion4 ,syn4 ,,fusio1 ,l4 ,the liquefaction of solid bodies by the action of heat4 ,the term ,,aqueous ,,fusion has been applied to the melting of salts in their combined water when heated2 and the term ,,igneous ,,fusion1 to the liquefaction of bodies by heat alone4 ,the vessels in which substances are fused are formed of various materials and shapes1 according to the properties of the solid operated on1 and principally with reference to the degree of heat required for its fusion4 ,in every case the containing vessel should be capable of sustaining the proper degree of heat1 without either melting or cracking1 and should also be unacted on by the substances melted in them4 ,see ,,crucible1 ,,furnace1 c4 ,f,,rstenbalsam1 ,bamberger fr ,frauen--,,bamberg ,,prince',s ,,balsam ,,for ,,women4 ,an embrocation for strengthening women after confinement4 ,a hexagonal eau de ,cologne bottle containing about #ajj grammes of a clear reddish-brown fluid1 which is a filtered mixture of equal parts of spirit of lavender 7,sp4 ,lavand4 ,co47 and spirit of soap1 mixed with a little camphor and ammonia4 7,hager47 ,,fus',,tic4 ,syn4 ,,fustic ,,wood4 ,two distinct dye-stuffs are known by this name1 but are distinguished by the adjectives 'old' and 'young4' ,fustic1 ,old4 ,syn4 ,,bois ,,jaune1 ,fr4 ,the wood of the ,maclura tinctoria4 ,its decoction dyes woollens yellow of different shades1 according to the 'mordant4' ,alum1 tartar1 and spirits of tin brighten the tint2 acetate and sulphate of iron and common salt darken it2 with sulphate of iron it gives olives and browns2 with the indigo vat and sulphate of indigo green4 ,these colours are very permanent4 ,its yellow turns on the lemon when pale1 and on the orange when darker4 #a lb4 of old fustic will dye #c to #e lbs4 of wool4 ,fustic1 ,young4 ,syn4 ,,yellow ,,fustic2 ,,fustet1 ,fr4 ,the wood of the ,rhus ,cotinus or ,venice sumach4 ,it gives a yellow turning on the green1 but its colours are not very permanent4 ,it is chiefly used in combination with other dye-stuffs4 ,,gal',,banum4 ,syn4 ,,gum ,,galbanum2 ,,galbanum 7,b4 ,p471 ,l4 ,a gum-resin derived from an unascertained umbelliferous plant4 ,in irregular tears about the size of a pea1 usually agglutinated into masses2 of a greenish-yellow colour1 translucent1 having a strong disagreeable odour1 and an acrid bitter taste4 7,b4 ,p47 ,its properties are similar to the other fetid antispasmodic gum-resins4 ,it ranks between ,,assaf,,oe,,tida and ,,ammoniacum4 ,galbanum1 ,strained4 ,syn4 ,,prepared ,,galbanum2 ,,galbanum ,,colatum1 ,g4 ,,pr,,paratum 7,ph4 ,l471 ,l4 ,from crude galbanum1 as prepared ammoniacum4 ,formerly the common practice was to melt it in the dry state1 by heat cautiously and quickly applied1 and to strain it through a piece of coarse canvas stretched across a wooden frame or 'horse4' ,the 'strained galbanum' of the shops is seldom pure4 ,the following forms are current in the trade for its 'reduction1' as this species of adulteration is technically termed3-- #a4 ,galbanum 7true71 #i lbs42 strain as above1 then add1 towards the end black resin 7clean71 #c lbs42 and when the whole is melted1 further add of ,venice turpentine1 #b lbs4--,product4 #ab lbs4 #b4 ,strained galbanum and black resin1 of each #f lbs42 melt1 and add1 of strained assafoetida1 #b oz42 ,venice turpentine1 #c lbs4--,prod4 #ad-a_/b lbs4 ,galbanum1 ,facti''tious ,strained4 ,syn4 ,,galbanum ,,colatum ,,factitium1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,from black resin1 #d lbs42 melt1 and add of ,venice turpentine1 #b lbs42 assafoetida1 #b-a_/b oz42 oils of juniper and fennel1 of each #a-a_/b dr42 water1 #a_/b pint4 #b4 ,as the last1 adding soft soap1 #e oz4 ,sometimes the small and 'waste' of the chests are added to the above to improve them4 ,,gal,,ne-,,einspritzung--,galen's ,injection 7,j4 ,f4 ,schwarzlose ,shne1 ,berlin74 ,according to ,hager3--,gum ,arabic1 #be grammes2 water1 #fee grammes2 sugar of lead1 #de grammes2 tinct4 opii with saffron1 #e grammes4 ,according to ,schdler3--,sulphocarbolate of zinc1 #c grammes2 gum ,arabic1 #bj grammes2 tinct4 opii1 #b grammes2 water1 #ajj grammes4 ,,gall4 ,syn4 ,,bile2 ,,bilis1 ,,chole1 ,,fel1 ,l4 ,a bitter fluid secreted by the liver2 in part flowing into the intestines1 and in part regurgitating into the gall-bladder4 ,its uses in the animal economy appears to be--to separate the chyle from the chyme1 to promote digestion of oleaginous substances1 and to assist in exciting the peristaltic action of the intestines4 ,the fces appear to owe their colour chiefly to the presence of bile1 since1 without1 they appear of a dirty pipe-clay colour4 ,the gall of various animals was formerly used in medicine4 ,from whatever source it was obtained1 it was believed to be calefacient1 desiccant1 detergent1 discutient1 and parturifacient2 but besides these properties1 each variety was conceived to possess virtues peculiarly its own4 ,thus1 bear-gall 7fel ursi7 was reputed anti-epileptic2 eel-gall 7fel anguillarum71 parturifacient2 hare-gall 7fel leporis71 good in cataract2 and ox-gall 7fel bovis71 sovereign against stiff joints1 rheumatics1 angry ulcers1 and stomach colics4 ,the gall of the bat1 goat1 hen1 hog1 partridge1 silurus1 c41 were also employed as remedies4 ,at the present time ox-gall is the only one used in medicine and the arts4 ,ox-gall has been recently reintroduced into medicine by ,dr ,allnatt and others1 and in certain cases of dyspepsia and biliary derangement appears to be a valuable remedy4 ,crude ox-gall is extensively employed by the scourers of woollen cloth1 clothes renovators1 c4 ,it rapidly extracts grease and oil from textile fabrics without injuring the colour4 ,see ,,constipation1 ,,dyspepsia1 ,,ox-,,gall1 c4 ,gall1 ,glass4 ,see ,,saniver4 ,,gal',,late4 ,syn4 ,,gallas4 ,l4 ,a salt of gallic acid4 ,the alkaline gallates are soluble4 ,they rapidly suffer decomposition in the presence of excess of the base1 and the liquor gradually acquires a blackish colour4 ,the gallates of most of the other metallic oxides are insoluble4 ,,gallen-,,mixtur ,f,r ,,pferde--,,gall ,,mixture ,,for ,,horses 7,f4 ,barth1 veterinary surgeon1 ,freibach-by-,altenhofen1 ,carinthia74 ,a clear decanted solution of #h parts wood tar in #ib parts common kienl 7ol4 pini74 7,hager47 ,gallen-,mixtur--,,gall ,,mixture 7,ph4 ,barth1 ,marburg in ,steiermark74 ,the same preparation as the above1 coloured with #c_/d per cent4 of dragon's blood4 7,wittstein47 ,gallen-,tinctur--,,gall ,,tincture 7,dr ,g4 ,krieger1 ,garz74 #e parts wood tar1 #aj parts water1 #cj parts spirit1 #a part corrosive sublimate1 and #a_/bj part rosanilin1 mixed with a gentle heat1 allowed to deposit1 and filtered4 7,hager47 ,,gal',,lic ,,acid4 ,h#c;,c#g;,h#c,o#e4;,aq4 ,syn4 ,,acidum ,,gallicum 7,b4 ,p471 ,l4 ,a crystalline acid prepared from galls4 7,b4 ,p4 ,l47 ,it may be also obtained from other vegetable substances4 ,it appears to be a product of the oxidation of tannic acid1 and probably does not exist ready formed in recent vegetables4 ,prep4 #a4 7,dumas47 ,nut-galls1 reduced to powder1 are moistened with water1 and exposed to the action of the air1 in a warm situation 7say #gj to #hj ,fahr471 for two or three months1 adding more water1 from time to time1 to make up for that lost by evaporation4 ,at the end of the above period the mouldy1 dark-coloured mass is strongly pressed in a cloth1 and the solid portion boiled in a considerable quantity of water4 ,the solution 7filtered whilst hot7 deposits1 on cooling1 crystals of gallic acid1 which1 after being thoroughly drained and pressed dry between bibulous paper1 are purified by boiling them along with about #a_/fth of their weight of prepared animal charcoal in #h parts of water1 and filtering1 c41 as before4 #b4 7,graham47 ,a strong infusion or decoction of galls is precipitated with sulphuric acid in the cold2 the resulting thick mass is mixed with dilute sulphuric acid 7cold71 and the liquid expressed2 the 'marc' is next treated with sulphuric acid diluted with twice its weight of water1 and after boiling the mixture for some minutes the whole is allowed to cool2 the resulting crystals are purified as before4 #c4 7,liebig47 ,a strong aqueous solution of tannic acid 7tannin7 is added to sulphuric acid as long as a precipitate falls2 the powder is collected1 washed1 and dissolved by the aid of heat in dilute sulphuric acid2 the solution1 after being boiled for a few minutes1 deposits1 on cooling1 crystals of gallic acid in considerable quantity4 #d4 7,scheele47 ,a filtered decoction of galls is exposed for some months in an open vessel2 after a time it grows mouldy1 and becomes covered with a thick1 glutinous pellicle2 in two or three months the sides of the vessel and the under portion of the pellicle are found to be covered with small yellow crystals of gallic acid1 which are purified as directed above4 7,see ,no4 #a47 #e4 7,ph4 ,d41 ,b4 ,p47 ,the ,dublin contains two formul for gallic acid1 the one being based on that of ,dumas or ,scheele1 the other on that of ,graham or ,liebig4--a4 ,from galls 7in coarse powder71 #a lb42 water1 q4 s4 to make a stiff paste2 a porcelain dish is ordered1 and the exposure in the moistened condition is to be continued for #f weeks2 the solution of the first crop of crystals is to be made in #aj fl4 oz4 of boiling water1 and when the filtrate has cooled to #hj ,fahr41 it is to be poured off from the crystals which have formed1 which are then to be washed with ice-cold water1 #c fl4 oz41 and dried--first in blotting paper1 and finally by a steam or water heat4 ,by boiling the undissolved portion of the galls with #de fl4 oz4 of fresh water1 more crystals may be obtained4 b4 ,powdered gall-nuts1 #a lb41 are steeped for #bd hours in water1 #a pint1 and after being placed in a porcelain displacement apparatus1 are treated with water1 #a-a_/b pint1 added in successive portions2 oil of vitriol1 #e fl4 oz41 diluted with an equal volume of water1 and allowed to cool1 is now added to the percolated infusion1 and after thorough admixture the liquid is filtered from the viscid precipitate which forms2 oil of vitriol1 #e fl4 oz4 7diluted as before71 is then added to the filtrate1 the precipitates1 enveloped in calico1 are submitted to powerful pressure1 and subsequently dissolved in oil of vitriol1 #af fl4 oz41 previously diluted with water1 #ef fl4 oz42 the solution is boiled for #bj minutes1 and set aside for a week2 at the end of this time the deposit which forms is dissolved in three times its weight of boiling water1 and the solution treated as before4 ,prop4 ,gallic acid forms small1 feathery1 and nearly colourless crystals1 which have a beautiful silky lustre2 that of commerce is usually of a pale-yellow colour2 it is soluble in #ajj parts of cold water1 and in #c parts of boiling water2 it is also soluble in alcohol1 and slightly so in ether2 the aqueous solution is decomposed by exposure to the air2 dissolved in hot oil of vitriol1 it forms a deep1 rich1 red solution1 which1 when thrown into water1 drops the gallic acid1 deprived of some of its water4 ,this substance is soluble in the alkalies1 and dyes cloth like madder4 ,when strongly heated1 gallic acid is converted into metagallic acid1 or into pyrogallic acid1 according to the manner in which the heat is applied4 ,tests4 ,gallic acid is distinguished from tannic acid by not affecting solutions of gelatin1 the protosalts of iron1 or the salts of the alkaloids1 and by giving a deep bluish-black precipitate with the sesquisalts of iron1 which disappears when the liquid is heated4 ,it is distinguished from pyrogallic acid by its inferior insolubility in water1 and by its not affecting the solutions of the protosalts of iron4 ,to detect gallic acid mixed with tannic acid1 the latter should be removed1 either by digesting the substance in ether1 or by immersing for some time in its solution a piece of skin depilated by lime1 previously to applying the tests4 ,pur4 ,free from colour2 decomposed by heat2 soluble in water and in rectified spirit4 ,it turns preparations of the sesquioxide of iron1 dissolved in water1 of a bluish black colour1 but throws down nothing from a solution of isinglass4 ,uses1 c4 ,the principal use of pure gallic acid is in the art of photography4 ,it has recently been employed in medicine1 as an internal astringent1 in doses of #c to #aj gr41 thrice a day1 or oftener2 in hmorrhage and fluxes1 as well as for checking the night sweats in phthisis4 ,dr ,todd says1 that in all cases of internal hmorrhage1 or hmorrhagic tendency1 it is the best astringent or styptic we possess4 ,as an external astringent1 it is greatly inferior to tannic acid4 ,it has been given in doses of #ae to #cj gr4 in tape-worm1 but without any benefit4 7,pereira47 ,purification4 ,gallic acid1 as obtained by either of the above forms1 is never quite pure2 but it may be rendered absolutely pure by combining it with oxide of lead1 and decomposing the compound 7gallate of lead7 by sulphuretted hydrogen4 ,the sulphuret of lead acts like animal charcoal in removing the colour4 7,liebig47 ,commercial gallic acid may be rendered nearly white by dissolving it in #bj times its weight of boiling distilled water1 and causing the solution to traverse a stratum of prepared animal charcoal1 spread upon a calico filter4 ,when the liquid passes through colourless1 it should be evaporated to #a-fth its volume1 and then suffered to cool1 in order to the separation of the crystallised acid4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,,gallic ,,fermentation4 ,this name has been given to the peculiar process by which tannic acid is converted into gallic acid1 under the joint influence of moisture and atmospheric oxygen4 ,according to the researches of ,m4 ,antoine ,larocque1 the peculiar ferment of nut-galls which operates this change also converts sugar into alcohol and carbonic acid1 in the same way as yeast does2 whilst beer yeast1 muscular flesh1 and caseous matter change tannin into gallic acid4 ,the similarity of the gallic and vinous fermentation may hence be reasonably inferred4 ,,gallium4 ,a new metal discovered in ,august1 #ahge1 by means of the spectroscope1 by ,m4 ,lecoq ,boisbaudran1 in a specimen of blende from the mines of ,pierrefitte1 in the ,pyrenees4 ,the new element was named gallium in honour of ,france1 the discoverer's native country4 ,gallium gives a spectrum composed of two bands in the violet1 one of the bands being brilliant1 and of wave length #dag1 and the other1 a feeble one of wave length1 #djcc4 ,the ,pierrefitte blende contains one part of gallium in four hundred thousand4 ,it is1 however1 found much more abundantly in a black blende from ,bensberg1 on the ,rhine1 one hundred thousand parts of this latter yielding one part of gallium4 ,gallium resembles lead in appearance1 but is less blue in colour4 ,exposed to moist air it tarnishes slightly4 ,it is a little harder than lead1 is flexible1 malleable1 and may be easily cut with a knife4 ,if melted and poured upon glass1 it adheres to it1 and forms a mirror which is whiter than that caused by mercury4 ,a red heat fails to volatilise it to any appreciable extent1 and it is only slightly oxidised at that temperature2 therefore it is not tarnished when exposed to the air4 ,hot nitric acid dissolves it1 but the cold acid has scarcely any action on it4 ,it melts at #cjae ,c4 ,when once fused1 it preserves the liquid condition even for several months at #j ,c41#cbd until it is touched by some solid body1 or by a piece of solid gallium1 when it congeals to a crystalline solid1 having a specific gravity of #eic2 when fused it has a specific gravity of #fjh4 ,it crystallises in square octohedra4 ,in properties gallium is more or less intermediate between the metals aluminium and indium4 ,footnote #cbd3 ,in consequence of this curious property gallium was first described as a liquid metal4 ,chemical reactions of gallium3--,the following are the chief reactions of the salts of gallium when in solution4 ,with ammonia they give a white gelatinous precipitate1 soluble1 but not readily in excess of the precipitant2 potash gives a similar precipitate1 soluble in excess2 acetate of ammonia1 on boiling in a solution free from excess of acid1 precipitates a basic compound2 barium carbonate readily precipitates gallium salts in the cold4 ,a sulphate and a chloride of gallium have already been obtained4 ,these salts are both very soluble2 the sulphate is a non-deliquescent substance1 the chloride1 on the contrary1 is excessively so1 and decomposed by a large excess of water4 ,gallium also forms an alum consisting of the double sulphate with ammonium4 ,gallium alum is a beautifully crystalline body1 more soluble in cold than in hot water4 ,at a meeting of the ',academie des ,sciences' in ,march1 #ahgh1 ,m4 de ,baubradon stated that he had determined the atomic weight of gallium4 ,the mean of two experiments showed it to be #fii4 ,the ',comptes ,rendus' for ,february1 #ahgh 7,no4 #g71 contains a communication from ,,mm4 ,lecoq de ,boisbaudran and ,e4 ,jungfleisch1 on the extraction of gallium from the ores in which it is found associated with indium4 ,the following is the process given by the authors3--,the blende of ,bendsberg is pulverised and then roasted in a ,perret furnace1 by which treatment the greater part of the indium is volatilised4 ,the residue is treated with sulphuric acid in quantity sufficient to dissolve almost all the zinc1 and there is thus obtained a residue which is treated with excess of sulphuric acid4 ,the persalts of iron present are then reduced by means of metallic zinc1 and the filtrate fractionally precipitated with carbonate of sodium2 the precipitates are redissolved in sulphuric acid1 and the reduction with zinc and the fractional precipitation repeated1 the latter operation being in both cases watched by the spectroscope4 ,the precipitate containing the gallium concentrated in a small bulk1 is redissolved in acid1 and the excess of the latter reagent removed by evaporation1 after which it is boiled with much water4 ,the filtrate separated from the sediment containing titanic acid1 which form is treated with sulphuretted hydrogen1 then mixed with acetate of ammonium and again treated with sulphuretted hydrogen1 which throws down the galliferous sulphide of zinc free from alumina4 ,again the precipitate is dissolved in sulphuric acid1 and the solution fractionally precipitated with carbonate of sodium1 which operation1 guided as it is by spectral examination1 entirely removes the zinc4 ,by once more dissolving in the exactly necessary amount of sulphuric acid1 and treating with sulphuretted hydrogen1 cadmium1 lead1 indium and zinc are removed1 and the filtrate is then largely diluted with water and boiled4 ,the bulky sub-salt of gallium which separates at this temperature is treated with potash1 which leaves iron1 indium1 c41 undissolved1 and the alkaline liquor when treated with sulphuretted hydrogen1 and subsequently with sulphuric acid to slight acidity1 yields a deposit consisting mainly of sulphide of indium4 ,the slightly acid liquid is then boiled with much water1 and the deposit of sub-salt of gallium thus obtained is dissolved in potash1 and the solution subjected to electrolysis1 by which means a metallic deposit of gallium is obtained4 ,it is interesting to note how accurately many of the chemical physical properties to gallium had1 previously to its discovery1 been predicted by the ,russian chemist1 ,mendelejeff1 by reasoning on the so-called periodic law1 which he thus defines3--,the properties of the simple bodies1 as also the properties and constitution of their combinations1 are periodic functions of the atomic weights of the elements4 ,in #ahfd an ,english chemist named ,mr ,newlands1 observing certain relations existing between the atomic weights of many of the elements1 was the first to arrange them in such a manner or serial form as to suggest that when certain gaps were observed in the atomic weights of a series1 new elements might be assumed to exist4 ,guided by this theory1 ,mendelejeff affirmed that the periodic law not only indicates vacancies in the classificatory scheme of the known elements1 but enables us to predict the properties of elements as yet undiscovered1 and of their compounds4 ,thus1 of one of the vacancies observable in the table of the elements arranged according to his classification1 ,mendeljeff asserted1 that should the element 7which he named ,eka aluminium7 with the corresponding atomic number be discovered1 it would possess the following characteristics3--,it would most probably1 like indium and thallium1 be discovered by the aid of spectrum analysis4 ,gallium1 as we have seen1 was found by this means4 ,the formula of its oxide would be ,el#b,o#c2 the oxide of gallium is best represented by ,ga#b,o#c4 ,the salts would have the general formula ,el,x#c2 the salts of gallium have most probably the general formula ,ga,x#c4 ,it will form an alum isomorphous with common alum1 this we have seen gallium does4 ,its salts would be precipitable by barium carbonate2 the gallium salts are thrown down by this reagent4 ,it would not oxidise in the air2 gallium does not tarnish upon exposure to the air4 ,it would decompose water at a red heat2 gallium readily does this at high temperatures4 ,its specific gravity 7and this is very remarkable7 would be about #ei2 gallium has a specific gravity of #eic4 ,its atomic weight would be about #fh2 that of gallium is #fii4 ,the hypothetical ,eka aluminium of ,mendelejeff appears therefore to correspond with the gallium of ,boisbaudran4 ,,galls4 ,syn4 ,,gall-,,nuts1 ,,nut-,,galls2 ,,galla 7,b4 ,p472 ,,gall 7,ph4 ,e474 ,excrescences on ,quercus infectoria caused by the puncture and deposited ova of ,diplolepis ,gall tinctori4 ,the best galls are blueish-black1 heavy1 and not yet perforated2 intensely astringent4 ,they are imported from ,aleppo1 and are known in commerce as black or blue galls 7,,gall ,,nigr1 ,g4 ,c,,oe,,rul74 ,the next quality is termed1 from their colour1 green galls 7,,gall ,,virides74 ,both are gathered before the insect has escaped1 and are styptic and powerfully astringent4 ,white galls 7,,gall ,,alb7 are lighter1 less astringent1 and inferior4 ,uses1 c4 ,galls are extensively employed in the art of dyeing1 and constitute one of the principal ingredients in all the shades of black1 and are also employed to fix or improve several other colours4 ,a decoction of galls1 to which a little green copperas and gum ,arabic has been added1 forms common writing ink4 ,in medicine they are used as an astringent1 in hmorrhages and fluxes1 in doses of #aj to #bj gr42 and topically1 under the form of infusion or decoction1 as a gargle in relaxation of the uvula2 as an injection in gleet and leucorrhoea2 as a lotion or fomentation in flabby ulcers1 prolapsus ani1 c42 and as an ointment in piles1 watery ulcers1 c4 ,the infusion or decoction is also used as an antidote to poisoning by the alkaloids1 and was formerly given as a tonic in intermittents4 ,see ,,gallic ,,acid1 ,,ink1 c4 ,,gall',,stone4 ,syn4 ,,calculus ,,biliosus1 ,c4 ,,cysticus ,,bovinus1 ,l4 ,formed in the gall-bladder of neat cattle in winter1 when they are fed upon dry food4 ,used as a yellow pigment1 and in medicine--,dose1 #a gr42 in dyspepsia and flatulency4 ,man is also subject to gall-stone1 the presence or passage of which is attended with the most acute pain1 frequently accompanied with nausea and sickness4 ,in no case should a patient suffering from a paroxysm such as above described delay to seek immediate medical aid4 ,the following treatment is recommended for the benefit of those only who1 like emigrants and others1 may be unable to obtain professional assistance4 ,the pain and spasm should be endeavoured to be alleviated by full doses of laudanum1 given in soda water4 ,if there be much sickness1 the laudanum should be given in the form of an enema4 ,if the paroxysm be excessive1 the cautious inhalation of ether or chloroform should be tried4 ,when the pain is of long duration1 leeching should be had recourse to4 ,ice applied freely to the pit of the stomach has sometimes been found to give relief4 ,see ,,calculus4 ,,galv',,anized ,,iron4 ,see ,,iron and ,,zincing4 ,,gam',,boge4 ,syn4 7,,camboge2 ,,cambogia1 ,l4 ,b4 ,p47 ,,gambogia1 ,l4 ,a gum-resin obtained from ,garcinia ,morella4 7,b4 ,p47 ,gamboge is an active hydragogue and drastic purgative1 which occasionally proves useful in torpor of the abdominal and pelvic viscera2 but which is highly dangerous in an irritable or inflammatory state of the stomach or bowels1 and during pregnancy4 ,it is very apt to induce nausea and vomiting4 ,in large quantities it is a violent poison4 ,the deaths which have occurred from the use of enormous quantities of ,morrison's pills are mainly ascribable to the gamboge contained in those medicines4 7,pereira47--,dose1 #a to #e gr41 made into pills or mixture1 every #d to #f hours2 in obstinate constipation1 in dropsies1 in apoplexy and like cerebral affections1 and in worms 7especially tape-worm71 either alone or combined with other cathartics4 ,see ,,compound ,,extract ,,of ,,colocynth4 ,,game4 ,the flesh of game is believed to possess strengthening qualities superior to that of poultry4 ,it also contains less fat4 ,game is tender and easy of digestion1 and it has a delicate and marked flavour4 ,it forms a valuable diet for the invalid1 by reason of its easy digestibility4 ,respecting the choice and preservation of game1 ,eliza ,acton writes--,buck venison1 which is in season only from ,june to ,michaelmas1 is considered finer than doe venison1 which comes into the market in ,october1 and remains in season through ,november and ,december2 neither should be cooked at any other part of the year4 ,the greater the depth of fat upon the haunch the better the quality of the meat will be1 provided it be clear and white1 and the lean of a dark hue4 ,if the cleft of the hoof1 which is always left on the joint1 be small and smooth1 the animal is young2 but it is old when the marks are the reverse of these4#cbe ,although the haunch is the prime and favourite joint of venison1 the neck and shoulder are also excellent1 dressed in various ways1 and make much-approved pasties4 ,a free current of air in a larder where venison is kept is always a great advantage4 ,footnote #cbe3 ,venison is not in perfection when young4 ,all moisture should be wiped daily1 or even more frequently1 from the venison with soft cloths1 when any appears upon the surface1 and every precaution must be taken to keep off the flies when the venison is not hung in a wire safe4 ,black pepper thickly powdered on it will generally answer the purpose4 ,hares and rabbits are stiff when freshly killed1 and if young the ears tear easily1 and the claws are smooth and sharp4 ,a hare in cold weather will remain good for ten or fourteen days2 care only must be taken to prevent the inside from becoming musty1 which it will do if it has been emptied in the field4 ,pheasants1 partridges1 and other game1 may be chosen by nearly the same tests as poultry--by opening the bill the staleness will be detected easily if they have been kept too long by the hardness of the bill4 ,with few exceptions game depends almost entirely for the fine flavour and the tenderness of its flesh1 on the time which it is allowed to hang before it is cooked1 and it is never good when very fresh2 but it does not follow that it should be sent to table in a really offensive state4 ,game1 ,hashed4 ,ingredients4--,the remains of cold game1 one onion stuck with three cloves1 a few whole peppers1 a strip of lemon peel1 salt to taste1 thickening of butter and flour1 one glass of port wine1 one tablespoonful of lemon juice1 one tablespoonful of ketchup1 and one pint of water or weak stock4 ,proceed as follows3--,cut the remains of cold game into joints1 reserve the best pieces1 and put the inferior ones and the trimmings into a stewpan with the onion1 pepper1 lemon peel1 salt1 and water or weak stock2 stew these for about an hour1 and strain the gravy2 thicken it with butter and flour2 add the wine1 lemon juice1 and ketchup2 lay in the pieces of game1 and place them by the side of the fire until they are warmed through1 avoiding boiling1 otherwise the game will become too hard4 ,just on the point of simmering serve1 and garnish the dish with sippets of toasted bread4 ,time4 ,altogether1 an hour and a quarter4 asterism ,the above recipe applies to any kind of game4 ,if desirable1 the flavour may be varied by adding flavoured vinegars1 curry powder1 c42 these1 however1 cover the gamey taste of the dish1 and are1 therefore1 not to be recommended4 ,grouse1 to ,roast4 ,ingredients4--,grouse1 butter1 a thick slice of toasted bread4 ,mode4--,let the birds hang as long as possible2 pluck and draw them2 wipe 7but do not wash them7 inside and out1 and truss them without the head1 the same as for a roast fowl4 ,put them down to a sharp clear fire1 keep them well basted the whole of the time they are cooking1 and serve them on buttered toast1 soaked in the dripping-pan1 with a little melted butter poured over them1 or with bread sauce and gravy4 ,time4 ,half an hour2 if liked thoroughly done1 thirty-five minutes4 ,seasonable from the #abth of ,august to the beginning of ,december4 7,mrs ,beeton47 ,hare1 ,jugged4 ,ingredients4--,one hare1 a bunch of sweet herbs1 two onions1 each stuck with three cloves1 six whole allspice1 half a teaspoonful of black pepper1 a strip of lemon peel1 thickening of butter and flour1 two table-spoonfuls of mushroom ketchup1 quarter of a pint of port wine4 ,mode4--,wash the hare nicely1 cut it up into joints 7not too large71 and flour and brown them2 then put them into a stewpan with the herbs1 onions1 cloves1 allspice1 pepper1 and lemon peel2 cover them with hot water1 and when it boils carefully remove all the scum1 and let it simmer gently till tender1 which will be in about #a-c_/d hour1 or longer should the hare be very old4 ,take out the pieces of hare1 thicken the gravy with flour and butter1 add the ketchup and port wine1 let it boil for about ten minutes1 strain it through a sieve over the hare1 and serve4 ,a few fried forcemeat balls should be added at the moment of serving1 or1 instead of frying them1 they may be stewed in the gravy1 about ten minutes before the hare is wanted for use4 ,do not omit to serve red-currant jelly with it4 ,time4 ,altogether1 two hours4 ,seasonable from ,september to the end of ,february4 7,mrs ,beeton47 ,hare1 to ,roast4 ,ingredients4--,hare1 forcemeat1 a little milk1 and butter4 ,to be eaten in perfection1 the hare must hang for some time4 ,after it is skinned wash it well1 and soak it for an hour in warm water to draw out the blood4 ,make a forcemeat1 wipe the hare dry1 fill the belly with it1 and sew it up4 ,bring the hind and fore legs close to the body towards the head1 run a skewer through each1 fix the head between the shoulders by means of another skewer1 and be careful to leave the ears on4 ,put a string round the body from skewer to skewer and tie it above the back4 ,mode4--,the hare should be kept at a distance from the fire when it is first laid down4 ,baste it well with milk for a short time1 and afterwards with butter2 and particular attention must be paid to the basting1 so as to preserve the meat on the back juicy and nutritive4 ,when it is almost roasted enough1 flour the hare1 and baste well with butter4 ,when nicely frothed dish it1 remove the skewers1 and send it to table with a little gravy in the dish1 and a tureen of the same4 ,red-currant jelly must be served with it4 ,if the liver is good it may be parboiled1 minced1 and mixed with the stuffing2 but it should not be used unless quite fresh4 ,time4 ,a middling-sized hare an hour and a quarter2 a large hare one and a half to two hours4 7,mrs ,beeton47 ,partridges1 to ,roast4 ,let the birds hang as long as they can possibly be kept without becoming offensive2 pick them carefully1 draw and singe them1 wipe the insides thoroughly with a clean cloth1 truss them with the head turned under the wing and the legs drawn close together1 not crossed4 ,flour them when first laid to the fire1 and baste them plentifully with butter4 ,serve them with bread sauce and good brown gravy2 a little of this last should be poured over them4 ,time4 #cj or #dj minutes4 ,in preparing them for the spit the crop must be removed through a slit cut in the back of neck1 the claws clipped close1 and the legs held in boiling water for a minute1 that they may be skinned more easily4 7,eliza ,acton47 ,pheasant1 to ,roast4 ,let it hang as many days as possible without becoming tainted4 ,pluck off the feathers carefully1 cut a slit in the back of the neck to remove crop1 then draw the bird in the usual way1 and either wipe the inside very clean with a damp cloth1 or pour water through it2 wipe the outside also1 but with a dry cloth2 cut off the toes1 turn the head of the bird under the wing1 with the bill laid straight along the breast2 skewer the legs1 which must not be crossed2 flour the pheasant well1 lay it to a brisk fire1 and baste it constantly and plentifully with well-flavoured butter4 ,send bread sauce and good brown gravy to table with it4 ,time4 ,three quarters of an hour1 a few minutes less if liked very much underdone1 five or ten more for thorough roasting1 with a good fire in both instances4 ,in season from ,october to the end of ,january4 7,eliza ,acton47 ,rabbit1 to ,boil4 ,rabbits that are three parts grown1 or1 at all events1 which are still quite young1 should be chosen for boiling4 ,wash them well1 truss them firmly1 with the heads turned and skewered to the sides1 drop them into sufficient boiling water to keep them quite covered until they are cooked1 and simmer them gently from thirty to forty-five minutes2 when very young they will require even less time than this4 ,cover them with rich white sauce mixed with livers parboiled1 finely pounded1 and well seasoned with cayenne and lemon juice2 or with white onion sauce1 or with parsley and butter1 made with milk or cream instead of water 7the livers1 minced1 are often added to the last of these71 or with good mushroom sauce4 ,time4 #cj to #de minutes4 7,eliza ,acton47 ,rabbit1 to ,roast4 ,this is much improved by having the backbone taken out4 ,when this is done line the inside with thin slices of bacon1 fill it with forcemeat1 sew it up1 truss1 and roast it at a clear1 brisk fire1 and baste it constantly with butter4 ,flour it well soon after it is laid down4 ,serve it with good brown gravy1 and with currant jelly1 when this last is liked4 ,time4 #c_/d hour to #a hour2 less if small4 7,eliza ,acton47 ,venison1 ,haunch of1 to ,roast4 ,to prepare the venison for the spit wash it slightly with tepid water1 or merely wipe it thoroughly with damp cloths1 and dry it afterwards with clean ones2 then lay over the fat side a large sheet of thickly-buttered paper1 and next a paste of flour and water about three quarters of an inch thick2 cover this again with two or three sheets of stout paper1 secure the whole well with twine1 and lay the haunch to a sound1 clear fire2 baste the paper immediately with butter or clarified dripping1 and roast the joint from three hours and a half to four and a half1 according to its weight and quality4 ,doe venison will require half an hour less time than buck4 ,twenty minutes before the joint is done remove the paste and paper1 baste the meat in every part with butter1 and dredge it very lightly with flour2 let it take a pale-brown colour1 and send it to table as hot as possible1 with gravy in a tureen and good currant jelly4 ,time4 #c-a_/b to #d-a_/b hours4 ,the kind of gravy appropriate to venison is a matter on which individual taste must decide4 7,eliza ,acton47 ,venison1 ,hashed4 ,ingredients4--,the remains of roast venison1 its own or mutton gravy1 thickening of butter and flour4 ,mode4--,cut the meat from the bones in neat slices1 and1 if there is sufficient of its own gravy left1 put the meat into this1 as it is preferable to any other4 ,should there not be enough put the bones and trimmings into a stewpan with about a pint of mutton gravy2 let them stew gently for an hour1 and strain the gravy4 ,put a little flour and butter into the stewpan1 keep stirring until brown1 then add the strained gravy1 and give it a boil up2 skim and strain again1 and when a little cool put in the slices of venison4 ,place the stewpan by the side of the fire1 and when on the point of simmering serve4 ,do not allow it to boil4 ,send red-currant jelly to table with it4 ,time4 ,altogether1 an hour and a half4 ,a small quantity of ,harvey sauce1 ketchup1 or port wine1 may be added to enrich the gravy4 ,,gan',,grene4 ,see ,,mortification4 ,,gan',,teine4 ,a composition used to clean kid and other leather gloves4 ,prep4 #a4 7,m4 ,buhan47 ,curd soap 7in small shavings71 #a part2 water1 #c parts2 mix with heat1 and stir in of essence of citron1 #a part4 #b4 7,,saponine1--,duvignau47 ,soap 7in powder71 #bej parts2 water1 #aee parts2 dissolve with heat1 cool1 and add1 of eau de javelle1 #afe parts1 solution of ammonia1 #aj parts1 and rub the whole to a smooth paste4 ,patent4 ,a small portion of either of the above is rubbed over the glove with a piece of flannel 7always in one direction71 until it is sufficiently clean4 ,see ,,gloves4 ,,garan',,cine4 ,see ,,madder ,,red4 ,,gar',,dening4 ,see ,,horticulture4 ,,gar',,gle4 ,syn4 ,,gargarism1 ,,throatwash2 ,,gargarisma1 ,,gargarismus1 ,,gargarismum1 ,l4 ,a liquid medicine applied to the back part of the mouth or upper part of the throat4 ,gargles are applied by allowing a small mouthful to run as much as possible over the affected part1 by holding the head backwards and breathing through it1 by which means the liquid is agitated and its action promoted4 ,gargles are not to be swallowed4 ,it often happens1 however1 that patients1 either by accident or from negligence1 do swallow a certain quantity1 notwithstanding the instructions given them to the contrary4 ,care should therefore be taken to avoid making gargles of such substances as may occasion unpleasant symptoms in small doses1 though they may not1 perhaps1 amount to poisoning4 ,gargles usually have for their basis either simple water1 or milk1 wine1 or vinegar1 diluted with water1 to which1 in both cases1 sugar1 honey1 or syrup is generally added4 ,their other ingredients vary with the indication1 but must1 in all cases1 be either in the liquid form1 or soluble in the liquid used as the excipient4 ,gargles are commonly dispensed in mixture bottles4 ,the quantity used at a time1 under ordinary circumstances1 may be about #b-crds of a wine-glassful4 ,gargle4 ,syn4 ,,gargarisma1 ,g4 ,,commune1 ,g4 ,,simplex1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,st4 ,b4 ,hosp47 ,honey or honey of roses1 #a-a_/b fl4 oz42 strong vinegar1 #b-a_/b fl4 oz42 barley water1 #a pint4 #b4 7,st4 ,george's47 ,oxymel1 #a fl4 dr42 decoction of barley1 #e fl4 dr4 ,in common sore throats1 c4 ,the formul of several other hospitals are similar4 ,gargle of ,ac'etate of ,ammo''nia4 ,syn4 ,,gargarisms ,,ammoni ,,acetatis1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,wendt47 ,solution of acetate of ammonia and honey of roses1 of each #a fl4 oz42 elder-flower water1 #h fl4 oz42 mix4 ,in the ulcerated sore throat of scarlet fever4 ,gargle of ,acetate of ,manganese4 ,syn4 ,,gargarisma ,,manganesii ,,acetatis4 ,prep4 ,acetate of ,manganese1 #a drachm2 water1 #g fluid ounces2 clarified honey1 #a oz4 ,the chloride and sulphate of manganese are also used1 about #a_/b drachm or #b scruples to #f oz4 of barley water4 ,gargle of ,ace'tic ,acid4 ,syn4 ,,oxymel ,,gargle2 ,,gargarisma ,,acidi ,,acetici1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,st4 ,b4 ,hosp47 ,acetic acid1 #a dr42 oxymel1 #b fl4 dr42 water to make up #d fl4 oz4 #b4 ,barley water1 #ab fl4 oz42 acetic acid1 #a-a_/b fl4 oz42 honey1 #f dr4 ,antiseptic4 ,for sore throat4 ,gargle of ,aluminium ,chloride4 ,syn4 ,,gargarisma ,,aluminii ,,chloridi4 ,prep4 7,throat ,hosp47 ,solution of chloride of aluminium #ab minims1 water #a fl4 oz4 ,astringent and antiseptic4 ,gargle of ,al'um4 ,syn4 ,,gargarisma ,,aluminis1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,augustin47 ,oak-bark 7in powder71 #a oz42 water1 #a-a_/b pint2 boil to a pint1 filter1 cool1 and add1 of alum1 #a_/b dr42 brandy1 #b fl4 oz4 ,in inflammation of the mouth and throat4 #b4 7,cavarra47 ,alum1 #c dr42 water1 #f fl4 oz42 dissolve4 ,in offensive breath4 #c4 7,foy47 ,alum1 #a dr42 tincture of myrrh1 #b fl4 dr42 tincture of bark1 #d fl4 dr42 honey of roses1 #b oz42 laudanum1 #bj drops2 wine1 #b_/c pint4 ,in scurvy4 #d4 7,grant47 ,alum1 #a oz42 tincture of myrrh1 #a_/b fl4 oz42 peppermint water1 #g fl4 oz4 ,in relaxation of the uvula1 c4 #e4 7,mid4 ,hosp47 ,alum1 #a dr42 honey1 #b dr42 water to make #f fl4 oz4 ,as ,no4 #d4 #f4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,alum1 #dj gr42 honey of roses1 #a oz42 infusion of roses1 #f fl4 oz4 ,as the last4 #g4 7,ratier47 ,alum1 #a oz42 infusion of red roses and barley water1 of each #c fl4 oz42 honey of roses1 #b oz4 ,as ,no4 #d4 #h4 7,westm4 ,hosp47 ,alum1 #a dr42 dilute sulphuric acid1 #a fl4 dr42 treacle1 #d dr42 water to #ae fl4 oz4 #i4 7,ph4 ,wirtem47 ,alum and nitre1 of each #c oz42 cream of tartar1 #d oz42 dilute acetic acid1 #d lbs42 dissolve1 evaporate to dryness1 and powder the residuum4 ,for use1 #a_/b oz4 of the powder is dissolved in water1 #h fl4 oz4 ,highly recommended in inflammation of the fauces and tonsils4 ,this forms ,zobel's ',,specific ,,for ,,quinsy1' ,gargle1 ,antiscorbu'tic4 ,syn4 ,,gargarisma ,,antiscorbuticum1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,bitter species1 #a dr42 boiling water1 #h oz42 macerate #a hour1 strain1 and add1 syrup of honey1 #b oz42 antiscorbutic tincture1 #a oz4 ,gargle1 ,antisep'tic4 ,syn4 ,,gargarisma ,,antisepticum1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,fr4 ,hosp47 ,decoction of bark1 #f oz42 camphor1 #bj gr42 sal-ammoniac1 #ab gr4 ,in putrid sore throat1 c4 ,gargle1 ,astrin'gent4 ,syn4 ,,gargarisma ,,astringens1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,collier47 ,tincture of galls1 #b fl4 dr42 honey1 #a_/b oz42 water1 #f fl4 oz4 ,in relaxation of the uvula and fauces4 #b4 7,collier47 ,honey1 #d dr42 tincture of myrrh1 #c dr42 powdered alum1 #dj gr42 compound infusion of roses1 #e-a_/b fl4 oz4 ,as the last1 and in fetid sore throat4 #c4 7,sir ,a4 ,cooper47 ,alum1 #b dr42 decoction of bark1 #ab oz42 honey of roses1 #a-a_/b oz4 #d4 7,dr ,a4 ,t4 ,thomson47 ,infusion of roses1 #g fl4 oz42 dilute sulphuric acid1 #a fl4 dr42 tincture of catechu1 #f fl4 dr42 laudanum1 #a-a_/b fl4 dr4 ,for relaxation of the uvula4 ,see ,,gargle ,,of ,,alum4 ,gargle of ,bo''rax4 ,syn4 ,,gargarisma ,,boracis1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ellis47 ,borax1 #a dr42 tincture of myrrh1 #d fl4 dr42 clarified honey1 #a fl4 oz42 rose water1 #d fl4 oz4 #b4 7,fr4 ,hosp47 ,borax1 #b dr42 honey or capillaire1 #a oz42 rose water1 #g fl4 oz4 #c4 7,guy's ,hosp47 ,borax1 #b dr42 honey of roses1 #a oz42 barley water1 #g fl4 oz4 #d4 7,mid4 ,hosp47 ,borax1 #a dr42 simply oxymel1 #b dr42 water to make #c fl4 oz4 ,the above are used in thrush or aphthous sore mouth1 ptyalism1 c4 ,gargle of ,bromide of ,potassium4 ,syn4 ,,gargarisma ,,potassii ,,bromidi4 ,prep4 7,throat ,hosp47 ,bromide of potassium1 #aj grains2 water1 #a fl4 oz4 ,sedative4 ,gargle of ,cap'sicum4 ,syn4 ,,gargle ,,of ,,cayenne ,,pepper2 ,,gargarisma ,,capsici1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,dr ,griffith47 ,tincture of capsicum1 #a_/b fl4 oz42 rose water1 #h fl4 oz4 #b4 7,st4 ,b4 ,hosp47--a4 ,capsicum1 #c dr42 common salt1 #a oz42 boiling water1 #a pint2 macerate for #ab hours1 strain1 and add of distilled vinegar1 #a pint4 b4 ,tincture of capsicum1 #a fl4 dr42 compound infusion of roses1 #h fl4 oz4 #c4 7,u4 ,c4 ,hosp47 ,tincture of capsicum1 #a fl4 dr42 honey1 #f dr42 water to #d fl4 oz4 ,used in ulcerated sore throat1 scarlet fever1 c4 ,gargle of ,carbolic ,acid4 ,syn4 ,,gargarisma ,,acidi ,,carbolici4 ,prep4 7,throat ,hosp474 ,carbolic acid1 #b gr42 glycerin1 #be minims2 water1 #a fluid ounce4 ,stimulant and antiseptic4 ,gargle of ,chlo''rate of ,potas'sa4 ,syn4 ,,gargarisma ,,potass ,,chloratis1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,beasley47 ,chlorate of potassa1 #a dr42 honey of roses1 #a oz42 water1 #g oz4 ,used in malignant sore throat1 scarlatina1 c4 ,gargle of ,chlo''ride of ,lime4 ,syn4 ,,gargarisma ,,calcis ,,chlorinat1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from chloride of lime1 #a dr42 water1 #a_/b pint2 agitate together for #aj minutes1 filter through linen1 and add of simple syrup1 #a fl4 oz4 ,used in putrid sore throat1 scarlet fever1 c4 ,gargle of ,chloride of ,so'da4 ,syn4 ,,gargarisma ,,sod ,,chlorinat1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,copland47 ,liquor of chloride of soda1 #ab fl4 dr42 honey1 #a_/b oz42 water1 #f fl4 oz4 #b4 7,hosp4 ,form47 ,chlorinated solution of soda1 #d fl4 dr42 water to #d fl4 oz4 ,used as the last4 ,gargle of ,chlo''rine ,water4 ,syn4 ,,gargarisma ,,chlorinii1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,fr4 ,hosp47 ,chlorine water1 #a_/b fl4 oz42 syrup1 #a fl4 oz42 water1 #d-ab fl4 oz4 #b4 7,mid4 ,hosp47 ,chlorine water1 #b fl4 oz42 distilled water1 #aj fl4 oz4 ,use4 ,as the last4 ,gargle of ,cincho'na ,bark4 ,syn4 ,,gargarisma ,,cinchon1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,from decoction of cinchona1 #g fl4 oz42 simple oxymel1 #a fl4 oz4 ,antiseptic and astringent in relaxation1 c4 #b4 7,acidulated2 ,,gargarisma ,,cinchon ,,acidus1 ,l47 ,hydrochloric acid1 #a-a_/b fl4 dr42 honey1 #a-a_/b oz42 decoction of bark to make up #h fl4 oz4 ,gargle1 ,com'mon4 ,syn4 ,,gargarisma ,,commune1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ed4 ,hosp47 ,water1 #f fl4 oz42 nitre1 #a dr42 honey of roses1 #a oz4 ,for ordinary sore throat1 c4 #b4 7,lond4 ,hosp47 ,alum1 #a dr42 dilute sulphuric acid1 #b fl4 dr42 tincture of myrrh1 #d fl4 dr42 water to #ab fl4 oz4 ,gargle of ,cy'anide of ,mercury4 ,syn4 ,,gargarisma ,,hydrargyri ,,cyanidi1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,brera47 ,cyanide of mercury1 #aj gr42 honey of roses1 #a oz42 barley water1 #a pint4 #b4 7,cullerier47 ,cyanide of mercury1 #aj gr42 linseed tea1 #a pint4 ,used in the same cases as mercurial gargle4 ,gargle1 ,deter'gent4 ,syn4 ,,gargarisma ,,detergens1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,alcoholised sulphuric acid1 #a fl4 dr42 honey of roses1 #b oz42 barley water1 #h oz4 #b4 7,dr ,a4 ,t4 ,thomson47 ,nitre1 #b dr42 honey of roses1 #d fl4 dr42 infusion of roses1 #e-a_/b fl4 oz4 ,in inflammatory sore throat4 ,gargle1 ,emol'lient4 ,syn4 ,,gargarisma ,,emolliens1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,buchan47 ,marshmallow root1 #a oz42 figs1 #b oz42 water1 #a quart2 boil to a pint and strain4 ,demulcent1 soothing4 #b4 7,trousseau ,reveil47 ,barley water1 #h oz42 honey1 #a-a_/b oz4 ,both are used in inflammatory affections of the throat and mouth4 ,gargle of ,horserad'ish4 ,syn4 ,,gargarisma ,,armoraci1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,collier47 ,compound spirit of horseradish1 #a fl4 oz42 honey1 #b oz42 water1 #d fl4 oz4 ,a good gargle for scurvy of the fauces and pharynx1 vulgarly called the 'inward scurvy4' ,gargle of ,hydrochlo''ric ,acid4 ,syn4 ,,muriatic ,,acid ,,gargle2 ,,gargarisma ,,acidi ,,hydrochlorici4 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,guy's ,hosp47 ,hydrochloric acid1 #cj drops2 honey of roses1 #b oz42 barley water1 #f fl4 oz4 #b4 7,ratier47 ,hydrochloric acid1 #b fl4 dr42 clarified honey1 #b fl4 oz42 barley water1 #a pint4 #c4 7,st4 ,b4 ,hosp47 ,red-rose leaves1 #b dr42 boiling water1 #a pint2 hydrochloric acid1 #a-a_/b fl4 dr42 digest #a hour1 and strain4 ,in inflammatory sore throat1 ulcerations of the mouth1 scarlet fever1 c4 ,gargle of ,i'odine4 ,syn4 ,,gargarisma ,,iodinii1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,iodine1 #aj gr42 iodide of potassium1 #ab gr42 rectified spirit and simple syrup1 of each1 #a fl4 oz42 water1 #e fl4 oz4 ,in chronic enlargement of the tonsils1 in scrofulous habits4 #b4 7,dr ,ross47 ,tincture of iodine1 #a-a_/b fl4 dr42 tincture of opium1 #a fl4 dr42 water1 #f fl4 oz4 #c4 7,st4 ,t4 ,hosp47 ,compound tincture of iodine1 #b fl4 dr42 water1 #e fl4 oz4 ,in ulceration of the tonsils4 ,gargle1 ,mercu''rial4 ,syn4 ,,gargarisma ,,hydrargyri1 ,g4 ,,mercuriale1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,g4 ,,hyd4 ,,bichloridi47 ,corrosive sublimate1 #b to #e gr42 barley water1 #a pint2 honey of roses1 #b fl4 oz4 ,for syphilitic ulcers in the throat4 #b4 7,plenck47 ,calomel1 #f gr42 quicksilver1 #cj gr42 powdered gum1 #c dr42 syrup of poppies1 #a_/b oz42 triturate till the globules of metal disappear1 and add of decoction of clematis1 #bf fl4 oz42 honey of roses1 #a oz42 essence of myrrh1 #a dr4 7or tincture of myrrh1 #a fl4 oz474 ,in syphilitic and putrid sore throat4 ,gargle of ,mustard4 ,syn4 ,,gargarisma ,,sinapis4 ,prep4 7,fleury74 ,black mustard seed1 bruised #d ounces2 salt1 #d scruples2 vinegar1 #h scruples2 warm water1 #g ounces4 ,digest and filter4 ,gargle of ,myrrh4 ,syn4 ,,gargarisma ,,myrrh1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ainslie47 ,tincture of myrrh1 #f fl4 dr42 vinegar1 #a fl4 dr42 honey of roses1 #a-a_/b fl4 oz42 barley water1 #ab fl4 oz4 #b4 7,ph4 ,chirur47 ,tincture of myrrh1 #a_/b oz42 honey of roses1 #a-a_/b oz42 lime water1 #f fl4 oz4 ,in scarlatina and putrid sore throat4 ,see ,,astringent ,,gargle1 c4 ,gargle of ,ni'tre4 ,syn4 ,,gargarisma ,,salis ,,nitri1 ,g4 ,,potass ,,nitratis1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,nitre1 #b dr42 honey or syrup1 #a_/b oz42 rose water1 #e-a_/b fl4 oz4 #b4 7,brande47 ,nitre1 #b dr42 oxymel1 #a fl4 oz42 barley water1 #g fl4 oz4 ,in inflammatory sore throat4 ,see ,,common ,,gargle4 ,gargle of ,oak-,bark4 ,syn4 ,,gargarisma ,,corticis ,,querc,s1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,oak-bark1 #b dr42 boiling water1 #f fl4 oz42 macerate #a hour1 and strain4 #b4 7,ellis47 ,decoction of oak-bark1 #a pint2 alum1 #a_/b dr42 brandy1 #b fl4 oz4 ,in chronic sore throat1 relaxation of the uvula1 c4 ,gargle of ,oxide of ,manganese4 ,syn4 ,,gargarisma ,,manganesii ,,oxidi4 ,prep4 7,pareira74 ,black oxide of manganese1 #b dr42 decoction of barley1 #e fl4 oz4 ,gargle of ,pel'litory4 ,syn4 ,,gargarisma ,,pyrethri4 ,prep4 #a4 ,pellitory root1 #d dr42 water1 #af fl4 oz42 boil to #h fl4 oz41 and add of liquor of ammonia #b fl4 dr4 #b4 7,swediaur47 ,infusion of pellitory1 #a pint2 vinegar1 #c fl4 oz42 sal-ammoniac1 #c dr4 ,to promote the maturation and healing of throat ulcers4 ,gargle of ,permanganate of ,potash4 ,syn4 ,,gargarisma ,,potass ,,permanganatis4 ,prep4 7,throat ,hosp47 ,solution of permanganate of potash 7,b4 ,p471 #f minims2 distilled water1 #a fl4 oz4 ,antiseptic4 ,gargle of ,ro''ses4 ,syn4 ,,gargarisma ,,ros1 ,g4 ,,rosarum1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,kendrick47 ,conserve of roses1 #c oz42 boiling water1 #af fl4 oz42 infuse #a hour2 add of dilute sulphuric acid1 #b fl4 dr41 and strain4 ,antiseptic1 astringent2 used in several indications4 ,gargle of ,subacetate of ,lead4 ,syn4 ,,gargarisma ,,plumbi ,,subacetatis4 ,prep4 7,ratier47 ,liquid subacetate of lead1 #a_/b dr42 barley water1 #a lb42 syrup1 #a fl4 oz4 ,gargle of ,turpentine4 ,syn4 ,,gargarisma ,,terebinthinatum4 ,prep4 7,geddings47 ,oil of turpentine1 #b dr42 mucilage1 #f-a_/b fl4 oz4 ,in salivation4 ,gargle1 ,spirit4 ,syn4 ,,gargarisma ,,spirituosum1 ,g4 ,,spirit,s ,,vini1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,dr ,watson47 ,french brandy1 #a fl4 oz42 water1 #a_/d pint4 #b4 7,st4 ,george's47 ,proof spirit1 #a fl4 oz42 oxymel1 #e fl4 dr42 decoction of barley1 to make up #f fl4 oz4 ,in relaxations and salivation4 ,gargle1 ,stim'ulant4 ,syn4 ,,gargarisma ,,stimulans1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,dr ,copland47 ,infusion of roses1 #f-a_/b fl4 oz42 dilute hydrochloric acid1 #dj drops2 tincture of capsicum1 #a-a_/b fl4 dr42 honey1 #c dr4 ,see ,,gargle ,,of ,,capsicum4 ,gargle of ,tan'nin4 ,syn4 ,,gargarisma ,,acidi ,,tannici1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,beral47 ,tannin1 #a dr42 honey of roses1 #b oz42 rose water1 #b fl4 oz42 distilled water1 #h fl4 oz4 #b4 7,jannart47 ,as the last1 but using only half the quantity of tannin4 ,in salivation and aphthous ulcerations4 ,gargle of ,verd'igris4 ,syn4 ,,gargarisma ,,ruginus1 ,g4 ,,cupri ,,acetatis1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,guy's ,hosp47 ,oxymel of verdigris1 #d dr42 honey of roses1 #b oz42 barley water1 #c-a_/b fl4 oz4 ,used as a detergent for ulcers in the throat4 ,if swallowed it produces violent vomiting4 ,the addition of #b-a_/b oz4 of water to the above produces a gargle sufficiently strong for most cases4 ,gargle of ,vin'egar4 ,see ,,gargle ,,of ,,acetic ,,acid4 ,gargle of ,zinc4 ,syn4 ,,gargarisma ,,zinci1 ,g4 ,z4 ,,sulphatis1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,dr ,copland47 ,sulphate of zinc1 #bj gr42 oxymel1 #a fl4 oz42 rose water1 #g fl4 oz4 ,in aphthous sores1 relaxations1 ulceration of the tonsils1 c4 ,,gar',,lic4 ,syn4 ,,allium1 ,l4 ,the ,allium sativum of botanists4 ,it is diaphoretic1 diuretic1 expectorant1 stimulant1 and tonic2 and externally1 irritant1 rubefacient1 and even vesicant4--,dose1 #a_/b dr4 to #a-a_/b dr42 in enfeebled digestion1 chronic diarrhoea1 old chronic coughs1 atonic dropsies1 and worms4 ,an antispasmodic and counter-irritant liniment is made of the juice1 which was formerly esteemed in chest diseases and infantile convulsions4 ,a small clove of garlic1 or a few drops of the juice1 was formerly introduced into the ear in certain forms of deafness4 ,as a condiment its properties resemble those of the onion1 than which it is much more powerful4 ,,gar',,net4 ,in mineralogy1 one of the precious stones or gems4 ,the finest specimens of noble garnet 7,,syrian or ,,oriental ,,garnet7 are brought from ,pegu4 ,according to chemical analysis1 the garnet is a double silicate of alumina and lime1 coloured with iron and manganese4 ,garnet1 ,facti''tious4 ,see ,,pastes4 ,,ga',,rum4 ,l4 ,a species of pickle or sauce prepared of fish1 in a state of incipient putrefaction1 strongly salted and seasoned with aromatics4 ,according to ,pliny1 the ,romans used a species of lobster for this purpose4 ,,gas4 ,syn4 ,,gaz1 ,fr4 ,a permanently elastic ariform fluid4 ,in ,english the term 'air' is now usually restricted to the gaseous mixture forming the atmosphere1 but it was formerly used as a synonym for 'gas4' ,the principal gases are the elementary bodies hydrogen1 chlorine1 oxygen and nitrogen1 and the compounds ammonia1 carbonic acid1 carbonic oxide1 carburetted hydrogen1 hydrochloric acid1 phosphoretted hydrogen1 protoxide of nitrogen1 sulphuretted hydrogen1 and sulphurous acid4 ,see these substances under their respective heads4 ,gas4 ,syn4 ,,coal ,,gas1 ,,illuminating ,g4 ,the term 'gas' is popularly applied to the important mixture of hydrocarbons produced by the destructive distillation of pit-coal1 and now employed as a source of artificial light in most of large towns of ,europe and ,america4 ,although artificial illumination by means of coal-gas was1 previous to #ahai1 used in ,great ,britain in isolated cases1 and had been employed for the occasional lighting up of the mansion of ,culrose ,abbey in ,scotland1 by ,lord ,dundonald1 as far back as #aghg2 and by ,murdoch1 in #agih1 for lighting the foundry of ,boulton and ,watts in ,soho1 it does not appear to have been generally adopted in ,london1 and the other large towns of ,england and ,scotland until that year2 since which time to the present artificial gas illumination has steadily progressed1 and increased to so enormous an extent1 that some works are now delivering millions of cubic feet of coal-gas a day4 ,the apparatus used in the manufacture of gas on the large scale consists essentially of a system of closed retorts 7a7 of cast iron or fire-clay1 generally having the form of a flattened cylinder1 and arranged in sets of three or five1 and heated by the same coal fire1 as shown in the accompanying drawing4 ,illustration ,the quantity of coal required to charge each retort is about two bushels1 and it takes about four hours for the coal to give off all its gas4 ,when it has done this the resulting coke is removed from the retort1 and a fresh charge of coal is thrown into it1 the mouth of the retort being then closed with a thick iron plate1 and luted with clay4 ,an iron pipe ascends from the upper side of the front of the retort1 projecting from the furnace1 and after describing a curve at its upper extremity1 this iron pipe opens into a much wider tube1 called the hydraulic main 7b71 which latter passes horizontally along the front of the range of furnaces1 the tubes from all the retorts dipping into it4 ,the hydraulic main is always kept half full of the water and the tar which condenses from the ascending gas2 owing to which arrangement the opening into each retort is effectually closed by a water-valve1 and thus permits a fresh charge of coals to be thrown in1 and of coke to be withdrawn in any one or more of the retorts1 without interfering with the distillation going on in the others4 ,the aqueous portion of the liquid deposited in the hydraulic main1 which is known as the ammoniacal liquor1 and forms the principal source of the commercial salts of ammonia1 consists principally of solution of carbonate of ammonium1 but contains also sulphide1 cyanide1 and sulphocyanide of ammonium4 ,after it leaves the hydraulic main1 the gas passes into the condenser 7e71 which is composed of a series of bent iron tubes 7shown in the plate71 these being kept cool either by the large surface they expose to the air1 or1 if necessary1 by means of a stream of cold water applied to the outside4 ,any of the volatile hydrocarbons or salts of ammonia escaping condensation in the hydraulic main are arrested in the condensers1 but not always2 hence it is necessary to afterwards carry the gas through a scrubber 7not figured in the plate7 or case containing pieces of coke1 over which a stream of water being made to trickle1 absorbs any remaining ammoniacal vapours4 ,the gas next passes through the lime purifier 7f71 an iron box fitted with shelves1 on which is placed slaked lime1 which absorbs the carbonic acid1 and part1 but not the whole of1 the sulphuretted hydrogen contained in the gas4 ,of the many methods devised for the removal of the sulphuretted hydrogen1 none appears to be so successful and economical as that which consists in passing the gas over a mixture of sulphate of iron1 slaked lime1 and sawdust4 ,the gas1 after it has become purified by the foregoing processes1 is passed into the gasometer 7g7 7part of which is represented in the plate71 whence it passes into the mains1 by which it is conveyed to the various condensers4 ,another prejudicial impurity formed in gas is carbon disulphide1 which when burned gives rise to small quantities of sulphuric acid1 and this in time attacks certain kinds of furniture1 as well as the bindings of books4 ,dr ,angus ,smith effects the removal of the disulphide by passing the gas through a solution of plumbic oxide in caustic soda1 diffused through sawdust4 ,the quality of coal-gas is largely dependent upon the temperature employed in its manufacture4 ,if the retorts are insufficiently heated1 the result will be the formation of certain easily-condensable hydrocarbons1 which not only diminish the bulk of the gas1 but cause considerable inconvenience by collecting in and blocking up the pipes4 ,on the contrary1 should too much heat be used1 the gas becomes partially decomposed by contact with the red-hot retort1 and deposits on its sides the substance known as gas carbon1 thus not only removing to a certain extent the constituent to which the gas owes its illuminating power1 but impoverishing its lighting qualities still more1 by diluting it with an unnecessary quantity of liberated hydrogen4 ,these latter effects are forcibly illustrated in the following analysis of the gas collected from ,wigan cannel coal at different periods of the distillation4 ,the best gas is said to be produced when the retorts are heated to a bright cherry red4 ,in #ajj ,volumes4 #ast ,hour4 #eth ,hour4 #ajth ,hour4 ,olefiant gas and volatile hydro-carbons #acj #gj #jj ,marsh gas #hbe #efj #bjj ,carbonic oxide #cb #aaj #ajj ,hydrogen #jj #bac #fjj ,nitrogen #ac #dg #ajj ,the value of gas as an illuminating agent may be said to depend on the amount of hydrocarbons present1 and on the relation which the carbon bears to the hydrogen in these substances4 ,in marsh gas1 ,,ch#d1 which is1 practically speaking1 non-luminous1 the per-centage composition is1 carbon #ge1 and hydrogen #be4 ,in olefiant gas1 ,c#b;,h#d1 the carbon is #heg1 and the hydrogen #adc1 and the gas possesses a correspondingly greater amount of illuminating value4 ,in acetylene1 ,c#b;,h#b1 we have a gas of still greater illuminating value1 the proportion of carbon to hydrogen being also greater1 the per-centage composition being1 carbon #ibc1 and hydrogen #gg4 ,in benzol1 ,c#f;,h#f1 we have the same per-centages2 while in naphthalene1 ,c#aj;,h#h1 a still higher ratio between the carbon and hydrogen exists1 and a corresponding increased value in light-giving power4 ,it was formerly taken as an axiom that the illuminating value of a mixture of gases was also proportionate to the relation between the carbon and hydrogen1 but although this is very good as a rough criterion in practice1 the statement must not be accepted as strictly true4 ,the illuminating power of a mixture of gases is known now to depend far more on the nature of the particular compounds present1 than upon the absolute proportion between the hydrogen and carbon2 for while on the one hand it is possible to have a gas 7marsh gas7 containing as much as #ged per cent4 of carbon1 and yet which is valueless for illuminating purposes2 it is also possible to have a mixture of gases in which the per-centage of carbon is far less1 although the illuminating value is much greater4#cbf ,footnote #cbf3 ',chemistry1 ,theoretical1 ,practical1 and ,analytical1'--,mackenzie4 ,coal gas consists of a mixture of the following bodies3 ,marsh gas 7light carbonetted hydrogen74 ,olefiant gas 7heavy 74 ,hydrogen4 ,carbonic oxide4 ,nitrogen4 ,vapours of liquid hydro-carbons4 ,vapour of bisulphide of carbon4 ,the yield of gas1 and also the illuminating power of the product1 vary greatly with different kinds of coal4 ,the average yield may be roughly estimated at #aj1jjj cubic feet of gas per ton of coal4#cbg ,footnote #cbg3 ,for practical details respecting the manufacture of this product1 see the article ,,coal ,,gas in ',ure's ,dictionary of ,arts1 ,manufactures1 c41' ',wagner's ,chemical ,technology1' and ',chemistry1 ,theoretical1 ,practical1 and ,analytical4' ,anthracite is by no means suited for a gas coal4 ,the best coals for this purpose are those which are bituminous2 they comprise caking coal1 parrot coal1 and certain varieties of cannel coal4 ,london gas 7which is generally deficient in illuminating power7 is manufactured principally from ,durham and ,newcastle coal4 ,in addition to the elementary composition of the coal1 the amount and nature of the volatile matter contained in it is an important factor in its value as a source for gas4 ,it should also yield a small amount of ash1 and be as free as possible from sulphur1 besides which its ultimate analysis should show a comparatively small proportion of oxygen4 ,if there be an excess of this latter element1 the production of the hydrocarbon illuminants will be diminished1 since the hydrogen which would go to their formation would unite with the oxygen to form useless water4 ,the late ,charles ,mansfield proposed to increase the illuminating power of ordinary coal-gas1 and to render water gas or even atmospheric air luminiferous1 by passing them through sponges or over trays containing mineral naphtha or benzole2 and a patent was taken out for this purpose4 ,the gas so treated imbibes or dissolves a portion of the liquid1 and burns with increased brilliancy4 ,the method of saturating the gas with the liquid hydrocarbon is as follows3--,the apparatus consists of a brass reservoir or chamber attached to the end of the gas-pipe1 near the burner4 ,this reservoir may be in the shape of an oil-flask1 made air-tight1 with a screw-joint1 or other means of supplying any highly volatile oil1 turpentine1 or mineral naphtha1 and should be kept about half full4 ,into this reservoir the gas-pipe ascends a little above the surface of the oil2 a very small jet-pipe of gas1 regulated by a stop-cock1 is branched off below this chamber1 to supply a minute flame1 so as to cause a sufficient evaporation from the oil to unite with the gas in the flask receiver4 ,the whole is1 of course1 surmounted with the usual burner and lamp-glass4 ,the naphthalising of gas did not work well on a large scale4 ,recently1 however1 an attempt was made to get up a company in ,england to work a ,french patented process1 which differed only from that of ,mansfield's in the substitution of another hydrocarbon 7probably a petroleum product7 for benzol4 ,the chemical and technical journals exposed this invention1 and prevented the sinking of capital in a worthless undertaking4 ,on a small scale1 simple 'naphthalisers' appear to work very well4 ,the illuminating power of gas1 as well as of other sources of light1 may be directly ascertained by what is termed the 'comparison of shadows1' or indirectly1 and more conveniently1 by chemical analysis4#cbh ,see ,,air ,,gas1 ,,illumination4 ,footnote #cbh3 ,see ',watts's ,dictionary of ,chemistry1' vol4 i4 ,,gastrophan 7,apotheker ,j4 ,frst1 ,prague74 ,for strengthening the digestion and improving the appetite4 ,quassia1 #cj grammes2 orange berries1 #ae grammes2 galangal1 #d grammes2 cardamoms1 #b grammes2 star anise oil1 #aj drops2 orange-peel oil1 #aj drops2 spirit1 #ahj grammes2 water1 #abj grammes2 digested and filtered4 7,hager47 ,,gastrophile 7,dr ,borchard74 ,there are several numbers of this preparation4 ,soda water1 containing common salt1 perhaps in some of the numbers mixed with ,glauber's salts4 ,,gaz',,ogene4 ,fr4 ,syn4 ,a,,rating ,,machine4 ,a portable apparatus for arating water and other liquids4 ,many forms have been given to this instrument1 but in all the principle is the same4 ,powders for generating carbonic acid gas are placed in a separate compartment1 and the liquid to be arated in another4 ,the two compartments are connected by a suitable tube1 and a second tube1 furnished with a spring tap1 affords an exit for the arated liquid4 ,by the aid of the gazogene1 water1 wine1 ale1 c41 may in a few minutes be fully saturated with carbonic acid gas1 and so rendered brisk and piquant4 ,by using fruit syrups1 manufactured from ,english and foreign fruits1 the most delicious arated summer beverages can be made1 resembling those so much esteemed by travellers in the ,south of ,europe and the sea-board cities of the ,western world4 ,the following are the proportions of soda and acid required for charging gazogenes3 ,for #b pints1 powdered tartaric acid1 #bhj grains2 bicarbonate of soda1 #cdj grains4 ,for #c pints1 powdered tartaric acid1 #cdj grains2 bicarbonate of soda1 #dbj grains4 ,for #e pints1 tartaric acid1 #fbj grains2 carbonate of soda1 #gfj grains4 ,put the acid and soda in different coloured papers4 ,,gedachtniss-,,limonade--,mnemonic ,lemonade 7manufactured by ,g4 ,m4 ,raufer1 ,vienna74 ,a mixture of #ae parts phosphoric acid1 #ae parts glycerin1 #gj parts water4 7,schdler47 ,,gehor ,,instrument4 ,instrument for deafness 7,apotheker ,f4 ,brunner1 ,troppau74 ,a little tube of silver plate1 #b centimtres long and as thick as a straw1 with a small mussel-shaped widening at one end1 which is wrapped in cotton wool1 to be inserted in the ear4 ,,gehor ,,liquor1 ,schweizer--,swiss ,cure for ,deafness 7,raudnitz74 ,water mixed with a little coarse brandy4 7,wittstein47 ,,gehorol--,oil for ,deafness 7,c4 ,brockelmann1 ,soest74 ,provence oil adulterated with sunflower oil and mixed with very small traces of camphor and cajeput1 sassafras1 and rosemary oils4 7,hager47 ,,gel',,atin4 ,syn4 ,,gelatine2 ,g,,latine1 ,fr42 ,,gelatina1 ,l4 ,animal jelly1 obtained by the prolonged action of boiling water on the organic tissue of the bones1 tendons1 and ligaments1 the cellular tissue1 the skin1 and the serous membranes4 ,glue and size are coarse varieties of gelatin1 prepared from hoofs1 hides1 skins1 c42 and isinglass is a purer kind1 obtained from the air bladders of some other membranes of fish4 ,prop41 c4 ,gelatin is insoluble in cold water1 but dissolves with greater or less readiness on the application of heat1 according to the source where it is obtained1 and in this state forms a tremulous and transparent jelly on cooling2 it is insoluble in both alcohol and ether1 and is decomposed by the strong alkalies and acids2 with tannic acid it forms an insoluble compound of a buff colour1 which is the basis of leather2 when acted on by cold concentrated sulphuric acid1 it yields glycocoll or gelatin sugar2 and when boiled with strong alkalies1 it yields glycocoll and leucine4 ,chlorine passed into a solution of gelatin occasions a dense white precipitate 7chlorite of gelatin71 which ultimately forms a tough1 elastic1 pearly mass1 somewhat resembling fibrin4 ,tests4 ,its aqueous solution is recognised as follows3--#a4 ,it gelatinises on cooling4 #b4 ,it is precipitated by alcohol4 #c4 ,bichloride of mercury gives a whitish flocculent precipitate4 #d4 ,tannic acid or infusion of galls gives a copious yellowish-white1 curdy precipitate1 which1 on being stirred1 coheres into an elastic mass1 insoluble in water1 and incapable of putrefaction1 and which1 when dried1 assumes the appearance of over-tanned leather4 #e4 ,the gelatinising property is destroyed by nitric acid4 #f4 ,it is not affected by either alum or acetate of lead4 ,in this respect it differs from chondrin4 ,qual4 ,the goodness of commercial gelatin intended for food is readily proved by pouring boiling water over it1 and digesting the two together for a short time4 ,if it is pure and wholesome1 its colour remains unaltered1 and during its solution it continues entirely free from smell4 ,the resulting solution and jelly are also odourless1 neutral to test-paper1 free from unpleasant taste1 and perfectly transparent4 ,if it forms a yellow gluey-looking mass1 and evolves an offensive odour1 it should be rejected as of inferior quality1 and unfit for culinary purposes4 ,uses1 c4 ,gelatin is largely employed as an article of food1 as in soups1 jellies1 c42 but its value in this respect has been1 perhaps1 overrated4#cbi ,animals fed exclusively on gelatin die of starvation4 ,but when mixed with other food1 especially with substances abounding in albumen1 casein1 or fibrin1 gelatin may be useful as an aliment1 and serve directly to nourish the gelatinous tissues4 7,liebig47 ,hence gelatin is a fitting substance to form part 7but only a part7 of the diet of convalescents1 as it conveys nutrition directly to these tissues1 without tasking the diminished powers of life for its conversion2 but its use should be accompanied by a proper quantity of azotised animal food to supply the elements to the blood1 for the support and increase of the muscular tissue1 or fleshy portion of the body4 ,in ,france gelatin obtained from bones is employed as a part of the diet in hospitals with the best effect1 materially abridging the period of convalescence2 but when given alone1 all animals soon become disgusted with it1 and die if not supplied with other food4 7,d',arcet47 ,see ,,glue1 ,,isinglass1 and below4 ,footnote #cbi3 ,the reader interested in this subject should consult a paper by ,carl ,voit in the ',zeitschrift fr ,biologie1' viii1 #big-chh4 ,gelatin1 ,bone4 ,obtained from crushed bones by boiling with water1 or by the action of steam and water successively1 either with or without pressure2 or by maceration in dilute hydrochloric acid1 to extract the phosphate of lime1 the remaining gelatinous mass being well washed in cold water1 and afterwards dissolved in boiling water in the usual manner4 ,a little carbonate of soda is commonly added to the last water4 ,gelatin has even been extracted from fossil bones4 ,a soup was prepared from one of the bones of the great mastodon by the prfet of one of the departments of ,france4 7,pereira47 ,butchers' meat contains1 on an average1 #bd of dry flesh1 #ef of water1 and #bj of bone4 ,the last will yield1 by proper treatment1 nearly #a-crd of its weight of dry gelatin1 or a quantity equal to about #f of the meat from which it is cut4 ,this1 as well as other varieties of gelatin1 is frequently blanched by sulphurous acid or animal charcoal1 and tinged of various colours with the ordinary vegetable dyes4 ,thus1 blue is given with sulphate of indigo or the juice of blue berries2 green1 with the juice of spinach2 and red1 with juice of red-beet4 ,gelatin1 ,french4 ,syn4 ,,cake ,,gelatin4 ,gelatin made up into small thin cakes1 like the finer sorts of glue4 ,a good deal of it is prepared in ,paris from the cuttings of the skins used in making kid gloves and slippers4 ,gelatin1 ,patent4 ,various qualities of gelatin are manufactured from glue pieces1 or cuttings of the hides of beasts and skins of calves1 and from inferior isinglass4 ,according to ,mr ,nelson's specification1 the crude materials1 freed from hair1 wool1 flesh1 and fat1 after being thoroughly washed and 'scored1' are macerated for #aj days in a lye of caustic soda1 and are then placed in covered vessels at a temperature varying from #fj to #gj ,fahr41 until they become tender2 they are next washed to free them from alkali1 and are then exposed to the vapour of burning sulphur until they acquire a sensibly acid reaction2 they are now dissolved in water contained in earthen vessels heated to #aej ,fahr41 and the solution1 after being strained1 is put into 'settling vessels1' and heated to #ajj to #abj ,fahr41 for #h or #i hours2 at the end of this time the clear liquor is drawn off1 and poured on the 'cooling slabs1' to the depth of about #a_/b an inch4 ,as soon as the jelly is cold1 it is cut into pieces1 and washed in water until perfectly free from acid4 ,it is then redissolved in water at about #he1 the solution poured out on slabs as before1 and when cold1 it is cut up1 and1 lastly1 dried on nets4 ,according to another specification 7,rattray's ,patent7 glue-pieces are steeped in water until they begin to putrefy1 then washed with water1 drained1 and put from #ab to #bd hours into water strongly soured with sulphurous acid2 they are afterwards washed first with cold water1 and then in water at #abj ,fahr41 and are lastly converted into size by digestion for #bd hours in water at #abj ,fahr41 the resulting solution being filtered through bags of double woollen-cloth4 ,patent gelatins are often sold cut up in imitation of 'picked isinglass1' to which1 for the preparation of jellies1 soups1 and blancmanges1 they are not much inferior4 ,gelatin1 ,rough4 ,syn4 ,,gelatine ,,brut1 ,fr4 ,from the skulls of oxen1 the spongy insides of the horns and ribs1 and from several other soft bony parts 7deprived of fat71 by washing them in water1 digesting in an equal weight of hydrochloric acid of #f ,baume1 in cold weather1 and #d or #e in summer1 for #aj days1 then in acid of only #a ,baume for #bd hours longer2 afterwards soaking and washing in successive portions of cold water until all the acid is washed out1 adding an ounce of carbonate of soda to the last water4 ,used to make glue1 c4 ,a similar article is prepared from the bones of sheep4 ,the pieces1 after being treated as above1 are steeped in boiling water for a few minutes1 wiped dry1 and shaken together in a bag to remove the internal pellicle2 after which they are cut into squares or dice to disguise them1 and finally dipped into a hot solution of gelatin to varnish them4 ,in this state the article is called ',,gelatine ,,brut ,,fin1' ,used to make soup4 ,it keeps better than the cakes of portable soup4 ,when less carefully prepared1 it is also used to make glue for fine work4 ,see ,,bone ,,gelatin4 ,,gelee 7pour le ,goitre74 ,see ,,liniment ,,of ,,iodide ,,of ,,potassium4 ,,gelsemium ,,sempervirens4 ,syn4 ,,gelsemium ,,nitridum1 ,,gelsemium ,,sempervirens1 ,,gelsemium ,,lucidum1 ,,anonymus ,,sempervirens1 ,,bignonia ,,sempervirens2 ,,lisanthus ,,sempervirens4 ,the ,,yellow ,,jasmine1 or ,,woodbine4 ,the ,,carolina ,,jasmine4 ,different botanists have placed the plant in different natural orders4 ,de ,candolle assigns it to the ,loganiace2 ,decaisne to the ,apocynace2 ,chapman to the ,rubiace4 ,the root1 which is the only part of this plant employed in medicine1 and of which a fluid extract has been introduced into the ,united ,states ,pharmacopoeia1 as met with in ,english commerce occurs in two states2 either in packets prepared by the shakers of ,new ,lebanon1 which contain the root in small pieces1 formed into a compact mass by hydraulic pressure1 and in which state it is difficult to powder2 or it is simply sold cut up into pieces varying from two to eight inches in length1 and one-third to three fourths of an inch in diameter4 ,it is frequently mixed with about half its bulk of long1 wiry1 pale-brown rootlets4 ,the so-called gelsemium root consists chiefly of subterranean stem with a small proportion of true root1 occasionally a slender piece of the arial stem may be found intermixed1 and is readily distinguished by its purplish colour and hollow centre1 and by the silky and tow-like fibre1 rendered visible when the epidermis is peeled off 7fig4 #a e74 ,the true root is hard and woody1 slightly undulated in outline1 very sparingly branched1 except in the slender pieces1 externally of a pale brown colour1 nearly smooth1 and furnished with a thin scurfy cuticle1 which is slightly cracked longitudinally4 ,when a transverse section is examined with a lens1 the bark of the root is seen to be very thin1 and to consist of two layers1 the inner one being usually almost as pale as the woody portion1 and of somewhat soft texture1 the outer one is darker and more compact 7fig4 #a b1 c74 ,the meditullium1 or woody portion of the root occupies nearly its whole diameter1 is of a pale yellowish bright colour1 the yellow tint becoming much more distinct when the root is wetted4 ,the medullary rays are white and very distinct1 and the woody tissue between the rays is very porous1 the pores being very small1 but visible to the unaided eye1 especially when the root is broken instead of cut 7fig4 #a d74 ,there is no pith or central cavity in the root4 ,the root has a bitter taste and pleasant flavour1 somewhat between those of senega and green tea2 this is more readily perceived in the tincture4 ,the subterranean stem 7fig4 #a a7 is also furnished with rootlets1 but is easily distinguished from the root by the presence of a small1 dark coloured1 central cavity representing the pith1 and by the external surface being rougher1 and frequently variegated with dark longitudinal lines1 which are the remains of the same purplish cuticle which presents so marked a feature in the arial stem4 ,the bark is thicker than that of the true root1 and the inner layer is usually dark brown4 ,if the subterranean stem is broken slowly and carefully1 a thin row of silky fibres projects fully a quarter of an inch from the broken edge4 ,the fibres do not appear when the bark of the root is broken1 and thus serve to distinguish the stem of this drug from the root4 ,experiments as to the relative value of the bark of the root and stem are wanting4 ,the bark of the stem has the same bitter taste as that of the root1 and if it be hereafter shown that it is equally active1 the above character of scattered strong fibres1 taken in conjunction with the flavour of the drug and its porous structure1 will serve to distinguish it from all other roots and stems used in materia medica4#ccj ,footnote #ccj3 ,holmes4 ,medicinal properties4--,the ,american medical journals record the successful administration of gelsemium in a great number and variety of diseases1 including intermittent1 remittent1 typhoid1 and yellow fevers1 the irritative fevers of childhood1 inflammation of the lungs and pleura1 dysentery1 rheumatism1 and other inflammatory affections1 neuralgia1 obstinate menstruation1 delirium tremens1 morbid wakefulness1 ,st4 ,vitus' dance1 hysteria1 epilepsy1 spasmodic stricture of the urethra1 and gonorrhoea4 ,dr ,hurd1 an ,american physician1 reports very favorably of the drug as a cardiac sedative1 and considers it more efficient than any other remedy in the palpitation and the difficult breathing that accompany heart disease2 and ,dr ,hill1 of ,maine1 finds it when combined with bromide of potassium useful in irritable bladder4 ,illustration ,its principal use1 however1 in ,american medical practice has been as a febrifuge4 ,in periodic fevers it has been employed with great advantage1 as well as in cases of intermittent fever1 which having failed to yield to quinine alone1 succumbed1 when this latter medicine was combined with gelsemium4 ,in ,england gelsemium has been successfully employed for the relief of facial neuralgia1 or of the pain caused in the face and jaws by decayed teeth2 as well as in obscure nervous affections and severe headaches4 ,it is given principally in the form of tincture2 but sometimes in powder in doses of from one to two grains4 ,the therapeutic action of gelsemium is believed to be due to the sedative effect it exercises on the nervous and arterial systems--hence its power in controlling the nervous irritability so prevalent during fever4 ,in moderate doses it causes a sensation of agreeable langour1 accompanied with muscular relaxation2 in larger doses1 dizziness1 dilated pupil1 double vision1 general muscular debility and prostration2 these symptoms being accompanied by a diminution in the force and frequency of the pulse as well as in the respiration4 ,at the same time the patient becomes insensible to pain2 but is free from stupor and delirium4 ,these symptoms are said to pass off1 after a time1 and to be attended with no unpleasant results4 ,the ',lancet' as well as many of the ,american medical journals record several cases of poisoning arising from giving an overdose of this drug4 ,the symptoms are a great prostration of nervous energy1 accompanied by paralysis of sensation and motion4 ,when death occurs it is probably owing to syncope4 ,the antidotes are1 first1 an emetic1 and after this has acted1 stimulants1 such as carbonate of ammonia with brandy1 or aromatic spirits of ammonia4 ,in cases accompanied with insensibility1 recourse should be had to electricity4 ,kollock1 in the ',american ,journal of ,pharmacy' for #ahee1 states that he found the root on analysis to yield volatile oil1 dry acrid resin1 fatty resin1 fixed oil1 gallic acid1 starch1 pectic acid1 albumen1 extractive matter1 lignin1 gum1 a yellow colouring matter1 mineral matter 7chiefly salts of potassium1 calcium1 magnesium1 iron and silica71 and an alkaloid1 to which the name gelseminine or gelsemia has been given4 ,kollock also states that the leaves and flowers contain the same ingredients as the root1 although in much smaller quantities4 ,eberle1 in the ',american ,journal of ,pharmacy' for #ahfd1 says he failed to obtain gelseminine from the root4 ,in a paper contributed to the ',american ,journal of ,pharmacy1' for ,january1 #ahgj1 by ,dr ,wormley1 the author stated that he said he not only succeeded in obtaining pure gelseminine from the root1 but also a peculiar acid which he calls gelseminic1 or gelsemic#cca acid2 which he regards as existing in combination with the gelsemia1 forming the gelsemate of gelsemia4 ,footnote #cca3 ,professor ,sonneschien1 having submitted the so-called ,gelseminic ,acid to analysis thinks there can be no doubt that it is perfectly identical with sculin1 a glucoside obtained from the bark of the horse-chesnut--the ,esculus hippocastanum4 ,probably the alkaloid gelseminine may at some future time be introduced into medicine1 since it would appear to be the chief ingredient to which the root owes its activity4 ,it is strongly poisonous4 ,dr ,wormley injected one eighth of a grain under the skin of a large cat1 which in #dj minutes exhibited great prostration1 and died in an hour and a half from the time of the injection of the poison4 ,the properties of the gelseminic acid1 the resin1 the volatile oil1 and other ingredients of the root1 have not been fully investigated4 ,see ,,tincture ,,of ,,gelsemium1 ,,gelseminine4 ,in the ',american ,journal of ,pharmacy' for ,april1 #ahgg1 ,dr ,wormley gives the following directions for the preparations of gelseminic acid1 and gelsemine3--,a given volume of fluid extract1 acidulated with acetic acid1 is slowly added with constant stirring to about eight volumes of water2 after the separated resinous matter has completely deposited1 the liquid is filtered1 and the filtrate concentrated on a water bath1 to something less than the volume of fluid extract employed4 ,the gelseminic acid is then extracted from the concentrated fluid by ether1 after which the liquid is treated with slight excess of carbonate of sodium1 and the gelsemine extracted with ether or chloroform4 ,for the extraction of the first of these principles1 it is not essential that the liquid should be acidulated1 but in the presence of a free acid the results are more satisfactory4 ,,gems4 ,syn4 ,,jewels2 ,,gemm1 ,l4 ,gems are precious stones1 which1 by their colour1 limpidity1 lustre1 brilliant polish1 purity1 and rarity1 are sought after as objects of dress and decoration4 ,they form the principal part of the crown jewels of kings1 not only from their beauty1 but because they are supposed to comprise the greatest value in the smallest bulk2 for a diamond1 no larger than a nut1 or an acorn1 may be the representative sign of the territorial value of a whole country1 the equivalent in commercial exchange for a hundred fortunes1 acquired by severe toils and privations4 ,among these beautiful minerals mankind have agreed in forming a select class1 to which the title of gems or jewels has been appropriated2 while the term precious stone is more particularly given to substances which often occur under a more considerable volume than fine stones ever do4 ,diamonds1 sapphires1 emeralds1 rubies1 topazes1 hyacinths1 and chrysoberyls1 are reckoned the most valuable gems2--crystalline quartz1 pellucid1 opalescent1 or of various hues1 amethyst1 lapis lazuli1 malachite1 jasper1 agate1 c41 are ranked in the much more numerous and inferior class of ornamental stones4 7,ure47 ,tests4 ,the only tests applicable to gems and precious stones are the determination of their relative hardness and their specific gravity4 ,by the first test1 pastes or factitious gems are readily detected2 but beyond this1 owing to the difficulty of applying it1 it ceases to be useful to persons unconnected with the trade4 ,the determination of the specific gravity is1 however1 of more general application1 as gems are generally dismounted when offered for sale1 or are so set that they may be removed from their 'mountings' without injury or inconvenience4 ,see ,,specific ,,gravity1 and below4 ,obs4 ,the relative hardness of the different substances is measured by the power they possess of cutting or scratching the other substances having a smaller number attached to them in the table4 ,thus1 no gem but the ,,diamond 7#bj7 will scratch either the ,,ruby 7#ag7 or the ,,sapphire 7#af72 and1 for the same reason1 a blue stone that will cut the ,,emerald or the ,,topaz can be no other than the ,,sapphire4 ,the sp4 gr4 is ascertained in the usual manner1 and will be found sufficiently indicative of the true nature of the stone when considered in connection with its other characteristics4 ,the index of refraction is a certain key to the quality of the stone1 in the hands of those who are capable of determining it1 and may be applied to either mounted or unmounted gems4 ,the most convenient instrument for the purpose is ,wollaston's ',,reflecting-,,goniometer1' ,gems1 ,facti''tious4 ,these1 with few exceptions1 are made of very pure1 fusible1 highly transparent1 and dense glass1 usually termed ',,paste' or ',,strass1' which is generally formed of oxide of lead1 potassa1 and silica1 with small quantities of other ingredients to increase the brilliancy and clearness4 ,the characteristic tints are imparted by the addition of metallic oxides4 ,the beauty of artificial stones and gems depends1 chiefly1 upon the tint of the real stones being exactly imitated1 and upon proper care and skill being exercised in the cutting1 polishing1 and mounting them4 ,all the coloured glasses1 and enamels1 may be worked up into artificial gems4 ,,table of the ,hardness1 ,specific ,gravity1 and ,refractive ,power of the principal ,,gems and ,,precious ,,stones1 and some other ,,minerals2 compiled expressly for this work4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -- ,name4 ,relative ,specific ,gravity4 ,index of ,reflection4 ,hardness4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- - ,agate #ab #bf ,amethyst 7occidental7 #aa #bg ,calcareous spar #f #bg ,chalk #c #bg ,chrysolite #aj #cg ,cornelian #aa #bg ,crystal #aa #bf ,diamond 7bluish7 #ai #cc 7cubic7 #ah #cb 7from ,ormus7 #bj #cg #bdci 7pink7 #ai #cd 7yellowish7 #ai #cc 7average colourless7 #ai to #bj #cc to #cee ,emerald #ab #bh ,fluor spar #g #ce #adcd ,garnet #ab #dd #ahae ,glass #bc to #cfb #aebe to #bjbh 7crystal or flint7 various #cj #cf #ahcj #bjbh 7plate7 #be #bf #aead #aedb ,gypsum #e #bc ,jasper 7green7 #aa #bg 7reddish yellow7 #i #bf ,onyx #ab #bf ,opal #aj #bf ,quartz #aj #bg #aedh ,ruby #ag #db #aggi 7pale1 from ,brazil7 #ag #ce 7spinelle7 #ac #cd #agfd ,sapphire 7deep blue7 #af #ch #agid 7paler7 #ag #ch ,sardonyx #ab #bf ,schoerl #aj #cf ,topaz #ae #db 7,bohemian7 #aa #bh 7whitish7 #ad #ce ,tourmaline #aj #cj ,zeolite #h #ba ,zircon -- -- #aifa ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -- ,,mm4 ,fremy and ,feil have lately succeeded in manufacturing artificial corundum1 ruby and topaz1 having a composition the same as the natural stones4 ,the process by which they have effected this consists in fusing together at a red heat1 in the furnace of a glass works for a considerable time1 a fusible aluminate 7such as aluminate of lead71 and some silicious body4 ,the silica is found to unite with the lead1 and to liberate the alumina in the crystalline form4 ,when equal weights of alumina and red lead are heated together in a crucible made of some refractory silicious substance1 the above conditions if the temperature has been maintained sufficiently long and high ensue1 and there is found in the crucible at the end of the operation a layer of silicate of lead1 and very frequently another of pure crystallised alumina or corundum4 ,the ruby colour is given by adding to the mixture in the crucible two or three per-cent4 of bichromate of potash1 the blue being produced by the addition of a small quantity of oxide of cobalt1 with a trace only of bichromate of potash4 ,a film of silicate of lead very frequently adheres to the ruby crystals1 and this has to be removed4 ,in some instances1 however1 the crystals occur nearly pure1 and are precisely similar to the natural gems in crystalline form1 composition1 hardness1 and lustre4 ,upon being heated1 the artificial ruby1 like the natural one1 loses its rose colour1 and recovers it again on cooling4 ,it is said that the factitious gems hitherto obtained are not1 as a rule1 equal in lustre to the natural ones1 and are consequently not so well suited for jewellers' work2 also that they do not present to the lapidary conditions favorable to cleavage or cutting4 ,they are1 however1 very well adapted for the works of watches4 ,see ,,enamels1 ,,pastes1 c4 ,,gene',,va4 ,see ,,gin and ,,hollands4 ,,gen',,tian ,,root4 ,syn4 ,,gentin ,,radix1 ,l4 ,the dried root of ,gentiana lutea1 or 'yellow gentian4' ,dose1 #aj to #cj gr42 as a simple bitter tonic1 and stomachic1 in dyspepsia1 loss of appetite1 gout1 c4 ,it was formerly a favourite remedy in agues4 ,joined with galls or tormentil1 and given in sufficient quantity1 it has not failed in any intermittents in which ,i have tried it4 7,dr ,cullen47 ,in excessive doses it is apt to relax the bowels and disturb the system4 ,when taken for some time1 it imparts its bitter flavour to the perspiration and urine4 ,see ,,decoction1 ,,extract1 c4 ,,gen',,tianin4 ,syn4 ,,gentianine2 ,,gentianina1 ,l4 ,a substance obtained by ,,mm4 ,henry and ,caventou from the root of common gentian4 ,prep4 #a4 ,gentian root 7in powder7 is digested for #b or #c days in cold ether1 with agitation1 and the filtered tincture evaporated to dryness2 the residuum is dissolved in rectified spirit1 and the solution is again evaporated2 the semi-crystalline mass is1 lastly1 redissolved in either alcohol or ether1 and crystallised by careful evaporation4 #b4 7,magendie47 ,the ethereal extract is exhausted with cold alcohol 7rectified spirit71 as before1 and the resulting tincture is evaporated to dryness2 the residuum is dissolved in water1 calcined magnesia added in excess1 and the whole boiled and filtered2 the sediment is digested in ether1 and the ethereal tincture allowed to crystallise by slow evaporation4 ,prop41 c4 ,gentianin forms golden-yellow needles1 scarcely soluble in cold water1 but very soluble in alcohol and ether4 ,it is a powerful bitter and stomachic4--,dose1 #a_/b gr4 to #b gr4 ,,ger',,man ,,paste4 ,prep4 ,from pea-meal1 #b lbs42 sweet almonds 7blanched71 #a lb42 fresh butter or lard1 #a_/d lb42 moist sugar1 #e oz42 hay saffron1 #a_/b dr42 beat to a smooth paste1 adding cold water q4 s41 granulate the mass by passing it through a colander1 and expose the product to the air in a warm place1 until quite hard and dry4 ,the addition of #b or #c eggs improves it4 ,used to feed larks1 nightingales1 and other insectivorous birds4 ,it will keep good for #ab months in a dry place4 ,,ger',,man ,,silver4 ,syn4 ,,albata1 ,,argentan1 ,electrum1 ,,nickel ,,silver1 ,,tutenag1 ,,virginian ,,plate1 ,,white ,,copper4 ,a well-known alloy1 the finer varieties of which nearly equal silver in whiteness and susceptibility of receiving a high polish1 whilst they surpass it in hardness and durability4 ,the following formul are from the highest authorities1 or are the results of actual analysis of the finest commercial samples3-- ,prep4 #a4 ,copper1 #ej parts2 nickel1 #bj parts2 zinc1 #cj parts4 ,very malleable1 and takes a high polish4 #b4 ,copper1 #ej parts2 nickel1 #bf parts2 zinc1 #bd parts4 ,closely resembles silver2 an excellent sample4 #c4 ,copper and zinc1 of each #da parts2 nickel1 #ah parts4 ,rather brittle4 #d4 7,m4 ,gersdorff47 ,copper1 #ej parts2 nickel and zinc1 of each #be parts4 ,very white and malleable1 and takes a high polish4 ,recommended as a general substitute for silver4 #e4 7,gersdorff47 ,copper1 #fj parts2 nickel and zinc1 of each #bj parts4 ,for castings1 as bells1 candlesticks1 c4 #f4 7,gersdorff47 ,copper1 #fj parts2 nickel1 #be parts2 zinc1 #bj parts4 ,for rolling and wire4 ,very tough and malleable4 #g4 7,sample made from the ore of ,hilburghausen47 ,copper1 #dj-a_/b parts2 nickel1 #ca-a_/b parts2 iron1 #b-a_/b parts2 zinc1 #be-a_/b parts4 ,equal to the best ,chinese sample4 #h4 7,pelouze47 ,copper and nickel1 equal parts4 ,recommended by ,m4 ,pelouze as superior to any of the alloys containing zinc4 #i4 7,pelouze47 ,copper1 #b parts2 nickel1 #a part4 ,not so white as the last1 but more malleable4 #aj4 7,white ,copper from ,china47--a4 ,copper1 #cj parts2 nickel1 #cf parts2 zinc1 #cd parts4 b4 7,said to be prepared from native ore47 ,copper1 #da parts2 nickel1 #cb parts2 iron1 #b-a_/b parts2 zinc1 #bd-a_/b parts4 ,silvery white1 takes a high polish1 very sonorous1 malleable both cold and at a dull-red heat1 and may be rolled into leaves or formed into wire4 #aa4 7,white metal spoon1 sold as ',german ,plate4'7 ,copper1 #ee parts2 nickel1 #bd parts2 zinc1 #af parts2 tin1 #c parts2 iron1 #b parts4 ,anal4 ,this may be briefly described as follows3--a4 #ajj gr4 of the alloy is digested in nitric acid q4 s41 diluted with a little water4 ,if the sample is unequally attacked by the acid1 and a white external shell is observed which dissolves more slowly than the internal portion1 it is 'plated' on those parts with silver4 ,if this silver shell or casing has a polished surface on both sides1 the article has been 'electro-plated1' if the contrary is the case1 it has most probably been plated in the usual way4 b4 ,the solution being completed1 heat is applied to expel the excess of acid1 and the remainder is largely diluted with distilled water2 dilute hydrochloric acid is now dropped in as long as it occasions a precipitate1 and the whole1 after being moderately heated for a short time1 and cooled1 is thrown upon a small paper filter2 the precipitate on the filter is next washed with distilled water1 carefully dried1 and ignited in a small porcelain crucible1 the filter itself being separately burnt on the cover of the crucible1 and the ashes added to its contents prior to ignition4 ,every #adc-a_/b gr4 of the resulting fused chloride is equal to #ajh gr4 of metallic silver4 c4 ,the filtered liquid 7see b7 is next treated with a stream of sulphuretted hydrogen1 and the black precipitate is collected1 washed1 and digested in strong nitric acid2 when the solution is complete sulphuric acid is dropped in to precipitate the lead 7if any is present72 if a precipitate is formed1 the whole is evaporated to dryness1 and the excess of sulphuric acid expelled by a rather strong heat applied towards the end2 the dry mass is now collected on a filter1 washed with a mixture of water and alcohol1 dried1 and exposed to slight ignition in a porcelain crucible4 ,every #aeb gr4 of the resulting dry sulphate is equal to #ajd gr4 of lead4 d4 ,the liquor filtered from the sulphate of lead1 or 7in its absence7 the nitric solution of the precipitate produced by the sulphuretted hydrogen 7see c71 is next treated with potassa1 c41 as described under the analysis of brass4 ,every #dj gr4 of the dry protoxide thus obtained represents #cb gr4 of pure copper4 e4 ,the liquor which was filtered from the precipitate produced by the sulphuretted hydrogen 7see c7 is boiled until it loses its offensive odour1 and is then precipitated with carbonate of soda1 in slight excess1 and again boiled for a few minutes2 the precipitate 7mixed oxides of nickel and zinc7 is collected1 washed1 and redissolved in dilute acetic or nitric acid1 in excess2 a current of sulphuretted hydrogen is next passed through the solution1 the precipitate collected on a filter1 washed1 redissolved in hydrochloric acid1 and the solution again treated with carbonate of soda2 the last precipitate 7oxide of zinc7 is washed1 dried1 and gently ignited4 ,every #dj gr4 of this oxide is equivalent to #cb gr4 of metallic zinc4 f4 ,the washings of the precipitated oxides and the liquid filtered from the precipitate occasioned by the sulphuretted hydrogen 7see e7 are mixed together1 pure solution of ammonia added in considerable excess1 and the mixture agitated for some time2 the undissolved portion of the precipitate is then collected on a filter1 washed with distilled water1 redissolved in dilute nitric acid1 again precipitated with solution of potassa1 and this last precipitate 7ferric oxide7 washed1 dried1 ignited1 and weighed4 ,every #hj gr4 represents #ej gr4 of metallic iron4 g4 ,the ammoniacal solution filtered from the precipitate of sesquioxide of iron 7see f7 is precipitated with pure solution of potassa1 boiled for a few minutes1 and1 when cold1 thrown on a filter2 the precipitate is1 lastly1 washed with hot water1 dried1 ignited1 and weighed4 ,every #cg-a_/b gr4 of the oxide thus obtained is equal to #bi-a_/b gr4 of metallic nickel4 ,obs4 ,the manufacture of nickel or ,german silver has of late acquired an importance which is second only to that of silver plate itself4 ,the superior quality of this alloy1 and the graceful patterns which it is often made to assume in the hands of the accomplished artist cannot fail to have attracted the admiration of the majority of our readers4 ,the value of correct information regarding the preparation of this alloy1 and of a ready method of determining the composition of the most improved commercial samples will1 therefore1 be fully appreciated by every metallurgist who wishes to throw his wares into the arena of public competition4 ,much that is vended under the name of ,,german ,,silver is little better than the ,,britannia ,,metal or ,,plate ,,pewter formerly so plentiful in every establishment in this country4 ,german silver has quite superseded copper as the basis of 'electro-plated goods4'#ccb ,footnote #ccb3 ,see ,,electrotype4 ,the union of the metals in the above formul is effected by heat with the usual precautions4 ,when iron is ordered1 it is generally added under the form of 'tin plate4' ,see ,,alloy1 ,,brass1 ,,britannia ,,metal1 ,,bronze1 c4 ,,ger',,man ,,tin',,der4 ,see ,,amadou4 ,,germina',,tion4 ,the growth or vegetation of a seed by which a young plant is produced4 ,the conditions essential to germination are the presence of warmth1 air1 and moisture4 ,the most favorable temperature is between #fj and #he ,fahr41 according to the habitat of the respective plants4 ,below #dj ,fahr4 most of the more perfect seeds either refuse to vegetate1 or vegetate slowly and feebly2 and at or near the freezing-point none of them undergo this change4 ,at a temperature above #ajj ,fahr4 the young germ is usually injured1 and at about #abe1 if it forms1 it soon withers and dies4 ,see ,,malting1 ,,seed1 c4 ,,germs4 ,the 'germ theory of disease' may be briefly stated to be that which supposes the cause of epidemic and contagious maladies to be due to the agency of specific1 inconceivably small germs1--different germs giving rise to different diseases4 ,these disease germs gaining an entrance by means of air1 water1 or food into the healthy body1 and being possessed of extraordinary powers of increase and subdivision1 are supposed to set up the particular disease1 and at the same time to multiply to an incredible extent by feeding upon the tissues best suited for their support4 ,further1 they are conceived to be thrown off into the atmosphere from the body of the patient1 whence they are conveyed as before described into other healthy animal organism1 in which1 comporting themselves as in the previous case1 they set up a similar disease4 ,see ,,bacteria ,,as ,,originators ,,of ,,disease4 ,,ghee4 ,a sort of butter used by the natives of ,india4 ,prep4 ,milk is boiled in large earthen pots for an hour or two1 then allowed to cool1 a little curdled milk called 'dhye' being added1 in order to make the whole coagulate4 ,after a lapse of some hours the contents of each to the depth of #e or #f inches are removed and placed in a larger earthenware utensil1 in which they are churned by means of a piece of split bamboo for about half an hour2 then hot water is poured in1 and the churning continued for half an hour longer1 after which time the butter is found to be formed4 ,when this becomes rancid1 it is melted in an earthen vessel1 and boiled until all the water has evaporated2 after which a little salt or betel-leaf is put into it1 and finally it is poured off into suitable vessels in which it can be preserved from the air4 ,bottles are commonly used for this purpose4 ,see ,,butter4 ,,gher',,kins4 ,syn4 ,,gir',,kins4 ,small cucumbers adapted for pickling4 ,see ,,pickles4 ,,gild',,ing4 ,syn4 ,,dorure1 ,fr4 ,the art or process of covering the surfaces of bodies with a thin film of gold1 for the purpose of increasing their durability or improving their appearance4 ,for the sake of brevity we shall briefly notice the leading varieties of gilding1 and their applications1 in alphabetical order4 ,,gilding1 ,,burnished4 ,this is distemper gilding to which a 'face' has been given with the 'burnisher4' ,it is chiefly employed for the polished portions of the frames of pictures and mirrors1 the more prominent parts of statuettes1 c4 ,,gilding1 ,,chemical4 ,those varieties in which the film of gold is formed on the surface through the agency of chemical affinity1 in opposition to mechanical gilding1 in which the gold is made to adhere by the intervention of some glutinous substance4 ,,gilding1 ,,cold4 ,the articles 7copper or brass7 to be gilded1 after being softened1 annealed1 and polished in the usual manner1 are rubbed with a little gilding powder by means of a piece of cork moistened with a solution of salt in water2 after which the work is burnished with a piece of hematite or polished steel4 7,see below47 ,,gilding1 ,,distemper4 ,this is applied to wood1 plaster1 marble1 c4 ,it is commonly performed in this country by giving the wood1 first1 a coating of good size1 and next1 several successive coats of size thickened with finely powdered whiting1 ,spanish white1 or plaster of ,paris until a good face is produced2 observing to let each coat become quite dry1 and to rub it perfectly smooth with fine glass paper1 before the application of the following one4 ,when the proper 'face' is obtained1 the surface is thinly and evenly gone over with gold size1 and when this is nearly dry1 the gold leaf is applied1 and afterwards burnished with an agate or dog's tooth4 ,the process1 as adopted by the ,parisian artists1 who greatly excel in this species of gilding1 is very complicated1 and is divided into at least #ag distinct operations1 each of which they declare to be essential to its excellence4 ,,gilding1 ,,electro-4 ,see ,,electrotype4 ,,gilding1 ,,grecian4 ,in this variety sal-ammoniac and corrosive sublimate1 equal parts1 are dissolved in nitric acid1 and a solution of gold made with this menstruum2 after slight concentration the liquid is applied to the surface of silver1 which immediately becomes black1 but on being heated exhibits a rich gilded surface4 ,,gilding1 ,,japanner',s4 ,the surface is covered with oil size thinned with spirits of turpentine1 and gold1 in powder1 is gently dabbed on with a puff of wash leather4 ,this gives the appearance of 'frosted gold4' ,a coating of varnish is next given1 followed by exposure to a gentle heat in the 'stove4' ,,gilding1 ,,leaf4 ,this term is commonly applied to the gilding of paper1 vellum1 c41 by applying leaf gold to the surface1 previously prepared with a coating of gum water1 size1 or white of egg4 ,it is usually burnished with an agate or dog's tooth4 ,,gilding1 ,,mechanical4 ,see ,,chemical ,,gilding 7above74 ,,gilding1 ,,mercurial4 ,see ,,wash ,,gilding 7below74 ,,gilding1 ,,oil4 ,this species of gilding may be divided into several operations4 ,the following are the abridged instructions of a ,parisian artist on the subject3--#a4 ,the surface is prepared by a coating of white lead in drying oil4--#b4 ,another coat is given1 made with calcined white lead or massicot1 ground in linseed oil and turpentine4 #c or #d coats of this mixture are often given1 at intervals of at least #bc hours1 observing to carefully smooth off each coat with pumice stone or shave grass before the application of the following ones4--#c4 ,the ',gold ,colour1' or paint1 is next applied4 ,it is usually very adhesive gold size1 or the bottom of the pot or dish in which painters wash their brushes4 ,for this purpose it is thoroughly ground and strained4--#d4 ,when the gold colour becomes partially dry and sufficiently tenacious1 the gold leaf is applied1 and pressed on with a wad of cotton-wool or a soft brush4 ,it is now left for several days to harden4--#e4 ,a coat of spirit varnish is next given1 and the object is cautiously passed over a chafing-dish of charcoal1 observing to avoid stopping the motion of the piece whilst doing so1 as the work would then become discoloured and blistered4--#f4 ,the work is 'finished off' with pale oil varnish4 ,for out-door gilding and common work the varnishing process is generally omitted4 ,this species of gilding is applied to woodwork1 plaster1 metal1 c4 ,,gilding1 ,,varnish4 ,this is a mere variety of oil gilding1 applied to equipages1 furniture1 mirror and picture frames1 c41 the surface being highly varnished and polished before it receives the size or gold colour2 and after the gilding has become quite dry1 a coat of spirit varnish1 fumed with the chafing dish as above1 is applied1 followed by #b1 #c1 or more coats of the best copal varnish1 at intervals of #c or #d days each4 ,the whole is1 lastly1 carefully polished with tripoli and water4 ,,gilding1 ,,wash1 ,,amalgam ,g41 ,,mercurial ,g41 ,,water ,g4 ,this consists in the application of a thin coating of amalgam of gold to the metallic surface 7brass1 bronze1 or copper7 to be gilded1 and the subsequent volatilisation of the mercury by heat4 ,it is the usual method of gilding articles of copper and its alloys1 and possesses great beauty and durability when skilfully executed4 ,the occupation is1 however1 an unhealthy one1 owing to the continual exposure of the workman to the fumes of mercury4 ,the furnace invented by ,m4 ,d',arcet obviates this evil1 as the whole of the volatilised mercury is carried off1 and again condensed for further use4 ,it should1 therefore1 be adopted by every water-gilder who studies economy and the health of those in his employ4 ,the process of water gilding consists in several distinct operations1 and can only be successfully performed by those who have been schooled in the art by an apprenticeship to the trade4 ,it would1 therefore1 be waste of space to enter into details here4 ,formul for several of the articles employed for the purpose will be found in the alphabetical places in this work4 ,,gilding1 ,,water4 ,see above4 ,among the applications of the process of gilding that deserve a separate notice are the following3-- ,the gold letters and figures on the covers of ,,books are thus formed3--,gum mastic1 in fine powder1 is dusted over the surface to be gilded2 an iron or brass tool bearing the design upon its face is then heated to a proper temperature1 and gently pressed upon a piece of leaf gold1 which slightly adheres to it2 the two are then transferred to the cover1 and the tool is gently pressed on it1 by which means the mastic softens and retains the gold4 ,the loose gold and powdered mastic are then dusted off with a brush4 ,gold leaf will adhere to leather without the use of mastic1 but not so firmly as when it is employed4 ,the edges of the leaves of books and paper are first cut perfectly smooth1 and then washed over with a solution of isinglass in weak spirit1 or with a varnish made of ,armenian bole1 #d parts1 and powdered sugar-candy1 #a part1 mixed up to a proper consistence with strained white of egg4 ,the coating is allowed to dry1 and is then smoothed with a wet rag1 after which the gold leaf is applied and polished with the burnisher4 ,,brass ,,buttons1 formerly so much in demand1 are covered by a rough species of wash gilding4 ,the buttons are polished in the lathe and thrown into a pan with a little amalgam of gold1 and as much aquafortis diluted with water as will wet them all over4 ,here they are well stirred up1 until they assume a silvery appearance1 when they are washed with clean water4 ,they are then submitted to a sufficient heat in a suitable apparatus1 until the mercury is volatilised4 ,the buttons are next cooled1 and well tossed and rubbed about with a painter's brush2 and are1 lastly1 burnished by washing them well with beer or ale grounds4 ,twelve dozen 7#a gross7 of buttons1 of #a inch in diameter1 may be perfectly gilded on both sides with only #e gr4 of gold4 ,by an ,act of ,parliament1 which is still unrepealed1 this is the smallest quantity of gold permitted to be used for a gross of buttons of the above size4 ,,glass1 ,,porcelain1 and ,,earthenware1 are gilded by blending powdered gold with gum-water and a little borax1 and applying the mixture by means of a camel-hair pencil2 the article is then heated in an oven or furnace1 by which means the gum is burnt1 and the borax1 vitrifying1 cements the gold to the surface4 ,it is afterwards polished with a burnisher4 ,names1 dates1 or any fancy device1 may thus be permanently and easily fixed on glass1 china1 earthenware1 c4 ,,japanned ,,work is gilded by the method explained as ',japanner's gilding' 7above74 ,,leather is gilded in the same way as the covers of books4 7,see above47 ,for common work1 silver leaf1 or even tin foil1 is applied to the surface1 previously covered with size or white of egg1 and after being burnished down and dried1 is washed over with gold-coloured lacquer4 ,the ,,letters of sign-boards and the ornamental gilding for out-door work are done by first covering the design with yellow paint1 then with oil gold-size1 and when this is nearly dry applying the leaf gold1 observing to shield it properly from the wind1 lest it be blown away or become crumpled before being properly attached4 ,the work is1 lastly1 varnished4 ,,polished ,,metals may be gilded by one or other of the methods already noticed4 ,articles in silver1 copper1 brass1 and bronze1 are usually coated by the process of wash or water gilding2 or1 directly1 by the application of gold leaf1 as follows3--,the piece or article is heated to a bluish tint1 and gold leaf pressed gently and carefully on it with the burnisher2 heat is again applied1 and the process repeated with fresh leaves of gold until the gilding has acquired the proper thickness and tone4 ,the surface is lastly polished with the burnisher1 or is coloured in the usual manner at the stove4 ,this succeeds with iron1 steel1 silver1 copper and its alloys1 c4 ,another method for polished articles in iron and steel1 which1 however1 is less durable than the preceding1 is to apply an ethereal solution of gold to the surface with a camel-hair pencil4 ,the ether flies off and leaves the surface coated with gold1 which is then polished as before4 ,in this way1 any fancy device or writing may be executed on steel or iron with extreme facility4 ,,silks1 ,,satins1 ,,woollens1 ,,ivory1 ,,bone1 c41 may be readily gilded by immersing them in a solution of neutral terchloride of gold 7#a of the salt1 and #c to #f of water71 and then exposing them to the action of hydrogen gas4 ,the latter part of the process may readily be performed by pouring some dilute sulphuric acid on zinc or iron filings1 in a wide-mouthed bottle1 and placing it under a jar or similar vessel1 inverted1 at the top of which the articles to be gilded are suspended4 ,flowers or other ornamental designs may be produced by painting them on the surface with a camel-hair pencil dipped in the solution4 ,the design1 after a few minutes' exposure to the hydrogen1 shines with all the splendour of the purest gold1 and will not tarnish on exposure to the air1 or in washing4 ,,gilded ,,thread or ,,gold ,,thread is merely a thread of yellow silk covered with a very thin flatted wire of gold1 by means of a revolving wheel4 ,,wire 7copper1 silver1 or brass7 is occasionally gilded1 in coils1 by a similar process to that adopted for ,,buttons2 but more frequently as follows3--,rods 7usually of silver7 are covered with gold foil of a thickness proportionate to the quality of the intended wire1 and the compound bar is then drawn into wire1 in the usual way4 #ajj gr4 of gold was formerly the lowest legal quantity that could be employed for #a lb4 of silver4 ,patents4 ,among the varieties of chemical gilding may be mentioned #a4 7,elkington's patent--,,german ,,gilding1 ,bonnet's ,,gilding ,,process47 ,the articles to be gilded1 after being perfectly cleaned from scale or grease1 and receiving a proper 'face1' are suspended1 by means of wires1 in the gilding liquid 7boiling hot71 and moved about therein for a period varying from a few seconds to a minute1 or longer2 the precise time required depending on the newness and strength of the liquid4 ,when sufficiently gilded1 the articles are withdrawn from the 'solution of gold1' washed in clean water1 and dried2 after which they undergo the usual operation of 'colouring1' c4 ,a dead gold appearance is produced by the application to the articles of a weak solution of nitrate of mercury previously to the immersion in the gilding liquor2 or the deadening may be given by applying a solution of the nitrate to the newly gilded surface1 and then expelling the mercury by heat4 ,the gilding liquor4--,take of fine gold1 #e oz4 7troy72 nitro-muriatic acid1 #eb oz4 7avoirdupois72 dissolve by heat1 and continue the heat until red or yellow vapours cease to be evolved2 decant the clear liquid into a suitable vessel2 add of distilled water1 #d galls42 pure bicarbonate of potassa1 #bj lbs42 and boil for #b hours4 ,the nitro-muriatic acid is made with pure nitric acid 7sp4 gr4 #ade71 #ba oz42 pure muriatic acid 7sp4 gr4 #aae71 #ag oz42 and distilled water1 #ad oz4 ,this process1 though patented by ,mr ,elkington in ,england1 was in reality discovered and first practised by ,m4 ,bonnet1 a foreigner4 ,articles thus gilded do not bear friction and the operations of being put in colour 7mise en couleur7 so well as those gilded by the mercurial process1 or by the methods of cold or leaf gilding as applied to polished metals4 #b4 7,talbot's patent47 ,by this process polished metallic articles are gilded by simple immersion in a solution of gallic acid in water1 ether1 or alcohol1 to which a solution of gold has been previously added4 ,,silvering and ,,platinising may be effected in the same manner1 by using a solution of either of these metals instead of one of gold4 asterism ,these and other chemical processes have been almost completely superseded by the certain and economical process of ,,electro-,,gilding4 ,see ,,electrotype4 ,gilding ,amalgam4 ,see ,,amalgam4 ,gilding ,liquor4 ,this name has been given to various solutions of gold1 and to other liquids employed in gilding4 ,the former are noticed elsewhere4 ,among the latter are the following3 ,,deading ,,aquafortis4 ,from mercury1 #a part2 aquafortis 7sp4 gr4 #acc71 #c parts2 dissolve1 and add of soft water1 #g parts4 ,used to produce a dead-gold effect4 ,it is applied 7diluted7 to the articles1 before spreading the amalgam over them1 in water gilding2 or before placing them in the 'gilding liquor1' in the chemical processes4 ,,mercurial ,,solution4 ,from mercury1 #aj parts1 dissolved in aquafortis 7sp4 gr4 #acc71 #aa parts1 and the solution diluted with #be times its weight of water4 ,used to moisten the scratch brush before drawing it over the amalgam1 in mercurial gilding2 also to deaden the gilded surface1 by moistening the latter with it1 and then exposing the piece to a heat sufficiently high to drive off the mercury4 ,,gilder',s ,,pickle4 ,from alum and common salt1 of each #a oz42 nitre1 #b oz42 dissolved in water1 #a_/b pint4 ,used to impart a rich colour to gold surfaces1 especially of trinkets4 ,its application should not be too long continued1 as it dissolves a small portion of the gold4 ,for common purposes it is best used largely diluted with water4 ,,vermeil1 ,,vermeil ,,coating1 ,,or-,,molu ,c4 ,from annotta and salt of tartar1 of each #a oz42 dragon's blood1 #a_/b oz42 water1 #a quart2 simmer down to about one fourth1 add saffron1 #bj gr41 and when merely tepid1 strain through fine muslin into a bottle4 ,used to give lustre and fire to distemper gilding4 ,a little is floated over the surface with a very soft1 flat1 camel-hair brush4 ,gilding ,metal4 ,the metal employed as a base for gilding is usually brass1 or a mixture of brass and copper4 ,the following proportions have been recommended3-- #a4 ,copper1 #f parts2 brass1 #a part4 #b4 ,copper1 #d parts2 ,bristol brass1 #a part4 #c4 ,copper1 #ac parts2 old ,bristol brass1 #c parts2 tin1 #ad parts4 ,gilding ,powder4 ,prep4 #a4 ,pure gold1 #e dr42 pure copper1 #a dr42 aqua regia1 #aj oz42 dissolve1 moisten clean linen rags with the solution1 dry them1 and burn them to ashes4 ,the latter contain the gold in a state of minute division1 and must be carefully collected4 #b4 ,grain gold1 #a dr42 rose copper1 #ae gr42 aqua regia1 #b fl4 oz42 proceed as last4 ,used in ',gold ,gilding4' #c4 ,see ,gold 7in powder74 ,gilding ,shells4 ,see ,,gold ,,shells4 ,gilding ,size4 ,see ,,gold ,,size4 ,gilding ,wax4 ,syn4 ,,gilding ,,varnish1 ,,gilder',s ,,wax4 ,prep4 #a4 ,from beeswax1 #d oz42 verdigris and sulphate of copper1 of each #a oz42 melted together4 #b4 ,beeswax1 #d oz42 verdigris1 red ochre1 and alum1 of each #a oz4 ,used to give a red gold colour to water gilding4 ,,gin4 ,syn4 ,,gene',,va4 ,corn spirit flavoured with either oil of juniper or oil of turpentine4 ,gin was originally and1 for some time1 wholly imported from ,holland1 and was a rich1 soft spirit1 flavoured1 chiefly1 with juniper berries2 on which account it had obtained the name of ',,geneva1' from ',,geni,,vre1' the ,french for juniper4 ,after a time the distillation of an imitation geneva sprung up in this country1 when the foreign spirit came to be called ',,hollands1' or ',,hollands ,,geneva1' to distinguish it from the spirit of home manufacture4 ,the ,english monosyllable ',,gin' is a corruption of geneva1 the primary syllable of which1 as in numerous other instances1 was seized on by the vulgar1 and adopted as a short and convenient substitute for the whole word4 ,the liquor at present known by the name of 'gin' in this country is a very different article to that imported from ,holland1 and consists of plain corn-spirit1 flavoured with oil of turpentine and small quantities of certain aromatics4 ,the thousand and one receipts for this article1 which have from time to time been printed in books1 produce a flavoured spirit bearing no resemblance to the more esteemed samples of ,english gin2 and1 if possible1 the products are even more unlike genuine ,hollands4 ,any persons may easily satisfy himself of the truth of this assertion by actual experiment on the small scale4 ,the cause of this incongruity has arisen chiefly from the writers not being practically acquainted with the subject1 and from the disinclination of well-informed practical men to divulge1 gratuitously1 what they conceive to be valuable secrets4 ,hence the utter failure of any attempts to produce either gin or ,hollands from the receipts usually published4 ,the authors appear to have all imbibed a juniper-berry mania--probably from the imbibition of their favourite beverage4 ,oil of juniper1 in the hands of these gentlemen1 appears to be a perfect aqua mirabilis1 that readily converts whisky into gin1 and imparts the rich creamy flavour of ',schiedam ,hollands' to crude corn or molasses spirit4 ,but theory and experiment sometimes disagree4 ,in practice1 it is found that the true flavour of foreign geneva cannot be imparted to spirit by juniper alone1 and that the ,english gin of the present day depends for its flavour on no such a substance4 ,the following formul are merely given as specimens2 and it is proper to remark1 that every distiller has his own receipt for this notorious beverage4 ,hence it is that the gins of no two distillers are of precisely the same flavour2 and this difference is still more marked when the distillers reside in parts of the country remote from each other4 ,booth's1 ,smith's1 and ,nicholson's gins have each a characteristic flavour1 readily perceived by their respective votaries2 whilst the difference between ',plymouth' or ',bristol gin1' and the 'gin of the metropolis1' is as remarkable as that between ',barclay's ,,xxx' and ',guinness's bottled stout4' ,these variations in flavour generally depend on the use of more or less flavouring matter1 or of a spirit more or less clean or free from taint2 and1 less frequently1 on the addition of a small quantity of some peculiar aromatic1 which exercises a modifying influence on the chief flavouring ingredient4 ,in many cases the flavour has originated from accident1 but the consumers having become accustomed to1 and hence relishing1 that particular 'palate1' it is found to be unwise or commercially impossible to alter it4 ,any change in these matters is therefore looked upon in every distillery as a dangerous innovation1 which would prove more prejudicial to the prosperity of its exchequer than the repeal of the duty on ,french wines and brandy1 or even a frightful conflagration4 ,the distillers1 like the brewers1 are thorough conservatives in all matters connected with the flavour of their liquors4 ,in the preparation of gin1 both sweetened and unsweetened1 and indeed of liquors generally1 the greatest possible care must be taken to avoid an excess of flavouring4 ,the most esteemed samples are those that consist of very pure spirit1 slightly flavoured4 ,prep4 #a4 ,clean corn spirit1 at proof1 #hj galls42 newly rectified oil of turpentine1 #a-a_/d pint2 mix well by violent agitation1 add culinary salt1 #ad lbs41 dissolved in water1 #dj galls42 again well agitate1 and distil over #ajj galls41 or until the faints begin to rise4 ,product4 #ajj galls4 of gin #bb u4 p41 besides #b galls4 contained in the faints4 ,if #ajj galls4 at #ag u4 p4 are required1 #he galls4 of proof spirit1 or its equivalent at any other strength1 must be employed4 #b4 ,proof spirit 7as above71 #h galls42 oil of turpentine1 #a fl4 oz42 salt1 #a-a_/b lb41 dissolved in water1 #d galls42 draw over #aj galls41 as before4 #bb u4 p4 #c4 ,clean corn spirit1 #hj galls42 oil of turpentine1 #a pint2 pure oil of juniper1 #c fl4 oz42 salt1 #ba lbs42 water1 #ce galls42 draw over #ajj galls41 as before4 #bb u4 p4 #d4 ,to the last1 before distillation1 add1 of oil of caraway1 #a_/b fl4 oz42 oil of sweet fennel1 #a_/d fl4 oz42 cardamoms 7ground71 #h oz4 #e4 ,to ,no4 #c add1 of essential oil of almonds1 #a dr42 essence of lemon1 #d dr4 #f4 ,to ,no4 #a1 before distillation1 add of creasote1 #c fl4 dr4 #g4 ,to ,no4 #c add of creasote1 #b dr4 #h4 ,proof spirit1 #hj galls42 oil of turpentine1 #c_/d pint2 oil of juniper1 #a_/d pint2 creasote1 #b dr42 oranges and lemons1 sliced1 of each #i in no42 macerate for a week1 and distil #ajj galls4 #bb u4 p4 #i4 ,to ,no4 #a add of rectified fusel oil1 #a_/b pint4 #aj4 ,to ,no4 #a add of oil of juniper1 #a_/b pint4 ,concluding ,remarks4 ,the oil of turpentine for this purpose should be of the best quality1 and not that usually vended for painting1 which always contains resin and often fixed oil4 ,juniper berries1 bitter almonds1 and the aromatic seeds1 may be used instead of the essential oils2 but the latter are the most convenient4 ,turpentine conveys a plain-gin flavour1--juniper berries or oil gives a ,hollands flavour1--creasote imparts a certain degree of smokiness1 or whiskey flavour1--lemon and the other aromatics1 a creaminess1 fulness1 and richness4 ,the flavour imparted by cardamoms1 when used judiciously1 is peculiarly agreeable and appropriate4 ,that from caraways is also in general esteem4 ,cassia in extremely small proportions also tells well4 ,fusel oil gives a whiskey-gin flavour2 and in conjunction with creasote or crude pyroligneous acid1 a full whiskey flavour4 ,the only danger in the employment of all these articles is using too much of them4 ,when this misfortune happens1 the remedy is to add sufficient plain spirit to reduce the flavour to the proper standard4 ,the creaminess and smoothness so much admired in 'foreign geneva' results chiefly from age4 ,the ,english rectifier endeavours to imitate this by the addition of a little sugar4 ,a rich mellowness1 that combines well with gins turning on the ',hollands flavour1' is given by a very small quantity of garlic1 and with ,canadian balsam or ,strasburg turpentine4 ,the peculiar piquancy1 or the property of 'biting the palate1' regarded as a proof of strength and quality by the ignorant gin-drinker1 is imparted to the liquor by the addition of a little caustic potassa4 ,sliced horseradish gives piquancy as well as mellowness4 ,grains of paradise1 cayenne pepper1 and sulphate of zinc1 are also commonly added by fraudulent dealers4 ,although gin is always prepared on the large scale by distillation1 it may also be made by the simple solution or digestion of the flavouring ingredients in the spirit2 but it is1 of course1 better for distillation4 ,if made in the former way1 no salt must be employed4 ,the gin produced by the above formul is that denominated in the trade ',,unsweetened ,,gin1' ',,grog ,,gin1' c42 but the gin usually sold in the metropolis is a sweetened spirit1 and hence is technically distinguished by the terms ',,sweetened1' or ',,made ,,up1' ,the generality of ,london gin-drinkers prefer the latter article1 even when weaker and inferior1 which it usually is1 as the addition of sugar permits adulteration and watering to an enormous extent with absolute impunity4 ,sweetened spirit cannot be easily tested for its strength1 and is taken by the ,excise at the strength which it is declared to possess by the dealer4 ,to ascertain whether gin is sweetened or not1 a little may be evaporated in a spoon1 over a hot coal or a candle1 when1 if it is pure1 it will leave the spoon scarcely soiled2 but if1 on the contrary1 it has been sweetened1 a small quantity of syrupy liquid1 or sugar1 will be obtained1 the sweetness of which may be easily recognised by tasting it4 ,the whole of the casks and utensils employed for gin should be perfectly clean1 and properly prepared1 so as not to give colour2 as1 if this spirit acquires the palest coloured tint1 its value is lessened1 and if much coloured it is rendered unsaleable4 ,when gin has once become much stained1 the only remedy is to re-distil it2 when it is only slightly stained1 the addition of a few lbs4 of acetic acid 7,b4 ,p47 to a pipe or butt1 a spoonful or two to a gallon1 or a few drops to a decanterful1 will usually decolour it1 either at once or as soon as it is mixed with water to make grog4 ,see ,,alcoholometry1 ,,casks1 ,,distillation1 ,,hollands1 ,,spirits1 c41 and below4 ,gin1 ,cor'dial4 ,this is gin sweetened with sugar1 and slightly aromatised4 ,prep4 ,good gin 7#bb u4 p471 #ij galls42 oil of almonds1 #a dr42 oils of cassia1 nutmeg1 and lemon1 of each #b dr42 oils of juniper1 caraway1 and coriander1 of each #c dr42 essences of orris root and cardamoms1 of each #e fl4 oz42 orange-flower water1 #c pints2 lump sugar1 #ef to #fj lbs42 dissolved in water1 #d galls4 ,the essences are dissolved in #b quarts spirit of wine1 and added gradually to the gin until the requisite flavour is produced1 when the sugar 7dissolved7 is mixed in1 along with a sufficient quantity of soft water1 holding #d oz4 of alum in solution1 to make up #ajj galls4 ,when the whole is perfectly mixed1 #b oz4 of salt of tartar1 dissolved in #b or #c quarts of hot water1 are added1 and the liquor is again well rummaged up2 after which the cask is bunged up1 and allowed to repose4 ,in a week1 or less1 it will have become brilliant1 and may be either 'racked1' or drawn from the same cask4 ,product4 #ajj galls41 about #cj u4 p4 ,gin1 ,sweetened4 ,prep4 ,from unsweetened gin 7#bb u4 p471 #ie galls42 lump sugar1 #dj to #de lbs41 dissolved in clear water1 #c galls42 mix well1 and fine it down as above4 ,product4 #ajj galls41 at #bf u4 p4 ,this1 as well as the last1 is usually 'permitted' at #bb or #bd u4 p41 which is also done when the gin has been further lowered with water so as to be even #cj or #ce u4 p4 ,see ,,spirits1 and above4 ,,gin',,ger4 ,syn4 ,,ginger ,,root2 ,,zingiberis ,,radix1 ,,zingiber 7,b4 ,p471 ,l4 ,the scraped and dried rhizome 7rootstock or underground stem7 of ,zingiber officinale--7,b4 ,p474 ,ginger is an aromatic stimulant and stomachic1 very useful in flatulence and spasms of the stomach and bowels1 and in loss of appetite and dyspepsia1 arising from debility1 or occurring in old or gouty subjects4 ,a piece chewed an hour before dinner tends to provoke the appetite2 as a masticatory1 it often relieves toothache1 relaxation of the uvula1 tender gums1 and paralytic affections of the tongue4 ,made into a paste with warm water1 and spread on paper1 it forms a useful and simple 'headache-plaster1' which frequently gives relief when applied to the forehead or temples4 ,as a condiment and flavouring ingredient1 it is perhaps one of the most wholesome of the aromatic kinds1 and is less acrid than the peppers4--,dose1 #aj gr4 to #a_/b teaspoonful1 stirred up in any simple liquid4 ,pur41 c4 ,the best is that known in commerce as ',,unbleached ,,jamaica ,,ginger1' which is an uncoated pale variety1 occurring in large1 bold1 fleshy pieces 7',,races'71 which cut soft1 bright1 and pale-coloured4 ,the inferior varieties occur in smaller pieces1 and are darker-coloured1 flinty1 and shrivelled4 ,the dealers frequently 'dress up' the common dark-coloured gingers by washing them in water1 drying them1 and then 'rouncing' them in a bag with a little calcined whiting or magnesia 7,,washed ,,ginger72 or they bleach them by dipping them into a solution of chloride of lime1 or by exposing them to the fumes of burning sulphur 7,,bleached ,,ginger72 or they dip them into a milk formed of quicklime or whiting and water 7,,white-,,washed ,,ginger74 ,the last has a chalk-white surface1 which cannot be mistaken for the natural one4 ,,powdered ,,ginger is with difficulty obtained pure and good4 ,the common adulterants are wheat-flour1 or ,east ,indian arrow-root1 and plantain-meal4 ,the first may be detected by the microscope1 the others by the flavour and action of hot water4 ,see ,,lozenges1 c4 ,,gingerin4 ,syn4 ,,oleoresina ,,zingiberis4 ,prep4 7,pharm41 ,u4 ,s47 ,put #a lb4 7,troy7 of ginger in fine powder into a percolator1 and pour on it #ab ounces 7old measure7 of pure ether4 ,when this has been absorbed1 add rectified spirit until #ab ounces 7old measure7 have been obtained4 ,recover the greater part of the ether by distillation over a water bath1 and expose the residue in a porcelain dish until the volatile part has evaporated4 ,keep it in a stoppered bottle4 ,,ginseng4 ,the root of the ,panax ,schinseng 7,ginseng7 is greatly esteemed in ,china1 where it is regarded as a panacea for nearly all diseases1 and where it realises a high price in consequence4 ,this opinion of its therapeutic value is not shared by ,british and ,american practitioners1 who look upon it as a comparatively inert substance4 ,an allied species1 the ,panax quinquefolium1 is sold in ,america1 less for the sake of its very feeble demulcent properties1 than to supply the demand of those who have acquired a taste for it4 ,the root has a somewhat bitter taste1 and is somewhat mucilaginous4 ,it occurs in pieces usually about three or four inches long1 often partially divided1 being joined together at the base2 when clean it has a semi-transparent appearance4#ccc ,footnote #ccc3 ',gardener's ,chronicle4' ,preserved ,ginger4 ,syn4 ,,conditum ,,zingiberis1 ,l4 ,an excellent stomachic sweetmeat or preserve4 ,it is chiefly imported from the ,west ,indies and ,china4 ,see ,,candying1 c4 ,a ,factitious ,preserved ,ginger is sometimes met with1 prepared from the stalks of lettuces just going to seed1 using a concentrated syrup1 strongly flavoured with ,jamaica ginger4 ,see ,,candy1 c4 ,,gin',,ger ,,beer4 ,see ,,beer4 ,,gin',,gerbread4 ,prep4 #a4 7,dr ,colquhoun47 ,flour1 #a lb42 carbonate of magnesia1 #a_/d oz42 mix2 add1 of treacle1 #a_/b lb42 moist sugar1 #a_/d lb42 melted butter1 #b oz42 tartaric acid 7dissolved in a little water71 #a dr42 make a stiff dough1 then add of powdered ginger and cinnamon 7cassia71 of each #a dr42 grated nutmeg1 #a oz42 set it aside for half an hour or an hour before putting it into the oven4 ,obs4 ,it should not be kept longer than two or three hours at the utmost1 before being baked4 #b4 ,flour and treacle1 of each #a lb42 butter1 #a-a_/b oz42 carbonate of magnesia1 #a oz42 add spices 7ginger1 cinnamon1 nutmeg1 allspice1 cayenne1 corianders1 c47 to taste2 mix as last4 ,obs4 ,fit for baking in from four to six hours4 #c4 ,flour1 #b lbs42 carbonate of magnesia1 #a_/b oz42 mix2 add1 treacle1 #a-a_/b lb42 butter1 #b oz42 spice1 q4 s42 tartaric acid1 #a_/d oz42 mix quickly1 and make it into forms4 ,obs4 ,ripe for the oven in half an hour to one hour4 #d4 ,instead of tartaric acid in the last formula1 use cream of tartar 7dissolved in water71 #b oz4 ,obs4 ,ripens in #dj or #ej minutes4 #e4 ,flour or fine pollard1 #a lb42 treacle1 #c_/d lb42 salt of tartar1 #a_/b oz41 dissolved in water1 q4 s41 butter1 #a oz42 spices1 to palate4 ,obs4 ,takes several days to ripen2 sometimes a fortnight4 #f4 7,extemporaneous47--a4 ,from flour1 #a-a_/d lb42 moist sugar and treacle1 of each #a_/b lb42 butter1 #b-a_/b oz42 baker's salt 7carbonate of ammonia71 #a_/d oz41 dissolved in cold water1 q4 s42 ginger1 #c dr42 nutmeg1 #b dr42 cassia1 #a dr42 cayenne pepper 7best71 #a_/b dr4 b4 ,from flour1 #f lb42 powdered ginger1 #b-a_/b oz42 caraway seeds1 #a oz4 7and other spices to palate72 candied lemon and orange peels1 of each #b oz42 moist sugar and melted butter1 of each #a_/b lb42 treacle1 #d lb42 volatile salt1 #b oz42 water1 q4 s42 mix as above4 ,may be baked at once4 c4 ,from ,jones's patent flour1 #b lbs42 treacle1 #a lb42 moist sugar1 #c_/d lb42 butter1 #b-a_/b oz42 spice1 q4 s42 mix as quickly as possible1 and bake it instantly4 ,if the dough is expertly mixed up1 the quality of the product is fully equal1 if not superior1 to that of any of the preceding formul4 ,obs4 ,gingerbread is either rolled out into thin sheets and cut into cakes or nuts 7,,gingerbread ,,nuts7 with the top of a wine-glass or canister1 or is formed into thick cakes1 which are baked in 'batches' 7ordinary ,,gingerbread74 ,both varieties require a pretty brisk oven2 the thinner kinds 7nuts1 c471 especially1 must be baked as crisp as possible1 without being burnt4 ,the varieties called ,,lemon ,,gingerbread1 ,,caraway ,g41 c41 have a perceptible predominance of these flavouring ingredients4 ,the addition of a little alum1 dissolved in water1 makes the bread both lighter and crisper1 and causes it to ripen quicker1 but at the same time lessens its wholesomeness4 ,,gin',,ger ,,can',,dy4 ,see ,,candying4 ,,gin',,ger ,,drops4 ,see ,,drops 7,confectionery74 ,,glaire4 ,white of egg4 ,see ,,albumen and ,,egg4 ,,glan',,ders4 ,syn4 ,,farcinoma1 ,l4 ,a contagious disease1 generally confined to the horse1 ass1 and mule1 but communicable to man1 in whom it assumes a highly malignant and often fatal character4 ,this disease appears under two forms--#a4 ,,simple ,,acute ,,glanders1 marked by copious discharge of foul mucous matter from the nostrils and adjacent parts2 and--#b4 ,,farcy1 ,,farcin1 or ,,farcy ,,glanders1 when it attacks the lymphatics of the skin1 either generally1 producing a distended appearance of the vessels1 like moles or buttons 7,,lead or ,,button ,,farcy71 or locally1 when it takes the form of dropsical accumulations in the legs 7,,water ,,farcy74 ,treat4 ,mr ,youatt considers it useless to attempt the cure of glandered horses2 but that farcy in its earlier stages and milder forms may be often successfully treated4 ,all the mercurials have been used with benefit in farcy2 but they must be discontinued as soon as the mouth is sufficiently affected1 or sickness1 loss of appetite1 and like symptoms1 are produced4 7,blaine47 ,feeding the animal entirely on green food appears to be the best mode of treatment in both varieties4 ,the buttons are generally removed with caustic or a red-hot iron4 ,glanders is quite incurable1 but by generous diet1 good stabling1 and mineral tonics1 life1 except in extremely acute cases1 may be prolonged for many weeks4 ,this1 however1 is not desirable2 for it involves great risk1 not only to other horses1 but also to the attendants4 7,finlay ,dun47 ,,glass4 ,syn4 ,,vitrum1 ,l4 ,this well-known substance is essentially a mixture of silicates with an excess of silica or silicic acid4 ,it generally contains the silicates of potassa1 soda1 lime1 baryta1 magnesia1 alumina1 and lead1 coloured by small portions of iron1 manganese1 cobalt1 uranium1 copper1 or gold4 ,in its usual form it is brittle1 transparent1 noncrystalline1 insoluble1 and fusible2 but it sometimes exhibits other properties4 ,the manufacture of glass is one of the highest beauty1 and1 considering the comparative worthlessness of the materials of which it is made1 and the various purposes of a useful1 ornamental1 and scientific nature which it subserves1 it may be regarded as1 perhaps1 the most important in the history of inventions4 ,the principle of its production is very simple1 although great skill and experience are necessary to ensure its excellence4 ,silica 7commonly under the form of sand7 is heated with carbonate of potassa or of soda1 and slaked lime or oxide of lead1 until the mixture fuses1 and combination takes place4 ,after a time the melted mass becomes perfectly limpid and free from air-bubbles1 when it is allowed to cool until it assumes the peculiar tenacious condition proper for working4 ,the operation of fusion is conducted in large crucibles of refractory fire-clay1 which1 in the case of 'lead-glass1' are covered with a dome at the top1 and have an opening at the side by which the materials are introduced1 and the melted glass withdrawn4 ,the manufacture of glass is only conducted on the large scale1 and the precise character and proportions of the ingredients used by the glass-maker must necessarily greatly depend upon the nature of the raw materials furnished by his locality1 or otherwise at his command4 ,the attention of the manufacturer should be directed to the use of his materials in such proportions as will furnish1 in the melting-pot1 the proper quantities of the essential ingredients1 as determined from the known composition of the best commercial samples4 ,the purity of the raw materials and the accuracy of his proportions and quantities are proved or disproved by the excellence of the product2 and the cause of error 7if any7 may be at once determined by carefully ascertaining the quality of the ingredients employed1 and the composition of the defective glass4 ,a writer 7in ',chem4 ,centr41' #ahgb1 #ebh7 points out that very generally the soda used in glass making1 contains sulphate1 and that when this is so a poor glass is produced4 ,the addition of #ge-a part of wood charcoal for every #ajj parts of true soda--improves the quality of the glass4 ,prep4 ,the following formul exhibit the composition of the leading commercial glasses1 as shown by chemical analysis1 together with the proportions of the raw materials used in their production4 ,,bottle ,,glass4 ,sp4 gr4 #bgjj to #bgce4-- a4 ,composition by analysis3-- #a4 ,silica1 #ecee2 lime1 #bibb2 mixed alkali1 #edh2 alumina1 #fja2 oxide of iron1 #egd4 ,dark green4 #b4 ,silica1 #eb2 baryta1 #baf2 soda1 #bfa2 oxides of iron and manganese1 #c4 ,pale green2 very superior4 b4 ,raw materials used3-- #a4 ,yellow sand1 #bj2 kelp1 #h2 lixiviated wood-ashes1 #cj2 fresh wood-ashes1 #h2 pale clay1 #af2 'cullet' 7broken glass71 #ah4 ,this is the common mixture for coarse bottles1 in ,belgium1 ,france1 and ,germany4 #b4 ,to the last add of black oxide of manganese1 #b-a_/b to #c4 ,has a rich yellowish colour2 used for ,rhenish-wine bottles4 #c4 ,pale sand1 #ea2 lixiviated wood-ashes1 #cc2 pearl-ashes 7dried71 #h2 common salt1 #g-a_/b2 white arsenic1 #a_/b2 charcoal1 q4 s4 ,very pale green4 #d4 ,siliceous sand 7pale71 #fh-a_/b2 potash 7or its equiv471 #d2 lime1 #bc-a_/b2 heavy spar1 #b-a_/b2 peroxide of manganese1 #a-a_/b4 ,this forms the celebrated 'flask-glass' of ,st4 ,etienne4 ,,glass1 ,,broad1 ,,spread ,,window ,,glass4 ,sp4 gr4 #bfdb4-- a4 ,by analysis3-- ,silica1 #figj2 lime1 #accj2 soda1 #aebe2 oxide of iron 7and loss71 #age4 b4 ,materials used3-- #a4 ,white sand1 #ej2 dried sulphate of soda1 #bb2 charcoal 7in powder71 #i2 'cullet1' #da2 peroxide of manganese1 a little4 ,pale4 #b4 ,white sand1 #fj2 potashes 7good71 #bd2 common salt1 #aj2 nitre1 #e2 white arsenic1 #a2 peroxide of manganese1 a little 7#a_/ab to #a_/aj72 pale 'cullet1' at will 7#aj to #cj74 ,very pale4 ,this is the 'spread' or 'sheet window-glass' in common use4 ,,glass1 ,,chemical4 ,sp4 gr4 #bcij to #bcif4-- a4 ,by analysis3-- #a4 ,silica1 #gbhj2 potassa1 #afhj2 lime 7with a trace of alumina71 #ifh2 magnesia1 #dj2 traces of oxide of manganese and iron 7and loss7 #cb4 ,this is the difficultly fusible ',bohemian tube-glass1' so valuable in chemical manipulations4 #b4 ,silica1 #fic2 potassa1 #aeh2 soda1 #c2 lime1 #gf2 alumina1 #ab2 magnesia1 #b2 oxide of iron1 #e2 oxide of manganese 7and loss71 #f4 ,english chemical glass 7without lead74 ,more fusible than the last4 b4 ,materials used3-- #a4 ,quartz 7hyalin1 in powder71 #fj2 calcined purified pearlash1 #cj2 fresh-burnt lime 7very pure71 #i2 nitre 7dried71 #c_/d2 arsenious acid or peroxide of manganese1 #a_/d4 ,said to be the proportions used in the production of a1 #a 7above74 #b4 7,m4 ,peligot47 ,quartz1 #ga-a_/b2 carbonate of potassa 7or its equiv41 dry71 #bj2 quicklime1 #h-a_/b2 7manganese1 a little74 ,said to be the formula for the hardest and least fusible ',bohemian tube-glass4' ,it is very intractable and infusible1 except at a very high temperature2 but the addition of an exceedingly small quantity of boracic acid1 borax1 or arsenious acid1 causes it to flow into a glass possessing great brilliancy and hardness1 and capable of being wrought at the highest heat of the ordinary furnace4 ,,glass1 ,,crown1 ,,white ,,window-,,glass4 ,sp4 gr4 #bdhf to #bdhh4-- a4 ,by analysis3-- #a4 ,silica1 #fbh2 potassa1 #bba2 lime1 #aee2 alumina 7with traces of oxide of iron and manganese71 #bf4 ,crown-glass of ,bohemia1 according to ,dumas4 ,very beautiful4 #b4 ,silica1 #gbe2 soda1 #agge2 lime1 #ige4 ,english crown-glass2 excellent quality1 but not so white as the last4 b4 ,materials used3-- #a4 ,finest white siliceous sand1 #fd2 purified potashes 7dry71 #bc2 lime1 #ab2 white arsenic1 #c_/d2 oxide of manganese1 #a_/d4 ,said to be used in ,bohemia4 #b4 7,schweigger47 ,pure sand1 #eg2 dry sulphate of soda1 #bh-a_/b2 quicklime1 #aa-a_/b2 powdered charcoal1 #c or #d4 ,corresponds to a1 #b1 above 7nearly74 #c4 ,pure sand1 #dj2 soda ash1 #bd2 lime1 #e2 white 'cullet1' #ca1 ,rather superior to the last4 ,,crystal1 ,,crystal ,,glass4 ,the 'crystal glass' of ,england is flint glass' of superior quality2 that of ,bohemia is noticed under ,,table ,,glass4 ,,glass1 ,,flint1 ,,crystal4 ,sp4 gr4 #cjjj to #cfbj4-- a4 ,by analysis3-- #a4 7,berthier47 ,silica1 #eiai2 oxide of lead1 #bhfh2 potassa1 #abac2 oxides of iron and manganese1 traces4 ,finest colourless ,english crystal4 #b4 7,brande2 ,faraday47 ,silica1 #eb2 oxide of lead1 #cd2 potassa1 #cd4 ,crystal4 #c4 7,faraday47 ,silica1 #ddcj2 oxide of lead1 #dcje2 potassa1 #aage2 alumina1 #ej2 oxides of iron and manganese1 #ab2 7loss #bh74 ,heaviest of three samples of flint glass examined4 b4 ,materials used3-- #a4 ,finest ,lynn-sand 7calcined1 sifted1 and washed71 #ea2 litharge 7purest71 #bh 7or red lead1 #bi71 refined pearlashes 7calcined before being weighed71 #af2 nitre 7purified71 #d-c_/d arsenious acid and peroxide of manganese1 of each1 #a_/h4 ,very fine crystal4 #b4 7,m4 ,payen47 ,fine sand1 #df2 red lead1 #ca2 purified carbonate of potash1 #bc4 ,french crystal4 #c4 7,geddes47 ,white ,lynn-sand1 #ea2 red lead or litharge1 #cc2 refined pearlashes1 #ac2 nitre1 #c2 a very little arsenious acid and peroxide of manganese4 ,ordinary ,english flint-glass4 ,crystal 'cullet' may be added at will to the above4 ,this glass was originally prepared from powdered flints1 a fact to which it owes its common name4 ,,glass1 ,,optical4 #a4 7,crown glass47 ,purest siliceous sand1 #ee2 carbonate of soda 7dry71 #ab2 chalk 7dry71 #aa2 carbonate of baryta1 #bb4 #b4 7,flint glass47-- a4 ,by analysis3-- ,silica1 #ddcj2 oxide of lead1 #dcje2 potassa1 #aage4 ,this is ,guinand's 'dense optical glass4' b4 ,materials used3-- #a4 ,purest quartz1 #db2 red lead 7finest71 #db2 purified potash1 #ad-c_/d2 purified nitre1 #a-a_/d4 ,these are the proportions used for the last4 #b4 7,korner47 ,finest quartz 7reduced to powder1 treated with hydrochloric acid1 washed1 and dried71 #dg-a_/b2 red lead1 #ch-a_/d2 cream of tartar1 #ad-a_/b4 ,the above are used by opticians in the construction of achromatic object-glasses4 ,,glass1 ,,plate4 ,sp4 gr4 #bdhh to #bfjj4-- a4 ,by analysis3-- #a4 7,dumas47 ,silica1 #gei2 soda1 #age2 lime1 #ch2 alumina1 #bh4 ,french mirror-glass4 #b4 7,mitscherlich47 ,silica1 #fj2 potassa1 #be2 lime1 #abe2 loss1 #be7874 ,finest ,bohemian plate4 b4 ,materials used3-- #a4 ,finest siliceous sand1 #de2 dried carbonate of soda1 #be2 lime1 #e2 nitre 7purified71 #b2 plate-glass cullet1 #bc2 peroxide of manganese and cobalt azure1 a very little4 ,ordinary ,english plate4 #b4 ,whitish quartz sand1 #fj2 purified carbonate of soda 7dried71 #bj2 lime 7slaked by exposure to the air71 #i2 plate-glass cullet1 #aa 7or more74 ,sometimes as much cullet as sand is used2 but in all cases #a to #a-a_/b of its weight in carbonate of soda is added with it1 besides that ordered in the formula1 to compensate for loss of alkali by remelting4 ,used at the celebrated plate-glass works at ,saint-,gobain1 ,france4 ,the product possesses an amount of excellence which ,british manufacturers have yet failed to equal4 ,,glass1 ,,table ,,bohemian ,,crystal4 ,sp4 gr4 #bf to #bh4-- a4 ,by analysis3-- #a4 7,m4 ,berthier47 ,silica1 #gag2 potassa1 #abg2 soda1 #bc2 lime1 #ajc2 alumina1 #d2 oxides of iron and manganese 7and loss71 #bf4 ,very white1 hard1 and beautiful table glass4 #b4 7,dumas47 ,silica1 #gj2 potassa1 #bj2 lime1 #d2 alumina1 #e2 oxide of iron1 #f2 peroxide of manganese1 #d4 ,a beautiful white wineglass4 b4 ,materials used3-- #a4 ,finest sand1 #ej2 purified potashes1 #be2 chalk1 #aj2 nitre1 #b2 crystal cullet1 #bg2 manganese1 a little 7say #a_/af74 ,used in ,england recently for table glass4 #b4 ,quartz 7hyalin1 in powder71 #fc2 purified potashes1 #bf2 slaked lime 7carefully sifted71 #aa2 manganese1 a little2 crystal cullet1 at will4 ,used in ,bohemia4 #c4 7,m4 ,perdonnet47 ,powdered quartz1 #dd2 carbonate of potassa1 #cc2 quicklime 7in fine powder71 #bb2 nitre1 #a2 and a very small quantity of arsenious acid and peroxide of manganese4 ,said to be the formula used at ,neuwelt for the glass a1 #a 7above74 ,qual41 c4 ,these are denoted by its hardness1 transparency1 homogeneity1 strength1 and power of resisting the action of water1 air1 light1 and the stronger acids and alkalies4 ,the power of glass to resist the action of menstrua is readily tried by exposing it to boiling oil of vitriol1 and hot but dilute solution of caustic potassa4 ,neither of these tests should cause the glass to lose its transparency or to become dim4 ,swallowed glass4 ,glass and enamel1 both in fragments and in powder1 have occasionally been swallowed1 with different results4 ,these bodies are insoluble in the fluids of the body1 and1 consequently1 any injurious action they may exert upon the system whilst they are retained in it must entirely depend upon mechanical attrition or irritation4 ,as treatment1 we must administer an emetic1 and assist its action by thick mucilaginous liquids1 and afterwards have recourse to antiphlogistics1 if necessary4 ,anal4--a4 ,a portion of the sample for examination is heated to dull redness1 and then suddenly thrown1 whilst still hot1 into a vessel of cold water4 ,it is next dried1 and reduced to fine powder in an agate or hardened-steel mortar4 b4 #ajj gr4 of the prepared powder is thoroughly mixed with #bjj gr4 of pure potassic hydrate1 and the whole is exposed to heat in a silver or platinum crucible or capsule until perfect fusion takes place2 when cold1 the crucible and its contents are boiled in about half a pint of distilled water2 nitric acid is added to the resulting solution1 in excess1 and the mixture1 together with any sediment1 is evaporated to dryness1 after which the heat is gradually increased to #djj or #ejj ,fahr42 the dry residuum is next reduced to powder1 and digested in water acidulated with nitric acid1 until exhausted of soluble matter2 the insoluble portion is then carefully dried1 gently ignited and weighed4 ,the weight in grains represents the per-centage of silica in the sample examined4 c4 ,the mixed liquid and washings of b is next acidulated with nitric acid1 and treated to a stream of sulphuretted hydrogen1 which1 if it produces a precipitate1 is continued for some time2 the precipitate is collected on a very small filter1 washed1 and dried2 the filter with the precipitate next placed in a beaker glass1 and strong fuming nitric acid is cautiously added1 drop by drop1 until complete solution takes place2 after boiling the solution for a few minutes1 diluting with distilled water1 and allowing it to cool1 it is precipitated with sulphuric acid1 in excess2 this precipitate 7sulphate of lead7 is washed1 dried1 slightly ignited in a porcelain crucible1 and weighed4 ,the weight in grains1 multiplied by #gcfi1 gives the per-centage of oxide of lead or litharge4 d4 ,the filtered liquid from c is evaporated to dryness1 and redissolved in water acidulated with hydrochloric acid1 and treated with a solution of ammonium chloride1 and afterwards with ammonia1 in excess2 the precipitate 7alumina and oxide of iron7 is collected1 washed1 and boiled in a solution of potassium hydrate2 the undissolved portion is collected on a filter1 washed with boiling water1 ignited1 and weighed4 ,this gives the per-centage of peroxide of iron4 e4 ,the liquid filtered from the oxide of iron holds the alumina 7if any7 in solution2 a solution of carbonate of ammonium is dropped in2 the resulting precipitate is washed1 dried1 ignited1 and weighed4 ,this gives the per-centage of alumina4 f4 ,the filtrate from the alumina and oxide of iron 7see d71 after being evaporated to dryness1 is redissolved in a large quantity of distilled water1 and is treated with a solution of oxalic acid 7a solution of oxalate of ammonium is preferable when no baryta is present72 the precipitate is washed1 dried1 gently ignited1 and weighed4 ,the weight of the resulting carbonate of calcium1 in grains1 multiplied by #efbib1 gives the per-centage of lime required4 g4 ,the filtrate from f is now mixed with carbonate of potassium1 in considerable excess1 and boiled for a long time2 the resulting precipitate 7if any7 is then collected on a filter1 slightly washed with hot water1 dried1 and exposed to a full red heat for some time 7say #b hours72 the residuum of the calcination is then weighed4 ,this furnishes the per-centage value of the sample in magnesia4 h4 ,the filtrate from f is treated with dilute sulphuric acid or the solution of a sulphate1 as long as a precipitate falls2 the precipitate 7sulphate of barytum17 is washed1 dried1 gently ignited1 and weighed4 ,the weight1 in grains1 multiplied by #fehi1 gives the per-centage of baryta in the sample4 ,the above may be varied by gently concentrating the liquid filtered from the precipitate of alumina and oxide of iron 7see d71 and precipitating it with dilute sulphuric acid2 the mixed precipitate is exhausted by digestion in water holding chloride of ammonium in solution2 the undissolved residuum 7sulphate of barytum17 is washed1 dried1 and otherwise treated as before2 whilst the solution with the washings is treated with a solution of carbonate of ammonium2 the precipitate is carbonate of calcium1 which is to be washed1 c41 as directed under f4 ,the liquor1 c41 filtered from the lime1 is lastly tested for magnesia4 7,see g47 i4 ,a second #ajj gr4 of the powdered glass 7see a7 is mixed with #bjj gr4 of fluor spar1 also in powder2 the compound is placed in a platinum or leaden capsule1 #ejj gr4 of strong sulphuric acid are added1 and the whole cautiously stirred together with a silver stirrer or spoon1 care being taken to avoid inhaling the fumes2 the heat of a spirit lamp is next applied1 and at first is kept at about #bab ,fahr41 but towards the conclusion of the process is raised to #cjj ,fahr41 or even higher1 and is continued for at least #b hours1 or until fumes entirely cease to be evolved2 #e or #f fl4 oz4 of distilled water are next poured on the residuary mass1 and1 after thorough agitation1 the whole is thrown on a filter1 more water being at last poured on to wash out any remains of soluble matter2 to the filtrate1 carbonate of ammonium is added in excess1 and after a time the earthy salts are removed by filtration2 the filtered liquor is now evaporated to dryness1 and ignited to dull redness for #b or #c minutes2 the residuum 7sulphate of potassium or sodium1 or of both71 after being weighed 7the weight being carefully noted down71 is redissolved in distilled water2 a solution of chloride of barium is then added as long as it disturbs the liquor1 and after a time the whole is again filtered2 the filtrate is concentrated by evaporation1 and solution of bichloride of platinum added in excess2 the whole is now gently evaporated to dryness1 mixed with alcohol1 collected on a filter1 carefully washed with weak alcohol1 dried at a temperature under #bab ,fahr41 and weighed4 ,the weight1 in grains1 multiplied by #aidj1 gives the per-centage of potassa sought4 k4 ,the weight of sulphate of potassium in the ignited residuum in i is calculated from that of the potassium last found 7#dg parts of the one being equal to #hg parts of the other71 and this weight is deducted from the gross weight of the ignited sulphates2 the remainder represents the quantity of sulphate of sodium present4 ,the weight of the latter1 in grains1 multiplied by #dcfg1 gives the per-centage of pure soda required4 ,concluding ,remarks4 ,one of the chief points to which the skilful glass manufacturer directs his attention1 is the quality of the materials4 ,great care is exercised in the selection of the sand for all the finer varieties of glass4 ,the usual practice is to test it before using it1 by exposing it to a very high temperature4 ,the purest sand is that which is the whitest and freest from iron1 and which1 consequently1 suffers the least alteration by this treatment4 ,the alkalies 7potash1 soda7 employed are purified by solution and crystallisation4 ,the red lead and litharge must be pure and absolutely free from oxide of copper 7a common contamination71 which gives a green tint to the glass4 ,the former1 which is the most costly1 is preferable to the finest crystal4 ,care must also be taken that the lime1 clay1 c41 are respectively of proper purity2 and that the 'cullet1' or broken glass1 which is almost always remelted with the other materials1 is of proper quality1 and of the same kind as that to which it is added4 ,potassa produces a better glass than soda1 although the latter is now very generally employed1 from its lower price4 ,it is1 however1 quite inadmissible as an ingredient in the manufacture of the better class of crystal and plate glass1 as1 however pure it may be1 it imparts to the product a slight greenish tinge more or less destructive of its beauty4 ,when sulphate of soda 7,glauber salt7 is used as a source of soda1 it is gently calcined to dissipate its water of crystallisation1 and requires the addition of about #h of charcoal to effect its reduction in the melting-pot4 ,common salt is also employed as a source of soda in the same manner4 ,sometimes native sulphide of lead 7galena7 is used to decompose the sulphate of soda1 and in lieu of part of the oxide of lead2 in which case about #e parts of the sulphuret are taken for every #i parts of the calcined sulphate4 ,to anticipate the results of his processes1 and to carry out with certainty his various intentions1 the glass manufacturer1 perhaps more than any other person1 requires the aid of science and experience4 ,all his most essential operations depend on chemical principles4 ,the products of his furnaces are not formed by the mere mechanical admixture of their several ingredients whilst in the state of fusion1 but result from the play of delicate affinities which only act under certain conditions1 and when the materials are presented to each other in uniform and definite proportions4 ,chemically speaking1 the glasses are mixed super-silicates of the respective bases which enter into their composition 7potassium1 calcium1 lead1 c471 and1 like all other compounds which are formed by elective attraction1 obey the common laws of combination1 as developed by ,dalton1 and now so successfully applied in almost every department of industrial art4 ,it has been shown by the most careful analysis1 that in all the more valuable and beautiful commercial glasses the relative proportions of the materials are conformable to these laws1 and that several of them are true atomic compounds1 as perfect in this respect as the crystalline bodies commonly denominated salts4 ,in some of the harder glasses of ,bohemia the number of atoms or equivalents of silica are to each of the bases with which it is united1 nearly as #e to #a2 whilst in a softer glass of ,german manufacture the proportions of the two are found to be as #d to #a4 ,the celebrated plate glass of ,st4 ,gobain is an atomic compound formed of #a equivalent of trisilicate of soda united to #a equivalent of trisilicate of lime1 with a small per-centage of alumina in combination with silicic acid1 also in atomic proportion4 ,glasses in which the ingredients bear no atomic ratio to each other are never homogeneous1 but always more or less striated and of unequal colour and refractive power4 ,the absence of atomic proportion between the substances entering into its composition appears to be the only reason why the best ,english plate and mirror glass is so greatly inferior to that of ,france and ,germany1 that comparison of the two becomes absurd4 ,the only variety of glass in the production of which the ,english manufacturer excels is flint glass or crystal1 and here he certainly surpasses all his numerous competitors4 ,the subject is doubtless involved in difficulty1 owing to the precise temperature necessary to effect the perfect combination of the bases with the silicic acid1 varying with the character of the compound1 and not being satisfactorily settled by observation or experience4 ,the modifying influence of temperature is shown by the fact that the lower the heat employed in the process1 the smaller the quantity of silica which enters into the composition of the resulting glass2 whilst at higher temperatures a part of the base is dissipated in fumes1 until such proportions of base and acid result as are required to produce a permanent atomic compound corresponding to the temperature employed4 ,if the heat is excessive or improperly continued1 the loss of base produces an opposite effect1 and an opaque1 semi-vitrified mass is formed1 resembling ',reaumur's porcelain4' ,the quality of the resulting glass depends on this change being more or less complete4 ,if the furnace yields the right temperature1 and the duration of the exposure to its action is neither too short nor too prolonged1 nature makes up for the unskilful conduct of the operative1 and removes the stumbling blocks which his ignorance had placed in the way of his own attempts at excellence4 ,the proceedings and their results are accidental2 but being once obtained1 the first are repeated without further trouble or inquiry4 ,this accounts for the same mixture of materials yielding products of different qualities at different times1 and in different works1 which the operative contents himself with referring to the 'going of the furnace4' ,the common plan in this country is to regulate the proportions and firing by experience only1 rather than by theory and practice combined4 ,now1 although the chemist has much yet to learn on the precise constitution of the glasses1 and although theory may not be able to ensure unvarying success1 it is nevertheless certain that1 in all cases1 it can afford much valuable assistance in that direction4 ,indeed1 it has been asserted by one of the leading ,continental chemists1 that ingredients that will yield the proper equivalent proportions in the melting pot cannot produce a bad glass1 if exposed to such a temperature as to permit of perfect combination taking place4 ,it is found that those glasses which contain a predominance of alkali are acted on by water1 and when this is in great excess they are perfectly soluble in that fluid4 ,ordinary flint glass is affected by long coction in water1 whilst crown glass1 which contains less alkali1 is unaltered by that trial4 ,glass which contains any considerable quantity of lead is acted on by sulphuretted hydrogen4 ,this is the cause of the surface of flint glass1 under certain circumstances1 becoming opaque and iridescent4 ,glasses made of silica and alkali alone are incapable of permanently resisting the action of water4 ,the addition of lime or oxide of lead appears to be necessary to give them this quality4 ,glasses that have a slight greenish or bluish tint may be often whitened1 or rendered colourless1 by exposure to light and air4 ,this arises from the peroxidation of the iron1 to whose protoxide they owe their tint4 ,other glasses become purpled by exposure1 owing to the peroxidation of the manganese4 ,different colours are communicated to glass by the addition of metallic oxides4 ,thus1 oxide of manganese gives an amethyst2 oxide of cobalt1 a blue2 oxide of iron1 a brown2 black oxide of copper1 a green2 oxide of gold1 a purple2 suboxide of copper1 a ruby-red2 oxide of tin1 a white2 oxide of silver1 a yellow1 c4 ,these substances are either added to the melted contents of the glass-pot1 as in preparing artificial gems1 c41 or they are applied in a thin layer to the surface of the object1 which is then heated until fusion of the coloured compound occurs1 as in enamelling and painting on glass4 ,glass is ,,formed or ,,fashioned into articles by the processes of blowing1 casting1 drawing1 rolling1 or spreading4 ,in the process of ,,blowing ,,glass the workman begins by collecting a proper quantity of glass in a soft1 pasty state1 at the end of his blow-pipe 7an iron tube1 five or six feet in length1 terminated by a mouth-piece of wood71 which he then commences blowing through1 by which the lump is expanded into a kind of flask1 susceptible of having its form modified by the position in which it is held1 and the velocity of rotation continually given to the iron tube4 ,if an open-mouthed vessel is to be made1 an iron rod1 called a 'pontil' or 'puntil1' is dipped into the glass-pot and applied to the bottom of the flask1 to which it thus serves as a handle1 the blow-pipe being removed by the application of a cold iron to the neck4 ,the vessel is now re-heated1 and the aperture enlarged1 and the vessel otherwise altered in figure by the aid of a few simple tools until completed4 ,it is then detached1 and carried to the 'annealing oven1' where it undergoes slow and gradual cooling during many hours4 ,in this way bottles1 flasks1 carboys1 and an almost infinite variety of other articles1 are formed4 ,the large circular tables of ,,crown-,,glass are made by a joint process of ,,blowing and ,,spreading4 ,the globular flask at first produced1 transferred from the blow-pipe to the 'pontil1' is suddenly made to assume the form of a flat disc by the centrifugal force of the rapid rotatory movement given to the rod4 ,,spread or ,,broad ,,glass is formed into sheets in a nearly similar manner4 ,,plate-,,glass is cast upon a flat metal table1 and1 after very careful annealing1 is ground and polished by suitable machinery4 ,,tubes are made by rapidly drawing out a hollow cylinder2 and from these a great variety of useful small apparatus are constructed with the help of a lamp and blowpipe1 or1 still better1 the bellows-table of the barometer-maker4 ,,glass ,,beads are made from small tubes chopped into pieces of suitable lengths1 which are stirred first in a mixture of sand and wood-ashes1 in the cold1 and afterwards in an iron pan over the fire until they assume a rounded form4 ,,small ,,tubes are bent in the flame of a spirit lamp or gas-jet1 and cut by a file1 a scratch being made1 and the two portions pulled or broken asunder in a way easily learned by a few trials4 ,,large ,,tubes require the heat of a powerful blowpipe and lamp1 or that of a furnace4 ,the following hints respecting the ,,management ,,of ,,glass may prove useful to the inexperienced3-- ,,annealing4 ,the process of annealing glass has been briefly referred to before4 ,the extreme brittleness of imperfectly annealed wrought glass may generally be remedied on the small scale by immersing the articles in a bath of oil1 or a concentrated solution of chloride of calcium1 or common salt1 and heating the whole gradually and cautiously to the boiling-point1 and letting it again cool--the slower the better4 ,by this treatment the glass will be enabled to bear any alterations of temperature between the two extremes to which it has been exposed4 ,,blowing4 ,by the ingenious art of ,,glass-,,blowing and ,,glass-,,drawing1 as practised on the small scale1 with a blowpipe lamp furnace1 a variety of articles of ornament and utility may be made1 their number being limited only by the ingenuity of the artist4 ,the details of the various operations are1 however1 too lengthy to describe here4 ,,cleaning4 #a4 ,windows1 looking-glasses1 c41 may be quickly cleaned as follows3--,dip a slightly moistened rag or flannel into whiting1 fuller's earth1 wood-ashes1 or rotten-stone1 in impalpable powder1 with which smear the glass1 and wipe it off with a dry1 soft cloth4 ,this does well when the surface is very dirty4 ,in other cases1 a little thumb blue1 whiting1 or chalk1 in fine powder1 tied up in muslin1 may be dusted on the glass1 which should then be cleaned off with chamois leather4 ,this gives a fine polish4 #b4 ,the vessel to be cleansed1 is filled1 or1 if large1 rinsed1 with a moderately dilute solution of permanganate of potash1 contact being prolonged till a film of hydrated manganic oxide has been deposited2 the solution is then poured away1 and the glass vessel rinsed with some strong hydrochloric acid4 ,,cutting4 ,glass may be easily cut with a common well-hardened steel file1 provided it be moistened with oil of turpentine1 or plunged under water4 ,it may be also perforated with a common steel brad-awl in the same way4 ,,glass ,,vessels1 as bottles and tubes1 may be readily cut or shortened by placing a heated iron ring over the spot1 or a piece of loose string or cotton dipped in oil of turpentine and set on fire1 and immediately on the withdrawal of either applying cold water to the part4 ,glass vessels or tubes thus treated will generally crack round1 and may be readily divided into two parts4 ,in this manner a common ,florence oil-flask may be converted into an evaporating dish and a funnel4 ,by a little practice a crack may be led in almost any direction1 or a new one made1 by the point of a red-hot poker or a spring coal 7an ignited crayon of prepared charcoal74 ,the parts may then be separated by a little force or a smart rap1 and the divided edges smoothed by the flame of a blowpipe1 or by grinding them with powdered emery and water on a flat stone4 ,in this way many broken articles in glass may be converted into others scarcely less useful4 ,,etching ,,on ,,glass has been already noticed under the head of ,etching4 ,,gilding ,,of ,,glass4 ,gold chloride is dissolved in boiling water2 the solution is filtered1 and the filtrate so far diluted1 that #bjj cubic centimtres contain #jjfdh gram of the metal1 and it is then made alkaline with soda4 ,the reducing agent is alcohol saturated with marsh gas2 this is diluted with its own volume of water4 #be cubic centimetres of this solution are mixed with the alkaline gold chloride solution1 and this mixture is poured between the perfectly well-cleaned plate to be gilded1 and another sheet of glass placed at a distance of #c mm4 under the first4 ,after two to three hours' rest the gilding is effected4 ,the plate is removed and washed4 7',dingler's ,journal4'7 ,,grinding4 ,this1 on the large scale1 like glass-cutting1 forms a distinct occupation4 ,on the small scale1 glass may be roughed or ground by friction with powdered emery and water and a flat rubber of wood2 care being taken that the article1 if a plate1 is laid on a perfectly flat surface1 or1 if hollow1 is supported by a core of cement or plaster4 ,the frosted appearance of ground glass is given to the panes of windows by gently dabbing the glass over with a piece of glazier's putty1 stuck on the ends of the fingers4 ,when applied with a light and even touch1 the resemblance is considerable4 ,another method is to dab the glass over with thin white paint1 or flour paste1 by means of a brush1 but the effect is much inferior to the above4 ,,glass1 ,,packing4 ,this subject will be considered under the general head of ,,packing4 ,,writing ,,on ,,glass may be performed by a piece of ,french chalk or crayons prepared for the purpose2 or even with a common pen held nearly perpendicular4 ,indian ink1 or1 when the article will be exposed to damp1 shell-lac ink or varnish1 thickened with a little ,vermillion1 or lampblack1 is best adapted to this purpose4 ,common ink is not sufficiently opaque4 ,,glass1 ,,to ,,prevent ,,the ,,cracking ,,of1 ,,by ,,boiling ,,water4 ,when new1 all glass and earthenware should be placed in cold water in a saucepan1 and after some hours the saucepan containing the vessel or vessels1 should be placed over the fire1 until the water reaches the boiling point4 ,glass4 ,this term was applied by the older chemists to various substances to which a vitreous appearance has been given by heat4 ,thus we have ',,glass ,,of ,,antimony1' ',,glass ,,of ,,borax1' c4 ,it is now obsolete4 ,glass1 ,iridescent4 ,the inventor of the process by which this beautiful variety of glass is made is ,m ,clmandot4 ,the ',chemical ,news' states that the principle observed in its manufacture consists in submitting the glass articles to the action of dilute hydrochloric1 sulphuric1 or other acid1 under a pressure of from two to six atmospheres4 ,m ,clmandot claims to be able to imitate the nacreous films which are seen on ancient glass which has been exposed to combined atmospheric influences for thousands of years4 ,glass1 ,pow'dered4 ,syn4 ,,vitrum ,,pulverisatum1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,heat the glass red hot1 throw it into cold water1 dry1 and powder it4 ,used to filter acids1 and glued upon paper as a polishing powder2 also to wear down corns upon the feet1 after the feet have been well soaked1 and dried4 ,glass1 ,sol'uble4 ,syn4 ,,water ,,glass2 ,,vitrum ,,solubile1 ,l4 ,an impure alkaline silicate4 ,prep4 ,silica1 #a part2 carbonate of potassium or of sodium1 #b parts2 fused together4 ,carbonate of sodium 7dry71 #ed parts2 carbonate of potassium 7dry71 #gj parts2 silica1 #aib parts2 as last4 ,soluble in boiling water1 yielding a fine1 transparent1 semi-elastic varnish4 ,carbonate of potassium 7dry71 #aj parts2 powdered quartz 7or sand free from iron and alumina71 #ae parts2 charcoal #a part2 fused together4 ,soluble in #e or #f times its weight of boiling water2 and the filtered solution1 evaporated to dryness1 yields a transparent glass1 permanent in the air4 ,m4 ,f4 ,capitaine1 who1 acting upon a suggestion made by ,liebig1 some twenty years since1 has recently taken up the subject of the manufacture of soluble glass1 and silicate of potash1 from farine fossile 7an infusorial earth71 has published an account of his researches in ',dingler's ,polytechnic ,journal4'#ccd ,footnote #ccd3 ,see ',the ,journal of the ,society of ,arts' for ,january #aath1 #ahgh4 ,although ,m4 ,capitaine does not think that the farine will be able to compete in cheapness with flint 7where this latter is abundant7 for the preparation of the alkaline silicates1 he states that it possesses the advantage over flint of being much more soluble1 and of yielding a far more neutral glass2 added to which the production of the silicate is said to be effected with much less trouble than when flint is employed4 ,an important condition is1 that the farine must be first well calcined1 since if the least trace of organic matter be left in it1 the resulting solution will have a yellowish or brownish tint1 which will make it unsaleable4 ,the lyes being prepared partly with caustic soda1 and partly with carbonate of soda1 had densities ranging from #abb to #abd which were found to be most advantageous4 ,a reservoir furnished with mechanical agitators1 was about two thirds filled with lye1 and the necessary quantity of calcined farine added1 the stirring being kept up continually4 ,the proportion of farine is easily calculated on the datum1 that one part of hydrate of soda dissolves about #bh parts of chemically pure farine1 the quality of which varies but little4 ,lye of the density indicated produces a rather light solution1 which presents little resistance to the agitators4 ,if steam is afterwards introduced the solution becomes very rapid1 when the pressure reaches about three atmospheres1 and at the end of about three hours the silica is completely dissolved4 ,for the preparation of silicate of potash for surgical purposes the farine fossile is said to be peculiarly adapted4 ,in this case the boiling must be continued for one or two hours longer than in the case of soluble glass1 with an addition of #aj to #ae per cent4 of farine4 ,uses4 c4 ,soluble glass1 in solution1 has been used to render textile fabrics less combustible1 as a varnish to protect stone1 and as a vehicle in fresco-painting1 ,the soda compound 7silicate of sodium7 is largely used as a dung-substitute in calico-printing1 and by soap manufacturers in place of the resinates formerly in use4 #aj or #ab tons are produced weekly in the district of ,south ,lancashire4 ,the potassa compound 7silicate of potassium7 has been recommended as a remedy for gouty concretions by ,mr ,ure4--,dose1 #aj to #ae gr41 in #f or #h fl4 oz4 of water twice a day4 ,see ,,dunging1 ,,varnish1 c4 ,glass1 ,toughened4 ,syn4 ,,verre ,,tremp4 ,m4 de la ,bastie's process for converting ordinary1 into toughened1 tempered1 or hardened glass1 may in general terms be said to consist in heating the glass to a certain temperature1 and then plunging it into an oleaginous bath4 ,for the process1 however1 to be successful1 the observance of a number of minute details is essential2 if these be neglected failure is certain to ensue4 ,thus it is found1 that if the glass be insufficiently heated it will1 when immersed in the bath1 fail to be affected by it1 and will consequently experience no alteration in properties4 ,again1 if overheated1 it will then get out of shape2 or1 further it may be heated to the right temperature1 and yet be spoilt as it is being transferred to the bath4 ,moreover1 the exact composition of the bath itself1 and its temperature constitute very important conditions1 the most trifling departure from which may give rise to unsatisfactory results4 ,all these obstacles appear to have been overcome by ,m4 de la ,bastie1 who has designed plant in the shape of furnaces and baths1 by means of which the tempering process can be carried out1 without chance of failure4 ,when the glass is brought to the required temperature1 all that is necessary is that they should be plunged into the bath1 and instantly withdrawn4 ,the cost of the operation is stated to be very small4 ,the process as carried out at ,new ,york is thus described3--,the glass after being run from the furnaces and moulded as usual1 instead of being put into annealing pans1 is immersed in a hot bath consisting of three parts of flaxseed oil1 and one part of tallow4 ,the bath stands at about #cbj2 and after remaining in this the ware is removed to a second1 and similar bath1 by which it is cooled down to about #bjj4 ,finally the pieces are immersed in a water bath1 and then dipped into a quantity of ordinary refined burning oil4 ,they are then cleaned1 ready for packing1 with plaster of ,paris powder4 ,the work is but in its infancy1 and but one small furnace is used in the experiments4 ,improvements will doubtless be made1 by which the cleaning can be done more rapidly than by the powdered plaster1 probably some chemical being used for the purpose4 ,it is supposed that the oil works into the pores of the hot glass1 and thus toughens it4 ,great care has to be exercised in the final cooling by water1 as too long a contact with the air in changing from one bath to another1 makes the ware crack4 ,articles cooled entirely in oil retain the oil on the surface1 but are thus rendered stronger than otherwise4 ,this new process is very much employed in the manufacture of lamp chimneys1 though they have the disadvantage of flying into small pieces1 and with violence when they do break1 which sometimes does occur4#cce ,footnote #cce3 ,supplement to ',ure's ,dictionary of ,arts1 ,manufactures1 c41 #ahgh4 ,the results so far obtained when glass is subjected to ,m4 de la ,bastie's process are variable4 ,in some cases the articles subjected to it possess great toughness1 and the glass bears a blow without experiencing any fracture4 ,in other instances1 however1 a slight fall or blow shivers it to atoms4 ,when the toughened glass under any circumstances breaks1 it possesses a disadvantage over ordinary broken glass1 in distributing itself into a great number of small1 sharply angular fragments4 ,another process for toughening glass1 which has been patented by ,herr ,f4 ,siemens1 consists in heating1 and then pressing1 and suddenly cooling the glass to be hardened2 but when the articles are such as are usually moulded1 the hardening and tempering are accomplished at the same time as the pressing2 thus the molten glass is run into suitable moulds1 and while still highly heated1 is squeezed1 the moulds effecting the necessary cooling1 a proceeding which renders the employment of the oleaginous bath unnecessary4 ,mr ,bauer's method for toughening glass consists in heating ordinary glass plates so strongly that they begin to bend from softening1 and then plunging them into a liquid paraffin bath having a temperature of #bjj4 ,toughened glass is liable to rupture under circumstances that have not yet been accounted for4 ,m4 de la ,bastie conceives that the fragile nature of glass is due to the weakness of the cohesion of its particles1 and that if this cohesive power can be increased1 the strength of the material will be improved in proportion4 ,m4 de la ,bastie first tried to obtain this end by forcibly compressing the glass while in a plastic or fluid condition1 but without success2 and it was only after various experiments that he was enabled to harden the glass1 by dipping it into oil or any other liquid that permitted of being heated to a temperature considerably above that of water4 ,,glaze4 ,syn4 ,,glazing4 ,any coating or varnish applied to a surface to render it smooth and glassy2 any factitious1 shining exterior4 ,the following applications of this term are the following3-- ,glaze4 ,in cookery1 is commonly understood to be gravy or clarified soups boiled until it gelatinises on cooling4 ,it is used as a species of varnish to cover various dishes for the table1 and may be spiced and flavoured according to the fancy of the cook4 ,white of egg is generally used as a glaze for pastry4 ,glaze4 ,in the porcelain and earthenware manufacture1 the vitreous coating which is so essential to the beauty and utility of potter's ware4 ,glazes are either white or coloured4 ,the former1 by the addition of the colouring ingredients used for enamels1 are converted into the latter4 a4 ,for ,,earthenware3-- ,prep4 #a4 7,with lead47 ,white lead 7pure71 #ec parts2 quartz or ground flints1 #cf parts2 ,cornish stone1 or felspar1 #af parts2 white flint glass1 #e parts2 reduce the whole to an impalpable powder4 ,for common earthenware4 #b4 7,without lead47 ,fine washed sand1 #aj parts2 purified potash1 #h parts2 nitre1 #a part2 slaked lime1 #b parts2 nitre1 #d-c_/d2 powder1 mix1 heat the mixture in a blacklead crucible in a reverberatory furnace1 till the mass flows into a clear glass2 let this cool1 then reduce it to fine powder4 ,for glazing pharmaceutical and chemical vessels4 b4 ,for ,,porcelain3-- ,prep4 7,rose47 ,felspar1 #bg parts2 borax1 #ah parts2 finest siliceous sand1 #d parts2 nitre1 soda1 and purest china clay 7,cornish71 #c parts2 mix1 heat to a 'frit1'#ccf powder1 and add of calcined borax1 #c parts4 ,footnote #ccf3 ,a technical term for the half-fused mass formed by heating together the materials of which glass is composed4 c4 ,for ,,stoneware3-- #a4 7,ure47 ,white felspar1 #bf parts2 soda1 #f parts2 nitre1 #b parts2 borax1 #a part2 'frit' together as last4 ,of the product take #ac parts2 red lead1 #ej parts2 white lead1 #dj parts2 flints1 #ab parts2 reduce the whole to powder as before4 ,for painted stoneware4 #b4 ,from common salt1 which is thrown into the heated furnace containing the ware4 ,it is volatilised and decomposed by the joint agency of the silica of the ware and of the vapour of water always present2 hydrochloric acid and soda are produced1 the latter forming a silicate1 which fuses over the surface of the ware1 and gives a thin but excellent glaze4 ',,salt-,,glazed ,,stoneware' is now generally used for large chemical vessels1 drain-pipes1 c4 ,obs4 ,glazes must be reduced to very fine powder4 ,for use1 they are ground with water to a very thin paste or smooth cream1 into which the articles1 previously baked to the state called 'biscuit1' are then dipped2 they are afterwards exposed to a sufficient heat in the kiln to fuse the glaze4 ,another method of applying them is to immerse the biscuit in water for a minute or so1 and then to sprinkle the dry powder over the moistened surface4 ,,gli',,adin4 ,syn4 ,,glutin1 ,,vegetable ,,gelatin4 ,one of the proximate principles of wheat gluten1 soluble in alcohol4 ,,gliadinpflaster 7,a4 ,l4 ,klose1 ,berlin74 ,for rheumatism4 ,a thin paper on which is spread a solution of gelatin containing spirit and some acrid substance1 such as cantharides or euphorbium4--,hager4 ,,glob',,ulin4 ,syn4 ,,crystallin4 ,an albumenoid body existing in the crystalline lens of the eye4 ,,glove ,,pow',,der4 ,prep4 #a4 ,from ,castile soap1 dried by exposure to a warm dry atmosphere for a few days1 and then reduced to fine powder in a mortar4 ,used to clean gloves4 #b4 ,pipe-clay1 coloured with yellow ochre1 umber1 or ,irish slate q4 s41 and afterwards scented with a little powdered orris root or cloves4 ,used to colour gloves made of doe-skin and similar leather4 ,,gloves4 ,syn4 ,,gants1 ,fr4 ,although gloves constitute a less costly article of dress at the present day than they did during the ,middle ,ages1 the following information may nevertheless be sometimes found of value to their wearers3-- ,,glove ,,cleaning4 #a4 7,,kid ,,gloves47--a4 ,damp them slightly1 stretch them gently over a wooden hand of appropriate size1 and clean them with a sponge dipped in benzol1 recently rectified oil of turpentine1 or camphine2 as soon as they are dry1 withdraw them gently from the stretcher1 and suspend them in a current of air for a few days1 or until they cease to smell of the cleaning liquid used4 ,the smell of benzol passes off very quickly4 ,heat must be avoided4 ,the cleaning liquid should be used liberally1 and the first dirty portion should be sponged off with clean liquid4 b4 ,by employing a saponaceous compound4 ,see ,,ganteine4 #b4 7,,doe-,,skin and ,,wash-,,leather ,,gloves47--a4 ,stretch them on a hand1 or lay them flat on a table1 and rub into them a mixture of finely powdered fuller's earth and alum2 sweep it off with a brush1 sprinkle them with a mixture of dry bran and whiting1 and1 lastly1 dust them well off4 ,this will not do if they are very dirty4 b4 ,wash them in lukewarm soft water1 with a little ,castile or curd soap1 ox-gall1 or bran tea2 then stretch them on wooden hands1 or pull them into shape without wringing them2 next rub them with pipe-clay and yellow ochre1 or umber1 or a mixture of them in any required shade made into a paste with ale or beer2 let them dry gradually1 and1 when about half dry1 rub them well1 so as to smooth them and put them into shape2 when they are dry1 brush out the superfluous colour1 cover them with paper1 and smooth them with a warm 7not hot7 iron4 ,,glove ,,dyeing4 ,,leather ,,gloves1 if not greasy1 may be dyed with any of the ordinary dyes by brushing the latter over the gloves stretched out smooth4 ,the surface alone should be wetted1 and a second or third coat may be given after the former one has become dry4 ,when the last coat has become thoroughly dry1 the superfluous colour should be well rubbed out1 a smooth surface given them by rubbing them with a polished stick or piece of ivory1 and the whole gone over with a sponge dipped in white of egg4 ,gloves1 ,cosmetic4 ,syn4 ,,gants ,,cosmetiques4 ,these are mock kid or lambskin gloves rubbed over1 on the inside1 with the following composition3--,spermaceti cerate1 #c oz42 melt1 add of balsam of ,peru1 #a_/b dr41 stir for #e minutes1 and1 after a few minutes' repose1 pour off the clear portion2 to this add of oil of nutmeg1 #ae drops2 oil of cassia and essence of ambergris1 of each #f drops2 and stir until cold4 ,used by ladies to soften the hands and to prevent or cure chilblains and chaps4 ,they are commonly worn all night in bed4 ,,gluci',,num4 ,gl4 ,syn4 ,,beryl',,lium4 ,the metallic base of glucina4 ,it was first obtained by ,whler1 in #ahbh1 by a similar process to that adopted for aluminum1 a metal which it greatly resembles4 ,see ,,aluminum4 ,gluci'num1 ,oxide of4 ,syn4 ,,glucina1 ,,beryllia4 ,a pulverent white substance1 found as silicate in the beryl1 emerald1 c4 ,prep4 ,the beryl1 in fine powder1 #a part2 carbonate of potassium1 #c parts2 expose the mixture to a strong red heat for half an hour1 dissolve the calcined mass in hydrochloric acid1 and evaporate the solution to dryness2 redissolve the residuum in very dilute hydrochloric acid1 and precipitate with pure ammonia2 wash the precipitate well1 digest it with a large quantity of carbonate of ammonium1 filter1 and boil the solution as long as carbonate of glucinum subsides4 ,by exposure to a red heat the carbonic acid may be expelled1 and the earth rendered anhydrous4 ,prop41 c4 ,glucina closely resembles alumina1 from which1 however1 it is distinguished by its solubility when freshly precipitated in a cold solution of carbonate of ammonia1 from which it is again thrown by boiling4 ,glucina is classed with the earths4 ,the beryl contains #ad of this substance4 ,,glu',,cose4 ,see ,,sugar 7,grape74 ,,glue4 ,syn4 ,,gluten1 ,,glutinum1 ,l42 ,,colle1 ,,colle ,,forte1 ,fr4 ,inspissated animal jelly1 or gelatin1 used as a cement4 ,prep4 ,glue is principally prepared from the parings and waste-pieces of hides and skins1 the refuse of tanneries1 and the tendons and other offal of slaughter-houses4 ,these substances1 when intended for the glue-maker1 are steeped for #ad or #ae days in milk of lime1 then drained1 and dried by exposure to the air4 ,this constitutes what is termed the 'cleansing' or 'preparation1' and in this state the 'glue pieces1' as they are called1 may be kept for a long time1 and transported to any distance without suffering decomposition4 ,before conversion into glue1 they are usually again steeped in weak milk of lime1 and next well washed and exposed to the air for #bd to #cj hours4 ,they are then placed in a copper boiler two thirds filled with water1 and furnished with a perforated false bottom1 to prevent them from burning1 and as much is piled on as will fill the vessel and rest on the top of it4 ,heat is next applied1 and the whole gently boiled or simmered together1 until the liquor on cooling forms a firm gelatinous mass4 ,the clear portion is then run off into another vessel1 and a very small quantity of alum 7dissolved7 added2 here it is kept hot by a water bath1 and allowed to repose for some hours to deposit its impurities1 after which it is run into the 'congealing boxes1' and placed in a cool situation4 ,the next morning the cold gelatinous masses are turned out upon boards wetted with water1 and are cut horizontally into thin cakes with a stretched piece of brass wire1 and then into smaller cakes with a moistened flat knife4 ,the latter are placed on nettings to dry4 ,the dry cakes of glue are next dipped one by one into hot water1 and slightly rubbed with a brush wetted with boiling water1 to give them a gloss2 they are1 lastly1 stove-dried for sale4 ,this furnishes the palest and best glue4 ,as soon as the liquor of the first boiling has drained off1 the undissolved portion of skins1 c41 left in the copper is treated with fresh water1 and the whole operation is repeated again and again1 as long as any gelatinous matter is extracted4 ,in this way a second and other inferior qualities of glue are obtained4 ,the product from dried glue-pieces is about #ej4 ,var4 ,these chiefly depend on the care with which the process is conducted4 ,,hatmakers' ,,glue is prepared from the tendons of the legs of neat cattle and horses4 ,it is brown1 opaque1 and soft2 and grows moist in damp weather1 but it does not render felt brittle like the other varieties4 ,,fish ,,glue is made in like manner from various membranous and solid parts of fishes4 ,,parchment ,,glue is prepared from shreds or shavings of parchment1 vellum1 white leather1 c41 dissolved by boiling them in water4 ,it is scentless1 and nearly colourless4 ,qual4 ,the best glue is transparent1 nearly colourless1 and tasteless1 has very little smell1 even when melted1 and is extremely adhesive4 ,the presence of more than a trace of alum is objectionable2 an undue quantity may be easily detected by the usual tests4 ,the strongest glue is that obtained from skins1 more especially from the hides of oxen and cows4 ,that obtained from the bones1 cartilages1 and tendons1 is weaker4 ,glue1 ,liq'uid4 ,prep4 7,dumoulins47 ,soft water1 #a quart2 best pale glue1 #b lbs42 dissolve in a covered vessel by the heat of a water bath1 cool1 and add1 gradually1 of nitric acid 7sp4 gr4 #acce71 #g oz42 when cold put it into bottles4 ,very strong1 and does not gelatinise4 ,for the ',,liquid ,,glue' sold in the shops1 see ,,chinese ,,cement4 ,glue1 ,marine4 ,prep4 #a4 ,india rubber 7cut small71 #a part2 coal tar or mineral naphtha1 #ab parts2 digest in a covered vessel with heat and agitation1 and when the solution is complete1 add of powdered shell-lac1 #bj parts2 continue the heat and stirring until perfect liquefaction has taken place1 and pour the fused mass1 whilst still hot1 on slabs of polished metal or stone1 so as to form thin sheets4 ,for use1 it is heated to its melting-point 7#bdh to #bej ,fahr47 in an iron vessel1 and applied in the liquid state with a brush4 ,employed in ship-building1 c4 #b4 ,caoutchouc1 #ae to #bj gr42 chloroform1 #b fl4 oz42 dissolve1 and add of powdered mastic1 #a_/b oz4 ,it must be kept well corked and in a cool place1 to prevent loss by evaporation4 ,used for small1 fine work4 ,glue1 a ,new4 ,ordinary glue is dissolved in nitric ether1 and a little bit of caoutchouc added4 ,this solution forms a very strong glue1 and does not get thick or pasty4 7',dengler's ,journal4'7 ,glue1 ,port'able4 ,syn4 ,,bank-,,note ,,glue4 ,,mouth ,g41 ,,indian ,g42 ,,colle ,,bouche1 ,fr4 ,prep4 ,from the best pale glue1 #a lb42 water1 q4 s42 dissolve in a double glue-pot or water bath1 and of pale-brown sugar1 #a_/b lb41 continue the heat until the mixture is complete1 and pour it into moulds2 or pour it on a marble slab1 and when cold cut it into small pieces and dry them in the air4 ,this glue is very useful to draughtsmen1 architects1 c41 as it dissolves almost immediately in warm water1 fastens paper1 c41 without the process of damping1 and may be softened for many purposes with the tongue4 ,when great strength not required1 #d oz4 more of sugar may be used4 ,,glu',,ten4 ,syn4 ,,glutin4 ,a peculiar substance found in the grain of wheat4 ,it is composed of true vegetable fibrin and a small quantity of gliadin4 ,it is prepared by washing paste made of the flour of wheat or rye in successive waters until all starchy matter is removed4 ,the paste may be conveniently enclosed in a bag of fine linen during the washing4 ,prop41 ,uses4 ,gluten is believed to be eminently nutritious4 ,it is the presence of gluten in wheaten flour that imparts to it its viscidity or tenacity1 and confers upon it its peculiar excellence for the manufacture of ,,macaroni1 ,,vermicelli1 and similar pastes4 ,the superiority of wheaten over other bread depends upon the greater tenacity of its dough1 which during the fermentation is puffed up by the evolved carbonic acid1 and retained in its vesicular texture so as to form a light loaf4 ,gluten is greyish coloured1 and extensible whilst fresh and moist1 like caoutchouc4 ,it turns blue when mixed with guaiacum resin4 ,gluten ,bread4 ,prep4 #a4 ,from wheat flour which has been deprived of about #b-crds of its starch by washing it with water4 #b4 ,from gluten flour4 ,recommended in diabetes4 ,gluten ,choc'olate4 7,gentile's47 ,a mixture of cocoa and gluten flour4 ,as a nutritious and appropriate food in diabetes4 ,gluten ,flour4 ,prep4 #a4 ,from the waste gluten of the starch works1 washed1 dried1 and ground4 #b4 7,gentile's47 ,from the last1 mixed with about an equal weight of wheat flour4 ,,glyc',,erin4 ,c#c;,h#c,o#c4 ,syn4 ,,glycerin1 ,,hydrated ,,oxide ,,of ,,glyceryl2 ,,glycerinum1 ,l4 ,a sweet syrupy liquid formed during the saponification of oils and fats4 ,prep4 #a4 ,olive oil 7or other suitable oil71 protoxide of lead1 and water are heated together until an insoluble soap of lead 7lead plaster7 is formed4 ,the glycerin remains in the aqueous liquid4 ,as this crude solution of glycerin is produced in great quantities in the manufacture of lead plaster1 the operative chemist has only to purify it4 ,this may be done as follows3-- ,the water and washings from lead plaster are mixed together1 filtered1 and submitted to the action of a stream of sulphuretted hydrogen to throw down the lead2 the supernatant liquor is decanted from the precipitate1 filtered1 and evaporated to the consistence of a syrup in a water bath4 ,to render it quite pure it is diluted with water1 decoloured with a little animal charcoal1 filtered1 and again evaporated to the consistence of a thin syrup1 after which it is further evaporated in vacuo1 or over sulphuric acid1 until it acquires the sp4 gr4 #abfe4 #b4 7,m4 ,brure-,perrin47 ,from the sweet liquor of the stearine works 7a product of the process of lime-saponification74 ,the quantity of lime present in the sample is first determined by means of oxalic acid1 and the proportion of sulphuric acid necessary for its saturation at once calculated and added2 the crude liquor is then concentrated in a tinned-copper vessel1 evaporation being promoted by brisk agitation1 until the sp4 gr4 sinks to #aj ,baum2 it is next cooled and filtered1 and accurately neutralised 7if it is required7 with carbonate of potassa1 after which it is evaporated to the sp4 gr4 #bd ,baum2 on cooling1 it deposits gelatinous sulphate of potassa2 the whole is now filtered1 the deposit on the filter washed with a little very weak spirit and water1 the filtrate and washings mixed together and evaporated1 as before1 with agitation1 until the sp4 gr4 #bh ,baum1 whilst hot 7#cf cold71 is attained1 when the whole is allowed to cool2 the clear liquid is1 lastly1 decanted and filtered4 ,in this state it has an amber colour1 but may be rendered colourless and odourless by rediluting it with water1 treating it with animal charcoal1 filtering1 and again evaporating to a proper consistence4 #c4 ,by saponifying olive oil with caustic alkali1 decomposing the resulting soap with dilute sulphuric or tartaric acid1 evaporating the aqueous portion to dryness 7nearly71 dissolving out the glycerin with cold rectified spirit1 and filtering and evaporating the solution as before4 #d4 ,the residuary liquor of a soap manufactory is evaporated1 and treated with alcohol to dissolve out the glycerin4 ,the spirit is then evaporated off1 the glycerin diluted with water1 and finally boiled repeatedly with animal charcoal until all colour and odour are removed4 ,obs4 ,the products of the above processes are nearly pure1 but that of ,price's patent process1 described below1 is to be preferred to any of them4 #e4 7,commercial47 ,from sweet stearin-liquor1 by precipitating the lime by a stream of carbonic acid gas1 or by a solution of carbonate of soda1 carefully avoiding adding the latter in excess2 the liquor is then boiled a little1 filtered1 evaporated to a syrupy consistence1 and again filtered4 ,this is the common glycerin of the shops4 ,it may be further purified as above4 #f4 7,,price',s ,,glycerin--,patent dated #ahed47 ,superheated steam of from #eej to #fjj ,fahr47 is introduced into a distillatory apparatus containing palm oil or other fatty body4 ,the action of the steam effects the decomposition of the fat1 and glycerin and the fatty acids distil over together but no longer in combination4 ,in the receiver the condensed glycerin1 from its higher specific gravity1 sinks below the fatty acids4 ,sufficient steam must be supplied1 and the temperature nicely regulated4 ,the glycerin is concentrated by evaporation1 and if discoloured1 it is redistilled4 ,it is usually prepared with sp4 gr4 #abd1 and then contains #id of anhydrous glycerin4 ,it can1 however1 be concentrated to sp4 gr4 #abf when it contains #ih4 ,prop4 ,pure glycerin is a colourless1 odourless1 uncrystallisable liquid1 sweet to the taste1 and of a syrupy consistence2 it mixes with water in all proportions2 it is unctuous and emollient1 and softens bodies1 like oil1 but without greasing them2 it does not evaporate or change in the air at ordinary temperatures1 and is not susceptible of rancidity or spontaneous fermentation2 mixed with yeast and kept in a warm place1 it is gradually converted into propionic acid2 a strong heat decomposes it1 with the production of acrolein2 it is neutral to test-paper1 and possesses neither basic nor acid properties2 it is easily charged with the aroma of the essential oils1 and may be combined with soap1 and many other substances1 without undergoing change4 ,sp4 gr41 #abg 7see above74 ,,mm4 ,champion and ,pellet recommend the following methods for testing the purity of glycerin1 as being convenient in application1 and giving accurate results4 ,qualitative ,test4 ,the glycerin diluted with twice its weight of water is treated in the cold4 7#a47 ,with tribasic acetate of lead4 ,if an abundant precipitate be formed1 and rapidly deposited1 the presence of a proportion of foreign matters may be assumed which would make it unsuitable for use in various applications1 such as the manufacture of nitro-glycerin1 c4 ,the crude glycerin obtained in treating fats with sulphuric acid is frequently thus contaminated4 ,these foreign matters result from the action of sulphuric acid at a high temperature 7about #aaj ,c47 upon the fatty matter itself or on the impurities it may contain4 7#b47 ,glycerin obtained by calcareous saponification1 also may contain oleate of lime4 ,this may be detected with oxalate of ammonia1 which throws down the lime as a clearly perceptible precipitate4 ,the colour of glycerin is in no way an index of the purity of the product4 ,in all cases it is useful to be assured of the neutrality of the glycerin4 ,the preceding tests are suited for glycerins more or less impure1 but not adulterated4 ,according to the authors' experiments the tribasic acetate of lead separates all the foreign substances due to normal impurity of the product or alteration in the glycerin during its manufacture4 ,any addition of glucose may be detected by ,fehlings' solution4 ,quantitative ,test4 ,this test should comprehend the determination of the water1 the foreign organic matter1 the lime1 and the glycerin4 ,in the following table the authors have given the density of various mixtures of water and glycerin1 comparatively with the degrees ,baum1 and also the proportions of water corresponding to the densities4 ,they state1 that these determinations have been verified by means of pure anhydrous glycerin1 prepared by keeping glycerin for several hours at a temperature of #afj ,c1 and terminating the operation in vacu4 ,the density found was in accord with that given by ,berthelot1 namely1 #abfd4 ,estimation of ,organic ,matter4 ,fifty grams of glycerin diluted with water are treated with an excess of tribasic acetate of lead1 and the precipitate collected on two tared filters1 and the lead compound weighed4 ,the whole is then calcined1 the residue treated with nitric acid1 and then with sulphuric acid1 and from the sulphate of lead is calculated the quantity of oxide of lead1 that was in combination with organic matters1 and consequently the proportion of the latter1 which rarely exceeds #a to #ae per cent4 ,lime may be estimated in the usual manner by oxalate of ammonia4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,hydrometer ,areometer ,water1 ,hydrometer ,areometer ,water1 ,weight of ,degrees1 per ,cent4 ,weight of ,degrees1 per ,cent4 ,litre4 ,baum4 ,litre4 ,baum4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- #abfdj #cab #jj #abcej #bhf #aaj #abfbe #caj #je #abcce #bhd #aae #abfab #cji #aj #abcbb #bhc #abj #abfjj #cjh #ae #abcjg #bhb #abe #abehe #cjg #bj #abbie #bhj #acj #abegb #cjf #be #abbhj #bgh #ace #abefj #cjd #cj #abbgj #bgg #adj #abede #cjc #ce #abbee #bgf #ade #abecb #cjb #dj #abbdb #bgd #aej #abebj #cja #de #abbcj #bgc #aee #abeje #cjj #ej #abbag #bgb #afj #abdij #bii #ee #abbjb #bgj #afe #abdhj #bih #fj #abaij #bfi #agj #abdfe #big #fe #abagg #bfh #age #abdee #bif #gj #abafe #bfg #ahj #abddj #bie #ge #abaej #bfe #ahe #abdbg #bic #hj #abacg #bfd #aij #abdab #bib #he #ababe #bfc #aie #abdjj #bij #ij #abaab #bfb #bjj #abcij #bhi #ie #abajj #bfj #bje #abcge #bhh #ajj #abjhe #bei #bai #abcfb #bhg #aje ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,the authors consider that industrially the tribasic acetate of lead might be used for the removal of organic matter from crude glycerin4 ,after separation of the precipitate1 excess of the lead salt could be removed by a current of sulphuretted hydrogen1 and during the concentration of the glycerin1 the acetic acid set free would be volatilized with injury to the product4 ,the lead salt might be regenerated by calcination1 and again converted into acetate4#ccg ,footnote #ccg3 ',moniteur ,scientifique1' ,quesneville #c1 vol4 iii1 p4 #ajcc4 ,the following quantitative test which it is said will detect upon concentration of the fluids1 one-tenth per cent4 of glycerin in beer2 one per cent4 in sherry1 one per cent4 in milk1 and five per cent4 in treacle1 is based upon a fact observed by ,iles1 viz4 that borax when treated with glycerin1 gives to a ,bunsen flame the green colour characteristic of boracic acid4 ,the method of its application as given by ,messrs ,senier and ,lowe is as follows3--,the suspected solution is rendered alkaline by dilute soda1 and a borax bead placed in it for a short time4 ,the bead is then held in a ,bunsen flame1 and if the solution contains one per cent4 of glycerin a distinct reaction is observed4 ,erythrite and glycol give the same colour4 ,if a small quantity of glycerin from which the fatty acids have not been removed1 be poured into the palm1 and rubbed between the hands1 a peculiar fetid1 mouse-like odour will be perceived4 ,uses1 c4 ,glycerin is extensively employed as an excipient for medicines 7see ,,glyceroles71 also1 either alone1 or in lotions1 baths1 c41 as a soothing emollient1 and is added to poultices and dressings instead of oil1 to prevent their hardening4 ,diluted with water1 it often succeeds in allaying itching and irritation of the skin when all other means fail4 ,as a cosmetic1 either made into a lotion or added to soap 7glycerin soap71 or used in small quantities 7along with the water employed in washing71 it imparts a healthy clearness and a sensation of softness and coolness to the skin1 which is very agreeable and refreshing4 ,it is the best remedy known for chapped nipples1 hands1 lips1 c42 all of which may be prevented by its use as an article of the toilet4 ,glycerin is sometimes used as a sweetening agent1 as a substitute for syrup4 ,glycerin is employed for a great variety of purposes other than medicinal2 such1 for example1 as for3--,keeping clay moist for the modeller1 for preventing mustard from drying up1 for keeping snuff damp1 for the preservation of fruit1 for sweetening liqueurs1 wine1 beer1 and malt extracts4 ,it is also used as a lubricant for some kinds of machinery1 more especially for watch and chronometer works1 because it is unaffected by contact with the air1 does not thicken at a low temperature1 and is without action on such metals as copper1 brass1 c4 ,glycerin is also an ingredient in copying inks4 ,it renders printing ink soluble in water2 indeed it is an excellent solvent for many substances1 including the ,tar-colours 7aniline blue1 cyanine1 aniline violet1 and alizarine71 and arsenious acid4 ,it is also added to the pulp of paper in order to render it soft and pliable4 ,it is said that leather driving-belts made as they usually are of weakly tanned leather1 when kept in glycerin for twenty-four hours are not so liable to fray4 ,a solution of glycerin in water is now largely used instead of water alone for the purpose of filling gas metres1 as such a solution does not freeze in winter nor evaporate in summer4 ,it has also been used for the compasses on board screw-steamers1 in order to protect the inner compass-box1 against the vibrations caused by the motion of the propeller4 ,it is also employed for the preservation of anatomical preparations1 and for mounting microscopic specimens2 as well as for rendering wooden casks impervious to petroleum or other oils2 as well as for the preparation of artificial oil of mustard1 or sulpho-cyan-allyl1 which is made by treating glycerin with iodide of phosphorus1 whereby iodide of allyl is formed1 which on being dissolved in alcohol1 and next distilled with sulpho-cyanide of potassium1 yields sulpho-cyan-allyl4 ,when treated with concentrated nitric acid1 glycerin yields nitro-glycerin4#cch ,footnote #cch3 ,wagner's ',chemical ,technology4' ,even the above long list does not exhaust the many useful purposes to which glycerin is now applied4 ,glycerin ,cream for ,chilblains4 ,equal parts of glycerin1 soft soap1 and cherry-laurel water1 mixed together4 ,glycerin ,cream with ,camphor4 ,glycerin1 #b parts2 camphor1 #a part2 rectified spirit1 #a part4 ,mix4 ,for chilblains4 ,glycerin ,jelly for ,microscopic ,mounting4 7',ed4 ,pharm4 ,journal4'7 ,soak any quantity of good clean gelatine in cold water for three or four hours4 ,pour off the superfluous water1 and melt the gelatine at a gentle heat2 when melted filter through flannel1 and to the filtrate add an equal quantity of ,price's gelatin4 ,the above forms a good firm jelly1 requiring little trouble in securing the cover4 ,glycerin ,ointment4 ,glycerin1 #h parts2 spermaceti1 #d parts2 white wax1 #a part2 oil of almonds 7fixed71 #af parts4 ,add the glycerin to the melted ingredients1 and stir briskly till cold4 ,for chaps and excoriations4 ,,glycerole4 ,a pharmaceutical preparation1 in which glycerin is employed as the excipient4 ,glycerole of ,belladonna4 ,syn4 ,,glycerinum ,,belladonn4 ,prep4 7,par4 ,codex47 ,extract of belladonna1 #a oz41 glycerole of starch1 #aj oz4 7by weight72 rub together until perfectly smooth4 ,glyceroles of hemlock1 henbane1 and opium are ordered by the ,paris ,codex to be prepared in the same manner4 ,glycerole of ,borax4 7,b4 ,p47 ,syn4 ,,glycerinum ,,boracis1 ,l4 #a of borax in #d-a_/b of glycerin4 ,glycerole of ,carbolic ,acid4 7,b4 ,p47 ,syn4 ,,glycerinum ,,acidi ,,carbolici1 ,l4 #a of acid in #d-a_/b of glycerin4 ,glycerole of ,gallic ,acid4 7,b4 ,p47 ,syn4 ,,glycerinum ,,acidi ,,gallici1 ,l4 #a of acid in #d-a_/b of glycerin4 ,glycerole of ,iodine4 ,syn4 ,,glycerinum ,,cum ,,iodinio4 ,prep4 7,par4 ,codex47 ,dissolve #e parts of iodide of potassium and #a part of iodine in their own weight of water1 and add to #dj parts of glycerin 7by weight74 ,applied in skin diseases4 ,glycerole of ,iodide of ,potassium4 ,syn4 ,,glycerinum ,,potassii ,,iodidi4 ,prep4 7,par4 ,codex47 ,iodide of potassium1 #b parts1 glycerole of starch1 #ae parts 7by weight72 dissolve the iodine in its own weight of water1 and add to this glycerole of starch4 ,glycerole of ,starch4 7,b4 ,p47 ,syn4 ,,glycerinum ,,amyli1 ,l4 #a of starch in #h-a_/b of glycerin4 ,glycerole of ,tannic ,acid4 7,b4 ,p47 ,syn4 ,,glycerinum ,,acidi ,,tannici1 ,l4 #a of acid in #d-a_/b of glycerin4 ,glycerole of ,tar4 ,syn4 ,,glycerinum ,,picis ,,liquid4 ,prep4 7,par4 ,codex47 ,purified tar1 #a oz4 7by weight71 glycerole of starch1 #c oz4 7by weight74 ,,glycoarnicin4 ,a radical cure for gangrene and tubercle 7,zeller74 #dj grammes clarified honey1 with #ce grammes of a tincture of fresh arnica herb1 made with weak brandy4 7,hager47 ,,glycoblastol 7,professor ,kletzinsky1 ,vienna74 ,an extract of the pericarps of cayenne pepper1 made with glycerine1 diluted with a little water1 and perfumed with a trace of pleasant-smelling oil containing a suspicion of patchouli4 7,hager47 ,,glycocine4 ,syn4 ,,glycoll4 ,,sugar ,,of ,,gelatin4 7,c#b;,h#e,,no#b74 ,this is one of the products of the decomposition of gelatin when boiled with dilute sulphuric acid2 after the acid is removed by means of barium carbonate1 the glycocine may be procured in crystals by evaporating the solution4 ,it may also be obtained by heating gelatin with a solution of potash or of soda4 ,it is1 however1 most easily separated in a state of purity by boiling hippuric acid for half an hour with hydrochloric acid2 as the liquid cools benzoic acid is separated in abundance1 and glycocine remains in combination with hydrochloric acid2 on the addition of absolute alcohol1 after the solution has been concentrated by evaporation and super-saturated with ammonia1 pure glycocine is deposited in minute crystals4 ,pure glycocine has a sweet taste1 inferior to that of cane sugar4 ,it is soluble in about #djj parts of cold water1 less soluble in rectified spirit1 and insoluble in absolute alcohol and in ether4 ,it is not susceptible of the alcoholic fermentation4 ,,glycyr',,rhizin4 ,syn4 ,,liquorice ,,sugar4 ,an uncrystallisable variety of sugar obtained from the root of common liquorice 7,glycyrrhiza glabra74 ,it is yellow1 transparent1 soluble in both water and alcohol1 and is not susceptible of the vinous fermentation4 ,,glyster4 ,see ,enema4 ,,gnats and ,,mos',,quitoes4 ,smoke and strong fumes of any kind will drive away these insects4 ,if you only burn a piece of brown paper in an enclosed space where they are1 they soon after 'settle1' and appear to become so stupefied as to remain inactive for some time after4 ,in those parts of the ,new ,world where mosquitoes abound1 tobacco smoke is commonly had recourse to in-doors1 and large fires made of brush-wood or under-wood out-of-doors4 ,old travellers1 when compelled to bivouac during the season in which they are troublesome1 are very careful to keep close on the 'lee' of these fires4 ,,goa ,,powder4 ,see ,,araroba4 ,,goitre4 ,syn4 ,,derbyshire ,,neck2 ,,bronchocele1 ,,tracheocele2 ,,hernia ,,bronchialis1 ,l4 ,a tumour on the fore part of the neck4 ,it sometimes occurs in ,derbyshire1 and is endemic in the ,alps and several other mountainous districts4 ,iodine and the iodides appear to be the only substances capable of curing or even arresting the progress of this disease4 ,there seems little doubt that goitre arises from drinking water rendered hard by the presence of magnesian and lime salts4 ,the disease called cretinism1 which is a peculiar form of idiocy1 is in some countries more particularly frequently associated with goitre4 ,both these maladies prevail in ,wurtemberg1 ,saxony1 ,silesia1 the ,tyrol1 ,carynthia1 ,galicia1 ,austria1 and ,switzerland4 ,in ,england1 goitre seems principally confined to the magnesian limestone district extending from ,nottingham to the ,tyne2 it also prevails in a smaller degree in ,derbyshire1 ,norfolk1 ,cambridge1 and ,somersetshire1 where a few scattered cases of cretinism are to be met with4 ,goitre is very much more general than is usually supposed in ,france4 ,in ,asia1 it is to be found amongst the inhabitants of ,chinese ,tartary1 ,thibet1 and ,ceylon1 and in ,india amongst the dwellers in the valleys and extensive plains that lie at the foot of the ,himalayan mountains4 ,the disease is likewise known to exist in many parts of ,africa2 goitre is also far from uncommon in certain districts of ,north ,america2 whilst in ,south ,america it is met with amongst the people inhabiting the plateaus of ,new ,grenada1 which comprise localities differing so greatly in climatic conditions1 as deep and humid valleys1 and arid plains almost or entirely destitute of verdure4 ,goitre is a disease that may be very rapidly and readily set up4 ,bally says he has known certain waters in ,switzerland produce it even in eight or ten days2 and the ,french medical journals contain many similar instances of its early development4 ,,gold4 ,au4 ,syn4 ,,aurum2 ,,or1 ,fr42 ,,gold1 ,ger47 ,gold is the most valuable and1 probably1 the longest known of all the metals4 ,from the remotest period it has been esteemed for its beauty and permanence1 and has been taken as the standard measure of value amongst all civilised nations4 ,an account of the uses of gold in the arts1 and its influence on society in all ages1 as a symbol of wealth and an article of ornament and utility1 would embrace the whole history of mankind4 ,at the present day it alike contributes to the conveniences1 comforts1 and luxuries of life2 as often exciting the baser passions of the human heart as promoting the cause of benevolence and virtue4 ,gold is found almost invariably in the metallic state4 ,it occurs as gold dust in the sands of various rivers1 and in the alluvial soil of auriferous districts1 from both of which it is obtained by the simple process of washing4 ,traces of it are constantly found in the iron and other pyrites of the more ancient rocks4 ,sometimes it occurs beautifully crystallised in the cubic form1 associated with quartz1 oxide of iron1 and other substances1 in regular veins4 ,in the gold fields of ,california and ,australia lumps of nearly pure gold have been discovered in abundance during the last few years4 ,in the former country a mass of gold weighing #bh pounds was found1 whilst in our own colonies one weighing #ajf pounds was dug out of a quartz rock1 near ,bathurst4 ,the latter contained upwards of #ia of pure gold1 and nearly #h-a_/b of silver2 being as pure as the ,english sovereign1 or1 in trade language1 '#bb carats fine4' ,prep4 ,this consists merely in the separation of the gold and its subsequent purification4 ,formerly1 the auriferous sulphides1 if very poor1 were first roasted1 then fused into 'mattes' and again roasted2 they were next melted with lead1 and the alloy thus obtained was refined by cupellation4 ,when the ores were very rich1 the preliminary calcination and fusion were omitted1 and the alloy of lead at once formed4 ,this method 7by fusion7 does not answer well with auriferous copper pyrites or ores very poor in gold4 ,at the present time the method of amalgamation is principally followed4 ,when a 'vein-stone' is to be wrought for gold1 it is reduced to powder 7on the small scale by hand1 on the large scale in stamping mills71 and is shaken in a suitable apparatus with water and mercury2 an amalgam of gold is formed1 which is then separated from the mixture1 and its mercury removed by distillation4 ,the gold is next cast into 'ingots4' ,refining4--,gold obtained by the first method usually contains a little copper and silver1 and frequently tin or iron4 ,tin may be removed by adding a little corrosive sublimate or nitre to the gold melted in a crucible4 ,the process by amalgamation commonly leaves no other alloy than silver4 ,this metal is removed either in the 'dry way1' by fusing the gold with sulphur or sulphide of antimony2 or in the 'wet way1' by 'quartation' and 'parting4' ,at the ,royal ,mint1 when gold ingots contain a certain quantity of silver 7say #b or #c71 instead of leaving it1 as formerly1 to constitute a part of the standard alloy1 it pays to extract it1 and to substitute copper in its place4 ,to get the silver out of the said ingots1 they are melted with about #c parts of silver--the resulting alloy is granulated and boiled with sulphuric acid--the gold remains untouched1 and all the silver is dissolved and converted into sulphate4444 ,the sulphate of silver is then decomposed by the immersion of copper plates2 the silver is precipitated in a fine1 crystalline powder1 washed1 pressed into masses1 and melted1 and so affords ,,pure ,,silver1 which is afterwards made standard by alloying it with copper1 and is used for coinage4 ,the resulting sulphate of copper 7which exists in the solution7 is then crystallised1 and sold4 7,brande47 ,by first exhausting the gold with nitric acid1 and then boiling it in sulphuric acid1 some two or three thousandth part of silver which escaped the action of the nitric acid is dissolved out1 and perfectly pure gold is obtained4 7,ure47 ,by a foreign invention1 patented in #ahea by ,mr ,w4 ,e4 ,newton1 the operations of 'separations' and 'refining' are conducted by one process4 ,the argentiferous substance1 whether in the state of ore or bullion1 is reduced to a granulated or spongy state1 by fusion along with zinc1 or some other metal cheaper than silver1 and the zinc is subsequently removed1 by digesting the resulting granulated1 laminated1 or pulverulent alloy1 in dilute sulphuric acid1 or other acid4 ,the zinc1 c41 is recovered by the usual means4 ,this process1 carefully conducted1 produces metal of great ductility and purity1 containing #ii to #ii-a_/b of pure gold4 ,chemically pure gold is obtained by dissolving the metal in nitro-hydrochloric acid1 adding a solution of protosulphate of iron1 and collecting and washing the precipitate4 ,in this state it is a brown powder1 which acquires a metallic lustre by friction or heat4 ,prop4 ,the most marked properties of gold are its rich yellow colour1 its ductility1 malleability1 insolubility in all menstrua except 'aqua regia' 7nitro-hydrochloric acid71 aqueous chlorine1 and hydrofluoric acid1 and its very slight affinity for oxygen4 ,it melts at a bright red heat 7#bcaf ,fahr4--,daniell71 and the fused metal has a brilliant green colour4 ,it forms compounds with chlorine1 iodine1 oxygen1 sulphur1 c4 ,sp4 gr4 of native gold1 #acc to #agg2 of pure gold1 #aic 7average72 its greatest density is #aie4 ,tests4 ,metallic gold is characterised by its yellow colour1 insolubility in nitric acid1 and its ready solubility in aqua regia1 forming a rich yellow or amber-coloured liquid1 which stains the skin purple4 ,solutions of gold exhibit the following reactions3--,protosulphate of iron gives a brown precipitate1 which acquires a metallic lustre when rubbed2--,protochloride of tin 7preferably containing a little perchloride7 gives a violet1 purple1 or blackish precipitate1 insoluble in hydrochloric acid2--,sulphuretted hydrogen and hydrosulphide1 of ammonia give a black precipitate1 insoluble in simple acids2--,ammonia gives a reddish-yellow precipitate 7'fulminating gold'71 with tolerably concentrated solutions1 either at once or on boiling the liquid2--,liquor of potassa gives a reddish-yellow precipitate with neutral solutions of gold1 insoluble in excess4 ,estim4 #a4 ,in the dry way2-- ,the quantity of gold in an ,,alloy is usually estimated by 'assaying' the sample4 ,before proceeding to the assay1 it is necessary to form some estimate of the quantity of other metals 7copper or silver1 or both7 in the specimen to be examined1 in order to employ the proper proportion of lead in the 'cupellation4' ,the experienced assayer commonly does this by the 'assay of the touch1' and1 in certain cases1 by a rough preliminary assay4 ,the quantity of lead employed may be about #af times the weight of the copper present in the sample1 and when the alloy contains silver an additional allowance of lead1 equal to #a_/ajth of its weight1 is made on that account4 ,when no silver is present1 or it is not required to be estimated1 a much larger proportion of lead may be employed4 ,the weight taken for the assay 7'assay pound'7 is usually #ab or #f gr4 ,the alloy and dose of lead being accurately weighed and separately wrapped in small pieces of paper1 the assay may be at once proceeded with4 ,greek3 a4 ,,cupellation4 ,this operation1 the most important of the whole1 has been already described4 ,unlike silver1 gold will bear the highest heat of the furnace without 'vegetating1' 'fuming1' or being absorbed by the cupel4 ,the loss of weight gives the amount of copper in the alloy4 ,greek3 b4 ,,quartation4 ,the cupelled sample is fused with three times its weight of pure silver 7called the 'witness'71 by which the gold is reduced to one fourth of the mass1 or less1 and in this state may be easily removed4 ,greek3 g4 ,,parting4 ,the alloy1 after quartation1 is hammered or rolled out into a thin strip or leaf1 curled into a spiral form1 and boiled for a quarter of an hour1 in a small flask1 with about #b-a_/b to #c oz4 of nitric acid 7sp4 gr4 #ac72 and the fluid being poured off1 it is again boiled in a similar manner with #a-a_/b to #b oz4 more of nitric acid 7sp4 gr4 #ab71 after which the gold is carefully collected1 washed in pure water1 and dried4 ,when the operation of 'parting' is skilfully conducted1 and the acid not too strong1 the metal preserves its spiral form2 otherwise1 it falls into the state of flakes or powder4 ,the second boiling or digestion is technically termed the 'reprise4' ,the loss of weight by 'parting1' after deducting that of the 'witness1' corresponds to the quantity of silver originally in the specimen4 ,greek3 d4 ,,annealing4 ,this consists in putting the pure gold obtained by the last process into a small porous crucible or cupel1 and heating it to redness in the muffle4 ,greek3 e4 ,,weighing4 ,this must be done with the utmost accuracy4 ,the weight1 in grains troy1 doubled or quadrupled1 as the case may be1 gives the number of carats fine of the alloy examined1 without calculation4 ,according to the ',,old ,,french ,,method' of assaying gold1 the following quantities are taken3--,for the assay pound1 #ab gr42 fine silver1 #cj gr42 lead1 #ajh gr4 ,these having been cupelled together1 the 7perfect7 button is rolled into a leaf 7#a-a_/b #e inches71 twisted on a quill1 and submitted to parting with #b-a_/b oz4 and #a-a_/b oz4 of nitric acid1 sp4 gr4 #aaf 7#bj ,baum74 ,the remainder of the process is similar to that above described4 ,two assays are made in the same manner1 with a third on pure gold or gold of a known fineness2 and no conclusion is drawn1 unless the assay of the latter comes out accurately1 and that of the first two correspond to each other4 ,for alloys containing platinum1 which usually consist of copper1 silver1 platinum1 and gold1 the method of assaying is as follows3--,the alloy is 'cupelled' in the usual way1 the loss of weight expresses the amount of copper2 and the button1 made into a riband and treated with sulphuric acid1 indicates1 by the portion dissolved1 that also of the silver present4 ,by submitting the residuum to quartation1 the platinum becomes soluble in nitric acid4 ,the loss after digestion in this menstruum expresses the weight of that metal1 and the weight of the portion now remaining is that of the pure gold4 ,gold containing palladium may be assayed in the same manner4 #b4 ,in the wet way3 ,the richness in gold of any substance1 whether liquid or solid1 when the quantity is small 7and indeed in all other cases71 is most simply and economically performed by the common method of chemical analysis4 ,the gold may be thrown down from its solution by adding a solution of protosulphate of iron2 the precipitate1 after being washed1 dried1 and gently heated1 may be weighed as pure gold4 ,pois41 c4 ,the soluble preparations of gold 7chlorides7 are violent poisons4 ,the symptoms resemble those occasioned by corrosive sublimate1 but are somewhat less violent4 ,metallic gold in a minute state of division is also capable of producing very unpleasant consequences1 and even endangering life4 ,the antidote is iron filings or a solution of sulphate of iron1 given conjointly with an emetic4 ,uses4 ,the numerous applications of gold in the arts and the daily transactions of life need only be alluded to here4 ,in medicine1 gold has been given in the form of powder1 in scrofula and syphilis1 by ,chrestein1 ,niel1 and others1 with apparent advantage4--,dose1 #a_/d gr4 to #a gr41 #c or #d times a day1 in pills1 or as a friction on the tongue and gums4 ,an ointment made of #a gr4 of powdered gold and #cj gr4 of lard has been applied by ,niel to the skin deprived of the epidermis 7endermically7 in the above diseases4 ,the more important chemical compounds containing gold1 the alloys and commercial forms of the metal1 together with certain factitious substances popularly called 'gold'1 are noticed in alphabetical order below3-- ,gold1 ,alloys and ,preparations of3-- ,gold1 ,dutch4 ,,mannheim ,,gold1 ,,mosaic ,g41 ,,or-,,molu1 ,,pinchbeck1 ,,prince',s ,,metal1 ,,red ,,brass1 ,,similor1 ,,tombac4 ,these names are applied to several varieties of fine gold-coloured brass1 differing slightly in tint and in the proportions of copper and zinc4 ,the terms tombac1 prince's metal1 similor1 and ,mannheim gold1 are used by some authors to designate alloys consisting of about #he of copper and #ae of zinc2 whereas1 according to other authors1 prince's metal and ,mannheim gold are synonymous1 and are composed of #ge copper and #be zinc2 according to another author1 similor consists of about #ga-a_/b copper and #bh-a_/b zinc1 and ,mannheim gold of #hj copper and #bj zinc2 and1 again1 according to another author1 similor and ,mannheim gold are synonymous1 and are applied to alloys of copper containing from #aj to #ab zinc and from #f to #h tin4 ,seeing that such inextricable confusion exists in the employment of the terms above mentioned1 it is desirable to discard them altogether4 ,at the celebrated works of ,hegermhl1 near ,potsdam1 the proportions copper1 #aa parts1 to zinc1 #b parts1 are employed to produce a metal which is afterwards rolled into sheets for the purpose of making ,dutch leaf-gold4 ,this alloy has a very rich1 deep gold colour4 ,its malleability is so remarkable that it may be beaten out into leaves not exceeding #a_/ebijj inch in thickness4 ,gold1 ,facti''tious4 ,prep4 ,from copper1 #af parts2 platinum1 #g parts2 zinc1 #a part2 fused together4 ,this alloy resembles in colour gold of #af carats fine1 or #b_/c1 and will resist the action of nitric acid1 unless very concentrated and boiling4 ,gold1 ,grain4 ,syn4 ,,aurum ,,granulatum1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from cupelled gold1 #a part2 silver1 #c parts2 melted together1 and poured in a small stream into water2 the silver being afterwards dissolved out by digestion in boiling nitric acid1 and the grains1 after being well washed in water1 heated to redness in a crucible or cupel4 ,used to make preparations of gold4 ,gold1 ,jew'eller's4 ,this term is applied to alloys of gold used for trinkets and inferior articles of jewelry1 ranging from #c or #d carats fine upwards2 or which are too inferior to receive the ',hall mark'4 ,the lowest alloy of this class is formed of copper1 #af parts2 silver1 #a to #a-a_/b part2 gold1 #b to #c parts2 melted together4 ,this is worth only from #hs4 #f;d4 to #is4 #f;d4 the oz4 ,it has recently been found that gold of the quality of #ab carats1 or less1 if alloyed with zinc instead of the proper quantity of silver1 presents a colour very nearly equal to that of a metal at least #b-a_/b to #c carats higher1 or of #hs4 or #ajs4 an ounce more value2 and the consequence has been that a large quantity of jewellery has been made of gold alloyed in this manner2 and the same has been purchased by some shopkeepers1 very much to their own loss as well as that of the public2 inasmuch as a galvanic action is produced1 after a time1 upon gold so alloyed1 by means of which the metal is split into several pieces1 and the articles rendered perfectly useless4 ,gold1 ,leaf4 ,syn4 ,,gold-,,leaf4 ,gold reduced to leaves by hammering it between thin animal membrane4 ,its preparation constitutes the trade of the goldbeater4 ,these leaves are only #a_/bhbjj of an inch in thickness4 ,gilt silver is hammered in the same way1 but the leaves are thicker4 ,the latter is called party gold4 ,both are used by artists and gilders1 and by druggists to gild pills1 c4 ,gold1 ,powdered4 ,syn4 ,,divided ,,gold1 ,,gilding ,,powder1 ,,gold ,,bronze1 ,,gold ,,colour2 ,,auri ,,pulvis4 ,prep4 ,gold1 #a part2 mercury1 #g parts2 form an amalgam1 and expose it to heat until all the mercury is volatilised2 or the mercury may be dissolved out with hot nitric acid4 ,in either case the residuum is to be powdered1 washed1 and dried4 ,if the quantity operated on is considerable1 the process should be so conducted as to save the mercury4 ,from gold leaf and honey ground together1 as the last1 by means of a stone and muller4 ,this is the plan commonly adopted in the small way by artists4 ,from a solution of gold in aqua regia precipitated by protosulphate of iron1 the resulting powder being washed1 dried1 and gently heated1 ,this gives pure gold4 ,uses1 c4 ,powdered gold is employed in gilding by japanners and by artists4 ,it is either sold in powder 7gold in powder71 or made up into shells 7gold in shells74 ,its use in medicine has been already noticed4 ,gold1 ,standard4 ,the standard gold of this country is an alloy of pure gold1 #aa parts1 with pure copper1 #a part4 ,formerly the alloy consisted partly of silver1 as found in some of the older coins now in circulation4 ,it is often spoken of as #bb carats fine4 ,gold1 ,chlorides of3 #a4 ,monochloride4 ,au,cl4 ,syn4 ,,aurous ,,chloride1 ,,protochloride ,,of ,,gold4 ,a yellowish-white mass1 formed when a solution of trichloride of gold is evaporated to dryness1 and the residuum is exposed to a heat of about #ddj ,fahr41 until fumes of chlorine cease to be evolved4 ,it is insoluble in water1 which decomposes it1 slowly when cold1 but rapidly by the aid of heat1 into metallic gold and the trichloride4 #b4 ,trichloride4 ,au,cl#c4 ,syn4 ,,auric ,,chloride1 ,,terchloride ,,of ,,gold1 ,,trichloride ,,of ,,gold1 ,,auri ,,chloridum4 ,prep4 ,gold1 #a part1 dissolved by aid of heat in nitro-hydrochloric acid1 #h parts1 and evaporated down to near dryness1 and allowed to crystallise4 ,prop4 ,orange-red crystalline needles1 or ruby-red prismatic crystals2 deliquescent2 soluble in water1 ether1 and alcohol1 forming a deep-yellow solution2 at the heat of #ejj ,fahr4 it suffers decomposition1 chlorine being given off and pure gold left behind4 ,it is reduced by ferrous sulphate1 oxalic1 sulphurous1 formic and phosphorous acids1 as well as by most of the metals1 to metallic gold4 ,it combines with several of the metallic chlorides1 forming a series of double salts1 which are mostly yellow when in crystals1 and red when deprived of water4 ,uses1 c4 ,it has been employed by ,duportal1 ,chrestien1 ,niel1 ,cullerier1 ,legrand1 and others1 as a substitute for mercury1 in scrofula1 bronchocele1 chronic skin diseases1 c42 also as a caustic4--,dose1 #a_/bj gr41 dissolved in distilled water1 or made into a pill with starch2 or1 in frictions on the gums1 in quantities of #a_/af to #a_/aj gr4 ,its most important use1 however1 is as a reagent in photography1 large quantities being manufactured for use as a chief agent in toning photographic prints4 ,to some extent it is also used for electro-gilding1 and mixed with excess of bicarbonate of potassium1 it forms a good yielding solution for small articles of copper4 ,these are to be first cleaned with dilute nitric acid1 and then boiled for some time in the mixture4 ,the above is the salt generally referred to under the name of the 'chloride of gold1' or in commerce occasionally as the 'muriate of gold4' ,gold1 ,chloride of1 and ,sodium4 ,au,cl#c4 ,na,cl4 #b;,aq4 ,syn4 ,,aurochloride ,,of ,,sodium2 ,,sodii ,,aurochloridum4 ,prep4 ,auric chloride1 #he parts2 chloride of sodium1 #af parts2 dissolve in a little distilled water1 evaporate until a pellicle forms1 then put it aside to crystallise4 ,it forms beautiful orange-coloured rhombic prisms4 ,dose1 c4 #a_/bj to #a_/ab gr41 made into a pill with starch or lycopodium1 in the same cases in which the terchloride is ordered4 ,mixed with #b or #c times its weight of orris powder1 it has been used in frictions on the tongue and gums1 and an ointment made with #a gr4 of the salt1 mixed with #cf gr4 of lard1 has been applied to the skin deprived of the epidermis by a blister4 ,gold1 ,cyanide of4 ,au,cy#c4 ,syn4 ,,auric ,,cyanide4 ,prep4 ,add a solution of pure cyanide of potassium to a solution of pure auric chloride as long as a precipitate forms1 carefully avoiding any excess2 wash1 and dry the precipitate4 ,prop41 ,uses1 c4 ,the salt is a pale-yellow powder1 insoluble in water1 but very soluble in a solution of cyanide of potassium1 forming the double cyanide of gold and potassium so largely used in the electrotype process4 ,cyanide of gold is employed to a certain extent in medicine4--,dose1 #a_/ab to #a_/aj gr41 made into a pill1 in the usual cases in which gold is administered4 ,the first formula is essentially similar to that of the ,french ,codex4 ,gold1 ,extraction of1 by ,sodium ,amalgam4 7,crookes' ,method1 ,patented47 ,in the extraction of gold by amalgamation serious difficulties are often occurring through the 'flouring' or 'sickening' of the mercury employed1 and the prevention of the amalgamation by a coating of tarnish on the gold4 ,so much is this the case that losses of from #cj to #fj per cent4 of the gold are usually incurred1 and1 in many cases a still more serious loss of mercury4 ,when certain minerals1 as tellurium compounds1 pyrites1 c41 occur in the gold ore1 the mercury is apt1 on trituration1 to become subdivided into excessively minute globules1 which1 owing to their tarnished condition1 refuse to unite1 and are consequently washed away1 it being almost impossible to separate them from the heavier portions of the ore4 ,this is technically called 'flouring1' 'granulating1' c4 ,besides this1 certain of these minerals affect the mercury in another way1 that is1 by 'sickening' it1 or causing it to lose its bright surface and fluidity1 and prevents its amalgamating with the gold4 ,besides the inconvenience and loss thus caused1 a further loss of gold takes place from the inability of the ordinary mercury to touch or amalgamate tarnished gold1 unless it is ground with it1 for a more lengthy period than is found practicable in most cases4 ,mr ,crookes1 ,f4,r4,s41 has1 by means of the addition of a certain proportion of sodium1 in the form of an amalgam1 to the mercury1 effectually prevented this serious loss of gold and mercury4 ,by adding certain quantities of amalgams ,b and ,c1 an amount which1 differing from each ore1 is ascertained by experiment1 the 'flouring' and 'sickening' of the mercury is effectually prevented1 the mercury remaining throughout in the best condition4 ,the addition of about one tenth per-centage of amalgam ,a1 at intervals of some hours1 increases most powerfully the affinity of the mercury for the precious metals1 and secures a more thorough amalgamation4 ,this invention has met with general approval1 and experiments conducted at many mines show its great practical value1 giving an increase of from #e to #cj per cent4 in the yield of gold1 and1 in fact1 with many pyrites that yielded no gold to the ordinary amalgamation process1 gave a considerable yield of gold to the sodium amalgamation process4 ,this has led to its use in most mines1 both silver and gold1 in ,america4 ,gold1 ,iodide of4 ,au,l#c4 ,syn4 ,,auric ,,iodide1 ,,tri-,,iodide ,,of ,,gold1 ,,gold ,,teriodide1 ,,auri ,,iodum4 ,prep4 ,add a solution of trichloride of gold to one of iodide of potassium4 ,the resulting precipitate is at first redissolved on agitation1 a soluble double iodide being formed2 subsequently the iodide of gold is precipitated1 leaving the supernatant liquor free of colour4 ,prop41 ,uses1 c4 ,a dark-green powder1 easily soluble in hydriodic acid4 ,it is occasionally employed as a medicine1 and1 like other preparations of gold1 is of an alterative character4--,dose4 ,about #a_/afth of a grain4 ,gold1 ,oxides of3-- #a4 ,monoxide4 ,au#b,o4 ,syn4 ,,aurous ,,oxide1 ,,protoxide ,,of ,,gold4 ,prep4 ,formed by treating the aurous chloride with strong potassium hydrate4 ,green powder1 somewhat soluble in potassium hydrate solution1 and readily decomposing into metallic gold and auric oxide4 #b4 ,trioxide4 ,au#b,o#c4 ,syn4 ,,auric ,,oxide1 ,,oxide ,,of ,,gold1 ,,peroxide ,,of ,,gold1 ,,auric ,,acid1 ,,auri ,,oxidum4 ,prep4 ,magnesic oxide1 #d parts2 auric chloride1 #a part2 water1 #dj parts2 mix1 boil1 and wash the precipitate with water1 dilute nitric acid1 and again with water4 ,it must be dried in the shade4 ,reddish-yellow powder1 easily decomposed by heat2 readily soluble in hydrochloric and hydrobromic acids and strong nitric acid1 but insoluble in water and the other acids4 ,forms unstable salts with the alkalies4 ,uses1 c4 ,trioxide of gold has been given in scrofula1 c41 in doses of #a_/ab to #a_/b gr41 or #a gr41 in scrofula1 syphilis1 c41 made into a pill with extract of mezereon4 ,gold1 ,ammoni'uret of994 ,syn4 ,,aurate ,,of ,,ammonia1 ,,berthollet',s ,,fulminating ,,gold2 ,,aurum ,,ammoniatum1 ,,ammoni ,,auras1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,by adding ammonia to a solution of gold in aqua regia 7trichloride71 as long as a reddish-yellow precipitate 7fulminating gold7 forms2 the latter must be collected1 washed1 and dried with the greatest possible caution4 ,obs4 ,ammonia fails to precipitate trioxide of gold from solutions which are not tolerably concentrated1 and in those containing free acid or ammoniacal salts the precipitate only forms upon boiling the solution4 ,before adding the ammonia1 it is1 therefore1 proper to drive off the excess of acid1 if any1 by the application of heat4 ,see ,,fulminating ,,compounds4 ,gold1 ,sul'phide of4 ,au#b,s#c4 ,syn4 ,,sulphuret ,,of ,,gold1 ,,tersulphuret ,,of ,g42 ,,auri ,,sulphuretum1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,transmit a current of sulphuretted hydrogen gas through a solution of terchloride of gold in water2 or add hydrosulphuret of ammonia to the same solution2 collect the precipitate1 wash it with cold distilled water1 and dry it in the shade4 ,,gold ,,deter',,gent4 ,prep4 7,upton47 ,take quicklime1 #a oz42 sprinkle it with a little hot water to slake it1 then gradually add boiling water1 #a pint1 so as to form a milk4 ,next dissolve pearlash1 #b oz41 in boiling water1 #a-a_/b pint2 mix the two solutions1 cover up the vessel1 agitate occasionally for an hour1 allow it to settle1 decant the clear1 put it into flat half-pint bottles1 and well cork them down4 ,use4 ,to clean gilding1 c41 either alone or diluted with water4 ,it is applied with a soft sponge1 and then washed off with clean water4 ,it is essentially a weak solution of potassa1 and may be extemporaneously prepared by diluting solution of potassa 7,ph4 ,l47 with about #e times its volume4 ,,gold ,,shells4 ,gold leaf or powdered gold ground up with gum-water1 and spread upon the insides of shells4 ,used by artists4 ,,gold ,,size4 ,syn4 ,,gilding ,,size1 ,,gilder',s ,s41 ,,gold ,,colour4 ,prep4 #a4 7,,oil ,,size47 ,drying or boiled oil thickened with yellow ochre or calcined red ochre1 and carefully reduced to the utmost smoothness by grinding4 ,it is thinned with oil of turpentine4 ,improves by age4 ,used for oil gilding4 #b4 7,,water ,,size47 ,parchment or isinglass size1 mixed with finely ground yellow ochre4 ,used in burnished or distemper gilding4 ,,gold-,,beat',,er',s ,,skin is prepared from the peritoneal membrane of the ccum of the ox4 ,it is used to separate the leaves of gold whilst under the hammer1 as a nearly invisible defensive dressing for cuts1 as a fabric for court plaster1 c4 ,,golden ,,seal4 ,see ,,hydrastis ,,canadensis4 ,,gong ,,metal4 ,see ,,bell ,,metal4 ,,goniom',,etry4 ,the art of measuring the angles of crystals1 by means of a ,,goniometer2 a most important matter in chemistry and mineralogy4 ,the only accurate and simple instrument of this kind is the ,,reflecting ,,goniometer invented by ,dr ,wollaston4 ,facility in using this instrument is readily acquired by a few trials4 ,,goose4 ,this bird1 the ,anser domesticus1 is a favourite article of food almost everywhere1 and may fairly claim a similar position amongst poultry to that occupied by good ,sir ,loin among joints of meat4 ,the vulgar inuendos occasionally heard to its prejudice should be directed against the cook rather than the bird1 as it is only when it is unskilfully dressed and too highly seasoned that it is apt to disagree with that irascible member of the interior1 a delicate or overloaded stomach4 ,undue susceptibility in that quarter may1 however1 be generally allayed by an oblation1 in the shape of a little 'eau de vie1' used as sauce or gravy4 ,formerly1 almost miraculous virtues were attributed to this bird4 ,its flesh was said to promote longevity1 to cure hydrophobia1 and to be aphrodisiac4 ,the fat 7,,goose ,,grease2 ,,adeps ,,anseris71 mixed with honey1 was supposed to be good against the bitings of a mad dog4 ,at the present day it is occasionally used in clysters1 and1 when scented1 as a pomade to make the hair grow1 for which purpose it is said to be superior to bear's grease4 ,in quantity it is an emetic of very easy action4 ,the large feathers of the wings 7quills7 are used for writing4 ,the small feathers form the common stuffing of our beds4 ,,goose',,berry4 ,the fruit or berry of ,ribes grossularis4 ,unripe fruit1 cold and acidulous2 ripe fruit1 wholesome and slightly laxative2 but the seeds and skins should not be eaten1 as they are very indigestible2 the juice of the green fruit is made into wine 7,,english ,,champagne72 the seeds1 washed and roasted1 were formerly used as a substitute for coffee 7,,gooseberry ,,coffee74 ,gooseberries are preserved by simply bottling them1 and keeping them in a very cold place4 ,see ,,cheese1 ,,fool1 ,,fruit1 c4 ,,goulard4 ,syn4 ,,goulard',s ,,extract4 ,see ,,solution ,,of ,,diacetate ,,of ,,lead4 ,,gout4 ,syn4 ,,arthritis1 ,l4 ,a painful disease that chiefly attacks the male sex1 particularly those of a corpulent habit and robust frame4 ,persons who live temperately and take much exercise are seldom troubled with gout4 ,indolence1 inactivity1 luxurious habits of life1 and free living1 are the chief exciting causes of this disease2 but excessive study1 grief1 watchfulness1 exposure to cold1 and the too free use of acidulous liquors1 also occasionally bring it on4 ,in some persons it is an hereditary disease4 ,symp4 ,gout is generally preceded by unusual chilliness of the feet and legs1 and a numbness or a sensation of prickling along the lower extremities2 the appetite fails1 flatulency1 indigestion1 torpor1 and languor ensue1 and extreme lassitude and fatigue follow the least bodily exercise2 the bowels become costive1 and the urine pallid4 ,the fits usually come on in the night2 the patient is awakened by the severity of the pain1 generally in the first joint of the great toe1 or occasionally in the heel1 whole foot1 or calf of the leg4 ,the pain resembles that of a dislocated joint1 accompanied by a sensation resembling the effusion of cold water2 the pain increases1 rigors and febrile symptoms ensue1 accompanied with local throbbing and inflammation4 ,sometimes both feet and legs are attacked2 at others1 only one4 ,towards morning the patient generally falls asleep1 and sinks into a state of copious perspiration1 from which he awakes comparatively recovered4 ,this constitutes what is called a 'fit of gout4' ,these fits or paroxysms are apt to return at intervals1 commonly every evening1 with more or less violence2 and when frequent1 the disease usually extends its action1 the joints become affected1 and concretions of a chalky nature 7chalk stones1 gout stones7 are formed upon them1 and they become stiff and nearly immovable4 ,treat4 ,a plain or vegetable diet1 moderate exercise1 and the use of warm laxatives1 gentle tonics1 diaphoretics1 and diuretics1 are among the best preventives4 ,the moderate use of alkaline remedies1 as potassa and magnesia1 has also been recommended4 ,to relieve the fit of gout1 or to check it at its commencement1 the affusion of cold water will be often found effective4 ,the use of the 'eau mdicinale'1 or the 'vinum colchici' of the ,pharmacopoeia1 may also be had recourse to2 a due dose of which taken at bedtime will frequently carry off the paroxysm1 and nearly always mitigate the symptoms4 ,the effect of the above remedies do not greatly differ from each other4 ,the action of both medicines is accompanied with great languor1 and a deadly nausea or sickness1 which terminates in vomiting or a discharge from the bowels1 or both4 ,these symptoms have often reached an alarming extent1 and in some constitutions follow even a moderate dose4 ,this method of cure should not1 therefore1 be unadvisedly and incautiously adopted4 ,another remedy which has been recommended for gout is lemon juice1 but experience has proved that this agent is not to be depended on4 ,the dose proposed by ,dr ,o4 ,rees1 who originated this treatment1 was #b or #c fl4 oz41 twice or thrice a day4 ,to ensure the efficacy of lemon juice1 it must be expressed from the fruit into the glass shortly before being taken4 ,that purchased at the shops is generally stale and disagreeable1 and is often worse than useless4 ,in some cases it is advisable to take the juice undiluted1 but the more common practice is to mix it with about an equal quantity of water4 ,see ,,rheumatism1 ,,colchicum1 ,,draught 7,anti-arthritic71 ,,lemon ,,juice1 ,,vinegar ,,of ,,colchicum1 ,,wine ,,of ,,colchicum1 c4 ,gout ,cor'dial4 ,prep4 ,rhubarb1 senna1 coriander seed1 sweet-fennel seed1 and cochineal1 of each #b oz42 liquorice root and saffron1 of each #a oz42 raisins1 #b-a_/b lbs42 rectified spirit of wine1 #b gals42 digest for #ad days1 press1 and filter4 ,used in gout and rheumatism4 ,aromatic and slightly laxative4--,dose1 #a to #c table-spoonfuls4 ,gout ,med'icine4 7,duncan's47 ,a mixture of wine of colchicum1 wine of opium1 and tincture of saffron4 ,gout ,rem'edy4 7,alexander's47 ,according to ,dr ,paris1 this contains--aniseed1 cumin seed1 ginger1 hermodactyles1 pepper1 and scammony4 ,gout ,specific4 7,murray's47 ,a mixture of iodide of potassium1 sulphate of magnesia1 and wine of colchicum1 disguised with an aromatic tincture4 ,,gouttes ,,ameres4 ,fr4 ,see ,,drops 7,bitter74 ,,grad',,uator4 ,see ,,vinegar4 ,,grafting ,,com',,post4 ,clay tempered with water1 to which a little linseed oil is sometimes added4 ,used to cover the joint formed by the scion and stock in grafting4 ,,grains ,,of ,,health1 ,dr ,franck's--,gesundheitspillen--,grains de ,sant1 ou ,grains de ,vie1 du ,docteur ,franck4 ,silvered pills1 containing #a part gamboge and #d parts aloes4 7,hager47 ,,grains ,,of ,,par',,adise4 ,syn4 ,,guinea ,,grains1 ,,meleguetta ,,pepper4 ,the seeds of the ,ammomum meleguetta4 ,grains of paradise are hot1 acrid1 and aromatic1 and in general properties similar to the other peppers4 ,in some parts of the world they are used as a condiment4 ,they are principally employed in these countries to impart a false strength to wine1 beer1 spirits1 and vinegar4 ,,granil',,la4 ,a small inferior variety of cochineal 7which see74 ,,granula',,tion4 ,the act or process of forming1 or breaking into1 grains or small masses4 ,the granulation of ,,medicines has of late years received considerable attention from both foreign and ,british pharmaceutists4 ,in ,france1 granulated powders 7,,poudres ,,granul,,es7 are coming into general use in place of impalpable powders1 the most unpleasant of all forms of medicine4 ,the ,french process consists in enveloping the particles of medicines in syrup by means of heat and constant stirring4 ,mr ,banner1 of ,liverpool1 has lately introduced a method of granulating medicines far preferable to that of the ,french pharmaceutists4 ,the powder to be granulated is placed in a mortar1 and mucilage of gum acacia is gradually added until a crumbly mass is made2 this is then rubbed through a wire sieve 7about #ab meshes to the inch71 and the granules produced are spread out on paper1 and left to dry spontaneously1 or they are placed in a copper pan1 and kept in constant motion over a stove until dry2 when perfectly dry1 they are placed in a mortar1 and sufficient quantity of strong tincture of tolu 7#c dr4 to #a oz47 is added to them1 until by constant stirring they all appear glossy and shining2 they are then dried again by a gentle heat1 being kept in constant motion4 ,the granules thus formed keep well1 are tasteless1 and are much more elegant and agreeable preparations than pills or ordinary powders4 ,many saline substances are granulated by the simple process of dissolving the salt in water1 and evaporating to dryness with constant stirring4 ,,metals are granulated 7reduced to drops1 grains1 or coarse powder7 by pouring them1 in the melted state1 into water4 ,in many cases they are allowed to run through the holes of a species of colander or sieve to produce minute division2 and in order to render the drops spherical1 they are allowed to fall from a sufficient height to permit of their acquiring the solid state before striking the water4 ,lead shot is made in this way4 ,shot towers are often upwards of #ajj feet in height4 ,see ,,copper1 ,,gunpowder1 ,,powder1 ,,zinc1 c4 ,,grapes4 ,syn4 ,,uv1 ,l4 ,the fruit of ,vitis vinifera1 or the common grape vine4 ,ripe grapes are cooling and antiseptic1 and in large quantities diuretic and laxative4 ,they are very useful in bilious affections and dyspepsia1 and in all febrile1 putrid1 and inflammatory complaints4 ,the skin and seed1 which are indigestible1 should be rejected4 ,grapes which contain a large quantity of sugar are1 if taken without the husks1 the safest and most nutritive of summer fruits4 7,cullen47 ,the subjects of pulmonary affections1 who pass the summer in ,switzerland1 may try the effects of a course of grapes1 'cure de raisins1' a remedy held in high estimation in several parts of the ,continent4 7,sir ,j4 ,clark47 ,grapes1 in bunches are preserved by wrapping them in silver paper1 and packing them in dry bran4 ,each bunch is suspended by the stem with the fingers of one hand1 whilst the bran is poured round it with the other2 the jar being occasionally gently shaken as the process of packing proceeds4 ,some paper is then laid over the top of the jar1 the mouth or cover of which is1 lastly1 tied firmly over with bladder1 to exclude the air and moisture4 ,see ,,fruit1 c4 ,,graph',,ite4 ,see ,,plumbago4 ,,grate4 ,a frame of iron bars used for burning coal as fuel4 ,in the construction of a grate it is desirable to make the perpendicular height of the fuel as great as is consistent with safety4 ,a stratum of burning coal will radiate considerably more heat into an apartment if placed vertically than if arranged horizontally2 besides which a great saving of fuel will be effected in proportion to the heat radiated4 ,hence the faulty construction of the old-fashioned wide grates4 ,the fuel should also be so divided in a fireplace as to be easy of ignition1 and so placed as to give free access of air to all its parts1 as the smoke is then more likely to be burnt4 ,,grav',,el4 ,a collection of small pebbles commonly mixed with sand or clay1 or both4 ,gravel for garden walks is chosen for its fine colour and binding properties4 ,the gravel of ,kensington and ,wimbledon is esteemed the finest in the world4 ,gravel walks when once in order1 may be rendered nearly equal to asphalt by pouring over them tar or a mixture of tar and pitch1 absorption being promoted1 if required1 by the application of a hot iron4 ,gravel4 ,in pathology1 a term popularly applied to calculous matter formed in the kidneys1 and passing off in the urine2 and sometimes to distinct calculi or concretions in the bladder itself4 ,an attack of gravel1 as commonly understood1 is accompanied by a deposit of red1 gritty1 sand-like particles in the urine1 which do not dissolve when the urine is heated4 ,the deposit consists of uric acid4 ,pains in the loins are a common accompaniment of gravel1 and there is also sometimes pain in passing water4 ,treat4 ,give twenty minims of solution of potash 7of the ,b4 ,p47 three times a day in barley water2 or twenty grains of bicarbonate of soda1 also three times a day4 ,if the attack be attended with much pain a brisk dose of ,gregory's powder should be additionally taken every morning4 ,vichy ,water will also be found a useful remedy4 ,see ,,calculus4 ,,gravim',,eter4 ,see ,,hydrometer4 ,,grav',,ity4 ,syn4 ,,gravitation4 ,the attractive force by which bodies fall towards the centre of the earth4 ,weight is the measure of gravity4 ,the determination of the relative weight of bodies with reference to a given standard1 is explained under ,,specific ,,gravity4 ,,gra',,vy4 ,the juice or liquid matter that drains from dressed meat after it is placed on the dish for serving4 ,the common practice among cooks is to pour a spoonful or two of boiling water or broth over the joint1 to increase the quantity4 ,the natural gravy that oozes from the meat after it is cut is the richest and most wholesome4 ,made gravies are prepared by adding spice and flavouring to the foregoing1 or to strong meat soup4 ,the gravy for roast meat is usually made by sprinkling a little salt on the joint after it is placed in the dish1 and then pouring some boiling water over it2 this washes off some of the brown1 and makes a coloured liquid in the dish4 ,another method for making gravy for roast meat is the following3--,take any bones1 scraps of cold meat1 or trimmings of the joint1 put them in a half pint of water1 with a little salt and half an onion1 let them stew all the time the meat is roasting2 colour with a little burnt sugar4 ,when the meat is done1 pour the dripping from it carefully into a basin1 leaving the gravy at the bottom of the tin2 strain the gravy you have made into this1 let it boil1 and pour round 7not over7 the meat4 ,if the gravy is liked thick1 put a dessert-spoonful of flour1 mixed into a smooth paste1 with two of cold water1 into the saucepan five minutes before you strain it4 ,see ,,sauce4 ,,gray4 ,syn4 ,,grey2 ,,gris1 ,fr4 ,a mixture of black and white4 ,delicate grays result from mixture of the three elementary colours1 red1 yellow1 and blue1 in which the blue preponderates to a greater or less extent4 ,,gray ,,dye4 ,syn4 ,,teinte ,,grise4 ,gray is dyed with the same materials as black1 but both the bath and mordaunt are used in a more diluted state4 ,,cotton goods may be worked in sumach and then in copperas2 this gives rather a bluish grey1 which may be modified to any particular hue by the addition of suitable colouring matter4 ,to make it yellowish1 a small amount of fustic and alum are employed2 to make it 'fuller1' peachwood and ,lima-wood with alum are used4 ,the methods of obtaining grey on ,,silk and ,,wool are very numerous2 they are similar in principle to the above1 all depending on the blending of the three primary colours1 or on the modification of weak blacks4 ,see ,,black ,,dye4 ,,grease4 ,a general term applied to soft animal fats2 as ,,bear',s ,,grease1 ,,goose ,,grease1 c4 ,grease4 ,an inflammatory affection of the heels of horses1 which produces dryness1 scurfiness and stiffness4 ,the treatment consists of emollient poultices1 accompanied with physic and diuretic balls1 to subdue the inflammation1 followed by mild astringent lotions or ointments4 ,,greaves4 ,syn4 ,,graves4 ,the sediment of melted tallow1 consisting chiefly of animal membranes mixed with fat1 made up into cakes4 ,used as a coarse food for dogs4 ,,gre',,cian ,,water4 ,see ,,hair ,,dyes4 ,,green4 ,syn4 ,,viridis1 ,l42 ,,vert1 ,fr4 ,of the colour of the leaves of growing plants2 subst4 a green colour4 ,,green ,,dye4 ,syn4 ,,teinte ,,verte1 ,fr4 ,all the green dyes in use1 with the practically unimportant exception of ,chinese green and oxide of chromium green1 are compounded of blue and yellow4 ,the goods1 in practice1 are generally dyed blue first1 observing to regulate the shade according to that of the intended green2 they are then dried1 rinsed1 and passed through a yellow bath1 with the like precautions1 until the proper shade is obtained4 ,see ,,blue ,,dye1 ,,yellow ,,dye1 c4 ,,green ,,pig',,ments4 ,several of the green pigments of commerce are obtained from copper4 ,oxide of chromium furnishes some which are very beautiful4 ,many are formed by the mere mechanical admixture of blue and yellow pigments4 ,the bright blues and yellows1 when mixed in this way1 produce the liveliest greens2 orange1 or red and blue1 and the yellowish browns and blue1 the more dingy greens4 ,in this way are produced all the extemporaneous greens of the artist4 ,nickel and titanium also furnish green colours1 but these are not in common use4 ,the following list embraces all the best-known and most useful green pigments3-- ,green ,arsen'ical4 ,arsenite and aceto-arsenite of copper4 ,see ,,green1 ,,scheele',s and ,,schweinfurt 7below74 ,green1 ,barth's4 ,from yellow lake1 ,prussian blue1 and clay1 ground together4 ,green1 ,bice4 ,same as mountain green4 ,green1 ,bremen4 ,this is properly green verditer1 but other preparations are frequently sold under the name4 ,green1 ,brighton4 ,a mixture of impure acetate of copper and chalk1 prepared as follows3-- ,to sulphate of copper1 #g lbs41 add sugar of lead1 #c lbs42 each separately dissolved in water1 #e pints2 mix the solutions1 stir in of whiting1 #bd lbs41 set the resulting paste on chalk stones1 and when dry grind it to powder4 ,green1 ,brunswick4 ,this is probably a crude chloride of copper1 but a mixture of carbonate of copper and alumina or chalk is now commonly sold under the name in the shops4 ,prep4 #a4 ,a saturated solution of sal ammoniac1 #c parts1 is poured over copper filings or shreds1 #b parts1 contained in a vessel capable of being closed up1 and the mixture is kept in a warm place for some weeks1 when the newly formed green pigment is separated from the unoxidised copper1 by washing the mixture on a sieve2 it is then edulcorated with water1 and slowly dried in the shade4 ,colour very deep and rich4 ,the lighter shades are produced by the addition of sulphate of baryta4 #b4 ,a solution of crude carbonate of ammonia or bone spirit is added to a mixed solution of alum and blue vitriol1 as long as it affects the liquor2 in a short time the precipitate is collected1 washed and dried4 ,the various shades of green are produced by using different quantities of alum1 which pales and cheapens it4 ,green1 ,chrome4 ,the superb green pigment used by enamellers under this name is the green oxide or sesquioxide of chromium4 ,a hydrated oxide of chromium forms the emerald green of ,pannetier2 it is prepared by melting in a crucible equivalent quantities of anhydrous boracic acid and bichromate of potassium1 and treating the fused mass with water4 ,the hydrated oxide thus produced is washed and finely triturated4 ,the chrome green of the oil and colour shops is a mixture of chrome yellow and ,prussian green4 ,green1 ,cop'per4 ,green bice or mountain green1 ,brunswick green1 emerald green1 verditer1 and several other well-known pigments1 may be thus named4 ,green1 ,em'erald4 ,this term is commonly applied to the aceto-arsenite of copper1 as prepared in ,england4 ,it is the same compound1 chemically speaking1 as ,schweinfurt green 7which see74 ,prep4 ,a pulp is formed with verdigris1 #a part1 and boiling water q4 s41 and after being passed through a sieve1 to remove lumps1 is added gradually to a boiling solution of arsenious acid1 #a part1 in water1 #aj parts1 the mixture being constantly stirred until the precipitate becomes a heavy1 granular powder1 when it is collected on a calico filter1 and dried on chalk stones4 ,green1 ,frise4 ,syn4 ,,friezland ,,green4 ,this resembles ,brunswick green4 ,green1 ,gellart's4 ,a mixture of cobalt blue and flowers of zinc with some yellow pigment4 ,green1 ,impe'rial4 ,schweinfurt green 7see below74 ,green1 ,iris4 ,a pigment prepared by grinding the juice of the petals of the blue flag with quicklime4 ,it is very fugitive4 ,green ,lake4 ,see ,,lake4 ,green1 ,min'eral4 ,this is the same as mountain green4 ,green1 ,mitis4 ,another of the many synonyms of ,schweinfurt green4 ,green1 ,mountain4 ,this pigment is properly the native green carbonate or bicarbonate of copper 7malachite7 ground to powder1 either with or without the addition of a little orpiment or chrome yellow4 ,that of the shops is commonly prepared by adding a solution of carbonate of soda1 or of potassa1 to a hot mixed solution of sulphate of copper and alum4 ,green verditer is commonly sold for this article4 ,according to ,watts1 mountain green is the same as ,neuwieder green4 ,green1 ,neuwieder4 ,schweinfurt green mixed with gypsum or sulphate of baryta4 ,green1 ,prussian4 ,the sediment of the process of making ,prussian blue from bullock's blood or horns1 before it has had the hydrochloric acid added to it4 ,it is also prepared by pouring liquid chloride upon freshly precipitated ,prussian blue4 ,as now sold1 this pigment is generally a mixture of ,prussian blue and gamboge4 ,green1 ,rinman's4 ,this resembles that of ,gellert4 ,green1 ,sap4 ,a very fugitive pigment1 prepared from the juice of buckthorn berries4 ,the berries are allowed to ferment for a week or eight days in a wooden tub4 ,the juice is then pressed out1 strained1 a little alum added1 and the whole evaporated to a proper consistence2 it is next run into pigs' bladders1 and hung up in a dry situation to harden4 ,an inferior article is made from the juice of black alder1 and of evergreen privet4 ,it is a common practice to add #c_/d pint of lime water and #a_/b oz4 of gum ,arabic to every pint of either of the above juices4 ,green1 ,scheele's4 ,this is arsenite of copper4 ,prep4 #a4 ,white arsenic 7in powder71 #a part2 commercial potash1 #b parts2 boiling water1 #ce parts2 dissolve1 filter1 and add the solution gradually1 whilst still warm1 to a filtered solution of sulphate of copper 7cryst471 #b parts1 as long as a precipitate falls2 lastly1 wash the newly formed pigment with warm water1 and dry it4 #b4 7,ure47 ,powdered arsenious acid1 #aa oz42 carbonate of potassa1 #a-a_/b lb42 boiling water1 #a gall42 dissolve1 filter1 and add the solution1 as before1 to another solution of crystallised sulphate of copper1 #b lbs41 in water1 #c galls4 ,prod4 #a-a_/b lb4 ,a very fine grass-green colour4 ,green1 ,schweinfurt4 ,this splendid green pigment is the aceto-arsenite of copper4 ,prep4 #a4 ,acetate of copper and arsenious acid1 equal parts1 are each dissolved separately in the least possible quantity of boiling water1 and the solutions mixed whilst still as hot as possible2 an olive-green precipitate falls1 which1 by being boiled in the liquor #e or #f minutes1 changes to a dense granular powder of a superb green colour4 #b4 ,instead of boiling the solution containing the precipitate1 it is allowed to cool and stand for several hours1 or until the powder assumes a granular and beautiful tint4 ,very rich4 #c4 7,kastner47 ,arsenious acid1 #h lbs41 is dissolved in water as before1 and added to verdigris1 #i or #aj lbs41 diffused through water q4 s41 at #abj ,fahr41 the pap of the other being first passed through a sieve2 the mixed ingredients are then set aside till the mutual reaction produces the proper shade4 #d4 7,dr ,ure47 ,sulphate of copper1 #ej lbs41 and lime1 #aj lbs41 are dissolved in good vinegar1 #bj galls41 and a boiling hot solution of white arsenic1 #ej lbs41 is conveyed as quickly as possible into the liquor2 the mixture is stirred several times1 and then allowed to subside1 after which it is collected on a filter1 dried and powdered4 ,the supernatant liquor is employed the next time for dissolving the arsenic4 #e4 ,see ,,green1 ,,emerald 7above74 ,obs4 ,this is a very fine1 permanent green pigment4 ,a great deal of needless alarm has been excited about its supposed deleterious effects4 ,it is extensively employed for staining wall-papers1 and persons inhabiting rooms thus papered are said to have had their health seriously deranged by the arsenical fumes evolved from it4 ,now1 it is utterly impossible that arsenic could volatilise from such a compound at ordinary temperatures2 it does not decompose at any temperature below redness4 7,watts47 ,it is1 however1 probable that the air of such apartments is sometimes charged with the poisonous pigment through its becoming mechanically detached from the paper4 ,to breathe an atmosphere so impregnated would be dangerous4 ,the use of papers coloured with ,scheele's green1 especially of the kind called 'flock1' should1 therefore1 be carefully avoided4--,,ed4 ,verd'igris4 ,see ,,copper 7,acetates7 and ,,verdigris4 ,green1 ,verd'iter4 ,this is essentially a mixture of oxide and carbonate of copper in uncertain proportions1 with chalk4 ,factitious green bice and mountain green have a like composition4 ,see ,,verditer4 ,green1 ,verona4 ,the mineral called green earth4 ,green1 ,vienna4 ,the same as ,schweinfurt green4 ,,green ,,sickness4 ,see ,,chlorosis4 ,,greek ,,fire4 ,this compound1 so much used in ancient warfare1 is believed to have had naphtha for its chief ingredient4 ,according to some authorities1 it was a mixture of asphalt1 nitre1 and sulphur4 ,,gregory',s ,,salt4 ,the crude hydrochlorate of morphia1 prepared by ,gregory's process4 ,it is a double hydrochlorate of morphia and codeia4 ,,grindelia ,,robusta4 ,a perennial plant belonging to the natural order ,composit2 a native of ,california1 in which state it is largely used against poisoning by the poison oak 7the ,rhus toxicodendron74 ,of late years it is said to have been in ,american medical practice used with excellent effect in asthma and kindred diseases4 ,dr ,q4 ,c4 ,smith1 writing to the ',pacific ,medical and ,surgical ,journal' for ,april1 #ahge1 states one patient to whom pills made of the solid extract were administered1 had suffered from severe and frequent attacks of asthma since childhood1 and had found no relief from various remedies4 ,dr ,smith gave his patient the extract of the grindelia in pills of three grains each1 one three times a day for two or three days1 then a pill at bedtime only1 for eight or ten days longer4 ,under this mode of treatment the attacks are said to have been much less severe1 and less frequent2 the patient not only gaining in strength and general health in the meantime1 but having experienced an immunity from attack for four months4 ,the parts of the plant used are the selected leaves and tops4 ,,grind',,ing4 ,the operation of reducing substances to powder by attrition or friction4 ,in the laboratory1 the term is chiefly applied to powdering by means of a mill or by mechanical power1 in opposition to simple pounding or trituration in a mortar or with a slab and muller4 ,all the principal powders1 paints1 c41 sold by the druggist1 drysalter1 and colourman1 are reduced in the drug or colour mill4 ,recently machinery has even been applied to the common mortar4 ,an ingenious and very useful contrivance of this kind is the 'mechanical mortar' of ,mr ,h4 ,goodhall1 of ,derby4 ,,grind',,stones4 7,artificial74 ,washed siliceous sand1 #c or #d parts2 shell-lac1 #a part2 melt together1 and form the mass into the proper shape whilst warm1 with strong pressure4 ,the fineness of the sand must depend on the work the stone is intended for4 ,the same composition is formed upon pieces of wood1 as corn rubbers1 and for the purpose of sharpening knives1 and cutting stones1 shells1 c4 ,see ,,emery4 ,,groats4 ,syn4 ,,grits2 ,,grutellum1 ,,avena ,,decorticata1 ,,aven ,,semina1 ,,avena 7,ph4 ,l471 ,l4 ,common oats1 deprived of their exterior integuments or husks4 ,this is generally effected in a mill1 which1 at the same time1 cuts them into two or three pieces4 ,when crushed flat1 they are denominated ,,embden ,,groats4 ,,grout4 ,mortar reduced to a thin paste with water1 used to fill up the joints of masonry and brickwork4 ,a finer kind is used to 'finish off' the best ceilings4 ,,gruel4 ,syn4 ,,oatmeal ,,gruel1 ,,water ,g42 ,,decoctum ,,aven1 ,l4 ,oatmeal or groats boiled with water to a proper consistence1 and strained4 ,it is variously flavoured to suit the palate2 but the addition of a little white sugar1 and finely powdered ,jamaica ginger1 with or without a glass of wine1 is the least likely to offend the stomach4 ,nutmegs1 cinnamon1 c41 frequently disagree with invalids4 ,sometimes milk or butter is added4 ,embden groats require less boiling than the common groats4 ,of oatmeal1 the ,scotch is commonly said to be the best4 ,the following directions for making gruel from oatmeal are given by ,dr ,a4 ,t4 ,thomson3 ,oatmeal1 #b oz42 cold water1 #a-a_/b pint2 rub the meal in a basin1 with the back of a spoon1 in some of the water1 pouring off the fluid after the grosser particles have subsided1 but whilst the milkiness remains2 repeat this with fresh water1 unite the washings1 and boil until a soft1 thick mucilage is formed4 ,,gua',,iacin4 ,syn4 ,,guaiacic ,,acid1 ,,pure ,,guaiacum ,,resin4 ,a substance having the nature of an acid1 discovered by ,trommsdorff in the wood and bark of ,guaiacum officinale4 ,prep4 ,the tincture of guaiacum is treated with hydrate of lime1 and the guaiacate of lime thus formed is decomposed with dilute sulphuric acid2 it is purified by dissolving it in alcohol4 ,prop41 c4 ,insoluble in water2 soluble in alcohol and ether2 it unites with the caustic alkalies1 forming alkaline guaiacates 7guaiacum soaps72 air and light turn it green2 gluten1 mucilage of gum ,arabic1 c41 turn it blue2 nitric acid and chlorine turn it successively green1 blue1 and brown2 tincture of guaiacin1 added to hydrocyanic acid and sulphate of copper1 produces an intense blue colour4 7,pagenstecher47 ,a delicate photographic paper may be formed by washing unsized paper with an alcoholic solution of guaiacum resin1 and afterwards with one of neutral acetate of lead4 7,johnston47 ,,gua',,iacum4 ,syn4 ,,guaiac1 ,,gum ,,guaiacum1 ,,guaiacum ,,resin2 ,,guaiacum 7,ph4 ,l471 7,,guaiac ,,resin1 ,,guaiaca ,,resina1 ,b4 ,p474 ,the resin prepared by means of fire from the wood of ,guaiacum officinale1 by natural exudation1 by incision1 or by heat4 7,b4 ,p47 ,this substance is often adulterated4 ,when pure1 its fresh fracture is red1 slowly passing to green2 the tincture slowly strikes a lively blue colour on the inner surface of a thin paring of raw potato4 7,b4 ,p47 ,adulteration with resin may be generally discovered by the odour evolved when the guaiacum is heated4 ,an alcoholic tincture of guaiacum1 rendered milky with water1 recovers its transparency on the addition of caustic potassa in excess2 but this is not the case when resin is present4 ,guaiacum is stimulant1 sudorific1 and alterative4--,dose1 #aj to #cj gr41 either in powder or pills2 in chronic rheumatism1 gout1 obstinate chronic skin disease1 scrofula1 syphilis1 c4 ,it forms the active ingredient of the once celebrated ',,chelsea ,,pensioner1' and the ',,gout ,,specific' of ,mr ,emerigon4 ,the latter was made by digesting #b oz4 of guaiacum resin in #dh fl4 oz4 of rum1 for seven or eight days4 ,the dose of this was a table-spoonful every morning1 fasting1 for a twelvemonth4 ,its other properties are similar to those of ,,guaiacin1 but are less marked4 ,sp4 gr4 #abj to #abb4 ,guaiacum ,wood4 ,syn4 ,,lignum ,,vit1 ,,guaiaci ,,lignum 7,ph4 ,l471 ,l4 ,the wood of ,guaiacum officinale4 ,this is employed under the form of shavings1 raspings1 and sawdust1 in decoctions only4 ,see ,,decoction and ,,balsam4 ,,gua',,no4 ,syn4 ,,huanho1 ,peruv4 ,this substance1 now so extensively used in agriculture1 is the partially decomposed excrement of certain aquatic birds1 chiefly the common penguin1 which congregate in countless numbers on the barren and uninhabited islets and rocks on the western coasts of ,south ,america and the coasts of ,africa4 ,it abounds in ammonia and the phosphates1 and is undoubtedly the richest natural manure known4 ,under judicious application the increase of the crops of grain1 turnips1 potatoes1 and grass consequent upon its use is said to be about #cc4 ,guano is peculiarly adapted to horticultural and floricultural improvement1 by its relative cleanliness and facility of application4 7,ure47 ,according to ,denham ,smith1#cci ,south ,american guano1 as imported1 presents itself in three distinct states1 the three varieties being not unfrequently mixed together in the same bag2 the first variety is damp and pulverulent2 the second exists as large concretions1 presenting various aspects when broken2 the third is heavy and crystalline1 and is termed 'stone' by the labourers4 ,these three varieties differ widely in composition1 as the following comprehensive analysis1 by ,smith1 will show3-- ,footnote #cci3 ',proceedings of the ,chem4 ,soc41' vol4 ii4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,soluble in ,water4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,i4 ,,ii4 ,,iii4 ,pulverulent4,concrete4 ,saline4 ------------------------------ ,water #bbbjj #bejjj #igjj ,chloride of ammonium #beej -- #cjcj ,sulphate of potash #hjjj -- -- soda traces #behdd #aiagg ,oxalate of ammonia #gdjj #icij -- soda -- -- #ajefc ,phosphate of ammonia #fccj #fabd -- potash -- #ggcb #didg soda #abj -- #cfj ,chloride of sodium -- #bibb #bhfca potassium -- -- #dafc ,organic matter #aejj #ffh #beec ,urate of ammonia #aedah -- -- ,uric acid #beaf -- -- ,ammonia phosphate of magnesia #efd #ghd #acc ,animal matter #aahj #hfj #gef ,insoluble in ,water4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,i4 ,,ii4 ,,iii4 ,pulverulent4,concrete4 ,saline4 ------------------------------ ,oxalate of lime #befj #ajieh -- ,phosphate of lime #aiicj #fbgj #acbbc magnesia #bjcj #hgd #behj ,oxide of iron -- -- #aef ,humus and organic matters #fjib #hjj #ahcf ,sand #aefj #gbj #dbj ,loss #ej #ajed #ggh ------------------------------ #ajjjjj #ajjjjj #ajjjjj ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,several of the ,south ,american guano beds are now exhausted1 but new varieties are constantly being introduced2 and although the qualities are continually varying1 guanos1 on the whole1 may be divided into two classes1 the one characterised by the abundance of ammonia1 the other by that of phosphates1 the ,peruvian and ,angamos being characteristic of the former1 and the ,saldanha ,bay and ,bolivian of the latter4 ,in selecting a guano1 the following points 7,anderson7 ought to be attended to by the farmer3-- #ast4 ,the guano should be light coloured and dry1 colouring very slightly when squeezed together1 and not gritty4 #bnd4 ,it should not have too powerful an ammoniacal smell1 and should contain lumps which1 when broken1 appear of a paler colour than the powder4 #crd4 ,a bushel should not weigh more than from #ef to #fj pounds4 ,these characters are1 however1 imitated with great skill1 so that they cannot be implicitly relied upon1 and they are applicable to ,peruvian guano only4#cdj ,footnote #cdj3 ,the above particulars are from an elaborate paper by ,dr ,h4 ,m4 ,noad1 in the ',chemist and ,druggist1' vol4 ii4 ,purity1 ,adulteration4 ,guano1 owing to its high price1 is very commonly adulterated1 or is in an advanced stage of decomposition when sold4 ,much of what is vended under the name is altogether a fictitious article4 ,these artificial mixtures are made to look so like genuine guano1 that the mere practical man1 who goes only by their appearance1 is very often deceived by them1 and1 owing to the failure of his crops in consequence1 is led to distrust the efficacy of guano as a manure4 ,a sample of pretended guano examined by ,johnstone was found to contain1 in the state in which it was sold1 more than half its weight of gypsum1 the rest being peat or coal ashes1 with a little common salt1 crude sulphate of ammonia1 and either dried urine or the refuse of the glue manufactories1 to give it a smell4 ,i could not satisfy myself that it contained a particle of real guano4#cda ,vessels which sail hence for the guano stations are now very commonly ballasted with rough gypsum or plaster of ,paris4 ,this substance is mixed with the guano as it is loaded1 and enables the importers to deliver from the vessel a nice-looking1 light-coloured article4 ,purchasers of guano are very desirous of having it delivered from the vessel1 as they believe they thus obtain it pure4 ,the favourite material for the adulteration of guano1 at the present moment1 is a variety of umber1 which is brought from ,anglesea in large quantities4 ,the rate of admixture is said to be about #ae cwt4 of umber to about #e cwt4 of ,peruvian guano1 from which an excellent-looking article is manufactured1 which is sold under the name of ',african guano4' ,footnote #cda3 ',elem4 of ,agric4 ,chem4' ,pure guano has a pale-brown colour1 a more or less offensive odour1 and the average sp4 gr4 of #afc to #afd4 ,if the sp4 gr4 exceed #age1 it is either damaged or adulterated2 and if it is less than #afb1 it contains an undue quantity of moisture4 ,the best is neutral to test-paper1 and sometimes has even an acid reaction2 but that of commerce has generally an alkaline reaction1 owing to the presence of free ammonia1 and1 in consequence1 turns turmeric paper brown1 and gives white fumes when a glass rod dipped in hydrochloric acid is held over it4 ,triturated with quicksilver or caustic potassa1 good guano evolves a powerful odour of ammonia2 digested in water1 fully one half of it is dissolved2 dried by the heat of boiling water1 it does not lose more than from #g to #i in weight2 and burned upon a red-hot shovel1 it leaves a white ash1 not a red or dark-coloured one4 7,see directions for selecting guano given above1 also below47 ,analysis or assay4 ,the quantitative analysis of guano1 so as to exhibit the names and proportions of all its numerous component substances1 is an extremely tedious and difficult matter in the hands of persons unaccustomed to chemical manipulations4 ,as1 however1 its value to the agriculturist depends chiefly on its richness in ammonia1 potassa1 and phosphoric acid1 the analysis of guano for practical purposes may be reduced to an assay for these articles4 ,indeed1 the presence of ammonia 7the most valuable of them71 in the proper quantity1 may be fairly taken as evidence of the presence of the rest4 ,the following methods of testing guano are both simple and accurate1 and are so arranged as to permit its per-centage richness in one or more of its leading constituents to be determined without much trouble or expense4 #a4 a4 #ajj gr4 of the sample for examination 7fairly selected7 are crushed to a powder1 and placed on a small1 weighed1 and perfectly dry paper filter1 and then desiccated1 by exposure for #b or #c hours to the heat of boiling water4 ,the loss in weight1 taken in grains1 after deducting #i1 indicates the quantity per cent4 of water or moisture which the sample contains in excess of that present in good or pure guano4#cdb ,footnote #cdb3 ,according to ,dr ,noad1 the proportion of water in genuine guanos ranges from #g to #bj4 b4 ,the paper filter1 with its contents1 is next suspended for some time over concentrated sulphuric acid 7oil of vitriol7 contained in a wide-mouthed bottle or jar1 by means of a thread attached to the cork or stopper1 care being taken to exclude the external air4 ,the exposure in this way is continued until the guano ceases to diminish in weight1 which is ascertained by weighing it at intervals after the first #c or #d hours4 ,when this point is arrived at1 the filter and its contents are very carefully weighed4 ,the difference between its present weight and its original weight 7before the desiccation in a71 taken in grains1 gives the gross quantity of water per cent4 c4 ,the dried guano from b is next placed in a weighed1 smooth crucible or capsule1 and exposed to a low red heat until all the organic matter is completely destroyed1 and the whole is reduced to a white ash1 which is weighed as soon as it has become cold4 ,this weight1 in grains1 gives the gross weight per cent4 of non-volatile matter 7fixed alkaline and earthy chlorides1 phosphates1 and sulphates72 the total loss of weight by combustion denotes the gross per-centage of combustible and volatile matter 7urea1 uric acid1 ammoniacal salts1 and organic matter74 ,the latter should not be less than #ee to #fj4 ,illustration #b4 a4 ,a second #ajj gr4 of the guano1 selected as before1 is distilled along with about #ge gr4 of fresh-slaked quicklime1 and a little water1 in a small matrass connected with a tubular1 triple bulb-condenser1 containing cold distilled water1 and immersed in a basin of ice-cold water4 7,see engr47 ,the condenser is charged by plunging one of its extremities into the water1 and sucking at the other1 until the liquid reaches the level indicated in the margin4 ,a very gentle heat only1 cautiously increased1 need be employed4 ,after the process is over1 the strength of the solution of ammonia found in the condenser is tested1 either by taking its density in a small specific-gravity bottle1 or by determining its saturating power in the manner described under ,,alkalimetry4 ,this furnishes the per-centage of ready formed ammonia sufficiently accurate for all ordinary purposes1 provided proper care is taken4 ,when extreme accuracy is required1 the condenser is charged with a weighed quantity of dilute hydrochloric acid of a known strength1 instead of water1 and after the process is over1 this is tested as before4 ,the quantity of ammoniacal test-liquor 7see ,,alkalimetry7 now taken to saturate it1 deducted from what it would have taken before the exposure in the condenser1 gives the per-centage sought4 ,illustration ,another method1 giving very accurate results1 is to use a rather strong hydrochloric acid 7sp4 gr4 about #aac7 for the condenser2 after the operation is over1 the contents of the latter are poured into a glass or porcelain capsule1 a solution of bichloride of platinum is added1 in excess1 and the whole is then gently evaporated to dryness2 the residuum is rubbed to powder1 and exhausted with a mixture of two measures of alcohol and one measure of ether2 the undissolved portion is next dried at a heat not exceeding #bab ,fahr41 and weighed4 ,the weight1 in grains1 of the ammonia chloride of platinum thus obtained1 multiplied by #jgfc1 gives the per-centage of ready-formed ammonia1 as before4 ,when hydrochloric acid is used for the condenser1 a simple ,u-tube and beaker glass may be employed1 if a bulb-condenser is not at hand4 7,see engr47 ,the advantages resulting from the use of acid instead of water for the condenser is1 that with the former no ammonia can possibly escape being absorbed1 whilst little care is required to keep the condenser cool4 ,illustration b4 #be gr4 of the guano are next weighed1 and after being slightly moistened with a little dilute hydrochloric acid1 are thoroughly dried by the heat of boiling water2 the dried sample is then mixed in a warm unglazed porcelain mortar with #aj times its weight of a mixture of #b parts of quicklime to #a part of hydrate of soda 7both quite dry74 ,this mixture is introduced into a combustion tube of hard ,bohemian glass1 about #af or #ah inches long1 and #c_/d of an inch in diameter 7see engr47 ,the mortar is rubbed out with a little of the soda-lime mixture1 which is also introduced into the tube with that already put there2 a little plug of ignited asbestos is then loosely placed over the whole1 and the tube is immediately connected with a tubular bulb-condenser1 containing moderately strong hydrochloric acid1 great care being taken that the joints are made air-tight1 which may be determined by the operator sucking a few bubbles out of the apparatus4 ,if1 after suction1 the liquid remains at a higher level in the furthest bulb 7b71 it is a sign that the connection is sound4 ,this being done1 heat is applied to the combustion-tube1 by means of spirit-lamps2 or1 more conveniently1 by means of the furnace now usually employed in organic analysis 7see engr47 ,the tube is next gradually surrounded with red-hot charcoal1 by shifting by degrees the screen 7c71 and adding more charcoal1 so as to gradually expel the ammonia4 ,the disengagement of gas should take place uninterruptedly1 but not too rapidly1 in order that the acid may not ascend into the combustion-tube and spoil the experiment4 ,the non-condensable volatile matters which pass off furnish a key to the progress of the operation4 ,the heat is at length increased to a full red4 ,when gas ceases to be evolved1 and the mixture in the tube has become quite white1 the experiment is at an end4 ,the point 7a7 of the combustion-tube is broken off1 and the ammonia which remains in the tube is expelled by sucking gently at the extremity 7b7 of the bulb-condenser4 ,the latter is then disconnected with the apparatus1 and emptied into a glass or porcelain capsule1 in order to be tested1 as directed under #b1 a4 ,the quantity of ammonia1 in grains1 thus found1 multiplied by #d1 gives the ,,whole ,,quantity of ,,ammonia per cent41 both actual and potential1 producible from the sample of guano examined4 ,illustration c4 ,the quantity of ready-formed ammonia 7see #b1 a7 deducted from the quantity last found 7see #b1 b7 gives the quantity of ,,latent or ,,potential ,,ammonia that will be slowly developed by the decomposition of the guano in the soil1 and become available for the food of plants4 ,this is the most valuable product of this substance as a manure1 and can only be obtained in quantity from well-preserved1 dry guano4 #c4 a4 ,a third quantity of #ajj gr4 of the guano1 selected as before1 is triturated and digested for some time with #ab times its weight of hot distilled water1 and the whole being thrown on a filter1 the undissolved portion is washed with a little warm distilled water2 the solution and 'washings' are then mixed together1 and acidulated with nitric acid2 a solution of pernitrate of iron is next added1 and afterwards solution of ammonia1 in excess2 the liquid is next heated for a short time1 and the bulky reddish-brown precipitate is collected1 washed with hot water1 dried1 ignited1 and weighed4 ,the weight1 in grains1 less the weight of the peroxide of iron in the pernitrate consumed1 gives the weight of ,,phosphoric ,,acid present in the soluble phosphates contained in the sample4 ,the pernitrate of iron is made by direct solution in hot strong nitric acid1 of twice as much pure iron wire as there is phosphoric acid suspected to be present in the liquid4 ,a slight excess will not alter the result4 ,the number of grains of metallic iron used to form the solution1 multiplied by #adbhf1 gives the weight of the peroxide of iron which is to be deducted from the gross weight of the precipitate4 b4 ,the filtrate and 'washings' left from #c a are mixed1 and treated with a little oxalate of ammonia to throw down any lime1 and then carefully evaporated to dryness and ignited2 the residuum of the ignition1 when cold1 after being carefully weighed1 is treated with the smallest portion of water that will dissolve it2 the solution is acidified with hydrochloric acid1 and a solution of bichloride of platinum added1 in excess2 some strong alcohol is next poured in1 the precipitate carefully collected on a filter1 washed with rectified spirit1 dried at #bab ,fahr41 and weighed4 ,the weight1 in grains1 multiplied by #aidj1 gives the per-centage of ,,potassa sought4 c4 ,the weight of the potassa multiplied by #aheb1 and deducted from the weight of the ignited residuum in #c b already found 7see above71 gives the quantity of ,,chloride ,,of ,,sodium or ,,common ,,salt 7nearly74 #d4 a4 ,the insoluble residuum from #c a1 dried1 and ignited1 or the ash from #a c1 is digested for #aj or #ab hours in #fjj times its weight of water 7to which a little common salt or sal-ammoniac may be added71 after which the whole is thrown upon a filter2 a solution of chloride of barium is then added to the filtrate as long as a precipitate 7if any7 forms2 the latter is collected1 washed1 dried1 ignited1 and weighed4 ,the weight1 in grains1 multiplied by #ehdc1 denotes the quantity of ,,gypsum or ,,sulphate ,,of ,,lime which has been used to adulterate the sample4 b4 ,the insoluble residuum last left on the filter is digested for some time in warm dilute hydrochloric acid2 the whole is then thrown upon a filter1 and the undissolved portion 7,,silica or ,,sand1 with1 perhaps1 a trace of ,,alumina7 is washed1 dried1 ignited1 and weighed4 ,it should not weigh more than #c to #c-a_/b gr4 7#c to #c-a_/b74 c4 ,the filtrate and 'washings' from b are next mixed together2 the mixed liquid is acidified with dilute sulphuric acid and heated until all the hydrochloric acid is expelled1 and the whole reduced to a soft pasty mass2 rectified spirit is now poured in1 and after active stirring for some time1 the mixture is thrown on a filter1 and the solid portion washed with a little more rectified spirit2 it is then dried1 ignited1 and weighed4 ,the weight1 in grains1 multiplied by #gfej1 gives the quantity of ,,phosphate ,,of ,,lime per cent4 required4 d4 ,the filtrate from c is diluted with water1 and after being boiled for a few minutes1 ammonia is added in slight excess1 followed by a solution of sulphate of magnesia 7previously mixed with as much sal-ammoniac as will prevent ammonia producing a precipitate in it71 slowly dropped in as long as it disturbs the liquor2 the whole is now allowed to rest for #aj or #ab hours1 when the precipitate is collected on a filter1 and washed with water alkalised with ammonia1 as long as the filtering liquid is rendered turbid by chloride of barium2 it is next dried1 submitted to intense ignition for some time in a covered platinum crucible1 and1 when cold1 carefully weighed4 ,the weight1 in grains1 multiplied by #fdbi1 indicates the per-centage of ,,phosphoric ,,acid in the insoluble phosphates 7phosphates of lime1 magnesia1 c47 in the sample examined4 #e4 ,a fourth #ajj gr1 of guano is weighed1 and exhausted by trituration and digestion with hot water 7see #c a72 the solution is evaporated to dryness by a gentle heat1 and the residuum of the evaporation1 after being weighed1 is powdered and enclosed in a stout phial with #h times its volume of alcohol1 sp4 gr4 #hbe 7#fc o4 p472 the plant is next securely corked and guarded1 and exposed for some time1 with agitation1 to the heat of #bab ,fahr41 the whole is then allowed to cool1 the contents of the phial filtered1 the undissolved portion washed with hot alcohol1 and both the filtrate and the 'washings' gently evaporated to dryness1 and weighed4 ,this gives the richness of the sample in ,,urea1 one of the most valuable constituents of the best guano4 ,its presence is a certain proof of its entire soundness4 7,ure47 #f4 a4 ,another #ajj gr4 of the guano is taken1 and1 after being exhausted with water1 is dried at #bab ,fahr41 and weighed2 it is then digested with heat in #bj times its weight of borax-water 7containing #a of borax71 or in a solution of caustic potassa1 and after a time the whole is thrown on a weighed filter1 washed with a little cold distilled water1 dried by a heat not higher than that of boiling water1 and again carefully weighed4 ,the loss1 in grains1 indicates the proportion per cent4 of ,,uric ,,acid4 ,the accuracy of the result may be verified by adding dilute hydrochloric acid1 in slight excess1 to the filtrate1 collecting the bulky1 crystalline precipitate of uric acid which forms1 washing it carefully with a little rectified spirit1 drying it1 and weighing it1 as before4 ,this weight1 which in general is a very little under that denoted above1 is the more accurate of the two4 ,the precipitate is shown to be uric acid by its assuming a rich crimson colour when treated with a little nitric acid1 which turns to a rich purple 7murexide7 when it is moistened with ammonia water4 b4 ,the quantity of uric acid last obtained1 multiplied by #aajab1 gives the per-centage of ,,urate ,,of ,,ammonia4 ,obs4 ,amongst the numerous constituents of guano1 none are so valuable in an agricultural point of view as the three substances referred to in the last two sections4 ,indeed1 almost all the ammonia furnished by this substance to the soil1 after the latter1 manured with it1 has been exposed to the air and rain1 is derived from the slow decomposition of urea1 or urate of ammonia4 ,it is these substances from which the store of latent1 or1 as ,dr ,ure terms it1 potential ammonia1 is derived4 ,the ammonia existing in the guano under the form of carbonate1 or of soluble salts 7ready formed ammonia71 is either soon dissipated in air or is washed away by heavy rains1 and1 therefore1 forms the least valuable and durable portion of this manure4 ,it may be even added artificially1 a matter almost impossible with the former4 ,an assay1 therefore1 for the latent ammonia1 or the urea1 or the urate of ammonia1 any one of them singly1 at once furnishes us1 as we have already hinted1 with evidence of the quality of the guano examined1 without the expense and trouble of a complete analysis of this substance4 ,urea and uric acid are only to be found in the very best samples of guano1 and their presence is a positive proof of entire soundness and superior quality4 ,the other valuable portions of guano are potassa and phosphoric acid 7phosphate of lime chiefly72 the rest are of little importance4 7,see #b c1 above47 ,,guarana 7,grimault ,co41 ,paris74 #ab migrain powders1 each weighing #age grammes1 consisting of guarana1 but perhaps also containing an admixture of cocoa seeds1 neither prepared nor roasted4 7,hager47 ,,guarana'4 ,syn4 ,,paullinia1 ,,brazilian ,,cocoa4 ,an alimentary and medicinal substance prepared from the seeds of ,paullinia sorbilis1 a ,brazilian tree4 ,the dried seeds1 deprived of their aril1 are pounded and kneaded into a mass1 which is afterwards made into oblong or rounded cakes 7,,guarana ,,bread74 ,these cakes are used as we use chocolate--mixed with water and sugar1 and drank as a beverage4 ,in ,brazil this beverage is largely consumed1 both on account of its nutritive qualities1 and for its stomachic1 febrifugal1 and aphrodisiac effects4 ,see ,,chocolate1 c41 also below4 ,,guaranine'4 ,a crystalline substance discovered by ,m4 ,martius in guarana4 ,it appears to be identical with caffeine1 the active principle of coffee and tea4 ,,gud',,geon4 ,the ,cyprinus gobeo 7,linn471 a small fresh-water fish1 common almost everywhere4 ,the white is considered the best4 ,it was formerly used in medicine4 ,,gum4 ,syn4 ,,gummi1 ,l4 ,the general term for an important class of vegetable products4 ,gums are more or less soluble in cold water1 but insoluble in alcohol1 ether1 and oils4 ,they are obtained from certain plants in amorphous masses2 most of them exude spontaneously1 or on puncturing the bark4 ,the most perfect type of this class is the substance called ,,gum ,,arabic1 or ,,gum ,,acacia4 ,the gums are employed as demulcents in medicines1 and are used as cements1 and for giving stiffness and gloss to textile fabrics4 ,among the vulgar the term is often incorrectly applied to the resins and gum resins4 ,gum ,acacia4 ,syn4 ,,gum ,,arabic2 ,,acaci ,,gummi 7,b4 ,p472 ,g4 ,,arabicum1 ,g4 ,,acacia1 ,,acacia 7,ph4 ,l471 ,l4 ,from various species 7of ,acacia7 yielding gum 7,ph4 ,l4 ,e471 chiefly ,acacia arabica and ,a4 vera4 ,whitish or yellowish1 transparent or cracked on the surface1 and opaque2 brittle2 it dissolves freely in water4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,it is scentless1 and may be bleached by exposure to the sun and air1 at the temperature of boiling water4 ,sp4 gr4 #acee4 7,ure47 ,the pure soluble principle of gum ,arabic is termed ,,arabin 7which see74 ,,barbary or ,,morocco ,,gum1 ,,gum ,,senegal1 and ,,east ,,india ,,gum1 are inferior commercial varieties of the same substance from other species of ,acacia 7see below74 ,powdered gum ,arabic 7,,pulvis ,,acaci7 is frequently adulterated with flour or farina1 or with ,senegal or other inferior gums4 ,the first may be detected by agitating a little of the powder with cold water2 the pure gum dissolves rapidly1 whilst the starch or flour falls to the bottom of the vessel4 ,or1 a little of the powder may be mixed with boiling water1 and when cold1 tested with tincture of iodine2 if it contains starch or flour1 the paste will assume a blue colour4 ,if it contains cherry-tree gum or tragacanth1 it will be only partly soluble in cold water1 and the paste will be partly coloured1 and more or less interspersed with gelatinous clots4 ,for the detection of dextrin in gum ,arabic ,hager finds that when some of the adulterated article is placed in a glass dish1 with vertical sides1 and a solution of ferric chloride1 density #adh1 diluted with an equal volume of water1 is poured over it until the grains are just covered1 in the course of a minute or so that particles of gum ,arabic will adhere to the bottom of the vessel1 whilst the grains of dextrin do not4 ,much of the white gum ,arabic of the shops is formed by bleaching gum ,senegal1 by what is called ',picciotto's process4' ,the gum is dissolved in water1 and sulphurous acid gas passed through the solution4 ,the liquid is afterwards boiled to expel the sulphurous acid1 a little of which1 however1 still remains behind4 ,to obtain the gum in a still whiter state1 carbonate of baryta is added1 and after agitation the mixture is filtered2 it is afterwards shaken with gelatinous alumina1 again filtered1 and evaporated4 ,the product 7,,bleached ,,gum7 is very white1 but lacks the peculiar toughness and adhesiveness of the best gum acacia4 ,gum1 ,barbary4 ,syn4 ,,morocco ,,gum4 ,an inferior product1 consisting of a mixture of several ,acacia gums4 ,it is exported from ,mogador4 ,gum1 ,bassora4 ,a solution of yellowish gum brought from the neighbourhood of ,bassora4 ,it differs from most gums in being nearly insoluble in water4 ,the plant yielding it is believed to be a species of ,mimosa4 ,it contains the principle ,,bassorin1 which also exists in gum tragacanth4 ,gum1 ,bleached4 ,see ,,gum ,,arabic 7above74 ,gum1 ,brit'ish4 ,syn4 ,,dextrin1 ,,starch ,,gum4 ,starch converted by the action of acids1 diastase1 or heat1 into a soluble substance resembling gum4 ,prep4 #a4 ,malt 7crushed small71 #a lb42 warm water1 #b galls42 mix1 heat the whole to #ade ,fahr41 add of potato starch #e lbs41 raise the heat to #afj or #afe ,fahr41 and mash for about #be minutes1 or until the liquid becomes thin and clear2 it must then be instantly run off1 and raised to the boiling point to prevent the formation of sugar2 after boiling for #c or #d minutes the whole must be filtered1 and evaporated to dryness by a steam heat4 #b4 ,by exposing dry potato starch1 in a stove1 to a heat of about #djj ,fahr4 ,yellow and inferior4 #c4 7,m4 ,payen47 ,dry starch1 #a ton1 is moistened uniformly with concentrated nitric acid1 #d-a_/b lbs4 7diluted with71 water1 q4 s41 and the paste or dough is made up into small bricks or loaves1 and dried in a stove2 it is next reduced to coarse powder1 and exposed in a stove-room for some time to a current of air at #afj to #afe ,fahr42 it is next ground1 sifted1 and exposed1 as before1 to a heat of about #bbh ,fahr42 it is1 lastly1 ground1 and passed through the 'bolting machine4' ,very white and superior4 ,this process has been patented in ,france by ,m4 ,henz4 #d4 7,pinel47 ,water1 #ajj galls41 nitric acid1 #a_/b gall41 and hydrochloric acid1 #a_/b pint1 are mixed together1 and so much potato starch is mixed as will form a thin paste2 in two hours the liquid is drained off1 and the solid matter is made up into lumps1 which are dried by a gentle heat in a stove-room2 they are next coarsely pulverised1 and the powder is exposed on three successive days to the respective temperatures of #ajj1 #aej1 and #aij ,fahr42 the whole is then sifted1 and1 lastly1 exposed to a heat ranging from #cjj to #cej ,fahr4 ,darker coloured than the last4 ,to give it the appearance of gum ,arabic1 it is made into a paste with water containing #a of nitric acid1 and after being spread on copper plates in layers #c_/d to #a inch thick1 it is exposed to a stove heat ranging from #bdj to #cjj ,fahr4 ,prop41 c4 ,white2 insipid2 transparent2 friable2 soluble in cold water1 and in dilute spirit2 insoluble in alcohol and ether2 its solution yields a precipitate with acetate of lead4 ,iodine commonly turns commercial dextrin blue1 but does not affect the colour of pure dextrin4 ,it is distinguished from ordinary gum by its right-handed polarization of light1 and by yielding oxalic but not mucic acid1 when treated with nitric acid4 ,dextrin is nutritive1 emollient1 and agglutinant4 ,in ,france it is largely employed by the pastry-cooks and confectioners1 and in medicine as a substitute for gum4 ,the ,french surgeons also commonly employ it as a 'stiffening' for the splints used for fractured limbs4 ,in this country it is chiefly used as a fine dressing for muslins1 silk1 and other textile fabrics1 and in calico printing4 ,recently it has been made up into tear-like masses1 and sold for gum ,arabic1 to which1 however1 it is vastly inferior as an agglutinant4 ,see ,,dextrin4 ,gum1 ,cherry-tree4 ,syn4 ,,fruit-,,tree ,,gum1 ,,plum-,,tree ,g42 ,,gummi ,,cerasi1 ,g4 ,,pruni1 ,l4 ,an exudation from the stems of cherry1 plum1 and some other of the ,rosace4 ,it is only partly soluble in water4 ,it contains ,,cerasin 7which see74 ,gum1 ,east ,india4 ,this product1 which consists of inferior kinds of gum acacia1 is chiefly exported from ,bombay1 having been previously conveyed there from the coast of ,arabia4 ,it varies greatly in quality4 ,some samples are quite unfitted for making gum-water4 ,gum1 ,insoluble4 ,see ,,bassora ,,gum1 ,,cherry-,,tree ,,gum1 and ,,gum ,,tragacanth4 ,gum1 ,seed4 ,syn4 ,,gummi ,,seminum1 ,l4 ,a species of soluble gum extracted from the seed of the flax 7linseed71 quince1 c4 ,gum1 ,senegal4 ,this product1 which is largely exported from ,portendie1 ,sierra ,leone1 and the ,french settlements on the ,senegal1 ranks next in quality to gum acacia1 and for many purposes1 as calico-printing for instance1 it answers equally well4 ,the transparent and light-coloured pieces are frequently picked out and sold as gum ,arabic4 ,gum ,trag'acanth4 ,syn4 ,,tragacanth1 ,,gum ,,dragon2 ,,gummi ,,tragacantha1 ,g4 ,,draconis1 ,,tragacantha 7,ph4 ,l471 ,l4 ,the gummy exudation of the ,astragalus verus1 hardened by the air4 ,when digested in water1 it swells considerably1 a portion is dissolved1 and the whole combines to form a thick mucilage4 ,it is totally soluble in boiling water1 when some change is supposed to take place in it2 a great portion1 however1 afterwards separates4 ,sp4 gr4 #achd4 ,it is chiefly employed in calico-printing1 and by shoemakers and lozenge-makers2 by the latter to give toughness to the saccharine mass4 ,powdered tragacanth is often adulterated with flour of starch1 and not unfrequently with the commoner varieties of gum ,arabic4 ,according to ,m4 ,planche1 a mixture of pulverised tragacanth and gum ,arabic forms1 with water1 a thinner mucilage than the same quantity of either of these gums alone4 ,this fraud may be detected as follows3--,make a mucilage of the suspected gum1 and add thereto a few drops 7#b or #c to the dr47 of alcoholic tincture of guaiacum1 taking care to stir it all the while4 ,if the sample contains any gum ,arabic1 the mixture1 in the course of a few minutes1 assumes a fine blue colour1 whilst it does not change colour if the gum tragacanth is pure1 #e of gum arabic can be thus detected4 ,when the quantity is very small1 one to four hours may elapse before the colour is developed4 ,starch and flour are detected in the manner noticed under ,,gum ,,arabic4 ,gum1 ,turkey4 ,various qualities of gum acacia are sold under this name4 ,,gum ,,res',,ins4 ,syn4 ,,gummi ,,resin1 ,l4 ,vegetable products in which the properties of gum and resin are combined4 ,they are partly soluble in water1 and partly in alcohol4 ,many of them form a species of emulsion when triturated with the former fluid4 ,the principal gum resins are ,,ammoniacum1 ,,assaf,,oe,,tida1 ,,bdellium1 ,,galbanum1 ,,gamboge1 ,,myrrh1 ,,olibanum1 ,,opoponax1 ,,sagapenum1 and ,,scammony4 ,,gun ,,bar',,rels4 ,see ,,browning4 ,,gun ,,cot',,ton4 ,see ,,pyroxylin4 ,,gun ,,met',,al4 ,an alloy containing #ije of copper and #ie of tin1 used for casting pieces of ordnance 7erroneously termed 'brass guns'71 also those parts of machinery which are subjected to considerable friction4 ,see ,,alloys1 ,,bronze1 ,,stereo-,,metal1 c4 ,,gun',,powder4 ,this substance is a mechanical mixture of saltpetre1 charcoal1 and sulphur4 ,it is seldom prepared on the small scale4 ,prep4 ,the saltpetre having been trebly refined1 by boiling1 skimming1 filtering1 and crystallising1 is melted into cakes1 which are then brushed to remove any adhering grit or dirt1 broken into pieces with a mallet1 ground to a fine powder in a mill1 and sifted through a fine bolting sieve of brass wire4 ,the charcoal is that of the alder or willow1 and is carefully burnt1 as already described1 and is then reduced to powder4 ,the sulphur is refined by distillation1 and ground to the same fineness as the charcoal and saltpetre4 ,the ingredients are weighed out in the proper proportions1 and mixed together in a machine consisting of a wooden drum1 having a shaft passing through its centre1 to which numerous 'flyers' in the shape of knife-blades are attached1 the drum and flyers revolving in a contrary direction4 ,when mixed1 the charge is carried to the 'incorporating mill1' where it is ground under vertical iron 'mill-stones1' with a small quantity of distilled water1 until the ingredients are thoroughly incorporated4 ,the product of this operation is then pressed into a hard cake1 which is next broken into pieces1 granulated by means of sieves1 and after being 'glazed' by friction1 and the dust separated1 is dried1 with proper precautions1 in a stove heated to about #acj by steam pipes4 ,the proportions of saltpetre1 charcoal1 and sulphur1 used for different kinds of powder1 differ very slightly4 ,in 'sporting powders' the proportion of saltpetre is generally from #a to #c greater than in the ,government powders4 ,in 'miners' powders' it is about #aj less1 an excess of sulphur being used4 ,the following are the proportions adopted by ,european powers3 ,saltpetre4 ,charcoal4 ,sulphur4 ,england #ge #ae #aj ,france #ge #abe #abe ,austria #ge #ae #aj ,prussia #ge #ace #aae ,russia #gcgh #acei #abfc ,spain #gfdg #ajgh #abge ,sweden #gf #ae #i 7,capt4 ,jervis-,white ,jervis47 ,obs4 ,the quality of gunpowder is best estimated by actual trial of its power and cleanliness in use4 ,it should be dry1 hard1 and free from dust2 the grains should be of a uniform size1 and glossy1 and the colour a dark-grey or brownish-grey1 not perfectly black4 ,a very little placed on a piece of paper and fired should instantly explode with a flash1 and neither leave an appreciable residue on the paper nor burn it4 ,dried by the heat of boiling water1 or in vacuo1 it should not lose more than #a_/b to #a of its weight4 ,damp powder rapidly 'fouls' the gun4 ,gunpowder1 containing more than #g of water1 does not recover its strength by simply drying it4 ,the sp4 gr4 ranges between #agie and #ahjj4 ,karolyi succeeded in analysing the gases of gunpowder which had been fired in conditions closely resembling those which occur in artillery practice4 ,for this purpose he enclosed a charge of powder in an iron cylinder of such strength that it just burst when the powder was fired by means of the electric spark4 ,this charged cylinder was suspended in a hollow spherical bomb1 from which the air was exhausted before firing4 ,after the explosion had been produced1 the gases and the solid residue of the powder were submitted to analysis4 ,the results obtained were the following3#cdc ,footnote #cdc3 ',phil4 ,mag41' #ahfc4 #a4 ,composition of the ,powder used4 ,ordnance ,powder4 ,small ,arms ,powder4 ,nitre #gcgh #ggae ,sulphur #abhj #hfc ,carbon #ajhh #aagh ,charcoal4 ,hydrogen #jch #jdb ,oxygen #ahb #agi ,ash #jca #jbh ------ ------ #iiig #ajjje #b4 ,products of ,combustion by ,weight4 ,ordnance ,powder4 ,small ,arms ,powder4 ,nitrogen #igg #ajjf ,carbonic anhydride #agci #bagi ,gaseous4 ,carbonic oxide #bfd #adg ,hydrogen #jaa #cjeh #jad #cdah ,sulph4 hydrogen #jbg #jbc ,marsh gas #jdj #jdi ,ammonic sesquicarbonate #bfh #bff ,potassic sulphate #cfie #cfag carbonate #aidj #bjgh ,solid4 hyposulphite #bhe #fibe #agg #fead sulphide #jaa #jjj ,charcoal #beg #bfj ,sulphur #dfi #aaf ,loss4 #jag #jfh ------ ------ #ajjjj #ajjjj #c4 ,products of ,combustion by ,volume in #ajj of ,gas4 ,ordnance ,powder4 ,small ,arms ,powder4 ,nitrogen #cgeh #cecc ,carbonic anhydride #dbgd #dhij ,carbonic oxide #ajai #eah ,hydrogen #eic #ajj #fij #ajj ,sulphuretted hydrogen #jhf #jfg ,marsh gas #bgj #cjb ,it will be seen from the above figures that in addition to the generation of a considerable amount of carbonic anhydride 7carbonic acid7 by the combustion of gunpowder1 there is liberated at the same time a large quantity of solid matter1 in the form of sulphate and carbonate of potash1 sulphide of potassium1 sulphur1 charcoal1 c4 ,this will explain why the air of mines is so prejudicial to the health of the miner1 particularly when he is engaged in blasting operations1 these being carried on in a more or less confined space4 ,see ,,air1 ,,vitiated4 ,gunpowder1 ,schultze4 ,the subjoined account of ,schultze gunpowder is a transcription of a report communicated to the editor of the ',field' newspaper by ,mr ,f4 ,toms1 ,a4,i4,c41 ,f4,c4,s4 ,after referring to a previous communication on the same subject ,mr ,toms proceeds as follows3--,i have carried out some further experiments1 with the aid 7by ,dr ,frankland's kind permission7 of apparatus more suited to my requirements than that previously at my disposal2 and ,i now proceed to lay before you the results of these experiments1 and the conclusions to which they have led me1 respecting the powders formerly received and the new ,schultze powder1 with a sample of which you have since favoured me4 ,the main constituent of the ,schultze gunpowder1 as you are aware1 is wood fibre1 which1 having first been purified1 is then subjected to the action of strong nitric acid 7intensified by mixture with sulphuric acid71 and thus is converted into a kind of nitro-cellulose or pyroxylin1 the ordinary form of which is gun-cotton4 ,the wood fibre undergoes no change in appearance by this treatment2 but a change takes place in its chemical composition1 which may thus be exemplified3 ,,cellulose ,,nitro-,,cellulose 7unconverted cotton or 7cotton or wood fibre treated wood fibre74 with nitric acid74 ,carbon #f parts #f parts4 ,oxygen #e #e ,hydrogen #aj #g or more4 ,nitroxyl 7,,no#b7 none #c or less4 ,it will thus be seen that the sole difference between gun-cotton or ,schultze powder and ordinary cotton or wood fibre is1 that some of the hydrogen is abstracted and has its place supplied by nitroxyl--a substance contained in nitric acid1 and composed of one part of nitrogen united with two parts of oxygen4 ,under the most favorable circumstances1 it is possible to replace three of the ten parts of hydrogen by three of the nitroxyl1 when the substance produced is explosive1 and is called from its composition tri-nitro-cellulose4 ,this is the purest form of gun-cotton4 ,if weaker acid is used1 less hydrogen is displaced1 and the product is called di-nitro-cellulose or mono-nitro-cellulose1 according as it contains two or only one part of nitroxyl4 ,these derivatives are either feebly explosive or not explosive at all4 ,such are the compounds known as photographic collodion and soluble gun cotton--the latter name distinguishing it from pure gun-cotton1 which is not soluble in a mixture of ether and alcohol4 ,the ,schultze powder contains both the explosive and the non-explosive varieties of nitro-cellulose4 ,if the wood fibre1 after being carefully purified according to the method described in ,schultze's patent of #ahfd1 were thoroughly desiccated and allowed to cool out of contact with air1 and then dipped in acid of the strength mentioned in the specification1 there seems no theoretical reason why an explosive powder containing at least #ij of true tri-nitro-cellulose should not be produced4 ,as1 however1 ,i find on experiment that nothing like that per-centage is arrived at1 ,i can only conclude that1 in order to moderate the violence of the explosion1 the ,schultze ,company secure the formation of a large per-centage of soluble or less explosive nitro-compounds by merely air-drying their wood4 ,if this supposition be generally true1 it seems probable that the sample of ,schultze powder supplied by ,messrs ,blissett may owe its extra explosive force to exceptional care being taken1 during the interval between the drying and the dipping1 to prevent the absorption of moisture--with the addition1 perhaps1 of an increased length of exposure to the action of the acid4 ,that some such variation of the ordinary procedure was carried out seems evident from the different proportions of soluble and insoluble gun-cotton in the specimens of ,schuitze powder supplied by ,messrs ,blissett and ,messrs ,bland2 for it was found that on the washed wood fibre from each being submitted to the action of a mixture of alcohol and ether1 about one half of the former powder and two thirds of the latter were dissolved out4 ,this shows that while the ,blissett specimen contained about one half its weight of insoluble or explosive nitro-cellulose1 the ,bland contained only about one third--a difference which confirms the result obtained by analysis as stated below4 ,the soluble gun-cotton1 ordinarily non-explosive1 may1 however1 be rendered explosive by saturating it with bodies rich in oxygen1 which promote the decomposition and complete the combustion of the fibre4 ,nitre is used for that purpose1 because it parts with its oxygen readily2 and nitrate of baryta is also used1 because1 being more stable than the nitre1 it renders the combustion more gradual than would be the case if nitre were alone employed4 ,when both are used1 the nitre1 ,i should think1 would start1 and the nitrate of baryta continue and finish the combustion of the powder4 ,the amount used is1 ,i suppose1 the result of calculation and experiment2 but a powder containing little true tri-nitro-cellulose should require more of these salts than one containing much tri-nitro-cellulose2 and an excess of the salts would lower the rate of burning of the powder4 ,i will now give my analysis in full of the three powders1 viz4--7#a7 the ordinary powder issued last season1 being part of a supply obtained from ,messrs ,bland1 gunmakers1 of the ,strand2 7#b7 some powder furnished by ,messrs ,blissett1 of ,holborn1 and alluded to in their letter in the ',field' of ,jan4 #aith last1 as having damaged a gun made by them2 and 7#c7 some of the new powder of #ahgh1 as used at the ',field' trial of explosives in ,may last4 #ahgg #ahgh ,bland's4 ,blissett's4 ,trial or ,new4 ,moisture1 per cent4 #bah #bci #big ,nitrate of baryta1 per cent4 #baej #afei #bbcb ,extracted potash1 per cent4 #aadf #ajdf #fdg by water4 ,yellow coloured organic substance1 trace of chlorides1 c41 undetermined ,the converted wood fibre ,insoluble 7nitro-cellulose7 then in water4 remaining contained the #ej #fj #bie following per-centage of mineral matter ,the converted wood fibre 7after allowing for extraneous mineral matter7 possessed the following per-centage composition4 ,i place for comparison ,professor ,abel's determination of the composition of tri-nitro-cellulose1 and two of the impurities found along with it1 in a parallel column4 ,bland's4 ,blissett's4 ,trial or ,new4 ,tri-nitro- ,impurities4 ,cellulose4 ,carbon #bhge #bhjg #bhab #bdbd #bibj #cjej ,hydrogen #cdi #cfe #ced #bcf -- #bia ,nitrogen #ajhj #aefj #aaff #adad #aahe -- ,oxygen #efjf #ebfh #effh #eibf -- -- ,these powders exploded at a temperature of about #aij ,c4 7#cgd ,f471 the different samples varying but slightly4 ,pure gun-cotton is stated by ,professor ,abel to explode at #aej ,c4 7#cjb ,f472 and black powders are said1 by different authorities1 to explode at various temperatures between #ejj and #fjj ,f41 according to the variation in their composition and manufacture4 ,in addition to the difference in chemical composition of these ,schultze powders1 ,i would point out that there is a difference in density--the ,blissett being heaviest1 the ,bland next1 and the ,new the lightest of the three4 ,i think this fact also has some bearing on the violence of the explosion4 ,in black powders1 ,i believe1 a dense powder1 speaking generally1 is stronger than a lighter one2 and the ,schultze patent states that hard woods make more explosive powders--not1 ,i take it1 because the composition is thereby altered1 but because a denser powder is produced4 ,it would appear to me1 from the above analyses1 that the new trial powder should contain rather more explosive force than the ,bland variety1 though considerably less than the ,blissett4 ,the result may1 however1 be modified by the difference in density of the powders2 and your practical experiments will show how far this agrees with the results of the shooting4 ,i have hitherto only spoken of the explosive force of the powder2 now ,i will touch on another point--its tendency to spontaneous decomposition4 ,knowing that1 in the case of gun-cotton1 its stability is injured by a small proportion of resin and other organic impurities1 and by the presence of free mineral acids4 ,i did not expect to find this powder 7made from a less pure kind of cellulose1 from which also it must be somewhat difficult to wash all traces of acid7 equal in stability to gun-cotton2 and on subjecting the three kinds of ,schultze powder to the ,government 'heat test' of #aej ,f4 7with a minimum of #aj minutes' duration71 it was found that the ,new or ,trial 7#ahgh7 ,powder stood the test #ab m4 ',bland's' sample #h ',blissett's' sample #g ,this shows that the 'new' powder is very stable1 as it stood the test for two minutes beyond the ,government minimum1 while the other two samples were a good way below it4 ,the officials at ,waltham ,abbey would accept no gun-cotton which did not stand the test for ten minutes2 and ,i have seen the best gun-cotton stand it for fifteen4 ,whether the loose granulated condition of the ,schultze powder1 when stored1 is sufficient to neutralise this inferiority in purity1 and render a sample of ,schultze1 which only stands the test of seven minutes1 as little liable to spontaneous combustion as gun-cotton which stands the test for ten minutes1 there is at present no evidence to show4 ,to carry out this 'heat test' properly1 some practice is required2 so1 in order to put the matter beyond doubt1 ,i called in the assistance of my friend ,mr ,arthur ,linnell1 ,f4,c4,s41 chemist to the ,gun-,cotton ,company1 ,stowmarket1 a gentleman who uses the test daily1 and who carried out the above three experiments strictly after the manner adopted by himself and by the ,government officials4 ,in addition to ,mr ,linnell's experiments1 ,i noted that the aqueous extract of ',blissett' was very faintly acid2 that when heated in a chest at #aie ,f4 moist blue litmus was very quickly reddened4 ,i think this serious defect 7want of stability7 is due to want of care in the washing2 and ,i base this opinion on the following facts3 7#a7 ,the ',bland' and ',blissett' samples 7the powders of least stability7 are of a deeper tint than the 'new' 7due to the soluble yellow impurity before mentioned74 ,by continued washing in warm water they become pale1 like the more carefully prepared new powder1 and the yellow substance is dissolved away4 ,hence the lighter colour of the 'new' 7and most stable7 indicates it has less of this organic impurity4 7#b7 ,sulphuric and nitric acids are used in the dipping of the powder1 but should be entirely washed out1 as they promote spontaneous decomposition4 ,if left in1 the sulphuric acid will1 when the salts are added1 decompose the nitrate of baryta1 forming insoluble baric sulphate and free nitric acid4 ,on experiment ,i ascertained that the abnormally large quantity of mineral matter or ash 7#e and #f per cent47 found in the insoluble part of the ',bland' and ',blissett' powders is due to baric sulphate1 and ,i think the acidity of the aqueous extract is due to the nitric acid thus set free4 ,had this baric sulphate been present in the new powder1 ,i should have thought it was purposely formed in all to prevent access of moisture2 but1 not finding this substance in this carefully prepared sample1 ,i attribute its presence in the other cases to carelessness on the part of the workmen4 ,i should state that all these powders consisted of a granulated and consolidated pulp4 ,this improvement must1 ,i think1 have considerable advantages over the sawdust form previously adopted by the ,schultze ,company in as much as it facilitates a more thorough purification being carried out1 and produces a more homogeneous and equal powder4 ,it is possible1 too1 that working with pulp may be of advantage1 inasmuch as the company may now1 by varying the pressure in forming the cake1 obtain grains of any required density4 ,in conclusion1 ,i may say that1 in my opinion the most difficult task which the ,schultze ,company have had to encounter is that of obtaining uniformity of strength in their explosive2 and the ',blisset' sample of their powder may he looked upon as an experimental batch in which 7by altering the mode of procedure in some such manner as ,i have indicated7 they made a powder with a large per-centage of tri-nitro-cellulose1 thus producing a more rapidly burning substance1 and consequently a more violent explosion4 ,taking all things into consideration1 ,i think the ,schultze ,company1 in manufacturing a nitro-explosive which gives the uniformity of shooting power shown in your recent experiments1 have worked out a most troublesome problem with remarkable success4 ,the difficulty of obtaining such results is evidenced by the fact that so many inventions of a somewhat similar character have been abandoned for sporting purposes from a deficiency in this respect4 ,but1 however difficult it may be to manufacture a powder giving uniform shooting1 it is evidently possible1 with suitable care to produce 7as the 'new' ,schultze shows7 a wood powder which is perfectly safe and stable1 as far as spontaneous decomposition is concerned4 ,the company1 therefore1 if they have not already done so1 ought to take means to prevent powder of the low stability of the ',bland' and ',blissett' samples being again issued from their works4 ,p4,s4--,since writing the above ,i have examined cursorily a sample of the ',dittmar' wood powder1 an ,american variety of ',schultze1' used by ,captain ,bogardus in some of his recent shooting competitions4 ,the powder is somewhat darker in tint1 and of slightly larger grain1 than the ,schultze4 ,in density it is intermediate between ',bland's' and the 'new' powder2 and the charge in a twenty-bore cartridge was forty-two grains4 ,this powder would seem to be made from solid cubes of wood 7not a pulped mass like the present 'granulated' ,schultze1 or of sawdust splinters like the old so-called 'cube' ,schultze74 ,it contains no nitrate of baryta1 but has a small quantity of nitrate of potash and soda4 ,possessing1 as it would seem1 therefore1 a much smaller proportion of oxidizing salts than the ,english ,schultze1 it should contain1 to make up for this loss of force1 a larger proportion of explosive pyroxylin2 but this is a point ,i have not experimentally determined4 7',field1' ,august #crd1 #ahgh1 ,no4 #accf1 p4 #adc47 ,gunpowder1 ,white4 ,syn4 ,,blasting ,,powder4 ,prep4 #a4 ,see ,,blasting ,,powder1 ,no4 #c4 #b4 ,yellow prussiate of potash and white sugar1 of each #a part2 chlorate of potassa1 #b parts2 powder each separately1 and mix them well1 but carefully1 with a bone or wooden knife4 ,it may be granulated like gunpowder1 by making the powder into a paste with a little water1 and pressing the mass through a parchment sieve4#cdd ,footnote #cdd3 ,see the precautions noticed under ,,blasting ,,powder1 page #bcj4 ,,gun',,jah4 ,see ,,hemp 7,indian74 ,,gut4 ,syn4 ,,fishing ,,gut1 ,,silkworm ,g4 ,this is obtained from the ,bombyx mori 7,linn47 or silkworm caterpillar4 ,prep4 ,the silkworms1 when just ready to spin1 are steeped in strong vinegar for #ab hours in warm weather1 or #b or #c in cold weather1 and are then broken in half1 and stretched out as far as possible on a board1 furnished with slits or pegs to hold them2 in this state they are allowed to dry in the sun or a warm place4 ,obs4 ,used by anglers4 ,the worms may be known to be going to spin by refusing food1 and by having a fine silken thread hanging from the mouth4 ,,gut',,ta ,,percha4 ,the concrete juice of the ,isonandro ,gutta1 a tree growing only in the ,malayan ,archipelago1 and of other species of the same genus4 ,the stem of the gutta-percha tree grows to the diameter of #e or #f feet1 and on being notched yields a milky juice1 which1 after exposure to the air for some time1 solidifies1 forming the gutta percha of commerce4 ,it arrives in this country in irregular blocks of some pounds in weight1 usually containing a large portion of impurities in the form of pieces of wood1 stones1 and earth4 ,to prepare this crude product for manufacturing into useful articles1 the blocks are first cut into slices1 and then torn into shreds4 ,these are softened by hot water1 and kneaded in a 'masticator1' the stones1 earth1 and other impurities1 being gradually washed away by water4 ,after several hours the gutta percha is found to be kneaded into a perfectly homogeneous mass1 which is rolled or drawn into sheets1 bands1 or tubes1 as required4 ,prop41 c4 ,gutta percha is a tough1 inelastic substance1 becoming soft and plastic at #bab ,fahr41 at which temperature two pieces may be firmly welded together4 ,it is one of the best insulators of electricity1 is impervious to moisture1 and resists the action of acids and alkalies to a great extent4 ,its best solvents are benzol1 chloroform1 bisulphuret of carbon1 rectified mineral naphtha1 and rectified oil of turpentine4 ,all these dissolve it readily4 ,according to the analysis of ,payen1 the purified gutta percha of commerce consists of #ge to #hbh of chemically pure gutta percha1 which is insoluble in ether and alcohol1 and a white and a yellow resin1 soluble in boiling alcohol4 ,uses4 ,these are numerous and varied4 ,no substance1 perhaps1 with the exception of caoutchouc1 has been 'tortured' to so many different purposes4 ,its perfect plasticity when warm1 and its capability of receiving the most delicate impressions1 render it invaluable in many cases where india rubber would be useless4 ,beautiful mouldings1 picture frames1 and a number of ornamental articles1 are made from it4 ,to the chemist and photographer it is of great use as a material for making bottles1 carboys1 photographic baths1 and voltaic battery cells4 ,one of the most important uses to which it has been applied is for enclosing the metallic wires used for telegraphic purposes4 ,its indestructibility by water1 its plasticity1 and high insulating power1 have rendered it particularly valuable for this purpose4 ,at the ,international ,exhibition of #ahfb the ,gutta ,percha ,company exhibited one mile of covered wire perfectly insulated1 which was hardly thicker than common sewing cotton4 ,gutta percha may be rolled into thin transparent sheets1 which1 being perfectly impervious to moisture1 are well adapted for surgical purposes4 ,again1 a solution of gutta percha in chloroform forms an excellent dressing for incised wounds1 and a protection for abraded surfaces1 burns1 c4 ,it is used in the same way as collodion4 ,gutta ,percha1 ,purified4 ,dr ,cattell1 of ,london1 has succeeded in purifying gutta percha so perfectly from all extraneous matter1 that it presents the appearance of ivory4 ,the raw material is dissolved in a certain solvent1 and the solution most carefully filtered until it leaves on evaporation the gutta percha in a pure milk-white condition4 ,,gyp',,sum4 ,this is native sulphate of lime4 ,when baked1 to deprive it of water1 and ground1 it forms ,,plaster ,,of ,,paris4 ,gypsum is an excellent manure for certain soils4 ,,haarbalsam1 ,vegetabilischer--,vegetable ,hair ,balsam 7,joh4 ,andr4 ,hauschild1 ,leipsic74 ,a decoction of burdock root1 containing a little spirit and coloured green with indigo4 7,knig47 ,hager analysed a turbid brownish fluid1 which deposited a brown precipitate on standing1 and when filtered consisted of a decoction of burdock root with #bj per cent4 of spirit4 ,haarbalsam ,mailandischer--,mailand's ,hairbalsam 7,kreller1 ,nuremberg74 ,beef marrow1 #dj parts2 cinchona extract1 #e parts2 balsam of ,peru1 #a part2 storax1 #a part2 oil of bergamot1 #a part2 oil of lemons1 #a_/b part4 7,hager47 ,haarbalsam ,ostindischer--,east ,indian ,hairbalsam 7,dr ,ayer74 ,contains sugar of lead1 sulphur1 glycerin1 oil of lavender1 and water4 ,haarbalsam 7,j4 ,f4 ,sehwarzlose ,shne1 ,berlin74 ,a brownish-yellow spirituous aromatic fluid1 having nearly the composition of eau de ,cologne1 with liquid storax1 carbonate of potash1 and a fat--perhaps derived from cantharides4 7,hager47 ,haarbalsam 7,a4 ,marquart1 ,leipsic74 ,a mixture of #hc grammes water perfumed with eau de ,cologne1 with #ab grammes glycerin1 #dbe grammes milk of sulphur1 and #ab gramme lead nitrate4 ,,had',,dock4 ,a small sea-fish1 allied to the cod1 and esteemed an excellent article of food4 ,it is the ,gadus glefinus of ,linnus4 ,split1 smoked1 and dried1 it is common in the smaller shops of ,london4 ,h,,matem',,esis4 ,in pathology1 vomiting of blood4 ,see ,,stomach ,,affections4 ,h,m',,atite4 ,syn4 ,,hematite4 ,in mineralogy1 one of the most important iron ores4 ,two kinds are distinguished1 the red1 which is an anhydrous peroxide of iron1 and the brown1 which is the hydrated peroxide4 ,h,,matocrys',,tallin4 ,a crystalline substance obtained by the action of oxygen and afterwards carbonic acid on the 'clot' of blood4 ,h,,matos',,in4 ,syn4 ,h,,matin1 ,,red ,,pigment ,,of ,,blood4 ,the red colouring principle of the blood4 ,it is not known in a state of purity4 ,it differs from the other animal principles in containing1 as an essential ingredient1 the sesquioxide of iron4 ,h,,matox',,ylin4 ,a principle obtained by ,chevreul from common logwood 7,hmatoxylon campechianum71 and on which its colour appears to depend4 ,prep4 #a4 ,infuse logwood chips in water1 at a temperature of about #acj ,fahr41 for #ab hours1 filter1 and evaporate to dryness in a water bath2 digest the residuum in rectified spirit for #bd hours1 again filter and evaporate2 then add a little water2 again gently evaporate and set aside the solution in a cold place that crystals may form2 these must be washed in rectified spirit and dried4 #b4 ,digest powdered hard extract of logwood in rectified spirit1 and proceed as last4 #c4 ,powdered logwood is mixed with sand and digested for several days in pure ether2 the resulting liquid is filtered1 evaporated to a syrup1 and set aside to crystallise4 ,prop41 c4 ,brilliant reddish-white or straw-yellow crystals1 soluble in boiling water1 forming an orange-red solution which turns yellow as it cools1 but resumes its former colour on being heated4 ,alkalies in excess change its colour successively into purple1 violet1 and brown2 acids brighten it2 with the metallic oxides it forms compounds having a blue1 purple1 or violet colour4 ,h,,mop',,tysis4 ,in pathology1 spitting of blood4 ,it generally arises from extreme fulness of the blood-vessels of the lungs1 or the rupture of blood-vessels1 as a consequence of ulceration2 but sometimes it is induced by excessive exertion or external violence4 ,depletion1 aperients1 acidulous and astringent drinks1 and nauseants1 are the usual remedies4 ,acetate of lead1 in small doses1 has been recommended for this affection4 ,when this substance is given1 it should be accompanied with a sufficient quantity of free acetic acid1 to prevent its being converted into the poisonous carbonate of lead in the system4 ,h,m',,orrhage4 ,syn4 ,,hemorrhage2 ,h,,morrhagia1 ,l4 ,a bleeding or flow of blood4 ,bleeding may be divided into active1 passive1 and accidental4--,active hmorrhage is that arising from a full state of the vessels1 or plethora4--,passive hmorrhage1 from general debility of the system1 and of the blood-vessels in particular4--,accidental hmorrhage1 from external violence1 as blows1 wounds1 c4 ,the first generally requires depletion1 and the second the usual treatment to establish the general health and vigour of the body4 ,the bleeding from wounds1 if extensive1 should be arrested by tying the ruptured blood-vessels2 or where this cannot be done1 and in less important cases1 by the application of styptics1 as creasote1 sulphate of iron1 infusion of galls1 compound tincture of benzoin1 c4 ,,hair4 ,syn4 ,,capillus1 ,,pilus1 ,l4 ,the hair of the human head has continually formed a subject for the chisel of the sculptor1 the pencil of the artist1 and the lay of the poet4 ,nor is this surprising1 since all the features of the face1 as well as the head it covers1 derive from it additional finish and unequalled grace4 ,the hair is1 indeed1 one of the greatest auxiliaries of personal beauty1 and imparts to it some of its principal charms4 ,all nations1 in all ages of the world1 have been unanimous in their admiration of luxuriant and flowing or gracefully arranged hair4 ,of all organic substances1 hair is the one least liable to suffer spontaneous change4 ,it is also less affected by aqueous liquids than most other substances4 ,hence its value in various branches of the useful arts4 ,the preservation of the hair of the head1 independently of its connection with personal beauty1 is a matter of the utmost importance in relation to hygiene4 ,in other parts of this work1 we have referred to its management under various conditions1 but a few observations may be added here4 ,when the hair is in a weakly state1 and either falls off or grows feebly1 frequently cutting it will be found of the greatest service4 ,in the arrangement of the hairs1 on the surface of the body1 it might be inferred that little existed to excite attention2 but this is not the fact1 if we are to judge by the careful investigations to which the subject has given rise4 ,the hair-tubes are not placed perpendicularly1 but obliquely1 in the skin2 hence the direction of the hairs1 after their escape from the tubes1 is in the same sense inclined towards the surface2 and the 'set' of the hair1 from the root to the point1 is governed by a law as precise as that which regulates any other of the secondary vital functions4 ,thus1 on the head1 the hair radiates from a single point1 the crown1 to every part of the circumference1 making a gentle sweep1 behind towards the left and in front to the right4 ,the direction of this sweep is naturally indicated on the heads of children1 and is that in which the hair is turned1 7,eras4 ,wilson47 ,the same occurs on the face and other parts of the body4 ,in making our toilet1 this natural arrangement of the hair should be interfered with as little as possible4 ,combing it or banding it in an opposite direction to that which it naturally assumes1 is highly prejudicial to its healthy growth1 and if long persevered in1 leads to its premature and rapid decay4 ,the practice now common among ladies1 of throwing the hair from the forehead towards the back of the head1 is of this reprehensible character4 ,in addition to our remarks elsewhere1 we may here observe1 that all the various systems proposed for strengthening or restoring the hair depend for their efficacy upon simple excitation or stimulation of the skin4 ,friction with the hair-brush1 and the use of the ordinary hair-oils1 pomades1 and washes1 are of this kind4 ,the various advertised nostrums for reproducing or restoring the hair are either stimulants or rubefacients of more or less activity1 or are emollients1 which are directed to be applied by friction1 in such a manner as to set up a considerable amount of irritation4 ,when the affection depends on the languid circulation of blood in the part1 this treatment often succeeds2 but when the hair-bulbs are withered or decayed1 or the scalp much attenuated1 the restoration of the hair is an impossibility4 ,see ,,baldness4 ,,hair ,,cosmetics4 ,under this head are included all preparations which are used for beautifying1 preserving1 or restoring the hair4 ,these are fully described in different parts of this work1 and we shall here merely name the principal heads under which they will be found4 ,the hard pomatums used for keeping the hair1 moustache1 and whiskers1 in form1 and sometimes to colour them at the same time1 are noticed under ,,cosmetique2 the mucillaginous preparations for stiffening the hair1 under ,,fixature2 the compounds for removing superfluous hairs1 under ,,depilatory2 the applications for the cure and prevention of baldness1 under ,,pomades and ,,washes2 and those employed to cleanse or beautify the hair under the last two heads1 and under ,,hair ,,dyes and ,,oils4 ,,hair ,,dyes4 ,syn4 ,,tinctura ,,cappillorum1 ,l4 ,the practice of dyeing the hair is of great antiquity2 and though not so common as formerly1 it is still far from infrequent at the present day4 ,the numerous preparations vended for this purpose have generally a basis of lead or silver4 ,bismuth1 pyrogallic acid1 and certain astringent vegetable juices1 are also occasionally thus employed4 ,the following list embraces all those of any value3 ,prep4 #a4 ,litharge1 #a part2 fresh-slaked lime and starch1 of each #b parts2 all in fine powder1 and perfectly dry2 mix1 and keep the compound in well-corked bottles4 ,this powder is to be made into a thin paste or cream with water 7for black71 or milk 7for brown71 and applied to the hair 7previously freed from grease with soap and water1 and dried71 by means of a sponge or brush1 or the fingers2 observing to rub it well into the roots1 and to pass a comb for some time through it1 to ensure its coming in contact with every part4 ,the whole must be then covered with a moist leaf of cotton wadding1 or some brown paper several times doubled and well damped with hot water1 and allowed to remain so for #c or #d hours1 or even longer2 or an oil-silk cap1 or a bladder1 may be worn1 the object being simply to prevent the evaporation of the moisture4 ,after a sufficient time has elapsed1 the powder may be removed by rubbing it off with the fingers1 and afterwards washing it out with warm soap-and-water4 ,a little pomatum or hair-oil will restore the usual gloss to the hair4 ,another method of operating is to apply the cream or paste as before1 and then to keep rubbing it about the hair with a brush as long as may be required1 occasionally adding a few drops of hot water to preserve the whole moist4 ,in this way the action of the dye is facilitated1 and the process concluded in a much shorter time4 #b4 ,lime 7slaked in the air71 #b parts2 carbonate of lead 7pure white lead71 #a part2 mixed and applied as the last4 #c4 7,,aqua ,,orientalis47 ,from grain silver1 #b dr42 steel filings1 #d dr42 nitric acid1 #a oz42 soft water1 #a-a_/b fl4 oz42 digested together1 the solution being afterwards diluted with water1 #c-a_/b fl4 oz41 and filtered4 ,applied by means of a fine-toothed comb1 or a half-worn tooth-brush to the hair1 previously well cleaned with soap and water1 and dried4 #d4 7,,argentan ,,tincture47 ,from nitrate of silver1 #a dr42 eau de rose1 #a fl4 oz42 nitrate of copper1 #b gr41 or q4 s4 to impart a slight greenish tint4 ,used as the last4 #e4 7,dr ,cattell47 ,nitrate of silver1 #aa dr42 nitric acid1 #a dr42 distilled water1 #a pint2 sap green1 #c dr42 gum arabic1 #a-a_/d dr42 digest together4 ,used as ,no4 #c4 #f4 ,no4 #a ,solution4 ,gallic acid1 #g-a_/b gr42 acetic acid1 #bj min42 distilled water1 #a fl4 oz4 ,no4 #b ,solution4 ,nitrate of silver1 in crystals1 #cj-a_/b gr42 distilled water1 #a fl4 oz42 ammonia sufficient to form the precipitate formed at first4 #g4 7,,chestnut ,,hair ,,dye47 ,we have met with the following1 but do not guarantee it3--,permanganate of potash gives the hair a beautiful chestnut-brown colour1 varying according to the strength of the solution of the salt4 ,a good formula is permanganate of potash1 #a dr42 powdered gum ,arabic1 #b dr42 rose water1 #c oz42 mix4 ,apply carefully with a tooth brush so as to avoid staining the skin4 7',chemist and ,druggist4'7 #h4 7,,hair ,,restorer47 ,this is in reality a dye4 ,sulphur1 #de gr42 acetate of lead1 #bj gr42 glycerin1 #a_/b oz42 water to make up #aj oz4 #i4 7,,golden ,,hair ,,dye1 ,,aureoline47 ,a solution of peroxide of hydrogen in water2 containing from #c to #f per cent4 of the peroxide4 #aj4 7,,brown ,,hair ,,dye47 ,acetate of lead1 #b dr42 hyposulphate of soda1 #a dr42 rose water1 #ad oz42 glycerin1 #b oz4 ,dissolve the acetate of lead and the hyposulphite in separate portions of the rose water2 filter separately1 mix the solutions1 and add the glycerin4 #aa4 7,a ,,harmless ,,hair ,,dye4 ,dr ,hager47 ,ten parts of subnitrate of bismuth1 and #aej parts of glycerin are mixed in a glass vessel and heated in a water bath2 solution of potash is then added in small portions1 and with continued agitation1 until a clear solution has been obtained1 to which a concentrated solution of citric acid is added until merely a slight alkaline reaction is observed4 ,enough orange-flower water is added to make the whole liquid weigh #cjj parts2 the addition of a small quantity of a solution of an aniline colour completes the preparation4 #ab4 7,chevallier47 ,fresh-slaked lime1 #e dr42 water1 #a-a_/b oz42 mix1 strain through gauze1 and pour the milk into a four-ounce bottle4 ,next dissolve sugar of lead1 #e dr41 in water1 #c fl4 oz42 add to this solution1 dry slaked lime1 #a dr41 stir well together1 wash the precipitate with a little soft water1 drain off the water1 then add it to the milk of lime in the bottle1 and shake the whole well together1 and again before use4 ,applied as ,no4 #a2 but it acts much more quickly4 #ac4 7,delcroix47 ,from acetate of lead1 #b oz42 prepared chalk1 #c oz42 quicklime1 #d oz42 each in an impalpable powder4 ,used as ,no4 #a4 #ad4 7,,eau ,d',,afrique--,hopekirk47--a4 ,nitrate of silver 7cryst471 #a-a_/b dr42 distilled water1 #b fl4 oz42 dissolve1 and pour the solution into the bottles labelled ',solution ,no4 #a1'--;b4 ,liquor of potassa1 #c dr42 sulphydrate of ammonium1 #g dr42 water1 #a fl4 oz42 mix1 and pour the liquid into the bottles labelled ',solution ,no4 #b1' ,for use1 the hair is moistened by means of a small-toothed comb or tooth-brush1 with the ,solution ,no4 #a1 either alone or diluted with a little water2 care being taken to avoid touching the skin1 if possible4 ,after the lapse of #h or #aj minutes the ,solution ,no4 #b1 diluted with at least #e times its measure of water1 is applied in the same manner1 and any spots on the skin removed by rubbing them with the corner of a napkin wetted with the liquid4 ,the skin is then sponged clean with a little warm water1 and wiped dry1 and the hair is arranged with the comb as usual4 ,it is better to avoid rubbing it or washing it for a few hours4 ,sometimes the process is reversed1 and the liquid ,no4 #b applied first4 ,in this way the stains on the skin are more readily removed1 but the dye is less permanent than when the other plan is adopted4 #ae4 7,,eau ,d',,egypte47 ,resembles ,no4 #d 7above74 #af4 7,,essence ,,of ,,tyre47 ,resembles the last4 #ag4 7,,grecian ,,water47 ,resembles ,no4 #c1 or #d4 #ah4 7,dr ,hanmann47 ,litharge1 #bge gr4 7say #a part72 quicklime1 #ahge gr4 7or #f-c_/d parts72 hair powder 7or starch71 #icj gr4 7or #c-a_/b parts73 all in fine powder4 ,used as ,no4 #a4 #ai4 7,hewlet's47 ,resembles ,spencer's 7,no4 #bh74 #bj4 7,,instantaneous47 ,moisten the hair first with a solution of nitrate of silver in water 7#a to #g or #h71 and then with a weak solution of sulphydrate of ammonium4 ,the colour of the hair1 unaltered by the silver solution1 instantly turns black when moistened with the sulphuret4 ,see ,,eau ,d',,afrique4 #ba4 7,la ,forest's47 ,see ,,washes4 #bb4 7,orfila's47 ,from litharge1 #c parts2 quicklime1 #b parts2 starch1 #a part4 ,the original form for this article is as follows3--,sulphate of lead1 #d parts2 dry fresh-slaked lime1 #e parts2 water1 #cj parts2 boil #a hour1 collect the paste on a piece of calico1 and apply it in a similar manner to ,no4 #a4 #bc4 7,,pomade ,,dye47--a4 ,nitrate of silver1 #a part2 nitric acid1 #b parts2 iron filings1 #b parts2 mix1 and let them stand together for #d or #e hours1 then pour them on oatmeal1 #b parts2 next add1 lard1 #c parts2 and mix well together4 b4 ,from nitrate of silver and cream of tartar1 of each #a dr42 liquor of ammonia1 #b dr42 dissolve1 add of lard1 #d dr42 and mix well together4 #bd4 7,,poudre ,d',,italie47 ,resembles ,orfila's 7,no4 #bb47 #be4 7,,pyrogallic ,,stain47 ,a weak solution of crude pyrogallic acid4 ,another article sold under this name is prepared by distilling nutgalls 7coarsely powdered7 in a retort1 dissolving the solid acid which sublimes in a little hot water1 and after mixing this with the acid liquid which also passes over1 adding a little rectified spirit4 ,the floating oil is then separated and the solution filtered4 #bf4 7,redwood47 ,litharge1 #b oz42 slaked lime and powdered starch1 of each #a oz42 liquor of potassa1 #b dr42 water1 q4 s4 to form a thick cream4 ,used as ,no4 #a4 #bg4 7,redwood47 ,liquor of potassa and distilled water1 of each #a pint2 mix1 and pass sulphuretted hydrogen through the liquid until it is saturated4 ,of this solution take #bj oz42 liquor of potassa1 #d oz42 mix1 and label it ',solution ,no4 #a1' ,next dissolve nitrate of silver1 #a dr41 in distilled water1 #b oz42 and label the liquid ',solution ,no4 #b1' ,used in the same manner as ,no4 #h and #bj4 #bh4 7,spencer's47 ,from sap green1 #a_/b dr42 nitrate of silver1 #a dr42 hot water1 #a oz4 ,applied as ,no4 #c4 #bi4 7,,tincture ,,of ,,walnut47 ,a strong tincture of the shells of green walnuts1 scented with oil of lavender4 #cj4 7,ure47 ,litharge1 fresh-slaked lime1 and bicarbonate of potassa1 mixed in various proportions1 according to the shade of colour desired4 ,used like ,no4 #a4 #ca4 7,warren's47 ,from litharge1 #a oz42 white lead1 #b oz42 quicklime 7in fine powder71 #af oz42 mix1 sift through lawn1 and at once bottle the mixture4 ,used like ,no4 #a4 ,mixed with water1 it is said to dye the hair black2 with milk1 brown4 #cb4 ,white lead1 #a oz42 fresh slaked lime1 #a-a_/b oz42 litharge and oxide of bismuth1 of each #a_/b oz42 water1 #a pint2 mix1 boil #ae minutes1 with frequent agitation1 cool1 pour it into a bottle1 add of solution of ammonia1 #a_/d fl4 oz41 shake the whole frequently for some hours and the next day pour off the liquid portion from the white sediment which forms the dye4 ,used like ,no4 #a4 ,it is applied for #h or #aj minutes for a brown2 #cj minutes1 or longer1 for a black4 ,for the first1 it is washed off with water containing a little common soda4 #cc4 ,the juice of the bark or shell of green walnuts1 applied with a sponge4 7,paulus gineta47 #cd4 ,a leaden comb used daily is said to darken the hair1 but we have known persons persevere in its use for months without any perceptible change occurring4 ,premature baldness is a frequent consequence of its use4 ,obs4 ,it is right to inform the reader that all those compounds which contain nitrate of silver stain the skin as well as the hair4 ,these stains may be removed1 when quite recent1 by rubbing them with water containing a little sulphydrate of ammonium 7see above7 or iodide of potassium in solution2 but as this is attended with some trouble and inconvenience1 the best way is to avoid the necessity of doing so4 ,the hair-dressers adopt the plan of smearing hard pomatum over the skin immediately surrounding the hair1 to protect it from the dye4 ,by very skilful manipulation1 and the observance of due precautions1 the hair may be thoroughly moistened with the above fluids1 without touching the adjacent skin1 but this can only be done1 in the case of the hair of the head1 by a second person4 ,this has led to a preference being given by many to the compounds containing lead1 as the colouring matter formed in them does not stain the skin4 ,the hue given by the latter 7when pale7 is very apt to possess an unnatural redness1 but all the shades of colour given by the preparation of silver are rich and unexceptionable4 ,pyrogallic acid1 and the juice of walnuts1 also stain the skin1 although less intensely and permanently than nitrate of silver4 ,the detection of dyed hair is often a matter of importance in medico-legal research4 ,the presence of silver may be shown by digesting the hair in a little weak chlorine water or hydrochloric acid1 when the resulting chloride of silver may be dissolved out with liquor of ammonia1 and submitted to the usual tests4 ,hair containing lead1 when digested in dilute nitric acid1 gives a solution of nitrate of lead1 in which form it is readily detected4 ,see ,,lead and ,,silver4 ,all the preceding compounds are for dyeing living hair 7human72 horse-hair1 bristles1 c41 and other dead hair1 may be readily stained by steeping them in any of the ordinary liquid dyes1 more especially those employed for wool and silk4 ,see ,,pomades1 ,,washes1 c4 ,,hairwash1 ,golden1 or ,auricomus1 is a clear inodorous fluid1 which is said to dye hair blond or yellowish red1 and really does so4 ,sold in bottles containing #bej grammes4 ,when exposed to the air the fluid decomposes with time4 ,this hair-dye is an aqueous solution of hydroxyl contaminated with traces of baryta1 and can be prepared as follows3--#ag parts crystallised caustic baryta and #c parts potassium chlorate1 intimately mixed in fine powder1 are melted by a gentle heat4 ,the mass must be washed with cold water to remove the potassium chloride1 and the residue shaken in the cold with a solution of #h parts glacial phosphoric acid in #be parts water1 the whole being cooled with ice4 ,when the peroxide of barium is decomposed1 the fluid should be decanted from the precipitate4 7,hager47 ,,hall ,,marks4 ,the ',hall ,marks' on articles in gold and silver not only inform us of their fineness1 but furnish us with other important particulars4 ,the ,hall ,mark 7proper7 denotes the place of manufacture or assay1 being an anchor1 for ,birmingham2 a dagger or #c wheat sheaves1 for ,chester2 ,hibernia1 for ,dublin2 castle and lion for ,edinburgh2 castle with #b wings1 for ,exeter2 tree and salmon with a ring in its mouth1 for ,glasgow2 leopard's head for ,london2 #c castles1 for ,newcastle-on-,tyne2 a crown1 for ,sheffield2 and five lions' heads and a cross1 for ,york4 ,the ,duty ,mark is the head of the ,sovereign1 showing that the duty is paid4 ,the ,date ,mark is a letter of the alphabet1 which varies every year1 and with the different companies1 thus3 the ,goldsmith's ,company of ,london have used from #agaf to #agee1 ,roman capital letters2 from #agef to #agge1 small ,roman letters2 from #agff to #agie old ,english letters2 from #agif to #ahae1 ,roman capital letters1 from ,a to ,u1 omitting ,j2 from #ahaf to #ahce1 small ,roman letters1 a to u1 omitting j2 from #ahcf1 old ,english letters4 ,the ,standard ,mark for gold is1 for ,england1 a lion passant2 ,edinburgh1 a thistle2 ,glasgow1 a lion rampant2 ,ireland1 a harp crowned4 ,for silver1 a figure of ,britannia4 ,if under #bb carats1 gold has the figures #ah4 ,the ,manufacturer's ,mark is the initials of the maker1 as ,s4 ,h41 ,w4 ,t41 ,c4 ,e41 c4 ,,hal',,ogens4 ,in chemistry1 a name given by ,berzelius to chlorine1 bromine1 iodine1 and fluorine4 ,these elements unite with metals to form compounds called 'haloid salts4' ,,hamburgh ,,powder4 ,the material known under this name is used to adulterate chicory4 ,it is composed of roasted and ground peas1 coloured with ,venetian red4 ,,hams4 ,these are usually prepared from the legs of bacon pigs1 but those of the sheep are also sometimes used for the same purpose4 ,,smoked ,,ham is strong eating1 and rather fit for a relish than for diet1 and should be particularly avoided by the dyspeptic and by convalescents4 ,choice4 ,a sharp knife thrust under the bone should have a pleasant smell when withdrawn4 ,the recently cut fat should be hard and white1 the lean fine-grained1 and of a lively red4 ,those short in the hock are the best4 ,curing4 ,an ordinary sized ham requires nearly three weeks1 if wet salted1 and about a month if dry salted1 to cure it perfectly4 ,at the expiration of this time they are ready for smoking4 ,,mutton ,,hams should not lie in pickle longer than #ab or #ad days4 ,cooking4 ,hams should be put into the water cold1 and should be gradually heated4 ,a ham of #ad lbs4 will take about #d hours1 one of #af lbs4 will take #f-a_/b hours1 and one of #bj lbs4 about #e-a_/b hours1 to dress it properly4 ,if it is an old ham1 it should be soaked for #ab hours previously4 7,soyer47 ,pres4 ,most grocers and dealers in hams enclose them1 after being smoked1 in canvas1 for the purpose of defending them from the attacks of the little insect1 the ,dermestes lardarius1 which1 by laying its eggs in them1 soon fills them with its larv2 or maggots4 ,this troublesome and expensive process may be altogether superseded by the use of pyroligneous acid1 applied by means of a painter's brush4 ,,hands4 ,dirty and coarse hands are no less the marks of slothfulness and low breeding1 than clean and delicate hands are those of cleanliness and gentility4 ,to promote the softness and whiteness of the skin1 mild emollient soaps1 or those abounding in oil1 should alone be used1 by which means ,,chaps ,,and ,,chilblains will generally be avoided4 ,the coarse1 strong kinds of soap1 or those abounding in alkali1 should for a like reason be rejected1 as they tend to render the skin rough1 dry1 and brittle4 ,the immersion of the hands in alkaline lyes1 or strongly acidulated water1 has a like effect4 ,when the hands are very dirty1 a little good soft soap may be used with warm water1 which will rapidly remove oily and greasy matter4 ,fruit and ink stains may be taken out by immersing the hands in water slightly acidulated with oxalic acid or a few drops of oil of vitriol1 or to which a little pearlash or chloride of lime has been added2 observing afterwards to well rinse them in clean water1 and not to touch them with soap for some hours1 as any alkaline matter will bring back the stains1 after their apparent removal by all the above substances1 except the last4 ,the use of a little chloride of lime and warm water1 or ,gowland's lotion1 imparts a delicate whiteness to the skin2 but the former should be only occasionally used1 and should be well washed off with a little clean water to remove its odour4 ,glycerine employed in the same manner renders the skin soft1 white1 and supple4 ,the use of a little sand or powdered pumice stone with the soap will generally remove the roughness of the skin frequently induced by exposure to cold4 ,the hands may be preserved dry1 for delicate work1 by rubbing a little club moss 7,,lycopodium71 in fine powder1 over them4 ,a small quantity of this substance sprinkled over the surface of a basin of water will permit the hand to be plunged to the bottom of the basin without its becoming wet4 ,,hang',,ing4 ,in cases of suspended animation from hanging1 the assistance must be prompt and energetic4 ,the body on its discovery should be instantly relieved from the state of suspension and all pressure about the throat4 ,the remedial treatment chiefly consists1 in the severer cases1 in cupping the temples or opening the jugular vein1 and so relieving the head of the blood which is accumulated in its superficial veins in consequence of strangulation4 ,when the body is cold1 friction1 and the other means used for restoring the animal heat in drowned persons1 should be resorted to4 ,see ,,asphyxia and ,,drowning4 ,,hard',,ness4 ,compactness2 solidity2 the power of resisting abrasion4 ,mineral substances are frequently distinguished and identified by their relative hardness4 ,this is ascertained by their power to scratch or be scratched by one another4 ,a valuable table on this subject will be found in the article on ,,gems4 ,,har',,maline4 ,syn4 ,,harmalina4 ,an alkaloid1 forming yellow-brown crystals1 discovered in the seeds of ,peganum harmala4 ,it has a bitter astringent and acrid taste1 is soluble in alcohol1 and forms yellow1 soluble salts with the acids4 ,it has been proposed as a yellow dye4 ,by oxidation it yields another compound 7harmine71 which is a magnificently red dye-stuff1 easily prepared and applied4 ,the seeds are produced abundantly in ,southern ,russia4 ,,har',,ness ,,polish4 ,see ,,blacking1 c4 ,,harts',,horn4 ,syn4 ,,cornu ,,cervi1 ,c4 ,,cervinum1 ,,cornu 7,ph4 ,l47 ,l4 ,the horn of the ,cervus elephas 7,ph4 ,l47 or stag4 ,hartshorn1 ,burnt4 ,syn4 ,,cornu ,,ustum 7,ph4 ,l471 ,,cornu ,,cervi ,,ustum1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,l4 #ahcf47 ,burn pieces of harts' horns until perfectly white1 then grind and prepare them in the same way as directed for prepared chalk4 ,obs4 ,finely powdered bone-ash is usually sold for burnt hartshorn1 and possesses exactly the same properties4--,dose1 #aj to #cj gr41 or more #b or #c times a day1 in rickets1 c ,hartshorn ,shavings4 ,syn4 ,,hartshorn ,,raspings2 ,,rarura ,,cornu ,,cervi1 ,,ramenta ,c4 ,c41 ,l4 ,obtained from the turners4 ,boiled in water1 it yields a nutritive jelly4 ,used by straw-plait workers to stiffen bonnets1 c4 ,,hatch',,ing4 ,see ,,incubation4 ,,hats4 ,those should be chosen possessing a short1 smooth1 fine nap1 and a good black colour2 and sufficiently elastic to resist ordinary wear and tear1 without breaking or giving way4 ,the ,,hat ,,brush for daily use should be made of soft hairs1 but a stiffer one should be employed occasionally1 to lay the nap smooth and close4 ,grease may be removed by means of porous brown paper1 and pressure with a hot iron4 ,,hay-,,fever4 ,syn4 ,,hay-,,asthma1 ,,catarrhus ,,stivas4 ,dr ,aitken defines this affection as a variety of asthma or catarrh1 occurring generally during the summer months1 especially during the inflorescence of the hay crop1 or during the drying or conversion of the newly-mown grass into hay1 in ,may and ,june4 ,the disease is distinguished by extreme irritation of the eyes1 nose1 and the whole of the air-passages1 these symptoms giving rise in succession to troublesome itching of the eyes and nose1 frequent paroxysms of sneezing1 with copious discharge from the nostrils1 pricking sensation in the throat1 cough1 tightness of the chest and difficulty of breathing1 accompanied sometimes with1 and sometimes without1 great mucous expectoration4 ,the inhalation of the powder of ipecacuanha sets up similar symptoms with some persons4 ,dr ,aitken's definition of hay-fever seems to point to what is pretty generally accepted as its cause1 viz4 the inhalation of minute and impalpable emanations from certain grasses given off during the period of their flowering and subsequent conversion into hay4 ,this supposition as to the origin of this disease derives support from the circumstance1 that it always takes place during the hay season1 and at no other2 and also that it may be cured by the avoidance of hay-fields and hay-stacks4 ,hence going to the sea-coast1 and especially to those parts of the coast that are barren of grass1 offers a means of protection2 and when this cannot be done1 such persons obtain refuge in some measure from the cause of irritation1 by remaining within doors and shutting out as much as possible the external air during the hay-crop4#cde ,footnote #cde3 ,sir ,thomas ,watson4 ,furthermore1 those whom the disease attacks are not particularly subject to catarrh at other times4 ,treatment4--,numerous remedies have been proposed and employed for hay-asthma4 ,dr ,elliotson suggests the mild fumigation of the patient's apartment by means of the solutions of the chlorides of lime or soda2 and further advised the sufferers using a smelling bottle containing one or the other of the chlorides4 ,he also employed with success the sulphate of quinine and iron4 ,mr ,gordon recommends the tincture of ,lobelia inflata1 with the use of the cold shower-bath4 ,tincture of nux vomica is also said to have been used with good results1 as also has ,fowler's solution of arsenic1 with very decided advantage1 by ,dr ,mackenzie4 ,these potent remedies1 however1 should only be administered under the supervision of a qualified medical practitioner4 ,an esteemed medical friend assures us he has employed the new remedy1 ,quinetum 7the alkaloid of the ,east ,india red bark71 with the happiest effects4 ,he gives four grains of the quinetum three times a day4 ,the use of an ori-nasal respirator of cotton wool has also been suggested4 ,great relief has1 we know1 in a great number of cases1 been experienced by snuffing from a smelling bottle containing the following ingredients3--,pure crystallised carbolic acid1 #a dr42 sesquicarbonate of ammonia1 #a oz42 wood charcoal1 #a oz42 oil of lavender1 #a_/b dr42 compound tincture of benzoin1 #a_/b oz42 all reduced to fine powder1 and thoroughly mixed4 ,,head',,ache4 ,syn4 ,,cephalalgia1 ,l4 ,in pathology1 pain in the head4 ,the symptoms of this very general complaint are too well known to require any description4 ,according to pathologists1 headache arises either from a sympathy with the stomach and chylopoietic 7chyle-forming7 viscera1 or from a weakness or exhaustion of the power of the encephalon4 ,the former may be called ,,sympathetic ,,headache1 and the latter ,,nervous ,,headache4 ,when it attacks only one side of the head it is called ,,hemicrania4 ,the treatment of the first form should consist in restoring the healthy action of the stomach1 by the administration of aperients1 and by the use of proper food and exercise2 or when that viscus is overloaded with undigested food1 by the exhibition of an emetic4 ,for this purpose #a_/d to #a_/b an oz4 of ipecacuanha wine may be taken in a cupful of warm water1 which will generally relieve the stomach1 especially if its action is assisted by drinking copiously of warm water4 ,headache is a common accompaniment of indigestion and stomach disease1 and in general it will be found that whatever will remove the one will also cure the other4 ,nervous headaches are relieved by nervous tonics and stimulants1 as bark1 cascarilla1 calumba1 and gentian1 camphor1 ammonia1 ether1 and wine1 the latter in a state of considerable dilution4 ,a cup of strong coffee or strong green tea often acts like a charm in removing this species of headache4 ,small doses of tincture of henbane have also often a like effect4 #bj or #cj drops of laudanum1 or1 preferably1 half that number of liquor opii sedativus1 may be taken with advantage as an anodyne1 and to induce sleep4 ,amongst popular remedies may be mentioned 'nasal stimulants1' as snuff 7cephalic71 smelling salts1 and aromatic vinegar1 the use of which is familiar to every one2 and local applications1 as very cold water1 ether1 vinegar1 strong spirits1 ,cologne water1 c41 all of which are rubbed over the part of the head affected1 with the fingers1 or a linen rag dipped in them is laid thereon instead4 ,pressure on the head has also been used with advantage4 ,silence1 darkness1 and repose1 are powerful remedies1 alike suitable to every variety of headache2 and change of air1 scene1 and occupation1 are especially beneficial to those resulting from excessive mental anxiety or exertion4 ,blisters are extensively applied behind the ears in cases of violent headache4 ,headache is often symptomatic of other diseases1 especially those of the inflammatory and nervous kind1 rheumatism1 c4 ,in all these the primary disease should be sought out and attempted to be cured4 ,in many cases these attacks rapidly yield to a few doses of compound decoction of sarsaparilla containing a little iodide of potassium4 ,headache in pregnancy may generally be removed by proper attention to the bowels2 observing to assist their action1 should they require it1 by the use of some mild aperient1 as castor oil1 lenitive electuary1 seidlitz powders1 c4 ,when the constitution is very robust1 blood may be taken4 ,headache in bed may frequently be relieved by washing the head with cold water1 and discontinuing the use of a nightcap1 at the same time preserving the feet warm by wearing worsted socks or stockings4 ,,head',,ing4 ,syn4 ,,beer ,,heading1 ,,cauliflower ,h4 ,prep4 #a4 ,alum and green copperas1 equal parts1 in fine powder4 #b4 ,alum1 copperas1 and common salt1 equal parts4 ,used by brewers to make their beer keep its head or froth4 ,,health4 ,that state of the living body in which all its functions are duly performed4 ,see ,,hygiene4 ,,health1 ,,good--,gut-,heil 7,aust74 ,a liquor containing the extractive matters of calamus root1 rhubarb1 cinnamon1 orange peel1 c41 with #ce per cent4 of sugar4 7,hager47 ,,hear',,ing4 ,see ,,deafness1 ,,ear1 c4 ,,heart',,burn4 ,syn4 ,,cardialgia1 ,l4 ,anxiety and pain about the region of the stomach1 generally attended by a sense of gnawing and heat2 hence its popular name4 ,faintness1 nausea1 and eructation of a thin1 acidulous1 watery liquid1 especially in the morning1 are common symptoms of this complaint4 ,the usual causes of heartburn are excess in eating and drinking1 the use of improper food1 and sedentary habits4 ,a good remedy is a teaspoonful of carbonate of magnesia1 or carbonate of soda1 in a glass of peppermint or cinnamon water1 to which a little powdered ginger may be added with advantage4 ,this dose may be taken #b or #c times daily until the disease is removed4 ,articles of food that easily undergo fermentation should at the same time be avoided1 and a dry diet had recourse to as much as possible4 ,soda water1 toast-and-water1 and weak spirit-and-water1 are the most suitable beverages in this complaint4 ,,heat4 ,syn4 ,,caloric2 ,,caloricum1 ,l4 ,the consideration of this subject belongs to physics and chemistry4 ,much useful information1 in connection with it1 will1 however1 be found in this work under the heads ,,ebullition1 ,,evaporation1 ,,expansion1 ,,refrigeration1 c4 ,,heavy ,,spar4 ,native sulphate of barium4 ,see ,,baryta4 ,,hed',,erin4 ,syn4 ,,hederina1 ,l4 ,from the decoction of the ground seeds of ivy 7,hedera helix71 boiled in water1 along with a little slaked lime or magnesia1 the precipitate being afterwards digested in rectified spirit1 and the filtered tincture evaporated4 ,febrifuge and sudorific4 ,,height1 ,average of ,man4 ,the ',boston ,journal of ,chemistry' gives the following particulars of the average height of man3--,the ,yankee would appear to be the tallest of civilised men1 if we may trust some statistics given in foreign journals as the result of the measurement of over half a million men4 ,the mean height of the ,american ,indian is #fgicd inches2 of the ,american white man1 #fgfgb2 ,scotch1 #fgjff2 ,english1 #ffege2 ,russian1 #ffcic2 ,french1 #ffbgg2 ,mexican1 #ffaaj4 ,if the ,yankee carries off the palm as the tallest of men1 he also does so for his tallest tales2 but if weight were introduced into the calculation1 we think our ,transatlantic cousins would rank last4 ,,heights4 ,the following table1 calculated by ,regnault1 gives the temperature at which water boils at the corresponding heights of the barometric column4 ,the figures have been confirmed by direct observation4 ,boiling ,points of ,water at different ,pressures4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------ ,boiling ,point4 ,barometer4 ,boiling ,point4 ,barometer4 ,boiling ,point4,barometer4 ,deg4 ,fahr4 ,inches4 ,deg4 ,fahr4 ,inches4 ,deg4 ,fahr4 ,inches4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------ #ahd #affgf #aie #baabd #bjf #bfebi #ahe #agjdg #aif #baegf #bjg #bgjfh #ahf #agdba #aig #bbjcj #bjh #bgfad #ahg #aghjc #aih #bbdih #bji #bhahc #ahh #ahaif #aii #bbife #baj #bhgdd #ahi #aheic #bjj #bcded #baa #bicca #aij #aiiib #bja #bcicg #bab #biibb #aia #aidjg #bjb #bddda #bac #cjeaf #aib #aihbb #bjc #bejad #bad #caabj #aic #bjbed #bjd #bedfh #bae #cagcj #aid #bjfhg #bje #beiib #baf #cbcej ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------ ,,hel',,enin4 ,see ,,inulin4 ,,heliog',,raphy4 ,see ,,photography4 ,,hel',,lebore4 ,syn4 ,,black ,,hellebore2 ,,helleborus 7,ph4 ,l471 ,l4 ,the rhizome and root of ,helleborus niger 7,ph4 ,l47 or black hellebore4 ,it is alterative and emmenagogue1 in small doses 7#b to #h gr472 and a drastic hydragogue purgative and anthelmintic in larger ones 7#aj to #bj gr47 ,see ,,white ,,hellebore4 ,,hellebor',,ie4 ,syn4 ,,soft ,,resin ,,of ,,hellebore4 ,an odourless1 acrid substance1 extracted by alcohol from black hellebore1 and on which1 according to ,vauquelin1 the activity of that drug depends4 ,,hem',,lock4 ,syn4 ,,conii ,,folia 7,b4 ,p472 ,,conium 7,ph4 ,l4 ,e4 ,d471 ,l4 ,in pharmacy1 the fresh and dried leaf of the wild herb ,conium maculatum1 or spotted hemlock4 ,the first is used to make the extract2 the last1 the tincture and powder4 ,hemlock is a powerful narcotic acrid poison1 occasioning stupor1 delirium1 paralysis1 convulsions1 coma1 and death4 ,in small doses it is anodyne1 alterative1 resolvent1 antispasmodic1 and anaphrodisiac1 and has been exhibited in cancer1 dropsy1 epilepsy1 rheumatism1 scrofula1 syphilis1 and other diseases4--,dose1 #c or #d gr4 of the powder1 twice or thrice daily1 until some obvious effect is produced4 ,hemlock1 whether in leaf 7conii folia7 or powder 7pulvis conii7 rapidly deteriorates by keeping4 ,when good1 the powder1 triturated with solution of potassa1 exhales a powerful odour of conia4 ,in cases of poisoning by hemlock1 the treatment is similar to that noticed under ,,aconite4 ,see ,,conia1 ,,extract1 ,,tincture1 c4 ,,hemp4 ,syn4 ,,cannabis1 ,l4 ,in botany the typical genus of the natural order ,cannabinace4 ,the common hemp1 from the fibres of which cordage is made1 is the species ,cannabis sativa4 ,the fruit of this plant 7hemp seed7 is demulcent and oleaginous4 ,it is said that the plumage of bullfinches and goldfinches fed on it for too long a time1 or in too large a quantity1 changes from red and yellow to black4#cdf ,footnote #cdf3 ,burnett1 ',outlines of ,botany4' ,hemp1 ,indian4 ,syn4 ,,hashish1 ,,cannabis ,,indica4 ,this plant1 now so largely used in medicine1 is a variety of ,cannabis sativa1 or1 perhaps1 the same simply rendered more active by climate4 ,the parts employed in ,asia for the purposes of intoxication1 and in ,europe as medicine1 are the herb or leaves and the resin4 ,the 'gunjah' sold in the bazaars in the ,east ,indies is the plant1 just after flowering1 dried1 and pressed together4 ',bang1' 'bhang1' 'subjee1' or 'sidhee1' consists of the larger leaves and capsules without the stalk4 ,the concrete resinous exudation from the leaves1 stems1 and flowers1 is called 'churrus1' and in this country 'resin of ,indian hemp4' ',hashish' seems to be a general term for the preparation of hemp4 ,dr ,preobraschensky1 has lately subjected hashish to a chemical analysis1 and states that he has found an alkaloidal body1 not only in the commercial substance1 but also in the flower-tops of the hemp itself1 and the pure extract prepared from it1 which was recognised as nicotine4 ,indian hemp is ansthetic1 anodyne1 exhilarant1 antispasmodic1 hypnotic1 and narcotic4 ,in the ,east it is commonly used as an intoxicant1 either by smoking it1 like tobacco1 or swallowing it4 ,the inebriation produced by it is of an agreeable or cheerful character exciting the party under its influence to laugh1 dance1 sing1 and to commit various extravagancies4 ,it also acts as an aphrodisiac1 augments the appetite for food1 and1 in some cases1 occasions a kind of reverie and catalepsy4 ,in this country its action is less marked4 ,it has here been chiefly administered under the form of alcoholic or resinous extract4 ,see ,,extract ,,of ,,indian ,,hemp4 ,,hen',,bane4 ,syn4 ,,hyoscyami ,,folia 7,b4 ,p472 ,,hyoscyamus 7,ph4 ,l4 ,e4 and ,d471 ,l4 ,in pharmacy1 the fresh and dried stalk-leaf of the biennial herb1 ,hyoscyamus niger 7,ph4 ,l471 or common biennial or black henbane4 ,the first is used for preparing the extract2 the last1 for the powder and tincture4 ,henbane is anodyne1 hypnotic1 antispasmodic1 and sedative4 ,it differs from opium in not being stimulant1 and by not confining the bowels2 and hence may be administered in cases in which that drug would be improper4 ,in large doses it acts as a powerful narcotic poison1 producing obscurity of vision1 dilatation of the pupils1 delirium1 phantasms1 coma1 c4--,dose1 #c to #aj gr41 in powder4 ,it is usually given in the form of extract or tincture4 ,the antidotes1 c41 are the same as those noticed under ,,opium4 ,,hen-,,coops1 ,fumigator for4 ,consisted wholly of coal-tar4 ,,he',,par4 ,syn4 ,,liver4 ,a name given by the older chemists to various combinations of sulphur1 from their brownish or liver colour2 as 'hepar antimonii1' 'hepar sulphuris1' c4 ,see ,,antimony 7,liver of71 ,,potassium 7,sulphide71 c4 ,,herbar',,ium4 ,eng41 ,l4 ,syn4 ,,hortus ,,siccus1 ,l4 ,a collection of dried specimens of plants2 hence called ,,hortus ,,siccus1 or dry garden4 ,plants for the herbarium should be gathered on a dry day1 and carried home in a tin-box 7',,vasculum'71 or other convenient receptacle which will preserve them fresh for a time4 ,those which have collected moisture in their leaves should be allowed to dry1 their stalks being placed in water to keep them alive4 ,plants with very thick1 succulent leaves or stems must be killed by immersion in hot water before they can be safely placed in the drying press4 ,the press consists simply of a few stout boards with a screw--or1 still better1 a number of heavy weights1 bricks1 or stones--for pressing them together4 ,the specimens of plants1 when all superficial moisture has been removed1 are placed between layers of bibulous paper 7,,botanical ,,paper71 care being taken that the parts of each are arranged in a natural manner4 ,the sheets containing the specimens are then placed between the boards1 and pressure is applied4 ,this must be very gentle at first1 and should be gradually increased as the plants become dry4 ,the paper is changed every day or every second day1 and the damp sheets are dried for use at a future time4 ,when properly dried1 the specimens are placed on sheets of writing paper1 and fixed by a few stitches of thread1 a little gum1 or strips of gummed paper4 ,the name of the genus and species1 and the locality where found1 c41 are then marked beside each4 ,camphor or a little corrosive sublimate may be used to preserve herbaria from the ravages of insects4 ,the preparation of an herbarium offers an almost endless source of amusement to the ingenious1 whilst the specimens so collected1 if well preserved1 are almost as useful to the botanist as the living plants4 ,,herbs4 ,syn4 ,,herb1 ,l4 ,the collection and drying of herbs for medicinal purposes and perfumery are noticed under ,,vegetable ,,substances4 ,amongst cooks1 several aromatic herbs1 either fresh or dried1 are used for seasoning4 ,in many receipts is mentioned a bunch of sweet herbs1 which consists1 for some stews and soups1 of a small bunch of parsley1 two sprigs of thyme1 and one bayleaf2 if no parsley1 then of four sprigs of winter savory1 six of thyme1 and one bayleaf4 7,soyer47 ,,her',,nia4 ,see ,,rupture4 ,,her',,ring4 ,a well-known small sea-fish1 belonging to the family of ,clupeid1 a branch of the order ,malacopterygii4 ,as an article of food1 herrings are of a vast importance to a large proportion of the population of ,europe4 ,when recently caught and dressed by broiling or boiling1 they are wholesome and agreeable2 but if fried1 or long kept1 they become strong and oily1 and are then apt to offend the stomach4 ,the preparation of salted and dried of smoked herrings 7bloaters1 red herrings7 furnishes employment for thousands1 both in these countries and ,holland4 ,real ,yarmouth bloaters and ,dutch herrings are highly esteemed by many as a relish4 ,salted herrings are said to be diuretic4 ,the pickle was formerly used in clysters1 dropsies1 c4 ,m4 ,soyer calls this fish the poor man's friend1 and tells us that1 after being cleaned and scaled1 and the head removed1 it should be opened in the back1 and the gut taken out4 ,also that the way to ascertain if a herring is too salt is to take the fish in the left hand1 and pull out a few of the fins from the back1 and to taste them4 ,you may thus find out the quality and flavour4 ,this plan is adopted by the large dealers4 ,,hesper',,idin4 ,a peculiar substance obtained from the white portion of the rind of oranges1 lemons1 c4 ,it forms crystalline silky needles1 is odourless1 tasteless1 fusible1 soluble in alcohol and ether1 less soluble in water4 ,hesperidin is a glucoside4 ,,hic',,cough 7h7ik'-7up74 ,syn4 ,,hiccup2 ,,singultus1 ,l4 ,a convulsive motion of the diaphragm and parts adjacent4 ,the common causes are flatulency1 indigestion1 acidity1 and worms4 ,it may generally be removed by the exhibition of warm carminatives1 cordials1 cold water1 weak spirits1 camphor julep1 or spirits of sal-volatile4 ,a sudden fright or surprise will often produce the like effect4 ,an instance is recorded of a delicate young lady that was troubled with hiccough for some months1 and who was reduced to a state of extreme debility from the loss of sleep occasioned by it1 that was cured by a fright1 after medicines and topical applications had failed4 ,a pinch of snuff1 a glass of iced soda water1 or an ice-cream1 will also frequently remove this affection4 ,,hi',,era-,,pi',,cra4 ,see ,,powder ,,of ,,aloes ,,and ,,canella4 ,,hip',,pocras4 ,an aromatic medicated wine1 formerly much used in ,england1 and still employed on the ,continent4 ,prep4 ,lisbon and ,canary wine1 of each #ab pints2 cinnamon1 #b oz42 white canella1 #a_/b oz42 cloves1 mace1 nutmeg1 ginger1 and galangal1 or cardamoms1 of each #a dr42 bruise the spices1 and digest them in the wine for three or four days2 strain1 and add of lump sugar1 #b-a_/b lbs4 ,,hippu',,ric ,,acid4 ,,hc#i;,h#h,,no#c4 ,syn4 ,,acidum ,,hippuricum1 ,l4 ,a compound discovered by ,liebig in the urine of the horse1 cow1 and other graminivora1 in which it exists as hippurate of potassium or sodium4 ,prep4 ,concentrate fresh cow's urine by a gentle heat to about #a_/ajth its bulk1 filter from deposit1 mix the liquid with excess of hydrochloric acid1 and set it aside to crystallise4 ,it may be decoloured by redissolving it in boiling water1 and treating it with animal charcoal1 or with a little chloride of lime along with some hydrochloric acid1 and re-crystallising it4 ,obs4 ,hippuric acid1 when pure1 forms long1 slender1 milk-white1 square prisms2 it is soluble in #djj parts of cold water2 it also dissolves in hot alcohol4 ,when strongly heated1 it yields benzoic acid1 benzoate of ammonia1 and benzonitrile1 with a coaly residue4 ,the urine of horses or cows1 left to itself for some time1 or evaporated at a boiling temperature1 yields not a trace of hippuric acid1 but only benzoic acid4 ,nitric acid and hot oil of vitriol convert it into benzoic acid4 ,boiling hydrochloric acid converts it into benzoic acid and glycocoll4 ,with the bases it forms salts1 which are called hippurates4 ,see ,,benzoic ,,acid4 ,,hips4 ,syn4 ,,heps2 ,,rosa ,,canina 7,ph4 ,l474 ,the fresh fruit of the dog rose 7,rosa canina71 or wild briar4 ,used to make a conserve4 ,,hol',,lands4 ,syn4 ,,geneva1 ,,schiedam1 ,,hollands ,,gin1 ,,dutch ,g4 ,prep4 #a4 ,the materials employed in the distilleries of ,schiedam1 in the preparation of this excellent spirit1 are #b parts of the best unmalted rye and #a part of malted bigg1 reduced to the state of coarse meal by grinding4 ,about a barrel 7#cf galls47 of water1 at a temperature of from #afb to #afh ,fahr41 is put into the mash-tun for every #a-a_/b cwt4 of meal1 after which the malt is introduced and stirred1 and1 lastly1 the rye is added4 ,powerful agitation is next given to the magma till it becomes quite uniform1 when the mash-tun is covered over with canvas1 and left in this state for two hours4 ,agitation is then again had recourse to1 and the transparent 'spent wash' of a preceding mashing is added1 followed by as much cold water as will reduce the temperature of the whole to about #he ,fahr4 ,the gravity of the wort at this point varies from #cc to #ch lbs4 ,a quantity of the best pressed ,flanders yeast1 equal to #a lb4 for every #ajj galls4 of the mashed materials1 is next stirred in1 and the whole is fermented in the mash-tun for about #c days1 or until the attenuation is from #g to #d lbs4 7sp4 gr4 #ajjg to #ajjd74 ,during this time the yeast is occasionally skimmed off the fermenting wort4 ,the wash1 with the grains1 is then transferred to the still1 and converted into 'low wines4' ,to every #ajj galls4 of this liquor1 #b lbs4 of juniper berries 7#c to #e years old71 and about #a lb4 of salt1 are added1 and the whole is put into the low-wine still1 and the fine spirit drawn off by a gentle heat1 one receiver only being employed4 ,the product per quarter varies from #ah to #ba galls4 of spirit1 #b to #c o4 p4 #b4 7,,best ,,hollands47 ,hollands rectified to the strength of #bd ,baum 7sp4 gr4 #iabe1 or about #f o4 p474 #c4 7,,english-,,made47--a4 ,from juniper berries 7at least a year old1 and crushed in the hands71 #c lbs42 rectified spirit1 #a-a_/b gall4 7or proof spirit1 #b-a_/b galls472 digest1 with agitation1 for a week1 and then express the liquor2 after #bd hours' repose1 decant the clear portion1 add it to good corn spirit1 at #b or #c overproof1 #ij or #ajj galls41 and mix them well together4 b4 ,from juniper berries1 #b-a_/b lbs42 sweet fennel seed1 #e oz42 caraway seed1 #c-a_/b oz42 proof spirit1 #b galls42 corn spirit1 #ij or #ajj galls4 c4 ,as the last1 with the addition of ,strasburg turpentine or ,canadian balsam1 #a lb4 d4 ,to either of the last two or three add a very small quantity of ground cardamoms or horse-radish4 ,some compounders also add #d or #e cloves of garlic1 or about #ae gr4 of assafoetida1 with #a gr4 of ambergris rubbed to a powder with a little white sand or lump sugar4 ,good plain gin may be advantageously employed in lieu of the corn spirit ordered above1 when expense is no object4 ,obs4 ,the last four forms1 which are only given as examples1 produce a very pleasant spirit1 if it is kept for some time to 'mellow4' ,age is one of the principal causes of the 'creaminess' of foreign gin1 which usually lies in bond for some time before being consumed4 ,the product is1 however1 much superior if the ingredients are rectified along with #bj galls4 of water1 and about #ad lbs4 of salt1 by a gentle heat4 ,it will be seen from the above that the superior flavour of ,hollands spirit depends more on the peculiar mode of its manufacture than on the quantity of juniper berries employed2 #b lbs4 of them1 when new1 being barely equivalent to #a oz4 of the essential oil2 and when old1 to less than #a_/b oz41 a quantity wholly insufficient to flavour #ajj gallons of spirit4 ,the ,dutch distillers1 most noted for this liquor1 add a little pure ,strasburg turpentine and a handful or two of hops to the spirit1 along with the juniper berries1 before rectification4 ,the former substance has a pale yellowish-brown colour1 and a very fragrant and agreeable smell1 and tends materially to impart that fine aroma for which the best geneva is distinguished4 ,at ,rotterdam sweet fennel seed is commonly added as a flavouring2 and at ,weesoppe ,strasburg turpentine and fennel seeds1 or the essential oil of fennel1 are frequently substituted for a large portion of the juniper berries4 ,schiedam ,hollands is considered the best2 the next quality is that of ,rotterdam2 after these comes that of ,weesoppe4 ,attempts have been made by ,mr ,robert ,moore1 and others to introduce into general consumption in this country a home-made liquor1 resembling and prepared in the same manner as foreign geneva1 but the palates of our gin-drinkers were too corrupted to relish so pure a spirit4 ,,hom,,oe,,op',,athy4 ,syn4 ,,hom,,oe,,opathia1 ,l4 ,a medical hypothesis promulgated at the commencement of the present century by the late ,dr ,hahnemann1 of ,leipsic1 according to which diseases may be cured by the administration of minute doses of medicines capable of producing in healthy persons affections similar to those it is intended to remove4 ,the doctrine that similia similibus curantur had long previously been practically acted on1 to a limited extent1 in certain cases1 in legitimate medicine 7allopathy1 heteropathy71 although not verbally recognised as belonging to its system4 ,the administration of infinitesimal doses is an absurdity which homoeopathy1 however1 alone can claim4 ,according to this method1 the millionth of a grain is often an excessive dose2 whilst billionths and decillionths1 quantities so small as to be vastly beyond human perception1 form the common doses4 ,this reduces the whole practice of homoeopathy to a system of doing nothing beyond regulating the diet and habits of the patient4 ,all judicious practitioners have long been agreed that there are many cases which are best treated in the manner just mentioned1 and in which physic does more harm than good2 in which1 in short1 a sensible physician endeavours to amuse the patient1 whilst nature cures the disorder2 so that the frequent success of homoeopathic treatment may be explained1 without admitting the principle upon which it is presumed to be founded4 7,brande47 ,,hon',,ey4 ,syn4 ,,mel 7,b4 ,p471 ,l4 ,the sweet substance elaborated by the domestic bee from the juices of the nectaries of flowers1 and deposited in the cells of wax forming the honeycomb4 ,var4 ,pure honey consists of a syrup of uncrystallisable sugar and crystalline saccharine grains1 resembling grape sugar4--',virgin honey' is that which flows spontaneously from the comb4--',ordinary honey1' that obtained by heat and pressure4 ,the former is pale and fragrant2 the latter darker1 and possessing a less agreeable taste and smell4--',english honey' is chiefly collected from furze and broom flowers1 and is more waxy than that from the ,south of ,europe2--',narbonne honey1' chiefly from rosemary1 and other labiate flowers1 very fine2--',poisonous honey' is found near ,trebizond1 in ,asia1 its toxic effects being due to the bees having collected it from a poisonous plant1 the ,azalea pontica4 ,pur4 ,honey is frequently adulterated with treacle1 potato-sugar syrup1 potato farina1 starch1 and wheat flour4 ,the first may be detected by the colour and odour2 the second in the way noticed under ,,sugar2 and the others by the honey not forming a nearly clear solution with cold water1 and striking a blue colour with iodine4 ,when it contains wheat flour1 and is heated1 it at first liquefies1 but on cooling it becomes solid and tough4 ,the absence of starchy matter or flour is easily proved by the following test3--,boiled with water for five minutes1 and allowed to cool1 it should not become blue with iodine water--indicating absence of flour4 ,uses1 c4 ,honey is nutritive and laxative1 but rather apt to gripe4 ,it is employed in the preparation of ,,oxymels and ,,gargles1 and also to cover the taste of nauseous medicines1 which it does better than sugar4 ,clarified honey is alone ordered to be used in medicine4 ,honey1 ,clarified4 ,syn4 ,,refined ,,honey1 ,,strained ,h42 ,,mel ,,depuratum 7,ph4 ,d471 ,,mel ,,pr,,paratum1 ,l4 ,the honey is simply melted by the heat of a water bath1 and strained whilst hot through flannel 7,ph4 ,d472 or--it is melted as last1 and the scum removed 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s472 or--it is melted with #a-crd its weight of water1 skimmed1 strained through flannel1 and evaporated until it reaches the sp4 gr4 #abfa4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,honey is not to be employed without being desquamated4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,obs4 ,clarified honey is less agreeable than raw honey1 and has lost the crystalline character of the latter2 but it is less liable to ferment and gripe4 ,the use of copper and iron vessels or implements should be avoided1 as honey acquires a dark colour by contact with them4 ,berlin-ware1 stone-ware1 or well-silvered or tin copper pans1 should alone be used4 ,on the large scale1 one or other of the following plans are adopted3-- #a4 ,the honey is mixed with an equal weight of water and allowed to boil up #e or #f times without skimming2 it is then removed from the fire1 and after being cooled1 brought on several strong linen strainers1 stretched horizontally1 and covered with a layer of clean and well-washed sand1 an inch in depth2 the sand is rinsed with a little cold water1 and the mixed liquor is finally evaporated to the thickness of syrup4 #b4 ,dissolve the honey in water1 as last1 clarify with white of egg1 and evaporate to a proper consistence4 #c4 ,dissolve in water1 add #a-a_/b lb4 of animal charcoal to every #a_/d cwt4 of honey1 gently simmer for #ae minutes1 add a little chalk to saturate excess of acid1 if required1 strain or clarify1 and evaporate4 #d4 ,honey1 #a cwt42 water1 #i galls42 fresh burnt animal charcoal1 #g lbs42 simmer for #ae minutes1 add a little chalk to saturate free acid 7if required71 strain or clarify1 and evaporate as before4 ,,honeys4 7,in pharmacy47 ,syn4 ,,melita1 ,l4 ,these are minor preparations1 now almost superseded by 'syrups' 7,,syrupi74 ,the mellita of the ,ph4 ,l41 including two 'oxymels1' are only four in number4 ,honey of ,bo''rax4 ,syn4 ,,mel ,,boracis 7,b4 ,p4 ,ph41 ,l4 ,e4 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 7,b4 ,p47 ,finely powdered borax1 #a2 clarified honey1 #g2 mix4 ,astringent1 detersive1 and cooling4 ,it is employed in aphth of the mouth1 excessive salivation1 c4 ,a great improvement would be to dissolve #a of borax in #a of glycerin1 and then add #f of honey4 ,honey of ,col'chicum4 ,syn4 ,,mel ,,colchici1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,beasley47 ,dried colchicum #a part2 water 7at #adj71 #af parts2 infuse for #ab hours1 strain1 let it settle1 and boil the clear liquor with white honey1 #ab parts1 to the consistence of a syrup4 ,see ,,colchicum4 ,honey of ,liq'uorice4 ,syn4 ,,mel ,,glycyrrhizatum1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,hamb47 ,honey and a strong infusion of liquorice boiled to a proper consistence4 ,emollient1 pectoral1 and laxative4 ,honey of ,male ,fern4 ,syn4 ,,mel ,,filicis1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,dunglison47 ,ethereal extract of male fern1 #cj gr42 honey of roses1 #d dr42 mix4 ,in tapeworm4--,dose4 ,one half at bedtime1 followed by the remainder in the morning4 ,honey of ,mercury4 ,syn4 ,,mel ,,hydrargyri1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,bell47 ,mercury1 #a dr42 honey1 #a oz42 triturate till the globules disappear4 ,allard adds of oil of cloves1 #a_/b dr4 ,properties similar to those of mercurial pill4 ,it is chiefly used as an application to ulcers of the throat4 ,honey of ,ro''ses4 ,syn4 ,,mel ,,ros 7,ph4 ,l4 and ,e471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,dried petals of the red rose 7the leaves separated71 #d oz42 boiling water1 #af fl4 oz42 macerate for #b hours2 lightly press them in the hand1 and strain2 then add #h fl4 oz4 more of boiling water to the roses1 macerate for a short time1 and again gently express the liquor2 to this add the other half2 next add to the mixed liquors1 honey1 #e lbs42 and evaporate in a water bath1 so that1 the infusion which was set aside being added1 it may become of a proper consistence4 #b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,dried rose petals1 #d oz42 boiling water1 #b-a_/b pints2 infuse for #f hours1 and gently squeeze out the liquor2 after the impurities have subsided1 decant the clear1 add of honey1 #e lbs41 and evaporate as before1 to a proper consistence1 removing the scum which forms4 ,used to make astringent gargles4 ,it must not be boiled in a copper or iron vessel1 as they will spoil the colour4 ,the last form is that commonly adopted in trade4 ,honey of ,squills4 ,syn4 ,,mel ,,scill1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,thick clarified honey1 #c lbs42 tincture of squills1 #b lbs42 mix4 #b4 7,soubeiran47 ,dried squills1 #a oz42 boiling water1 #c_/d pint2 infuse #b hours1 strain1 add of honey1 #ab oz42 and evaporate to a proper consistence4 ,resembles ,,oxymel ,,of ,,squills 7nearly74 ,honey of ,verdigris4 ,,egyptiacum4 ,honey of ,vi'olets4 ,syn4 ,,mel ,,viol2 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from clarified honey1 #b parts2 expressed and depurated juice of violets1 #a part4 ,resembles syrup of violets4 ,,hon',,ey ,,dew4 ,syn4 ,,ros ,,mellitus1 ,l4 ,a sweetish matter ejected upon the leaves of plants by certain aphides4 ,,hoop',,ing ,,cough4 ,see ,,whooping ,,cough4 ,,hops4 ,syn4 ,,lupulus 7,b4 ,p471 ,l4 ,the catkins of the female plant of the ,humulus lupulus or common hop4 7,b4 ,p47 ,the dried strobiles4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,the hops of commerce are the strobiles or catkins 7,,lupuli ,,strobili1 ,l4 ,,amenta7 of the hop plant4 ,the yellow powder or small lupulinic grains or glands 7,,lupulin71 which are attached to the strobiles1 are the portion on which their characteristic qualities chiefly depend4 ,the hop is tonic1 stomachic1 and moderately narcotic4 ,it is used in diseases of local debility with morbid vigilance and other nervous derangement1 producing sleep where opiates are objectionable4 ,hops may be used topically as a fomentation or a poultice1 as a resolvent or discutient in painful swellings and tumours4 ,the golden dust attached to the scale of the hop is sometimes administered in doses of from #e to #aj grains4 ,very freshly dried hops1 made into a pillow1 procure sleep4 ,in the choice of hops1 care should be taken to select those that have large cones or strobiles1 that are the most powerfully odorous and most free from leaves1 stems1 scaly fragments1 and sticks1 and which1 when rubbed between the hands1 impart1 in the greatest degree1 a yellowish tint and glutinous feeling to the skin4 ,the tightness with which they are packed should also be noticed2 as1 without being very firmly pressed together1 and quite solid they soon spoil by keeping4 ,the finest flavoured hops are the ',,goldings1' grown chiefly in middle and east ,kent2 the ',,whitebines' of ,farnham and ,canterbury2 and the ,,worcester ,,hops1 grown on the red soils of the vale of the ,severn4 ,these are principally employed for the finer class of ales4 ,mid ,kent and ,sussex hops are also used for ale1 but have an inferior colour and flavour4 ,the best hops are packed in sacks of fine canvas1 termed 'pockets1' weighing from #a-a_/d cwt4 to #a-c_/d cwt4 each2 and the inferior qualities in coarse 'bags1' of about double the size4 ,the former are mostly purchased by the ale brewers1 and the latter by the porter brewers4 ,when hops are older than of last season's growth they are termed 'yearlings1'--when of the second season's growth1 'old1'--and when three years1 or older1 'old olds4' ,see ,,brewing1 ,,extract1 ,,humulin1 ,,lupulin1 ,,tincture1 c4 ,,hoose4 ,young cattle1 especially calves1 as well as sheep and lambs1 are frequently liable to attacks of a species of bronchitis1 caused by the presence in the bronchial tubes of minute worms4 ,they are mostly so attacked in autumn4 ,treatment4 ,for a calf of six months old give half an ounce of oil of turpentine in two ounces of linseed oil1 to be repeated once or twice after an interval of two days4 ,half this dose may be given to sheep4 ,the mixture should be administered by the mouth1 and not by the nostrils1 as usually recommended4 ,calves should additionally be comfortably housed at night1 and be fed with a little oil cake and other good food4 ,,hore',,hound4 ,syn4 ,,white ,,horehound2 ,,marrubium ,,vulgare 7,linn471 ,l4 ,this herb has long been a popular remedy in chronic pulmonary complaints1 especially catarrh1 and in uterine and liver affections4 ,horehound tea 7,,thea ,,marubii1 ,,infusum ,,marubii7 is prepared by infusing #a oz4 of the herb in boiling water1 #a pint1 for an hour2--syrup of horehound 7,,syrupus ,,marubii71 by thickening the infusion of tea with sugar2--candied horehound 7,,marubium ,,conditum71 by mixing #a pint of horehound juice with #h or #aj lbs4 of white sugar1 boiling the mixture to a candy height1 and pouring it1 whilst warm1 into moulds1 or small paper cases1 well dusted with finely powdered lump-sugar2 or by pouring it out on a dusted slab1 and cutting it into squares4 ,see ,,candying4 ,,horn4 ,for the purposes of the turner and comb-maker1 horns of the goat and sheep are preferred on account of their superior whiteness and transparency4 ,for medical purposes1 those of the stag 7,,hartshorn7 are ordered to be employed4 ,horn is dyed with the same dyes1 and in a similar manner to bones and ivory4 ,horn is softened1 bent1 and moulded1 by means of heat and pressure4 ,for these purposes boiling water and a screw press are commonly employed4 ,horn is reduced to plates or sheets by sawing it1 and then exposing it to powerful pressure between hot iron plates2 the pith having been previously removed1 and its texture softened by soaking for some days in water1 and subsequent boiling in that liquid4 ,surfaces and edges may be united or cemented together by softening the horn by the heat of boiling water1 placing the parts in contact under strong pressure1 and exposing the whole thus arranged to the heat of boiling water4 ,horn is stained or party-coloured to imitate tortoise-shell1 by a solution of terchloride of gold1 for the red portion2 nitrate of silver1 for the dark brown and black2 and nitrate of mercury 7hot71 or a paste made of red lead1 and potash or quicklime1 for the brown4 ,when the last is used the horn must be heated and exposed to its action for some hours4 ,horn ,silver4 7,ag4 ,cl47 ,a native chloride of silver1 which occurs either crystallized in cubes1 or as a compact semi-transparent mass4 ,,hors-,d',,oe,,uvres4 ,fr4 ,syn4 ,,assiettes1 ,fr4 ,small entres1 as 'aiguillettes1' 'ragouts1' plates of sardines1 anchovies1 or other relishes1 served at dinner between the leading dishes4 ',assiettes volantes' 7flying plates7 are dishes handed round to the guests1 but not placed on the table4 ,,horse4 ,syn4 ,,equus1 ,l4 ,this most useful quadruped belongs to the family ,equid1 distinguished by a single digit and hoof on each foot4 ,the horse can scarcely be said to exist at the present day in its natural wild state1 as the so-called 'wild-horses' of ,america and ,asia are but the progeny of horses which have escaped from the haunts of civilisation4 ,of all animals the horse is most useful to man4 ,independently of its value as a beast of burden and draught1 its skin1 its hide1 intestines1 and bones1 furnish us with leather1 the thongs of whips1 gut1 grease1 bone-black1 manure1 c4 ,the excrement1 fat1 and hoof were included in the ,materia ,medica of the ,ph4 ,l4 #afah4 ,the flesh is eaten in some countries1 and was formerly esteemed to possess many virtues4 ,injuries of a serious character1 and even death1 are often occasioned by horses running away1 or becoming unmanageable4 ,various methods have been proposed to prevent accidents of this kind1 and to place the animal entirely under the power of its rider or driver4 ,in ,russia1 around the horse's neck1 near the neck strap1 is placed a cord with a running knot4 ,to this slip-noose is attached a pair of reins1 which always lie thrown over the dashboards1 ready to be seized at once4 ,when the horse starts1 and becomes unruly1 the gentleman takes up this cord1 and tightens the horse's throat1 so that he cannot take breath4 ,the most furious horse stops instantly1 and will not fall or kick4 ,see ,,bedding1 ,,bran ,,mash1 ,,broken ,,knees1 ,,broken ,,wind1 ,,clipping1 ,,canker1 ,,catarrh1 ,,choking1 ,,chorea1 ,,cholic1 ,,constipation1 ,,corns1 ,,crib-,,biting1 ,,curb4 ,,horse ,,balls4 ,see ,,veterinary ,,medicine4 ,,horses1 ,condition ,powder for4 ,the principal ingredients were3 ,fenugreek1 liquorice root1 resin1 brimstone1 common salt1 nitrate of potash1 and a green powder1 probably senna4 ,it contained traces of calcium and magnesium carbonates2 alumina1 silica1 and iron4 ,,horse ,,pow',,er4 ,this term was first employed by ,james ,watt to express a power capable of raising #cc1jjj lbs4 one foot high per minute4 ,the effective pressure on the surface of the piston was estimated at #g lbs4 to the square inch1 and hence the area of the piston1 in square inches1 multiplied by #g1 gave the gross effective moving pressure1 and the space passed over by this piston in a minute gave the distance through which the pressure was exerted1 or the weight was raised4 ,from these data the horse power was easily calculated4 ,in process of time improvements in the formation of boilers and steam engines increased the effective pressure on the piston1 and1 consequently1 the power of the engine4 ,in modern engines the actual power is commonly from #b to #d times greater than the nominal power1 which is1 however1 still retained as the unit of power in commercial calculations4 ,,horserad',,ish4 ,syn4 ,,armoracia ,,radix4 7,b4 ,p474 ,the fresh root of ,cochlearia ,armoracia 7,b4 ,p474 ,horseradish is pungent1 acrid1 stimulant1 and rubefacient4 ,it is also regarded as diaphoretic1 diuretic1 and antiscorbutic4 ,it forms a useful masticatory in hoarseness1 sore throat1 and toothache4 ,as a condiment1 it provokes the appetite and assists digestion4 ,reduced to shreds 7scraped horseradish71 it forms a common and excellent accompaniment to roast beef4 ,the root of aconite or wolfsbane1 which somewhat resembles it in appearance1 has occasionally been mistaken for it1 with fatal results2 the two are1 however1 readily distinguished from each other1 as the taste of horseradish is warm and pungent1 approaching that of mustard1 whilst aconite is bitter1 and its odour is earthy and disagreeable1 and after a few minutes' contact with the lips1 tongue1 and fauces1 produces a sensation of numbness1 and tingling4 ,see ,,aconitum ,,napellus2 under which article will be found engravings of the two roots4 ,the root may be kept fresh for some time if buried in sand in a cool place4 ,horseradish powder is prepared from the roots gathered in ,november or ,december1 and dried by a gentle heat or exposure to a current of dry air4 ,it is used as a condiment4 ,,hor',,ticulture4 ,syn4 ,,gardening4 ,the art of cultivating gardens4 ,according to ,loudon1 horticulture differs from agriculture1 chiefly in the comparatively limited space over which it extends1 and in being conducted by manual labour2 whilst the latter is performed jointly by human and animal labour1 in fields1 or on an extensive tract of land called a farm4 ,,hor',,tus-,,siccus4 ,see ,,herbarium4 ,,hos',,pital ,,gan',,grene4 ,syn4 ,,phaged,,na ,,gangrenosa4 ,l4 ,a species of ulcerating mortification1 particularly characterised by its infectious nature1 and its tendency to attack wounds and ulcers in crowded hospitals1 so that often the most trifling operation cannot be performed with safety4 ,under its influence the parts are rapidly destroyed1 not by the formation of ordinary sloughs1 as in common mortification1 but by their conversion into an ash-coloured viscid substance interspersed with bloody specks4 ,the treatment is similar to that noticed under ,,mortification1 but here1 above all things1 thorough ventilation must be established1 and persevered in1 and1 when possible1 change of situation sought4 ,,huile4 ,fr4 ,oil2 a term applied to various substances and preparations on account of their smoothness1 consistence1 or real or imaginary emollient or oleaginous nature4 ,see ,,liqueur1 ,,oil1 c4 ,huile ,acoustique4 ,prep4 ,from garlic and bay leaves1 of each1 #a_/b oz42 olive oil1 #a_/b lb42 boiled together for #ae minutes1 and strained4 ,used in ear-ache and deafness4 ,a little is dropped on cotton wool and placed in the ear4 ,huile1 ,antique4 ,see ,,oils 7,hair74 ,huile ,liqueureuse4 ,prep4 #a4 7,,de ,,la ,,rose47 ,from eau de rose1 #a part2 simple syrup1 #b parts2 mixed together4 #b4 7,,des ,,fleurs ,d',,oranges47 ,from orange-flower water and syrup1 as ,no4 #a4 #c4 7,,de ,,vanille47 ,from essence of vanilla1 #a dr42 simple syrup1 #a pint4 ,obs4 ,the above are kept in small decanters1 and used to flavour water1 grog1 liqueurs1 c41 instead of sugar or capillaire2 also to perfume the breath4 ,other flavoured syrups1 for the same purposes1 are prepared in a similar manner4 ,,hu',,mic ,,acid4 ,syn4 ,,ulmic ,,acid4 ,see ,,humus4 ,,humulin4 ,the name given to a beautiful extract or essence of hops1 made as follows3-- ,a concentrated tincture of hops is prepared by percolation with rectified spirit2 the same hops are then exhausted with water2 the spirit is removed from the tincture by careful distillation1 and the upper aqueous portion is skimmed off1 and added to the infusion1 which latter is then evaporated to the consistence of a soft extract2 the oleo-resinous residuum of the tincture is next added1 and well mixed in2 after which the whole is put into pots and carefully tied over for sale4 ,the product possesses all the fragrant1 tonic1 and bitter qualities of the hop in a highly condensed form4 ,see ,,hops1 ,,lupulin1 c4 ,,hu',,mus4 ,syn4 ,,ulmin4 ,when wood1 or woody fibre1 is exposed to the joint action of air and moisture1 it suffers eremacausis or decay1 and crumbles down into a dark-brown or black powder commonly called 'mould1' and to which chemists have given the name of 'humus4' ,in this state it exists in fertile soils1 in which it is derived from the decay of plants4 ,a powder of similar composition is produced by the action of powerful chemical reagents on sugar1 lignin1 c4 ,when acted upon by dilute boiling solution of caustic potassa1 this substance yields a deep-brown solution1 from which acids precipitate a flocculent brown substance generally called 'ulmic' or 'humic acid4' ,both bodies require further investigation1 as they are supposed to vary exceedingly in composition4 ,,hunger4 ,the peculiar sensation arising from the want of food4 ,when severe1 it increases to actual pain1 the coats of the stomach are acted on by its own juices1 the respiration becomes less frequent1 the circulation languid1 and there is a general diminution of the heat of the body and of the secretions4 ,the return of hunger is accelerated by exercise and labour1 and by the exposure of the body to a low temperature4 ,long fasting is injurious1 more particularly to the young and the debilitated4 ,see ,,appetite1 ,,nutrition1 c4 ,,hus',,bandry4 ,the business of the farmer2 by some the term is restricted to the joint operations of farming and gardening on the small scale4 ,it is also sometimes used synonymously with agriculture4 ,,hy',,acinth4 ,in botany1 the ,english name for the genus ,hyacinthus4 ,there are numerous varieties of the garden hyacinth1 all very beautiful4 ,the bulbs are largely imported from ,holland1 and are often grown in water contained in suitable glass vessels 7hyacinth glasses74 ,in mineralogy1 the term is applied to crystallised yellow or brown zircon4 ,see ,,gems4 ,,hydrac',,ids4 ,syn4 ,,hydrogen ,,acids4 ,a name formerly given to those acids which do not contain oxygen1 as hydrochloric1 c4 ,it is still occasionally employed4 ,,hy',,dragogues4 ,syn4 ,,hydragoga1 ,l4 ,medicines which cause the removal of water from any of the cavities of the body4 ,many cathartics1 as gamboge1 jalap1 c41 are classed under this head4 ,,hydras',,tin4 ,the name given to a concentrated remedy much employed by the medical eclectics of ,america4 ,prep4 ,treat the powdered root of golden-seal 7,hydrastis ,canadensis7 with cold water by percolation2 acidulate the infusion with hydrochloric acid2 collect the precipitate on a filter2 then dry it1 dissolve the dried mass in alcohol1 filter1 and set aside to crystallise4 ,prop4 ,yellow1 acicular crystals1 insoluble in cold alcohol1 ether1 and water4--,dose1 #c to #e gr41 #c to #f times a day2 as a tonic in dyspepsia1 inflammation of the stomach1 c4--,obs4 ,according to the most recent investigations1 hydrastin contains berberine1 and another alkaline called hydrastia or hydrastina4 ,,hydrastis ,,canadensis4 ,syn4 ,the ,,golden ,,seal4 ,this is a small herbaceous perennial ,north ,american plant1 belonging to the natural order1 ,ranunculace4 ,the rhizome1 which is the officinal part1 though yellow in the recent root1 becomes of a dark yellowish-brown by age4 ,it contains albumen1 starch1 fatty matter1 resin1 yellow colouring matter1 sugar1 lignin1 and various salts2 also a peculiar nitrogenous crystallisable substance1 to which ,dr ,durand1 the discoverer1 proposed the provisional name of hydrastin1 which substance will be found described below4 ,the root of the golden-seal1 as well as the alkaloids obtainable from it1 are largely used in ,american medical practice1 and are stated to possess valuable tonic1 aperient1 diuretic1 and deobstruent powers4 ,they have been employed in dyspepsia1 jaundice1 and functional disorders of the liver4 ,they are also regarded as one of the best substitutes for quinine in intermittents4 ,golden seal has been given in the form of infusion1 decoction1 tincture1 and extract1 and the fluid extract is now officinal in the ,united ,states' ,pharmacopoeia4 ,,hy',,drates4 ,compounds of hydroxyl 7,,ho7 with other bodies1 e4g4 ,,kho--hydrate of potassium4 ,the term hydrate is also given to chemical combinations of water 7,h#b,o7 with other substances1 e4g4 ,c#b;,h,cl#c,o4,h#b,o--hydrate of chloral4 ,,hy',,dride4 ,a compound of hydrogen with another radical1 e4g4 hydride of methyl--,,ch#c;,h4 ,,hydrio',,date4 ,a name formerly given to the salts now termed iodides4 ,see ,,iodides4 ,,hydrio',,dic ,,acid4 ,syn4 ,,iodhydric ,,acid2 ,,acidum ,,hydriodicum1 ,l4 ,an acid compound of iodine and hydrogen4 ,see ,,iodine4 ,prep4 #a4 ,by heating iodine in hydrogen1 the volume of the gas becomes doubled1 and a colourless acid gas is produced2 it is1 however1 never prepared for use by this means4 #b4 ,place #aj parts of potassic iodide in a small retort with #e parts of water1 and add #bj of iodide2 then drop in cautiously one part of phosphorus1 cut into small fragments1 and apply a gentle heat4 ,the gas will be given off abundantly and may be collected1 by displacement1 in dry bottles4 ,a solution of hydriodic acid may be prepared by suspending iodine in water1 and passing a current of sulphuretted hydrogen through the mixture until the brown colour of the iodine disappears2 sulphur is deposited in abundance1 and hydriodic acid formed4 ,,hydro',,benzanide4 ,white crystalline mass1 obtained from oil of bitter almonds by treatment with ammonia4 ,,hydrobro',,mic ,,acid4 ,see ,,bromide4 ,hydrobromic ,acid4 7,h,br47 ,syn4 ,,hydric ,,bromide1 ,,hydrogen ,,bromide4 ,prep4 ,this very powerfully acid gaseous body may be prepared as follows3--#a4 ,by decomposing bromide of potassium with a concentrated solution of phosphoric acid4 #b4 ,by decomposing bromide of phosphorus by means of a small quantity of water4 ,hydrobromic acid gas is colourless and non-inflammable2 it extinguishes flame4 ,it is extremely irritating to the lungs when breathed4 ,it is very soluble in water4 ,,hydrobro',,mide4 ,syn4 ,,bromide 7which see74 ,,hydrocar',,bon4 ,a compound of carbon and hydrogen4 ,the hydrocarbons constitute a most important series of organic compounds4 ,,hydrochloric ,,acid4 7,h,cl #cfe47 ,syn4 ,,muriatic ,,acid1 ,,hydric ,,chloride1 ,,hydrogen ,,chloride4 ,this important gaseous compound was discovered by ,priestly in #aggb4 ,in nature it is given off with other gases from active volcanoes1 and is occasionally to be met with in the springs and rivers of volcanic districts4 ,when hydrogen and chlorine are mixed in equal volumes1 they are without action upon each other if kept in the dark1 but if exposed to direct sunlight1 chemical combination1 accompanied by a loud explosion1 instantly takes place between them1 the result of their union being the colourless gaseous1 intensely sour hydrochloric acid4 ,if1 instead of bright sunshine1 the mixed gases are exposed to diffused daylight1 chemical union also ensues between them1 but the process is then a slow and gradual one2 the passage through them1 however1 of the electric spark1 or the application of a lighted match or taper instantly causes their explosion and combination4 ,one volume of chlorine unites with one volume of hydrogen1 forming two volumes of hydrochloric acid2 no condensation occurs in the act of union4 ,hydrochloric acid may also be formed by transmitting moist chlorine through a red-hot porcelain tube2 oxygen being at the same time liberated4 ,prep4 ,hydrochloric acid1 save for the purposes of illustrative experiment1 is never obtained by any of the above processes4 ,an easy mode of procuring it1 when required for laboratory use1 is to heat the ordinary aqueous solution of the acid in a flask1 and to collect the gas1 which is given off by displacement4 ,it may also be readily got by introducing pieces of common salt 7which should have been previously fused in a crucible at a red-heat and allowed to cool7 into a glass retort1 and pouring over them about twice their weight of oil of vitriol4 ,the hydrochloric acid1 which escapes very abundantly1 must be collected either by displacement or over mercury4 ,prop4 ,hydrochloric acid is a colourless gas1 very acid to the taste1 and irritating to the eyes2 and induces coughing even if breathed in small quantities1 or when largely diluted4 ,it is very destructive to vegetation1 on which account the soda manufacturer is compelled by law to condense and thus prevent the escape of its fumes4 ,it has a specific gravity of #abfa4 ,when subjected to a pressure of #dj atmospheres at #ej ,f41 it becomes a colourless fluid capable of dissolving bitumen1 and having a specific gravity of #abg4 ,it has never been frozen4 ,hydrochloric acid neither burns1 nor supports combustion4 ,the white fumes which it forms when exposed to the air1 are due to its condensing the atmospheric moisture1 and thus giving rise to a body less volatile than water4 ,this gas is greedily and instantly absorbed by water4 ,a fragment of ice placed in a jar of the gas absorbs it1 and becomes immediately dissolved4 ,hydrochloric ,acid1 ,solution of4 ,the hydrochloric acid of commerce is a solution of the above gas in water4 ,when exposed to the air it emits grey fumes4 ,water at #dj ,f4 absorbs about #dhj times its bulk of hydrochloric acid1 increasing in volume about one third in doing so1 acquiring a density of #abaji1 and then containing nearly forty-three per cent4 of the acid4 ,strength of ,solution of ,hydrochloric ,acid1 #gg ,fahr4 7,e4 ,,davy47 ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,hydrochloric ,hydrochloric ,sp4 ,gravity4 acid in ,sp4 ,gravity4 acid in #ajj parts4 #ajj parts4 ---------------------------------------- ---------- #aba #dbdc #aaj #bjbj #abj #djdj #aji #ahah #aai #chch #ajh #afaf #aah #cfcf #ajg #adad #aag #cdcd #ajf #abab #aaf #cbcb #aje #ajaj #aae #cjcj #ajd #hjh #aad #bhbh #ajc #fjf #aac #bfbf #ajb #djd #aab #bdbd #aja #bjb #aaa #bbbb ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,in the laboratory1 solution of hydrochloric acid is in constant use4 ,it may be easily prepared from chloride of sodium and sulphuric acid4 ,the retort should be connected with a couple of ,woulfe's bottles2 into the first of which a small quantity of water should be poured1 to detain any impurities mechanically carried over with the gas2 the second bottle should contain four parts of water1 and should be placed in a vessel of cold water1 as the gas in becoming condensed1 disengages a large amount of heat4 ,the gas comes off and is absorbed readily by the water upon applying a gentle heat to the retort4 ,it is by this last method that solution of hydrochloric acid is obtained in such enormous quantities#cdg for the various purposes in which it is used1 in the arts and manufactures4 ,footnote #cdg3 ,in ,south ,lancashire alone1 more than #ajjj tons of hydrochloric acid in solution are made weekly4 ,hydrochloric acid is1 in fact1 a by-product in the manufacture of carbonate of soda1 and is generated during the first stage of the operation1 known as the salt-cake process1 which consists in the decomposition of salt by sulphuric acid1 and is accomplished in a furnace called the salt-cake furnace4 ,the hydrochloric acid gas which is given off escapes from the furnace through a flue with the products of combustion into high brick towers filled with coke or stones1 over which a stream of water trickles down1 the whole of the acid vapours are thus condensed1 the smoke passing off by a chimney connected with the towers4 ,the diluted acid solution thus formed is concentrated by the aid of the apparatus shown in section in figs4 #a1 #b1 and #c4 ,this apparatus consists of several cast-iron cylinders1 #eg feet long by #bg feet in diameter1 closed in the same manner as gas retorts1 by lids luted with clay4 ,one of the lids has an opening o1 into which is fitted the stoneware or leaden pipe a1 conveying the hydrochloric acid to the condensing apparatus4 ,the other1 or posterior lid1 is also provided with an opening d1 through which is passed the tube of a leaden funnel1 so that after the retort is filled with salt sulphuric acid may be poured in4 ,the construction of the furnace in which two retorts are usually placed1 permits the flame of the fire at ,o to play round the cylinders before reaching the flue leading to the chimney ,f4 ,b is an arch over the furnace4 ,the first stage of the operation consists in filling each cylinder with #ccj lbs4 of salt4 ,the lids or covers are then luted on1 and the fire is kindled4 ,the requisite quantity of strong sulphuric acid is next poured into the retort1 and the funnel having been withdrawn from ,d1 the hole is covered by a clay plug4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,as soon as the reaction is over1 the #cif lbs4 of sulphate of soda produced are removed1 and the operation repeated4 ,the condensation apparatus #a and #c is composed of rows of ,woulfe's bottles1 partly filled with water1 care being taken to place the first pairs of these bottles in a tank of cold water4 ,the condensation of the last portions of hydrochloric acid gas is effected either by the aid of the coke columns1 or in leaden chambers1 into which fine jets of cold water are injected on all sides4 ,a saturated solution of hydrochloric acid in water has the specific gravity of #aba2 and when heated in a retort1 loses at first hydrochloric acid gas1 but after a time an aqueous acid distils over1 at the ordinary atmospheric pressure1 containing #bjbb per cent4 of hydrochloric acid1 and boiling constantly at #aaj ,c4 ,if the distillation be conducted under diminished pressure1 the liquid boils at a lower temperature1 and attains a composition which is different for each boiling point2 hence the dilute acids thus obtained by boiling the solution of hydrochloric acid gas in water1 cannot be considered as definite compounds of hydrochloric acid and water4#cdh ,footnote #cdh3 ,roscoe and ,dittmar4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,illustration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,commercial hydrochloric acid is usually of a yellow colour owing to its being contaminated with iron4 ,it also very frequently contains sodium1 arsenic1 sulphuric and sulphurous acids1 and free chlorine4 ,pure aqueous solution of hydrochloric acid should leave no residue upon evaporation2 it should give no precipitation of ferric oxide when saturated with ammonia1 sulphuretted hydrogen should cause no turbidity in it2 if diluted with three or four times its volume of water1 and chloride of barium be added1 no white cloud or precipitate should form in the mixture2 nor should the acid1 if pure1 discolour a fluid made faintly blue with iodide of starch4 ,hydrochloric acid is largely consumed in the manufacture of chlorine1 sal ammoniac1 chloride antimony1 glue1 phosphorus1 in the preparation of carbonic acid for the manufacture of artificial mineral waters1 in beet-root sugar works1 hydro-metallurgy1 and alone1 or mixed with nitric acid1 for dissolving various metals4#cdi ,see ,,acids1 ,,effects ,,of ,,vegetation ,,on1 ,,chlorine4 ,footnote #cdi3 ,wagner4 ,,hydrochloric ,,ether4 7,c#b;,h#e;,cl47 ,syn4 ,,ethyl ,,chloride1 ,,chloride ,,of ,,ethyl4 ,this ether may be obtained either by saturating alcohol with hydrochloric acid gas1 and then distilling at a gentle heat1 or by distilling a mixture of three parts of oil of vitriol1 two of alcohol1 and four of fused chloride of sodium2 the retort is in either case connected with a tubulated receiver1 surrounded by water at a temperature of about #fh ,fahr41 in which most of the alcohol and water which pass over during the operation become condensed1 whilst the ether escapes in the form of vapour through a bent tube1 which is inserted into the tubulure of the receiver1 and passes to the bottom of a flask kept cool with ice4 ,the liquid which is condensed in the flask must be rectified from calcic chloride4 ,hydrochloric ether is a colourless liquid1 having a specific gravity at #cb ,fahr4 of #jiba1 and a boiling point of #eai ,fahr4 ,the specific gravity of its vapour is #bbai4 ,it has an ethereal1 penetrating1 somewhat garlicky odour4 ,it is sparingly soluble in water1 but readily so in alcohol4 ,these solutions fail to give a precipitate with argentic nitrate4 ,,hydrocyanic ,,acid4 7,,hcn ,h,cy47 ,syn4 ,,prussic ,,acid1 ,,hydric ,,cyanide1 ,,cyanhydric ,,acid4 ,hydrocyanic acid was discovered by ,scheele2 but its nature and chemical properties were first investigated by ,gay-,lussac4 ,sources4 ,this acid is found in water distilled from the kernels of the apricot1 the peach1 the plum1 and cherry1 the leaves of the laurel1 and some other shrubs4 ,the kernels of the bitter almond also yield it by distillation1 mixed with an essential oil4 ,the juice of the tapioca plant 7the ,jatropha manihot7 likewise contains it4 ,many nitrogenous substances1 when submitted to destructive distillation1 also evolve hydrocyanic acid4 ,crystallised ammonic formiate subjected to heat in a retort yields a vapour which1 passed through a red-hot tube1 decomposes into this acid and water4 ,another method by which it may be obtained1 consists in sending a current of dry sulphuretted hydrogen gas through a long tube filled with cyanide of mercury2 and very recently it has been obtained by the direct combination of nitrogen and acetylene gas1 by adding one volume of the former to two of the latter1 and passing a series of electric sparks through the mixture1 the gases combining without condensation4 ,lastly1 it is yielded when a metallic cyanide or ferrocyanide is decomposed by an acid1 this latter being the means by which it is invariably procured4 #a4 ,,anhydrous ,,hydrocyanic ,,acid may be prepared by ,whler's plan1 which is as follows3--,a crude potassium cyanide is prepared by fusing eight parts of the dried potassium ferrocyanide with three of potassium carbonate and one of charcoal4 ,the fused mass is treated with six times its weight of water in a well-closed vessel2 the clear liquid is decanted from the iron1 which it is the object of this operation to separate1 and is poured into a retort3 sulphuric acid1 diluted with an equal weight of water1 is gradually added in the proportion of one part of oil of vitriol to two parts of the cyanide4 ,at first the distillation proceeds spontaneously from the heat developed by the admixture of sulphuric acid with the water4 ,in order to condense the acid1 the products are made to pass through a long ,u-shaped tube1 immersed in cold water and filled with calcic chloride1 with the exception of the first fourth of the tube1 which contains fragments of the crude potassium cyanide2 to the bent tube is attached a second delivery tube1 which passes to the bottom of a bottle cooled with ice and salt4 ,the calcic chloride in the syphon tube retains the moisture1 and the potassic cyanide any sulphuric acid that might chance to pass over1 whilst the hydrocyanic acid collects in the anhydrous state in the cooled receiver4 ,trautwein recommends it to be prepared by the dehydration of the strong aqueous acid1 by means of fused and pulverised chloride of calcium4#cej ,footnote #cej3 ,the details of this process are given in ',watt's ,chemical ,dictionary4' asterism ,the observance of the greatest care and caution are necessary in the preparation of this most potent poison4 ,the operation is most safely performed in winter4 ,the apparatus should be so arranged as to allow of any vapours given off being carried from the operator by a brisk current of air4 ,prop4 ,at ordinary temperatures anhydrous hydrocyanic acid is a colourless liquid1 having a specific gravity of #jgjeh at #ddf ,fahr4 ,it is very inflammable1 burning with a violet flame resembling that of cyanogen1 but somewhat whiter in colour4 ,it is soluble in all proportions in water1 the resulting mixture being lighter than that fluid1 and miscible with alcohol4 ,it is very feebly acid2 potassic cyanide always having an alkaline reaction4 ,red oxide of mercury is readily dissolved by it1 and when added to a solution of argentic nitrate it precipitates white flocculi of cyanide of silver4 ,anhydrous hydrocyanic acid is an extremely volatile liquid2 if a drop be let fall on a glass plate1 part of it becomes frozen by the cold produced by its own evaporation4 #b4 ,,preparation ,,of ,,aqueous ,,hydrocyanic ,,acid4 a4 ,from hydrated ferrocyanide of potassium4--,by heating it in a glass retort with oil of vitriol and water1 ,everitt states that the best proportions are nearly ten parts of the salt to seven of oil of vitriol 7diluted with any convenient amount of water74 ,adopting these proportions1 #dbbd parts of ferrocyanide of potassium yield #ha parts of hydrocyanic acid4 ,the greater part of the hydrocyanic acid passes over at the beginning of distillation1 at a temperature a little above #bab ,fahr42 and when the residual liquid reaches a higher temperature1 the water 7which then contains but little hydrocyanic acid7 is then carried over4 ,it is therefore necessary to employ a good condensing apparatus1 or the hydrocyanic acid which passes over at first will for the most part be dissipated in vapour mixed with the air of the apparatus4 ,this loss may also be obviated by placing water in the receiver4 ,the residue need not be boiled down to dryness2 it will be found best to distil off from two thirds to three fourths of the liquid1 according to the amount of water present4 ,it is not necessary to dissolve the ferrocyanide in water previous to adding the sulphuric acid1 as it readily dissolves in the water during the process of distillation4 ,three conditions are important to be observed in the arrangements of the apparatus3--#a4 ,the mixture in the retort should not be allowed to spirt over4 #b4 ,it should contain but little air4 #c4 ,it should present the greatest possible amount of surface to be cooled4 ,if sulphate of potassium and prussian blue are spirted over into the distillate1 this must be carefully rectified over a small quantity of magnesia1 chalk1 or carbonate of barium4 b4 ,from cyanide of potassium 7without distillation74--,to a solution of nine parts of tartaric acid in sixty parts of water1 contained in a well-stoppered bottle nearly filled with it1 four parts of pure cyanide of potassium are added2 the vessel is shaken1 frequently dipped into cold water1 and then left in the cold for twelve hours2 and the aqueous hydrocyanic acid1 which contains but a very small quantity of tartrate of potassium1 is poured off from the crystallised tartrate4#cea ,this acid contains #cf per cent4 of anhydrous hydrocyanic acid4 ,footnote #cea3 ',london ,med4 ,surg4 ,journ41' vi1 #ebd4 c4 ,from cyanide of mercury4--#abf 7accurately weighed7 parts of cyanide of mercury are agitated with at least #bh parts of iron filings1 in a well-stoppered bottle1 containing #di1 or rather more1 parts of oil of vitriol1 diluted with a considerable quantity of water4 ,the agitation is continued until a portion of the liquid taken out is not blackened by sulphuretted hydrogen4 ,the solution1 decanted from the iron and mercury1 is then placed in a retort and distilled2 the acid coming over at a gentle heat4 ,excess of iron accelerates the decomposition4 d4 ,from cyanide of silver4--,everitt recommends #bjj parts of pure cyanide of silver to be shaken up with #bdj parts of hydrochloric acid of specific gravity of #aabi1 and when the decomposition is complete1 the hydrocyanic acid to be separated from the chloride of silver by decomposition4 ,this hydrocyanic acid may contain a small quantity of hydrochloric acid1 a not very objectionable admixture1 since it retards decomposition4 ,it possesses the advantage of definite strength4 ,prop4 ,the aqueous is very similar in properties to the anhydrous acid1 differing in taste1 odour1 poisonous and combustible properties1 according to its degree of concentration4 ,like the anhydrous1 the aqueous acid decomposes1 but not so readily2 when perfectly pure1 becoming brown1 and at last black4 ,as before stated1 a little free mineral acid assists to preserve it4 ,it should be always kept in a dark place4 ,detection and estimation of hydrocyanic acid and soluble cyanides4--,the presence of hydrocyanic acid1 indicated by the characteristic smell1 which is given off by the contents of the stomach1 or of any fluid containing it 7provided this is not disguised by any substance of stronger odour7 may be confirmed by the following tests3 #a4 ,to the filtered suspected fluid add a slight excess of caustic potash1 and then a solution containing ferrous and ferric sulphates4 ,if hydrocyanic acid1 or a soluble cyanide be present1 upon the addition of an excess of hydrochloric acid the liquid turns to a blue colour 7more or less intense according to the quantity of acid present71 owing to the formation of ,prussian blue4 #b4 ,add the suspected fluid solution of nitrate of silver2 if hydrocyanic acid be present1 a white cyanide of silver is formed1 which is nearly insoluble in cold nitric acid1 but is soluble in ammonia and cyanide of potash1 and which1 when heated to redness1 gives off the inflammable violet-flamed cyanogen4 #c4 ,acidulate a small quantity of the suspected liquid with a few drops of hydrochloric acid1 and place it in a watch-glass2 then invert a second watch-glass1 moistened with a drop of solution of ammonic sulphide over this4 ,after a few minutes remove the upper watch-glass1 and evaporate the liquid to dryness over a water bath2 let the dry residue be treated with a drop of a weak solution of ferric chloride4 ,if hydrocyanic acid be present1 a blood-red colour is produced1 owing to the formation of red ferric hydrocyanide1 which may be discharged by chloride of mercury2 a reaction which distinguishes it from a similar colour given by meconic acid4 ,where large quantities of material have to be examined1 it is desirable that the acid should be distilled off by the heat of a water-bath1 acidulating the liquid with tartaric acid if it be alkaline4 ,the distillate is then to be tested by any of the above methods4 ,antidotes4--,give a scruple of carbonate of potash dissolved in about an ounce of distilled water1 and directly afterwards1 ten grains of sulphate of iron1 also dissolved in the same quantity of distilled water1 to which should be added one drachm of tincture of perchloride of iron4 ,whilst this is being prepared1 and subsequently1 apply cold affusion to the head and neck1 artificial respiration1 and1 if practicable1 give strong coffee and brandy4 ,a more ready remedy is ammonia1 given both internally and applied to the nostrils4 ,hydrocyanic ,acid1 ,diluted4 ,syn4 ,,acidum ,,hydrocyanicum ,,dilutum4 7,b4 ,p47 ,the ',british ,pharmacopoeia' gives the following simple directions for the preparation of this acid3-- ,dissolve two and a quarter ounces 7avoir47 of ferro-cyanide of potassium in ten fluid ounces of distilled water1 then add one fluid ounce of sulphuric acid1 previously diluted with four fluid ounces of distilled water1 and cooled4 ,put them into a retort and adapt this to a receiver1 containing eight fluid ounces of water1 which must be kept carefully cold4 ,distil with a gentle heat until the fluid in the receiver measures seventeen fluid ounces4 ,add to this three fluid ounces of the water1 or as much as may be sufficient to bring the acid to the required strength of two per cent4 by weight4 ,prop4 ,specific gravity1 #iig4 #ajj grains1 or #aaj minims1 precipitated with a solution of nitrate of silver1 give a precipitate of cyanide of silver1 which when dried1 weighs #aj grains4 #bgj grains rendered alkaline by liquor sod1 require a #ajjj grain measures of volumetric solution of nitrate of silver1 before a permanent precipitate begins to form4 ,antidotes4 ,see ,,hydrocyanic ,,acid4 ,hydrocyanic ,acid1 ,scheele's4 ,syn4 ,,acidum ,,hydrocyanicum ,,scheelii4 ,the original process of ,scheele does not yield an acid of uniform strength1 and is probably never followed4 ,it is therefore impossible to state precisely what is intended when ,scheele's acid is prescribed1 or to understand why it should be preferred by certain physicians to the ,british ,pharmacopoeia preparation1 which is of a known and definite strength4 ,as prepared by different makers it has been found to contain from three to five per cent4 of anhydrous acid4 ,the following is ,scheele's process3-- ,mix two ounces of ,prussian blue1 with six ounces of red precipitate of mercury1 and add six ounces of water4 ,boil for some minutes1 constantly agitating2 pour the whole on a filter and wash the residuum on the filter with two ounces of hot water1 which is to be added to the filtered liquor4 ,add to this an ounce and a half of clean iron filings1 and three drachms of sulphuric acid2 shake well and let it settle2 then pour the clear liquor into a retort1 and distil a fourth part into a receiver well luted and kept cold4 ,,hydrofluoric ,,acid4 7,h4 ,f47 ,syn4 ,,hydric ,,fluoride1 ,,hydrogen ,,fluoride4 ,prep4 #a4 ,from fluor-spar 7free from silica and metallic sulphides7 and oil of vitriol4 ,the fluor-spar being reduced to fine powder and placed in a leaden retort1 is mixed with twice its weight of concentrated oil of vitriol1 and on applying heat1 an acid and highly acid vapour distils over1 which condenses to a liquid if passed into a receiver of the same metal1 standing in a freezing mixture at a temperature of #d ,fahr4 ,louyet has shown that the liquid acid1 obtained as above1 is not 7as once believed7 anhydrous4 #b4 ,from the double fluoride of potassium and hydrogen4 ,fremy first renders the salt anhydrous by careful drying2 and by the subsequent application of a strong heat1 expels the equivalent of hydrofluoric acid contained in it2 condensing it into a colourless1 mobile1 very volatile liquid by the application of a freezing mixture of ice and salt4 #c4 ,by decomposing plumbic fluoride by dry hydrogen4 ,prop4 ,the strong1 aqueous1 hydrofluoric acid obtained by the action of oil of vitriol on fluor-spar1 is a densely fuming1 volatile1 colourless liquid1 which boils at #fj ,f41 and remains unfrozen at #d4 ,it combines with water so greedily1 and evolves so much heat in doing so1 as to give rise to a hissing noise like that produced when a red-hot iron is plunged into cold water4 ,in a concentrated form it has a specific gravity of #ajfj4 ,brought into contact with animal matter of any kind it instantly destroys it1 the smallest drop on the skin producing a deep and painful wound2 hence the necessity of the greatest care in its preparation4 ,with the exception of platinum1 gold1 silver1 mercury and lead1 hydrofluoric acid1 when diluted1 dissolves the metals1 the metal when it undergoes solution1 displacing hydrogen4 ,potassium decomposes the strong acid with explosion4 ,in both the gaseous and fluid form hydrofluoric acid is largely consumed for etching on glass2 and this property constitutes one of its most available and reliable tests4 ,the test may be conveniently applied as follows3-- ,cover a small piece of window glass or a watch glass with a thin layer of wax1 scraping away a very small portion by means of a sharply pointed instrument1 and then expose the glass for a short time to the vapour of the acid1 given off when the materials are heated in a small leaden saucer or platinum crucible2 on removing the wax with a little turpentine1 the marks on the glass caused by the hydrofluoric acid will be distinctly perceived4 ,,hydrofluosilic',,ic ,,acid4 7#d;,,hf4,si,f#d47 ,,fluoride ,,of ,,silicon ,,and ,,hydrogen4 ,prep4 ,from powdered fluor-spar1 and siliceous sand or powdered glass1 of each #a part2 concentrated sulphuric acid1 #b parts2 mix in a glass retort1 apply a gentle heat1 and pass the evolved gas 7fluoride of silicon7 into water4 ,decomposition ensues1 silica being deposited in a gelatinous state1 and hydrofluosilicic acid remaining in solution4 ,this acid liquor1 which is a double fluoride of silicon and hydrogen1 is used as a test for barium and potassium1 with which it forms nearly insoluble precipitates4 ,,hy',,drogen4 7,h47 ,syn4 ,,hydrogenium1 ,l4 ,an elementary body discovered by ,cavendish in #agff4 ,it has been found existing in an uncombined state in the gases evolved from the solfataras of ,iceland4 ,combined with oxygen1 it constitutes water1 and in this form is extensively distributed through earth1 air1 and ocean4 ,it is an important constituent of all organised tissues4 ,prep4 ,hydrogen is always obtained for experimental purposes by the deoxidation of water1 by one or other of the following methods3-- #a4 ,a tube of iron or porcelain 7a gun-barrel1 for instance7 containing a quantity of iron turnings or scraps of iron1 is fixed across a furnace1 so that its middle portion may be made red-hot2 to the one end is attached a retort or other vessel containing water1 and to the other a bent tube connected with a pneumatic trough or gasometer4 ,the tube being now heated to redness1 and the water in the retort brought into a state of brisk ebullition1 the evolved steam suffers decomposition2 the oxygen being absorbed by the iron1 and the hydrogen escaping into the gas receiver4 #b4 ,sulphuric acid 7oil of vitriol71 diluted with #f or #h times its bulk of water1 is poured on granulated zinc 7or scraps of iron7 placed in a retort or gas bottle2 hydrogen is evolved and is collected1 as before4 ,obs4 ,this is the most convenient method of preparing hydrogen1 and the one usually adopted in the laboratory4 ,to ensure the gas being quite pure1 distilled zinc is employed1 and the gas is passed1 first through a concentrated solution of pure potassa1 then through a solution of nitrate of silver1 and1 lastly1 through strong oil of vitriol1 or over fragments of chloride of calcium4 ,when hydrogen is prepared from crude zinc1 it has a slight smell2 and when from iron1 its odour is often strong and disagreeable4 ,prop4 ,gaseous2 colourless2 tasteless2 odourless 7when pure72 combustible2 sp4 gr4 #jfice1 being #af times lighter than oxygen gas1 and #add times lighter than atmospheric air4 #ajj cubic inches1 at #fj ,fahr4 and #cj inches of the barometer1 weigh #bacga 7say #bad7 gr42 #a gr4 occupies #dff inches4 ,it is very readily inflamed1 even by a red-hot wire4 ,it burns with a scarcely visible flame4 ,mixed with atmospheric air or oxygen1 it explodes with extreme violence on the approach of flame1 or sudden compression4 ,one measure of hydrogen and #e of atmospheric air1 and #b of hydrogen and #a of oxygen1 are the proportions that explode with the greatest violence4 ,the combination of hydrogen and oxygen1 when mixed1 is brought about by the heat of a red-hot solid or a flame1 by the electric spark1 and by the presence of spongy platinum1 the black powder of platinum1 clean platinum foil1 and some other substances4 ,a jet of hydrogen burnt in oxygen gas1 or a jet of these gases 7mixed7 burnt in the air1 with proper precautions1 produces a most intense heat4 ,water absorbs about #b by volume of hydrogen4 ,hydrogen has recently been liquefied and even solidified4 ,tests4 ,it is recognised by--its combustibility2--the pale colour of its flame2--producing water only when burnt in air or oxygen2--extinguishing the flame of other bodies2 and--exploding when mixed with half its volume of oxygen1 and fired4 ,uses1 c4 ,pure and uncombined hydrogen is not employed in the arts4 ,inhalations of this gas have1 however1 been occasionally used in medicine4 ,dr ,beddoes recommended them in phthisis4 ,in combination1 the uses of hydrogen are almost numberless4 ,combined with oxygen1 it forms water2 with chlorine1 hydrochloric acid2 with fluorine1 hydrofluoric acid2 with cyanogen1 hydrocyanic acid2 with carbon1 innumerable hydrocarbons2 with nitrogen1 ammonia2 with sulphur1 sulphuretted hydrogen--in fact1 an enumeration of the valuable compounds which it enters into would occupy many pages of this work4 ,from its extreme lightness it has been used to fill balloons1 but coal-gas is now commonly employed for this purpose4 ,on its property of inflaming in contact with spongy platinum is arranged the popular little instrument for the production of instantaneous light 7,,dobereiner',s ,,lamp7 sold by the philosophical instrument makers4 ,the chemist avails himself of the great heat developed by its combustion in oxygen in the formation of the ,,oxyhydrogen ,,blowpipe4 ,some of the compounds of hydrogen are noticed below2 the others under their respective names4 ,hydrogen1 ,antimo''niuretted4 7,sb,h#c47 ,syn4 ,,antimonetted ,,hydrogen1 ,,hydride ,,of ,,antimony1 ,,stibamine2 ,,hydrogenium ,,antimoniatum1 ,l4 ,a gaseous compound of antimony and hydrogen1 prepared by dissolving an alloy of antimony with a large excess of zinc in hydrochloric or dilute sulphuric acid4 ,it has never been obtained pure1 a variable proportion of free hydrogen being always present4 ,it burns with a bluish-white flame1 giving rise to dense fumes of teroxide of antimony1 and when conducted through a red-hot tube1 or the flame is thrown on a cold surface1 as a porcelain plate1 metallic antimony is deposited4 ,this gas is a deadly poison when inhaled4 ,see ,,arsenious ,,acid4 ,hydrogen1 ,arsen''iuretted4 7,as,h#c47 ,syn4 ,,arsenetted ,,hydrogen1 ,,hydride ,,of ,,arsenic1 ,,arsenamine2 ,,hydrogenium ,,arseniuratum1 ,l4 ,a gaseous compound of arsenic and hydrogen4 ,prep4 ,arsenide of zinc 7made by fusing together equal weights of zinc and arsenic7 is acted upon by strong hydrochloric acid or by sulphuric acid diluted with three parts of water4 ,obs4 ,this gas is produced whenever arsenious or arsenic acid1 or any of their salts1 is in presence of nascent hydrogen4 ,the properties of arsenetted hydrogen are fully described in the tests for ,,arsenious ,,acid4 ,this gas is a deadly poison when inhaled4 ,hydrogen1 ,car'buretted4 ,syn4 ,,carbonetted ,,hydrogen4 ,this term is specially applied to two of the numerous compounds of carbon and hydrogen 7,,carbides ,,of ,,hydrogen1 ,,hydrocarbons73-- #a4 ,light ,carburetted ,hydrogen4 7,,ch#d47 ,syn4 ,,marsh ,,gas1 ,,fire-,,damp1 ,,gas ,,of ,,the ,,acetates4 ,this is often abundantly disengaged in coal mines1 and its combustion occasions those fearful explosions which are so destructive to human life4 ,the mud at the bottom of stagnant pools1 on being stirred1 suffers bubbles of gas to escape1 which1 when collected and examined1 are found to be a mixture of light carburetted hydrogen and carbonic acid4 ,the latter is easily removed by passing the gas through a solution of caustic potassa or milk of lime4 ,prep4 7,dumas47 ,a mixture of acetate of soda 7cryst47 and hydrate of potassa 7dry71 of each #b parts1 and quicklime 7in powder71 #c parts1 is strongly heated in a flask or retort4 ,the gas in a state of absolute purity is disengaged in great abundance1 and may be collected over water4 ,prop4 ,colourless2 neutral2 nearly inodorous2 burns with a yellow flame1 producing pure water and carbonic acid2 explodes when kindled in contact with air or oxygen4 #b4 ,heavy ,carburetted ,hydrogen4 7,c#b;,h#d47 ,see ,,olefiant ,,gas4 ,obs4 ,,coal ,,gas1 ,,oil ,,gas1 and ,,resin ,,gas1 consist1 for the most part1 of mixtures of these two gaseous hydrocarbons in uncertain proportions1 obtained respectively from coal1 oil1 and resin1 by the action of heat1 and used for the purposes of illumination4 ,see ,,gas4 ,hydrogen1 ,oxides of4 ,there are two well-defined compounds of hydrogen and oxygen3-- #a4 ,subox'ide of ,hydrogen4 7,h#b,o47 ,water 7which see74 #b4 ,perox'ide of ,hydrogen4 7,,ho47 ,syn4 ,,hydroxyl1 ,,binoxide ,,of ,,hydrogen1 ,,deutoxide ,,of ,h41 ,,oxygenated ,,water2 ,,hydrogeniibinoxydum1 ,l4 ,this singular fluid was discovered by ,m4 ,thnard in #ahah4 ,prep4 7,odling47 ,a known quantity of pure hydrochloric acid1 diluted with #h or #aj times its volume of distilled water1 is placed in a glass beaker surrounded with ice or a freezing mixture4 ,a quantity of binoxide of barium rather less than sufficient to neutralise the acid is then ground to a fine paste with distilled water1 and added gradually to the acid in which it should dissolve without effervescence4 ,diluted sulphuric acid is next added cautiously1 to precipitate the barium1 and reproduce hydrochloric acid to act upon a fresh quantity of peroxide4 ,the liquid having been filtered from the insoluble sulphate of baryta1 a second proportion of binoxide of barium paste is added gradually1 as before4 ,the treatment with sulphuric acid1 filtration and addition of binoxide1 is repeated #f or #g times4 ,sulphate of silver is then very carefully added1 so as exactly to precipitate in the form of chloride of silver the whole of the chlorine4 ,after filtration1 pure baryta1 first as a paste and then in solution1 is cautiously added1 to precipitate exactly the sulphuric acid set free from the sulphate of silver4 ,filtration is again resorted to1 and the clear liquid 7aqueous solution of peroxide of hydrogen7 is placed in a dish over oil of vitriol in vacuo1 in order that the water mixed with it may evaporate4 ,prop41 c4 ,a colourless1 transparent1 somewhat syrupy liquid1 of sp4 gr4 #adeb4 ,it has a metallic taste1 and corrodes the skin4 ,it is easily resolved into oxygen and water4 ,it mixes freely with water1 and becomes more permanent by the dilution4 ,it bleaches organic substances1 and acts as a powerful oxidating agent4 ,under certain circumstances1 however1 it plays the part of a reducing agent4 ,to the chemist1 peroxide of hydrogen and its analogue1 binoxide of barium1 have been of great service as instruments of research4 ,binoxide of hydrogen has been applied in the arts to restore the blackened lights of paintings which have become darkened by sulphuretted hydrogen2 it is also sold by hair-dressers for bleaching human hair4 ,hydrogen1 ,phosphuret'ted4 ,see ,,phosphorus4 ,hydrogen1 ,sulphides of4 ,see ,,sulphur4 ,,hydromel4 ,syn4 ,,hydromeli1 ,l4 ,an aqueous solution of honey4 ,prep4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,honey1 #b oz42 boiling water1 #cb oz42 dissolve1 and strain4 ,a refreshing and slightly laxative drink2 in fevers1 hoarseness1 sore throats1 c4 ,,hydrom',,eter4 ,syn4 ,,areometer1 ,,gravimeter2 ,,hydrometrum1 ,l4 ,an instrument for ascertaining the specific gravities of liquids1 and hence their strength1 the latter being either in inverse or direct proportion to the former4 ,hydrometers are of two kinds3--#a4 ,those which are always immersed to the same depth in distilled water1 and the liquid to be tried1 small weights being used for the purpose1 as in ,,fahrenheit',s and ,,nicholson',s hydrometers2 and #bnd1 those which are suffered to rise or sink freely in the liquid1 until they come to a state of rest1 as in ,,syke',s1 ,,baum',s1 c4 ,in both cases a correction must be made for any variation in temperature4 ,of the two kinds1 the first give the most accurate results1 and have the great advantage of being applicable to liquids either lighter or heavier than water1 but the second are the readier in practice1 requiring less time and less skill to use them4 ,the following are those best known3-- ,,baum',s ,,hydrometer or ,,areometer1 which is very generally employed on the ,continent1 consists of two distinct instruments1 the one for liquids heavier than water1 the other for liquids lighter than that fluid4 ,the first floats at the #j1 or 'zero1' of the scale1 in distilled wafer1 at the temperature of #eh ,fahr41 and each degree1 marked downwards1 indicates a density corresponding to one per cent4 of common salt4 ,the hydrometer for liquids lighter than water is poised so that the #j of the scale is at the bottom of the stem1 when it is floating in a solution of #a oz4 of common salt in #i oz4 of water1 and the depth to which it sinks in distilled water shows #aj2 the space between these fixed points being equally divided1 and the graduation continued upwards to the top of the scale4 ,the temperature at which these instruments were originally adjusted by ,baum was #abe ,centigrade 7#ede ,fahr474 ,they are now commonly adjusted in this country at #eh or #fj ,fahr4 ,hence arise the discrepancies observable in the published tables of the correspondence between degrees of ,baum and real specific gravities4 ,,cartier',s ,,hydrometer1 which is much used in ,france for light liquids1 has the same point for the zero of its scale as ,baum's1 but its degrees are rather smaller1 #cj ,baum being equal to #cb ,cartier4 ,,fahrenheit',s ,,hydrometer consists of a hollow ball1 with a counterpoise below1 and a very slender stem above1 terminating in a small dish4 ,the middle1 or half-length of the stem1 is distinguished by a fine line across it4 ,in this instrument every division of the stem is rejected1 and it is immersed in all experiments to the middle of the stem1 by placing proper weights in the little dish above4 ,then1 as the part immersed is constantly of the same magnitude1 and the whole weight of the hydrometer is known1 this last weight1 added to the weights in the dish1 will be equal to the weight of fluid displaced by the instrument1 as all writers on hydrostatics prove4 ,and accordingly1 the specific gravities for the common form of the tables will be had by the proportion-- ,as the whole weight of the hydrometer and its load1 when adjusted in distilled water1 is to the number #ajjj1 so is the whole weight when adjusted in any other fluid1 to the number expressing its specific gravity4 ,,gay-,,lussac',s ,,alcoholometer is used to determine the strength of spirituous liquors4 ,it1 at once1 indicates on the stem1 the per-centage of absolute alcohol in the liquid examined4 ,the original experiments of ,gay-,lussac having been made on liquids at a temperature of #ei ,fahr41 all examples examined by the alcoholometer1 must either be brought to that temperature previous to being tested1 or a correction made in the strength found4 ,,nicholson',s ,,hydrometer is constructed on the same principle as ,fahrenheit's4 ,it has in addition to the small dish for weights above1 a little cup attached below1 for holding any solid body whose weight in water is required4 ,it is chiefly intended for taking the sp4 gr4 of minerals4 ,,richter',s ,,hydrometer resembles1 for the most part1 ,gay-,lussac's4 ,,syke',s ,,hydrometer is that adopted by the ,revenue authorities in ,england for ascertaining the strength of spirits1 and has been already fully noticed4 ,,tralles',s ,,hydrometer resembles ,gay-,lussac's 7nearly74 ,,twaddell',s ,,hydrometer is much used in the bleaching establishments of ,scotland1 and in some part of ,england4 ,according to this scale1 #j is equal to #ajjj or the sp4 gr4 of distilled water1 and each degree is equal to #jje2 so that1 by multiplying this number by the number of degrees marked on the scale1 and adding #a1 the real specific gravity is obtained4 ,obs4 ,hydrometers1 unless manufactured with great care and skill1 merely afford approximate results2 but which are nevertheless sufficiently correct for all ordinary purposes4 ,they also require several ounces of liquid to float them1 and hence cannot be used for very small quantities4 ,those of ,fahrenheit1 ,nicholson1 and ,sykes are the most accurate1 both in principle and application4 ,they are all employed with a tall glass cylinder termed a sample1 test1 or hydrometer glass1 in the way already noticed2 but the thermometer for ascertaining the temperature must be covered with a glass case1 or arranged with a folding scale to allow of its immersion in corrosive liquids4 ,,alcoholometers1 ,,elaiometers1 ,,saccharometers1 ,,urinometers1 c41 are simply hydrometers so weighted and graduated as to adapt them for testing spirits1 syrups1 urine1 c4 ,see ,,alcoholometry1 ,,alonholmetry1 ,,areometer1 ,,specific ,,gravity1 c4 ,,hydrom',,etry4 ,syn4 ,,areometry4 ,the art of determining the specific gravity of liquids1 and hence their strength and commercial value4 ,the instruments used are noticed above2 their action depends upon the fact that a floating body displaces a bulk1 equal to itself in weight1 of the fluid in which it floats1 and consequently that a body of a given weight sinks deeper in a lighter than in a heavier fluid4 ,in hydrometric determinations the temperature of the samples must be carefully attended to1 for fluids expand as their temperature is increased4 ,the hydrometers used in ,england are generally adjusted to the standard temperature of #fj ,fahr41 and when ',hydrometer ,tables1' giving the corrections for the variations of the thermometer1 are not accessible1 the fluids to be examined should be brought to this standard temperature by applying heat directly to the vessel1 when the temperature is below the standard1 or by surrounding the vessel1 with cold water1 when it is above the standard4 ,the principal applications of hydrometry are described in different parts of this work4 ,see ,,acetimetry1 ,,alcoholometry1 ,,chlorometry1 ,,specific ,,gravity1 c4 ,,hydrop',,athy4 ,syn4 ,,water ,,cure2 ,,hydropathia1 ,l4 ,a mode of curing diseases by the copious use of pure cold water1 both internally and externally1 together with dry sweating1 and the due regulation of diet1 exercise1 and clothing4 ,this treatment of diseases undoubtedly includes powerful therapeutic agents1 which1 in the hands of the educated and honourable practitioner1 might be most beneficially resorted to as remedial agents4 7,pereira47 ,,hydropho',,bia4 ,syn4 ,,canine ,,madness2 ,,rabies ,,canina1 ,l4 ,a disease which is generally considered as the result of a morbid poison being introduced into the system by the bite of a rabid animal4 ,a clear case of idiopathic or spontaneous hydrophobia has never yet been known to occur in the human subject4 ,the common symptoms of hydrophobia are great excitability and horror at the sight of water1 or the attempt to drink1 fever1 vomiting1 excessive thirst1 spitting of viscid saliva1 difficult respiration1 irregular pulse1 convulsions1 syncope1 delirium1 and death4 ,the whole materia medica has been1 unfortunately1 unsuccessfully sought without the discovery of a single remedy for this disease1 or even a palliative of its severer symptoms4 ,see ,,curarine4 ,the treatment of recent bites of venomous animals has been fully explained1 and need not be repeated here4 ,to prevent secondary or constitutional effects arising1 the use of lemon juice1 or arsenical solution1 has long been popular4 7,graham1 and others47 ,dr ,buchan remarks that vinegar is of considerable use1 and should be taken freely4 ,,hydrosulphu',,ric ,,acid4 ,see ,,sulphur4 ,,hygiene'4 ,syn4 ,,hygiene1 ,fr4 ,health2 its preservation1 promotion1 and restoration4 ,that department of medicine and civil government which relates to health4 ,see ,,air1 ,,bath1 ,,exercise1 ,,flannel1 ,,food1 ,,nutrition1 ,,sleep1 ,,ventilation1 c4 ,,hygrometer4 ,an instrument for measuring the amount of moisture in the atmosphere4 ,amongst the various contrivances for accomplishing this end are ,daniel's dew-point hygrometer2 and the wet bulb hygrometer4 ,by the first1 the quantity of moisture in the atmosphere1 is determined by noting with a sensitive thermometer1 the temperature at which a film of dew mass1 to deposit on one of the bulbs of a species of cryophorus1 disappears2 the tension of the aqueous vapour present in the air at that period1 being readily ascertained from tables constructed for the purpose1 the corresponding proportion of moisture can thus be readily ascertained4 ,the wet bulb hygrometer consists of two small thermometers placed side by side1 the bulb of them being surrounded by cotton films kept constantly damp by a simple contrivance4 ,according to the rate of evaporation of the bulb so moistened1 with the fall of the thermometer to which the moistened bulb belongs1 the depression1 of course1 being greater the further the surrounding atmosphere is from the saturation point1 and tables are furnished for determining the degree of saturation for all differences of temperature within the ordinary atmospheric range4 ,,hyocho',,lic ,,acid4 ,c#be;,h#dj,o#d4 ,syn4 ,,glycohyocholalic ,,acid4 ,a compound peculiar to the gall of pigs1 discovered by ,strecker and ,gundelach4 ,prep4 ,the fresh gall of pigs is mixed with a solution of sulphate of sodium2 the precipitate is dissolved in absolute alcohol1 and decolourised by animal charcoal4 ,from this solution ether throws down hyocholate of sodium1 which1 on the addition of sulphuric acid1 yields hyocholic acid as a resinous mass1 which is dissolved in alcohol1 re-precipitated by water1 and dried4 ,when heated with alkaline solutions1 glycocine and a new crystalline acid 7hyocholalic acid7 are formed4 ,when boiled with acids1 it yields glycocine and hyodyslysin4 ,,hyoscy',,amine4 ,syn4 ,,hyoscyamia1 ,,hyoscyamina1 ,,daturine1 ,,daturia4 ,an alkaloid obtained from common henbane 7,hyoscyamus niger71 and also from the thorn apple 7,datura stramonium74 ,see ,,datura4 ,,hypnot',,ics4 ,syn4 ,,hypnotica1 ,l4 ,agents or medicines which induce sleep1 as opium1 morphia1 henbane1 ,indian hemp1 lactucarium1 c4 ,agents which prevent sleep are called agrypnotics 7,agrypnotica1 ,l471 or anthypnotics 7,anthypnotica1 ,l474 ,,hypochlo',,ric ,,acid4 ,see ,,chlorine4 ,,hypochondri',,asis4 ,syn4 ,,hypochondriacism4 ,the 'hip' or 'hyp1' the 'vapours1' depression of spirits1 'blue devils4' ,this disease chiefly affects persons of the melancholic temperament1 and is commonly induced by hard study1 irregular habits of life1 want of proper social intercourse1 living in close apartments1 and insufficient out-of-door exercise4 ,the treatment may1 in most cases be similar to that recommended for ,,dyspepsia1 observing1 however1 that success depends more on amusing and engaging the mind1 and in gradually weaning it from old conceits1 than in the mere administration of medicine4 ,when the patient is tormented with a visionary or exaggerated sense of pain1 or of some concealed disease1 or a whimsical dislike of certain persons1 places1 or things1 or groundless apprehensions of personal danger or poverty1 or the conviction of having experienced some dreadful accident or misfortune1 the better way is to avoid any direct attempts to alter his opinions1 but to endeavour to inspire confidence in some method of relief4 ,greding mentions the case of a medical man who conceived that his stomach was full of frogs1 which had been successively spawning ever since he had bathed1 when a boy1 in a pool in which he had perceived some tadpoles2 and he had spent his life in endeavouring to get them removed4 ,one patient1 perhaps1 fancies himself a giant2 another as heavy as lead2 a third a feather1 in continual danger of being blown away by the wind2 and a fourth a piece of glass1 and is hourly fearful of being broken4 ,marcellus ,dentatus mentions a baker of ,ferrara who thought himself a lump of butter1 and durst not sit in the sun1 or come near the fire1 for fear of being melted4 ,the writer of this article once knew a man who always put on his coat the wrong side in front1 because he conceived his face looked behind him4 ,in such cases it is useless to argue with the patient1 as it only causes irritation1 and increases the malady4 ,the restoration of the bodily health1 and a sudden surprise or change of scene1 will often effect a cure4 ,,hyponi',,tric ,,acid4 ,see ,,nitrogen4 ,,hyponi',,trous ,,acid4 ,see ,,nitrogen4 ,,hypophos',,phites4 ,see ,,phosphorus4 ,,hypophos',,phite4 ,a salt of hypophosphorous acid4 ,,hyposul',,phate4 ,syn4 ,,dithionate2 ,,hyposulphas1 ,l4 ,a salt of hyposulphuric acid4 ,,hyposul',,phite4 ,syn4 ,,thiosulphate2 ,,hyposulphis1 ,l4 ,a salt of hyposulphurous acid4 ,,hyposul',,phurous ,,acid4 ,see ,,sulphurous ,,acid4 ,,hyra',,ceum4 ,a substance produced by the ,cape badger 7,hyrax ,capensis71 and proposed as a substitute for ,,castoreum4 ,pereira considered it to be inert and useless4 ,,hysterics4 ,syn4 ,,hysteria1 ,,passio ,,hysterica1 ,l4 ,in pathology1 a nervous affection peculiar to women1 attacking in paroxysms or fits1 preceded by dejection2 tears1 difficult breathing1 sickness1 and palpitation of the heart4 ,the treatment of this disease varies with the causes and the symptoms4 ,bleeding1 cupping1 and depletives1 are generally had recourse to in robust and plethoric habits1 and stimulants and tonics in those of a weakly or relaxed constitution4 ,affusion of cold water and nasal stimulants will frequently remove the fit in mild cases4 ,exercise1 proper amusements and regular hours and diet1 are the best preventives4 ,see ,,draught 7,antihysteric and ,hydrocyanic71 c4 ,,ice4 ,syn4 ,,glacies1 ,l4 ,water in the solid state4 ,on being cooled1 water gradually contracts until the temperature has fallen to #cii ,fahr41 when it begins to expand4 ,at the freezing-point1 #cb ,fahr41 under ordinary conditions1 water crystallises or freezes1 and in consequence of the continued expansion1 the sp4 gr4 of ice1 as compared with that of water at #cii1 is as #id to #ajj4 ,ice has the peculiar property of reuniting by the contact of adjoining surfaces after having been broken into fragments 7,,regelation74 ,coloured water and salt water1 by freezing1 produce colourless and fresh ice2 and clean solid ice1 when thawed1 furnishes water equal in purity to that which has been distilled4 ,the use of ice in the preparation of ,,ice-,,creams1 ,,iced-,,liquors1 c41 is noticed elsewhere4 ,the confectioner collects his ice as early as possible during the winter1 and stores it in a well-drained well or excavation1 somewhat of the form of an inverted sugar-loaf1 contained in a small shed or building called an ,,ice-,,house4 ,this building should always be situated on a dry sandy soil1 and1 if possible1 on an eminence4 ,the door should be on the north side1 and the roof should be conical and thickly thatched with straw4 ,in medicine1 ice is frequently employed externally in inflammation of the brain1 to resolve inflammation1 to stop hmorrhage1 to constringe relaxed parts1 and an anodyne1 to deaden pain4 ,for these purposes it is pounded small1 in a cloth1 and placed in a bladder or bag of gauze 7,,ice-,,cap1 ,,ice-,,poultice7 before applying it4 ,internally1 ice or ice-cold water has been given with advantage in heartburn1 typhus1 inflammation and spasms of the stomach1 to check the vomiting in cholera1 and to arrest hmorrhage1 whether bronchial1 gastric1 nasal1 or uterine4 ,very recently1 ice has been proposed as a remedy in the treatment of diphtheria4 ,small lumps of ice1 or a small glassful of pounded ice-and-water1 will often temporarily restore the tone of the stomach and nervous system during hot weather1 when all other means fail4 ,ice-creams1 taken in moderation1 act in the same way4 ,in the warmer climates of ,europe an ,,ice-,,house or an ,,ice-,,safe 7a ,,refrigerator7 is a necessary appendage to every respectable dwelling1 not merely for the purpose of pleasing the palate with iced beverages1 but to enable the residents to preserve their provisions 7fish1 meat1 game1 milk1 butter1 c47 in a wholesome state from day to day4 ,in addition to large cargoes of ice imported yearly from ,norway1 and principally consumed in ,england1 ,germany and ,france1 ice is now manufactured to no inconsiderable amount1 in these three countries artificially1 the principal consumption of the factitious article being by brewers1 who use it for the cooling of their worts4 ,the artificial manufacture of ice is effected by the means of the condensation of elastic vapours in machines expressly made for the purpose4 ,in ,siebe's ice-making machine the vapour of ether is made to traverse metallic tubes surrounded with a concentrated solution of common salt1 by which it becomes recondensed to the liquid state1 to be again utilised in the production of the vapour2 the solution of salt becoming at the same time so reduced in temperature1 as to convert into ice1 water1 contained in proper vessels1 placed in it4 ,in ,carr's machine the same end is accomplished by means of ammoniacal gas1 a solution of calcic chloride being used for absorbing the cold instead of common salt4 ,reece's is a modification1 7he states an improvement7 of ,carr's4 ,ice machines are also made1 in which ice is produced1 by bringing water into contact with air1 which has been greatly reduced in temperature by cooling it when in the compressed state1 and subsequently allowing it to expand4 ,liquid carbonic and sulphurous acids have likewise been used in the preparation of artificial ice1 but not when it has been required in any considerable quantity4 ,see ,,refrigeration4 ,ice1 ,medicated4 ,mr ,martin1 of ,weston-super-,mare1 writing to the ',lancet1' says3--,every practitioner has at times to face the difficulties of the scarlatinal throat in young children4 ,it may sadly want topical medication2 but how is he to apply it8 ,young children cannot gargle1 and to attempt the brush or the spray fills them with terror4 ,in many cases neither sternness nor coaxing avails4 ,yet these little ones in almost every case will greedily suck bits of ice4 ,this has long been my chief resource where ,i could not persuade the child to submit to the sulphurous acid spray4 ,lately1 ,i have been trying an ice formed of the frozen solution of the acid 7or some other antiseptic74 ,though1 of course1 not so tasteless as pure ice1 the flavour is so much lessened by the low temperature1 and probably also through the parched tongue1 very little appreciating any flavour1 that ,i find scarcely any complaint on that score from the little sufferers2 they generally take to it very readily4 ,the process of making it is very simple4 ,a large test-tube immersed in a mixture of ice and salt is the only apparatus required1 and in this the solution is easily frozen4 ,when quite solid a momentary dip of the tube in hot water enables one to turn out the cylinder of ice1 as the cook turns out her mould of jelly4 ,i have tried the three following formul1 all of which answer1 although ,i think ,i prefer the first4 #a4 ,sulphurous acid1 #a_/b dr42 water1 #g-a_/b dr42 mix and freeze4 #b4 ,chlorate of potass1 #a scruple2 water1 #a oz42 dissolve1 and freeze4 #c4 ,solution of chlorinated soda1 #a_/b dr42 water1 #a oz42 mix and freeze4 ,however1 the form is of secondary importance1 as each practitioner can construct his own4 ,boracic acid1 salicylic acid1 or any other harmless antiseptic with not too much taste1 would doubtless be as useful as those indicated4 ,,ice',,land ,,moss4 ,syn4 ,,cetraria 7,b4 ,p471 ,,lichen ,,islandicus1 ,l4 ,the lichen termed ,cetraria ,islandicus4 ,it is much employed1 both as a nutritious food and as a mild mucilaginous tonic1 in catarrh and consumption4 ,it may be purified from its bitter principle by a little cold solution of potassa4 ,iceland ,moss1 ,saccharated4 ,syn4 7,p4 ,c471 ,,saccharum ,,lichenis4 ,iceland moss1 #a lb42 refined sugar #a lb42 macerate the moss in water to extract the bitterness1 express1 boil in water for an hour1 strain1 let settle1 decant1 add the sugar1 evaporate to dryness with a gentle heat1 constantly stirring1 and finally reduce to powder4 ,,ices4 7,in confectionery47 ,these are commonly composed of cream or sweetened water1 variously flavoured1 and congealed by ice or a freezing mixture4 ,sometimes1 instead of cream1 the materials of a custard are used4 ,the mixed ingredients are placed in a tin furnished with a handle at top1 called a 'freezer1' or 'freezing-pot1' which is then plunged into a bucket containing ice broken small1 and mixed with about half its weight of common salt1 and is kept in rapid motion1 backwards and forwards1 until its contents are frozen4 ,as the cream congeals and adheres to the sides1 it is broken down with the ice-spoon1 so that the whole may be equally exposed to the cold4 ,as the salt and ice in the tub melt1 more is added1 until the process is finished4 ,the 'ice-pot1' with the cream in it1 is next placed in a leaden 'ice-stand1' is at once surrounded with a mixture of ice and salt1 and closely covered over4 ,in this state it is carried into the shop4 ,the glasses are filled as required for immediate use1 and should have been previously made as cold as possible4 ,,plain ,,ice-,,cream1 or ,,cream ,,for ,,icing1 is commonly made by one or other of the following formul3-- #a4 ,new milk1 #b pints2 yolks of #f eggs2 white sugar1 #d oz42 mix1 strain1 heat gently and cool gradually4 #b4 ,cream #a pint2 sugar1 #d oz42 mix as above4 #c4 ,cream and milk1 of each #a pint2 white sugar1 #a_/b lb4 ,,flavoured ,,ice-,,creams are made by mixing cream for icing with half its weight of mashed or preserved fruit1 previously rubbed through a clean hair sieve2 or1 when the flavour depends on the juice of fruit or on essential oil1 by adding a sufficient quantity of such substances4 ,,raspberry and ,,strawberry ,,ices are made according to the former method2 ,,lemon1 ,,orange1 ,,noyeau1 and ,,almond ,,ices1 by the latter method4 ,in the same way any other article besides cream may be frozen4 ,,chocolate ,,for ,,icing is made by rubbing #a oz4 of chocolate to a paste with a tablespoonful of hot milk1 and then adding 'cream for icing1' #a pint4 ,,coffee ,,for ,,icing is made of cream for icing1 #a quart1 to which a small teacupful of the strongest possible clarified coffee has been added together with #b oz4 of sugar and the yolks of #c or #d eggs4 ,see ,,icing 7below74 ,i',,cing4 7,for cakes47 ,syn4 ,,sugar ,,ice4 ,the covering of concreted sugar with which the confectioners adorn their cakes4 ,prep4 ,beat the white of eggs to a full froth1 with a little rose or orange-flower water2 then add gradually1 as much finely powdered sugar as will make it thick enough1 beating it well all the time4 ,for use1 dust the cakes over with flour1 then gently rub it off1 lay on the icing with a flat knife1 stick on the ornaments while it is wet1 and place it in the oven for a few minutes to harden1 but not long enough to discolour it4 ,it may be tinged of various shades by the addition of the proper 'stains4' ,,id',,rialin4 ,a fusible1 inflammable substance1 found associated with the native cinnabar of the mines of ,idria1 in ,carniola4 ,it is extracted from the ore by means of oil of turpentine4 ,it is only slightly soluble in alcohol and ether4 ,when pure1 it is white and crystalline4 ,,id',,ryl4 ,a hydrocarbon generally found associated with idrialin4 ,,igasu',,ric ,,acid4 ,syn4 ,,acidum ,,igasuricum1 ,l4 ,an acid associated with strychnine in the ,st4 ,ignatius' bean and in nux vomica4 ,it may be obtained by digesting the rasped or ground beans first in ether and then in boiling alcohol1 evaporating the latter decoction to dryness1 diffusing the residuum through water1 adding a little carbonate of magnesium1 again boiling for some minutes1 filtering1 washing the powder with cold water1 and digesting it in alcohol1 and filtering4 ,the igasurate of magnesium thus obtained is dissolved in boiling water1 the solution decomposed by acetate of lead1 and the precipitate 7igasurate of lead71 after being washed and diffused through distilled water1 is decomposed by sulphuretted hydrogen4 ,the solution thus obtained yields crystals 7igasuric acid7 on being evaporated4 ,it is soluble in both water and alcohol4 ,,igni'',,tion4 ,in the laboratory this term is commonly applied to the act of heating to redness or luminousness4 ,see ,,calcination4 ,,illicin4 ,boil a clear decoction of holly with animal charcoal2 let it settle1 collect the deposited charcoal1 wash it with cold water1 dry it1 and treat it with boiling alcohol2 let the filtered liquid be evaporated to dryness4 ,febrifuge4--,dose1 #f to #bd gr4 ,,illumina',,tion4 ,the act of illuminating or making luminous4 ,for supplying artificial light to streets and the interiors of houses coal gas and oils and fats are generally employed4 ,these illuminating agents are compounds rich in carbon1 upon the presence of which the brightness of their flames depends4 ,flame is gas or vapour heated to incandescence during the process of combustion4 ,a flame containing no solid particles emits but a feeble light1 even if its temperature is the highest possible4 ,pure hydrogen1 for instance1 burns with a pale1 smokeless flame1 though with the production of considerable heat4 ,on the other hand1 wax1 paraffin1 coal-gas1 c41 while undergoing combustion1 give out considerable light1 because their flames contain innumerable solid particles of carbon1 which act as radiant points4 ,to give the greatest degree of luminosity to flame1 the supply of air must be proportioned to the character of the burning substance1 and be insufficient for the instantaneous combustion of the evolved gases2 in which case the hydrogen takes all the oxygen1 and the larger portion of the carbon is precipitated1 and burnt in the solid form1 at some little distance within the outer surface of the flame4 ,when the supply of air is sufficient for the immediate and complete combustion of the whole of the combustible matter1 no such precipitation takes place1 and the flame is neither white nor brilliant4 ,the richest coal-gas1 mixed with sufficient air to convert all its hydrogen and carbon into water and carbonic acid1 explodes with a pale blue flash2 yet the same gas1 when consumed in the ordinary way1 burns with a rich white flame4 ,every one must have noticed the effect of a gust of wind upon the flaring gas-jets of a butcher's shop2 the plentiful supply of air causes complete combustion1 and so converts the bright white flames into dull blue streaks of fire4 ,when the supply of air is insufficient to cause the combustion of the newly formed solid carbon at the instant of its development1 and whilst it is in an incandescent state1 the flame becomes red and smoky1 and unburnt sooty particles are thrown off4 ,the same occurs when the temperature of any portion of the hydrogen is reduced below that intensity required for the combustion of the newly separated charcoal4 ,solid bodies1 as tallow1 oils1 and fats1 which burn with flame1 are converted into the state of gas by the heat required to kindle them1 and it is this gaseous matter which suffers combustion1 and not the substance which produces it4 ,the relative value of the ordinary illuminating agents has been accurately determined by ,dr ,frankland4 ,according to his experiments1 the quantities of various substances required to give the same amount of light as would be obtained from #a gallon of ,young's ,paraffin oil are as follows3-- ,young's ,paraffin oil #ajj gall4 ,american rock oil#ceb #abf ,paraffin candles #ahf lbs4 ,sperm #bbi ,wax #bfd ,stearic #bgf ,composite #bie ,tallow #cij ,footnote #ceb3 ,acknowledged to be an inferior sample4 ,the following table exhibits the comparative cost of the light of #bj sperm candles1 each burning #aj hours at the rate of #abj gr4 per hour2 also the amount of carbonic acid produced and heat evolved per hour1 in obtaining this quantity of light3-- ,carb4 acid ,units of ,cost4 per hour in heat s4 d4 cub4 feet per hour4 ,wax #g #b-a_/b ,spermaceti #f #h #hc #hb ,paraffin candles #c #aj #fg #ff ,tallow #b #h #aja #ajj ,rock oil #j #g-a_/b ,paraffin oil #j #f #cj #bi ,coal gas #j #d-a_/b #ej #dg ,cannel gas #j #c #dj #cb ,these figures prove that coal-gas and the mineral oils are the cheapest and best illuminating agents1 producing the largest amount of light with the least development of heat4 ,the light emitted by incandescent lime 7,,drummond ,,light1 ,,hydro-,,oxygen ,,light1 ,,lime ,,light1 ,,oxyhydrogen ,,light7 is intensely brilliant1 and is often made use of to enable workmen to continue operations at night4 ,it is obtained by directing the flame produced by the combustion of a mixture of hydrogen 7or coal-gas7 and oxygen upon a small cylinder of lime4 ,in the improved form of this light the lime is protected from crumbling by a cage of platinum wire1 and is caused to rotate slowly by means of clockwork1 so as constantly to expose a fresh surface to the flame4 ,when reflected from a 'parabolic mirror' in a pencil of parallel rays1 the ,drummond light has been recognised during daylight at a distance of #ajh miles4 ,the lime light produced with coal-gas and oxygen is used for the ,,magic ,,lantern and ,,gas ,,microscope4 ,the most powerful illuminator is the ,,electric ,,light1 which is now being subjected to trial in many cities for street illuminations1 c41 in place of coal-gas4 ,it is usually produced by the passage of a strong current of electricity between two pencils of hard carbon4 ,the electric light has been successfully applied to lighthouse illumination4 ,hitherto it has been found too intense and too costly for application to domestic purposes4 ,see ,,candles1 ,,flame1 ,,gas1 ,,photometry1 c4 ,,illu',,tation4 ,see ,,bath 7,mud74 ,,imagina',,tion4 ,the influence of the imagination1 both in the production and cure of disease1 has been long admitted by medical practitioners4 ,it is probably the most powerful therapeutic agent known4 ,extraordinary cures have been ascribed to inert and useless means1 when1 in fact1 they were referable to the influence of the imagination4 7,dr ,pereira47 ,,impe',,rial4 ,syn4 ,,potus ,,imperialis1 ,,ptisana ,i41 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,cream of tartar1 #a_/d oz42 #a lemon1 sliced2 lump sugar1 #b oz42 boiling water1 #a quart2 infuse1 with occasional stirring until cold1 then pour off the clear portion for use4 #b4 ,a lemon1 sliced2 sugar1 #a oz42 boiling water1 #a pint4 #c4 ,yellow rind and juice of lemon2 citric acid1 #a dr42 sugar1 #b-a_/b oz42 hot water 7which has been boiled71 #a quart2 as ,no4 #a4 ,refrigerant and slightly diuretic4 ,used as a common drink in fevers1 dropsy1 c41 and as a summer beverage4 ,,im',,plements 7,agricultural74 ,almost all the operations of agriculture may be performed by the plough1 the harrow1 the scythe1 and the flail2 and these are the sole implements in the primitive agriculture of all countries4 ,with the progress of improvement1 many other implements 7and machines7 have been introduced1 the more remarkable of which are the ,,drill ,,plough1 the ,,horse ,,hoe1 the ,,winnowing ,,machine1 the ,,threshing ,,machine1 the ,,hay-,,making ,,machine1 and the ,,reaping ,,machine4 ,the object of all these implements and machines is to abridge human labour1 and to perform the different operations to which they are applied with a greater degree of rapidity1 and in a more perfect manner than before4 7,loudon47 ,on the perfection of agricultural implements and machines depends much of the improvement of which this art is susceptible4 ,see ,,agriculture1 c4 ,,improv',,ing4 ,the trade name for 'doctoring1' 'adulterating1' or 'lowering1' the quality of any substance1 with the view of cheapening it or increasing its bulk4 ,see ,,wine1 c4 ,,in',,cense4 ,prep4 #a4 ,olibanum1 #b or #c parts2 gum benzoin1 #a part4 #b4 ,olibanum1 #g parts2 gum benzoin1 #b parts2 cascarilla1 #a part4 ,placed on a hot plate or burned1 it exhales an agreeable perfume4 ,used in some of the rituals of the ,roman ,catholic church4 #c4 ,benzoin and storax1 of each #d oz42 labdanum and myrrh1 of each #f oz42 cascarilla #c oz42 oil cinnamon1 #h minims2 oils bergamot and lavender1 of each #bj minims2 oil cloves1 #aj minims2 mix1 and pass through a coarse sieve4 ,,incinera',,tion4 ,the reduction of organic substances to ashes by combustion4 ,see ,,calcination4 ,,incombustibil',,ity4 ,the property of being incapable of being kindled1 or of being consumed by fire4 ,substances possessing this property are said to be 'incombustible' or 'fire-proof4' ,,incombust',,ible ,,fab',,rics4 ,syn4 ,,non-,,inflammable ,,fabrics4 ,the fashion of wearing light gauzy dresses extended by hoops or crinoline has made death from fire a common casualty4 ,with a view of diminishing the danger to which women expose themselves1 chemists have lately devoted considerable attention to the problem of rendering muslin and other light fabrics non-inflammable4 ,this object may be attained by steeping the fabric in almost any saline solution4 ,thus1 cotton or linen stuffs prepared with a solution of borax1 phosphate of soda1 phosphate of ammonia1 alum1 or sal ammoniac1 may be placed in contact with ignited bodies without their suffering active combustion or bursting into flame4 ,the salts act by forming a crust of incombustible matter on the surface of the fibres4 ,they do not1 however1 prevent carbonisation taking place1 when the temperature is sufficiently high4 ,it is by a knowledge of this property of culinary salt that jugglers are enabled to perform the common trick of burning a thread of cotton while supporting a ring or a small key1 without the latter falling to the ground4 ,the cotton is reduced to a cinder1 but from the action of the salt its fibres still retain sufficient tenacity to support a light weight4 ,the addition of about #a oz4 of alum or sal ammoniac to the last water used to rinse a lady's dress1 or a set of bed furniture1 or a less quantity added to the starch used to stiffen them1 renders them uninflammable1 or at least so little combustible that they will not readily take fire2 and if kindled1 are slowly consumed without flame4 ,none of the above-named salts are adapted for fine soft muslins1 which mostly require chemical treatment1 because they injure the texture1 rendering the fabric harsh and destroying all its beauty4 ,the salt which is found to answer most completely all the required conditions is ,,tungstate ,,of ,,soda4 ,muslin steeped in a solution containing #bj of this salt is perfectly non-inflammable when dry1 and the saline film left on the surface is smooth and of a fatty appearance like talc1 and therefore does not interfere with the process of ironing1 but allows the hot iron to pass smoothly over the surface4 ,the non-fulfilment of this latter condition completely prevents the use of many other salts--such as sulphate or phosphate of ammonia1 which are otherwise efficacious in destroying inflammability--for all fabrics which have to be washed and ironed4 7,watts47 ,the addition of a little phosphoric acid or phosphate of soda to the tungstate is recommended1 for without this addition a portion of the tungstate is apt to undergo a chemical change and become comparatively insoluble4 ,messrs ,versmann and ,oppenheim1 the introducers of tungstate of soda1 give the following formula for a solution of minimum strength3-- ,dilute a concentrated solution of neutral tungstate of soda with water to #bh ,twaddell 7sp4 gr4 #aad71 and then add #c of phosphate of soda4 ,this solution is found to keep and to answer its purpose very well2 it is now constantly used in the ,royal ,laundry4 ,,paper1 ,,wood1 c41 may be also rendered comparatively incombustible by soaking them in saline solutions4 ,see ,,asbestos1 ,,fire1 c4 ,,incompat',,ibles4 ,in medicine and pharmacy1 substances which exert a chemical action on each other1 and cannot1 therefore1 with propriety1 be prescribed together in the same formula or prescription4 ,the principles on which we should act to avoid prescribing or dispensing incompatibles1 are briefly developed under the heads ,,affinity and ,,decomposition4 ,to this we may add that1 if a substance is endowed with well-marked therapeutical or poisonous properties1 independent of those which may exert a chemical effect upon the tissues1 its mode of action will neither be changed nor destroyed by the combinations which it forms1 provided always that the new compounds are not insoluble in water4 ,it is not necessary to give two incompatible medicines at the same time1 in order to produce decomposition2 it is sufficient if they are given within a very short interval of each other4 ,thus1 a sick person1 who has been treated with lead externally1 or even internally1 will present a discoloration of the skin1 if he takes a sulphur bath four or five days after the lead treatment has been discontinued4 ,if a person is rubbed with iodide of potassium shortly after having applied ,vigo's plaster 7plaster of ammoniacum with mercury71 or the ,neapolitan ointment 7mercurial ointment71 iodide of mercury and caustic potash will be formed1 which will cause vesication4 ,so also vomiting occurs if lemonade made with tartaric acid is taken five or #f days after the administration of white oxide of antimony4 7,trousseau and ,reveil47 ,lists of incompatibles are published in many pharmaceutical and medical works1 but are1 in reality1 of little use beyond illustrating rules and principles which are familiar to every chemist1 and which every prescriber should also be intimately acquainted with4 ,,incrustation1 ,prevention of1 in ,steam ,boilers4 ,with all qualities of water commonly used for feeding steam boilers there is a tendency to the production of hard calcareous deposits or layers of incrustation within the boilers1 due to the separation of lime salts 7particularly the carbonate and sulphate1 or mixtures of these with a certain amount of carbonate of magnesia7 as the direct consequence of the accumulation of these impurities from large quantities of water evaporated4 ,the sparing solubility of the sulphate of lime 7gypsum7 in hot water fully accounts for its deposition in the boiler1 and the carbonate of lime 7chalk7 is thrown down1 not only as the result of direct evaporation1 but by the ebullition expelling free carbonic acid1 which holds this body to some extent in solution4 ,rain water1 which of itself is too pure to give rise to these incrustations1 cannot be used alone for boiler purposes1 for it has been found to exert a highly corrosive action upon the iron plates and fittings4 ,it can1 however1 be advantageously employed in conjunction with 'hard' spring or river waters1 and has the effect of diminishing the incrustation merely as the result of dilution4 ,the drain pipes leading from the roof of the factory may be placed in connection with the tank or well from which the supply of water is drawn for the boilers4 ,it will be seen hereafter that the self-same remedy is efficient both as a means of preventing incrustation and obviating corrosion1 and that by using one of the alkaline substances about to be specified this twofold advantage may be secured4 ,iron will not rust when immersed in water containing a mere trace of caustic alkali1 and it is a common observation that the iron vessels used in the preparation of potash and soda remain for any length of time free from all appearance of rust4 ,this singular property is1 no doubt1 susceptible of important applications1 amongst them may be mentioned the better protection of iron ships from the attack of bilge water1 of hydraulic rams1 moulding boxes1 smith's tools1 and other objects liable to be placed at times under the influence of water4 ,some forms of surface condensers become quickly corroded in consequence of the purity of the water accumulating in them by the process of distillation1 and a small dose of caustic alkali is then useful as a means of protection2 the engine-cylinders also to some extent are preserved when alkaline anti-incrustation fluids are introduced into the boilers1 for the minute quantity which is carried forward mechanically in the form of spray mixed with the steam1 suffices to preserve the iron4 ,whilst a tendency to 'priming' undoubtedly results from a too liberal use of soda or other alkali in the boiler1 it will in practice be found easy to adjust the proportion of this ingredient1 so as to secure immunity from corrosion and incrustation1 and at the same time1 avoid the tumultuous kind of ebullition known as 'priming4' ,in all cases it is advisable to carry out a rigid system of inspection1 and it is only in the way of saving fuel and labour that the application of boiler fluids is to be recommended4 ,much benefit has often resulted from a coating of coal-tar or 'dead oil' applied to the interior surfaces below the water line1 when the boiler is opened for cleaning and inspection4 ,these will tend very considerably to lessen the adhesion of calcareous crusts1 and are not in any way affected by the boiler fluids in common use4 ,soda crystals and caustic soda may be used with great success in boilers to effect the immediate precipitation of the lime salts1 and they act by throwing down a finely divided form of carbonate of lime1 which in time furnishes nuclei for the deposition of subsequent accretions both of the carbonate and sulphate1 so that they are prevented from crystallising upon the walls of the boiler4 ,a granular mud is thus formed1 which subsides quickly and may be for the most part got rid of through the 'blow-off cock1' which should be opened for this purpose two or three times every day1 and run out with as little water as possible4 ,the use of caustic soda has undergone a thorough trial at the hands of ,mr ,j4 ,spiller1 ,f4,c4,s41 in the boilers of the ,royal ,arsenal1 ,woolwich1 and we are favoured with the following general instructions regarding its use1 which are based upon an experience of upwards of ten years4 ,the caustic soda should be dissolved in water so as to make a concentrated solution of specific gravity #acjj4 ,this1 being perfectly miscible with water1 may be introduced into the boiler with the feed-water at any time when1 from the pressure of steam1 it may not be convenient to pour it through the safety valve or other openings in the boiler4 ,but when the steam is down there is no difficulty in introducing the prescribed dose by using a tin funnel with flattened aperture to pass it through the safety valve2 or a tubular arrangement with double cocks will answer at all times4 ,half a gallon per diem is the average quantity found sufficient for a #bj-;horse stationary boiler1 working with ,thames water for ten hours daily4 ,if the water should happen to be unusually hard a larger dose may be employed1 but it would not be expedient to add in one charge more than the amount required for the day's consumption4 ,locomotive and multitubular boilers have been worked successfully with caustic soda1 and it is here that the importance of using anti-incrustation fluids makes itself most apparent4 ,many other methods have at various times been proposed to prevent the formation of deposits in steam boilers4 ,dr ,ritterband's method consists in simply throwing a little sal ammoniac into the boiler1 by which carbonate of ammonia is formed1 which passes off with the steam1 and chloride of calcium1 which remains in solution4 ,in ,holland this plan has been used with satisfaction for locomotive boilers4 ,about #b oz4 of the salt may be placed in the boiler twice a week4 ,the chloride of tin is equal to sal ammoniac1 and is similar in its action4 ,carbonate of soda has been recommended by ,kuhlmann and ,fresenius of ,germany1 and by ,crace ,calvert of ,england4 ,it is now employed generally in the boilers of engines in ,manchester4 ,the common plan adopted by working engineers to prevent incrustations from either variety of water is1 on each occasion of cleaning out the boiler1 to introduce some substance which1 by its mechanical action1 shall prevent the precipitated earthy matter caking together1 or adhering to the boiler plates4 ,some common tar1 bitumen1 or pitch1 appears to answer well under most circumstances4 ,mr ,ira ,hill recommends the use of #c or #d shovelfuls of course sawdust4 ,he states that1 after adopting the use of this article1 he never had any difficulty from lime1 although using water strongly impregnated with it1 and has always found the inside of his boilers as smooth as if just oiled4 ,mr ,de ,haen recommends the sulphate and bicarbonate of calcium to be decomposed by adding barium chloride and milk of lime in the proper proportion2 when the water is at a temperature of #ce-de ,c4 the whole becomes clear in about ten minutes1 a precipitate consisting of a mixture of barium sulphate and calcium carbonate deposits2 if the water be cold1 the greater part separates in ten minutes1 but a little turbidity is noticeable for some hours due to suspended matter4 ,protzen recommends the introduction of a piece of zinc into the boiler1 this determines a galvanic current1 which protects the iron against oxidation and corrosion1 and causes the mineral ingredients of the water to be deposited as a fine loose mud1 entirely preventing the formation of incrustation4 ,slippery elm bark1 and spent bark from the tan works have also been suggested4 ,we 7,a4 ,j4 ,cooley7 have worked a powerful boiler daily for months without opening the 'man-hole1' after throwing a few pounds of potatoes into it4 ,in all cases1 when the earthy matter can be kept in a state of solution1 or precipitated in a pulverulent form1 it is easily removed from the boiler by what engineers term 'priming1' which is allowing the hot water to be blown over with the steam1 so that1 after a sufficient time1 the whole original contents of the boiler are removed1 and replaced by fresh water4 ,before doing so1 however1 it is of consequence to cut off the communication with the cylinders1 and to open the waste-steam cock4 ,consult a pamphlet on ',boiler ,incrustation and ,corrosion' by ,f4 ,j4 ,rowan1 published by ,spon1 ,london4 ,,incuba',,tion 7,artificial74 ,the hatching of eggs by artificial heat4 ,this has been practised by the ,egyptians from a very remote period4 ,m4 ,bonnemain has the honour of having introduced this art to ,western ,europe1 in #agge1 and having been the first to pursue it successfully on the commercial scale4 ,the source of heat employed by him was a circulatory hot-water apparatus1 and the temperature maintained by it #ajj ,fahr4 ,his plan was to introduce1 daily1 #a-bjth only of the eggs the apparatus was capable of receiving1 so that on the #bast day the first chickens were hatched1 and a like number every day afterwards as long as the supply of eggs was kept up4 ,among the trays containing the eggs he placed saucers of water1 to compensate for the absence of moisture derived in natural incubation by transpiration from the body of the hen4 ,the chickens1 as soon as hatched1 were transferred to a 'nursery' or 'chick-room1' also artificially heated1 and were fed with crushed millet seed4 ,several attempts have been made of late years to introduce artificial incubation into this country1 with variable success4 ,,in',,cubus4 ,see ,,nightmare4 ,,in',,dia ,,rub',,ber4 ,see ,,caoutchouc4 ,,indiges',,tion4 ,see ,,dyspepsia4 ,,in',,digo4 ,syn4 ,,indicum1 ,,pigmentum ,,indicum1 ,l4 ,a blue dyestuff extracted from several plants growing in ,india and ,america1 especially from the leguminous species ,indigofera tinctoria and ,i4 coerulea4 ,it exists in the plant as a colourless juice4 ,the method of manufacture consists in steeping the plant in water until fermentation sets in2 the colouring matter dissolves in the water1 forming a yellow solution1 which is drawn off from the rest of the vegetable matter1 and agitated and beaten to bring it freely into contact with the air for about #b hours2 this treatment causes the indigo to form and settle down as a blue precipitate2 this is cut1 while soft1 into cubical cakes1 and dried by artificial heat4 ,to hasten the formation of the indigo1 a little lime water is sometimes added to the yellow solution4 ,the indigo of commerce contains ,,indigo-,,blue or ,,indigotin1 its most important constituent1 ,,indigo-,,red1 and many other substances1 some of which must be regarded as accidental impurities or adulterations4 ,prop4 ,tasteless2 scentless2 of an intense blue colour1 passing into purple2 when rubbed with a smooth hard body1 it assumes a coppery hue2 insoluble in water1 cold alcohol1 ether1 alkalies1 hydrochloric acid1 dilute sulphuric acid1 and the cold fixed and volatile oils2 slightly soluble in boiling alcohol and oils2 freely soluble in concentrated sulphuric acid1 and1 when decoloured or reduced by contact with deoxidising substances1 in alkaline lyes2 soluble in creasote2 its colour is destroyed by chromic acid1 nitric acid and chlorine2 when suddenly heated1 it gives off rich purple fumes1 which condense into brilliant copper-coloured needles4 ,pur4 ,the best indigo is that which has the deepest purple colour1 that assumes the brightest coppery hue when rubbed with the nail2 its fracture is homogeneous1 compact1 fine-grained1 and coppery2 its powder is of an intensely deep blue tint1 and light enough to swim on water2 and it leaves only a fine streak when rubbed upon a piece of white paper4 ,in general1 when indigo is in hard1 dry lumps of a dark colour1 it is considered of bad or inferior quality4 ,indigo1 when in hard or brittle lumps1 or in dust or small bits1 is often adulterated with sand1 pulverised slate1 and other earthy substances4 ,estimation4 ,various methods for estimating the value of samples of indigo have been proposed1 but none of them can be depended upon to give perfectly accurate results4 ,the plan recommended by ,o',neill#cec is perhaps the best2 it is performed as follows3-- ,footnote #cec3 ,see ',dictionary of ,calico ,printing and ,dyeing4' ,weigh #be gr4 of a fair sample of the indigo finely ground2 and to soften or disintegrate it still further1 boil it for a short time with weak caustic soda1 and then1 if there be any soft lumps or clots1 strain through calico2 mix this with #c quarts of water in a narrow-necked bottle which it will nearly fill1 and add #djj gr4 of quicklime1 which has been slaked as perfectly as possible2 shake well up and add a #ajjj gr4 measure of solution of green copperas 7protosulphate of iron7 at #cj ,twaddell2 cork the bottle closely1 and leave it for three days1 frequently shaking it in the interval4 ,the indigo will be dissolved by this time2 #a quart of the clear solution is drawn off1 shaken up in a bottle to oxidise it1 acidified with acetic acid1 and the pure indigo 7,,indigotin7 collected upon a filter1 dried1 and weighed4 ,four times the weight of the pure indigo is the per-centage of indigo in the sample4 ,uses4 ,as a dye stuff indigo is of great importance1 both from the beauty and permanence of the colour it yields1 and from the ease with which it is applied to fabrics of all materials4 ,as a medicine it has been employed in various affections of a spasmodic character1 as chorea1 convulsions1 epilepsy1 hysteria1 c4 ,in large quantities it often induces giddiness1 vomiting1 and diarrhoea2 and when continued for sometime1 muscular twitchings1 resembling those arising from strychnine4--,dose4 ,beginning at about #ae gr41 and gradually increased to #a1 #b1 or even #c dr41 at which it should be continued for #c or #d months2 made into an electuary with honey or sugar1 to which some aromatic may be added4 ,see ,,indigo ,,dye1 ,,indigotin1 c4 ,indigo1 ,sul'phate of4 ,syn4 ,,sulphindylic ,,acid1 ,,sulphindigotic ,a41 ,,saxony ,,blue1 ,,soluble ,,indigo4 ,prep4 ,by gradually adding indigo 7in fine powder71 #a part1 to fuming sulphuric acid 7,nordhausen sulphuric acid71 #e parts1 or oil of vitriol1 #h parts contained in a stone-ware vessel placed in a tub of very cold water1 to prevent the mixture heating2 the ingredients are stirred together with a glass rod at short intervals until the solution is complete1 after which the whole is allowed to repose for about #dh hours1 by which time it becomes a homogeneous pasty mass of an intense blue colour1 which in a dull light appears nearly black4 ,obs4 ,in this state it forms ',,barth',s ,,blue1' or the ',,chemic ,,blue' or ',,indigo ,,composition' of the dyer4 ,diluted with about twice its weight of soft water1 it is converted into the ',,saxony ,,blue' or ',,liquid ,,blue' of the shops1 also used for dyeing4 ,when commercial sulphate of indigo is diffused through a large quantity of water1 nearly boiling1 and wool 7old white flannel rags1 c47 is macerated in it for some time1 the latter absorbs the whole of the sulphate and is dyed blue1 whilst the liquor assumes a greenish-blue colour4 ,wool1 so prepared1 when well rinsed in cold water1 and boiled for some minutes in a large quantity of that liquid containing #a or #b of carbonate of potassa1 or a quantity equal to about #a-crd that of the indigo originally employed1 gives up its blue colour1 and becomes of a dull brown4 ,the liquid is now a rich blue-coloured solution of sulphindylate of potassa1 from which the salt may be obtained by cautious evaporation4 ,this compound is prepared on the large scale1 by diluting sulphate of indigo with about #ab times its weight of soft water1 and imperfectly saturating the solution with carbonate of potassa2 the sulphindylate falls down as a dark-blue coppery-looking powder1 soluble in #adj parts of cold water and in about #ij parts of boiling water4 ,this substance is kept both in the moist and dry state1 and is known in commerce under the respective names of ',,distilled ,,indigo1' ',,precipitated ,,indigo1' ',,soluble ,,indigo1' ',,indigo ,,paste1' ',,blue ,,carmine1' ',,distilled ,,blue1' ',,soluble ,,blue1' c4 ,it is extensively used in dyeing2 and when mixed with starch1 whilst in the moist state1 and made into cakes or knobs1 it constitutes the finest variety of the ',,blue' used by laundresses for tinging linen4 ,the ammonia and soda salts may be prepared in the same way as the potassa salt1 by substituting the carbonates of those bases for carbonate of potassa4 ,the ammonia salt is very soluble4 ,,indigo ,,blue4 ,see ,,indigotin4 ,,indigo ,,dye4 ,there are two methods of preparing solutions of indigo for dyeing4--#a4 ,by deoxidising it1 and then dissolving it in alkaline menstrua4--#b4 ,by dissolving it in sulphuric acid4 ,the former method is used in preparing the ordinary ,,indigo ,,vat of the dyers4 #a4 a4 7,,cold ,,vat47 ,take of indigo1 in fine powder1 #a lb42 green copperas 7clean cryst471 #b-a_/b to #c lbs42 newly slaked lime1 #c-a_/b to #d lbs42 triturate the powdered indigo with a little water or an alkaline lye1 then mix it with some hot water1 add the lime1 and again well mix1 after which stir in the solution of copperas1 and agitate the whole thoroughly at intervals for #bd hours4 ,a little caustic potassa or soda is frequently added1 and a corresponding portion of lime omitted4 ,for use1 a portion of this 'preparation vat' is ladled into the 'dyeing vat1' as wanted4 ,after being employed for some time1 the vat must be refreshed with a little more copperas and fresh-slaked lime1 when the sediment must be well stirred up1 and the whole thoroughly mixed together4 ,this is the common vat for cotton4 b4 7,,potash ,,vat47 ,take indigo1 in fine powder1 #ab lbs42 madder1 #h lbs42 bran1 #i lbs42 'potash1' #bd lbs42 water at #abe ,fahr41 #abj cubic feet2 mix well2 at the end of about #cf hours add #ad lbs4 more potash1 and after #aj or #ab hours longer further add #aj lbs4 of potash1 and rouse the whole up well2 as soon as the fermentation and reduction of the indigo are well developed1 which generally takes place in about #gb hours1 add a little fresh-slaked lime4 ,this vat dyes very quickly1 and the goods lose less of their colour in alkaline and soapy solutions than when dyed in the common vat4 ,it is well adapted for woollen goods4 c4 7,,wood ,,vat47 ,as the last1 but employing wood instead of madder2 the vat is 'set' at #afj ,fahr41 and kept at that temperature until the deoxidation and solution of the indigo has commenced4 ,the last two are also called the 'warm vat4' d4 7,,pastel ,,vat47 ,this is 'set' with a variety of wood which grows in ,france1 and which is richer in colouring matter than the plant commonly known as 'wood4' e4 7,,sch,,tzenberger and ,,de ,,lalande',s ,,vat47 ,it is known that the low stage of oxidation of sulphur obtained on the reduction of sulphurous acid with zinc1 dissolves indigo4 ,on this reaction the following proceedings for dyeing and printing with indigo are founded3--,to prepare the reducing liquid1 a solution of bisulphite of soda at #ce ,b4 is brought in contact with sheet zinc in a closed vessel1 of which the liquid should occupy only one fourth4 ,after the lapse of an hour the zinc is precipitated from the clear liquid by means of milk of lime4 ,it is then diluted or decanted1 or filtered with exclusion of air4 ,the clear liquid is then poured upon the ground indigo1 with the addition of the needful soda and lime4 ,one kilo of indigo yields in this manner a very concentrated vat of from #aj to #ae litres4 ,cotton is dyed cold1 and wool with the aid of heat4 ,a vat is filled with water1 and a suitable quantity of the above indigo mixture introduced1 when the dyeing can be performed at once4 ,the excess of the low sulphur acid dissolves the froth which appears on the surface4 ,during the process of dyeing1 further quantities of indigo can be added as required4 ,cotton can be rapidly and easily dyed in this manner2 and in the case of wool1 the dyer escapes the many disadvantages of the hot vat and obtains brighter and clearer shades4 ,to print a fast blue the alkaline solution of the reduced indigo is printed on with an excess of the reducing agent1 aged for twelve to twenty-four hours1 washed and soaped4 ,in comparison with the old process there is a saving of indigo to the extent of #ej to #fj per cent42 the shades are richer and the impressions sharper4 ,the colour requires no subsequent treatment1 and can therefore be printed on simultaneously with most other colours4 ,obs4 ,wool1 silk1 linen1 and cotton1 may each be dyed blue in the indigo vat4 ,the goods1 after being passed through a weak alkaline solution1 are subjected to the action of the vat for about fifteen minutes2 they are then freely exposed to the air2 the immersion in the vat and the exposure are repeated until the colour becomes sufficiently deep4 ,wood and madder improve the richness of the dye4 ,other deoxidising substances1 besides those above mentioned1 may be used to effect the solution of the indigo2 thus a mixture of caustic soda1 grape sugar1 indigo1 and water1 is often employed on the ,continent for this purpose2 and orpiment lime1 and pearlash are also occasionally used4 ,when properly prepared1 the indigo vat may be kept in action for several months by the addition of one or other of its constituents1 as required4 ,an excess of either copperas or lime should be avoided4 #b4 ,solution of sulphate of indigo is added to water1 as required1 and the goods1 previously boiled with alum1 are then immersed in it1 and the boiling and immersion are repeated until the wool becomes sufficiently dyed4 ,obs4 ,with this every shade of blue may be dyed1 but it is most commonly employed to give a ground to logwood blues4 ,the colouring matter has affinity for woollen and silk with or without 'mordant1' but none for cotton4 ,a solution of soluble indigo 7sulphindylate of potassa or soda71 in water very slightly acid with sulphuric acid1 imparts a very fine blue to cloth1 superior in tint to that given by the simple sulphate4 ,see ,,dyeing1 c4 ,,indigo ,,pur',,ple4 ,syn4 ,,ph,,oe,,nicine4 ,the name given by ,mr ,crum to the purple precipitate obtained by filtration from a solution of indigo in fuming sulphuric acid1 when largely diluted with water4 ,,indigo ,,red4 ,syn4 ,,indigo ,,resin1 ,,red ,,resin ,,of ,,indigo4 ,this is prepared by boiling alcohol 7sp4 gr4 #hcj71 on powdered indigo previously exhausted by digestion in dilute acids and in a strong alkaline solution4 ,when heated1 it is converted into a white sublimate 7deoxidised indigo red71 but recovers its red colour by the action of nitric acid4 ,,indigo ,,white4 ,syn4 ,,indigogene1 ,,indicyle1 ,,reduced ,,indigo1 ,,hydrogenised ,i41 ,,hydrate ,,of ,i4 ,reduced or deoxidised indigo blue4 ,prep4 ,the yellow alkaline solution obtained by one or other of the processes noticed under ,,indigotin is carefully protected from the air1 both before and after precipitation with hydrochloric acid2 and the precipitate1 after being rapidly washed with recently boiled distilled water1 or with very dilute sulphurous acid1 is drained on a filter1 dried in vacuo1 and then at once transferred to a well-stoppered bottle4 ,prop41 c4 ,a greyish-white mass of minute crystals1 generally light blue on the surface1 and rapidly turning blue on exposure to the air2 soluble in alkalies1 alcohol1 and ether1 to which it imparts a yellow colour4 ,these solutions deposit indigo blue on exposure to the air4 ,a solution of this substance constitutes the indigo vat of the dyer 7see above74 ,,indigo',,tin4 ,syn4 ,,cerulin1 ,,indigo ,,blue4 ,this is the pure blue principle of indigo4 ,it appears to be the oxide of the same organic radical of which indigo white is probably the hydrate4 ,prep4 #a4 ,indigo 7in fine powder7 is digested successively in dilute hydrochloric acid1 solution of potassa1 and alcohol2 the dried residuum is crude indigotin4 #b4 ,indigo 7in fine powder71 #a part2 green sulphate of iron1 #b parts2 hydrate of lime1 #c parts2 water1 #ae parts2 mix1 agitate occasionally until the colour is destroyed1 then decant the clear portion1 precipitate with dilute hydrochloric acid1 and wash the powder first with water1 and then with boiling alcohol1 until the latter ceases to acquire a yellow colour4 #c4 ,caustic soda and grape sugar1 of each #a part2 water1 #bj parts2 powdered indigo1 #e parts2 mix1 and proceed as last4 ,the above are essentially the same as the indigo vat1 but on the small scale4 #d4 ,the process for estimating the value of indigo given under ,,indigo is a good process for obtaining ,indigotin4 ,obs4 ,the product from all the above exceeds #ej of the indigo operated on4 #e4 7,taylor47 ,powdered indigo1 #b parts2 plaster of ,paris1 #a part2 water1 q4 s4 to reduce the mixture to a thin paste2 spread the mass evenly upon an oblong iron plate to the depth of about #a_/h inch1 and dry it by a gentle heat4 ,it must then be held over the flame of a spirit lamp1 when a disgusting odour will be evolved1 the mass will begin to smoke1 and in a few minutes will be covered with a heavy purple vapour1 which will condense into brilliant flattened prisms or plates of an intense copper colour1 forming a thick velvety coating over the surface immediately exposed to the heat4 ,should the mass catch fire1 it may be instantly extinguished by a drop of water let fall upon it4 ,prod4 #ae to #ah4 ,see ,,indigo1 c4 ,,indium4 ,,in4 #aacd4 ,this very rare metal was discovered by means of the spectroscope by ,messrs ,reich and ,richter in a specimen of zinc-blende from ,freiberg1 in #ahfc4 ,since then it has been found in the flue dust of some zinc furnaces worked in the ,hartz mountains1 also in a black blende1 known as christophite1 occurring in ,saxony2 in the ,wolfranc of ,zinnwald1 associated with zinc1 as well as in ,wolfranc alone2 and also in the blende met within steatite1 near ,schlaggenwald4 ,in all of these substances the indium is present in very minute quantity1#ced and is more or less associated with lead1 arsenic1 cadmium1 iron1 and copper2 its separation from which is matter of no inconsiderable labour and difficulty4 ,footnote #ced3 ,in the flue dust of the zinc furnaces it is present to the amount of about #ja per cent42 in christophite in the proportion of #jjjfb per cent4 ,the following process for the detection of indium in zinc-blende1 and its extraction from the same source1 is given by ,winkler4 ,precipitate the hydrochloric acid solution of the roasted ore with metallic zinc at the boiling heat2 dissolve the precipitate in nitro-hydrochloric acid2 remove the arsenic1 cadmium1 c41 by sulphuretted hydrogen1 and precipitate the indium as oxide by barium carbonate4 ,should this precipitate contain any iron1 it must be removed by resolution1 heating with sodium sulphate1 and digestion with barium carbonate in a closed vessel4 ,the indium may also be precipitated from the original solution1 either directly by barium carbonate1 or from a solution containing sulphuric acid1 by neutralisation with sodium carbonate1 till a precipitate begins to form1 and addition of sodium acetate2 it is then precipitated as a basic sulphate containing zinc4#cee ,footnote #cee3 ,various other processes are given in ',watts' ,dictionary4' ,indium may be obtained in the metallic state from the reduction of its oxide by means of hydrogen2 charcoal or carbonaceous fluxes are not good reducing agents1 as their employment necessitates a very high temperature1 and loss from volatilisation occurs4 ,sodium is found to be the best reducing agent when large quantities of the metal are required4 ,bttger's method is to precipitate the indium by zinc1 to press the spongy metal so obtained in hot water1 then to submit it to pressure in a screw press between filtering paper1 and finally to melt it with cyanide of potassium4 ,prop4 ,indium is a soft1 white1 durable metal1 somewhat resembling cadmium1 wholly destitute of crystalline structure4 ,its specific gravity1 which is #gdba at #afh ,c41 is not altered by rolling or hammering4 ,when heated in the air to #agf ,c41 it melts without becoming oxidised2 at a temperature above this1 however1 it becomes covered with a coating of suboxide1 becoming gradually changed into the yellow sesquioxide4 ,indium is less volatile than either cadmium or zinc4 ,it dissolves slowly in dilute sulphuric and hydrochloric acids1 hydrogen being given off4 ,in strong hydrochloric acid it dissolves rapidly4 ,nitric acid oxidises it1 evolving at the same time nitric oxide2 whilst sulphuric acid converts it into anhydrous sulphate4 ,when examined by means of the spectroscope1 the flame of indium reveals two brilliant bands--a violet and a blue one4 ,indium is completely precipitated from a solution of its acetate1 as well as from neutral solutions of its salts in general1 by sulphuretted hydrogen4 ,ammonia1 neutral sodium carbonate1 and acid sodium carbonate1 throw down white precipitates insoluble in excess of the precipitant2 caustic potash and soda produce a white precipitate of indium hydrate1 soluble in excess4 ,barium carbonate precipitates it completely4 ,potassium ferrocyanide gives a white precipitate4 ,estim4 ,the most convenient method of estimating indium is by precipitating it as hydrate with ammonia1 dissolving the washed precipitate in hot dilute nitric acid1 evaporating1 igniting1 and weighing the oxide thus obtained4 ,precipitation with sulphuretted hydrogen does not give exact results on account of the solubility of the indium sulphide4#cef ,footnote #cef3 ,watts4 ,indium forms compounds with bromine1 chlorine1 iodine1 oxygen1 and with several of the organic and inorganic acids4 ,,indura',,tion4 ,in pathology1 an increase in the consistence of any portion of the body1 usually resulting from chronic inflammation1 pressure1 or friction4 ,,in',,fancy4 ,the domestic treatment of infants and children is comprised in the application of the laws of health to the mother as well as to the child4 ,the position of parent is one of serious responsibility1 both morally and physically1 and the edict has gone forth that 'the sins of the parent shall be visited on the children4' ,if we could ensure good mothers1 we could vastly improve the race of men4 ,the nursing mother of a sick infant must1 by following faithfully the rules of health in respect of the four great hygienic principles--food1 clothing1 exercise1 and ablution--give health with her milk to her offspring2 she must also pay close attention to her mind1 avoid all sources of irritation and anxiety1 and remember that an angry mother sours her milk1 and produces a fractious and often a diseased infant4 ,i am quite of opinion that if mothers were sound in constitution1 and bestowed the requisite care upon the maintenance of their health1 we should hear little of diseases of children4 ,in children1 as well as in parent1 the rules of health must be carried out1 and their neglect cannot fail to bring with it a heavy retribution4 7,eras4 ,wilson47 ,see ,,exercise1 ,,nursing1 c4 ,,infant ,,death-,,rate4 ,in ,england1 according to ,dr ,farr1 out of #ajjj infants born1 #adi die annually before reaching their first year2 and the same authority tells us that #caa out of every #ajjj die during the first month in the same period4 ,amongst illegitimate children1 the lives of one half never exceed the first month4 ,the above figures represent the yearly average of infantile deaths throughout the whole of ,england1 when we come to the large cities the mortality is notably higher4 ,in ,liverpool1 for instance1 out of #ajjj children born1 #bci died in their first year4 ,when we examine into the infant mortality prevailing amongst different classes1 we find the proportion existing between the death-rate of the children of the nobility1 and the general death-rate up to one year1 to be as #c to #h4 ,in #ahgd1 ,mr ,charles ,ansell1 jun41 published a work entitled ',statistics of ,families of the ,upper and ,professional ,classes1' in which he showed1 from investigations into the deaths occurring amongst #dh1jjj children of the wealthy1 professional1 and titled classes1 that in the first year of life1 about #hj only of such children die out of every #ajjj4 ,according to ,dr ,farr1 the northern countries of ,europe show a much lower infant death-rate than the southern ones4 ,infant mortality is lowest in ,norway1 and highest in ,high ,bavaria1 where #djd infants per #ajjj die in their first year4 ,in ,new ,york1 in #ahfi1 the mortality amongst infants under one year old was #bgd per cent4 and in #ahgc1 #caj per cent4 ,both in ,france and ,england the mortality prevailing amongst illegitimate children up to the age of one year is very large4 ,in #ahfj1 the death-rate amongst the foundlings of the ,loire-,infrieure1 was as much as #hgf in the #ajjj1 and it averages between #ejj and #gjj in ,france4 ,in ,wakefield1 amongst the same class of children1 it was #bfbb per cent42 in ,coventry1 #dj2 in ,padstow1 #ej2 and in ,bantry1 #hj2 in manufacturing towns the average is #ce per cent4 ,in ,london the number of illegitimate children who die annually under the age of a year is probably about #ge per cent4#ceg ,footnote #ceg3 ',proceedings of the ,obstetrical ,society for #ahgj4' ,in the ,montreal ,foundling ,asylum1 out of #djfj infants1 only #g per cent4 lived one year4 ,in the rural districts of ,england and also in ,bavaria1 the average of deaths at one year is about the same for the illegitimate as for the legitimate children4 ,in the ',transactions of the ,obstetrical ,society for #ahgj' there is a valuable and interesting report1 throwing much light on the condition and treatment of the children of the poor in ,england4 ,the following is the substance of this report1 the information contained in which was collected by various members of the society3--,it was found that amongst the poorer populations of villages #cj to #ij per cent4 are attended by midwives1 and that this custom prevails to an almost equal extent in the large provincial and manufacturing towns4 ,thus in ,glasgow1 #ge per cent41 in ,coventry1 #ij per cent42 and in ,leeds and ,sheffield1 equally large numbers of the population employ the services of these women4 ,in ,edinburgh the midwife is rarely called on2 neither is she in the ,west ,end of ,london2 but in the ,east ,end #cj to #ej per cent4 of the accouchements are undertaken by women4 ,except in ,glasgow1 ,sheffield1 and ,london1 the women are asserted to be totally ignorant and incompetent to meet any difficulty that might arise4 ,in country districts the pernicious custom of giving an aperient to a newly born babe was very general1 but less prevalent in ,london and the large towns4 ,amongst the married poor1 suckling was found to be the rule2 and it seemed to be pretty conclusively proved that it is often unreasonably prolonged for eighteen months or even two years1 as a preventive to renewed pregnancy4 ,it was found1 however1 that illegitimate children were rarely suckled1 but almost always fed on artificial food4 ,amongst the married poor also it appears universal to give the children artificial food as well as the breast1 and this from a very early and tender age4 ,further1 it was found that the food was generally unsuited to the child both in quantity and quality4 ,it consisted chiefly of bread soaked in water and milk1 and sweetened1 of arrow-root1 sago and corn flour1 and such like objectionable substances4 ,in one case the mother admitted to giving her infant 7who was a few months old only7 a diet similar to that she herself partook of1 viz4--cheese1 bread1 meat1 salt fish1 heavy pastry1 vegetables and beer4 ,amongst the upper classes it was ascertained that there is an increasing tendency amongst mothers to discontinue lactation1 and to employ instead the services of a wet nurse2 and where this was not done1 it was found that the food partaken of by the babe was much more judiciously chosen than is the case amongst the poorer women4 ,mr ,curquiven and others observed that a large number of women in ,london do not suckle their offspring1 because of a deficient secretion of milk4 ,it is satisfactory to find that both in the manufacturing and agricultural districts1 the children of the poor are so constantly in the open air2 but equally unsatisfactory to learn that at night they sleep in ill-ventilated and over crowded dormitories4 ,the infant is encouraged to sleep to the utmost1 and should it fail in securing renewed slumber 7its waking being attributed to a desire for food71 is very often dosed with gin1 syrup of poppies1 and paregoric4 ,another plan adopted for keeping infants quiet1 consisted in letting them remain in the cradles and allowing them to suck the nipple attached to the empty feeding bottle1 long after the food had been consumed2 a practice that gives rise to infantile dyspepsia4 ,as regards cleanliness1 it was learnt that poor people's children are tolerably well attended to in this respect1 or rather that the baby generally comes in for a larger share of ablution than the elder ones1 who are sometimes much neglected in the matter of soap and water4 ,the clothing of the little ones was much too scanty1 and this was the case no matter what the season of the year4 ,a prevalent practice1 except in the agricultural villages1 was that of giving the children cordials1 spirits1 and medicines4 ,a still worse custom was found to be the systematic administration of opiates4 ,at ,long ,sutton1 in ,lincolnshire1 which has a population of #fjjj1 one chemist alone sold #be-a_/b gallons yearly of ,godfrey's cordial 7a mixture principally consisting of treacle and opium71 whilst #f-a_/b pints were got rid of weekly by another chemist in the same town4 ,this administration of anodynes was mostly confined to illegitimate infants1 and factory children placed out to nurse4 ,a habit not unusual was that of an intentional deferring sending for a doctor when the child was first seized with illness1 medical advice being only sought when in many cases it could be of no avail4 ,desertion by fathers and mothers of their children1 especially of illegitimate ones1 as well as concealment of birth and infanticide1 were found to be much more general in ,london and the larger cities than in the country4 ,the causes of the high rate of infant mortality prevailing amongst the poor1 seem very clearly indicated in the above abstract4 ,for instance1 the deaths of nearly half the children under one year of age are referable to diarrhoea1 convulsions1 atrophy1 mesenteric disease1 and allied disorders2 all of which maladies are caused by the grossly erroneous and unsuitable diet upon which the children are fed4 ,in the article ,infants' ,food1 we have already pointed out that the proper and only safe aliment for an infant up to the age of eight or nine months is the maternal milk1 and failing this1 the pure and unadulterated milk of the cow2 and we have furthermore shown that the admission into the dietary of infants even above nine months old1 of farinaceous foods1 should be regulated with great caution4 ,yet we learn from the above report1 that in the early days of the infants' existence1 amongst the poor the breast milk is in most cases supplemented by large quantities of these very farinaceous matters1 which we have shown to be so prejudicial and dangerous4 ,that the deaths from these causes are clearly preventable1 in a large measure1 if not wholly1 is proved by the very much less extent in which they occur amongst the higher classes1 who use much greater judgment in the selection of their children's food4 ,another important factor in the high infant death-rate is the extensive use of narcotics1 a practice there is no doubt which yearly carries off a large number of infants1 by poisoning1 more or less prolonged4 ,inadequate clothing is likewise another source of mortality amongst the very young1 whose tender frames easily succumb to inclement weather1 and the sudden changes of temperature occurring in our variable climate4 ,hence we shall have no difficulty in understanding why pneumonia1 bronchitis1 c41 should be so prevalent among poor children4 ,the habits of overcrowding and bad ventilation which prevail amongst the poor must also be fertile sources of disease amongst their offspring--the more immediate effect of such violations of sanitary principles resulting in bronchitis4 ,that the extensive recourse by the poor to uneducated and unskilful midwives1 also adds to infant mortality1 seems indisputable4 ,in the report already alluded to1 beyond reference to the fact that infanticide was rare1 we find no mention made as to the number of violent deaths occurring amongst infants4 ,it appears that about a sixteenth of the mortality amongst infants under one year old is due to violence1 mostly accidental1 the great majority of such deaths being caused by the mother lying upon and smothering her babe4 ,these misadventures are said to occur mostly on ,saturday nights1 and raise the question as to whether a large proportion of such deaths are not due to the drunkenness of the mothers1 who retire to rest in a state of alcoholic stupor4#ceh ,footnote #ceh3 ,blythe4 ,the inference1 we think1 to be drawn from the above statements is1 that the preponderating mortality prevailing amongst the children of the poor is due to ignorance and poverty1 and not to intentional neglect or want of parental affection4 ,bearing in mind that poor women much more frequently suckle their babes than rich ones1 it might perhaps be argued that this was evidence of greater maternal solicitude1 and that1 therefore1 the poor mother exhibits more natural affection than the lady who consigns her offspring to the arms of the wet-nurse2 but1 possibly1 were the circumstances of the two inverted1 the lady might be found giving her infant the breast1 whilst the humbler wife might call in the services of the wet-nurse2 neither of them perhaps reflecting that1 in choosing the latter alternative1 they were depriving another little human unit of the maternal sustenance1 and exposing it to the dangers of vicarious nurture and supervision4 ,what these dangers are that beset the children of the poor when removed from their mother1 the revelations of baby-farming and the appalling statistics of illegitimate infant mortality serve very forcibly to illustrate4 ,for every #caa legitimate children of all classes #ejj illegitimate out of every #ajjj die each year under one month old1 this large increase being due to cruel neglect and substitution of bad1 insufficient1 and improper food for the maternal milk4 ,that in their own homes they are exposed to the serious hardships arising from errors in diet has already been shown1 but in their own homes they die at little more than half this rate2 hence the deduction is unavoidable that half of these poor little waifs perish because they are deprived of the care and solicitude of the mother4 ,writing on this subject ,m4 ,hanon says that of #ei1ibg infants born in ,paris1 #bj1jdi are sent into the country to nurses4 ,of those children that remain in ,paris1 and that are so rarely suckled by their mothers1 no less than #hbej die from #j-a year1 which gives a death-rate of #bdc per #ajjj births4 ,as to the mortality of the unfortunate infants1 #bj1jdi in number1 sent off to nurse1 this amounts to #ejj or #gjj per #ajjj in the first year of life4 ,we extract the following from the ',echo' of ,october #ith1 #ahgh3 ,,alleged ,,baby-,,farming4 ,dr ,hardwicke1 the coroner for ,central ,middlesex1 held an inquest at the ,islington ,coroner's ,court1 ,holloway ,road1 this morning1 relative to the death of the female child of ,emily ,corley1 a servant at #di1 ,gower ,street1 ,euston ,road4 ,mr ,baby1 the inspector under the ,infants ,life ,protection ,act1 watched the case4 ,the mother of the child had gone to service as a wet nurse after coming out of the workhouse1 leaving it with one ,ann ,leach1 who said it was a very delicate child4 ,she added that she had for a time two children under one year of age with her1 and had been told that this was contrary to the ,act4 ,the inspector under the ,infant ,life ,protection ,act pointed out that persons having more than one child to nurse under a year old had to obtain a licence4 ,the coroner characterised the ,act as a mere farce4 ,it left children to take care of themselves after they were twelve months old--the most critical time of their existence4 ,he also remarked on how prolific a source of prostitution such cases as the present were1 where mothers had to forsake their own illegitimate offspring1 depriving them of breast milk in order that they might sell it to the rich4 ,the jury found that the child died from exhaustion following from diarrhoea1 accelerated by want of breast milk4 ,,infants1 ,food for4 ,for the newly-born and very young of all mammiferous animals1 no food is so expressly and admirably adapted as that drawn from the mother4 ,in the nourishment of the babe from the maternal breast lies the soundest condition for its physical well-being and growth1 subject to the qualification that the mother must be in good health1 which1 of course1 implies that she must be well fed4 ,this latter essential fulfilled1 it is very wonderful to note how nature makes provision for the proper nourishment of the offspring by converting even a weakly and frequently ailing mother into a strong one during the period of suckling4 ,there may be1 and doubtless are1 many circumstances in which lactation cannot be practised with safety either to mother or child2 but1 where such circumstances do not exist1 the practice of seeking the vicarious services of the wet-nurse1 or of having recourse to other than the maternal milk1 for many reasons1 calls for remonstrance and reproof4 ,we may emphasise this by the following quotation from ,dr ,west's admirable work1 ',diseases of ,infancy and ,childhood4' ,he says3 ,the infant whose mother refuses to perform towards it a mother's part1 or who by accident1 disease1 or death is deprived of the food that nature destined for it1 too often languishes and dies4 ,such children you may see with no fat to give plumpness to their limbs--no red particles in their blood to impart a healthy hue to the skin1 their face wearing in infancy the lineaments of age2 the voice a constant wail2 their whole aspect an embodiment of woe4 ,but give to such children the food that nature destined for them1 and if the remedy do not come too late to save them1 the mournful cry will cease1 the face will assume a look of content1 by degrees the features will disclose themselves1 the limbs will grow round1 the skin pure red and white4 ,but although the maternal aliment 7or1 failing this1 that supplied from the breast of a young and healthy wet-nurse1 who has been recently confined7 is undoubtedly the best adapted for infantile nutrition1 it fortunately happens that in circumstances where the infant is unable to be fed from either of these sources1 we have a very valuable substitute in the milk of the cow1 the similarity of which1 in composition to woman's milk1 will be seen at once by studying the following table arranged by ,dr ,letheby3 ---------------------------------------- --------- ,woman's ,milk4 ,cow's ,milk4 ---------------------------------------- ------- ,max4 ,min4 ,average4 ,average4 ,casein #dcf #big #ceb #cfd ,butter #eah #dde #djb #cee ,sugar of ,milk #ddc #cbi #dbg #dgj ,various salts #jbf #jch #jbh #jha --------------------------------- ,total solids #adbj #aaji #abji #abgj ,water #hehj #hhia #hgia #hgcj --------------------------------- ,total #ajjjj #ajjjj #ajjjj #ajjjj ---------------------------------------- ------- ,the milk of the cow being rather richer in solids than that of woman1 it is considered desirable to somewhat dilute the former when it is used as food for the infant4 ,dr ,letheby recommends the addition to it of a third of water1 with a little sugar to sweeten it1 and to render it more acceptable to the baby palate4 ,it cannot be too forcibly insisted upon that immeasurably the best and safest food for an infant1 next to human milk1 is the milk of the cow1 and nothing else1 until it reaches the age of eight or nine months4 ,it is perhaps needless to state that the milk must be perfectly pure and unadulterated1 and that it will fail of being this if yielded by an unhealthy cow4 ,the animal's food and habitat also exercise an important influence on the quality of the milk1 that given by grass-fed cows roaming in open pastures undoubtedly being the best and richest4 ,different cows yield different qualities of milk2 hence1 when milk from any particular cow suits an infant1 it has been found desirable not to change it4 ,the newer and fresher the milk the better is it adapted for the child's use2 that which has in the least become soured should be especially rejected4 ,sometimes even fresh and good milk is found to disagree with a child4 ,when this is the case it may be remedied by adding a little lime water to it previous to its being drunk4 ,if it were practicable1 and within the means of every family to keep their own cow1 so that the infant could be fed with the milk directly it came from the animal1 nature's example in giving it direct from the mother's breast might be followed4 ,the writer remembers1 some years ago1 the ,princess of ,wales travelling with her baby on a voyage to and from ,denmark1 and being accompanied by her bovine purveyor in the shape of an ,alderney4 ,in hot weather1 more particularly1 if milk be kept even for a short time it is liable to become acid1 or to turn1 as it is called4 ,it is1 therefore1 always desirable to keep it in a cool cellar till required for use1 and in very hot weather it should be stood in ice4 ,the daily allowance of milk for a child during the first month of its life is two or three pints4 ,m4 ,guillot says #b-a_/b lbs4 avoirdupois is the least the babe can properly subsist on4 ,he weighed several infants before and after they had taken the breast1 and found that they had gained in weight1 in quantities varying from #b oz4 to #e oz4 ,opinion is divided as to the value of condensed cows' milk as a food for infants4 ,its chief merit seems to be that it affords a substitute for the natural milk in cases where this latter is not obtainable1 or where1 in consequence of disease amongst the cows of a neighbourhood1 it cannot with safety be consumed4 ,since the maternal fluid1 without undergoing alteration or modification1 forms so perfect and model a food for infants1 it does not seem an unreasonable inference that the milk from the cow1 which so nearly approaches it in composition and qualities1 should prove most advantageous when partaken of under similar conditions4 ,it has been asserted that condensed milk is inferior in strengthening qualities to the natural cows' milk4 ,if this be the case it is certainly not due1 according to ,mr ,wanklyn1 to any removal of the constituents of the latter4 ,in his useful little work on ',milk ,analysis' ,mr ,wanklyn says3 ,a year ago a report was spread that these preserved milks were preserved skim-milk1 and not preserved new milk4 ,i have myself examined the principal brands of preserved and condensed milk1 which are in the ,london market1 and find that the milk which has been condensed1 or condensed and preserved1 had been charged with its due proportion of fat4 ,the physiological facts that in an early stage of infancy the digestion is very feeble1 and that until an infant has cut its first teeth there is but little1 if any1 secretion of saliva1 which latter is essential for the conversion in the system of starch into sugar1 point1 therefore1 to the imprudence of feeding very young infants upon so-called infants' foods1 where these consist of amylaceous substances4 ,the starch of which these latter are composed not only fails to become assimilated1 and therefore to produce no nutrient effect1 but clogs up the lower parts of the bowels1 and thus gives rise to a train of evils1 amongst which may be included indigestion1 diarrhoea1 vomiting1 and not infrequently convulsions and death4 ,the difference in the mortality between infants under one year of age who annually die of convulsions in ,england and ,scotland is attributed to the fact that whereas the ,english mother feeds her offspring on thick spoon-food1 the ,scotch woman nourishes hers from the breast4 ,in ',the ,fourteenth detailed ,annual ,report of the ,registrar-,general of ,scotland' it is stated that ,the ,english practice of stuffing their babes with spoon-meat occasioned the death by convulsions of #bc1aih children under one year of age during the year #ahfh1 out of #ghf1heh births2 in other words1 caused #a death from convulsions in every #cd of the children born during the year in ,england4 ,in ,scotland1 during the same year1 only #cab infants under one year of age fell victims to convulsions out of #aae1ead children born during the year2 in other words1 #a death from convulsions in every #cgj born during the year4 ,when a child has reached the age of eight or nine months the judicious use of farinaceous foods is not only unobjectionable but desirable2 but even then it is most important to increase the quantity of the food very cautiously with the age1 as well as to see that it has been well baked and afterwards boiled before being partaken of4 ,in all cases it should be mixed with the milk4 ,when the child has reached the age of twenty months ,dr ,letheby advises the quantity of farinaceous food to be still further increased1 and with a little egg given in the form of pudding until it attains its third year4 ,at this period the child's diet may also include bread and butter1 and at the end of it well-boiled potato with a little meat gravy4 ,from the third to the fifth year he prescribes a small quantity of meat1 and at the end of the ninth year the usual food of the family4 ,during all these periods the use of milk as an important article of the dietary is enforced4 ,the following table by the late ,dr ,edward ,smith1 exhibiting the proportions between the daily quantities of carbon and nitrogen required at different periods of human existence1 illustrates the great preponderance of nitrogen demanded by the infant over those who succeed him in the scale of age3 ,carbon4 ,nitrogen4 ,in infancy #fi #fgb ,at ten years of age #dh #bha ,at sixteen years of age #cj #baf ,at adult life #bc #ajd ,in middle life #be #aac ,see ,,milk4 ,,in',,fants' ,,preser',,vative4 7,atkinson's47 ,carbonate of magnesia1 #f dr42 white sugar1 #b-a_/b oz42 oil of aniseed1 #bj drops2 compound spirit of ammonia and rectified spirit1 of each #b-a_/b fl4 dr42 laudanum1 #a fl4 dr42 syrup of saffron1 #a oz42 caraway water1 q4 s4 to make the whole measure #a pint4 ,antacid1 anodyne1 and hypnotic4 ,,infec',,tion4 ,syn4 ,,contagion4 ,the communication of disease1 either by personal contact with the sick or by means of effluvia arising from their bodies4 ,attempts have been made to restrict the term contagion to the former1 and infection to the latter1 but this distinction is now discarded by the majority of writers4 ,the following are the principal diseases which are commonly regarded as contagious3--,chicken-pox1 cholera1 cow-pox1 dysentery1 erysipelas1 glanders1 gonorrhoea1 hooping-cough1 hydrophobia1 itch1 measles1 mumps1 ophthalmia 7purulent71 plague1 scald-head1 scarlet fever1 smallpox1 syphilis1 yaws4 ,see ,,disinfectant1 c4 ,,inflam',,mable ,,air4 ,see ,,hydrogen4 ,,inflamma',,tion4 ,syn4 ,,inflammatio1 ,l4 ,in pathology1 a certain state of disease4 ,the common symptoms of inflammation are pain1 swelling1 heat1 and redness1 attended with fever1 and general constitutional derangement when severe4 ,the treatment of inflammations1 whether trifling2 or serious1 is essentially the same in principle1 and only differs in degree4 ,this consists in the adoption of the usual means for lowering the force of the circulation and the frequency of the pulse2 of which leeching1 purging1 a low diet1 and the use of refrigerant drinks and lotions1 form the most important part4 ,the constitutional derangement or symptomatic inflammatory fever1 and inflammatory condition of the blood always accompany local inflammation1 and progress with its intensity4 ,in inflammations of a more purely local character1 cupping or leeching the part immediately affected1 or the parts adjacent to it1 is in general more appropriate and successful4 ,in these cases the application of refrigerant or sedative lotions1 baths1 c41 generally proves of much advantage4 ,in cases in which there is induration or dryness of the part1 the use of warm embrocations is indicated4 ,inflammation often arises from apparently very trifling causes1 particularly in persons of a full or bad habit of body1 or who indulge in the free use of malt liquors4 ,in some persons a very trifling local injury1 as a slight abrasion1 cut1 prick1 or sprain1 produces a considerable amount of tumefaction1 attended with severe constitutional excitement4 ,punctured wounds1 sprains1 and dislocations commonly furnish the most serious cases of inflammation that depend on mere external injury4#cei ,see ,,abscess1 ,,fever1 ,,tumour1 c4 ,footnote #cei3 ,in all inflammatory cases of a serious nature1 the reader is strongly advised to commit himself to the care of a medical practitioner4 ,inflammation of the ,bowels4 ,the common causes are incautious exposure to cold1 the use of improper food1 and the presence of acrid substances or hardened fces in the bowels4 ,the more constant symptoms are pain over the abdomen1 thirst1 heat1 and extensive restlessness and anxiety2 sickness1 obstinate constipation1 and a hard1 small1 quick pulse4 ,in the later stages the pain and tenderness of the abdomen1 especially around the navel1 become excessive1 and there is difficult micturition4 ,in some cases the pain suddenly ceases1 the belly becomes tumid1 the pulse scarcely perceptible1 the countenance ghastly1 and the patient dies in a few hours4 ,the treatment consists in blisters1 leeches to the abdomen1 hot bath and fomentations1 aperient clysters1 and mercurial purges2 with effervescing draughts and opium to allay sickness1 followed by diaphoretic salines and gentle aperients4 ,see ,,stomach ,,affections1 c4 ,,inflammatory ,,fe',,ver4 ,see ,,fever and ,,inflammation4 ,,influen',,za4 ,see ,,catarrh4 ,,infu',,sion4 ,syn4 ,,infusum1 ,,infusio1 ,l4 ,a liquid medicine1 prepared by macerating vegetable or animal substances in water1 at any temperature below that of ebullition4 ,the mode of preparing infusions is1 with most substances1 precisely similar to that pursued for making the almost universal beverage--,,tea4 ,the ingredients are commonly placed in a stoneware pot or vessel 7an 'infusion pot'71 previously made hot2 boiling water is then poured over them1 and the cover being placed on1 the whole is allowed to digest together1 at first1 for a short time1 in a warm situation1 as on the hob or the fender1 and afterwards 7the vessel being removed from the heat7 until the whole becomes cold4 ,the liquid is then poured from the ingredients1 and the latter1 being slightly pressed1 if necessary1 the infusion is strained through a piece of clean linen or a hair sieve for use4 ,during the digestion the ingredients should be occasionally stirred1 an important matter often neglected1 and not even referred to by most pharmaceutical writers4 ,the substances employed for making infusions receive the same preliminary treatment as those intended for making ,,decoctions4 ,shavings1 leaves1 and flowers require no previous preparation beyond being pulled asunder2 but roots1 woods1 and other solid substances must be bruised or sliced1 if in the green or recent state1 or bruised or coarsely pulverised1 if dry1 for the purpose of exposing as large a surface as possible to the action of the menstruum4 ,the substances extracted by water from vegetables by infusion are chiefly gum1 mucus extractive1 tannin1 certain vegetable acids1 the bitter and narcotic principles1 gum-resin1 essential oil1 and alkaloids4 ,some of these substances are only sparingly soluble in water at ordinary temperatures2 but more readily so in hot water1 and freely soluble in boiling water4 ,the temperature of the water should be therefore proportioned to the nature of the vegetable matter operated on4 ,for mere 'demulcent infusions1' in which starch and gum are the chief substances sought to be dissolved out1 and when the active principle is scarcely soluble in water1 unless at nearly the boiling temperature1 boiling water alone should be employed2 but when the medicinal virtues of vegetables are soluble in water at lower temperatures1 it is better to employ hot water 7#afe to #age ,fahr471 and to allow a little longer period for the digestion4 ,in many cases temperate water 7from #fj to #gj ,fahr471 or tepid water 7from #hj to #ij ,fahr471 may be used with advantage1 especially in the preparation of 'aromatic bitter infusions1' and in most cases where it is wished that the product should contain as little inert matter as possible2 but when water at low temperatures is employed1 the period of the maceration must be proportionately increased4 ,by adopting the method of maceration in vacuo1 or in an atmosphere of carbonic acid1 the menstruum may be allowed to lay in contact with the vegetable matter for an unlimited period1 without decomposition taking place4 ,infusions1 like decoctions1 are liable to undergo spontaneous decomposition by keeping1 especially in warm weather1 when a few hours are often sufficient for their passage into a state of active fermentation2 they should1 therefore1 when possible1 be prepared for use daily1 as beyond twenty-four hours they cannot be depended on4 ,the ,london ,college directs a pint only to be made at a time1 thus very properly regarding them as extemporaneous preparations4 ,,concentrated ,,infusions1 now so common in the shops1 and1 unfortunately1 so generally used in dispensing1 are either made by taking #h times the quantity of the ingredients ordered in the pharmacopoeia1 and then proceeding in the usual manner1 or by the method of displacement2 or1 by carefully and rapidly concentrating the simple infusions1 by evaporation in a steam or salt-water bath1 until reduced to about #a-gth of the original quantity4 ,in either case the liquid is put into a strong bottle1 without being filtered1 and #aj to #ab of rectified spirit added to it1 whilst still hot4 ,the cork is then put in and secured down1 and the whole agitated for some minutes1 after which it is set aside for a week1 when the clear portion is carefully decanted from the sediment for sale4 ,another method1 which answers well with the aromatic bitter vegetables1 is to take #h times the usual quantity of the ingredients1 and to exhaust them with a mixture of rectified spirits1 #a part1 and distilled water1 #c parts2 by digestion1 or1 better still1 by percolation4 ,concentrated infusions made in this way keep well1 and deposit scarcely any sediment4 ,many houses that are remarkable for the 'brilliancy' and beauty of these preparations1 employ #a_/c spirit of wine and #b_/c water as the menstruum4 ,it may1 however1 be taken1 as a general rule1 that for vegetable substances that abound in woody fibre1 and contain little extractive matter soluble in water 7as quassia1 for instance71 #a_/f to #a_/e part of spirit is sufficient for their preservation2 whilst for those abounding in mucilage or fecula1 or that readily soften and become pulpy and glutinous in weak spirit 7as rhubarb71 #a_/e to #a_/c is required4 ,by adopting the method originally suggested by ,mr ,alsop1 infusions may be preserved1 uninjured1 for a year or longer1 without the addition of spirit or any other substance4 ,the only precaution necessary is to keep them in bottles1 perfectly filled and hermetically sealed4#cfj ,our own plan is to put a few bruised cloves or seeds of black mustard into the bottles1 which must be only #b-crds filled1 then completely fill them with a condensed atmosphere of carbonic acid gas2 and1 lastly1 to stopper them and seal them over1 so as to perfectly exclude the air4 ,a pint of decoction of sarsaparilla and #a_/b pint of infusion of calumba1 treated in this way1 kept good for fully #i years4 ,by simply macerating in the infusion as much bruised mustard seed as can be added without flavouring the liquor1 along with a little bruised cloves1 we find that most vegetable infusions may be preserved in bottles which are occasionally uncorked1 without either fermenting or becoming mouldy1 by the use of very little spirit 7#a_/i or #a_/aj74 ,footnote #cfj3 ',pharm4 ,journ41' i1 #eg4 ,before adding the spirit to infusions made with cold water1 or with water which is only tepid1 it is advisable to heat the liquid to about #ahe ,fahr41 in a water bath1 and after keeping it at that temperature for a few minutes1 and allowing it again to become cold1 to separate it from the precipitated matter1 either by filtration or decantation4 ,it is often very difficult to render vegetable infusions and decoctions perfectly transparent1 a quality always expected in the concentrated preparations4 ,defecation by repose is always better than filtration1 owing to the more or less viscidity of the suspended matter4 ,when this is not sufficient1 they may be clarified with white of egg 7#b or #c to the gall471 previously beaten up with #e or #f fl4 oz4 of water4 ,most of the vegetable infusions and decoctions will readily pass the filter1 after a very small quantity of acetic1 nitric1 or sulphuric acid has been added to them4 ,the most obstinate may be rendered 'brilliant1' or 'candle bright1' as the 'cellarmen' call it1 by shaking them up1 first with about a drachm of dilute sulphuric acid1 and afterwards with the whites of #c or #d eggs1 previously mixed with a few ounces of water1 for each gallon of the liquid4 ,this plan is1 however1 objectionable for many medicinal preparations4 ,as many infusions which are occasionally employed in medicine must necessarily escape being separately noticed in this work1 it may be as well to remark that the infusions of all vegetables that do not exert a very powerful action on the human frame as ordinary herbs and roots may be made by pouring #a pint of boiling water on #a oz4 of the vegetable matter1 and allowing it to macerate for #a_/b an hour to an hour4 ,the decoctions of the same vegetables may be made by simply boiling the above ingredients1 in the same proportions1 for #aj or #ae minutes1 instead of operating by mere infusion4 ,with substances of somewhat greater activity1 only half the above quantity should be taken2 whilst1 with the narcotic plants and those possessing great activity1 #a to #b dr4 to water1 #a pint1 will be the proper quantity4 ,the ordinary dose of such infusions and decoctions is #a_/b to #a wine-glassful 7#a to #b fl4 oz471 two1 three1 or four times a day1 as the case may indicate4 ,infusion is preferred for all bodies of a delicate texture1 which readily yield their active principles to water2 and especially when these are either volatile or liable to be injured by the heat of ebullition4 ,the simple infusions are now less frequently made by the druggist than formerly4 ,in most cases he merely furnishes the ingredients1 and the infusions are prepared by either the nurse or patient1 by whom they are commonly called ',,teas1' asterism ,the following list embraces most of the infusions used in prescribing or noticed in books4 ,where the proportions of the ingredients are not given1 #a oz4 of the medicinal substance and #a pint of boiling water are to be taken1 and the dose is that referred to above4 ,infusion of ,agrim'ony4 ,syn4 ,,agrimony ,,tea2 ,,infusum ,,agrimonii1 ,l4 ,from the fresh tops before the flowers are formed4 ,vermifuge4--,dose4 ,a teacupful #c or #d times a day2 also used as an astringent gargle and lotion4 ,for internal use1 an equal weight of liquorice root 7sliced7 is commonly added4 ,infusion of ,al'kaline4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,alkalinum1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,beasley47 ,hickory ash1 #a pint2 wood soot1 #a_/d pint2 boiling water1 #a gall42 in #bd hours decant the clear4 ,a popular remedy in ,america for dyspepsia with acidity4 ,infusion of ,alkaline4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,alkalinum4 ,prep4 ,hickory ash1 #a lb42 wood soot1 #a_/d lb42 boiling water1 #a_/b gall4 ,let them stand #bd hours1 and decant4 ,a wine-glassful three or four times a day4 ,this is simply another form of the previous preparation4 ,infusion of ,al'oes4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,alo,s1 ,d4 ,prep4 #a4 ,from hepatic or ,socotrine aloes 7in powder71 #b dr42 carbonate of potassa1 #a-a_/b dr42 boiling water1 #a pint4 #b4 7,compound2 ,,infusum ,,alo,s ,,compositum1 ,l47--a4 ,as the ,,compound ,,decoction ,,of ,a4 7,ph4 ,l471 but using only a pint of boiling water4 b4 7,fothergill47 ,calumba and rhubarb1 of each1 #a oz42 aloes1 #b dr42 lime water1 #af fl4 oz42 spirit of horseradish1 #a fl4 oz42 macerate in the cold for #ab hours1 and strain4 ,the last three1 like the decoction1 are aperient1 antacid1 stomachic1 tonic1 and emmenagogue4--,dose1 #a tablespoonful to a small wine-glassful1 in water4 ,the last one is an admirable medicine in dyspepsia1 loss of appetite1 and troublesome constipation4 ,infusion of ,amer'ican ,calum'ba4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,fraser1 ,l4 ,from the dried root of ,american calumba 7,frasera ,carolinensis74 ,a pure1 powerful1 and excellent bitter1 destitute of aroma1 and fully equal to gentian4 7,lindley47 ,infusion of ,amer'ican ,cen'taury4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,sabatii1 ,l4 ,from the herb 7,sabbatia angularis74 ,a pure bitter tonic1 without astringency or aroma4 ,infusion of ,amer'ican ,sen'na4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,cassi ,,marylandic1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,martin47 ,leaves of ,american or wild senna 7,cassia ,marylandica71 #a-a_/b oz42 coriander seed1 #a dr42 boiling water1 #a pint4 ,purgative4 ,infusion of ,angel'ica4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,angelic1 ,l4 ,from the root of garden angelica4 ,a warm stomachic and diaphoretic2 and1 in large doses1 aperient4 ,it is a popular remedy in dyspepsia1 flatulent colic1 and heartburn4 ,infusion of ,aniseed4 ,syn4 ,,aniseed ,,tea2 ,,infusum ,,anisi1 ,l4 ,carminative2 an excellent adjunct to purgatives1 to prevent griping2 given to infants to relieve colic1 c4 ,dr ,prout recommends the use of water at #abj or #abe ,fahr4 ,infusion1 ,antiscorbu'tic4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,antiscorbuticum1 ,,mistura ,,antiscorbutica1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,water trefoil 7,menyanthes trifoliata71 #a oz42 orange peel1 #b dr42 boiling water1 #a quart2 infuse for #h or #aj hours1 strain1 and add of compound spirit of horseradish1 #e fl4 oz4 ,in scurvy4 ,infusion of ,ar'nica4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,arnic1 ,l4 #a4 ,from the flowers of mountain arnica or ,german leopard's bane 7,arnica montana74 ,cottereau orders #a oz41 ,dr ,pereira #a_/b oz41 and ,dr ,a4 ,t4 ,thomson1 #a_/d oz4 of the flowers to the pint4 ,the first is the usual quantity4 ,the dose of the first is a tablespoonful2 of the second1 #a_/b to #a fl4 oz42 of third1 #a_/b to #a wine-glassful4 #b4 7,compound2 ,,infusum ,,arnic ,,compositum1 ,l4--,ph4 ,copenh47 ,flowers of arnica1 #a dr42 peppermint1 #b dr42 chamomiles1 #a_/b oz42 boiling water1 #a_/b pint4--,dose1 #a fl4 oz4 ,as the last4 ,infusion of ,arnica-root4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,arnics ,,radicis1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,castr4 ,ruth47 ,arnica root1 #dj gr42 water1 #a lb4--,dose1 #a fl4 oz4 ,as the above4 ,infusion1 ,astrin'gent4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,astringens1 ,,mistura ,a41 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,from oak-bark4 #b4 ,infusion of cusparia1 #ag fl4 oz42 tincture of catechu or kino1 #a fl4 oz42 powdered ipecacuanha1 #a dr42 powdered opium1 #ab gr42 mix4 ,in diarrhoea1 c4 ,it must be well shaken before pouring out the dose4 ,infusion of ,balm4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,meliss1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,plenck47 ,fresh herb1 #e dr42 boiling water1 #a pint2 infuse for fifteen minutes4 ,infusion of ,aya-pana1 ,compound 7,dr ,camera74 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,ay-,,pan ,,compositum4 ,prep4 ,leaves of ,brazilian aya-pana1 #b dr42 aniseed1 #a dr42 boiling water1 #b pints4 ,infusion of ,bar'berry4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,barberis1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,dr ,copland47 ,from the bark of the barberry shrub 7,berberis vulgaris74 ,in jaundice1 biliary fluxes1 and other cases where heat and acrimony prevail2 either alone or combined with a little carbonate of soda or potassa1 and tincture of calumba4 ,infusion of ,bark4 ,see ,,infusion ,,of ,,cinchona4 ,infusion of ,bay-leaves4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,lauri1 ,i4 ,,lauri ,,nobilis1 ,l4 ,from the leaves or the berries of the sweet bay 7,laurus nobilis74 ,aromatic1 stimulant1 and emmenagogue2 in very large doses1 emetic and poisonous4 ,it is chiefly given in colic1 flatulence1 paralysis of the extremities1 and obstructed menstruation4 ,infusion of ,bearberry 7,b4 ,p47 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,uv ,,ursi4 ,prep4 ,infuse bearberry leaves1 bruised1 #a_/b oz42 in boiling distilled water1 #aj oz42 in a covered vessel for #b hours1 and strain4 ,infusion of ,beef4 ,see ,,essence1 ,,tea1 c4 ,infusion of ,belladon'na4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,belladonn4 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,dr ,paris47 ,leaves of deadly nightshade 7dried71 #d gr42 boiling water1 #b fl4 oz42 for a dose4 #b4 7,compound2--,dr ,saunders47 ,leaves 7dried71 #a_/b dr42 boiling water1 #ab fl4 oz42 infuse1 strain1 and to every #g fl4 oz4 of the infusion add of compound tincture of cardamoms1 #a fl4 oz4 ,infusion of ,bis'tort4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,bistort1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,radius47 ,bistort or snake-weed root 7,poligonum ,bistorta71 #a_/b oz42 boiling water1 #a pint2 infuse #b hours1 and strain4 ,in passive hmorrhages4 ,infusion of ,black ,snake-root4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,cimicifug ,,racemos1 ,l4 ,in dropsy1 rheumatism1 and chest complaints4 ,infusion of ,blessed ,thistle4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,cardui ,,benedicti1 ,l4 ,from the whole herb4 ,in small doses it is diaphoretic2 in larger ones1 tonic1 stomachic1 and deobstruent2 taken warm1 it is occasionally given to promote the action of emetics4 ,the properties of carduus benedictus are such as to lead us to the belief that it has been superseded by other not more efficacious remedies4 7,lindley47 ,infusion of ,blood-root4 ,syn4 ,,infusion ,,of ,,puccoon2 ,,infusum ,,sanguinari1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,blood-root 7,sanguinaria ,canadensis71 #a_/b oz42 boiling water1 #a pint4 ,stimulant and emetic4 ,infusion of ,blue ,flag4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,iridis ,,versicoloris1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,from the flowers of blue flag 7,iris versicolor74--#b4 ,from the root of rhizomes4 ,the first is used chiefly for its rich colour1 as a test1 c42 the second is diuretic and cathartic1 and apt to produce distressing nausea and prostration4 ,infusion of ,bone'set4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,eupatorii1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s47 ,from the dried leaves and flowers of boneset or thorough-wort 7,eupatorium perfoliatum74 ,diaphoretic1 nauseant1 and emetic when warm2 tonic when cold4 #b4 7,compound2 ,,infusum ,,eupatorii ,,compositum1 ,l4--,ellis47 ,boneset and sage1 of each #a_/b oz42 cascarilla1 #a dr42 boiling water1 #a-a_/b pint2 infuse until cold1 and strain4 ,in hectic fever4 ,a wine-glassful of either of the above1 given hourly1 in these diseases1 until perspiration and nausea are induced1 has been highly recommended in influenza4 ,infusion of ,braz'il-wood4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,ligni ,,brasilinsis1 ,l4 ,from ground or rasped ,brazil wood4 ,when wanted to keep1 rectified spirit1 #c fl4 oz41 is added to every pint4 ,used for colouring1 and as a test4 ,infusion of ,broom4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,scoparii1 ,l4 ,see ,,decoction ,,of ,,broom4 ,infusion of ,bu'chu4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,buchu 7,b4 ,p471 ,i4 ,,bucku 7,ph4 ,e471 ,i4 ,,diosm1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,from bruised buchu leaves1 #a oz42 boiling distilled water1 #a pint2 infuse for an hour and strain4 ,diuretic1 sudorific1 tonic2 in dyspepsia1 c42 but chiefly in chronic affections of the bladder and urethra attended with copious secretion4--,dose1 #a to #b oz4 #b4 7,compound2 ,,infusum ,,buchu ,,compositum1 ,i4 ,,diosm ,c41 ,l4--7,radius47 ,leaves of buchu and whortleberry1 of each #a_/b oz42 boiling water1 #h oz4 7say #a_/b pint72 digest for half an hour1 strain1 and add of syrup of senega1 #a_/b fl4 oz4--,dose1 #a or #b table-spoonfuls every hour2 in atony of the bladder and mucous discharges4 ,infusion of ,buck'bean4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,menyanthis1 ,l4 ,from the herb or root of buckbean or marsh trefoil 7,menyanthes trifoliata74 ,bitter1 stomachic1 tonic1 and diuretic2 in large doses1 purgative1 vermifuge1 and emetic4 ,it has been recommended in agues1 gout1 dropsy1 scurvy1 worms1 c4 ,the chief consumption of this plant is by the brewers2 #b oz4 being equal to #a lb4 of hops4 7,gray47 ,infusion of ,bur'dock4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,bardan1 ,l4 ,from the root of common burdock4 ,aperient1 diuretic1 diaphoretic1 and tonic2 in gout1 rheumatism1 skin diseases1 c4 ,see ,,decoction and ,,extract4 ,infusion of ,calum'ba4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,calumb 7,b4 ,p47 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,calumba1 in coarse powder1 #a oz42 cold distilled water1 #b oz42 macerate one hour1 and strain4 ,infusion of calumba is a good tonic and stomachic bitter4--,dose1 #a to #c fl4 oz42 in dyspepsia1 c41 and for restraining vomiting and diarrhoea during pregnancy or dentition4 ,it is preferably joined with small doses of the carbonates of soda1 potassa1 ammonia1 or magnesia1 when there is acidity2 or with chalybeates1 when there is paleness and a low pulse2 with all of which substances it may be mixed without suffering any sensible alteration4 #b4 7,concentrated2 ,,infusum ,,calumb ,,concentratum1 ,l47--a4 ,calumba1 in coarse powder1 #e-a_/b oz42 cold distilled water1 #ab fl4 oz42 digest with frequent agitation1 for #c or #d hours1 then express the liquor1 and repeat the digestion with #e-a_/b fl4 oz4 more of tepid water2 after another hour1 express this portion also1 using as much force as possible2 next mix the liquors1 heat them quickly to the boiling-point in a shallow vessel1 and pour the infusion1 whilst still hot1 into a strong bottle1 and when it has cooled a little add of rectified spirit1 #d fl4 oz41 secure down the stopper or cork1 and agitate well for a few minutes2 the bottle must now be set aside for a week1 after which the clear portion is to be decanted from the dregs4 ,very superior4 b4 7,wholesale47 ,from calumba 7reduced to coarse powder71 #e-a_/d lbs42 rectified spirit1 #e pints2 7diluted with7 water1 #ab pints2 digest for a week1 or precede by displacement4 ,should there be any difficulty in obtaining it free from cloudiness1 the whites of #d or #e eggs1 previously mixed with about a #a_/d pint of cold water1 may be added to the infusion1 which1 after being well agitated for about ten minutes1 must be allowed to repose for #g or #h days1 and then decanted from the dregs4 ,should it not be perfectly transparent1 it may be filtered through blotting paper4--,product1 #bj lbs4 ,obs4 ,the concentrated infusion produced by the above formul is of very superior quality1 and has acquired an extensive sale in the wholesale trade4 #a part added to #e-a_/d parts of water makes a perfectly transparent liquid1 possessing exactly similar virtues to the ,,infusion ,,of ,,calumba--,b4 ,p4 ,infusion of ,canthar'ides4 ,syn4 ,,infusion ,,of ,,spanish ,,flies2 ,,infusum ,,cantharidis1 ,i4 ,,lytt1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,soubeiran47 ,spanish flies 7powdered7 #bj gr42 boiling water1 q4 s4 7about #c-a_/b fl4 oz47 to yield #c fl4 oz41 after expression and filtration4 ,infusion of ,cap'sicum4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,capsici1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,pereira47 ,capsicum 7powdered71 #a_/b oz42 boiling water1 #a pint4--,dose1 #a_/b fl4 oz4 #b4 7,stephen's ',,pepper ,,medicine'--,pereira47 ,red pepper 7,capsicum fructescens71 #b table-spoonfuls 7or #c of cayenne pepper72 common salt1 #b teaspoonfuls2 boiling water1 #a_/b pint2 to the strained liquor1 when cold1 add of very sharp vinegar1 #a_/b pint4--,dose1 #a table-spoonful1 slowly swallowed1 every half hour1 in cholera1 malignant sore throat1 scarlatina1 c4 ,infusion of ,car'away4 ,syn4 ,,caraway ,,tea2 ,,infusum ,,carui1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from bruised caraway seed1 #c dr42 boiling water1 #a pint4 ,in the flatulent colic of infants1 and as an adjunct to aperient medicine4 ,infusion of ,car'rot ,seed4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,dauci1 ,i4 ,,carot1 ,l4 ,diuretic2 in dropsy and nephritic complaints2 #a_/b to #a pint being taken daily4 ,infusion of ,cascaril'la4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,cascarill 7,b4 ,p471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,cascarilla1 in coarse powder1 #a oz42 boiling distilled water1 #aj oz42 infuse for one hour in a closed vessel and strain4--,dose4 #a to #b oz41 usually combined with carbonate of soda and tincture of cascarilla4 ,it is an excellent medicine in dyspepsia1 debility1 diarrhoea1 c4 #b4 7,concentrated2 ,,infusum ,,cascarill ,,concentratum1 ,l47--a4 ,cascarilla 7good and fragrant1 bruised71 #f-a_/b lbs42 rectified spirit of wine1 #c pints2 cold water1 #f pints2 macerate in a close vessel for #ad days1 express the liquor1 and filter4 b4 ,as the last1 but proceeding by the process of percolation4 ,obs4 ,if the preceding processes are well managed1 the product is #aj lbs41 and resembles brandy in colour and transparency1 and is delightfully fragrant4 #a part of this infusion mixed with #f-a_/b parts of water makes a preparation exactly resembling the ,,infusion ,,of ,,calumba--,b4 ,p4 #c4 7,alkaline2 ,,infusum ,,cascarill ,,alkalisatum1 ,l4--,ph4 ,palat47 ,cascarilla1 #c oz42 carbonate of potassa1 #b dr42 boiling water1 #af fl4 oz4 ,antacid and tonic4--,dose1 l tablespoonful4 ,infusion of ,cas'sia4 ,syn4 ,,cassia ,,tea2 ,,infusum ,,cassia ,,fistul1 ,l42 ,,eau ,,de ,,casse1 ,fr4 ,prep4 7,soubeiran47 ,cassia pods 7bruised71 #d oz42 boiling water1 #a-a_/b pint4 ,laxative4 ,infusion of ,cate'chu4 ,syn4 ,,compound ,,infusion ,,of ,,catechu2 ,,infusum ,,catechu 7,b4 ,p471 ,l4 ,prep4 7,b4 ,p47 ,catechu in coarse powder1 #afj gr41 cinnamon1 bruised1 #dj gr41 boiling water1 macerate for half an hour in a covered vessel1 and strain4 ,astringent in diarrhoea4--,dose1 #a to #b oz4 three or four times a day1 or after every liquid dejection4 ,infusion of ,catmint4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,catari4 ,prep4 ,dry catmint1 #b oz42 boiling water1 #a pint4 ,infusion of ,cayenne ,pep'per4 ,see ,,infusion ,,of ,,capsicum4 ,infusion of ,cen'taury4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,centauri1 ,l4 ,from the flowering tops of common or lesser centaury 7,erytha centaurium74 ,bitter1 febrifuge1 stomachic1 and vermifuge4 ,a popular remedy in obstructions1 jaundice1 debility1 dyspepsia1 c42 and externally1 for the itch1 and to destroy pediculi4 ,an infusion is also made of the root1 which is about one half more powerful than the tops4 ,the plant is a valuable native medicine2 in the places where it grows it is carefully collected for use in rustic pharmacy4 7,lindley47 ,infusion1 ,cephal'ic4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,cephalicum1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,edin4 ,hosp47 ,valerian root1 #b oz42 rosemary tops1 #d dr42 boiling water1 #a quart1 infuse #ab hours1 strain1 and add aromatic water1 #d fl4 oz4 ,as an antispasmodic1 and in various affections of the head4 ,infusion of ,cham'omile4 ,syn4 ,,chamomile ,,tea2 ,,infusum ,,anthemidis 7,b4 ,p47 ,i4 ,,cham,,meli1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,chamomile flowers1 #a_/b oz42 boiling water1 #aj oz42 infuse for fifteen minutes1 and strain4 ,tonic1 bitter1 and stomachic2 also emetic4 ,it should be drunk cold1 as it is emetic when warm4--,dose4 ,as a stomachic1 #a to #c oz42 as an emetic1 #e to #aj oz4 #b4 7,concentrated2 ,,infusum ,,anthemidis ,,concentratum1 ,l4 ,from chamomiles1 #e-a_/b oz41 water2 #a pint2 boil till the mixture weighs exactly #ba oz41 express the liquor by means of a powerful tincture-press1 cool1 and add of essential oil of chamomile1 #ae drops1 dissolved in rectified spirit1 #e fl4 oz4 agitate well1 let it repose until the next day1 then decant the clear1 and filter4 ,strongly bitter and odorous1 and beautifully transparent4 #e-a_/b times as strong as the ordinary ,,infusion--,b4 ,p4 ,infusion of ,chamomile and ,orange 7,dr ,percival74 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,anthemidis ,,et ,,aurantii4 ,prep4 ,chamomile flowers1 #a oz42 dried orange peel1 #a_/b oz42 cold water1 #c lbs42 macerate for #bd hours4 ,infusion of ,cher'ry-laurel4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,lauro-,,cerasi1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,dr ,cheston47 ,fresh leaves of the common or cherry-laurel 7,cerasus ,lauro-cerasus74 #b-a_/b oz42 boiling water1 #a pint2 infuse1 strain1 and add of clarified honey1 #b-a_/b oz4 ,as a lotion in cancer of the lip1 and as a wash for malignant ulcers4 ,infusion of ,chiret'ta4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,chirat1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,chiretta1 cut small1 #a oz42 distilled water1 at #abj ,f41 #dj oz42 infuse half an hour1 and strain4--,dose1 #a to #b oz4 ,obs4 ,chiretta is a pure tonic bitter1 closely allied to gentian1 and has been long esteemed in the ,east ,indies as a remedy for acidity1 flatulence1 and dyspepsia1 especially when occurring in gouty or debilitated habits4 ,it is usually given in combination with carbonate of soda or salts of iron4 ,the whole of the plant is employed4 #b4 7,concentrated2 ,,infusum ,,chirett ,,concentratum1 ,l47 ,from ,chiretta1 #d oz42 for each pint of the product1 prepared as either ,,conc4 ,,infusion ,,of ,,calumba or ,,cascarilla4 ,eight times as strong as the common infusion4 ,infusion of ,cincho'na4 ,syn4 ,,infusion ,,of ,,bark1 ,,infusum ,,cinchon1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,yellow cinchona 7calisaya7 bark1 in coarse powder1 #a oz42 boiling distilled water1 #a pint2 infuse for two hours in a covered vessel1 and strain4 ,obs4 ,infusion of bark is tonic and stomachic1 and in very large doses febrifuge4 ,it is an extremely useful medicine in dyspepsia1 debility1 and during convalescences1 and is often a valuable adjunct to more active remedies4 ,like the decoction1 it is most energetic when strained whilst hot4 ,the addition of #a fl4 dr4 of diluted sulphuric acid to the water before pouring it on the bark increases its solvent power1 and1 consequently the strength of the infusion4--,dose1 #a to #c fl4 oz4 #b4 7,concentrated2 ,,infusum ,,cinchon ,,concentratum1 ,l47--a4 ,yellow bark 7coarsely powdered71 #d lbs42 boiling water1 #h lbs42 digest for #ab hours1 express the liquid1 add rectified spirit1 #b lbs41 and after #bd hours' repose decant the clear portion4 b4 ,yellow bark 7in coarse powder71 #d lbs42 cold water1 #h lbs42 rectified spirit1 #b lbs42 dilute sulphuric acid1 #d fl4 oz42 mix the fluids1 and either macerate the bark in them for a week in a closed vessel1 or proceed by the method of displacement4 ,very superior4 ,obs4 #a fl4 dr4 of either of the above1 added to #g fl4 dr4 of water1 produces an extemporaneous infusion of cinchona resembling that of the pharmacopoeia4 ,the concentrated preparation of the ,ph4 ,l4 being more than #h times the usual strength1 is placed amongst ,,liquors4 #c4 ,from ,,pale ,,bark3--a4 7,ph4 ,l41 ,,infusion ,,of ,,pale ,,cinchona2 ,,infusum ,,cinchon ,,pallid--,ph4 ,l47 ,from pale bark1 as ,,infusion ,,of ,,cinchona--,ph4 ,l4 b4 7,ph4 ,d42 ,,infusum ,,cinchon--,ph4 ,d47 ,crown or pale bark1 #a oz42 boiling water1 #a_/b pint2 infuse #a hour in a covered vessel1 and strain through paper4 ,obs4 ,this infusion is inferior to the preceding 7from yellow bark7 in activity1 and is a very unnecessary one4 ,it is said to oppress the stomach less than that of the other cinchona bark2 the reason is obvious--it is weaker4 7,pereira47 c4 ,concentrated2 ,,infusum ,,cinchon ,,pallid ,,concentratum1 ,l4 ,as ,,concentrated ,,infusion ,,of ,,cinchona1 but using pale bark4 ,the concentrated preparation of the ,ph4 ,l4 will be found under ,,liquors4 ,infusion of ,cin'namon4 ,syn4 ,,cinnamon ,,tea2 ,,infusum ,,cinnamomi1 ,l4 ,in flatulence1 dyspepsia1 and nervous colics4 ,infusion of ,cloves4 ,syn4 ,,clove ,,tea2 ,,infusum ,,caryophyllorum1 ,i4 ,,cariophylli 7,b4 ,p471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,cloves 7bruised71 #a oz42 boiling distilled water1 #bj oz42 infuse for half an hour1 and strain4 ,aromatic1 stimulant1 and stomachic1 either alone or in combination2 in colic1 dyspepsia1 gout1 c4--,dose1 #a to #b oz4 #b4 7,concentrated3 ,,infusum ,,caryophylli ,,concentratum1 ,l47--a4 ,bruised cloves1 #c oz42 boiling water1 #af fl4 oz42 infuse as above and strain2 when cold1 add of rectified spirit #a_/d pint1 and filter4 b4 ,bruised cloves1 #a-c_/d lb42 rectified spirit1 #a quart2 cold water1 #c quarts2 macerate for #g days1 and express the liquid2 sprinkle the marc with water1 #ab fl4 oz41 and after the lapse of an hour again submit it to the press2 lastly filter the mixed liquors4 ,very fine4 ,the above are about eight times the strength of the ,,infusion ,,of ,,cloves4--,ph4 ,l4 ,infusion of ,cof'fee4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,caffei1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,dr ,mc,bride47 ,unroasted coffee berries 7bruised71 #cj in no42 cold water1 #a quart2 macerate #b or #c hours4 ,in calculus1 c4--,dose1 #a_/b pint every morning4 ,obs4 ,sir ,j4 ,floyer and ,sir ,j4 ,pringle cured asthma with a strong solution of roasted coffee4 ,m4 ,bouchardat prescribes a strong infusion made by displacement 7percolation71 and mixed with a little brandy1 in poisoning by opium and other like narcotics1 after the administration of emetics and ioduretted water4 ,m4 ,honore also employs very strong-made coffee in albuminuria4 ,clausen gives it in gout1 and ,parker employs it as a nervous stimulant in lieu of ammonia and wine1 for persons of a slightly sensitive and excitable temperament4 ,infusion of ,contrayer'va4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,contrayerv1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,pereira47 ,contrayerva 7in powder71 #a oz42 boiling water1 #ab fl4 oz4 ,stimulant1 tonic1 and diaphoretic2 in low fevers1 c4 ,infusion of ,copal'che ,bark4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,copalchi ,,corticis1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,dr ,stark47 ,bark of copalche bush 7,croton pseudo-,china71 #a_/b oz42 boiling water1 #a pint2 digest #b hours1 and strain4 ,a warm bitter and stomachic4 ,infusion of ,cor'sican ,moss4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,helminthocorti1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,farr47 ,corsican moss1 #e dr41 boiling water1 #a pint2 macerate for #aj or #ab hours1 and strain4 ,ad libitum in cancer4 ,see ,,decoction4 ,infusion of ,cotula4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,cotul4 ,from dried flowers of ,anthemio cotula1 as infusion of chamomiles4 ,infusion of ,cuspa''ria4 ,syn4 ,,infusion ,,of ,,angostura ,,bark2 ,,infusum ,,cuspari 7,b4 ,p471 ,i4 ,,angustur1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,b4 ,p47 ,cusparia1 in coarse powder1 #a oz42 distilled water1 at #abj1 #bj oz42 infuse #b hours1 and strain4 ,stimulant and tonic2 in typhus fever1 bilious diarrhoea1 dysentery1 c4 ,infusion of ,daf''fodil4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,narcissi ,,pseudo-,,narcissi1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,dufresnoy47 ,flowers of daffodil 7,narcissus pseudo-,narcissus71 #c to #af in no42 boiling water1 #a pint4 ,expectorant1 nauseant1 and emetic4 ,in hooping-cough4 ,infusion of ,dah''lia ,pe'tals4 ,from the violet or blue varieties4 ,used for its colour and as a test4 ,infusion of ,dandeli'on4 ,syn4 ,,infusion ,,of ,,taraxacum2 ,,infusum ,,taraxaci1 ,l4 #a4 ,from the sliced root4 ,stimulant1 resolvent1 and tonic4 #b4 7,concentrated2 ,,infusum ,,taraxaci ,,concentratum1 ,l47 ,from the root 7sliced71 #a lb42 exposed to a current of warm dry air until crisp1 then coarsely pulverised1 and digested for a week in a mixture of rectified spirit1 #ab fl4 oz42 cold water1 #a-a_/b pint4 #h times the usual strength4 #c4 7,compound2 ,,infusum ,,taraxaci ,,compositum1 ,l4--,meigs47 ,infusion of dandelion1 #d fl4 oz42 extract of do41 #b dr42 sesquicarbonate of soda1 #a_/b dr42 tartrate of potassa1 #c dr42 tincture of rhubarb1 #c fl4 dr42 tincture of henbane1 #bj drops4 ,in dropsical and visceral affections4--,dose4 ,one third part thrice daily4 ,see ,,decoction1 ,,extract1 c4 ,infusion of ,digita'lis4 ,see ,,infusion ,,of ,,foxglove4 ,infusion1 ,diuret'ic4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,diureticum1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,broom tops1 #a oz42 boiling water1 #a pint2 infuse #a hour1 strain1 cool1 and add of sweet spirits of nitre1 #c fl4 dr4--,dose4 ,a wine-glassful every other hour4 #b4 ,infusion of foxglove1 #a fl4 oz42 tincture of foxglove1 #a_/b fl4 dr42 acetate of potassa1 #a dr42 laudanum1 #aj drops4--,dose1 #a table-spoonful twice or thrice a day1 carefully watching the effects4 #c4 ,juniper berries1 #b oz42 aniseed1 #a_/d oz42 boiling water1 #a pint2 infuse #a hour2 strain1 and when cold1 add of compound spirit of juniper1 #b fl4 oz42 tincture of squills1 #a fl4 dr42 nitre1 #a dr4--,dose1 #a_/b a teacupful frequently4 ,all the above are used as diuretics in dropsy4 ,see ,,infusions ,,of ,,broom1 ,,foxglove1 and ,,juniper4 ,infusion of ,dog'wood4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,cornus ,,florid1 ,l4 ,from the bark of ,american dogwood 7,cornus ,florida74 ,see ,,decoction4 ,infusion of ,dulcamara 7,b4 ,p474 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,dulcamar4 ,prep4 ,infuse bruised dulcamara1 #a oz42 in #aj fluid ounces of boiling water in a covered vessel for #a hour2 and strain4--,dose1 #a oz4 to #b oz4 ,infusion of ,el'der ,flowers4 ,syn4 ,,elder-,,flower ,,tea2 ,,infusum ,,sambuci ,,florum1 ,l4 ,from the picked flowers1 #a_/b oz42 boiling water1 #a pint4 ,pectoral1 expectorant1 and diaphoretic1 either alone or sweetened with honey4 ,infusion of ,elecampane4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,inul4 ,prep4 ,elecampane root1 #e dr42 boiling water1 #a pint2 infuse for two hours1 and strain4 ,infusion of ,elm-bark4 ,syn4 ,,compound ,,inul1 ,l4 ,diaphoretic1 expectorant1 and tonic4 ,,fusion ,,of ,,elm-,,bark2 ,,infusum ,,ulmi ,,compositum1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,cadet47 ,elm-bark1 bitter-sweet1 burdock1 and fumitory1 of each #b dr42 boiling water1 #a pint2 digest for #d hours1 strain1 and add of syrup of sarsaparilla1 #a oz4 ,the whole to be taken in #bd hours1 in divided doses in the chronic exanthemata4 ,see ,,decoction4 ,infusion of ,er'got of ,rye4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,ergot 7,b4 ,p474 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,ergot1 #a1 in coarse powder1 #a oz42 boiling distilled water1 #dj oz42 infuse #a_/b an hour in a covered vessel1 and strain4 ,should be made fresh when required4--,dose1 #a to #b oz4 every #a_/b hour or hour1 as a parturient4 ,also as an injection for gleet4 #b4 7,concentrated47 ,see ,,liquor ,,of ,,ergot4 ,infusion of ,eucalyptus4 7,griffiths47 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,eucalypti ,,globuli4 ,prep4 ,cut leaves of ,eucalyptus globulus1 #b dr42 boiling water1 #d oz42 infuse and strain4 ,take morning and evening4 ,infusion of ,fen'nel4 ,syn4 ,,fennel ,,tea2 ,,infusum ,f,,oe,,niculi1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from sweet fennel-seeds1 #a_/b oz42 boiling water1 #a pint4 ,in griping and windy colic of infants2 a few drops to #a_/b a teaspoonful for a dose1 or a little by way of enema4 ,infusion of ,flax-seed4 ,see ,,infusion ,,of ,,linseed4 ,infusion of ,fleabane4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,erigeromis ,,canadensis4 ,prep4 ,canadian fleabane1 #a oz42 boiling water1 #af oz4 ,diuretic and astringent4 ,infusion of ,fox'glove4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,digitalis 7,b4 ,p471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,digitalis1 dried1 #cj gr42 distilled water1 #aj oz42 infuse #a hour1 and strain4--,dose1 #a_/d to #a_/b oz4 #b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,foxglove 7dried71 #b dr42 boiling water1 #ah fl4 oz42 spirit of cinnamon1 #b fl4 oz4 #c4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,foxglove 7dried and reduced to a coarse powder71 #a dr42 boiling water1 #i fl4 oz42 infuse #a hour4 ,the product should measure about #h fl4 oz4 ,the last two are of double the strength of the infusion ,ph4 ,l41 and the dose must consequently be only #b to #d fl4 dr4 ,i believe this1 when properly made1 to be the most effectual of the preparations of foxglove4 7,pereira47 ,see ,,foxglove4 ,infusion of ,fu'mitory4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,fumari1 ,l4 ,from the herbaceous portion of common fumitory 7,fumaria officinalis74 ,aperient and diaphoretic2 in obstinate skin diseases and chronic obstructions of the liver4 ,infusion of ,galls4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,gall1 ,l4 #a4 ,from ,aleppo galls1 coarsely powdered4 ,in diarrhoea1 hmorrhages1 c42 also freely1 in cases of poisoning by the alkaloids2 and diluted with #c or #d times its volume of water1 for injections1 embrocations1 gargles1 c4 #b4 7,compound2 ,,infusum ,,gall ,,compositum1 ,,mistura ,,gall1 ,l4--,ellis47 ,infusion of galls1 #d fl4 oz42 prepared chalk1 #a_/b oz42 powdered gum1 #a dr42 tincture of opium1 #a_/b fl4 dr4--,dose1 #a table-spoonful every #b hours1 in diarrhoea1 c4 ,infusion of ,gar'lic4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,allii1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,white47 ,garlic 7recent71 #a_/b lb42 water1 #d lbs42 place them in a covered pot1 set it in a very slow oven for #c or #d hours1 and when cold1 express the fluid portion4--,dose4 ,in epilepsy1 #b teaspoonfuls before and after every meal2 in chronic diarrhoea1 a teaspoonful after every motion4 ,infusion of ,gen'tian4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,gentian1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,beral47 ,gentian 7bruised71 #b dr42 boiling water1 #a pint2 infuse #e or #f hours1 and strain4 ,stomachic4 #b4 7,compound2 ,,infusum ,,gentian ,,compositum--,b4 ,p47 ,prep4 a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,gentian1 sliced1 #a oz42 orange peel1 cut small1 #a oz42 lemon peel 7fresh71 #b oz42 boiling distilled water1 #a pint2 infuse for an hour in a covered vessel1 and strain4--,dose1 #a to #b oz4 b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,sliced gentian root1 #a_/b oz42 bitter orange peel 7dried and bruised7 and coriander seeds1 of each #a dr42 proof spirit1 #d fl4 oz42 digest for #c hours1 then add of cold water1 #af fl4 oz41 and in #ab hours more strain4 c4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,gentian and dried orange peel1 of each #b dr42 boiling water1 #a_/b pint2 macerate #a hour1 and strain4--,dose of the last two1 #a_/b to #a fl4 oz4 #c4 7,concentrated ,compound2 ,,infusum ,,gentian ,,comp4 ,,concentratum1 ,l47--a4 ,gentian root 7bruised71 #d-a_/b lbs42 boiling water1 q4 s4 to cover it2 infuse with occasional agitation for #b hours1 express the liquor1 wash the marc with a little boiling water1 and evaporate to #ac quarts2 when cold1 strain through flannel1 add of rectified spirit1 #a gall41 and pour the mixed fluids on dried orange peel1 #d-a_/b lbs41 and fresh lemon peel1 #i lbs42 macerate for #a week1 then express the liquor in a powerful press1 and filter through paper4 b4 ,gentian and dried orange peel1 of each #d-a_/b lbs42 fresh lemon peel1 #i lbs42 cold distilled water1 #ac quarts2 rectified spirit1 #a gall42 macerate for #ad or #ae days1 with frequent agitation1 then express the liquid1 add #a dr4 each of the essential oils of lemon and orange1 agitate well1 and filter through paper4 c4 ,gentian1 #a-a_/d lb42 essence of lemon1 #a dr42 essence of orange1 #a_/b dr42 essence of cedrate1 #ae drops2 rectified spirit1 #a quart2 cold water1 #c quarts2 digest for #aj days and filter4 #d4 7,with ,,rhubarb2 ,,infusum ,,gentian ,,et ,,rhei1 ,,mistura ,,stomachica1 ,l47 ,from gentian and rhubarb 7bruised71 of each #b dr42 boiling water1 #a pint2 digest #a hour1 and strain2 to the cold infusion add of sesquicarbonate of ammonia1 #a dr4 ,an admirable medicine in dyspepsia1 hysteria1 loss of appetite1 constipation1 chronic rheumatism1 c4 ,infusion of ,gin'ger4 ,syn4 ,,ginger ,,tea2 ,,infusum ,,zingiberis1 ,l4 ,from the best unbleached ,jamaica ginger1 freshly bruised or grated4 ,in flatulence1 colic1 and indigestion4 ,infusion of ,gin'seng4 ,syn4 ,,ginseng ,,tea2 ,,infusum ,,ginseng1 ,i4 ,,radicis ,g41 ,l4 ,prep4 ,ginseng 7the root of ,panax ,schinseng71 #a_/b oz42 ginger 7grated71 #a dr42 boiling water1 #a pint2 macerate #a hour1 then add of cinnamon 7bruised71 #a_/b dr42 infuse for another hour1 and strain4 ,ginseng tea1 made according to the above formula1 has a wonderful reputation in ,china1 as a stimulant1 restorative1 and aphrodisiac4 ,in ,europe1 however1 it is merely regarded as an aromatic demulcent4 ,obs4 ,american ginseng 7the root of ,panax quinquefolium7 may be substituted for the ,asiatic product4 ,infusion of ,gold'thread4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,coptis1 ,l4 ,from the root of ,coptis trifolia4 ,bitter1 stomachic2 in dyspepsia1 and as a mouth-wash in thrush4 ,infusion of ,gua'co4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,guaco1 ,l4 ,from the bruised leaves and stems of guaco or huaco 7,mikania guaco74 ,sudorific and vulnerary2 reputed in ,south ,america to be a powerful remedy for the bites of venemous serpents and for hydrophobia1 but the trials in this country do not show it to be of any value in such cases4 ,infusion of ,guaiac'um4 ,syn4 ,,compound ,,infusion ,,of ,,guaiacum1 ,i4 ,,of ,,the ,,woods2 ,,infusum ,,guaiaci ,,compositum1 ,,aqua ,,benedicta ,,composita1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,d4 #ahbf47 ,guaiacum shavings1 #f oz42 bruised liquorice root1 #a oz42 sassafras bark1 #a_/b oz42 coriander seeds1 #c dr42 lime water1 #if fl4 oz4 7say #e pints72 infuse for #b days1 and strain4 ,dose1 #c to #d fl4 oz41 twice or thrice a day1 in scrofula1 rheumatism1 gout1 eruptions1 c4 ,infusion of ,gum4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,acaci1 ,l4 ,from gum acacia and lump sugar1 of each #b oz42 boiling water1 #a pint2 macerate until dissolved1 then cool1 and add of orange-flower water1 #a_/b fl4 oz4 ,a pleasant demulcent in coughs1 hoarseness1 c4 ,infusion of ,hedge ,hys'sop4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,gratiol1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,a4 ,t4 ,thomson47 ,hedge hyssop 7,gratiola officinalis71 dried1 #b dr42 boiling water1 #h fl4 oz4 ,cathartic1 diuretic1 emetic1 and vermifuge4--,dose1 #c to #f fl4 dr42 in dropsies1 gout1 jaundice1 c4 ,see ,,extract4 ,infusion of ,hem'lock4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,conii1 ,i4 ,,conii ,,maculati1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,guy's ,hosp47 ,dried leaves of hemlock1 and coriander seeds1 of each #b dr42 boiling water1 #h oz42 infuse for #b hours4 ,combined with acetate of ammonia1 tincture of henbane1 and syrup of poppies1 in pulmonary complaints1 c4 ,infusion of ,henbane4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,hyoscyami1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,from fresh leaves1 #a_/b oz42 boiling water1 #a pint4 ,as a lotion for painful ulcers1 swelled face1 c4 #b4 7,compound2 ,,henbane ,,fomentation2 ,,infusum ,,hyoscyami ,,compositum1 ,l4--,radius47 ,henbane leaves1 poppy heads1 and mallows1 of each #a oz42 boiling water1 #b quarts4 ,for painful ulcers1 and in facial neuralgia1 c4 ,infusion of ,hops4 ,syn4 ,,hop ,,tea2 ,,infusum ,,humuli1 ,i4 ,,lupuli 7,ph4 ,l471 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,hops1 #f dr42 boiling distilled water1 #a pint2 macerate for #d hours in a covered vessel 7press71 and strain4 ,tonic and anodyne4 ,well-hopped mild ale is a good substitute4 ,infusion of ,hore'hound4 ,syn4 ,,horehound ,,tea2 ,,infusum ,,marrubii1 ,l4 ,from the leaves2 demulcent1 pectoral2 a popular remedy in coughs1 colds1 hoarseness1 and chest affections generally1 taken freely4 ,infusion of ,horserad'ish4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,armoraci1 ,l4 #a4 ,from horseradish alone4 ,diuretic and stomachic4 #b4 7,compound2 ,,infusum ,,armoraci ,,compositum1 ,l4--,ph4 ,l47 ,horseradish 7sliced7 and mustard seed 7bruised71 of each #a oz42 boiling distilled water1 #a pint2 macerate for #b hours in a covered vessel1 strain1 and add of compound spirit of horseradish1 #a fl4 oz4 ,stimulant1 stomachic1 and diuretic2 in dropsies1 paralysis1 scurvy1 chronic rheumatism1 c4 ,infusion of ,hys'sop4 ,syn4 ,,hyssop ,,tea2 ,,infusum ,,hyssopi1 ,l4 #a4 ,from the leaves of ,hyssopus officinalis 7,linn47 ,stimulant1 stomachic1 emmenagogue1 and expectorant2 in dyspepsia1 flatulency1 hysterical affections1 c42 also used by boxers as a wash for black eyes4 #b4 7,compound2 ,,infusum ,,hyssopi ,,compositum1 ,l4--,ratier74 ,hyssop leaves1 #b-a_/b dr42 liquorice1 #b dr42 boiling water1 #a quart4 ,as a demulcent drink in catarrhal affections4 ,infusion of ,indian ,sarsaparil'la4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,hemidesmi1 ,l4 ,from ,indian or scented sarsaparilla 7,hemidesmus ,indicus74 ,dr ,ashburner orders it to be made with lime water 7cold72 but this plan is seldom followed4--,dose and uses1 same as those of infusion of sarsaparilla4 ,infusion of ,i'ron 7,bitter74 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,ferri ,,amarum1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,dr ,r4 ,e4 ,griffith47 ,iron filings1 #c oz42 gentian and ginger1 of each bruised1 #a oz42 orange peel1 #a_/b oz42 strong old cider1 #a pint2 infuse for a month1 frequently stirring1 and filter4--,dose1 #a_/b to #a dr41 #c or #d times daily1 as a chalybeate tonic4 ,infusion of ,ju'niper4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,juniperi1 ,i4 ,,bacc ,j41 ,l4 #a4 ,from the berries alone4 ,as a stimulant diuretic1 in dropsies c4 #b4 7,compound2 ,,infusum ,,juniperi ,,compositum1 ,l47--a4 7,guy's ,hosp47 ,juniper berries1 #b-a_/b oz42 boiling water1 #a pint2 to the strained solution1 when cold1 add1 of compound spirit of juniper1 #aj fl4 dr42 bitartrate of potassa1 #a dr4 b4 7,parrish47 ,ginger1 juniper berries1 and mustard1 of each bruised1 #a_/b oz42 horseradish and parsley root1 of each bruised1 #a oz42 cider1 #a quart2 infuse1 and strain with expression4 ,all the above are used in dropsies4 ,infusion of ,ki'no4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,kino1 ,l4 ,from kino1 #e dr42 boiling water1 #a pint4 ,in diarrhoea1 and diluted with #d or #e times its bulk of water1 as an injection in chronic gonorrhoea4 ,infusion of ,justitia4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,justici4 ,prep4 ,root of painted justicia1 #b dr42 boiling water1 #a pint2 infuse for #a hour4 ,infusion of ,kousso 7,b4 ,p47 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,cusso4 ,prep4 ,infuse kousso in fine powder1 #a_/b oz42 in boiling distilled water1 #h fl4 oz41 in a covered vessel for #ae minutes4 ,must not be strained4 ,infusion of ,lime ,flowers4 ,syn4 ,,linden-,,flower ,,tea2 ,,infusum ,,till1 ,l4 #a4 ,from the flowers of the lime or linden tree 7,tilia ,europa74 ,antispasmodic1 diaphoretic1 and cephalic4 #b4 7,compound2 ,,infusum ,,till ,,compositum1 ,l4--,foy47 ,chamomiles1 linden flowers1 and orange leaves1 of each #b dr42 boiling water1 #a quart2 infuse1 strain1 and add of syrup1 #b fl4 oz4 ,in nervous headaches1 c4 ,the above are much used on the ,continent4 ,infusion of ,lin'seed4 ,syn4 ,,linseed ,,tea1 ,,flaxseed ,t42 ,,infusum ,,lini 7,b4 ,p471 ,l4 ,prep4 7,b4 ,p47 ,linseed 7bruised74 #afj gr42 fresh liquorice root 7sliced71 #fj gr42 boiling distilled water1 #aj oz42 infuse for #d hours and strain4 ,a cheap and useful demulcent in pulmonary and urinary irritation2 especially in catarrhs1 gonorrhoea1 c42 ad libitum4 ,dr ,pereira recommends the addition of sliced lemon and sugar-candy1 to render it more palatable4 ,see ,,decoction4 ,infusion of ,liq'uorice4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,glycyrrhiz1 ,l4 ,from the fresh root1 sliced4 ,demulcent and laxative2 taken ad libitum4 ,infusion of ,lit'mus4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,lacmi1 ,l4 ,used for its colour1 and as a liquid test1 and to make test-paper4 ,infusion of ,lobelia4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,lobeli1 ,i4 ,l4 ,,inflat4 ,from lobelia or ,indian tobacco4 ,in asthmas chiefly4--,dose1 #a to #b table-spoonfuls every half-hour1 until it occasions nausea4 ,infusion of ,log'wood4 ,syn4 ,,logwood ,,tea2 ,,infusum ,h,,matoxyli1 ,l4 ,from logwood chips4 ,one of the best remedies known for simple diarrhoea arising from weakness2 also used as a colour and test4 ,see ,,decoction1 ,,extract1 c4 ,infusion 7,maiden-hair74 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,adianti1 ,l4 ,from either common maiden-hair 7,adiantum capillus ,veneris71 or ,canadian maiden-hair 7,adiantum pedatum74 ,they are both slightly bitter1 aromatic1 and pectoral4 ,the infusion forms an excellent demulcent drink in catarrhs4 ,infusion of ,malam'bo ,bark4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,corticis ,,malambo1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ure47 ,bark 7from ,croton ,malambo71 #b dr42 boiling water1 #a pint4 ,an aromatic tonic and astringent4 ,infusion of ,mallow ,flowers4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,malv ,,florum1 ,l4 ,pectoral and laxative4 ,chiefly used as a test4 ,infusion of ,malt4 ,syn4 ,,malt ,,tea1 ,,sweet ,,wort2 ,,infusum ,,bynes1 ,i4 ,,malti1 ,l4 ,prepared with hot water 7#afe to #agj ,fahr474 ,demulcent and laxative4 ,a useful drink in sore throat1 inflammatory fevers1 c4 ,some persons flavour it with sliced lemon4 ,infusion of ,ma''rygold4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,calendul1 ,l4 ,from the flowers of the common marygold 7,calendula officinalis74 ,carminative1 diaphoretic1 and emmenagogue4 ,it has been recently recommended in cancerous affections1 both internally and as a lotion4 ,radius adds syrup of orange peel to flavour it4 ,infusion of ,mat'ico4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,maticonis1 ,i4 ,,matic1 ,i4 ,,matico1 ,l4 #a4 ,from the leaves of the matico plant 7,artanthe elongata74 ,aromatic1 bitter1 stimulant1 and reputed hmostatic2 in internal hmorrhages and mucous discharges4 ,the ,indians of ,south ,america use it as an aphrodisiac4 7,martius47 #b4 ,compound2 ,,infusum ,,maticonis ,,compositum1 ,l4--,watmough47 ,matico and senna1 of each #b dr42 boiling water1 #a pint4 ,in hmorrhagic and other discharges1 piles1 c42 a wine-glassful repeatedly4 ,infusion of ,may-weed4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,cotul1 ,l4 ,from the dried flowers of may-weed or stinking chamomile 7,anthemis cotula74 ,bitter1 stomachic1 and diaphoretic2 in large doses1 emetic and sudorific2 chiefly in hysterical affections1 scrofula1 c4 ,infusion of ,mea'dow ,rue4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,thalictri ,,flavi1 ,l4 ,from the herb meadow rue 7,thalictrum flavum74 ,in hydrophobia1 taken plentifully4 ,infusion of ,mil'foil4 ,syn4 ,,yarrow ,,tea2 ,,infusum ,,millefolii1 ,l4 ,in dropsies1 and as a fomentation to bruises4 ,see ,,extract1 c4 ,infusion of ,mint4 ,syn4 ,,mint ,,tea4 #a4 7,ph4 ,d4--,,infusum ,,menth ,,simplex47 ,from the dried leaves of green or spearmint4 ,carminative and stomachic2 chiefly used as a vehicle for other medicines4 ,a wine-glassful ad libitum4 #b4 7,compound2 ,,infusum ,,menth ,,compositum47 ,to mint tea #f fl4 oz41 add of oil of spearmint1 #c drops1 previously triturated with lump sugar1 #b dr41 and dissolved in compound tincture of cardamoms1 #a_/b fl4 oz4 ,a useful remedy in colic1 flatulence1 c42 as the last4 ,infusion of ,mu'dar4 ,syn4 ,,infusion ,,of ,,mudar-,,bark2 ,,infusum ,,corticis ,,mudaris1 ,l4 ,from the root bark of ,calotropis gigantea4 ,resembles infusion of ipecacuanha4--,dose1 #a to #c teaspoonfuls1 as an alterative2 a wine-glassful as an emetic4 ,in the ,east ,indies it is highly esteemed in epilepsy1 hysteria1 syphilis1 convulsions1 and various spasmodic diseases4 ,infusion of ,net'tle ,seed4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,urtic ,,seminum1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,garde47 ,seed of common nettle 7,urtica dioica71 #b-a_/b dr42 boiling water1 #ah fl4 oz42 infuse #c hours1 strain1 and add of syrup1 #b fl4 oz4 ,astringent1 diuretic1 and pectoral4 ,infusion of ,nux ,vom'ica4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,nucis ,,vomic1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,hosp4 ,f47 ,nux vomica 7ground or rasped71 #a dr42 boiling water1 #a pint2 digest #c hours1 and strain4 ,it must be taken with caution1 and the effects watched4 ,see ,,extract1 ,,nux ,,vomica1 and ,,strychnine4 ,infusion of ,or'ange ,peel4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,aurantii1 ,b4 ,p4 ,prep4 #a4 ,dried bitter orange peel1 cut small1 #a oz42 boiling water1 #bj oz42 infuse for #ae minutes1 and strain4--,dose1 #a to #b oz4 ,bitter and stomachic4 #b4 7,compound2 ,,infusum ,,aurantii--,ph4 ,e41 ,i4 ,a4 ,,compositum--,ph4 ,l4 ,d41 ,l47--a4 7,ph4 ,l4 ,e47 ,dried bitter orange peel1 #a_/b oz42 fresh lemon peel1 #b dr42 cloves 7bruised71 #a dr42 boiling distilled water1 #a pint2 macerate for #ae minutes in a covered vessel1 and strain4 b4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,dried orange peel1 #c dr42 cloves1 #a_/b dr42 boiling water1 #a_/b pint2 macerate half an hour4 ,an agreeable stomachic4 ,it is chiefly employed as a vehicle for other medicines4 c4 7,b4 ,p47 ,dried bitter orange peel1 cut small1 #a_/b oz42 fresh lemon peel1 #abj gr42 cloves 7bruised71 #fj gr42 boiling water1 #bj oz4 ,infuse for #ae minutes1 and strain4--,dose1 #a to #b oz4 #c4 7,concentrated ,compound2 ,,infusum ,,aurantii ,,concentratum1 ,i4 ,a4 ,,com4 ,,conc41 ,l47--a4 ,seville orange peel 7dried71 #c-a_/d lbs42 fresh lemon peel1 #a-a_/b lb42 bruised cloves1 #c_/d lb42 boiling water1 #i pints2 infuse for #bj minutes1 press out the liquor1 and1 when cold1 add of rectified spirit1 #a quart1 and filter4 b4 ,dried orange peel1 #ah oz42 fresh lemon peel1 #a_/b lb42 bruised cloves1 #a_/d lb42 rectified spirit1 #a pint2 cold water1 #c pints2 macerate for #a week1 press1 and filter4 ,very superior4 ,obs4 #a fl4 dr4 of either of the above1 added to #g fl4 dr4 of water1 makes a similar 7preferable7 preparation to the ,,compound ,,infusion ,,of ,,orange ,,peel4--,ph4 ,l4 ,infusion of ,parei'ra4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,pareir 7,ph4 ,e4 ,d471 ,i4 ,p4 ,,brav1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,velvet leaf or pareira brava root1 #f dr42 boiling water1 #a pint2 macerate for #b hours in a lightly covered vessel1 and strain4 #b4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,pareira 7bruised and torn71 #a_/b oz42 boiling water1 #i fl4 oz42 macerate #a hour1 and strain4 ,in irritation and mucous discharges from the urinary organs4 ,the corresponding preparation of the ,ph4 ,l4 will be found among the ,,decoctions4 ,infusion of ,pars'ley ,root4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,petroselini1 ,l4 ,from the root of garden parsley4 ,aromatic1 diuretic1 and slightly aperient4 ,it has been highly recommended by ,dr ,chapman and others in dropsy1 in the strangury arising from blisters1 c42 taken freely1 either alone or combined with a little sweet spirit of nitre4 ,infusion of ,peach ,leaves4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,persic1 ,i4 ,p4 ,,folii1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,pereira47 ,peach leaves 7dried71 #a_/b oz42 boiling water1 #a pint2 macerate an hour1 and strain4--,dose1 #a to #b table-spoonfuls1 twice or thrice a day2 to allay irritation of the bladder and urethra1 and as a vermifuge4 ,infusion1 ,pectoral4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,pectorale1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,hosp4 ,f47 ,linseed 7bruised71 #c_/d oz42 coltsfoot leaves1 #a_/b oz42 liquorice root 7sliced7 and poppy-heads1 of each #a_/d oz42 boiling water1 #a pint2 digest two hours1 and strain4 ,in coughs1 colds1 hoarseness1 c41 accompanied with a dose of aperient medicine4 ,see ,,species1 c4 ,infusion of ,pennyroy'al4 ,syn4 ,,pennyroyal ,,tea2 ,,infusum ,,pulegii1 ,i4 ,,menth ,,pulegii1 ,l4 ,a popular remedy for nausea1 flatulence1 colds1 hooping-cough1 hysterical affections1 obstructed menstruation1 c4 ,infusion of ,pep'permint4 ,syn4 ,,peppermint ,,tea2 ,,infusum ,,menth ,,piperit1 ,l4 ,in flatulence1 colic1 griping1 c41 and as a vehicle for other medicines4 ,infusion of ,periwin'kle4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,vinc ,,minoris1 ,l4 ,from the leaves of lesser periwinkle 7,vinca minor74 ,astringent and tonic2 in diarrhoea1 dysentery1 c4 ,mr ,weathers employs it in passive hmorrhages1 and others have recommended it as an external tonic applied to the perinum1 c41 in piles1 relaxation of the genitals1 c4 ,infusion of ,persim'mon4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,persimmonis1 ,l4 ,from the bark of persimmon 7,diospyrus ,virginiana74 ,astringent2 very valuable in diarrhoea1 hmorrhages1 agues1 c42 and as a gargle in ulcerated sore throat4 ,infusion of ,peru'vian ,bark4 ,see ,,infusion ,,of ,,bark4 ,infusion of ,pink'root4 ,syn4 ,,pinkroot ,,tea1 ,,worm ,t42 ,,infusum ,,spigili1 ,l4 #a4 ,from ,indian pinkroot4 ,vermifuge2 either combined with or followed by a purge after the third or fourth dose4 ,the dose for a child #c to #e years old is #a to #b table-spoonfuls4 #b4 7,compound2 ,,infusum ,,spigili ,,compositum1 ,i4 ,s4 ,,cum ,,senn1 ,l4--,ellis47 ,pinkroot1 #a_/b oz41 senna1 #b dr42 fennel seed1 #c dr42 manna1 #a oz42 boiling water1 #a pint4--,dose1 #a_/b wine-glassful to a child #b or #c years old2 in worms4 ,see ,,extract4 ,infusion of ,pleu'risy ,root4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,asclepiadis ,,tuberos1 ,l4 ,from the root of butterfly weed or pleurisy root 7,asclepias tuberosa74 ,expectorant and diuretic2 in large doses1 purgative2 in colds1 pleurisy1 pneumonia1 c4 ,according to ,bigelow1 it is a valuable mild tonic and stimulant4 ,infusion of ,pois'on-oak4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,rhois ,,toxicodendri1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from the dried leaves of the poison-oak 7,rhus toxicodendron71 #c dr42 boiling water1 #a pint4 ,stimulant and narcotic2 chiefly in palsy and mania4 ,infusion of ,pop'py-heads4 ,syn4 ,,poppy ,,tea2 ,,infusum ,,papaveris1 ,l4 ,from poppy-heads 7capsules of ,papaver somniferum74 ,soothing1 anodyne4 ,sweetened with honey1 it is a popular remedy for tickling cough1 restlessness1 c42 also used hot1 as an embrocation1 in painful tumours1 inflammations1 c4 ,see ,,infusion ,,of ,,red ,,poppy4 ,infusion of ,pur'ging ,flax4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,lini ,,cathartici1 ,l4 ,from the dried leaves of purging flax 7,linum catharticum74 ,cathartic4 ,the dose should be repeated at intervals of an hour or an hour and a half1 until it operates4 ,infusion of ,quas'sia4 ,syn4 ,,quassia ,,tea2 ,,infusum ,,quassi 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l4 ,e4 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,quassia1 in chips1 #fj gr42 cold distilled water1 #aj oz42 infuse for half an hour1 and strain4--,dose1 #a to #b oz4 #b4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,quassia 7sliced71 #dj gr42 boiling distilled water1 #a pint2 infuse for #b hours in a covered vessel1 and strain4 #c4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,quassia1 #a dr42 boiling water1 #a pint4 #d4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,quassia 7rasped71 #a dr42 boiling water1 #h-a_/b fl4 oz4 #e4 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s47 ,quassia1 #b dr42 cold water1 #af fl4 oz42 macerate for #ab hours1 and strain4 ,as a bitter tonic1 in loss of appetite1 dyspepsia1 c42 either combined with alkaline carbonates or chalybeates4 ,sweetened with moist sugar or honey1 it forms a common ,,fly-,,water or ,,fly-,,poison4 #f4 7,compound2 ,,infusum ,,quassi ,,compositum1 ,l4--,ellis47 ,quassia1 serpentary1 and dried orange peel1 of each #a_/d oz42 boiling water1 #a pint4 ,a stimulant stomachic4 ,infusion of ,red ,cab'bage4 ,syn4 ,,infusion ,,of ,,blue ,,cabbage4 ,used as a colour1 and to make test-paper4 ,it will not keep without the addition of about #a-ajth of its weight of rectified spirit4 ,infusion of ,red ,pop'py4 ,syn4 ,,red-,,poppy ,,tea2 ,,infusum ,,rh,,oe,,ados1 ,l4 ,from the petals of the red or corn poppy4 ,anodyne and pectoral4 ,sweetened with sugar or honey1 it is a popular remedy in catarrhal affections3 but the use of this1 as well as of ,,infusion ,,of ,,poppy-,,heads1 should be accompanied by a dose of aperient medicine4 ,infusion of ,rhat'any4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,krameri 7,b4 ,p471 ,,infusum ,,rhatani1 ,i4 ,,krameri 7,ph4 ,l4 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,rhatany1 bruised1 #a oz42 boiling distilled water1 #bj oz42 infuse #a hour1 and strain4--,dose1 #a to #b oz4 #b4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,rhatany root1 #a oz42 boiling distilled water1 #a pint2 macerate for #d hours in a covered vessel1 and strain4 #c4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,rhatany1 #a_/b oz42 boiling water1 #i fl4 oz42 macerate #a hour1 and strain4 ,astringent and tonic2 chiefly in chronic diarrhoea4 #d4 7,concentrated2 ,,infusum ,,krameri ,,concentratum1 ,l47 ,from #h times the usual quantity of ingredients1 as ,,infusion ,,of ,,cascarilla4 ,infusion of ,rhododen'dron4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,rhododendri1 ,l4 ,from the leaves of yellow rhododendron 7,rhododendron chrysanthum71 #a_/b oz42 boiling water1 #a_/b pint4 ,highly recommended by ,pallas and ,koelpin in gout1 chronic rheumatism1 and syphilis4 ,it has marked narcotic properties4 ,infusion of ,rhubarb4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,rhei 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l4 ,e4 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,rhubarb 7in thin slices71 #a oz42 boiling distilled water1 #dj oz42 infuse for #a hour1 and strain4--,dose1 #a to #b oz4 #b4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,rhubarb 7sliced71 #c dr42 boiling distilled water1 #a pint2 macerate for #b hours in a covered vessel1 and strain4 #c4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,rhubarb1 #b dr42 boiling water1 #i fl4 oz42 macerate #a hour4 #d4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,rhubarb 7in coarse powder74 #a oz42 boiling water1 #ah fl4 oz42 infuse for #ab hours1 add of spirit of cinnamon1 #b fl4 oz12 and strain through linen or calico4 ,stomachic and purgative2 along with neutral salts or aromatics4 ,obs4 ,the infusion of the ,ph4 ,e4 being fully double as strong as that of the ,ph4 ,l4 ,d41 must be taken in proportionate doses4 #e4 7,concentrated2 ,infusum rhei concentratum1 ,l47--a4 ,rhubarb 7in coarse powder71 #aj oz42 rectified spirit1 #a pint2 cold distilled water1 #a quart2 digest #aj days1 with frequent agitation1 then express the liquor1 and filter it2 or proceed by the method of displacement4 b4 ,rhubarb1 #c lbs4 #e oz42 cold distilled water1 #aa pints2 rectified spirit1 #e-a_/b pints2 as the last4 ,obs4 #a fl4 dr4 of either of the above1 added to #g fl4 dr4 of water1 forms #a fl4 oz4 of liquid1 resembling1 and in many points preferable to1 the infusion of the ,ph4 ,l4 ,the above is the only way a fine1 rich-coloured1 and transparent concentrated preparation can be made1 that will keep well4 ,should it not prove perfectly limpid1 it may be clarified in the way already mentioned4 #f4 7,alkaline2 ,,infusum ,,rhei ,,alkalinum1 ,i4 ,r4 ,,cum ,,potass1 ,l4--,copland47 ,rhubarb1 #b dr42 carbonate of potassa1 #a dr42 boiling water1 #a_/b pint2 macerate for #d hours1 strain1 and add of tincture of cinnamon1 #a_/b fl4 oz4 ,in dyspepsia1 acidity1 heartburn1 c4 ,infusion of ,ro'ses4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,ros1 ,l41 #a4 7,simple47 ,from the petals of red roses4 ,used as colouring and for a test2 mixed with vinegar and sweetened with honey1 it forms a popular gargle in sore throat4 #b4 7,compound2 ,,infusum ,,ros--,ph4 ,e4 ,i4 ,,ros ,,compositum--,ph4 ,l41 ,i4 ,r4 ,,acidum--,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,d47 ,prep4--a4 ,red rose petals 7broken up71 #a oz42 dilute sulphuric acid1 #a_/b oz42 boiling distilled water1 #dj oz42 infuse for half an hour with the acid and water1 and strain4--,dose1 #a to #b oz4 b4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,petals of the red or damask rose 7dried and pulled asunder71 #c dr42 boiling water1 #a pint2 mix1 and add of dilute sulphuric acid1 #a-a_/b fl4 dr42 macerate for #b hours1 strain off the liquor1 and dissolve in it white sugar1 #f dr4 ,the ,edinburgh form is nearly similar4 c4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,petals1 #b dr42 boiling water1 #a_/b pint2 infuse #a hour1 strain1 and add of dilute sulphuric acid1 #a fl4 dr4 ,obs4 ,a vessel or glass of stoneware should be used to make the infusion in1 as metallic vessels injure the colour of the liquid1 and are also attacked by the acid4 ,the best plan is to add the dilute sulphuric acid to the water before pouring it on the leaves4 ,the infusion may be squeezed out of the leaves with the hands4 ,the ,,compound ,,infusion ,,of ,,roses is principally used as a vehicle for sulphate of quinine1 saline purgatives1 and some other medicines4 ,it is astringent and refrigerant1 and1 when diluted with water1 forms a pleasant drink in febrile disorders1 phthisical sweats1 hmorrhages1 diarrhoea1 c4 ,it also makes a very useful astringent gargle4--,dose1 #a to #d fl4 oz42 either alone or diluted with water4 ,it is incompatible with the alkalies and earths1 and their carbonates and their bicarbonates4 #c4 7,concentrated2 ,,infusum ,,ros ,,concentratum1 ,l47--a4 ,rose petals1 #aj oz42 boiling distilled water1 #c pints2 infuse for #b hours1 with frequent agitation1 express the liquid1 strain through a clean hair sieve1 and add of dilute sulphuric acid1 #d-a_/b fl4 oz42 after agitation for #e or #f minutes1 and repose for #b or #c hours1 decant the clear portion1 and filter through paper supported on calico2 next1 dissolve in the liquid #a-a_/d lb4 of the finest white sugar1 broken up into small lumps1 but perfectly free from dust and dirt2 lastly1 pour the infusion into clean1 stoppered1 green-glass bottles1 and1 as much as possible1 keep them from the light1 and in a cool place4 b4 ,rose petals1 #c-a_/d lbs42 boiling water1 #b gall42 diluted sulphuric acid1 #bd fl4 oz42 finest white sugar1 #f-a_/b lbs42 as the last4 c4 ,the same quantity of dilute sulphuric acid and cold water1 as before2 mix1 and infuse the rose leaves in the liquid for #dh hours1 then express1 filter1 and add the sugar4 ,product very fine1 and keeps well without becoming gelatinous4 ,obs4 ,this preparation is #h times as strong as that of the ,ph4 ,l4 7#b1 a74 ,great care should be taken that the utensils are perfectly clean1 especially the press1 if one is employed2 and earthenware glazed with lead should be avoided4 ,the pressing should also be conducted as rapidly as possible1 to avoid the colour being injured by the iron4 ,clean wrought iron does not readily injure the colour of infusion of roses before the addition of the acid4 ,when the last formula is adopted1 strong pressure of the leaves with the hands can alone be safely had recourse to4 ,if the infusion does not filter quite clear through paper1 it should be set aside for a few days1 when1 in general1 it will be found to filter more readily and satisfactorily4 ,should it be wanted for immediate sale1 the addition of the whites of #b or #c eggs1 diluted with #b or #c ounces of water1 followed by violent agitation of the liquid for a few minutes1 and repose for an hour or two1 will usually render it 'fine1' when it may be either decanted1 or filtered should it require it4 ,it will now pass rapidly through ordinary filtering paper1 and at once run clear4 ,infusion of ,rue4 ,syn4 ,,rue ,,tea2 ,,infusum ,,rut1 ,l4 ,carminative1 antispasmodic1 emmenagogue1 and vermifuge4 ,it is a popular and useful remedy in flatulent colic1 infantile convulsions1 epilepsy1 hysteria1 suppressed menstruation1 c4 ,infusion of ,rupture-wort4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,herniari4 ,prep4 ,rupture wood1 #b dr42 boiling water1 #a pint4 ,infusion of ,safflower4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,carthami4 ,prep4 ,safflower1 #b dr42 boiling water1 #af fl4 oz42 infuse for an hour4--,dose4 ,a wine-glassful1 as a diaphoretic4 ,infusion of ,sage4 ,syn4 ,,sage ,,tea2 ,,infusum ,,salvi1 ,l4 #a4 ,from the leaves of common garden sage4 ,carminative and stomachic4 ,in flatulence and dyspepsia1 and diluted with water as a drink1 to lessen the nightsweats in phthisis and fever1 and to stop the secretion of milk after weaning4 #b4 7,compound2 ,,infusum ,,salvi ,,compositum1 ,l4--,ellis47 ,sage and boneset1 of each #a_/b oz42 cascarilla1 #a dr42 boiling water1 #a-a_/b pint2 infuse until cold4 ,a wine-glassful every #c or #d hours in hectic fever4 ,infusion of ,sarsaparil'la4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,sarz1 ,i4 ,,sarsaparill 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s471 ,l4 #a4 ,from the bruised root4 ,dr ,hancock adds #a_/b fl4 dr4 of hydrochloric acid to each pint of the water employed1 as a menstruum1 by which he says the efficacy of the infusion is greatly increased4 ,at ,st4 ,george's ,hospital a little liquorice root and solution of potassa is added for the same purpose4 #b4 7,compound2 ,,infusum ,,sarsaparill ,,compositum1 ,l4--,ph4 ,d4 #ahbf47 ,sarsaparilla root 7washed clean with a little cold water1 and sliced71 #a oz42 lime water 7cold71 #af fl4 oz42 macerate for #ab hours1 and strain4 ,inferior to the simple infusion1 since both earths and alkalies lessen the solvent action of water on sarsaparilla4 ,use of both the above1 similar to that of the ,,decoction4 ,infusion of ,sas'safras4 ,syn4 ,,sassafras ,,tea2 ,,infusum ,,sassafras1 ,l4 ,from sassafras chips4 ,alterative1 stimulant1 and sudorific2 a popular remedy in various cutaneous1 rheumatic1 scrofulous1 and syphilitical affections4 ,hufeland recommends the addition of a little liquorice root4 ,infusion of ,sav'ine4 ,syn4 ,,savine ,,tea2 ,,infusum ,,sabin1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,pereira47 ,fresh savine leaves or herb1 #a dr42 boiling water1 #h fl4 oz42 infuse in a covered vessel4 ,stimulant1 emmenagogue1 and vermifuge2 in chlorosis1 and suppressed menstruation depending on a torpid action of the uterine vessels2 in chronic rheumatism1 worms1 c4--,dose1 #a to #b table-spoonfuls1 cautiously administered4 ,infusion of ,sax'ifrage4 ,syn4 ,,saxifrage ,,tea2 ,,infusum ,,pimpinell1 ,l4 ,from the root of burnet saxifrage 7,pimpinella ,saxifraga74 ,astringent2 in diarrhoea1 and externally as a wash to remove freckles4 ,infusion of ,scutella''ria4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,scutellari1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,dr ,spalding47 ,dried herb of ,scutellaria lateriflora1 in powder1 #a-a_/b teaspoonful2 boiling water1 #a pint4 ,by teacupfuls1 thrice daily1 to prevent hydrophobia4 ,infusion of ,sen'ega4 ,syn4 ,,infusion ,,of ,,rattle-,,snake ,,root1 ,,seneka ,,tea2 ,,infusum ,,seneg 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,e471 ,i4 ,,polygal 7,ph4 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,senega1 bruised1 #a oz42 boiling distilled water1 #bj oz42 infuse #a hour1 and strain4--,dose1 #a to #b oz4 #b4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,senega snake-root 7bruised71 #aj dr42 boiling water1 #a pint2 infuse for #d hours in a covered vessel1 and strain4 #c4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,polygala root1 #a_/b oz42 boiling water1 #i fl4 oz4 ,stimulant1 expectorant1 and diuretic1 either alone or combined with ammonia2 in catarrhs1 c4 ,see ,,decoction1 ,,extract1 c4 ,infusion of ,sen'na4 ,syn4 ,,senna ,,tea2 ,,infusum ,,senn 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,e471 ,i4 ,,senn ,,compositum 7,ph4 ,l4 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,senna1 #a oz42 ginger1 sliced1 #cj gr42 boiled distilled water1 #aj oz42 infuse #a hour1 and strain4--,dose1 #a to #b oz4 #b4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,senna1 #ae dr42 ginger 7bruised71 #d scruples2 boiling water1 #a pint2 macerate for an hour in a covered vessel1 and strain4 #c4 7,ph4 ,e47 ,senna1 #a-a_/b oz42 ginger1 #d scrup42 boiling water1 #a pint4 7,see ,no4 #i1 below47 #d4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,senna1 #a_/b oz42 ginger1 #a_/b dr42 boiling water1 #a_/b pint4 ,purgative4--,dose1 #a to #b wine-glassfuls4 ,it is usually given in doses of #a to #a-a_/b fl4 oz41 combined with #c to #f dr4 of ,epsom salts1 or other saline purgative1 under the name of ',,black ,,draught1' ,obs4 ,this infusion is very apt to spoil in warm weather1 to prevent which ,mr ,squire recommends the addition of #a gr4 of nitrate of potassa to each ounce4 #e4 7,concentrated2 ,,infusum ,,senn ,,concentratum1 ,l47--a4 ,senna1 #b lbs4 #a oz42 tepid water1 #a quart1 macerate for #ab hours1 frequently stirring with a stick1 and express the liquor2 to the 'marc1' add of tepid water #a-a_/d pint1 repeat the maceration for #c hours1 and again express the liquor with powerful pressure2 mix the infusions1 and after #b hours' repose decant the clear portion1 and evaporate it as rapidly as possible1 by steam or a chloride of sodium bath1 until it measures #a-a_/b pint2 pour this into a strong bottle1 and when nearly cold1 add of rectified spirit1 #a_/b pint2 bruised ginger1 #c-a_/b oz42 macerate a week with frequent agitation1 and after repose for a few days decant the clear portion1 and add dilute spirit 7#a to #d71 q4 s4 to make the whole measure exactly a quart4 b4 ,take #h times the quantity of senna and ginger ordered in the ,ph4 ,l41 put them into a displacement apparatus1 either alone or mixed with clean washed sand1 and transmit water1 mixed with #a_/dth part of rectified spirit1 through the mass1 until the proper quantity of infusion is obtained4 c4 7,wholesale47 ,alexandrian senna 7best71 #g lbs42 unbleached ,jamaica ginger 7finest1 bruised71 #c lbs42 rectified spirit and water1 of each #a gall42 macerate for #ad days1 press out the fluid1 filter1 and set it aside in a well-corked bottle2 then take of good ,east ,india senna1 #be lbs42 and the 'pressings' or 'marc' from the tincture1 and macerate in the least possible quantity 7#aj or #ab galls47 of cold distilled water1 for #ab or #ad hours1 employing frequent agitation with a wooden spatula2 next press out the liquid1 and again macerate the 'marc' in cold distilled water 7#e or #f galls47 for #b hours2 press1 mix the two liquors1 strain1 heat gradually to the boiling point1 carefully separate the coagulated albumen and afterwards evaporate as quickly as possible to exactly #i quarts2 put the liquid at once into a vessel capable of holding #e gallons1 bung close to exclude the air1 and when nearly cold add the 'tincture' obtained from the ,alexandrian senna and the ginger2 the whole must now be well agitated together1 and allowed to stand for a week1 when the clear portion must be carefully decanted into bottles 7,winchester quarts7 for sale4 d4 ,as the last1 but employing hot water1 and limiting the period of the infusions to #b hours and #a hour4 ,obs4 ,the preceding formul are at present employed in the wholesale trade1 by nearly all those houses that are most noted for the superior quality of their ',,concentrated ,,infusions1' ,the products of the whole are excellent4 ,that from c is very beautiful1 and contains all the valuable active matter that it is possible to extract from the ingredients1 under the circumstances4 ,it also keeps well4 ,the last one1 like all preparations of senna made with hot water1 is apt to drop a large deposit on standing1 from which the last portion of the infusion is obtained with difficulty4 ,they each furnish a liquid1 of which #a fl4 dr4 added to #g fl4 dr4 of pure water forms #a fl4 oz4 of a preparation precisely similar in medicinal qualities to the ,,infusum ,,senn ,,comp4--,ph4 ,l4 ,from the extreme bulkiness of senna1 it has become a practice with certain unprincipled druggists to employ only #a_/c or #a_/d of the proper quantity of that drug1 and to add burnt sugar or treacle to bring up the consistence and colour1 and alkaline solution of gamboge to impart the necessary purgative quality4 ,,concentrated ,,infusion ,,of ,,senna1 as generally met with1 is nearly worthless4 ,this arises from either the employment of inferior senna1 or the destruction of its active principle1 by the lengthened exposure to heat and atmospheric oxygen during its manufacture4 #f4 7,with ,,coffee2 ,,infusum ,,senn ,,cum ,,caffe1 ,l47--a4 7,foy47 ,senna1 #b dr42 roasted coffee 7ground71 #a dr42 boiling water and hot milk1 of each #c fl4 oz42 infuse for #ab hours 7#d871 and strain4 ,for an adult2 to be taken in the morning fasting4 b4 7,guersand and ,blake47 ,senna1 #aj to #cj gr4 7according to age72 hot coffee and hot milk at will2 infuse1 and when cold strain1 and sweeten it with sugar1 q4 s4 ,as a purge for children4 #g4 7,with ,,lemon ,,juice2 ,,infusum ,,senn7 ,,limoniatum1 ,l47 ,from senna1 #a-a_/b oz42 fresh lemon peel1 #a oz42 lemon juice1 #a fl4 oz42 boiling water1 #af fl4 oz42 infuse4 #h4 7,with ,,rhubarb2 ,,infusum ,,senn ,,et ,,rhei1 ,l4--,ellis47 ,senna1 #f dr42 manna1 #a oz42 rhubarb and cardamoms1 of each 7bruised71 #b dr42 boiling water1 #a pint2 infuse #a hour and strain4 #i4 7,with ,,tamarinds2 ,,infusum ,,senn ,,compositum--,ph4 ,e41 ,,senn ,,cum ,,tamarindis1 ,l4--,ph4 ,e47 ,senna1 #c dr42 tamarinds1 #a oz42 coriander seeds1 #a dr42 sugar1 #a_/b oz4 7if brown1 #a oz472 boiling water1 #h fl4 oz42 infuse for four hours1 with agitation1 and then strain through calico4 ,pleasanter than the ordinary infusion of senna4 #aj4 7,with ,,tartar2 ,,infusum ,,senn ,,tartarizatum1 ,l47 ,from senna1 #a-a_/b oz42 coriander seeds1 #d dr42 cream of tartar1 #b dr42 boiling water1 #af fl4 oz4 ,infusion of ,ser'pentary4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,serpentari 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,l4 ,e471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,serpentary1 bruised1 #a oz42 boiling distilled water1 #dj oz42 infuse #b hours1 and strain4--,dose1 #a to #b oz4 #b4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,serpentary or ,virginian snake-root1 #a_/b oz42 boiling distilled water1 #a pint2 macerate for #d hours in a closed vessel1 and strain4 ,the form of the ,ph4 ,e4 is similar4 ,as a stimulating expectorant and diaphoretic2 in chronic catarrhs1 low fevers1 agues1 c4 #c4 7,compound2 ,,infusum ,,serpentari ,,compositum1 ,l4--,guy's ,hosp47 ,virginian snake-root and contrayerva1 of each #e dr42 boiling water1 #a pint2 macerate #b hours1 strain2 and when cold add of tincture of serpentary #b fl4 oz4 ,as the last4 ,infusion of ,simaru'ba4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,simarub 7,b4 ,p41 ,ph4 ,e4 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,simaruba1 bruised1 #c dr42 boiling water1 #a pint2 infuse #b hours1 and strain4--,dose1 #a to #b oz4 #b4 7,ph4 ,e4 ,ph4 ,l41 #ahcf47 ,bark of the bitter simaruba or mountain damson1 #c dr42 boiling water1 #a pint2 macerate #b hours1 and strain4 #c4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,simaruba bark1 #b dr42 boiling water1 #i fl4 oz4 ,tonic1 and1 in large doses1 emetic2 in chronic diarrhoea and dysentery1 either alone or combined with opium2 and in agues1 dyspepsia1 c4 #d4 7,compound2 ,,infusum ,,simarub ,,compositum1 ,l4--,foy47 ,simaruba bark and wormwood1 of each #b dr42 boiling water1 #a pint2 infuse for #ae minutes1 strain1 and add of syrup of gentian1 #a fl4 oz4 ,in agues and dyspepsia4 ,infusion of ,slip'pery ,elm4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,ulmi 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s471 ,i4 ,u4 ,,fulv1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s47 ,inner bark of slippery elm 7,ulmus fulva71 #a oz42 boiling water1 #af fl4 oz42 infuse for #b hours1 and strain4 ,demulcent4 ,infusion of ,soap-wort4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,saponari1 ,l4 ,from soap-wort root 7,saponaria officinalis74 ,aperient and demulcent2 also reputed alterative and antisyphilitic4 ,infusion of ,south'ernwood4 ,syn4 ,,southernwood ,,tea2 ,,infusum ,,abrotani1 ,l4 ,from the herb southernwood or old man 7,absinthium ,abrotanum74 ,antispasmodic1 tonic1 and vermifuge2 in hysteria1 difficult and painful menstruation1 worms1 c4 ,infusion1 ,stim'ulant4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,stimulans1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,dr ,paris47 ,black mustard seed 7bruised71 and dittander1 of each #a_/b oz42 boiling water1 #af fl4 oz42 macerate for #a hour1 strain1 and when cold add of spirit of sal-volatile1 #a fl4 dr42 spirit of pimento1 #a_/b fl4 oz4--,dose1 #b table-spoonfuls #c times a day2 in palsy4 ,infusion of ,stink'ing ,hel'lebore4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,hellebori ,f,,oe,,tidi1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,woodville47 ,dried leaves of setter-wort or ,helleborus foetidum1 #a_/b dr4 7or green herb1 #b dr472 boiling water1 #af fl4 oz42 macerate #a hour1 and strain4 ,aperient and vermifuge2 and emetic1 in large doses4 ,it is chiefly used against the large round worms of children and females1 taken fasting4 ,infusion of ,suc'cory4 ,syn4 ,,chicory ,,tea2 ,,infusum ,,chicorii1 ,l4 ,from the dried root4 ,aperient1 deobstruent1 and tonic2 either alone or sweetened with honey or sugar4 ,infusion of ,sweet ,flag4 ,syn4 ,,calamus ,,tea1 ,,sweet-,,flag ,t42 ,,infusum ,,acori1 ,i4 ,,calami ,,aromatici1 ,l4 ,an aromatic stimulant1 tonic1 and stomachic4 ,see ,,sweet ,,flag4 ,infusion of ,tam'arinds4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,tamarindi1 ,l4 ,cooling and laxative2 in sore throat1 febrile affections1 c41 taken ad libitum4 ,see ,,infusion ,,of ,,senna4 ,infusion of ,tan'sy4 ,syn4 ,,tansy ,,tea2 ,,infusum ,,tanaceti1 ,l4 ,from the dried herb1 or the green herb using double the quantity4 ,aromatic1 bitter1 tonic1 and vermifuge4 ,infusion of ,tar4 ,syn4 ,,tar ,,water1 ,,tar ,,tea2 ,,infusum ,,picis ,,liquid1 ,,aqua ,p4 ,l4 7,ph4 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,bishop ,berkeley47 ,wood tar1 #a quart2 cold water1 #a gall42 stir with a stick for #ae minutes1 then allow the tar to subside1 strain1 and keep it in well-stoppered jars4 #b4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,as the last4 ,taken to the extent of a pint daily in chronic catarrhal and nephritic affections2 also used as a lotion in chronic cutaneous diseases1 especially those of the scalp in children4 ,see ,,decoction4 ,infusion of ,tarax'acum4 ,see ,,infusion ,,of ,,dandelion4 ,infusion of ,tobac'co4 ,syn4 ,,tobacco ,,water2 ,,infusum ,,tabaci1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,d4 #ahbf47 ,tobacco leaves1 #a dr42 boiling water1 #af fl4 oz42 macerate for an hour4 ,used for enemas2 in strangulated hernia1 obstinate colic1 c41 observing not to administer more than one half at a time2 also as a wash to kill pediculi4 ,infusion1 ,ton'ic4 ,see ,,infusions ,,of ,,calumba1 ,,cascarilla1 ,,gentian1 c41 also ,,mixtures4 ,infusion of ,sessamum4 7,dr ,wood47 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,sesami4 ,prep4 ,two fresh leaves of sessamum 7,venne7 infused in #h oz4 of cold water1 form a mucilaginous demulcent drink4 ,dried leaves require hot water4 ,infusion of ,silk-weed4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,asclepiadis4 ,prep4 ,bark of the common silk-weed1 #a oz42 boiling water1 #a pint4-,dose1 #a oz4 to #a-a_/b oz4 ,in cough and dyspnoea4 ,infusion of ,tre'foil4 ,see ,,infusion ,,of ,,buckbean4 ,infusion of ,tu'lip-tree ,bark4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,liriodendri1 ,l4 ,from the bark of the tulip tree 7,liriodendron tulipifera74 ,diaphoretic1 stimulant1 stomachic1 and tonic2 in dyspepsia1 fevers1 c42 also used to flavour liquors4 ,infusion of ,tur'meric4 ,syn4 ,,infusion ,,curcum1 ,l4 ,used as a test and to prepare test-paper4 ,when required for keeping1 about #a-gth of its volume of rectified spirit must be added4 ,infusion of ,valer'ian4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,valeriane 7,b4 ,l41 ,ph4 ,l4 ,d471 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,b4 ,p47 ,valerian1 bruised1 #abj gr42 boiling distilled water1 #aj oz42 infuse #a hour and strain4--,dose1 #a to #b oz4 #b4 7,ph4 ,l47 ,valerian root1 #a_/b oz42 boiling distilled water1 #a part2 infuse for an hour in a covered vessel1 and strain4 #c4 7,ph4 ,d47 ,valerian1 #b dr42 boiling water1 #i fl4 oz4 ,antispasmodic and nervine2 in hysteria1 hypochondriasis1 epilepsy1 and low fevers4 #d4 7,compound2 ,,infusum ,,valerian ,,compositum1 ,l47 ,yellow cinchona bark1 #a oz42 valerian1 #a_/b oz42 boiling water1 #a pint2 as before4 ,in debilitated nervous habits4 ,infusion of ,vanil'la4 ,syn4 ,,vanilla ,,tea2 ,,infusum ,,vanill1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,vanilla1 #a-a_/b dr42 boiling water1 #a pint4 ,a stimulant antispasmodic2 in hysteria1 rheumatism1 anaphrodisia1 c42 but chiefly used as a flavouring for liqueurs1 confectionery1 c4 ,infusion of ,vittie ,vayr4 ,syn4 ,,vittie ,,vayr ,,tea2 ,,infusum ,,vetiveri1 ,l4 ,from the roots of ,andropogon muricatus 7,,vetiver1 ,,vittie ,,vayr1 or ,,cuscus74 ,antispasmodic1 diaphoretic1 and stimulant1 and1 when warm1 diaphoretic and emmenagogue2 in rheumatism gout1 slight febrile cases1 c42 and as a prophylactic of cholera4 ,see ,,essence4 ,infusion of ,wall-pel'litory4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,parietari1 ,l4 ,from the dried herb 7,parietaria officinalis74 ,aperient1 diuretic1 and pectoral2 in asthmas1 dropsies1 calculous affections1 c4 ,infusion of ,wal'nut ,leaves4 ,syn4 ,,walnut-,,leaf ,,tea2 ,,infusum ,,juglandis1 ,l4 ,from the fresh leaves of the common walnut 7,juglans regia72 also from the inner wood-bark1 and the green rind of the fruit4 ,see ,,decoction and ,,extract4 ,infusion of ,water-fen'nel4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,phellandri1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,bird47 ,seeds of water-fennel1 #e dr42 boiling water1 #a pint4--,dose1 #c to #d fl4 dr42 to check excessive expectoration4 ,infusion of ,whor'tleberry4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,uv ,,ursi1 ,l4 ,with alkalies1 henbane1 or opium1 in diseases of the urinary organs2 and with sulphuric acid and foxglove1 in affections of the lungs4 ,see ,,decoction and ,,extract4 ,note4--,infusum ,uv ,ursi of the ,brit4 ,pharmacopoeia4 ,infusion of ,wild-cherry ,bark4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,pruni ,,virginian 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s471 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s47 ,wild cherry-tree bark 7,prunus ,virginiana or ,cerasus ,serotina71 #a_/b oz42 cold water1 #af fl4 oz42 infuse #bd hours1 and strain4 ,a valuable tonic and febrifuge4 ,wild-cherry bark also exercises a sedative action on the circulatory and nervous system1 and is much used in ,america in a variety of diseases4 ,infusion of ,wild ,gin'ger4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,asari ,,canadensis1 ,l4 ,from the root of wild ginger or ,canada snake-root 7,asarum ,canadense74 ,a warm stimulant diaphoretic1 in the same cases as ,,infusion ,,of ,,virginian ,,snake-,,root4 ,infusion of ,wil'low ,bark4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,salicis1 ,l4 ,from the bark of the white or common willow 7,salix alba74 ,astringent1 tonic1 and febrifuge2 often used instead of ,,infusion ,,of ,,cinchona4 ,infusion of ,win'ter ,green4 ,syn4 ,,infusum ,,pyrol1 ,i4 ,,chimaphil1 ,l4 ,astringent1 tonic1 and diuretic2 in dropsy1 nephritic pains1 and chronic affections of the urinary organs4 ,it blackens the urine1 like uva ursi4 ,see ,,decoction4 ,infusion of ,wood ,soot4 ,syn4 ,,soot ,,tea2 ,,infusum ,,fuliginis ,,ligni1 ,l4 ,antacid and stimulant4 ,a similar preparation is also made from coal-soot1 which is reputed antispasmodic and vermifuge4 ,infusion of ,worm'wood4 ,syn4 ,,wormwood ,,tea1 ,,infusum ,,absinthii1 ,l4 ,from the fresh tops of the plant1 or from only half the quantity of the dried herb4 ,in loss of appetite1 dyspepsia1 amenorrhoea1 leucorrhoea1 gout1 worms1 c4 ,see ,,bitters4 ,,inhala',,tion4 ,syn4 ,inhalatio1 ,l4 ,in medicine1 the drawing in or inspiring of vapour with the breath4 ,inhalations 7,,inhalationes7 are vapours or gases imbibed for the purpose of medicating the mucous membrane of the air-passages4 ,the substances that are to furnish the vapours or fumes are put into a vessel called an 'inhaler' 7see ,,inhaler71 which may be simply a small covered pot or mug of metal or glass1 furnished with a short flexible tube1 terminating in a small mouth-piece4 ,in many cases even this simple apparatus may be dispensed with1 and the fumes inhaled by holding the head over a vessel containing a little of the substance furnishing them2 or1 as with chloroform1 a little may be dropped on a handkerchief or napkin1 which is then held to the nose4 ,the following are the principal substances that are employed for inhalations at the present day3-- #a4 ,carbonic acid gas and nitrous oxide2 occasionally used in phthisis1 by means of a bladder and mouth-piece4 #b4 ,chlorine gas2 exhibited by adding #e or #f drops of aqueous chlorine to the water 7tepid7 of the inhaler1 which should be1 in this case1 of glass2 employed in ,france for phthisis1 but seldom used in ,england4 #c4 ,chloroform2 as an ansthetic4 #d4 ,vapour of iodine1 administered in the same way as chlorine2 occasionally used in phthisis4 #e4 ,oxygen and hydrogen gases1 either alone or diluted with air2 employed in asthma and phthisis1 by means of a bladder and mouth-piece4 #f4 ,tar vapour1 obtained by heating tar1 mixed with a little carbonate of potash1 over a spirit lamp1 occasionally employed in bronchitis1 and recommended by ,sir ,a4 ,crighton in phthisis1 but appears of little value in the latter4 #g4 ,steam of hot water2 in bronchitis1 and to allay the cough in phthisis2 small quantities of the seeds of henbane1 opium1 poppy-heads1 c41 are frequently added to produce an anodyne effect4 ,see ,,cigars 7in pharmacy71 ,,disinfectants1 ,,fumigation1 ,,vapours1 c4 ,,injec',,tion4 ,syn4 ,,injectio1 ,l4 ,in medicine1 any liquid medicine thrown into a cavity of the body by means of a syringe or an elastic bag4 ,those thrown into the rectum are commonly called 'clysters' or 'enemata1' and are noticed under the head of ,,enema4 ,the following are the principal injections employed in medical practice at the present day3-- ,injection of ,ac'etate of ,ammo''nia4 ,syn4 ,,injectio ,,ammoni ,,acetatis1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,ph4 ,chirur47 ,solution of acetate of ammonia 7,ph4 ,l471 #a part2 water1 #c parts4 ,refrigerant4 ,injection of ,ac'etate of ,cop'per4 ,syn4 ,,injectio ,,cupri ,,acetatis1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from verdigris1 #aj gr42 oil of almonds 7hot71 #d-a_/b oz42 triturate until dissolved1 and strain4 ,detergent4 ,injection of ,ac'etate of ,lead4 ,syn4 ,,injectio ,,plumbi ,,acetatis1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,sugar of lead1 #a_/b dr42 distilled water1 #a_/b pint4 #b4 7,dr ,collier47 ,acetate of lead1 #dj gr42 rose water1 #h fl4 oz4 ,astringent and sedative4 ,see ,,sedative ,,injection4 ,injection of ,ac'etate of ,zinc4 ,syn4 ,,injectio ,,zinci ,,acetatis1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ellis47 ,acetate of zinc1 #h gr42 rose water1 #d fl4 oz4 #b4 7,brodie47 ,sulphate of zinc1 #a dr42 sugar of lead1 #hj gr42 water1 #a pint2 dissolve separately1 mix1 and filter4 ,astringent4 ,injection1 ,alkaline4 ,syn4 ,,injectio ,,alkalina1 ,i4 ,,lithontriptica1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,chevallier47 ,carbonate of soda1 #a dr42 ,castile soap1 #b dr42 water1 #ab fl4 oz42 dissolve4 ,in certain forms of calculus4 ,injection of ,aloes4 7,bories47 ,syn4 ,,injectio ,,aloes4 ,prep4 ,aloes1 #aj gr42 muriate of ammonia1 #aj gr42 honey of roses1 #a oz42 fennel water1 #f oz4 #d4 7,dr ,reece74 ,alum1 #a dr42 acetate of lead1 #a-a_/b dr42 triturate with #f oz4 of boiling water1 and in an hour filter4 ,injection of ,al'um4 ,syn4 ,,injectio ,,aluminis1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,dr ,collier47 ,alum1 #ah gr42 rose-water1 #f fl4 oz42 dissolve4 ,for the urethra4 #b4 7,collier47 ,alum1 #c dr42 water1 #a quart4 ,for the vagina4 #c4 7,ph4 ,ch47 ,alum1 #d gr42 rose-water1 #d fl4 oz4 ,the above are all astringent4 ,injection of ,ammo''nia4 ,syn4 ,,injectio ,,ammoni1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,dr ,ashwell47 ,liquor of ammonia1 #a to #b fl4 dr42 milk1 #a pint4 ,in obstructed menstruation4 #b4 7,lavagna47 ,liquor of ammonia1 #h to #bj drops2 milk1 #b fl4 oz4 ,as the last1 thrice daily1 beginning with the least quantity of ammonia4 #c4 ,liquor of ammonia1 #a fl4 dr42 mucilage1 #a oz42 water1 #i fl4 oz4 ,as the last4 ,injection of ,ammo''nio-,sulphate of ,cop'per4 ,syn4 ,,injectio ,,cupri ,,ammoniati1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,swediaur47 ,ammonio-sulphate of copper1 #e gr42 rose-water1 #h fl4 oz4 ,in chronic gonorrhoea4 ,injection of ,bichlo''ride of ,mer'cury4 ,syn4 ,,injectio ,,hydrargyri ,,bichloridi1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,corrosive sublimate1 #b gr42 rose water1 #e fl4 oz42 hydrochloric acid1 #a drop4 #b4 ,corrosive sublimate and sal ammoniac1 of each #e to #aj gr42 water1 #a pint4 #c4 ,sublimate1 #e gr42 rose water1 #b-a_/b fl4 oz4 ,used to promote healthy action1 and to prevent infection4 ,injection of ,cal'omel4 ,syn4 ,,injectio ,,calomelanos1 ,i4 ,,hydrargyri1 ,,chloridi1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,st4 ,b4 ,hosp47 ,calomel1 #a dr42 mucilage1 #a fl4 oz42 water1 #a_/b pint4 ,some persons order 'quince mucilage4' ,injection of ,carbolic ,acid4 7,throat ,hosp47 ,syn4 ,,injectio ,,acidi ,,carbolici4 ,prep4 ,carbolic acid1 #e gr42 water1 #a oz42 mix4 ,antiseptic4 ,injection of ,car'bonate of ,lead4 ,syn4 ,,injectio ,,ceruss1 ,i4 ,,plumbi ,,carbonatis1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,hosp4 ,f47 ,carbonate of lead 7finely levigated71 #a_/b dr42 sulphate of zinc1 #h gr42 mucilage1 #a oz42 rose water1 #e oz4 ,cooling and astringent4 ,injection of ,chlo''ride of ,lime4 ,syn4 ,,injectio ,,calcis ,,hypochloris1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,chloride of lime1 #a_/b dr42 water1 #a_/b pint2 agitate well together1 and filter4 ,to prevent infection4 #b4 7,detmold47 ,chloride of lime1 #b dr42 decoction of rhatany1 #ac fl4 oz42 dissolve1 and filter4 ,in foul discharges1 especially in ozna1 or foetid ulceration of the nose4 #c4 7,rousse47 ,chloride of lime1 #bj gr42 water1 #g fl4 oz42 wine of opium1 #a fl4 oz4 ,in foul discharges1 and to allay irritation4 ,injection of ,chlo''ride of ,so'da4 ,syn4 ,,injectio ,,sod ,,hypochloris1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from solution of chloride of soda1 #a fl4 dr42 rose water1 #c fl4 oz4 ,as the last4 ,injection of ,chlo''ride of ,zinc4 ,syn4 ,,injectio ,,zinci ,,chloridi1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from chloride of zinc1 #b gr42 rose water1 #c fl4 oz42 hydrochloric acid1 #a drop4 ,in gonorrhoea4 ,injection of ,copai'ba4 ,syn4 ,,injectio ,,copaib1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,abernethy47 ,copaiba #b dr42 thick mucilage1 #e dr42 lime water1 #f fl4 oz42 make an emulsion4 #b4 7,plenck47 ,copaiba1 #a_/b oz42 yolk of egg1 q4 s42 lime water1 #f fl4 oz42 honey of roses1 #c oz4 ,as the last4 #c4 7,ricord47 ,copaiba1 #f dr42 yolk of egg1 q4 s42 decoction of poppies1 #c to #d fl4 oz4 ,in ulcers of the rectum1 vagina1 and urethra2 and in gonorrhoea4 ,injection of ,cre'asote4 ,syn4 ,,injectio ,,creasoti1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,dr ,allnatt47 ,creasote1 #bj drops2 white sugar1 #b dr42 liquor of potassa1 #b fl4 dr42 triturate1 and add of water1 #h fl4 oz4 ,in leucorrhoea and piles4 ,injection of ,cu'bebs4 ,syn4 ,,injectio ,,cubeb1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,soubeiran47 ,cubebs 7in powder71 #a oz42 extract of belladonna1 #a dr42 boiling water1 #af fl4 oz42 infuse in a covered vessel1 and strain4 ,stimulant and narcotic4 ,in gonorrhoea and leucorrhoea4 ,injection for the ,ear4 ,syn4 ,,injectio ,,acoustica1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,ox-gall1 #c dr42 balsam of ,peru1 #a dr42 mix4 ,in hardened wax1 dryness of membranes1 c4 #b4 ,oil of almonds or cloves1 #b oz42 oil of amber1 #bj drops2 tincture of castor1 #a fl4 dr42 spirit of camphor1 #a_/b dr42 laudanum1 #c drops2 mix4 ,in ear-ache and chronic deafness4 #c4 7,alibert47 ,balsam of ,peru1 #b dr42 tincture of musk1 #d or #e drops2 otto of roses1 #a or #b drops2 decoction of ,st4 ,john's wort 7warm71 #af fl4 oz42 agitate together1 and after repose decant the clear4 ,in discharges from the ear4 ,obs4 ,mr ,yearsley states that drops and injections for the ear should be used with very great caution1 and only under proper advice1 as they otherwise often aggravate the ailment1 instead of curing it4 ,injection of ,er'got4 ,syn4 ,,injectio ,,ergot1 ,i4 ,,secalis ,,cornuti1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,boudin47 ,ergot1 #a dr42 boiling water1 #h fl4 oz42 infuse until cold4 ,when the urethra is highly sensitive4 #b4 7,descrolles47 ,powdered ergot1 #a oz42 boiling water1 #a pint4 ,both the above are used in chronic inflammation of the vagina1 and in gonorrhoea4 ,injection of ,gal'lic ,acid4 ,syn4 ,,injectio ,,acidi ,,gallici1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,dunglison47 ,gallic acid1 #a_/b dr42 water1 #a pint4 ,in leucorrhoea4 ,injection of ,galls4 ,syn4 ,,injectio ,,gall1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from galls 7bruised71 #b dr42 boiling water1 #a pint2 infuse #a hour1 and strain4 ,astringent2 in leucorrhoea4 ,injection of ,hydrochlo''ric ,acid4 ,syn4 ,,injectio ,,acidi ,,hydrochlorici1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,from hydrochloric acid1 #aj drops2 soft water1 #e fl4 oz4 ,to prevent and to remove recent infection2 also to remove particles of lime and iron from the eye4 ,injection of ,hydrocyan'ic ,ac'id4 ,syn4 ,,injectio ,,acidi ,,hydrocyanici1 ,l4 ,prep4 ,medicinal hydrocyanic acid1 #a fl4 dr42 soft water or almond emulsion1 #a pint4 ,anodyne2 to allay excessive irritability1 both in chronic ophthalmia and gonorrhoea1 and to relieve chordee2 but in all cases it must be used with caution1 and at first largely diluted with water4 ,injections1 ,hypodermic4 ,syn4 ,,injectiones ,,hypodermic1 ,,injectiones ,,subcutane4 #a4 ,hypodermic ,injection of ,ergotine4 7,dr ,hildebrandt47 ,aqueous extract of ergotine1 #c parts2 distilled water and glycerin1 of each #g-a_/b parts2 for uterine fibroid tumours 7,dr ,drasch71 #e gr4 of ergotine in #a dr4 of glycerin2 #a_/eth to be injected1 according to circumstances1 once or twice a day1 in the region of the pectoral muscles2 in internal hmorrhage1 hmoptysis1 and epistaxis4 #b4 ,hypodermic ,injection of ,iodic ,acid4 ,dr ,luton uses this in goitre1 #a_/b dr4 of solution containing #a_/eth of acid injected at once into the midst of the tumour4 #c4 ,hypodermic ,injection of ,perchloride of ,mercury4 7,dr ,staub47 ,perchloride of mercury and chloride of ammonium1 of each #bj gr42 chloride of sodium about #fb gr42 distilled water1 #bj gr4 ,after filtration the whole is mixed with solution of the white of one egg1 and #d-a_/b dr4 of water4 ,the solution contains #a_/ccrd of a gr4 of perchloride to every #bj drops4 #a_/fth of a grain of perchloride to be injected each day4 #d4 ,hypodermic ,injection of ,morphia4 7,b4 ,p47 ,hydrochlorate of morphia #hh gr42 solution of ammonia1 acetic acid1 distilled water of each1 q4 s4 ,dissolve the hydrochlorate in #b oz4 of distilled water by a gentle heat1 then add the solution of ammonia1 so as to precipitate the morphia1 and render the liquid slightly alkaline2 allow it to cool2 collect the precipitate on a filter1 wash with distilled water1 and allow it to drain2 then transfer the morphia to a porcelain dish1 and add acetic acid until the morphia is dissolved1 and a very slightly acid solution is formed4 ,now add distilled water1 q4 s4 to make the solution measure #b fl4 oz4 ,for subcutaneous injection1 #a to #f minims4 #e4 ,sulphate of morphia is a very good soluble salt4 #f4 ,hypodermic ,injection of ,quinine4 ,three to #f gr4 of neutral sulphate of quinine placed on a watch glass1 previously warmed1 without acid2 to this add #ab minims of distilled water1 and apply a moderate heat by a spirit lamp for a second1 or two4 ,the syringe should be warmed before being used4 ,dr ,rosenthal advocates the use of glycerin as a medium for the solution of various substances used for subcutaneous injection4 ,the glycerin must be very pure4 ,by gradual elevation of temperature it can be made to take up a large number of certain alkaloids and salts1 and will retain them dissolved for a year4 #a fl4 dr4 will dissolve one scruple of sulphate of quinine1 and #aj gr4 of hydrochlorate of morphia4 ,dr ,rosenthal states that the injection of quinine has been found very useful in intermittents4 ,injection of ,io'dide of ,i'ron4 ,syn4 ,,injectio ,,ferri ,,iodidi1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,ricord47 ,iodide of iron1 #f gr42 water1 #e fl4 oz4 ,in gonorrhoea1 gradually increasing the quantity of iodide4 #b4 7,soubeiran47 ,iodide of iron1 #c to #d dr42 water1 #a pint4 ,in suppressed and painful menstruation1 leucorrhoea1 c4 ,both are astringent and well adapted to scrofulous patients4 ,injection of ,i'odide of ,potas'sium4 ,syn4 ,,injectio ,,potassii ,,iodidi1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,foy47 ,iodide of potassium1 #c gr42 pure water1 #a pint4 ,as a stimulant to fistulous sinuses and ulcers in persons of scrofulous habits4 ,injection of ,i'odine4 ,syn4 ,,ioduretted ,,injection2 ,,injectio ,,iodureta1 ,i4 ,,iodinii1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,m4 ,ameuille47 ,tincture of iodine1 #a part2 water1 #e or #f parts4 ,in refractory fistul4 #b4 7,m4 ,bonnet47 ,iodine1 #a part2 iodide of potassium1 #b parts2 water1 #aj parts4 ,in scrofulous hydrarthrosis1 c4 #c4 7,bransby ,cooper47 ,compound tincture of iodine1 #b fl4 dr42 water1 #f fl4 dr4 ,in hydrocele4 #d4 7,guibourt47 ,iodine1 #d gr42 iodide of potassium1 #h gr42 water1 #a pint4 ,to stimulate fistulous sinuses4 #e4 7,velpeau47 ,tincture of iodine1 #a fl4 dr42 water1 #c fl4 dr4 ,in hydrocele4 ,injection1 ,lithontrip'tic4 ,syn4 ,,injectio ,,lithontriptica1 ,i4 ,,vesicalis1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,dr ,hoskins47 ,nitro-saccharate of lead1 #a gr42 saccharic acid1 #e drops2 rub together1 then add of distilled water1 #a fl4 oz4 ,as a solvent for phosphatic calculi4 ,see ,,injection ,,alkaline4 ,injection1 ,mercu''rial4 ,syn4 ,,injectio ,,mercurialis1 ,i4 ,,hydrargyri1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,quicksilver1 #a dr42 gum mucilage1 #a-a_/b oz42 triturate until the globules disappear1 and gradually add of water1 #a-a_/b fl4 oz4 #b4 7,hosp4 ,f47 ,quicksilver and balsam of copaiba1 of each #d dr42 yolk of an egg2 rose water1 #a_/b pint4 ,an awkward and useless preparation4 ,injection of ,mor'phia4 ,syn4 ,,injectio ,,morphi1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,brera47 ,morphia1 #b gr42 oil of almonds 7warm71 #a oz42 triturate together until united4 ,anodyne and emollient4 ,to ease the pain in ear-ache1 acute gonorrhoea1 piles1 c4 ,injection of ,night ,shade1 ,black4 7,p4 ,c47 ,syn4 ,,injectio ,,foliarum ,,solani ,,nigrum4 ,prep4 ,dried leaves of black night shade1 #a-c_/d oz42 boiling water1 #cf oz4 ,infuse #a hour1 and strain4 ,injection of ,nitrate of ,sil'ver4 ,syn4 ,,injectio ,,argenti ,,nitratis1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,acton47 ,nitrate of silver1 #c gr42 distilled water1 #a_/b pint2 dissolve4 #b4 7,dr ,arnott47 ,nitrate1 #ab gr42 water1 #a fl4 oz4 #c4 7,dr ,collier47 ,nitrate1 #b gr42 rose water1 #a fl4 oz4 #d4 7,dr ,culverwell47 ,nitrate1 #bj to #cj gr42 water1 #a fl4 oz4 #e4 7,dr ,jewell47 ,nitrate1 #ab gr42 water1 #f fl4 oz4 #f4 7,ricord47 ,nitrate1 #h gr42 water1 #a fl4 oz4 #g4 7,west4 ,hosp47 ,nitrate1 #a-a_/b gr42 diluted nitric acid1 #a-a_/d minim2 distilled water1 #a fl4 oz4 ,obs4 ,the weaker solutions are used in chronic gonorrhoea1 gleet1 and leucorrhoea2 those of an intermediate strength to prevent an attack of gonorrhoea following the incipient symptoms of that disease2 and the strongest1 chiefly in spermatorrhoea4 ,their use requires great caution4 ,injection of ,oak ,bark4 ,syn4 ,,injectio ,,quercus4 ,prep4 7,univ4 ,hosp47 ,alum1 #f gr42 decoction of oak bark1 #a fl4 oz4 ,for the vagina4 ,astringent4 ,injection1 ,oleaginous4 ,syn4 ,,injectio ,,oleosa4 ,prep4 ,oil of almonds1 #d oz42 liquid subacetate of lead1 #h drops4 ,injection of ,o''pium4 ,syn4 ,,injectio ,,opii1 ,i4 ,,opiata1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,tincture of opium or wine of opium1 #a to #b fl4 dr4 7according to circumstances72 water1 #e fl4 oz4 ,as an anodyne1 in gonorrhoea4 #b4 7,foy47 ,extract of opium1 #f gr42 extract of belladonna1 #a-a_/b dr42 decoction of wild lettuce1 #af fl4 oz4 ,in neuralgia and hmorrhages4 ,injection of ,opium with ,lead4 7,wendt47 ,syn4 ,,injectio ,,plumbi ,,opiata4 ,prep4 ,extract of opium1 #a-a_/b gr42 distilled water1 #b oz42 mucilage1 #b dr42 liquid subacetate of lead1 #d drops4 ,injection of ,pancreas4 7,merkel47 ,syn4 ,,injectio ,,pancreatini4 ,prep4 ,one bullock's pancreas2 glycerin1 #h oz4 ,rub the finely minced pancreas with the glycerin1 mix one third of this mixture with from #d to #e oz4 of finely minced meat1 and inject into the rectum4 ,said to be easily digested4 ,injection of ,platino-,chloride of ,soda4 7,hoeffer47 ,syn4 ,,injectio ,,platino-,,chloridi ,,sodii4 ,prep4 ,decoction of poppy1 #h oz42 chloride of platinum and sodium1 #a_/b dr4 ,injection1 ,sed'ative4 ,syn4 ,,injectio ,,sedativa1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,hosp4 ,f47 ,oil of almonds1 #a oz42 solution of diacetate of lead1 #bj drops4 ,cooling1 sedative1 and emollient4 #b4 7,wendt47 ,aqueous extract of opium1 #a-a_/b gr42 mucilage1 #b dr42 solution of diacetate of lead1 #d drops2 water1 #b fl4 oz4 ,cooling1 sedative1 and anodyne4 #c4 7,gassincourt47 ,simple emulsion1 #e fl4 oz42 decoction of poppies1 #af fl4 oz42 white of #a egg2 mix4 ,in acute gonorrhoea4 ,injection1 ,stim'ulating4 ,syn4 ,,injectio ,,stimulans1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,st4 ,marie47 ,myrrh1 #a oz42 quicklime1 #b oz42 water1 #a quart2 digest for #b or #c days1 and decant the clear portion4 ,in fistulous ulcers4 ,injection of ,sul'phate of ,cop'per4 ,syn4 ,,injectio ,,cupri ,,sulphatis1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,sulphate of copper1 #e gr42 rose water1 #d fl4 oz4 ,in chronic gonorrhoea4 #b4 7,hunter47 ,sulphate of copper1 #c gr42 water1 #d fl4 oz4 ,as the last4 #c4 7,swediaur47 ,sulphate of copper1 #f gr42 water1 #d fl4 oz42 dissolve1 and add solution of diacetate of lead1 #bj drops4 ,in phimosis4 ,injection of ,sul'phate of ,ir'on4 ,syn4 ,,injectio ,,ferri ,,sulphatis1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,berends47 ,sulphate of iron and mucilage1 of each #a_/b dr42 sage water1 #d fl4 oz42 dissolve4 ,in nasal and uterine hmorrhages4 ,injection of ,sul'phate of ,zinc4 ,syn4 ,,injectio ,,zinci ,,sulphatis4 ,prep4 #a4 7,hosp4 ,f47 ,sulphate of zinc1 #b gr42 water1 #a fl4 oz4 #b4 7,king's ,coll4--,,injectio ,,communis47--a4 ,sulphate of zinc1 #c gr42 solution of lead1 #bj drops2 water1 #a fl4 oz4 ,for a man4 b4 ,sulphate of zinc1 #aj gr42 alum1 #aj gr42 decoction of oak bark1 #a fl4 oz4 ,for a woman4 ,injection of ,sul'phuret of ,potas'sium4 ,syn4 ,,injectio ,,potassii ,,sulphureti1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,wedekind47 ,sulphuret of potassium1 #a dr42 water1 #a_/b pint4 ,in gonorrhoea4 ,injection of ,tan'nic ,acid4 ,syn4 ,,injectio ,,tannini1 ,i4 ,,acidi ,,tannici1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,bral47 ,tannin1 #a_/b dr42 distilled water1 #h fl4 oz4 7or better1 #a_/b pint74 ,in gleet and leucorrhoea4 ,injection of ,tea4 ,syn4 ,,injectio ,,the1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,hosp4 ,f47 ,green tea 7or rough black tea71 #a dr4 7say #b teaspoonfuls72 boiling water1 #a_/b pint4 ,astringent2 in gleet and fluor albus4 ,injection of ,turpentine4 7,st4 ,bart4's ,hosp47 ,syn4 ,,injectio ,,terebinthin4 ,prep4 ,oil of turpentine1 #a-a_/b fl4 oz42 olive oil1 #ab fl4 oz4 ,injection1 ,vi'nous4 ,syn4 ,,injectio ,,vini ,,rubri1 ,i4 ,,vinosa1 ,l4 ,prep4 7,earle47 ,red wine1 #a part2 water1 #b or #c parts4 ,in hydrocele4 ,injection of ,wood-soot4 ,syn4 ,,injectio ,,fuliginis4 7,rognetta74 ,decoction of wood-soot1 #af oz42 alum #a_/b oz42 water1 #f oz4 ,in leucorrhoea4 ,ink4 ,syn4 ,,atramentum1 ,l4 ,coloured liquid employed for writing with a pen4 ,ink is made of various substances and colours2 but at present we shall confine our attention to the tanno-gallic compounds1 to which the term1 when standing alone1 is almost exclusively applied4 ,prep4 #a4 ,aleppo galls 7well bruised71 #d oz42 clean soft water1 #a quart2 macerate in a clean corked bottle for #aj days or a fortnight1 or even longer1 with frequent agitation1 then add of gum ,arabic 7dissolved in a wine-glassful of water71 #a-a_/d oz42 lump sugar1 #a_/b oz42 mix well1 and afterwards further add of sulphate of iron 7green copperas1 crushed small71 #a-a_/b oz42 agitate occasionally for #b or #c days1 when the ink may be decanted for use1 but is better if the whole is left to digest together for #b or #c weeks4 ,when time is an object1 the whole of the ingredients may at once be put into a bottle1 and the latter agitated daily until the ink is made2 and boiling water instead of cold water may be employed4 ,product4 #a quart of excellent ink1 writing pale at first1 but soon turning intensely black4 #b4 ,aleppo galls 7bruised71 #ab lbs42 soft water1 #f galls42 boil in a copper vessel for #a hour1 adding more water to make up for the portion lost by evaporation2 strain1 and again boil the galls with water1 #d galls42 for #a_/b an hour2 strain off the liquor1 and boil a third time with water1 #b-a_/b galls41 and strain2 mix the several liquors1 and while still hot1 add of green copperas 7coarsely powdered71 #d-a_/b lbs42 gum arabic 7bruised small71 #d lbs42 agitate until dissolved1 and after defecation strain through a hair sieve1 and keep it in a bunged-up cask for use4 ,product4 #ab galls42 very fine and durable4 #c4 ,aleppo galls 7bruised71 #ad lbs42 gum1 #e lbs2 put them in a small cask1 and add of boiling soft water1 #ae galls42 allow the whole to macerate1 with frequent agitation1 for a fortnight1 then further add of green copperas1 #e lbs41 7dissolved in7 water1 #g pints2 again mix well1 and agitate the whole once daily for #b or #c weeks4 ,prod4 ,fully #ae galls4 ,resembles ,no4 #a4 #d4 ,galls 7bruised71 #i lbs42 logwood chips 7best ,campeachy71 #c lbs42 boil as in ,no4 #b2 to the strained mixed liquors1 add of gum arabic and green copperas1 of each 7bruised small71 #d lbs42 simmer or digest until dissolved1 and at once strain through a hair sieve into the store-cask or jars4 ,prod4 #af-a_/b galls4 ,excellent1 but inferior to the preceding4 #e4 ,galls 7bruised71 #b lbs42 logwood chips1 green copperas1 and gum1 of each #a lb42 water1 #g galls42 boil #b hours1 and strain4 ,prod4 #e galls4 ,a superior ink for retail4 #f4 ,galls 7bruised71 #a lb42 logwood1 #b lbs42 gum 7common71 #a lb42 green copperas1 #c_/d lb42 water1 #h galls42 proceed as last4 ,prod4 #f galls4 ,common1 but fit for all ordinary purposes4 ,the following formul are for some of the advertised inks1 or are those recommended by the authorities whose names are attached to them3-- #g4 7,,anti-,,corrosive47 ,same as ',asiatic ink4' #h4 7,,asiatic47 ,galls1 #d lbs42 logwood1 #b lbs42 pomegranate peel1 #b lb42 soft water1 #e galls2 boil as in ,no4 #b1 then add to the strained and decanted liquor1 when cold1 of gum ,arabic1 #a lb42 lump sugar or sugar candy1 #a_/d lb42 dissolved in water1 #c pints4 ,product4 #d-a_/b galls4 ,writes pale1 but flows well from the pen1 and soon gets black4 #i4 7,brande47 ,galls1 #f oz42 green copperas and gum ,arabic1 of each #d oz42 soft water1 #c quarts2 by decoction4 #aj4 7,chaptal47 ,as ,no4 #d 7nearly71 adding sulphate of copper1 #a_/b lb4 ,full coloured1 but less durable and anticorrosive than the preceding4 #aa4 7,desormeaux47 ,galls1 #a lb42 logwood chips1 #d oz42 water1 #f quarts2 boil #a hour1 strain #e quarts1 add of sulphate of iron 7calcined to whiteness71 #d oz42 brown sugar1 #c oz42 gum1 #f oz42 acetate of copper1 #a_/d oz42 agitate twice a day for a fortnight1 then decant the clear1 bottle1 cork up for use4 ,writes a full black1 and otherwise resembles ,no4 #aj4 #ab4 7,elsner47 ,galls 7powdered71 #db oz42 gum ,senegal 7powdered71 #ae oz42 distilled or rain water1 #ah quarts2 sulphate of iron 7free from copper71 #ah oz42 liquor of ammonia1 #c dr42 spirit of wine1 #bd oz42 mix these ingredients in an open vessel1 stirring frequently until the ink attains the desired blackness4 ,this formula is said to give a deep black1 neutral ink that does not corrode steel pens4 #ac4 7,,exchequer47 ,galls 7bruised71 #dj lbs4 7say #d parts72 gum1 #aj lbs4 7say one part72 green sulphate of iron1 #i lbs4 7say one part72 soft water1 #de galls41 7say #de parts72 macerate for #c weeks1 employing frequent agitation4 ,this ink will endure for centuries4 #ad4 7,guibourt47 ,galls 7in powder71 #ej parts2 hot water1 #hjj parts2 digest #bd hours1 strain1 and add of green sulphate of iron and gum ,arabic1 of each #be parts2 when dissolved1 add the following solution and mix well3--,sal ammoniac1 #h parts2 gum1 #b parts2 oil of lavender1 #a part2 boiling water1 #af parts4 ,said to be indelible4 #ae4 7,,japan47 ,this is a black and glossy kind of ink1 which may be prepared from either of the above receipts by calcining the copperas until white or yellow1 or by sprinkling it 7in powder7 with a little nitric acid before adding it to the decoction 7preferably the former71 by which the ink is rendered of a full black as soon as made4 ,the glossiness is given by using more gum4 ,it flows less easily from the pen than other inks1 and is less durable than ink that writes paler and afterwards turns black4 ,it is unfitted for steel pens4 #af4 7,lewis47 ,bruised galls1 #c lb42 gum and sulphate of iron1 of each #a lb42 vinegar1 #a gall42 water1 #i quarts2 macerate with frequent agitation for #ad days4 ,to produce #c galls4 ,fine quality1 but apt to act on steel pens4 #ag4 7,,prerogative ,,court47 ,galls1 #a lb42 gum ,arabic1 #f oz42 alum1 #b oz42 green vitriol1 #g oz42 kino1 #c oz42 logwood raspings1 #d oz42 soft water1 #a gall42 macerate at last4 ,said to write well on parchment4 #ah4 7,ribaucourt47 ,galls1 #a lb42 logwood chips and sulphate of iron1 of each #a_/b lb42 gum #f oz42 sulphate of copper and sugar candy1 of each1 #a oz42 boil the first two in soft water1 #b-a_/b galls41 to one half1 then add the other ingredients4 ,full coloured1 but somewhat corrosive1 as ,no4 #aj4 #ai4 7,dr ,ure47 ,galls1 #ab lbs42 green copperas and gum ,senegal1 of each #e lbs42 as ,no4 #b 7nearly74 ,to produce #ab galls4 #bj4 7,dr ,wollaston47 ,galls1 #a oz42 sulphate of iron1 #c dr42 gum1 #a_/d oz42 cold water #a_/b pint2 put into a bottle and shaken together every day for a fortnight or longer4 ,a good durable ink1 which will bear diluting4 #ba4 7,pharmaceutische ,zeitung47 ,by adding ferrocyanide of potassium to ordinary ink1 an indelible writing ink may be obtained4 ,the removal of such an ink by an acid would result in the production of ,prussian blue4 ,general ,commentary4 ,according to the most accurate experiments on the preparation of black ink1 it appears that the quantity of sulphate of iron should not exceed #a_/crd part of that of the galls1 by which an excess of astringent vegetable matter1 which is necessary for the durability of the colour1 is preserved in the liquid4 ,gum1 by shielding the writing from the action of the air1 tends to preserve the colour2 but if much is employed1 the ink flows languidly from quill pens1 and scarcely at all from steel pens4 ,the latter require a very limpid ink4 ,the addition of sugar 7especially of moist sugar7 increases the flowing property of the liquid1 but makes it dry more slowly1 and frequently to pass into an acetous state1 in which condition it acts injuriously on the pen4 ,vinegar1 for a like reason1 is not calculated for the menstruum1 as it rapidly softens quill or horn1 and corrodes iron and steel4 ,to ensure the permanency of the colour of the tanno-gallic inks1 the best ,aleppo or blue nut-galls must alone be used4 ,no second or inferior quality should be employed4 ,a contrary practice1 often adopted for the sake of economy1 is nearly always followed by unpleasant results and often by considerable loss4 ,the only improvement of importance which has been made in the manufacture of writing ink from the common materials1 during the last few years1 is the practice of first roasting the gall-nuts1 which is now adopted by a few of the houses most celebrated for their ,,copying ,,ink4 ,in this way a portion of pyrogallic acid is formed1 which is very soluble in water1 and strikes an intense bluish-black colour with the protosulphate or green sulphate of iron4 ,from galls so treated an ink may be made to write black at once4 ,care must1 however1 be taken to avoid any loss of materials by volatilisation4 ,to prevent any tendency to mouldiness in ink1 a few bruised cloves1 or a little oil of cloves1 or1 still better1 a few drops of creasote 7carbolic acid7 may be added4 ,the last two should be previously dissolved in a small quantity of strong vinegar1 or rectified spirit4 ,with the same intention some of the large makers allow the ink to become covered with a skin of 'mould' in the cask1 to render it less liable to undergo the same change when subsequently bottled4 ,formerly the practice was to add a little spirit for the same purpose4 ,sumach1 logwood1 and oak-bark are frequently substituted for galls in the preparation of common ink4 ,when such is the case1 only about #a_/f or #a_/gth of their weight of copperas should be employed4 ,inks so made possess little durability4 ,the very general use of steel pens of late years has caused a corresponding demand for easy-flowing inks1 many of which are now vended under the titles of ,,writing-,,fluids1 ,,steel-,,pen ,,ink1 ,,anticorrosive ,,ink1 c4 ,the greater number of these are prepared from galls in the preceding manner2 but a less quantity of gum is employed1 and greater attention is paid than heretofore to avoid every source of 'greasiness' among which smoke and dirty utensils are1 perhaps1 the principal4 ,the blue 'writing fluids1' which either maintain their colour or turn black by exposure to the air1 are1 in general1 prepared from ferrocyanide of potassium1 or from indigo1 and are fully noticed in another place4 ,,copying ,,ink1 another variety of ink of recent introduction1 is characterised by its suitableness to metallic pens1 and by furnishing a transcript by means of the 'copying press' or 'copying machine4' 7,see below47 ,the inks prepared by the first four of the above formul are very durable and limpid1 and will bear dilution with nearly an equal bulk of water1 and still be superior in quality to the ordinary inks of the shops4 ,see ,,galls1 ,,iron1 ,,writing ,,fluid1 and below4 ,ink1 ,blue and ,blue black4 ,see ,,writing ,,fluid4 ,ink1 ,brown4 #a4 ,a strong decoction of catechu2 the shade may be varied by the cautious addition of a little weak solution of bichromate of potash4 #b4 ,a strong decoction of logwood1 with a very little bichromate of potash4 ,ink1 ,carbon4 ,dissolve real ,indian ink in common black ink1 or add a small quantity of lampblack previously heated to redness1 and ground perfectly smooth1 with a small portion of the ink4 ,ink1 ,carmine4 ,heat a scruple of carmine with #c oz4 of water of ammonia for some minutes1 a little below boiling1 and add #ae to #bj gr4 of gum4 7,the inkstand must be kept well closed47 ,ink1 ,chrome4 ,see ,,green ,,ink and ,,writing ,,fluid4 ,ink1 ,coloured4 ,inks of various colours may be made from a strong decoction of the ingredients used in dyeing1 mixed with a little alum or other substance used as a mordant1 and gum ,arabic4 ,any of the ordinary water-colour cakes employed in drawing1 diffused through water1 may also be used as coloured ink4 ,see ,,brown1 ,,green1 and ,,red inks1 c4 ,,ink1 ,,copying4 ,this is usually prepared by adding a little sugar or other saccharine matter to ordinary black ink1 which for this purpose should be very rich in colour1 and preferably made from galls prepared by heat1 as noticed above4 ,writing executed with this ink may be copied within the space of #e or #f hours1 by passing it through a press 7,,copying ,,press7 in contact with thin unsized paper 7,,bank-,,post71 slightly damped1 enclosed between two sheets of thick oiled or waxed paper1 when a reversed transcript will be obtained1 which will read in proper order when the back of the copy is turned upwards4 ,in the absence of a press a copy may be taken1 when the ink is good and the writing very recent1 by rolling the sheets1 dully arranged on a ruler1 over the surface of a flat smooth table1 employing as much force as possible1 and avoiding any slipping or crumbling of the paper4 ,another method is to pass a warm flat-iron over the paper laid upon the writing4 ,the following proportions are employed3 #a4 ,sugar candy or lump sugar1 #a oz42 or treacle or moist sugar1 #a-a_/d oz42 rich black ink1 #a-a_/b pint2 dissolve4 #b4 ,malt wort1 #a pint2 evaporate it to the consistence of a syrup1 and then dissolve it in good black ink1 #a-a_/d pint4 #c4 ,solazza juice1 #b oz42 mild ale1 #a_/b pint2 dissolve1 strain1 and triturate with lampblack 7previously heated to dull redness it a covered vessel71 #a_/d oz42 when the mixture is complete1 add of strong black ink1 #a-a_/b pint1 mix well1 and in #b or #c hours decant the clear4 ,obs4 ,after making the above mixtures1 they must be tried with a common steel pen1 and if they do not flow freely1 some more unprepared ink should be added until they are found to do so4 ,ink1 ,gold4 ,from gold in the state of a impalpable powder1 ground up with a little gum water4 ,the brilliancy of the writing performed with this ink is considerable1 and may be increased by burnishing4 ,ink1 ,green4 #a4 ,from sap green dissolved in very weak alum water4 #b4 ,a strong solution of binacetate of copper in water1 or of verdigris in vinegar4 #c4 7,klaproth47 ,verdigris1 #b oz42 cream of tartar1 #a oz42 water1 #a_/b pint2 boil to one half1 and filter4 #d4 7,winckley47 ,bichromate of potassa1 #c parts2 hot water1 #h parts2 dissolve1 add of rectified spirits1 #d parts1 mix1 and further add of sulphuric acid1 q4 s4 to liberate the chromic acid1 avoiding excess2 next evaporate to one half1 dilute with water1 filter1 and add to the filtrate rectified spirit1 #d parts together with #c or #d drops of sulphuric acid 7if required71 to precipitate any remaining potash salt2 lastly1 decant and preserve the liquid until it assumes a rich green colour4 #e4 ,a solution of recently precipitated hydrated oxide of chromium in liquor of ammonia1 diluted with distilled water1 q4 s4 ,a magnificent dark-green liquid1 perfectly anti-corrosive4 ,ink1 ,horticultural4 ,prep4 ,chloride of platinum1 #a_/d oz42 soft water1 #a pint2 dissolve1 and preserve it in glass4 ,used with a clean quill to write on zinc labels4 ,it almost immediately turns black1 and cannot be removed by washing4 ,the addition of gum and lampblack1 as recommended in certain books1 is unnecessary1 and even prejudicial to the quality of the ink4 #b4 ,verdigris and sal ammoniac1 of each #a_/b oz42 levigated lampblack1 #a_/b oz42 common vinegar1 #a_/d pint2 mix thoroughly4 ,used as the last1 for either zinc1 iron1 or steel4 #c4 ,blue vitriol1 #a oz42 sal ammoniac1 #a_/b oz4 7both in powder72 vinegar1 #a_/d pint2 dissolve4 ,a little lampblack1 or vermilion1 may be added1 but it is not necessary4 ,as ,no4 #a2 for iron1 tin1 or steel plate4 ,some of the preparations described below under ',incorrodible ink' are also used by gardeners and nurserymen4 ,ink1 ,incorro''dible4 ,this name has been given to several preparations of a resinous character1 capable of resisting the action of damp and acids4 ,prep4 #a4 ,boiled linseed oil1 ground with lampblack and ,prussian blue1 of each q4 s4 to impart a deep black colour4 ,it may be thinned with oil of turpentine4 #b4 ,good copal or amber varnish1 coloured with either plumbago or vermilion4 #c4 ,trinidad asphaltum 7genuine71 #a part2 oil of turpentine1 #d parts2 colour 7as last7 q4 s4 #d4 7,close47 ,cobalt 7in powder71 #be gr42 oil of lavender1 #bjj gr42 dissolve by a gentle heat1 and add of lampblack1 #c gr42 indigo #a gr4 7both in impalpable powder72 or vermilion1 q4 s4 #e4 7,hausmann47 ,as ,no4 #c 7nearly74 ,resists the action of iodine1 chlorine1 alkalies1 and acids4 #f4 7,sheldrake47 ,asphaltum dissolved in amber varnish and oil of turpentine1 and coloured with lampblack4 ,coarsely powdered anacardium nuts 7the fruit of the ,anacardium orientale7 are macerated in a well-closed bottle with petroleum ether1 for some time4 ,upon allowing the latter to evaporate spontaneously1 a syrupy residue is left1 and this1 when applied to linen or cotton cloth1 imparts to them a brownish-yellow colour1 which instantly changes to a deep black on the addition of ammonia or lime water4 7,bttger47 ,obs4 ,the above are also frequently called 'indelible' or 'indestructible inks4' ,they are employed for writing labels on bottles containing strong acids and alkaline solutions4 ,the last five are very permanent1 and are capable of resisting the action of iodine1 chlorine1 alkaline lyes1 and acids1 together with all the operations of dyeing and bleaching1 and at once offer a cheap and an excellent material for marking linen1 c41 as they cannot be dissolved off by any menstrua that will not destroy the fabric4 ,they must be employed with stamps1 types1 or stencil plates1 by which greater neatness will be secured than can be obtained with either a brush or pen4 ,see ,,horticultural ,,ink1 ,,indelible ,,ink1 c4 ,ink1 ,indel'ible4 ,syn4 ,,indestructible ,,ink4 ,prep4 #a4 ,lampblack 7previously heated to dull redness in a covered vessel71 #a_/d oz42 triturate with good black ink 7gradually added71 #a pint4 ,resists chlorine1 weak acids1 and weak alkaline lyes1 in the cold4 #b4 7,bezanger47 ,lampblack ground in a lye of caustic soda1 combined with a mixture of gelatin and caustic soda4 ,said to be indelible1 and to resemble genuine ,china ink4 #c4 7,braconnot47 ,dantzic potash1 #d parts2 tanned leather parings1 #b parts2 sulphur1 #a part2 water1 #bj parts2 boil them in an iron vessel to dryness1 then raise the heat 7constantly stirring with an iron rod7 until the whole forms a soft mass1 observing that it does not ignite2 next dissolve the mass in water1 q4 s41 and filter the solution through a cloth4 ,flows freely from a pen1 and resists the action of many chemical substances4 #d4 7,,carbon ,,ink47 ,genuine ,indian ink1 rubbed down with good black ink until it will flow easily from a pen4 ,resists chlorine1 oxalic acid1 and ablution with a hair pencil or sponge4 #e4 7,coathupe47 ,borax1 #a oz42 shell-lac1 #b oz41 water1 #ah fl4 oz42 boil in a covered vessel until dissolved1 strain1 add of thick mucilage1 #a oz41 and triturate it with levigated indigo and lampblack1 of each q4 s41 to give a good colour4 ,after #b hours' repose1 decant it from the dregs1 and bottle for use4 ,resists moisture1 chlorine1 and acids4 #f4 7,,french47--a4 ,from ,indian ink1 diffused through water acidulated with hydrochloric acid4 ,for quills4--b4 ,from ,indian ink diffused through water slightly alkalised with liquor of potassa4 ,for metallic pens4 #g4 7,herberger47 ,wheat gluten 7free from starch71 q4 s41 is dissolved in weak acetic acid of good pure vinegar1 #d fl4 oz42 lampblack 7best71 #aj or #ab gr42 indigo1 #b or #c gr42 and oil of cloves1 #a or #b drops1 are then added1 and the whole is thoroughly incorporated together4 ,the product is inexpensive1 has a beautiful black colour1 and resists the action of water1 chlorine1 and weak acids4 ,obs4 ,the products of the above formul1 though called 'indelible ink' and 'indestructible ink1' are in reality only indelible as compared with common writing ink1 as they may all be removed with more or less facility by chemical reagents1 assisted by mechanical means4 ,they are intended chiefly for paper1 pasteboard1 and parchment4 ,no #e is also used for glass and metal4 ,see ,,marking ,,ink4 ,ink1 ,in'dian4 ,syn4 ,,china ,,ink2 ,,atramentum ,,indicum1 ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 ,lampblack 7finest7 is ground to a paste with very weak liquor of potassa1 and this paste is then diffused through water slightly alkalised with potassa1 after which it is collected1 washed with clean water1 and dried2 the dry powder is next levigated to a smooth1 stiff paste1 with a strong filtered decoction of carrageen or ,irish moss1 or of quince seed1 a few drops of essence of musk1 and about half as much essence of ambergris being added1 by way of perfume1 towards the end of the process2 the mass is1 lastly1 moulded into cakes1 which are ornamented with ,chinese characters and devices1 as soon as they are dry and hard4 #b4 ,a weak solution of fine gelatin is boiled at a high temperature in a ,papin's digester for #b hours1 and then in an open vessel for #a hour more2 the liquid is next filtered and evaporated to a proper consistence1 either in a steam or salt-water bath2 it is1 lastly1 made into a paste1 as before1 with pure lampblack which has been previously heated to dull redness in a well-closed crucible4 ,neither of the above gelatinise in cold weather1 like the ordinary imitations4 #c4 7,gray47 ,pure lampblack made up with asses'-skin glue1 and scented with musk4 #d4 7,merime47 ,dissolve superfine glue in water1 add a strong solution of nut-galls1 and wash the precipitate in hot water2 then dissolve it in a fresh solution of glue1 filter1 evaporate to a proper thickness1 and form it into a paste as before1 with purified lampblack4 #e4 7,proust47 ,as ,no4 #a 7nearly74 #f4 ,seed-lac1 #a_/b oz42 borax1 #a-a_/b dr42 water1 #a_/b pint2 boil to #h oz41 filter1 and make a paste with pure lampblack1 as before4 ,when dry1 it resists the action of water4 ,obs4 ,the ,chinese do not use glue in the preparation of their ink1 but an infusion or decoction of certain seeds abounding in a glutinous transparent mucilage1 which at once imparts brilliancy and durability to the colour4 ,starch converted into gum by means of sulphuric acid1 or ',british gum1' has been recommended as a substitute4 7,m4 ,merime47 ,indian ink is chiefly employed by artists1 but it has been occasionally given as a medicine1 dissolved in water or wine1 in hmorrhages and stomach complaints4--,dose1 #a to #b dr4 ,for continuation of the article on ,inks1 see ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,,end ,,of ,,vol4 ,i4 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcriber's ,amendments ,transcriber's ,note3 ,blank pages have been deleted4 ,on pages that remain1 some unnecessary page numbers may have been deleted when they fall in the middle of lists4 ,some illustrations may have been moved4 ,the publisher's inadvertent omissions of important punctuation have been corrected4 ,some wide tables have been rearranged or re-formatted to narrower equivalents with some words replaced with commonly known abbreviations and possibly a key4 ,some ditto marks have been replaced with the words represented4 ,the author often skipped the period in ',dr1'1 ',mr1'1 ,messrs4 and ',mrs4' so all such instances are formatted here without the period4 ,the author switched from using ',b4 ,p4' to ',b4,p4' for ,british ,pharmacopoeia part of the way through the text so all such instances have been changed to ',b4,p4' ,duplicative front matter has been removed4 ,other changes are listed below4 ,the listed source publication page number also applies in this reproduction except possibly for footnotes since they have been moved4 ,page ,change ix which ,i should display my acquisitions to mankind4 x at last to wake a ,cyclopdist4 #c ,lon4 or ,long41 ,longtitude,longitude4 #d 7often expressed by the sign o_/o'o_/o' graphic not replicable7 #e ,cyath41 cyathus1 velvel deleted #h that has been so indiscrimatelyindiscriminately #h the employment of castille,castile soap1 #ab ,illustration caption3 ,added3 ,meal mite4 #ag ,adopter,adapter connecting retort and globes4 #ba earthenware are also frequenlyfrequently employed2 #ba per-oxideperoxide of manganese1 or red #bi as well as 'test-solutions' containngcontaining #cc weezerstweezers4 ,a long piece of thick #cc ,ger4 ,monkshood2 wolfsbanwolfsbane4 ,in #cd ,some specimesspecimens are white and spongy2 #cd ,a white1 colourless1 semicrystallinesemi-crystalline mass #ci ,,magnesia1 ,,magnesia ,,sulphateentry rearranged1 #dd with the result of their adminsistrationadministration #ed article with a paste of freshly slackedslaked lime #fc #adc #bibi #gc information in connection with ,alcholometry,alcoholometry #ie of the exaetexact temperature at which #if into lumps like resin1 it is ,,salicin,,salicine2 #ih other1 different1 and ,greek3 paphos,greek3 pathos #aji allumalum 7dissolved in gum-water71 #aai ,it has a adelete smell resembling #abf 7three-daggers7asterism ,the sp4 gr4 of any sample of liquid #acb conical mass1 whiehwhich is technically called #acb untlluntil the liquor has remained #acb as eadyalready mentioned1 #acf in the neighbeurhoodneighbourhood of ,london4 #acf made with lemon-juice and drankdrunk effervescing1 #acg the ctlearclear portion of the liquid1 #acg after repose decaneddecanted1 #adc form the body under examination2#a;del #adg and litaniumtitanium4 ,hydrogen also #aed he created a new world for future naturalists #afa ,pottsviile,pottsville1 ,sharp ,mount #adab #bchb #afe smelting is the common sulphide kuownknown as #agj ,,oxidum1 ,l474 ,prpe4,prep4 7,b4 ,p47 #agc ,,antisborbu',,tica,,antisborbu',,tica1 ,l471 used in scurvy4 #age ,,composit,,composit4 ,a plant growing in the ,north #age and the head and leckneck laid bare4 #agg ,,apfel1 ,ger42 ,,apple,,appel1 ,dut42 #agh ,a4 ,,niva',,lis or ,d4,a4 ,,ex ,,ni',,ve1 #agi fit for or under tillage or arationaration2 #aha it was an ocultoccult power of nature1 #ahe ,a spirituous liqurliquor imported #ahh ,trii'odide of4 ,as,t,i#c4 #aih succession1 and pre iseprecise character #aih ,hydrated sulphide of iron 7as #ajthe last74 #bja ,an,by an ,act of ,parliament#a it is provided #bjh ,sesquioixde,sesquioxide #bai ,symbols in table replaced with numeric equivalents4 #bai ,in the foregoing table symbol represents one volume4deleted all #bai #aj pints2 slackedslaked lime1 #a oz42 #bbj once agitating #f or #h vlumesvolumes of water #bde and is sufficcientlysufficiently pure for making #bdf abundantly columnar crsytalscrystals #bee melt the materia#al in a reverberateryreverberatory #beg varyvery liable to crack when filled with hot water #bfa ,l4 #a ,green sulphate of iron1 #a to #b #bgb form of mattrassmattress than one made of horsehair #bgb the horsehair mattrassmattress calls even more imperatively #bgb ,both pillows and mattrassmattress should be taken to pieces #bgc ,these are less than those of eatherfeather beds #bha and ,mr ,denison,dennison differ from him in opinion4 #bhd ,goood,good samples of benzoin yield #bhf and bronchial aflectionsaffections1 when #bhh can only be accounted for by aamplessamples #bhi the fluid expresssedexpressed made up to #bf #bij the precipitate thereby produeedproduced4 #cjj petroleum may bementionedbe mentioned as examples4 #cjj much of the asphalt and bituminoubituminous pavement #cjd #a_/crd of this dococtiondecoction is then #cjg through the str etsstreets of this great metropolis2 #cjh 7see #a;,i1 #d1 above71 but dissolving #cjh #f4 7,without ,vitriol47 ,as #a;,i1 #e #cjh ,the final addition of the #c lbs4footnote given a number #caj by which they bcomebecome considerably larger2 #cab ,about ,a4,d4 #fj4;,footnote not referenced in text2 deleted4 #cab of ,barthollet,berthollet on chlorine1 in #aghd1 #cab ,transcriber's note3 ,footnote omitted by publisher4 #cac #a;,i4 ,,bleaching of ,cotton3 #cac ,the pieces are bucked or boiled in mllkmilk of lime#e #cai may be mentioned the folowingfollowing3-- #cai nin breadth1 is observed round the glass1 #cai it is certain that vesication is effected4 #cbc and ,,magnesia are indicated1 the latter finefive when added #cca staranisestar-anise oil1 #dj drops #ccg #ida to #idb 7#ah to #bj u4 p474 ,the common #cch processes detailed under ,,alcohometry,,alcoholometry4 #cch and examining the later orfor heavier products4 #cdf a wineglassfulwine-glassful of this solution added #cee ,the whole of the water nsedused #cef a littielittle more 'lobb' is generally added1 #cfj #b4 ,to the last add of sugar or treacle1 #a_/b blb4 #cfa the mixture hayinghaving been placed in a retort #cfb ,these vessels are furroundedsurrounded with belts of iron #cfi ,oil-painting a wall #cgc nothwithstandingnotwithstanding the assertions #cgg not exceeding #ahj ,fahr41 #cgg other butter ever posseseespossesses4 #chj ,cadmium1 ,car'bonate of4 ,cd,co#c;,cd,c,o#c4 #chd flour1 #a-a_/b lb42 curantscurrants1 #b lbs42 #cii ,india rubber or cauotchouccaoutchouc1 #dbj ,when applied let it be heated4 #dbg ,,cerate ,,plaster 7,emplastru m,emplastrum ,cerati ,saponis7 #dbi let it rest for a night in a closed mattrassmatrass2 #dcj ,chalk1 ,browu,brown4 ,a familiar name for umber4 #dca ,a more economical methedmethod #def prepares a standard solution as fellowsfollows3 #deg ,langour,languor1 listlessness1 fatigue after the least exercise1 #dfj a pint of cold water1 and drankdrunk ad libitum4 #dfb any of the iron preparationpreparations will #dfh ,,cinchona,,cinchon ,,flav ,,cortex4 #dgf into a very considerable and importaimportant #dgg it gives a headbead of a magnificent #dgh between the best and the lowest quantityquality #dhd ,compound of caffein with potash #cece to #ejjj #dhd treated with a per-saltpersalt of iron2 #dhg to about #a_/crd or #a_/dth of itits bulk #dhg iuin a cool place4 ,this preparation #dhg ,it differs fremfrom veratria in being soluble #dia ,iodide and ,bromide ,solution4 ,iodid,iodide of cadmium #dif boil the saffron and turmeric in #dii ,dr4 ,gardner4,footnote not referenced in text2 deleted4 #eja ,in the caescase of a dangerous attack #ejd ,its activity is considerdconsidered equal #ejf thus described in the ',encyclopoedia,encyclopdia ,brittanica4' #ejg ,copper has a brilliant yellowish-edyellowish-red colour #ejh the soluble part to spontaneous evaportionevaporation4 #eaj thin film of copper by merely immersing isit #eab corns may be removed by ayplyingapplying ivy leaf1 #eah requires practice as to the heat of ihethe water2 #ebj at the ,hpital des ,enfans,enfants1 #eba are excedinglyexceedingly useful for many operations1 #ebe 7,see table at bottom of previous column477,see previous table47 #eca ,davids-,thee1 ,echter ,karolinenthaler--,genuine ,karoin's,karolin's #ecd properly qualified medical practionerpractitioner1 #ecf thould should be well bruised #ede sassafras1 guaiacmuguaiacum turnings1 #edg dysentery1 dirrrhoeadiarrhoea1 and excoriations #edi kind than other persouspersons4 #edi in moderarelymoderately large doses1 #edi ,lassaigne and ,feneulle lnin ,delphinium staphysagria #eej after rincingrinsing the mouth out with water4 #eee tnethe only property which the bodies #efj camphor1 fragrant pastilespastilles1 cascarilla1 #efj until the temperature has fallen to #cii ,fahr41 #efb ,,ffrralum,,ferralum is a mixture of ferrous #efc distinguiisheddistinguished by a mouldy or musty odour #efd if we desire to makxmake our sanitary surroundings #efg ,disinfections of the apartmentsapartment #efi is conectedconnected with the chimney #efi for the purification of mattrassesmattresses1 linen1 #ega ,for heating mattrassesmattresses another apparatus #egb surrounding the tootop of the capital of the still #egc distiller is allowed to produce worstworts from any substance #egd ,dr4 ,druitt4footnote renumbered4 #ehc complete disconnection betweeenbetween the pipe #eij ,rasp'berry4 ,see ,,drops1 ,,fruit 7aboueabove47 #eid or convulsive twitching1 a vein may be epenedopened4 #eid use shall be commerciallscommercially pure #eif a final wincerinse in cow-dung before dyeing is advantageous4 #eii dependent for his purples on orchil or cudbeercudbear1 #fjc originally a mixture of siversilver nitrate1 #fje ,liquid sulphurous acid #agf #fjf by the ravages of the ,ecchinococcus,echinococcus is the #fjg lines connecting f1 g1 k1 representsrepresent #fjg ,does,dose1 #a_/b to #b gr4 #fjg ,,asclepedin4 ,from ,asclepiastuberosa,asclepias tuberosa4 #fjg ,stimulant1 astringent1 and antispadmodicantispasmodic4 #fji whilst bad or wortlessworthless ones will swim #faj and stirred neone way all the time1 #faa with potasssapotassa and solution of silver #faa dried by exposure to the air and a gentle headheat #fab and distinguiseddistinguished as negative and positive1 #fac instrument is to be placed upon the resinous plate #fac ,syn4 ,,electro-,,met',,alurgy,,electro-,,met' ,,allurgy1 #faf ,the double chloride of platinum and potassumpotassium1 #fag ,elecutary,electuary1 ,bath4 ,syn4 #fah honey and syrup of wormwowormwood1 #fah ,in intermittents occurring in crofulousscrofulous subjects4 #fbj ,a teaspooonfulteaspoonful1 as a mild stomachic #fbj ,dose1 #a to #b teaspoonsfulsteaspoonfuls1 #fbb #b teaspoonfuls2 in an enorrhoeaamenorrhoea1 constipation1 #fbd bitter almonds 7bruised71 #h in on4no42 #fbh gradually added1 the ematineemetine is dissolved1 #fbh however1 that ematineemetine is alone #fbi other remedies can be optainedobtained and applied4 #fcd and that to exert a likedlike absorbent action #fcd coats of the intestines1 and to allay irritatationirritation2 #fch ,fluor,flour1 in table #fch but its energy must be develoyeddeveloped in the place #fdb the diptheriadiphtheria affecting oxen1 #fdb tend to sssumeassume a typhoid form1 #fdb parasite that multiplymultiplies so rapidly as speedlyspeedily #fdc ,titanum,titanium in table #fdc ,lanthanium,lanthanum #fea ,essence1 ,anthysteri'ic,antihyster'ic4 #feg ,from pine-apple oil 7buytricbutyric ether1 #feg rectfiedrectified spirit1 #a_/b pint2 digest #feg the solution is apt to depoitdeposit part of it #feg #c4b4 ,attar of roses1 #a oz42 rectified spirit1 #fed in the last two formul to ththe preparation of #feh at #afj ,fahr4 ,if reduced #feh and neroli1 of each #f drops2 dissoveddissolved #fei or verbenverbena 7,andropogon citratum71 #ffc a heavy1 oily pro-productproduct #fff ,having been found lsless efficient than #ffg does not effectaffect a solution of nitrate #ffi it continues to be absordedabsorbed4 #ffi the nitrite of ethelethyl is--in very #fgb ,eugleda,euglena viridis and the #fgb and the ,eugleda,euglena pyrum4 #fgc the fluid matter that forms the menstrnummenstruum2 #fgc ,to purify liqnidsliquids by the dissipation of #fgc the vapour is prevented from resting upon the #fgi ,w is the weight of the person1 ,w,wl the weight carried #fhb ,,solidfied,,solidified ,,worts1 made by a licensed brewer1 #fhb ,in medi cnemedicine and pharmacy1 #fhf unless when taken in repeated doesdoses1 long continued4 #fhg q4 s4 to make chethe whole equal in weight to that #fid to be employed as the mentruummenstruum1 #fii fluid extract will not be required #fih exclusively appropriated to ,cannabic,cannabis sativa #gjj pill consistence4--,dose1 #a_/b to #a dr4 #gja by maceration orfor #bd hours1 #gja 7,,extractum ,,lubulinae,,lupulin ,,coctione ,,paratum47 #gjb c4 7,ph4 ,u4 ,s4 ,,extractum ,,mezereifluidum,,mezerei ,,fluidum47 #gjd ,l4 ,prep4 #a4 7,p4 ,cod47 ,from ox-gall1 #gjh ,guibort,guibourt47 ,senna 7in powder71 #a part2 #gjh by distillation and vaporationevaporation4--,dose1 #gjh ,in argerlarger doses it is nauseant and emetic4 #gaa flowers with the purest recitfiedrectified spirit #gab ,when a powerfully destructive substencesubstance1 #gab etherialethereal oils of lavender1 #gab intermitentintermittent form of facial ,,neuralgia #gag simple in construction and easily managablemanageable2 it #gah instead the mouth of the botttlebottle is closed #gbb in the so-called red prusstateprussiate of potash #gbb ,,putrefaction1 ,,bbewing,,brewing1 c4 #gbf from one vessselvessel to another1 #gbg first a stratum of coursecoarse pebbles1 #gbh is said to be prepared by heating hoematitehmatite #gbi washed in hot water4,footnote tag renumbered4 #gbi ,commision,commissionin table #gcc because of ofdel #bnd of their little specific gravity4 #gcc of this formulformula is made to existing #gch invention1 bntbut it has not proved #gch contents of the air-veselvessel until #gda ,artficial,artificial ,propagation4 #gdb when dressed immediately after being caught1 possessesspossesses #gdc spirit is frequently omitted altogtheraltogether4 #gdf ,microscropic,microscopic analysis detects the presence #gdf ,,fleigenpulver,,fliegenpulver--,fly ,powder #gdh ,see also ,,bread1,no footnote reference in text2 added one4 #gdi ,the best bread contains about #a_/d-a_/fths#a_/fth of #gdi than they can diposedispose of whilst 'new1' #gee 7,eagle marine47 ,vedigris,verdigris tempered in #geg from the organic kingdom that our ailmentsaliments #geh ,beef1 mutton1 veal1 lamb1 and vensionvenison #gei is diseased1 unoundunsound or unwholesome1 #gfa #ed4 7,kittoe's47 ,sal ammoniac1 #a dr42 spring #gfb stewing or semi fryingsemi-frying1 highly flavoured #gfb namely1 ,r4 amydalinusamygdalinus4 #gfd ,brown syrup1 #ij grammes2 verdegrisverdigris1 #f grammes2 #gfd the perils of transit and storeagestorage4 #gfg property may be destoyeddestroyed by boiling it #ggj ,syn4 ,,fumigatio ,,murcurialis,,mercurialis1 ,l4 #gga jewellers1 analytical chemists1 expermentalistsexperimentalists1 #ggd two or three months the sides of the vessevessel #ggg to his classification1 ,mendeljeff,medelejeff asserted1 that #ggg ,the hypothetical ,eka aluminium of ,mendeljeff,mendelejeff #ggf when with treatedwhen treated with sulphuretted hydrogen1 #ggf ,the per-saltspersalts of iron present are then #ggi for a minute1 that thatdel #bnd that they may be skinned #ghb ,,gar',,net4 ,in mineraloyymineralogy1 #ghb carburetted hydrogen1 hyrochlorichydrochloric acid1 #ghf in a leylye of caustic soda1 #ghg ,,gelseminum,,gelsemium ,,nitridum1 #gib ,footnote #ccb3 ,see ,,electrotyps,,electrotype4 #gid gross of buttons of the abveabove size4 #gie ,,deading ,,auqafortis,,aquafortis4 ,from mercury1 #hja lime1 #ch2 alumina1 #b #hbh4 ,french mirror-glass4 #had solutions of gold1 insoluble in excesssexcess4 #hah scented1 as a pommadepomade to make the hair grow1 #hai rectified spirit of wine1 #b gallsgals42 #hai ,,guinea ,,grains1 ,,malaguetta,,meleguetta ,,pepper4 #hai ,the seeds of the ,ammomum melaguettameleguetta4 #hbf ammonia chloride oof platinum thus obtained1 #hbf the per-centage of ready-formed amm oniaammonia1 #hbi ,prop41 c4 ,white2 inspidinsipid2 transparent2 #hcg ,for use1 the airhair is moistened by means #hci ,when the handhands are very dirty1 #hdf macerate for #b #b;del #bnd #b hours2 #hdf ,dried petals of the thedel #bnd the red rose #hdg ,a native chloride orof silver1 #hea and the fuunelfunnel having been withdrawn #heh ,,hygiene'4 ,syn4 ,,hxgiene,,hygiene1 ,fr4 #hei direct attempts to alter his opinonsopinions1 #hei fancies himsefhimself a giant2 #hfj ,a fusible1 inflammable sub stancesubstance1 #hfd white ozideoxide of antimony4 #hfd but by the ebulitionebullition expelling free carbonic acid #hfe ,several attempsattempts have been made of late years #hgj ,loire-,inferiure,infrieure1 #hgb no less than #hbej die from #jaj-a year1 #hgb having recourse to other than the maternal mikmilk #hge regarding them as extemporaneous preparatiouspreparations4 #hgf ,a pure bitter tonic1 without a-astringencyastringency #hgi ,concentrated3 ,,infusum ,,caryphylli,,caryophylli #hhg active matter that it itdel #bnd it is possible #hhi ,canada snake-root 7,assarum,asarum ,canadense7 #hij ,carbonate of lead 7finely evigatedlevigated71 #hid the add thenthen add the other ingredients4 #hie and preferably made from galls prepared by heat1 #hie ,used usas the last1 for either zinc1 99 99 99 99 99