,,popul> ,,te*nology2 ,,or1 ,,pr(essions ,,& ,,trades4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,,au?or4 ,,by ,,edw>d ,,haz51 ,a4 ,m41 ,,au?or ,,( ,,! ,,symbolical ,,spell+-,,book1 ,,! ,,spell] ,,& ,,def9]1 ,,& ,a ,,practical ,,gramm>4 ,,embelli%$ ,,) ,,eighty-,,"o ,,engrav+s4 ,,9 ,,two ,,volumes4 ,,vol4 ,i4 ,,new ,,york3 ,,h>p] ,,bro!rs1 ,,publi%]s4 ,ent]$1 accord+ to ,act ( ,congress1 9 ! ye> #ahda1 by ,,h>p] ,,bro!rs1 ,9 ! ,cl]k's ,(fice ( ! ,s\!rn ,di/rict ( ,new ,york4 ,,cont5ts ,,( ,,! ,,fir/ ,,volume4 ,page ,preface #g ,! ,agriculturi/ #ac ,! ,horticulturi/ #bh ,! ,mill] #cd ,! ,bak] #ci ,! ,confection] #dd ,! ,brew]1 & ! ,di/ill] #dg ,! ,but*] #ee ,! ,tobacco ,plant]1 & ! ,tobacconi/ #ei ,! ,manufactur] ( ,clo? #ff ,! ,dy]1 & ! ,calico-,pr9t] #gg ,! ,hatt] #hd ,! ,rope-,mak] #ia ,! ,tailor #if ,! ,mill9]1 & ! ,lady's ,dress-,mak] #ajj ,! ,b>b] #ajd ,! ,tann]1 & ! ,curri] #aaa ,! ,%oe & ,boot ,mak] #aaf ,! ,saddl] & ,h>ness-,mak]1 & ! ,trunk-,mak] #aba ,! ,soap-,boil]1 & ! ,c&le-,mak] #abe ,! ,comb-,mak]1 & ! ,bru%-,mak] #acd ,! ,tav]n-,keep] #adb ,! ,hunt] #adg ,! ,fi%]man #aed ,! ,%ipwright #aga ,! ,m>9] #agh ,! ,m]*ant #ahg ,! ,auctione] #bjd ,! ,cl]gyman #bjh ,! ,attorney at ,law #bae ,! ,physician #bba ,! ,*emi/ #bbi ,! ,druggi/ & ,apo!c>y #bcf ,! ,d5ti/ #bdj ,! ,tea*] #bdi ,,preface4 ,! foll[+ "w has be5 writt5 = ! use ( s*ools & families1 z well z = miscellane\s read]s4 ,x embraces a class ( subjects 9 :i* e individual is deeply int]e/$1 & ) :i*1 z a m]e philosophical inspector ( ! affairs ( m51 he %\ld become acqua9t$4 ,!y1 h[ev]1 *all5ge att5tion by consid]ations ( great] mom5t ?an m]e curiosity2 =1 9 ! pres5t age1 a great proportion ( mank9d pursue "s k9d ( bus9ess z means ( subsi/5ce or di/9ction2 & 9 ?is c\ntry especially1 su* pursuit is deem$ honorable &1 9 fact1 indisp5sable to a reputable position 9 ! community4 ,nev]!less1 x is a fact t _c h escap$ ! att5tion ( p]sons ( obs]vation1 t _m individuals mi/ake _! appropriate call+1 & engage 9 employm5ts = :i* !y h nei!r m5tal nor physical adaptation2 "s le>n a trade :o %\ld h /udi$ a pr(ession2 o!rs /udy a pr(ession :o %\ld h le>n$ a trade4 ,h5ce arise1 9 a great measure1 ! ill success & discont5t :i* s frequ5tly att5d ! pursuits ( m54 ,= ^! reasons1 p>5ts %\ld be p>ticul>ly cauti\s 9 ! *oice ( p]man5t employm5ts = _! *ildr52 &1 9 e case1 capacity %\ld be especially reg>d$1 )\t pay+ mu* att5tion to ! comp>ative favor 9 :i* ! sev]al employm5ts may be held2 = a successful prosecution ( an humble bus9ess is f> m honorable ?an inf]iority or failure 9 "o :i* may be greatly e/eem$4 ,to det]m9e ! p>ticul> g5ius ( *ildr51 p>5ts %\ld give !m1 at lea/1 a sup]ficial k ( ! sev]al trades & pr(essions4 ,to d ?is effectually1 a sy/ematic c\rse ( in/ruction %\ld be giv51 n only at ! family fireside & 9 ! s*oolroom1 b also at places :]e practical exhibitions ( ! sev]al employm5ts may be se54 ,^! means1 toge!r ) a compet5t lit]>y education1 & "s tools & o!r facilities = me*anical op]ations1 c sc>cely fail ( furni%+ cle> indications ( intellectual bias4 ,! c\rse j propos$ is n only necess>y to a judici\s *oice ( a trade or pr(ession1 b also z means ( intellectual improvem5t2 & z su* x %\ld be pursu$1 at all ev5ts1 ev5 ?\gh ! *oice ( an employm5t 7 n 9 view4 ,we are end[$ ) a nature compos$ ( _m faculties bo? ( ! intellectual & ! animal k9ds1 & ! reason+ faculties 7 orig9ally design$ by ! ,creator to h ! asc5d5cy4 ,9 ! pres5t moral condition ( man1 h[ev]1 !y d n commonly ma9ta9 _! "r ( prec$5ce4 ,?is failure arises f imbecility1 orig9at+1 9 "p1 f a defici5cy 9 judici\s cultivation1 & f ! sup]ior /r5g? ( ! passions4 ,?is condition is p>ticul>ly conspicu\s 9 y\?1 & %[s itself 9 disob$i5ce to p>5ts1 & 9 v>i\s o!r ab]rations f moral duty4 ,if1 !re=e1 p>5ts w\ld h _! *ildr5 act a reasonable "p1 :ile 9 _! m9ority1 &1 also1 aft] !y h assum$ _! /ations 9 manhood1 !y mu/ pursue a c\rse ( e>ly in/ruction1 calculat$ to secure ! asc5d5cy ( ! reason+ faculties4 ,! subjects = in/ruction be/ adapt$ to ! cultivation ( ! "y m9d are ! common ?+s ) :i* we are surr\nd$4 ,?is is evid5t f ! fact1 t x uni=mly exp&s ) great rapidity "u _! influ5ce dur+ ! fir/ ?ree or f\r ye>s ( life2 =1 x is f !m1 *ildr5 obta9 all _! ideas1 z well z a k ( ! language by :i* !y are express$4 ,! rapid progress ( "y *ildr5 9 ! acquisition ( k (t5 excites ! surprise ( p>5ts ( obs]vation1 & ! fact t _! improvem5t is almo/ imp]ceptible1 aft] !y h atta9$ to ! age ( f\r or five ye>s1 is equally surpris+4 ,:y1 x is (t5 ask$1 d n *ildr5 cont9ue to advance 9 k ) equal & increas$ rapidity1 especially1 z _! capabilities increase ) age8 ,! solution ( ?is "q is n difficult4 ,*ildr5 cont9ue to improve1 :ile !y h ! means ( do+ s2 b1 hav+ acquir$ a k ( ! objects )9 _! rea*1 at lea/1 s f> z !y may be capable at ! "t1 _! advancem5t mu/ consequ5tly cease4 ,x is h>dly necess>y to rem>k1 t ! m>* ( m9d might be cont9u$ ) increas$ cel]ity1 7 new objects or subjects cont9ually pres5t$4 ,9 supply+ subjects = m5tal improvem5t1 z !y may be ne$$ at ! sev]al /ages ( advancem5t1 !re c be b little difficulty1 s9ce we are surr\nd$ by works bo? ( nature & ( art4 ,9 fact1 ! same subjects may be pres5t$ sev]al times1 &1 at ea* pres5tation1 in/ructions might be giv5 adapt$ to ! p>ticul> /ate ( improvem5t 9 ! pupil4 ,in/ructions ( ?is nature ne$ nev] int]f]e injuri\sly ) ^? on ! elem5t>y bran*es ( education1 al?\gh ! latt] w\ld und\bt$ly be consid]$ ( m9or importance4 ,_h !y be5 always reg>d$ 9 ?is light1 our s*ools w\ld n[ pres5t a f> m favorable aspect1 & we %\ld h be5 f>!r remov$ f ! ignorance & ! b>b>ism ( ! middle ages4 ,7 ?is view ( education g5]ally adopt$1 tea*]s w\ld soon f9d1 t ! bus9ess ( communicat+ in/ructions to ! "y has be5 *ang$ f an irksome to a pleasant task1 s9ce _! pupils w h become /udi\s & intellectual1 &1 consequ5tly1 m capable ( compreh5d+ explanations ^u e subject4 ,su* a c\rse w\ld also be att5d$ ) ! incid5tal advantage ( good conduct on ! "p ( pupils1 inasmu* z ! elevation ( ! und]/&+ ov] ! passions uni=mly t5ds to ?is result4 ,= c>ry+ into practice a sy/em ( intellectual education1 ! foll[+ "w supplies z great an am\nt ( mat]ials z c be embodi$ 9 ! same compass4 ,e article may be made ! f\ndation ( "o lecture or m1 :i* might h ref]5ce n only to ! p>ticul> subject on :i* x treats1 b also to ! mean+ & application ( ! words4 ,! articles h be5 concisely writt51 z mu/ necess>ily be ! case 9 all works embrac+ s great a v>iety ( subjects4 ,?is p>ticul> trait1 h[ev]1 ne$ n be consid]$ objectionable1 s9ce all :o may desire to read m ext5sively on any p>ticul> subject1 c easily obta9 works :i* are exclusively devot$ to x4 ,prolix descriptions ( ma*9]y & ( me*anical op]ations h be5 /udi\sly avoid$2 = x has be5 presum$1 t all :o might h p]sev]ance en\gh to read su* details1 w\ld feel curiosity suffici5t to visit ! %ops & manufactories1 & see ! ma*9es & op]ations !mselves4 ,nev]!less1 en\gh has be5 said1 9 all cases1 to give a g5]al idea ( ! bus9ess1 & to guide 9 ! rese>*es ( ^? :o may wi% to obta9 in=mation by ! impressive me?od ( actual inspection4 ,a great proportion ( ! :ole "w is occupi$ 9 rec\nt+ hi/orical facts1 connect$ ) ! inv5tion & progress ( ! arts4 ,! au?or 0 induc$ to pay especial att5tion to ?is bran* ( hi/ory1 f ! consid]ation1 t x furni%es v cle> indications ( ! real /ate ( society 9 pa/ ages1 z well z at ! pres5t "t1 & also t x w\ld supply ! read] ) data1 by :i* he might1 9 "s measure1 det]m9e ! va/ capabilities ( man4 ,?is k9d ( hi/orical in=mation w be especially b5eficial to ! y\?ful m9d1 by induc+ a habit ( inve/igation & antiqu>ian rese>*4 ,9 addition to ?is1 a k ( ! orig9 & progress ( ! v>i\s employm5ts :i* are 9 active op]ation all ar\nd1 w ?r[ ^u ! busy _w an aspect exce$+ly int]e/+4 ,x may be well1 h[ev]1 to caution ! read] aga9/ expect+ too mu* in=mation ( ?is k9d1 9 reg>d to mo/ ( ! trades practis$ 9 v anci5t times4 ,_m ( ! mo/ useful inv5tions 7 effect$1 be=e any p]man5t means ( record _h be5 devis$2 &1 9 aft] ages1 among ! ,greeks & ,romans1 ! useful arts 7 practis$ almo/ exclusively by slaves4 ,! latt] circum/ance l$ to _! g5]al neglect by ! writ]s among ^! di/+ui%$ p4 ,! in=mation :i* may be obta9$ f ?is "w1 especially :5 accompani$ by ! inspection ( ! op]ations :i* x describes1 may be daily appli$ to "s useful purpose4 ,x w be p>ticul>ly valuable 9 furni%+ subjects = conv]sation1 & 9 prev5t+ ! m9d f cont9u+ 91 or f s9k+ into1 a /ate ( indiff]5ce 9 reg>d to ! busy sc5es ( ?is _w4 ,9 ! composition ( ?is "w1 all pu]ile expressions h be5 avoid$1 n only because !y w\ld be (f5sive to adult individuals ( ta/e1 b because !y are at lea/ useless1 if n positively injuri\s1 to y\ng] p]sons4 ,:at p>5t ( reflection w\ld suff] 8 *ildr5 to p]use a book calculat$ to induce or confirm a mann] ( speak+ or writ+1 :i* he w\ld n h !m use aft] hav+ arriv$ to manhood8 ,e s5t5ce may be r5d]$ p]fectly pla9 by appropriate explanations & illu/rations4 ,no =mal classification ( ! pr(essions & trades has be5 adopt$1 al?\gh ^? articles :i* treat ( k9dr$ subjects h be5 plac$ ne> ea* o!r1 & 9 t ord] :i* seem$ to be ! mo/ natural4 ,! p>agraphs ( ! sev]al articles h be5 numb]$ = ! especial accommodation ( classes 9 s*ools1 b ?is p>ticul> feature ( ! "w ne$ meet ) no s]i\s objection f miscellane\s read]s1 z x has no o!r effect1 9 ref]5ce to its use by !m1 ?an to give x ! aspect ( a s*ool-book4 ,:ile writ+ ! articles on ! diff]5t subjects1 ! au?or consult$ sev]al works :i* embrac$ ! arts & sci5ces g5]ally1 z well z _m :i* 7 m circumscrib$ 9 _! objects4 ,he1 h[ev]1 reli$ m ^u !m = hi/orical facts ?an = a k ( ! op]ations & processes :i* he _h occasion to detail4 ,= ?is he dep5d$1 z f> z practicable1 ^u 8 own p]sonal rese>*es1 al?\gh 9 ! employm5t ( appropriate phraseology1 he ackn[l$ges 8 obligations to pr$ecessors4 ,) ! prec$+ rem>ks1 ! au?or submits 8 "w to ! public1 9 ! confid5t expectation1 t ! subjects :i* x embraces1 t ! c>e :i* has be5 tak5 9 its composition1 & t ! skill ( ! arti/s employ$ 9 its embelli%m5t1 w secure to x an abundant & lib]al patronage4 ,illu/ration3 ,,f>m]4 ,,! ,,agriculturi/4 #a4 ,agriculture embraces1 9 its broad application1 :atev] relates to ! cultivation ( ! fields1 ) ! view ( produc+ food = man & ^? animals :i* he may h br\ght into a /ate ( dome/ication4 #b4 ,if we c>ry our obs]vations s f> back z to rea* ! ant$iluvian hi/ory ( ! e>?1 we %all f9d1 f ! au?ority ( ,scripture1 t ! cultivation ( ! soil 0 ! fir/ employm5t ( man1 aft] 8 expulsion f ! g>d5 ( ,ed51 :5 he 0 comm&$ to till ! gr\nd f :i* he _h be5 tak54 ,we %all also le>n f ! same s\rce ( in=mation1 t ,ca9 0 a husb&man1 & t ,abel 0 a keep] ( %eep4 ,h5ce x may be inf]r$1 t ,adam in/ruct$ 8 sons 9 ! art ( husb&ry2 & t !y1 9 turn1 communicat$ ! k to _! po/]ity1 toge!r ) ! sup]add$ in=mation :i* _h result$ f _! own exp]i5ce4 ,improvem5t 9 ?is art 0 probably !nce=? progressive1 until ! ov]:elm+ cata/rophe ( ! flood4 #c4 ,aft] ! wat]s _h retir$ f ! face ( ! e>?1 ,noah resort$ to husb&ry1 z ! c]ta9 means ( procur+ ! necess>ies & com=ts ( life4 ,! art ( cultivat+ ! soil 0 un9t]rupt$ly pres]v$ 9 _m bran*es ( ! great family ( ,noah2 b1 9 o!rs1 x 0 at l5g? entirely lo/4 ,9 ! latt] case1 ! p1 hav+ sunk into a /ate ( b>b>ism1 dep5d$ = subsi/5ce on ! natural productions ( ! e>?1 & on su* animals z !y c\ld contrive to capture by hunt+ & fi%+4 ,_m ( ^! deg5]ate tribes did n em]ge f ?is condition = sev]al succe$+ ages2 :ile o!rs h n done s to ! pres5t day4 #d4 ,not)/&+ ! great antiquity ( agriculture1 ! husb&m51 = sev]al c5turies imm$iately succe$+ ! deluge1 seem to h be5 b little acqua9t$ ) any prop] me?od ( re/or+ f]tility to exhau/$ soils2 = we f9d !m frequ5tly *ang+ _! resid5ce1 z _! flocks & h]ds requir$ fre% pa/urage1 or z _! tillage l& became unproductive4 ,z m51 h[ev]1 became m num]\s1 & z _! flocks increas$1 ?is practice became inconv5i5t &1 9 "s cases1 impracticable4 ,!y 71 !re=e1 compell$1 by degrees1 to conf9e _! flocks & h]ds1 & _! f>m+ op]ations1 to l&s ( m n>r[ & specifi$ limits4 #e4 ,! ,*aldeans 7 probably ! p :o fir/ adopt$ ! important measure ( reta9+ p]petual possession ( ! soil :i* !y _h cultivat$2 &1 consequ5tly1 7 among ! fir/ :o became skilful 9 agriculture4 ,b all ! great nations ( antiquity held ?is art 9 ! highe/ e/imation1 & usually attribut$ its inv5tion to sup]human ag5cy4 ,! ,egyptians ev5 wor%ipp$ ! image ( ! ox 9 gratitude = ! s]vices ( ! liv+ animal 9 ! lab\rs ( ! field4 #f4 ,! read] ( anci5t hi/ory c =m "s idea ( ! ext5t to :i* ?is art 0 cultivat$ 9 ^? days1 f ! w>like op]ations ( diff]5t nations2 =1 f no o!r s\rce1 c\ld ! great armies :i* 7 !n br\ght into ! field1 h be5 suppli$ ) ! necess>y provisions4 ,! ,greeks & ! ,romans1 :o 7 m celebrat$ ?an any o!r p = _! milit>y ent]prise1 7 also mo/ att5tive to ! prop] cultivation ( ! soil2 & _m ( _! di/+ui%$ m51 especially among ! ,romans1 7 practical husb&m54 #g4 ,nor 0 agriculture neglect$ by ! le>n$ m5 ( antiquity4 ,sev]al works on ?is subject1 by ,greek & ,lat9 au?ors1 h desc5d$ to our times2 & ! correctness ( _m ( ! pr9ciples :i* !y inculcate1 has be5 confirm$ by mod]n exp]i5ce4 #h4 ,?r\gh\t ! ext5sive empire ( ,rome1 agriculture ma9ta9$ a respectable /&+1 until ! comm5cem5t ( ^? =midable invasions ( ! nor!rn hordes1 :i*1 f9ally1 ne>ly ext+ui%$ ! arts & sci5ces 9 e "p ( ,europe4 ,dur+ ! long p]iod ( an>*y :i* succe$$ ! settlem5t ( ^! b>b>ians 9 _! newly-acquir$ possessions1 pa/urage 01 9 mo/ cases1 pref]r$ to tillage1 z be+ bett] suit$ to _! /ate ( civilization1 & z af=d+ facilities ( removal1 9 cases ( al>m f invad+ enemies4 ,b1 :5 p]man5t gov]nm5ts _h be5 aga9 e/abli%$1 & :5 ! nations enjoy$ comp>ative peace1 ! regul> cultivation ( ! soil once m reviv$4 #i4 ,! art ( husb&ry 0 at a l[ ebb 9 ,engl&1 until ! f\rte5? c5tury1 :5 x began to be practis$ ) consid]able success 9 ! midl& & s\?-we/]n p>ts ( ! isl&2 yet1 x does n seem to h be5 cultivat$ z a sci5ce1 until ! latt] end ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,! fir/ book on husb&ry1 pr9t$ & publi%$ 9 ! ,engli% language1 appe>$ 9 #aecd4 ,x 0 writt5 by ,sir ,a4 ,fitzh]b]t1 a judge ( ! ,common ,pleas1 :o _h /udi$ ! laws ( vegetation1 & ! nature ( soils1 ) philosophical accuracy4 #aj4 ,v little improvem5t 0 made on ! !ory ( ?is au?or1 = upw>ds ( a hundr$ ye>s1 :5 ,sir ,hugh ,platt discov]$ & br\ght into use sev]al k9ds ( sub/ances = f]tiliz+ & re/or+ exhau/$ soils4 #aa4 ,agriculture aga9 receiv$ a new impulse1 ab\t ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury2 &1 9 #agic1 a ,bo>d ( ,agriculture 0 e/abli%$ by an act ( ,p>liam5t1 at ! sugge/ion ( ,sir ,john ,s9clair1 :o 0 elect$ its fir/ presid5t4 ,?r\gh ! influ5ce ( ?is bo>d1 a great numb] ( agricultural societies h be5 =m$ 9 ! k+dom1 & mu* valuable in=mation on rural economy has be5 communicat$ to ! public1 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( a volum9\s p]iodical "u its sup]9t5d5ce4 #ab4 ,aft] ! example ( ,great ,brita91 agricultural societies h be5 =m$1 & p]iodical j\rnals publi%$1 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! cont95t ( ,europe1 z well z 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! pr9cipal publications devot$ to ?is subject 9 ?is c\ntry1 are ! ,am]ican ,f>m]1 at ,baltimore2 ! ,new-,engl& ,f>m]1 at ,bo/on2 & ! ,cultivator1 at ,albany4 #ac4 ,! mod]n improvem5ts 9 husb&ry consi/1 pr9cipally1 9 ! prop] application ( manures1 9 ! mixture ( diff]5t k9ds ( e>?s1 9 ! use ( pla/] & lime1 9 ! rotation ( crops1 9 adapt+ ! crop to ! soil1 9 ! introduction ( new k9ds ( gra91 roots1 grasses1 & fruits1 z well z 9 improvem5ts 9 ! bre$s ( dome/ic animals1 & 9 ! implem5ts ) :i* ! v>i\s op]ations ( ! art are p]=m$4 #ad4 ,= _m ( ! improv$ processes :i* relate to ! amelioration ( ! soil1 we are indebt$ to *emi/ry4 ,be=e ?is sci5ce 0 br\ght to ! aid ( ! art1 ! cultivators ( ! soil 7 *iefly guid$ by ! precept & example ( _! pr$ecessors1 :i* 7 (t5 inapplicable4 ,by ! aid ( *emical analysis1 x is easy to discov] ! con/itu5t p>ts ( diff]5t soils2 &1 :5 ?is has be5 done1 !re is b little difficulty 9 det]m9+ ! be/ mode ( improv+ !m1 or 9 apply+ ! mo/ suitable crops4 #ae4 ,9 ! l>ge ext5t ( t]ritory embrac$ )9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 !re is great v>iation ( soil & climate2 b1 9 ea* /ate1 or di/rict1 ! att5tion ( ! cultivators is direct$ to ! production ( ^? articles :i*1 "u ! circum/ances1 promise to be ! mo/ pr(itable4 ,9 ! nor!rn portions ( our c\ntry1 ! cultivators ( ! soil are call$ f>m]s4 ,!y direct _! att5tion *iefly to ! production ( :eat1 rye1 corn1 oats1 b>ley1 peas1 beans1 potatoes1 pumpk9s1 & flax1 toge!r ) grasses & fruits ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,! same class ( m51 9 ! ,s\!rn /ates1 are usually d5om9at$ plant]s1 :o conf9e !mselves pr9cipally to tobacco1 rice1 cotton1 sug>-cane1 or hemp4 ,9 "s p>ts ( t portion ( our c\ntry1 h[ev]1 rye1 :eat1 oats1 & sweet potatoes1 are ext5sively cultivat$2 &1 9 almo/ e "p1 corn is a fav\rite article4 #af4 ,! process ( cultivat+ mo/ ( ! productions :i* h be5 m5tion$1 is ne>ly ! same4 ,9 g5]al1 ) ! occasional exception ( new l&s1 ! pl\gh is us$ to prep>e ! gr\nd = ! reception ( ! se$4 ,:eat1 rye1 b>ley1 oats1 peas1 & ! se$s ( hemp & flax1 are scatt]$ ) ! h&1 & cov]$ 9 ! e>? ) ! h>r[4 ,9 ,great ,brita91 su* se$s are s[n 9 drills2 & ?is me?od is ?\ght to be bett] ?an ours1 z x admits ( ! use ( ! hoe1 :ile ! vegetable is gr[+4 #ag4 ,corn1 beans1 potatoes1 & pumpk9s1 are cov]$ 9 ! e>? ) ! hoe4 ,! gr\nd is pl\gh$ sev]al times dur+ ! summ]1 to make x loose1 & to keep d[n ! we$s4 ,! hoe is also us$ 9 accompli%+ ! same objects1 & 9 deposit+ fre% e>? ar\nd ! gr[+ vegetable4 #ah4 ,:5 ripe1 :eat1 b>ley1 oats1 & peas1 are cut d[n ) ! sickle1 cradle1 or scy!2 :ile hemp & flax are pull$ up by ! roots4 ,! se$s are sep>at$ f ! o!r p>ts ( ! plants ) ! flail1 or by means ( horses or ox5 driv5 r\nd ^u !m4 ,( late1 ?re%+ ma*9es are us$ to effect ! same object4 ,*aff1 & extrane\s matt] g5]ally1 are sep>at$ f ! gra91 or se$s1 by means ( a fann+-mill1 or ) a l>ge fan made ( ! twigs ( ! will[4 ,! same ?+ 0 =m]ly1 & is yet sometimes1 effect$ by ! aid ( a curr5t ( air4 #ai4 ,:5 ! corn1 or maize1 has become ripe1 ! e>s1 ) ! husks1 & sometimes ! /alks1 are deposit$ 9 l>ge heaps4 ,to assi/ 9 /ripp+ ! husks f ! e>s1 x is cu/om>y to call toge!r ! neighb\rs4 ,9 su* cases1 ! own] ( ! corn provides = !m a supp]1 toge!r ) "s means ( m]rim5t & good *e]4 #bj4 ,?is cu/om is mo/ preval5t1 :]e ! great] "p ( ! lab\r is p]=m$ by slaves4 ,! blacks1 :5 assembl$ = a husk+ mat*1 *oose a capta91 ^: bus9ess x is to lead ! song1 :ile ! re/ jo9 9 *orus4 ,sometimes1 !y divide ! corn z ne>ly z possible into two equal heaps1 & apportion ! h&s accord+ly1 ) a capta9 to ea* division4 ,?is is done to produce a conte/ = ! mo/ spe$y execution ( ! task4 ,%\ld ! own] ( ! corn be sp>+ ( 8 refre%m5ts1 8 want ( g5]osity is sure to be publi%$ 9 song at e simil> frolic 9 ! neighborhood4 #ba4 ,maize1 or ,indian corn1 & potatoes ( all k9ds1 7 unkn[n 9 ! ea/]n cont95t1 until ! discov]y ( ,am]ica4 ,_! orig9 is1 !re=e1 kn[n ) c]ta9ty2 b "s ( ! o!r productions :i* h be5 m5tion$1 _c be s satisfactorily trac$4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly ! case ) reg>d to ^? :i* h be5 ext5sively cultivat$ = _m c5turies4 #bb4 ,! grasses h ev] be5 valuable to man1 z af=d+ a supply ( food = dome/ic animals4 ,_m portions ( our c\ntry are p>ticul>ly adapt$ to graz+4 ,:]e ?is is ! case1 ! f>m]s usually turn _! att5tion to rais+ live /ock1 & to mak+ butt] & *eese4 ,grass res]v$ 9 mead[s1 z a supply ( food = ! w9t]1 is cut at maturity ) a scy!1 dri$ 9 ! sun1 & /or$ 9 b>ns1 or heap$ 9 /acks4 #bc4 ,rice 0 fir/ cultivat$ 9 ! ea/]n p>ts ( ,asia1 &1 f ! e>lie/ ages1 has be5 ! pr9cipal article ( food among ! ,*9ese & ,h9doos4 ,to ?is gra9 may be attribut$1 9 a great measure1 ! e>ly civilization ( ^? nations2 & its adaptation to m>%y gr\nds caus$ _m di/ricts to become popul\s1 :i* w\ld o!rwise h rema9$ irreclaimable & desolate4 #bd4 ,rice 0 long kn[n 9 ! ea/1 be=e x 0 introduc$ into ,egypt & ,greece1 :5ce x spread ov] ,africa g5]ally1 & ! s\!rn p>ts ( ,europe4 ,x is n[ cultivat$ 9 all ! w>m p>ts ( ! globe1 *iefly on gr\nds subject to p]iodical inundations4 ,! ,*9ese obta9 two crops a ye> f ! same gr\nd1 & cultivate x 9 ?is way f g5]ation to g5]ation1 )\t apply+ any manure1 except ! /ubble ( ! prec$+ crop1 & ! mud deposit$ f ! wat] ov]fl[+ x4 #be4 ,soon aft] ! wat]s ( ! inundation h retir$1 a spot is inclos$ ) an embankm5t1 lightly pl\gh$ & h>r[$1 & !n s[n v ?ickly ) ! gra94 ,imm$iately1 a ?9 %eet ( wat] is br\ght ov] x1 ei!r by a /ream or "s hydraulic ma*9]y4 ,:5 ! plants h gr[n to ! height ( six or sev5 in*es1 !y are transplant$ 9 furr[s2 & aga9 wat] is br\ght ov] !m1 & kept on1 until ! crop beg9s to rip51 :5 x is )held4 #bf4 ,! crop is cut ) a sickle1 ?re%$ ) a flail1 or by ! tread+ ( cattle2 & ! husks1 :i* adh]e closely to ! k]nel1 are beat5 (f 9 a /one mort>1 or by pass+ ! gra9 ?r\gh a mill1 simil> to our corn-mills4 ,! mode ( cultivat+ rice 9 any "p ( ! _w1 v>ies b little f ! =ego+ process4 ,! po9t :i* requires ! greate/ att5tion1 is keep+ ! gr\nd prop]ly cov]$ ) wat]4 #bg4 ,rice 0 introduc$ into ! ,c>ol9as 9 #afig1 :]e x is n[ produc$ 9 great] p]fection ?an 9 any o!r "p ( ! _w4 ,! se$s are dropp$ along1 f ! small end ( a g\rd1 into drills made ) "o corn] ( ! hoe4 ,! plants1 :5 p>tly gr[n1 are n transf]r$ to ano!r place1 z 9 ,asia1 b are suff]$ to gr[ & rip5 9 ! orig9al drills4 ,! crop is secur$ l :eat1 & ! husks are =c$ f ! gra9 by a ma*9e1 :i* leaves ! k]nels m p]fect ?an ! me?ods adopt$ 9 o!r c\ntries4 #bh4 ,cotton is cultivat$ 9 ! ,ea/ & ,we/ ,indies1 ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ica1 ,egypt1 & 9 _m o!r p>ts ( ! _w1 :]e ! climate is suffici5tly w>m = ! purpose4 ,!re are sev]al species ( ?is plant2 ( :i* ?ree k9ds are cultivat$ 9 ! s\!rn /ates ( ! ,union--! nanke5 cotton1 ! gre5 se$ cotton1 & ! black se$1 or sea isl& cotton4 ,! fir/ two1 :i* gr[ 9 ! middle & upl& c\ntries1 are d5om9at$ %ort /aple cotton3 ! la/ is cultivat$ 9 ! l[] c\ntry1 ne> ! sea1 & on ! isl&s ne> ! ma9 l&1 & is ( a f9e quality1 & ( a long /aple4 #bi4 ,! plants are propagat$ annually f se$s1 :i* are s[n v ?ickly 9 ridges made ) ! pl\gh or hoe4 ,aft] !y h gr[n to ! height ( ?ree or f\r in*es1 "p ( !m are pull$ up1 9 ord] t ! re/1 :ile com+ to maturity1 may /& ab\t f\r in*es ap>t4 ,x is h5ce=? manag$1 until fully gr[n1 l ,indian corn4 #cj4 ,! cotton is inclos$ 9 pods1 :i* op5 z fa/ z _! cont5ts become fit to be ga!r$4 ,9 ,georgia1 ab\t eighty p\nds ( upl& cotton c be ga!r$ by a s+le h& 9 a day2 b 9 ,alabama & ,mississippi1 :]e ! plant ?rives bett]1 two hundr$ p\nds are frequ5tly collect$ 9 ! same "t4 #ca4 ,! se$s adh]e closely to ! cotton1 :5 pick$ f ! pods2 b !y are prop]ly sep>at$ by ma*9es call$ g9s2 ( :i* !re are two k9ds1--! roll]-g91 & ! saw-g94 ,! ess5tial p>ts ( ! =m] are two cyl9d]s1 :i* are plac$ ne>ly 9 contact ) ea* o!r4 ,by _! revolv+ motion1 ! cotton is drawn betwe5 !m1 :ile ! size ( ! se$s prev5ts _! passage4 ,?is ma*9e1 be+ ( small size1 is work$ by h&4 #cb4 ,! saw-g9 is mu* l>g]1 & is mov$ by animal1 /eam1 or wat] p[]4 ,x consi/s ( a receiv]1 hav+ "o side cov]$ ) /rong wires1 plac$ 9 a p>allel direction ab\t an eigh? ( an in* ap>t1 & a numb] ( circul> saws1 :i* revolve on a common axis4 ,! saws pass betwe5 ^! wires1 & entangle 9 _! tee? ! cotton1 :i* is !reby drawn ?r\gh ! grat+1 :ile ! se$s1 f _! size1 are =c$ to rema9 on ! o!r side4 #cc4 ,be=e ! inv5tion ( ! saw-g91 ! se$s 7 sep>at$ f ! upl& cottons by h&1--a me?od s extremely t$i\s1 t _! cultivation 0 att5d$ ) b little pr(it to ! plant]4 ,?is ma*9e 0 inv5t$ 9 ,georgia by ,eli ,:itney1 ( ,massa*usetts4 ,x 0 und]tak5 at ! reque/ ( sev]al plant]s ( ! =m] /ate1 & 0 !re put 9 op]ation 9 #agib4 #cd4 ,9 ! prec$+ ye>1 ! :ole crop ( cotton 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 only sixty-f\r bales2 b1 9 #ahcd1 x am\nt$ to #a1jjj1fag4 ,! va/ increase 9 ! production ( ?is article has aris51 9 "p1 f ! increas$ dem& = x 9 ,europe1 & 9 ! ,nor!rn /ates1 b1 *iefly1 f ! use ( ! invaluable ma*9e j m5tion$4 #ce4 ,sug>-cane 0 cultivat$ by ! ,*9ese1 at a v e>ly p]iod1 probably two ?\s& ye>s be=e x 0 kn[n 9 ,europe2 b sug>1 9 a c&i$ =m1 0 us$ 9 small quantities by ! ,greeks & ,romans 9 ! days ( _! prosp]ity4 ,x 0 probably br\ght f ,b5gal1 ,siam1 or "s ( ! ,ea/ ,india ,isl&s1 z x is suppos$1 t x grew n[h]e else at t "t4 #cf4 ,9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 soon aft] ! m]*ants ( ! ,we/ began to traffic 9 ,indian articles ( comm]ce1 ! plant 0 introduc$ into ,arabia ,felix1 & !nce into ,egypt1 ,nubia1 ,e?iopia1 & ,morocco4 ,! ,spani>ds obta9$ x f ! ,moors1 &1 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 introduc$ x into ! ,can>y ,isl&s4 ,x 0 br\ght to ,am]ica1 & to ! ,we/ ,india ,isl&s1 by ! ,spani>ds & ,portuguese4 ,x is n[ cultivat$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 bel[ ! ?irty-fir/ degree ( latitude1 & 9 ! w>m p>ts ( ! globe g5]ally4 #cg4 ,previ\s to ! ye> #adff1 sug> 0 kn[n 9 ,engl& *iefly1 z a m$ic9e2 &1 al?\gh ! sug>-cane 0 cultivat$1 at t "t1 9 sev]al places on ! ,m$it]ranean1 x 0 n m ext5sively us$ on ! cont95t4 ,n[1 9 ext5t ( cultivation1 x ranks next to :eat & rice1 & fir/ 9 m>itime comm]ce4 #ch4 ,! cultivators ( sug>-cane propagate ! plant by means ( cutt+s f ! l[] end ( ! /alks1 :i* are plant$ 9 ! spr+ or autumn1 9 drills1 or 9 furr[s4 ,! new plants spr+ f ! jo9ts ( ! cutt+s1 & are fit to be ga!r$ = use 9 eight1 t51 twelve1 or f\rte5 mon?s4 ,:ile gr[+1 sug>-cane is manag$ mu* l ,indian corn4 #ci4 ,:5 ripe1 ! cane is cut & br\ght to ! sug>-mill1 :]e ! juice is express$ betwe5 iron or /one cyl9d]s1 mov$ by /eam1 wat]1 or animal p[]4 ,! juice ?us obta9$ is evaporat$ 9 l>ge boil]s to a syrup1 :i* is aft]w>ds remov$ to cool]s1 :]e x is agitat$ ) wood5 in/rum5ts call$ /irr]s4 ,to accel]ate its cool+1 x is next p\r$ into casks1 &1 :5 yet w>m1 is convey$ to b>rels1 plac$ 9 an upright position ov] a ci/]n1 & pi]c$ 9 ! bottom 9 sev]al places4 ,! holes be+ p>tially /opp$ ) canes1 ! "p :i* /ill rema9s 9 ! =m ( syrup1 filt]s ?r\gh !m into ! ci/]n b5ea?1 :ile ! re/ is left 9 ! =m ( sug>1 9 ! /ate call$ muscovado4 #dj4 ,?is sug> is ( a yell[ col\r1 be+ yet 9 a crude1 or raw /ate4 ,x is fur!r purifi$ by v>i\s processes1 su* z r$issolv+ x 9 wat]1 & aga9 boil+ x ) lime & bullocks' blood1 or ) animal *>coal1 & pass+ ! syrup ?r\gh sev]al canvas filt]s4 #da4 ,loaf-sug> is manufactur$ by p\r+ ! syrup1 aft] x has be5 purifi$1 & r$uc$ to a c]ta9 ?ickness by evaporation1 into unglaz$ e>!n vessels ( a conical %ape4 ,! cones h a hole at _! apex1 ?r\gh :i* may filt] ! syrup :i* sep>ates f ! sug> above4 ,mo/ ( ! sug> is import$ 9 a raw or crude /ate1 & is aft]w>d ref9$ 9 ! cities 9 sug>-h\ses4 #db4 ,molasses is f> less free f extrane\s sub/ances ?an sug>1 z x is no?+ m ?an ! dra9+s f ! latt]4 ,rum is di/ill$ f inf]ior molasses1 & o!r sac*>9e matt] ( ! cane1 :i* w answ] = no o!r purpose4 #dc4 ,sug> is also manufactur$ f ! sap ( ! sug>-maple1 9 consid]able quantities1 9 ! nor!rn p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & 9 ! ,canadas4 ,! sap is obta9$ by cutt+ a not*1 or bor+ a hole1 9 ! tree1 & apply+ a sp\t to conduct x to a receiv]1 :i* is ei!r a rude tr\gh1 or a *eap vessel made by a coop]4 ,?is op]ation is p]=m$ late 9 ! w9t]1 or e>ly 9 ! spr+1 :5 ! wea!r is freez+ at night1 & ?aw+ 9 ! day4 #dd4 ,! liquid 9 :i* ! sac*>9e matt] is susp5d$1 is evaporat$ by heat1 z 9 ! case ( ! juice ( ! cane4 ,dur+ ! process ( evaporation1 slices ( pork are kept 9 ! kettle1 to prev5t ! sap or syrup f boil+ ov]4 #de4 ,:5 a suffici5t quantity ( syrup1 ( a c]ta9 ?ickness1 has be5 obta9$1 x is pass$ ?r\gh a /ra9]1 &1 hav+ be5 aga9 plac$ ov] ! fire1 x is cl>ifi$ ) eggs & milk1 ! scum1 z x rises1 be+ c>efully remov$ ) a skimm]4 ,:5 suffici5tly r$uc$1 x is usually p\r$ into t9 pans1 or bas9s1 9 :i*1 z x cools1 x consolidates into h>d cakes ( sug>4 #df4 ,mo/ ( ! l&s 9 a /ate ( nature1 are cov]$ ) =e/ trees4 ,?is is especially ! case 9 ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,:5 ?is division ( our cont95t 0 fir/ visit$ by ,europeans1 x 0 ne>ly "o va/ wild]ness1 ?r\gh\t its entire ext5t2 & ev5 n[1 aft] a lapse ( ?ree c5turies1 a great portion ( x rema9s 9 ! same condition4 ,! indu/ri\s settl]s1 h[ev]1 are rapidly cle>+ away ! natural encumbrances ( ! soil2 &1 be=e a simil> p]iod %all h pass$ away1 we may expect1 t civiliz$ m5 w h occupi$ e portion ( ?is va/ t]ritory1 :i* may be wor?y ( cultivation4 #dg4 ,! mode ( cle>+ l&1 z x is t]m$1 v>ies 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9 ,p5nsylvania1 & 9 neighborhoods settl$ by p f t /ate1 ! l>ge trees are dead5$ by girdl+ !m1 & ! small ones1 toge!r ) ! und]bru%1 are fell$ & burn$4 ,?is mode is v objectionable1 = ! reason1 t ! limbs on ! /&+ trees1 :5 !y h become rott51 sometimes p]il ! lives ( p]sons & animals und]nea?4 ,x seems1 h[ev]1 t ^? :o pursue ?is me?od1 pref] risk+ life 9 ?is way to we>+ x out 9 wield+ ! axe1 & 9 roll+ logs4 #dh4 ,a v diff]5t plan is pursu$ by settl]s f ,new-,engl&4 ,! und]bru% is fir/ cut d[n1 & pil$ 9 heaps4 ,! l>ge trees are !n fell$1 to s]ve z f\ndations = log-heaps2 & ! small] ones are cut s z to fall z ne>ly p>allel to ^! z practicable4 ,! small] trees1 z well z ! limbs ( ! l>g] ones1 are cut into l5g?s ( twelve or fifte5 feet4 #di4 ,at a prop] season ( ! ye>1 :5 ! bru% has become dry en\gh1 fire is appli$1 :i* consumes mu* ( ! small /uff4 ,! logs are next haul$ toge!r ) ox5 or horses1 & roll$ into heaps ) h&spikes4 ,! small /uff :i* has escap$ ! fir/ burn+1 is ?r[n ^u ! heaps1 &1 fire be+ appli$1 ! :ole is consum$ toge!r4 #ej4 ,9 ! ,nor!rn1 ,middle1 & ,we/]n /ates1 :]e a great proportion ( ! timb] is bee*1 maple1 & elm1 great quantities ( a%es are obta9$ 9 ?is mode ( cle>+ l&4 ,f ^! a%es are extract$ ! pot & pe>l a%es ( comm]ce1 :i* h be51 & :i* /ill are1 among ! pr9cipal exports ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 #ea4 ,! usual process ( mak+ pota% is z foll[s3 ! crude a%es are put into l>ge tubs1 or lee*es1 ) a small quantity ( salt & lime4 ,! /r5g? ( ?is mixture is extract$ by p\r+ ^u x hot wat]1 :i* passes ?r\gh x into a res]voir4 ,! wat] ?us saturat$ is call$ black ley1 :i* is evaporat$ 9 l>ge kettles4 ,! residuum is call$ black salts1 :i* are conv]t$ into pota% by apply+ to ! kettle an int5se heat4 #eb4 ,! process ( mak+ pe>la% is ! same1 until ! ley has be5 r$uc$ to black salts1 except t no lime or salt is us$4 ,! salts are bak$ 9 l>ge ov5s1 heat$ by a blaz+ fire1 :i* proce$s f an ar* bel[4 ,hav+ be5 ?us scor*$1 ! salts are dissolv$ 9 hot wat]4 ,! solution is all[$ to be at re/1 until all extrane\s sub/ances h settl$ to ! bottom1 :5 x is drawn (f & evaporat$ z be=e4 ,! residuum is call$ :ite salts4 ,ano!r bak+1 l ! =m]1 completes ! process4 #ec4 ,v few ( ! settl]s h an a%]y1 z x is call$1 9 :i* ! :ole process ( mak+ ei!r pot or pe>l a% is p]=m$4 ,!y usually sell ! black salts to ! /ore-keep]s 9 _! neighborhood1 :o complete ! process ( ! manufacture4 #ed4 ,! trade 9 a%es is (t5 pr(itable to ! settl]s2 "s ( !m ev5 pay1 9 ?is way1 ! :ole exp5se ( cle>+ _! l&4 ,pot & pe>l a%es are pack$ 9 /rong b>rels1 & s5t to ! cities1 :]e1 previ\s to sale1 !y are inspect$1 & br&$ accord+ to _! quality4 ,illu/ration3 ,,g>d5]4 ,,! ,,horticulturi/4 #a4 ,! ,creator ( ! ,univ]se1 hav+ =m$ man f ! du/ ( ! gr\nd1 provid$ a magnific5t g>d5 = 8 resid5ce1 & comm&$ him to dress x & to keep x3 b1 hav+ transgress$ ! comm&m5t ( 8 lawful ,sov]eign1 he 0 driv5 f ?is delightful p>adise1 !nce=? to ga9 a subsi/5ce f ! e>? at l>ge1 :i* _h be5 curs$ ) b>r5ness1 ?orns1 ?i/les1 & bri>s4 #b4 ,scripture does n in=m u1 t ,adam turn$ 8 att5tion to g>d5+2 nor h we any means ( det]m9+ ! /ate ( ?is art1 9 ! c5turies previ\s to ! flood2 b x is highly probable1 t x _h arriv$ to consid]able p]fection1 be=e ! adv5t ( ?is de/ructive visitation f ,heav54 #c4 ,g>d5s1 = useful purposes1 7 probably made1 soon aft] ! wat]s _h subsid$2 & ! /atem5t 9 ,scripture1 t ,noah plant$ a v9ey>d1 may1 p]haps1 be reg>d$ z evid5ce suffici5t to e/abli% x z a fact4 ,if ?is 7 ! case1 ! art1 d\btless1 cont9u$ progressive among ^? desc5dants ( ,noah1 :o did n s9k into a /ate ( b>b>ism1 aft] ! confusion ( tongues4 #d4 ,among savage nations1 "o ( ! fir/ indications ( advancem5t t[>ds a /ate ( civilization1 is ! cultivation ( a little spot ( gr\nd = rais+ vegetables2 & ! degree ( ref9em5t among ! inhabitants ( any c\ntry1 may be det]m9$1 ) tol]able c]ta9ty1 by ! ta/e & skill exhibit$ 9 _! g>d5s4 #e4 ,ornam5tal g>d5+ is nev] att5d$ to1 9 any c\ntry1 until ! arts 9 g5]al h advanc$ to a consid]able degree ( p]fection2 & x uni=mly decl9es ) o!r f9e or ornam5tal arts4 ,accord+ly1 we d n read ( spl5did g>d5s among ! ,babylonians1 ,egyptians1 ,jews1 ,greeks1 ,romans1 & o!r nations ( antiquity1 until !y _h rea*$ an exalt$ /ate ( ref9em5t2 & :5 ^! nations desc5d$ f ?is condition1 or 7 ov]?r[n by b>b>ians1 ?is art decl9$ or disappe>$4 #f4 ,dur+ ! p]iod ( m5tal d>kness1 :i* prevail$ betwe5 ! eigh? & ?irte5? c5turies1 ! practice ( ornam5tal g>d5+ _h fall5 into su* g5]al disuse1 t x 0 conf9$ exclusively to ! monks4 ,aft] ?is p]iod1 x began aga9 to spread among ! p g5]ally4 ,x reviv$ 9 ,italy1 ,g]many1 ,holl&1 & ,france1 long be=e any att5tion 0 paid to x 9 ,engl&4 #g4 ,9 ! latt] c\ntry1 b few cul9>y vegetables 7 consum$ be=e ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 & mo/ ( ^! 7 br\ght f ,holl&2 nor 0 g>d5+ introduc$ !re1 z a s\rce ( pr(it1 until ab\t "o hundr$ ye>s aft] t p]iod4 ,pea*es1 pe>s1 plums1 nect>9es1 apricots1 grapes1 *]ries1 /rawb]ries1 & melons1 7 luxuries b little enjoy$ 9 ,engl&1 until ne> ! middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,! fir/ hot & ice h\ses kn[n on ! isl&1 7 built by ,*>les ,,ii41 :o asc5d$ ! ,briti% ?rone 9 #affj1 & soon aft] introduc$ ,fr5* g>d5+ at ,hampton ,c\rt1 ,c>lton1 & ,m>lbor\gh4 #h4 ,ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 ?is art attract$ ! att5tion ( "s ( ! fir/ *>act]s 9 ,great ,brita91 :o gave x a new impulse 9 t c\ntry4 ,b ! /yle :i* !y imitat$ 0 objectionable1 inasmu* z ! mode ( lay+ out ! g>d5s1 & ( plant+ & trimm+ ! trees1 0 too =mal & fanta/ical4 #i4 ,sev]al em95t writ]s1 among :om 7 ,pope & ,addison1 ridicul$ ?is ,dut* mode ( g>d5+1 z x 0 call$1 & endeav\r$ to introduce ano!r1 m consi/5t ) g5u9e ta/e4 ,_! views 71 at l5g?1 second$ by practical horticulturi/s2 & ^? pr9ciples ( ! art :i* !y advocat$1 7 adopt$ 9 e "p ( ,great ,brita94 ,! ,engli% mode has be5 foll[$ & emulat$ by ! ref9$ nations ( ! ,ea/]n cont95t & by _m opul5t individuals 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 #aj4 ,s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t c5tury horticultural societies h be5 =m$ 9 e k+dom ( ,europe4 ,9 ,great ,brita9 alone1 !re are no less ?an fifty2 &1 x is satisfactory to add1 t !re are also sev]al ( ^! in/itutions 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! objects ( ! p]sons :o compose ^! societies are1 to collect & dissem9ate in=mation on ?is int]e/+ art1 especially 9 reg>d to ! introduction ( new & valuable articles ( cultivation4 #aa4 ,! au?ors :o h writt5 ^u sci5tific & practical g>d5+1 at diff]5t p]iods1 & 9 diff]5t c\ntries1 are v num]\s4 ,among ! anci5t ,greek writ]s1 7 ,hesiod1 ,!ophra/us1 ,x5ophon1 & ,a,elian4 ,among ! ,lat9s1 ,v>o 0 ! fir/2 to :om succe$$1 ,cato1 ,pl9y ! eld]1 ,columella1 & ,palladius4 #ab4 ,s9ce ! revival ( lit]ature1 horticulture1 9 common ) agriculture1 has %>$ l>gely 9 ! lab\rs ( ! le>n$2 & _m works1 on ?is important bran* ( rural economy1 h be5 publi%$ 9 e language ( ,europe4 ,b ! publications on ?is subject1 :i* attract ! greate/ att5tion1 are ! p]iodicals "u ! sup]9t5d5ce ( ! great horticultural societies4 ,^? ( ,london & ,p>is1 are p>ticul>ly di/+ui%$4 #ac4 ,x is impossible to draw a di/9ct l9e betwe5 horticulture & agriculture2 s9ce s _m articles ( cultivation are common to bo?1 & s9ce a well-regulat$ f>m approa*es v ne>ly to a g>d54 #ad4 ,! divisions ( a complete g>d51 usually adopt$ by writ]s on ?is subject1 are ! foll[+3 #a/4 ! cul9>y g>d52 #b;d4 ! fl[] g>d52 #c;d4 ! or*>d1 embrac+ diff]5t k9ds ( fruits2 #d?4 ! v9ey>d2 #e?4 ! sem9>y1 = rais+ se$s2 #f?4 ! nurs]y1 = rais+ trees to be transplant$2 #g?4 ! botanical g>d51 = rais+ v>i\s k9ds ( plants2 #h?4 ! arboretum ( ornam5tal trees2 &1 #i?4 ! picturesque1 or l&scape g>d54 ,to become skilful 9 ! managem5t ( ev5 "o or two ( ^! bran*es1 requires mu* att5tion2 b to become pr(ici5t 9 all1 w\ld require ye>s ( ! close/ application4 #ae4 ,9 ,europe1 ! pr(ess$ g>d5]s con/itute a l>ge class ( ! population4 ,!y are employ$ ei!r 9 _! own g>d5s1 or 9 ^? ( ! weal?y1 :o engage !m by ! day or ye>4 ,!re are _m 9 ?is c\ntry :o devote _! att5tion to ?is bus9ess2 b !y are *iefly f ! o!r side ( ! ,atlantic4 ,9 our ,s\!rn /ates1 ! ri* assign "o ( _! slaves to ! g>d54 #af4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 almo/ e family 9 ! c\ntry1 & 9 ! villages1 has its g>d5 = ! production ( vegetables1 9 :i* are also usually re>$1 a few fl[]s1 ornam5tal %rubs1 & fruit-trees3 b horticulture1 z a sci5ce1 is /udi$ & practis$ "h by v few1 especially t bran* ( x call$ picturesque1 or l&scape4 ,to produce a pleas+ effect1 9 a g>d5 ( ?is k9d1 f tw5ty to "o hundr$ acres are necess>y1 accord+ to ! mann] 9 :i* ! gr\nd may be situat$4 ,9 an area ( t ext5t1 e bran* ( ?is pleas+ art c be advantage\sly embrac$4 #ag4 ,delicate exotic plants1 :i* w n be> exposure to ! op5 air dur+ ! w9t]1 are pres]v$ f ! effects ( ! cold 9 hot or gre5 h\ses1 :i* may be w>m$ by artificial heat4 ,a hot-h\se is exhibit$ 9 ! repres5tation ( a g>d51 at ! head ( ?is article4 ,x is compos$ *iefly ( w9d[-glass set 9 sa%es ( wood4 ,a gre5-h\se is usually l>g]2 & is design$ = ! pres]vation ( ^? plants requir+ less heat4 #ah4 ,! vegetables commonly cultivat$ 9 g>d5s = ! table1 are1--corn1 potatoes1 tomatoes1 peas1 beans1 squa%es1 cucumb]s1 melons1 /rawb]ries1 raspb]ries1 blackb]ries1 gooseb]ries1 currants1 beets1 p>snips1 c>rots1 onions1 radi%es1 cabbages1 asp>agus1 lettuce1 grapes1 & v>i\s k9ds ( fruits4 ,! fl[]s1 ornam5tal %rubs1 & trees1 are v num]\s1 & are becom+ m s by accessions f ! =e/s1 & f =eign c\ntries4 #ai4 ,! sci5tific horticulturi/1 9 lay+ (f 8 g>d51 endeav\rs to unite beauty & utility1 locat+ ! fl[]s1 ornam5tal %rubs1 & trees1 :]e !y w be mo/ conspicu\s1 & ^? vegetables less pleas+ to ! eye1 9 m retir$ situations1 yet1 9 a soil & exposure adapt$ to _! con/itution4 ,9 improv+ ! soil ( 8 g>d51 he br+s to 8 aid ! sci5ce ( *emi/ry1 toge!r ) ! exp]i5ce ( practical m54 ,he is also c>eful 9 ! *oice ( 8 fruit-trees1 & 9 increas+ ! v>iety ( _! products by engraft+1 & by inoculation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,mill]4 ,,! ,,mill]4 #a4 ,! ,mill] belongs to t class ( employm5ts :i* relates to ! prep>ation ( food & dr9ks = man4 ,8 bus9ess consi/s1 *iefly1 9 r$uc+ ! f>9ace\s gra9s to a suitable degree ( f95ess4 #b4 ,! simple/ me?od by :i* gra9 c be r$uc$ to meal1 or fl\r1 is rubb+ or p\nd+ x betwe5 two /ones2 & ?is 0 probably ! "o fir/ practis$ 9 all primitive conditions ( society1 z x is /ill pursu$ among "s tribes ( unciviliz$ m54 #c4 ,! fir/ ma*9e = comm9ut+ gra91 ( :i* we h any k1 0 a simple h&-mill1 compos$ ( a ne!r /one fix$ 9 a horizontal position1 & an upp] /one1 :i* 0 put 9 motion ) ! h& by means ( a peg4 ,?is simple contrivance is /ill us$ 9 ,india1 z well z 9 "s seque/]$ p>ts ( ,scotl&1 & on _m ( ! plantations 9 ! ,s\!rn /ates ( our ,union4 ,b1 9 g5]al1 :]e l>ge quantities ( gra9 are to be gr\nd1 x has be5 entirely sup]s$$ by mills n mov$ by manual p[]4 #d4 ,! mod]n corn & fl\r mill diff]s f ! primitive h&-mill 9 ! size ( ! /ones1 9 ! addition ( an app>atus = sep>at+ ! hulls & bran f ! f>9ace\s "p ( ! gra91 & 9 ! p[] appli$ = putt+ x 9 motion4 #e4 ,! gr9d+ surfaces ( ! /ones h *annels1 or furr[s1 cut 9 !m1 :i* proce$ obliquely f ! c5tre to ! circumf]5ce4 ,! furr[s are cut slantwise on "o side1 & p]p5dicul> on ! o!r2 s t ea* ( ! ridges :i* !y =m1 has a %>p edge2 &1 :5 ! upp] /one is 9 motion1 ^! edges pass "o ano!r1 l ! blades ( a pair ( scissors1 & cut ! gra9 ! m easily1 z x falls ^u ! furr[s4 #f4 ,by a c>eful inspection ( ! foll[+ picture1 ! :ole ma*9]y ( a common mill may be und]/ood4 ,illu/ration ,a repres5ts ! wat]-:eel2 ,b1 ! %aft to :i* is atta*$ ! cog-:eel ,c1 :i* acts on ! trundle-head1 ,d2 & ?is1 9 turn1 acts on ! moveable /one4 ,! sp9dle1 trundle-head1 & upp] /one1 all re/ entirely on ! beam1 ,f1 :i* c be elevat$ or depress$1 at pleasure1 by a simple app>atus2 s t ! di/ance betwe5 ! /ones c be easily regulat$1 to gr9d ei!r f9e or co>se4 ,! gra9 ab\t to be submitt$ to ! action ( ! mill1 is ?r[n into ! hopp]1 ,h1 :5ce x passes by ! %oe1 or sp\t ,i1 ?r\gh a hole 9 ! upp] /one1 & !n betwe5 !m bo?4 #g4 ,! upp] /one is a little convex1 & ! o!r a little concave4 ,!re is a little diff]5ce1 h[ev]1 betwe5 ! convexity & ! concavity ( ! two /ones3 ?is diff]5ce causes ! space betwe5 !m to become less & less t[>ds _! edges2 & ! gra91 be+ admitt$ betwe5 !m1 is1 consequ5tly1 gr\nd f9] & f9]1 z x passes out 9 t direction1 9 :i* x is impell$ by ! c5trifugal p[] ( ! mov+ /one4 #h4 ,if ! fl\r1 or meal1 is n to be sep>at$ f ! bran1 ! simple gr9d+ completes ! op]ation2 b1 :5 ?is sep>ation is to be made1 ! comm9ut$ gra91 z x is ?r[n out f betwe5 ! /ones1 is c>ri$1 by little lea!rn buckets fa/5$ to a /rap1 to ! upp] end ( an octagonal sieve1 plac$ 9 an incl9$ position 9 a l>ge box4 ,! co>se bran passes out at ! l[] end ( ! sieve1 or bolt1 & ! fl\r1 or f9e p>ticles ( bran1 ?r\gh ! bolt+-clo?1 at diff]5t places1 accord+ to _! f95ess4 ,at ! head ( ! bolt1 ! sup]f9e fl\r passes2 9 ! middle1 ! f9e fl\r2 & at ! l[] end1 ! co>se fl\r & f9e bran2 :i*1 :5 mix$1 is call$ canel1 or %orts4 #i4 ,! be/ mat]ial ( :i* mill-/ones are made1 is ! burr-/one1 :i* is br\ght f ,france 9 small pieces1 weigh+ f t5 to "o hundr$ p\nds4 ,^! are cem5t$ toge!r ) pla/] ( ,p>is1 & closely b\nd ar\nd ! circumf]5ce ) hoops made ( b> iron4 ,= gr9d+ corn or rye1 ^? made ( si5ite1 or granite rock1 are frequ5tly us$4 #aj4 ,a mill1 exclusively employ$ 9 gr9d+ gra91 consum$ by ! inhabitants ( ! neighborhood1 is call$ a gri/ or cu/om mill2 & a portion ( ! gri/ is all[$ to ! mill]1 9 paym5t = 8 s]vices4 ,! proportion is regulat$ by law2 &1 9 our own c\ntry1 x v>ies accord+ to ! legislation ( ! diff]5t /ates4 #aa4 ,mills 9 :i* fl\r is manufactur$1 & pack$ 9 b>rels = sale1 are call$ m]*ant mills4 ,"h1 ! :eat is pur*as$ by ! mill]1 or by ! own] ( ! mill1 :o relies ^u ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! orig9al co/ ( ! gra91 & ! probable am\nt ( its sev]al products1 :5 sold1 to remun]ate him = ! manufacture1 & 8 inve/m5ts ( capital4 ,9 ,virg9ia1 &1 p]haps1 9 "s ( ! o!r /ates1 x is a common practice among ! f>m]s1 to deliv] to ! mill]s _! :eat1 = :i* !y receive a specifi$ quantity ( fl\r4 #ab4 ,! p[] mo/ commonly employ$ to put heavy ma*9]y 9 op]ation1 is t suppli$ by wat]4 ,?is is especially ! case ) reg>d to mills = gr9d+ gra92 b1 :5 ?is _c be _h1 a sub/itute is f\nd 9 /eam1 or animal /r5g?4 ,! w9d is also r5d]$ subs]vi5t to ?is purpose4 ,! w9d-mill 0 inv5t$ 9 ! "t ( ,augu/us ,caes>4 ,dur+ ! reign ( ?is emp]or1 & probably long be=e1 mules & asses 7 employ$ by bo? ! ,greeks & ,romans 9 turn+ _! mills4 ,! p]iod at :i* wat]-mills began to be us$ _c be c]ta9ly det]m9$4 ,"s writ]s place x z f> back z ! ,*ri/ian era4 #ac4 ,:eat fl\r is "o ( ! /aple commodities ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & !re are mills = its manufacture 9 almo/ e "p ( ! c\ntry1 :]e :eat is ext5sively cultivat$2 b our mo/ celebrat$ fl\r-mills are on ! ,br&yw9e ,creek1 ,del41 at ,ro*e/]1 ,n4 ,y41 & at ,ri*mond1 ,va4 #ad4 ,9 our ,s\!rn /ates1 hommony is a favorite article ( food4 ,x consi/s ( ! fl9ty portions ( ,indian corn1 :i* h be5 sep>at$ f ! hulls & eyes ( ! gra94 ,to effect ?is sep>ation1 ! corn is sometimes gr\nd v co>sely 9 a mill2 b ! mo/ usual me?od is t ( p\nd+ x 9 a mort>4 #ae4 ,! mort> is excavat$ f a log ( h>d wood1 betwe5 twelve & eighte5 in*es 9 diamet]4 ,! =m ( ! excavation is simil> to t ( a common iron mort>1 except t x is less flat at ! bottom1 to prev5t ! corn f be+ r$uc$ to meal dur+ ! op]ation4 ,! pe/le is usually made by conf9+ an iron w$ge 9 ! split end ( a r\nd /ick1 by means ( an iron r+4 #af4 ,! :ite fl9t corn is ! k9d usually *os5 = hommony2 al?\gh any k9d1 possess+ ! requisite solidity1 w d4 ,hav+ be5 p\r$ into ! mort>1 x is moi/5$ ) hot wat]1 & imm$iately beat5 ) ! pe/le1 until ! eyes & hulls are =c$ f ! fl9ty portions ( ! gra94 ,! "p ( ! corn :i* has be5 r$uc$ to meal by ! =ego+ process1 is remov$ by means ( a sieve1 & ! hulls1 by ! aid ( ! w9d4 #ag4 ,hommony is prep>$ = ! table by boil+ x 9 wat] = twelve h\rs ) ab\t "o f\r? ( its quantity ( :ite beans1 & "s fat bacon4 ,x is eat5 :ile yet w>m1 ) milk or butt]2 or1 if suff]$ to get cold1 is aga9 w>m$ ) l>d or "s o!r fat sub/ance1 be=e x is br\ght to ! table4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bak]4 ,,! ,,bak]4 #a4 ,! bus9ess ( ! ,bak] consi/s 9 mak+ bread1 rolls1 biscuits1 & crack]s1 & 9 bak+ v>i\s k9ds ( provisions4 #b4 ,man appe>s to be design$ by nature1 to eat all sub/ances capable ( af=d+ n\ri%m5t to 8 sy/em2 b1 be+ m incl9$ to vegetable ?an to animal food1 he has1 f ! e>lie/ times1 us$ f>9ace\s gra9s1 z 8 pr9cipal means ( su/5ance4 ,z ^!1 h[ev]1 _c be eat5 9 _! native /ate )\t difficulty1 means h be5 contriv$ = extract+ _! f>9ace\s "p1 & = conv]t+ x into an agreeable & :olesome alim5t4 #c4 ,^? :o are accu/om$ to enjoy all ! advantages ( ! mo/ useful inv5tions1 )\t reflect+ on ! lab\r exp5d$ 9 _! completion1 may fancy t !re is no?+ m easy ?an to gr9d gra91 to make x into pa/e1 & to bake x 9 an ov52 b x mu/ h be5 a long "t1 be=e m5 discov]$ any bett] me?od ( prep>+ _! gra91 ?an roa/+ x 9 ! fire1 or boil+ x 9 wat]1 & =m+ x into visc\s cakes4 ,accid5t1 probably1 at l5g? furni%$ "s obs]v+ p]son a h9t1 by :i* good & :olesome bread c\ld be made by means ( f]m5tation4 #d4 ,be=e ! inv5tion ( ! ov51 bread 0 exclusively bak$ 9 ! emb]s1 or a%es1 or be=e ! fire4 ,^! me?ods1 ) sometimes a little v>iation1 are /ill practis$1 m or less1 9 all p>ts ( ! _w4 ,9 ,engl&1 ! poor class ( p place ! loaf on ! heat$ he>?1 & inv]t ov] x an iron pot or kettle1 :i* !y surr\nd ) emb]s or coals4 #e4 ,! inv5tion ( ! ov5 mu/ h add$ mu* to ! conv5i5ces & com=ts ( ! anci5ts2 b x _c be det]m9$1 at :at p]iod1 or by :om1 x 0 contriv$4 ,dur+ t p]iod ( remote antiquity1 9 :i* ! p 7 g5]ally erratic 9 _! habits1 ! ov5s 7 made ( clay1 & h>d5$ by fire1 l e>!nw>e2 &1 be+ small1 !y c\ld be easily transport$ f place to place1 l our iron bake-ov5s4 ,su* ov5s are /ill 9 use 9 "s p>ts ( ,asia4 #f4 ,!re are few nations t d n use bread1 or a sub/itute = x4 ,its g5]al use arises f a law ( our economy1 :i* requires a mixture ( ! animal fluids1 9 e /age ( ! process ( dige/ion4 ,! saliva is1 !re=e1 ess5tial2 & ! ma/ication ( dry food is requir$1 to br+ x =? f ! gl&s ( ! m\?4 #g4 ,! f>9ace\s gra9s mo/ usually employ$ 9 mak+ bread1 are1--:eat1 rye1 b>ley1 maize1 & oats4 ,! fl\r or meal ( two ( ^! are (t5 mix$2 & :eat fl\r is sometimes advantage\sly comb9$ ) rice1 peas1 beans1 or potatoes4 #h4 ,! compon5t p>ts ( :eat1 rye1 & b>ley fl\r1 are1--fecula1 or />*1 glut51 & sac*>9e mucilage4 ,fecula is ! mo/ nutritive "p ( gra94 ,x is f\nd 9 all se$s1 & is especially abundant 9 ! potato4 ,glut5 is necess>y to ! production ( light bread2 & :eat fl\r1 conta9+ x 9 ! greate/ proportion1 answ]s ! purpose bett] ?an any o!r4 ,! sac*>9e mucilage is equally necess>y1 z ?is is ! sub/ance on :i* yea/ & leav5 act1 9 produc+ ! int]nal commotion 9 ! p>ticles ( d\gh dur+ f]m5tation4 #i4 ,!re are ?ree g5]al me?ods ( mak+ bread2 #a/4 by mix+ meal or fl\r ) wat]1 or ) wat] & milk2 #b;d4 by add+ to ! =ego+ mat]ials a small quantity ( s\r d\gh1 or leav51 to s]ve z a f]m5t+ ag5t2 &1 #c;d4 by us+ yea/1 to produce ! same g5]al effect4 #aj4 ,! !ory ( mak+ light bread1 is n difficult to be und]/ood4 ,! leav5 or yea/ acts ^u ! sac*>9e mucilage ( ! d\gh1 &1 by ! aid ( heat & moi/ure1 dis5gages c>bonace\s matt]1 :i*1 unit+ ) oxyg51 =ms c>bonic acid gas4 ,?is1 be+ prev5t$ f escap+ by ! glut5 ( ! d\gh1 causes ! mass to become light & spongy4 ,dur+ ! process ( bak+1 ! increas$ heat dis5gages m ( ! fix$ air1 :i* is fur!r prev5t$ f escap+ by ! =mation ( ! cru/4 ,! sup]flu\s moi/ure hav+ be5 expell$1 ! sub/ance becomes firm1 & reta9s t spongy holl[ness :i* di/+ui%es good bread4 #aa4 ,_m o!r sub/ances conta9 f]m5t+ qualities1 & are1 !re=e1 sometimes us$ z sub/itutes = yea/ & leav54 ,! wat]s ( sev]al m9]al spr+s1 bo? 9 ,europe & ,am]ica1 be+ impregnat$ ) c>bonic acid gas1 are occasionally employ$ 9 mak+ light bread4 #ab4 ,! ?ree g5]al me?ods ( mak+ bread1 & ! great numb] ( mat]ials employ$1 admit ( a great v>iety 9 ?is ess5tial article ( food2 s mu* s1 t we _c ent] into details1 z reg>ds ! p>ticul> modes ( manufacture adopt$ by diff]5t nations1 or p4 ,!re are1 comp>atively1 b few p on ! globe1 among :om ?is art is n practis$ 9 "s way or o!r4 #ac4 ,x is impossible to asc]ta91 at :at p]iod ( "t ! process ( bak+ bread became a p>ticul> pr(ession4 ,x is suppos$1 t ! fir/ bak]s 9 ,rome came f ,greece1 ab\t two hundr$ ye>s be=e ! ,*ri/ian era2 & t ^!1 toge!r ) "s freem5 ( ! city1 7 incorporat$ into a college1 or company1 f :i* nei!r !y nor _! *ildr5 7 p]mitt$ to )draw4 ,!y held _! effects 9 common1 )\t possess+ any individual p[] ( p>t+ ) !m4 #ad4 ,ea* bake-h\se _h a patron1 or sup]9t5d5t2 & "o ( ! patrons _h ! managem5t ( ! re/1 & ! c>e ( ! college4 ,s respectable 0 ?is class ( m5 9 ,rome1 t "o ( ! body 0 occasionally admitt$1 z a memb] ( ! s5ate2 & all1 on acc\nt ( _! peculi> corporate association1 & ! public utility ( _! employm5t1 7 exempt$ f ! p]=mance ( ! civil duties to :i* o!r citiz5s 7 liable4 #ae4 ,9 _m ( ! l>ge cities ( ,europe1 ! price & weight ( bread sold by bak]s1 are regulat$ by law4 ,! weight ( ! loaves ( diff]5t sizes mu/ be always ! same2 b ! price may v>y1 accord+ to ! curr5t co/ ( ! *ief mat]ials4 ,! law 0 su* 9 ! city ( ,london1 a few ye>s ago1 t if a loaf fell %ort 9 weight a s+le ounce1 ! bak] 0 liable to be put 9 ! pillory2 b n[1 he is subject only to a f9e1 v>y+ f "o to five %ill+s1 accord+ to ! w ( ! magi/rate be=e :om he may be indict$4 #af4 ,9 ?is c\ntry1 laws ( a "* some:at simil> h be5 enact$ by ! legislatures ( sev]al /ates1 & by city au?orities1 ) a view to protect ! community aga9/ impositions2 b :e!r !re is a law or n1 ! bak]s regulate ! weight1 price1 & quality ( _! loaves by ! g5]al pr9ciples ( trade4 #ag4 ,!re is1 p]haps1 no bus9ess m labori\s ?an t ( ! bak] ( loaf bread1 :o has a regul> set ( cu/om]s to be suppli$ e morn+4 ,! tw5ty-f\r h\rs ( ! day are sy/ematically appropriat$ to ! p]=mance ( c]ta9 lab\rs1 & to re/4 #ah4 ,aft] breakfa/1 ! yea/ is prep>$1 & ! ov5-wood provid$3 at two or ?ree o'clock1 ! sponge is set3 ! h\rs f ?ree to eight or n9e o'clock1 are appropriat$ to re/4 ,! bak+ comm5ces at n9e or t5 o'clock at night2 &1 9 l>ge bak]ies1 cont9ues until five o'clock 9 ! morn+4 ,f t "t until ! breakfa/ h\r1 ! h&s are engag$ 9 di/ribut+ ! bread to cu/om]s4 ,= sev5 mon?s 9 ! ye>1 &1 9 "s cases1 dur+ ! :ole ( x1 "p ( ! h&s are employ$1 f elev5 to "o o'clock1 9 bak+ pies1 pudd+s1 & diff]5t k9ds ( meats1 s5t to !m f neighbor+ families4 #ai4 ,9 l>ge cities1 ! bak]s usually conf9e _! att5tion to p>ticul> bran*es ( ! bus9ess4 ,"s bake light loaf bread only2 o!rs bake unleav5$ bread1 su* z crack]s1 sea-biscuit1 & cakes = p ( ! ,jewi% fai?4 ,"s1 aga91 unite sev]al bran*es toge!r2 & ?is is especially ! case 9 small cities & t[ns1 :]e ! dem& = diff]5t k9ds ( bread is m limit$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,confection]4 ,,! ,,confection]4 #a4 ,! ,confection] makes liquid & dry confects1 jellies1 m>malades1 pa/es1 cons]ves1 sug>-plums1 ice-creams1 c&ies1 & cakes ( v>i\s k9ds4 #b4 ,_m ( ! articles j enum]at$1 are prep>$ 9 families = dome/ic use2 b1 z _! prep>ation requires skill & practice1 & is likewise att5d$ ) "s tr\ble1 x is sometimes bett] to pur*ase !m ( ! confection]4 #c4 ,liquid & dry confects are pres]ves made ( v>i\s k9ds ( fruits & b]ries1 ! pr9cipal ( :i* are1--pea*es1 apricots1 pe>s1 qu9ces1 apples1 plums1 *]ries1 grapes1 /rawb]ries1 gooseb]ries1 currants1 & raspb]ries4 ,! fruit1 ( :atev] k9d x may be1 is confect$ by boil+ x 9 a ?ick cl>ifi$ syrup ( sug>1 until x is ab\t half cook$4 ,dry confects are made by boil+ ! fruit a little 9 syrup1 & !n dry+ x ) a mod]ate heat 9 an ov54 ,! anci5ts confect$ ) honey2 b1 at pres5t1 sug> is deem$ m suitable = ?is purpose1 & is almo/ exclusively employ$4 #d4 ,jellies resemble a ?9 transp>5t glue1 or size4 ,!y are made by mix+ ! juice ( ! fruits m5tion$ 9 ! prec$+ p>agraph1 ) a due proportion ( sug>1 & !n boil+ ! composition d[n to a prop] consi/5ce4 ,jellies are also made ( ! fle% ( animals2 b su* prep>ations _c be long kept1 z !y soon become corrupt4 #e4 ,m>malades are ?9 pa/es1 usually made ( ! pulp ( fruits t h "s consi/5ce1 & ab\t an equal weight ( sug>4 ,pa/es are simil> to m>malades1 9 _! mat]ials1 & mode ( prep>ation4 ,! diff]5ce consi/s only 9 _! be+ r$uc$ by evaporation to a consi/5ce1 :i* r5d]s !m capable ( reta9+ a =m1 :5 put into m\lds1 & dri$ 9 an ov54 #f4 ,cons]ves are a species ( dry confects1 comp\nd$ ( sug> & fl[]s4 ,! fl[]s usually employ$1 are1--roses1 mall[s1 rosem>y1 orange1 violets1 jessam9e1 pi/a*oes1 citrons1 & sloes4 ,orange-peel is also us$ = ! same purpose4 #g4 ,c&ies are made ( cl>ifi$ sug>1 r$uc$ by evaporation to a suitable degree ( consi/5ce4 ,!y receive _! "n f ! ess5ce1 or sub/ance1 employ$ 9 giv+ !m ! requir$ flav\r4 #h4 ,sug>-plums are small fruits1 se$s1 little pieces ( b>k1 or odorif]\s & aromatic roots1 incru/$ ) h>d sug>4 ,^! trifles are v>i\sly d5om9at$2 b1 9 mo/ cases1 accord+ to ! "n ( ! sub/ance inclos$ by ! incru/ation4 #i4 ,ice-cream is an article ( agreeable refre%m5t 9 hot wea!r4 ,x is sold 9 confection>y %ops1 z well z at ! public g>d5s1 & o!r places ( tempor>y resort 9 cities4 ,x is compos$1 *iefly1 ( milk or cream1 fruit1 & lemon-juice4 ,x is prep>$ by beat+ ! mat]ials well toge!r1 & rubb+ !m ?r\gh a f9e hair sieve4 ,! congelation is effect$ by plac+ ! conta9+ vessel 9 "o :i* is some:at l>g]1 & fill+ ! surr\nd+ vacancy ) a mixture ( salt & f9e ice4 #aj4 ,cakes are made ( a great v>iety ( +r$i5ts2 ! pr9cipal ( :i* are1 fl\r1 butt]1 eggs1 sug>1 wat]1 milk1 cream1 yea/1 w9e1 br&y1 rais9s1 currants1 c>away1 lemon1 orange1 almonds1 c9namon1 nutmeg1 allspice1 cloves1 & g+]4 ,! diff]5t comb9ations ( ^! mat]ials1 produce s great a v>iety ( cakes1 t x w\ld be t$i\s to detail ev5 _! names4 #aa4 ,! confection]1 9 addition to ^? articles :i* may be consid]$ peculi> to 8 bus9ess1 deals 9 v>i\s k9ds ( fruits & nuts1 :i* gr[ 9 diff]5t climates4 ,he also sells a v>iety ( pickles1 :i* he usually procures f ^? :o make x a bus9ess to prep>e !m4 #ab4 ,soda-wat] is likewise (t5 sold by ! confection]4 ,?is agreeable dr9k is m]ely wat]1 impregnat$ ) c>bonic acid gas1 by means ( a =c+-pump4 ,! confection]s1 h[ev]1 9 l>ge cities1 seldom prep>e x !mselves1 z !y c procure x at less exp5se1 & ) less tr\ble1 ready made4 #ac4 ,sometimes1 ! bus9ess ( ! pa/ry-cook is unit$ ) t ( ! confection]1 especially ) t bran* ( x :i* relates to mak+ cakes4 ,pies & t>ts consi/ ( pa/e1 :i*1 9 bak+1 becomes a cru/1 & "s k9d ( fruit or meat1 or bo?1 ) suitable season+4 ,! art ( mak+ pies & t>ts is practis$1 m or less1 9 e family3 x is n1 !re=e1 ess5tial to be p>ticul> 9 nam+ ! mat]ials employ$1 or ! mann] 9 :i* !y are comb9$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,di/ill]4 ,,! ,,brew]1 ,,& ,,! ,,di/ill]4 ,,! ,,brew]4 #a4 ,brew+ is ! art ( prep>+ a liquor1 :i* has receiv$ ! g5]al d5om9ation ( be]4 ,?is bev]age c be brew$ f any k9d ( f>9ace\s gra92 b1 on v>i\s acc\nts1 b>ley is usually pref]r$4 ,x is prep>$ = ! brew]'s use by conv]t+ x into malt1 :i* is effect$ by ! foll[+ process4 #b4 ,! gra9 is soak$ 9 a ci/]n ( wat] ab\t two days1 or until x is completely saturat$ ) t fluid4 ,x is !n tak5 out1 & spread ^u a floor 9 a lay] ne>ly two feet ?ick4 ,:5 ! inside ( ?is heap beg9s to gr[ w>m1 & ! k]nels to g]m9ate1 ! malt/] *ecks ! rapid gr[? ( ! gra9 9 t situation by *ang+ x to ! outside4 ,?is op]ation is cont9u$1 until ! sac*>9e matt] 9 ! b>ley has be5 suffici5tly evolv$ by ! natural process ( g]m9ation4 #c4 ,! gra9 is next transf]r$ to ! kiln1 :i* is an iron or tile floor1 p]=at$ ) small holes1 & mod]ately heat$ b5ea? ) a fire ( coke or /one coal4 ,"h1 ! gra9 is ?or\ghly dri$1 & ! pr9ciple ( g]m9ation completely de/roy$4 ,! malt ?us made is prep>$ = be+ brew$1 by cru%+ x 9 a common mill1 or betwe5 roll]s4 ,malt+1 9 ,great ,brita91 & 9 "s o!r p>ts ( ,europe1 is a bus9ess di/9ct f brew+2 b1 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! brew]s g5]ally make _! own malt4 #d4 ,! fir/ "p ( ! process ( brew+ is call$ ma%+4 ,?is is p]=m$ 9 a l>ge tub1 or tun1 hav+ two bottoms4 ,! upp] "o1 consi/+ ( sev]al moveable pieces1 is p]=at$ ) a great numb] ( small holes2 ! o!r1 ?\gh tight & immoveable at ! edges1 has sev]al l>ge holes1 furni%$ ) ducts1 :i* lead to a ci/]n b5ea?4 #e4 ,! malt1 design$ = "o ma%+1 is spread 9 an ev5 lay] on ! upp] bottom1 & ?or\ghly saturat$ & incorporat$ ) wat] ne>ly boil+1 by means ( iron rakes1 :i* are made to revolve & move r\nd 9 ! tub by ! aid ( ma*9]y4 ,! wat]1 toge!r ) ! soluble p>ts ( ! malt1 at l5g? passes (f1 ?r\gh ! holes be=e m5tion$1 into ! res]voir b5ea?4 #f4 ,! malt requires to be ma%$ two or ?ree times 9 succession ) fre% quantities ( wat]2 & ! product ( ea* ma%+ is appropriat$ to mak+ liquors ( diff]5t degrees ( /r5g?4 #g4 ,! product ( ! ma%+-tun is call$ wort1 :i*1 be+ transf]r$ to a l>ge copp] kettle1 is boil$ = a consid]able "t ) a quantity ( hops1 & !n drawn (f into l>ge %all[ ci/]ns1 call$ cool]s4 ,:5 ! mixture has become cool en\gh to be submitt$ to f]m5tation1 x is drawn (f into ! work+ tun4 #h4 ,! f]m5tation is effect$ ) yea/1 :i*1 act+ on ! sac*>9e matt]1 dis5gages c>bonic acid gas4 ,?is "p ( ! process requires f eighte5 to =ty-eight h\rs1 accord+ to ! degree ( heat :i* may be 9 ! atmosph]e4 #i4 ,! be] is !n drawn (f into casks ( diff]5t dim5sions1 9 :i* x und]goes a /ill fur!r f]m5tation1 sometimes call$ ! brew]'s cleans+4 ,dur+ ?is f]m5tation1 ! fro?1 or yea/1 works out at ! bung-hole1 & is receiv$ 9 a tr\gh1 on ! edges ( :i* ! casks h be5 plac$4 ,! fro? ?us dis*>g$ f ! be]1 is ! yea/ us$ by ! brew]s4 #aj4 ,! products ( ! brew]y are d5om9at$ be]1 ale1 & port]4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ^! liquors arises1 *iefly1 f ! mann] 9 :i* ! malt has be5 prep>$1 ! relative /r5g? imp>t$ to ea*1 & ! ext5t to :i* ! f]m5tation has be5 c>ri$4 #aa4 ,!re are sev]al k9ds ( be]2 su* z table be]1 half & half1 & /rong be]4 ,!y are adapt$ to use soon aft] be+ brew$1 & diff] f ea* o!r b little1 except 9 ! degree ( _! /r5g?4 #ab4 ,ale & port] are call$ /ock liquors2 because1 n be+ design$ = imm$iate consumption1 !y are kept = a consid]able "t1 t !y may improve 9 quality4 ,port] is usually prep>$ = consumption by putt+ x into bottles4 ,?is is done ei!r at ! brew]y1 or 9 bottl+ e/abli%m5ts4 ,9 ! latt] case1 ! liquor is pur*as$ 9 l>ge quantities f ! brew] by p]sons :o make x _! bus9ess to supply retail]s & private families4 #ac4 ,we h evid5ce t f]m5t$ liquor 0 9 use ?ree ?\s& ye>s ago4 ,x 0 fir/ us$ 9 ,egypt1 :5ce x pass$ into adjac5t c\ntries1 & aft]w>d into ,spa91 ,france1 & ,engl&4 ,x 0 sometimes call$ ! w9e ( b>ley2 & "o k9d ( x 0 d5om9at$ ,pelusian dr9k1 f ! city ,pelusium1 :]e x 0 fir/ made4 #ad4 ,among ! nations ( mod]n times1 ! ,engli% are ! mo/ celebrat$ = brew+ good liquors4 ,london port] is especially 9 great repute1 n only 9 t city1 b 9 di/ant c\ntries4 ,mu* f]m5t$ liquor ( ! diff]5t k9ds1 is consum$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :]e x is also made 9 consid]able p]fection4 ,,! ,,di/ill]4 #a4 ,al?\gh alcohol c be extract$ f any sub/ance conta9+ sac*>9e matt]1 yet sug>-cane1 grapes1 apples1 pea*es1 rye1 corn1 & rice1 on acc\nt ( _! abundance1 & sup]ior adaptation to ! purpose1 are m commonly us$ ?an any o!r4 ,z :iskey is ! *ief article ( ?is k9d1 manufactur$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 x w be select$ to illu/rate ! g5]al pr9ciples ( di/illation4 #b4 ,corn & rye are ! mat]ials f :i* ?is liquor is mo/ly extract$2 & ^! are us$ ei!r toge!r or sep>ately1 at ! option ( ! di/ill]4 ,! meal is scald$ & ma%$ 9 a l>ge tub3 x is !n p]mitt$ to /&1 until x has become a little sweet1 :5 m wat] is p\r$ ^u x1 &1 at a suitable temp]ature1 a quantity ( yea/ is add$4 ,to aid 9 produc+ rapid f]m5tation1 a little malt is spr9kl$ on ! top4 #c4 ,aft] an adequate f]m5tation has tak5 place1 ! be]1 z x is call$1 is transf]r$ to a l>ge close tub1 f ! top ( :i* leads a tube ext5d+ to ! worm 9 ano!r tub fill$ ) cold wat]4 ,! worm is a long pewt] tube1 twi/$ spirally1 t x may occupy a small space4 #d4 ,! be] is heat$ 9 ! close tub1 by means ( /eam1 :i* is convey$ to x1 f a l>ge kettle or boil]1 by a copp] or iron pipe4 ,! heat causes ! alcoholic p>ticles to rise l vap\r1 & pass into ! worm1 :]e !y are cond5s$ into a wat]y fluid1 :i* passes out into a receiv]4 #e4 ,at fir/1 pure alcohol di/ils f ! worm2 b ! produce becomes gradually weak]1 until1 at l5g?1 ! _s 9 ! be] be+ exhau/$1 x consi/s only ( wat] cond5s$ f /eam4 ,! rema9s ( ! be] are giv5 z fe$ to hogs & cattle4 #f4 ,br&y is di/ill$ f grapes1 rum f sug>-cane1 arrack f rice1 :iskey f v>i\s k9ds ( gra91 pea*-br&y f pea*es1 & cid]-br&y f apples4 #g4 ,! great v>iety ( articles employ$ 9 ! productions ( diff]5t k9ds ( ard5t spirits1 mu/ necess>ily v>y ! process ( di/illation 9 "s p>ticul>s2 b1 9 all cases1 f]m5tation & heat are necess>y to dis5gage ! alcoholic prop]ties ( ! sac*>9e matt]1 & also an app>atus = cond5s+ ! same f a gase\s to a liquid =m4 ,9 "s c\ntries1 ! alembic is us$ z a cond5s]1 in/ead ( a worm4 ,! =m ( ?is in/rum5t is mu* l t ( ! retort2 & :5 appli$1 x is screw$ ^u ! top ( ! boil]4 #h4 ,spirits1 :i* come to m>ket 9 a crude /ate1 are sometimes di/ill$ = ! purpose ( improv+ _! quality1 or = disguis+ !m ) drugs & col\r+ sub/ances1 t !y may resemble sup]ior liquors4 ,! process by :i* !y are ?us *ang$1 or improv$1 is call$ rectification4 ,_m di/ill]ies 9 l>ge cities1 are employ$ 9 ?is bran* ( bus9ess4 #i4 ,!re is1 p]haps1 no k9d ( m]*&ise 9 :i* ! public is m deceiv$1 ?an 9 ! quality ( ard5t spirits & w9es4 ,to illu/rate ?is1 x is only necess>y to obs]ve1 t ,holl& g9 is made by di/ill+ ,fr5* br&y ) junip]-b]ries2 b mo/ ( ! spirits :i* are v5d$ "u t "n1 consi/ only ( rum or :iskey1 flav\r$ ) ! oil ( turp5t9e4 ,g5u9e ,fr5* br&y is di/ill$ f grapes2 b ! article usually sold "u t d5om9ation1 is :iskey or rum col\r$ ) treacle or scor*$ sug>1 & flav\r$ ) ! oil ( w9e1 or "s k9d ( drug4 #aj4 ,! anci5t ,greeks & ,romans 7 acqua9t$ ) an in/rum5t = di/illation1 :i* !y d5om9at$ ambix4 ,?is 0 adopt$1 a long "t aft]w>d1 by ! ,arabian al*emi/s1 = mak+ _! *emical exp]im5ts2 b !y made "s improvem5ts 9 its con/ruction1 & *ang$ its "n to alembic4 #aa4 ,! anci5ts1 h[ev]1 knew no?+ ( alcohol4 ,! me?od ( extract+ ?is intoxicat+ sub/ance1 0 probably discov]$ "s "t 9 ! twelf? or ?irte5? c5tury2 b1 = _m ages aft] ! discov]y1 x 0 us$ only z a m$ic9e1 & 0 kept = sale exclusively 9 apo!c>y %ops4 ,x is n[ us$ z a common article ( /imulation1 9 almo/ e qu>t] ( ! globe4 #ab4 ,b ! op9ion is becom+ g5]al1 among all civiliz$ p1 t ! use ( alcohol1 = ?is purpose1 is de/ructive ( heal?1 & ! prim>y cause ( mo/ ( ! crimes & paup]ism 9 all places1 :]e its consumption is common4 ,! =mation ( ,temp]ance ,societies1 & ! publication ( _! reports1 toge!r ) ! ext5sive circulation ( p]iodical pap]s1 devot$ to ! cause ( temp]ance1 h already dim9i%$1 to a v great ext5t1 ! use ( spiritu\s liquors4 #ac4 ,al?\gh ! anci5ts knew no?+ ( di/ill+ alcohol1 yet !y 7 well v]s$ 9 ! art ( mak+ w9e4 ,we read ( ! v9ey>d1 z f> back z ! "t ( ,noah1 ! second fa!r ( nations2 &1 f t p]iod to ! pres5t1 ! grape has be5 ! object ( c>eful cultivation1 9 all civiliz$ nations1 :]e ! climate & soil 7 adapt$ to ! purpose4 #ad4 ,! g5]al process ( mak+ w9e f grapes1 is z foll[s4 ,! grapes1 :5 ga!r$1 are cru%$ by tread+ !m ) ! feet1 & rubb+ !m 9 ! h&s1 or by "s o!r means1 ) ! view to press out ! juice4 ,! :ole is !n suff]$ to /& 9 ! vat1 until x has pass$ ?r\gh :at is t]m$ ! v9\s f]m5tation1 :5 ! juice1 :i*1 9 ?is /ate1 is t]m$ mu/1 is drawn (f into op5 vessels1 :]e x rema9s until ! press+ ( ! husks is f9i%$4 #ae4 ,! husks are submitt$1 9 hair bags1 to ! press2 & ! mu/ :i* is ! result ( ?is op]ation1 is mix$ ) t drawn f ! vat4 ,! :ole is !n put into casks1 :]e x und]goes ano!r f]m5tation1 call$ ! spiritu\s1 :i* occupies f six to twelve days4 ,! casks are !n bung$ up1 & suff]$ to /& a few weeks1 :5 ! w9e is rack$ (f f ! lees1 & aga9 return$ to ! same casks1 aft] !y h be5 p]fectly cleans$4 ,two su* rack+s g5]ally r5d] ! w9e cle> & brilliant4 #af4 ,9 _m cases1 sug>1 br&y1 & flav\r+ sub/ances1 are necess>y1 to r5d] ! w9e palatable2 b ! be/ k9ds ( grapes seldom require any ( ^! additions4 ,w9e-m]*ants (t5 adult]ate _! w9es 9 v>i\s ways1 & aft]w>ds sell !m = ^? :i* are g5u9e4 ,to correct acidity1 & "s o!r unpleasant qualities1 lead1 copp]1 antimony1 & corrosive sublimate1 are (t5 us$ by ! deal]s 9 w9e2 ?\gh ! practice is att5d$ ) delet]i\s effects to ! heal? ( ! consum]s4 #ag4 ,! w9es mo/ usually met ) 9 ?is c\ntry1 are kn[n by ! foll[+ d5om9ations1 viz41 ,madeira & ,t5]iffe1 f isl&s ( ! same names2 ,port1 f ,portugal2 ,%]ry & ,malaga1 f ,spa92 ,*ampagne1 ,burgundy1 & ,cl>et1 f ,france2 & ,hock1 f ,g]many4 ,illu/ration3 ,,but*]4 ,,! ,,but*]4 #a4 ,man is design$ by nature1 to subsi/ on vegetable & animal food4 ,?is is obvi\s1 f ! /ructure ( 8 organs ( ma/ication & dige/ion4 ,x does n foll[1 h[ev]1 t animal food is1 9 all cases1 positively requir$4 ,9 "s c\ntries1 ! mass ( ! p subsi/ *iefly or entirely on vegetables4 ,?is is especially ! case 9 ! ,ea/ ,indies1 :]e rice & fruits are ! *ief articles ( food4 #b4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! p :o live 9 ! high] latitudes subsi/ pr9cipally on ! fle% ( animals4 ,?is is pref]r$1 n only because x is bett] suit$ to brace ! sy/em aga9/ ! rig\rs ( ! climate1 b because x is mo/ easily provid$4 ,9 temp]ate climates1 a due proportion ( bo? animal & vegetable sub/ances is consum$4 #c4 ,al?\gh ! sk9s ( bea/s 7 us$ = ! purpose ( clo?+1 soon aft] ! fall ( man1 we h no intimation f ! ,scriptures1 t _! fle%1 or t ( any o!r animal1 0 us$1 until aft] ! flood4 ,! ,div9e p]mission 0 !n giv5 to ,noah & 8 po/]ity1 to use1 = ?is purpose1 e mov+ ?+ t live?4 ,b 9 ! law ( ,moses1 deliv]$ sev]al c5turies aft] ?is p]iod1 _m exceptions are to be f\nd1 :i* 7 int5d$ to apply only to ! ,jewi% p4 ,^! re/rictions 7 remov$1 on ! introduction ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,! unbeliev+ ,jews1 h[ev]1 /ill adh]e to _! anci5t law4 #d4 ,! doctr9e ( transmigration has _h a great influ5ce 9 dim9i%+ ! consumption ( animal food4 ,?is absurd notion arose some:]e 9 ,c5tral ,asia1 &1 at a v e>ly p]iod1 x spread into ,egypt1 ,greece1 ,italy1 & f9ally among ! remote c\ntries ( ! anci5t _w4 ,x is /ill ent]ta9$ by ! hea!n nations ( ,ea/]n ,asia1 by ! tribes 9 ! vic9ity ( ,m\nt ,caucasus1 & by "s ( ! ,am]ican savages1 & ,african negroes4 #e4 ,! lead+ feature ( ?is doctr9e is1 t ! s\ls ( dep>t$ m5 reappe> on e>? 9 ! bodies ( animals1 bo? z a puni%m5t = crimes committ$ dur+ life1 & z a means ( purification f s94 ,?is dogma 0 adopt$ by ! ,py?agoreans1 a sect ( ,grecian philosoph]s2 &1 z a natural consequ5ce1 x l$ !m1 z x has ev] done ! vot>ies ( ?is op9ion1 to ! v5]ation ( animals1 & to ab/95ce f _! fle%1 le/ !y might dev\r t ( "s ( _! deceas$ fri5ds or relatives4 #f4 ,p :o dwell ?9ly scatt]$ 9 ! c\ntry1 re> & slaught] ! animals = ! supply ( _! own tables2 b1 9 villages1 l>ge t[ns1 & cities1 ! inhabitants dep5d *iefly on ! but*] = _! meat4 ,! animals commonly slaught]$ are1 %eep1 cattle1 & hogs4 #g4 ,! but*]s obta9 _! animals f ! f>m]s1 or f drov]s1 :o make x a bus9ess to pur*ase !m 9 ! c\ntry1 & drive !m to m>ket4 ,! f>m]s ne> l>ge cities1 :o h good graz+ f>ms1 are accu/om$ to buy lean cattle1 br\ght f a di/ance1 ) a view to fatt5 !m = sale4 ,!re are also p]sons 9 ! cities1 :o might1 ) propriety1 be call$ cattle brok]s2 s9ce !y supply ! but*]s ( small capital ) a s+le animal at a "t1 on a cr$it ( a few days4 #h4 ,e but*] :o c>ries on ! bus9ess1 has a h\se 9 :i* he kills 8 animals1 & prep>es !m = sale4 ,:5 x is int5d$ to slaught] an ox1 a rope is ?r[n ab\t 8 horns or neck1 ) :i* he is =c$ into ! slaught]-h\se1 & br\ght to ! floor by ! aid ( a r+4 ,! but*] !n knocks him on ! head1 cuts 8 ?roat1 deprives him ( 8 hide1 takes out 8 entrails1 wa%es ! inside ( 8 body ) wat]1 & cuts him up into qu>t]s4 ,! beef is n[ ready to be convey$ to ! m>ket-h\se4 ,! process ( dress+ o!r quadrup$s v>ies b little f ?is 9 its g5]al details4 ,! cellul> sub/ance ( mutton1 lamb & veal1 is (t5 inflat$ ) air1 t ! meat may appe> fat & plump4 #i4 ,9 l>ge cities & t[ns1 ! meat is *iefly sold 9 ! m>ket-h\se1 :]e ea* but*] has a /all r5t$ f ! corporation4 ,x is c>ri$ !re 9 a c>t1 & cut into suitable pieces ) a saw1 knife1 & a broad iron cleav]4 #aj4 ,9 "s ( ! l>ge cities1 x is a practice among ! but*]s1 to employ runn]s to c>ry ! meat to ! h\ses1 ( ^? cu/om]s :o may desire ?is accommodation4 ,9 villages1 :]e !re is no m>ket-h\se1 ! but*] c>ries 8 meats f door to door 9 "s k9d ( vehicle4 #aa4 ,^? :o foll[ ?is occupation usually enjoy good heal?1 &1 z !y advance 9 ye>s1 9 mo/ cases1 become corpul5t4 ,_! good heal? arises f ex]cise 9 ! op5 air2 & _! corpul5cy1 f subsi/+ pr9cipally on fre% meats4 ,x is ?\ght1 h[ev]1 t _! longevity is n s great z t ( m5 9 _m o!r employm5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,tobacconi/4 ,,! ,,tobacco ,,plant]1 ,,& ,,! ,,tobacconi/ ,,! ,,tobacco ,,plant]4 #a4 ,tobacco is a native production ( ,am]ica1 :i* 0 9 common use among ne>ly all ( ! ,indian tribes1 :5 ?is cont95t 0 discov]$ by ,europeans4 ,its orig9al "n among ! nations ( ! isl&s1 0 yoli2 :il/1 ) ^? ( ! cont95t1 x 0 t]m$ petum4 ,! ,spani>ds1 h[ev]1 *ose to call x tobacco1 a t]m 9 ! ,haytian language1 :i* designat$ ! in/rum5t 9 :i* ! h]b 0 smok$4 #b4 ,?is plant 0 fir/ introduc$ into ,spa91 !n into ,portugal & ,france1 &1 at l5g?1 into o!r c\ntries ( ! ,ea/]n cont95t4 ,sir ,walt] ,raleigh c>ri$ x f ,virg9ia to ,engl&1 & taught 8 c\ntrym5 ! v>i\s me?ods ( consum+ x among ! natives4 #c4 ,! introduction ( ?is nause\s plant into ,europe1 0 ev]y:]e att5d$ ) ridicule & opposition4 ,hundr$s ( pamphlets 7 publi%$1 9 v>i\s languages1 dissuad+ f its use 9 ! /ronge/ t]ms4 ,ev5 ,james ! ,fir/1 k+ ( ,great ,brita91 did n reg>d x z inconsi/5t ) ! royal dignity to take up 8 p5 on ! subject4 ,9 8 ,c\nt]bla/ to ,tobacco1 publi%$ 9 #afjc1 occurs ! foll[+ rem>kable passage3 ,x is a cu/om loa?some to ! eye1 hateful to ! nose1 h>mful to ! bra92 &1 9 ! black fume !re(1 ne>e/ resembl+ ! horrible ,/ygian smoke ( ! pit t is bottomless4 #d4 ,pope ,urban ,,viii4 excommunicat$ ^? :o took tobacco 9 *ur*es2 & ,que5 ,elizabe? also prohibit$ its use 9 h\ses ( public wor%ip4 ,9 #afhi1 an ord9ance 0 publi%$ 9 ,transylvania1 ?reat5+ ^? :o %\ld plant tobacco ) ! confiscation ( _! e/ates4 ,! gr&-duke ( ,mosc[1 & ! k+ ( ,p]sia1 prohibit$ its use "u ! p5alty ( ! loss ( ! nose1 & ev5 ( life4 ,at pres5t1 h[ev]1 ! consumption ( tobacco is look$ ^u ) s mu* great] indulg5ce1 t all ! sov]eigns ( ,europe1 & mo/ ( ^? ( o!r nations1 d]ive a consid]able rev5ue f ! trade 9 ?is article4 #e4 ,b x is truly a/oni%+1 t a nause\s we$1 ( an acrid ta/e1 disagreeable od\r1 & delet]i\s qualities1 %\ld h _h s great an influ5ce on ! social condition ( nations2 t its culture %\ld h spread m rapidly ?an t ( ! mo/ useful plants2 & t x %\ld1 consequ5tly1 h become an article ( ext5sive comm]ce4 #f4 ,( ?is plant !re are sev]al species1 :i* diff] f ea* o!r1 9 size1 /r5g?1 & flav\r4 ,"s "o or m ( ^! v>ieties1 are cultivat$ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w3 b especially 9 ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ica1 & 9 ! ,we/ ,indies4 ,x is "o ( ! /aple productions ( ,m>yl&1 ,virg9ia1 ,k5tucky1 & ,ohio4 ,! :ole value ( ! tobacco1 export$ annually f ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 am\nts to ab\t five millions ( doll>s4 #g4 ,! foll[+ description ( ! mode ( cultivat+ ?is plant1 & prep>+ x = ! tobacconi/1 is applicable to ! /ate ( ,m>yl&4 ,a little v>iation 9 "s ( ! details1 w\ld r5d] x applicable to o!r p>ts ( ! _w4 #h4 ,a small piece ( gr\nd1 say "o-sixte5? ( an acre1 is prep>$ by burn+ a l>ge quantity ( bru% ^u x4 ,! surface is r5d]$ light & ev51 by means ( a hoe & rake2 & ! se$s1 mix$ ) a%es1 are s[n z equally z possible4 ,aft] !y h be5 cov]$ ) e>?1 ! gr\nd is trodd5 d[n ) ! b>e feet4 ,! tobacco b$s are made 9 ,m>*1 & ! plants become fit = ! field 9 eight or t5 weeks4 #i4 ,! field1 9 :i* ! cultivation ( ! crop is to be cont9u$1 is pl\gh$ two or ?ree times1 & !n cross-pl\gh$ into equal *ecks1 9 ea* ( :i* is made a hill4 ,imm$iately aft] a ra91 ! plants are transf]r$ to ^! hills1 9 ! same mann] 9 :i* cabbages are transplant$4 ,:ile ! tobacco is gr[+1 ! gr\nd is pl\gh$ sev]al times1 9 ord] to keep x light1 & to aid 9 de/roy+ ! we$s4 ,:5 ! plants are ne>ly gr[n1 ! tops are lopp$ or cut (f1 to prev5t !m f runn+ to se$1 & to cause ! leaves to gr[ l>g] & ?ick]4 #aj4 ,9 ,july or ,augu/1 ! tobacco-worms beg9 to make _! appe>ance1 & to ?reat5 ! :ole crop ) de/ruction4 ,to arre/ ! ravages ( ^! insidi\s enemies1 all h&s1 bo? great & small1 toge!r ) all ! turkeys t c be mu/]$1 are br\ght into ! field4 ,^! worms are produc$ f ! eggs ( a l>ge insect1 call$ ! horn-bug4 #aa4 ,! tobacco1 :5 ripe1 is cut ne> ! gr\nd1 & hung on small /icks ab\t five feet 9 l5g?1 g5]ally by pegs driv5 into ! /alks4 ,^! /icks are !n laid ^u poles1 arrang$ at prop] di/ances f ea* o!r 9 ! tobacco-h\se1 %$1 or hovel1 z ! case may be4 ,x is !n suff]$ to dry gradually 9 ! atmosph]e2 or a l>ge fire is made 9 ! tobacco-h\se1 to effect ! dry+ m rapidly4 #ab4 ,! leaves are next /ripp$ f ! /alks1 & ti$ 9 small bun*es accord+ to _! quality4 ,?is c only be done :5 9 ord]1 or r1 :5 ! leaves are r5d]$ t\gh by ! absorption ( moi/ure f ! atmosph]e4 ,^! bun*es1 :5 ! leaves are s damp t !y w n break1 & s dry t !y w n heat1 are pack$ 9 hogs-heads by ! aid ( a l>ge lev] press4 ,! tobacco is inspect$ 9 public w>eh\ses1 by m5 :o h be5 appo9t$ = ! purpose by ! public au?orities4 ,,! ,,tobacconi/4 #a4 ,x is ! bus9ess ( ! tobacconi/ to conv]t ! leaves ( ! tobacco plant into snuff1 cig>s1 & smok+ & *ew+ tobacco4 #b4 ,al?\gh !re may seem to be a great v>iety ( snuffs1 yet !y may be all r$uc$ to ?ree k9ds1 viz41 ,scot*1 rappee1 & macc\ba4 ,^! are v>i\sly modifi$ by ! quality ( ! tobacco1 by "s little v>iation 9 ! manufacture1 & by ! articles employ$ 9 communicat+ ! desir$ flav\r4 #c4 ,9 manufactur+ snuff1 ! tobacco is gr\nd 9 a mill ( a peculi> con/ruction4 ,be=e ! we$ is submitt$ to ?is op]ation1 x is r$uc$ to a c]ta9 degree ( f95ess1 by means ( a cutt+ ma*9e2 & !n spread 9 a heap1 "o or two feet ?ick1 & spr9kl$ ) wat]1 t x may heat & sweat4 ,! "t requir$ 9 ?is prep>ation dep5ds ^u ! /ate ( ! wea!r1 & ! k9d ( snuff = :i* ! tobacco is design$4 #d4 ,scot* snuff is made ( ! /ronge/ sort ( tobacco1 & is put up 9 bladd]s & bottles )\t be+ sc5t$4 ,rappee & macc\ba are put up 9 j>s & bottles2 & ! =m] is g5]ally sc5t$ ) b]gamot1 & ! latt] ) ! ott> ( roses4 ,sometimes1 sev]al +r$i5ts1 agreeable to ! olfactory n]ves1 are employ$4 #e4 ,cig>s are compos$ ( two p>ts1 call$ ! wrapp] & ! fill+4 ,! =m] is made ( pieces ( ?9 leaves1 cut to a prop] %ape1 & ! latt] ( ^? :i* are m brok54 ,9 all cases1 ! leaves us$ 9 ! manufacture ( cig>s are depriv$ ( ! /ems1 :i* are res]v$1 ei!r to be conv]t$ into inf]ior k9ds ( snuff1 or = exportation to ,holl&1 :]e !y are usually flatt5$ betwe5 roll]s1 & aft]w>ds cut f9e = smok+ tobacco1 to be sold to ! poor] class ( p4 #f4 ,! value ( cig>s dep5ds *iefly on ! quality ( ! tobacco4 ,! be/ k9d = ?is purpose1 gr[s on ! isl& ( ,cuba1 ne> ,havana4 ,tobacco f ?is se$ is rais$ 9 _m o!r places2 & su*1 among tobacconi/s1 is call$ se$2 b x passes1 among smok]s ( limit$ exp]i5ce1 = ! real ,havana4 ,a v f9e silky tobacco ( ?is sort1 is cultivat$ 9 ,connecticut1 :i* is mu* e/eem$4 #g4 ,an exp]t h& w make five or six hundr$ ,spani% cig>s 9 a day1 or f "o ?\s& to fifte5 hundr$ ( ^? compos$ ( ,m>yl& or ,k5tucky tobacco4 ,mak+ cig>s1 be+ light "w1 is well adapt$ to females1 ( :om great numb]s are regul>ly employ$ 9 ?is bran* ( bus9ess4 ,tobacco int5d$ = ! pipe1 is cut 9 a ma*9e2 &1 aft] hav+ be5 prop]ly dri$1 x is put up 9 pap]s ( diff]5t sizes4 #h4 ,*ew+ tobacco is almo/ exclusively prep>$ f ! species ( ?is plant :i* is cultivat$ 9 ,virg9ia1 *iefly 9 ! vic9ity ( ,james riv]4 ,x is bett] adapt$ to ?is purpose ?an any o!r1 on acc\nt ( its sup]ior /r5g?1 & ! great am\nt ( res9\s matt] :i* x conta9s4 #i4 ,! fir/ op]ation 9 prep>+ *ew+ tobacco1 is t ( depriv+ ! leaves ( ! /ems4 ,! =m] are !n twi/$ by h& into plugs ( diff]5t sizes1 or spun into a cont9u$ ?read by ! aid ( ! tobacco-:eel1 :i* is a simple ma*9e mov$ by a crank4 ,! ?read ?us produc$ is =m$ into bun*es1 or twi/s1 conta9+ a def9ite am\nt ( tobacco4 #aj4 ,! tobacco1 hav+ be5 put into ! =m desir$1 is moi/5$ ) wat]1 pack$ 9 /rong kegs1 & !n press$ ) p[]ful screw-presses4 ,! :ole process is complet$ by heat+ ! kegs1 ) _! cont5ts1 = sev]al days1 9 an ov5 or a tight room made = ! purpose4 ,! same *ange 9 ! quality ( ! tobacco is also produc$ by suff]+ x to /& n9e or twelve mon?s1 be=e x is dispos$ ( to ! consum]s4 #aa4 ,snuff is v commonly us$ 9 ! ,s\!rn /ates1 z a d5tifrice2 or1 at lea/1 x is appli$ to ! tee? ) ?is o/5sible object4 ,! application is made by means ( a small /ick1 hav+ ! fibres m9utely divid$ at "o end4 ,al?\gh ! tobacco seems to h ! desir$ effect ^u ! tee?1 s f> z respects _! appe>ance1 yet its /imulat+ & n>cotic p[]s are m to be dread$ 9 ?is mode ( us+ x ?an 9 any o!r4 ,_m females ru9 _! complexion & con/itution1 by rubb+ snuff2 & ! delet]i\s effects ( ! practice are s well kn[n1 t few are will+ to av[ x4 #ab4 ,tobacco is us$1 9 "s "o ( its v>i\s =ms1 by a great majority ( mank9d2 &1 al?\gh x is g5]ally ackn[l$g$ to be1 9 mo/ cases1 injuri\s to ! con/itution1 & (t5 de/ructive ( heal?1 yet its consumption seems to be on ! increase4 ,x is "o ( ! objects ( trade1 ev5 9 ! mo/ obscure p>ts ( ! _w2 & its devotees mu/ & w h a supply1 ev5 ?\gh !y /9t !mselves 9 food & clo?+4 #ac4 ,z reg>ds ! influ5ce :i* ?is plant assumes ov] its vot>ies1 x may be class$ ) alcohol & opium2 al?\gh its effects are n s de/ructive2 nor is ! exp5se s consid]able2 yet ?is is an item by no means unwor?y ( att5tion1 z ! aggregate sum annually exp5d$ = ?is useless n>cotic 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 w\ld be suffici5t = ! support ( common s*ools 9 e "p ( ! c\ntry4 #ad4 ,! g5]al use ( tobacco is p]petuat$ f g5]ation to g5]ation1 by ! desire1 common to *ildr5 & "y p1 to act & appe> l old] p]sons4 ,few ev] beg9 ! use ( ?is nause\s we$1 because x is agreeable to ! s5ses to :i* x is appli$2 b because !y fancy1 9 _! *ildi% simplicity1 t x conf]s ^u !m "s additional importance4 ,illu/ration ,,! ,,manufactur] ,,( ,,clo?4 #a4 ,m51 9 ! primitive ages1 7 clad ) ! sk9s ( animals1 until !y _h acquir$ suffici5t skill to employ a bett] mat]ial4 ,x _c be det]m9$ f hi/ory1 at :at "t clo? began to be manufactur$ f animal or vegetable fibre2 b x is evid5t1 t x 0 done at a v e>ly p]iod1 ev5 long be=e ! flood4 #b4 ,! fibres ( ! vegetable k9d1 mo/ commonly appli$ to ?is purpose1 are ! b>k ( sev]al k9ds ( trees1 toge!r ) hemp1 flax1 & cotton2 & ^? ( ! animal k+dom are1 silk1 ! wool ( ! %eep & lama1 & ! hair1 or wool1 ( ! goat & camel4 #c4 ,t ! g5]al process ( manufactur+ clo? may be p]fectly und]/ood1 ! mann] ( p]=m+ sev]al op]ations mu/ be sep>ately describ$4 ,= ! purpose ( illu/ration1 cotton1 wool1 & flax1 w be select$2 because ^! are ! mat]ials ( :i* our clo?+ is pr9cipally fabricat$4 ,! op]ations ( mak+ clo?1 may be compris$ "u c>d+ & comb+1 sp9n+1 weav+1 & dress+4 #d4 ,c>d+ & ,comb+4--,wool & cotton are c>d$1 ) ! view ( dis5tangl+ ! fibres1 & arrang+ !m longitud9ally 9 small rolls4 ,?is is done by means ( ! tee? ( two in/rum5ts1 call$ c>ds1 us$ by h& on ! knee1 or by ! c>d+ ma*9e1 :i* acts on ! same pr9ciple1 al?\gh f> m exp$iti\sly4 #e4 ,ma*9es = c>d+ wool are to be f\nd 9 e di/rict ( c\ntry 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 9 :i* ! p manufacture mu* ( _! wooll5 clo?s 9 _! own families4 ,on acc\nt ( ! r\ghness ( ! fibres ( wool1 x is necess>y to cov] !m well ) grease or oil1 t !y may move freely on ea* o!r dur+ ! c>d+ & sp9n+4 #f4 ,long1 co>se1 or h>d wools1 us$ 9 ! manufacture ( camlets1 bombaz9es1 circassians1 & o!r wor/$ fabrics1 are n c>d$1 b comb$4 ,9 ,engl&1 & 9 o!r c\ntries :]e mu* ( ?is k9d ( wool is us$1 wool-comb+ =ms a di/9ct trade4 ,! op]ation consi/s1 *iefly1 9 draw+ ! locks ?r\gh /eel combs1 ! tee? ( :i* are simil> to our common flax-hat*el4 ,! comb is heat$ to a c]ta9 temp]ature1 to cause ! fibres to /raight51 & to remove f !m ! r\ghness :i* might o!rwise cause ! clo? made ( !m to ?ick5 9 wa%+1 l flannel4 #g4 ,! old me?od ( comb+ wool1 h[ev]1 has be5 9 "p sup]s$$ by ! application ( ma*9es1 ! fir/ ( :i* 0 inv5t$ by ,edmund ,c>twright1 ( ,engl&1 ab\t ! ye> #agij4 ,! fibres ( flax are arrang$ 9 a p>allel direction1 & fre$ f t[1 by draw+ !m ?r\gh a hat*el4 #h4 ,sp9n+4--,! process ( sp9n+ consi/s 9 twi/+ ! fibres into ?reads4 ,! mo/ simple me?od by :i* ?is is effect$1 is t by ! common sp9n+-:eel4 ,( ?is well-kn[n ma*9e !re are two k9ds2 "o ( :i* is appli$ to sp9n+ wool1 cotton1 & t[1 & ! o!r1 to sp9n+ flax4 #i4 ,?is op]ation is1 9 mo/ cases1 p]=m$ by females 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,! roll ( cotton or wool is atta*$ to ! sp9dle1 :i* is put 9 rapid motion by a b& pass+ ov] x f ! rim1 or p]iph]y ( ! :eel4 ,:ile ! sp9/] is turn+ ! :eel ) ! "r h&1 %e br+s back f ! sp9dle h] left1 ) :i* %e has laid hold ( ! roll a few in*es f ! upp] end4 ,:5 ! y>n ?us produc$ has be5 suffici5tly twi/$1 %e turns x ^u ! sp9dle1 & repeats ! same op]ation1 until x is full4 ,?is y>n is =m$ into ske9s by w9d+ x ^u a reel4 #aj4 ,! mode ( sp9n+ t[ is a little diff]5t4 ,! mat]ial hav+ be5 =m$ into bats by h&-c>ds1 ! fibres are drawn out f betwe5 ! f+]s & ?umb by ! twi/$ ?read1 :ile ! sp9/] gradually moves backw>d4 ,wor/$ is spun f comb$ wool ne>ly 9 ! same mann]4 #aa4 ,! flax or little :eel is mov$ by ! foot1 s t bo? h&s ( ! sp9/] are us$ 9 supply+1 dispos+1 & occasionally wett+ ! fibres1 z !y are drawn f ! di/aff4 ,two b&s pass f ! p]iph]y ( ! :eel1 ea* ( :i* p]=ms a di/9ct (fice3 ! "o keeps 9 motion ! sp9dle1 :i* twi/s ! ?read2 ! o!r moves ! fli]s1 :i* w9d ! ?read ^u a spool1 z fa/ z x is produc$4 #ab4 ,sp9n+ 0 almo/ exclusively p]=m$ 9 ! modes j describ$1 until ! ye> #agfg1 :5 ,ri*>d ,he>greaves1 ( ,engl&1 inv5t$ a ma*9e = sp9n+ cotton1 :i* he call$ a j5ny4 ,?is consi/$1 at fir/1 ( eight sp9dles1 mov$ by a common :eel1 or cyl9d]1 :i* 0 turn$ by h&4 ,! numb] ( sp9dles 0 aft]w>ds increas$ to eighty-f\r4 #ac4 ,9 #agfi1 ,ri*>d ,arkwright1 also an ,engli%man1 inv5t$ ! wat]-sp9n+-frame4 ,! ess5tial & mo/ important feature ( ?is inv5tion1 consi/s 9 draw+ out ! cotton1 by caus+ x to pass betwe5 successive pairs ( roll]s1 :i* revolve ) diff]5t velocities1 & :i* act z sub/itutes = ! ?umb & f+]s1 z appli$ 9 common sp9n+4 ,^! roll]s are comb9$ ) ! sp9dle & fli]s ( ! common flax-:eel4 #ad4 ,ano!r ma*9e 0 inv5t$ by ,samuel ,crompton1 9 #aggi4 ,x is call$ a mule1 because x comb9es ! pr9ciples ( ! two prec$+ ma*9es4 ,x produces f9] y>n ?an ei!r ( !m1 & has ne>ly sup]s$$ ! j5ny4 ,be=e ! cotton is submitt$ to ! sp9n+ ma*9e1 x is prep>$ by sev]al o!rs1 by :i* x is c>d$1 ext5d$1 & p>tially twi/$4 #ae4 ,9 ! manufactories1 ! f9e1 %ort wools1 us$ 9 ! fabrication ( broadclo?s1 flannels1 & a v>iety ( o!r clo?s1 are c>d$ by ma*9]y1 & spun on a slubb+ or rov+-ma*9e1 or on a j5ny or mule1 9 ea* ( :i* ! sp9dles are m\nt$ on a c>riage1 :i* is mov$ backw>ds 9 /ret*+ & twi/+ ! mat]ial1 & =w>ds 9 w9d+ ! ?read ^u ! sp9dle4 #af4 ,wor/$ /ill cont9ues to be spun1 9 mo/ cases1 on ! common sp9n+-:eel1 z x c be done m p]fectly 9 ?is way1 ?an by any o!r ma*9e :i* has hi!rto be5 inv5t$4 ,sev]al ma*9es h be5 con/ruct$1 :i* sp9 co>se ?reads ( flax v well1 & ) great rapidity2 b ! mat]ials = f9e l95 fabrics are /ill spun on ! anci5t flax-:eel4 #ag4 ,weav+4--,! fir/ /ep prep>atory to weav+1 is to =m a w>p1 consi/+ ( a numb] ( ?reads1 :i* ext5d ?r\gh ! :ole piece4 ,to produce ?is p>allel arrangem5t1 ! y>n is w\nd ^u spools1 :i* are aft]w>ds plac$ 9 a frame p]p5dicul>ly by means ( rods1 on :i* !y move z ^u an axle4 ,f ^! spools1 ! y>ns are /ret*$ ^u pegs to ! l5g? ( ! propos$ web1 & are c>ri$ r\nd or d\bl$ a suffici5t numb] ( times to make x ! prop] wid?4 ,! same object is m exp$iti\sly effect$1 by w9d+ ! y>n spirally on a revolv+ frame4 #ah4 ,! next /ep consi/s 9 w9d+ ! w>p on a cyl9drical beam1 :i* is usually ab\t t5 in*es 9 diamet]4 ,! ?reads1 hav+ be5 put ?r\gh a h>ness1 compos$ ( moveable p>ts1 call$ h$dles1 & also ?r\gh a sley1 or re$1 are fa/5$ on ! o!r side to a l>ge rod1 f :i* ?ree ropes ext5d to ano!r cyl9d]1 on :i* ! clo? is w\nd1 z fa/ z x is wov54 #ai4 ,! h$dles are susp5d$ f cross-pieces1 on ! top ( ! loom1 by means ( cords & pulleys1 &1 dur+ ! op]ation ( weav+1 are mov$ up & d[n alt]nately by ! aid ( treadles4 ,?is reciprocal motion causes ! web to op52 &1 :ile 9 ?is position1 a %uttle1 conta9+ ! wo(1 weft1 or fill+ on a quill or bobb91 is pass$ ?r\gh f "r to left1 or f left to "r1 z (t5 z ! position ( ! w>p is *ang$4 ,! ?reads ( ! fill+ are beat5 up by ! re$1 or sley1 :i* is plac$ 9 ! lay4 #bj4 ,weav+ is a bus9ess ext5sive 9 its application1 be+ divid$ into almo/ z _m bran*es z !re are wov5 fabrics4 ,pla9 cotton1 l951 wooll51 & twill$ clo?s1 silks1 sat9s1 c>pets1 c41 are all wov5 9 looms ( "s k9d1 con/ruct$ on ! same g5]al pr9ciples4 ,p[]-looms1 driv5 by wat] or /eam1 are n[ g5]ally introduc$ into ! cotton & wooll5 manufactories1 bo? 9 ,europe & 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,"o p]son c att5d to two ( ^! looms at ! same "t1 & ea* "o w weave betwe5 tw5ty & =ty y>ds 9 a day4 #ba4 ,dress+4--,cotton fabrics1 :5 ! webs are tak5 f ! loom1 are cov]$ ) an irregul> nap1 or d[n1 =m$ by ! protrud+ ends ( ! fibres4 ,f ! f9e/ cottons1 ?is is remov$1 by draw+ !m rapidly ov] an iron cyl9d]1 kept r$-hot by a fire )94 ,! flame ( coal-gas has rec5tly be5 appli$1 to effect ! same object4 #bb4 ,common dome/ic fabrics are tak5 f ! loom1 &1 )\t fur!r prep>ation1 are fold$ up into pieces = sale4 ,f9] articles are usually :it5$ & cal5d]$1 be=e !y pass f ! h& ( ! manufactur]4 ,/uffs ( all k9ds1 made ( vegetable fibres1 are n[ :it5$ by imm]s+ !m 9 a solution ( oxymuriate ( lime4 ,cotton & l95 goods1 ) a view ( mak+ !m smoo? & glossy1 are cal5d]$1 or press$1 betwe5 /eel roll]s4 #bc4 ,_m ( ! f9e cottons are conv]t$ into calicoes1 by transf]r+ to !m v>i\s colors4 ,! process by :i* ?is is done1 is call$ calico-pr9t+1 :i* w be describ$ 9 a sep>ate article4 #bd4 ,! texture ( ! fabrics made ( wor/$1 or long wool1 is complet$1 :5 issu$ f ! loom4 ,! pieces are subsequ5tly dy$1 & !n press$ betwe5 heat$ metallic plates1 to communicate to !m ! requir$ gloss4 ,b weav+ does n always complete ! texture ( ! /uffs made ( ! %ort wools4 ,:5 tak5 f ! loom1 ! web is too loose & op51 to answ] ! purposes to :i* su* clo?s are usually appli$4 ,x is1 !re=e1 submitt$ to ano!r process1 call$ full+4 #be4 ,full+1 9 common ) almo/ e o!r op]ation p]ta9+ to ! manufacture ( clo?1 con/itutes a sep>ate trade4 ,! art is only appli$ to /uffs compos$ ( wool1 or hair1 z ^! only possess ! prop]ties :i* r5d] x applicable4 ,! practicability ( full+ clo? dep5ds on a c]ta9 r\ghness ( ! fibres1 :i* admits ( motion 9 "o way1 & ret>ds x 9 ano!r4 ,?is may be m fully und]/ood by consult+ ! article on mak+ hats4 #bf4 ,! clo?1 hav+ be5 prep>$ by a prop] cleans+1 is deposit$ 9 a /rong box1 ) a quantity ( wat] & full]'s e>? or soap1 & submitt$ to ! action ( ! pe/les1 or /amp]s1 :i* are mov$ 9 a horizontal direction1 backw>ds & =w>ds1 by means ( appropriate ma*9]y4 ,?is op]ation r$uces ! dim5sions ( ! clo?1 & greatly improves ! beauty & /ability ( ! texture4 ,! clo? is aft]w>ds dri$ 9 ! op5 air on frames prep>$ = ! purpose4 #bg4 ,aft] ! clo? has be5 dy$1 a nap is rais$ on "o side ( x by means ( ! common teazle4 ,! nap is next cut (f to an ev5 surface4 ,?is 0 =m]ly done ) a huge pair ( %e>s2 b1 )9 a few ye>s1 x has mo/ commonly be5 effect$ by a ma*9e1 ! ess5tial "p ( :i* is a spiral blade1 t revolves 9 contact ) ano!r blade1 :ile ! clo? is /ret*$ ov] a b$1 or support1 j ne> en\gh = ! project+ filam5ts to be cut (f at a uni=m l5g?1 )\t injur+ ! ma9 texture4 ,press+ & fold+ ! clo? complete ! :ole process4 #bh4 ,a great proportion ( ! wooll5 fabrics worn 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 are manufactur$ 9 families1 "p ( :i* is s5t to ! clo?i]s to be dress$4 ,mu* cotton y>n1 spun at ! manufactories1 is pur*as$ = dome/ic use4 ,=m]ly1 ! raw mat]ial 0 procur$1 & spun into y>n on ! big :eel4 ,co>se l95s are also ext5sively manufactur$ 9 families1 especially among ! ,g]man population4 #bi4 ,! manufacture ( clo? f wool 0 introduc$ into ,brita9 by ! ,romans1 "s "t 9 ! ,augu/an age4 ,at ,w9*e/]1 !y conduct$ ! bus9ess on a scale suffici5tly l>ge to supply _! army4 ,aft] ! ,romans )drew f ! isl&1 9 ! fif? c5tury1 ! art 0 comp>atively neglect$1 & gradually decl9$1 until ! reign ( ,edw>d ,,iii4 ,?is mon>* invit$ into 8 dom9ions workm5 f ,fl&]s1 9 :i* c\ntry ! manufacture _h1 = a long "t1 be5 9 a fl\ri%+ condition4 #cj4 ,%ortly aft] ! fir/ immigration ( ! ,flemi% manufactur]s into ,engl&1 an act 0 pass$ prohibit+ ! we>+ ( clo?s made 9 any o!r c\ntry2 &1 9 ! "t ( ,elizabe?1 ! manufacture _h become s ext5sive1 t ! exportation ( ! raw mat]ial 0 =bidd5 by law4 #ca4 ,x is suppos$ t !re are n[1 9 ,great ,brita91 ?irty millions ( %eep2 ^: annual produce ( wool is wor?1 on an av]age1 ab\t sev5 millions ( p\nds /]l+2 to ?is may be add$ five millions ( p\nds weight f =eign c\ntries4 ,?is am\nt is increas$ 9 value1 by manufactur+ skill1 to tw5ty or ?irty millions ( p\nds4 ,n less ?an ?ree millions ( p]sons are suppos$ to be employ$ 9 ?is bran* ( ,briti% indu/ry4 #cb4 ,bo? ! wooll5 & cotton manufactures h aris5 to great importance1 ( late ye>s1 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 &1 f ! me*anical skill ( our c\ntrym51 ! abundance ( ! raw mat]ial1 & ! va/ am\nt ( wat]-p[]1 !re is e reason to anticipate a rapid & cont9ual increase 9 ^! divisions ( ,am]ican ent]prise4 ,,! ,,silk-,,worm4 #a4 ,silk is ! production ( a worm1 ( ! cat]pill> species1 :i*1 9 due c\rse1 passes ?r\gh sev]al trans=mations1 & at l5g? becomes a butt]fly1 l o!rs ( ! g5us4 ,x is produc$ f an egg1 & :5 ab\t to die1 or r aga9 to *ange its =m1 sp9s = itself an envelope1 call$ a cocoon4 ,! worm !n *anges to a *rysalis1 &1 aft] rema9+ 9 ?is /ate f #e to #h days1 ! butt]fly1 or mo?1 comes out1 =c+ its way ?r\gh ! cocoon4 ,! mo?s1 or butt]flies1 eat no?+1 & die z soon z !y h provid$ = ! propagation ( _! species4 ,en\gh ( ^! are suff]$ to come to maturity1 to provide a suffici5t /ock ( eggs4 ,! re/ are kill$1 9 a few days aft] !y h spun _! task1 ei!r by heat+ !m 9 an ov51 or by expos+ !m to ! rays ( ! sun4 #b4 ,! fibres are w\nd ^u a reel4 ,to r5d] ?is practicable1 ! cocoons are put into wat] heat$ to a suitable temp]ature1 :i* dissolves ! gummy sub/ance t holds ! fibres toge!r4 ,a numb] ( ?reads be+ deta*$1 & pass$ ?r\gh a hole 9 an iron b>1 =m1 by ! aid ( ! rema9+ glut9\s matt]1 "o ?read1 :i* is w\nd ^u a reel into ske9s4 #c4 ,! raw silk1 ?us produc$ & prep>$1 is sold to ! manufactur]s1 :o twi/ & d\ble ! fibres v>i\sly1 & f9ally =m !m into ?reads = sew+2 or weave !m into a great v>iety ( fabrics1 :i* are too well kn[n to ne$ p>ticul> description "h4 #d4 ,accord+ to ! anci5ts1 ! silk-worm 0 orig9ally a native ( ,*9a1 & ! neighbor+ p>ts ( ,asia1 & _h !re be5 dome/icat$ = a long "t1 be=e x 0 kn[n 9 ,europe4 ,= _m ye>s aft] silk 0 sold among ! nations ( ! ,we/1 ev5 ! m]*ants 7 ignorant ( bo? ! mann] & place ( its production4 #e4 ,! ,greeks became acqua9t$ ) silk1 soon aft] ! "t ( ,alex&] ! ,great2 & ! ,romans knew little ( ! article1 until ! reign ( ,augu/us4 ,dresses1 compos$ entirely ( ?is mat]ial1 7 seldom worn2 b ! fabrics :i* _h be5 closely wov5 9 ! ,ea/1 7 unravell$1 & ! ?reads 7 recompos$ 9 a loos] texture1 int]mix$ ) l95 or wooll5 y>n4 #f4 ,! prodigal ,hehogabalus is said to h be5 ! fir/ individual1 9 ! ,roman empire1 :o wore a robe ( pure silk4 ,x is also /at$1 t ! ,emp]or ,aurelian refus$ 8 wife a g>m5t ( ?is description1 on acc\nt ( its exorbitant price4 ,at t "t1 z well z at previ\s p]iods1 x usually sold = its weight 9 gold4 #g4 ,a k9d ( gauze1 orig9ally made by ! wom5 on ! isl& ( ,cos1 0 v celebrat$4 ,x 0 dy$ purple1 ) ! sub/ance usually employ$ 9 communicat+ t col\r 9 ^? days2 b ?is 0 done be=e x 0 wov51 z 9 t /ate x 0 too frail to admit ( ! process4 ,habits1 made ( ?is k9d ( /uff1 7 d5om9at$ dresses ( glass3 because ! body c\ld be se5 ?r\gh !m4 #h4 ,! ,roman empire _h be5 suppli$ ) silk ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! ,p]sians1 until ! "t ( ,ju/9ian1 9 ! ye> #eee4 ,?is emp]or1 hav+ become indignant at ! rapacity ( ! silk-m]*ants1 det]m9$1 if possible1 to supply 8 p f ! insect itself4 #i4 ,aft] _m unsuccessful attempts1 he at l5g? obta9$ a small quantity ( ! eggs f ,india1 by ! assi/ance ( two ,p]sian monks1 :o _h contriv$ to conceal !m 9 ! holl[ ( _! canes4 ,! se$s ( ! mulb]ry-tree1 on ! leaves ( :i* ! worm fe$s1 7 also procur$ at ! same "t1 toge!r ) in/ructions necess>y = ! managem5t ( ! worms4 #aj4 ,= six hundr$ ye>s aft] ! p]iod j m5tion$1 ! re>+ ( ^! worms1 9 ,europe1 0 conf9$ to ! ,greek empire2 b1 9 ! twelf? c5tury1 ,rog]1 k+ ( ,sicily1 introduc$ x into t isl&1 :5ce x gradually spread into ,italy1 ,spa91 ,france1 & o!r ,european c\ntries4 #aa4 ,! silk-worm 0 introduc$ into ,engl& by ,james ! ,fir/2 b x has nev] succe$$ well 9 t c\ntry1 on acc\nt ( ! dampness & coldness ( ! climate4 ,! manufacture ( fabrics f silk1 h[ev]1 is !re v ext5sive1 ! raw mat]ial be+ obta9$1 *iefly1 f ,b5gal & ,italy4 ,9 ! latt] ( ^! c\ntries1 9 ,france1 & o!r p>ts ( ,europe1 z well z 9 ,asia1 ! manufacture is also ext5sive4 #ab4 ,"s att5tion has be5 paid to ! re>+ ( silk-worms 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & attempts h be5 made to introduce ! manufacture ( silks4 ,! mulb]ry has be5 plant$ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! ,union2 & x is highly probable1 t1 9 a few ye>s1 we %all be able to obta9 excell5t silks1 )\t s5d+ = !m to =eign c\ntries4 ,illu/ration3 ,,dy]4 ,,! ,,dy]1 ,,& ,,! ,,calico-,,pr9t]4 ,,! ,,dy]4 #a4 ,! art ( dye+ consi/s 9 impregnat+ flexible fibres ) any color :i* may be desir$1 9 su* a mann]1 t x w rema9 p]man5t1 "u ! common exposures to :i* x may be liable4 #b4 ,! union ( ! color+ matt] ) ! fibres receiv+ ! dye1 is purely *emical1 & n me*anical1 z 9 ! case ( ! application ( pa9ts4 ,wool has ! greate/ attraction = color+ sub/ances2 silk comes next to x2 !n cotton2 &1 la/ly1 hemp & flax4 ,^! mat]ials1 also1 absorb dye-/uffs 9 diff]5t proportions4 #c4 ,previ\s to ! application ( ! dye1 ! greasy sub/ance :i* cov]s ! fibres ( wool1 & ! gluey matt] on ^? ( silk1 are remov$ by "s k9d ( alkali4 ,_! natural color is1 also1 dis*>g$ by ! fumes ( sulphur4 ,! res9\s matt] & natural color ( cotton & l951 are remov$ by blea*+4 #d4 ,! mat]ials us$ 9 dye+ are divid$ into two classes--sub/antive & adjective4 ,! =m] communicates durable t9ts )\t ! aid ( any o!r sub/ance previ\sly appli$2 ! latt] requires ! int]v5tion ( "s ag5t :i* possesses an attraction = bo? ! color+ matt] & ! /uff to be dy$1 9 ord] to make ! color p]man5t4 ,! sub/ances us$ = ?is purpose are usually t]m$ mordants4 #e4 ,ag5ts capable ( act+ 9 "s way z mordants1 are v num]\s2 b alum9a1 alum1 ! sulphate or acetate ( iron1 ! muriate ( t91 & nut-galls1 are pr9cipally employ$4 ,! mordant n only fixes ! color1 b1 9 _m cases1 alt]s & improves ! t9ts4 ,x is always dissolv$ 9 wat]1 9 :i* ! /uffs are imm]s$1 previ\s to ! application ( ! dye4 ,dye+ sub/ances are also v num]\s2 b a few ( ! mo/ important h1 9 practice1 tak5 prec$5ce ( ! o!rs4 #f4 ,blue1 r$1 yell[1 & black1 are ! *ief colors1 = :i* appropriate color+ sub/ances are appli$2 b1 by a judici\s comb9ation ( ^! same mat]ials1 & by a prop] application ( mordants1 int]m$iate hues ( e %ade are produc$2 ?us1 a gre5 is communicat$ by =m+ a blue gr\nd ( indigo1 & !n add+ a yell[ by means ( qu]citron b>k4 #g4 ,! blue dye is made ( indigo2 ! r$ dye1 ( madd]1 co*9eal1 ar*il1 ,brazil-wood1 or saffl[]s2 ! yell[ dye1 ( qu]citron b>k1 turm]ic1 hickory1 weld1 fu/ic1 or saffron2 ! black dye1 ( ! oxide ( iron comb9$ ) logwood1 or ! b>k ( ! common r$1 or s(t maple1 & ! sulphate or acetate ( iron4 ,! dyes made ( "s ( ^! sub/ances require ! aid ( mordants1 & ^? f o!rs d n4 #h4 ,9 communicat+ ! int]m$iate hues1 ! diff]5t dye-/uffs =m+ ! lead+ colors1 are sometimes mix$2 &1 at o!r times1 !y are made into sep>ate dyes1 & appli$ 9 succession4 #i4 ,9 ?is c\ntry1 ! bus9ess ( ! dy] is (t5 unit$ ) t ( ! clo?i]2 b1 :]e ! am\nt ( bus9ess w ju/ify x1 z 9 manufactories1 & 9 cities or l>ge t[ns1 x is a sep>ate bus9ess4 ,! dy]s sometimes conf9e _! att5tion to p>ticul> bran*es4 ,"s dye wool only or silk1 :ile o!rs conf9e !mselves to c]ta9 colors1 su* z sc>let & blue4 ,! pr9cipal pr(its ( ! dy]1 :5 unconnect$ ) manufactur+ e/abli%m5ts1 arise f dye+ g>m5ts or /uffs :i* h be5 p>tly worn4 #aj4 ,! orig9 ( ! art ( dye+ is involv$ 9 great obscurity1 z ! anci5ts h n furni%$ ev5 a fable1 :i* might guide u 9 our rese>*es4 ,x is evid5t1 h[ev]1 t ! art mu/ h made consid]able progress1 long be=e au!ntic hi/ory beg9s4 ,moses speaks ( /uffs dy$ blue1 purple1 & sc>let1 & ( %eep-sk9s dy$ r$4 ,! k ( ! prep>ation ( ^! colors1 implies an advanc$ /ate ( ! art1 at t e>ly p]iod4 #aa4 ,purple 0 ! favorite color ( ! anci5ts1 & appe>s to h be5 ! fir/ :i* 0 br\ght to a /ate ( tol]able p]fection4 ,! discov]y ( ! mode ( communicat+ x1 is /at$ to h be5 accid5tal4 ,a %eph]d's dog1 :ile on ! sea-%ore1 incit$ by hung]1 broke a %ell1 ! cont5ts ( :i* /a9$ 8 m\? ) a beautiful purple2 & ! circum/ance sugge/$ ! application ( ! %ell-fi%1 z a color+ sub/ance4 ,?is discov]y is ?\ght to h be5 made ab\t fifte5 hundr$ ye>s be=e ! adv5t ( ,*ri/4 #ab4 ,! ,jews e/eem$ ?is color s highly1 t !y consecrat$ x especially to ! s]vice ( ! ,deity1 us+ x 9 /uffs = decorat+ ! tab]nacle1 & = ! sacr$ ve/m5ts ( ! high-prie/s4 ,! ,babylonians & o!r idolatr\s nations clo!d _! idols 9 habits ( purple1 & ev5 suppos$ ?is color capable ( appeas+ ! wra? ( ! gods4 #ac4 ,among ! hea!n nations ( antiquity g5]ally1 purple 0 appropriat$ to ! use ( k+s & pr9ces1 to ! exclusion ( _! subjects4 ,9 ,rome1 at a lat] p]iod1 purple habits 7 worn by ! *ief (fic]s ( ! republic1 &1 at l5g?1 by ! opul5t1 until ! emp]ors res]v$ to !mselves ! di/+ui%$ privilege4 #ad4 ,!re 7 sev]al k9ds ( %ell-fi%1 f :i* ?is color+ sub/ance 0 obta9$1 ea* ( :i* communicat$ a %ade some:at diff]5t f ! o!rs4 ,! k9d collect$ ne> ,tyre 0 ! be/2 & h5ce ! ,tyrian purple acquir$ especial celebrity4 ,s highly 0 x e/eem$ by ! ,romans1 9 ! "t ( ,augu/us1 t wool imbu$ ) ?is color 0 sold = "o ?\s& d5>ii p] p\nd1 :i*1 9 our curr5cy1 am\nts to "o hundr$ & sixty-eight doll>s4 #ae4 ,aft] all1 ! boa/$ purple ( antiquity is suppos$ to h be5 a v inf]ior dye1 :5 comp>$ ) _m :i* we n[ possess2 & ?is is only "o among _m in/ances1 :]e9 mod]n sci5ce has giv5 u a decid$ sup]iority ov] ! anci5ts4 #af4 ,! color1 second 9 repute ) ! p ( antiquity1 0 sc>let4 ,?is color 0 communicat$ by means ( an insect1 call$ coccus1 & :i* is n[ d5om9at$ k]mes4 ,besides ! v>i\s hues ( purple & sc>let1 sev]al o!rs 7 9 "s degree ( favor2 su* z gre51 orange1 & blue4 ,! use ( vegetable dyes appe>s to h be5 b little kn[n to ! ,romans2 b ! ,gauls _h ! k ( imp>t+ v>i\s colors1 ev5 ! purple & sc>let1 ) ! juice ( c]ta9 h]bs4 #ag4 ,! irruption ( ! nor!rn b>b>ians into ! ,roman empire1 de/roy$ ?is1 ) ! re/ ( ! arts ( civilization1 9 ! we/]n p>ts ( ,europe2 b1 hav+ be5 pres]v$1 m or less1 9 ! ,ea/1 x 0 aga9 reviv$ 9 ! ,we/1 pr9cipally by means ( ! int]c\rse aris+ f ! ,crusades4 #ah4 ,al?\gh indigo seems to h be5 kn[n to ! anci5t ,greeks & ,romans1 yet x does n appe> to h be5 us$ = dye+4 ,! fir/ t 0 appli$ to ?is purpose 9 ,europe1 0 br\ght f ,india by ! ,dut*2 b its g5]al use 0 n e/abli%$ )\t mu* opposition f int]e/$ individuals4 ,x 0 /rictly prohibit$ 9 ,engl&1 9 ! reign ( ,elizabe?1 &1 ab\t ! same "t1 9 ,saxony4 ,_m valuable acquisitions 7 made to ! mat]ials employ$ 9 ?is art1 on ! discov]y ( ,am]ica1 among :i* may be enum]at$1 co*9eal1 logwood1 ,brazil-wood1 & ,nic>agua1 toge!r ) ! s(t maple & qu]citron b>ks4 #ai4 ,! fir/ book on ! art ( dye+ 0 publi%$ 9 #adbi4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 appe>$ 9 manuscript1 z ! art ( pr9t+ _h n !n be5 discov]$4 ,an edition 0 pr9t$ 9 #aeaj4 ,! au?ors to :om ! _w is mo/ indebt$ = correct in=mation on ?is subject1 are ,dufuy1 ,hallet1 ,macquir1 & ,b]?ollet1 ( ,france2 & ,h5ry & ,bancr(t1 ( ,engl&2 all ( :om wrote 9 ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,,! ,,calico-,,pr9t]4 #a4 ,calico-pr9t+ is a comb9ation ( ! arts ( dye+1 engrav+1 & pr9t+1 :]e) colors are appli$ 9 def9ite figures4 ,?is art is applicable to wov5 fabrics1 & *iefly to ^? ( :i* ! mat]ial is cotton4 #b4 ,! fir/ object1 aft] prep>+ ! /uffs1 z 9 dye+1 is to apply a mordant to ^? p>ts ( ! piece :i* are to receive ! color4 ,?is is n[ usually done by means ( a /eel or copp] cyl9d]1 on :i* h be5 engrav$ ! propos$ figures1 z on plates = copp]plate-pr9t+4 #c4 ,dur+ ! pr9t+1 ! cyl9d]1 9 "o "p ( its revolution1 becomes *>g$ ) ! mordant1 ! sup]flu\s "p ( :i* is scrap$ (f by a /raight /eel edge1 leav+ only ! portion :i* fills ! l9es ( ! figures4 ,z ! cyl9d] revolves1 ! clo? comes into =cible contact ) x1 & receives ! complete impression ( ! figures1 9 ! pale color ( ! mordant4 #d4 ,! clo?1 aft] hav+ be5 wa%$ & dri$1 is pass$ ?r\gh ! color+ ba?1 9 :i* ! p>ts previ\sly pr9t$1 become p]man5tly dy$ ) ! int5d$ color4 ,al?\gh ! :ole piece receives ! dye1 yet1 by wa%+ ! clo?1 & blea*+ x on ! grass 9 ! op5 air1 ! color is dis*>g$ f ^? p>ts n impregnat$ ) ! mordant4 #e4 ,by ! use ( diff]5t mordants1 successively appli$1 & a s+le dye1 sev]al colors are (t5 communicat$ to ! same piece ( clo?2 ?us1 if /ripes are fir/ made ) ! acetate ( alum9a1 & !n o!rs ) ! acetate ( iron1 a color+ ba? ( madd] w produce r$ & br[n /ripes4 ,! same mordants1 ) a dye ( qu]citron b>k1 give yell[ & olive or drab4 #f4 ,sometimes1 ! second mordant is appli$ by means ( engrav+s on wood5 blocks4 ,cuts1 design$ = ?is purpose1 are engrav$ on ! side ( ! gra91 & n on ! end1 l ^? = pr9t+ books4 #g4 ,calico-pr9t+1 s f> z *emical aff9ities are conc]n$1 is ! same ) dye+4 ,! diff]5ce consi/s1 *iefly1 9 ! mode ( apply+ ! mat]ials1 s z to communicate ! desir$ t9ts & figures4 ,! dye-/uffs1 mo/ commonly employ$ by calico-pr9t]s1 are indigo1 madd]1 & qu]citron b>k2 by a dext]\s application ( ^! & ! mordants1 a great v>iety ( colors c be produc$4 ,indigo1 be+ a sub/antive color1 does n require ! aid ( mordants1 b1 l !m1 :5 o!r dyes are us$1 is appli$ directly to ! clo?1 sometimes by ! engrav$ cyl9d] or block1 & at o!rs ) ! p5cil by h&4 #h4 ,calico-pr9t+ 0 practis$ 9 ,india tw5ty-two c5turies ago1 :5 ,alex&] ! ,great visit$ t c\ntry ) 8 victori\s army4 ,! op]ation 0 !n p]=m$ ) a p5cil4 ,?is me?od is /ill us$ 9 ! ,ea/ to ! exclusion ( e o!r4 ,! art 0 also practis$ 9 ,egypt 9 ,pl9y's "t4 #i4 ,calicoes 7 fir/ br\ght to ,engl& 9 ! ye> #afca4 ,!y d]ive _! "n f ! city ( ,calicut1 :5ce !y 7 fir/ export$ to ,europe4 ,?is bran* ( bus9ess 0 introduc$ into ,london 9 ! ye> #afgf4 ,s9ce t "t1 x has be5 enc\rag$ by sev]al acts ( ,p>liam5t2 b x nev] became ext5sive 9 ,engl&1 until ! introduction ( ma*9]y = sp9n+ cotton4 ,x is suppos$1 t ! am\nt ( cottons annually pr9t$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 _c be less ?an tw5ty millions ( y>ds4 ,illu/ration3 ,,hatt]4 ,,! ,,hatt]4 #a4 ,! bus9ess1 peculi> to ! hatt]1 consi/s 9 mak+ hats f ! fur or hair ( animals1 by ! process call$ felt+4 ,! hair ( animals is ! only mat]ial :i* c be firmly matt$ toge!r 9 ?is way2 yet1 t ( e animal is n suitable = ?is purpose4 ,! fur ( ! beav]1 ! ott]1 ! seal1 ! muskrat1 ! rabbit1 ! h>e1 ! coney1 & ! nutria1 toge!r ) ! wool ( ! lama1 %eep1 & camel1 are employ$ to ! exclusion ( almo/ e o!r4 #b4 ,! sk9 ( all animals hav+ fur1 is cov]$ ) two k9ds ( hair2 ! "o1 long & co>se2 ! o!r1 %ort1 f9e1 & ?ickly set4 ,! co>se hair is pull$ out f ! sk91 by ! aid ( a %oe-knife1 & ?r[n away1 :ile ! f9e1 :i* is ! fur1 is cut f x ) "o ( a circul> =m1 su* z ! saddl]s & h>ness-mak]s use 9 cutt+ lea!r4 #c4 ,9 ! application ( ! mat]ials1 ! fir/ object ( ! hatt] is to make ! body4 ,9 ! common ?ree1 f\r1 & five doll> hats1 ! body is compos$ ( ! wool ( ! %eep2 b1 9 ^? ( great] value1 x is usually made ( ! wool ( ! lama1 & diff]5t k9ds ( *eap furs4 ,9 describ+ ! process ( mak+ hats1 "o ( ! latt] k9d w be select$4 #d4 ,a suffici5t quantity ( ! mat]ials = ! body is weigh$ out1 & divid$ into two equal p>ts4 ,"o ( ^! is plac$ on a table1 or1 z ! hatt]s call x1 a hurl4 ,! individual hairs compos+ ?is portion1 are sep>at$1 & lightly & regul>ly spread out into a prop] =m1 by ! vibrations ( a b[-/r+1 :i* is pluck$ ) a wood5 p94 #e4 ,! fur is !n c>efully compress$ ) a flat piece ( wick]-"w1 d5om9at$ a hatt]'s basket1 & cov]$ ) a damp piece ( l95 clo?1 9 :i* x is aft]w>ds fold$1 press$1 & work$1 ) ! h&s1 until x becomes matt$ toge!r into a bat4 ,?is bat is next fold$ ov] a triangul> piece ( pap]1 & =m$ into a conical cap4 #f4 ,:5 ano!r bat has be5 made 9 ! same way1 f ! o!r half ( ! mat]ials1 ! two are put toge!r to =m "o1 :i* is !n work$ 9 ! damp clo? z be=e1 until x is mu* contract$ & matt$ toge!r4 ,aft] ?is1 hav+ be5 convey$ to ano!r room1 x is roll$ 9 a wooll5 clo?1 press$1 rubb$1 & work$1 ) ! h&s & a roll+-p91 ar\nd a kettle ( hot wat]1 into :i* x is (t5 plung$ dur+ ! op]ation1 :i* is call$ plank+4 #g4 ,9 ?is way1 ! mat]ials are consolidat$ into felt1 & ! body contract$ to ! prop] size4 ,! reason :y ! process j describ$ produces ?is effect1 may be f\nd 9 ! nature ( ! fibres !mselves4 ,^u a close exam9ation1 x w be obs]v$1 t ^! are cov]$ ) little scales1 or be>ds1 :i* admit ( motion 9 "o direction1 b ret>d x 9 ! o!r4 ,?is peculi> =mation causes !m to int]lock 9 su* a way z to become closely matt$ toge!r4 #h4 ,:5 ! body has be5 dri$1 & %av$ on ! knee ) a %>p knife1 to free x f project+ filam5ts1 x is /iff5$ ) gum-%ellac dissolv$ 9 alcohol1 & !n /eam$ 9 a box1 to cause ! /iff5+ to set4 ,x is n[ prep>$ = be+ napp$4 #i4 ,! fur = ! nap is prep>$ on ! hurl1 l ! conical cap fir/ describ$4 ,9 apply+ ! nap to ! body1 ! latt] is wet ) hot wat]1 & flakes ( ! =m] are matt$ d[n ^u x1 by work+ x on ! planks ar\nd ! kettle4 ,aft] ?ree lay]s h be5 put on 9 ?is way1 ! cap is beat51 :ile wet1 ) /icks1 to raise ! nap1 & !n drawn ov] a cyl9drical block1 :i* gives x ! g5]al =m ( a hat4 #aj4 ,! nap hav+ be5 rais$ ) a c>d1 ! hat is prep>$ to be color$4 ,! dye is made1 *iefly1 ( ! extract ( logwood1 copp]as1 & v]digris4 ,! hats1 to ! numb] ( =ty-eight or m1 are hung ^u a :eel by means ( pegs1 :i* pass ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! blocks4 ,?is :eel c be turn$1 s z to keep "o half ( ! hats alt]nately 9 ! dye4 ,aft] hav+ be5 prop]ly color$1 !y are tak5 f ! blocks1 wa%$1 & dri$4 #aa4 ,! hat is n[ prep>$ = ! f9i%]1 :o fir/ :ips up ! nap ) a ratan1 &1 aft] hav+ r5d]$ x pliable ) /eam1 draws x ov] ! f9i%+ block4 ,! fibres compos+ ! nap1 are prop]ly dispos$ ) a c>d & bru%1 & r5d]$ smoo? & glossy by means ( a hot iron4 ,! sup]flu\s "p ( ! rim is cut (f ) a blade1 plac$ 9 a gauge4 ,! hat is f9i%$ by add+ suitable trimm+s1 ! nature ( :i*1 & ! mode ( application1 c be easily le>n$ by exam9+ diff]5t k9ds ( hats4 #ab4 ,hats ( v>i\s colors h be5 worn2 b ^? mo/ 9 use are black1 :ite1 & drab4 ,! :ite hats1 :i* are int5d$ only = ladies & *ildr51 h a nap ( rabbits' fur1 select$ f ! :ite sk9s4 ,drab hats are also made ( /uffs ( ! natural color1 assort$ = t purpose4 #ac4 ,! value ( hats dep5ds1 ( c\rse1 ^u ! workman%ip1 & ! co/ ( ! mat]ials us$ 9 ! manufacture4 ,s great is ! diff]5ce 9 ^! respects1 t _! price ranges betwe5 sev5ty-five c5ts & fifte5 doll>s4 ,! wooll5 bodies us$ by hatt]s are n[ (t5 procur$ f p]sons1 :o devote _! att5tion exclusively to _! manufacture4 #ad4 ,sev]al ye>s ago1 wooll5 clo?s 7 made 9 ,engl&1 by ! process ( felt+2 b1 on trial1 !y 7 f\nd to be defici5t 9 firmness & durability4 ,s9ce ! ye> #ahdj1 an ,am]ican citiz5 has be5 manufactur+ clo?s by ?is me?od2 b1 :e!r !y are liable to ! objection j m5tion$1 is yet unc]ta94 #ae4 ,"s k9d ( cov]+ = ! head1 ei!r = def5ce or ornam5t1 appe>s to h be5 usually worn 9 all ages & c\ntries1 :]e ! inhabitants h made ! lea/ progress 9 ! arts ( civiliz$ life4 #af4 ,! =m1 sub/ance1 & color1 ( ?is article ( dress1 h be5 exce$+ly v>i\s 9 diff]5t ages1 accord+ to ! circum/ances or humor ( ! we>]4 ,! anci5t ,p]sians wore turbans1 simil> to ^? ( ! mod]n ,turks2 & ! nations inhabit+ ! ,indian ,p59sula1 wore a k9d ( head-dress s l>ge1 t x dive/$ ! p]son ( all proportion4 #ag4 ,! imp]ial turban is said to h be5 compos$ ( a great _m y>ds ( musl91 twi/$ & =m$ into a %ape ne>ly oval1 & surm\nt$ ) a wooll5 cap1 encircl$ ) a radiat$ cr[n4 ,! turban ( ! prime m9i/] 0 small] 9 its dim5sions1 b ( great] altitude4 ,! *ief magi1 on acc\nt ( 8 sup]ior em95ce1 wore a high] turban ?an ^? ( ! mon>* & m9i/] unit$4 ,^? worn by ! inf]ior magi1 7 regulat$ by ! dignity ( ! /ations :i* !y held4 #ah4 ,! ,jewi% p & ! neighbor+ nations borr[$ ! turban f ! ,p]sians2 b1 at a lat] p]iod1 !y v commonly adopt$ ! cap :i* ! ,romans 7 accu/om$ to give to _! slaves1 on _! manumission4 #ai4 ,! anci5t helmet1 made ( /eel1 brass1 & sometimes ( m co/ly mat]ials1 0 worn z a piece ( def5sive armor 9 w>1 in/ead ( ! ord9>y cov]+s1 us$ :ile engag$ 9 peaceful occupations4 #bj4 ,roman citiz5s w5t b>e-head$1 except ^u occasions ( sacr$ rites1 games1 & fe/ivals2 or :5 engag$ 9 travell+ or 9 w>4 ,!y 7 accu/om$1 h[ev]1 9 ! city1 to ?r[ ov] _! head ! lappet ( _! toga1 z a scre5 f ! w9d or sun4 ,! p ( ,scotl& us$ to we> a k9d ( bonnet1 z 9 "s p>ts ( t c\ntry !y d at ! pres5t "t2 & ! ,engli%1 be=e ! inv5tion ( felt hats1 cov]$ ! head ) knit caps & clo? hoods1 & sometimes ) hats made ( ?rumm$ silk4 #ba4 ,! ,*9ese d n we> hats1 b use a cap ( peculi> /ructure1 :i* ! laws ( civility w n all[ !m to put (f 9 public4 ,! =m & mat]ial ( ?is is v>i$ ) ! *ange ( ! season4 ,t us$ 9 summ] is %ap$ l a cone1 is made ( a beautiful k9d ( mat1 & l9$ ) sat92 to ?is is add$1 at ! top1 a l>ge tuft ( r$ silk1 :i* falls all r\nd to ! l[] "p ( ! cap1 & :i* fluctuates gracefully on all sides1 :ile ! we>] is 9 motion4 ,! k9d worn 9 w9t] is made ( %aggy clo?1 bord]$ ) "s k9d ( fur1 & ornam5t$ 9 a simil> mann]4 #bb4 ,head-dresses1 f _! v>iety1 simplicity1 & mutability1 7 b little regulat$ by comm]cial or manufactur+ int]e/s1 until ! introduction ( felt hats1 :i* has occasion$ a uni=mity 9 ?is article ( dress1 unkn[n 9 =m] ages4 #bc4 ,curiosity is naturally excit$ to become acqua9t$ ) ! p>ticul>s ( ! inv5tion ( ! hat1 & ! subsequ5t /ages ( improvem5t 9 ! manufacture4 ,b ! op]ation ( individual int]e/1 s g5]ally connect$ ) ! useful arts1 seems to h conceal$ ! :ole 9 obscurity2 & little in=mation on ! subject c n[ be obta9$4 #bd4 ,! hatt]s h a tradition1 t ! art ( felt+ orig9at$ ) ,/4 ,clem5t1 ! f\r? bi%op ( ,rome4 ,"u ?is impression1 9 ,ca?olic c\ntries1 !y adopt him z _! patron sa9t1 & hold an annual fe/ival 9 8 honor4 ,! pr9ciple ( felt+ is said to h be5 sugge/$ to 8 m9d by ! foll[+ circum/ance2 :ile flee+ f 8 p]secutors1 8 feet became bli/]$1 &1 to obta9 relief1 he plac$ wool betwe5 !m & 8 s&als4 ,on cont9u+ 8 j\rney1 ! wool1 by ! p]spiration1 motion1 & pressure ( ! feet1 assum$ a compact =m4 #be4 ,not)/&+ ?is tradition1 x appe>s1 t felt hats 7 inv5t$ at ,p>is1 by a ,swiss1 ab\t ! comm5cem5t ( ! fifte5? c5tury2 b !y 7 n g5]ally kn[n1 until ,*>les ! ,sev5? made 8 triumphal entry into ,r\51 9 ! ye> #adib1 :5 he a/oni%$ ! p by we>+ a hat1 l9$ ) r$ silk1 & surm\nt$ ) a plume ( fea!rs4 #bf4 ,:5 "s ( ! cl]gy fir/ adopt$ ?is article ( dress1 x 0 consid]$ an unw>rantable indulg5ce4 ,c\ncils 7 held1 & regulations publi%$1 =bidd+ any prie/ or monk to appe> abroad we>+ a hat2 & enjo9+ !m to keep to ! use ( *ap]ons1 or hoods1 made ( black clo?1 ) dec5t cornets2 if !y 7 poor1 !y 71 at lea/ to h cornets fa/5$ to _! hats1 ^u p5alty ( susp5sion & excommunication4 #bg4 ,at l5g?1 h[ev]1 ! pope p]mitt$ ev5 ! c>d9als to we> hats2 b1 enjo9$ !m to we> ^? ( a r$ color at public c]emonials1 9 tok5 ( _! read9ess to spill _! blood = _! religion4 #bh4 ,9 ,engl&1 consid]able opposition 0 made to ! use ( ! hat4 ,by a /atute1 enact$ 9 ! ?irte5? ye> ( ! reign ( ,elizabe?1 e p]son betwe5 c]ta9 ages 0 oblig$1 on ,sundays & holidays1 to we> a wooll5 cap1 made by "s ( ! capp]s ( t k+dom1 "u ! p5alty ( ?ree %ill+s & f\r-p5ce = e day's neglect4 ,?is law cont9u$ 9 =ce1 = ab\t tw5ty-five ye>s4 ,! manufacture ( hats 0 comm5c$1 9 ,engl&1 9 ! "t ( ,h5ry ! ,eigh?1 by ,dut*m5 & ,spani>ds4 #bi4 ,hats made ( plait$ /raw1 grass1 or *ip1 are mu* us$ 9 ! summ]2 & caps ( clo? or fur are n[ frequ5tly sub/itut$ = hats1 9 cold wea!r4 ,silk hats h also be5 mu* worn1 s9ce ! ye> #ahbe4 ,!y are made ( ! common hat body1 & a texture ( silk ) a long nap4 ,! silk is fa/5$ to ! body ) glue4 ,illu/ration3 ,,rope ,,mak]4 ,,! ,,rope-,,mak]4 #a4 ,ropes may be made ( any vegetable sub/ance :i* has a fibre suffici5tly flexible & t5aci\s4 ,! ,*9ese & o!r ori5tals1 9 mak+ ropes1 use ! ligne\s p>ts ( c]ta9 bamboos & re$s1 ! fibr\s cov]+ ( ! cocoa-nut1 ! filam5ts ( ! cotton pod1 & ! leaves ( c]ta9 grasses2 b ! b>k ( plants & trees1 is ! mo/ productive ( fibr\s matt] suitable to ?is manufacture4 ,t ( ! l9d5-tree1 ! will[1 & ! bramble is frequ5tly us$4 ,9 ,europe & ,am]ica1 h[ev]1 ! fibres ( hemp & flax are m frequ5tly employ$1 = ?is purpose1 ?an any o!r mat]ial4 #b4 ,! op]ations ( rope-mak+ are commonly p]=m$ 9 rope-walks1 :i* are sometimes m ?an a qu>t] ( a mile 9 l5g?4 ,^! are usually cov]$ ) a slight %$1 ! nature & appe>ance ( :i* are well exhibit$ 9 ! prec$+ picture4 #c4 ,! fir/ "p ( ! process consi/s 9 sp9n+ ! mat]ial into y>n4 ,! pr9ciple on :i* ?is is effect$1 is ! same z t by :i* cotton or wool is drawn out & twi/$ into ?reads1 al?\gh ! ma*9]y1 & ! mode ( op]at+1 are diff]5t4 #d4 ,! k9d ( :eel employ$ 9 sp9n+ rope-y>n1 is also exhibit$ 9 ! cut4 ,a b& passes ar\nd ! p]iph]y1 & ov] ! semicircle above x1 9 :i* is plac$ a numb] ( :eels1 ! pivots ( :i* t]m9ate1 on ! o!r side1 9 a small hook4 #e4 ,! sp9n]1 hav+ a quantity ( ! mat]ial prop]ly dispos$ ab\t ! wai/1 atta*es a numb] ( fibres to "o ( ! hooks1 :i*1 be+ put 9 motion by ! b& pass+ ov] ! :irl1 twi/s !m rapidly into y>n4 ,! "p already twi/$ draws along ) x m fibres f ! bundle1 &1 z ! sp9n] is regulat+ _! uni=m arrangem5t1 he walks backw>d t[>ds ! o!r end ( ! walk4 #f4 ,:5 ! ?read has be5 spun to ! propos$ l5g?1 ! sp9n] cries out to ano!r1 :o imm$iately takes x (f f ! hook1 gives x to a ?ird p]son1 &1 9 turn1 atta*es 8 own fibres to ! same hook4 ,9 ! meantime1 ! fir/ sp9n] keeps fa/ hold ( ! end ( 8 y>n1 to prev5t x f untwi/+ or d\bl+2 &1 z x is w\nd on ! reel1 proce$s up ! walk1 keep+ ! y>n ( an equal t5sion ?r\gh\t4 #g4 ,! second "p ( ! process consi/s 9 =m+ ! y>n into v>i\s k9ds ( ropes4 ,! compon5t p>ts ( cordage are call$ /r&s2 & ! op]ation ( unit+ !m ) a p]man5t twi/1 is call$ lay+1 :5 appli$ to small ropes1 & clos+1 :5 appli$ to cables or o!r l>ge ropes4 #h4 ,! simple/ twi/ is =m$ ( two /r&s4 ,! ?read us$ by sail-mak]s1 & pack-?read1 furni% examples ( ?is k9d2 b cordage ) two /r&s is n mu* us$2 t ) ?ree is ! mo/ usual4 ,l9es & cords less ?an "o & a half in*es 9 circumf]5ce1 are laid by means ( ! sp9n+-:eel4 ,prep>atory to ?is op]ation1 ! workman fa/5s ! hi!r end ( ! y>ns to sep>ate :irl-hooks1 & ! remote ends to ! hook ( a swivel1 call$ ! lop]4 #i4 ,! /r&s hav+ be5 prop]ly di/5d$1 ! sp9n+-:eel is turn$ 9 ! same direction z :5 twi/+ ! y>ns4 ,a fur!r twi/+ ( ! /r&s1 dur+ ?is "p ( ! process1 is prev5t$ by ! motion ( ! lop]1 :i* gives way to ! /ra91 &1 at ! same "t1 causes ! /r&s to entw9e ab\t ea* o!r1 & =m a cord4 ,to prev5t !m f entw9+ too rapidly1 an in/rum5t is int]pos$1 :i*1 f its =m1 is call$ ! top4 ,x has two or m not*es1 :i* t]m9ate at ! apex1 & a h&le1 call$ a /aff4 ,z ! top is mov$ f ! lop] to ! :eel1 x regulates ! degree ( twi/ :i* ! cord or rope is to receive4 #aj4 ,! pr9ciple on :i* l>ge cordage is laid1 or clos$1 is ! same1 al?\gh "s "p ( ! ma*9]y is diff]5t4 ,! /r&s = l>ge ropes & cables are =m$ ( _m y>ns1 & require consid]able h>d5+4 ,?is _c be done ) :irls driv5 by a :eel-b&2 x requires ! p[] ( a crank1 turn$ by h&1 or by "s o!r consid]able =ce4 ,! /r&s1 also1 :5 prop]ly h>d5$1 become v /iff1 &1 :5 b5t r\nd ! top1 _c transmit =ce en\gh to close ! unpliant rope3 x is1 !re=e1 necess>y t ! lop]1 also1 be mov$ by a crank4 #aa4 ,cordage1 :i* is to be expos$ to ! alt]nate action ( air & wat]1 is usually t>r$4 ,! application ( ?is sub/ance is made1 9 mo/ cases1 :ile ! mat]ial is 9 a /ate ( y>n4 ,9 effect+ ?is object1 ! ?reads are drawn ?r\gh boil+ t>1 & !n pass$ betwe5 roll]s1 or ?r\gh holes surr\nd$ ) oakum1 to remove ! sup]flu\s t>4 ,9 l mann]1 ropes & cables are sup]ficially t>r$4 #ab4 ,v>i\s improvem5ts h be5 made 9 ! ma*9]y1 = p]=m+ ! diff]5t op]ations ( rope-mak+2 b1 ^! n hav+ be5 g5]ally adopt$1 x is unnecess>y to notice !m m p>ticul>ly2 especially1 z !y d n affect ! g5]al pr9ciples ( ! art4 #ac4 ,)9 a few ye>s1 cotton-y>n has be5 employ$ 9 ! manufacture ( ropes2 b ?is mat]ial has n yet be5 suffici5tly te/$1 to det]m9e its fitness = ! purpose4 ,a k9d ( vegetable fibre1 br\ght f ,manilla1 & h5ce call$ ,manilla hemp1 is v ext5sively appli$ 9 mak+ ropes1 &1 = "s purposes1 is pref]r$ to o!r mat]ials4 #ad4 ,! inte/9es ( animals are compos$ ( v p[]ful fibres1 & ^? ( %eep & lambs are manufactur$ into :at is call$ cat-gut1 = ! use ( musical in/rum5t-mak]s1 hatt]s1 wat*-mak]s1 & a v>iety ( o!r artific]s4 ,animal hair1 z t f ! tail & mane ( horses1 is frequ5tly employ$ z ! mat]ial = ropes2 & su* are durable1 ela/ic1 & imp]vi\s to moi/ure4 ,!y1 h[ev]1 are n applicable 9 cases1 :]e ! rope is subject to consid]able friction4 #ae4 ,hemp is cultivat$ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w1 & especially 9 ,russia1 :5ce x is export$ to o!r c\ntries 9 great quantities4 ,x is also produc$1 to a consid]able ext5t1 9 ! /ate ( ,k5tucky1 & 9 _m o!r p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,flax is /ill m g5]ally cultivat$ ?an hemp2 b its *ief application is to ! manufacture ( clo?1 z x does n answ] well = any cordage l>g] ?an a b$-cord4 ,! =mation ( clo? f hemp is also v common2 &1 9 ?is case1 ! y>n = ! co>se clo?s is spun on ! rope-mak]'s :eel 9 ! mann] already describ$4 ,! clo? is g5]ally us$ = mak+ bags1 sack+-bottoms = b$s1 & sails = vessels4 #af4 ,rope-mak+ is a manufacture ( g5]al utility1 z cordage ( "s k9d is us$ m or less 9 e family 9 all civiliz$ communities2 nor are !re _m trades capable ( be+ c>ri$ on1 ) conv5i5ce1 )\t x4 ,b ! great utility ( cordage1 9 all its v>ieties1 is mo/ conspicu\s 9 ! rigg+ & equipm5t ( vessels2 & ! ext5sive dem& = x1 9 ?is application1 r5d]s rope-mak+ "o ( ! mo/ important & ext5sive ( ! primitive trades4 #ag4 ,nor does ! utility ( cordage end ) its application to ! purposes = :i* x 0 orig9ally design$4 ,old ropes are conv]t$ into oakum by untwi/+ & pick+ !m to pieces4 ,! oakum ?us produc$ is driv5 into ! seams ( vessels1 to r5d] !m wat]-tight4 #ah4 ,z reg>ds ! inv5tion ( ?is art1 no?+ c be ga!r$ f anci5t records4 ,we only "k1 9 g5]al1 t cordage 0 9 consid]able use among ! nations ( antiquity1 especially among ! ,greeks & ,romans1 :o probably le>n$ its application to rigg+ vessels f ! ,pho5icians4 ,illu/ration3 ,,tailor4 ,,! ,,tailor4 #a4 ,! bus9ess ( ! tailor consi/s1 pr9cipally1 9 cutt+ out & mak+ clo!s = m5 & boys1 toge!r ) habits & cloaks = ladies4 ,x is usual = p]sons :o c>ry on ?is bus9ess 9 cities & l>ge t[ns1 to keep a /ock ( clo?s & o!r /uffs adapt$ to ! season1 :i* !y make up into g>m5ts to ! ord] ( cu/om]s4 ,9 su* cases1 !y are t]m$ m]*ant tailors4 #b4 ,! op]ation1 prep>atory to cutt+ out ! clo? = a g>m5t1 is t ( tak+ ! measure ( ! p]son = :om x is design$4 ,?is is done ) a n>r[ /rip ( pap] or p>*m5t1 & ! dim5sions are ei!r m>k$ on ! measure ) ! scissors1 or ent]$ 9 a patt]n-book kept = ! purpose4 #c4 ,! clo? is cut to ! prop] %ape1 ) a l>ge pair ( %e>s4 ,?is is p]=m$ ei!r by ! individual :o c>ries on ! bus9ess1 or by a =eman4 ,! p>ts are sew$ toge!r1 & ! trimm+s appli$1 by means ( ?read & silk2 ?is is commonly done by ^? :o devote _! att5tion to ?is bran* ( ! trade4 ,x sometimes happ5s1 h[ev]1 t ! same p]son p]=ms ! :ole ( ! "w1 p>ticul>ly 9 c\ntry places1 :]e ! bus9ess is v limit$ 9 ext5t4 #d4 ,females (t5 s]ve an appr5tice%ip to ?is bus9ess4 ,_m ( !m le>n to cut out1 & make ) skill1 c]ta9 k9ds ( g>m5ts1 & are aft] w>ds employ$ 9 families1 or by ! tailors4 ,mo/ ( ! ready-made clo?+1 kept = sale 9 cities1 is made up by females4 #e4 ,! in/rum5ts employ$ 9 p]=m+ ! op]ations ( ! tailor1 are few & simple2 ! pr9cipal ( ^! are ! %e>s1 ! scissors1 ! ne$le1 ! ?imble1 ! bodk91 ! goose1 & ! press-bo>d4 #f4 ,! great art ( a ma/] tailor consi/s 9 fitt+ ! dress to 8 cu/om]1 9 su* a mann] z to conceal any defect ( =m1 & display 8 p]son to ! be/ advantage4 ,he %\ld1 !re=e1 be a good judge ( ! human figure2 z1 f ?is k1 arises1 *iefly1 ! sup]iority ( "o workman ov] ano!r 9 ?is bran* ( ! bus9ess4 #g4 ,! fir/ h9t on ! art ( clo?+ ! human body1 0 giv5 to man by ! ,deity himself2 = we read 9 ! ,scriptures1 t ,unto ,adam & to 8 wife1 ! ,"l ,god made coats ( sk9s1 & clo!d !m4 ,f t "t to ! pres5t1 ! art ( cutt+ out g>m5ts1 & ( sew+ _! diff]5t p>ts toge!r1 has be5 practis$1 m or less1 9 e place1 :]e !re has be5 any degree ( civilization4 #h4 ,= a long "t1 x is probable1 t ?ongs & ! s9ews ( animals 7 us$1 = want ( ?read made ( silk or vegetable fibre2 &1 d\btless1 ! same necessity caus$ ! sub/itution ( po9t$ bones & ?orns1 in/ead ( ne$les4 ,su* rude mat]ials & in/rum5ts are /ill employ$ = simil> purposes by savage nations4 ,! dresses ( ! p ( ,gre5l& are sew$ toge!r ) ?ongs made ( ! inte/9es ( ! seal1 or ( "s fi%1 :i* !y h ! skill to cut f9e1 aft] hav+ dri$ !m 9 ! air2 & ev5 ! inhabitants ( ,p]u1 al?\gh consid]ably advanc$ 9 civilization1 :5 t c\ntry 0 fir/ visit$ by ! ,spani>ds1 made use ( long ?orns1 9 sew+ & fix+ _! clo!s4 #i4 ,we h no means ( det]m9+ ! p]iod ( ! _w1 :5 ?is art 0 fir/ practis$1 z a p>ticul> pr(ession4 ,we "k1 9 g5]al1 t ! dress ( ! anci5ts 0 usually m simple 9 its con/ruction ?an t ( ! p ( mod]n times2 &1 consequ5tly1 x requir$ less skill to put ! mat]ials 9 ! requir$ =m4 ,x may1 !re=e1 be inf]r$1 t ei!r ! females or ! slaves ( ea* family usually made up ! clo?+ ( all its memb]s4 #aj4 ,! di/+ui%+ dress ( ! ,romans 0 ! toga1 or g[n2 z t ( ! ,greeks 0 ! pallium1 or cloak4 ,! toga 0 a loose1 wooll5 robe1 & cov]$ ne>ly ! :ole p]son2 x 0 r\nd & close at ! bottom1 & op5 at ! top1 hav+ no sleeves1 b a l>ge flap1 or lappet1 :i* 0 ei!r ?r[n ov] ! left %\ld]1 or ov] ! head1 to protect x f ! heat or cold4 #aa4 ,! ,romans1 at an e>ly p]iod ( _! hi/ory1 us$ no o!r dress1 & x 0 also1 at t "t1 worn by ! wom54 ,aft]w>ds1 !y wore1 "u ! toga1 a :ite wooll5 ve/ call$ tunica1 :i* ext5d$ a little bel[ ! knee4 ,at fir/ x 0 )\t sleeves4 ,tunics1 rea*+ to ! ancles1 or hav+ sleeves1 7 reckon$ effem9ate2 b1 "u ! emp]ors1 !y became fa%ionable4 #ab4 ,! toga 0 usually assum$ at ! age ( sev5te54 ,until !n1 ! y\? wore a k9d ( g[n1 bord]$ ) purple1 d5om9at$ toga praetexta2 & su* a g>m5t 0 also worn by females1 until !y 7 m>ri$4 ,! y\?ful dress 0 laid aside1 & ! toga virilis1 or manly toga1 assum$ ) great solemnity2 z1 by ?is act1 ! individual assum$ ! responsibilities ( a citiz54 ,! toga 0 worn *iefly 9 ! city1 & only by ,roman citiz5s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,mill9]4 ,,! ,,mill9]1 ,,& ,,! ,,lady',s ,,dress-,,mak]4 ,,! ,,mill9]4 #a4 ,! mill9] is "o :o manufactures & repairs bonnets & hats = ladies & *ildr54 ,h] bus9ess requires ! use ( pa/ebo>d1 wire1 buckram1 silks1 sat9s1 musl9s1 rib&s1 artificial fl[]s1 spangles1 & o!r mat]ials too num]\s to be m5tion$4 #b4 ,! fir/ "p ( ! process ( mak+ a hat1 or bonnet1 consi/s 9 =m+ a cr[n ( buckram2 :i* op]ation is p]=m$ on a block ( suitable size & %ape2 & to ?is is appli$ pa/ebo>d1 or buckram1 edg$ ) wire1 to =m ! front "p4 ,! f\ndation hav+ be5 ?us laid1 x is usually cov]$ & l9$ ) "s ( ! mat]ials j enum]at$1 & f9i%$ by apply+ to x ! trimm+s requir$ by ! fa%ion1 or by ! individual cu/om]4 #c4 ,ladies' hats are also made ( rye /raw1 & a k9d ( grass1 :i* gr[s 9 ,italy2 ^? made ( ! latt] mat]ial are call$ ,leghorns1 f ! "n ( ! city1 9 or ne> :i* !y are pr9cipally made4 ,a few ye>s s9ce1 ^! _h almo/ sup]s$$ ^? made ( /raw2 b ! latt]1 ( late1 h ne>ly rega9$ _! =m] asc5d5cy4 #d4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & likewise 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,europe1 !re are sev]al e/abli%m5ts = mak+ /raw hats1 9 :i* ! proprietors employ females to p]=m ! :ole labor4 ,! /raw is fir/ cut into sev]al pieces1 s z to leave out ! jo9ts1 & !n :it5$ by smok+ !m ) ! fumes ( brim/one4 ,!y are next split longitud9ally into sev]al pieces by a simple ma*9e1 & aft]w>ds plait$ ) ! f+]s & ?umbs4 ,! braid1 or plait1 ?us produc$1 is sewn toge!r to =m hats adapt$ to ! prevail+ fa%ion4 #e4 ,great quantities ( /raw are1 also1 plait$ 9 families1 especially 9 ! ,new-,engl& /ates1 & sold to neighbor+ m]*ants1 :o1 9 turn1 dispose ( x to ^? :o =m x into hats4 ,! mill9]s usually keep a supply ( ,leghorn & /raw hats1 :i* !y l9e & trim accord+ to ! fancy ( _! cu/om]s4 #f4 ,head-dresses 7 probably us$ ne>ly z e>ly z any o!r "p ( dress2 & _! =m & mat]ial h likewise be5 equally v>iable4 ,9 ! e>ly days ( ,rome1 ! head-dress ( ! wom5 ( t city 0 v simple2 &1 :5 !y w5t abroad1 :i* 0 seldom1 !y cov]$ _! faces ) a veil2 b1 :5 ri*es & luxury _h increas$1 dress became1 ) _m1 ! pr9cipal object ( att5tion2 h5ce1 a woman's toilet & ornam5ts 7 call$ h] _w4 #g4 ,! head-dresses ( ! ladies1 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,europe1 especially 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 7 p>ticul>ly extravagant1 be+ sometimes s high1 t ! face seem$ to be ne>ly 9 ! c5tre ( ! body4 ,9 #agad1 ?is fa%ion 0 at its height 9 ,france2 b two ,engli% ladies visit+ ! c\rt ( ,v]sailles1 introduc$ ! l[ head-dresses ( _! own c\ntry4 #h4 ,! high head-dresses _h no soon] fall5 into disuse 9 ,france1 ?an !y 7 adopt$ 9 ,engl&1 & ev5 c>ri$ to a great] degree ( extravagance4 ,to build "o ( ^! elevat$ /ructures 9 ! fa%ionable /yle1 bo? ! b>b] & mill9] 7 necess>y4 ,! head-dresses ( ! ladies ( ! pres5t age1 are *>act]iz$ by great simplicity1 :5 comp>$ ) ^? ( sev]al p]iods 9 prec$+ ages4 ,,! ,,lady',s ,,dress-,,mak]4 #a4 ,?is bus9ess is ne>ly alli$ to ! =ego+1 & is1 !re=e1 (t5 c>ri$ on 9 conjunction ) x4 ,?is is especially ! case 9 villages & small t[ns1 :]e suffici5t bus9ess _c be obta9$ 9 ! exclusive pursuit ( "o bran*4 #b4 ,! cu/om]s ( ! lady's dress-mak] are n always easily pleas$1 z !y frequ5tly expect m f h] skill ?an x is possible to accompli%4 ,%e1 h[ev]1 c d mu* t[>ds conceal+ ! defects ( nature2 &1 by padd+ & o!r means1 c sometimes r5d] ! p]son tol]ably well proportion$1 :51 9 its natural %ape1 x w\ld be q inelegant4 ,x is to be regrett$1 h[ev]1 t dress-mak]s are guid$ by fa%ion & :im 9 m\ld+ ! ext]nal =m ( females1 r ?an by ! be/ specim5s ( ! human figure1 z exhibit$ by em95t pa9t]s & sculptors4 #c4 ,! dress-mak] %\ld h "s acqua9tance ) ! anatomy & functions ( ^? p>ts to :i* pressure is usually appli$2 =1 :o t kn[s ! /ructure1 size1 & (fice ( ! liv]1 & o!r int]nal organs ( dige/ion & vitality1 w\ld v5ture to apply to !m a compressive =ce calculat$ to int]f]e mo/ s]i\sly1 if n dang]\sly1 ) _! heal?ful action8 #d4 ,! fa%ions = ladies' dresses are *iefly procur$ f ,france1 & ! dress-mak]s f t c\ntry are1 !re=e1 (t5 pref]r$ by fa%ionable ladies4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 a dress-mak]1 hav+ a "n ) a ,fr5* t]m9ation1 w answ] ! purpose4 #e4 ,corset-mak+ is frequ5tly a sep>ate bran* ( bus9ess2 b corsets h become less necess>y2 inasmu* z small wai/s are less admir$ by ! g5tlem5 ?an =m]ly4 ,on ?is acc\nt1 also1 ! ladies h discov]$ t tight lac+ is some:at uncom=table1 especially 9 hot wea!r1 & 9 cr[d$ assemblies4 ,illu/ration3 ,,b>b]4 ,,! ,,b>b]4 #a4 ,x is ! bus9ess ( ! b>b] to cut & dress ! hair1 to make wigs & false curls1 & to %ave ! be>ds ( o!r m54 ,9 anci5t times1 he us$ also to trim ! nails2 & ev5 at ! pres5t day1 9 ,turkey1 ?is is a "p ( 8 employm5t4 #b4 ,! p]iod1 :5 m5 began to %ave _! be>ds1 is n c]ta9ly kn[n4 ,x appe>s t ! practice 0 common among ! ,israelites 9 ! "t ( ,moses2 z t legislator has left on record a prohibitory law conc]n+ x4 ,!y probably borr[$ ! cu/om f ! ,egyptians4 ,x is /at$ by ,plut>*1 t ,alex&] ! ,great ord]$ 8 m5 to be %av$1 t _! enemies might n lay hold ( _! be>ds 9 "t ( battle4 ,be=e ?is "t1 h[ev]1 _m ( ! ,greeks %av$ _! be>ds4 #c4 ,! practice does n appe> to h be5 introduc$ among/ ! anci5t ,romans1 until ab\t ! ye> #bif be=e ! ,*ri/ian era1 :5 ,paulus ,tic9ius ,ma5as br\ght to ,rome a numb] ( b>b]s f ,sicily4 ,scipio ,africanus 0 ! fir/ man :o %av$ 8 be>d e day4 #d4 ,at fir/1 ! b>b]s _h no %ops1 b %av$ _! cu/om]s at ! corn]s ( ! /reets4 ,aft] a :ile1 !y foll[$ _! vocation 9 %ops1 or %ades2 &1 at ?is p]iod1 x 0 cu/om>y = females to (ficiate 9 ! v>i\s bran*es ( ! art4 ,^! places1 h[ev]1 7 frequ5t$ only by ! poor] class ( ! p1 z opul5t families g5]ally kept slaves = ! p]=mance ( ^! duties4 ,! day on :i* a "y ,roman fir/ cut (f 8 be>d1 0 celebrat$ by him & 8 fri5ds z "o ( peculi> int]e/2 & ?is mu*-desir$ indication ( manhood 0 consecrat$ to "s "o ( ! gods1 g5]ally to ,jupit] ,capitol9us4 #e4 ,! return ( b>b>ism1 9 ! fif? & six? c5turies1 bani%$ ?is cu/om f ! ,we/]n empire2 nor 0 x aga9 reviv$ 9 ,europe1 until ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,dur+ ! reigns ( ,l\is ,,xiii4 & ,l\is ,,xiv4 ( ,france1 bo? ( :om asc5d$ ! ?rone 9 boyhood1 ! c\rti]s & fa%ionable p began to use ! razor1 t !y might appe> ) smoo? *9s1 & ?us resemble1 9 ?is p>ticul>1 ! y\?ful mon>*s4 ,f ,france1 ! fa%ion1 at l5g?1 spread all ov] ,europe4 ,at "o "t1 9 ! reign ( ! ,engli% que5 ,elizabe?1 ! fell[s ( ,l9coln's ,inn 7 compell$ by /atute to %ave _! be>ds1 at lea/1 once 9 two weeks4 ,omission 0 puni%$ ) f9e1 loss ( commons1 & f9ally ) expulsion4 #f4 ,! cu/om ( %av+ 0 introduc$ into ,russia by ,pet] ! ,great1 :o compell$ 8 subjects to pay a tax = ! privilege ( reta9+ _! be>ds4 ,?is s+ul> impo/ 0 exce$+ly unpopul>1 & excit$ great] compla9ts among/ ! p ?an any o!r measure ( t emp]or4 ,! decree 0 rigidly en=c$1 & e "o :o w\ld n1 or c\ld n1 pay ! tax1 0 =cibly depriv$ ( ?is favorite ornam5t1 if he w\ld n remove x volunt>ily4 ,"s ( ! p sav$ ! sad trimm+s ( _! *9s2 &1 t !y might nev] be entirely sep>at$ f ^! preci\s relics1 ord]$ t !y %\ld be deposit$ ) _! bodies 9 _! c(f9s4 #g4 ,among ! ,european nations t h be5 curi\s 9 :isk]s1 ! ,spani>ds h be5 p>ticul>ly di/+ui%$2 & ! loss ( honor among !m us$ to be puni%$ by depriv+ ! individual ( 8 :isk]s4 #h4 ,! ,portuguese 7 b little1 if at all1 beh9d ! ,spani>ds 9 _! e/imate ( ^! valuable ornam5ts4 ,z an evid5ce ( ?is1 x is /at$1 t1 9 ! reign ( ,ca?>9e1 ,que5 ( ,portugal1 ! brave ,john de ,ca/ro1 hav+ tak5 ! ca/le ( ,diu 9 ,india1 & be+ aft]w>ds 9 want ( money1 appli$ to ! inhabitants ( ,goa to loan him "o ?\s& pia/res1 &1 z security = t sum1 s5t !m "o ( 8 :isk]s1 tell+ !m t ,all ! gold 9 ! _w _c equal ! value ( ?is natural ornam5t ( my valor4 ,! p1 9 admiration ( 8 magnanimity1 s5t him ! money1 &1 at ! same "t1 return$ 8 incomp>able :isk]4 #i4 ,9 ! reign ( ,l\is ,,xiii4 ( ,france1 :isk]s atta9$ ! highe/ degree ( favor4 ,!y also cont9u$ 9 fa%ion dur+ ! e>ly "p ( ! succe$+ reign4 ,l\is ,,xiv4 & ! great m5 ( ,france1 took a pride 9 we>+ !m4 ,x 0 no uncommon ?+1 at t "t1 = ! ladies to comb & dress ! :isk]s ( _! beaux2 & ! m5 ( fa%ion 7 p>ticul> 9 provid+ :isk]-wax1 & e article necess>y to ?is agreeable pa/ime4 #aj4 ,! :isk]s belong+ to ! image ( ! ,*9ese philosoph] ,confucius1 :i* is pres]v$ by 8 c\ntrym51 are suppos$ to be capable ( conf]r+ ^u ^? :o might we> !m1 a portion ( ! wisdom & manly beauty ( t illu/ri\s sage4 ,great c>e1 h[ev]1 is tak5 t none %all enjoy ^! great p]sonal qualifications by su* easy means2 z decapitation is ! p5alty = pluck+ ! :isk]s f ! position :i* !y occupy4 #aa4 ,:5 ! practice ( %av+ (f ! be>d 0 aga9 reviv$ 9 ,europe1 in/rum5tal music 0 employ$ 9 ! b>b]'s %op1 to amuse cu/om]s wait+ _! turn2 b1 at ! pres5t "t1 newspap]s are furni%$ = ?is purpose4 ,9 tak+ (f ! be>d1 s(t wat]1 good soap1 a bru%1 & a %>p razor1 are ! usual requisites4 ,! razor %\ld be plac$ ne>ly flat on ! face1 & be mov$ f po9t to heel4 ,b>b]s h usually "s regul> cu/om]s1 _m ( :om h a box ( soap & a bru% appropriat$ to _! individual use4 #ab4 ,9 anci5t times1 great att5tion 0 paid to dress+ ! hair4 ,! ,hebrew wom5 plait$1 & aft]w>ds conf9$ x ) gold & silv] p9s2 !y also adorn$ x ) preci\s /ones4 ,! ,greeks1 bo? male & female1 at e p]iod ( _! anci5t hi/ory1 wore long hair1 :i* !y usually p]mitt$ to hang gracefully ^u ! %\ld]s1 back1 & sometimes ^u ! brea/4 #ac4 ,adult males1 among ! ,romans1 usually wore _! hair %ort1 & dress$ ) great c>e1 especially 9 lat] ages1 :5 att5tion to ?is "p ( ! p]son 0 c>ri$ to su* excess1 t o9tm5ts & p]fumes 7 us$ ev5 9 ! army4 ,! hair 0 cut = ! fir/ "t1 :5 ! boy _h atta9$ 8 sev5? ye>1 & ! second "t1 :5 he 0 f\rte5 ye>s old4 ,8 locks1 at ea* cutt+1 7 commonly d$icat$ to ,apollo or ,bac*us4 #ad4 ,bo? m5 & wom51 among ! ,greeks & ,romans1 sometimes p]mitt$ _! hair to gr[ 9 honor ( "s div9ity4 ,! ,jews1 also1 :5 "u ! v[ ( a ,naz>ite1 7 n p]mitt$ to trim _! hair or be>ds4 ,9 grief & m\rn+1 ! ,romans suff]$ _! hair & be>ds to gr[4 ,! ,greeks1 on ! contr>y1 :5 9 grief1 cut _! hair & %av$ _! be>ds1 z likewise did "s ( ! b>b>\s nations ( e>ly "t4 #ae4 ,artificial hair began to be fa%ionable1 at an e>ly p]iod1 & 0 us$ by ! ,greeks1 ,c>?ag9ians1 & ,romans4 ,9 ! "t ( ,ovid1 blond hair 0 9 great fav\r at ,rome2 & ^? ladies :o did n *oose to we> wigs1 p[d]$ _! hair ) a k9d ( gold du/4 ,!y wore hang+ curls all r\nd ! head1 to :i* !y 7 fa/5$ ) circul> p9s ( silv]4 ,e weal?y ,roman lady ( fa%ion kept at lea/ "o slave to frizzle & curl ! hair4 #af4 ,! "t1 :5 wigs fir/ came into use1 _c n[ be asc]ta9$4 ,x is c]ta91 h[ev]1 t !y 7 worn by females a long "t be=e !y became fa%ionable among ! m54 #ag4 ,wigs1 p]ukes1 or p]iwigs1 7 reviv$ 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,9 ! reign ( ,l\is ,,xiii41 or ab\t ! ye> #afbi1 !y became fa%ionable at ,p>is2 &1 z t city 0 g5]ally imitat$ by ! re/ ( ,europe 9 ?+s ( ?is nature1 !y soon became common4 ,! wigs 7 v l>ge1 z may be se5 by exam9+ anci5t portraits1 & 7 cov]$ ) a pr(usion ( hair-p[d]4 ,at fir/1 x 0 disreputable = "y p to we> !m1 z ! loss ( ! hair at an e>ly age 0 attribut$ to a disease1 :i* 01 ( itself1 discr$itable4 #ah4 ,:5 wigs 7 fir/ introduc$ into ,engl&1 "s ( ! cl]gy oppos$ !m viol5tly1 consid]+ _! use m culpable ?an we>+ long hair2 s9ce1 z !y alleg$1 x 0 m unnatural4 ,_m prea*]s inveigh$ aga9/ wigs 9 _! s]mons1 & cut _! own hair %ort] to manife/ _! abhorr5ce ( ! reign+ mode4 #ai4 ,! worldly-wise1 h[ev]1 obs]v$ t a p]iwig procur$ = ! we>] a degree ( respect & def]5ce :i* o!rwise might n h be5 accord$2 & h5ce !re 0 a /rong t5d5cy to ! use ( ?is app5dage4 ,! judges & physicians1 especially1 und]/ood well ?is influ5ce ( ! wig1 & gave to x all ! advantages ( l5g? & bread?4 ,! fa%ion1 at l5g?1 0 adopt$ by ! ecclesia/ics !mselves1 n only 9 ,engl&1 b 9 mo/ ( ! ,european k+doms1 z well z 9 ! ,briti% colonies ( ,am]ica4 #bj4 ,! fa%ion1 h[ev]1 except 9 cases ( baldness1 :]e9 alone x is excusable1 is n[ ne>ly bani%$ f ,europe & ,am]ica4 ,?is desirable *ange 0 effect$ pr9cipally by ! example ( republican ,am]ica1 & by ! influ5ce ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution4 ,! law pass$ 9 ,engl& 9 #agie1 impos+ a tax ( a gu9ea a head p] annum on ^? :o wore hair-p[d]1 contribut$ to ! same result1 z well z to dim9i% ! use ( t article4 #ba4 ,! manufacture ( wigs & false curls is an important bran* ( ! bus9ess ( ! b>b]4 ,! fir/ process 9 =m+ a wig is to produce1 9 ! hair ab\t to be us$ = ?is purpose1 a disposition to curl4 ,?is is done by w9d+ x on a cyl9d] ( wood or e>?1 & aft]w>ds boil+ x 9 wat]4 ,x is !n dri$1 & bak$ 9 an ov54 ,?us prep>$1 x is wov5 on a /rong ?read1 & is subsequ5tly sewn on a caul fitt$ to ! head4 ,false curls are made on ! same pr9ciple4 #bb4 ,wigs & false curls 7 n made 9 anci5t times precisely 9 ! same mann]2 al?\gh _! appe>ance1 :5 f9i%$1 0 probably simil>4 ,! hair 0 !n atta*$ directly to a piece ( ?9 lea!r1 by means ( "s adhesive sub/ance1 or composition4 #bc4 ,_m b>b]s1 especially ^? :o h a reputation = mak+ wigs & false curls 9 a fa%ionable /yle1 keep = sale p]fum]y1 z well z a v>iety ( cosmetics4 #bd4 ,f ! elev5? to ! eighte5? c5tury1 surgical op]ations 7 almo/ exclusively p]=m$ by ! b>b]s & ba?-keep]s4 ,z phlebotomy 0 "o ( ! *ief s\rces ( pr(it to ! b>b]s1 !y adopt$ a sign emblematical ( ?is op]ation4 ,x consi/$ ( a pole1 repres5t+ ! /aff :i* ! individual held 9 8 h&1 :ile ! blood 0 fl[+ f ! arm4 ,! :ite b& w\nd spirally ab\t ! pole1 repres5t$ ! fillet ( l95 ) :i* ! arm 0 aft]w>ds secur$4 #be4 ,x is h>dly necess>y to rem>k1 t ! same sign is /ill employ$ by ! b>b]s2 al?\gh1 ) a few exceptions1 !y h ceas$ to p]=m ! op]ation ( :i* x 0 significant4 ,illu/ration3 ,,tann] ,,curri]4 ,,! ,,tann]1 ,,& ,,! ,,curri]4 ,,! ,,tann]4 #a4 ,! art ( tann+ consi/s 9 conv]t+ hides & sk9s into lea!r1 by impregnat+ !m ) a/r+5t matt]4 #b4 ,x is impossible to det]m9e ! p]iod at :i* ! art ( tann+ 0 discov]$4 ,x 0 d\btless kn[n to ! anci5ts1 & probably to ! ant$iluvians1 9 "s degree ( p]fection2 s9ce sk9s 7 appli$ z means ( clo?+ ! human body1 be=e ! arts ( sp9n+ & weav+ 7 practis$4 ,x is likely1 h[ev]1 t !y 7 appli$ to ?is purpose1 = a consid]able "t1 9 _! natural /ate2 & t accid5t1 at l5g?1 sugge/$ ! means ( r5d]+ !m m applicable1 by saturat+ !m ) c]ta9 m9]al or vegetable sub/ances4 #c4 ,al?\gh ! art ( conv]t+ sk9s into lea!r 0 practis$ 9 remote ages1 yet x 0 n until ne> ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 t ! true pr9ciple ( ! process 0 und]/ood4 ,be=e ?is "t1 x 0 suppos$1 t ! a/r+5t pr9ciple ( ! ag5ts employ$1 0 a res9\s sub/ance1 :i* adh]$ me*anically to ! fibres1 & ?us r5d]$ !m firm & insoluble4 ,! correct explanation 0 fir/ giv5 by ,deyeux1 & aft]w>ds m fully develop$ by ,m4 ,segu94 ,^! *emi/s cle>ly prov$1 t ! =mation ( lea!r 0 ! result ( a *emical union betwe5 a sub/ance call$ tann91 & ! gelat9\s "p ( ! sk94 #d4 ,! subject1 h[ev]1 0 n ?or\ghly und]/ood1 & r$uc$ to sci5tific pr9ciples1 until ! ye> #ahjc1 :5 ,sir ,humphrey ,davy gave x a c>eful inve/igation1 9 a s]ies ( *emical exp]im5ts4 ,^! inquiries result$ 9 ! conviction1 t ! me?od ( tann+ :i* _h be5 9 g5]al use1 may1 ) a few alt]ations1 be consid]$ pref]able to t by :i* ! process is c>ri$ on ) m rapidity4 #e4 ,! sk9 :i* envelopes ! bodies ( animals1 consi/s ( ?ree lay]s4 ,t on ! outside is a ?91 :ite1 ela/ic membrane1 call$ ! cuticle1 or sc>f sk92 t on ! inside is a /rong membrane1 d5om9at$ ! cutis1 or true sk92 betwe5 ^! two is a v ?9 membrane1 to :i* anatomi/s h giv5 ! "n rete mucosum1 & 9 :i* is situat$ ! sub/ance :i* gives color to ! animal4 ,! cutis is compos$ ( fibres1 :i* run 9 e direction1 &1 be+ by f> ! ?icke/ lay]1 is ! "o t is conv]t$ into lea!r4 #f4 ,! sk9s ( l>ge animals1 su* z ^? ( ! ox & horse1 are d5om9at$ hides2 & ^? ( small] animals1 z ( ! calf1 goat1 & %eep1 are call$ sk9s4 ,( ! =m] description1 is made ?ick1 ( ! latt]1 ?9 lea!r4 ,! process ( tann+ diff]5t sk9s v>ies 9 _m p>ticul>s1 accord+ to ! nature ( ! lea!r1 & ! uses to :i* x is to be appli$4 #g4 ,! g5]al process ( *ang+ ?ick hides into sole-lea!r1 is z foll[s3 ,!y are fir/ soak$ 9 wat]1 to free !m f dirt & blood2 & !n1 if rigid1 !y are beat5 & rubb$1 or roll$ "u a l>ge /one1 to r5d] !m pliable4 ,!y are next soak$ 9 lime-wat]1 or hung up 9 a w>m room1 & smok$1 until a slight putresc5cy takes place4 ,! hair1 cuticle1 rete mucosum1 on "o side1 & ! fle%y p>ts on ! o!r1 are !n scrap$ (f1 on a beam1 ) a circul> knife4 #h4 ,no?+ n[ rema9s b ! cutis1 or true sk94 ,sev]al hides1 9 ?is /ate ( prep>ation1 are put toge!r into a vat1 = ! purpose ( impregnat+ !m ) tann94 ,?is sub/ance is f\nd 9 a/r+5t vegetables1 & is obta9$1 9 a prop] /ate = application1 by infusion 9 wat]4 ,9 t condition1 x is call$ ooze1 :i* is fir/ appli$ 9 a weak /ate4 #i4 ,aft] ! ooze1 ( diff]5t degrees ( /r5g?1 has be5 r5ew$ sev]al times1 !y are put betwe5 lay]s ( b>k1 & suff]$ to rema9 sev]al mon?s1 fre% b>k1 f "t to "t1 be+ suppli$4 ,! :ole process g5]ally occupies f twelve to sixte5 mon?s4 ,:5 /rong solutions ( tann9 are us$1 ! lea!r is =m$ 9 a mu* %ort] "t2 b1 9 t case1 x is mu* m rigid1 & m liable to crack4 ,x is r5d]$ smoo? & compact1 by beat+ x ) a wood5 beetle1 or by pass+ x betwe5 roll]s4 #aj4 ,oak b>k1 on acc\nt ( its *eapness1 & ! quantity ( tann9 :i* x conta9s1 is m ext5sively employ$ by tann]s ?an any o!r vegetable sub/ance4 ,9 sections ( c\ntry1 :]e ?is k9d _c be conv5i5tly obta9$1 ! b>k ( ! hemlock1 spruce1 & *e/nut1 ! leaves ( ! suma*1 & v>i\s o!r a/r+5ts1 are sub/itut$4 #aa4 ,! process ( tann+ calf-sk9s is some:at diff]5t 9 _m ( its details4 ,!y are fir/ put into a solution ( lime1 :]e !y rema9 dur+ t5 or fifte5 days1 & are !n scrap$ on bo? sides on ! beam1 ) a circul> knife1 z 9 ! =m] case1 & = ! same purpose4 ,!y are !n wa%$ 9 wat]1 & aft]w>ds imm]s$ 9 an infusion ( h5 or pigeon's dung4 ,"h !y are left = a week or t5 days1 accord+ to ! /ate ( ! wea!r & o!r circum/ances2 dur+ :i* "t1 !y are frequ5tly h&l$1 & scrap$ on bo? sides4 ,by ^! means1 ! lime1 oil1 & saponace\s matt]1 are dis*>g$1 & ! sk9 is r5d]$ pliable4 #ab4 ,!y are next put into a vat conta9+ weak ooze1 & aft]w>ds remov$ to sev]al o!rs ( regul>ly increas+ /r5g?4 ,9 ! mean "t1 !y are tak5 up & h&l$ e day1 t !y may be equally act$ ^u by ! tann+ pr9ciple4 ,! "t occupi$ 9 ! :ole process1 is f two to six mon?s4 ,! light & ?9 sorts ( hides1 design$ = upp] lea!r1 h>nesses1 c41 are treat$ 9 a simil> mann]4 #ac4 ,! tann] procures 8 hides & sk9s f v>i\s s\rces1 b *iefly f ! but*]1 & f individuals :o kill ! animals = _! own consumption4 ,great quantities ( dry hides are also obta9$ f ,s\? ,am]ica1 :]e cattle are kill$ 9 great numb]s1 pr9cipally = ! sake ( ?is valuable envelope ( _! bodies4 ,,! ,,curri]4 #a4 ,x is ! bus9ess ( ! curri] to dress ! ?9n] k9ds ( lea!r4 ,9 mo/ cases1 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 except 9 & ne> l>ge cities1 ! bus9ess ( tann+ & curry+ are usually unit$ 9 ! same individual2 or1 at lea/1 ! two bran*es ( bus9ess are c>ri$ on toge!r1 by ! aid ( workm51 skill$ 9 _! respective trades4 #b4 ,! mode ( dress+ ! diff]5t k9ds ( sk9s1 v>ies 9 "s respects2 b1 z ! g5]al me?od ( op]at+ is ! same 9 e sort1 a description applicable 9 "o case w convey a suffici5tly accurate idea ( ! :ole4 ,we %all1 !re=e1 select ! calf-sk91 s9ce x is m frequ5tly ! subject ( ! curri]'s skill ?an any o!r4 #c4 ,! sk9 is fir/ soak$ 9 wat]1 until x has become suffici5tly s(t1 & !n %av$ ) ! curri]'s knife1 on ! inn] side1 ov] ! curri]'s beam4 ,x is !n plac$ on a table1 some:at incl9$ f ! workman1 & sc\r$ on bo? sides ) ! edge ( a n>r[1 smoo? /one1 set 9 a h&le1 & aga91 ) an iron sleek] ( a simil> %ape4 ,! sk9 is next /uff$ ) a composition ( tall[ & tann]'s oil1 on ! fle% side1 & !n hung up to dry4 ,aft]w>ds x is rubb$ on ! hair side ) a bo>d1 & aga9 scrap$ on ! fle% side ) ! knife4 ,hav+ be5 ?us prep>$1 ! sk9 is black$ on ! fle% side ) lampblack & tann]'s oil1 & subsequ5tly rubb$ ) pa/e1 appli$ ) a bru%4 ,:5 x has be5 dri$1 ! :ole process is f9i%$ by rubb+ bo? sides ) a glass sleek]4 #d4 ,horse hides are black$ on ! hair side1 or1 z ! curri]s t]m x1 on ! gra91 ) a solution ( copp]as wat]4 ,lea!r design$ = h>nesses1 = cov]+ c>riages1 & = o!r simil> purposes1 is also black$ on t side 9 ! same mann]4 #e4 ,! trade ( ! curri] is divid$ into two or ?ree bran*es4 ,"s dress only calf-sk9s & o!r ?ick lea!r design$ = %oes1 h>nesses1 & c>riages2 o!rs conf9e !mselves to dress+ sk9s1 :i* are to be appli$ to b9d+ books1 & to o!r purposes requir+ ?9 lea!r4 ,x may be well to rem>k "h1 t ! dress]s ( ?9 lea!r usually tan ! sk9s !mselves1 us+ ! leaves ( suma*1 in/ead ( b>k4 ,illu/ration3 ,,%oemak]4 ,,! ,,%oe ,,& ,,boot ,,mak]4 #a4 ,z ! %oe is an article ( prim>y utility1 x 0 us$1 m or less1 9 ! e>lie/ ages4 ,"s writ]s suppose1 t ! ,deity1 9 clo?+ man ) sk9s1 did n leave him to g b>efoot$1 b gave him %oes ( ! same mat]ial4 #b4 ,! %oes ( ! anci5t ,egyptians 7 made ( ! papyrus4 ,! ,*9ese1 z well z ! inhabitants ( ,india1 & "s o!r nations ( antiquity1 manufactur$ !m f silk1 ru%es1 l951 wood1 ! b>k ( trees1 iron1 brass1 silv]1 & gold1 & sometimes ornam5t$ !m ) preci\s /ones4 #c4 ,! ,romans _h v>i\s cov]+s = ! feet1 ! *ief ( :i* 7 ! calceus & ! solea4 ,! calceus some:at resembl$ ! %oe we we> at pres5t1 & 0 ti$ ^u ! in/ep ) a lat*et or lace4 ,! solea1 or s&al1 0 a ?ick cork sole1 cov]$ above & b5ea? ) lea!r1 & neatly /it*$ on ! edge4 ,x left ! upp] "p ( ! foot b>e1 & 0 fa/5$ to x by means ( /raps1 :i* 7 cross$ ov] ! in/ep1 & w\nd ab\t ! ankle4 ,roman citiz5s wore ! calceus ) ! toga1 :5 !y w5t abroad 9 ! city1 :ile ! solea 0 worn at home & on j\rneys4 ,! solea 0 also us$ at ent]ta9m5ts2 b x 0 *ang$ = ! calceus1 :5 ! gue/s 7 ab\t to surr\nd ! table4 #d4 ,! s5ators wore %oes1 :i* came up to ! middle ( ! leg1 & :i* _h a gold5 or silv] cresc5t on ! top ( ! foot4 ,! %oes ( ! wom5 7 g5]ally :ite1 sometimes r$1 sc>let1 or purple1 & 7 adorn$ ) embroid]y & pe>ls2 b ^? ( ! m5 7 mo/ly black4 ,on days ( public c]emony1 h[ev]1 ! magi/rates wore r$ %oes4 #e4 ,boots 7 us$ 9 v anci5t times1 & 7 prim>ily worn1 z a k9d ( armor1 ) a view ( protect+ ! l[] extremities 9 battle4 ,!y 71 at fir/1 made ( lea!r1 aft]w>ds ( brass or iron1 & 7 pro( aga9/ ! ?ru/s & cuts ( w>like weapons4 ,! boot 0 call$ ocrea by ! ,romans1 :o1 z well z ! ,greeks1 us$ x 9 ! army1 & 9 rid+ on horseback1 & sometimes 9 p$e/rian j\rneys4 #f4 ,! fa%ion ( boots & %oes1 l e o!r "p ( dress1 has be5 subject to a numb] ( *anges1 z reg>ds bo? _! =m & mat]ial4 ,9 ,europe1 ab\t "o ?\s& ye>s ago1 ! greate/ pr9ces wore %oes ) wood5 soles4 ,9 ! reign ( ,william ,rufus1 ( ,engl&1 ! %oes ( ! great _h long1 %>p po9ts1 /uff$ ) t[1 & twi/$ l a ram's horn4 ,! cl]gy prea*$ aga9/ ?is fa%ion2 b ! po9ts cont9u$ to increase 9 l5g?1 until ! reign ( ,ri*>d ! ,second1 :5 !y 7 ti$ to ! knees ) *a9s ( silv] or gold4 ,9 ! ye> #adfc1 ,p>liam5t int]pos$1 & prohibit$ ! manufacture or use ( %oes or boots ) pikes exce$+ two in*es 9 l5g?4 #g4 ,la/s adapt$ to ea* foot1 commonly call$ rights & lefts1 7 n introduc$ into ,engl&1 until ab\t ! ye> #aghe2 nor 0 cramp+1 or crimp+1 ! front "p ( boots practis$ !re = t5 ye>s aft] t p]iod4 ,^! improvem5ts did n become g5]ally kn[n1 or1 at lea/1 7 n mu* us$1 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 = _m ye>s aft] _! adoption 9 ,great ,brita94 #h4 ,_m facts1 besides ! prec$+1 might be adduc$ to prove1 t ! art ( mak+ %oes & boots1 al?\gh un9t]rupt$ly practis$ f ! e>lie/ ages1 has receiv$ _m important improvem5ts )9 ! la/ fifty ye>s4 #i4 ,9 ,europe & ,am]ica1 boots & %oes are commonly made ( lea!r4 ,9 %oes = females1 h[ev]1 x is n unusual to use prunello1 :i* is a k9d ( twill$1 wor/$ clo?4 ,9 all cases1 ?ick lea!r is us$ = ! soles4 #aj4 ,! bus9ess ( mak+ boots & %oes is c>ri$ on v sy/ematically 9 l>ge e/abli%m5ts4 ,! mat]ials are cut out & fitt$ by ! =eman1 or by ! p]son :o c>ries on ! bus9ess1 :il/ ! pieces are /it*$ toge!r1 & ! "w f9i%$1 by workm5 :o sit ^u ! b5*4 #aa4 ,z a matt] ( conv5i5ce1 ! trade h fix$ ^u c]ta9 sizes1 :i* are designat$ by numb]s2 &1 correspond+ to ^!1 ! la/s are =m$ by ! la/-mak]2 b1 to be /ill m exact1 individuals sometimes procure la/s correspond+ to _! feet1 on :i* !y cause _! boots & %oes to be made4 #ab4 ,! foll[+ is a description ( ! process ( mak+ a lea!r %oe3 aft] ! mat]ials h be5 cut out accord+ to ! measure1 or size1 & ! p>ts ( ! upp]s h be5 /it*$ toge!r1 ! sole-lea!r is hamm]$ on ! lap/one1 tack$ to ! la/1 & trimm$ ) a knife4 ,! upp] lea!r is next /ret*$ on ! la/ ) a pair ( p9c]s1 fa/5$ to its prop] place ) tacks1 & !n sew$ to ! bottom ( ! sole ) a wax$ ?read4 ,a n>r[ /rip ( lea!r1 call$ a welt1 is also fa/5$ to ! sole by simil> means1 & to ?is is /it*$ ano!r sole4 ,a heel be+ add$1 ! %oe is f9i%$ by trimm+ & poli%+ x ) appropriate in/rum5ts4 #ac4 ,! edges ( f9e lea!r %oes & boots1 are trimm$ ) ?9 /rips ( ! l mat]ial1 :il/ ^? ( prunello1 & o!r ?9 %oes = ladies1 are b\nd ) n>r[ tape4 ,! b9d+ is appli$ by females ) ?read1 by means ( a common ne$le4 #ad4 ,%oe-?read is commonly spun f flax2 t f hemp is mu* /rong]1 & 0 =m]ly pref]r$2 b x is n[ us$ only = v /rong "w4 ,! great] "p ( ! %oe-?read us$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 is spun by ma*9]y1 at ,le$s1 9 ,engl&1 f ,russian flax4 ,! wax employ$ by %oemak]s1 0 =m]ly compos$ ( t> & ros92 b x is n[ mo/ usually made ( pit*4 #ae4 ,! %oemak]1 9 sew+ toge!r diff]5t p>ts ( 8 "w1 uses ?reads ( v>i\s sizes1 :i* are compos$ ( sev]al small ?reads ( diff]5t l5g?s4 ,a hog's bri/le is fa/5$ to ea* end ( x1 :i* enables ! workman to pass x ) facility ?r\gh ! holes made ) ! awl4 #af4 ,an exp$iti\s way ( fa/5+ ! soles ( boots & %oes to ! upp] lea!rs1 is f\nd 9 ! use ( wood5 pegs or brass nails4 ,! old me?od1 h[ev]1 is g5]ally pref]r$1 on sev]al acc\nts2 b *iefly1 because ! "w is m durable1 & because x c be m easily repair$4 #ag4 ,j\rneym5 work+ at ?is trade mo/ usually conf9e _! lab\rs to p>ticul> k9ds ( "w2 z few c foll[ e bran* ) advantage4 ,"s make %oes & boots = m52 o!rs conf9e _! lab\rs to ^? design$ = ladies2 b1 by _! aid1 ! ma/]-%oemak] c1 & usually does1 supply e k9d at 8 /ore4 #ah4 ,x is no uncommon ?+ 9 ! c\ntry1 = ! f>m]s to pur*ase lea!r1 & employ ! %oemak] to make x up2 & ?is is done1 9 mo/ cases1 on _! own premises4 ,! %oemak] employ$ 9 ?is way1 removes f h\se to h\se1 *ang+ 8 location1 :5ev] he has completely s]v$ a :ole family 9 8 vocation4 ,9 su* cases1 he is said1 by ! trade1 to be :ipp+ ! cat4 ,! set ( tools ) :i* he op]ates1 is call$ 8 kit4 #ai4 ,! %oemak] usually buys 8 lea!r f ! manufactur]2 & procures 8 tools1 tacks1 & v>i\s o!r articles ( a simil> nature1 at ! f9d+ /ores4 ,9 "s cases1 ! %oemak] ) little or no capital1 gets 8 mat]ials f ! lea!r-cutt]1 :o makes x a bus9ess to supply !m ready cut to ! prop] size & %ape4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 b few lea!r-cutt]s 9 our c\ntry2 b1 9 ,engl&1 ?is bran* ( trade is "o ( consid]able importance1 & is frequ5tly connect$ ) t ( ! lea!r-dress]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,h>ness ,,mak] c4 ,,! ,,saddl] ,,& ,,h>ness-,,mak]1 ,,& ,,! ,,trunk-,,mak]4 ,,! ,,saddl] ,,& ,,h>ness-,,mak]4 #a4 ,! inv5tion ( ! saddle has be5 attribut$ to ! ,selians1 a p ( anci5t ,franconia4 ,"u ?is impression1 x has be5 suppos$ t ! ,lat9s gave x ! "n ( sella4 ,! p]iod at :i* x 0 fir/ us$1 _c be asc]ta9$4 ,x is c]ta91 h[ev]1 t ! horse _h be5 r5d]$ subs]vi5t to man1 sev]al c5turies be=e ?is conv5i5t article 0 ?\ght (4 #b4 ,at fir/1 ! rid] sat ^u ! b>e back ( ! animal1 & guid$ him ) a swit*1 b aft]w>ds ) a /rap put r\nd ! nose4 ,9 ! c\rse ( "t1 ! rid] came to use1 ^u ! back ( ! horse1 ! sk9s ( bea/s1 9 ord] to r5d] 8 seat m easy4 ,! ,greeks1 & _m o!r ref9$ nations ( antiquity1 sometimes us$ sup]b trapp+s1 compos$ ( clo?1 lea!r1 & sk9s dress$ ) ! hair on2 &1 9 addition to ! gold1 silv]1 & preci\s /ones1 ) :i* ^! 7 ornam5t$1 ! horses 7 (t5 o!rwise deck$ ) bells1 coll>s1 & devices ( v>i\s k9ds4 #c4 ,! ,romans1 9 ! days ( ! republic1 deem$ x m manly to ride on ! b>e back ( ! animal ?an on cov]+s4 ,at a lat] p]iod1 !y us$ a k9d ( squ>e pannel1 )\t /irrups2 & ab\t ! ye> #cdj ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 !y began to ride on saddles4 ,x appe>s1 t ^? fir/ employ$ 7 v heavy1 z ! ,emp]or ,!odosius1 9 ! same c5tury1 =bade ! use ( any :i* weigh$ ov] sixty p\nds4 ,! use ( saddles 0 e/abli%$ 9 ,engl& by ,h5ry ! ,sev5?1 :o enjo9$ on 8 nobility ! practice ( rid+ ^u !m4 #d4 ,! frame ( a saddle is call$ a tree4 ,x is n made by ! saddl]s1 b by p]sons :o conf9e _! att5tion to ?is bran* ( bus9ess4 ,! trees are con/ruct$ ( wood1 ) a small quantity ( iron1 & cov]$ ) canvas4 #e4 ,9 mak+ a common saddle1 ! workman fir/ ext5ds two /rips ( /ra9+ web f ! pommel to ! h9d] "p ( ! tree1 & fa/5s !m ) tacks4 ,! tree is !n cov]$ on ! upp] side ) two ?icknesses ( l95 clo?1 betwe5 :i* a quantity ( wool is aft]w>ds int]pos$4 ,a cov]+ ( ?9 lea!r1 usually made ( hog's-sk91 is next tack$ on1 & ! flaps add$4 ,"u ! :ole are plac$ ! pads & saddle-clo?2 ! =m] ( :i* is made ( ?9 cotton or l95 clo?1 & ?9 lea!r1 /uff$ ) hair4 ,! addition ( f\r /raps1 two gir?s1 two /irrup-lea!rs1 & z _m /irrups1 completes ! :ole op]ation4 #f4 ,! r\ghness1 or ! little ind5tations 9 ! flaps1 are produc$ by pass+ ! lea!r betwe5 roll]s1 9 contact ) a r\gh surface1 or by beat+ x ) a mallet1 on ! face ( :i* has be5 fa/5$ a piece ( ! sk9 f a species ( %>k1 commonly call$ ! dog-fi%4 #g4 ,saddles are (t5 cov]$ ) bucksk91 curi\sly /it*$ into figures1 & hav+ ! spaces betwe5 ! seams /uff$ ) wool2 ?is is p>ticul>ly ! case 9 side-saddles4 ,! =m ( saddles1 & ! quality ( ! mat]ials1 toge!r ) ! workman%ip1 are consid]ably v>i$1 to suit ! purposes to :i* !y are to be appli$1 & to accommodate ! fancy ( cu/om]s4 #h4 ,! process ( mak+ bridles & h>ness = horses1 is extremely simple4 ,! lea!r is fir/ cut out ) a knife ( "s description1 b usually ) "o ( a cresc5t-l =m1 or ) a blade set 9 a gauge1 & !n /it*$ toge!r ) ! k9d ( ?read us$ by %oemak]s4 ,! awl employ$ 9 pun*+ ! holes is /raight2 & ne$les are mo/ commonly us$1 in/ead ( ! bri/les :i* po9t ! %oemak]'s ?reads4 ,! mode ( manufactur+ saddle-bags1 portmanteaus1 & valises1 is too obvi\s to ne$ description4 ,,! ,,trunk-,,mak]4 #a4 ,! manufacture ( trunks is equally simple ) t ( mak+ h>ness4 ,9 common cases1 x consi/s *iefly 9 l9+ ! inside ( a wood5 box ) pap]1 or "s k9d ( clo?1 & cov]+ ! outside ) a sk91 or ) lea!r1 :i* is fa/5$ to ! wood by means ( tacks4 ,n>r[ /rips ( lea!r are fa/5$ ^u hair trunks ) brass nails1 by way ( ornam5t1 z well z to conf9e ! "w4 #b4 ,in/ead ( a wood5 box1 oblong rims ( iron1 & v ?ick1 solid pa/ebo>d1 fa/5$ toge!r by means ( /rong ?read1 are us$ 9 ! be/ k9ds ( trunks4 ,! frame or body1 ?us =m$1 is cov]$ ) "s sub/antial lea!r1 :i* is fir/ /uck on ) pa/e1 & !n secur$ by sew+ x to ! pa/ebo>d ) a wax$ ?read4 ,ov] ! :ole1 are appli$ /rips ( iron1 fa/5$ ) brass or copp] nails ) l>ge heads4 ,! l9es & figures on ! lea!r1 add$ by way ( ornam5t1 are produc$ by a crease1 a tool made ( wood1 ivory1 or :alebone4 ,its =m is mu* l t ( ! blade ( a common pap]-fold]4 #c4 ,h[ long trunk-mak+ has be5 a sep>ate trade1 _c be exactly asc]ta9$4 ,! trunk-mak]s 9 ,france 7 incorporat$ into a company1 9 #aeif4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ?is bran* ( bus9ess is v commonly unit$ ) t ( ! saddl] & h>ness-mak]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,soap ,,c&le ,,mak]4 ,,! ,,soap-,,boil]1 ,,& ,,! ,,c&le-,,mak]4 ,,! ,,soap-,,boil]4 #a4 ,! bus9ess ( ! soap-boil] consi/s 9 manufactur+ soap1 by ! comb9ation ( c]ta9 oily & alkal9e sub/ances4 #b4 ,! e>lie/ notice ( ?is useful article occurs 9 ! works ( ,pl9y1 9 :i* x is /at$1 t soap 0 compos$ ( tall[ & a%es2 t ! mode ( comb9+ !m 0 discov]$ by ! ,gauls2 b t ! ,g]man soap 0 ! be/4 #c4 ,= _m ages be=e ! inv5tion ( soap1 saponace\s plants1 & sev]al k9ds ( e>?1 toge!r ) animal matt]s & ! ley f a%es1 7 employ$ = ! purpose ( cleans+ ! sk91 & articles ( clo?+4 ,! idea ( comb9+ "s ( ^! sub/ances1 ) ! view ( =m+ soap1 probably orig9at$ 9 accid5t4 #d4 ,! vegetable oils & animal fats1 capable ( saponification1 are v num]\s2 b ^? mo/ commonly employ$ 9 ! manufacture ( ! soaps ( comm]ce1 are olive-oil1 :ale-oil1 tall[1 l>d1 palm-oil1 & ros92 & ! alkalies ) :i* ^! are mo/ frequ5tly comb9$1 are soda1 ! ley ( a%es1 or its residuum1 pota%4 #e4 ,soda is sometimes call$ ! m9]al alkali2 because x is f\nd1 9 "s p>ts ( ! _w1 9 ! e>?4 ,x 0 kn[n to ! anci5ts1 at a v e>ly p]iod1 "u ! d5om9ation ( natron4 ,x receiv$ ?is appellation f ! lakes ( ,natron1 9 ,egypt1 f ! wat]s ( :i* x 0 produc$ by evaporation1 dur+ ! summ] season4 #f4 ,! soda ( comm]ce is n[ *iefly obta9$ f ! salsola1 a g5us ( plants :i* gr[s on ! sea-%ore4 ,9 ,spa91 ! plant f :i* soda is obta9$ is d5om9at$ b>illa2 h5ce1 ! sub/ance produc$ f x by inc9]ation has receiv$ ! same appellation4 ,! a%es ( a sea-we$ :i* gr[s on ! coa/s ( ,scotl& & ,irel&1 is call$ kelp4 ,9 ,europe1 b>illa & kelp are m ext5sively employ$ 9 ! manufacture ( soap ?an any o!r alkal9e sub/ances2 b1 9 ?is c\ntry1 :]e wood is s mu* us$ = fuel1 common a%es are g5]ally pref]r$4 #g4 ,! process ( mak+ ! ord9>y br[n or yell[ soap1 f wood-a%es1 is conduct$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,! alkali is fir/ obta9$ 9 a /ate ( solution 9 wat]1 by lee*+ ! a%es z describ$ 9 page #bf1 & !n p\r$1 9 a weak /ate1 into a copp] or iron caldron1 hav+ a l>ge wood5 tub c>efully affix$ to ! top ( x4 #h4 ,:5 ! ley has be5 prop]ly heat$1 ! tall[1 ei!r 9 a tri$ /ate or 9 ! suet1 is gradually add$4 ,m ley1 ( great] conc5tration1 is p\r$ 92 & ! +r$i5ts are mod]ately boil$ = sev]al h\rs2 :ile a p]son1 z repres5t$ 9 ! prec$+ cut1 aids _! *emical union by agitat+ !m ) a wood5 spatula4 #i4 ,aft] a quantity ( ros9 has be5 add$1 & prop]ly incorporat$ ) ! o!r mat]ials1 ! fire is )drawn until ! next morn+1 :5 x is aga9 rais$2 !n1 ) ! view ( =m+ ! pa/e into h>d soap1 a quantity ( muriate ( soda 7common salt7 is add$4 ,! muriatic acid ( ?is sub/ance1 unit+ ) ! pota%1 =ms ) x muriate ( pota%1 :i* dissolves 9 ! wat]1 :ile ! soda comb9es ) ! tall[ & ros94 ,h>d soap1 !re=e1 conta9s no pota%2 al?\gh ?is alkali is g5]ally employ$ dur+ ! e>ly "p ( ! process ( mak+ x4 #aj4 ,aft] ! addition ( ! muriate ( soda1 ! boil+ & /irr+ are cont9u$ two or ?ree h\rs1 :5 ! fire is )drawn1 & ! cont5ts ( ! caldron are suff]$ to be at re/4 ,:5 ! soap has completely sep>at$ f ! wat]y "p & extrane\s matt]s1 x is lad$ into ano!r caldron1 aga9 dilut$ ) /rong ley1 & heat$4 ,! pa/e hav+ be5 br\ght to a prop] consi/5ce1 m common salt is add$ z be=e1 & = ! same purposes4 #aa4 ,! *emical "p ( ! process hav+ be5 ?us complet$1 ! soap is lad$ into s+le wood5 boxes1 or into "o or m compos$ ( sev]al di/9ct frames1 :i* c be remov$ sep>ately f ! soap1 aft] x has become solid en\gh to /& )\t su* support4 ,! soap is cut into b>s1 ( ne>ly a uni=m size1 by means ( a small brass wire4 #ab4 ,manufactur]s ( soap h contriv$ v>i\s me?ods ( adult]at+ ?is article1 or ( add+ +r$i5ts :i* increase its weight1 )\t add+ to its value4 ,! mo/ common means employ$ = ?is purpose is wat]1 :i* may be add$1 9 "s cases1 9 consid]able quantities1 )\t greatly dim9i%+ ! consi/5ce ( ! soap4 #ac4 ,?is fraud may be detect$ by lett+ ! soap lie = "s "t expos$ to ! atmosph]e4 ,! wat] w ?us be evaporat$1 & its quantity c be kn[n by weigh+ ! soap1 aft] its loss ( ! sup]flu\s liquid4 ,to prev5t evaporation1 :ile ! soap rema9s on h&1 x is said1 t "s deal]s keep x 9 saturat$ solutions ( common salt4 ,ano!r me?od ( adult]ation is f\nd 9 ! use ( pulv]iz$ lime1 gypsum1 or pipe-clay4 ,^! sub/ances1 h[ev]1 c be easily detect$ by means ( a solution 9 alcohol1 :i* precipitates !m4 #ad4 ,! process ( manufactur+ s(t soap1 diff]s b little 9 its details f t describ$ 9 ! prec$+ p>agraphs4 ,! *ief diff]5ce consi/s 9 omitt+ ! use ( salt4 ,s(t soap1 !re=e1 is compos$ ( a great] proportion ( wat]1 & m alkali ?an is necess>y to saturate ! unctu\s matt]s4 ,s(t soap is made by almo/ e family 9 ! c\ntry1 f a%es1 grease1 & oily matt]s1 res]v$ = ! purpose4 #ae4 ,! celebrat$ ,m>seilles :ite soap1 is compos$ ( ,soda1 #f4 ,olive-oil1 #fj4 ,wat]1 #cd4 ,ca/ile soap1 ( ,soda1 #i4 ,olive-oil1 #gf4e4 ,wat]1 ) a little color+ matt]1 #ad4e4 ,f9e toilet-soaps are made ) oil ( almonds1 nut-oil1 palm-oil1 suet1 or butt]1 comb9$ ) soda or pota%1 accord+ to _! prep>ation 9 a solid or pa/y /ate4 #af4 ,9 ! manufacture ( :ite soap1 ! tall[ is m c>efully purifi$1 & no ros9 is us$4 ,9 o!r p>ticul>s1 ! process diff]s b little f t employ$ 9 ! production ( ! common k9d4 ,two tons ( tall[ %\ld yield ?ree tons ( :ite soap4 ,9 mak+ ! same quantity ( common br[n or yell[ soap1 twelve hundr$ weight less is requir$1 on acc\nt ( ! sub/itution ( t am\nt ( yell[ ros94 #ag4 ,! mottl$ appe>ance ( "s soaps is caus$ by disp]s+ ! ley ?r\gh x1 t[>ds ! close ( ! op]ation1 or by add+ a quantity ( sulphate ( iron1 indigo1 or ! oxide ( manganese4 ,ca/ile soap1 n[ manufactur$ 9 ! greate/ p]fection at ,m>seilles1 9 ,france1 receives its beautifully m>bl$ appe>ance f ! sulphate ( iron4 ,,! ,,c&le-,,mak]4 #a4 ,! subject ( ! c&le-mak]'s labors may be def9$ to be a wick1 cov]$ ) tall[1 wax1 or sp]maceti1 9 a cyl9drical =m1 :i* s]ves1 :5 light$1 = ! illum9ation ( objects 9 ! abs5ce ( ! sun4 ,! bus9ess ( c&le-mak+ is divid$ into two bran*es2 ! "o is conf9$ to ! manufactur+ ( tall[ c&les1 & ! o!r1 to mak+ ^? compos$ ( wax or sp]maceti4 #b4 ,! process ( mak+ c&les f tall[1 z conduct$ by ! tall[-*&l]1 ne$s only a brief description1 s9ce x diff]s b little f ! me?od pursu$ by families 9 ! c\ntry1 ) :i* mo/ p]sons are famili>4 ,! diff]5ce lies *iefly 9 ! employm5t ( a few conv5i5ces1 by :i* ! c&les are m rapidly multipli$4 #c4 ,! fir/ "p ( ! process consi/s 9 prep>+ a wick1 to s]ve z a f\ndation4 ,! co>se & slightly twi/$ y>n us$ = ?is purpose1 is spun 9 ! cotton-factories2 &1 be+ w\nd into balls1 is1 9 t =m1 sold to ! tall[-*&l]s1 z well z to individuals :o make c&les = _! own consumption4 #d4 ,a suffici5t numb] ( ?reads is comb9$1 to =m a wick ( a prop] size2 &1 z !y are w\nd f ! balls1 !y are measur$ (f1 & cut to ! prop] l5g?1 by a simple contrivance1 :i* consi/s ( a n>r[ bo>d1 a wood5 p91 & ! blade ( a razor4 ,! p9 & razor are plac$ p]p5dicul> to ! bo>d1 at a di/ance det]m9$ by ! l5g? ( ! propos$ wick4 ,! wicks are next put ^u cyl9drical rods1 ab\t ?ree feet long2 & a great numb] ( ^! are arrang$ on a long frame4 #e4 ,to obta9 ! tall[ 9 a prop] /ate = use1 x is sep>at$ f ! membran\s "p ( ! suet1 by boil+ ! latt] 9 an iron or copp] kettle1 & !n subject+ ! crackl+s to ! action ( a press4 ,! sub/ance t rema9s1 aft] ! tall[ has be5 express$1 is call$ greaves1 :i* are sometimes appli$ to fatt5+ ducks = m>ket4 ,?is is especially ! case 9 ! city ( ,london4 #f4 ,! tri$ tall[ is prep>$ = application to ! wicks1 by heat+ x to a prop] temp]ature4 ,x is !n p\r$ into a suitable receptacle1 :]e x is kept 9 ord] ei!r by a mod]ate fire und]nea?1 or by ! occasional addition ( hot tall[4 #g4 ,! broa*es1 z ! /icks ) _! wicks are call$1 are tak5 up1 sev]al at a "t1 ei!r betwe5 ! f+]s or by means ( a simple in/rum5t d5om9at$ a rake1 & dipp$ into ! tall[4 ,!y are !n return$ to ! frame1 & suff]$ to cool1 :ile successive broa*es are treat$ 9 ! same way4 ,! dipp+ is repeat$1 until ! c&les h be5 ?ick5$ to ! prop] size4 #h4 ,9 ! prec$+ plate1 is repres5t$ a workman 9 ! act ( dipp+ sev]al broa*es ( c&les1 susp5d$ on a rake1 :i* he holds 9 8 h&s4 ,! mode ( mak+ dipp$ c&les j describ$1 is m g5]ally practis$ ?an any o!r1 & 9 ?is mann] five or six hundr$ p\nds c be made by "o h&1 9 a s+le day4 ,9 "s e/abli%m5ts1 h[ev]1 a m complicat$ app>atus is us$1 by :i* e "p ( ! process is greatly exp$it$4 #i4 ,m\ld c&les are made v diff]5tly4 ,! m\lds consi/ ( a frame ( wood1 9 :i* are arrang$ sev]al holl[ cyl9d]s1 g5]ally made ( pewt]4 ,at ! l[] extremity ( ea* cyl9d]1 is a small hole1 = ! passage ( ! wick1 :i* is introduc$ by means ( a hook on ! end ( a wire4 ,! cotton is fa/5$ at ! o!r end1 & plac$ 9 a p]p5dicul> situation 9 ! c5tre ( ! %afts1 by means ( a wire1 :i* passes ?r\gh ! loops ( ! wicks4 ,! melt$ tall[1 hav+ be5 p\r$ on ! top ( ! wood5 frame1 desc5ds into ea* m\ld4 ,aft] ! c&les h become suffici5tly cold1 !y are extract$ f ! cyl9d]s ) a bodk91 :i* is ins]t$ into ! loop ( ! wick4 ,"o p]son c ?us m\ld two or ?ree hundr$ p\nds 9 a day4 #aj4 ,c&les are also made ( bees-wax & sp]maceti2 b ! mode ( _! manufacture diff]s 9 no p>ticul> f t ( common m\ld c&les4 ,! wicks = wax-c&les are usually made ( a peculi> k9d ( cotton1 :i* gr[s 9 ,asiatic ,turkey4 #aa4 ,be=e ! wax is appli$ to ?is purpose1 ! color+ matt] is dis*>g$4 ,?is is effect$ by blea*+ ! wax1 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,x is fir/ divid$ into flakes1 or ?9 lam9ae1 by p\r+ x1 9 a melt$ /ate1 ?r\gh a col&] ^u a cyl9drical :eel1 :i*1 at ! same "t1 is kept revolv+1 :ile p>tly imm]s$ 9 cold wat]4 ,! wax1 hav+ be5 remov$ f ! wat]1 is plac$ ^u a table or floor cov]$ ) "s k9d ( clo?4 ,"h x is occasionally spr9kl$ ) wat]1 until ! blea*+ has be5 complet$4 ,! process occupies sev]al weeks1 or ev5 mon?s1 accord+ to ! /ate ( ! wea!r1 t be+ be/ :i* is mo/ favorable to a rapid evaporation4 #ab4 ,sp]maceti is a sub/ance sep>at$ f sp]m oil1 :i* is obta9$ f a species ( :ale1 call$ physet] macrocephalus1 or sp]maceti ca*alot4 ,?is oil is obta9$ f bo? ! head & body ( ! animal1 b t procur$ f ! =m] conta9s twice ! quantity ( sp]maceti4 #ac4 ,to sep>ate ! sp]maceti f ! oil yield$ by ! body1 x is fir/ heat$1 !n put into casks1 & suff]$ to /& two or ?ree weeks1 9 ord] to granulate4 ,! oily "p is n[ filtrat$ ?r\gh /ra9]s2 & ! rema9d]1 :i* is call$ foots1 is aga9 heat$1 & put into casks4 ,aft] hav+ /ood sev]al weeks1 ^! are put into bags1 & submitt$ to ! action ( a p[]ful press4 ,! sp]maceti ?us obta9$1 is melt$ & m\ld$ into cakes4 ,! oil ?us sep>at$ f ! sp]maceti1 is call$ spr+ or fall /ra9$2 because x is filt]$ & express$ only dur+ ^? seasons ( ! ye>4 #ad4 ,! oil f ! head ( ! :ale is treat$ l t f ! body1 9 almo/ e p>ticul>4 ,! diff]5ce consi/s1 pr9cipally1 9 omitt+ ! use ( ! /ra9]1 & 9 ! employm5t ( /rong] bags & a m p[]ful press4 ,! oil obta9$ f ! head-matt]1 is call$ press$1 s9ce x is sep>at$ by ! action ( ! press only4 ,x is also d5om9at$ w9t]-/ra9$1 because ! op]ation is p]=m$ 9 ! cold wea!r4 #ae4 ,! sp]maceti1 hav+ be5 melt$ & m\ld$ into cakes1 is res]v$ until ! succe$+ summ]1 :5 x is cut into ?9 %av+s1 by means ( a l>ge %ave1 simil> to ! spoke-%ave ( ! :eelwrights1 & aga9 press$ z be=e4 ,! oil ( ?is la/ press+ is call$ taut press$1 & is ! lea/ valuable k9d1 s9ce a slight degree ( cold causes x to become ?ick4 ,! sp]maceti obta9$ f ! oil ( ! body1 & t f ! head-matt]1 are melt$ toge!r1 & purifi$ by means ( pota%-ley4 #af4 ,! sp]m-oil1 ?us fre$ f ! sp]maceti1 is ext5sively us$ 9 lamps z a means ( illum9ation2 &1 = _m purposes1 x is f> m conv5i5t ?an tall[4 ,9 ! c\ntry1 l>d is frequ5tly employ$ in/ead ( oil1 especially by ! ,g]man population4 ,9 "s ,european & ,asiatic c\ntries1 vegetable oils supply ! place ( animal fats1 9 ?is application4 #ag4 ,! orig9 ( ! art ( mak+ c&les is n kn[n4 ,x is evid5t1 h[ev]1 t ! bus9ess is comp>atively mod]n1 s9ce ! ,greeks & ,romans1 z well z o!r nations ( antiquity1 employ$ tor*es ( p9e & fir1 & lamps suppli$ ) oil1 9 ! production ( artificial light4 ,! words 9 ! ,scriptures translat$ c&le1 imply no?+ m nor less ?an a light produc$ by "s k9d ( oil consum$ 9 a lamp4 #ah4 ,! lamps 9 anci5t times 7 susp5d$ by a *a9 or cord f ! ceil+1 or support$ on /&s & moveable tables1 :i* 7 call$ by ! ,romans lampad>ia1 or c&elabra4 ,_m specim5s ( ?is ut5sil are pres]v$ 9 sev]al museums ( ,europe1 & "s h lately be5 f\nd 9 ! ru9s ( ,h]culaneum4 #ai4 ,! ,*9ese make _! c&les f ! tall[ obta9$ f ! se$s & capsules ( ! tall[-tree4 ,?is tree1 :i* is produc$ 9 great abundance 9 ,*9a1 is said to gr[ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a & ,georgia4 ,9 appe>ance1 x resembles ! ,lomb>dy popl>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,comb-,,mak]4 ,,! ,,comb-,,mak]1 ,,& ,,! ,,bru%-,,mak]4 ,,! ,,comb-,,mak]4 #a4 ,! comb is a well-kn[n in/rum5t1 employ$ 9 cleans+1 dress+1 & conf9+ ! hair4 ,x is made ( v>i\s mat]ials1 b mo/ commonly ( tortoise-%ell1 ! horns & ho(s ( cattle1 ivory1 bone1 & sev]al k9ds ( h>d wood4 #b4 ,x is impossible to det]m9e ! p]iod ( ! _w at :i* x 0 introduc$1 s9ce hi/ory & tradition1 ! s\rces f :i* we obta9 in=mation ( ?is nature1 are sil5t ) reg>d to its orig94 ,x is evid5t1 h[ev]1 t ! comb is an in/rum5t ( prim>y necessity2 & h5ce x mu/ h be5 inv5t$ 9 ! e>lie/ ages4 ,?is op9ion is confirm$ by ! fact1 t ! comb has be5 frequ5tly f\nd 9 use among/ savages1 :5 fir/ visit$ by civiliz$ m54 #c4 ,combs employ$ 9 fix+ ! hair1 are made ( tortoise-%ell1 or ( ! horns ( cattle4 ,! g5u9e tortoise-%ell is tak5 f ! te/udo imbricata1 or hawk's-bill turtle2 b a k9d ( %ell1 inf]ior 9 quality1 is obta9$ f ! te/udo c>etta1 or logg]head turtle4 ,^! turtles inhabit ! seas ( w>m & temp]ate climates2 b !y are especially num]\s 9 ! ,we/ ,indian seas1 :]e %ell is a valuable article ( comm]ce4 ,t f ,/4 ,dom+o is especially e/eem$ = its brilliancy ( %ade & color4 #d4 ,! %ell ( ! hawk's-bill turtle 0 ext5sively employ$ = ornam5tal purposes by ! ref9$ nations ( antiquity2 al?\gh we h no acc\nt ( its application to ! manufacture ( combs4 ,! ,greeks & ,romans decorat$ ) x ! doors & pill>s ( _! h\ses1 z well z _! b$s & o!r furniture4 ,! ,egyptians dealt l>gely ) ! ,romans 9 ?is elegant article4 #e4 ,! g5]al l5g? ( ! hawk's-bill turtle is ab\t ?ree feet f ! bill to ! end ( ! %ell2 b x has be5 kn[n to measure five feet1 & to weigh five or six hundr$ p\nds4 ,9 ! ,indian ,ocean1 especially1 specim5s ( prodigi\s magnitude are said to h occurr$4 #f4 ,! %ell employ$ 9 ! arts1 gr[s ^u ! back & feet ( ! animal4 ,t on ! back1 consi/s ( ?irte5 lam9ae1 or plates1 :i* lap ov] ea* o!r1 l tiles on ! ro( ( a h\se4 ,! plates v>y 9 ?ickness f "o-eigh? to "o-f\r? ( an in*1 accord+ to ! age & size ( ! turtle4 ,! quantity ( m]*antable %ell obta9$ f a s+le subject ( ! usual size1 is ab\t eight p\nds1 :i*1 at ! usual price1 is wor? sixty or sev5ty doll>s4 #g4 ,! process ( mak+ combs f ! horns ( cattle1 is n difficult to be und]/ood4 ,! tips & buts are fir/ cut (f ) a saw1 & ! rema9+ portion is also divid$ longitud9ally on "o side ) ! same in/rum5t4 ,! horns are !n soak$ = sev]al days1 & aft]w>ds boil$ 9 oil1 to r5d] !m pliable4 ,!y are next spread out & press$ betwe5 hot iron plates4 ,?is op]ation cl>ifies ! horn1 & produces a plate ( prop] ?ickness4 #h4 ,aft] ! plates ?us produc$1 h be5 cut 9 pieces correspond+ 9 size to ! propos$ combs1 & :5 ^! h be5 %av$ to a suitable ?ickness ) in/rum5ts adapt$ to ! purpose1 ! tee? are cut ei!r ) a tw9n+ saw1 z repres5t$ 9 ! prec$+ cut1 or ) a tw9n+ ma*9e4 #i4 ,9 ! =m] case1 ! plate is fa/5$ ) a wood5 clamp1 by ! "p :i* is design$ to be left = ! back ( ! comb2 & :5 tw9s1 or two combs1 are to be =m$ f "o piece1 ! o!r end is b5t d[n1 s z to r5d] ! upp] surface consid]ably convex4 ,to ?is surface ! tw9n+ saw is appli$ by ! h& ( ! workman1 :o makes a numb] ( incisions2 :i* are complet$ bo? ways ) two diff]5t k9ds ( saws1 & ! end ( ea* too? is cut f ! back ( ! opposite comb ) an in/rum5t call$ a plugg+ awl4 #aj4 ,! tw9n+ ma*9e 0 inv5t$1 ab\t tw5ty ye>s ago1 by a ,mr4 ,?omas1 ( ,philadelphia2 b x has be5 successfully improv$ by sev]al individuals s9ce t "t4 ,x is1 altoge!r1 an +5i\s & useful contrivance4 ,! cutt+ "p consi/s ( two *isels1 :i* are made to act on ! plate alt]nately1 & 9 a p]p5dicul> direction1 ea* *isel cutt+ "o side ( two tee?1 & sev]+ "o f ! opposite back1 at e /roke4 ,x is impossible1 h[ev]1 to =m a cle> conception ( ! mann] 9 :i* ! ma*9e op]ates1 except by actual inspection4 ,x p]=ms ! "w ) great rapidity2 s9ce f "o to two hundr$ doz5s ( combs c be cut 9 twelve h\rs2 :]eas1 n "o-f\r? ( t numb] c be tw9n$ 9 ! old me?od1 dur+ ! same "t4 #aa4 ,aft] ! tee? h be5 r\nd$1 & 9 o!r respects br\ght to ! prop] =m ) suitable in/rum5ts1 ! combs are poli%$ by rubb+ !m fir/ ) ! du/ ( a peculi> k9d ( brick1 !n by apply+ !m to a mov+ cyl9d] cov]$ ) buff lea!r1 *>g$ ) rott5-/one1 a%es1 or brick-du/2 &1 f9ally1 by rubb+ !m ) ! h&1 *>g$ ) rott5-/one & v9eg>4 #ab4 ,! combs are next color$1 or /a9$2 &1 z ! tortoise-%ell is by f> ! be/ & mo/ exp5sive mat]ial = ?is k9d ( comb1 ! great object ( ! manufactur] is to produce colors z ne>ly resembl+ ^? ( ! real %ell z practicable4 ,?is is done 9 consid]able p]fection1 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 #ac4 ,! combs are fir/ dipp$ 9 aqua-=tis1 & !n cov]$ ) a pa/e made ( lime1 pe>la%1 & r$ lead4 ,to produce ! requisite v>iety ( %ades1 bo? ta/e & judgm5t are necess>y 9 apply+ ! composition1 & 9 det]m9+ ! "t :i* x %\ld rema9 ^u ! combs4 ,to give ! combs a /ill /rong] resemblance to %ell1 !y are also imm]s$ = fifte5 or tw5ty m9utes 9 a dye ( ,nic>agua4 #ad4 ,! combs hav+ be5 cov]$ ) oil1 !y are next heat$ ^u iron plates1 & br\ght to ! desir$ %ape by b5d+ !m ^u wood5 blocks ) a wooll5 li/4 ,! :ole process is f9i%$ by rubb+ (f ! oil ) a silk h&k]*ief4 #ae4 ,! g5]al process ( mak+ %ell combs diff]s b little f t :i* has be5 j describ$1 v>y+ only 9 a few p>ticul>s1 9 compliance ) ! peculi> nature ( ! mat]ial4 #af4 ,on acc\nt ( ! great value ( %ell1 ! workm5 are c>eful to make ! mo/ ( e portion ( x2 accord+ly1 :5 a piece falls %ort ( ! desir$ size1 x is enl>g$ by weld+ to x ano!r ( small] dim5sions4 ,! union is effect$1 by lapp+ ! two pieces ^u ea* o!r1 & !n press+ !m toge!r betwe5 two plates ( hot iron4 ,! heat ( ! iron is prev5t$ f injur+ ! %ell1 by ! int]position ( a wet l95 clo?1 & by imm]s+ ! :ole 9 hot wat]4 ,9 a simil> mann]1 brok5 combs are (t5 m5d$2 & by ! same me?od1 two pieces ( horn c also be jo9$ toge!r4 #ag4 ,bo? horn & %ell combs are (t5 /amp$ ) figures1 & o!rwise ornam5t$ ) c>v$ "w4 ,9 ! latt] case1 ! ornam5ts are produc$1 by remov+ a "p ( ! mat]ial ) a saw & grav]4 ,! saw employ$ is n m ?an ! twelf? ( an in* 9 wid?2 &1 be+ fa/5$ to a frame1 x is mov$ up & d[n1 ) great rapidity1 by means ( ! foot1 :ile ! "p ( ! comb to be cut away is appli$ to ! tee?4 ,! op]ator is guid$ 9 ! "w by a patt]n1 :i* has be5 /ruck on pap] f an engrav$ plate4 #ah4 ,combs = dress+ & cleans+ ! hair1 are made ( horn1 %ell1 bone1 ivory1 & wood2 b x is unnecess>y to be p>ticul> 9 describ+ ! mann] 9 :i* e k9d ( comb is manufactur$4 ,we w only add1 t ! tee? ( f9e ivory & bone combs are cut ) a buzz1 or circul> saw1 :i*1 fa/5$ to a m&rel1 is mov$ 9 a la!4 ,,! ,,bru%-,,mak]4 #a4 ,!re are few manufactur$ articles 9 m g5]al use ?an bru%es4 ,?is has aris5 f _! great utility1 & ! l[ prices at :i* !y c be pur*as$4 ,! productions ( ! bru%-mak]'s labor are d5om9at$ v>i\sly1 accord+ to ! purposes to :i* !y are to be appli$4 #b4 ,! op]ations connect$ ) ?is bus9ess are v simple1 z !re is sc>cely a tool employ$ :i* is n famili> to e o!r class ( me*anics4 ,! bru%-mak]1 h[ev]1 does n manufacture e "p ( ! bru%4 ,he procures 8 wood5 /ocks & h&les f v>i\s s\rces1 b *iefly f ! turn]1 & bone h&les1 f ! too?-bru% h&le-mak]4 #c4 ,! fir/ "p ( ! process :i* may be consid]$ z belong+ p>ticul>ly to ! bru%-mak]1 consi/s 9 bor+ ! holes = ! reception ( ! bri/les4 ,?is is done ) a bit ( a prop] size1 :i* is kept 9 motion ) a la!1 :ile ! wood is br\ght aga9/ x ) bo? h&s4 ,to enable ! op]ator to make ! holes 9 ! "r place & 9 ! prop] direction1 a patt]n is appli$ to ! hi!r side ( ! /ock4 #d4 ,! great] "p ( ! bri/les us$ by ! bru%-mak]s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 are import$ f ,russia & ,g]many4 ,l>ge quantities1 h[ev] are obta9$ f ,p5nsylvania1 & "s p>ts ( ! ,we/]n ,/ates4 ,am]ican bri/les are wor? f ?irty to fifty c5ts p] p\nd1 a price suffici5tly high1 "o w\ld suppose1 to induce ! f>m]s to pres]ve !m1 :5 !y but*] _! sw9e4 ,7 ?is g5]ally done1 a tol]able supply ( ! %ort] k9ds ( bri/les might be obta9$ 9 our own c\ntry4 #e4 ,:5 ! bri/les come into ! h&s ( ! bru%-mak]1 ! long & %ort1 & frequ5tly ^? ( diff]5t colors1 are mix$ toge!r4 ,^! are fir/ assort$1 accord+ to color2 & ^? ( a :iti% hue are aft]w>ds wa%$ ) pota%-ley & soap1 to free !m f animal fat1 & !n :it5$ by blea*+ !m ) ! fumes ( brim/one4 #f4 ,! bri/les are next comb$ ) a r[ ( /eel tee?1 = ! purpose ( plac+ !m 9 a p>allel direction1 & ) a view ( depriv+ !m ( ! %ort hair :i* may be int]mix$4 ,! workman1 imm$iately aft] comb+ a h&ful1 assorts x into sep>ate p>cels ( diff]5t l5g?s4 ,?is is v readily done1 by pull+ out ! longe/ bri/les f ! top1 until ^? :i* rema9 9 ! h& h be5 r$uc$ to a c]ta9 l5g?1 :i* is det]m9$ by a gauge m>k$ ) numb]s4 ,at ea* pull+1 ! h&ful is r$uc$ 9 height ne> half an in*4 #g4 ,! /ocks & ! bri/les hav+ be5 ?us prep>$1 !y are next fa/5$ toge!r4 ,?is is effect$ ei!r ) wire or by a composition ( t> & ros94 ,! wire is us$ 9 all cases 9 :i* ! fibre is d\bl$2 b :5 ! bri/les are requir$ 9 _! full l5g?1 z 9 sweep+-bru%es1 ! adhesive sub/ance is employ$4 #h4 ,x is sup]flu\s to ent] into detail1 to %[ ! mann] 9 :i* ! wire & composition are appli$ 9 fix+ ! bri/les1 z any p]son1 ) an ord9>y degree ( obs]vation1 c readily compreh5d ! :ole1 by exam9+ ! diff]5t k9ds ( bru%es :i* are met ) 9 e well-regulat$ h\sehold4 ,! bri/les1 aft] hav+ be5 fix$ to ! /ock or h&le1 are trimm$ ) ! %e>s or knife1 accord+ z !y are requir$ to be equal or unequal 9 l5g?4 #i4 ,! bru% is next h&$ ov] to ! f9i%]1 :o applies to ! back ( ! /ock a ?9 v5e] ( wood1 :i* secures ! wire aga9/ ! oxidiz+ influ5ce ( ! atmosph]e1 & gives to ! bru% a f9i%$ appe>ance4 ,! /ock1 toge!r ) ! v5e]1 is !n br\ght to ! desir$ %ape ) suitable in/rum5ts1 poli%$ ) s&-pap]1 & cov]$ ) v>ni%4 #aj4 ,^? bru%es :i* ! manufactur] designs to be ornam5t$1 are s5t 9 great quantities to ! ornam5t]1 :o applies to !m v>i\s figures1 9 gold or ,dut* leaf1 japan or bronze1 & sometimes pr9ts1 :i* h be5 /ruck on pap] f engrav$ plates4 ,illu/ration3 ,,inn-,,keep]4 ,,! ,,tav]n-,,keep]4 #a4 ,a h\se 9 :i* travell]s are ent]ta9$ is d5om9at$ a tav]n1 inn1 c(fee-h\se1 hotel1 or h\se ( public ent]ta9m5t2 & an individual :o keeps a h\se ( ?is description1 is call$ an inn-keep] or tav]n-keep]4 ,( ^! e/abli%m5ts !re are v>i\s grades1 f ! log cab9 ) a s+le room1 to ! spl5did & commodi\s edifice ) m ?an a hundr$ *amb]s4 #b4 ,?is bus9ess is "o ( great public utility2 s9ce1 by ?is means1 travell]s obta9 necess>y refre%m5ts & a tempor>y home1 ) v little tr\ble on _! "p1 & t1 9 mo/ cases1 = a reasonable comp5sation4 ,?is is especially ! case 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :]e ! public h\ses1 tak+ !m toge!r1 are said to be sup]ior to ^? ( any o!r c\ntry4 #c4 ,travell]s1 9 ! e>ly ages ( ! _w1 ei!r c>ri$ ) !m ! means ( su/5ance1 & protection f ! wea!r1 or reli$ ^u ! hospitality ( /rang]s2 b1 z ! int]c\rse betwe5 diff]5t places = ! purposes ( trade1 increas$1 h\ses ( public ent]ta9m5t 7 e/abli%$1 :i* at fir/ 7 *iefly kept by wom54 #d4 ,! p ( antiquity1 9 e age & nation1 :e!r b>b>\s or civiliz$1 71 h[ev]1 rem>kable = _! hospitality4 ,we f9d ?is virtue enjo9$ 9 ! ,mosaic writ+s1 & scriptures g5]ally1 9 ! poems ( ,hom]1 z well z 9 o!r di/+ui%$ writ+s1 :i* h desc5d$ to our times4 ,! hea!n nations 7 r5d]$ m obs]vant ( ! rites ( hospitality by ! belief1 t _! fabul\s gods sometimes appe>$ on e>? 9 human %ape2 & ! ,jews & anci5t ,*ri/ians1 by ! circum/ance1 t ,abraham ent]ta9$ angels unaw>es4 #e4 ,on acc\nt ( ! occasional acts ( viol5ce committ$ by bo? ! gue/1 & ! ma/] ( ! h\se1 x became necess>y to take "s precautions = _! mutual safety4 ,:51 !re=e1 a /rang] appli$ = lodg+s1 x 0 cu/om>y among ! ,greeks = bo? to swe> by ,jupit]1 t !y w\ld d ea* o!r no h>m4 ,?is c]emony took place1 :ile ea* p>ty /ood ) 8 foot plac$ on 8 own side ( ! ?re%old2 & a violation ( ?is oa? by ei!r p>ty1 excit$ aga9/ ! (f5d] ! greate/ horror4 #f4 ,! ,greeks & ,romans1 9 common ) ! p ( _m o!r nations1 7 9 ! habit ( mak+ arrangem5ts ) p]sons at a di/ance f _! homes1 = mutual accommodation1 :5 ei!r p>ty might be 9 ! vic9ity ( ! o!r4 ,9 ^! agreem5ts1 ! contract+ p>ties includ$ _! po/]ity1 & deliv]$ to ea* o!r tok5s1 :i* might be aft]w>ds exhibit$ 9 pro( ( anci5t ties ( hospitality betwe5 ! families4 ,!y swore fidelity to ea* o!r by ! "n ( ,jupit]1 :o 0 surnam$ ! ,hospitable2 because he 0 suppos$ to be ! protector ( /rang]s1 & ! av5g] ( _! wrongs4 #g4 ,?is relation 0 consid]$ a v intimate "o1 especially by ! ,romans2 &1 9 _! language1 x 0 call$ hospitium1 or jus hospitii2 h5ce1 ! gue/ & ent]ta9] 7 bo? call$ ho/es1 a ^w f :i* ho/ is d]iv$1 :i* is employ$ to designate bo? ! l&lord & ! gue/4 ,! ,roman nobility us$ to build1 = ! reception ( /rang]s1 ap>tm5ts call$ hospitalia1 on ! "r & left ( ! ma9 build+ ( _! resid5ce4 #h4 ,dur+ ! middle ages1 also1 hospitality 0 v commonly practis$2 & ! virtue 0 n consid]$ "o ( ^? :i* might be obs]v$ or neglect$ at pleasure2 ! practice ( x 0 ev5 enjo9$ by /atute1 9 _m c\ntries1 z a positive duty1 :i* c\ld n be neglect$ ) impunity4 ,9 "s cases1 ! moveable goods ( ! inhospitable p]son 7 confiscat$1 & 8 h\se burn$4 ,if an individual _h n ! means ( ent]ta9+ 8 gue/1 he 0 p]mitt$ to /eal1 9 ord] to obta9 ! requisite supply4 #i4 ,! nobles ( ,europe1 dur+ ?is p]iod1 7 g5]ally di/+ui%$ = _! cordial ent]ta9m5t ( /rang]s1 & _! imm$iate adh]5ts4 ,_! extraord9>y lib]ality arose1 9 "p1 f ! g5]al cu/oms ( ! age1 & p>tly f a desire to atta* to _! int]e/s z great a numb] ( reta9]s z possible1 ) a view to ma9ta9 or increase _! political importance4 ,/rang]s 7 also ent]ta9$ at ! mona/]ies1 :i* 7 num]\s 9 almo/ e k+dom ( ,europe4 ,sev]al ( ^! in/itutions 7 e/abli%$ 9 solit>y places1 ) ! express purpose ( reliev+ travell]s 9 di/ress4 #aj4 ,x is evid5t1 t ! arrangem5ts = mutual accommodation1 & ! hospitable "* ( ! anci5ts1 7 unfavorable to ! bus9ess ( keep+ tav]n2 b ! free int]c\rse betwe5 diff]5t nations1 :i* arose f ! ,crusades1 & ! revival ( comm]ce1 contribut$ greatly to ! habit ( regul>ly ent]ta9+ /rang]s = a comp5sation1 & l$ to ! g5]al e/abli%m5t ( inns4 #aa4 ,^! inns1 h[ev]1 7 n1 at fir/1 well support$2 inasmu* z travell]s _h be5 long accu/om$ to seek = lodg+s 9 private h\ses4 ,9 ,scotl&1 inns 7 e/abli%$ by law1 ,a4,d4 #adbd2 &1 to compel travell]s to resort to !m1 !y 7 =bidd51 "u a p5alty ( =ty %ill+s1 to use private accommodations1 :]e ^! public h\ses 7 to be f\nd4 #ab4 ,h[ f> legislative enactm5ts h be5 employ$ = ! e/abli%m5t ( inns 9 o!r c\ntries1 we h n be5 able to le>n1 z ! au?orities to :i* we h ref]r$ = in=mation on ?is po9t are sil5t ) reg>d to x4 ,we "k1 h[ev]1 t laws h be5 made 9 almo/ e "p ( ,europe1 z well z 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ) ! view ( compell+ ! l&lord to pres]ve prop] ord]1 & to accommodate 8 cu/om]s at reasonable *>ges4 #ac4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & 9 all o!r comm]cial c\ntries1 ?is bus9ess has become "o ( great importance1 n only to ! individuals :o h engag$ 9 x1 b also to ! community 9 g5]al4 ,)9 ! pres5t c5tury1 ! am\nt ( travell+ has greatly increas$1 & ! excell5ce ( ! public h\ses has advanc$ 9 ! same ratio4 ,"s ( ^! e/abli%m5ts 9 ! cities & l>ge t[ns1 are among ! mo/ ext5sive & spl5did edifices ( ! c\ntry2 &1 9 e place ?r\gh :i* !re is mu* travell+1 !y are usually equal or sup]ior to ! private dwell+s ( ! neighborhood4 #ad4 ,! bus9ess ( keep+ tav]n1 h[ev]1 is n always conf9$ to ! prop] object ( ent]ta9+ travell]s1 or p]sons at "s di/ance f home4 ,a public h\se is frequ5tly ! resort ( ! p :o live 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity1 & is (t5 ! means ( do+ mu* injury1 by increas+ dissipation4 #ae4 ,9 all cases 9 :i* ard5t spirits are propos$ to be sold1 a lic5se mu/ be obta9$ f ! public au?orities1 = :i* mu/ be paid ! sum /ipulat$ by law2 b any p]son is p]mitt$ to lodge travell]s1 & to supply !m ) e necess>y means ( *e] & com=t = a comp5sation1 )\t ! =mality ( a legal p]mission2 yet1 a lic5se to sell liquors is call$ a tav]n-lic5se2 because mo/ tav]n-keep]s reg>d ! pr(its on ! sale ( ard5t spirits z "o ( _! *ief objects4 #af4 ,a public h\se 9 :i* no /rong dr9k is sold1 is call$ a temp]ance tav]n2 & su* e/abli%m5ts are becom+ common2 b !y are n1 at pres5t1 s well support$ z ^? 9 :i* ! popul> appetite is m ?or\ghly compli$ )4 ,! "t1 h[ev]1 may n be f> di/ant1 :5 ! public s5tim5t w und]go su* a salut>y *ange1 t ! tav]n-keep]s g5]ally w f9d x _! be/ policy to rel9qui% ! sale ( ?is poison\s article4 #ag4 ,z travell]s (t5 apply to ! b> = some?+ to dr9k1 m]ely to remun]ate ! l&lord = ! use ( 8 fire1 or "s little att5tion1 ! fri5ds ( temp]ance w\ld ess5tially promote _! cause1 by enc\rag+ ! practice ( pay+ = a glass ( wat]1 or "s trifle ( ?is k9d4 ,?is w\ld increase ! numb] ( temp]ance tav]ns1 &1 p]haps1 be ! means ( prev5t+ _m g5]\s p f =m+ ^? dissipat$ habits1 :i* are s (t5 att5d$ ) ru9\s results4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,,hunt]4 ,,! ,,hunt]4 #a4 ,hunt+ & fi%+ are usually consid]$ ! prim>y occupations ( man2 n because !y 7 ! fir/ employm5ts 9 :i* he engag$1 b because !y are ! *ief means ( human su/5ance among savage nations4 #b4 ,! great & rapid increase ( ! inf]ior animals1 &1 probably1 ! dim9i%$ f]tility ( ! soil aft] ! deluge1 caus$ _m bran*es ( ! family ( ,noah to =sake ! arts ( civiliz$ life1 especially aft] ! disp]sion caus$ by ! confusion ( tongues4 #c4 ,_m ( ^! families1 or tribes1 cont9u$ 9 ?is b>b>\s /ate = sev]al ages1 or until _! increase ( numb]s1 & ! dim9i%$ quantity ( wild game1 r5d]$ a supply ( food f ! objects ( ! *ase extremely prec>i\s4 ,necessity !n compell$ !m to resort to ! dome/ication ( c]ta9 animals1 & to ! cultivation ( ! soil4 ,b ! practice ( hunt+ wild animals is n conf9$ to ! savage /ate2 z x is an amusem5t prompt$ by a prop5sity inh]5t 9 human nature4 #d4 ,! e>lie/ hi/orical notice ( ?is sport is f\nd 9 ! t5? *apt] ( ,g5esis1 9 :i* ,nimrod is /yl$1 a mighty hunt] be=e ! ,"l4 ,s great 0 8 pr[ess 9 ?is absorb+ pursuit1 t he 0 prov]bially celebrat$ on ?is acc\nt ev5 9 ! "t ( ,moses4 ,nimrod is ! fir/ k+ ( :om we read 9 hi/ory2 & x is by no means improbable1 t 8 skill & intrepidity 9 subdu+ ! wild bea/s ( ! =e/1 contribut$ l>gely t[>ds elevat+ him to ! regal /ation4 #e4 ,al?\gh ! spoils ( ! *ase are ( little consequ5ce to m51 aft] !y h unit$ 9 regul> communities1 9 :i* ! arts ( civiliz$ life are cultivat$2 yet ! prop5sity to hunt wild animals cont9ues1 & displays itself m or less among all classes ( m54 #f4 ,! read] ( ,engli% hi/ory w recollect1 t ,william ! ,conqu]or1 :o began 8 reign 9 ! ye> #ajff1 signaliz$ 8 passion = ?is amusem5t1 by lay+ wa/e1 & conv]t+1 into "o va/ hunt+-gr\nd1 ! entire c\nty ( ,hamp%ire1 conta9+1 at t "t1 no less ?an tw5ty-two popul\s p>i%es4 ,sev]e laws 7 also enact$1 prohibit+ ! de/ruction ( c]ta9 k9ds ( game1 except by a few p]sons hav+ specifi$ qualifications4 ,) "s modifications1 ^! laws are /ill 9 =ce 9 ,great ,brita94 #g4 ,9 o!r c\ntries ( ,europe1 also1 l>ge tracts h be5 appropriat$ by ! k+s & nobles to ! same object4 ,?is tyrannical monopoly is attempt$ to be ju/ifi$ by ! unreasonable pret5sion1 t all wild animals belong1 ( "r1 to ! mon>* ( ! c\ntry1 :]e !y roam4 #h4 ,! quadrup$s mo/ hunt$ 9 ,europe1 are ! /ag1 ! h>e1 ! fox1 ! wolf1 & ! wild bo>4 ,^! bea/s are pursu$ ei!r on acc\nt ( _! intr9sic value1 or = sport1 or to rid ! c\ntry ( _! depr$ations4 ,9 "s in/ances1 all ?ree ( ^! objects may be unit$4 ,! me?od ( captur+ or kill+ ! animals is v>i\s1 accord+ to ! "* & objects ( ! p]sons engag$ 9 x4 #i4 ,9 ,asia1 ! wolf is sometimes hunt$ ) ! eagle2 b1 9 ,europe1 ! /ronge/ greyh\nds are employ$ to run him d[n4 ,?is task1 h[ev]1 is "o ( extreme difficulty1 z he c easily run tw5ty miles ^u a /ret*1 & is besides v cunn+ 9 ! means ( elud+ 8 pursu]s4 ,*as+ ! fox on horseback1 ) a pack ( h\nds1 is consid]$ an animat+ & manly sport1 bo? 9 ,europe & 9 ,nor? ,am]ica4 #aj4 ,! mo/ prom95t victim ( ! hunt]1 9 ,africa1 is ! lion4 ,he is usually s\ght 9 small p>ties on horseback ) dogs2 b sometimes1 :5 "o ( ^! =midable animals has be5 discov]$1 ! p ( ! neighborhood assemble1 & encircle him 9 a r+1 ?ree or f\r miles 9 circumf]5ce4 ,! circle is gradually contract$1 until ! hunt]s h approa*$ suffici5tly ne> to ! bea/1 :5 !y dispat* him1 usually ) a musket-ball4 #aa4 ,9 ! s\!rn p>ts ( ,asia1 tig]-hunt+ is a favorite amusem5t4 ,seat$ ^u an elephant1 tra9$ especially = ! purpose1 ! hunt] is 9 comp>ative safety1 :ile he pursues & fires ^u ! tig]1 until 8 de/ruction is effect$4 #ab4 ,! :ite be> & ! grisly be> are ! mo/ =midable animals 9 ,nor? ,am]ica2 yet !y are indu/ri\sly hunt$ by bo? ,indians & :ite m51 on acc\nt ( ! value ( _! fle% & sk9s4 ,bisons1 or1 z !y are errone\sly call$1 buffaloes1 are f\nd 9 great numb]s 9 ! va/ prairies :i* occur betwe5 ! ,mississippi & ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s4 ,!y are commonly met ) 9 droves1 :i* sometimes am\nt to sev]al ?\s&s4 #ac4 ,:5 ! ,indian hunt]s propose to de/roy ^! animals1 !y ride into ! mid/ ( a h]d1 & dispat* !m ) repeat$ w\nds2 or1 !y get a drove betwe5 !mselves & a precipice1 &1 by %\t+ & yell+1 cause ! animals to cr[d ea* o!r (f ^u ! rocks bel[4 ,9 ?is mann]1 great numb]s are disabl$ & tak5 at once4 ,! hunt]s1 at o!r times1 drive ! bisons into inclosures1 & !n %oot !m d[n at _! leisure4 ,! hide ( ?is animal is dress$ ) ! hair adh]+ to x2 & sk9s1 9 ?is /ate1 are us$ by ! savages = b$s1 & by ! :ite p1 9 wagons1 sleighs1 & /ages4 #ad4 ,nor? ,am]ica1 & ! nor!rn p>ts ( ,asia1 h be51 &1 9 "s p>ts1 /ill are1 well /ock$ ) fur-clad animals2 & ^! are ! pr9cipal objects ( pursuit1 ) ^? :o make hunt+ _! regul> bus9ess4 ,"s ( ^! animals 7 common 9 e "p ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 :5 ?is portion ( ! we/]n cont95t 0 fir/ visit$ by ,europeans2 & a trade 9 peltries1 m or less ext5sive1 has be5 c>ri$ on ) ! natives1 ev] s9ce ! fir/ settlem5t ( ! c\ntry4 #ae4 ,= ! purpose ( conduct+ ?is trade ) advantage1 a company 0 =m$ 9 ,engl&1 9 #afgj1 by ,pr9ce ,rup]t & o!rs1 to :om a *>t] 0 grant$1 secur+ to !m ! exclusive privilege ( trad+ ) ! ,indians ab\t ,hudson's ,bay4 ,ano!r company 0 =m$ 9 #aghc-d1 call$ ! ,nor?-,we/ ,fur ,company4 ,betwe5 ^! companies1 !re soon arose diss5sions & ho/ilities1 & _m injuries 7 mutually inflict$ by ! adh]5ts ( ! p>ties4 ,bo? associations1 h[ev]1 7 at l5g? unit$1 "u ! title ( ! ,hudson's ,bay ,fur ,company4 ,! ,indian trade1 on ! great lakes & ! ,upp] ,mississippi1 has long be5 9 possession ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,fur ,company4 ,mo/ ( ! directors ( ?is company reside 9 ! city ( ,new-,york4 #af4 ,! companies j m5tion$ supply ! ,indians ) co>se blue1 r$1 & f9e sc>let clo?s1 co>se cottons1 blankets1 rib&s1 beads1 kettles1 fire>ms1 hat*ets1 knives1 ammunition1 & o!r articles adapt$ to ! wants ( ! hunt]s1 receiv+1 9 return1 ! sk9s ( ! muskrat1 beav]1 ott]1 m>t91 be>1 de]1 lynx1 fox1 c4 #ag4 ,! int]c\rse ) ! ,indians is manag$ by ag5ts1 call$ cl]ks1 :o receive f ! company a sal>y1 rang+ f ?ree to eight hundr$ doll>s p] annum4 ,! m]*&ise is convey$ to ! place ( trade1 9 ! autumn1 by ! aid ( ,canadian boatm5 & half-,indians4 ,! mo/ consid]able portion ( ! goods are sold to ! ,indians on a cr$it1 ) ! und]/&+ ( _! mak+ paym5t 9 ! foll[+ spr+2 b1 z _m neglect ?is duty1 a high price is affix$ to ! articles ?us intru/$ to savage hone/y4 ,! cl]k furni%es ! debtor ) a trap1 hav+ 8 own "n /amp$ ^u x1 to %[ t ! hunt] has pl$g$ e ?+ :i* may be caught 9 x4 #ah4 ,ea* cl]k is suppli$ ) f\r labor]s & an int]pret]4 ,! latt] att5ds to ! /ore 9 ! abs5ce ( ! cl]k1 or wat*es ! debtors 9 ! ,indian camp1 le/ !y aga9 sell ! produce ( _! w9t]'s labors4 ,! peltries1 :5 obta9$ by ! cl]k1 are s5t to ! g5]al ag5t ( ! company4 #ai4 ,! fur trade is also prosecut$1 to "s ext5t1 by a class ( m5 9 ,miss\ri1 :o proce$ f ! city ( ,/4 ,l\is1 9 bodies compris+ f fifty to two hundr$ individuals4 ,aft] hav+ asc5d$ ! ,miss\ri riv]1 or "s ( its bran*es1 &1 p]haps1 aft] hav+ pass$ ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 !y sep>ate1 & pursue ! diff]5t animals on _! own individual acc\nt1 ei!r alone or 9 small p>ties4 ,! ,indians reg>d ^! m5 z intrud]s on _! t]ritories2 &1 :5 a favorable opportunity is pres5t$1 !y frequ5tly surprise & murd] ! w&]+ hunt]s1 & reta9 possession ( _! prop]ty4 #bj4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! unremitt$ w>f>e :i* has1 = a long "t1 be5 c>ri$ on aga9/ ! wild animals ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 _! numb] has be5 greatly dim9i%$2 &1 9 _m p>ts1 almo/ e species ( ! l>g] quadrup$s1 & ! fur-clad animals1 has be5 ext]m9at$4 ,ev5 on ! ,mississippi1 & ! great lakes1 ! latt] description ( animals has be5 s mu* r$uc$ 9 numb]1 t ! trade 9 peltries1 9 ^? p>ts1 has become ( little value4 ,ano!r half c5tury w1 probably1 ne>ly t]m9ate ! trade 9 e "p ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 #ba4 ,! fur trade 0 prosecut$ ) consid]able success1 dur+ ! latt] "p ( ! la/ c5tury1 pr9cipally by ! ,engli%1 on ! nor?-we/ coa/ ( ,am]ica1 & ! adjac5t isl&s4 ,! peltries obta9$ by ^! ent]pris+ trad]s1 7 c>ri$ directly to ,*9a4 ,! trade 0 int]rupt$ = a :ile by ! ,spani>ds1 :o laid claim to ^? regions1 & seiz$ ! ,briti% trad]s engag$ !re1 toge!r ) ! prop]ty 9 _! possession4 ,?is affair1 h[ev]1 0 aft]w>ds amicably adju/$ by ! ,spani% & ,engli% gov]nm5ts2 & ! :ole trade1 f ,cali=nia nor? & to ,*9a1 0 op5$ to ! latt]4 #bb4 ,! fur trade1 9 ^? p>ts1 is n[ *iefly 9 ! h&s ( ! ,russian ,company 9 ,am]ica1 :i* has a capital ( a million ( doll>s inve/$ 9 ! bus9ess4 ,mo/ ( ! p]sons own+ ! /ock1 are m]*ants1 resid+ at ,irkutsk1 a t[n ( ,sib]ia1 :i* is ! c5tre ( ! fur trade ( t c\ntry4 ,! sk9s obta9$ 9 ,russian ,am]ica are *iefly procur$ f ! sea-ott]1 & sev]al species ( seal1 toge!r ) ^? f foxes1 ( a blue1 black1 & gray color1 :i* are br\ght f ! int]ior4 ,p>ties ( ,russian hunt]s h already pass$ ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 & int]f]$ ) ! trade ( ! ,hudson's ,bay ,company4 ,! fur trade ( ,sib]ia is *iefly c>ri$ on ) ,*9a4 #bc4 ,! *ief objects ( ! hunt]s 9 ,sib]ia1 are ! black fox1 ! sable1 ! erm9e1 ! squirrel1 ! beav]1 & ! lynx4 ,9 ! region ne> ! ,froz5 ,ocean1 are also caught blue & :ite foxes4 ,sib]ia is ! place ( bani%m5t = ! ,russian empire2 & ! exiles 7 =m]ly requir$ to pay to ! gov]nm5t an annual tribute ( a c]ta9 numb] ( sable-sk9s4 ,! conqu]$ tribes 9 ,sib]ia1 7 also compell$ to pay _! taxes 9 ! sk9s ( ! fox & sable2 b n[1 ^? ( less value1 or money1 are frequ5tly sub/itut$4 #bd4 ,al?\gh ! sk9s ( bea/s 7 ! fir/ means employ$ to clo! ! human body1 yet x does n appe> t ! ,greeks & ,romans1 & ! o!r ref9$ nations ( antiquity1 ev] made use ( furs = ?is purpose4 ,! cu/om ( we>+ !m1 orig9at$ 9 ^? regions1 :]e ! fur-clad animals 7 num]\s1 & :]e ! sev]ity ( ! climate requir$ ?is species ( clo?+4 ,! use ( furs 0 introduc$ into ! s\!rn p>ts ( ,europe by ! ,go?s1 ,v&als1 ,huns1 & o!r b>b>\s nations1 :i* ov]ran ! ,roman empire4 ,illu/ration3 ,,:al]4 ,,! ,,fi%]man4 #a4 ,al?\gh p]mission 0 giv5 by ! ,deity1 imm$iately aft] ! flood1 to employ = human su/5ance e mov+ ?+ t live?1 yet x is n probable1 t fi%es 7 us$ z food1 to any consid]able ext5t1 = sev]al c5turies aft]w>ds4 ,x is /at$ by ,plut>*1 t ! ,syrians & ,greeks1 9 v anci5t times1 ab/a9$ f fi%4 ,m5elaus1 "o ( ,hom]'s h]oes1 compla9s1 on a c]ta9 occasion1 t 8 companions _h be5 r$uc$ by hung] to ! necessity ( eat+ fi%2 & !re is no m5tion 9 ,hom]1 t ! ,grecians1 at any "t1 us$ ?is food at ! siege ( ,troy1 al?\gh1 = ! t5 ye>s dur+ :i* t conte/ 0 c>ri$ on1 _! camp 0 on ! sea-%ore4 #b4 ,moses1 ! ,jewi% lawgiv]1 is v explicit 9 designat+ ! l& animals :i* might be us$ by ! ,israelites z food2 & he 0 equally s ) reg>d to ! animals :i* inhabit ! wat]s4 ,we le>n1 f ! twelf? *apt] ( ,numb]s1 t ! *ildr5 ( ,israel1 :ile j\rney+ to ! l& ( ,canaan1 rememb]$ ! fi% :i* !y did eat1 9 ,egypt4 #c4 ,?is is ! e>lie/ notice on record1 ( ! actual use ( t class ( animals = food2 al?\gh x is probable1 t !y _h be5 appli$ to ?is purpose1 9 ,egypt1 six or sev5 hundr$ ye>s be=e t p]iod1 or soon aft] ! settlem5t ( ?is c\ntry by ! desc5dants ( ,ham4 #d4 ,= a long "t be=e ! adv5t ( ,our ,savi\r1 fi%+ _h be5 a regul> bus9ess1 ev5 9 ,judea2 & f ! class ( m5 :o foll[$ ?is occupation1 he *ose sev]al ( 8 apo/les4 ,at ! "t j m5tion$1 fi% _h become a common article ( diet1 9 all p>ts ( ! _w subject to ! ,roman p[]1 & probably 9 almo/ all o!r c\ntries4 #e4 ,! me?ods ( cat*+ fi%1 pursu$ 9 anci5t times1 7 simil> to ^? ( ! pres5t day2 = !n1 z n[1 !y 7 caught ) a hook1 ) a spe>1 & ) a se9e or net1 accord+ to ! "* ( ! animal1 & ! nature ( ! fi%+ /ation4 ,b ! great improvem5ts 9 navigation1 made s9ce ! twelf? c5tury1 h giv5 mod]n fi%]m5 ! comm& ( ! ,atlantic & ,pacific ,oceans1 &1 consequ5tly1 a k ( _m species ( fi% :i* 7 =m]ly unkn[n4 #f4 ,accord+ to ,l9naeus1 ! great naturali/1 ab\t f\r hundr$ species ( fi% h come to our k2 & he presumes1 t ^? :i* rema9 unkn[n are /ill m num]\s4 ,not)/&+ ?is great v>iety1 ! *ief att5tion ( fi%]m5 is conf9$ to a few k9ds1 :i* are ! mo/ easily caught1 & :i* are ! mo/ valuable :5 tak54 #g4 ,e place :i* conta9s _m inhabitants1 & :i* is locat$ 9 ! vic9ity ( wat]s well /or$ ) fi%1 is suppli$ ) ^! animals by m5 :o make fi%+ a bus9ess2 /ill1 ^! fi%]ies may be consid]$ local 9 _! b5efits1 & p]haps d n require p>ticul> notice 9 ?is article4 ,we w only rem>k1 !re=e1 t1 9 l>ge cities1 fre% fi% are sold ei!r 9 a fi%-m>ket1 or are hawk$ ab\t ! /reets4 ,! wives ( ! fi%]m5 are v (t5 employ$ 9 sell+ ! fi% caught by _! husb&s4 ,! fi%]ies :i* are ( ! greate/ consequ5ce1 9 g5]al comm]ce1 are ^? :i* relate to h]r+1 mack]el1 salmon1 seal1 & :ale4 #h4 ,h]r+ ,fi%]y4--,!re are sev]al species ( h]r+2 b1 ( ^!1 f\r k9ds only are ( mu* importance1 viz41 ! common h]r+1 ! %ad1 ! h>d head1 & ! alewife2 ( :i*1 ! fir/ is ! mo/ valuable1 be+ by f> ! mo/ num]\s1 & be+1 also1 bett] adapt$ ?an ! o!rs = pres]vation4 #i4 ,! w9t] resid5ce ( ! common h]r+ is )9 ! arctic circle1 :5ce x emigrates1 9 ! spr+1 to m s\!rn portions ( ! globe1 = ! purpose ( deposit+ its spawn4 ,! fir/ body ( ^! migratory animals1 appe>s on ! coa/s ( bo? ,europe & ,am]ica1 9 ,april1 or ab\t ! fir/ ( ,may2 b ^! are only ! precursors ( ! gr& %oals :i* arrive 9 a few weeks aft]w>ds4 #aj4 ,_! fir/ approa* is indicat$ by ! great numb] ( birds ( prey1 :i* foll[ !m 9 _! c\rse2 b1 :5 ! ma9 body appe>s1 ! numb] is s great1 t !y alt] ! appe>ance ( ! ocean itself4 ,9 ?is la/ & pr9cipal migration1 ! %oals are five or six miles 9 l5g?1 & ?ree or f\r 9 bread?2 &1 be=e ea* ( ^! columns1 ! wat] is driv5 9 a k9d ( ripple4 ,sometimes1 ! fi% s9k toge!r t5 or fifte5 m9utes1 & !n rise aga9 to ! surface1 :5 !y reflect1 9 cle> wea!r1 ! rays ( ! sun1 9 a v>iety ( spl5did colors4 #aa4 ,^! fi% proce$ z f> s\? z ,france1 on ! coa/s ( ,europe1 & z f> z ,georgia1 9 ,am]ica1 supply+ e bay1 creek1 & riv]1 :i* op5s into ! ,atlantic4 ,hav+ deposit$ _! spawn1 g5]ally 9 ! inl& wat]s1 !y return to _! head-qu>t]s 9 ! ,arctic ,ocean1 & recruit _! emaciat$ bodies = ano!r migration 9 ! foll[+ spr+4 #ab4 ,9 a few weeks1 ! "y ones are hat*$ by ! g5ial heat ( ! sun2 &1 z !y are n f\nd 9 s\!rn wat]s 9 ! w9t]1 x is evid5t t !y proce$ nor?w>d 9 ! fall1 to _! pat]nal haunts "u ! ice1 & ?us repair ! va/ de/ruction ( _! race1 :i* _h be5 caus$ by m51 f[l1 & fi%1 9 ! previ\s season4 #ac4 ,^! fi% are caught 9 ne>ly e riv]1 f ,ma9e to ,georgia1 :i* has a free communication ) ! ,atlantic2 b ! mo/ ext5sive fi%]ies are on ! ,hudson & ,delaw>e ,riv]s1 & on ^? :i* fl[ into ! ,*esapeake ,bay4 #ad4 ,! in/rum5t employ$ 9 cat*+ ^! fi% is call$ a se9e1 :i* is a species ( net1 sometimes 9 l5g? sev]al hundr$ fa?oms1 & ( a wid? suit+ ! dep? ( ! wat] 9 :i* x is to be us$4 ,! two edges ( ! net-"w are fa/5$ ea* to a rope2 &1 to cause ! se9e to spread lat]ally 9 ! wat]1 pieces ( lead are fa/5$ to "o side1 & pieces ( cork to ! o!r4 #ae4 ,9 spread+ ! se9e 9 ! wat]1 "o end is reta9$ on l& by a numb] ( p]sons1 :ile ! re/ ( x is /rung along f a boat1 :i* is r[$ 9 ! direction f ! %ore4 ,! se9e hav+ be5 ?us ext5d$1 ! fur!r end is br\ght r\nd1 9 a sweep+ mann]1 to ! %ore2 & ! fi% t may be includ$ are tak5 into ! boats ) a scoop-net1 or are haul$ out ^u ! %ore4 ,9 ?is way1 two or ?ree hundr$ ?\s&s are sometimes tak5 at a s+le haul4 ,?is fi% dies imm$iately aft] hav+ be5 tak5 f ! wat]2 h5ce ! common expression1 ,z dead z a h]r+4 #af4 ,! h]r+s are sold1 z soon z caught1 to p :o come to ! fi%+ /ations to procure !m2 or1 9 case an imm$iate sale _c be effect$1 !y are cur$ ) salt1 & aft]w>ds smok$1 or cont9u$ 9 br9e4 ,9 ! ,s\!rn /ates1 ! h]r+ is g5]ally ?\ght to be sup]ior to any o!r fi% = ! purpose ( salt+ d[n2 al?\gh ! %ad & "s o!rs are pref]r$ :ile fre%4 #ag4 ,! importance ( ?is fi%]y is sup]ior to t ( any o!r2 s9ce ! b5efits result+ f x are m g5]ally diffus$4 ,! anci5ts1 h[ev]1 d n appe> to h _h any k ( ?is valuable fi%4 ,x 0 fir/ br\ght into notice by ! ,dut*1 :o are said to h comm5c$ ! h]r+ fi%]y on ! coa/s ( ,scotl&1 9 ! ye> #aafd1 & to h reta9$ almo/ exclusive possession ( x1 until ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t c5tury4 #ah4 ,! %ad is a species ( h]r+1 :i* inhabits ! sea ne> ! m\?s ( riv]s1 & :i* asc5ds !m 9 ! spr+1 to deposit its spawn4 ,x is caught 9 all ! riv]s t]m9at+ on our ,atlantic coa/s1 z well z 9 "s ( ! riv]s ( ! ,nor? ( ,europe4 ,?is fi% is captur$ 9 ! same mann] & (t5 at ! same "t ) ! common h]r+4 ,x is highly e/eem$ 9 a fre% /ate2 al?\gh x is n s good :5 salt$1 z ! h]r+ & "s o!r k9ds ( fi%4 #ai4 ,mack]el ,fi%]y4--,! common mack]el is a migratory fi%1 l ! h]r+1 & ranks next to t tribe ( fi%es 9 reg>d to numb]s1 & p]haps 9 g5]al utility4 ,its place ( retirem5t 9 ! w9t]1 is n positively kn[n2 b x is suppos$ by "s1 to be f> nor? ( ! arctic circle2 & by o!rs1 to be 9 "s "p ( ! ,atlantic f>!r s\?4 ,%oals ( ?is fi% appe> on ! coa/s ( bo? ,europe & ,am]ica1 9 ! summ] season4 ,( ?is fi% !re are tw5ty-two species4 #bj4 ,! mode ( cat*+ ! mack]el1 is ei!r ) a net or ) hooks & l9es4 ,! latt] me?od succe$s be/1 :5 ! boat or vessel is driv5 =w>d by a g5tle breeze2 &1 9 ?is case1 a bit ( r$ clo?1 or a pa9t$ fea!r1 is usually employ$ z a bait4 ,sev]al hooks are fa/5$ to a s+le l9e1 & ! fi% bite s readily1 t ! fi%]m5 occasionally take "o on ea* hook at a haul4 ,! mack]el is cur$ 9 ! usual mann]1 & pack$ 9 b>rels1 to be sold to deal]s4 #ba4 ,?is fi% 0 well kn[n to ! anci5ts1 z "o ( its places ( resort1 9 ! summ]1 0 ! ,m$it]ranean ,sea4 ,x 0 highly e/eem$ by ! ,romans1 = ! reason1 t x 0 ! be/ fi% = mak+ _! s>um1 a k9d ( pickle or sauce mu* e/eem$ by ?is luxuri\s p4 #bb4 ,salmon ,fi%]y4--,! salmon is a celebrat$ fi%1 belong+ to ! tr\t g5us4 ,x inhabits ! seas on ! ,european coa/s1 f ,spitzb]g5 to ,we/]n ,france2 &1 on ! we/]n %ore ( ! ,atlantic1 x is f\nd f ,gre5l& to ! ,hudson ,riv]4 ,x also ab\nds on bo? coa/s ( ! ,nor? ,pacific ,ocean4 ,! l5g? ( full-gr[n salmon is f ?ree to f\r feet2 & _! weight1 f t5 to fifte5 p\nds4 #bc4 ,z soon z ! ice has left ! riv]s1 ! salmon beg9 to asc5d !m1 = ! purpose ( deposit+ _! spawn4 ,x has be5 asc]ta9$ t ^! fi% reta9 a rem>kable atta*m5t to ! riv] :i* gave !m bir?2 &1 hav+ once deposit$ _! spawn1 !y ev] aft]w>ds *oose ! same spot = _! annual deposits4 ,?is latt] fact has be5 e/abli%$ by a curi\s ,fr5*man1 :o1 fa/5+ a r+ to ! po/]ior f9 ( sev]al salmon1 & !n sett+ !m at lib]ty1 f\nd t "s ( !m made _! appe>ance at ! same place ?ree successive seasons1 be>+ ) !m ?is di/+ui%+ m>k4 #bd4 ,9 asc5d+ ! riv]s1 ^! fi% usually proce$ toge!r 9 great numb]s1 mo/ly swimm+ 9 ! middle ( ! /ream2 &1 be+ v timid1 a sudd5 noise1 or ev5 a float+ piece ( timb]1 w sometimes turn !m f _! c\rse1 & s5d !m back to ! sea2 b hav+ advanc$ a :ile1 !y assume a det]m9$ resolution1 ov]com+ rapids & leap+ ov] falls twelve or fifte5 feet 9 p]p5dicul> height4 #be4 ,salmon are caught *iefly ) se9es1 & sometimes sev5 or eight hundr$ are captur$ at a s+le haul2 b f fifty to "o hundr$ is ! mo/ usual numb]1 ev5 9 a favorable season4 ,!y are also tak5 9 weirs1 :i* are inclosures s con/ruct$ t !y admit ! +ress1 b n ! regress ( ! fi%4 #bf4 ,! salmon fi%]ies are num]\s 9 ,great ,brita9 & ,irel&1 z well z 9 mo/ ( ! nor!rn c\ntries ( ,europe4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! mo/ valuable fi%]ies ( ?is k9d are on ! riv]s 9 ,ma9e1 :5ce ! t[ns & cities f>!r s\? are pr9cipally suppli$ ) ^! fi%1 9 a fre% condition4 ,!y are pres]v$ 9 ice1 :ile on _! way to m>ket4 ,9 ! cur$ /ate1 salmon is highly e/eem$2 al?\gh x is n easily dige/$4 #bg4 ,cod ,fi%]y4--,!re are sev]al species ( cod-fi%1 or gadus2 b ! mo/ important & int]e/+ ( ! class1 is ! common cod4 ,^! fi% are f\nd 9 great abundance on ! s\? & we/ coa/s ( ,icel&1 on ! coa/s ( ,norway1 (f ! ,orkney & ,we/]n ,isles1 & 9 ! ,baltic ,sea4 ,f>!r s\?1 !y gradually dim9i% 9 numb]s1 & entirely disappe>1 "s di/ance f ! ,/raits ( ,gibralt>4 #bh4 ,b ! great r5dezv\s ( cod-fi% is on ! coa/s ( ,labrador1 ! banks ( ,newf\ndl&1 ,cape ,breton1 & ,nova ,scotia4 ,!y are invit$ to ^! situations by ! abundance ( small fi%1 worms1 & o!r m>9e animals ( ! cru/ace\s & te/ace\s k9ds1 on :i* !y fe$4 ,! fi%]m5 resort1 9 ! greate/ numb]s1 to ! banks1 :i*1 /ret* along ! ea/]n coa/s ( ,newf\ndl& ab\t f\r hundr$ & fifty miles4 ,! wat] on ^! banks v>ies f tw5ty to fifty fa?oms 9 dep?4 #bi4 ,by negociations ) ,great ,brita91 ! ,fr5*1 ,dut*1 ,spani%1 & ,am]icans1 h acquir$ ! "r to cat* & cure fi%1 bo? on ! ,gr& ,banks1 & sev]al o!r places on ! coa/s ( ! ,engli% possessions 9 ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,! numb] ( vessels employ$ on ! sev]al fi%+ /ations1 dur+ ea* successive season1 am\nts to six or sev5 ?\s&1 ea* measur+ f =ty to "o hundr$ & tw5ty tons1 & c>ry+ eight or t5 m54 #cj4 ,! fi%+ on ! ,gr& ,banks comm5ces 9 ,april1 & cont9ues until ab\t ! fir/ ( ,augu/4 ,"h1 ! fi% are caught exclusively ) hooks1 :i* are usually bait$ ) a small fi% call$ ! capel91 z well z ) h]r+1 clams1 & ! gills ( ! cod itself4 ,b ?is fi% is n v p>ticul> 9 its *oice ( bait1 x bit+ gre$ily at almo/ any k9d :i* may be pres5t$4 ,an exp]t fi%]man w frequ5tly cat* f "o hundr$ to ?ree hundr$ cod 9 a s+le day4 #ca4 ,z soon z ! fi% h be5 caught1 _! heads are cut (f1 & _! entrails tak5 out4 ,!y are !n salt$ away 9 bulk 9 ! hold2 &1 aft] hav+ la9 ?ree or f\r days to dra91 !y are tak5 to ano!r "p ( ! vessel1 & aga9 salt$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,! fi%]m5 f ,new-,engl&1 h[ev]1 give !m b "o salt+ :ile on ! fi%+ /ation2 b1 z soon z a c>go has be5 obta9$1 x is c>ri$ home1 :]e conv5i5ces h be5 prep>$ = cur+ ! fi% to great] advantage4 ,by pursu+ ?is plan1 two or ?ree trips are made dur+ ! season4 ,"s ( ! fi% are injur$ be=e !y are tak5 f ! vessel2 & ^! =m an inf]ior quality1 call$ ,jamaica fi%1 because su* are g5]ally sold 9 t isl&1 = ! use ( ! negroes4 #cb4 ,! fi% :i* are caught on ! coa/s ( ,labrador1 at ! entrance ( ,hudson's ,bay1 9 ! ,/raits ( ,belleisle1 & on fi%+ /ations ( simil> advantages1 are cur$ on ! %ore4 ,!y are fir/ slightly salt$1 & !n dri$ 9 ! sun1 ei!r on ! rocks1 or on scaffolds erect$ = ! purpose4 ,9 ^! coa/ fi%]ies1 ! op]ations comm5ce 9 ,june1 & cont9ue until "s "t 9 ,augu/4 ,! cod are caught 9 l>ge se9es1 z well z ) hook & l9e4 #cc4 ,seal ,fi%]y4--,!re are sev]al species ( ! seal2 b ! k9d :i* is mo/ num]\s1 & mo/ important 9 a comm]cial view1 is ! common seal4 ,x is f\nd on ! sea-coa/s ?r\gh\t ! _w1 b 9 ! greate/ numb]s 9 v cold climates1 :]e x furni%es ! rude inhabitants ) ne>ly all _! necess>ies & luxuries4 #cd4 ,! animal is valuable to ! civiliz$ _w1 on acc\nt ( its sk9 & oil4 ,! oil is pure1 & is adapt$ to all ! purposes to :i* t f ! :ale is appli$4 ,9 ! spr+ ( ! ye>1 ! seals are v fat2 &1 at t "t1 ev5 small ones w yield f\r or five gallons ( oil4 ,! lea!r manufactur$ f ! sk9s1 is employ$ 9 trunk-mak+1 9 saddl]y1 & 9 mak+ boots & %oes4 #ce4 ,s9ce ! :ale fi%]y has decl9$ 9 productiv5ess 9 ! nor!rn seas1 seal+ has aris5 9 importance2 & accord+ly1 vessels are n[ frequ5tly fitt$ out = ?is purpose1 9 bo? ,europe & ,am]ica2 :]eas1 a few ye>s s9ce1 x 0 reg>d$ only z a "p ( ! objects ( a :al+ voyage4 #cf4 ,our c\ntrym5 ( ,new-,engl& h p>ticul>ly di/+ui%$ !mselves 9 ?is bran* ( bus9ess2 & ! "p ( ! globe :i* !y h f\nd to be ! mo/ favorable to _! objects1 has be5 ! isl&s 9 ! ,ant>ctic ,ocean4 ,a seal+ voyage to t qu>t] (t5 occupies ?ree ye>s1 dur+ :i* "t ! hunt]s are expos$ to great h>d%ips1 be+ (t5 left 9 small deta*m5ts on desolate isl&s1 = ! purpose ( pursu+ ! animals to great] advantage4 #cg4 ,! be/ "t = seal+ 9 ! ,arctic ,ocean1 is 9 ,m>* & ,april1 :5 ! seals are (t5 met ) 9 droves ( sev]al ?\s&s on ! ice1 :i* is ei!r fix$1 or float+ 9 l>ge pieces4 ,:5 ! seal]s meet ) "o ( ^! droves1 !y attack ! animals ) clubs1 & /un !m by a s+le bl[ on ! nose4 ,aft] all t c be rea*$1 h be5 disabl$ 9 ?is way1 ! sk9 & blubb] are tak5 (f toge!r4 #ch4 ,?is op]ation is call$ fl5*+1 & is sometimes a horrible bus9ess2 s9ce "s ( ! seals1 be+ m]ely /unn$1 occasionally recov]1 &1 9 _! d5ud$ /ate1 (t5 make battle1 & ev5 leap into ! wat]1 & swim (f4 ,! sk9s1 ) ! blubb] atta*$ to !m1 are pack$ away 9 ! hold2 &1 9 case ! vessel is to return home soon1 !y are suff]$ to rema9 !re1 until %e arrives 9 port2 b1 :5 ?is is n expect$1 ! sk9s1 z soon z conv5i5t1 are sep>at$ f ! blubb]1 & ! latt] is put into casks4 ,!re are o!r me?ods ( captur+ ! seal2 b x is1 p]haps1 n necess>y to ent] into fur!r details4 #ci4 ,:ale ,fi%]y4--,!re are five species ( ! :ale1 ( :i* ! ,bala5a ,physalis1 or razor-back1 is ! l>ge/4 ,:5 full gr[n1 x is suppos$ to be ab\t "o hundr$ feet 9 l5g?1 & ?irty or ?irty-five feet 9 circumf]5ce4 ,x is s p[]ful an animal1 t x is extremely difficult to capture x2 &1 :5 captur$1 x yields b little oil & :alebone4 ,! species to :i* :al]s direct _! att5tion is d5om9at$ ! ,my/ecetus1 or ! "r :ale4 #dj4 ,! my/ecetus is f\nd1 9 ! greate/ numb]s1 9 ! ,gre5l& seas1 ab\t ! isl& ( ,spitzb]g51 9 ,davis' ,/raits1 9 ,hudson's & ,baff9's ,bays1 & 9 ! nor!rn p>ts ( ! ,pacific ,ocean4 ,x is also f\nd 9 ! ,ant>ctic ,ocean1 & along ! coa/s ( ,africa & ,s\? ,am]ica1 & occasionally on ! coa/s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 #da4 ,ea* vessel engag$ 9 ?is fi%]y1 is g5]ally fitt$ out by sev]al individuals1 :o receive1 ( ! return c>go ( oil & :alebone1 a portion correspond+ to ! am\nt :i* !y h contribut$ to ! common /ock1 aft] ! m5 h receiv$ _! proportion ( x4 ,%\ld ! voyage prove altoge!r unsuccessful1 :i* seldom happ5s1 ! own]s lose ! am\nt ( ! outfit1 & ! capta9 & h&s1 _! "t4 #db4 ,! :al]s comm5ce op]ations 9 ! nor!rn latitudes1 9 ! mon? ( ,may2 b ! :ales are mo/ pl5tiful 9 ,june1 :5 !y are met ) betwe5 ! latitudes #ge deg4 & #hj deg41 9 almo/ e v>iety ( situation1 sometimes 9 ! op5 seas1 at o!rs 9 ! loose ice1 or at ! edges ( ! fields & floes1 :i* are ne> ! ma91 imp]vi\s body ( ice4 #dc4 ,on ! fi%+ /ation1 ! boats are kept always ready = in/ant s]vice1 be+ susp5d$ f davits1 or cranes1 by ! sides ( ! %ip1 & be+ furni%$ ) a lance & a h>poon1 to ! latt] ( :i* is atta*$ ab\t "o hundr$ & tw5ty fa?oms ( /rong b flexible rope4 ,:5 ! wea!r & situation are favorable1 ! cr['s ne/1 :i* is a /ation at ! ma/-head1 is occupi$ by "s p]son ) a telescope4 #dd4 ,! mom5t a :ale is discov]$1 notice is giv5 to ! wat* bel[1 :o in/antly man "o or two boats1 & r[ ) swiftness to ! place4 ,sometimes1 a boat is kept mann$ & afloat ne> ! %ip1 t no "t may be lo/ 9 mak+ ready2 or1 two or ?ree are s5t out on ! look-out1 hav+ e ?+ ready = an attack4 #de4 ,! :ale be+ v timid & cauti\s1 ! m5 endeavor to approa* him unp]ceiv$1 & /rike him ) ! h>poon1 be=e he is aw>e ( _! pres5ce4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 he p]ceives _! approa*1 & dives into ! wat]1 to avoid !m2 b1 be+ compell$ to come aga9 to ! surface to brea!1 or1 z x is t]m$1 to bl[1 !y make ano!r ef=t to h>poon him4 ,9 ?is way1 ! :al]s (t5 pursue him = a consid]able "t1 & frequ5tly )\t f9al success4 ,! animal1 :5 unmole/$1 rema9s ab\t two m9utes on ! surface1 dur+ :i* "t he bl[s eight or n9e times1 & !n desc5ds = five or t5 m9utes1 & (t51 :ile fe$+1 = fifte5 or tw5ty4 #df4 ,:5 ! :ale has be5 /ruck1 he g5]ally dives t[>ds ! bottom ( ! sea ei!r p]p5dicul>ly or obliquely1 :]e he rema9s ab\t ?irty m9utes1 & sometimes ne>ly an h\r4 ,! h>poon has1 ne> its po9t1 two b>bs1 or )]s1 :i* cause x to rema9 fa/ 9 ! integum5ts "u ! sk92 & ! rope atta*$ to x1 is coil$ 9 ! b[ ( ! boat 9 su* a way1 t x runs out )\t int]ruption4 ,:5 m l9e is want$1 x is made kn[n to ! o!r boats by ! elevation ( an o>4 ,%\ld ! rope prove too %ort = ! great desc5t ( ! :ale1 x becomes necess>y to sev] x f ! boat1 le/ ! latt] be drawn "u wat]2 = ?is em]g5cy1 ! h>poon] /&s ready ) a knife4 #dg4 ,:5 ! :ale reappe>s1 ! assi/+ boats make = ! place ) _! greate/ spe$2 &1 if possible1 ea* h>poon] plunges 8 weapon into ! back ( ! creature4 ,on conv5i5t occasions1 he is also pli$ ) lances1 :i* are ?ru/ into 8 vitals4 ,at l5g?1 ov]come ) w\nds1 & exhau/$ by ! loss ( blood1 8 approa*+ dissolution is indicat$ by a dis*>ge ( blood f 8 bl[-holes1 & sometimes by a convulsive /ruggle1 9 :i* 8 tail1 rais$1 :irl$1 & j]k$ 9 ! air1 res\nds to ! di/ance ( sev]al miles4 ,! :ale hav+ be5 ?us conqu]$1 & depriv$ ( life1 ! captors express _! joy ) l\d huzzas1 & communicate ! in=mation to ! %ip by /rik+ _! flag4 #dh4 ,a position ne> a l>ge field ( solid ice is v advantage\s2 because a :ale div+ "u x is oblig$ to return aga9 to bl[2 & ?is circum/ance gives opportunity to make ^u him sev]al attacks4 ,close fields ( drift ice pres5t great difficulties2 s9ce ! boats _c always pass ?r\gh !m ) suffici5t cel]ity4 ,9 t case1 ! m5 sometimes travel ov] ! ice1 leap+ f "o piece to ano!r1 & c>ry+ ) !m lances & h>poons1 ) :i* !y pi]ce ! animal z (t5 z possible4 ,if !y succe$ 9 ?us kill+ him1 !y drag him back "u ! ice ) ! fa/ l9e4 #di4 ,! :ale1 hav+ be5 t[$ to ! %ip1 & secur$ alongside1 is rais$ a little by means ( p[]ful blocks1 or tackle4 ,! h>poon]s1 ) spurs fa/5$ to ! bottom ( _! feet to prev5t !m f slipp+1 desc5d ^u ! huge body1 &1 ) spades & knives adapt$ to ?is p>ticul> purpose1 cut ! blubb] into oblong pieces1 :i* are peel$ (f1 & hoi/$ ^u deck ) ! speck-tackle4 ,^! long /rips are !n cut into *unks1 :i* are imm$iately pack$ away 9 ! hold4 ,aft] ! animal has be5 ?us successively fl5*$1 & ! :ale-bone tak5 out1 ! c>case is dismiss$ to ! %>ks1 be>s1 & birds ( prey4 #ej4 ,! blubb] is some:at simil>1 9 consi/5ce1 to ! fat :i* surr\nds ! body ( ! hog1 al?\gh n q s solid4 ,9 "y :ales1 its color is yell[i% :ite2 &1 9 old ones1 yell[ or r$4 ,its ?ickness v>ies 9 diff]5t p>ts & 9 diff]5t individuals1 f eight to tw5ty in*es4 ,! weight ( a :ale sixty feet 9 l5g?1 is ab\t sev5ty tons1 ( :i* ! blubb] weighs ab\t ?irty tons4 #ea4 ,! :ale-bone is situat$ 9 ! m\?4 ,ab\t ?ree hundr$ lam9ae1 or blades1 gr[ p>allel to ea* o!r on ei!r side ( ! upp] jaw1 be+ ab\t half an in* ?ick1 & t5 or twelve in*es wide1 :]e !y are unit$ by ! gum4 ,z ! :ale gr[s old1 !y increase 9 l5g?1 & approa* f ea* side to ! ro( ( ! m\?4 ,! :ale1 :ile fe$+1 swims ) 8 m\? wide op51 :i* admits a great quantity ( wat] conta9+ insects or small fi%1 on :i* he subsi/s4 ,! :ale-bone acts z a filt]1 or /ra9]1 9 reta9+ ! little animals1 :ile ! wat] passes (f at ! corn]s ( ! m\?4 #eb4 ,be=e ! :al]s leave ! fi%+ /ation1 !y cut ! blubb] into small pieces1 & put x into close casks4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 :5 ! %ip has be5 v successful1 !re is a defici5cy ( casks4 ,9 t case1 x is slightly salt$1 & pack$ away 9 ! hold4 ,b1 z ! %ip mu/ necess>ily pass ?r\gh a w>m] climate1 on h] voyage homew>d1 ! blubb]1 :ile pack$ 9 ?is mann]1 is liable to melt & be wa/$1 unless ! wea!r %\ld prove uncommonly cool4 #ec4 ,:5 ! vessel has arriv$ 9 port1 ! blubb] is f\nd to be melt$4 ,to sep>ate ! oil f ! fritt]s1 or f5ks1 z ! integum5ts & o!r impurities are call$1 ! cont5ts ( ! casks are p\r$ into copp] boil]s1 & heat$4 ,! heat causes a "p ( ! latt] to s9k to ! bottom1 & ! =m] is drawn (f into cool]s1 :]e o!r extrane\s matt]s settle4 ,! pure or f9e oil is !n drawn (f = sale4 ,an inf]ior quality ( oil1 call$ br[n oil1 is obta9$ f ! dregs ( ! blubb]4 #ed4 ,! sp]maceti ca*alot1 or ,physet] ,macrocephalus1 is an animal belong+ to ! norwal g5us2 al?\gh x is g5]ally d5om9at$ ! sp]maceti :ale4 ,x is f\nd 9 ! greate/ abundance 9 ! ,pacific ,ocean1 :]e x is s\ght by ,am]ican & o!r :al]s1 = ! sake ( ! oil & sp]maceti4 ,?is animal is greg>i\s1 & is (t5 met ) 9 h]ds conta9+ m ?an two hundr$ individuals4 #ee4 ,:5ev] a numb] ( ! ca*alot are se51 sev]al boats1 mann$ ea* ) six m5 provid$ ) h>poons & lances1 proce$ 9 pursuit2 &1 if possible1 ea* boat /rikes or fa/5s to a di/9ct animal1 :i*1 9 mo/ cases1 is ov]come )\t mu* difficulty4 ,be+ t[$ to ! %ip1 x is depriv$ ( its blubb]1 & ! matt] conta9$ 9 ! head1 :i* consi/s ( sp]maceti comb9$ ) a small proportion ( oil4 ,! oil is r$uc$ f ! blubb]1 soon aft] x has be5 tak5 on bo>d1 9 try works1 ) :i* e %ip engag$ 9 ?is fi%]y is provid$4 #ef4 ,ab\t ?ree tons ( oil are commonly obta9$ f a l>ge ca*alot ( ?is species1 & f "o to two tons f a small "o1 besides ! head-matt]4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ^! two products are treat$1 :5 br\ght into port1 has be5 describ$ 9 ! article on c&le-mak+4 #eg4 ,! ,biscayans 7 ! fir/ p :o prosecut$ ! :ale fi%]y1 z a comm]cial pursuit4 ,9 ! twelf?1 ?irte5?1 & f\rte5? c5turies1 !y c>ri$ on ?is bus9ess to a consid]able ext5t2 b ! :ales tak5 by !m 7 n s l>ge z ^? :i* h s9ce be5 captur$ 9 ! pol> seas4 ,at l5g?1 ! :ales ceas$ to visit ! ,bay ( ,biscay1 & ! fi%]y 9 t qu>t] 0 ( c\rse t]m9at$4 #eh4 ,! voyages ( ! ,engli% & ,dut* to ! ,nor!rn ,ocean1 9 se>* ( a passage to ,india1 l$ to ! discov]y ( ! pr9cipal haunts ( ! :ale1 & induc$ individuals 9 ^? nations to fit out vessels to pursue ^! animals 9 ! nor!rn latitudes1 ! h>poon]s & "p ( ! crews be+ ,biscayans4 ,! :ales 7 f\nd 9 ! greate/ abundance ab\t ! isl& ( ,spitzb]g51 & 71 at fir/1 s easily captur$1 t extra vessels 7 s5t out 9 balla/1 to assi/ 9 br++ home ! oil & :alebone2 b ! :ales1 retir+ to ! c5tre ( ! ocean1 & to ! o!r side to ! ,gre5l& seas1 soon became sc>ce ab\t t isl&4 #ei4 ,! :ale fi%]y 0 reviv$1 z above /at$1 ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury2 &1 ) ! ,dut*1 x 0 9 ! mo/ fl\ri%+ condition 9 #afhj1 :5 x employ$ ab\t two hundr$ & sixty %ips1 & f\rte5 ?\s& m54 ,! w>s ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 ext5d+ _! baleful influ5ce to almo/ e "p ( ! ocean1 annihilat$ ?is bran* ( bus9ess among ! ,dut*2 &1 9 #ahbh1 only a s+le :ale-%ip sail$ f ,holl&4 #fj4 ,! ,engli% :ale fi%]y 01 at fir/1 c>ri$ on by companies enjoy+ exclusive privileges2 b ! pursuit 0 att5d$ ) little success4 ,9 #agcb1 ,p>liam5t decre$ a b\nty ( tw5ty %ill+s p] ton1 on e :al] measur+ m ?an two hundr$ tons2 &1 al?\gh ?is b\nty 0 increas$ 9 #agdi to =ty %ill+s1 yet ! ,engli% :ale fi%]y has nev] be5 v fl\ri%+4 #fa4 ,! :ale fi%]y has be5 c>ri$ on ) great] success f ! ,unit$ ,/ates ?an f any o!r c\ntry4 ,x 0 begun by ! coloni/s1 on _! own %ores1 at a v e>ly p]iod2 b ! :ales hav+ ab&on$ ! coa/s ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 ^! h>dy navigators pursu$ !m into ! nor!rn & s\!rn oceans4 #fb4 ,! numb] ( ,am]ican vessels n[ employ$ 9 pursuit ( ! sp]maceti ca*alot & ! my/ecetus1 am\nts to ab\t f\r hundr$1 & ! numb] ( m5 to ab\t t5 ?\s&4 ,! inhabitants ( ! isl& ( ,nantucket1 & ( ! t[n ( ,new-,b$=d1 are m ext5sively engag$ 9 ^! fi%]ies ?an ! p ( any o!r "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,illu/ration3 ,,%ipwright4 ,,! ,,%ipwright4 #a4 ,! e>lie/ notice we h ( ! con/ruction ( a build+ to float on wat]1 is t :i* relates to ,noah's ,ark4 ,?is 0 ! l>ge/ vessel t has ev] be5 built1 & ! circum/ance proves t ! arts1 at t e>ly p]iod1 _h be5 br\ght to consid]able p]fection2 yet1 z sev]al c5turies _h elaps$1 aft] ! flood1 be=e ! desc5dants ( ,noah _h mu* occasion = float+ vessels1 ! art ( con/ruct+ !m seems to h be5 measurably lo/4 #b4 ,e>ly records1 :i* p]haps are wor?y ( cr$it1 /ate t ! ,egyptians fir/ trav]s$ ! riv] ,nile ^u rafts1 !n 9 ! canoe2 & t1 to ^! succe$$ ! boat1 built ) joi/1 fa/5$ toge!r ) wood5 p9s1 & r5d]$ wat]-tight by int]pos+ ! leaves ( ! papyrus4 ,to ?is boat 01 at l5g?1 add$ a ma/ ( acan?us1 & a sail ( papyrus2 b1 be+ prejudic$ aga9/ ! sea because x swall[$ up _! sacr$ riv]1 :i* !y wor%ipp$ z a god1 !y nev] attempt$ to con/ruct vessels adapt$ to m>9e navigation4 #c4 ,! ,pho5icians1 a nation ne>ly z anci5t z ! ,egyptian1 be+ situat$ directly on ! sea1 )\t ! advantages ( a noble riv]1 7 compell$ to provide means = sail+ on a wid] expanse ( wat]4 ,x is said1 h[ev]1 t !y fir/ trav]s$ ! ,m$it]ranean1 & ev5 visit$ di/ant isl&s1 ) no bett] means ( conveyance ?an a raft ( timb]4 ,?is is r5d]$ some:at probable1 f ! fact1 t ! ,p]uvians1 ev5 at ! pres5t "t1 v5ture ^u ! ,pacific ,ocean on _! balza1 a raft made f a spongy tree ( t "n4 #d4 ,! vessels fir/ con/ruct$ by ! ,pho5icians1 7 us$ = comm]cial purposes4 ,!y 7 flat-bottom$1 broad1 & ( a small draught2 & ^? ( ! ,c>?ag9ians & ,greeks 7 simil> 9 %ape4 ,! %ips ( w>1 9 e>ly times1 7 g5]ally m]e r[-boats1 9 :i* ! combatants ru%$ ^u ea* o!r1 & decid$ ! combat by valor & physical /r5g?4 #e4 ,by successive improvem5ts1 ! %ips ( antiquity 71 at l5g?1 br\ght to comb9e good proportion ) consid]able beauty4 ,! pr[s 7 sometimes ornam5t$ ) ! sculptur$ figures ( hea!n deities1 & o!rwise adorn$ ) pa9t & gild+1 :ile ! /]ns1 :i* 7 usually 9 ! =m ( a %ield1 7 elaborately wr\ght 9 c>v$ "w4 ,! approv$ l5g? ( a %ip ( w>1 0 six or eight times its bread?2 & t = m]cantile purposes1 f\r times ! bread?2 h5ce1 ! di/9ction ( long %ips1 & r\nd %ips4 #f4 ,bo? ! long & r\nd %ips _h a s+le ma/1 :i* c\ld be tak5 d[n or elevat$ at pleasure4 ,^! vessels 71 h[ev]1 propell$ ) o>s on occasions t requir$ x2 & ! =m]1 9 _! improv$ /ate1 7 prop]ly galleys ) "o1 two1 or ?ree banks ( o>s1 :i* ext5d$ f "o end ( ! vessel to ! o!r4 ,! r[]s 7 all plac$ "u ! deck2 &1 9 "t ( battle1 ! combatants cont5d$ above1 be+ 9 "p def5d$ f ! missiles ( oppos+ foes by %ields c>ri$ on ! arm1 & by scre5s & t[]s plac$ on ! deck4 ,! b[ ( ea* vessel 0 arm$ ) a braz5 or iron beak1 ) :i* ! cont5d+ p>ties (t5 /ove 9 ! sides ( ea* o!r's vessels4 #g4 ,! g5]al size ( vessels 9 ! be/ days ( antiquity1 0 n great] ?an t ( our sloops & s*oon]s2 b !re are in/ances on record1 :i* prove t !y occasionally equall$ 9 capacity ! l>ge/ ( mod]n times4 ,9 ! e>ly ages1 !y 7 v small1 &1 = sev]al c5turies1 7 drawn ^u ! %ore at ! t]m9ation ( e voyage4 ,/r&+1 h[ev]1 became impracticable1 aft] ! increase 9 size1 & ! addition ( ! keel4 ,! an*or & cable 71 !re=e1 inv5t$1 to conf9e ! %ip at a suitable di/ance f ! %ore4 ,at fir/1 ! an*or 0 no?+ m ?an a l>ge /one4 ,aft]w>ds1 x 0 wood & /one comb9$2 &1 f9ally1 iron 0 ! sole mat]ial4 #h4 ,! invasion ( ! ,roman empire by ! nor!rn b>b>ians1 caus$ ! op]ations ( w> to be almo/ exclusively conduct$ on ! l&4 ,?is1 toge!r ) ! de/ruction ( comm]ce dur+ ! g5]al desolation ( ^? ru?less incursions1 & ! b>b>ism ( ! conqu]ors1 occasion$ a retrogression1 &1 9 "s p>ts ( ,europe1 ne>ly ! total de/ruction ( ! art ( build+ %ips4 #i4 ,! active trade :i* arose 9 ! ,m$it]ranean1 dur+ ! middle ages1 & ! naval ent]prises connect$ ) ! ,crusades1 occasion$ a revival ( ! art ( con/ruct+ %ips2 yet1 x did n advance beyond ! condition 9 :i* ! ,c>?ag9ians _h left x1 until ab\t ! middle ( ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,at ?is era1 ! inconsid]able galleys ( =m] times began to be sup]s$$ by l>g] vessels1 9 :i*1 h[ev]1 o>s 7 n entirely disp5s$ )4 #aj4 ,! great *ange 9 ! g5]al con/ruction ( vessels1 arose f ! discov]y ( ! pol>ity ( ! magnet1 & ! application ( a/ronomy to nautical pursuits2 =1 by ^! means1 ! m>9] 0 releas$ f 8 dep5d5ce on ! sight ( ! l&1 9 guid+ 8 vessel on its c\rse4 ,l>g] %ips 7 !re=e con/ruct$1 capable ( )/&+ m viol5t /orms & l(ti] waves4 #aa4 ,to ! ,italians1 ,catalans1 & ,portuguese1 0 %ip-build+ mo/ consid]ably indebt$1 9 ! e>ly days ( its revival4 ,! ,spani>ds foll[$ up _! discov]y ( ! ,new ,_w ) a rapid improvem5t 9 bo? ! =m & size ( _! %ips2 "s ( :i* ev5 rat$ at two ?\s& tons burd54 ,9 m mod]n times1 x is said1 t ! ,spani>ds & ,fr5* are entitl$ to ! cr$it ( ne>ly all ! improvem5ts :i* h be5 made 9 ! !ory ( ! art1 ! ,engli% hav+ nev] contribut$ ess5tially to advance x1 al?\gh ! greate/ naval p[] ( ?is or any o!r "t4 #ab4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 v great improvem5ts h be5 made 9 ! con/ruction ( vessels1 s9ce ! comm5cem5t ( ! pres5t c5tury4 ,our build]s1 h[ev]1 are less guid$ by sci5tific rules ?an by exp]i5ce & a practis$ eye2 yet1 x is g5]ally conc$$1 t our %ips ( w> & fir/-rate m]*antm51 are sup]ior 9 swiftness & beauty to ^? ( any o!r c\ntry4 #ac4 ,9 ,europe1 ! fir/ ?+ done t[>ds build+ a vessel1 is to exhibit x 9 ?ree di/9ct views by z _m sep>ate draw+s2 b1 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! build] comm5ces by fram+ a complete wood5 model ( ! propos$ con/ruction--! ?+ itself 9 m9iature4 ,f ?is practice ( our naval ar*itects1 h aris5 ! sup]ior beauty & excell5ce ( our vessels4 #ad4 ,! timb] g5]ally us$ 9 ! con/ruction ( ,am]ican vessels1 is live-oak1 p9e1 *e/nut1 locu/1 & c$>4 ,! trees ( mature gr[? are *os51 & girdl$ 9 ! beg9n+ ( w9t]1 at :i* "t !y conta9 b little sap4 ,:5 suffici5tly dry & h>d5$1 ! trees are fell$2 &1 aft] ! timb] has be5 r\ghly hewn1 x is c>efully /or$ 9 "s dry1 airy place1 n mu* expos$ to w9d or sun4 #ae4 ,9 collect+ %ip-timb]1 ! greate/ difficulty is f\nd 9 procur+ ! crook$ /icks1 :i* =m ! sides or ribs ( ! skeleton ( a vessel4 ,9 c\ntries :]e %ip-timb] has become an object ( c>eful cultivation1 ?is difficulty is anticipat$ by b5d+ ! "y trees to ! desir$ =m1 & conf9+ !m !re1 until !y h p]man5tly receiv$ ! prop] incl9ation4 ,! timb] is br\ght to m>ket 9 its r\gh /ate1 & sold by ! foot4 #af4 ,! timb] hav+ be5 select$1 ! workm5 proce$ to fa%ion ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! propos$ vessel ) appropriate tools1 be+ guid$ 9 _! op]ations by patt]ns1 :i* h be5 made aft] ! exact =m ( ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! model4 ,mu* c>e is tak5 to avoid cutt+ ! wood contr>y to ! gra91 t its /r5g? may n be impair$4 #ag4 ,aft] all ! p>ts ( ! frame h be5 made ready1 !y are put toge!r4 ,! sev]al blocks ( timb] on :i* ! vessel is rais$1 are call$ ! /ocks2 & to ^! pieces1 ! f\ndation1 call$ ! keel1 is tempor>ily fa/5$ 9 an incl9$ position4 ,! keel is ins]t$ into ! /]n-po/ at "o end1 & into ! /em at ! o!r4 ,! floor-timb]s are next fix$ 9 ! keel1 e o!r "o be+ !re firmly bolt$ & rivet$4 ,ea* ( ^! timb]s is a bran* & "p ( ! body ( a tree2 &1 :5 compos+ a "p ( a vessel1 !y be> ! same relation to x z ! ribs to ! human body4 ,) equal propriety1 ! keel has be5 comp>$ to ! v]tebral column1 or back-bone4 #ah4 ,! next /ep is to apply & fa/5 ! planks1 :i* s]ve n only to exclude ! wat]1 b to b9d all ! p>ts firmly & h>moni\sly toge!r4 ,simple z ?is "p ( ! op]ation may seem to be1 x is ! mo/ difficult to be effect$1 & requires a pre-conc]t$ plan z mu* z any o!r "p ( ! fabric4 ,:5 x is necess>y to b5d a plank at ! b[ or /]n1 x is heat$ by /eam1 & !n =c$ into place ) screws & lev]s4 ,! planks are fa/5$ ) iron or copp] bolts4 #ai4 ,! plank+ hav+ be5 f9i%$1 & sev]al p>ticul>s att5d$ to1 :i* _c be well und]/ood f description1 ! vessel is ready = ! "w ( ! caulk]1 :o c>efully /ops all ! seams ) oakum1 & sme>s !m ) pit*4 ,aft] ! sup]flu\s pit* has be5 cle>$ away ) ! scrap]1 wat] is pump$ into ! hold1 to asc]ta9 if !re is any leak4 #bj4 ,! bottom ( ! vessel is next %ea!d ei!r ) %eets ( copp] or p9e bo>ds1 to protect x f ! worms4 ,! latt] mat]ials are employ$ :5 ! planks h be5 fa/5$ ) iron s9ce ! copp] w\ld cause ! bolt-heads to corrode1 if plac$ aga9/ !m4 ,9 ei!r case1 %eets ( pap]1 soak$ 9 hot pit*1 are int]pos$ betwe5 ! planks & ! %ea?+4 #ba4 ,! vessel is n[ ready to be remov$ f ! /ocks to ! wat]4 ,?is removal is call$ laun*+1 :i*1 9 _m cases1 requires mu* skill 9 ! prep>ation & successive managem5t4 ,if !re is no p]man5t incl9$ plane 9 ! slip1 on :i* ! vessel may glide into ! wat]1 a tempor>y "o is prep>$1 consi/+ ( two plat=ms ( solid timb]1 erect$ "o on ea* side ( ! keel1 at a di/ance ( a few feet f x1 & ext5d+ f ! /em into ! wat]4 ,^u ?is d\ble plat=m :i* is call$ ! ways1 is erect$ ano!r set ( timb]s1 & ! space betwe5 ^! & ! vessel is fill$ all along ) w$ges4 ,! :ole ( ?is sup]/ructure is call$ ! cradle1 & ! extremities ( x are fa/5$ to ! keel1 at ! b[ & /]n1 ) *a9s & ropes4 #bb4 ,e ?+ hav+ be5 ?us prep>$1 ! w$ges are simultane\sly driv5 on bo? sides4 ,by ?is means1 ! vessel is rais$ f ! /ocks1 & made to re/ entirely on ! cradle4 ,aft] ! %ores h be5 all remov$1 ! cradle1 ) its weighty burd51 beg9s to move2 &1 9 a mom5t1 ! vessel is laun*$ ^u its de/9$ elem5t4 #bc4 ,among ! anci5ts1 a laun* 0 ev] an occasion ( great fe/ivity4 ,! m>9]s 7 cr[n$ ) wrea?s1 & ! %ip 0 b$eck$ ) /ream]s & g>l&s4 ,safely afloat1 %e 0 purifi$ ) a light$ tor*1 an egg1 & brim/one1 & solemnly consecrat$ to ! god ^: image %e bore4 ,9 our less poetic times1 !re is no lack ( fea/+ & m]rim5t2 al?\gh ! c]emony ( consecration is diff]5t1 ! olde/ sailor on bo>d m]ely break+ a bottle ( w9e or rum ov] ! figure-head--/ill1 p]*ance1 ! image ( fa!r ,neptune or ,apollo4 #bd4 ,! vessel1 n[ br\ght to ! :>f1 is to be equipp$4 ,! mode ( do+ ?is1 is v>i$ accord+ z x may be a %ip1 brig1 h]maphrodite brig1 s*oon]1 or sloop4 ,! ma/s are fir/ erect$1 & ^! are suppli$ ) ! necess>y app>atus ( sp>s1 rigg+1 & sails4 ,! latt] are furni%$ by ! sail-mak]1 :o is sometimes d5om9at$ ! %ip's tailor4 ,illu/ration3 ,,m>9]4 ,,! ,,m>9]4 #a4 ,! bus9ess ( ! m>9] consi/s 9 navigat+ %ips & o!r vessels f "o port to ano!r4 ,?is is an employm5t t requires mu* decisive resolution2 & ,horace has well said1 t 8 brea/ mu/ h be5 b\nd ) oak & triple brass1 :o fir/ committ$ 8 frail b>k to ! tempe/u\s sea4 ,!re is c]ta9ly no?+ :i* speaks l\d] 9 praise ( human +5uity1 ?an t art by :i* man is able to =sake ! l&1 cont5d successfully ) w9ds & waves1 & rea*1 ) un]r+ c]ta9ty1 8 de/9$ port 9 "s di/ant "p ( ! _w4 #b4 ,nor are ! skill & intrepidity exhibit$ 9 ?is ardu\s employm5t1 m wor?y ( our admiration1 ?an ! wond]ful advantages result+ f x2 =1 we are indebt$ to ! ex]cise ( ?is art1 = ^? improvem5ts 9 our condition1 :i* arise f ! ex*ange ( ! sup]fluities ( "o c\ntry = ^? ( ano!r1 &1 above all1 = ! int]*ange ( s5tim5ts1 :i* r5d]s human k coext5sive ) ! _w4 #c4 ,%ip-build+ is s intimately connect$ ) ! art ( navigation1 t ! hi/orical "p ( ! =m] subject is equally applicable to ! latt]4 ,x is1 !re=e1 unnecess>y to be p>ticul> on ?is po9t4 ,we %all m]ely supply "s omissions 9 ! prec$+ article4 #d4 ,! sailors ( antiquity conf9$ _! navigation *iefly to ! riv]s1 lakes1 & inl& seas1 seldom v5tur+ out ( sight ( l&1 unless1 f _! k ( ! coa/s ahead1 !y 7 c]ta9 to meet ) x aga9 9 a %ort "t4 ,:5 !y ?us v5tur$ f ! l&1 or 7 driv5 f x by tempe/s1 ! />s & planets 7 _! only guides4 #e4 ,! qualifications ( a skilful pilot or ma/]1 ev5 = ! ,m$it]ranean seas1 9 ^? days1 requir$ m /udy & m practical in=mation1 ?an are necess>y to r5d] a m>9] a complete g5]al navigator1 9 ! pres5t improv$ /ate ( ! sci5ce ( navigation2 = !n he mu/ ne$s be acqua9t$1 n only ) ! g5]al managem5t ( ! %ip1 b also ) all ! ports1 l&-m>ks1 rocks1 quicks&s1 & o!r dang]s1 :i* lay 9 ! track ( 8 c\rse4 ,besides ?is1 he 0 requir$ to be famili> ) ! c\rse ( ! w9ds1 & ! indications t prec$$ !m1 toge!r ) ! movem5ts ( ! heav5ly bodies1 & ! influ5ce :i* !y 7 suppos$ to ex]t on ! wea!r4 ,nor 0 ! ability to read ! v>i\s om5s :i* 7 ga!r$ f ! sigh+ ( ! w9d 9 ! trees1 ! murmurs ( ! wat]s1 & _! da% ^u ! %ore1 ! flight ( birds1 & ! gambol ( fi%es1 a qualification to be disp5s$ )4 #f4 ,a voyage1 9 anci5t times1 0 a mom5t\s und]tak+1 & 0 usually prec$$ by sacrifices to ^? gods :o 7 suppos$ to preside ov] ! w9ds & ! waves4 ,all om5s 7 c>efully reg>d$2 & a v small matt]1 su* z ! p]*+ ( swall[s on ! %ip1 or an accid5tal sneeze to ! left1 0 suffici5t to delay dep>ture4 ,:51 "u prop] auspices1 a vessel or fleet _h set sail1 & _h advanc$ "s di/ance1 x 0 cu/om>y to release a numb] ( doves1 :i* _h be5 br\ght f home4 ,! safe arrival ( ^! birds at ! h\ses ( ! voyag]s1 0 consid]$ an auspici\s om5 ( ! return ( ! fleet4 #g4 ,hav+ escap$ ! multipli$ dang]s ( ! sea1 ! sailors1 on _! return1 fulfill$ ! v[s :i* !y _h made be=e _! dep>ture1 or 9 seasons ( p]il1 (f]+ ?anks to ,neptune1 & sacrifices to ,jupit]1 or "s o!r ( _! gods1 to ^: protection !y may h committ$ !mselves4 ,^? :o _h suff]$ %ipwreck1 felt !mselves "u great] obligations ( gratitude2 &1 9 addition to ! usual sacrifices1 !y commonly (f]$ ! g>m5t 9 :i* !y _h be5 sav$1 toge!r ) a pictorial repres5tation ( ! disa/]4 ,if ! individual escap$ only ) life1 8 clo?+ hav+ be5 totally lo/1 8 hair 0 %orn f ! head1 & consecrat$ to ! tutel> deity4 #h4 ,!re is mu* t is beautiful 9 ^! simple acts ( piety2 & simil> cu/oms1 ) reg>d to %ipwreck$ m>9]s1 are /ill 9 exi/5ce 9 ! ,ca?olic c\ntries ( ! ,m$it]ranean2 b ! wor%ip ( ! hea!n deities hav+ be5 discont9u$1 a fav\rite sa9t1 or p]*ance ! true ,god1 is sub/itut$ = !m4 ,al?\gh su* acts ( piety may n avail to av]t imp5d+ dang]1 yet _! natural t5d5cy d\btless is to inspire c\rage to meet x1 :5 x may arise4 #i4 ,! ,c>?ag9ians1 = sev]al c5turies1 7 m ext5sively engag$ 9 comm]ce1 ?an any o!r p ( antiquity2 &1 z !y c>ri$ on _! lucrative trade ) o!r nations & _! own colonies1 by means ( %ips1 !y exce$$ all o!rs 9 ! art ( navigation4 ,n cont5t ) explor+ e nook & corn] ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 !y pass$ ! ,pill>s ( ,h]cules1 z ! promontories ( ! ,/raits ( ,gibralt> 7 !n call$1 & visit$ ! ,atlantic coa/s ( ,europe1 z f> nor? z ! ,scilly ,isl&s1 !n d5om9at$ ! ,cassorides4 ,x is ass]t$ by ,pl9y1 t ,hanno ev5 circumnavigat$ ,africa4 #aj4 ,! de/ruction ( ,c>?age by ! ,romans1 9 ! ye> be=e ,*ri/ #adf1 int]f]$ ) improvem5ts 9 ! art ( navigation2 & ! invasion ( ! nor!rn b>b>ians1 sev]al c5turies aft]w>ds1 ext+ui%$ ne>ly all ! k :i* _h be5 previ\sly acquir$2 nor 0 x aga9 reviv$1 & br\ght to ! /ate 9 :i* x exi/$ 9 ! mo/ fl\ri%+ era ( antiquity1 until ab\t ! middle ( ! f\rte5? c5tury4 #aa4 ,aft] ! p]iod j m5tion$1 improvem5ts 9 ?is art foll[$ ea* o!r 9 close succession4 ,! *ief cause ( ?is rapid advance 0 ! discov]y ( ! pol>ity ( ! magnet1 & ! consequ5t inv5tion ( ! m>9]'s compass4 ,! p[] ( ! load/one to attract iron1 0 e>ly kn[n to ! ,greeks & ,*9ese2 b its prop]ty ( po9t+ 9 a p>ticul> direction1 :5 susp5d$1 & left to move freely1 0 n suspect$ until ab\t ! ye> #abjj ( our era4 #ab4 ,at fir/1 m>9]s 7 accu/om$ to place ! magnetic ne$le on a float+ /raw1 :5ev] !y ne$$ its guidance2 b1 9 #acjb1 "o ,flavio ,giaio1 an obscure individual ( ! k+dom ( ,naples1 plac$ x on a p]man5t pivot1 & add$ a circul> c>d4 ,/ill1 x 0 ne>ly half a c5tury aft] ?is1 be=e navigators prop]ly appreciat$1 & implicitly reli$ on ?is new guide4 ,! compass did n rea* its pres5t improv$ /ate1 until ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 #ac4 ,z soon z ! reputation ( ?is in/rum5t _h become well e/abli%$1 navigation assum$ a bold] "*2 & ! capacity ( vessels hav+ be5 enl>g$ to meet ?is adv5tur\s _s1 o>s 7 laid aside z inapplicable1 & sails alone 7 reli$ ^u1 z means ( propulsion4 #ad4 ,navigation1 9 ! e>ly days ( its revival1 0 indebt$ to ! ,portuguese = _m valuable improvem5ts4 ,to !m1 also1 is ! _w "u obligation = _m spl5did discov]ies1 among :i* 0 t ( a passage by sea to ,india4 ,?is long-desir$ discov]y 0 made 9 #adig1 by ,vasco de ,gama1 :o _h be5 s5t out = ! purpose by ,emanuel1 k+ ( ,portugal4 #ae4 ,five ye>s be=e ,vasco de ,gama _h f\nd 8 way to ,india1 by ! way ( ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 ,columbus made 8 discov]y ( ! ,new ,_w4 ,?is great man _h conceiv$ or adopt$ ! idea1 t ! =m ( our e>? 0 sph]ical1 9 opposition to ! g5]ally receiv$ op9ion1 t x 0 an ext5d$ plane2 & le>n+ t ,india /ret*$ to an unkn[n di/ance ea/w>d1 he suppos$1 t1 by sail+ 9 an opposite direction1 ! navigator w\ld meet ) its ea/]n extremity4 #af4 ,pursu+ ?is idea1 he appli$ successively to ! gov]nm5ts ( sev]al /ates & k+doms = patronage to enable him to te/ its correctness2 & hav+1 at l5g?1 succe$$ 9 obta9+ ?ree small vessels1 ) ! necess>y equipm5ts1 f ,f]d9& & ,isabella1 sov]eigns ( ,arragon & ,ca/ile1 he proce$$ on 8 propos$ voyage1 :i* result$ 9 ! discov]y ( ! ,am]ican cont95t4 #ag4 ,^! two great discov]ies gave ano!r p[]ful impulse to navigation2 & inv5tions & improvem5ts multipli$ 9 rapid succession4 ,! le>n$ & +5i\s1 :o at diff]5t times h turn$ _! att5tion to ! subject ( navigation1 h suppli$ ! m>9] ) v>i\s means1 by :i* he c direct 8 c\rse on ! deep ) accuracy & c]ta9ty4 #ah4 ,! in/rum5ts n[ employ$ 9 navigation1 are ! m>9]'s compass1 ! azimu? compass1 ! quadrant1 ! sextant1 ! *ronomet]1 ! half m9ute-glass1 ! log1 & ! s\nd+-l9e4 ,9 addition to ^!1 ! g5]al navigator ne$s accurate maps & *>ts1 li/s ( ! latitude & longitude ( e "p ( ! _w1 ! "t ( high wat] at e port1 & a book ( navigation1 conta9+ tables1 to aid him 9 p]=m+ v>i\s calculations ) facility2 &1 ) a view to calculate ! longitude by obs]vation1 he %\ld be furni%$ ) ! ,nautical ,almanac1 conta9+ ! places & decl9ations ( ! fix$ />s & planets1 & especially ! di/ances ( ! moon f ! sun & o!r heav5ly bodies4 #ai4 ,! m>9]'s compass1 z has be5 be=e obs]v$1 is employ$ to indicate ! v>i\s po9ts ( ! horizon2 b ! magnetic ne$le v>y+ m or less f ! exact nor!rn & s\!rn direction1 ! azimu? compass is us$1 to %[ ! degree ( t v>iation4 ,! quadrant & sextant are employ$ to asc]ta9 ! altitude & relative position ( ! heav5ly bodies1 t ! m>9] may det]m9e ! latitude & longitude 9 :i* 8 vessel may be4 ,! *ronomet] is no?+ m ?an a wat*1 design$ to measure "t ) great accuracy4 ,?is in/rum5t is us$ to det]m9e ! longitude4 #bj4 ,! log is us$ = asc]ta9+ ! velocity ( ! %ip on ! wat]4 ,x consi/s ( a quadrangul> piece ( wood1 eight or n9e in*es long1 to :i* is atta*$ a small cord1 hav+ knots 9 x1 at prop] di/ances f ea* o!r4 ,9 ! application1 ! log is ?r[n ^u ! wat]1 :]e x w n be di/urb$ by ! wake ( ! %ip2 & ! cord1 be+ w\nd ^u a reel1 passes f x z fa/ z ! vessel moves 9 ! wat]4 ,! numb] ( knots1 :i* pass (f e half m9ute1 indicates ! numb] ( miles :i* ! %ip sails p] h\r2 h5ce1 9 nautical language1 knots & miles are synonym\s t]ms4 ,! s\nd+-l9e is a small cord1 ) sev]al p\nds ( lead ( a conical figure atta*$ to x2 & is employ$ 9 try+ ! dep? ( ! wat]1 & ! quality ( ! bottom4 #ba4 ,navigation is ei!r common or prop]4 ,! =m] is usually call$ coa/+1 z ! vessel is ei!r on ! same or neighbor+ coa/1 & is seldom f> f l&1 or out ( s\nd+4 ,! latt] is appli$ to long voyages ^u ! ma9 ocean1 :5 consid]able skill 9 ma!matics & a/ronomy1 toge!r ) an aptness 9 ! use ( in/rum5ts = cele/ial obs]vations1 are requir$ 9 ! capta9 or ma/]4 #bb4 ,! application ( /eam to ! purposes ( navigation1 is "o ( ! greate/ a*ievem5ts ( mod]n sci5ce & art4 ,! great utility ( ?is ag5t is p>ticul>ly conspicu\s 9 our va/ c\ntry1 :]e l>ge riv]s & bays & mighty lakes are num]\s1 & :]e an en]getic p & an active comm]ce require a rapid int]communication4 ,/eamboats are b little us$ on ! great oceans2 z m]*&ise c !re be m *eaply & safely transport$ 9 vessels propell$ by sails4 ,s9ce ! ye> #ahci1 two l9es ( /eam packets h be5 runn+ regul>ly betwe5 ?is c\ntry & ,great ,brita94 ,!y commonly occupy1 9 cross+ ! ,atlantic1 betwe5 twelve & fifte5 days4 #bc4 ,! *ief ob/acle to ! employm5t ( /eam1 9 long voyages1 arises f ! difficulty ( g5]at+ a suffici5t quantity ( ?is ag5t1 ) ! fuel :i* c\ld be c>ri$ )\t ov]burd5+ ! vessel2 b a rem$y = ?is inconv5i5ce w probably be f\nd1 9 improvem5ts 9 ! con/ruction ( /eam-g5]ators4 #bd4 ,! p[] ( conf9$ /eam act+ by its expansive =ce1 0 discov]$ by ! celebrat$ ,m>quis ( ,worce/]1 ab\t ! middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury2 b ! fir/ work+ /eam-eng9e 0 con/ruct$ 9 #agje1 by ,?omas ,newcom51 a blacksmi? ( ,d>tm\?1 ,devon%ire1 ,engl&4 ,ab\t ! ye> #agfi1 ,james ,watt1 a native ( ,glasg[1 add$ a great numb] ( improvem5ts ( 8 own inv5tion4 #be4 ,/eam navigation 0 fir/ sugge/$ 9 ,engl&1 9 #agcf1 by ,jona?an ,hulls4 ,x 0 fir/ tri$ 9 practice 9 ,france1 9 #aghb1 by ! ,m>quis de ,j\ffroy1 & ne>ly at ! same "t by ,james ,rumsey1 ( ,virg9ia1 & ,john ,fit*1 ( ,philadelphia2 b x 0 fir/ r5d]$ completely successful at ,new-,york1 9 #ahjg1 by ,rob]t ,fulton4 #bf4 ,! sailors employ$ by ! capta91 to aid him 9 navigat+ 8 %ip1 are call$ a crew2 & ! individuals compos+ x are responsible to ! capta91 ! capta9 to ! own]s1 & ! own]s to ! m]*ants1 = all damages to goods1 aris+ f neglig5ce or bad managem5t4 #bg4 ,9 ,engl&1 ample provisions are made at ,gre5wi* ,hospital or by p5sions1 = seam5 disabl$ by age or o!rwise4 ,^! b5efits1 h[ev]1 are ext5d$ only to ^? :o h be5 engag$ 9 ! national s]vice4 ,?is noble & politic in/itution is support$ p>tly by public b\nty1 & 9 "p by private donations1 & a tax ( sixp5ce p] mon?1 d$uct$ f ! wages ( all ! seam5 ( ! nation4 ,m>9e ,hospitals1 = ! tempor>y accommodation ( seam51 suff]+ f disease1 h be5 e/abli%$ 9 sev]al cities ( ! cont95t ( ,europe1 z well z ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 #bh4 ,m>9]s h ev] be5 a di/9ct class ( m51 &1 9 _! g5]al *>act]s1 v simil> 9 e age ( ! _w4 ,_! sup]/iti\s reg>d ( ! _m signs ( good & bad luck1 is ne>ly ! same n[1 t x 0 two or ?ree ?\s& ye>s ago4 ,9 anci5t times1 !y _h _! lucky & unlucky days2 & n[1 v few sailors are will+ to leave port on ,friday1 le/ ! circum/ance br+ ^u !m "s disa/]1 be=e ! conclusion ( ! propos$ voyage4 #bi4 ,sup]/itions ( ?is nature1 h[ev]1 are n conf9$ to ! navigators ( ! deep4 ,ev5 9 ?is c\ntry1 :]e ! inhabitants enjoy sup]ior intellectual advantages1 & boa/ a high degree ( intellig5ce1 ?\s&s ( p]sons :o h nev] be5 on bo>d ( a %ip1 are /ill "u ! influ5ce ( su* hea!n notions1 not)/&+ _! pret5d$ belief 9 ,*ri/ianity1 :i*1 9 all cases1 :5 prop]ly und]/ood1 w\ld prev5t ! =ebod+s ( evil1 or expectations ( good1 f unimportant progno/ics4 ,illu/ration3 ,,m]*ant4 ,,! ,,m]*ant4 #a4 ,! ^w m]*ant1 9 its mo/ ext5d$ application1 signifies1 a p]son :o deals 9 m]*&ise4 ,?is def9ition1 ) "s exceptions1 agrees v well ) g5]al usage 9 ?is c\ntry2 al?\gh1 9 ,engl&1 ! t]m is pr9cipally re/rict$ to ^? deal]s :o export & import goods on _! own acc\nt1 ei!r 9 _! own or 9 *>t]$ vessels4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 deal]s ( ?is class are d5om9at$ import+ & export+ m]*ants2 or simply1 import]s & export]s4 #b4 ,su* m]*ants1 bo? "h & 9 ,europe1 are di/+ui%$ f ea* o!r by ! k9d ( goods 9 :i* !y traffic1 or by ! =eign c\ntry 9 :i* !y h _! *ief correspond5ce2 ?us1 "o :o deals 9 tobacco is call$ a tobacco-m]*ant2 a :olesale deal] 9 w9es is call$ a w9e-m]*ant2 a ,we/ ,india1 ,ea/ ,india1 or ,turkey m]*ant1 exports goods to1 & imports goods f1 ^? respective c\ntries4 #c4 ,! bus9ess ( m]*ants1 9 =eign c\ntries1 is usually transact$ by ag5ts1 call$ factors1 or commission m]*ants1 to :om goods are consign$ to be sold1 & by :om o!r articles ( m]*&ise are pur*as$ & return$ accord+ to ord]4 ,sometimes an ag5t1 call$ a sup]c>go1 accompanies ! vessel2 or ! capta9 may act 9 ?is capacity4 ,goods1 h[ev]1 are (t5 obta9$ by ord]1 )\t ! int]v5tion ( an ag5cy ( any k9d4 #d4 ,almo/ e sort ( =eign m]*&ise is subject to ! imposition ( duties by ! gov]nm5t ( ! c\ntry 9 :i* x is receiv$4 ,^! duties are paid at ! ,cu/om-,h\se1 to p]sons appo9t$ by ! con/itut$ au?orities to collect !m4 ,z soon z a vessel f abroad has ent]$ ! h>bor1 x is visit$ by a cu/om-h\se (fic]1 call$ a ,tide-,wait]1 ^: bus9ess x is to see t no "p ( ! c>go is remov$1 until measures h be5 tak5 to secure ! cu/oms4 #e4 ,goods br\ght into ! c\ntry by import]s1 are frequ5tly sold1 9 succession1 to sev]al m]*ants ( diff]5t grades1 be=e !y come to ! h&s ( ! consum]s4 ,clo?s or /uffs ( diff]5t k9ds1 = in/ance1 may be fir/ sold by ! bale to "o m]*ant1 :o1 9 turn1 may dispose ( !m by ! package to ano!r1 & ?is la/ may retail !m 9 small quantities to a great] numb] ( cu/om]s4 #f4 ,deal]s 9 a small way1 9 cities & l>ge t[ns1 are frequ5tly d5om9at$ %op-keep]s2 b ^? :o d an ext5sive retail bus9ess1 are usually call$ m]*ants or groc]s1 accord+ z !y deal 9 dry goods or groc]ies4 ,9 cities1 ! ext5sive dem& = goods enables retail]s to conf9e _! att5tion to p>ticul> classes ( articles2 su* z groc]ies1 h>dw>e1 crock]y1 a few k9ds ( dry goods1 or "s articles ( dome/ic manufacture2 b 9 o!r places1 :]e trade is m limit$1 ! m]*ant is oblig$ to keep a m g5]al assortm5t4 #g4 ,! g5]al retail m]*ant is compell$ to transact bus9ess ) a great numb] ( :olesale deal]s1 to :om he pays ca% 9 h&1 or agrees to pay x at "s future p]iod1 say1 9 f\r1 six1 n9e1 or twelve mon?s4 ,! p 9 8 vic9ity1 9 turn1 pur*ase 8 goods on simil> conditions1 ) ?is diff]5ce1 t !y (t5 sub/itute = ca% agricultural & o!r productions1 :i* ! m]*ant1 at l5g?1 turns into ready money4 #h4 ,b>t]1 or ! ex*ange ( commodities1 prevails to a great ext5t1 9 c\ntry places1 9 almo/ e "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9 su* ex*anges1 ! curr5cy ( ! c\ntry is made ! /&>d ( ref]5ce3 = example2 a m]*ant receiv+ f a cu/om] tw5ty bu%els ( :eat1 e/imat$ at "o doll> p] bu%el1 gives 9 return tw5ty doll>s' wor? ( goods1 at 8 m>k$ prices2 or1 9 o!r words1 he gives cr$it = ! :eat1 & *>ges ! goods4 ,on ! same pr9ciple1 m]*ants ( ! fir/ class (t5 ex*ange ! productions ( _! own c\ntry = ^? ( ano!r4 #i4 ,m]*ants1 or /ore-keep]s1 z !y are indiff]5tly call$ 9 "s places1 ^: location is di/ant f ! seabo>d1 visit ! city 9 :i* !y deal once or twice a ye>1 = ! purpose ( lay+ 9 _! /ock ( goods2 b1 9 ord] to keep up _! assortm5t1 !y sometimes ord] small lots 9 ! int]im4 ,retail]s m conv5i5tly situat$1 pur*ase a small] am\nt ( goods at a "t1 & repl5i% _! /ores m frequ5tly4 #aj4 ,comm]ce1 on ! pr9ciples ( b>t]1 or a simple ex*ange ( "o commodity = ano!r1 mu/ h be5 practis$ 9 ! e>ly days ( ,adam himself2 al?\gh we h no positive record ( ! fact2 = x _c be imag9$ t ! arts1 :i* are /at$ 9 ! ,scripture to h fl\ri%$ long be=e ! flood1 c\ld h exi/$ )\t comm]cial transactions4 ,! p]iod at :i* ! preci\s metals began to be employ$ z a /&>d ( value1 or z a m$ium ( comm]cial int]c\rse1 is n kn[n4 ,!y 7 us$ = ?is purpose 9 ! "t ( ,abraham1 & probably _m c5turies be=e 8 day4 #aa4 ,! e>lie/ h9t respect+ ! exi/5ce ( trade betwe5 diff]5t nations1 is to be f\nd 9 ! book ( ,g5esis1 :]e ! transaction reg>d+ ! sale ( ,joseph to ! ,i%maelites1 or ,midianites1 is m5tion$4 ,^! m]*ants1 x appe>s1 7 travell+ 9 a c>avan to ,egypt1 !n ! mo/ cultivat$ & ref9$ "p ( ! _w4 ,_! camels 7 load$ ) balm1 myrrh1 & spices4 ,! fir/ ( ^! articles 0 ! production ( ,gilead2 ! second1 ( ,arabia2 & ! la/ 0 probably f ,india2 z 9 t c\ntry ! f9] spices are produc$4 ,if ?is 7 really ! case1 comm]ce1 9 its wide/ s5se1 0 c>ri$ on mu* e>li] ?an is g5]ally suppos$4 #ab4 ,! f]tility ( ,egypt1 & its c5tral position1 made x an emporium ( comm]ce2 & !re x fl\ri%$1 9 an em95t degree1 long be=e x 0 cultivat$ 9 ,europe & 9 ,we/]n ,asia4 ,= sev]al ages1 h[ev]1 ! ,egyptians1 on acc\nt ( _! sup]/iti\s prejudices aga9/ ! sea1 c>ri$ on no m>itime comm]ce4 #ac4 ,! ,pho5icians 7 ! fir/ p :o us$ ! ,m$it]ranean ,sea1 z a highway = ! transportation ( m]*&ise4 ,tyre & ,sidon 7 _! *ief cities2 & ! latt] 0 call$ a great1 & ! =m] a /rong city1 ev5 9 ! "t ( ,jo%ua1 fifte5 hundr$ ye>s be=e ! adv5t ( ,*ri/4 ,^! p1 9 _! orig9al association z a nation1 possess$ b a small t]ritory2 &1 be+ surr\nd$ by _m p[]ful nations1 !y nev] attempt$ its enl>gem5t on ! l& side4 #ad4 ,! settlem5t ( ! ,israelites 9 ! ,promis$ ,l&1 circumscrib$ _! limits to a v small t]ritory1 & compell$ !m to colonize a great numb] ( _! inhabitants4 ,! colonies :i* !y =m$ 9 ! v>i\s c\ntries bord]+ ^u ! ,m$it]ranean & on ! isl&s1 enl>g$ ! b\nd>ies ( civilization1 & greatly ext5d$ _! trade4 #ae4 ,! ,pho5icians cont9u$ _! colonial sy/em = _m c5turies aft] ! p]iod j m5tion$1 & ev5 ext5d$ x to ! ,atlantic coa/s ( ,europe4 ,b ! mo/ di/+ui%$ ( all _! colonies 0 ! "o :i* f\nd$ ! city ( ,c>?age1 on ! nor!rn coa/ ( ,africa1 ab\t ! ye> #hfi be=e ,*ri/4 ,elissa1 or1 z %e is o!rwise call$1 ,dido1 ! reput$ lead] ( ?is colony1 makes a conspicu\s figure 9 "o ( ! books ( ,virgil's ,a,eneid4 #af4 ,c>?age1 adopt+ ! same sy/em :i* _h s long be5 pursu$ by ! great cities ( ,pho5icia1 rose1 9 a few c5turies1 to weal? & spl5dor4 ,b1 *ang+1 at l5g?1 h] m]cantile = a milit>y "*1 %e rul$ h] dep5d5t colonies ) a rod ( despotism4 ,?is produc$ a _s ( resi/ance on ! "p ( h] di/ant subjects1 :o appli$ to ,rome = aid to resi/ h] tyranny4 ,! consequ5ce ( ?is application 0 ! ?ree ,punic w>s1 s r5[n$ 9 hi/ory1 & :i* t]m9at$ 9 ! de/ruction ( ,c>?age1 9 ! ye> #adf be=e ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,dur+ ! fir/ ,punic w>1 ,c>?age conta9$ sev5 hundr$ ?\s& inhabitants2 b at its de/ruction1 sc>cely five ?\s& 7 f\nd )9 its walls4 #ag4 ,! p]iod ( ! greate/ prosp]ity ( ,tyre1 may be plac$ #ehh ye>s be=e ,*ri/1 at :i* "t ! rem>kable prophecies ( ,ezekiel conc]n+ x 7 deliv]$4 ,soon aft] ?is1 x 0 greatly injur$ by ,nebu*adnezz>2 & 0 f9ally de/roy$ by ,alex&] ! ,great1 ab\t ! ye> #ccb be=e ,*ri/4 #ah4 ,a new *annel 0 op5$ to comm]ce by ! mon>* j m5tion$1 he hav+ f\nd$ a city 9 ,egypt1 to :i* he gave ! "n ( ,alex&ria4 ,8 object seems to h be51 to r5d] ?is city ! c5tre ( ! comm]cial _w2 & its comm&+ position1 at ! m\? ( ! ,nile1 0 well calculat$ to make x s2 s9ce x 0 easy ( access f ! we/ by ! ,m$it]ranean1 f ! ea/ by ! ,r$ ,sea1 & f ! c5tral c\ntries ( ,asia by ! ,i/hmus ( ,suez4 #ai4 ,! plans ( ,alex&] 7 c>ri$ out ) vigor by ,ptolemy1 :o receiv$ ,egypt z 8 portion ( ! ,mac$onian empire1 aft] ! dea? ( 8 ma/]2 &1 by 8 lib]ality1 he induc$ great numb]s ( p to settle 9 ! new metropolis = ! purposes ( trade4 ,f> s\?1 on ! ,r$ ,sea1 he also f\nd$ a city1 :i* he call$ ,b]5ice1 & :i* he design$ z a depot = ! preci\s commodities br\ght into 8 k+dom f ,india4 ,f ?is city1 goods 7 transport$ on camels across ! c\ntry1 to a port on ! ,nile2 & !nce !y 7 tak5 d[n ! riv] to ,alex&ria4 #bj4 ,ptolemy also kept l>ge fleets bo? on ! ,m$it]ranean & on ! ,r$ ,sea1 = ! protection ( comm]ce1 & ! def5ce ( 8 dom9ions2 yet1 ! ,egyptians1 ev5 "u ! ,ptolemies1 nev] attempt$ a direct trade to ,india4 ,!y1 z ! ,pho5icians & _! own prog5itors _h done = ages1 dep5d$ ^u ! ,arabian m]*ants = ! productions ( t c\ntry4 #ba4 ,! ,greeks1 be=e _! subjugation to ! ,roman p[]1 _h paid mu* att5tion to nautical affairs2 b ?is _h be5 *iefly = w>like dom9ion1 r ?an = comm]cial purposes4 ,! city ( ,cor9?1 h[ev]1 _h become weal?y by ! att5tion ( its inhabitants to manufactures & trade2 b x 0 de/roy$ by ! same b>b>ian p :o1 ab\t ?is "t1 annihilat$ ,c>?age4 ,bo? ( ^! cities 7 aft]w>ds favor$ by ,julius ,caes>2 b !y nev] rega9$ any?+ l _! =m] importance4 #bb4 ,rome hav+1 at l5g?1 obta9$ ! complete dom9ion ( ! ,m$it]ranean ,sea1 & ! c\ntries bord]+ ^u x1 z well z t ( _m o!rs m di/ant1 & less easy ( access1 became ! great m>t = ! sale ( m]*&ise ( e description1 f all p>ts ( ! kn[n _w4 ,= ! v>i\s commodities br\ght to ! city1 ! ,romans paid gold & silv]2 z !y _h no?+ else to export 9 return4 ,! money :i* !y _h exact$ z tribute1 or :i* !y _h obta9$ by plund]1 0 ?us return$ to ! nations f :i* x _h be5 tak54 #bc4 ,! subject$ prov9ces cont9u$ to p\r _! *oice/ productions into ,rome1 z long z %e reta9$ ! control ( ! empire2 & ?us !y contribut$ to en]vate1 by ! _m luxuries !y af=d$1 ! p[] by :i* !y _h be5 subdu$4 ,! et]nal city1 z %e is sometimes call$1 9 ! days ( h] ext5sive dom9ion1 conta9$ ab\t ?ree millions ( inhabitants2 &1 al?\gh ?is imm5se population 0 *iefly suppli$ by importations1 ! ,romans nev] e/eem$ ! "* ( a m]*ant4 ,!y despis$ ! peaceful pursuits ( indu/ry1 :il/ !y reg>d$ x honorable to attack )\t provocation1 & plund] )\t remorse1 ! weak] nations ( ! e>?4 #bd4 ,9 ! ye> #cbh ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 ,byzantium 0 made ! seat ( gov]nm5t ( ! ,roman empire by ,con/ant9e1 :o1 ) a view ( p]petuat+ 8 own "n1 call$ 8 new capital ,con/ant9ople4 ,h[ev] necess>y ?is removal may h be51 to keep 9 subjugation ! ea/]n prov9ces1 x 0 fatal to ! security ( ! we/]n division4 ,! rivalry betwe5 ! two cities produc$ frequ5t conte/s = dom9ion2 & ^!1 toge!r ) ! g5]al corruption & effem9acy ( ! p !mselves1 r5d]$ x impossible to resi/ ! repeat$ & fi]ce invasions ( ! b>b>\s p f ! nor!rn p>ts ( ,europe4 #be4 ,^! invasions comm5c$ 9 ! latt] "p ( ! f\r? c5tury2 &1 9 less ?an two hundr$ ye>s1 a great portion ( ! inhabitants 0 de/roy$1 & ! :ole ,we/]n empire 0 completely subv]t$4 ,! conqu]ors 7 too b>b>\s to enc\rage or protect comm]ce2 &1 l ! arts ( peace & civilization g5]ally1 x sunk1 ) few exceptions1 amid ! g5]al ru94 #bf4 ,! empire ( ,con/ant9ople1 or1 z x is usually call$1 ! ,ea/]n empire1 cont9u$ 9 exi/5ce sev]al c5turies aft] ! ,we/]n empire _h be5 ov]run2 & comm]ce cont9u$ to fl[1 = a consid]able "t1 ?r\gh "s ( its =m] *annels to ! capital4 ,at l5g?1 ! ,indian trade1 :i* _h s long be5 c>ri$ on *iefly ?r\gh ,egypt by ! ,r$ ,sea1 0 *ang$ to a m nor!rn r\te1 ?r\gh ,p]sia4 #bg4 ,soon aft] ! comm5cem5t ( ! pret5d$ mission ( ,mohamm$1 or ,mahomet1 9 #fji ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 ! p[] ( ! ,arabians1 s9ce call$ ,s>ac5s1 began to rise4 ,! foll[]s ( ! ,prophet1 impell$ by religi\s zeal1 & allur$ by plund]1 9 less ?an #aej ye>s ext5d$ _! dom9ion almo/ to ! bord]s ( ,*9a on ! "o side1 & to ! ,m$it]ranean & ,atlantic on ! o!r4 ,! trade ( ! ,ea/1 ( c\rse1 fell into _! h&s2 & !y cont9u$ to enjoy x1 until !y1 9 turn1 7 subdu$ by ! ,turks4 #bh4 ,s great 0 ! prejudice ( ! ,*ri/ians aga9/ ! foll[]s ( ,mohamm$1 t1 = a long "t1 x 0 consid]$ h]etical = ! =m] to trade ) ! latt]2 b ! ,s>ac5s hav+ a va/ ext5t ( t]ritory1 & hav+ control ( ! ,m$it]ranean & ,r$ ,seas1 z well z ( ! ,p]sian ,gulf1 c>ri$ on an ext5sive trade among !mselves4 #bi4 ,! fir/ ,european p[] :i* rose to comm]cial em95ce1 aft] ! de/ruction ( ! ,we/]n empire1 0 ! republic ( ,v5ice4 ,?is important city ow$ its orig9 to "s fugitives1 :o fl$ = _! lives to a numb] ( small isl&s 9 ! ,adriatic ,sea1 dur+ ! invasion ( ,italy by ! ,huns1 "u ,attila1 9 ! ye> #deb4 #cj4 ,! h\ses fir/ built by ! refugees1 7 con/ruct$ ( mud & seagrass2 &1 s insignificant 7 !y 9 _! appe>ance1 t a writ] ( t p]iod comp>es !m to a collection ( ! ne/s ( wat]-f[ls4 ,! numb] ( ^! isl&s1 on :i* s spl5did a city 0 aft]w>ds built1 01 accord+ to "s1 sev5ty-two2 b1 accord+ to o!rs1 n9ety1 or ev5 "o hundr$ & fifty4 ,= a consid]able "t1 ! di/9ction ( ri* & poor 0 n kn[n2 = all liv$ ^u ! same fi%-diet1 & 9 h\ses ( simil> =m & mat]ials4 #ca4 ,9 less ?an a c5tury1 ! inhabitants ( ^! isl&s _h e/abli%$ a regul> gov]nm5t2 &1 9 ! ye> #gcb1 we f9d !m v5tur+ beyond ! ,adriatic into ! ,m$it]ranean1 ev5 z f> z ,con/ant9ople1 trad+ 9 silks1 purple drap]ies1 & ,indian commodities4 ,9 #hac1 ! ,fr5* comm5c$ trad+ to ,alex&ria1 &1 9 a few ye>s1 ! ,v5etians foll[$ _! example1 9 despite ( ! ecclesia/ical prohibitions aga9/ int]c\rse ) ! foll[]s ( ,mohamm$4 ,9 ! t5? c5tury1 ,amalfi1 ,pisa1 ,g5oa1 & ,flor5ce1 began to rival ,v5ice 9 trade4 #cb4 ,! crusades1 :i*1 = two c5turies f ! ye> #ajie1 engag$ s mu* ( ! att5tion ( ! ,*ri/ian nations ( ,europe1 greatly promot$ ! int]e/s ( ! comm]cial cities ( ,italy2 z ! armies 9 ^! exp$itions 7 dep5d5t on !m = provisions1 & = ! means ( cross+ ! sea1 :i* lay betwe5 !m & ! ,holy ,l&4 ,!y also gave a new & p[]ful impulse to comm]ce 9 g5]al1 by giv+ ! p1 9 ! unref9$ p>ts ( ,europe1 a k ( ! elegances & luxuries ( ! ,ea/4 #cc4 ,9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 comm]ce & manufactures began to comm& consid]able att5tion 9 ,g]many & ! adjac5t /ates2 b z ! seas & riv]s 7 infe/$ ) pirates1 & ! roads ) b&itti1 x became necess>y = ^? engag$ 9 comm]ce to adopt measures to protect _! commodities1 :ile on ! way f "o place to ano!r4 ,! citiz5s ( ,hamburg & ,lubeck fir/ unit$ = ?is purpose2 & ! advantages ( su* a union ( /r5g? becom+ app>5t1 _m o!r cities soon ent]$ into ! conf$]ation4 #cd4 ,?is association 0 d5om9at$ ! ,hanse1 or league1 & ! cities ?us unit$ 7 call$ ,hanse ,t[ns4 ,mo/ ( ! comm]cial t[ns 9 ! nor!rn p>ts ( ! cont95t ( ,europe1 at l5g?1 became p>ties to ! ,hanseatic league4 ,! numb] ( ^! cities v>i$1 at diff]5t p]iods2 b 9 ! days ( ! greate/ prosp]ity ( ! association1 x am\nt$ to eighty-five4 #ce4 ,repres5tatives f ! diff]5t cities met tri5nially at ,lubeck1 :]e _! common treasury & ar*ives 7 kept4 ,by ?is assembly1 :i* 0 call$ a diet1 rules = ! regulation ( comm]cial int]c\rse 7 made1 & o!r bus9ess transact$1 :i* relat$ to ! g5]al welf>e ( ! conf$]ation4 #cf4 ,9 ! f\rte5? c5tury1 ! league1 9 all p>ts ( ,europe1 atta9$ a high degree ( political importance1 & develop$ t comm]cial policy :i* x _h orig9at$1 & :i* has s9ce be5 adopt$ by all civiliz$ nations4 ,! objects ( ! alli$ cities 7 n[ decl>$ to be--to protect _! comm]ce aga9/ pillage1 to gu>d & ext5d _! =eign trade1 &1 z f> z possible1 to monopolize x1 to ma9ta9 & ext5d ! privileges obta9$ f ! pr9ces ( diff]5t nations1 & to make rules or laws = ! regulation ( trade1 z well z to e/abli% ! necess>y tribunals = _! due execution4 ,! decisions ( _! c\rts 7 respect$ by ! civil au?orities ( ! c\ntries to :i* _! trade ext5d$4 #cg4 ,! treasury 0 *iefly suppli$ by duties on m]*&ise2 & ! great weal? ?us acquir$ enabl$ ! alli$ cities to obta9 comm]cial privileges f ne$y pr9ces1 = pecuni>y accommodations4 ,! league1 9 def5d+ its comm]ce1 ev5 c>ri$ on w>s aga9/ k+doms2 &1 at l5g?1 by its weal? & naval p[]1 became mi/ress ( ! ,nor!rn seas1 & r5d]$ ! diff]5t cities ( ! conf$]ation 9 a great measure indep5d5t ( ! sov]eigns ( ! c\ntries 9 :i* !y 7 situat$4 #ch4 ,! conduct ( ! ,hanse ,t[ns1 at l5g?1 excit$ ! jeal\sies ( ^? sov]eigns :o _h1 = a long "t1 favor$ _! union2 & ! pr9ces ( ,europe g5]ally1 becom+ acqua9t$ ) ! value ( comm]ce1 bo? z means ( enri*+ _! p1 & ( fill+ _! own c(f]s1 comb9$ aga9/ ! association4 ,9 #aeah1 ! gov]nm5ts ( sev]al /ates comm&$ all _! cities to )draw f ! league1 :i* soon aft] volunt>ily exclud$ "s o!rs4 ,aft] ?is ! ,hanse gradually sunk 9 importance1 & f9ally ceas$ to exi/ 9 #afcj4 #ci4 ,! trade to ! ,ea/ ,indies cont9u$ to be c>ri$ on ?r\gh ,p]sia & ,egypt1 subject to ! extortions ( ! ,s>ac5s1 & ! /ill sev]] exactions ( ! m]*ants ( ! ,italian cities1 until ! r\te to ^? c\ntries1 by ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 0 discov]$4 #dj4 ,! use ( ?is new pa?way ( comm]ce1 comb9$ ) ! discov]y ( ,am]ica1 caus$ an entire *ange 9 bo? ! political & comm]cial /ate ( ,europe4 ,a /rong desire ( visit+ ! remote p>ts ( ! _w1 ?us laid op5 to ! p ( ,europe1 imm$iately arose1 n only among ! ,portuguese & ,spani>ds1 b also among o!r nations4 ,colonies 7 soon plant$ 9 ! ,ea/ & 9 ! ,we/2 & ! :ole _w may be said to h be5 inspir$ ) new en]gy4 #da4 ,! ,portuguese1 be+ consid]ably 9 advance ( ! o!r ,atlantic nations 9 ! art ( navigation1 soon ga9$ ! entire control ( ! ,ea/ ,india trade1 & 7 ?us rais$ to great em95ce1 prosp]ity1 & p[]4 ,_! dom9ions became ext5sive 9 ,africa & ,asia1 & _! navy sup]ior to any t _h be5 se5 = sev]al ages be=e4 #db4 ,9 #aehj1 or eighty-?ree ye>s aft] ,vasco de ,gama f\nd 8 way1 by ! ,cape1 to ,calicut1 ,portugal 0 subdu$ by ,philip ,,ii41 k+ ( ,spa94 ,! ,spani>ds1 h[ev]1 7 n enri*$ by ! conque/2 s9ce _! comm]cial en]gy & ent]prise _h be5 de/roy$1 by ! va/ quantities ( ! preci\s metals obta9$ f _! ,am]ican possessions4 #dc4 ,9 #aegi1 ! p ( ,holl&1 ) ^? ( six neighbor+ prov9ces1 be+ !n subject to ,spa91 unit$1 "u ! ,pr9ce ( ,orange1 = ! purpose ( rega9+ _! lib]ties4 ,?is produc$ a sangu9>y w>1 :i* cont9u$ = ?irty ye>s1 dur+ :i* "t ! ,dut* wre/$ f ! ,spani>ds mo/ ( _! ,portuguese possessions 9 ,india1 &1 9 addition to ?is1 =m$ _m o!r settlem5ts 9 v>i\s places f ! ,riv] ,tigris ev5 to ,japan4 ,batavia1 on ! ,isl& ( ,java1 0 made ! gr& emporium ( trade1 & ! seat ( ! gov]nm5t ( _! ,ea/ ,india possessions4 #dd4 ,! prosp]ity ( ! ,unit$ ,prov9ces increas$ ) great rapidity2 &1 z !y 7 b little int]f]$ ) by o!r nations 9 _! ,ea/]n dom9ions1 !y enjoy$1 = half a c5tury or m1 almo/ ! :ole ( ! trade ( ! ,ea/4 ,besides ?is1 !y %>$ l>gely ) ! re/ ( ! _w 9 almo/ e o!r bran* ( trade4 ,aft] ! ye> #affj1 o!r nations1 by great ex]tions1 succe$$ 9 obta9+ consid]able %>es ( ! comm]ce ( ! ,ea/2 yet ! ,dut* /ill reta9 valuable possessions !re4 #de4 ,! *ief articles export$ f ,brita91 9 anci5t times1 7 t91 lead1 copp]1 iron1 wool1 & cattle2 = :i* !y receiv$ 9 return1 gold1 silv]1 & manufactur$ articles4 ,b ! comm]ce ( ! ,briti% ,isl&s 0 inconsid]able1 :5 comp>$ ) t ( _m k+doms on ! ,cont95t1 until ! beg9n+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 #df4 ,:5 ,elizabe? asc5d$ ! ?rone ( ,engl&1 9 #aeeh1 ! circum/ances ( ! nation requir$ an ext5sive navy = its protection2 & ! great att5tion :i* ! que5 paid to ?is means ( def5ce1 gave animation to all m>itime conc]ns4 ,"u h] patronage1 sev]al companies = trad+ 9 =eign c\ntries 7 =m$1 :i*1 at t "t1 & = a long p]iod aft]w>ds1 7 v b5eficial to trade 9 g5]al4 ,9 h] reign1 also1 ! colonial sy/em ( ,engl& _h its orig91 :i* contribut$ ev5tually1 m ?an any ?+ else1 to ! comm]cial prosp]ity ( t nation4 ,s9ce ! reign ( ?is wise & judici\s pr9cess1 ! comm]ce & manufactures ( ,great ,brita9 h be51 ) a few int]ruptions1 /eadily advanc+2 &1 9 ^! two p>ticul>s1 %e surpasses e o!r nation4 #dg4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates possess sup]ior local advantages = trade1 & embrace a population unsurpass$ = ent]prise & en]gy4 ,s9ce ! ,revolution1 ! res\rces ( our c\ntry h be5 rapidly develop+4 ,our exports & imports are already next 9 am\nt to ^? ( ,great ,brita9 & ,france & ! ext5sive improvem5ts :i* h be5 made by ! diff]5t /ates1 to facilitate int]nal int]c\rse1 are increas+ ) great rapidity4 #dh4 ,! bank+ sy/em is v intimately int]wov5 ) comm]cial affairs 9 g5]al4 ,banks are ( ?ree k9ds1 viz41 ( disc\nt1 ( deposit1 & ( circulation4 ,! t]m bank1 9 its orig9al application1 signifi$ a place ( common deposit = money1 & :]e1 9 comm]cial transactions1 individuals c\ld h ! am\nt1 or any "p ( ! am\nt1 ( _! deposits transf]r$ to ea* o!r's acc\nts4 #di4 ,! t]m bank is d]iv$ f ! ,italian ^w banco1 :i* signifi$ a k9d ( b5*1 or table1 on :i* ! ,jews 7 accu/om$ to place ! money :i* !y propos$ to l5d 9 ! m>kets ( ! pr9cipal t[ns4 ,! fir/ bank 0 e/abli%$ 9 ,v5ice1 ab\t ! middle ( ! twelf? c5tury2 ! ,bank ( ,g5oa1 9 #acde2 ! ,bank ( ,am/]dam1 9 #afjg2 ! ,bank ( ,hamburg1 9 #afai2 ! ,bank ( ,rott]dam1 9 #afce4 ,^! 7 all banks ( m]e deposit & transf]4 #ej4 ,l5d+-h\ses may be trac$ to a v anci5t orig94 ,!y 71 at fir/1 support$ by humane p]sons1 ) a view ( l5d+ money to ! poor1 on pl$ges1 )\t int]e/4 ,augu/us ,caes> appropriat$ a "p ( ! confiscat$ effects ( crim9als to ?is purpose2 & ,tib]ias1 also1 advanc$ a l>ge capital1 to be l5t = ?ree ye>s1 )\t int]e/1 to ^? :o c\ld give security 9 l&s equal to twice ! value ( ! sum borr[$4 #ea4 ,9 ! e>ly ages ( ,*ri/ianity1 free gifts 7 collect$ & pres]v$ by ecclesia/ics1 p>tly to defray ! exp5ses ( div9e s]vice1 & p>tly to relieve ! poor ( ! *ur*2 & ! funds ?us provid$ came1 at l5g?1 to be call$ montes pietatis--m\nta9s ( piety4 ,?is appellation 0 aft]w>ds appli$ to ! loan+-h\ses1 e/abli%$ 9 mod]n ,italy 9 imitation ( ^? ( antiquity4 #eb4 ,9 c\rse ( "t1 ! loan+-h\ses 7 p]mitt$ by ! ,roman pontiff to *>ge a mod]ate int]e/ on a "p ( _! capital1 &1 f9ally1 ^u ! :ole ( x2 /ill1 !y reta9$1 = a long p]iod1 ! orig9al d5om9ation ( montes pietatis4 ,! receiv+ ( int]e/ on loans 0 decl>$ lawful by ! ,pope1 ab\t ! middle ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,soon aft] ?is p]iod1 all ! cities ( ,italy ha/5$ to e/abli% ^! in/itutions2 & _! example 01 at l5g?1 foll[$ 9 o!r p>ts ( ,europe4 #ec4 ,b long be=e ! ,pope _h grant$ ?is privilege1 individuals 7 9 ! habit ( loan+ money at an exorbitant usury4 ,^! 7 pr9cipally ,jews & m]*ants f ,lomb>dy2 h5ce1 all p]sons 9 ^? c\ntries1 :o dealt 9 money1 came to be call$ ,lomb>d m]*ants4 ,! prohibitions ( ! ,*ur* aga9/ receiv+ int]e/ 7 elud$1 :5 necess>y1 by caus+ x to be paid 9 advance1 by way ( pres5t or premium4 #ed4 ,9 ! twelf? c5tury1 _m ( ! deal]s 9 money 7 expell$ f ,engl&1 ,france1 & ! ,ne!rl&s1 = usuri\s practices2 &1 9 ord] to rega9 possession ( _! effects1 :i* !y _h1 9 _! ha/e1 left 9 ! h&s ( confid5tial fri5ds1 !y adopt$ ! me?od ( writ+ concise ord]s or drafts4 ,h5ce orig9at$ bills ( ex*ange1 s conv5i5t 9 comm]cial transactions4 #ee4 ,! ,bank ( ,engl& 0 e/abli%$ 9 ! ye> #afid4 ,hi!rto1 ! banks ( deposit1 & loan+-h\ses1 7 entirely di/9ct2 b1 9 ?is in/itution1 ^! two bran*es ( pecuni>y op]ations 7 unit$4 ,x seems1 also1 t ?is 0 ! fir/ bank t issu$ notes1 to s]ve z a m$ium ( circulation1 & to supply1 9 "p1 ! place ( gold & silv]4 #ef4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 bank+ in/itutions are v num]\s4 ,!y are all e/abli%$ by companies1 incorporat$ by ! legislatures ( ! diff]5t /ates1 or by ! congress ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! act :i* grants ! privileges ( bank+1 also fixes ! am\nt ( ! capital /ock1 & divides x into equal %>es4 ,! hold]s ( ! /ock *oose ! (fic]s to transact ! bus9ess ( ! corporation4 #eg4 ,our banks receive deposits f individual cu/om]s1 loan money on notes ( h&1 acceptances1 & drafts1 issue notes ( circulation1 & pur*ase & sell bills ( ex*ange4 ,!y are usually au?oriz$1 by _! *>t]s1 to loan ?ree times ! am\nt1 & to issue bank-notes to twice ! am\nt1 ( ! capital /ock paid 94 ,few bank+ companies1 h[ev]1 ex]cise ^! privileges to ! full ext5t1 le/ ! bank be emb>rass$ by too great a dem& = specie4 ,z soon z a bank ceases to pay specie = its notes1 x is said to be brok51 & its op]ations mu/ cease4 #eh4 ,! ,bank ( ,nor? ,am]ica 0 ! fir/ in/itution ( ?is k9d1 e/abli%$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,x 0 incorporat$ by ,congress1 9 #agha1 at ! sugge/ion ( ,rob]t ,morris4 ,9 #agia1 aft] ! union ( ! /ates _h be5 effect$ "u ! pres5t con/itution1 ! fir/ ,bank ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 incorporat$1 ) a capital ( t5 millions ( doll>s4 ,mo/ ( ! /ates soon foll[$ ?is example2 &1 be=e ! beg9n+ ( ! pres5t c5tury1 ! :ole bank+ capital am\nt$ to ne> ?irty millions ( doll>s4 #ei4 ,! *>t] ( ! fir/ ,bank ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates expir$1 by its own limitation1 9 #ahaa2 & a new "o1 ) a capital ( ?irty-five millions ( doll>s1 0 e/abli%$ 9 #ahaf1 :i* also clos$ its conc]ns1 z a national bank1 9 #ahcf1 ,presid5t ,jackson hav+ veto$ ! bill = its re*>t]4 ,9 t ye> ! numb] ( banks 0 #efg1 & ! bank capital #bea1hge1bib4 ,9 ! ye> #ahdj1 ! numb] ( banks _h increas$ to #gbb1 & _! capital to #ceh1ddb1fib4 ,illu/ration3 ,,auctione]4 ,,! ,,auctione]4 #a4 ,! ,auctione] is "o :o disposes ( prop]ty at public sale to ! highe/ bidd]4 ,! sale ( prop]ty 9 ?is mann] is regulat$1 9 "s p>ticul>s1 by legislative enactm5ts1 :i* h = _! object ! prev5tion ( fraud1 or ! imposition ( duties4 #b4 ,9 ,p5nsylvania1 ! pres5t law provides = ?ree classes ( auctione]s1 ea* ( :i* is requir$ to pay to ! /ate a specifi$ sum = a lic5se4 ,! fir/ class pays two ?\s& doll>s p] annum2 ! second1 "o ?\s&2 & ! ?ird1 two hundr$2 &1 besides ?is1 "o & a half p] c5t4 on ! am\nt ( all _! sales is requir$ to be paid into ! treasury ( ! /ate4 ,to ea* class are grant$ privileges correspond+ to ! co/ ( ! lic5se4 #c4 ,9 ! /ate ( ,new-,york1 ! numb] ( auctione]s = ! cities1 villages1 & c\nties1 is limit$ by law2 & all p]sons :o w\ld foll[ ! bus9ess are compell$ to give security = ! fai?ful execution ( its duties4 ,! /ate requires a duty ( "o p] c5t4 on all m]*&ise import$ f beyond ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 "o & a half p] c5t4 on su* z may be import$ f o!r =eign c\ntries1 & two p] c5t4 on w9es & ard5t spirits1 :e!r =eign or dome/ic4 ,! laws & usages reg>d+ sales at auction1 9 mo/ ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 are simil>1 9 _! g5]al pr9ciples1 to ^? ( ,p5nsylvania or ,new-,york4 #d4 ,a great am\nt ( m]*&ise1 bo? =eign & dome/ic1 9 our pr9cipal cities1 is sold by auction2 & ! price :i* /aple commodities !re comm& is g5]ally consid]$ a tol]able crit]ion ( _! value at ! "t4 ,x v frequ5tly happ5s1 h[ev]1 t articles :i* are n 9 /eady dem&1 are sold at a great sacrifice4 ,auctione]s seldom import goods1 nor is x usual = !m to own ! prop]ty :i* !y sell4 #e4 ,9 all cases1 be=e an auction is held1 due notice is giv5 to ! public4 ,?is is usually done by ! circulation ( a pr9t$ h&-bill1 by a cri]1 or by an adv]tisem5t 9 a newspap]2 or all ?ree ( ^! modes may be employ$ to give publicity to "o & ! same sale4 #f4 ,p]sons desir\s ( becom+ pur*as]s at ! propos$ auction1 assemble at ! "t appo9t$2 &1 aft] ! auctione] has /at$ ! t]ms ( sale1 z reg>ds ! paym5t ( :atev] may be pur*as$1 he (f]s ! prop]ty to ! p]sons pres5t1 :o make _! respective bids1 he1 9 ! mean "t1 cry+ ! sum propos$4 ,:5 no fur!r advance is expect$1 he knocks d[n ! article to ! la/ bidd]4 #g4 ,a mode ( sale 0 =m]ly1 &1 9 "s cases is /ill1 practis$1 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,europe1 call$ sale by in* ( c&le4 ,! ?+s = sale are (f]$ 9 ! ord9>y mann]1 z has be5 describ$ 9 ! prec$+ p>agraph1 &1 at ! same "t1 a wax-c&le1 an in* 9 l5g?1 is light$4 ,! pur*as]s bid ^u ea* o!r1 until ! c&le has be5 all consum$2 & ! la/ bidd]1 :5 ! light goes out1 is entitl$ to ! articles or goods 9 "q4 #h4 ,auctione]s1 9 l>ge cities1 hold _! sales at regul> p]iods2 sometimes1 e day or ev5+4 ,on ext5sive sales ( m]*&ise1 cr$its ( two1 ?ree1 f\r1 six1 or n9e mon?s1 are commonly giv54 ,9 su* cases1 ! auctione] (t5 gives 8 own obligations = ! goods1 & receives 9 return ^? ( ! pur*as]s4 #i4 ,?is mode ( sale is employ$ 9 ! disposition ( prop]ty tak5 by process ( law = ! paym5t ( debts1 9 e "p ( ! _w1 :]e ! influ5ce ( ,european law has ext5d$4 ,x is us$ 9 pref]5ce to any o!r2 because x is ! mo/ ready way ( sale1 & is moreov] ! mo/ likely me?od to secure to ! debtor some?+ l ! value ( 8 prop]ty4 #aj4 ,executors & adm9i/rators (t5 employ ?is conv5i5t me?od ( sale1 9 settl+ ! e/ates ( deceas$ p]sons2 & !y1 z well z %]iffs & con/ables1 ex-(ficio1 or by virtue ( _! (fice1 h a lawful "r to act 9 ! capacity ( auctione]1 9 p]=m+ _! respective duties2 & no tax is requir$ by ! /ate1 9 su* cases4 #aa4 ,! sale by auction 0 9 use among ! ,romans1 ev5 9 ! e>ly days ( _! city4 ,x 0 fir/ employ$ 9 ! disposition ( spoils tak5 9 w>2 h5ce a spe> 0 adopt$ z a signal ( a public sale2 & ?is cont9u$ to be ! auctione]'s emblem1 ev5 aft] ?is mode ( sale 0 ext5d$ to prop]ty 9 g5]al4 ,! r$ flag & spe>1 or r ! h&le ( t in/rum5t1 bo? emblematical ( blood & w>1 are /ill employ$ = ! same purpose4 #ab4 ,sev]al attempts h be5 made 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 to suppress sales ( m]*&ise by auction2 b ^! endeavors 7 unsuccessful1 s9ce exp]i5ce _h prov$ ?is mode ( effect+ ex*anges to be prompt & conv5i5t2 & s9ce "s ( ! /ates _h d]iv$ consid]able rev5ue f ! duties4 ,s long z conflict+ int]e/s rema9 z !y are1 ?is mode ( sale w be likely to cont9ue4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,,cl]gyman4 ,,! ,,cl]gyman4 #a4 ,! ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/1 our ,savi\r1 dur+ 8 visit ( m]cy to ! _w1 *ose f among 8 disciples twelve m51 to be 8 especial ag5ts 9 e/abli%+ 8 *ur*4 ,^! m51 9 our translation ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 are d5om9at$ apo/les4 ,! gr& commission :i* !y receiv$ 01 ,g ye into all ! _w1 & prea* my gospel to e creature4 #b4 ,! apo/les comm5c$ _! noble ent]prise on t memorable day ( ,p5teco/1 :i* next occurr$ aft] ! asc5sion ( _! ,ma/]2 &1 9 ! city ( 8 invet]ate enemies1 soon succe$$ 9 e/abli%+ a *ur* ( sev]al ?\s& memb]s4 ,! doctr9es ( ,*ri/ianity soon spread to o!r cities & c\ntries2 &1 be=e ! close ( t c5tury1 !y 7 kn[n & embrac$1 m or less1 9 e prov9ce ( ! ,roman empire4 #c4 ,! apo/les1 h[ev]1 7 n ! only ag5ts engag$ 9 spread+ & ma9ta9+ ! doctr9es ( ,*ri/ianity2 =1 9 e *ur*1 p]sons 7 f\nd capable ( tak+ ! sup]vision ( ! re/1 & ( ex]cis+ ! (fice ( ! m9i/ry4 ,^! 7 orda9$ ei!r by ! apo/les !mselves1 or by p]sons au?oriz$ by !m to p]=m ! c]emony4 #d4 ,aft] ! ,*ur* _h pass$ ?r\gh a great v>iety ( p]secutions1 dur+ a p]iod ( ne>ly ?ree c5turies1 ! ,*ri/ians became sup]ior 9 numb]s to ! pagans 9 ! ,roman empire4 ,9 ! e>ly "p ( ! f\r? c5tury1 a free tol]ation 9 religi\s matt]s 0 decl>$ by ,con/ant9e ! ,great1 :o took ! ,*ur* "u 8 especial protection4 #e4 ,! ,*ri/ians ( ! fir/ & second c5turies usually wor%ipp$ ,god 9 private h\ses1 or 9 ! op5 air 9 retir$ places1 *iefly on acc\nt ( ! p]secutions to :i* !y 7 (t5 subject$4 ,x 0 n until ! ?ird c5tury1 t !y v5tur$ to give great] publicity to _! s]vice1 by build+ *ur*es = g5]al accommodation4 ,:5 ! ,cross _h obta9$ ! asc5d5cy1 9 ! subsequ5t age1 _m ( ! hea!n temples 7 appropriat$ to ,*ri/ian purposes2 & _m spl5did *ur*es 7 erect$1 especially by ,con/ant9e & 8 successors4 #f4 ,9 ! middle ages1 a great numb] ( edifices 7 erect$ = ! p]=mance ( div9e wor%ip1 :i*1 9 l(t9ess & gr&eur1 _h nev] be5 surpass$2 & ! great] "p ( ^! rema9 to ! pres5t day4 ,"s ( ! mo/ fam\s *ur*es are1 ,/4 ,pet]'s1 at ,rome2 ,notre ,dame1 at ,p>is2 ,/4 ,/eph5's1 at ,vi5na2 ! *ur* ( ,isaac1 at ,/4 ,pet]sburg2 ! m9/]s at ,/rasburg & ,cologne & ,/4 ,paul's1 9 ,london4 #g4 ,up to ! "t ( ! great *ange 9 favor ( ,*ri/ianity1 j m5tion$1 ! :ole ,*ur* _h (t5 act$ toge!r 9 matt]s ( common int]e/1 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( g5]al c\ncils2 & ?is practice cont9u$ = sev]al c5turies aft]w>ds4 ,b ! v>iance & diss5sions betwe5 ! ,pope ( ,rome1 & ! ,patri>* ( ,con/ant9ople1 comb9$ ) "s o!r causes1 produc$1 ab\t ! close ( ! n9? c5tury1 a total sep>ation ( ! two great divisions ( ! ,*ur*4 #h4 ,at ! "t ( ?is s*ism1 ! :ole ,*ri/ian _w _h become subject to ^! two prelates4 ,! "p ( ! ,*ur* rul$ by ! ,patri>*1 0 call$ ! ,ea/]n1 or ,greek ,*ur*2 & t "p :i* yield$ ob$i5ce to ! ,pope1 0 d5om9at$ ! ,we/]n1 or ,lat9 ,*ur*4 ,_m attempts h be5 s9ce made to reunite ^! two bran*es ( ! ,*ur*2 b ^! endeavors h hi!rto prov$ unsuccessful4 #i4 ,! conque/ ( ! ,roman empire1 s (t5 m5tion$ 9 ! prec$+ pages1 0 p>ticul>ly injuri\s to ! ,*ur*1 especially t "p ( x subject to ! ,roman pontiff2 s9ce x ne>ly ext+ui%$ ! arts & sci5ces1 & s9ce ! b>b>\s conqu]ors 7 receiv$ into ! ,*ur*1 be=e !y _h atta9$ ! prop] moral qualifications4 ,f ^! causes1 *iefly1 arose ! conduct ( ! ,*ur*1 9 ! middle ages1 :i* has be5 s mu* c5sur$ by all enlight5$ m51 & :i* has be5 (t5 unju/ly attribut$ to ,*ri/ianity h]self1 r ?an to ! ignorance & b>b>ism ( ! times4 #aj4 ,9 ! ye> #aeag1 :ile ,leo ,x4 occupi$ ! papal *air1 ,m>t9 ,lu!r1 ( ,saxony1 comm5c$ 8 well-kn[n opposition to _m practices & doctr9es 9 ! ,*ur*1 :i* he conceiv$ to be dep>tures f ! _s ( primitive ,*ri/ianity4 ,he 0 soon jo9$ 9 8 opposition by ,philip ,melanc?on1 ,ulric ,zu+le1 & f9ally by ,john ,calv91 z well z by _m o!r di/+ui%$ div9es ( t c5tury1 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,europe4 #aa4 ,^! m51 ) _! foll[]s & abettors1 = reasons too obvi\s to ne$ explanation1 receiv$ or assum$ ! appellation ( ,re=m]s2 &1 on acc\nt ( a solemn prote/ :i* !y ent]$ aga9/ a c]ta9 decree :i* _h be5 issu$ aga9/ !m1 !y also became di/+ui%$ by ! "n ( ,prote/ants4 ,! latt] t]m is n[ appli$ to all sects1 ( :atev] d5om9ation1 9 ! we/]n division ( ! ,*ur*1 t d n ackn[l$ge ! au?ority ( ! ,roman ,see4 #ab4 ,! ,prote/ant division ( ! ,*ur* is call$ by ! ,roman ,ca?olics1 ! ,we/]n s*ism1 to di/+ui% x f t ( ! ,greek ,*ur*1 :i* is t]m$ ! ,ea/]n s*ism4 ,! ,prote/ants are divid$ into a great numb] ( sects1 or p>ties2 &1 al?\gh !y diff] f ea* o!r 9 _m ( _! religi\s s5tim5ts1 !y agree 9 _! /eady opposition to ! ,roman ,ca?olics4 #ac4 ,! o/5sible object ( ! f\nd]s ( all ! *ur*es diff]+ f ! ,romi% communion1 has be51 to br+ back ,*ri/ianity to ! /ate 9 :i* x exi/$ on its fir/ e/abli%m5t2 & to prove _! positions 9 doctr9e & *ur* gov]nm5t1 !y appeal to ! ,scriptures1 & sometimes to ! ,*ri/ian writ]s ( ! fir/ f\r or five c5turies4 ,! advocates ( ! "m *ur*1 on ! contr>y1 cont5d t1 be+ infallible1 %e c nev] h dep>t$ f primitive pr9ciples1 on any po9t ess5tial to salvation4 #ad4 ,z to ! gov]nm5t ( ! sev]al *ur*es x is1 9 mo/ cases1 ei!r ,episcopal or ,presbyt]ian4 ,9 ! =m] case1 ?ree ord]s ( cl]gym5 are recogniz$2 viz41 bi%ops1 presbyt]s1 & deacons2 & ^! ?ree ord]s are suppos$1 by ! advocates ( episcopacy1 to h be5 orda9$ by ! apo/les4 ,?is op9ion is support$ by ! circum/ance1 t ^! ord]s are m5tion$ 9 ! ,scriptures2 & also by ! fact1 suppos$ to be su/a9$ by ! primitive fa!rs1 t !y 7 uni=mly e/abli%$ e>ly 9 ! second c5tury4 #ae4 ,x is believ$ by ,episcopalians1 t ^! ?ree ord]s ( m9i/]s 7 in/itut$ 9 ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 9 imitation ( ! ,jewi% prie/hood2 ! bi%op repres5t+ ! high-prie/2 ! presbyt]s1 ! prie/s2 & ! deacons1 ! ,levites4 #af4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! advocates ( ! ,presbyt]ian =m ( gov]nm5t1 ass]t1 t 9 ! fir/ c5tury ( ! ,*ur*1 bi%op & presbyt] 7 ! same ord] ( m9i/]s1 & t ! =m] 0 no?+ m ?an a presbyt]1 :o presid$ 9 ,*ri/ian assemblies1 :5 met to consult on *ur* affairs4 #ag4 ,! deacons 9 ! *ur*es t h r5\nc$ episcopacy1 are n class$ among ! cl]gy1 b are *os5 f among ! private memb]s1 to manage ! temporalities ( ! congregation1 or *ur*1 to :i* !y belong1 to assi/ ! m9i/]1 on "s occasions1 9 religi\s assemblies1 or to take ! lead 9 religi\s wor%ip 9 8 abs5ce4 ,"u ?is =m ( gov]nm5t1 !re=e1 !re is recogniz$ b "o ord] ( m9i/]s1 & e cl]gyman is d5om9at$ presbyt]1 prie/1 or eld]4 #ah4 ,! lit]>y & religi\s qualifications requir$ ( c&idates = ord]s h v>i$ 9 diff]5t ages ( ! ,*ur*1 accord+ to ! exi/+ /ate ( lit]ature & religion2 & ! requirem5ts 9 ^! two p>ticul>s are n[ diff]5t1 9 ! sev]al d5om9ations4 ,ne>ly all1 h[ev]1 require ! pr(ession 9 ! c&idate1 t he believes he is mov$ by ! ,holy ,gho/ to take ^u him ! (fice ( ! m9i/ry4 ,"s *ur*es require a collegiate education1 ) two or ?ree ye>s ( ! /udy ( div9ity2 b o!rs1 only su* z is usually obta9$ 9 common s*ools1 comb9$ ) a tol]able capacity = public speak+4 #ai4 ,! cl]gy 9 ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 is ( two k9ds2 ! "o regul>1 compreh5d+ all ! religi\s :o h tak5 ^u !mselves mona/ic v[s2 ! o!r secul>1 compreh5d+ all ! ecclesia/ics :o d n assume ^! obligations4 ,! latt]1 h[ev]1 9 common ) ! =m]1 take a v[ ( p]petual celibacy4 #bj4 ,x is ! especial duty ( cl]gym51 to prea* ! gospel1 to adm9i/] ! ord9ances1 & to en=ce ! discipl9e ( t bran* ( ! ,*ur* to :i* !y belong4 ,!y are also expect$ to adm9i/] consolation to p]sons 9 di/ress ( m9d1 aris+ f ! complicat$ evils ( ?is life1 to unite p]sons by ! bonds ( matrimony1 &1 f9ally1 9 att5d+ on ! burial ( ! dead1 to p]=m ! la/ c]emony due f man to man4 #ba4 ,m9i/]s ( ! gospel occupy an elevat$ /& 9 all ,*ri/ian communities1 bo? on acc\nt ( ! high tone ( moral feel+ :i* !y g5]ally possess1 & on acc\nt ( ! int]e/ :i* ! p at l>ge feel 9 ! subject ( religion4 ,! "w ( ! m9i/ry is emphatically a "w ( b5evol5ce2 & no man c p]=m x ) satisfaction to himself1 or ) acceptance to ! p ( 8 *>ge1 if de/itute ( love to ,god & man4 #bb4 ,9 mo/ ( ! k+doms ( ,europe1 "s "o ( ! sev]al d5om9ations is support$ by legal enactm5ts2 b1 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 e bran* ( ! ,*ur* enjoys equal favor1 s f> z legislation is conc]n$4 ,9 mo/ cases1 ! in/itutions ( religion are support$ by volunt>y contributions or subscriptions4 #bc4 ,! sal>y receiv$ by m9i/]s ( ! gospel1 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 is exce$+ly v>i\s 9 ! diff]5t d5om9ations1 & 9 ! same d5om9ation f diff]5t congregations4 ,9 "s in/ances1 !y receive no?+ = _! s]vices1 9 o!rs1 a lib]al comp5sation4 #bd4 ,x is b ju/ice to ?is pr(ession to rem>k1 t1 tak+ ! ability ( its memb]s into acc\nt1 !re is no employm5t less productive ( weal?2 & ?is is s evid5tly ! case1 t "s d5om9ations di/ribute1 annually1 a consid]able am\nt among ! wid[s & orphans ( ^? :o h devot$ _! lives to ! m9i/ry4 #be4 ,! meagre support :i* ! m9i/ry usually receives1 arises1 9 "p1 f ! op9ion too commonly ent]ta9$1 t ?is pr(ession ought to be "o ( b5evol5ce exclusively1 & t m9i/]s %\ld1 !re=e1 be cont5t$ ) a b>e subsi/5ce1 & look = _! rew>d 9 ! consci\sness ( do+ _! duty1 & 9 ! prospect ( future felicity4 ,?is is a v conv5i5t way ( pay+ = ! s]vices ( fai?ful s]vants1 & ( reliev+ ! consci5ces ( ^? ^: duty x is to give !m a lib]al support4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,,lawy]4 ,,attorney ,,at ,,law4 #a4 ,a lawy] is "o :o1 by pr(ession1 transacts legal bus9ess = o!rs1 :o1 9 ?is relation1 are call$ cli5ts4 ,a lawy] is ei!r an attorney or c\ncillor1 or bo?4 ,! "p ( legal bus9ess1 belong+ peculi>ly to ! attorney1 consi/s 9 prep>+ ! details ( ! plead+s & ! briefs = ! use ( ! c\ncillor1 ^: especial prov9ce x is to make ! argum5t be=e ! c\rt4 ,:5 ! lawy] prep>es 8 own case & makes ! argum5t1 z he g5]ally does1 he acts 9 ! capacity ( bo? attorney & c\ncillor4 ,9 ! c\rt ( *anc]y ! lawy] is d5om9at$ solicitor1 & 9 ! admiralty c\rt1 proctor4 ,be=e a p]son is p]mitt$ to practise law 9 our c\rts1 he is requir$ to pass ?r\gh a regul> c\rse ( /udy1 & aft]w>ds und]go an exam9ation be=e p]sons le>n$ 9 ! law4 #b4 ,?is pr(ession has its f\ndation 9 ! num]\s & complicat$ laws :i* h be5 adopt$ by m51 to gov]n _! int]c\rse ) ea* o!r4 ,^! laws1 z !y exi/ 9 our c\ntry1 may be divid$ into con/itutional & municipal4 ,con/itutional law is t by :i* ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ^? ( ! diff]5t /ates1 h be5 e/abli%$1 & by :i* !y are gov]n$ 9 _! action4 ,! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is ! supreme law ( ! l&4 #c4 ,municipal law embraces ^? rules ( civil conduct prescrib$ by ! supreme p[] ( ! /ate1 or ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 & is compos$ ( /atute & common law4 ,/atute law is ! express w ( ! legislative "p ( ! gov]nm5t1 r5d]$ au!ntic by c]ta9 =ms & c]emonies prescrib$ by ! ,con/itution4 #d4 ,common law is a sy/em ( rules & usages1 :i* h be5 appli$ 9 p>ticul> cases ( litigation4 ,x orig9at$ 9 ! dictates ( natural ju/ice1 & cultivat$ reason1 & is f\nd m p>ticul>ly 9 ! reports ( ! decisions ( ! c\rts ( ju/ice4 ,! common law is employ$ 9 cases :i* positive enactm5ts d n rea*1 & 9 con/ru+ & apply+ positive enactm5ts4 ,! common law ( ,engl& has be5 adopt$ by e /ate 9 ! ,union1 except ,l\isiana4 #e4 ,! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ^? ( ! sev]al /ates1 provides = ?ree dep>tm5ts 9 _! respective gov]nm5ts1 viz41 ! legislative1 ! executive1 & ! judicial4 ,x is ! *ief prov9ce ( ! fir/ to enact laws1 & ( ! second & ?ird to see t !y are duly execut$4 #f4 ,! judicial p[] ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is ve/$ 9 "o supreme c\rt & two inf]ior c\rts4 ,! ,supreme ,c\rt is n[ compos$ ( sev5 ju/ices :o comm5ce _! session 9 ! ,capitol1 at ,wa%+ton1 on ! second ,monday 9 ,janu>y4 ,! two inf]ior c\rts are ! ,di/rict & ,circuit ,c\rts4 ,9 ! fir/ ( ^! presides a s+le judge2 9 ! second1 "o ( ! ju/ices ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt1 & ! di/rict judge4 #g4 ,! judici>y ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates takes cognisance ( all cases :i* arise "u ! ,con/itution1 laws1 & treaties1 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & likewise ( ^? cases aris+ "u ! law ( nations4 ,x also embraces all cases ( admiralty & m>itime jurisdiction1 z well z ^? controv]sies to :i* ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is a p>ty1 ! controv]sies betwe5 two /ates1 betwe5 a /ate & citiz5s ( ano!r /ate1 betwe5 citiz5s ( diff]5t /ates1 & betwe5 a /ate or citiz5s !re(1 & =eign /ates1 citiz5s1 or subjects4 #h4 ,! judicial sy/ems ( all ! /ates correspond1 9 _m respects1 ) ea* o!r4 ,9 all1 ! (fice ( ju/ice ( ! peace is simil>4 ,to ^! magi/rates1 ! g5]al police ( ! c\nties is *iefly committ$1 z !y h au?ority to cause crim9als1 & o!r di/urb]s ( ! peace1 to be arre/$2 &1 if ! (f5ce is small1 to fix ! p5alty2 b1 if ! (f5ce is too great to be br\ght )9 _! jurisdiction1 !y commit ! (f5d]s to prison1 to be res]v$ = trial be=e a high] tribunal4 #i4 ,9 _m ( ! /ates1 ! common magi/rates ( ! c\nty1 or a select numb] ( !m1 =m a c\rt1 call$ ,c\nty ,sessions1 :i* has a compreh5sive jurisdiction 9 matt]s ( police1 & 9 regulat+ ! affairs ( ! c\nty2 su* z build+ c\r?\ses1 assess+ c\nty taxes1 op5+ roads1 & lic5s+ tav]ns4 #aj4 ,9 ,virg9ia1 ! ,c\nty ,sessions is an important c\rt4 ,its jurisdiction ext5ds to _m crim9al cases1 & to ^? ( a civil nature involv+ ! am\nt ( #cjj4 ,al?\gh a great am\nt ( bus9ess passes ?r\gh ^! c\rts1 ! ju/ices dis*>ge all _! duties )\t comp5sation4 ,9 mo/ ( ! /ates1 ! common magi/rates1 9 _! individual or collective capacity1 h jurisdiction ov] civil cases1 v>y+ 9 _! greate/ am\nt f ?irte5 to "o hundr$ doll>s1 a "r ( appeal be+ res]v$ to a high] c\rt4 #aa4 ,no def9ite qualifications are requir$ by law or usage = practis+ 9 ! magi/rates' c\rts1 accord+ly1 !re are _m p]sons :o plead causes "h1 :o d n prop]ly belong to ! pr(ession ( law2 ^! are call$ pettifogg]s1 & ! practice itself1 by :omsoev] p]=m$1 is call$ pettifogg+4 ,lawy]s ( inf]ior abilities & acquirem5ts are1 also1 frequ5tly t]m$ pettifogg]s4 #ab4 ,9 all ! /ates1 a class ( c\nty c\rts is e/abli%$1 d5om9at$ ,c\rts ( ,common ,pleas1 ,c\nty ,c\rts1 ,di/rict or ,circuit ,c\rts1 :i* h orig9al jurisdiction ( civil actions at law1 or indictm5ts = crimes4 ,ov] ^! are e/abli%$ ! ,sup]ior or ,supreme ,c\rts1 or ,c\rts ( ,error & ,appeal1 to :i* appeals are admitt$ f ! inf]ior c\rts4 #ac4 ,civil cases are frequ5tly decid$ on pr9ciples ( equity2 &1 9 "s /ates1 c\rts ( *anc]y are e/abli%$ = ?is purpose4 ,b1 9 mo/ ( ! /ates1 !re are no decisions ( ?is k9d2 or ! same c\rts act z c\rts ( law & equity1 z is ! case ) ! c\rts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 #ad4 ,!re are sev]al o!r c\rts t might be m5tion$2 b en\gh has be5 said ( ^! in/itutions1 to give an idea ( ! ext5sive range ( ! pr(ession ( ! law4 ,x may be well to rem>k "h1 t few lawy]s aspire to ! privilege ( practis+ 9 ! supreme c\rts2 s9ce1 to be successful !re x w\ld require n only great abilities1 b m ext5sive read+ ?an ! pr(ession g5]ally are will+ to enc\nt]4 #ae4 ,:5 a cli5t has /at$ 8 case 9 detail to 8 attorney1 x is ! prov9ce ( ! latt] to decide ^u ! c\rse mo/ prop] to be pursu$ 9 reg>d to x4 ,if ! cli5t is ! pla9tiff1 & litigation is det]m9$ ^u1 ! attorney decides ^u ! c\rt 9 :i* ! case %\ld be br\ght =w>d1 & also ^u ! mann] 9 :i* x %\ld be conduct$4 #af4 ,! suit hav+ be5 br\ght1 say into ! ,c\nty ,c\rt1 x is tri$ accord+ to law4 ,if x involves facts or damages1 x is canvass$ be=e a jury ( twelve m51 :o are b\nd by oa? or affirmation to br+ 9 _! v]dict accord+ to ! evid5ce pres5t$ by bo? p>ties4 ,x is ! bus9ess ( ! lawy]s1 ea* = 8 own cli5t1 to sum up ! evid5ce :i* may h be5 adduc$1 & to pres5t ! :ole 9 a light z favorable to 8 own side ( ! "q z possible4 #ag4 ,:5 ! case involves po9ts ( law :i* mu/ ne$s be und]/ood by ! jury1 to enable !m to make a correct decision1 ! advocates ( ! p>ties pres5t _! views ) reg>d to !m2 b1 if ^! happ5 to be wrong1 ! judge1 9 8 *>ge to ! jury1 rectifies ! mi/ake or misrepres5tation4 ,! case hav+ be5 decid$1 ea* p>ty is b\nd to submit to ! decision1 or appeal1 if p]mitt$ by law1 to a high] tribunal4 #ah4 ,causes to be det]m9$ on legal pr9ciples only1 are br\ght be=e ! judge or judges = adjudication4 ,9 su* cases1 ! advocates pres5t ! /atute or common law suppos$ to be applicable1 & !n reports ( simil> cases1 :i* may h be5 =m]ly decid$ 9 ! same or simil> c\rts4 ,^! reports are ! expon5ts ( ! common law ( ! case1 & are suppos$1 9 mo/ in/ances1 to furni% data = correct decisions4 #aj4 ,besides ! managem5t ( causes 9 public c\rts1 ! lawy] has a great mass ( bus9ess ( a private nature2 su* z draw+ wills1 ind5tures1 de$s1 & mortgages4 ,he is consult$ 9 a great v>iety ( cases ( a legal nature1 :]e litigation is n imm$iately conc]n$1 & especially 9 reg>d to ! validity ( titles to real e/ate2 & ! _m impositions to :i* ! community is liable f defective titles1 r5d] ! in=mation :i* he is able to af=d on ?is subject1 extremely valuable4 #bj4 ,9 ! prec$+ acc\nt ( ?is pr(ession1 x is easy to p]ceive t x is "o ( great utility & responsibility4 ,x is to ! attorney1 t ! oppress$ repair = r$ress aga9/ ! oppressor2 & to him1 ! orphan & fri5dless look1 to aid !m 9 obta9+ or ma9ta9+ _! rights4 ,to ?is pr(ession1 also1 z mu* z to any o!r1 ! ,am]ican p may confid5tly look = ! ma9t5ance ( correct political pr9ciples4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,,physician4 ,,! ,,physician4 #a4 ,among ! v>i\s avocations ( m51 t ( ! physician des]ves to be plac$ 9 ! =emo/ rank4 ,! pr(ession is f\nd$ 9 ! multiplicity ( diseases to :i* humanity is liable1 & 9 ! m$ical qualities ( c]ta9 sub/ances1 :i* h be5 f\nd to supply a rem$y4 #b4 ,x is impli$1 ?\gh n expressly decl>$1 9 ! ,scriptures1 t ! diseases & o!r calamities p]ta9+ to our e>?ly condition1 orig9at$ 9 ! fall ( man f 8 pri/9e innoc5ce2 & ! ,grecian fable ( ,p&ora's box appe>s to h orig9at$ 9 a simil> tradition4 ,x seems t ,jupit]1 be+ angry at ,prome!us1 ord]$ ,vulcan to make a woman end[$ ) e possible p]fection4 ,?is workman hav+ f9i%$ 8 task1 & pres5t$ ! workman%ip ( 8 h&s to ! gods1 !y load$ h] ) pres5ts1 & s5t h] to ,prome!us4 #c4 ,?is pr9ce1 h[ev]1 suspect+ a trick1 w\ld h no?+ to d ) h]2 b ,epime!us 0 s captivat$ ) h] *>ms1 t he took h] to be 8 wife4 ,! curiosity ( ,epime!us l$ him to look into a box1 giv5 to h] by ,jupit]1 :i* he _h no soon] op5$1 ?an !re issu$ f x ! complicat$ mis]ies & diseases1 :i* h s9ce afflict$ ! family ( man4 ,he in/antly %ut ! box2 b all _h fl[n1 save ,hope1 :i* _h n "t to escape2 & ?is is consequ5tly ! only bless+ t p]man5tly rema9s ) wret*$ mortals4 #d4 ,s9ce ! introduction ( moral evil into ! _w1 x _c be suppos$ t man has ev] enjoy$ ! bless+ ( un9t]rupt$ heal?2 &1 z x is an in/9ct ( our nature to seek = means ( reliev+ pa91 we may safely inf] t m$ic9al rem$ies 7 appli$ 9 ! e>lie/ ages ( ! human race4 #e4 ,among "s ( ! anci5t nations1 ! orig9 ( diseases 0 attribut$ to ! malignant influ5ce ( sup]natural ag5ts4 ,?is notion produc$ a correspond+ absurdity1 9 ! means ( obta9+ relief4 ,accord+ly1 idolatr\s prie/s1 a/rolog]s1 & magicians1 7 resort$ to1 :o employ$ religi\s c]emonies1 a/rological calculations1 & cabali/ic incantations4 #f4 ,! heal+ art 0 cultivat$ at a v e>ly p]iod 9 ,egypt2 b x 0 crippl$ 9 its infancy by ord9ances1 enjo9+1 )\t discrim9ation1 ! rem$ies = e disease1 & ! precise "t & mode ( _! application4 ,! practice 0 conf9$ to ! prie/s1 :o connect$ ) x ! grosse/ sup]/itions4 #g4 ,we are in=m$ by ! mo/ anci5t hi/orians1 t ! ,*aldeans & ,babylonians expos$ _! sick 9 places ( public resort1 & on ! highways2 & t /rang]s & o!rs 7 requir$ by law to give "s advice 9 ea* case ( disease4 ,amid ! v>iety ( sugge/ions :i* mu/ necess>ily h be5 giv5 "u su* circum/ances1 x 0 expect$ t "s w\ld prove efficaci\s4 ,?is cu/om 0 well calculat$ to enl>ge ! b\nd>ies ( m$ical k4 #h4 ,! fir/ records ( m$ic9e 7 kept 9 ! temples d$icat$ by ! ,greeks to ,esculapius1 :o1 on acc\nt ( 8 skill 9 m$ic9e1 0 honor$ z ! god ( heal?4 ,! "n or description ( ! disease1 & ! me?od ( cure1 7 engrav$ on durable tablets1 :i* 7 susp5d$1 :]e !y c\ld be readily se5 by visitors4 #i4 ,b m$ic9e did n assume ! dignity ( a di/9ct sci5ce1 until ! days ( ,hippocrates1 :o reckons himself ! sev5te5? f ,esculapius 9 a l9eal desc5t4 ,?is great man1 :o fl\ri%$ ab\t #djj ye>s be=e ! ,*ri/ian era1 is univ]sally e/eem$ ! ,fa!r ( ,m$ic9e4 ,aft] 8 dea?1 ! sci5ce 0 cultivat$ by ! philosoph]s ( ,greece1 to :om1 h[ev]1 x owes b few improvem5ts4 #aj4 ,aft] ! dismemb]m5t ( ! ,mac$onian empire1 le>n+ retreat$ f cont5d+ factions to ,egypt1 :]e x 0 lib]ally fo/]$ by ! ,ptolemies4 ,"u _! patronage1 a m$ical s*ool at ,alex&ria became em95t1 & ! heal+ art fl\ri%$ beyond all =m] example4 ,to ! disciples ( ?is s*ool1 is ! _w indebt$ = ! fir/ correct description ( ! human /ructure4 ,_! k on ?is subject 0 obta9$ f ! dissection ( ! bodies ( crim9als1 :i* _h be5 assign$ to !m by ! gov]nm5t4 #aa4 ,! acquisitions ( ! ,greeks 9 m$ical sci5ce at l5g? became ! inh]itance ( ! ,romans2 b ,rome _h exi/$ #ece ye>s be=e a pr(essional physician 0 kn[n 9 ! city4 ,?is inatt5tion to ! subject ( m$ic9e arose1 *iefly1 f an op9ion1 common to ! semi-b>b>\s nations ( ^? times1 t maladies 7 to be cur$ by ! int]position ( sup]ior be+s4 ,! sick1 !re=e1 appli$ to _! idolatr\s prie/s1 :o (f]$ sacrifices to ! gods 9 _! behalf1 & practis$ ov] ! body ( ! pati5t a v>iety ( magical c]emonies4 #ab4 ,sacrifices 7 especially (f]$ to ! gods 9 cases ( pe/il5ce2 &1 on "o occasion ( ?is k9d1 a temple 0 erect$ to ,apollo1 :o 0 reg>d$ z ! god ( physic2 &1 on ano!r1 ,esculapius1 "u ! =m ( a s]p5t1 0 conduct$ f ,epidaurus1 9 ,greece1 & introduc$1 ) great pomp1 ^u an islet 9 ! ,tib]1 :i* 0 !nce=? devot$ to 8 p>ticul> s]vice4 #ac4 ,ar*aga?us1 a ,greek1 0 ! fir/ :o practis$ physic1 z an art1 at ,rome2 & he 0 soon foll[$ by _m m ( 8 pr(essional bre?r54 ,^! pione]s ( m$ic9e1 h[ev]1 7 viol5tly oppos$ by ,cato ! ,c5sor1 :o publicly *>g$ !m ) a conspiracy to poison ! citiz5s4 ,b ! pati5ts "u _! c>e g5]ally recov]+1 he began to reg>d !m z impi\s sorc]]s1 :o c\nt]act$ ! c\rse ( nature1 & re/or$ m5 to life by means ( unholy *>ms4 #ad4 ,cato hav+ succe$$ 9 produc+ a g5]al conviction1 t ! practice ( ^! physicians 0 calculat$ to en]vate ! con/itutions1 & corrupt ! mann]s ( ! p1 re/rictions 7 laid ^u ! pr(ession1 & practition]s 7 ev5 =bidd5 to settle at ,rome4 ,b aft] ! p _h become m vici\s & luxuri\s1 diseases became m frequ5t & ob/9ate1 & physicians m necess>y4 ,! re/rictions 71 !re=e1 at l5g? remov$4 #ae4 ,among ! ,roman writ]s on m$ic9e1 ,celsus 0 ! fir/ :o is wor?y ( consid]ation4 ,he has be5 d5om9at$ ! ,roman ,hippocrates1 because he imitat$ ! close obs]vation & practice ( t physician4 ,8 "w1 z well z t ( 8 great prototype1 is read ) advantage1 ev5 at ! pres5t day4 ,he fl\ri%$ at or ne> ! "t ( our ,savi\r4 #af4 ,9 ! second c5tury ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 ,gal51 a ,greek physician f ,p]gamus1 & a disciple ( ! ,alex&rian s*ool1 settl$ 9 ,rome4 ,he 0 le>n$ 9 all bran*es ( m$ic9e1 & wrote m copi\sly on ! subject g5]ally1 ?an any o!r p]son among/ ! anci5ts4 ,= #acjj ye>s1 8 op9ions 7 receiv$ z oracul>1 :]ev] m$ic9e 0 cultivat$4 #ag4 ,aft] ! de/ruction ( ! ,we/]n empire by ! b>b>\s nations1 ! sci5ce ( m$ic9e 0 cultivat$ only 9 ! ,greek empire1 & *iefly at ,alex&ria1 until x began to arre/ ! att5tion ( ! ,arabians1 9 ! sev5? c5tury4 ,! works ( sev]al ,greek philosoph]s & physicians 7 translat$ into ,arabic1 "u ! patronage ( ! caliphs1 sev]al ( :om 7 zeal\s promot]s ( le>n+4 #ah4 ,9 ! eigh? c5tury1 ! ,caliph ,almansur e/abli%$1 at ,bagdad1 a hospital = ! sick1 & an academy1 9 :i*1 among o!r bran*es ( k1 0 taught ! m$ical art4 ,b x 0 9 ,spa91 t ,arabian le>n+ rose to ! highe/ po9t1 & produc$ ! mo/ successful results4 ,! ,univ]sity ( ,cordova became ! mo/ celebrat$ 9 ! _w1 & cont9u$ to ma9ta9 its reputation = a long s]ies ( ye>s4 ,arabian m$ic9e rea*$ its greate/ em95ce1 9 ! elev5? c5tury1 "u ,avic5na4 #ai4 ,9 ! t5? c5tury1 ?is sci5ce began to be taught 9 ! s*ools ( o!r p>ts ( ,europe2 b its pr(essors d]iv$ _! k ( ! subject f ! ,arabian s*ool1 or f ,arabic translations ( ! anci5t au?ors2 & ?is cont9u$ to be ! case1 until ! conque/ ( ,con/ant9ople by ! ,turks1 9 #adec4 ,at ?is "t1 _m erudite ,greeks fl$ into ,italy1 & c>ri$ ) !m ! anci5t writ+s4 #bj4 ,be=e ! g5]al revival ( ?is sci5ce 9 ,europe1 ! cure ( diseases 0 *iefly confid$1 9 ! we/]n nations1 to ! prie/s & monks1 :o1 h[ev]1 g5]ally reli$ m ^u religi\s c]emonies1 & ! influ5ce ( sacr$ relics1 ?an ^u ! application ( m$ical rem$ies4 ,! sup]/itions ( ^? b>b>\s times1 respect+ ! means ( cur+ diseases1 h n yet entirely disappe>$1 ev5 f ! mo/ enlight5$ nations ( ,*ri/5dom4 #ba4 ,! sci5ce ( *emi/ry began to attract mu* att5tion ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury2 & ! _m p[]ful m$ical ag5ts :i* x suppli$1 at l5g? produc$ a great *ange 9 ! !ory & practice ( m$ic9e4 ,_m valuable m$ic9es ( ! vegetable k9d1 7 also obta9$ f ,am]ica4 ,! discov]y ( ! circulation ( ! blood by ,william ,h>vey1 9 #afbj1 imp>t$ a new impulse to m$ic9e2 b1 l *emi/ry1 x gave rise to _m absurd & hurtful !ories4 #bb4 ,rese>*es 9 diff]5t bran*es ( m$ic9e 7 cont9u$ ) ardor 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,europe2 & num]\s discov]ies ( importance 7 made1 especially 9 anatomy4 ,_m !ories reg>d+ ! orig9 ( diseases1 & _! treatm5t1 7 propos$1 advocat$1 & controv]t$2 b all ^! 7 ov]?r[n by ,/ahl1 ,bo]haave1 & ,h(fman1 ?ree em95t !ori/s1 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 #bc4 ,^! di/+ui%$ m5 7 foll[$ by o!rs ( equal celebrity1 9 ! same c5tury1 :o1 9 "p at lea/1 explod$ ! doctr9es ( _! pr$ecessors4 ,! pres5t c5tury1 above all o!r p]iods1 is rem>kable = m5 em95t 9 ?is pr(ession2 &1 al?\gh all d n exactly agree 9 op9ion1 yet1 guid$ 9 _! conclusions by a c>eful obs]vation ( facts1 !y are less "u ! influ5ce ( vision>y !ories ?an physicians ( =m] times4 ,besides1 _m ( ! subjects ( =m] controv]sy hav+ be5 satisfactorily settl$1 !re are n[ few] causes ( division & excitem5t among ! m$ical pr(ession4 #bd4 ,m$ical sci5ce comprises sev]al bran*es1 ( :i* ! foll[+ are ! pr9cipal2 viz41 ,anatomy1 ,surg]y1 ,mat]ia ,m$ica1 ,*emi/ry1 ! ,!ory & ,practice ( ,physic4 ,on ^! subjects1 lectures are giv5 9 sev]al colleges & univ]sities 9 ,europe1 & 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9 ?is c\ntry1 an att5dance on two regul> c\rses ( lectures entitles ! /ud5t to ! degree ( ,doctor ( ,m$ic9e1 provid$ he c su/a9 ) suffici5t ability1 an exam9ation be=e ! pr(essors1 or1 z !y are usually t]m$1 ! m$ical faculty4 #be4 ,! degree ( ,m4 ,d4 conf]r$ by a college or univ]sity1 is a passport to practice1 9 e /ate ( ! ,union2 &1 9 "s /ates1 none are p]mitt$ to att5d ! sick1 pr(essionally1 )\t hav+ fir/ obta9$ a diploma conf]r+ su* degree4 ,9 o!r /ates1 h[ev]1 no legal re/rictions are impos$ on ! practition]s ( ! heal+ art2 or1 !y are lic5s$ by a bo>d ( physicians1 con/itut$ by law = ! purpose4 #bf4 ,! practice ( ?is pr(ession is g5]ally att5d$ ) great labor1 &1 9 _m cases1 ) mu* p]plexity4 ,diseases are (t5 /ubborn or incurable1 & effectually baffle ! mo/ skilful practition]4 ,9 mo/ cases1 h[ev]1 diseases are "u ! control ( m$ical skill2 & ! high satisfaction :i* a b5evol5t physician feels1 9 reliev+ ! suff]+s ( 8 fell[-creatures1 may s]ve z a recomp5se = ! _m adv]se circum/ances :i* att5d ! pr(ession4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,,*emi/4 ,,! ,,*emi/4 #a4 ,?is globe1 & e ?+ app]ta9+ to x1 is compos$ ( sub/ances1 :i* exi/ ei!r 9 a comp\nd or simple /ate4 ,x is ! object ( ! sci5tific *emi/ to inve/igate ! prop]ties ( ^! sub/ances1 & to %[ _! action ^u ea* o!r4 ,by ?is sci5ce1 !re=e1 comp\nd bodies are r$uc$ to ! simple elem5ts ( :i* !y are compos$1 or new comb9ations =m$4 #b4 ,accord+ to ! prec$+ def9itions1 *emi/ry compreh5ds an imm5se v>iety ( objects4 ,x is sc>cely possible to "n a ?+ or ph5om5on 9 ! natural _w1 to :i* x does n directly or indirectly apply2 ev5 ! gr[? ( vegetables1 & ! prep>ation & dige/ion ( our food1 dep5d ^u *emical pr9ciples4 #c4 ,! ^w *emi/ry is suppos$ to be ( ,egyptian orig91 &1 9 its prim>y application1 0 ! same ) our phrase natural philosophy4 ,its mean+ 0 aft]w>ds re/rict$ to ! art ( work+ ^? metals :i* 7 mo/ e/eem$4 ,9 ! ?ird c5tury1 x came to be appli$ to ! pret5d$ art ( transmut+ bas] metals into gold4 ,! sci5ce1 9 ! latt] s5se ( ! ^w1 0 eag]ly cultivat$ by ! ,greeks2 & f !m x pass$ to ! ,arabians1 :o introduc$ x into ,europe "u ! "n ( al*emy4 #d4 ,! pr(essors ( ! art 7 dignifi$ ) ! appellation ( al*emi/ic philosoph]s1 & ! lead+ doctr9e ( ! sect 01 t all metals are compos$ ( ! mo/ simple sub/ances2 & t1 consequ5tly1 base metals 7 capable ( be+ *ang$ into gold2 h5ce1 ! *ief object ( _! rese>*es 0 ! discov]y ( an ag5t1 by :i* ?is great *ange 0 to be effect$4 ,! sub/ance suppos$ to possess ?is wond]ful prop]ty 0 call$ ! philosoph]'s /one2 ! t\* ( :i* 0 to *ange e k9d ( metal into gold4 #e4 ,! greate/ rage = al*emy prevail$ betwe5 ! t5? & sixte5? c5turies4 ,! writ]s on ?is subject :o appe>$ dur+ t p]iod1 are v num]\s1 mo/ ( :om are un9telligible1 except to ^? initiat$ into ! art4 ,_m ( !m1 h[ev]1 display great acut5ess1 & an ext5sive acqua9tance ) natural objects4 ,!y all boa/1 t !y are 9 possession ( ! philosoph]'s /one1 & pr(ess ! ability ( communicat+ a k ( mak+ x to o!rs4 #f4 ,_! writ+s & confid5t pr(essions ga9$ almo/ implicit cr$it1 & _m unw>y p]sons 7 ?us expos$ to ! tricks ( impo/ors1 :o (f]$ to communicate _! secret = a pecuni>y rew>d4 ,hav+ obta9$ ! sum propos$1 !y ei!r abscond$1 or we>i$ out _! patrons ) t$i\s & exp5sive processes4 #g4 ,*emi/s1 = a long "t1 _h suppos$ x possible to discov]1 by _! art1 a m$ic9e :i* %\ld n only cure1 b prev5t all diseases1 & prolong life to an indef9ite p]iod1 ev5 to immortality4 ,?is notion gradually becom+ preval5t1 ! ^w *emi/ry acquir$ a m ext5sive application1 & embrac$ n only ! art ( mak+ gold1 b also t ( prep>+ ! univ]sal m$ic9e4 ,"s ( ^! vision>y m5 ass]t$1 t ! philosoph]'s /one 0 ?is wond]ful panacea4 #h4 ,few read]s ne$ be in=m$1 t ! rese>*es = ! philosoph]'s /one1 & ! univ]sal rem$y1 71 at l5g?1 ab&on$1 z fruitless & vision>y2 yet ! num]\s exp]im5ts :i* _h be5 in/itut$ on ^! acc\nts1 7 att5d$ ) ! incid5tal advantage ( a consid]able dext]ity 9 ! p]=mance ( *emical op]ations1 toge!r ) ! discov]y ( _m new sub/ances & valuable facts1 :i*1 )\t ^! /rong inc5tives1 w\ld h rema9$1 at lea/1 mu* long] 9 obscurity4 #i4 ,al?\gh none ( ! m$ic9es1 produc$ 9 ! *emical laboratory1 answ]$ ! *im]ical expectations ( ! *emi/s1 9 cur+ all diseases1 & 9 r5d]+ ! p]i%able body ( man immortal1 yet !y prov$ suffici5tly valuable 9 ! heal+ art1 to comm& ! att5tion ( ! pr(ession all ov] ,europe4 ,! adoption ( *emical m$ic9es1 h[ev]1 01 at fir/1 ev]y:]e oppos$1 ei!r z unsafe rem$ies1 or z be+ inf]ior 9 efficacy to ^? :i* _h be5 us$ = s _m c5turies4 #aj4 ,^! prejudices hav+ giv5 way to ! light ( exp]i5ce1 *emical m$ic9es came1 at l5g?1 to occupy a conspicu\s place 9 ! ,mat]ia ,m$ica2 & _! value )9 ! pres5t c5tury has become /ill m manife/4 ,"o ( ! mo/ useful bran*es ( *emi/ry1 !re=e1 is to make ! v>i\s prep>ations us$ 9 ! m$ical art4 #aa4 ,! mo/ effici5t ag5t 9 ! introduction ( *emical m$ic9es1 0 ,!ophilus ,p>acelsus4 ,?is s+ul> individual 0 born ne> ,zuri*1 9 ,switz]l&4 ,hav+ /udi$ *emi/ry "u two ma/]s1 he comm5c$ a rambl+ life1 9 pursuit ( *emical & m$ical k2 &1 hav+ visit$ ,italy1 ,france1 & ,g]many1 :]e he met ) _m :imsical adv5tures1 :i* contribut$ greatly to advance 8 reputation1 he 0 elect$1 9 #aebg1 to fill ! *air ( *emi/ry1 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,basle4 #ab4 ,"o ( ! fir/ acts ( ?is arrogant pr(essor 0 to burn1 ) ! utmo/ solemnity1 :ile seat$ 9 8 *air1 ! works ( ,gal5 & ,avic5na1 decl>+ to 8 audi5ce1 t if ,god w\ld n imp>t ! secrets ( physic1 x 0 n only all[able1 b ev5 ju/ifiable1 to consult ! devil4 ,he also treat$ 8 contempor>ies ) ! same insol5ce1 tell+ !m1 9 a preface to "o ( 8 books1 t ! v d[n on 8 bald pate _h m k ?an all _! writ]s2 ! buckle ( 8 %oes m le>n+ ?an ,gal5 & ,avic5na2 & 8 be>d m exp]i5ce ?an all _! univ]sities4 #ac4 ,x c\ld n be expect$1 t a man ) su* a temp] c\ld long reta9 8 situation2 &1 accord+ly1 he 0 driv5 f x1 9 #aebh1 by a qu>rel ) ^? :o _h conf]r$ ! appo9tm5t4 ,f ?is "t1 he rambl$ ab\t ! c\ntry1 *iefly 9 ,g]many1 lead+ a life ( extreme intemp]ance1 9 ! l[e/ company4 ,nev]!less1 he /ill ma9ta9$ 8 reputation z a physician1 by ! extraord9>y cures occasionally effect$ by 8 p[]ful rem$ies2 al?\gh 8 failures 7 equally conspicu\s4 #ad4 ,b ! mo/ signal failure ( 8 rem$ies occurr$ 9 8 own p]son2 =1 aft] hav+ boa/$ = _m ye>s ( possess+ an elixir :i* w\ld prolong life to an indef9ite p]iod1 he di$1 9 #aeda1 at ,salzburg1 ) a bottle ( 8 immortal ca?olicon 9 8 pocket4 ,! m$ic9es on :i* ,p>acelsus *iefly reli$1 7 opium1 antimony1 & v>i\s prep>ations ( m]cury4 ,he has ! m]it ( apply+ ! la/1 especially1 to cases 9 :i* !y _h n be5 be=e us$2 & ^u ?is circum/ance1 8 great reputation dep5d$4 #ae4 ,we h be5 ?us p>ticul> 9 notic+ ?is individual1 because he 0 ! fir/ :o gave public lectures on *emi/ry 9 ,europe1 & because he gave ! fir/ great impulse 9 favor ( *emical m$ic9es4 ,he also c>ri$ 8 speculations conc]n+ ! philosoph]'s /one & ! univ]sal rem$y1 to ! greate/ height ( absurdity2 &1 by exemplify+ _! inutility & fallacy 9 8 own p]son1 he contribut$ m ?an any "o else to _! disrepute1 & subsequ5t bani%m5t f ! sci5ce4 #af4 ,rese>*es = ! philosoph]'s /one1 & ! univ]sal rem$y1 hav+ be51 at l5g?1 rel9qui%$1 ! *emical facts :i* _h be5 collect$ became1 9 ! g5]al e/imation1 a heap ( rubbi% ( little value4 ,at ?is "t1 !re arose an individual ?or\ghly acqua9t$ ) ^! facts1 & capable ( p]ceiv+ ! important purposes to :i* !y might be appli$4 #ag4 ,! "n ( ?is individual 0 ,john ,joa*im ,be*]4 ,he publi%$ a "w 9 #affi1 entitl$ ,physica ,subt]ranica1 by :i* he gave a new direction to *emi/ry1 by apply+ x to analyz+ & asc]ta9+ ! con/itu5t p>ts ( mat]ial bodies2 & 8 sy/em is ! f\ndation ( ! sci5ce1 z x n[ exi/s4 #ah4 ,george ,erne/ ,/ahl1 a m$ical pr(essor 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,halle1 adopt$ ! !ory ( ,be*]1 &1 aft] 8 dea?1 edit$ ! "w j m5tion$2 b he s simplifi$ & improv$ x1 t he made x entirely 8 own2 &1 accord+ly1 x has always be5 di/+ui%$ by ! appellation ( ! ,/ahlian !ory4 ,! pr9cipal "w ( ,/ahl1 on ?is subject1 0 publi%$ 9 #agbi2 &1 s9ce t "t1 *emi/ry has be5 cultivat$ ) ardor 9 ,g]many1 & 9 o!r c\ntries 9 ! nor? ( ,europe4 #ai4 ,9 ,france1 *emi/ry became a fa%ionable /udy1 ab\t ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,x _h1 h[ev]1 be5 cultivat$ !re by a few individuals1 long be=e t p]iod4 ,m5 ( em95ce n[ appe>$ 9 all p>ts ( ! k+dom1 & discov]ies 9 ! sci5ce 7 made 9 rapid succession4 ,"s att5tion 0 also paid to x 9 ,italy & ,spa94 #bj4 ,9 ,great ,brita91 ?is subject attract$ b little att5tion1 except f a few individuals1 until ,dr4 ,cull5 _h become pr(essor ( ! sci5ce1 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,ed9burgh1 9 #agef4 ,?is accurate inve/igator ( natural ph5om5a1 succe$$ 9 enk9dl+ an en?usiasm = *emical inve/igations among ! /ud5ts2 & ! subsequ5t exp]im5ts ( ,dr4 ,black1 ,mr4 ,cav5di%1 ,dr4 ,prie/ley1 & ,lavoisi]1 :i* result$ 9 ! discov]y ( ! con/itu5t p>ts ( air & wat]1 diffus$ ! same ardor ?r\gh e "p ( ! k+dom4 #ba4 ,lavoisi]1 ! celebrat$ ,fr5* *emi/1 hav+ prov$ ! ,/ahlian !ory to be incorrect1 f\nd$ ano!r on ! *emical aff9ities & comb9ations ( oxyg5 ) ! v>i\s sub/ances 9 nature4 ,?is sy/em has be5 g5]ally adopt$2 s9ce x expla9s a great numb] ( ph5om5a m satisfactorily ?an any o!r ev] propos$4 ,! great *emical ag5t1 9 ! ,/ahlian sy/em1 0 suppos$ to be an inflammable sub/ance1 :i* 0 d5om9at$ by ! !ori/ phlogi/on4 ,to di/+ui%1 !re=e1 ! new !ory f ! "o :i* x sup]s$$1 x 0 call$ ! pneumatic1 or anti-phlogi/ic sy/em4 #bb4 ,9 #aghg1 a new te*nical nom5clature 0 devis$1 by ! aid ( :i* all ! *emical facts are easily reta9$ 9 ! memory4 ,twelve or fifte5 t]ms h be5 f\nd suffici5t = ! f\ndation ( a me?odical language2 &1 by *ang+ ! t]m9ations ( ^! radicals1 or by prefix+ c]ta9 words or syllables1 ! *anges t take place 9 bodies are cle>ly express$4 ,?is valuable innovation orig9at$ ) ,lavoisi] & ?ree o!r ,fr5* *emi/s4 #bc4 ,9 ! pres5t c5tury1 _m important discov]ies h be5 made 9 ?is sci5ce2 &1 among ^? :o h be5 di/+ui%$ = _! rese>*es into its my/]ies1 ,sir ,humphrey ,davy1 ( ,great ,brita91 %9es pre-em95t4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 x has _m able pr(essors2 among :om are ,pr(essors ,h>e & ,mit*ell1 ( ,philadelphia1 ,torrey1 ,r5wick1 & ,drap]1 ( ,new-,york1 ,h5ry1 ( ,pr9ceton1 ,beck1 ( ,albany1 ,silliman1 ( ,new-,hav51 & ,johnson1 ( ,middlet[n4 #bd4 ,*emi/ry is s ext5sive 9 its application1 t we w n attempt to describe any ( ! op]ations ( ! laboratory4 ,we1 !re=e1 conclude ?is article by recomm5d+ ?is sci5ce to g5]al att5tion2 assur+ ! un9itiat$1 t x is beset ) few] difficulties ?an !y are apt to suppose1 & t e ef=t 9 ! c\rse w be att5d$ ) int]e/+ facts & ph5om5a1 :i* w abundantly rew>d ! labor ( inve/igation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,apo!c>y4 ,,! ,,druggi/ ,,& ,,apo!c>y4 #a4 ,! druggi/ is a :olesale deal] 9 drugs1 :i*1 9 comm]ce1 embrace n only articles us$ or recomm5d$ by ! m$ical pr(ession1 b also spices1 dye-/uffs1 & pa9ts4 ,! commodities ( 8 trade are obta9$ f almo/ e qu>t] ( ! globe2 b especially f ! c\ntries bord]+ ^u ! ,m$it]ranean ,sea1 & f ! ,ea/ ,indies & ,spani% ,am]ica4 #b4 ,! *emi/ looks to ! druggi/ = mo/ ( ! mat]ials employ$ 9 8 laboratory2 & f him ! apo!c>y1 physician1 & c\ntry m]*ant1 obta9 _! *ief supply ( m$ic9es4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 b few p]sons 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :o conf9e !mselves exclusively to ?is bran* ( bus9ess2 = mo/ ( ! druggi/s are also apo!c>ies1 & sometimes op]ative or manufactur+ *emi/s4 #c4 ,m$ic9als1 :5 !y come into ! w>eh\se ( ! druggi/1 are usually 9 a crude /ate2 & _m1 or mo/ ( !m1 mu/ necess>ily und]go a v>iety ( *anges1 ( a *emical or me*anical nature1 be=e !y c be appli$ 9 practice4 ,! art by :i* ^! *anges are effect$ is call$ ,ph>macy1 or ,ph>maceutics2 & ! books :i* treat ( ph>maceutical op]ations are d5om9at$ ,ph>macopoeias1 or ,disp5satories4 #d4 ,! op]ations ( ,ph>macy1 :i* dep5d ^u *emical pr9ciples1 are conduct$ *iefly by ! op]ative *emi/2 b ^? :i* consi/ m]ely 9 me*anical r$uction1 or 9 mix+ toge!r diff]5t +r$i5ts1 to =m comp\nds1 belong prop]ly to ! vocation ( ! apo!c>y4 #e4 ,! apo!c>y sells m$ic9es 9 small quantities1 prep>$ = application4 ,_m ( ! /&+ comp\nd prep>ations :i* h be5 au?oriz$ by ! ,ph>macopoeias1 & :i* are 9 regul> dem&1 he keeps ready prep>$2 b a great proportion ( 8 bus9ess consi/s 9 comp\nd+ & putt+ up ! prescriptions ( ! physician1 z !y are ne$$ by ! pati5t4 #f4 ,9 c\ntry places1 :]e !re are g5]ally no apo!c>y-%ops1 ! physicians comp\nd & prep>e _! own prescriptions2 b 9 cities1 :]e ^! e/abli%m5ts are num]\s1 ! m$ical pr(ession pref] to rid !mselves ( ?is tr\ble4 ,9 mo/ cases1 h[ev]1 !y keep by !m a few rem$ies1 :i* c be appli$ 9 cases ( em]g5cy4 #g4 ,9 ,great ,brita91 ! apo!c>y is p]mitt$ to att5d sick p]sons1 & adm9i/] m$ic9es ei!r accord+ to 8 own judgm5t1 or 9 con=mity ) ! directions ( ! physician4 ,he is1 !re=e1 a physician ( an inf]ior ord]2 &1 z 8 fees are m mod]ate ?an ^? ( ! regul> pr(ession1 8 practice is ext5sive among p]sons :o1 f necessity or incl9ation1 are induc$ to /udy economy4 #h4 ,! apo!c>ies 9 ,engl&1 ,scotl&1 & ,irel&1 are oblig$ to make up _! /&+ m$ic9es accord+ to ! =mulas ( ! ,disp5satories adopt$ 9 _! respective c\ntries2 & _! %ops are subject to ! visitation ( c5sors1 :o h au?ority to de/roy ^? m$ic9es :i* !y may consid] unfit = use2 s t un:olesome or ineffici5t rem$ies be n impos$ ^u ! sick4 ,! apo!c>ies' halls1 9 ,france1 are also "u ! sup]vision ( ! m$ical faculty4 #i4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 !re is no c5sor%ip ( ?is k9d e/abli%$ by ! public au?orities2 yet ! physicians are c>eful to recomm5d apo!c>ies1 9 :om !y h confid5ce1 to prep>e _! prescriptions4 ,! pr(essors 9 our m$ical s*ools are1 also1 p>ticul> 9 nam+ to _! /ud5ts ^? druggi/s :om !y consid] m5 ( honor2 & omit1 at lea/1 to "n ^? :o h be5 detect$ 9 sell+ adult]at$ m$ic9es4 #aj4 ,we h1 also1 an incorporat$ college ( ph>macy bo? 9 ,new-,york & ,philadelphia1 & 9 ea* ( ^!1 *emical & ph>maceutical lectures are deliv]$ by regul> pr(essors4 ,^! in/itutions1 al?\gh ( rec5t orig91 h ex]t$ an important influ5ce 9 re=m+ & prev5t+ abuses 9 ! prep>ation ( m$ic9es2 & public op9ion1 especially 9 ! cities1 is beg9n+ to r5d] x important = /ud5ts 9 ph>macy to obta9 a degree f "o ( ^! colleges4 ,"u ! auspices ( ! in/itution at ,philadelphia1 is publi%$ a qu>t]ly j\rnal1 devot$ to ph>maceutical sci5ce4 #aa4 ,a ,ph>macopoeia = ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 =m$ at ,wa%+ton1 9 #ahbj1 by a delegation ( physicians f ! pr9cipal m$ical societies ( ! ,union4 ,a revision ( ?is "w is expect$ to be made e t5 ye>s4 ,disp5satories1 z !y exi/ 9 ?is c\ntry1 are f\nd$ ^u ! ,ph>macopoeias1 & may be prop]ly consid]$ comm5t>ies ^u !m1 s9ce ! =m] conta9 ! :ole ( ! latt]1 toge!r ) m m9ute descriptions ( ! s5sible & real prop]ties ( ! m$ic9es1 z well z _! hi/ory & exact mode ( prep>ation4 ,illu/ration3 ,! ,,d5ti/4 ,,! ,,d5ti/4 #a4 ,! human family is subject to a v>iety ( diseases 9 ! tee?1 :i* g5]ally cause ! f9al de/ruction or loss ( ^! important in/rum5ts1 unless judici\s rem$ies are appli$ 9 prop] season4 ,^! rem$ies are adm9i/]$ by ! d5ti/4 #b4 ,!re are few p]sons1 9 proportion to ! great mass ( ! p1 :o seem to be aw>e ( ! utility ( d5ti/ry2 =1 tak+ ! ,unit$ ,/ates toge!r1 n m ?an "o p]son 9 a hundr$ ev] resorts to ! pr(essors ( ?is art1 ) ! view ( obta9+ a rem$y = any d5tal disease ) :i* he may be afflict$4 ,! common s5tim5t seems to be1 t diseases ( ! tee?1 & _! f9al loss1 at diff]5t p]iods ( life1 are inevitable inconv5i5ces1 to :i* we mu/ submit ) ! same philosophy ) :i* we meet o!r mis=tunes4 #c4 ,to enable read]s :o h nev] exam9$ ?is subject1 to compreh5d its g5]al nature1 we w give a slight sket* ( "s ( ! irregul>ities & diseases to :i* ! tee? are liable1 &1 z we proce$1 speak ( ! rem$ies appli$ by ! d5ti/4 #d4 ,two sets ( tee? regul>ly appe>1 at diff]5t p]iods ( life2 "o 9 infancy1 & ! o!r1 at a lat] p]iod4 ,! fir/ set consi/s ( tw5ty1 & ! second ( ?irty-two tee?2 ! =m] are call$ infant1 & ! latt] adult2 & all ^!1 at ! age ( six or sev51 are ^u ! jaws at ! same "t4 #e4 ,at ! age j m5tion$1 ! infant tee? beg9 to give way to ^? :i* lie deep] 9 ! sockets1 & :i* are design$ to sup]s$e ! =m]4 ,z ! new tee? advance1 ! roots ( ! fir/ are absorb$2 &1 aft] hav+ be5 ?us depriv$ ( _! support1 !y are easily remov$2 sometimes1 by a slight pressure ( ! tongue4 #f4 ,9 a majority ( cases1 ! :ole process is c>ri$ on by nature ) ! utmo/ regul>ity2 b1 z %e is n uni=mly successful 9 ?is op]ation1 !re is no o!r p]iod at :i* ! tee? ( *ildr5 require s mu* att5tion & c>e4 ,sometimes ! second set rise 9 ! socket )\t caus+ ! absorption ( ! roots ( ! fir/4 ,9 su* cases1 ! =m] approa* 9 an improp] direction2 &1 unless ! latt] are remov$ 9 season1 de=mity w be ! consequ5ce4 #g4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ^! precautions h be5 neglect$1 & ! tee? /& 9 an irregul> mann]1 !y c sometimes be r$uc$ to symmetry by ! d5ti/1 )\t occasion+ mu* pa94 ,:5 ! front tee? are too mu* cr[d$ by reason ( ! re/rict$ dim5sions ( ! jaw1 ! small tee?1 situat$ next beh9d ! eye1 or can9e tee?1 are extract$1 "o on ea* side1 to give room to ! re/4 #h4 ,f ! ages ( six to fifte5 ye>s1 ! tee? ( *ildr5 %\ld be exam9$1 at lea/ once 9 six mon?s1 by a d5ti/1 :o1 if skilful1 c seldom fail ( r5d]+ ^! ornam5ts ( ! human c\nt5ance regul>1 heal?y1 & beautiful4 ,x is cu/om>y 9 ,engl& & ,france1 = ! proprietors ( sem9>ies ( le>n+ to employ a d5ti/ to visit _! e/abli%m5ts regul>ly1 = ! purpose ( p]=m+ su* op]ations1 & ( adm9i/]+ su* rem$ies1 z _! pupils may require4 #i4 ,! tee? are compos$ ( v h>d bone & enamel4 ,! latt] is a sub/ance exce$+ 9 d5sity any o!r 9 ! body4 ,x cov]s ! cr[n ( ! tee?1 & is ?icke/ 9 ^? p>ts :i* are mo/ expos$ to =cible contact 9 ma/ication2 b1 9 no place1 is x m ?an ! twelf? ( an in* 9 ?ickness4 #aj4 ,! mo/ common disease ( ! tee? is c>ies1 or decay1 & almo/ e "p ( !m is liable to be affect$ by x1 b especially ! sides ( ^? 9 front1 & ! cr[ns ( ^? on o!r p>ts ( ! jaws4 #aa4 ,! disease beg9s its attack ei!r on ! enamel or on ! bony portion1 & gradually ext5ds itself ov] ! too?1 until x rea*es ! n]ves :i* supply its natural cavity4 ,^! hav+ become expos$ to ! sudd5 *anges ( temp]ature1 & to ! contact ( extrane\s sub/ances 9 ma/ication1 pa9 & inflammation are produc$1 & ! extraction ( ! too? v commonly becomes ! only means ( relief4 #ab4 ,all p]sons are m or less subject to ?is disease1 b "s mu* m ?an o!rs2 & c>ies ( a peculi> "* has be5 s (t5 trac$ ?r\gh :ole families1 f "o g5]ation to ano!r1 t x is consid]$ h]$it>y1 z mu* z any o!r disease to :i* ! sy/em is liable4 ,9 _m cases1 c>ies seems to be ! effect ( "s s]i\s disease :i* affect$ ! con/itution1 :ile ! tee? 7 9 ! e>ly /ages ( =mation4 #ac4 ,al?\gh ! tee? ( "s individuals possess b little durability1 &1 :5 c>ies attacks !m1 g on rapidly to decay1 9 spite ( all ! aid :i* sci5ce & skill c af=d1 yet1 !re are comp>atively b few in/ances 9 :i* seasonable & judici\s treatm5t w n arre/ ! progress ( ! disease4 #ad4 ,:5 ! tee? are b slightly affect$ ) c>ies1 especially on ! sides1 a cure may be accompli%$ by ! removal ( ! decay$ portion4 ,?is is effect$1 by ! mo/ approv$ d5ti/s1 *iefly ) small cutt+ in/rum5ts4 ,=m]ly1 ! file & ! saw 7 employ$ = ?is purpose2 &1 by _! indiscrim9ate & injudici\s use1 _m tee? 7 ru9$1 & ! art ( d5ti/ry itself br\ght into disrepute4 #ae4 ,not)/&+ ! injuries :i* h be5 inflict$ by ! improp] application ( ! saw & file1 9 "s in/ances !y are indisp5sable2 &1 9 ! h&s ( ! sci5tific op]ator1 !y ne$ n be fe>$4 ,!y are especially useful 9 prep>+ ! way = ! employm5t ( o!r in/rum5ts2 =1 9 "s cases1 ! affect$ "p c ) difficulty be rea*$ by any o!r means4 ,b fil+ ! tee? = ! purpose ( improv+ _! appe>ance1 or = r5d]+ ! sides m accessible to ! too?-pick & bru%1 seems to be reprobat$ by ! mo/ intellig5t "p ( ! pr(ession4 #af4 ,:5 ! c>ies has p5etrat$ f> into ! too?1 &1 9 its removal1 a cavity ( suitable =m & dim5sions c be produc$1 x is fill$ ) "s sub/ance1 ) ! view ( protect+ ! bone f ! action ( extrane\s ag5ts4 ,! d5ti/ is c>eful to remove e p>ticle ( ! decay$ portion1 & to r5d] ! cavity p]fectly dry by repeat$ applications ( l9t or raw cotton1 be=e he attempts to fill x4 #ag4 ,gold is ! only sub/ance :i* possesses suffici5t solidity to )/& ! ord9>y friction ( ma/ication1 & :i*1 at ! same "t1 is capable ( resi/+ ! *emical action ( ! sub/ances t come 9 contact ) x2 yet lead & t9 are frequ5tly employ$2 & _m h be5 made to believe t !y answ] z good1 if n a bett] purpose1 ?an gold itself4 ,! durability ( ^! metals1 h[ev]1 c nev] be dep5d$ ^u1 & !y ought n to be employ$1 :]e ! too? is capable ( resi/+ ! me*anical =ce requir$ to fill x prop]ly ) gold4 #ah4 ,! metal is prep>$ = ! use ( ! d5ti/ by ! gold-beat]1 9 ! mann] describ$ 9 ! article :i* treats ^u ! bus9ess ( ! latt]4 ,! leaves1 h[ev]1 are n beat5 s ?9 z ^? design$ = ! common purposes ( ! arts4 ,! portion to be appli$ is cut f ! leaf1 &1 aft] hav+ be5 twi/$ a little1 is =c$ into ! cavity4 ,! metal is r5d]$ p]fectly solid by means ( in/rum5ts adapt$ to ! purpose4 #ai4 ,?is op]ation1 prop]ly p]=m$ "u favorable circum/ances1 g5]ally r5d]s ! too? z s]viceable1 to ! end ( life1 z if x _h nev] be5 diseas$4 ,! hopes ( ! pati5t1 h[ev]1 are sometimes disappo9t$ by ! unskilfulness ( ! op]ator1 or by ! g5]al unheal?9ess ( ! m\?1 aris+ f t>t>1 o!r decay$ tee?1 or want ( c>e 9 keep+ !m free f ! lodgm5t ( p>ticles ( food4 #bj4 ,x is a common practice to h tee? extract$1 :5 !y are affect$ ) pa92 b ?is op]ation is n always necess>y4 ,9 _m cases1 ! n]ve c be p>alyz$1 & ! too? plugg$4 ,by ^! means1 tee? :i*1 "u ! ord9>y treatm5t1 w\ld be prematurely sacrific$1 are (t5 reta9$1 = ye>s1 9 a s]viceable /ate4 #ba4 ,! next mo/ de/ructive affection to :i* ! tee? are liable1 is ! accumulation ( t>t>4 ,?is is an e>?y sub/ance1 deposit$ f ! saliva1 & is m or less abundant 9 diff]5t individuals4 ,?is deposit is extremely tr\blesome1 & g5]ally does mu* injury to ! m\?1 ev5 be=e ^? :o suff] f x are aw>e ( ! mis*ief4 #bb4 ,! t>t> on ! tee? ( "s individuals1 is ( a black or gre5i% color1 & v h>d2 on ^? ( o!rs1 br[n or yell[1 & n s firm4 ,:5 x is fir/ deposit$1 x is s(t1 & c be easily remov$ ) a too?-bru%2 b1 if suff]$ to rema91 x soon becomes indurat$1 & gradually increases 9 ?ickness ab\t ! neck ( ! tee?4 ,! gums become irritat$ & inflam$4 ,! sockets are next absorb$1 & ! tee?1 be+ left )\t _! natural support1 ei!r fall out1 or become s loose1 t !y c be easily remov$4 #bc4 ,f ?is cause1 old p lose _! tee?1 :51 9 _m cases1 !y are p]fectly s\nd2 b comp>atively v few are aw>e ( ! orig9 ( ?is deprivation1 or suppose t ^! valuable in/rum5ts c be reta9$ 9 old age4 ,! loss is attribut$ to ! delet]i\s effects ( calomel1 or is imag9$ to be an evil insep>able f advanc$ age4 #bd4 ,! affection ( ! gums1 aris+ f causes j m5tion$1 is frequ5tly call$ scurvy1 &1 l c>ies1 produces fetor ( ! brea?2 b1 :5 ^! two diseases are comb9$1 z is frequ5tly ! case1 !y r5d] x extremely (f5sive4 ,besides1 ! effluvia aris+ f ^! diseas$ p>ts give rise to _m maladies :i* t]m9ate fatally1 if a rem$y is n appli$ suffici5tly e>ly to save ! pati5t4 #be4 ,! obvi\s rem$y = diseases aris+ f t>t>1 is ! removal ( _! cause4 ,?is is effect$ by ! d5ti/1 ) small %>p cutt+ in/rum5ts ( a suitable =m4 ,to prev5t ! t>t> f accumulat+ aga91 & to re/ore ! gums to a heal?y /ate1 no?+ m is g5]ally requisite ?an ! daily use ( a /iff1 ela/ic bru%1 & ! occasional application ( "s approv$ d5trifice or a/r+5t wa%4 ,sometimes x may be necess>y to sc>ify ! gums1 or to apply lee*es to !m4 #bf4 ,! op]ations ( d5ti/ry1 m5tion$ 9 ! prec$+ "p ( ?is article1 are ^? :i* relate to ! pres]vation ( ! tee?2 &1 if p]=m$ 9 a prop] mann]1 & "u favorable circum/ances1 !y w1 9 mo/ in/ances1 prove effectual4 ,b1 z few p]sons resort to ! d5ti/1 until ! ne> approa* ( de=mity1 or until !y are impell$ by pa9 to seek relief1 a great proportion ( d5tal op]ations consi/s 9 ins]t+ artificial tee?1 & 9 extract+ ^? :i* are pa/ recov]y4 #bg4 ,:5 a too? has gone s f> to decay1 t x _c be cur$ by /opp+1 x %\ld n be suff]$ to rema9 9 ! m\?1 le/ x infect ! re/4 ,front tee?1 h[ev]1 :5 ! roots rema9 s\nd1 & firmly bas$ 9 ! sockets1 ought n to be extract$1 z ^u ! latt] artificial tee? c be plac$ ) great advantage4 ,9 su* cases1 ! removal ( ! cr[n only is necess>y4 #bh4 ,! in/rum5ts commonly employ$ 9 extract+ tee?1 are ! key1 or turnkey1 ! =ceps1 ! hook1 & ! grav]1 or pun*4 ,^! are suppos$ to be suffici5t to p]=m all ! op]ations ( ?is k9d :i* occur 9 practice2 &1 al?\gh _m attempts h be5 made to inv5t o!rs :i* might answ] a bett] purpose1 yet ^? we h m5tion$1 9 _! improv$ /ate1 are likely to cont9ue 9 g5]al use4 #bi4 ,x seems to be a common op9ion1 t any "o c pull tee?1 :o has a turnkey1 & suffici5t physical /r5g? to use x2 accord+ly1 blacksmi?s1 b>b]s1 & m$ical /ud5ts1 are ! *ief op]ators 9 ?is l9e ( d5tal surg]y4 ,! _m fatal accid5ts :i* mu/ inevitably be ! consequ5ce1 su* z break+ ! too? or jaw-bone1 are consid]$ matt]s ( c\rse4 ,^!1 h[ev]1 seldom happ5 ) skilful d5ti/s2 & x is to be regrett$1 t ! latt] are n always employ$1 :]e unskilfulness may produce su* s]i\s consequ5ces4 #cj4 ,9 ! cut1 at ! head ( ?is article1 is repres5t$ a d5ti/1 ab\t to extract a too? = a lady1 :o may be suppos$ to be 9 a /ate ( al>m at ! sight ( ! in/rum5ts2 b he1 hav+ ?r[n 8 "r h&1 :i* holds !m1 beh9d him1 %[s ! o!r conta9+ no?+1 ) ! view ( allay+ h] fe>s4 ,! mann] 9 :i* tee? are extract$1 ne$s no description1 s9ce x is an e-day op]ation 9 all p>ts ( ! _w4 #ca4 ,"o ( ! *ief s\rces ( income to ?is pr(ession1 is ! ins]tion ( artificial tee?2 =1 al?\gh few are will+ to exp5d mu* to prev5t ! loss ( _! tee?1 _m w incur great exp5se 9 supply+ ! defici5cies1 aft] !y h occurr$4 ,s p]fectly & neatly is ?is op]ation p]=m$1 by "s d5ti/s1 t x is difficult to di/+ui% betwe5 tee? :i* are natural1 & ^? :i* are artificial4 #cb4 ,! mat]ials = artificial tee? 7 =m]ly f\nd *iefly 9 ! tee? & tusks ( ! hippopotamus1 & 9 ! tee? ( "s dome/ic animals2 b1 )9 a few ye>s1 a m9]al composition1 call$ porcela91 has come into great repute1 s9ce x is v beautiful1 & is entirely pro( aga9/ ! mo/ p[]ful acids4 #cc4 ,surgical op]ations ^u ! tee? 7 p]=m$ 9 anci5t ,greece & ,rome1 _m ( :i* 7 simil> to ^? ( ! pres5t day4 ,! extraction ( tee? mu/ h be5 practis$ at a p]iod ( antiquity to :i* ! records ( m$ic9e d n rea*4 ,! op]ation is recomm5d$ by ,hippocrates1 :o describes _m ( ! diseases to :i* ! tee? are liable4 ,he also m5tions ! practice ( fix+ ! tee? by means ( gold wire1 & gives sev]al =mulas = mak+ d5trifices4 #cd4 ,celsus1 a ,roman writ] on m$ic9e1 :o fl\ri%$ ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 seems to h be5 ! fir/ au?or :o describ$ ! me?od ( extract+ tee?1 & ! fir/ :o notices ! removal ( t>t> by means ( cutt+ in/rum5ts1 z well z fill+ c>i\s tee? ) lead & o!r sub/ances1 ) ! view ( prev5t+ fur!r decay4 ,soon aft] ?is p]iod1 false tee?1 ( bone & ivory1 7 introduc$4 ,actius1 a writ] ( ! f\r? c5tury1 is ! fir/ :o m5tions ! op]ation ( fil+ ! tee?4 #ce4 ,! return ( b>b>ism to ,europe1 ne>ly ext+ui%$ ! k ( d5ti/ry4 ,z a bran* ( surg]y1 h[ev]1 x 0 reviv$ by ! ,arabian writ]1 ,albucasis1 9 ! t5? c5tury2 b1 = _m hundr$ ye>s aft] ?is p]iod1 x receiv$ b little att5tion f m5 ( sci5ce1 ! op]ations ( surg]y be+ conf9$ *iefly to ! b>b]s4 #cf4 ,! fir/ mod]n "w on ! diseases ( ! tee? 0 publi%$ at ,lyons1 9 #aeha4 ,?is 0 foll[$ by _m o!r publications on ! same subject1 9 ! succe$+ c5tury4 ,9 ! ye> #agjj1 x began to be requir$ 9 ,france1 t all p]sons :o int5d$ to practise d5ti/ry 9 t c\ntry1 %\ld und]go an exam9ation1 to te/ _! qualifications4 ,f ?is p]iod is dat$ ! e/abli%m5t ( ! d5tal art z a di/9ct bran* ( m$ical practice4 ,illu/ration ,,! ,,tea*]4 #a4 ,education1 9 antiquity1 0 entirely a matt] ( dome/ic conc]n4 ,9 c\ntries :]e prie/ly or royal despotism prevail$1 s*ools = ! b5efit ( ! sons ( ! great1 & = ! prie/s1 7 e/abli%$4 ,moses1 ! ,jewi% lawgiv]1 0 educat$ 9 a prie/ly s*ool 9 ,egypt1 & ,cyrus1 at a sem9>y belong+ to ! ,p]sian c\rt4 ,9 ,pale/9e1 ! ,scriptures 7 taught 9 ! s*ools ( ! prophets2 &1 at lat] p]iods1 9 ! synagogues1 & 9 ! s*ools ( ! ,rabbis1 read+1 committ+ to memory ! sacr$ books1 & he>+ explanations ( _! mean+1 con/itut$ ! *ief ex]cises4 #b4 ,9 ! ,grecian cities1 boys & girls 7 taught read+1 writ+1 & ari?metic 9 private s*ools2 &1 aft] hav+ complet$ ! prim>y c\rse1 ^? :o aspir$ to high] degrees ( k1 resort$ to ! in/ructions ( ! philosoph]s & sophi/s4 ,?is sy/em 0 comm5c$ z e>ly z #ejj ye>s be=e ! adv5t ( ,*ri/4 #c4 ,two hundr$ ye>s aft] ?is p]iod1 ! ,romans began to h prim>y s*ools = boys1 9 ! cities2 &1 f ! "t ( ,julius ,caes>1 :o conf]r$ on tea*]s ! "r ( citiz5%ip1 !y possess$ ! high] in/itutions ( ! gramm>ians & ! rhetoricians4 ,9 ! =m] ( ^!1 7 taught ! ,lat9 & ,greek languages2 & 9 ! latt]1 "y m5 ( tal5t 7 prep>$1 by ex]cises 9 declamation1 = speak+ 9 public4 #d4 ,*ildr51 among ! ,greeks & ,romans1 7 accompani$ to s*ool by slaves1 :o1 f ! p]=mance ( ?is duty1 7 call$ p$agogues2 b1 aft] slaves & fre$m5 _h made acquirem5ts 9 lit]ature & sci5ce1 !y 7 frequ5tly employ$ z tutors2 h5ce ! t]m1 at l5g?1 came to imply a tea*] ( *ildr51 & x is /ill us$ 9 ref]5ce to ?is employm5t1 al?\gh we usually connect ) x ! idea ( p$antry4 #e4 ,until ! "t ( ,vespasian1 :o comm5c$ 8 reign 9 ! ye> #gj ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 ! s*ools 7 su/a9$ entirely by private ent]prise4 ,t emp]or in/itut$ public pr(essor%ips ( gramm> & rhetoric ) fix$ sal>ies1 = ! purpose ( educat+ "y m5 = ! public s]vice2 &1 9 ,a4,d4 #aej1 ,anton9us ,pius f\nd$ imp]ial s*ools 9 ! l>g] cities ( ! ,roman empire4 ,! mo/ celebrat$ place = ! cultivation ( sci5ce1 9 ! anci5t _w1 0 ,a!ns2 &1 to ?is city1 /ud5ts f all p>ts ( ,europe resort$1 ev5 z late z ! n9? c5tury4 #f4 ,*ri/ianity1 by degrees1 gave a new turn to education2 &1 9 ! ,ea/1 x came gradually "u ! influ5ce ( ! cl]gy4 ,s*ools 7 in/itut$ 9 ! cities & villages = cate*um5s1 &1 9 "s places1 ^? ( a high] grade1 = ! education ( cl]gym54 ,( ! latt] k9d1 t 9 ,alex&ria 0 ! mo/ fl\ri%+1 f ! second to ! f\r? c5tury4 #g4 ,f ! fif? c5tury1 ^! high] in/itutions began to decl9e1 & o!rs1 call$ ca!dral or episcopal s*ools1 seem to h tak5 _! place4 ,9 ^!1 besides !ology1 7 taught ! sev5 lib]al arts--gramm>1 logic1 rhetoric1 ari?metic1 geometry1 a/ronomy1 & music2 ( :i* ! ?ree fir/ 7 call$ ! trivium1 & ! f\r la/ ! quadrivium4 ,! text-book employ$ 0 ! ,encyclopa$ia ( ,m>cianus ,capella1 ( ,africa4 ,?is comp5dium 0 publi%$ at ,rome1 ,a4,d4 #dgj2 &1 al?\gh a meagre production1 x ma9ta9$ its reputation 9 ! s*ools ( ,europe m ?an #ajjj ye>s4 #h4 ,! imp]ial s*ools e/abli%$ by ,anton9us ,pius1 decl9$1 & f9ally became ext9ct1 9 ! confusion t foll[$ ! irruption ( ! b>b>ians2 b _! places 7 suppli$ by ! p>o*ial & ca!dral s*ools j m5tion$4 ,^!1 h[ev]1 7 surpass$1 9 ! six? c5tury1 by ! conv5tual s*ools1 :i* 7 orig9ally design$ to prep>e p]sons = ! mona/ic life1 b :i* soon began to be resort$ to by laym54 #i4 ,^! s*ools 7 connect$ ) ! conv5ts belong+ to ! ord] ( ,/4 ,b5$ict1 & s]v$ z ! *ief glimm]+ lights dur+ ! d>ke/ p]iod betwe5 anci5t & mod]n civilization1 9 ,europe4 ,!y fl\ri%$ 9 ,irel&1 ,engl&1 ,france1 & ,g]many1 f ! six? to ! elev5? c5tury4 ,! tea*]s ( ^! sem9>ies 7 call$ s*ola/ici1 & f !m ! s*ola/ic philosophy d]iv$ its orig9 & "n4 #aj4 ,9 ! ye> #ghi1 ,*>lemagne1 k+ ( ! ,franks1 issu$ a decree = ! improvem5t ( ! s*ools ( 8 empire1 & = increas+ _! numb]4 ,n only e bi%op's see & e conv5t1 b e p>i%1 0 to h its s*ool2 ! two =m] = ! education ( cl]gym5 & public (fic]s1 & ! latt] = ! l[] classes ( p4 ,?is mon>* in/itut$ an academy ( le>n$ m51 to :om he himself resort$ = in/ruction1 & :om he employ$ to educate 8 *ildr51 & a select numb] ( ! sons ( ! nobility & di/+ui%$ p]sons4 #aa4 ,! enc\ragem5t :i* ^! s*ools _h receiv$ f gov]nm5t 0 soon discont9u$ aft] ! dea? ( ?is mon>*1 & 8 s*ool e/abli%m5t decl9$ l t ( ,alfr$ ! ,great1 :i* 0 comm5c$ 9 ! n9? c5tury1 on a scale ( equal lib]ality4 ,! designs ( ! ,engli% mon>* 7 fru/rat$ by ! invasions ( ! ,danes4 #ab4 ,9 ! mean "t1 ! ,jewi% rabbis _h s*ools 9 ,syria & 9 ,nor!rn ,africa1 z well z 9 ,europe1 :i* contribut$ to ! pres]vation ( anci5t le>n+4 ,arabian s*ools 7 also e/abli%$1 9 ! n9? c5tury1 by ! foll[]s ( ,mohamm$1 9 _! ,ea/]n & ,african caliphates1 & 9 _! ,moori% dom9ions 9 ,spa94 ,?r\gh ^! in/itutions1 ! ma!matical & m$ical sci5ces 7 aga9 reviv$ 9 ,europe4 #ac4 ,! ca!dral & conv5tual s*ools cont9u$1 = a long "t1 ! pr9cipal in/itutions = education 9 ,europe2 & f !m proce$$ _m em95t m54 ,by degrees ! light ( sci5ce began to %9e m brightly2 tea*]s ( em95ce appe>$ 9 diff]5t places1 :o collect$ ar\nd !m a great numb] ( s*ol>s2 & a new k9d ( s*ools arose1 ! heads ( :i* assum$ ! "n ( rectores4 #ad4 ,9 ,p>is1 sev]al ( ^! tea*]s gave in/ructions 9 v>i\s bran*es1 b *iefly 9 rhetoric1 philosophy1 & !ology4 ,! s*ools ?us collect$ "u diff]5t ma/]s1 71 9 #abjf1 unit$ "u "o rector2 &1 on ?is acc\nt1 ! :ole mass ( tea*]s & s*ol>s 0 d5om9at$ univ]sitas4 ,univ]sities1 9 o!r p>ts ( ,europe1 arose 9 a simil> mann]1 & "s ( !m1 ab\t ! same "t4 ,^? ( ,ox=d & ,cambridge1 accord+ to "s writ]s1 7 e/abli%$ ab\t ! ye> #abjj2 & ! two fir/ ( ^! in/itutions 9 ,g]many 7 f\nd$ at ,prague & ,vi5na1 ! =m] 9 #acdh1 & ! latt] 9 #acfe4 #ae4 ,! division ( ! /ud5ts into f\r nations 0 an ess5tial feature 9 ! e>ly univ]sities4 ,x arose f ! circum/ance t ! pupils com+ f diff]5t c\ntries1 spoke diff]5t languages4 ,^? ^: language 0 ! same or simil>1 w\ld naturally associate toge!r1 & att5d ! in/ructions ( ! same tea*]s4 ,?is division into nations is suppos$ to h gr[n up at ,p>is1 previ\s to ! =mal union ( ! sev]al s*ools "u "o rector4 #af4 ,! fir/ tea*]s1 f ^: ex]tions ! univ]sities orig9at$1 comm5c$ _! public in/ructions )\t p]mission f e/abli%$ au?ority4 ,subsequ5tly1 ! /ate & univ]sity 7 c>eful to prev5t all p]sons f giv+ lectures1 :o 7 n well qualifi$ = ! employm5t4 ,exam9ations 7 !re=e in/itut$ to det]m9e ! capabilities ( /ud5ts4 ,^? :o 7 f\nd compet5t1 receiv$ a =mal p]mission to tea*1 accompani$ ) c]ta9 symbols 9 ! _s ( ! age4 #ag4 ,! fir/ academical degree 0 t ( baccalaureus1 ! second1 lic5tiatus2 & ! ?ird magi/]4 ,! la/ ( ^! entitl$ ! /ud5t to all ! privileges ( 8 =m] tea*]s1 & con/itut$ him "o ( ! facultas artium--! faculty ( ! sev5 lib]al arts1 s9ce call$ ! philosophic faculty4 ,! o!r faculties 7 ^? ( !ology1 law1 & m$ic9e4 ,! fir/ ( ^! 0 in/itut$ at ,p>is 9 #abei1 & ! two la/1 9 #abfj4 ,! faculties elect$ deans f among _! numb]1 :o1 ) ! procuratores1 or heads ( ! f\r nations ( /ud5ts1 repres5t$ ! univ]sity4 ,^! repres5tatives possess$ ! p[] ( conf]r+ degrees 9 ! diff]5t dep>tm5ts ( lit]ature & sci5ce4 #ah4 ,among ! public in/itutions ( ! e>ly univ]sities 7 ! colleges1 7collegia17 build+s 9 :i* /ud5ts1 especially ^? :o 7 poor1 might live toge!r1 "u sup]9t5d5ts1 )\t pay+ = _! lodg+4 ,9 "s cases1 !y receiv$ _! bo>d1 & frequ5tly o!r all[ances1 gratis4 ,^! in/itutions 7 comm5c$ at ,p>is2 b "h1 z well z 9 o!r places1 !y did n cont9ue ! asylums ( ! necessit\s only4 ,9 ,france & ,engl&1 ! build+s ( univ]sities are compos$ *iefly ( ^! colleges1 9 :i* ! /ud5ts reside1 & 9 :i* ! bus9ess ( in/ruction is ma9ly c>ri$ on4 #ai4 ,! tea*]s 9 ! univ]sities 7 at fir/ paid = _! s]vices by ! /ud5ts4 ,at a lat] p]iod1 ! magi/rates ( ! t[n or city :]e ! in/itution 0 locat$1 made pres5ts to em95t s*ol>s1 to induce !m to rema94 ,?is practice f9ally l$ to ! paym5t ( regul> sal>ies4 ,f & aft] ! f\rte5? c5tury1 univ]sities 7 n left to gr[ up ( !mselves z =m]ly1 b 7 expressly e/abli%$ by public au?orities or by ! popes4 #bj4 ,! inactivity & luxury ( ! cl]gy1 _h l$ to ! neglect ( ! old sem9>ies ( le>n+4 ,! univ]sities 7 !re=e necess>y1 n only to revive ! ta/e = sci5ce & lit]ature1 b also to =m a new body ( tea*]s4 ,^! in/itutions1 h[ev]1 at l5g? became subject to undue cl]ical influ5ce1 s9ce ! monks obta9$ admission into !m z tea*]s1 & !n labor$ to increase ! importance ( _! sev]al ord]s1 z well z ! p[] ( ! ,roman pontiff4 #ba4 ,! monks1 also1 connect$1 ) _! conv5ts1 popul> s*ools1 & und]took ! education ( ! *ildr5 9 ! cities4 ,b _! me?od ( in/ruction 0 exce$+ly defective1 s9ce ! intellig5t inve/igation ( ! subjects /udi$ 0 little enc\rag$1 & s9ce ! memory ( ! pupils 0 br\ght into requisition to ! almo/ entire exclusion ( ! o!r faculties ( ! m9d4 #bb4 ,9 ! l[] p>i% s*ools1 ! *ildr5 7 n p]mitt$ to le>n to write1 ! monks be+ desir\s ( conf9+ to ! cl]gy ! practice ( ?is art1 :i* 0 v lucrative be=e ! inv5tion ( pr9t+4 ,! art 0 call$ ars cl]icalis2 &1 = a long "t1 ! privilege ( e/abli%+ writ+ s*ools = ! *ildr5 ( citiz5s1 0 a matt] ( negotiation betwe5 ! magi/rates & ! cl]gy4 #bc4 ,b ! citiz5s becom+1 at l5g?1 m indep5d5t1 ! magi/rates !mselves began to sup]9t5d ! education ( y\?4 ,trivial s*ools 7 e/abli%$1 9 :i* ! trivium1 & read+ & writ+1 7 taught2 b = ^!1 z well z = ! ca!dral & p>i% s*ools1 :i* _h be5 neglect$ = "s "t by ! high] cl]gy1 it9]ant monks & /ud5ts 7 employ$ z tea*]s4 #bd4 ,! eld] pupils ( ! highe/ class frequ5tly w&]$ f "o s*ool to ano!r1 "u ! pret5ce ( pursu+ _! /udies1 sometimes tak+ ) !m y\ng] s*ol>s1 :om !y compell$ to beg or /eal1 9 ord] to supply _! wants4 ,z late z ! sixte5? c5tury1 ,lu!r compla9s t ^! vacantivi 7or idl]s7 7 ! p]sons *iefly employ$ z s*oolma/]s 9 ,g]many4 #be4 ,a pi\s frat]nity1 call$ ,j]onymites1 consi/+ ( cl]gym5 & laym51 :o liv$ toge!r1 & occupi$ !mselves p>tly 9 me*anic arts1 & p>tly 9 ! in/ruction ( y\?1 ex]t$ consid]able influ5ce on education 9 g5]al4 ,!y fir/ e/abli%$ !mselves 9 ,italy1 & aft]w>ds 9 ! ,ne!rl&s1 on ! ,rh9e1 & 9 ,nor!rn ,g]many4 #bf4 ,mu* 0 done dur+ ! la/ half ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 & 9 ! "o hundr$ ye>s t foll[$1 to enc\rage ! /udy ( ! anci5t classics4 ,! att5tion ( lit]>y m5 0 turn$ to ^! int]e/+ rema9s ( antiquity by ! arrival ( _m le>n$ ,greeks1 :o _h fl$ f ,turki% oppression1 & :o _h br\ght ) !m ! anci5t writ+s4 #bg4 ,^! treasures ( =m] civilization 7 unfold$ to ! mod]n _w by ! art ( pr9t+1 :i* 0 inv5t$ 9 #adda2 & ! re=mation1 :i* comm5c$ 9 #aeag1 also aid$ ! advancem5t ( education4 ,! corporations ( ! ,g]man cities 9 :i* ! re=m$ religion 0 receiv$1 f\nd$ sem9>ies1 call$ gymnasia1 & lyceums1 ) p]man5t pr(essor%ips4 ,a va/ am\nt ( prop]ty1 belong+ to ! conv5ts & ! ,*ur*1 0 confiscat$ by ! gov]nm5ts1 & appropriat$ *iefly to ! promotion ( education4 #bh4 ,! s*ools 9 ! c\ntries :i* adh]$ to ! ,roman ,ca?olic religion1 h[ev]1 cont9u$ 9 ne>ly ! same /ate1 until ! ,jesuit s*ools arose1 t[>ds ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,^!1 on acc\nt ( ! ability ) :i* !y 7 conduct$1 soon ga9$ ! asc5d5cy1 & = a long "t ma9ta9$ _! reputation2 b !y1 at l5g?1 deg5]at$1 & f9ally became ext9ct1 on ! suppression ( ! ord] ( ,jesuits 9 #aggc4 #bi4 ,italy1 ,spa91 & ,portugal1 h1 = a long "t1 be5 inactive 9 relation to education1 x be+ left entirely to ! cl]gy1 & ! ef=ts ( ! p 9 _! individual capacity4 ,mu* has be5 done 9 ,au/ria1 )9 fifty ye>s1 to advance ?is important int]e/4 ,"u ! late emp]or1 pr(essor%ips 7 con/itut$1 9 ! univ]sities & ca!dral sem9>ies1 = ! in/ruction ( tea*]s2 & gymnasia1 common & ,sunday s*ools1 7 e/abli%$ 9 almo/ e "p ( ! k+dom4 #cj4 ,! g5]al organization ( s*ools 9 ,france1 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 0 simil> to t ( mo/ o!r ,ca?olic c\ntries4 ,! gov]nm5t did no?+ = ! education ( ! p at l>ge2 & ! ,*ur*1 :i* possess$ a l>ge proportion ( ! prop]ty ( ! nation1 left ! p 9 total ignorance2 :5ce may h aris5 mu* ( ! atrocity :i* m>k$ ! e>ly "p ( ! revolution4 #ca4 ,dur+ ! popul> reign1 ! education ( y\? 0 decl>$ to be "u ! c>e ( ! /ate1 & _m s*ools1 call$ polyte*nic1 7 e/abli%$4 ,napoleon1 also1 aft]w>ds in/itut$ sev]al milit>y s*ools1 & contemplat$ ! introduction ( a sy/em ( g5]al education4 ,) ?is view1 he in/itut$ an imp]ial univ]sity1 :i* 0 to h ! supreme direction ( in/ruction 9 ,france2 b 8 designs 7 b p>tially c>ri$ into effect4 #cb4 ,:5 ! ,b\rbons 7 aga9 re/or$ to ! ?rone ( ,france1 !y1 ) ! cl]gy1 labor$ to re/ore ! old ord] ( ?+s2 &1 to keep ! common p f becom+ dang]\s1 ! ,lanca/]ian s*ools1 e/abli%$ 9 #ahaf1 7 aboli%$4 ,effici5t measures1 h[ev]1 h be5 lately adopt$ by ,l\is ,philip to e/abli% s*ools ( diff]5t grades ?r\gh\t 8 k+dom4 #cc4 ,9 ,engl& & ,irel&1 al?\gh ! middl+ & high] classes are comp>atively well educat$1 no sy/em ( g5]al in/ruction has ev] be5 e/abli%$ = ! b5efit ( ! common p4 ,mu*1 h[ev]1 has be5 accompli%$ by *>ity & ,sunday s*ools2 ! =m] ( :i* 7 comm5c$ 9 #afih1 & ! latt] 9 #ahab4 ,besides ^!1 !re are num]\s *>itable f\ndations on :i* _m p]sons ( limit$ means h be5 educat$ at ! high] in/itutions4 #cd4 ,9 ,scotl&1 m lib]al provisions h be5 made = g5]al education4 ,! sy/em 0 comm5c$ 9 ! reign ( ,william & ,m>y1 :51 by an act ( ,p>liam5t1 e p>i% 0 requir$ to ma9ta9 a s*ool4 ,! p h s f> improv$ _! privileges1 t ne>ly all ( ! inhabitants ( t "p ( ,great ,brita9 c read & write4 #ce4 ,! gov]nm5t ( ,russia1 dur+ ! la/ & pres5t c5tury1 has direct$ "s att5tion to ! promotion ( education4 ,accord+ to ! decrees ( ! ,emp]or ,alex&]1 s*ools ( diff]5t grades 7 to be e/abli%$ ?r\gh\t ! empire2 b ^! decrees h be5 yet only p>tially execut$4 #cf4 ,9 no "p ( ! _w has ! education ( all classes ( p be5 m enc\rag$ ?an 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,?is has aris5 *iefly f ! circum/ance1 t a rem>kable proportion ( ! coloni/s 7 p]sons ( education4 ,?is 0 p>ticul>ly ! case ) ^? ( ,new-,engl&1 :]e ! in/ruction ( y\?1 f ! v beg9n+ ( ! settlem5ts1 0 made a matt] ( public conc]n4 #cg4 ,! pr9ciple ( mak+ public provision = ?is purpose1 ?us e>ly adopt$1 has nev] be5 des]t$2 on ! contr>y1 x has become s deeply int]wov5 ) ! social condition ( ! p ( ,new-,engl&1 t !re are few families 9 t "p ( ! ,union1 :i* are n )9 rea* ( a public s*ool2 &1 9 e /ate :]e ! influ5ce ( ! p f t section ( ! c\ntry is pr$om9ant1 public s*ools h be5 organiz$ by legal provisions1 & a fund has be5 provid$1 by :i* at lea/ a "p ( ! exp5se ( support+ !m is paid4 #ch4 ,9 all ! /ates 9 :i* ^! prim>y in/itutions are e/abli%$ by legislative enactm5ts1 !y are kept 9 op]ation1 9 c\ntry places1 betwe5 six & n9e mon?s ( ! ye>4 ,a ma/] is employ$ 9 ! w9t]1 & a mi/ress1 9 ! summ]3 ! =m] receives = 8 s]vices f t5 to fifte5 doll>s p] mon?1 & ! latt]1 f sev5ty-five c5ts to two doll>s p] week1 toge!r ) bo>d+4 ,! tea*]s1 h[ev]1 dur+ _! engagem5t are compell$ to reside 9 ! diff]5t families ( ! di/rict1 _! /ay at ea* place be+ det]m9$1 ) scrupul\s exactness1 by ! numb] ( *ildr5 s5t to ! s*ool4 #ci4 ,f ! l[ sal>ies receiv$ = ^! important s]vices1 & ! %ort p]iods = :i* engagem5ts are made1 x is evid5t1 t tea*+ a di/rict s*ool _c be pursu$ z a regul> employm5t4 ,^! s*ools are1 !re=e1 suppli$ by p]sons :o1 dur+ ! re/ ( ! ye>1 foll[ "s o!r bus9ess2 or by /ud5ts1 :o rely1 9 "p or entirely1 on _! own ex]tions to defray ! exp5ses ( _! academical1 collegiate1 or pr(essional education4 #dj4 ,^! s*ools are1 no d\bt1 in/itutions ( great value2 b1 9 ! /ates :]e !y h be5 e/abli%$1 !y are evid5tly mu* ov]rat$4 ,!y fail 9 accompli%+ ! ends = :i* !y h be5 in/itut$1 ?r\gh ! extreme t5acity ) :i* ! p adh]e to anci5t & defective me?ods ( in/ruction1 ! frequ5t *ange ( tea*]s1 & ! small comp5sation all[$ = ! s]vices ( compet5t in/ructors4 #da4 ,9 ! cities & popul\s t[ns or villages1 ! public s*ools are kept up dur+ ! :ole ( ! ye>1 & ! sy/em ( in/ruction is g5]ally bett] ?an t pursu$ 9 ! c\ntry4 ,9 ,new-,york1 ,philadelphia1 ,baltimore1 & 9 "s o!r cities1 ! ,lanca/]ian plan ( mutual in/ruction1 ) _m modifications1 is pref]r$1 pr9cipally on acc\nt ( its *eapness4 #db4 ,select-s*ools & private academies are1 also1 v num]\s4 ,^! are locat$ *iefly 9 ! cities & popul\s t[ns1 & are support$ entirely by fees = tuition receiv$ f ! p>5ts or gu>dians ( ! pupils4 ,^! in/itutions d n diff] ess5tially f ^? ( a private nature 9 simil> situations 9 o!r p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :]e common s*ools are n e/abli%$ by law4 #dc4 ,9 ! ,s\!rn /ates1 weal?y families (t5 employ private tutors4 ,sometimes two1 ?ree1 or m families1 & ev5 a :ole neighborhood1 unite = ! purpose ( =m+ a s*ool2 &1 to induce a tea*] to comm5ce or cont9ue 8 labors among !m1 an adequate am\nt is made up be=eh& by subscription4 ,s\? ( ,p5nsylvania1 ,delaw>e1 & ! ,ohio ,riv]1 su* engagem5ts are commonly made = a ye>1 z1 9 t section ( ! ,union1 ! op9ion prevails1 t a tea*] c d b little t[>ds improv+ 8 pupils 9 a mu* %ort] "t4 #dd4 ,! lit]>y in/itutions :i* are next above ! common s*ools1 & :i* are e/abli%$ by legislative au?ority1 are ! academies1 ( :i* !re are betwe5 five & six hundr$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,"s ( ^! h be5 f\nd$ by ! funds ( ! /ate 9 :i* !y are locat$1 "s1 by ! union ( a few spirit$ individuals1 or by private beque/s4 #de4 ,! c\rse ( in/ruction pursu$ 9 ^! sem9>ies ( le>n+ v>ies consid]ably f ea* o!r4 ,9 "s ( !m1 x is conf9$ *iefly to ! common bran*es ( education2 9 o!rs1 ! c\rse is pretty ext5sive1 embrac+ natural & moral philosophy1 *emi/ry1 belles lettres1 & a s\nd c\rse ( ma!matics1 toge!r ) ,lat91 ,greek1 & "s ( ! mod]n languages4 ,"o great object 9 ^! in/itutions is to prep>e /ud5ts = college4 ,! tea*] :o has *>ge ( an academy is call$ ! pr9cipal1 :ile ! tea*] :o may aid him 9 8 labors is d5om9at$ ! assi/ant or u%]4 #df4 ,! highe/ in/itutions ( le>n+ among u are ! colleges & univ]sities4 ,betwe5 ^!1 h[ev]1 !re seems to be b little diff]5ce1 s9ce ! c\rse ( /udies is ne>ly or q ! same 9 bo?1 & s9ce ! *>t]s obta9$ f ! legislatures grant to bo? simil> p[]s ( conf]r+ honor>y degrees4 ,! :ole numb] ( ^! e/abli%m5ts 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is ab\t eighty4 #dg4 ,! pr9cipal tea*]s 9 ! colleges are d5om9at$ pr(essors1 :o conf9e _! labors to communicat+ in/ructions 9 p>ticul> bran*es ( lit]ature or sci5ce4 ,^! are aid$ by assi/ants call$ tutors4 ,! latt] are g5]ally "y m51 :o devote two or ?ree ye>s to ?is employm5t1 be=e ent]+ ^u ! practice ( a pr(ession4 ,! numb] ( pr(essors & tutors 9 ! sev]al colleges v>ies accord+ to _! am\nt ( funds1 & numb] ( /ud5ts4 ,,end ,,( ,,vol4 ,i4 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,obvi\s spell+ & punctuation errors & inconsi/5cies 7 repair$1 b p]iod spell+s reta9$ 7e4g4 grisly be>1 lama1 pi/a*oes1 hommony74 ,negociat- & negotiat-1 :ale-bone & :alebone1 ancles & ankle1 color- & col\r-1 endeavor- & endeav\r-1 favor- & fav\r-1 labor- & lab\r-1 neighbor- & neighb\r-1 7 reta9$ z 9 orig9al4 ,cont5ts page1 ,preface page numb] reads #g b actually appe>s on page vii2 reta9$4 ,cont5ts page1 ,soapboil] *ang$ to m frequ5t ,soap-,boil]4 ,p4 ix1 remov$ f ! ignorance1 orig9al reads ignora ce4 ,p4 #af1 s\?-we/]n p>ts1 hyph5 add$ = consi/5cy )9 text4 ,p4 #dg1 malt/] *ecks1 orig9al reads mal/]4 ,p4 #ec1 r5d] ! w9e palatable1 orig9al reads palateable4 ,p4 #ff1 ,illu/ration at />t ( ,manufactur] ( ,clo? *apt] has no caption 9 orig9al4 ,p4 #aja1 sewn toge!r to =m hats1 orig9al reads s[n4 ,p4 #agd1 releas$ f 8 dep5d5ce1 orig9al reads dep5dance4 ,p4 #ahe1 ,?omas ,newcom51 orig9al reads ,newcom]4 ,p4 #bdi1 ,illu/ration at />t ( ,tea*] *apt] has no caption 9 orig9al4 ,p4 #bdi & #beb1 rabbis1 orig9al reads rabbies4