file :i* includes ! orig9al illu/rations4 ,see #cifia-;h4htm or #cifia-;h4zip3 7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/ca*e_/epub_/ #cifia_/pg#cifia-;images4html7 or 7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/files_/#cifi a_/cifia-;h4zip7 ,images ( ! orig9al pages are available ?r\gh ,int]net ,ar*ive_/,am]ican ,libr>ies4 ,see http3_/_/ar*ive4org_/details_/photograph icamus#jjwood ,,photographic ,,amusem5ts ,includ+ ,a ,description ( a ,numb] ( ,novel ,effects ,obta9able ) ! ,cam]a by ,,walt] ,e4 ,,woodbury ,=m]ly ,editor ( ,! ,photographic ,times1 ,au?or ( ,! ,encyclop$ic ,diction>y ( ,photography1 ,ari/otypes & ,h[ to ,make ,!m1 etc41 etc4 ,revis$ & ,enl>g$ by ,,frank ,r4 ,,fraprie1 ,s4 ,m41 ,f4 ,r4 ,p4 ,s4 ,editor ( ,am]ican ,photography ,,n9? ,,edition ,am]ican ,photographic ,publi%+ ,co4 ,bo/on #ag1 ,mass4 #aibb ,copyright #ahif ,by ! ,scovill ,adams ,co41 ( ,new ,york4 ,copyright #aije1 #aiji1 #aiad ,by ! ,photographic ,times ,publi%+ ,association1 ,new ,york4 ,copyright #aibb ,by ,am]ican ,photographic ,publi%+ ,co4 ,pr9t$ 9 ! ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,! ,plimpton ,press 4 ,norwood 4 ,mass 4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,introduction ,,! ,,mirror ,,& ,,! ,,cam]a ,,! ,,photo-,,anamorphosis ,,/atuette ,,portraits ,,magic ,,photographs ,,_s ,,photography ,,photography ,,= ,,h\sehold ,,decoration ,,leaf ,,pr9ts ,,to ,,make ,a ,,p5 ,,& ,,ink ,,sket* ,,f ,a ,,photograph ,,photographs ,,on ,,silk ,,photograph+ ,a ,,cata/rophe ,,photographs ,,on ,,v>i\s ,,fabrics ,,silh\ettes ,,photograph+ ,,! ,,invisible ,,h[ ,,to ,,make ,a ,,photograph ,,inside ,a ,,bottle ,,photographs ,,9 ,,any ,,color ,,! ,,disappe>+ ,,photograph ,,freak ,,pictures ,,) ,a ,,black ,,backgr\nd ,,h[ ,,to ,,copy ,,draw+s ,,sympa!tic ,,photographs ,,dry ,,plates ,,t ,,w ,,develop ,,) ,,wat] ,,c>icature ,,photographs ,,photograph+ ,,seawe$s ,,/amp ,,portraits ,,lum9\s ,,photographs ,,floral ,,photography ,,di/ort$ ,,images ,,photographs ,,)\t ,,light ,,electric ,,photographs ,,magic ,,vignettes ,a ,,simple ,,me?od ,,( ,,enl>g+ ,,moonlight ,,effects ,,photograph+ ,,sn[ ,,& ,,ice ,,cry/als ,,photograph+ ,,ink ,,cry/als ,,p9hole ,,photography ,,freak ,,pictures ,,by ,,successive ,,exposures ,,wide-,,angle ,,/udies ,,conical ,,portraits ,,mak+ ,,direct ,,positives ,,9 ,,! ,,cam]a ,,in/antane\s ,,photography ,,artificial ,,mirages ,,by ,,photography ,,! ,,photo-,,*romoscope ,,composite ,,photography ,,tele-,,photo ,,pictures ,,lightn+ ,,photographs ,,photograph+ ,,fireworks ,,d\bles ,,d\ble ,,exposures ,,comical ,,portraits ,,! ,,two-,,head$ ,,man ,,duplicators ,,& ,,triplicators ,,pictures ,,) ,,eyes ,,:i* ,,op5 ,,& ,,close ,,photographic ,,bookplates ,,l&scapes ,,& ,,gr\ps ,,on ,,! ,,d9+-,,room ,,table ,,night ,,photography ,,photographs ,,on ,,apples ,,& ,,eggs ,,introduction ,z ,mr4 ,woodbury /at$ 9 8 introduction to ! orig9al edition ( ?is book1 9 ord] to avoid misund]/&+1 x w\ld be well to expla9 at ! outset t x is n int5d$ z an in/ruction book 9 ! art ( photography 9 any s5se ( ! ^w4 ,x is assum$ t ! read] has already ma/]$ ! te*nical difficulties ( photographic practice & is able to make a good negative or pr9t4 ,x 0 ! purpose ( ! au?or to describe a numb] ( novel & curi\s effects t c be obta9$ by ! aid ( ! cam]a1 toge!r ) "s in/ructive & int]e/+ photographic exp]im5ts4 ,! cont5ts ( ! "w 7 compil$ f v>i\s s\rces1 *iefly f ,! ,photographic ,times1 ,! ,sci5tific ,am]ican1 ,! ,am]ican ,annual ( ,photography1 ,la ,nature1 ,photographis*] ,zeitv]treib1 by ,h]man ,s*nauss1 & ,les ,recreations ,photographiques1 by ,a4 ,b]g]et et ,f4 ,drew92 & ! illu/rations 7 likewise tak5 f v>i\s s\rces4 ,9 conclusion ! au?or or compil] mode/ly lays claim to v little himself1 quot+ ! words ( ,montaigne1 :o said3-- ,i h ga!r$ me a posie ( o!r m5's fl[]s1 ( :i* no?+ b ! ?read t b9ds !m is m9e own4 ,& yet s popul> did ! book prove t 9 ! c\rse ( its fir/ t5 ye>s ( life1 x ran ?r\gh edition aft] edition4 ,! publi%]s ( ,! ,photographic ,times lat] acquir$ ! copyright ( ! popul> volume & publi%$ ?ree editions4 ,! publi%]s ( ,,am]ican ,,photography acquir$ ! book dur+ ! ,great ,w> ?r\gh _! pur*ase ( ,! ,photographic ,times1 b 9 spite ( a /eady dem& = ! book aft] ! limit$ /ock _h be5 sold out1 did n f9d x advisable to repr9t x until n[4 ,9 putt+ ! book to press at ?is "t1 mo/ ( ! orig9al plates h be5 us$4 ,a numb] ( ! old pictures h be5 replac$ by m mod]n examples & #ad pages h be5 add$ to ! book1 includ+ sev]al new topics4 ,! publi%]s w\ld be glad to receive manuscripts & pictures describ+ & illu/rat+ novel & int]e/+ photographic effects n m5tion$ 9 ?is volume1 to be publi%$ 9 ,,am]ican ,,photography & incorporat$ 9 ! next edition ( ,,photographic ,,amusem5ts4 ,!y also reque/ t photograph]s :o make photographs illu/rat+ any ( ! topics treat$ 9 ! book1 & especially ^? illu/rat$ by wood cuts1 may submit !m = consid]ation1 z !y are prep>$ to pur*ase su* z may seem available = ! next edition4 ,,frank ,,roy ,,fraprie4 ,,bo/on1 ,janu>y1 #aibb4 ,,photographic ,,amusem5ts ,,! ,,mirror ,,& ,,! ,,cam]a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--;,,effect ,,obta9$ ,,) ,,p>allel ,,mirrors4 ,q a numb] ( novel effects c be obta9$ by ! aid ( "o or m mirrors4 ,if two mirrors are tak5 & plac$ p>allel to "o ano!r1 & a p]son plac$ betwe51 ! effect obta9$ is z %[n 9 ,fig4 #a1 :]e "o soldi] appe>s z a :ole regim5t drawn up into l9e4 ,to make ?is exp]im5t we require two l>ge-siz$ mirrors1 & !y mu/ be s arrang$ t !y d n reflect ! cam]a & ! photograph]1 b give only multiple images ( ! sitt]4 ,?is w be f\nd q possible2 all t is necess>y is to make a few prelim9>y exp]im5ts1 adju/+ ! mirrors at diff]5t angles until ! desir$ effect is obta9$4 ,a process ( multiphotography :i* 0 at "o "t q popul> consi/$ 9 pos+ ! sitt] ) 8 back to ! cam]a z %[n 9 ,figs4 #b & #c4 ,9 front ( him are arrang$ two mirrors1 set at ! desir$ angle to ea* o!r1 _! inn] edges t\*+4 ,9 ! illu/rations "h giv5 ! mirrors are incl9$ at an angle ( #ge deg41 & five reflect$ images are produc$4 ,:5 an exposure is made & ! negative develop$1 we n only h ! back view ( ! sitt] b ! full reflect$ images 9 pr(ile & ?ree-qu>t] positions z well4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--;,,diagram ,,( ,,! ,,production ,,( ,,five ,,views ,,( ,,"o ,,subject ,,by ,,multiphotography4 ,9 ! diagram1 ,fig4 #b1 reproduc$ f ,! ,sci5tific ,am]ican ! c\rse tak5 by ! rays ( light1 det]m9$ by ! law t ! angle ( incid5ce is equal to ! angle ( reflection1 is pla9ly m>k$ out4 ,we see "h _! passage f ! sitt] to ! mirror & back to ! cam]a4 ,provid$ ! mirror be l>ge en\gh1 images ( ! full l5g? figure c be made z %[n 9 ,fig4 #d4 ,= photograph+ articles :]e x is ( advantage to secure a numb] ( diff]5t views ( ! same object ?is me?od ( photograph+ ) mirrors op5s up q a wide field ( possibilities4 ,9 ,france x is us$ = photograph+ crim9als1 & ?us obta9+ a numb] ( diff]5t portraits ) "o exposure4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4--;,,gall]y ,,arrang$ ,,= ,,multiphotography4 ,! use ( an ord9>y mirror 9 portrait "w has enabl$ photograph]s to produce v pleas+ results4 ,!re is (t5 a v /rik+ diff]5ce betwe5 ! full & side views ( a p]son's face1 & by means ( su* a comb9ation z ?is1 "o is enabl$ to secure a p]fect repres5tation ( bo? at ! same "t4 ,9 mak+ reflection portraits x has (t5 be5 not$ t ! reflection has a m pleas+ effect ?an ! direct portrait4 ,! reason ( ?is is t x is s(t] & ! facial blemi%es are n s di/9ctly br\ght out4 ,!re is naturally a slight loss ( detail1 b ?is is by no means a drawback4 ,! wor/ fault ( ! cam]a 9 portrait photography is ! t5d5cy to include e little detail :i* ! arti/ w\ld suppress4 ,x n only includes all ! detail1 b (t5 exagg]ates x to a pa9ful ext5t4 ,by mak+ a portrait by reflection ?is defect is avoid$4 ,( c\rse ! image is rev]s$1 b ?is is 9 mo/ cases ( little consequ5ce2 9 fact1 ! sitt] himself w\ld be m likely to consid] x a f> m tru?ful lik5ess1 = :5 we look into a mirror we d n see ourselves z o!rs see u1 b a rev]s$ image4 ,) "s faces ! diff]5ce is q /rik+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4--,,multiphotograph ,,( ,a ,,full-,,l5g? ,,figure4 ,illu/ration3 ,by ,h4 ,l4 ,bo/wick4 ,,fig4 #e4--,,multiphotograph ,,( ,,cissy ,,fitzg]ald ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4--;,,elongat$ ,,reflection ,,9 ,a ,,spoon4 ,v _m amus+ effects c be obta9$ by ! use ( a convex mirror4 ,ev5 an ord9>y1 well-poli%$ spoon may be made to give "s curi\s results4 7,see ,fig4 #f47 ,! ?9 man becomes an elongat$ mass ( humanity to :om ,b>num w\ld h giv5 a big sal>y1 :ile ! fat man may be r$uc$ to ! proportions ( a walk+-/ick4 ,convex mirrors = produc+ ^! ludicr\s effects c be pur*as$ at any mirror manufactur]'s /ore4 ,! advantage ( ! cam]a lies 9 ! ability to secure p]man5tly ! curi\s images produc$4 ,ev5 m ridicul\s-look+ images c be secur$ by ! use ( a piece ( unev5 glass silv]$4 ,= a me?od ( silv]+ glass we are indebt$ to ! k9dness ( ,dr4 ,james ,h4 ,/ebb9s1 ,jr41 ! well-kn[n analytical *emi/4 ,dissolve pure nitrate ( silv] 9 di/ill$ wat] 9 ! proportion ( #aj gra9s to #a ounce1 & add c>efully1 drop by drop1 suffici5t /rong ammonia solution to j dissolve ! br[n precipitate at fir/ =m$1 /irr+ con/antly dur+ ! addition4 ,make a solution ( ,ro*elle salt1 #a gra9 to ! ounce ( di/ill$ wat]4 ,clean ! plate ( glass ?or\ghly ) a little wet r\ge & poli% dry ) a piece ( *amois lea!r4 ,w>m x be=e ! fire or 9 ! sun to ab\t #gj to #hj deg4 ,fahr41 & lay x on a p]fectly level surface4 ,!n mix #a ounce ( ! silv] solution ) half an ounce ( ! ,ro*elle salt solution & p\r ! mixture on ! glass s t e "p ( ! surface w be ev5ly cov]$ ) x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4--;,,curi\s ,,effect ,,obta9$ ,,) ,a ,,convex ,,mirror4 ,all[ ?is to /& 9 ! w>m sun%9e f half to "o h\r1 :5 ! r$uc$ silv] w be deposit$ z a f9e film ov] ! surface ( ! glass4 ,:5 ?is is done wa% (f ! glass ) di/ill$ wat] & wipe ! entire surface v g5tly ) a little wet wadd+1 :i* w take (f ! r\ghness & r5d] x easi] to poli%4 ,:5 p]fectly dry ! silv] %\ld be poli%$ by rubb+ ) "s smoo?1 h>d surface4 ,! plate is !n v>ni%$ by p\r+ ov] x a suitable v>ni% & is ready = use4 ,,! ,,photo-,,anamorphosis4 ,! "n anamorphosis has be5 giv5 to two k9ds ( pictures di/ort$ accord+ to a c]ta9 law1 & :i* are ( su* a grotesque appe>ance t x is (t5 impossible to recognize ! subject ( !m2 :ile view$ ) prop] app>atus !y appe> z p]fectly correct images4 ,"o k9d is design$ to be view$ by reflection & ! o!r is recon/itut$ by means ( a special rot>y app>atus4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4--;,,anamorphosis ,,view$ ,,9 ,,convex ,,cyl9drical ,,mirror4#a #a ,f ,exp]im5tal ,sci5ce4 ,publi%$ by ,munn ,co41 ,new ,york4 ,until q rec5tly1 ^! pictures 7 drawn approximately f ! reflection ( ! object z se5 9 a convex mirror1 ! position ( :i* 0 indicat$ on ! draw+ & :i* re/or$ x to its real =m4 ,m4 ,f5ant conceiv$ ! idea ( employ+ photography = obta9+ ^! pictures4 ,fig4 #i reproduces a photo-anamorphosis f a negative by ,m4 ,f5ant4 ,if a cyl9drical mirror be plac$ on ! black circle %[n 9 ! reproduction ! photograph w appe> 9 its orig9al =m4 ,our illu/ration repres5ts a portrait1 al?\gh ! features are b>ely recognizable4 ,simil> pictures may be obta9$ by photograph+ ! draw+ or subject reflect$ 9 a cyl9drical concave mirror plac$ p]p5dicul>ly4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4--;,a ,,photo-,,anamorphosis4 ,! second k9d ( anamorphosis is produc$ by ! di/ortion ( ! picture 9 ! s5se ( "o ( its dim5sions4 ,to recon/ruct x1 x is caus$ to rotate rapidly1 at ! same "t t a disc1 p]=at$ ) a slit ?r\gh :i* ! picture is view$1 is rotat$ 9 front ( x at a slightly diff]5t spe$4 ,! app>atus inv5t$ by ,m4 ,l9de = produc+ ! anamorphosis is %[n 9 ,figs4 #aj & #aa4 ,g is a cam]a provid$ ) a revolv+ plate-hold]1 ,t ,h are revolv+ discs ! movem5t ( :i* is made to be> a c]ta9 relation to t ( ! plate-hold] by means ( ! b& ,f & ! pulleys ,d ,d4 ,! :ole is set 9 op]ation by a piece ( clockwork & ! cord ,f4 ,a is ! axis ( ! cam]a1 ,b t ( ! plate-hold]1 & ,c t ( ! revolv+ disc4 ,on ?is disc is fix$ ! picture f :i* x is desir$ to make an anamorphosis4 ,! relative motions are s regulat$ t :5 ! plate-hold] has made a complete revolution ! disc has turn$ ?r\gh an angle ( #fj to #hj degrees 9 ! opposite direction4 ,betwe5 ! plate-hold] & ! l5s is a diaphragm pi]c$ ) a slit ab\t #aj millimetres wide4 ,! action ( ! light on ! plate takes place ?r\gh ?is slit4 ,! negative obta9$1 pr9ts are made ^u pla9 salt$ pap] & r5d]$ transp>5t ) wax or vasel9e4 ,^! pictures c be view$ 9 ! ord9>y app>atus us$ = %[+ anamorphoses ( ?is k9d4 ,! pr9t is fa/5$ to a revolv+ app>atus & 9 front ( x is ano!r disc pa9t$ black & provid$ ) a numb] ( slits4 ,! latt] revolves at "o-f\r? ! spe$ ( ! picture1 & ! image :5 view$ ?r\gh ! slit resumes its normal proportions4 ,illu/ration3 ,,figs4 #aj ,,& #aa4--,,l9de',s ,,app>atus ,,= ,,photo-,,anamorphosis4 ,,/atuette ,,portraits4 ,^! 7 at "o "t q popul>1 & if prop]ly manag$ c be r5d]$ v effective4 ,!re are sev]al me?ods ( mak+ ?is k9d ( picture4 ,if ! photograph] possesses a p$e/al l>ge en\gh1 all t is necess>y is to place ?is on a /& & ! p]son to be photograph$ is arrang$ beh9d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4 ,! brea/ is uncov]$ & "s :ite s(t mat]ial arti/ically arrang$ 9 folds ov] ! %\ld]s & 9 su* a way z to appe> connect$ ) ! p$e/al4 ,a black backgr\nd is plac$ beh9d & ! exposure made4 ,to give a m reali/ic effect ! hair1 face1 & all o!r p>ts %[+ %\ld be lib]ally p[d]$ ov] ) a :ite p[d] or rice fl\r4 ,! negative produc$ w h a cle> glass backgr\nd1 b ! body ( ! figure w /ill be visible4 ,?is is remov$ by cutt+ away ! film r\nd ! p$e/al & to ! arms on ea* side1 leav+ only ^? p>ts rema9+ t are requir$ to produce ! /atuette4 ,9 pr9t+ we get a :ite /atuette portrait on a d>k backgr\nd4 ,if ! photograph] does n possess a p$e/al1 ! next be/ means to produce ^! pictures is to get a l>ge %eet ( c>dbo>d & cut x out to ! %ape %[n 9 ! figure b5ea?1 & ) :ite pa9t make ! picture ( a p$e/al1 %ad+ ) a little gray to give rotundity4 ,! figure is /ation$ beh9d x1 & a black backgr\nd us$4 ,a ?ird me?od involves /ill less tr\ble4 ,?is is to pur*ase a ready made p$e/al negative4 ,^! are film negatives ( a p$e/al t c be adju/$ to ! negative ( ! subject desir$ to be produc$ z a /atue4 ,aft] ! negative is tak5 & v>ni%$ ! film is scrap$ (f r\nd ! figure1 cutt+ (f ! body z %[n 9 ! fir/ illu/ration1 aft] :i* ! p$e/al negative is adju/$1 fa/5$1 & !n pr9t$4 ,! negative is rev]sible & c also be us$ = diff]5t subjects4 ,! picture %[n 9 ,fig4 #ac 0 made by ,mr4 ,g4 ,b4 ,brad%aw1 ( ,bea* ,h\se1 ,altr9*am1 ,engl&1 by means ( "o ( 8 p$e/al negatives4 ,illu/ration3 ,by ,g4 ,b4 ,brad%aw4 ,,fig4 #ac4--,,/atuette ,,portrait4 ,,magic ,,photographs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad4--;,,cig>ette ,,tube ,,= ,,magic ,,photographs4 ,take an ord9>y silv] pr9t & fix x )\t ton+4 ,?or\ghly well wa% x to remove all traces ( ! fix+ solution & !n imm]se x 9 a saturat$ solution ( bi*loride ( m]cury1 :5 ! image w disappe>4 ,! bi*loride ( m]cury *anges ! photograph into :ite *loride ( silv] & *loride ( m]cury :i* is also :ite4 ,! image :5 on :ite pap] is ?us r5d]$ invisible4 ,next soak "s /rong bibul\s pap] 9 a saturat$ solution ( sodium hyposulphite1 &1 :5 dry1 pa/e a piece ( ! pap] to ! back ( ! invisible pr9t ) a little />* pa/e1 atta*+ x by ! edges only4 ,( c\rse ! image c also be made to appe> by soak+ ! invisible pr9t1 )\t ! bibul\s pap] atta*$1 9 a solution ( sodium sulphite1 hypo1 or wat] ) a little ammonia add$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae4--;,,develop+ ,,! ,,image4 ,magic photographs made 9 ! mann] above describ$ c also be develop$ by smoke4 ,a novelty1 introduc$ 9 ,p>is "s "t ago1 consi/$ ( a cig>ette or cig> hold]1 %[n 9 ,fig4 #ad1 conta9+ 9 its /em a little *amb] = ! ins]tion ( a small piece ( app>5tly pla9 pap]1 b 9 reality an invisible photograph produc$ 9 ! mann] already describ$4 ,! ammonia vapor 9 ! smoke pass+ ?r\gh ! *amb] attack$ ! pr9t & develop$ ! image4 ,by bl[+ ! smoke on ! lat5t image x may be made to appe>1 b ! op]ation is r t$i\s1 & anyone ) a little +5uity c easily con/ruct a cig>ette hold] ) an arrangem5t to hold small pictures & all[ ! smoke to pass ?r\gh4 ,! *amb] ( ! cig>ette or cig> hold] mu/ ( c\rse be suffici5tly l>ge to all[ ( ! pr9t be+ ins]t$ 9 su* a mann] t ! smoke c readily attack its surface1 o!rwise unev5 developm5t ( ! image w take place4 ,,_s ,,photography4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af4--;,a ,,_s ,,photograph4 ,_m ye>s ago1 9 ! old wet-collodion days1 a well-kn[n photograph] 0 "o day surpris$ by ! visitation ( a _s4 ,! app>ition did n make its appe>ance dur+ ! nocturnal h\rs1 z is1 we h be5 giv5 to und]/&1 ! cu/om ( ^! ladies & g5tlem5 f ! o!r _w1 b1 /rangely en\gh1 9 broad daylight2 & n by 8 b$side to di/urb 8 peaceful slumb]1 b ^u ! photograph he 0 9 ! act ( produc+4 ,_h ?is g5tleman be5 ( t s(t-bra9$ k9d1 s easily gull$ by ! pr(essional spirituali/1 x is possible t he w\ld n h done :at he did1 :i* 0 to make a ?or\gh & sci5tific exam9ation z to ! probable cause ( ! ph5om5on4 ,! case 0 ?is3 ,a g5tleman sitt] _h be5 tak5 9 ! usual mann] ^u a collodion plate4 ,^u tak+ a positive pr9t f ! negative1 he 0 surpris$ to f9d a dim :ite figure ( a lady app>5tly hov]+ ov] ! unconsci\s sitt]4 ,^u exam9ation ( ! negative1 ! image ( ! figure 0 also visible1 b n s pla9ly z 9 ! positive4 ,! explanation ( ! :ole matt] 0 soon discov]$4 ,9 ^? days glass 0 n s *eap z at pres5t1 & all old or spoilt negatives 7 clean$ (f & fre%ly prep>$ ) collodion = fur!r use4 ,9 ?is case ! glass _h previ\sly support$ ! negative image ( a lady dress$ 9 :ite4 ,"s *emical action _h evid5tly tak5 place betwe5 ! image & ! glass itself1 turn+ ! latt] slightly yell[ 9 "s p>ts4 ,?is fa9t yell[ image1 al?\gh h>dly visible 9 ! negative1 _h1 be+ ( a non-act9ic color1 giv5 q a di/9ct image 9 ! positive4 ,! case 0 n an isolat$ "o1 z ^! _s photographs1 z !y 7 call$1 (t5 made _! appe>ance :5 old negatives 7 clean$ & ! glass us$ aga94 ,! precise action produc+ ! image has nev]1 we ?9k1 be5 satisfactorily expla9$4 ,x c\ld (t5 be made m di/9ct by brea?+ on ! glass4 ,we d n "k if any ent]pris+ humbug ev] took advantage ( ?is me?od ( produc+ _s photographs to extort money f ! unw>y1 b ab\t t5 ye>s ago a "w 0 publi%$1 entitl$ ,*ronicles ( ! ,photographs ( ,spiritual ,be+s & ,ph5om5a ,invisible to ! ,mat]ial ,eye1 by a ,miss ,h\ghton4 ,9 ?is a numb] ( reproductions ( photographs ( spirits 7 giv5 ) a detail$ explanation ( h[ !y 7 obta9$ & ! difficulties att5d+ _! production1 ! spirits be+ app>5tly ( v indep5d5t natures1 only mak+ _! appe>ance :5 !y felt s incl9$4 ,x is q possible t a p]son entirely ignorant ( photographic me?ods might be l$ into ! belief t !y 7 actually photographic images ( ! dead1 b we fe> t ! book is h>dly well en\gh writt5 to deceive ! exp]i5c$ photograph]4 ,at c]ta9 & mo/ un=tunate p]iods 9 ! process employ$1 "s ( ! plates _h a conv5i5t habit ( slipp+ into ! wa%+ tank & !re1 accord+ to ! au?or1 becom+ utt]ly ru9$2 also we le>n t _m 7 ru9$ by be+ accid5tally smudg$ by ! photograph]'s f+]4 ,we %\ld n1 we fe>1 h a v high op9ion ( an op]ator :o 0 9 ! con/ant habit ( smudg+ negatives ) 8 f+]s s z to entirely spoil !m1 nor c we q und]/& :at br& ( plates 0 us$ t got spoil$ by fall+ into ! wat]4 ,illu/ration3 ,f ,la ,nature4 ,,fig4 #ag4--,,_s ,,picture4 ,illu/ration3 ,f ,la ,nature4 ,,fig4 #ah4--,,_s ,,picture4 ,x is n difficult to expla9 h[ ^! pictures 7 produc$4 ,!re are q a numb] ( me?ods4 ,) a weak-m9d$ sitt]1 ov] :om ! op]ator _h complete control1 ! matt] w\ld be 9 no wise a difficult "o4 ,x w\ld !n only be necess>y = ! _s1 suitably attir$ = ! occasion1 to appe> = a few seconds beh9d ! sitt] dur+ ! exposure & be tak5 slightly out ( focus1 s z n to appe> too corporeal4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! sitt] be ( ano!r k9d1 anxi\s to discov] h[ x 0 done & on ! al]t = any deceptive practices1 ! me?od describ$ w\ld be r a risky "o1 z he might turn r\nd sudd5ly at an inconv5i5t mom5t & detect ! modus op]&i4 ,9 su* a case x becomes necess>y to f9d "s o!r me?od :]e x w\ld n be requisite = ! _s to make its appe>ance dur+ ! pres5ce ( ! sitt]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ai4--,,_s ,,picture ,,di/urb$ ,,slumb] ,! gho/ly image c be prep>$ ^u ! plate1 ei!r be=e or aft] ! exposure ( ! sitt]4 ,! me?od is ?is3 ,9 a d>k5$ room ! drap$ figure to repres5t ! _s is pos$ 9 a _s-l attitude 7:atev] t may be7 9 front ( a d>k backgr\nd ) a suitable magnesium or o!r artificial light ?r[n ^u ! figure1 :i* is !n focus$ 9 ! fuzzy-type /yle2 or1 bett] /ill1 a f9e piece ( musl9 gauze is plac$ close to ! l5s :i* gives a hazy1 indi/9ct appe>ance to ! image4 ,! exposure is made & ! lat5t image rema9s ^u ! s5sitive plate1 :i* is aga9 us$ to photograph ! sitt]4 ,^u develop+ we get ! two images1 ! _s mix$ up ) ! figure4 ,! _s %\ld be z indi/9ct z possible1 z x w !n be less easy = ! subject to dispute ! /atem5t t x is ! _s-=m ( 8 dead & gone relative4 ,"s am\nt ( discretion 9 ?is "p ( ! p]=mance mu/ be us$1 we fancy1 o!rwise ! same disa/] might happ5 z did to a spirituali/ "s little "t ago4 ,an eld]ly g5tleman _h come = a seance1 &1 aft] "s my/]i\s maneuv]s1 ! g5tleman 0 in=m$ t ! _s ( 8 "m 0 !re4 ,inde$6 repli$ ! old g5tleman1 some:at a/oni%$4 ,:at does %e say8 ,%e says %e w see y soon1 in=m$ ! m$ium4 ,y are gett+ old n[ & mu/ soon jo9 h]4 ,q "r1 repli$ ! old g5tleman2 ,i am go+ r\nd to h] h\se to tea to-night4--,total collapse ( spirituali/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bj4--,,photograph ,,( ,,spirits4 ,fluoresc5t sub/ances1 su* z bisulphate ( qu99e1 c also be employ$4 ,?is comp\nd1 al?\gh almo/ invisible to ! eye1 photographs ne>ly black4 ,if a :ite piece ( pap] be pa9t$ ) ! sub/ance1 except on c]ta9 p>ts1 ! latt] only w appe> :ite 9 ! picture4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ba4-,,pa9t+ ,,by ,n4 ,,si*el4 ,f :i* ! ,_s ,photograph opposite 0 made4 ,we hope t x w n be inf]r$ t we desire to expla9 h[ to deceive p]sons ) reg>d to photographs ( spirits1 = ?is is n s2 we only hope t !y w be made m]ely = amusem5t1 & if possible to expose p]sons :o practice on ! gullibility ( inexp]i5c$ p]sons4 ,fig4 #bj is a reproduction ( a _s photograph made by a photograph]1 claim+ to be a _s photograph]1 & to h ! p[] to call ^! ladies & g5tlem5 f ! va/y deep & make !m impress _! image ^u ! s5sitive plate by ! side ( ! portraits ( _! liv+ relatives4 ,=tunately1 h[ev]1 we 7 9 ?is case able to expose ?is fraud4 ,mr4 ,w4 ,m4 ,murray1 a prom95t memb] ( ! ,society ( ,amateur ,photograph]s ( ,new ,york1 call$ our att5tion to ! simil>ity betwe5 "o ( ! _s images & a portrait pa9t+ by ,si*el1 ! arti/4 ,a reproduction ( ! picture is giv5 h]e)1 ,fig4 #ba1 & x w be se5 at once t ! _s image is copi$ f x4 ,9 a rec5t numb] ( ,! ,au/ralian ,photographic ,j\rnal we read ( ! foll[+ novel me?od ( mak+ s-call$ _s photographs3 ,take a negative ( any suppos$ _s t is to be repres5t$1 put x 9 ! pr9t+ frame ) ! film side out2 lay on ! glass side a piece ( plat9otype pap] ) ! s5sitive side up2 clamp 9 place ! back ( ! pr9t+ frame & expose to ! sun = half a m9ute4 ,n[ place 9 ! pr9t+ frame ! negative ( ano!r p]son to :om ! _s is to appe>1 & ov] x put ! previ\sly expos$ %eet film side d[n2 expose to ! sun = two m9utes until ! image is fa9tly se51 !n develop 9 ! usual way & ! blurr$ _s photograph w appe> fa9tly to "o side or directly beh9d ! di/9ct image4 ,%eets ( pap] ) diff]5t gho/ exposures c be prep>$ be=eh&4 ,_s photographs might easily be made by means ( ,pr(4 ,ro5tg5's well-kn[n ,x-ray process ( impress+ an image ^u a photographic dry-plate )\t uncov]+ ! %utt]4 ,! process w\ld h[ev] entail consid]able exp5se & w\ld necessitate ! use ( s mu* co/ly app>atus t we w cont5t ourselves ) ! simple m5tion ( ! possibility4 ,,photography ,,= ,,h\sehold ,,decoration ,h[ few amateur photograph]s !re are :o ?or\ghly ent] into ! enjoym5t ( ! art-sci5ce z a pa/ime4 ,_m ( ^!1 p]haps1 mu/ be excus$ = ! reason t !y are ignorant ( its capabilities4 ,inde$1 h[ _m !re are :o imag9e t ! art ( photography consi/s 9 mak+ negatives &1 f ^!1 pr9ts--good1 bad & indiff]5t4 ,all ! fri5ds & relations are call$ into requisition to be tak54 ,at fir/ !y d n m9d1 ?9k+ x a f9e ?+ to h a portrait made = no?+2 b :5 !y see ! result !y v naturally object to be c>icatur$1 & ! amateur loses _m a fri5d1 & ! maid5 aunt leaves all h] money to ! home = /ray cats4 ,if he is a m>ri$ man & delights 9 a happy1 cosy home1 neatly & arti/ically decorat$1 photography c be ( v great assi/ance to him--h[ mu*1 few realize4 ,!re are a ?\s& diff]5t ways 9 :i* x c be ( use1 & ! photograph] has always be=e him "s p]man5t record ( 8 travels & skill4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bb4 ,let u take1 = in/ance1 ! mak+ ( transp>5cies4 ,^! are v simply made4 ,any mod]ately rapid dry plate c be us$ = ! purpose4 ,e amateur becomes possess$ aft] a "t ( a l>ge numb] ( negatives1 good1 bad1 & indiff]5t4 ,let him c>efully g ?r\gh ^!1 select+ all ! pr9table ones & ! pictures t he mo/ admires4 ,f ^!1 transp>5cies c be made1 ei!r by contact1 or enl>g$ or r$uc$ 9 ! cam]a4 ,p]sons resid+ 9 cities (t5 h a nicely furni%$ room utt]ly m>r$ by an unsightly outlook4 ,p]haps a view ( *imney pots & dirty back y>ds4 ,9 su* a case all t is necess>y is to fit 9 place ( ! l[] panes "s neat photographs on glass1 back$ ) ?9 gr\nd-glass4 ,^! c be putti$ 9 or !y c be fitt$ 9 neat brass frames & hung up aga9/ ! w9d[s4 ,! craze ( ! pres5t day appe>s to be 9 ! direction ( bright & gaudy colors1 except ) ! m highly cultivat$1 :o recognize ! arti/ic value ( unobtrusive colors & delicate t9ts4 ,a photograph1 provid$ x is a good "o1 is always to be pref]r$ to color$ pictures unless ! latt] are by good arti/s4 ,we once con/ruct$ ) a half doz5 ( transp>5cies a v neat lamp %ade4 ,"s idea ( x c be obta9$ f ,fig4 #bc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bc4 ,a brass frame is fir/ con/ruct$1 & any wire work] w execute ?is s z to hold ! six or eight pictures4 ,! transp>5cies are made1 cut d[n to ! size & %ape requir$ & fitt$ 92 !n gr\nd glass ( ! same size & %ape is fitt$1 small brass tabs at ! back be+ us$ to keep !m 9 _! places beh9d ! transp>5cy4 ,! glasses %\ld n fit too tightly 9 ! brass frames or1 on exp&+ by ! heat1 !y w crack4 ,a hall lamp c be treat$ 9 ! same way1 ! color$ glass remov$ & photographic transp>5cies sub/itut$4 ,photos on glass c 9 ! same way be us$ = a v>iety ( o!r purposes1 su* z fire scre5s1 c&le %ades1 etc4 ,next look up y\r /ock ( pr9ts1 scraps1 wa/e pr9ts1 etc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bd4 ,(t5 f a l>ge1 spoilt picture y c get a neat little bit ab\t a c\ple ( in*es squ>e or less2 look up all ^! & f !m a photographic *ess-bo>d c be made4 ,our illu/ration 9 ,fig4 #bd is int5d$ to %[ :at is meant1 al?\gh our arti/ has n be5 happy 9 ! selection ( 8 mat]ial to repres5t photographic views & portraits4 ,fir/ m>k out a squ>e ! size y wi% ! *ess-bo>d to be4 ,divide x into sixty-f\r squ>es & draw a neat bord] r\nd x4 ,?irty-two ( ! squ>es are !n neatly pa/$ ov] ) select$ photographs z v>i$ z possible 9 subjects4 ,sixte5 are fitt$ "o way & sixte5 ! o!r4 ,our illu/ration is incorrect 9 ?is respect4 ,! sixte5 pictures %\ld be plac$ ! "r way on ! sixte5 squ>es ne>e/ to ea* play]4 ,:5 ! photographs h all be5 pa/$ on & dri$ ! :ole is siz$ & v>ni%$4 ,if1 h[ev]1 x is desir$ to pres]ve ?is photographic *ess-bo>d1 & at ! same "t to use x frequ5tly1 a bett] plan is to cov] ov] ) a glass plate & b9d all r\nd ! edges to prev5t du/ f ent]+4 ,9 a simil> way a neat c>d table c be manufactur$4 ,fig4 #be is int5d$ to illu/rate ! top ( ! table cov]$ ) photographs & protect$ by a glass plate4 ,a little consid]ation w no d\bt give v>i\s o!r simil> ideas to ! read]4 ,^? :o c "w ! c>bon process successfully h x 9 _! p[] to transf] photographs 9 v>i\s colors to all k9ds ( supports1 to wood = in/ance4 ,! panels ( a door c be v consid]ably improv$ by ! ins]tion ( photographs on f9e gra9 wood1 v>ni%$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #be4 ,pictures c 9 ?is mann] be transf]r$ to plates1 *9a & ornam5ts ( e description4 ,v>i\s me?ods ( pr9t+ on silk & v>i\s fabrics h f "t to "t be5 giv54 ,p]haps ! be/ = our purpose is ! primul9e process1 z v>i\s color$ images c be produc$1 ) b little tr\ble1 on all k9ds ( mat]ial4 ,a description ( ! process w be f\nd 9 ano!r "p ( ?is "w4 7,see ,page #ci47 ,^! ! amateur c h& ov] to 8 bett] half or female relations1 :o ) ! natural fem99e abilities w produce all sorts ( pretty arti/ic articles = decorat+ ! room4 ,we are well aw>e t we h by no means enum]at$ "o half ( ! v>i\s means 9 :i* photography c be employ$ = decorat+ ! h\se1 b hope at lea/ to h giv5 ! read] "s idea ( :at its capabilities are4 ,,leaf ,,pr9ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bf4--,,leaf ,,pr9t4 ,,by ,t4 ,,gaffield4 ,no?+ c exce$ ! beauty ( =m & /ructure ( ! leaves ( diff]5t plants4 ,rusk9 obs]ves3 ,leaves take all k9ds ( /range %apes1 z if to invite u to exam9e !m4 ,/>-%ap$1 he>t-%ap$1 spe>-%ap$1 frett$1 fr+$1 cleft1 furr[$1 s]rat$1 s9uat$2 9 :irls1 9 tufts1 9 spires1 9 wrea?s2 endlessly expressive1 deceptive1 fanta/ic1 nev] ! same1 f foot/alk to blossom1 !y seem p]petually to tempt our wat*fulness & take delight 9 out/ripp+ our wond]4 ,photography has plac$ 9 our h&s a simple me?od ( pres]v+ facsimiles ( _! ev] v>y+ %apes t w la/ long aft] ! leaf has di$ & crumbl$ to du/4 ,al?\gh ! discov]y ( ! d>k5+ action ( silv] *loride :5 expos$ to light 0 discov]$ by ,s*eele z f> back z #aggg1 little 0 app>5tly kn[n ( ! possibilities att5d+ ! discov]y until #ahci1 :5 ,fox ,talbot read a pap] on ,a ,me?od ( ,photog5ic ,draw+1 9 :i* he describ$ v>i\s exp]im5ts t c\ld be made ) pap] coat$ ) ?is sub/ance1 & %[$ _m pictures ( leaves1 f]ns1 & pieces ( lace :i* he _h obta9$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bg4--,,leaf ,,pr9t4 ,,by ,t4 ,,gaffield4 ,! illu/rations :i* we reproduce h]e) are reproductions f leaf pr9ts made by ,mr4 ,?omas ,gaffield1 :o has made q a /udy ( ?is fasc9at+ pa/ime4 ,9 a little "w entitl$ ,photographic ,leaf ,pr9ts1 publi%$ 9 #ahfi1 he describes 8 me?od4 ,! leaves & f]ns are fir/ select$ & press$ betwe5 ! leaves ( a book4 ,!y mu/ n be dri$1 z 9 t /ate !y d n s readily p]mit ! light to pass ?r\gh & ! delicate /ructure ( ! leaf w\ld n be reproduc$4 ,!y %\ld !re=e only be press$ suffici5tly to all[ ! excess ( moi/ure to be extract$4 ,a %eet ( glass is put into ! pr9t+ frame & ! leaves arti/ically arrang$4 ,:5 ! arrangem5t is satisfactory ! leaves are atta*$ to ! glass ) a little mucilage to prev5t !m f slipp+ out ( _! places4 ,a %eet ( s5sitive pap]1 album51 gaslight1 or plat9um is !n ins]t$1 ! frame clos$ up & expos$ to ! light until a v d>k pr9t is obta9$4 ,! "t requir$ 9 pr9t+ mu/ be f\nd by practice2 x w1 ( c\rse1 diff] accord+ to ! int5sity ( ! light4 ,x is a good plan to employ an act9omet] to judge ! correct exposure4 ,x is n possible to op5 ! frame1 z a d\ble or blurr$ picture w\ld result4 ,! halves %\ld be expos$ suffici5tly long to enable ! light to p5etrate ?r\gh !m & give a di/9ct image ( ! ve9s & /ructure4 ,:5 ! pr9t+ is complet$ ! pap] is remov$ & ton$ & fix$ 9 ! usual mann]4 ,if plat9otype or gaslight pap] is us$1 ?is1 ( c\rse1 requires developm5t4 ,! result+ picture gives u a light impression ( ! leaves on a d>k backgr\nd1 b if s desir$1 ! pr9t ?us obta9$ c be us$ z a negative4 ,x c be made transp>5t ) wax or vasel9e1 & pr9ts obta9$ f x giv+ a d>k image on a :ite gr\nd4 ,x is difficult to say :i* picture is ! m beautiful4 ,we give illu/rations ( pictures ( bo? k9ds4 7,figs4 #bf & #bg47 ,naturally en\gh1 ! beauty ( ^! pictures lies 9 ! c>eful selection & arrangem5t ( ! leaves4 ,^? :i* are too ?ick %\ld n be us$4 ,delicate ones1 %[+ all ! ve9s by transmitt$ light1 are ! mo/ suitable4 ,!y c be arrang$ arti/ically1 9 any %ape or =m4 ,we pref]1 h[ev]1 a life-l arrangem5t to ! con/ruction ( v>i\s %apes & designs4 ,,to ,,make ,a ,,p5 ,,& ,,ink ,,sket* ,,f ,a ,,photograph4 ,by ! foll[+ me?od anyone c1 )\t any k ( draw+1 produce f a photograph a p5 & ink sket* suitable = reproduction z an illu/ration4 ,f ! negative a silv] pr9t is made on album5 or gelat9e or collodion pap]4 ,?is is fix$ )\t ton+ 9 a solution ( hyposulphite ( soda4 ,x mu/ !n be ?or\ghly wa%$ to remove all traces ( hypo1 & :5 dry1 ! outl9es ( ! photograph are trac$ ov] ) a f9e p5 & a wat]pro( ink1 obta9able at any arti/'s mat]ial /ore4 ,if ! photograph] possesses a little k ( draw+1 "s ( ! %ad+ c also be attempt$4 ,:5 ! ink is dry ! picture is imm]s$ 9 a saturat$ solution ( bi*loride ( m]cury 7poison7 :5 ! photograph w disappe>1 leav+ ! outl9e sket* intact4 ,! picture is aga9 well wa%$ & dri$4 ,newspap] sket*es are (t5 made f photographs 9 ?is mann]1 a z9cotype be+ quickly produc$ f ! draw+4 ,gaslight pap] c also be us$4 ,,photographs ,,on ,,silk4 ,photographs c be v effectively pr9t$ ^u silk1 sat91 or o!r fabrics4 ,!re are sev]al me?ods ( accompli%+ ?is4 ,a simple "o is ! foll[+3#b ,! silk be/ suit$ = ! purpose is t kn[n z ,*9ese silk1 & ?is is fir/ wa%$ 9 w>m wat] ) pl5tiful la!r ( soap1 !n r9se 9 hot wat]1 & gradually cool until ! f9al wa%+ wat] is q cold4 ,next prep>e ! foll[+ solutions3 ,tann91 #d p>ts2 di/ill$ wat]1 #ajj p>ts4 ,sodium *loride1 #d p>ts2 arr[root1 #d p>ts2 acetic acid1 #ab p>ts2 di/ill$ wat]1 #ajj p>ts4 #b ,f ! ,encyclopa$ic ,diction>y ( ,photography1 by ! au?or4 ,! arr[root is mix$ up into a pa/e ) a little ( ! di/ill$ wat]1 & ! rema9d] add$ boil+ hot1 ) ! acid & ! salt previ\sly dissolv$ 9 x4 ,:5 ! solution is q cle> ! tann9 solution is add$1 & ! :ole all[$ to get fairly cool4 ,! silk is !n imm]s$ = ab\t ?ree m9utes1 be+ kept "u )\t air 9 ! folds1 & !n hung up to dry1 or /ret*$ out ) p9s on a flat bo>d4 ,! mat]ial is !n s5sitiz$ by bru%+ ov] ) ! foll[+ solution3 ,silv] nitrate1 #ab p>ts2 di/ill$ wat]1 #ajj p>ts2 nitric acid1 #b drops to e #c ounces4 ,o!r me?ods ( s5sitiz+ are by imm]s+ 9 or float+ on ! silv] solution4 ,aft] s5sitiz+1 ! mat]ial is dri$ by p9n+ on to a bo>d to keep flat4 ,x is !n cut up z requir$1 & pr9t$ beh9d ! negative4 ,e c>e mu/ be tak5 9 pr9t+ to keep ! mat]ial flat1 & )\t wr9kles or folds4 ,x mu/ also be kept q /raight2 o!rwise1 ! image w be di/ort$4 ,pr9t+ is c>ri$ on 9 ! same mann] z ) pr9t+-out pap]4 ,x is !n wa%$ & ton$ 9 any ton+ ba?4 ,! sulphocyanide gives ! be/ action4 ,fix 9 a #aj p] c5t4 solution ( hyposulphite ( soda = t5 m9utes2 wa% & dry spontane\sly4 ,:5 j damp1 x is iron$ out flat ) a n ov]-heat$ iron4 ,black tones c be obta9$ ) a plat9um ton+ ba?1 or ) ! uranium & gold ton+ ba?1 made up z foll[s3 ,gold *loride1 #a "p2 uranium nitrate1 #a "p4 ,dissolv$ & neutraliz$ ) sodium c>bonate1 & !n add$ to sodium *loride1 #af p>ts2 sodium acetate1 #af p>ts2 sodium phosphate1 #af p>ts2 di/ill$ wat]1 #d1jjj p>ts4 ,v effective results may be made by pr9t+ ) wide :ite m>g9s1 obta9$ by expos+ ) a non-act9ic mask4 ,ano!r me?od is ! foll[+3 ,ammonium *loride1 #ajj gra9s2 ,icel& moss1 #fj gra9s2 wat] 7boil+71 #bj ounces4 ,:5 ne>ly cold ?is is filt]$1 & ! silk imm]s$ 9 x = ab\t fifte5 m9utes4 ,to s5sitize1 imm]se ! silk 9 a #bj gra9 solution ( silv] nitrate = ab\t sixte5 m9utes4 ,! silv] solution %\ld be r acid4 ,or imm]se ! silk 9 wat]1 #a ounce2 sodium *loride1 #e gra9s2 gelat9e1 #e gra9s4 ,:5 dry1 float = ?irty seconds on a #ej gra9 solution ( silv] nitrate4 ,dry1 slightly ov]pr9t & tone 9 ! foll[+ ba?3 ,gold *loride1 #d gra9s2 sodium acetate1 #b dra*ms2 wat]1 #bi ounces4 ,keep tw5ty-f\r h\rs be=e us+4 ,fix = tw5ty m9utes 9 hypo1 #d ounces to ! p9t ( wat]4 ,,photograph+ ,a ,,cata/rophe4 ,on ?is page we reproduce a curi\s photograph by ,m4 ,bracq1 :i* appe>$ "s "t ago 9 ! ,photo ,gazette4 ,illu/ration3 ,by ,m4 ,bracq4 ,f ,photo ,gazette4 ,,fig4 #bh4--;,a ,,cata/rophe4 ,despite all ! t]rible cata/rophe :i* x repres5ts1 c>ry+ pictures along ) him 9 8 fall1 ! subject has n exp]i5c$ ! lea/ uneas9ess1 n ev5 s mu* z w c]ta9ly be felt by our read]s at ! sight ( ! tumble repres5t$4 ,! mode ( op]at+ 9 ?is case is v simple & we are indebt$ to ,la ,nature = ! description ( ! me?od employ$ by ,m4 ,bracq4 ,! photographic app>atus be+ susp5d$ at a few y>ds f ! floor ( ! room1 9 su* a way z to r5d] ! gr\nd-glass horizontal 7say betwe5 ! two sides ( a d\ble ladd]--a comb9ation t p]mits ( easy focus+ & putt+ ! plates 9 place71 !re is spread ^u ! floor a piece ( wall pap]1 ab\t #f feet 9 l5g? by #e feet 9 wid?1 at ! bottom ( :i* a wa9scot has be5 drawn4 ,a ladd]1 a few pictures1 a /atuette1 & a bottle are s arrang$ z to give an obs]v] ! illusion ( ! wall ( a room1 t ( a d9+ room = in/ance4 ,a hamm]1 "s nails1 etc41 are plac$ at ! prop] po9ts4 ,f9ally1 a #e feet by #b-a_/b feet bo>d1 to :i* a piece ( c>pet1 a c>dbo>d plate1 etc41 h be5 atta*$1 is plac$ "u ! foot ( a *air1 :i* !n seems to re/ ^u ?is false floor at "r angles ) t ( ! room4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bi4 ,ev]y?+ be+ ready1 ! op]ator lies d[n quietly 9 ! mid/ ( ^! objects1 assumes a fright5$ expression1 & waits until ! %utt] ann\nces to him t he c leave 8 n v pa9ful position4 ,?is evid5tly is m]ely an example t our read]s w be able to modify & v>y at _! w4 ,,photographs ,,on ,,v>i\s ,,fabrics4 ,by means ( a dye process kn[n z ! ,primul9e ,process1 v pretty images 9 v>i\s color$ dyes c be made ^u silks1 sat9s1 cotton goods1 etc4 ,! mat]ial is fir/ dy$ 9 a hot solution ( primul9e1 made by add+ ab\t #ae to #cj gra9s ( ! dye to a gallon ( hot wat]2 a little common salt %\ld also be add$4 ,on imm]s+ ! fabric1 & /irr+ x ab\t 9 ! solution1 x becomes ( a primrose yell[ color1 :5 x is remov$ & wa%$ "u a cold-wat] tap4 ,! next process is to diazotize x by imm]sion = half a m9ute or s 9 a cold solution ( sodium nitrate1 "o-qu>t] p] c5t41 :i* has be5 %>ply acidifi$ ) hydro*loric or o!r acid4 ,! mat]ial is aga9 wa%$ 9 cold wat]1 b x mu/ be kept 9 a weak light4 ,x c be hung up to dry1 9 ! d>k1 or expos$ :ile wet b5ea? ! object ( :i* x is requir$ to produce a positive reproduction4 ,?is process gives a positive f a positive1 s t any ord9>y picture on a suffici5tly transluc5t mat]ial--fl[]s1 f]ns1 etc4--c be reproduc$4 ,pr9t+ requires ab\t half a m9ute 9 ! direct sunlight to half an h\r or m 9 dull wea!r1 or if ! mat]ial to be pr9t$ ?r\gh is n v transp>5t4 ,! high lights become ( a pale yell[1 s t a fa9t image is p]ceptible2 b ?is is made visible 9 almo/ any color by developm5t 9 a weak solution 7ab\t "o-f\r? p] c5t47 ( a suitable ph5ol or am9e4 ,! foll[+ h be5 f\nd suitable3 ,= ,r$4--,an alkal9e solution ( ,greek3 b-nap?ol4 ,= ,m>oon4--,an alkal9e solution ( ,greek3 b-nap?ol-disulphonic acid4 ,= ,yell[4--,an alkal9e solution ( ph5ol4 ,= ,orange4--,an alkal9e solution ( resorc94 ,br[n4--,a slightly alkal9e solution ( pyrogallol1 or a solution ( ph5yl5e-diam9e-hydro*loride4 ,= ,purple4--,a solution ( ,greek3 a-nap?ylam9e hydro*loride4 ,= ,blue4--,a slightly acid solution ( amido-,greek3 b-nap?ol-sulphonate ( sodium1 n[ bett] kn[n z eikonog54 ,if ! design is to be made 9 sev]al colors1 ?is c be done by pa9t+ on ! diff]5t develop]s1 suitably ?ick5$ ) />*4 ,aft] develop+1 ! mat]ial is well wa%$ & dri$4 ,) ! purple & blue develop]s x is necess>y to wa% ! mat]ial f9ally 9 a weak solution ( t>t>ic acid4 ,wool & silk require a long] exposure to light ?an o!r fabrics1 & _c be successfully develop$ ) ! m>oon or blue develop]4 ,,silh\ettes ,illu/ration3 ,,aa4 ,! sky & side light4 ,,bb4 ,two d>k backgr\nds4 ,c4 ,! :ite scre5 9 oblique position4 ,d4 ,! subject4 ,e4 ,! cam]a4 ,,fig4 #cj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ca4 ,silh\ette portraits 7 at "o "t v popul>4 ,!y are simply made1 & if ! effect is well c>ri$ out w af=d consid]able amusem5t4 ,! be/ description ( _! manufacture 0 giv5 "s "t ago by ,h]r ,e4 ,/urmann1 9 ,die ,photographis*e ,korrespond5z4 ,8 me?od is z foll[s3 ,place two d>k backgr\nds 9 p>allel position ab\t #d feet f ! sky & side light ( ! /udio & di/ant f ea* o!r ab\t six feet4 ,improvise a d>k tunnel by draw+ a black clo?1 ( non-reflect+ mat]ial1 ov] ! two d>k gr\nds1 & arrange a :ite scre51 some:at l>g] ?an ! di/ance betwe5 ! two d>k gr\nds1 9 an oblique position s z to be fully illum9at$4 ,! subject to be silh\ett$ mu/ be plac$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! tunnel1 "o side ( ! face turn$ t[>ds "o gr\nd1 b comp>atively ne>] to ! :ite scre5 s t ! side ( ! face turn$ t[>ds ! cam]a is z mu* z possible 9 ! %ade4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cb4 ,focus mu/ be tak5 accurately1 s t ! outl9es ( ! figure are p]fectly %>p4 ,z x is ! object to obta9 a p]fectly transp>5t1 glass-cle> silh\ette ^u an absolutely opaque gr\nd1 b a v %ort "t ( exposure is requir$4 ,develop z usual & to secure p]fect opacity int5sify m ?an usual4 ,plates ( l[] s5sitiv5ess inv>iably give ! be/ results4 ,a sl[ plate or "o made p>ticul>ly = reproduction is well adapt$ = ?is k9d ( "w4 ,) f]r\s oxalate or hydro*9on develop] !re is sc>cely any ne$ ( int5sify+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cd4 ,to obviate ! %ad[s ca/ ^u ! floor by ! l[] p>ts ( ! figure1 place x ^u a ?ick1 l>ge plate-glass1 support$ by props ( five or six in*es 9 height1 & spread ^u ! floor "u ! glass a piece ( :ite musl94 ,! musl9 mu/ be free ( folds or wr9kles1 & be s connect$ ) ! :ite scre51 t ! division l9e betwe5 is n reproduc$ ^u ! plate4 ,! v feeble %ad[s ( ! feet c be easily t\*$ away ) p5cil4 ,s+le p]sons or gr\ps ( two or ?ree figures c be photograph$ 9 ?is peculi> /yle ) v good effect4 ,= heads & bu/s expose 9 ! usual mann]1 b to obta9 silh\ettes simil> to ^? our gr&mo!rs _h cut 9 black pap]1 & long be=e photography 0 ?\ght (1 cut an appropriate mask ( black pap] to cov] ! "p n want$ dur+ pr9t+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ce4 ,x %\ld be borne 9 m9d t 9 ?is class ( "w ! :ite backgr\nd only is ! object to be photograph$1 h5ce ! necessity ( b v %ort exposures4 ,) long] exposures absolute blacks & :ites are impossible4 ,,photograph+ ,,! ,,invisible4 ,! foll[+ is a curi\s & int]e/+ exp]im5t1 bas$ ^u ! peculi> prop]ty possess$ by fluoresc5t sub/ances ( alt]+ ! refrangibility ( ! *emical light rays4 ,take a colorless solution ( bisulphate ( qu99e1 & write or draw ) x on a piece ( :ite pap]4 ,:5 dry ! writ+ or design w be invisible1 b a photograph made ( x w %[ !m v ne>ly black4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,make ,a ,,photograph ,,inside ,a ,,bottle4 ,get a glass-bl[] to make an ord9>y %ap$ w9e-bottle ( v ?9 & cle> glass1 & clean x well4 ,next take ! :ite ( two eggs & add to x #bi gra9s ( ammonium *loride dissolv$ 9 #a dra*m ( spirits ( w9e1 & "o-half ounce ( wat]4 ,beat ?is mixture into a ?ick fro? & !n all[ x to /& & settle4 ,filt] ?r\gh a tuft ( cotton-wool1 & p\r into ! specially made bottle4 ,by twi/+ ! bottle r\nd1 an ev5 lay] ( ! solution w deposit itself on ! sides4 ,p\r (f ! rema9+ solution1 all[ ! film 9 ! bottle to dry1 & aga9 repeat ! op]ation4 ,! next op]ation is to s5sitize ! film ) a solution ( nitrate ( silv]1 #dj gra9s to #a ounce ( wat]4 ,p\r ?is 9 & turn ! bottle r\nd = a few m9utes1 !n p\r (f ! sup]flu\s solution & aga9 dry4 ,hold ! neck ( ! bottle = a few seconds ov] ano!r bottle conta9+ ammonia1 s z to all[ ! fumes to ent] x4 ,pr9t+ is ! next op]ation2 ?is is accompli%$ by ty+ a film negative r\nd ! bottle1 & cov]+ up all ! o!r p>ts f ! light4 ,pr9t v deeply1 keep+ ! bottle turn+ r\nd all ! "t4 ,ton+1 fix+1 & wa%+ c be done 9 ! ord9>y way by fill+ ! bottle up ) ! diff]5t solutions4 ,! effect is v curi\s1 & c be improv$ by coat+ ! inside ( ! bottle ) :ite enamel4 ,,photographs ,,9 ,,any ,,color4 ,^! c be produc$ by :at is kn[n z ! p[d] or du/+-on process4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! process is ?is3 ,an organic1 tacky sub/ance is s5sitiz$ ) potassium bi*romate1 & expos$ "u a rev]s$ positive to ! action ( light4 ,all ! p>ts act$ ^u become h>d1 ! /ick9ess disappe>+ accord+ to ! /r5g? ( ! light action1 :ile ^? p>ts protect$ by ! d>k] p>ts ( ! positive reta9 _! adhesiv5ess4 ,if a color$ p[d] be du/$ ov]1 x w be und]/ood t x w adh]e to ! /icky p>ts only1 =m+ a complete reproduction ( ! positive pr9t$ =m4 ,prep>e--,dextr9e1 "o-half ounce2 grape sug>1 "o-half ounce2 bi*romate ( pota%1 "o-half ounce2 wat]1 "o-half p9t3 or saturat$ solution bi*romate ( ammonia1 #e dra*ms2 honey1 #c dra*ms2 album51 #c dra*ms2 di/ill$ wat]1 #bj to #cj dra*ms4 ,filt]1 & coat clean glass plates ) ?is solution1 & dry ) a g5tle heat ov] a _s lamp4 ,:ile /ill w>m ! plate is expos$ "u a positive transp>5cy = f two to five m9utes 9 sunlight1 or f t5 to tw5ty m9utes 9 diffus$ light4 ,on remov+ f ! pr9t+ frame1 ! plate is laid = a few m9utes 9 ! d>k 9 a damp place to absorb a little moi/ure4 ,! next process is ! du/+ on4 ,= a black image ,sib]ian graphite is us$1 spread ov] ) a s(t flat bru%4 ,any color$ p[d] c be us$1 giv+ images 9 diff]5t colors4 ,:5 fully develop$ ! excess ( p[d] is du/$ (f & ! film coat$ ) collodion4 ,x is !n well wa%$ to remove ! bi*romate salt4 ,! film c1 if desir$1 be deta*$ & transf]r$ to ivory1 wood1 or any o!r support4 ,if a black support be us$1 a f]rotype plate on ,japann$ wood1 = in/ance1 pictures c be made f a negative1 b 9 ?is case a light color$ p[d] mu/ be us$4 ,! ,japanese h lately succe$$ 9 mak+ "s v beautiful pictures 9 ?is mann]4 ,wood is coat$ ov] ) t black enamel = :i* !y are s fam\s1 & pictures made ^u x 9 ?is mann]4 ,!y use a gold or silv] p[d]4 ,) ?is process an almo/ endless v>iety ( effects c be obta9$4 ,= in/ance1 lum9\s p[d] c be employ$ & an image produc$ :i* is visible 9 ! d>k4 ,"s "t ago we sugge/$ a plan ( mak+ :at might be t]m$ po/-mortem photographs ( cremat$ fri5ds & relations4 ,a plate is prep>$ f a negative ( ! dead p]son 9 ! mann] describ$1 & ! a%es du/$ ov]4 ,!y w adh]e to ! p>ts unexpos$ to light1 & a portrait is obta9$ compos$ entirely ( ! p]son x repres5ts1 or r :at is left ( him4 ,! idea is n p>ticul>ly a brilliant "o1 nor d we desire to claim any cr$it = x1 b we give x "h = ! b5efit ( ^? morbid individuals :o delight 9 s5sationalism1 & :o pur*ase & treasure up pieces ( ! rope us$ by ! hangman4 ,,! ,,disappe>+ ,,photograph4 ,a me?od ( mak+ a photograph :i* c be made to appe> at w is ?us describ$ 9 ,les ,recreations ,photographiques4 ,take a convex wat* cry/al1 ,v1 or any simil> l>g] glass if desir$--= in/ance1 ^? us$ = color$ photographs2 clean ! glass well1 place x p]fectly level1 convex side d[n1 & fill x ev5 full ) a mixture ( :ite wax & hog's l>d4 ,:5 x has solidifi$1 apply to ! back a flat glass plate1 ,p1 cut exactly to ! l>ge/ dim5sions ( ! convex glass1 secure ! glasses toge!r ) a /rip1 ,b1 ( gold-beat]'s sk91 fa/5$ by /rong glue z %[n 9 ! figure4 ,n[ m\nt a portrait1 ) ! front t[>ds ! convex glass1 on ! plate ,p4 ,! comb9ation is n[ ready2 by heat+ x ! wax betwe5 ! two glasses melts & becomes transp>5t1 all[+ ! portrait to be se52 on cool+ x w lose its transp>5ce & ! portrait w disappe>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cf4 ,,freak ,,pictures ,,) ,a ,,black ,,backgr\nd4 ,if an object be plac$ aga9/ a non-act9ic backgr\nd & an exposure made1 ! black p>ts surr\nd+ x w n h any effect ^u ! plate1 & ! object c be %ift$ to ano!r "p & ano!r exposure made4 ,9 a rec5t article publi%$ 9 ,la ,nature1 & translat$ 9 ! ,sci5tific ,am]ican1 a numb] ( curi\s effects obta9$ by photography by ,m4 ,r4 ,ricc>t1 ( ,sa9te-,foix-les-,lyons1 are describ$ & illu/rat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cg4--;,a ,,decapitation4 ,! sy/em employ$ by ! au?or ( ^! photographs is t ( ! natural black backgr\nd obta9$ ?r\gh ! op5 door ( a d>k room1 comb9$ ) diaphragms skillfully arrang$ 9 ! int]ior ( ! app>atus1 betwe5 ! objective & s5sitiz$ plate4 ,?is is ! sure/ me?od ( obta9+ ! desir$ effect ) ! greate/ precision1 )\t ! junctions be+ visible1 & ) p]fect %>pness 9 ! cutt+ ( ! p>ts remov$4 ,= ?is effect1 x is necess>y to place ! diaphragm at ?ree or f\r c5timet]s f ! gr\nd glass1 9 ! la/ folds ( ! bell[s ( ! cam]a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ch4--;,,ano!r ,,decapitation4 ,! foll[+ are a few data z to ! mann] 9 :i* ! sc5es t we reproduce 7 obta9$4 ,! fir/1 repres5t+ a decapitation by means ( a sab] 7,fig4 #cg71 0 tak5 by means ( an exposure 9 :i* ! head 0 plac$ ^u ! block1 ! subject incl9+ =w>d ^u 8 knees1 & a diaphragm1 occupy+ ab\t two-?irds ( ! plate1 completely mask+ ! body up to ! neck4 ,!n1 )\t *ang+ ! position ( ! app>atus1 ! diaphragm 0 plac$ on ! o!r side 9 ord] to conceal ! head1 & ! body 0 photograph$ 9 ! second position along ) ! p]son repres5t+ ! execution]4 ,x w\ld h be5 possible1 by a ?ird exposure1 to s arrange ?+s z to make ! execution] ! decapitat$ p]son4 ,x 0 by ! same process t ! ?ree foll[+ sc5es 7 obta9$3 ,a p]son ) 8 head plac$ be=e him 9 a plate 7,fig4 #ch72 a man c>ry+ 8 head 9 a :eelb>r[ 7,fig4 #ci72 & a p]son to :om 8 own head is s]v$ 9 a plate 7,fig4 #dj74 ,su* sc5es may be v>i$ to any ext5t4 ,fig4 #da is a photograph ( a decapitation1 :ile ,fig4 #db is made by two exposures ( an individual at diff]5t di/ances b s comb9$ z to give ! appe>ance ( "o exposure4 ,fig4 #dc is t ( a p]son 9 a bottle4 ,! individual repres5t$ 0 fir/ photograph$ on a suffici5tly r$uc$ scale to all[ him to ent] ! bottle4 ,?is exposure 0 by us+ a scre5 conta9+ an ap]ture1 z = ! ,russian backgr\nd4 ,b ?is precaution 0 tak5 m]ely to conceal ! floor1 & yet x w\ld p]haps be pref]able 9 su* a case to h ! subject /& ^u a /ool cov]$ ) a v black fabric4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 :5 once ! fir/ impression has be5 made1 !re is no?+ m to be done ?an to photograph ! bottle on a l>g] scale & ! result is obta9$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ci4--,,! ,,head ,,9 ,,! ,,:eelb>r[ ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dj4--,,! ,,head ,,^u ,a ,,plate4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,copy ,,draw+s4 ,!re are ?ree pr9cipal me?ods ( copy+ me*anical draw+s1 trac+s1 sket*es1 etc4 ,^! are3 7#a7 ,a process to obta9 :ite l9es ^u a blue gr\nd2 7#b7 a process by :i* blue l9es ^u a :ite gr\nd are obta9$2 & 7#c7 a process giv+ black or violet-black l9es ^u a :ite gr\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #da4--,,! ,,saw$-,,(f ,,head4 ,! fir/ process is und\bt$ly ! simple/1 z aft] pr9t+ ^u ! pap] x is develop$ & fix$ by simple imm]sion 9 cold wat]2 b1 at ! same "t1 ! :ite l9es on ! blue gr\nd are n s cle> & effective z ! o!r processes4 ,! cyanotype pap]1 z x is call$1 c be obta9$ ready = use at any draughtsman's /ores1 b if y pref] to make x y\rself1 "h is ! recipe3 ,two solutions are made--#bj p>ts ( r$ prussiate ( pota% are dissolv$ 9 #ajj p>ts ( wat]1 & #aj p>ts ( ammonio-citrate ( iron 9 #fj p>ts ( wat]4 ,^! two solutions %\ld be mix$ toge!r imm$iately be=e us+1 & ! op]ation mu/ be p]=m$ 9 ! d>k4 ,pap] is float$ on ?is solution1 or appli$ ) a broad camels-hair bru%1 & hung up to dry4 ,if x is well dri$ & c>efully pres]v$ f light1 moi/ure & air1 ?is pap] w keep = "s "t4 ,aft] pr9t+--:i*1 :5 suffici5t1 %\ld %[ ! l9es copi$ ( a yell[ color ^u a blue gr\nd--! pr9ts %\ld be wa%$ 9 sev]al wat]s1 & if a few drops ( *lor9e wat] or dilute hydro*loric acid be add$ to ! wa%+ wat]1 ! blue gr\nd w appe> mu* d>k] & ! l9es r5d]$ cle>] & :it]4 ,! comm]cial pap] sold is g5]ally prep>$ by ?is me?od4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #db4--,,! ,,r$uction4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dc4--,,man ,,9 ,a ,,bottle4 ,blue pr9ts may be giv5 a black tone by plung+ !m into a solution ( #d p>ts ( cau/ic pota% 9 #ajj p>ts ( wat]2 !n1 :5 ! blue color has entirely disappe>$ "u ! action ( ! pota%1 & a yell[i% color has tak5 its place1 !y are imm]s$ 9 a solution ( #d p>ts ( tann9 9 #ajj p>ts ( wat]2 !n wa%+ !m aga91 we obta9 pr9ts ^: tone may be assimilat$ to t ( pale writ+ ink4 ,9 ! process giv+ blue l9es ^u a :ite gr\nd1 x is necess>y t ! action ( ! light %all be to conv]t ! iron comp\nd into "o t c be dis*>g$ f in/ead ( be+ fix$ on ! pap]1 s t we obta9 a positive f a positive4 ,abney describes ! process z foll[s3 ,?irty volumes ( gum solution 7wat] #e p>ts1 gum #a "p7 are mix$ ) #h volumes ( a citrate ( iron & ammonia solution 7wat] #b p>ts1 d\ble citrate #a "p71 & to ?is is add$ #e volumes ( a solution ( f]ric *loride 7wat] #b p>ts1 f]ric *loride #a "p74 ,?is solution ?us =m$ is limpid at fir/1 b w gradually become ?ick]1 & %\ld be us$ soon aft] mix+4 ,x is !n appli$ ) a bru% to ! pap] 7:i* %\ld be well siz$7 & dri$ 9 ! d>k4 ,exposure is accompli%$ 9 a few m9utes1 ! pap] be+ plac$ "u ! draw+ 9 ! pr9t+ frame4 ,x is !n develop$ ) potassium f]rocyanide1 #ej gra9s1 wat] #a ounce1 appli$ ) a bru% until all ! details appe> ( a d>k-blue color4 ,! pr9t is !n rapidly r9s$1 & plac$ 9 a di% conta9+ ! cle>+ solution1 made ( #a ounce ( hydro*loric acid & #aj ounces ( wat]4 ,! ?ird process1 :i* gives violet-black l9es on a :ite gr\nd1 is ! foll[+3 ,make up ! s5sitive solution ) wat]1 #af ounces2 gelat9e1 #d dra*ms2 p]*loride ( iron 79 a syrup condition71 #a ounce2 t>t>ic acid1 #a ounce2 sulphate ( iron1 #d dra*ms4 ,! pap] is float$ on or bru%$ ov] ) ?is & dri$4 ,! exposure is ab\t ! same z ) ! la/ process4 ,:5 suffici5t1 ! gre5i%-yell[ color w turn :ite1 except ! l9es1 :i* %\ld be some:at d>k4 ,! develop+ solution is compos$ ( #a "p ( gallic acid 9 #aj p>ts ( alcohol & #ej ( wat]4 ,:5 imm]s$ 9 ?is solution ! l9es w turn black]4 ,! f9i% is !n made by ?or\ghly wa%+ 9 wat]4 ,,sympa!tic ,,photographs4 ,^! are obta9$ z foll[s3 ,a %eet ( pap] is coat$ ) a t5 p] c5t solution ( gelat9e1 & :5 dry ?is is float$ on a t5 p] c5t solution ( bi*romate ( pota%4 ,aga9 dry & expose b5ea? a positive transp>5cy4 ,! pr9t ?us obta9$ is !n imm]s$ 9 a t5 p] c5t solution ( *loride ( cobalt4 ,! p>ts unact$ ^u by light w absorb ! solution4 ,wa% & dry4 ,we !n h a fa9t image :i* w alt] its color accord+ to ! /ate ( ! atmosph]e4 ,9 damp wea!r x w be almo/ if n entirely invisible1 b :5 ! wea!r is f9e & dry1 or if ! image be heat$ be=e a fire x w turn to a bright blue color4 ,,dry-,,plates ,,t ,,w ,,develop ,,) ,,wat]4 ,"s "t ago dry-plates 7 plac$ on ! m>ket :i* w\ld develop1 app>5tly1 ) wat] & a little ammonia only4 ,! secret ( ! me?od 0 t ! backs ( ! plates 7 coat$ ) a soluble gum1 conta9+ ! develop+ ag5ts1 &1 ( c\rse1 :5 ! plate 0 imm]s$ 9 ! wat]1 !y in/antly dissolv$ & =m$ ! develop]4 ,plates ?us prep>$ are useful 9 travel+ :]e x is n always possible to get ! necess>y develop+ solutions4 ,to prep>e !m ! backs are coat$ ) ! foll[+ mixture3 ,pyrogallic acid #aed gra9s ,salicylic acid #ae gra9s ,gum or dextr9e #aed gra9s ,alcohol #a fluid dr4 ,wat] #e fluid dr4 ,?is is all[$ to dry at an ord9>y temp]ature4 ,aft] exposure1 all t is necess>y to develop is to imm]se ! plates 9 wat] conta9+ a small quantity ( ammonia4 ,,c>icature ,,photographs4 ,!re are q a numb] ( diff]5t me?ods ( mak+ c>icature portraits4 ,a simple "o is to make two photographs ( an individual1 "o ( ! head alone & ano!r ( ! entire body on a mu* small] scale4 ,f ^! two negatives pr9ts are made1 & ! l>g] head is cut out & pa/$ on ! %\ld]s ( ! full l5g? figure4 ,any signs ( ! cutt+ out are remov$ by ! use ( a bru% & a little color+ matt]4 ,f ?is comb9$ pr9t ano!r negative is made s t any numb] ( ^! c>icature pr9ts c be made )\t extra tr\ble4 ,! effect is %[n 9 ,fig4 #dd4 ,illu/ration3 ,f ,tiss&i]'s ,h&book4 ,,fig4 #dd4--;,,c>icature ,,portrait4 ,=egr\nds = mak+ c>icature portraits are sold 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! me?od ( us+ !m is %[n 9 ,fig4 #de4 ,! c>d conta9+ ! grotesque draw+ is held by ! sitt] on 8 knees & arrang$ by ! photograph] 9 su* a way t 8 head re/s j above ! neck ( ! pa9t$ body4 ,a :ite backgr\nd is arrang$ beh9d & :5 ! negative is made all traces ( ! edges ( ! =egr\nd are remov$ by c>eful re-t\*+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #de4--;,,c>icature ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #df4--,,mak+ ,,! ,,c>icature ,,portrait4 ,ano!r me?od ( obta9+ grotesque c>icature portraits has be5 devis$ by ,m4 ,ducos du ,hauron4 ,8 app>atus1 :i* he calls ,la ,photographie ,trans=mi/e1 is ?us describ$ by ,s*nauss 9 8 ,photographic ,pa/imes4 ,a1 ,fig4 #dg1 is ! front ( ! box1 :i* is furni%$ ) an expos+ %utt] =m$ ( a simple slid+ piece fitt+ into ! grooves ,r ,r1 ,r ,r4 ,b ,p are two scre5s pi]c$ ) slits a a1 c c4 ,c is ! re> end ( ! box :]e ! d>k slide is plac$4 ,d is ! lid ( ! box1 :i* is lift$ ei!r = plac+ ! slott$ scre5s or = putt+ 9 ! s5sitive plate4 ,:5 n work+ direct f nature1 ! transp>5cy is plac$ 9 ! grooves ,r ,r1 ,r ,r1 at ,a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dg4--,,! ,,hauron ,,trans=mi/e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dh4--,,photograph ,,& ,,di/ortions ,,) ,,! ,,trans=mi/e4 ,accord+ to ! arrangem5t ( ! slits1 ! c>icatures obta9$ w be diff]5t4 ,if1 = in/ance1 ! fir/ slit be a v]tical "o1 & ! o!r1 i4e41 ! "o ne>e/ ! picture1 a horizontal "o1 ! picture1 9 comp>ison ) ! orig9al1 w be di/ort$ l5g?wise4 ,if1 h[ev]1 "o ( ! slits =ms no /raight l9e1 b a curv$ "o1 ! trans=m$ picture w %[ ei!r l5g?wise or sideways curv$ l9es1 accord+ to ! slit be+ a v]tical or a horizontal "o4 ,! =m ( ! result+ picture w also be diff]5t accord+ to :i* "o ( ! slott$ plates is plac$ m or less obliquely 9 ! box4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #di4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ej4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ea4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eb4 ,! slits mu/ be made v exactly2 above all1 _! edges mu/ be absolutely %>p1 e incorrectness be+ transf]r$ to ! picture4 ,!y may be made ab\t "o-?ird ( a millimet] wide2 if !y are too n>r[ ! picture w n turn out %>p4 ,9 mak+ ! slits x is a good plan to cut !m 9 ?9 black pap]1 & to m\nt ! latt] on glass plates4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ec4 ,9 a lat] description ( ! app>atus we le>n t ! discs conta9+ ! slits are (t5 made circul> 9 %ape & s arrang$ t !y c be revolv$ z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ec4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 all[s ( a /ill great] v>iety ( positions ( ! two ap]tures 9 relation to ea* o!r & an increas+ numb] ( grotesque effects4 ,reproductions ( "s ( ! pictures obta9$ are giv54#c ,see ,figs4 #dh to #eb4 #c ,repr9t$ f ,la ,sci5ce en ,famille4 ,,photograph+ ,,seawe$s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ed4--,,seawe$ ,,photograph4 ,( all ! glori\s creations ( nature few are m beautiful ?an ! delicate sea mosses to be f\nd by ! sea %ore4 ,_m delight 9 pres]v+ !m 9 a dry /ate1 m\nt$ on c>ds1 b un=tunately !y are usually s fragile t aft] a little :ile !y fall to pieces4 ,! photograph]1 h[ev]1 is able to reproduce ^! beautiful =mations & pres]ve !m 9 a m p]man5t =m by means ( 8 cam]a4 ,x is true t he _c reproduce _! delicate color+s1 b ! photographs c1 if s desir$1 be lightly pr9t$ on plat9um pap] & color$ z well z possible by h&4 ,,/amp ,,portraits4 ,a ,,special cam]a is sold = mak+ ^! little pictures4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ee4--,,/amp ,,cam]a4 ,x conta9s a numb] ( l5ses all ( ! same focus4 ,9 front is an easel :]e ! portrait is atta*$1 surr\nd$ by a suitable bord]4 ,! images giv5 are ab\t ! size ( po/age /amps 7see ,fig4 #ef71 & :5 ! negative is pr9t$ on a pr9t+ out or develop+ pap]1 ton$ or develop$1 !y c be p]=at$ & gumm$ at ! back4 ,!y are v useful = /ick+ to lett]s1 envelopes1 & = bus9ess purposes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ef4 ,,/amp ,,photo4 ,,lum9\s ,,photographs4 ,!re are sev]al diff]5t ways ( mak+ ^!4 ,obta9 "s ,balma9's lum9\s pa9t1 & coat a piece ( c>dbo>d ) x4 ,place ?is 9 ! d>k until x is no long] lum9\s2 place ?is beh9d a glass transp>5cy & expose to light1 ei!r daylight or1 if at night-"t1 burn a small piece ( magnesium wire4 ,return to ! d>k1 remove ! transp>5cy1 & a lum9\s photograph is obta9$ on ! prep>$ c>d4 ,a simple plan is to m]ely expose a piece ( ! prep>$ c>dbo>d to ! light & place x beh9d a transp>5cy2 !n retire to a d>k5$ room4 ,! lum9\s pa9t1 %[+ ?r\gh x1 w h a v pretty effect4 ,if no glass transp>5cy is at h&1 a silv] pr9t c be us$1 if previ\sly oil$ & r5d]$ transluc5t by vasel9e or any o!r means4 ,,floral ,,photography4 ,p]haps ! beauties ( nature are n[h]e bett] exemplifi$ ?an 9 fl[]s1 & no?+ c be pretti] ?an photographs ( !m c>efully arrang$4 ,:5 we say c>efully arrang$ we mean1 ( c\rse1 arti/ically4 ,! secret ( arrang+ fl[]s--an art 9 itself--is to hide ! fact t !y h be5 arrang$4 ,among ! be/ pictures ( fl[]s :i* h appe>$ 9 pr9t1 are ^? by ,john ,c>p5t]1 an ,engli% g5tleman1 :o has made ?is p>ticul> bran* ( photography 8 *ief /udy1 & has be5 aw>d$ _m prizes & m$als = fl[] /udies4 ,"s "t ago we wrote to him ask+ = a few p>ticul>s ( 8 me?od adopt$1 & he has be5 s v k9d z to s5d ! foll[+ valuable notes3 ,suitable ,fl[]s4--,i f9d t ! be/ colors to photograph are pale p9k1 yell[1 :ite or v>iegat$ colors4 ,r$s1 br[ns1 & d>k colors g5]ally1 d n answ] well4 ,fl[]s ( irregul> =m are mo/ suitable1 su*1 = example1 z *rysan!mums1 lilies1 poppies1 etc4 ,^! give beautiful gradations ( light & %ade4 ,gr\p+4--,!re is great scope "h = arti/ic feel+4 ,all appe>ance ( =mal arrangem5t mu/ be avoid$ & a natural gr\p+ %\ld be aim$ at4 ,?is becomes m difficult z ! fl[]s mu/ be some:at on "o plane to get !m 9 prop] focus4 ,a r\nd bun* ( fl[]s :i* may appe> v pretty to ! eye w\ld probably be utt]ly wrong to make a picture (4 ,illu/ration3 ,fannie ,cassidy4 ,,fig4 #eg4--;,a ,,b[l ,,( ,,roses4 ,light+4--,i h nev] work$ 9 a /udio1 b h a small lean-to glass h\se 9 :i* ,i "w4 ,! top light is s(t5$ d[n by light %ades s t ! /ronge/ light comes f ! side4 ,?is gives solidity to ! subject & is m pleas+ ?an a flat light+4 ,( c\rse1 ! sun %\ld nev] %9e on ! subject4 ,plates & ,exposure4--,if color$ fl[]s are be+ photograph$1 or?o*romatic plates are a necessity1 b = :ite fl[]s & light-gre5 foliage ord9>y plates may be employ$4 ,i g5]ally use a m$ium iso*romatic1 /op ! l5s to f3#bb & give exposure ( f ?irty to sixty seconds 9 summ] & v>y accord+ to ! season2 sometimes tw5ty m9utes is n too mu*4 ,developm5t4--,my usual & favorite develop] is pyro-ammonia1 & 9 c>eful h&s x _c be beat54 ,i comm5ce developm5t ) a m9imum ( pyro & "w t5tatively4 ,us+ su* a solution1 = #b ounces ( develop] ,i %\ld comm5ce ) #a-a_/b gra9s pyro1 #a gra9 bromide1 & #b gra9s ammonia4 ,if ! image does n ga9 suffici5t d5sity add m pyro & bromide1 b unless v fully expos$ x is difficult to avoid too mu* d5sity1 especially if :ite fl[]s are be+ photograph$4 ,i f9d a pla9 gray or d>k backgr\nd mo/ useful1 & to avoid flatness x may be set at an angle & n too ne> ! subject4 ,fl[]s %\ld be photograph$ z soon z ga!r$1 & if possible be plac$ 9 wat]4 ,i h (t5 f\nd a plate spoil$ by movem5t ( ! leaves or fl[]s1 ev5 ) %ort exposures1 al?\gh ! movem5t 0 n p]ceptible to ! eye4 ,?is is m especially ! case 9 hot wea!r4 ,,di/ort$ ,,images4 ,take a portrait negative t is no long] ( any use1 & imm]se x 9 a weak solution ( hydr(luoric acid4 ,! film w leave ! glass4 ,x is !n wa%$ & return$ to ! glass support4 ,by /ret*+ ! film "o way or ! o!r1 & all[+ x to dry 9 ?is position1 ! mo/ amus+ pr9ts c be made4 ,keep y\r f+]s out ( ! acid6 ,,photographs ,,)\t ,,light4 ,a curi\s exp]im5t %[+ t a photographic dry-plate c be o!rwise affect$ ?an by light1 s z to =m an image ^u x1 is ! foll[+3 ,an image ( copp] 9 relief is necess>y--a p5ny w d = ?is purpose4 ,place an unexpos$ dry-plate 9 a normal pyro develop]1 & on x lay ! copp] co94 ,aft] ab\t five m9utes or s1 remove ! p5ny1 fix & wa% ! plate1 :5 a p]fect image ( ! p5ny w be f\nd on x4 ,,electric ,,photographs4 ,simil> exp]im5ts to t describ$ above h be5 c>ri$ out by ,pr(4 ,f]n&o ,san=d4 ,he plac$ a co9 on a dry-plate & connect$ x ) ! t]m9al ( a small induction coil1 capable ( giv+ a sp>k ( ?ree or f\r millimet]s1 :ile a piece ( t9 foil ^u ! opposite side ( ! plate 0 connect$ ) ! o!r t]m9al ( ! coil4 ,sev]al negatives 7 made 9 ?is way1 ! accompany+ photograph1 ,fig4 #eh1 be+ f "o ( !m4 ,) "o exception1 !y all %[ a fr+e ar\nd !m1 due to ! escape ( ! *>ge f ! edge ( ! co91 :i* acc\nts = ! =mation ( ! d>k r+ obs]v$ ar\nd ! brea? figures made ^u glass4 ,lat] on he und]took to photograph 9 ! same way objects insulat$ f ! photographic plate1 & has s9ce made negatives ( co9s sep>at$ f ! plate by p>aff9e1 %ellac1 mica1 & gutta p]*a4 ,! accompany+ photograph1 ,fig4 #ei1 0 made ) ! co9 insulat$ f ! photographic plate by a %eet ( mica ab\t #j4jd mm4 ?ick4 ,! mica 0 laid directly ^u ! film side ( ! plate1 & ! co9 0 plac$ ^u x & connect$ to "o t]m9al ( ! small induction coil already m5tion$4 ,a circul> piece ( t9 foil ( ! circumf]5ce ( ! co9 0 plac$ ^u ! glass side ( ! plate directly opposite ! co91 & 0 connect$ to ! o!r t]m9al ( ! induction coil4 ,! little cond5s] ?us made 0 clamp$ betwe5 two bo>ds1 & 0 cov]$ up 9 a d>k room4 ,two small dis*>g+ knobs 7 also atta*$ to ! t]m9als ( ! induction coil1 & 7 sep>at$ by a space ( less ?an a millimet]1 s t1 :5 a s+le cell 0 connect$ ) ! prim>y coil1 ! sp>k betwe5 ! knobs seem$ cont9u\s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eh4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ei4 ,! plate 0 expos$ to ! action ( ! waves set up 9 ?is cond5s] = "o h\r1 :5 x 0 tak5 out & ! negative image develop$ ^u x by ! usual process4 ,,magic ,,vignettes4 ,^! are rev]s$ vignettes1 t is to say1 ! m>g9s r\nd ! portrait in/ead ( be+ :ite z 9 ! ord9>y vignette are black4 ,a me?od ( mak+ !m 0 rec5tly describ$ by ,te9te 9 ,! ,photogram4 ,?is 0 z foll[s3 ,two me?ods c be adopt$4 ,! fir/ ( ^! ab\t to be detail$1 ?\gh entail+1 p]haps1 9 ! fir/ place a trifle m tr\ble1 produces ! be/ results4 ,we require a black backgr\nd1 pref]ably ( black velvete51 l>ge en\gh = a head & %\ld]s4 ,z ! mat]ial is n usually obta9able ( a wid? great] ?an tw5ty in*es or s1 !re w h to be a seam1 & ?is mu/ be v neatly done4 ,! seam$ velvete5 is !n /ret*$ taut on a frame1 :i* %\ld pref]ably be cov]$ fir/ ) calico1 to prev5t sagg+4 ,always1 be=e use1 du/ ! velvete5 ) a s(t bru%--say1 a hat bru%--to remove any adh]+ du/ or fluff4 ,in/ead ( velvete51 a good pap] backgr\nd c be us$1 only x mu/ be se5 t ! surface is smoo? & free f cracks or creases1 & is dead black4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fj4--,,magic ,,vignett]4 ,we require also a vignett+ mask suitable to ! subject1 ) a s]rat$ edge4 ,?is has to be fix$ inside ! cam]a betwe5 ! l5s & plate4#d ,! prop] position c be f\nd by trial2 ! fur!r ! c>d is away f ! plate ! s(t] & m gradual ! vignett+4 ,no special arrangem5t = hold+ ?is is requir$ beyond :at c be prep>$ by any "o :o c use 8 f+]s4 ,we take a piece ( /\t c>d1 ! outside ( :i* w j fit into ! folds ( ! cam]a's bell[s1 & by a little twi/+ x c be sprung 9 betwe5 ! folds :i* w hold x4 ,!re is an op5+ 9 ! c5t]1 squ>e 9 %ape1 ab\t qu>t] plate size4 ,?is acts z a frame to hold ! vignett+ mask1 :i* has ! op5+ ( prop] size & %ape4 ,by us+ a frame z describ$ ! vignett] c be mov$ ab\t up & d[n & f side to side1 & :5 ! correct position is f\nd fix$ by draw+ p9s4 ,! frame & vignett] %\ld be black$ all ov]4 ,= ?is purpose take "s lampblack gr\nd 9 turps1 & mix ) x a little gold size suffici5t 7f\nd by trial7 to prev5t ! lampblack f rubb+ (f :5 dry1 b n en\gh to cause ! pa9t to dry %9y4 #d ,a vignett] = ! purpose1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #fj1 has be5 plac$ on ! m>ket4 ,a good di/ance to fix ! vignett] is ab\t "o-?ird ! ext5sion ( ! cam]a :5 ! object is 9 focus1 measur+ f ! l5s4 ,we adju/ ! cam]a s t ! image ( ! figure falls 9 ! correct position on ! scre51 & ! vignette is made ( su* a size & %ape z to give ! am\nt requir$4 ,! %ad[ ( ! mask protects ! edges ( ! plate surr\nd+ ! image1 & 9 developm5t we obta9 a negative 9 :i* ! image is vignett$ into cle> glass1 & on pr9t+ f su* ! m>g9s pr9t d>k4 ,! pr9t+ ( su* a negative %\ld be prolong$ until ! m>g9s ( ! picture are q lo/1 or !y are apt to %[ aft] ton+4 ,! sket* %[s ! arrangem5t ( vignett] inside cam]a4 ,! o!r plan consi/s 9 mak+ an ord9>y negative1 us+ pref]ably a d>k backgr\nd4 ,f ?is is made a vignette 9 ! ord9>y mann]4 ,:5 ?is comes f ! frame x is plac$ on a piece ( clean glass--face up--& ano!r piece ( glass free f flaws plac$ ov] x4 ,n[ cut a piece ( c>d to ! size & %ape ( ! vignett$ portion ( ! pr9t1 & fix ?is ) glue to a piece ( cork4 ,?is piece ( cork mu/ v>y 9 ?ickness ) v>i\s pictures4 ,n[ place ! cork on ! glass s t ! mask cov]s ! picture & fix ) glue to prev5t slipp+4 ,place ! :ole out 9 diffus$ light1 & all[ ! d>k5+ ( ! m>g9s to g on until suffici5tly deep4 ,! pr9t is !n ton$4 ,! height ( ! c>d f ! pr9t mu/ be su* t no abrupt l9e is produc$ betwe5 ! fir/ pr9t+ & ! d>k5$ m>g91 b t "o w %ade into ! o!r )\t break4 ,a ,,simple ,,me?od ,,( ,,enl>g+4 ,if we h an ord9>y gelat9e negative1 say1 ( half-plate size1 & require to enl>ge x to a :ole plate1 ! simple/ plan is to ?or\ghly wa% x & imm]se 9 a solution compos$ ( citric acid1 #b ounces2 hydr(luoric acid1 #a ounce2 acetic acid 7glacial71 #a ounce2 glyc]9e1 #a_/b ounce2 wat]1 #bj ounces4 ,! action ( ! hydr(luoric acid w be to deta* ! film f ! glass1 :ile ! o!r acids w cause ! film to spread out consid]ably2 ! action be+ ev5 all ov]1 ! image is completely enl>g$4 ,x is !n c>efully remov$ & wa%$ 9 pl5ty ( clean wat]1 aft] :i* x c be transf]r$ to a l>g] piece ( glass4 ,! action is sometimes to weak5 ! negative 9 d5sity2 x is !re=e occasionally necess>y to int5sify x4 ,,moonlight ,,effects4 ,curi\s z x s\nds1 v good moonlight effects c be procur$ on a bright sun%9y day4 ,a photograph is made ( a l&scape 9 dazzl+ sunlight1 a small /op & rapid exposure be+ giv54 ,! plate %\ld1 if possible1 be back$ ) any ( ! sub/ances recomm5d$ to prev5t halation4 ,*oose a l&scape1 ) ! reflection ( ! sun's rays 9 wat]1 & include ?is & ! sun itself on ! plate4 ,x is be/ to wait1 h[ev]1 until ! sun j disappe>s beh9d a cl\d4 ,%ade ! l5s s t ! rays d n %9e on x direct1 & expose rapidly4 ,use an old or weak develop]4 ,! sun & its reflection w1 ( c\rse1 make _! appe>ance fir/4 ,cont9ue ! developm5t until ! detail 9 ! "u-expos$ p>ts is j visible1 & fix4 ,pr9t v d>kly1 & slightly ov] tone4 ,if pr9t+ is done ^u gre5 develop+ pap]1 & a little re-t\*+ ) ,*9ese :ite1 ! effect is v good4 ,illu/ration3 ,photograph$ f ,nature by ,fr$4 ,graf4 ,,fig4 #fa4--,,moonlight ,,photograph4 ,,photograph+ ,,sn[ ,,& ,,ice ,,cry/als4 ,!re are few photograph]s :o appe> to be aw>e ( ! _m beautiful ph5om5a ( nature t c be /udi$ by ! aid ( photography4 ,"u ! title ( ,s*nee ,cry/alle1 ,dr4 ,g4 ,hellmann has publi%$#e a book on ?is subject pr(usely illu/rat$ ) engrav+s & photo-micrographic collotypes f direct photographs by ,dr4 ,r4 ,neuhaus4 #e ,rudolph ,muck5b]g]1 ,b]l94 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fb4--,,sn[ ,,cry/als4 ,,photo ,,by ,,dr4 ,,neuhaus4 ,dr4 ,neuhaus describes 8 me?od ( photograph+ sn[flakes 9 ,dr4 ,ed]'s ,j>bu*1 f :i* article we extract ! mo/ important & int]e/+ p>agraphs3 ,7 we to attempt to photograph sn[ cry/als 9 a p]fectly cold room1 ! temp]ature is /ill high] ?an t out ( doors2 moi/ure at once precipitates ^u ! c>ri] ( ! object2 ! cry/als w\ld melt & evaporate aft] a %ort "t4 ,! "w mu/ be done 9 ! op51 & p]fect success c be expect$ only :5 ! temp]ature is ne> z]o4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fc4--,,sn[ ,,cry/als4 ,,photo ,,by ,,dr4 ,,neuhaus4 ,sn[ cry/als evaporate rapidly ev5 9 l[ temp]ature1 & ! "w requires to be done rapidly & ) caution4 ,fre%ly fall5 sn[ only w give a good photograph1 & z we are compell$ to "w 9 ! mid/ ( ! sn[ /orm1 ! task becomes /ill m complicat$ & difficult4 ,sn[ cry/als b a %ort "t aft] fall+ break1 ! brok5 pieces freeze toge!r & cry/allization is de/roy$4 ,= ! illum9ation ( sn[ cry/als1 transmitt$ light only c be us$2 reflect$ light de/roys ! %ad[s1 & injures ! high lights1 & ! result is necess>ily b a v imp]fect picture ( ! object4 ,illu/ration3 ,photo by ,m>t94 ,,fig4 #fd4--;,a ,,natural ,,ph5om5on ,,9 ,,ice4 ,diffus$ light1 especially t ( a d>k w9t]'s day1 & dur+ a sn[ /orm1 is n fit = ?is k9d ( photo-micrographic "w1 & we mu/ resort to artificial light1 pref]ably to t ( a petroleum lamp4 ,to prev5t heat action emanat+ f ! illum9at+ ray cone1 an absorptive cell ( alum solution %\ld be int]pos$4 ,z alum solution freezes at ab\t #bj deg4 ,fahr41 *loride ( sodium is add$4 ,) ,h>tn>k's projection sy/em1 at #ca mm4 focus di/ance1 f #e to #g seconds ^u an ery?ros9e plate is ample4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fe4--,,photograph ,,( ,,fro/ ,,cry/als4 ,,by ,,jas4 ,,leadbeat]4 ,dr4 ,neuhaus has made photographs ( m ?an #fj diff]5t ice & sn[ specim5s4 ,! pictures ( ice cry/als mu* resemble ^? ( ho> fro/1 deposit$ aft] a cold w9t]'s night4 ,( sn[ cry/als1 ! d\blets are highly int]e/+1 two cry/als m]g$ into "o1 & ^? hav+ pass$ ?r\gh a moi/ /ratum ( air1 :5 microscopic drops ( wat] w freeze into ! hexagonal =m1 giv+ ! picture an appe>ance v mu* resembl+ caulifl[]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ff4--,,photograph ,,( ,,fro/4 ,,by ,,jas4 ,,leadbeat]4 ,! mo/ difficult "q ( all rema9s1 ! cause ( ! v>i\s =ms ( ! hexagonal cry/als1 :i* frequ5tly *ange 9 ! same sn[fall4 ,in/ead ( advanc+ a new hypo!sis1 says ,hellmann1 x is bett] to ackn[l$ge t we "k no?+ positively 9 reg>d to ?is4 ,9 our k ( ! =m & /ructure ( ! sn[ we h made great advance s9ce ! "t ( ,kepl]1 b aft] ne>ly f\r hundr$ ye>s1 we _c give a satisfactory answ] to 8 "q1 ,cur autem sexangula8 ,:y six-sid$8 ,we d n "k ! special conditions :i* det]m9e ! =mation ( "o or ! o!r =m ( sn[ cry/als4 ,we h f\nd t a l[ temp]ature favors ! =mation ( tabul> cry/als2 a high] temp]ature ! /> %ap$ cry/als2 ^! gr\ps %[ su* multif>i\s =ms t x is necess>y to seek = o!r causes :i* influ5ce ! =mation ( sn[ figures4 ,!re is (f]$ "h a broad field = new inve/igation & /udy4 ,we give a reproduction 7,fig4 #fd7 ( a photograph ( a curi\s gr\p ( cry/als4 ,"s wat] _h be5 left 9 a #ajx#h di% on a w9t] day1 & a film ( ice 0 se5 float+ on ! surface4 ,! =mation ( ! cry/als & ! floral design 7 s beautiful t x 0 tak5 out & photograph$4 ,! delicate lace-l edg+ ( ! glacial trac]y is ! result ( ! deposition ( ho> fro/ :ile dra9+ (f ! wat] f ! ice leaves & fl[]s & fix+ ! image 9 ! cam]a4 ,q rec5tly ,mr4 ,jas4 ,leadbeat] has favor$ u ) "s acc\nt ( 8 beautiful "w 9 ?is fasc9at+ bran* ( photography1 "s samples ( :i* are "h giv54 ,he fir/ makes 8 w9d[s p]fectly cle> & waits = a ke5 fro/4 ,! cam]a is inside ! room & a d>k clo?-cov]$ bo>d is plac$ on ! outside1 lean+ aga9/ a l[ balcony ( wood4 ,! exposure v>ies ) ! ?ickness ( ! cry/als1 f two to t5 seconds1 pr9cipally ) a v small /op4 ,two reproductions ( 8 pictures w be f\nd on pp4 #gf-gg4 ,,photograph+ ,,ink ,,cry/als4 ,! /udy ( cry/allization is und\bt$ly an int]e/+ & fasc9at+ "o1 & photography may be made to play an important "p 9 secur+ p]man5t records ( ^! curi\s =mations4 ,if a drop ( wat] conta9+ a salt be all[$ to drop ^u a glass plate1 x w1 ^u evaporation1 deposite cry/als ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,9 a rec5t article 9 ,la ,nature1 by ,dr4 ,e4 ,tr\ess>t1 a description is giv5 ( ! beautiful cry/allic =ms deposit$ by a drop ( ink on evaporation4 ,! article is translat$ 9 ! ,lit]>y ,dige/1 f :i* we make extracts3 ,take a %eet ( glass1 deposit on x a drop ( ink & spread ! drop a little1 uni=mly2 let x dry = a few m9utes2 !n exam9e ) a microscope1 magnify+ f #ej to #bjj diamet]s1 & y w be able to see ! fl[]s ( ink 9 process ( =mation "u y\r eyes2 t is to say1 regul> :ite cry/al p>ticles :i* deta* !mselves f ! black or violet m$ium1 & arrange !mselves s z to =m regul> figures4 ,if y are press$ = "t1 ?is beautiful result w easily be obta9$ by pass+ ! %eet ( glass ov] a _s lamp or a c&le to evaporate ! moi/ure4 ,! cry/als w !n be small] & m num]\s1 pres5t+ ! appe>ance ( a d>k firmam5t d5sely spr9kl$ ) bright silv]y />s4 ,b if y h pati5ce to wait = evaporation )\t heat1 y w obta9 l>g] cry/als ( m v>i$ =ms1 arrang+ !mselves z crosses1 fl[]s1 etc4 ,^! cry/als may be v>i$ indef9itely by modify+ ! compositions ( evaporation1 add+ m ink1 etc4 ,b x is q possible t diff]5t inks w give diff]5t results4 ,! inks ,i use1 l all ! o!r inks 9 use1 h a basis ( sulphate ( iron & gallic acid4 ,illu/ration3 ,f ,! ,lit]>y ,dige/4 ,,fig4 #fg4--;,,ink-,,cry/als1 ,,z ,,se5 ,,?r\gh ,a ,,microscope4 ,by all[+ ! evaporation to proce$ sl[ly1 x is q easy to wat* ! =mation ( ! cry/als4 ,! geometrical figures are m or less p]fect cubes1 pyramids1 loz5ges1 crosses1 ne$les1 etc41 ! pyramids be+ =m$ by cubes sup]pos$ "o on ! o!r1 z 9 ! pyramids ( ,egypt4 ,! fl[]s 9 our illu/ration are =m$ by ! union ( cry/als1 ea* ( :i* repres5ts ! petals or sepals ( a fl[]4 ,! ,maltese cross--! crucif] or f\r-leaf$ fl[]--is ! normal regul> =m1 b multiples ( f\r frequ5tly occur1 by ! =mation ( new cry/als 9 ! int]vals2 & also by ! accid5ts ( cry/allization1 we get fl[]s ( ?ree & five petals1 resembl+ ,rubiaceae1 lilies1 or*ids1 violets1 etc4 ,,p9hole ,,photography4 ,al?\gh a l5s is ! mo/ important "p ( ! photograph]'s app>atus1 x is n absolutely necess>y = ! production ( photographs4 ,v good pictures c be made by means ( a p9hole4 ,remove ! l5s f ! cam]a1 & ins]t 9 its place a %eet ( ?91 h>d c>dbo>d4 ,9 ! c5tre make a t9y hole ) a f9e-po9t$ ne$le made r$-hot4 ,ano!r me?od is to make a l>ge hole 9 ! c>dbo>d1 & pa/e ov] x a piece ( t9foil & make ! p9hole 9 ?is4 ,! ess5tial po9t is t ! hole be p]fectly r\nd )\t any burr+ at ! edges4 ,! mo/ p]fect arrangem5t c be obta9$ by gett+ a wat*mak] to drill a f9e hole ?r\gh a piece ( %eet metal4 ,! diamet] ( ! hole %\ld n be great] ?an "o-fiftie? ( an in*4 ,:atev] is us$1 c>dbo>d or metal1 x %\ld be black5$ all ov] to prev5t ! reflection ( light 9 ! cam]a4 ,! focus+ glass %\ld be br\ght )9 ab\t #f in*es ( ! hole4 ,ow+ to ! small am\nt ( light admitt$1 focus+ is v difficult4 ,x c be done by po9t+ ! cam]a t[>ds ! sun & focus+ its image4 ,= ! same reason ! exposure is v long1 rang+ f t5 m9utes to half an h\r2 x is1 9 fact1 difficult to ov]expose4 ,illu/ration3 ,negative by ,f4 ,c4 ,lamb]t4 ,f ,an?ony's ,int]national ,annual1 #ahid4 ,,fig4 #fh4--,,p9hole ,,photography4 ,illu/ration3 7,photograph made ?r\gh a slit )\t a l5s47 ,by ,rol& ,briant4 ,,fig4 #fi4--,,! ,,:ite ,,robe ,,( ,,nature4 ,x is usually /at$ t no focus+ is requir$1 ! l>g] ! plate ! wid] ! angle1 b accord+ to ,pr(4 ,pick]+1 #ab in*es is ! maximum di/ance = %>p "w4 ,peculi> diffus$ effects c be obta9$ by us+ a f9e slit 9 place ( ! p9hole4 ,! picture %[n on page #hb is an example4 ,,freak ,,pictures ,,by ,,successive ,,exposures4 ,we h already describ$ ! v>i\s rem>kable photographic pictures :i* may be tak5 by successive exposures ) ! same individual 9 diff]5t positions aga9/ a p]fectly black & non-act9ic backgr\nd4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n easily obta9$1 & a ,fr5* photograph]1 ,m4 ,bracq1 has inv5t$ an +5i\s atta*m5t to a cam]a by :i* ! same effects may be obta9$ ) any backgr\nd & "u ! ord9>y conditions ( amateur photography4 ,! foll[+ description is f ,la ,nature translat$ 9 ! ,popul> ,sci5ce ,news4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gj4 ,! app>atus1 ,fig4 #gj1 is atta*$ to ! back ( ! cam]a1 & consi/s ( a frame suitable = hold+ ! usual gr\nd glass1 or plate hold]4 ,directly 9 front ( ! plate hold] is plac$ an opaque scre5 p]=at$ ) a horizontal slit ! wid? ( ! photographic plate us$4 ,by means ( a screw & a crank ! scre5 ) its op5+ may be made to move up & d[n be=e ! plate1 ?us all[+ all p>ts ( x to be successively expos$4 ,a po9t] connect$ ) ! scre5 %[s ! position ( ! slit at any "t :5 x is cov]$ by ! plate hold]4 ,! op]ation ( ! app>atus is evid5t f ! above description4 ,to take ! picture illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #ga1 = in/ance1 ! table ) ! boy ^u x is plac$ 9 ! prop] position & support$ by planks1 ano!r table1 or 9 any conv5i5t way4 ,aft] prop]ly focus+ x on ! gr\nd glass1 ! scre5 is screw$ d[n till ! op5+ is at ! bottom ( ! cam]a1 & ! plate hold] be+ plac$ 9 position1 ! slide is drawn & ! h&le turn$ till ! indicator %[s t ! op5+ has rea*$ a po9t correspond+ to ! image ( ! bottom ( ! table on ! plate4 ,! slide is !n replac$ 9 ! plate hold]1 ! table & its support remov$1 & ! boy plac$ 9 ! second position1 & ! exposure cont9u$ by screw+ up ! scre5 until ! entire plate has be5 impress$ ) ! d\ble image1 :i*1 ^u developm5t1 appe>s z %[n 9 ! illu/ration4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ga4 ,! p]=at$ scre5 may also be made to move horizontally z well z v]tically across ! plate1 & by a comb9ation ( ! two directions ! same individual may be tak5 f\r or m times 9 diff]5t positions 9 ! same photograph4 ,_m amus+ & a/oni%+ effects may be obta9$ by ! simple means :i* w readily sugge/ !mselves to any practical photograph]4 ,,wide-,,angle ,,/udies4 ,illu/ration3 ,copyright1 #ahid1 by ,w4 ,j4 ,demore/4 ,,fig4 #gb4--;,a ,,photographic ,,feat4 ,by ! use1 or r ! abuse1 ( a l5s hav+ a v wide angle1 say1 #ajj degrees1 "s v amus+ effects c be obta9$ by app>5t exagg]ation ( p]spective4 ,we say app>5t advis$ly1 = if a view made ) "o ( ^! l5ses1 say ( #e in*es focus1 be view$ by ! obs]v] at a di/ance ( #e in*es f ! eye1 ! p]spective w appe> correct2 b1 ( c\rse1 ?is is nev] done "u ord9>y circum/ances4 ,e p]son1 unless extremely %ort-sight$1 w hold a photograph at a di/ance f ! eye ( ab\t #ab or #ad in*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gc4--;,a ,,wide-,,angle ,,/udy4 ,! effect ( us+ a wide-angle l5s "u ord9>y conditions is to make objects 9 ! =egr\nd appe> ridicul\sly l>ge1 :ile ^? 9 ! backgr\nd h a dim9i%$ appe>ance4 ,fig4 #gb is an example ( ?is2 x is h>dly necess>y to obs]ve t ! g5tleman's p$al extremities 7 n s gigantic z repres5t$ 9 ! photograph4 ,fig4 #gc is ano!r & sc>cely less pa9ful example ( ?is exagg]ation4 ,9 ! ,practical ,photograph]1 "s "t ago1 x 0 humor\sly sugge/$ t sportsm5 c\ld1 by means ( ! cam]a1 br+ home app>5tly indisputable evid5ce z to _! skill or pr[ess4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 y & y\r fri5d ,jones h be5 out fi%+ toge!r1 & realiz$ ! tru? ( ! old say+ ab\t angl]s--i4e41 a worm at "o end ( a rod & a fool at ! o!r4 ,y h1 h[ev]1 manag$ to cat* a fi% 7any sort w d7 ab\t ! dim5sions ( a good-siz$ sprat4 ,x is ! usual cu/om ( angl]s1 ,i believe1 to view _! captures ?r\gh magnify+-glasses be=e disc\rs+ ^u !m4 ,a bett] plan1 h[ev]1 is to photograph y\r fi%1 & !n !re c be no dispute :atev]1 because x is ! popul> belief t photography _c lie4 ,h[ev]1 all t is necess>y is to hang ! fi% 9 front ( ! cam]a to ! b\gh ( a tree1 we w say1 ) a piece ( black ?read4 ,y !n retire sev]al paces beh9d x1 hold+ up y\r arm z if y 7 hold+ up ! fi%4 ,y\r fri5d w !n adju/ ! cam]a s t ! fi% j comes "u y\r h&1 focuses1 places a v small /op on1 s z to get ev]y?+ %>ply def9$1 & makes ! necess>y exposure4 ,?us x is possible1 ) a little tr\ble1 to obta9 ev]la/+ records ( y\r m>vel\s day's sport1 = y c easily make y\rself appe> to be hold+ a fi% ( gigantic proportions--say1 #e ft4 long1 or s4 ,fig4 #gd1 #ge4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ge4 ,our illu/rations are f ,photographic ,pa/imes by ,h]man ,s*auss4 ,) a v wide-angle l5s x is also possible to make a photograph ( a little suburban g>d51 & x w appe> to resemble a p>k or palace gr\nds4 ,?is is a trick (t5 adopt$ by auctione]s & e/ate ag5ts1 s t 9 view+ photographs ( prop]ty1 x is really impossible to =m any safe idea reg>d+ ! place itself4 ,,conical ,,portraits4 ,amus+ c>icatures may be obta9$ by de=m+ ! s5sitive surface ( ! negative4 ,! accompany+ conical portrait is "o4#f #f ,f ,les ,recreations ,photographiques4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gf4 ,to depict ! features ( a p]son on a pap] cone is n an easy matt]2 :il/ to obta9 !m by photography is a tol]ably simple op]ation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gg4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gh4 ,hav+ glu$ on ! int]ior face ( a plate-hold] 7! slide be+ drawn71 9 ! place ( a s5sitive plate1 a cone made ( /rong c>dbo>d1 sup]pose on x an unexpos$ film :i* has be5 cut to ! =m ( ! developm5t ( ! cone 7z %[n 9 ,fig4 #gg74 ,! film is secur$ by means ( two or ?ree p9s4 ,hav+ focus$ on a po9t ( ! subject 9 a middle plane1 ! gr\nd glass is aft]w>ds drawn back a di/ance equal to half ! height ( ! cone1 tak+ c>e n to d]ange ei!r ! subject or ! objective4 ,to obta9 a %>p image a v small diaphragm mu/ necess>ily be us$1 b ) a rapid plate & good light t is ( little mom5t4 ,! cam]a %\ld be plac$ 9 ! d>k room1 ! l5s be+ ins]t$ 9 a hole 9 ! p>tition j its size1 & ! subject 9 ! adjo9+ ap>tm5t opposite ! l5s--?is because ! cone w n all[ ! plate-hold] to be clos$ by ! slide4 ,fig4 #gf %[s ! arrangem5t ( ! cam]a & hold]4 ,! exposure made1 ! film is develop$1 z usual4 ,! negative gives a pr9t de=m$ z %[n 9 ,fig4 #gf4 ,! orig9al1 if n grotesque appe>ance ( ! head disappe>s :5 ! pr9t is roll$ into a conical =m & ! obs]v] places 8 eye 9 ! prolongation ( ! axis ( ! cone4 ,fig4 #gh %[s ! head z se5 "u ^! conditions4 ,,mak+ ,,direct ,,positives ,,9 ,,! ,,cam]a4 ,prep>e a saturat$ solution 9 wat] ( ! cry/als ( ?ios9am9e1 & add f two to eight m9ims ( x to an ord9>y pyro or eikonog5 develop]4 ,expose r less ?an usual4 ,! effect ( ?is addition to ! develop+ ag5t is an entire rev]sal ( ! image1 a positive in/ead ( a negative be+ obta9$4 ,ammonia w assi/ ! rev]sal4 ,colonel ,wat]h\se1 ! discov]] ( ?is process1 recomm5ds 9 "s cases ! plates be+ subject$ to a ba? ( #e p] c5t nitric acid & #c p] c5t potassium bi*romate be=e exposure1 foll[$ by a ?or\gh wa%+4 ,,in/antane\s ,,photography4 ,9 ! v e>lie/ days ( photography ?is t]m 0 appli$ to :at w\ld n[ be consid]$ v sl[ "w inde$4 ,we n[ usually apply ?is t]m :5 ! exposure does n exce$ "o second4 ,9 "s cases ?is only am\nts to ! "o-?\s&? "p ( a second4 ,?is exce$+ly brief exposure is usually giv5 to ! plate by means ( a suitably con/ruct$ %utt]4 ,! imm5se /rides t h rec5tly be5 made 9 in/antane\s photography1 ow+ *iefly to ! adv5t ( ! dry-plate process1 h caus$ photography to become useful to almo/ e bran* ( sci5ce4 ,to ,muybridge & ,ans*utz we are greatly indebt$ = ! /rides made 9 in/antane\s photography4 ,^! g5tlem5 h succe$$ 9 photograph+ mov+ objects hi!rto consid]$ impossible to be photograph$4 ,gallop+ horses1 swift-fly+ birds1 & ev5 bullets & cannon balls project$ f guns h be5 successfully photograph$1 %[+ ev5 ! little head ( air driv5 along 9 front ( ! bullet4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gi4 ,bo? ,muybridge & ,ans*utz also succe$$ 9 mak+ s]ies ( tw5ty-f\r or m photographs ( a horse dur+ ! "t x makes a s+le leap1 & ?us illu/rat$ its e movem5t4 ,! value ( ^! & o!r possibilities ) ! cam]a = arti/s _c be ov]e/imat$4 ,its aid to meteorologi/s 9 photograph+ ! lightn+1 to a/ronom]s 9 /ell>1 lun> & sol> photography1 & to all o!r sci5ces w\ld require a "w z l>ge z ?is to describe4 ,illu/ration3 ,by ,lt4 ,joa*im ,/e9]4 ,,fig4 #hj4--;,,in/antane\s ,,/udies4 ,= ! mak+ ( in/antane\s pictures a l>ge numb] ( suitable cam]as h be5 devis$4 ,9 mo/ ( ^! ! l5s is a v rapid "o1 & 9 "s cases s arrang$ t all objects beyond a c]ta9 di/ance are 9 focus4 ,) an in/antane\s cam]a a second>y image is necess>y1 s t ! "r second c be judg$ = mak+ ! exposure4 ,?is is usually produc$ by a f9d]4 ,9 mak+ in/antane\s exposures ! foll[+ tables may be useful3 ,approximate di/ance feet p] second ,a man walk+ #c miles p] h\r moves #d-a_/b ,a man walk+ #d miles p] h\r moves #f ,a vessel travel+ at #i knots p] h\r moves #ae ,a vessel travel+ at #ab knots p] h\r moves #ai ,a vessel travel+ at #ag knots p] h\r moves #bh ,a torp$o boat travel+ at #bj knots p] h\r moves #ce ,a trott+ horse #cf ,a gallop+ horse 7#a1jjj y>ds p] m9ute7 #ej ,an express tra9 travel+ at #ch miles an h\r #ei ,flight ( a pigeon or falcon #fa ,waves dur+ a /orm #fe ,express tra9 7#fj miles an h\r7 #hh ,flight ( ! swifte/ birds #bid ,a cannon ball #a1fbe ,an object mov+-- #a mile p] h\r moves #a-a_/b feet p] second4 #b #c #e #g-a_/b #f #i #g #aj-a_/b #h #ab #i #ac #aj #ad-a_/b #aa #ae #ab #ag-a_/b #ae #bb #bj #bi #be #cg #cj #dd #ce #ea #dj #ei #de #ff #ej #gc #ee #hj #fj #hh #ge #aaj #ajj #adg #abe #ahc #aej #bbj #bjj #beg ,) ^! tables x w be v easy to f9d ! di/ance t ! image ( ! object w move on ! gr\nd-glass scre5 ( ! cam]a4 ,to d ?is1 multiply ! focus ( ! l5s 9 in*es by ! di/ance mov$ by ! object 9 ! second1 & divide ! result by ! di/ance ( ! object 9 in*es4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ha4--;,a ,,rise ,,9 ,,! ,,_w4 ,,by ,,! ,,m>quis ,,de ,,alf>ras4 ,example1 f9d ! movem5t ( ! image ( an object mov+ #ej miles p] h\r at a di/ance ( #ajj y>ds ) a l5s ( #i-;in* focus4 #i x #hgf #g1hhd _/ #c1fjj #b-a_/e in*es p] second4 ,we mu/ also f9d out ! spe$ ( ! %utt] requir$ to take ! object 9 motion1 s t x w appe> z %>ply def9$ z possible "u ! circum/ances4 ,to d ?is ! circle ( confusion mu/ n exce$ #a_/ajj? ( an in* 9 diamet]4 ,we !re=e divide ! di/ance ( ! object by ! focus ( ! l5s multipli$ by #ajj1 & !n divide ! rapidity ( ! object 9 in*es p] second by ! result obta9$4 ,?is w give ! longe/ exposure p]missible 9 ! fraction ( a second4 ,= example1 we require to "k ! spe$ ( a %utt] requir$ to photograph an express tra9 travell+ at ! rate ( #ej miles p] h\r at a di/ance ( #ej y>ds ) an #h-a_/b-;in* focus l5s4 ,! tra9 moves #hgf in*es p] second4 #a1hjj di/ance 9 in*es _/ 7#h-a_/b x #ajj7 #a1hjj _/ #hej #cf_/ag4 #hgf spe$ ( object p] second _/ #cf_/ag 7#hgf x #ag7_/cf #dac #a_/dac second4 ,giv5 ! rapidity ( ! %utt]1 & ! spe$ ( ! mov+ object1 we require to f9d ! di/ance f ! object ! cam]a %\ld be plac$ to give a circle ( confusion less ?an #a_/ajj? ( an in*4 ,multiply #ajj times ! focus ( ! l5s by ! space ?r\gh :i* ! object w\ld pass dur+ ! exposure1 & ! result obta9$ w be ! ne>e/ possible di/ance betwe5 ! object & ! cam]a4 ,= example1 we h a %utt] work+ at "o-fiftie? ( a second1 & ! object to be photograph$ moves at ! rate ( #ej miles p] h\r4 ,h[ ne> c a cam]a fitt$ ) a l5s ( #h-a_/b-;in* focus be plac$ to ! mov+ object8 ,object mov+ #ej miles p] h\r moves p] second #hgf in*es1 & 9 ! "o-fiftie? "p ( a second x moves #ag4eb in*es1 s t-- #h-a_/b x #ag4eb #h4e x #ajj x #ag4eb #ad1hib in*es #dac y>ds4 ,in/antane\s photography c only be successfully p]=m$ 9 v bright & act9ic light1 & %\ld nev] be attempt$ on dull days1 z und]exposure w be ! inevitable result4 ,9 develop+ x is necess>y to employ a /rong develop] to br+ up ! detail4 ,"s op]ators make use ( an accel]ator = ?is purpose1 b x is n to be recomm5d$2 ! simple/ is a few drops ( hyposulphite solution add$ to ab\t #aj ounces ( wat]4 ,9 ?is ! plate is ba!d = a few seconds previ\s to developm5t4 ,! foll[+ is a table by ,h4 ,e4 ,tolman %[+ displacem5t on gr\nd glass ( objects 9 motion3 ,di/ance on ,gr\nd ,glass 9 ,in*es ,same ) ,same ) ,miles p] ,feet p] ) ,object #cj,object #fj ,feet ,object #abj ,h\r4 ,second4 ,feet ,away4 ,away4 ,feet ,away4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ #a #a-a_/b 4#bi 4#ae 4#jgc #b #c 4#ei 4#bi 4#adg #c #d-a_/b 4#hh 4#dd 4#bbj #d #f #a4ag 4#ei 4#bic #e #g-a_/b #a4dg 4#gc 4#cfg #f #i #a4gf 4#hh 4#ddj #g #aj-a_/b #b4je #a4jc 4#eac #h #ab #b4ce #a4ag 4#ehg #i #ac #b4fd #a4cb 4#ffj #aj #ad-a_/b #b4ic #a4dg 4#gcc #aa #af #c4bc #a4fa 4#hjg #ab #ag-a_/b #c4eb #a4gf 4#hhj #ac #ai #c4ha #a4ia 4#iec #ad #bj-a_/b #d4aa #b4je #a4jbg #ae #bb #d4dj #b4bj #a4ajj #bj #bi #e4hg #b4ic #a4dfg #be #cg #g4cc #c4fg #a4hcc #cj #dd #h4hj #d4dj #b4bjj #ce #ea #aj4bg #e4ac #b4efg #dj #ei #aa4gc #e4ig #b4icc #de #ff #ac4bj #f4fj #c4cjj #ej #gc #ad4fg #g4cc #c4ffg #ee #hj #af4ac #h4jf #d4jcc #fj #hh #ag4fj #h4hj #d4djj #ge #aaj #bb4jj #aa4jj #e4ejj #ajj #aag #bi4cc #ad4fg #g4ccc #abe #ahc #cf4fg #ah4cc #i4afg #aej #bbj #dd4jj #bb4jj #aa4jjj ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hb4--;,,artificial ,,reproduction ,,& ,,photograph+ ,,( ,a ,,mirage ,,artificial ,,mirages ,,by ,,photography4 ,"s "t ago a photograph] made q a s5sation by ! publication ( a f9e photograph ( a mirage1 a ph5om5on frequ5tly obs]v$ on ! pla9s ( ,egypt4 ,! wily photograph] _h1 h[ev]1 nev] travel$ away f ?is c\ntry4 ,he _h simply produc$ ! effect by artificial means4 ,a me?od ( mak+ ^! pictures 0 giv5 "s "t ago 9 ! ,sci5tific ,am]ican4 ,a v ev5 plate ( %eet iron is tak5 & plac$ horizontally on two supports4 ,! plate is heat$ uni=mly & spr9kl$ ) s&4 ,!n a small ,egyptian l&scape is arrang$ at "o end ( ! plate1 & ! photographic in/rum5t is s plac$ t ! visual ray %all prop]ly graze ! plate4 ,a sket* ( ! arrangem5t is %[n 9 ,fig4 #hb4 ,,! ,,photo-,,*romoscope4 ,?is in/rum5t 0 devis$ by ,m4 ,paul ,nad>1 ! celebrat$ ,fr5* photograph]1 b anyone c con/ruct a simil> app>atus4 ,! arrangem5t is %[n 9 ,fig4 #hc4 ,! slides ,a & ,b ,b are adju/able s t any siz$ picture c be ins]t$ & ! sides clos$ r\nd x to %ut out ! light f beh9d4 ,a silv] pr9t unm\nt$ is made transp>5t ) vasel9e & plac$ on ! glass4 ,pieces ( pap] ( v>i\s colors are plac$ 9 ! reflector1 ,c1 & by ?is means all k9ds ( effects c be obta9$4 ,a l&scape c be view$ z ?\gh "u ! pale reflect$ light ( ! ris+ sun beh9d ! m\nta9s1 :i* may be *ang$ gradually to ! full light ( day4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hc4--,,nad>',s ,,photo-,,*romoscope4 ,,composite ,,photography4 ,?is is a process ( comb9+ a numb] ( images 9 su* a way t ! result obta9$ is an aggregate ( its compon5ts4 ,francis ,galton 0 "o ( ! fir/ to employ ?is sy/em4 ,9 ! app5dix to 8 ,inquiries into ,human ,faculty1 ,galton has describ$ ! v elaborate & p]fect =m ( app>atus :i* he has us$ 9 8 /udies2 b entirely satisfactory results may be obta9$ ) mu* m simple contrivances4 ,! in/rum5t us$ by ,pr(4 ,b[dit*#g is m]ely an old-fa%ion$ box cam]a1 ) a hole cut 9 ! top = ! reception ( ! gr\nd-glass plate ^u :i* ! image is to be reflect$ = purposes ( adju/m5t4 ,! reflection is effect$ by a mirror set at an angle ( #de degrees 9 ! axis ( ! cam]a1 & pivot$ on its upp] bord] s t1 aft] ! adju/m5t ( ! image1 ! mirror c be turn$ aga9/ ! upp] side ( ! box1 & ! image all[$ to fall on ! s5sitive plate at ! back ( ! cam]a4 ,! orig9al negatives are us$ z compon5ts1 & are plac$ 9 succession 9 a small wood5 frame :i* is press$ by elliptical spr+s aga9/ a %eet ( glass fa/5$ v]tically 9 front ( ! cam]a4 ,by means ( ?is arrangem5t x is possible to place ea* negative 9 succession 9 any desir$ position 9 a plane p]p5dicul> to ! axis ( ! cam]a1 & ?us to adju/ x s t ! eyes & ! m\? ( its optical image %all fall ^u ! fiducial l9es drawn ^u ! gr\nd-glass plate at ! top ( ! cam]a4 ,an ,arg& gas burn] ) a cond5s+ l5s furni%es ! necess>y illum9ation4 #g ,f ,mc,clure's ,magaz9e1 ,septemb]1 #ahid4 ,= our amateur photograph]s1 writes ,pr(4 ,b[dit*1 :o are con/antly seek+ new worlds to conqu]1 ! opportunity ( do+ useful "w 9 develop+ ! possibilities ( composite photography ought to be v welcome4 ,n only w ! sci5ce ( e?nology pr(it by _! labors1 b by mak+ composites ( p]sons ne>ly relat$ to ea* o!r1 a new & v int]e/+ k9d ( family portrait may be produc$4 ,! effect ( occupation on ! physiognomy may also be /udi$ 9 ?is way4 ,by comp>+1 = in/ance1 ! composite ( a gr\p ( doctors ) t ( a gr\p ( lawy]s1 we may hope to asc]ta9 :e!r !re is su* a ?+ z a di/9ct legal or m$ical physiognomy4 ,illu/ration3 ,by ,pr(4 ,b[dit*4 ,,fig4 #hd4--;,,composite ,,portraits ,,( ,,bo/on ,,physicians ,,& ,,saxon ,,soldi]s4 ,,telephoto ,,pictures4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #he4--;,,cam]a ,,) ,,op]a ,,glass ,,atta*$4 ,dur+ ! la/ few ye>s _m s-call$ telephotographic l5ses h be5 plac$ ^u ! m>ket4 ,^! in/rum5ts enable "o to photograph objects 9 ! di/ance & obta9 images v mu* l>g] ?an ^? giv5 by ! ord9>y photographic l5s4 ,^! l5ses are1 h[ev]1 v co/ly4 ,9 an article by ,mr4 ,o4 ,g4 ,mason1 publi%$ 9 ,! ,photographic ,times = ,june1 #ahie1 t g5tleman describ$ a simple me?od ( obta9+ telephoto pictures by replac+ ! ord9>y l5s ) an op]a glass4 ,he says3 ,sev]al devices h be5 br\ght =w>d ) a view ( decreas+ ! exp5se ( telephoto l5ses1 b ,i h se5 no o!rs s satisfactory1 *eap & simple1 z ! utilization ( ! ord9>y op]a glass = ! cam]a objective1 :i* 0 describ$1 figur$ & f9ally con/ruct$ = me ab\t a ye> ago by ,mr4 ,alv9 ,lawr5ce1 ! horologi/ ( ,l[ell1 ,mass4 ,an op]a or field glass is a conv5i5t & useful in/rum5t 9 ! kit ( any t\r+ photograph]2 & :5 he c easily & quickly atta* x to 8 cam]a-box z an objective its great value is at once made app>5t4 ,mr4 ,lawr5ce's me?od ( do+ ?is at little co/ is a good illu/ration ( ,yankee +5uity4 ,x is n claim$ t su* a device w d all or z well z a telephotographic l5s co/+ t5 times z mu*2 b x w d f> m ?an mo/ p c\ld or w\ld expect4 ,( c\rse ! field is q limit$1 :i*1 9 fact1 is ! case ) ! mo/ exp5sive telephotographic objective1 & ! %>pness ( ! image dep5ds mu* ^u ! quality ( ! op]a or field glass us$4 ,! accompany+ views %[ ! relative size & "* ( image by a =ty-five doll> rapid rectil9e> view l5s & a f\r-doll> op]a glass atta*$ to ! same cam]a & us$ at ! same po9t4 ,! o!r illu/rations %[ ! cam]a z us$ & ! me?od ( op]a glass atta*m5t to ! l5s-bo>d4 ,x w be se5 t ! eye end ( ! op]a glass is plac$ aga9/ ! l5s-bo>d1 "o eye-piece 9 a slight depression ar\nd ! hole ?r\gh ! c5tre1 & by a qu>t] turn ! brace betwe5 ! two b>rels passes beh9d a project+ arm on ! bo>d1 ! focus+ b>rel re/+ 9 a slot 9 ?is arm1 :]e x is firmly held 9 position by friction alone4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hf4--;,,cam]a ,,%[+ ,,arrangem5t ,,= ,,op]a ,,glass4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hg4--,,view ,,tak5 ,,) ,,op]a ,,glass4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hh4--,,view ,,tak5 ,,f ,,same ,,spot ,,) ,,an ,,ord9>y ,,view ,,l5s4 ,z op]a glasses are usually con/ruct$ = vision only1 no attempt is made by ! optician to make correction = secur+ co9cid5ce ( foci ( ! visual & *emical rays ( light z 9 ! well-made photographic objective4 ,h5ce1 x is (t5 f\nd t ! act9ic focus falls )91 or is %ort] ?an1 ! visual4 ,:5 ?is is ! case1 ! prop] all[ance is easily made aft] a few trials4 ,,lightn+ ,,photographs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hi4--,,photograph ,,( ,,lightn+ ,,made ,,at ,,blue ,,hill4 ,! me?od ( mak+ photographs ( lightn+ fla%es is v simple4 ,! cam]a is focus$ = di/ant objects4 ,dur+ a ?und]/orm ! cam]a is po9t$ 9 ! direction ( ! fla%es1 a plate is ins]t$1 ! cap is remov$ f ! l5s1 & z soon z a fla% takes place ! l5s is cov]$ up & ! plate is ready = developm5t4 ,to avoid halation a back$ or non-halation plate %\ld be us$4 ,,photograph+ ,,fireworks4 ,photographs ( pyrote*nical displays c also be made at night4 ,! me?od ( proc$ure is ! same z describ$ = photographs ( lightn+4 ,! cam]a is focus$ = di/ant objects & ! l5s po9t$ t[>ds ! place :]e ! dis*>ge takes place4 ,fig4 #ij4 ,,d\bles4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ia4--;,a ,,d\ble4 ,,by ,h4 ,g4 ,,read+4 ,"s v amus+ pictures c be made by d\ble exposure4 ,= in/ance1 ,fig4 #ia repres5ts a man play+ c>ds ) himself4 ,a me?od ( mak+ ^! is ?us describ$ by ,w4 ,j4 ,hickmott 9 ,! ,am]ican ,annual ( ,photography = #ahid3 ,illu/ration3 ,by ,leon>d ,m4 ,davis4 ,,fig4 #ij4--;,,f>ewell ,,reception ,,to ,,! ,,pr9ce ,,( ,,wales4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ia4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ib4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ic4 ,fit an op5 squ>e box into ! back ( ! cam]a1 hav+ x fully z l>ge z1 or a little l>g] ?an1 ! negatives y wi% to make4 ,my atta*m5t is made = #h x #aj plates & "u1 & fits into ! back ( a #aj x #ab cam]a4 ,9 %ape x is l ,fig4 #ia1 & ,i w designate x z ,a4 ,! box is ab\t #c in*es deep4 ,:5 put into ! cam]a x appe>s z 9 ,fig4 #ib4 ,n[ h a pla9 /rip ( wood j "o-half ! size ( ! op5+ 9 ,a l ,b1 ,fig4 #ic4 ,h ,b fit v nicely 9 ,a1 at ! op5+ t[>d ! l5s1 & s t x c be mov$ freely f "o side to ! o!r4 ,x is v conv5i5t to h a rabbet on ! top & bottom ( ,a s t ,b c be mov$ f side to side & ma9ta9$ 9 any position4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #id4 ,to make a ,d\ble1 atta* ,a to ! cam]a z %[n1 put ,b into its place 9 ! op5+ 9 ,a1 say on ! "r-h& side z y /& back ( y\r cam]a1 ?us cov]+ up ! "r-h& side ( ! plate :5 exposure is made4 ,pose y\r subject on ! left h& side1 :i* w give y an image on ! "r-h& side ( y\r gr\nd glass & plate1 draw ! slide & expose1 imm$iately return+ ! slide4 ,?is f9i%es "o half ( ! op]ation4 ,%ift ,b ov] to ! left-h& side ( ,a1 :i* w cov] up t portion ( ! plate j expos$1 pose y\r subject aga91 b on ! left-h& side1 :i* w give y ! image on ! "r-h& side ( ! gr\nd glass & plate1 draw ! slide & expose out = ! exact l5g? ( "t z at fir/4 ,on developm5t1 if ! exposure on bo? sides has be5 correct1 & ( equal l5g?1 a p]fect negative w be ! result4 ,! cam]a mu/ on no acc\nt be mov$ betwe5 ! exposures1 nor ! focus *ang$4 ,aft] mak+ ! fir/ exposure ! correct focus = ! second is obta9$ by mov+ ! subject backw>d or =w>d until an exact focus is secur$1 & n by mov+ ! cam]a or gr\nd glass4 ,! :ole app>atus %\ld be pa9t$ a dead black4 ,:5 ! atta*m5t is 9 place x w be not$ on ! gr\nd glass t :ile ! /rip ,b is j "o-half ! size ( ! op5+ 9 ,a1 x does n cut (f j "o-half ( ! gr\nd glass1 a l9e drawn ?r\gh ! c5t] ( :i* %[s t a space 9 ! c5t] ( ! plate ab\t "o-half an in* 9 wid? receives a d\ble exposure1 b ?is is n app>5t 9 ! f9i%$ negative4 ,! figure %\ld be pos$ z ne> ! c5t] ( ! plate z possible 9 ea* in/ance4 ,?is app>atus1 z describ$1 is only available = mak+ two figures4 ,by mak+ ,b n>r[]1 or "o-?ird ( ! wid? ( ! op5+ 9 ,a1 ?ree figures may be made1 us+ ea* "t a sep>ate piece to cov] up t portion ( ! plate expos$1 & by *ang+ ! =m ( ,b to t %[n 9 ,fig4 #ie1 f\r positions c be secur$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ie4 ,val ,/>nes describes#h ano!r & /ill simpl] me?od4 ,he says3 ,take a light c>d1 m\nt & c>efully cut f x a disc t w fit snugly inside ! rim ( ! hood ( y\r l5s1 re/+ aga9/ ! circul> int]ior %\ld] 7,fig4 #if74 ,cut f ?is1 9 a /raight1 true l9e1 a small segm5t 7,fig4 #ig74 ,! exact am\nt to cut (f y c det]m9e by sl[ly ?ru/+ ) "o h& a c>d ) a /raight edge across ! l5s hood1 look+ ! :ile at ! gr\nd glass2 :5 ! %ad[ has crept almo/ to ! c5t] ( ! focus+ scre51 hold ! c>d firmly 9 place & notice h[ mu* ( ! circle ( ! hood is cov]$ by x3 cut f y\r disc a segm5t correspond+ to ! am\nt left uncov]$4 ,don't let ! %ad[ creep q to ! c5t] ( ! gr\nd glass1 = y might g ! lea/ bit beyond1 & an unexpos$ /rip w\ld result4 ,n[ pa9t y\r disc a dull black2 loos5 ! hood ( y\r l5s on its ?reads1 s t x w revolve easily & freely1 & y are ready = bus9ess4 #h ,am]ican ,annual = #ahie4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #if4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ig4 ,get y\r focus & !n place disc 9 hood ( l5s1 /raight edge p]p5dicul> 7,fig4 #ih74 ,cov] l5s ) cap or %utt]2 ins]t plate-hold] & draw slide2 pose y\r figure directly 9 front ( uncov]$ portion ( l5s2 expose4 ,next1 )\t t\*+ disc1 slide1 or any?+ b ! hood1 g5tly revolve ! hood on its ?reads "o-half turn 7,fig4 #ii71 & pose y\r figure on opposite side2 expose4 ,! trick's accompli%$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ih4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ii4 ,ano!r arrangem5t devis$ by ,mr4 ,frank ,a4 ,gilmore1 ( ,auburn1 ,r4 ,i41 is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ajj4 ,a black-l9$ box is fitt$ to ! front ( a cam]a4 ,! front ( ! box is clos$ by two doors4 ,on op5+ "o door a picture may be tak5 on "o side ( ! plate2 on clos+ ?is door & op5+ ! o!r1 ! o!r half ( ! plate is ready = exposure4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajj4--;,,cam]a ,,fitt$ ,,) ,,arrangem5t ,,= ,,duplex ,,photography4 ,! subject poses 9 "o position & is photograph$ ) "o door op51 c>e be+ tak5 to br+ ! figure )9 ! prop] area ( ! negative4 ,! f9d] enables ?is detail to be att5d$ to4 ,!n ! door is clos$1 ! o!r is op5$ & ! second exposure = ! o!r half ( ! plate is made ) ! subject 9 ! o!r position4 ,x is n necess>y to t\* ! plate-hold] betwe5 ! exposures4 ,! cov] is )drawn1 ! "o door is op5$ & ! %utt] is sprung4 ,! doors are !n *ang$ & ! %utt] is sprung a second "t4 ,"t exposures are r risky1 z involv+ dang] ( %ak+4 ,a picture made by ,mr4 ,gilmore w be f\nd on ! next page4 ,illu/ration3 ,by ,f4 ,a4 ,gilmore4 ,f ,sci5tific ,am]ican4 ,,fig4 #aja4--,,sp>r+ ,,) ,,himself ,,d\ble ,,exposures4 ,illu/ration3 ,by ,c4 ,a4 ,bates4 ,,fig4 #ajb4--,,results ,,( ,a ,,d\ble ,,exposure4 ,illu/ration3 ,copyright1 #ahid1 by ,w4 ,j4 ,demore/4 ,,fig4 #ajc4--,,result ,,( ,a ,,d\ble ,,exposure4 ,amateurs (t5 obta9 unexpect$ results f c>elessness 9 expos+ _! plates4 ,"s v amus+ pictures c1 h[ev]1 be obta9$ by mak+ two diff]5t exposures on "o plate4 ,! subject %\ld1 ( c\rse1 be ( a v diff]5t nature4 ,our illu/rations1 ,figs4 #ajb-c1 are examples4 ,9 mak+ ^! x is necess>y to give a v %ort exposure 9 ea* case1 ab\t "o-half ! am\nt t w\ld be ord9>ily requir$4 ,! negative mu/ be c>efully develop$1 us+ pl5ty ( re/ra9]4 ,simil> effects c1 ( c\rse1 be obta9$ by pr9t+ f two diff]5t negatives1 b ! results are1 z a rule1 inf]ior4 ,,comical ,,portraits4 ,if ! photograph] be skill$ 9 draw+ he c make "s laughable pictures t w amuse 8 fri5ds by draw+ a sket* ( a comical body )\t a head1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ajd2 a photograph ( anyone is !n cut out & ! head pa/$ on4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aje4--,,! ,,two-,,head$ ,,man4 ,,by ,,ivan ,,sokol(f4 ,,! ,,two-,,head$ ,,man4 ,?is picture %[s a v>iation ( ! !me illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 #id1 & is a type ( d\blet usually avoid$ by amateurs1 :o pref] to h "o figure complete & %[n 9 two positions4 ,! mon/] is an amus+ v>iation & w be new to mo/ p4 ,! subject sits 9 ! same spot = bo? exposures1 except t he b5ds 8 head & %\ld]s fir/ to "o side & !n to ! o!r4 ,x is advisable to keep ! backgr\nd v simple1 o!rwise objects on ! wall may %[ ?r\gh ! head1 z 9 "s ( ! _s photography me?ods giv5 on previ\s pages4 ,,duplicators ,,& ,,triplicators4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajf4--,,m\nt+s ,,= ,,triplicators4 ,:ile d\bles are well kn[n to _m amateurs1 ! mak+ ( ?ree exposures ( "o subject on a s+le plate is n s common4 ,mr4 ,*as4 ,a4 ,b>n>d has furni%$ p>ticul>s ( 8 me?od ( mak+ ! pictures %[n 9 ,figs4 #ajg & #ajh4 ,fig4 #ajf %[s two me?ods ( m\nt+ ! atta*m5t 9 front ( ! cam]a l5s1 "o be+ design$ to slip ov]1 :ile ! o!r screws into ! l5s b>rel1 ! front ( :i* is (t5 fitt$ ) a screw ?read4 ,fig4 #aji %[s ! /ops :i* slide 9 ?is m\nt+2 9 mak+ !m1 fir/ m>k on ea* ! position ( ! c5t] ( ! l5s by measur+ up f ! /ud :i* holds ! /op 9 place4 ,draw y\r circles = /ops ) ?is z a c5tre1 & z l>ge z diamet] ( l5s4 ,leaf ,a is us$ = ! sides ( ! triplicator1 rev]s+ betwe5 ! exposures4 ,) an in* circle1 ! wid? ( ?is is #j4b in*4 ,! edges %\ld be fil$ d[n z ?9 z possible )\t nick+4 ,leaf ,b is = ! c5tre exposure ( ! triplicator1 & ! slot is #j4jab in* wide & #a in* long4 ,leaf ,c is ! duplicator /op1 its wid? be+ #j4c in*4 ,leaves ,d#a & ,d#b are = top & bottom exposures ( a v]tical d\ble1 & are ! same size z ,c4 ,! proportions might h to be slightly v>i$ = "s o!r l5s1 9 all ^! cases4 ,a triplicate exposure is made z foll[s4 ,fir/ focus1 us+ ! :ole l5s1 at any /op1 & det]m9e ! limits ( y\r picture spaces4 ,z ! leeway is small1 d n get ! figures too l>ge4 ,pose ! model 9 ! c5tre1 /op d[n till prop]ly light$1 & note ! /op & m>k edges ( view on gr\nd glass4 ,focus on model at "o side1 /op d[n till edge bl5ds into edge ( previ\s view1 & note /op4 ,d ! same 9 ?ird position4 ,?is may take "s "t1 & a *air may be us$ in/ead ( a model4 ,f9ally1 put 9 ! plate & make ! ?ree exposures1 giv+ f\r times ! exposures ord9>ily requir$ = ! same /ops4 ,! ord] is immat]ial4 ,/ops recomm5d$ = a #c-a_/d x #e-a_/b cam]a are z foll[s3 ,= a horizontal d\blet1 leaf ,c1 ,u4 ,s4 #af2 = a v]tical d\blet1 leaf ,d#a1 ,u4 ,s4 #ed1 leaf ,d#b1 ,u4 ,s4 #dj2 = a horizontal triplet1 leaf ,a1 ,u4 ,s4 #af1 leaf ,b1 ,u4 ,s4 #ij2 = a v]tical triplet 7leaves n %[n 9 draw+71 leaf ,a = top1 ,u4 ,s4 #cb2 = bottom1 ,u4 ,s4 #bj1 leaf ,b1 ,u4 ,s4 #ij4 ,v]tical pictures are extremely difficult to figure4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajg4--,,triplicate ,,exposure4 ,,by ,,*>les ,a4 ,,b>n>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajh4--;,,f>m ,,"w 7,,triplicate ,,exposure74 ,,by ,,*>les ,a4 ,,b>n>d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aji4--,,/ops ,,= ,,duplicators ,,& ,,triplicator4 ,,pictures ,,) ,,eyes ,,:i* ,,op5 ,,& ,,close4 ,to make a photograph ) ?is peculi>ity1 x is necess>y to make two exposures ( a head 9 exactly ! same position1 "o ) ! eyes clos$ & ! o!r ) !m op54 ,two positives are made f ! two negatives & b\nd 9 contact by means ( lant]n slide b9d]s1 s t ! outl9es co9cide4 ,if !y are n[ held 9 front ( a flick]+ lamp or mat* flame1 ! comb9$ portrait w be se5 to rapidly op5 & close its eyes1 giv+ a v weird effect4 ,?is effect dep5ds ^u ! fact t ! human eye receives impressions sl[ly & has a t5d5cy to judge t a motion is uni=m1 :5 rapidly v>y+ phases ( x are se54 ,! flick]+ flame1 mov+ sideways1 %[s fir/ "o & !n ! o!r ( ! two images1 :i* are sep>at$ by ! ?ickness ( ! glass4 ,! same effect c be produc$ by slid+ ! pictures slightly sideways on ea* o!r1 b ! p]fection ( ! illusion w dep5d some:at on ! regul>ity ( ! movem5t1 & ! flame me?od is bett]4 ,if ! two pictures are pr9t$ on "o piece ( pap]1 ! comb9$ image may %[ ! same illusion4 ,,photographic ,,bookplates4 ,we h all ( u se5 & _m ( u h made collections ( ^? attractive little bits ( pap] s frequ5tly /uck on ! front cov] ( a book to designate its own]%ip4 ,inv5t$ almo/ contemporane\sly ) ! fir/ pr9t$ books1 !y h be5 design$ & engrav$ by arti/s ( ! highe/ /&+ & us$ by ! _w's greate/ m5 & wom54 ,:o w\ld n be pr\d to own a book conta9+ a bookplate made by ,albre*t ,dur] or ,paul ,rev]e1 or "o ^: bookplate prov$ x _h belong$ to ,george ,wa%+ton or ,!odore ,roosevelt1 irrespective ( ! great money value ( su* items8 ,! bookplate is an int5sely p]sonal possession4 ,! fir/ 7 h]aldic1 id5tify+ ! possessors by _! coats ( arms4 ,mod]n bookplates usually reflect "s p]sonal ta/e ( ! own]1 8 hobby1 8 h\se1 8 portrait1 or ! type ( books he collects4 ,no?+ c\ld be m fitt+ ?an "o made f a photograph tak5 by its possessor1 & yet 9 ! writ]'s collection ( _m ?\s& bookplates cov]+ sev]al c5turies & _m c\ntries1 !re are less ?an a doz5 photographic examples4 ,!y are easily made4 ,! mo/ usual me?od is to *oose a suitable photograph1 a view ( ! home or libr>y int]ior1 a lov$ l&scape or view1 a symbolical figure ) a book1 a g5re :i* may be a pun on ! own]'s "n1 or a picture relat+ to 8 *ief hobby1 & draw a m or less ornam5tal frame conta9+ ! words ,ex ,libris or ,8 ,book1 toge!r ) ! "n1 ab\t x4 ,!re are o!r word+s1 b ! above are ! commone/4 ,! :ole is !n photograph$ d[n to ! prop] size1 usually ?ree or f\r in*es high1 & pr9ts made ei!r by photography or f a halftone block4 ,! nude female figure is a frequ5t motive 9 bookplates1 :e!r photographic1 or et*$ or engrav$4 ,! example we %[ is ! "w ( two arti/s1 "o ( :om made ! photograph :ile ! o!r design$ ! framework4 ,illu/ration3 ,by ,a4 ,e4 ,goett+ & ,w ,ransom4 ,,fig4 #aaj4--;,a ,,photographic ,,bookplate4 ,,l&scapes ,,& ,,gr\ps ,,on ,,! ,,d9+-,,room ,,table ,did y ev] try build+ l&scapes on ! d9+-room table8 ,if n1 le>n h[ easy x is & try x out "s ev5+ or ra9y ,sunday1 :5 y don't feel l tramp+ across c\ntry ) muddy roads & flat light+s4 ,! easie/ k9d ( pictures to make 9 ?is way is an imitation ( sn[ sc5es4 ,any :ite mat]ial may be us$1 z sn[1 i4e41 f9e salt1 p[d]$ sug>1 fl\r1 or :atev] ! kit*5 closet or ! *emical %elf may produce4 ,a range ( m\nta9s may easily be made by m]ely heap+ up ! mat]ial & !n model+ rav9es & brok5 slopes ) a %>p p5cil4 ,a brilliant side light+ %\ld be us$ to give ! effect ( sunrise or sunset1 & cl\ds may be pr9t$ 9 f a cl\d negative or obta9$ by means ( a r\ghly pa9t$ backgr\nd4 ,p]haps m\nta9s are m naturally repres5t$ by ! use ( a few %>p-angl$ pieces ( coal f ! cell>1 or fragm5ts ( brok5 /one f ! ne>e/ qu>ry or monum5t mak]4 ,on ^!1 aft] arrang+1 ! :ite p[d] may be sift$1 lodg+ 9 a close imitation ( nature4 ,if a highly poli%$ table is us$1 reflections may be obta9$ z 9 a lake1 or a %eet ( glass ) a d>k clo? "u x may be us$ = ! same purpose4 ,m complicat$ l&scapes may be made by us+ twigs z leafless trees1 f5ce po/s1 etc41 & *ildr5's toy h\ses may be introduc$1 p>ticul>ly if well scre5$ by bru% & half buri$ 9 sn[4 ,only ! m]e/ h9t ( ! possibilities c be giv51 = !y are endless4 ,! introduction ( figures1 9 ! %ape ( dolls1 *9a & metal animals1 c>ts1 autos1 railroad tra9s1 etc41 greatly wid5s ! scope ( su* l&scape "w1 b ( rec5t ye>s ^! figures h be5 m frequ5tly us$ = tableaux1 su* z ! "o %[n opposite4 ,extremely comical pictures h be5 made ) kewpies1 billik5s & o!r que] creatures & _! animal fri5ds1 & ) grotesque figures made ( vegetables1 fruit & eggs4 ,illu/ration3 ,by ,cl>k ,h4 ,rutt]4 ,,fig4 #aaa4--;,,fri5d ,,or ,,foe4 ,,night ,,photography4 ,! night photograph] has to be m or less immune to criticism1 & will+ to endure all k9ds ( conv]sational int]ruptions1 f fri5dly que/ions to unmann]ly je]s & imputations ( insanity4 ,! g5]al public kn[s f p]sonal exp]i5ce ) h& cam]as provid$ ) sl[ l5ses & small /ops t picture tak+ c be done only by sunlight & 9 ! middle ( ! day1 & does n und]/& ! sett+ up ( a cam]a 9 a poorly-light$ place at night = ! tak+ ( a picture4 ,nev]!less1 ?is bran* ( photography is v int]e/+ & results are possible ev5 9 villages & ! op5 fields1 :]ev] ! lea/ artificial illum9ation or glimpse ( moonlight is pres5t4 ,naturally1 mu* light means %ort] exposures ?an are possible ) v sp>+ illum9ation1 b too _m light s\rces d n t5d to arti/ic results4 ,"o ( ! f9e/ night pictures we ev] saw 0 t ( an old f>mh\se1 ne>ly buri$ 9 sn[1 ) "o or two w9d[s %[+ ! light ( a k]os5e lamp4 ,! sn[ 0 illum9at$ by ! light ( ! full moon1 & only two or ?ree m9utes' exposure 0 giv54 ,z a matt] ( fact1 #ae to #cj m9utes' exposure on any l&scape at f3 #h by ! light ( ! full moon high 9 ! sky w give a picture h>dly to be di/+ui%$ f "o made 9 daylight except by ! s(tness ( ! %ad[s1 & su* pictures sometimes h a s(tness & weal? ( detail 9 ord9>ily %ad[$ p>ts :i* _c be obta9$ by exposures 9 daylight4 ,! be/ night pictures are p]haps ^? tak5 9 city /reets brilliantly illum9at$ by arc lights1 especially :5 ! pavem5ts are wet4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 n to h brilliant lights %9+ directly into ! l5s1 = ev5 d\ble-coat$ plates w n prev5t halation & rev]sal ( ! image "u su* circum/ances4 ,gho/s1 or :eel-%ap$ images ( ! lights1 9 o!r p>ts ( ! plate1 are sure to occur ) all d\ble l5ses 9 su* cases4 ,! night picture %[n opposite %[s h[ int]e/+ a simple subject1 poorly illum9at$1 may turn out 9 ! pr9t4 ,?is %[s typical /> radiation ab\t ! s+le visible light1 caus$ by ! blades ( ! iris diaphragm1 & also a slight gho/ f ?is light on ! face ( ! t[]1 caus$ by a d\ble reflection )9 ! l5s4 ,illu/ration3 ,by ,f4 ,a4 ,nor?rup4 ,,fig4 #aab4--;,a ,,glimpse ,,( ,,! ,,exposition4 ,o!r =ms ( night photographs1 treat$ else:]e 9 ?is book1 are photographs ( fireworks & lightn+4 ,v int]e/+ & sci5tifically valuable pictures ( ! latt] ph5om5on h be5 made by sw++ ! cam]a dur+ ! exposure1 ?us gett+ a doz5 or m pa?s ( ! same fla% p>allel to ea* o!r4 ,,photographs ,,on ,,apples ,,& ,,eggs4 ,to make a photograph 9 gre5 on ! r$ sk9 ( an apple is a wond]ful b simple feat4 ,tie up ! select$ fruit on a sunny b\gh 9 a ?ick yell[ or black pap] bag = ab\t ?ree weeks be=e h>ve/ "t4 ,imm$iately aft] tak+ (f ! bag1 pa/e a black pap] /5cil or a v contra/y negative to ! apple ) :ite ( egg4 ,x %\ld be small1 to fit ! curv$ surface q closely4 ,cle> away leaves1 s ! sun gets cle> access to ! fruit1 & leave on ! tree till x becomes r$4 ,if n !n ripe1 put x back into ! opaque bag = a day or two till ready to pick4 ,! negative may !n be soak$ (f4 ,don't use a valuable negative1 b make a duplicate = ?is exp]im5t4 ,a pap] /5cil is bett]1 anyway4 ,to put a photograph on an egg1 take "o :i* is p]fectly clean1 sponge x ov] sev]al times ) #a to #ej solution ( table salt1 dry1 !n sponge ov] ) #a to #ab solution ( silv] nitrate4 ,keep y\r f+]s out ( ?is1 or !y w turn fa/ black4 ,!n take a black pap] /5cil or a small contra/y film negative1 cut a hole 9 a piece ( black flannel some:at small] ?an ! negative1 & tie ar\nd ! egg to hold ! negative4 ,!n br+ into light1 pr9t out1 wa% & tone & fix l any pr9t+-out pap]4 ,& don't eat ! egg1 = *emicals w g ?r\gh ! %ell4 ,illu/ration3 ,by ,a4 ,h4 ,blake4 ,,fig4 #aac4--,,! ,,embankm5t1 ,,london4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,books ,,on ,,photography ,optics = ,photograph]s1 by ,hans ,h>t+1 ,ph4,d4 ,translat$ by ,frank ,r4 ,fraprie1 ,s4,m41 ,f4,r4,p4,s4 #bcb pages4 ,clo?1 #b4ej4 ,*emi/ry = ,photograph]s1 by ,william ,r4 ,fl9t4 #bnd edition4 #bah pages4 ,clo?1 #b4ej4 ,pictorial ,composition 9 ,photography1 by ,ar?ur ,hammond4 #bcd pages1 #di illu/rations4 ,clo?1 #c4ej4 ,photo-,engrav+ ,prim]1 by ,/eph5 ,h4 ,horgan4 ,clo?1 #a4ej4 ,ca% f ,y\r ,cam]a4 ,edit$ by ,frank ,r4 ,fraprie1 ,s4,m41 ,f4,r4,p4,s4 ,pap]1 #a4jj4 ,pictorial ,l&scape ,photography1 by ! ,photo ,pictoriali/s ( ,buffalo4 #beb pages1 #ee illu/rations4 ,clo?1 #c4ej4 ,photographic ,amusem5ts1 by ,walt] ,e4 ,woodbury4 #i? edition4 #abh pages1 #ajj illu/rations4 ,clo?1 #a4ej4 ,practical ,color ,photography by ,e4 ,j4 ,wall1 ,f4,c4,s41 ,f4,r4,p4,s4 ,clo?1 #c4jj4 ,,practical ,,photography ,,s]ies ,edit$ by ,frank ,r4 ,fraprie1 ,s4,m41 ,f4,r4,p4,s4 ,editor ( ,am]ican ,photography #a4 ,! ,secret ( ,exposure4 #b4 ,beg9n]s' ,tr\bles4 #c4 ,h[ to ,*oose & ,use a ,l5s4 #d4 ,h[ to ,make ,pr9ts 9 ,color4 #e4 ,h[ to ,make ,enl>gem5ts4 #f4 ,h[ to ,make ,portraits4 #g4 ,h[ to ,make ,lant]n ,slides4 #h4 ,! ,elem5ts ( ,photography4 #i4 ,practical ,ret\*+4 ,ea* volume sold sep>ately4 ,clo?1 #a4jj2 pap]1 #ej c5ts4 ,am]ican ,photography ,exposure ,tables1 #aja/ ?\s&4 ,clo?1 #ce c5ts4 ,!rmo ,developm5t ,*>t4 #be c5ts4 ,am]ican ,photography1 a mon?ly magaz9e1 repres5t+ all t its "n implies4 #be c5ts a copy4 #b4ej a ye>4 ,,publi%$ ,,by ,,am]ican ,,photographic ,,publi%+ ,,co4 #dbh ,newbury ,/41 ,bo/on #ag1 ,massa*usetts 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib]'s note3 #a4 ,figure #hc4--;,,composite ,,portraits ,,( ,,bo/on ,,physicians ,,& ,,saxon ,,soldi]s 0 correct$ to ,figure #hd4 #b4 ,figure #ia4--;,a ,,d\ble4 ,,by ,h4 ,g4 ,,read+4 is out ( sequ5ce4 ,ano!r ,figure #ia comes lat] 9 ! text4 #c4 ,mismat*$ quotation m>ks are z !y 7 9 ! orig9al book4