file which includes the original illustrations4 ,see #ciffc-;h4htm or #ciffc-;h4zip3 7https3_/_/www4gutenberg4org_/cache_/epu b_/#ciffc_/pg#ciffc-;images4html7 or 7https3_/_/www4gutenberg4org_/files_/#ci ffc_/ciffc-;h4zip7 ,images of the original pages are available through ,internet ,archive4 ,see http3_/_/archive4org_/details_/homeoccup ationsf#jj;johniala ,transcriber's note3 ,text enclosed by underscores is in italics 7italics74 ,text enclosed by equal signs is in bold face 7bold74 ,,home ,,occupations ,,for ,,boys ,,and ,,girls by ,,bertha ,,johnston ,editor of the ,kindergarten ,magazine ,assisted by ,,fanny ,,chapin ,former ,kindergarten ,director of the ,chicago ,latin ,school ,illustration ,philadelphia ,george ,w4 ,jacobs ,co4 ,publishers ,copyright1 #aijh ,by ,george ,w4 ,jacobs ,co4 ,published ,october1 #aijh ,all rights reserved ,printed in ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,teach him4 ,he is naturally clever4 ,from his earliest years1 when he was a little fellow only so big1 he would build mud houses1 carve out boats1 and make little wagons of leather1 and frogs out of pomegranate rinds1 you can't think how cleverly4 ,aristophanes1 #dba ,b4 ,c4 ,,preface ,the plan of this book has special reference to the ,mother when comes the woful plaint1 ,i don't know what to do6 ,mama1 what can ,i do now8 ,is she busy in the kitchen8 ,she has right there material for the little one's happy employment4 ,is she mending the stockings8 ,she can give him needle and thread and1 with the aid of this book1 a word of suggestion4 ,in spare moments both mother and children can together prepare papers1 cards1 etc41 for future occasions4 ,it will be found upon examination that although some of the articles described herein require material peculiar to certain localities1 very many more may be made of things to be found in every home1 whether the city flat or the remote country homestead4 ,usually a choice is possible4 ,one may use the cardboard1 paper1 etc41 saved from the scrap-basket or may send to supply houses for material partially prepared4 ,it is an undoubted advantage for the child to be trained to see the possibilities in the raw material lying at hand4 ,it stimulates his inventive imagination and makes for efficiency and the power to cope with emergencies4 ,the child accustomed to looking upon odds and ends of wire1 paper1 weeds1 seeds1 and grasses as hiding delightful secrets which he may learn to unravel and utilize1 may be readily trained to regard all ,nature as a vast storehouse open to his investigation1 and a continual source of inspiration4 ,the child1 habituated to mastering the raw material of his immediate environment1 will not be discomfited if thrown upon an unknown shore1 whether arctic or tropical4 ,he will recognize everywhere about him possibilities for shelter1 food1 clothing1 and transportation and will know how to use them4 ,but the child must be trained to perceive the beautiful and the ideal as well as the useful4 ,into each article here described1 even the simplest1 enter the elements of beauty1 proportion1 harmony of line and color1 and good1 true workmanship1 leading surely1 even if unconsciously1 to an appreciation of the best wherever found4 ,in making an article as a gift for child or adult1 thought for others is cultivated and the frequently needed help of older brother or sister encourages the spirit of goodwill and kindliness4 ,the festival occasions are especially valuable in developing the sense of interdependence and large-mindedness4 ,among a people proverbially wasteful it is certainly the part of wisdom to train the child to economy for the sake of future service4 ,the contents of the city garbage barrel are found by business men to be worth sorting and classifying and everything proves to be of some use4 ,why should not the child be taught1 before throwing away the discarded picture book1 to ask if there is not a use for it still8 ,a nation so trained will preserve its forests and save its ,niagaras4 ,it will see things material and things spiritual in their true relations4 ,we would suggest that a little cupboard be placed within easy reach of the child4 ,here he may keep his own scissors1 paste1 pencil and papers1 ready for use when the propitious moment of inspiration seizes him4 ,too much exactness must not be required of the very young child1 but as fast as he is able to do good work insist upon the best of which he is capable4 ,train him always to try to surpass himself4 ,above all1 let him be happy in the doing4 ,the ideas offered in this volume have been garnered from various sources4 ,practical experience in the home has suggested many1 and actual daily work in the kindergarten has given rise to others4 ,a few1 such as the thimble biscuit party and croquet with peas1 are among the recollections of happy childhood4 ,it is a pleasure to acknowledge the obligation to ,miss ,fanny ,chapin1 of ,chicago1 a kindergartner of long experience1 for the comradeship of thought which made the book possible4 ,miss ,chapin also contributed the directions for making feather flowers1 many of the holiday suggestions1 and other items scattered through the book4 ,the conversion of corks into a set of furniture was learned from a ,german playmate twenty-five years ago4 ,imagine the interest with which we discovered a set1 almost identical1 at the ,german exhibit of the recent ,international ,kindergarten ,union4 ,the candlesticks of tin or cardboard1 brightened with colored tissue-paper1 varied to suit particular occasions1 is a regular feature of the festival dinners at the ,gertrude ,house1 ,chicago4 ,to one and all to whom1 consciously or unconsciously1 we may be indebted for any suggestions1 we express our thanks4 ,a perusal of this little volume will show that it is far from exhaustive of the topics treated4 ,it is largely a book of suggestion4 ,if it stimulates the child to new investigations and experiments along similar lines2 if it reinforces the spirit of brotherly kindness in the home2 or if it helps to solve any of the problems of the mother1 the hopes of the authors will be accomplished4 ,,bertha ,,johnston4 ,,contents ,,chapter ,,page ,i4 ,the ,secrets of the ,market ,basket #aa ,,ii4 ,mother ,nature's ,horn of ,plenty #ci ,,iii4 ,saved from the ,scrap ,basket #ec ,,iv4 ,the ,sewing-,basket #fi ,v4 ,the ,paint ,box #gc ,,vi4 ,dolls and ,doll-,houses #hj ,,vii4 ,plays and ,games #ib ,,viii4 ,festival ,occasions #ajg ,,ix4 ,the ,key ,basket #ada ,x4 ,the ,child's ,library #adi ,,xi4 ,kindergarten ,materials--,the ,gifts #aee ,,xii4 --,the ,occupations #afd ,,chapter ,i ,,the ,,secrets ,,of ,,the ,,market ,,basket ,the busy but thoughtful mother will find in the contents of the market basket many possibilities for happily employing the creative instinct of her child4 ,we give a few suggestions which demand activity of both mind and body4 ,,strawberry-,,boxes ,seed-,markers 7,no tools needed but the fingers7 ,remove the rim of wood which binds the box into shape1 that the little tacks may not injure the child4 ,then let him tear the sides and bottom into little slats which can be used as seed-markers4 ,older children can write upon them the names of seeds1 and when planted put one of these slats into the ground to indicate where the seeds may be expected to come up4 ,the little child enjoys the sense of power that he feels simply in being able to tear these boxes apart1 but let there be a thought back of the action if it seem to degenerate into pure destructiveness4 ,toy-,fences 7,employing fingers only7 ,split the boxes with the fingers into pieces wide or narrow1 as desired1 and the slats thus made can be turned into fences for the play farm in the sand-box1 or for borders for small flower beds4 7#a7 ,stick them into the sand or earth side by side1 to suggest a plain board fence2 or 7#b7 ,put very narrow ones at short intervals apart to suggest a picket fence4 ,toy-,fences 7,scissors1 tacks7 ,if old enough to use scissors1 let the child cut the boxes apart with long scissors and use for fences as before4 7#a7 ,side by side for board fence4 7#b7 ,cut into very narrow strips for picket fence4 ,use the rim of the basket for the rail to unite the pickets1 fastening them with the tiny tacks which are already in it4 ,pickets might be one inch apart4 ,cutting the tops of the pickets into points will complete the resemblance to a real fence4 ,put the rails about one-half inch from top4 ,boxes for tacks1 seeds1 etc4 7,scissors1 paste1 paste-sticks1 ribbon1 #h-a_/b inches long1 #a-a_/b inches wide1 wall-paper1 pan with water7 ,take two pieces of a box1 each measuring #b x #e inches4 ,soak in water till soft4 ,place one directly across the middle of the other1 and bend the four projecting ends up perpendicularly into box form4 7#a7 ,hold the sides in place by winding the ribbon around the four sides1 till they meet1 and paste the one overlapping end over the other4 7#b7 ,cut a piece of wall-paper 7obtainable often from a wall-hanger's shop7 into a strip #a-a_/b x #h-a_/b inches and wind around1 pasting one end over the other4 ,if the child is inexperienced the paper may be cut of exactly the height of box4 ,if skillful in so doing1 let him cut the strip #a_/b inch wider and turn down over the top to give a little finish4 ,this gives practice in neatness and skill4 ,let the child observe how a ,swedish matchbox is made--the wood held together by strips of thin but tough paper--and then carry his thought to the far-distant land which sends us the magic wands that give us light with safety4 ,and all carried in a tiny box made of wood and paper4 ,decalcomanias might be used for decoration of the plain wooden box4 ,let the child experiment in making boxes of different shapes and sizes for his collections of seeds1 stones1 etc4 ,this cultivates his ingenuity and practical imagination4 ,picture ,frames 7,scissors1 thumb-tacks1 gold paint1 water-colors1 glue7 ,cut three slats1 each #a x #h inches1 to make triangular frame4 ,unite with thumb-tacks1 one at each of the three corners4 ,to place them exactly the right way may take a little experimenting1 which helps develop the child's sense of proportion and arrangement4 ,when joined1 cut off the projecting parts at the top to give pointed effect4 ,good for pictures of ,indians1 as wigwam is suggested4 ,decorate by gilding or painting4 ,can be painted with ,ivory paints or water-colors4 ,chicken-,coops 7,scissors1 glue7 ,remove the rim1 bottom 7in one piece7 and two adjoining sides of a berry box4 ,this leaves two sides remaining which are already bent into correct form for coop4 ,cut the bottom of the box in half from corner to corner4 ,this gives the triangular back of the coop which must be glued on4 ,the slats must now be made and put into place4 ,cut three slats each #c_/h inches wide4 7#a7 ,in each of the two front edges of the coop cut three horizontal slits #c_/h inches deep2 slip the slats into these and cut off the projecting ends4 ,the slats at the top will necessarily be shorter than those at the bottom4 7#b7 ,or an older child can cut in each of the two edges #c notches #c_/h inches deep and #c_/h inches high and glue the slats into these1 thus3 ,illustration3 ,chicken-,coop4 ,paste-,sticks 7,boxes1 scissors7 ,cut sides of boxes into slender pieces which can be put aside and used for paste-sticks when pasting is the order of the day4 ,they will prove to be better than brushes4 ,wagon 7,thumb-tacks1 button-molds1 skewers1 glue1 small1 slender nails7 ,take two boxes4 ,remove rims4 ,bend down one side of each of the boxes so that it is horizontal4 ,lap one of these exactly over the other and join with thumb-tacks4 ,this makes the body of coal wagon4 ,for wheels use 7#a7 large wooden button-molds or 7#b7 the cardboard circles round which ribbons come4 ,make axles of skewers4 ,glue axle to bottom of wagon1 slip on the wheels and insert small1 slender nail to keep wheel from coming off4 ,if skewers are not at hand whittle a slender piece from a stick of kindling wood1 whittling the ends until slender enough for the wheels to slip on4 ,paint spokes on the wheels and paint the wagon1 using any paint at hand4 ,candy-,boxes 7,fancy paper1 crinkled-paper or ,button-,boxes silk1 glue1 paint7 ,take a berry-box and dye with ,diamond dyes4 ,line it with crinkled paper or dainty flowered wallpaper or silk4 ,to do this1 fold the paper or silk one inch over on itself from the top1 for hem4 ,gather or pleat the silk near the top with silk of same color and glue to the inner side of the basket near the top1 leaving a little projecting edge for ruffle4 ,leave the lower ends free4 ,the silk should be two inches wider than the depth of the basket and one and one-third times as long as the four sides of the basket4 ,now take a square of cardboard the size of the bottom of the basket and cover it smoothly with a square of silk1 folding the silk neatly over the sides and catching it across so as to be smooth on the right side4 ,put this silk square down in the bottom of the basket and it will hold the sides of the lining firm4 ,a basket may be lined with paper in the same way1 using glue to hold it in place4 ,as paper can not very well be gathered1 the top may be glued down smoothly or the paper may be pleated4 ,hanging-,basket 7,lead from tea-box1 ribbon or wire1 earth1 seeds7 ,line a berry box with the lead1 fill with good earth and plant vines or flower-seeds4 ,suspend by ribbon or wire4 ,dolls' ,furniture 7,spools1 scissors1 glue7 #a4 ,table4--,make a table by cutting a slat from a basket into an oblong #b x #c inches and glue to spool for dining-table4 #b4 ,bed4--,soak a few moments and when flexible cut an oblong #b x #f inches and bend one end up #a-a_/b inches to form head of bed4 ,bend the other end up #a_/b inch to form the foot4 ,glue two spools to the bottom of this for legs1 one at each end4 #c4 ,chair4--,make chairs for the same set by cutting a piece of the box to measure #a x #b inches4 ,bend across the middle so that a right angle is formed and glue one side to a spool4 ,the other half forms the back of the chair4 ,such furniture may be colored with dyes or ,ivory paints4 ,,peas ,shelling ,peas 7,tin pans7 ,let the child help ,mother to shell the peas for dinner4 ,children enjoy work of this kind when cooperating with the mother or father4 ,they like to do what ,mother is doing when she is doing it too4 ,this will be an excellent time to tell ,hans ,andersen's story of the ,five ,peas that ,dwelt in a ,pod4 ,as a reward let the child plant a few peas in a box or out-of-doors4 ,pea-,pod ,boat 7,pan of water1 peapods7 ,give a small child a dish-pan filled with water and a peapod for a boat1 with peas for passengers and he will entertain himself for a long time4 ,let the frequency with which he is allowed this privilege depend upon his care in keeping himself and his surroundings dry1 thus leading to neatness and self-control4 ,pea ,furniture 7,see chapter on kindergarten occupations7 ,numeral ,frame or ,abacus 7,hair-wire1 cardboard stationery box7 ,get ten slender pieces of wire about six inches long4 ,put one pea on the first1 two on the second1 three on the third1 etc41 until you reach the last1 on which place ten4 ,take an empty stationery box1 and cut away the bottom leaving the four sides intact as a frame4 ,into this frame insert the ten wires1 the one with one pea at the top1 then ,no4 #b1 #c1 etc4 ,the child can then practice counting the different combinations up to ten4 ,instead of peas such a series of units could be made by stringing cranberries or rose-haws on a waxed thread4 ,,potatoes ,,and ,,squash ,potato ,horse 7,three potatoes1 slender sticks or tooth-picks1 raveled string or coarse black thread7 ,take large potato for body of horse1 a smaller one for the neck1 and another for the head4 ,join them with sticks broken to convenient length4 ,four other sticks make the legs1 two little ones the ears and the string or thread the flowing tail4 ,the tail can be attached to a tack or pin and inserted4 ,squash or ,sweet ,potato ,animals 7,crooked-neck squash or sweet potato for each animal1 slender sticks7 ,insert sticks for legs into crooked-neck squashes and convert into animals of various kinds1 the kind depending upon the size of the neck and general shape4 ,sweet potatoes by their queer shapes will often suggest animals3 pigs1 dogs1 etc41 or ducks1 swans1 ostriches1 and birds4 ,use tacks or shoe buttons for eyes4 ,dolls can be made also4 ,,corn ,,husks--,,green ,mat 7,husks1 needle1 thread7 ,take four smooth husks and press between blotting paper for #bd hours4 ,then tear into #a_/d inch strips4 ,lay eight of these on the table4 ,take eight more and weave these under and over the first eight1 making mat for doll-house4 ,put again between blotters4 ,the next day1 slide the strips together till they lie smooth and even1 and close together4 ,fasten by sewing the outside strips lightly to the interlacing ones4 ,cut the extending parts off about one inch from outside strips4 ,feathers 7,husks1 scissors7 ,take a dozen leaves of the husks2 cut slits slant-wise down the edges about #a_/d inch apart4 ,let dry #bd hours4 ,then use as feathers for ,indian head dress1 using design on copper cent as model4 ,,corn-,,cobs--,,dry ,corn-,crib 7,cobs1 hammer1 nails1 cover of starch-box7 ,to a small piece of thin wood like the cover of a starch-box nail four short cobs of equal length for legs 7half an inch or an inch long74 ,around the four sides1 on top1 nail a row of slender cobs for the walls of the corn crib4 ,make roof of cobs or lay a piece of cardboard across4 ,nail from below1 through the board4 ,it will require a little thought to determine just where the nail must go in order to run through the board and into the cob above1 but tell the child that he is a little carpenter and must make careful measurements4 ,ask if he can think why the crib is raised thus from the ground4 7,to preserve the corn from the rats and mice47 ,toy-,raft 7,cobs1 rim of berry-box1 tacks7 ,lay six or more cobs of equal length side by side upon the table4 ,take a piece of binding-rim of a berry-box as long as the row of cobs is wide4 ,lay it across the row near one end and nail it fast to each cob4 ,nail a similar piece across the other end4 ,this will make a serviceable toy-raft4 ,stick in a skewer for a mast and make a sail-boat4 ,paste on the mast a triangular piece of paper or muslin for a sail4 ,zig-,zag ,fence 7,cobs only7 ,lay down half a dozen cobs in zigzag fashion1 with their ends not quite as far apart as the length of the cobs4 ,then across every two ends lay another cob1 and so build up the fence4 ,post-,fence 7,cobs1 tacks1 skewers1 slats7 ,lay several cobs in a row a few inches apart as posts4 ,unite them by laying across them two rows of skewers or kindergarten slats4 ,join with tiny tacks4 ,use in the sand-table or dolls' farm4 ,house 7,cobs1 nails7 7#a7 ,take two cobs and place them opposite to each other4 ,place two others across the ends of the first two1 at right angles to them4 ,then two more directly over the first two and so on1 building up alternately for log cabin4 ,this is the first simple building experiment of the little child4 ,two such cabins put together will make a two-roomed house4 ,thus made it will be crude with wide interstices between the logs1 but this forms no objection to the child4 7#b7 ,when he does manifest the desire for something better made--a house which will not admit the rain and snow--a more solid house can be made thus3 ,place three cobs end to end to form three sides of a square4 ,directly upon these lay three more1 and nail firmly to those beneath at the ends1 with slender nails4 ,build up in this way as high as desirable4 ,one side has1 however1 been left open4 ,now put in the fourth wall but leave place for the doorway4 ,do this by making the lower part of the wall of cobs so short that they do not even go half way across the opening4 ,take two such short cobs and nail each to the side of the house4 ,a little space will be left between them1 say of two inches4 ,take two more of same length and place on top of the first two and nail in place4 ,the third cob may be long enough to extend straight across the little house making the top of the doorway4 ,put another and another on top until the last row is reached4 ,roof with similar logs or with cardboard4 ,the child can be trained a little in forethought when led to save anything like corncobs for possible use in the future4 ,furniture 7#d short cobs1 #d long slender ones1 tacks1 cheesecloth1 fine cord1 cotton batting7 ,take four short cobs for sturdy legs4 ,nail to these four slender cobs for bed-frame4 ,in the inner part of the long sides of the bed hammer small tacks about #c_/d inches apart4 ,then string cord from one tack across to the opposite one and so on1 to make springs4 ,make mattress of cheesecloth stuffed with cotton4 ,other furniture can easily be made in similar manner4 ,in this work1 as with other suggestions here given1 older children will need to help younger ones and thus the spirit of helpfulness and sympathy is exercised4 ,,corn ,,kernels--,,dry ,portieres 7,kernels of corn1 straws1 needle1 coarse thread1 pan7 ,soak corn in pan of water over night or till soft4 ,get inch-long pieces of straw at kindergarten supply store1 or1 if obtainable in the country1 get the straws entire and let the children cut them into inch pieces4 ,in all this work it is desirable to let the child do as much as possible himself4 ,later1 when familiar with materials and simple processes1 let him use the prepared bought material4 ,now1 let him string the corn and straws alternately4 ,he can then vary by stringing first one kernel and one straw2 then two kernels and one straw2 then three1 etc4 ,this gives practice in counting1 and exercises also his sense of taste and proportion and his invention4 ,a pretty effect can be secured by using kernels of the two colors1 red and yellow4 ,suspend a number of such strings in the doorway2 they may be all of the same length or may be very short in the middle of the doorway and gradually get longer as the jamb is approached4 ,designing 7,red and yellow kernels7 ,on a rainy day let the child employ his inventive skill in making designs of the red and yellow kernels on a flat table4 ,he can lay them in squares1 oblongs1 crosses1 etc4 ,,pop-,,corn ,there are few ,american children who need to be told how to pop corn2 they see it done before they are able to do it themselves4 ,but this fascinating occupation is not known to many children outside of the ,united ,states4 ,perhaps it is well that our children should appreciate their privilege in this respect4 ,if a popper is unobtainable1 corn can be quickly and deliciously popped by putting a tablespoonful of butter in a deep kettle and when it is hot dropping in a cupful of popcorn4 ,shake or rather stir to keep from burning and in a short time the kettle will be full of the white popping fairy-like kernels4 ,salt or sugar can be sprinkled in as desired4 ,balls 7,corn1 popper1 sugar1 molasses or water7 ,make a thin syrup by boiling together equal quantities of sugar and water or two cupfuls sugar1 one of molasses or syrup1 one teaspoonful vinegar1 and butter size of an egg4 ,cook until it hardens when dropped in water1 then pour it over #h quarts of popped corn as quickly as possible and mold into balls1 making about twenty4 ,if made with strawberry syrup the color will be a beautiful red4 ,festoons 7,popped corn1 needle1 coarse thread7 ,thread the kernels to adorn walls or picture frames or ,christmas tree4 ,,nuts ,boat 7,walnut shell1 pan of water1 toothpicks1 candle-wax7 ,when busy with her baking the mother can give the three-year-old in his high chair a half walnut shell for a boat4 ,an older child can elaborate into a sail-boat by cutting a triangular piece of paper for a sail1 glueing it to a toothpick for mast1 and then melting a drop of wax from a candle and inserting the mast while the wax is still warm4 ,a burnt match can be shaped into a mast also4 ,such a fleet of tiny vessels would prettily set a table for a farewell dinner to one going abroad4 ,surprise ,walnuts 7,english walnuts1 baby-ribbon1 tiny dolls or animals1 glue7 ,open a number of walnuts carefully so as not to break the shell4 ,remove the meats and fasten the two sides together with a tiny strip of ribbon1 which serves as a hinge1 glueing the ends of the ribbon to the inside of the half shells4 ,ribbon need be only an inch long or less4 ,put a tiny doll or a wee china rabbit or kitten inside the shell and tie around with ribbon4 ,little china animals come in sets of five or six4 ,a little verse of greeting or a conundrum can be written and put inside if the toys are not available4 ,a group of little children could be kept busy and happy for an afternoon making some of these little souvenirs for a home dinner or for a fair4 ,nut-,animals 7,peanuts1 toothpicks7 ,the imagination of most children will quickly perceive resemblances to all kinds of creatures in the queer shapes of peanuts4 ,take such a peanut and stick into it four bits of toothpicks for legs and two tiny ones for ears4 ,if the toothpicks are not sharp or strong enough to penetrate of themselves1 make incisions with a sharp pin4 ,one common shape suggests a cat1 seated4 ,two vertical pieces would make the front legs and two horizontal pieces the back legs resting on the ground4 ,eyes and mouth can be inked in4 ,another shape hints at an owl with sharp1 curved beak4 ,another will make a hen4 ,once started on this line of experiment1 the child will discover likenesses for himself4 ,these creatures can be used in the toy farm4 ,peanut party 7,see page #ajc7 ,,apples ,candlestick 7,apple1 candle7 ,cut in the top of a rosy apple a hole of right size to hold a candle4 ,appropriate for ,thanksgiving4 ,a carrot can also be used thus1 but a part must be cut away at the bottom so as to secure a firm base4 ,,oranges ,baskets 7,orange1 smaller fruits7 ,cut an orange horizontally partly through the middle from each side so as to leave a part in the centre which can be cut into a handle4 ,hollow out the interior and put raisins1 small nuts1 etc41 in it4 ,,red ,,peppers ,lantern 7,large red pepper1 knife7 ,hollow out a large red pepper and cut into it eyes1 nose and mouth1 making a miniature ,jack-o'-lantern4 ,this makes a pretty table decoration4 ,let the child help as much as possible by making these little table decorations4 ,if you want boy and girl to love home1 give them a share in making it interesting and attractive4 ,do not discourage them if their efforts are a little crude at times4 ,it is the spirit of good-will which makes the blessed home4 ,,egg-,,shells ,garden 7,shell1 earth1 birdseed7 ,cut an egg-shell in half horizontally1 with a sharp pair of scissors1 and three days before ,easter put into it a little earth1 place in this a little canary seed1 or a single pea or bean1 and a little plant will delight the child4 ,doll's ,cradle 7,shell1 ribbon half an inch wide1 paste1 cardboard7 ,take a smooth white egg and blow it4 ,to do this make a tiny pin-hole in each end1 and by blowing into one end steadily the contents can be emptied out of the other4 ,draw lines lengthwise and crosswise around the shell1 dividing it into four equal parts4 ,then1 following the line1 cut away the upper quarter toward the small end4 ,this leaves a cradle with a small canopy4 ,paste the ribbon neatly around for a binding round the edge4 ,rockers can be made by cutting curved pieces #a_/d inch wide out of thick cardboard1 although such a cradle will rock without rockers4 ,mattress for above4 7,thin white ribbon1 milkweed down1 needle1 sewing silk7 ,cut and sew the ribbon into a tiny mattress for this fairy cradle1 and stuff with milkweed down4 ,if the ribbon is just the width of the cradle the edges of the mattress can be neatly overcast4 ,a tiny doll may then be placed within the cradle4 ,boat 7,goose-egg1 leatherette paper1 kindergarten slats7 ,blow the egg as described above4 ,cut in half lengthwise4 ,cut the paper into strips #a_/b inch wide4 ,in each side of the shell cut an indentation #c_/h inches deep and #c_/h inches wide for oarlocks4 ,then bind neatly with the paper strips4 ,cut the slats 7or a piece of berry box will do7 into tiny oars and paste a seat across1 which is also cut out of a slat4 ,careful handling is required for these dainty toys1 and if the child seems to get nervous let her do only a little at a time2 but much neatness and skill is exercised in the making1 and it is good practice for older children4 ,the wise mother soon learns to detect the difference between the poor work which is the result of pure nervousness and that which is the consequence of carelessness4 ,the latter should never be permitted to stand4 ,see to it that what the child does is up to his best capacity4 ,humpty-,dumpty ,eggs 7,shell1 shot1 water-color paints1 a bit of cotton-batting1 and a bit of tough paper7 ,take a shell and empty of contents as described above4 ,enlarge the hole at one end sufficiently to drop in a dozen tiny shot obtainable at hardware store4 ,paste over the opening the bit of paper1 and on that a little cotton to simulate hair4 ,paint upon the surface eyes1 nose1 and mouth4 ,a comical little toy which always regains its balance1 however placed1 is the result4 ,in playing with this the child unconsciously imbibes a few ideas about equilibrium1 equipoise1 etc4 ,tell him you want him to be a man that1 however placed1 will always be able to get upon his feet again4 ,foot-ball1 or rather it might be called ,breath-ball 7,egg-shell1 water-color paints7 ,take an empty shell and paint to resemble a football or in some college or ,high ,school colors4 ,see page #ii for directions for game4 ,toy ,lamp 7,see under ,doll-,houses7 ,,prunes ,,and ,,raisins ,turtle 7,raisin and five cloves7 ,take a plump raisin and stick into it five cloves for head and legs4 ,man 7,raisins or prunes1 toothpicks7 ,make a man by running a toothpick through three raisins for a body4 ,into the top one stick two other toothpicks1 with two raisins each for arms and two other toothpicks with raisins make the legs4 ,each leg has a projecting raisin for a foot and another large raisin makes the head4 ,these are fun-makers for a children's party1 one at each plate4 ,,seeds ,stringing 7,squash seeds--dried1 strong thread1 needle7 ,little children can be happily occupied making chains of squash1 pumpkin1 and water-melon seeds that have been saved and made soft by soaking awhile in water4 ,the black seeds of the water-melon alternate prettily with the white seeds of the other gourds4 ,variety can be introduced by stringing several of one color and then several of another1 counting by twos1 threes1 etc4 ,this gives exercise in counting1 in pleasing grouping of colors1 and so exercises both the invention and the taste of the very little child4 ,designing 7,black seeds1 white seeds7 ,let the child make designs of the seeds upon the table4 ,place a black one for a centre and a white one on each side4 ,repeat this figure for a foot or more1 placing the groups an inch apart and observe the effect4 ,tell him thus to make a design for the frieze of the room4 ,another effect is produced by placing a white seed as a centre and placing four or five around it4 ,vary still further by placing a circle of black seeds around the whole4 ,these few examples will serve to indicate the endless variety that can be secured1 and is a training in invention and taste4 ,let the child always have in mind a design for some particular purpose1 as of wall-paper1 oil-cloth1 etc4 ,lead him to observe similar effects in carpets1 wall-paper1 etc4 ,the best of these attempts can be made comparatively permanent by pasting upon small sheets of tinted bristol-board4 ,the chief value in preserving any such work is for purposes of comparison as the child improves4 ,counters ,save out #bd white and #bd black seeds for counters in checkers1 go-bang1 etc4 ,squash-,seed ,chicken 7#be seeds1 white thread1 two quill toothpicks1 bit of red flannel1 feather from duster7 ,take #be squash seeds and soak till soft4 ,take five of these and place side by side with pointed ends up4 ,above these place four1 their wide ends coming between the points of the others4 ,above these place three in the same relative position4 ,above these put two1 and above these and between them place the squash-seed which is to be the head of the chicken4 ,now1 beneath the original five1 place four1 pointed ends up2 beneath these put three1 then two1 then one4 ,if these are rightly placed1 the pointed ends of one row come just at the sides of the wide end of the seeds above4 ,illustration3 ,how to ,string the ,seeds4 ,run a thread through the lower end of the two and the upper end of the three2 then through the lower end of three and the upper end of the four2 continue thus till all have been united4 ,the result thus far will be a double pyramid of the seeds4 ,draw an eye in the middle of the head1 paste or sew on a bit of quill for a bill and a bit of flannel for a comb4 ,attach a few feathers from the duster for a tail4 ,take two more seeds and sew to the middle of the row of five for the thigh of the legs1 and to each sew a quill for the rest of the legs1 cutting into points at one end for toes4 ,illustration3 ,squash-,seed ,chicken4 ,make another chicken like the above and suspend the two face to face upon a slender stick by running a thread through the head and one through the tail4 ,when the stick is moved the chickens assume very realistic attitudes4 ,a comical toy1 made with no expense save that of time and patience4 7,see illustrations47 ,pincushion or ,penwiper 7,five plump apple-seeds1 sharp pen-knife1 black thread1 stiff card1 square of muslin1 emery or cotton batting7 ,save out five seeds1 and cut the cuticle of the large end into two tiny points to simulate the ears of a mouse4 ,knot the thread and run a tiny bit through for a tail4 ,paste these upon a visiting card1 and near them paste a tiny bag made of white muslin to simulate a flour-bag4 ,it can be stuffed with cotton or with emery for needles or pins4 ,or the card can be sewn upon several layers of cloth as decoration for a penwiper4 ,imitation ,water ,muskmelon seeds placed in an undulating line in the sand-box suggest water4 ,,soap ,hammering 7,old-fashioned bar soap1 hammer1 nails7 ,a wee child will entertain himself for a long time by hammering nails into a bar of soap if the proper tools be given him4 ,in this simple activity he exercises both mind and body4 ,it requires good coordination on the part of the little one to strike the nail just right1 and he enjoys not only the exercise itself1 but also the pleasure of imitating the carpenter who uses the hammer so skilfully4 ,drawing 7,white soap1 window-pane7 ,on a day when he must stay indoors1 give your child a piece of white soap and let him show you what he can draw upon the window-pane4 ,ships and trees1 houses and flowers have a fairy-like appearance when drawn with this commonplace material upon the impromptu background of glass4 ,this allows the freedom of movement found in blackboard work4 ,it gives scope to the child's imaginative powers and should add nothing to the housekeeper's cares1 being readily removed with a damp cloth4 ,it may reveal creative possibilities in some otherwise mute1 inglorious artist4 ,,cereal ,,boxes ,moving-,van 7,cereal-box1 glue1 two skewers1 #d button-molds1 #d nails or strong pins7 ,take a box 7,quaker ,oats or ,force1 etc474 ,cut out doors and side openings for a moving-van4 ,it may be well to draw these first4 ,for a model1 look at any van or grocer's wagon4 ,it will be seen that models are numerous and various4 ,if more explicit directions are required we give the following1 although it is always well to have the child use his own mind as far as possible before going to others for ideas4 ,remove the top of the box1 which becomes the front of the wagon4 ,the bottom of the box will be the back of the wagon4 ,this bottom will be found to consist of two layers of cardboard4 ,remove the outer one and cut the inner one once through the middle to make two doors4 ,on each side of the wagon cut an oblong window #a_/b inch from the top1 #a_/b inch from the bottom1 and #a_/b inch from the front4 ,let it be two inches wide4 ,place a seat across from one window to the other2 fasten with glue4 ,it may be just a straight piece one inch wide1 or may be two inches wide1 folded once through the middle lengthwise to give a back4 ,for wheels use wooden button-molds1 two inches wide1 or circles sawed from a broom handle4 ,for axles use wooden skewers or cut a piece from a stick of kindling wood about #a_/d inch wide4 ,whittle the ends till they are slender enough to hold the button-molds4 ,then put on the wheels1 inserting a slender nail or pin outside to keep them from coming off the axle4 ,glue the axle to the box4 ,if wheels are cut from broom-handle1 a nail can be driven through the centre for an axle and then pushed into the side of the box1 or a nail pushed through a button-mold directly into the box will hold4 ,punch two holes into the front of the wagon1 tie cord through and the wagon can be drawn along4 ,it may be painted if desired4 ,for horses1 trace a picture of a horse from some book or advertisement on cardboard1 cut out and harness to wagon4 ,lantern 7,box1 scissors1 candle1 pencil7 ,draw on the box holes to represent eyes1 nose and mouth4 ,then cut these out4 ,cut holes near the top of box to put wires through for carrying the box4 ,use a wire about two feet long1 put the ends through the holes and bend up4 ,let a little of the wax drip from the end of the candle to the bottom of the inside of the box1 and when a soft centre has been made push the candle down and it will stand firm4 ,only older children should use these1 lest harm result4 ,but children do make them at election times for transparencies4 ,the openings may be lined with colored tissue paper4 ,house 7,cereal box1 paste1 scissors1 wall-paper1 etc47 ,remove one broad side4 ,stand box on one long narrow side as room of doll's house4 ,cut an opening in the remaining broad side for a window4 ,furnish with paper furniture4 7,see page #he47 ,,edam ,,cheese ,lantern 7,cheese1 knife1 candle7 ,after the interior of one of these round1 red cheeses has been scooped out and eaten by the family1 the discarded red shell will make a fine ,jack-o'-lantern1 if the proper holes for eyes1 nose and mouth be cut into it and a candle inserted inside4 ,the candle may be inserted in a socket cut into the bottom of the rind1 or it may be made to stand firmly in a bed of wax or tallow melted from its own lower end4 ,,salt ,play for ,baby 7,fine table salt1 spoon1 bottle1 small box or pan7 ,if clean fine sand is not at the moment available1 give the baby a box containing a heap of salt and a teaspoon and bottle1 and he will be happy for a long time1 passing the salt from one bottle or box to another4 ,to the young mother this may seem akin to foolishness1 but in thus playing simply with sand or with salt the baby is exercising faculties and working out baby problems which he should be given opportunity to try4 ,he is becoming acquainted with his environment1 his little world4 ,,tin ,,cans ,burnt-,match ,safe 7,mustard box1 oil paints1 brush1 ribbon1 nail1 hammer7 ,punch two holes near the upper edge of a discarded mustard box1 the holes to be opposite each other4 ,these may be made by hammering a nail through the tin1 holding the box firmly against a block of wood or stone for pressure4 ,with oil paints1 one color1 begin at the top to paint the box1 graduating from light to darker tones as the bottom is approached4 ,lighter tones may be secured by mixing the blue or red with ,chinese white4 ,a flower design may be painted by one skilled in the use of the brush4 ,tie ribbon through the holes by which to suspend the box1 and the result is an article both useful and pretty4 ,flower-,pot 7,can1 ivory paints1 brush7 ,paint an empty can with green or brown ivory paint and use as flower-pot for growing plant4 ,children love to handle a paint-brush1 and this offers a legitimate occasion for such occupation4 ,a small hole should be punched in bottom of can for drainage4 ,hanging-,basket 7,can1 nail1 hammer1 cord1 raffia7 ,punch holes for suspending as described above4 ,then make a covering of raffia as explained on page #df and hang up by the cord4 ,wheels 7,covers of baking-powder tins1 nail1 hammer7 ,with the nail1 hammer a hole through the centre of the cover1 placing upon a stone step or other brace4 ,the little wheels may be used to complete toy wagons that the child is making4 ,,tin ,,foil ,toy ,dishes 7,tin foil from cream-cheese wrappers1 etc47 ,take the tin foil1 and by simple squeezing and pressing and shaping1 a little practice will enable one to make it into tiny pitchers1 goblets1 pans1 etc41 for dolly's table4 ,toy ,mirror 7,tin foil1 scissors7 ,smooth carefully with the fingers and cut a piece of the tin foil into the shape and size to fit a little cardboard bureau4 ,a larger piece will simulate water in the sandbox park4 ,toy ,money 7,tin foil1 coin1 scissors7 ,smooth the tin foil with the thumb nail1 place a cent or a nickel beneath1 and press and smooth again1 making an impression of the coin that may be cut out and used in playing store4 ,toy ,cutlery 7,tin foil1 scissors7 ,cut tiny knives1 forks and spoons out of the tin foil for the paper-dolls' table4 ,,cork ,save all corks and they may be used in a variety of ways4 ,toy ,raft 7,cork1 wire or hairpins7 ,run several corks on a piece of wire to resemble a log2 make several such and then tie together to make a raft1 tying between the corks4 ,toy ,boat 7,circular flat cork1 tacks1 wire1 toothpick1 paper7 ,insert a toothpick in one of the large flat corks that sometimes cover pickle glasses4 ,paste a paper triangle upon this for a sail and set afloat in a dishpan sea4 ,flower-,rack 7,flat cork1 pencil7 ,take a flat piece of cork such as is used by entomologists upon which to impale insects1 or any flat1 thin piece of cork will do if several inches in diameter4 ,such cork may be easily perforated by a slender pencil4 ,make a number of perforations several inches apart1 and then the cork may rest upon a water-filled saucer or other deep dish1 and the stalks of single flowers may be inserted into the holes so that they are supported by the cork4 ,furniture 7,circular corks1 pins1 worsted of pleasing color1 cashmere or silk goods7 ,into the upper side of a round cork about one inch in diameter insert five to seven pins4 ,twist and weave the worsted in and out1 under and over those pins1 so as to make a firm1 solid back to a little chair4 ,the ends of the worsted may be neatly disposed of by threading on a needle and running in and out for a few stitches till concealed4 ,for legs1 insert four strong pins1 and wind these round and round with the worsted1 finishing neatly by running with a needle in and out4 ,if the seat seems too plain it may first1 before the chair is made1 be covered with silk or cashmere4 ,to do this cut the cloth into a circle somewhat larger than the diameter of the cork4 ,run a gathering thread around the circumference1 and putting the cork in the centre draw the thread and so gather beneath the seat4 ,to make a really neat finish the edge should be turned in before gathering4 ,swimming-,float 7,dozens of corks1 strong canvas cloth1 measuring #bj x #cf inches1 needle1 thread7 ,make two strong canvas bags1 measuring about #ah x #bj inches4 ,fill these with corks to act as floats4 ,unite the two bags by a strong band of canvas about #g x #bj inches in size1 and let the children use when in bathing4 ,cork in ,art ,in making models of world-renowned buildings1 such as churches1 cathedrals1 temples1 etc41 cork is used in large and small pieces4 ,in ,germany it is used in making pictures4 ,a sky background is painted in water-color1 and the flat pieces of cork are cut into shape and glued on to represent walls and towers of buildings4 ,the foliage of trees is represented by the more spongy pieces of cork1 and the effects secured are interesting and beautiful4 ,the children may like to experiment and see what they can do in this direction4 ,cork ,doll 7,see page #ha7 ,,chapter ,,ii ,,mother ,,nature',s ,,horn ,,of ,,plenty ,many of the articles named under the ,market ,basket ,division of this book could be classified also under the above head4 ,in addition we present the following3 ,,stones ,,and ,,pebbles ,collections 7,stones1 small boxes7 ,collect various pretty little stones and pebbles on river shore1 coast or roadway1 and classify in different ways--according to color1 shape1 size4 ,this exercises the child's observing powers and trains him in detecting differences and resemblances4 ,keep in small boxes4 ,bottled ,pebbles 7,pebbles1 plain glass bottle7 ,put some pretty pebbles in a glass bottle filled with water which intensifies the color4 ,send to some sick friend1 especially some one from the prairies who may seldom see stones4 ,it is always well for the child to have some definite object in view when he does anything4 ,toy ,path-,markers ,use pebbles in the sand-box for outlining the little paths in the wee park or farm4 ,jackstones ,pebbles of right size and shape make good jackstones4 ,toy ,vegetables 7,small square of cheesecloth1 needle1 thread1 pebbles7 ,make tiny cheesecloth bags and use pebbles as potatoes1 apples1 etc41 in play with the little wagons made by the child4 ,in playing store with them comes opportunity for counting and measuring4 ,tiny boxes can be used for quart and pint measures1 and the child may be shown that two pints make one quart1 etc4 ,paper-,weight 7,large1 smooth stone1 oil-paints7 ,if you find a large1 smooth stone of pretty tone1 let the older child decorate it with a little picture done in oil paints4 ,,shells ,collections 7,shells1 small boxes7 ,collect and classify according to color1 shape1 etc41 and keep in separate boxes4 ,bottled ,shells 7,shells1 bottle7 ,put little shells in bottle of water to bring out lovely colors4 7,see ,bottled ,pebbles above47 ,border for ,sand-,table ,place small shells along little paths in sand-table1 sometimes with concave side up and vice versa4 ,larger shells1 as clamshells1 make fine borders for roads and paths in the country4 ,they outline the road on a dark night4 ,water-,color-,cups ,collect and save shells to give to some artist friend as extra cups for his water-color paints4 ,ramekin ,dishes ,large shells make serviceable individual dishes for baked fish1 etc4 ,appropriate for fish dinner4 ,individual ,salt and ,butter ,dishes ,these can be made of the smaller pink and yellow shells found on many coasts4 ,let the children collect shells for this purpose1 and use for fish dinner4 ,toy-,boat ,a small shell is often found which1 with the little natural seat found at one end1 at once suggests a little boat4 ,have the children collect and save for those far from the shore4 ,pin-,tray 7,scallop shell1 oil-paints7 ,paint a marine view in oils inside a shell for pin-tray4 ,pin-,cushion 7,small piece of satin or velvet1 saw-dust1 glue1 two perfect scallop-shells7 ,make a small pin-cushion of satin or velvet1 filled with saw-dust1 and glue between a pair of scallop shells1 so that it fits in between as they open out4 ,piano ,scarf 7,several dozen small1 thin1 yellow shells found on ,atlantic coast1 one yard ,nile green ,india silk1 strong sewing silk7 ,hem the silk an inch deep at each end4 ,sew to one end a fringe of shells made as follows3 ,the shells usually have a tiny hole in them when found4 ,if not1 one is easily pierced by a strong needle4 ,take twelve lengths of strong sewing silk1 white1 each #bj inches long4 ,to each of these tie twelve shells at intervals of an inch each4 ,you will then have twelve strings of shells1 which are to be sewed to the scarf as a fringe1 putting them about three inches apart4 ,sew two rows of shells directly on the scarf itself1 putting them about four inches apart each way4 ,if desired1 in making the fringe some of the strings may be shorter than others1 arranged so that the long and short ones alternate4 ,,birch ,,bark ,needle-,case or ,penwiper 7,squares of chamois skin or flannel1 sewing-silk1 paint7 ,cut bark into circles1 squares1 oblongs1 etc4 ,decorate with gold lettering or borders of gold4 ,make several leaves of flannel or chamois skin and sew the bark on to these as a cover4 ,the flannel may be scalloped4 ,an appropriate sentiment to write upon penwiper cover is ,extracts from the pen of-- putting in the name of the recipient4 ,the leaves and cover may be sewed together with a cross-stitch4 ,handkerchief-,box 7,punch1 several strands of raffia7 ,cut two pieces of bark #f x #f inches4 ,cut four others #c x #f inches4 ,along the edge of these punch 7with a conductor's punch or one that can be bought at a kindergarten supply place7 holes an inch apart and #a_/d inch from edge4 ,sew the four narrow pieces to the square for bottom and sides of box4 ,sew remaining square more loosely to one side as cover4 ,sew with strands of raffia1 sewing through the holes already made4 ,if desired to give a more finished appearance punch more holes along edge of box and lid1 making them #a_/d inch apart4 ,then hold a fine basket reed or piece of raffia along the edges and overcast4 ,if lavender or sweet grass is obtainable1 that will be even better than reed or raffia for the edge1 lending its fragrance to the gift4 ,the box can be still further finished by lining with dainty silk4 ,make glove box in same way1 but longer in proportion to width4 ,pencil and ,paint-,brush ,box 7,bark1 raffia1 needle or crochet hook7 ,this is cylindrical4 ,cut a piece of bark #e x #h inches4 ,punch in it a series of holes #c_/d of an inch apart1 and #a_/b inch from edge of each short side4 ,place these so that one edge overlaps the other and the holes coincide with one another4 ,then sew together with raffia4 ,use a short needle or none at all4 ,raffia can be drawn through holes with a crochet-hook4 ,punch holes in the lower end of this cylinder and cut a circle of same size as diameter of cylinder out of cardboard4 ,punch corresponding holes in this and sew the bottom in4 ,strengthen top by overcasting over a twist of raffia1 sweet grass or sweet clover4 ,canoe 7,bark1 pencil1 thread1 paper1 paraffine7 ,fold strong piece of bark and cut an outline of a canoe1 rounding the ends4 ,sew the ends closely together with stout thread1 overcasting the edges with same4 ,make watertight by lining with paper dipped in melted paraffine4 ,paraffine may be bought at grocer's4 ,fan1 modeled after ,east ,indian pattern 7,bark1 kindling wood1 dye1 gold paint7 ,cut two stiff pieces of bark into hatchet-shaped trapezoid4 ,punch row of holes in the narrowest side1 whittle a handle of pinewood1 and sew it to the narrow edge of bark over and over through the holes4 ,the handle may be stained with some natural dye and fan decorated with gold paint4 ,picture-,frame 7,bark1 punch1 sweet grass7 ,cut two pieces of bark #d x #e inches1 one of smooth bark1 one of the outer bark with pleasing markings4 ,punch holes around the edges of each #c_/d inches apart4 ,in the rough outside piece cut an oval #b-a_/b x #c inches4 ,around this inner oval punch holes near together and bind this around with sweet grass overcast with fine raffia4 ,now sew the two pieces of bark together1 first cutting into the back piece a slit near the bottom into which to slide the photograph4 ,in using sweet grass as binding it is well to wind the bunch first with thread to hold the pieces together1 and after the grass is firmly sewed the temporary thread can be cut away4 ,the bunch of grass thus used may be about as thick as half the little finger4 ,punch may be bought at kindergarten store1 or conductor's punch will do4 ,,gourds ,darning-,egg ,a smooth well-shaped gourd 7mock-orange7 makes a serviceable darning egg4 ,hanging-,basket 7,large gourd1 soil1 plant7 ,clear the gourd of fibre and seeds1 after cutting off the top rim evenly4 ,pierce the top with two holes through which to attach cord for hanging1 fill with a light1 loose soil1 and plant in it a drooping1 trailing plant4 ,cut a hole in the lower end to allow for drainage4 ,let the country child save gourds of good shape to present1 thus filled1 to city friends4 ,,vegetables ,sweet-,potato ,vine ,put a sweet potato in sandy loam in a hanging basket and water occasionally4 ,it will produce a beautiful1 graceful vine4 ,carrot-,top ,cut off the top of a young carrot evenly and place it on top of a pot filled with sand4 ,moisten well1 and keep in the dark till it has begun to sprout2 when the leaves appear take it out1 and the word ,carrot-top will acquire a new meaning1 the result is so pretty4 ,turnip ,take a turnip and clean the outside1 taking care not to injure the parts from which the leaves spring4 ,cut a piece off the bottom and scoop out the inside1 leaving the top intact4 ,fasten string or wire to it so as to hang it upside down4 ,fill and keep filled with water1 and soon the leaves will sprout and curl up1 forming a beautiful natural hanging basket4 ,,raffia ,this flexible fiber1 long used by florists1 is now also used a great deal in the schools for the educational hand-training it affords4 ,it can be obtained at kindergarten supply places4 ,reins ,take three to six strands and braid into reins for playing horse4 ,as the ends of the strands are approached 7each is about a yard long7 begin to weave in a new strand1 as inconspicuously as possible4 ,do not have the strands all exactly the same length to begin with1 because if you reach the end of all at the same time it makes it difficult to weave in new ones neatly4 ,mat ,take such a long braid as described above1 and holding one end flat1 turn it round and round spirally but flat1 and sew with thread to make a mat for the tea-pot4 ,by bending up a little as you sew you can make a basket4 ,picture-,frame 7,cardboard1 raffia1 thread and needle7 ,cut a circle of cardboard #e x #e inches in diameter4 ,from the centre cut out a smaller circle three inches in diameter4 ,this leaves a circular cardboard frame4 ,wind this round and round smoothly with the raffia4 ,paste another circle on the back to give a good finish1 but in this second circle cut a slit up which to slide the photograph4 ,woven ,mat 7,loom1 raffia7 ,thread a little loom with raffia warp as described on page #ij4 ,then weave the woof 7also of raffia7 back and forth to make a mat or a case for hanging basket4 ,to make the latter the right size have the warp threads as long as the can is around the circumference1 and have the width about the same as the height of the can4 ,the raffia can be colored with ,diamond dyes and wee rugs made for the doll-house on tiny looms4 ,grace ,hoops 7,see under ,plays and ,games7 ,,leaves ,festoons and ,wreaths 7,leaves1 fresh or dried1 thorns or needle and thread7 ,city children may need to be told what seems to be handed down to the country child from generation to generation1 that leaves may be made into wreaths for the head or decoration for the room either by overlapping one upon another and fastening together with a thorn or sharp twig1 or by stringing together on a stout thread4 ,to ,dry or ,press 7,blotting paper1 two small smooth boards1 strap1 wax or linseed oil7 ,gather and press pretty autumn leaves thus3 ,have ready two boards measuring about one by two feet4 ,put the leaves between sheets of blotting paper and place these between the boards and then strap them tightly together1 or if no straps are convenient1 put the boards beneath a heavy weight 7a book will do74 ,change the paper every day or so till sure that they are quite dry4 ,to preserve and brighten the colors after drying dip in melted wax and press a moment with a hot iron1 or clear1 boiled linseed oil will do in place of the wax1 using1 however1 as little as possible4 ,decoration for ,curtains ,pin to lace curtains in attractive arrangement4 ,transparency 7,leaves1 bolting-cloth1 #a yard white ,india silk1 sewing silk1 needle7 #a4 ,take a piece of bolting-cloth twice the length of the largest leaf and fold over evenly4 ,open again and place the leaves upon the bolting-cloth artistically in a row2 fold the cloth over again and baste4 ,bind the edges with white ribbon1 and at the two upper corners sew the ends of a narrow ribbon with which to suspend the transparency in the window4 #b4 ,or1 if preferred1 sew the bolting-cloth transparency as a border to the end of a yard of ,india silk as a scarf for shelf or piano4 ,frieze of ,leaves 7,leaves1 cartridge or other strong paper of good tone1 glue7 ,a pretty frieze for a room can be made by pasting leaves on a long1 foot-high strip of paper which forms a background4 ,the effect will depend largely upon the harmony between the color of the leaves and the background1 as well as upon the arrangement of the leaves4 ,they may be arranged in an irregular line1 or may be placed so as to form artistic groups of twos and threes or fours4 ,collections of ,leaves ,when the collecting instinct is upon him1 let the child collect and classify leaves according to shape4 ,see if he can tell by the leaf what tree it came from1 and if he recognizes the different varieties of leaves4 ,four-,leaved ,clovers ,look for four-leaved clovers when on your country walks1 and save to press and afterwards use in writing letters of good-will as decoration for paper1 pasting on at upper left hand corner2 or use to decorate place cards for dinners4 ,it will hardly be necessary to state that the four-leaved clover has for long years been the symbol of good-luck4 ,shadow ,game 7,see under ,sun and ,shadow7 ,,feathers ,feather ,flowers 7,a large goose with many white feathers1 beeswax1 spools of wire of different sizes1 aniline dyes1 though vegetable dyes are preferable if obtainable1 strong scissors suitable for cutting wire1 spools of strong white cotton thread1 spool of milliner's green-covered wire7 ,pluck the breast of the goose4 7,feathers come out very easily47 ,the feathers1 being very light1 fly about and therefore it is best to do the plucking in an uncarpeted room or one in which the floor has been covered with a large sheet4 ,classify the feathers according to size1 and arrange in bundles of about thirty by winding a stout thread around the quills4 ,thus they are ready for the dyeing process4 ,dye according to directions on packages4 ,for deep green of leaves and for calyx immerse for several minutes2 for more delicate tints immersion for a second is sufficient4 ,suppose we select for our first effort a carnation4 ,choose a real one for a model4 ,having selected about twenty feathers of the required sizes and colors1 cut the ends to resemble the form of the petal and then pink the edge as in the real flower4 ,the actual number of petals required will depend upon the size of the flower copied and must be left to the judgment of the maker4 ,take the measure of the length of stem required on the wire and double it 7wire must be twice as long as stem74 ,wind tightly and evenly around it the green milliner's wire to make the stem4 ,soften the beeswax by heating slightly in a pan till soft enough to mold between the fingers4 ,shape it into the form of the calyx1 inserting the stem at the lower end1 and pushing it far enough to insure firmness4 ,wrap this soft calyx form round with green feathers to represent the flower copied4 ,upon accuracy at the beginning depends the success of the flower1 therefore it is necessary to observe the natural one closely4 ,the green feathers must entirely cover the calyx mold1 the upper ones curving back a little as in the genuine calyx4 ,take some colored petals and insert between the calyx and the wax mold1 pushing the quill end of the feather firmly into the wax4 ,arrange the petals spirally1 beginning at the bottom and building gradually up to the top4 ,the larger feathers are used first1 growing smaller toward the top4 ,complete the flower by inserting the stamens and pistil1 which are made by tearing one small feather into narrow strips and curling these by drawing once over a scissors blade4 ,the simplest flowers to make are3 ,carnation pinks1 violets1 sweet peas1 fuchsias1 roses and ,easter lilies4 ,with the proper amount of time1 patience and perseverance1 any flower can be successfully made4 ,if leaves are desired1 cut green feathers into the required shape and attach4 ,indian ,headdress 7,large turkey feathers1 glue1 cardboard1 paint7 ,save large feathers from turkey or rooster and make ,indian headdress by glueing upon cardboard cut to proper shape4 ,for model look at copper cent4 ,,flowers ,pressed ,morning-,glories 7,the flowers1 white tissue-paper1 scissors1 book or pressing boards7 ,press the flowers between a fold of thin tissue-paper4 ,the delicate flowers will adhere to the paper1 which is sufficiently transparent however for the morning-glory to be visible through it4 ,when dry1 cut the paper from around the flower and pin to curtains1 lambrequin1 etc41 as desired1 or attach to letter paper4 ,soldier-,flowers 7,milkweed blossoms7 ,the small blossoms of the milkweed may be made to stand in rows and columns like soldiers1 two by two1 four by four1 etc41 giving practice in counting4 ,,rose-,,haws ,rosaries 7,haws1 stout thread1 needle7 ,when the beautiful red rose-haws ripen let the children string them1 making rosaries to send to city friends4 ,,straws ,stringing 7,scissors1 needle1 thread1 cranberries1 nuts1 etc47 ,save the straw from rye and let the children cut it into one-inch lengths for stringing alternately with cranberries1 nuts1 beads1 etc4 ,use to decorate the room1 to make portieres1 and to decorate the child himself when dressing up4 ,blowing ,bubbles 7,straw1 soapy water7 ,hollow straws several inches long may be used to blow tiny bubbles of soapy water in the absence of a clay pipe4 ,,sun ,,and ,,shadow ,blue-,prints 7,leaf1 blue-print paper1 running water1 small oblong of glass7 ,a package of blue-print paper can be bought at any photographic supply place for from #ae cents up1 or can be had in the sheet from an architect's supply store4 ,it must be carefully protected from the light till ready for use4 ,take a square of the paper and place upon it a leaf or flower or inconspicuous weed that makes a good shadow on the sidewalk or window sill4 ,place this in pleasing position upon the paper and put quickly in the bright sunshine1 holding it in place with the small pane of glass 7common picture glass will do74 ,leave exposed to the sun for about ten minutes1 then pour cold water over it for a moment or so1 and the shadow will be seen to be permanently fixed in light blue against a darker blue background4 ,an artist acquaintance has a hundred or more such prints of leaves1 plants and flowers beautifully mounted in a ,japanese blank-book1 the paper of which makes an exquisite background4 ,she finds these shadows of the flowers and commonest weeds suggestive in her designing4 ,shadow ,game 7,smooth fence in sunshine2 branch with leaves47 #a4 ,several children sit in row1 facing smooth board fence4 ,another group of children form their opponents4 ,of these one walks behind seated row in such a way that his profile is visible on fence4 ,seated children guess opponent from shadow cast4 #b4 ,one child casts on wall shadow of leafy branch4 ,opponents guess name of parent tree4 ,,chapter ,,iii ,,saved ,,from ,,the ,,scrap ,,basket or ,,work ,,with ,,scissors ,,and ,,paste ,what is known as free-hand cutting has been for some time recognized as of genuine educational value and is a source of great pleasure to the child when once he learns his capacity in this direction4 ,when he tries1 by means of paper and scissors1 to express an idea1 to illustrate some story1 or to indicate something that he has seen1 his notions of form and proportion become more definite and precise1 and he learns to express action with remarkable skill and power4 ,he learns to appreciate beauty of outline as seen in mountains and trees against a clear sky1 and to recognize such beauty as there may be in what artists know as the sky line1 when darkness deepens and the mammoth buildings of a city loom up black against the sunset heavens4 ,the definiteness of observation and skill with the hand acquired in this free cutting serves the child in many ways when in the school grades4 ,many an otherwise useless piece of paper may1 with the help of scissors1 give the child hours of pleasure4 ,but before he is able to use the scissors the child may receive pleasure and benefit from the use of paper alone4 ,,paper ,tearing ,paper 7,any bit of paper7 ,give the children small pieces of paper and let them try to tear these into simple definite shapes4 ,make a shoe1 stocking1 snowman1 tree1 ladder1 cat1 etc4 ,watch that they do not grow nervous in doing it4 ,after a little practice they will become surprisingly expert4 ,paste what they make on a good background to save and compare with later efforts4 ,this is a really educational occupation which involves absolutely no expense1 as any clean piece of paper may be so used4 ,will employ the child happily when traveling4 ,the very youngest children1 if they want to tear the newspaper1 may be asked to tear it into tiny pieces which brother and sister can use in playing hare and hounds4 ,cutting ,paper ,let the child begin the cutting by making a snowball out of white paper1 and then a snowman4 ,these need only crude outlines1 such as are within his capacity4 ,then lead him on1 little by little1 to cut a picture of the cat and of the dog1 and illustrations to his favorite stories1 as the ,three ,bears4 ,this is beloved in the kindergarten1 requiring1 as it does1 pictures of the chairs1 the bowls1 etc4 ,those who have not seen children do this kind of work will be surprised at the capacity developed4 ,if he is afraid to attempt the freehand work1 give the child pictures to cut around1 as simple outlines of a cat seated1 or a piece of fruit4 ,then encourage him to cut without the outline4 ,both efforts may run along together4 ,if a line be drawn1 be sure that it is heavy and distinct enough to be readily seen and followed4 ,birthday ,candles 7,red paper1 blank card1 colored ,firecrackers crayon7 ,out of red paper let the child cut six 7or any number desired7 narrow strips for red candles1 to represent birthday candles4 ,place in a row upon a white card1 to serve as place cards at a child's party4 ,draw a bit of yellow at end of each candle to hint at a flame4 ,the same may be turned into firecrackers for a ,fourth of ,july festival1 a line being drawn to suggest a fuse4 ,soldier-,caps 7,newspaper1 pins or paste7 ,take brown wrapping paper or newspaper and cut a square4 ,place before you and fold from back to front1 making an oblong4 ,while still folded make another fold by turning the left edge so that it exactly meets the right edge4 ,open this much out and there is a crease running from top to bottom4 ,now take the upper left hand corner and make it touch the bottom of this crease2 take the upper right hand corner and make it touch the lower end of this crease4 ,this gives a pointed cap1 still unfinished4 ,to finish cut a slit1 an inch deep1 up from each lower end of the cap and then fold a kind of hem up from the bottom and paste the ends over neatly4 ,turn the hat over and fold a similar hem on the other side4 ,turn in the corner and finish by pasting neatly4 ,plume for ,hat 7,paper as above1 scissors1 paste or pin7 ,take a strip of paper #f x #ab inches4 ,make a fringe or series of cuts in this about four inches long and #a_/b inch wide1 and then roll it up and attach to hat with paste or a pin4 ,epaulets for shoulder may be cut in similar way4 ,the cutting of these fringes gives practice in the use of scissors4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the articles whose making we will now describe do not come under the head of free-hand cutting1 as they usually require cutting according to measurement1 and really definite directions4 ,they are given in general in the order of difficulty in the making4 ,chains 7,scissors1 paper1 paste1 toothpick7 ,let the little child begin by cutting strips of some bright paper or smooth wrapping paper into lengths of #a_/b by #c inches4 ,make a ring of one of these1 putting a wee bit of paste on the under part of one end and sticking it fast to the other end by overlapping4 ,through this ring run another strip and paste into a similar ring1 and so make a long chain of them wherewith to decorate the child's small person or the room4 ,to make paste see page #afi4 ,it is well to have a small pomade box1 obtainable at a druggist's1 in which to keep the paste4 ,it can then be covered and kept moist until the next time for using4 ,but a little fresh mucilage or paste can at any time be put into a butter dish4 ,a toothpick will make a good paste-stick1 which the child can handle more easily than a brush4 ,show him that a tiny bit of paste will suffice and that more makes the pretty ring mussy4 ,if mother is sewing and the child restless and no bright colored paper convenient1 let the child cut strips of newspaper right at hand and make the rings4 ,his imagination will readily convert them into links of gold4 ,mask 7,paper of any color1 scissors1 chalk1 cord7 ,cut an oval out of paper 7or dress-lining7 and in it cut holes for eyes1 nose1 and mouth1 fitting first to the child's face to insure getting them in the right places4 ,put a hole in the middle of each side through which to tie the string which fastens it around over the head4 ,to add to the fun the mask may be colored with chalks4 ,newspaper ,wrappers 7,smooth brown wrapping paper1 pencil1 ruler7 ,take smooth pieces of brown wrapping paper4 ,cut oblongs #h x #ab inches4 ,from one narrow edge then measure an inch down on each side and make a dot4 ,make another dot at the middle of this same narrow side4 ,then draw a curve from dot to dot and cut along the line4 ,this makes the curved edge of the wrapper4 ,the curve may be cut free hand by a skilful hand1 or drawn with a compass4 ,put some mucilage all along the edge of the curved side about #a_/b inch wide and let dry4 ,make a dozen of these and give to father for a present1 all ready for use when he wants to mail a paper4 ,they can be made more complete by affixing a one-cent stamp on the right hand side where the curved edge begins4 ,papers for ,baking ,pans 7,brown paper1 scissors1 pencil7 ,give child paper and baking-pans1 and let him cut papers ready for your use when making cake4 ,let him do measuring4 ,book-,mark 7,fine white or tinted paper7 ,take a piece of dainty paper and cut into an oblong #a x #f inches4 ,fold lengthwise and cut a small triangle from each end so as to leave a point when opened out4 ,now cut a circle in the middle of the paper 7which is still folded7 and cut other shaped openings1 diamonds1 triangles1 etc41 along the fold1 #a_/b or #c_/d inches apart4 ,open and you have a simple openwork bookmark the little child can give father for birthday4 ,a little experiment will show how to secure variety and intricacy of design4 ,fringed ,bon-,bon ,papers 7,white tissue paper1 colored ink or water-color paints1 candy1 verse of poetry7 ,cut a sheet of tissue paper into little oblongs #d x #e inches4 ,dip each narrow end #c_/d of an inch into ink1 red1 green1 etc41 or into water-color paints1 and let dry4 ,then cut this colored margin into narrow slits1 making fringe4 ,copy some appropriate couplet on a narrow slip of paper and place it with a piece of candy inside the paper1 giving the fringed ends a final twist4 ,the making of these at home for some future occasion1 such as a birthday party1 will afford a happy hour's amusement4 ,paper ,money 7,white paper1 pencil1 scissors1 cent7 ,place the cent beneath the paper and then press on it with the bottom of the pencil1 rubbing at the same time with a circular motion4 ,soon the impression of the coin will appear on the paper4 ,cut out and use in playing store4 ,snowflakes 7,white paper1 mucilage1 a ten-cent box of mica crystals or five cents' worth of alum powder7 ,a six-pointed star must first be made of white paper4 ,to make this take piece of the paper from #c to #f inches square1 according to the size of the star4 ,fold the paper once and cut an approximate half circle4 ,then fold this in thirds1 pressing the folds to make creases4 ,if opened out the circle would be marked by six equi-distant creases radiating from the centre4 ,do not1 however1 open1 for you are now ready to cut4 ,before doing this1 observe if possible some real snowflakes1 with microscope or magnifying glass1 or even with the naked eye4 ,notice the form and hexagonal structure4 ,this is seen best if the flake is caught on some woolen fabric4 ,then look into an unabridged dictionary and study the picture of the magnified snowflake crystal4 ,then cut tiny triangles1 circles1 etc41 into your folded circle so that when opened out it will suggest an enlarged snowflake with its six varied points4 ,a delicate appearance is secured by cutting delicate tapering points1 or1 if the points be broad1 cut holes in them to give a lacey effect4 ,we do not give more definite directions for cutting1 as the great fascination of the occupation consists in the experiments with their many surprises4 7#a7 ,now take the paper snowflake and brush it lightly over with a thin1 transparent mucilage1 and then sift over it some mica crystals obtainable at a toy-store1 one box being sufficient for many flakes4 ,after drying1 cover the other side in the same way4 ,suspended from the ,christmas tree1 these are very effective4 7#b7 ,the flakes can be made in another way1 thus3 ,make a solution of alum water1 dissolving five cents' worth of alum in a pint of water4 ,be sure it is all dissolved4 ,then put the flakes in a shallow dish 7granite ware or some material that the acid will not injure74 ,cover with the solution and put in a place slightly warm1 so that the gradual evaporation of the water will help in the slow formation of the crystals4 ,when finally evaporated the lacey cut-out will be found covered with alum crystals4 ,cover during evaporation with some light protection from the dust4 ,tailless ,kite 7,two sticks1 #c-a_/b feet long and #a_/b inch wide1 a ball of strong but thin twine1 two pieces tissue paper1 knife1 flour paste7 ,get the sticks from the saw-mill4 ,cut a notch in the two ends of each stick as a catch for the framework of twine which will be put on later4 ,on one stick make a pencil mark about seven inches from the top4 ,put the middle of the second stick across the first at this mark and bind the two together firmly at right angles to each other4 ,you now have a skeleton in the form of a cross4 ,number the ends of the sticks #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 making the top #a1 the right hand end #b1 the bottom #c1 and the left hand #d1 and the place where they join #e4 ,now bend the second stick 7the cross piece7 into a bow and tie a piece of twine from end to end like a bow-string4 ,you must get the curve of the bow just right1 so that the distance from the middle of the bow-string to the joinings of the sticks is the same as from the joinings of the sticks to the top of the main stick1 i4 e41 seven inches4 ,now carry twine all around1 from end to end of the skeleton1 to make a framework for the paper2 put this twine through each notch and around the end of the stick several times to strengthen4 ,now paste together1 end to end1 lengthwise1 the two pieces of paper1 to make one long piece 7a single piece is not large enough74 ,place the paper on the floor or broad table1 and lay the frame upon it4 ,the paper will not be as long or wide in all places as the framework1 hence1 fold it over the twine framework experimentally1 and cut off in places where it is too wide4 ,allow enough for secure pasting4 ,use the cut-off corners to lengthen in other places where necessary1 by pasting on4 ,if two colors of paper are taken1 the effect is very pretty1 the corners being arranged to match each other4 ,the best paste is made by a judicious mixture of ordinary flour and water4 ,now the belly-band must be tied on1 as the flying string is attached to the belly-band4 ,the belly-band is attached on the outside or convex side of the kite1 being attached at #e where the two sticks join2 and at #c4 ,it must be just as long as the distance from #e to #b added to the distance from #b to #c4 ,when tied at both ends put your pencil through the loop and move it so that the pencil rests upon the figure #b4 ,the cord will then make an angle coinciding with #e-b and #b-c4 ,at the angle #b1 attach the belly-band4 ,in flying the kite it is important to have a very long flying-string4 ,,cardboard ,,or ,,bristol ,,board ,go-,bang ,board 7,bristol board1 ruler1 ink1 pen1 button-molds1 water-color paints or colored inks7 ,get a piece of bristol board or clean cardboard at stationer's and cut it #ah inches square4 ,divide by straight lines into small squares #c_/d inches each way4 ,to draw the straight lines in ink turn the ruler upside down and run the penholder against the edge1 which is a little raised from the paper4 ,this keeps the ink from blotting4 ,four is the smallest number that can play with much success1 and each should have about a dozen counters4 ,these can be made of the smallest sized button-molds1 each set of #ab painted a different color1 or distinguished by a ring of a particular color drawn upon its upper surface with ink or paint4 ,small flat buttons may also be used4 ,to win the game each player must succeed in getting a certain number of counters 7number previously agreed upon71 say four1 five or six1 in a straight row1 either horizontally1 vertically or obliquely4 ,if he gets three in a row1 then the next player should stop this opponent's progress at one end of the line by putting one of his own men there1 and must depend upon his neighbor to close the other end of the line4 ,one player must not give warning to another of the prospective success of a third4 ,each must keep a lookout on his own account4 ,checker-,board 7,bristol board or any stiff1 smooth cardboard1 smooth1 glazed paper of two colors1 red and black1 paste1 scissors1 ruler7 ,cut from the cardboard a square of #ae inches4 ,draw a line parallel to each side one inch from the edge for a border4 ,from each colored sheet of paper cut #cb squares of #a-c_/d inches each4 ,paste eight of these in a row1 alternating colors1 and arranging so that they just touch the top border line4 ,make eight such rows1 one beneath the other1 and finally giving #fd squares4 ,for checkers1 button-molds of small size may be used4 ,twelve will be needed of one color and twelve of another4 ,paint these with water-colors4 ,flat porcelain buttons may also be used4 ,toy ,screen 7,tinted cardboard1 punch1 worsted or ribbon1 #d small pictures7 ,cut four pieces of pale blue ,bristol board #c x #d inches4 ,punch two holes in the two long sides of two of these1 and in one side of each of the remaining ones4 ,tie the four panels together with the ribbon or worsted so as to make a tiny screen1 first pasting on each panel a miniature picture of a ,madonna and ,child or some other similar subject4 ,suitable for child to give as ,christmas gift4 ,must be done neatly4 ,fan 7,bristol board1 pencil1 worsted1 two slats1 scrap picture7 ,cut two pieces of tinted ,bristol board into ovals1 #f-c_/d x #h inches4 ,make a series of pencil dots #a_/d inch from edge of oval and one inch apart4 ,through these1 holding the ovals together1 punch holes4 ,sew together with worsted1 using the overhand stitch4 ,having gone around once1 if cross-stitch effect is desired1 go around again the other way1 going thus through each hole a second time4 ,for handles take two long slats and glue on to each side of the fan from the centre down to the point of the oval1 and beyond4 ,paste a pretty scrap picture over the centre to finish off4 ,tie the worsted around the ends of slats in a pretty knot to hold them together4 ,baby ribbon may be used instead of worsted4 ,cardboard ,animals 7,glue1 blocks or spools1 picture-books1 cardboard1 tissue paper7 ,find models in picture-books1 or get from ,butterick ,fashion ,co4 their animal pictures1 or same may be had from kindergarten supply stores4 ,trace outline upon tissue paper1 using soft pencil4 ,turn paper over on cardboard and trace firmly again around the outline4 ,this leaves impression of picture4 ,cut it out and glue it to block or spool1 or attach a cardboard brace to one side to make stand4 ,candlesticks 7,squares of bright tissue paper1 ,bristol board1 rubber bands7 ,cut circle of stiff cardboard #e inches in diameter4 ,draw upon it two diameters at right angles to each other4 ,from the centre cut along each of these diameters for a little less than half an inch4 ,bend up the corners thus made and insert a candle4 ,cut pieces of tissue paper #ab inches square2 place the circle holding the candle upon the tissue paper1 fold the latter around the circle and the candle1 and put a rubber band around to hold in place4 ,the appearance is improved if two colors of tissue paper be used4 ,the effect up and down a table of these simple candlesticks is most festive4 ,colors may be changed to suit special occasions4 ,chinese ,toy 7,three thin pieces of cardboard #b x #b-a_/b inches in measurement visiting cards will do1 #f lengths of taffeta binding or baby ribbon1 #a_/d inch wide x #c inches long7 ,the following toy can be made with little expense and very little trouble if directions are followed explicitly4 ,it may be well to have an older child read each statement as the less experienced one tries to follow4 ,a child who enjoys attempting things that are a little difficult will enjoy working this out4 ,place the three cards one beneath the other1 narrow sides facing each other4 ,letter the cards respectively ,a1 ,b1 ,c4 ,illustration3 ,chinese ,toy4 ,as they lie on the table1 write on upper side of each card right1 and on the under side write wrong4 ,then place each card so that the right side is up4 ,take card ,a and on right side at middle of top place figure #a and at each lower corner place a figure #b4 ,do the same with ,card ,b4 ,turn ,b card over and on wrong side of ,b put figure #c at each upper corner and figure #d at middle of lower edge4 ,do same with card ,c on wrong side4 ,now we are ready to unite the cards by the ribbons4 ,take one strip of ribbon and paste one end on right side of card ,a at figure #a4 ,run it beneath the card and bring it out so as to paste the other end on the right side of card ,b at figure #a4 ,take two strips4 ,paste one end of each at #b on card ,a4 ,run beneath card ,b and turn up over so as to paste on figure #b of card ,b4 ,a and ,b are thus loosely united and the toy may be considered finished1 but it is more mysterious if made longer1 as follows3 ,turn over and at each figure #c on card ,b paste the ends of two strips of ribbon4 7,as ribbons already placed are loose this can be readily done47 ,run beneath ,b and bring up so as to paste the ends on each figure #c of card ,c4 ,take another strip4 ,paste the end on #d of card ,b4 ,run ribbon beneath card ,c and turn up so as to paste on figure #d of card ,c4 ,this completes set of three4 ,others can be added ad infinitum by ingenious children4 ,to operate 7if the word be not too pretentious a one in this connection7 take hold of one of the cards at either end and keep turning it up and down so that first one narrow edge and then the other is uppermost4 ,the remaining cards should fall in a continuous cascade4 ,the rough sides may be finished by pasting on each a pretty paper lining cut just to fit4 7,see illustration47 ,,miscellaneous ,chinese ,kite 7,kindergarten slats1 paper1 glue7 ,take a firm1 light paper 7druggist's paper will do74 ,cut two oblongs1 #g x #aj inches4 ,cut off all the corners by an oblique line of three inches4 ,fold each oblong lengthwise4 ,place the folded edges back to back1 still folded4 ,take two slats and place one under one oblong and over the other1 horizontally4 ,do the same with the other slat1 but reversing the under and over positions4 ,take four strips of paper1 which should be about one inch wide4 ,paste two strips over the splints1 one on each side1 to hold them in place4 ,place a third strip from top to bottom of the folded oblongs to hold them together4 7,they meanwhile lying back to back47 ,turn the oblongs over and place the remaining strip in corresponding position4 ,the result is a four-winged kite4 ,tie a cord around the slats and it is finished4 ,ash-,tray 7,cigar bands1 glass saucer1 photographer's paste1 square of felt7 ,for some time past children who are under the sway of the collecting instinct have acquired from friends or by purchase the bright colored bands that come around cigars and then have utilized them thus3 ,make an ash receiver by getting at a stationer's a glass dish and its accompanying piece of felt4 ,paste bands in pleasing positions upon the under side of the glass4 7,photographer's paste shows no discoloration47 ,meanwhile1 the felt should have been thoroughly wet1 stretched to fit the under side of the dish1 and hung up to dry4 ,when dry1 paste upon the under side of the dish and trim off neatly the projecting corners4 ,pen-,tray 7,materials same as above1 except that stamps or embossed letter-heads are substituted for cigar bands7 ,there are many who do not wish to encourage smoking1 and to such we suggest a pleasing modification of the above4 ,buy the glass dish and felt above mentioned1 and instead of the bands paste upon the dish canceled postage stamps or letter-head monograms1 etc41 for a pen-tray4 ,a smooth glass saucer and any piece of bright-colored felt that may be in the house may of course be used4 ,scrap-,book 7,colored paper-muslin1 heavy sewing silk or worsted1 paste1 paste-stick7 ,cut paper-muslin of pretty colors1 pink1 blue or tan1 into pieces #h x #ac inches 7six pieces in all74 ,fold each one over once and fit together to make a book1 the cover being of a color different from the body of the book4 ,sew all together by overcasting the back with stitches #a_/b inch apart in one direction1 and then going back in the opposite direction through the same holes1 thus securing a cross-stitch effect4 ,show the child how to paste scrap-pictures neatly in this book4 ,he may keep it for himself or give it to the children's ward in a hospital or to some younger friend4 ,a very little paste or glue will suffice2 a bit in the centre and towards the corners of a picture4 ,if the child has collected a large assortment of cards before beginning to make the book1 let him classify them1 putting together on one page animals1 on another plants1 on another pictures typical of the different seasons1 etc4 ,he may in this way suggest a house1 putting on one page kitchen furniture arranged in some logical order2 on another page the furnishings of bedroom1 etc4 ,pictures for this purpose may be cut from magazine advertisements1 trade journals1 etc4 ,in the same fashion a store may be furnished with articles for sale1 the counter1 scales1 and desk4 ,this gives practice in selecting and arranging4 ,good taste may be inculcated even from such small beginnings4 ,,chapter ,,iv ,,the ,,sewing-,,basket ,while busy with thread and needle1 the mother may find it necessary to suggest some happy employment for the little one who asks for something to do4 ,what do the contents of the sewing-basket hint8 ,,buttons ,spinning ,button 7,button1 thread7 ,show the child a button strung upon a strong thread about #ab inches long4 ,then hold the thread firmly between thumb and finger of each hand and twirl it rapidly1 drawing it suddenly taut4 ,the button whirls round1 making a pretty spinning figure4 ,stringing ,buttons 7,buttons1 waxed thread7 ,if baby is so old that he is not tempted to swallow a pretty button1 give him a strong thread waxed at the end to make it stiff1 and let him make a chain of buttons4 ,they may be strung according to size or color or shape1 giving practice in counting1 in arrangement1 and in choice4 ,buttons as ,counters 7,buttons7 ,save disused buttons of the same kind and let the child classify into two or more sets to be used as counters in games like checkers or go-bang4 ,see page #fb4 ,button-,mold ,wheels 7,molds1 brush1 water-color paints7 ,give the child four wooden button-molds of the same size and let him paint spokes upon them so that they will be ready any time to use as wheels for a toy wagon4 ,call him a little wheelwright4 ,button-,mold ,tops 7,molds1 match or toothpick1 gilding or paint7 ,paint or gild a button-mold and then stick through the hole a toothpick or burnt match whittled to right size and show the child how to spin it4 ,button-,mold ,counters 7,see page #fb7 ,,spools ,toy ,furniture 7,see page #ae7 ,toy ,tree ,boxes 7,spools1 green paint1 matches1 green paper1 scissors1 paste7 ,let the child paint an empty spool green1 to be used as a tree box4 ,insert a burnt match to which has been pasted some green paper1 previously fringed1 to represent foliage4 ,the child can make a row of such trees as a little boulevard up which he can draw an empty match box for a carriage4 ,spool ,tower ,target 7,a number of spools1 ball7 ,pile a number of spools one on top of another and let the child try to knock them down with his ball4 ,toy ,road ,roller 7,spool1 cord1 toy horse7 ,tie a cord through a spool and hitch it as a road roller to the ,noah's ,ark horse4 ,pulley ,elevator 7,narrow cardboard box1 such as a corset box or shorter one1 spool1 cord1 another small box1 either saved or made1 narrow enough to fit inside the larger one1 skewer7 ,stand the large box on its narrow end and near the top punch a hole on each side so that the holes are opposite to each other4 ,take a spool and run through it an axle made of a slender piece of wood like a skewer4 ,then put the ends of the axle in the holes in the box4 ,this makes the pulley4 ,use the smaller box as an elevator4 ,tie a string to this little box in such a way that you can hold it up evenly4 ,to do this you must punch a hole in each of the opposite sides4 ,then tie one end of a longer string to the middle of the first named1 and put the other end over the pulley4 ,revolve the spool by pulling one end of the string and the box will be raised4 ,matching ,colors 7,spools of silk or cotton of various colors1 silk and cotton fabrics of different colors7 ,have a color game1 asking the child to try to match the colors on the spools with those in the fabrics4 ,,needles ,breastpins 7,broken needles1 sealing wax1 candle7 ,take a large broken needle1 such that it is intact except for the eye4 ,show the child how to make a pretty pin for dolly by melting the wax a little in the candle flame1 inserting the head of the needle1 and molding into shape the bit of wax that adheres4 ,threading ,needles 7,needles1 thread7 ,if eager to do something1 give the child a number of needles with thread of white and black1 and let him thread them and put them into a cushion so that they will be all ready for your use some morning when you are in a hurry to sew on a button or take a stitch in ,tommy's little shirt4 ,,miscellaneous ,thimble ,biscuits 7,see page #ajd7 ,drawing ,scissors 7,scissors1 paper1 pencil7 ,give the child scissors and paper and let him place the scissors on the paper and draw the outline around them4 ,then tell him to cut out this outline4 ,make several such and play at keeping cutlery store4 ,draw scissors open at different angles and tell names of angles2 right1 acute1 obtuse4 ,guessing ,distances 7,ruler or tape measure7 ,let the children guess the height and length of various objects in the room4 ,verify by measuring with the tape-measure4 ,tell them of ,oliver ,wendell ,holmes1 the great poet1 who1 whenever he drove into the country1 carried a tape-measure with which to determine the girth of any large tree he saw4 ,let children measure the size of the panes of glass1 window-frames1 etc42 have them tell how many feet it would take to carpet the floor4 ,tell them to put father's hat on the floor1 near the wall1 and guess its height4 ,such little exercises develop the powers of accurate observation in a way that may prove very helpful in an emergency4 ,,chapter ,v ,,the ,,paint ,,box or ,,expression ,,with ,,pencil ,,or ,,brush ,let the child early be given charcoal or colored chalks1 and later the three pigments--red1 blue and yellow--wherewith to express his ideas4 ,allow him some choice in the medium he uses--as pencil1 charcoal or brush--as one may be best suited to his purpose one time1 and another one at another time4 ,encourage the child to tell a story by painting or drawing4 ,the earliest graphic method by which man conveyed messages to one at a distance was through picture-writing4 ,,learning ,,to ,,observe ,painting ,from the ,real ,object 7,paints1 chalk or charcoal7 ,place before the child an apple1 banana or flower of simple form and let him copy directly from the object without previous drawing4 ,encourage his efforts1 however crude the results at first4 ,it is more educative to draw from the real object than from a copy4 ,give him at first three colors only1 in paints1 till he learns how to get other colors by mixing these4 ,for this purpose point out beautiful sunsets and cloud effects in ,nature4 ,life ,stages of ,seedling 7,paper1 paints1 seedling7 ,place before the child a bean or pea4 ,give him an oblong of paper #c x #h inches4 ,fold it into four parts4 ,in the first let him draw or paint the seed as he sees it4 ,then let him plant the seed4 ,in a day or so let him paint a picture of the seedling1 after having grown so as to show the development of the seed leaves4 ,draw two other pictures to show later stages of growth4 ,this gives a picture history of the little plant and while so occupied the child is learning to observe and note that which he sees4 ,,acquiring ,,skill ,calendars 7,water-colors1 brush1 paper1 calendar pad7 ,draw circles1 squares1 etc41 and let the child fill in the outlines with color4 ,a tiny calendar may be pasted in the center and ribbons put through wherewith to hang it up4 ,in filling in these figures show the child how to hold the brush lightly so as to secure freedom of stroke4 ,let him make long strokes beginning at the top of the paper and moving from side to side slowly downward1 or rather as rapidly as is consistent with neatness4 ,have enough water on the brush so that the color will not dry from one long stroke before you are able to go back and carry it on to the next stroke4 ,practice making a clean1 smooth surface4 ,nature ,pictures ,let the child fill one sheet thus with blue1 a picture of the sky4 ,another sheet may be covered with green1 a meadow4 ,still another sheet may have the upper part blue and the lower green4 ,,experiments ,,with ,,color ,prism 7,secure glass prism from kindergarten store or from some candelabra you may have at home7 ,place in sunlight and let child observe colors and the order in which they appear2 always in the same order--the cold colors at one end1 the warm ones at the other4 ,let the little child try to catch and hold the lovely light-bird4 ,pigments 7,water-color paints1 glasses of water7 ,dissolve a little red1 yellow and blue paint in three separate glasses4 ,then1 by mingling these--the primary colors--show how the secondary colors--orange1 green and violet--may be obtained4 ,transparent ,papers ,get at a kindergarten store the transparent papers and isinglass used in color work4 ,by overlapping one upon another different hues may be obtained4 ,this may be done also1 though less effectively1 with colored tissue papers2 but these are not so pure in tone4 ,color-,top ,color tops may be procured at kindergarten stores4 ,with the top come paper circles1 of standard colors1 with their tints and shades1 giving a great variety4 ,these are so slit that by placing two or more on the top according to directions and revolving the top1 any tint or hue may be mathematically produced4 ,if the child has made his own button-mold top1 let him cut circles of white paper and slip them over the axis of the top4 ,make a dab of color here or there on the paper with paint or chalk4 ,whirl around and observe the effect4 ,this will lead up to a better understanding of the above-mentioned color-top which is manufactured by the ,milton ,bradley ,co4 ,,applied ,,art ,toy ,wagons and ,houses ,if the child has made wagons or houses of wood or cardboard1 let him paint them in broad1 free strokes4 ,it is desirable that the little child be given work which involves the free movement of the larger muscles which such work demands4 ,this may not appeal to one as belonging under the head of art1 but we learn from ,mr4 ,pennell that in ,sicily the wagons of the peasants are beautifully decorated with landscapes and other pictures1 and that the artists are particular to make their names conspicuous4 ,in any case a certain artistic feeling is required in choosing the colors and rightly applying them even in house-painting and wagon decoration4 ,and meanwhile the child is learning how to wield his instruments4 ,place ,cards ,take a clover leaf and practice painting from it until able to make a copy good enough to paint upon a place card for the table4 ,if the drawing be correct1 just a flat wash of color will do for the painting at first4 ,an autumn leaf will do for a ,thanksgiving card4 ,see ,festival ,occasions for other ideas4 ,tops ,if a button-mold top has been made1 it may be painted in concentric rings or the entire surface may be neatly colored4 ,match-,safe ,this has been described upon page #cd4 ,designs for ,rugs 7,paper1 brown or white1 paints or chalk7 ,let child draw or paint design for toy rug he is making for doll-house4 ,he may make an oblong of one color1 and at each end draw lines across1 which are to be woven in another color4 ,there may be one line at each end1 or two1 or three1 etc4 ,the arrangement of these lines and their distance apart allow much scope for taste and judgment4 ,designs for ,wall-,papers1 ,oilcloths1 ,etc4 7,parquetry papers1 paste1 etc47 #a4 ,have child observe oilcloth designs and then with kindergarten parquetry papers try to make similar ones for doll-house4 #b4 ,having made pasted designs1 let him copy same in water-colors4 ,design for ,stained ,glass ,window 7,transparent paper1 scissors1 white paper1 paste7 ,cut a circle out of the white paper4 ,fold it once1 which gives a half-circle2 fold again1 which gives a quarter-circle4 ,holding it folded1 cut several ellipses1 triangles1 etc41 into the folded edges4 ,open out and you have framework of a rose-window4 ,on the back of this paste a piece of transparent paper 7see page #ge71 red or green or yellow1 and let the light shine through4 ,hang in window for transparency4 ,suitable for ,easter gift4 ,vary by cutting like cathedral windows4 7,see illustrations in dictionary under ,tracery47 ,,picture-,,story ,chased by a ,goose 7,pencil1 paper7 ,once some boys lived in a house 7make a dot7 surrounded by a strong fence 7draw circle round the dot74 ,a short distance off was a large pond 7an oval1 a little below and to the right of the circle74 ,one day the boys ran down to the pond 7draw curved line from house to pond7 and began to splash in the water and to throw it at each other 7a number of oblique lines from right hand end of pond74 ,some distance off lived some ,indians in two wigwams 7two oblique lines meeting at the top and next to them a similar pair1 like two tents1 just below the pond74 ,when the ,indians saw the boys throwing the water out they began to chase the boys1 running up a zigzag path 7from each tent draw an oblique line to the right for a short distance and then turn to the left till it meets the pond74 ,the boys ran as fast as they could up a winding path parallel to the one they ran down 7draw curving line parallel to first one71 and then ran to the left partly around the fence surrounding the house4 ,they had to run around the barn1 too 7an oblique line to the left and then another to the right till it meets the circle again71 and when they looked behind them they found they had been chased by a goose666 ,illustration3 ,chased by a ,goose ,a little practice will make this easy for the story teller4 ,the original dot and circle form the head and eye of the goose4 ,the curving path is the neck4 ,the water splashing out makes the tail feathers4 ,the wigwams and the zigzag path form the legs and feet1 and the path around the barn makes the bill4 ,,chapter ,,vi ,,dolls ,,and ,,doll-,,houses ,what little girl does not love a doll8 ,the more variety in their size and style the better pleased is she4 ,below are a number of suggestions for simple home-made dollies that may be prepared as a birthday or other surprise by older brothers or sisters4 ,a ,,few ,,dolls #a4 ,clay-,pipe ,doll ,ink in the eyes1 nose and mouth on the back of the bowl of a pipe2 dress in calico gown and apron1 and put on a sunbonnet to conceal the top of the pipe4 #b4 ,clothespin ,doll ,ink features upon the head of the clothespin and clothe as either boy or girl4 #c4 ,wishbone ,doll 7,wishbone1 sealing-wax1 material for trousers7 ,clothe the two limbs in trousers and ink in the features upon the flat joining bone4 ,feet may be made of sealing wax melted1 pressed into shape and attached while still warm4 #d4 ,peanut ,doll 7,peanuts1 sewing-silk1 glue1 thread and needle1 silk for dress7 ,make into ,chinese doll4 ,take one peanut and ink in the features1 making the eyes slanting4 ,glue on a queue of braided silk4 ,string together several peanuts to make the body4 ,to the upper one add on each side one or two as arms and string several together to make legs4 ,dress in wide-sleeved jacket and wide-legged trousers of ,oriental design4 #e4 ,yarn ,doll 7,skein of white cotton yarn7 ,cut the skein into lengths of #ab inches4 ,double the skein over in the middle and tie a string tight around about two inches from the top1 forming a neck and so making the head4 ,tie another string further down for a waist line1 but leave out a few threads on each side1 of which to make two arms4 ,tie these near the ends to indicate wrists4 ,before tying the wrists cut the threads to right lengths for arms4 ,the features may be put in with ink4 #f4 ,cork ,doll 7#af or more corks saved from olive bottles1 etc41 smooth wire or hairpins--three in number7 ,string several corks upon the wire or hairpin for head and body4 ,through the second cork from the top run a hairpin sideways for arms1 and fasten two corks upon each projecting end1 cutting off any of the wire that may extend beyond the cork4 ,through the lower cork of the body run another hairpin and fasten two corks upon it for legs4 ,turn the end corks sideways to suggest feet4 ,dress the doll as desired4 #g4 ,paper ,doll 7,fashion papers and catalogues1 scissors1 paint1 paste7 ,most little girls find great pleasure in making their own paper dollies and the garments therefor4 ,fashion papers and catalogues afford many dolls for cutting out1 and tissue paper1 crinkled paper1 the lace paper found in candy boxes1 etc41 form the raw material for beautiful ,parisian gowns4 ,dolls may of course be cut out of white paper and beautiful countenances painted upon them1 or holes may be cut in the head for eyes1 nose and mouth4 #h4 ,rag ,doll 7,white cotton cloth1 cotton batting1 paints1 scissors1 needle1 thread1 water-color paints or blueing and red ink1 raveled rope1 etc47 ,cut a large newspaper pattern of a doll4 ,then double the cloth1 pin the pattern upon it and cut the two sides for the doll4 ,run neatly around with close stitches1 beginning at the neck1 and when nearly finished turn inside out1 stuff with the cotton batting1 and sew up the head4 ,paint in the features or use blueing for eyes and red ink for mouth and cheeks4 ,ravelings of rope will make silky hair1 and fingers may be indicated by stitches4 ,,some ,,doll-,,houses #a4 ,cigar-,box ,house 7,small cigar-box1 paste1 scissors1 pictures1 etc47 ,a cigar-box1 small as it is1 will give great delight to a child who is aided in furnishing a little room4 ,stand the box up on the long side4 ,paper with wall paper of a small design4 ,then furnish with things made by the child himself2 pictures cut from catalogues1 and other accessories as described below4 #b4 ,pasteboard-,box ,house 7,four pasteboard boxes1 glue1 paint7 ,select four strong pasteboard boxes of uniform size4 ,boxes such as the ,martha ,washington ,candles are packed in will do4 ,they measure #g x #aa inches4 ,lay aside the covers and remove any paper which may be attached to the inside of the box4 ,spread a thick paste of ,spaulding's glue or furniture glue over the surface of one side of a box4 ,fit one side of a second to this glued surface and put aside to dry4 ,the third and fourth boxes are treated in the same manner4 ,when securely glued in pairs place the boxes with open sides facing you4 ,cover upper outside surface of one pair of boxes with a thick coating of glue and set the second pair on top of these in the same position4 ,now1 one has a pasteboard house of four rooms--two upstairs and two downstairs4 ,when securely fastened together cut in the partition separating the two upper rooms a door four inches high and three wide4 ,two windows measuring #c x #d inches1 two inches from floor1 may be cut in the back of the house4 ,the same treatment may be given the rooms downstairs4 ,one may arrange a kitchen and dining-room downstairs and a parlor and bedroom upstairs4 ,oil paints1 such as are used in painting furniture1 which come already mixed in small cans1 may be used for painting the exterior of the house4 ,in using this paint it is well to remember always to put sufficient paint on the brush to cover the entire surface of the wall of the house1 from edge to edge1 without lifting the brush4 ,a strict observance of this rule insures a neatly painted surface4 ,if desired1 one may use yellow1 green1 or any light color for the interior4 ,remnants of cartridge paper or paper decorated in small designs can often be obtained of paper-hangers for a small sum4 ,it may be fastened to the floor to serve as a large rug4 #c4 ,soap-,box ,house 7,three wooden soap-boxes1 nails1 saw1 paint7 ,take three soap-boxes1 wooden4 ,remove the covers from two and place one upon the other to make a two-story house4 ,put in partitions thus3 ,take a thin piece of board 7from a smaller box71 saw to needed height and depth and nail it in place by driving nails from above1 below or the side1 as the case may require4 ,a stiff piece of cardboard 7taken from a large box7 may be made to serve as partition4 ,if cut to the right size the pressure from top and bottom will hold in place4 ,by taking two small boxes for the upper floor instead of one large one the space which would be naturally left between can be made into a hallway4 ,stairs may then be made of stiff cardboard1 folded into steps1 with a strip of obliquely-cut paper pasted along the edges of the steps to keep them in place4 ,if windows and doorways are desired they must be cut or sawed in after being drawn where desired in pencil4 ,the third box is for the gable roof4 ,it is to be placed on top of the upper floor so that its sides slant for the roof4 ,put in place and then mark off all that needs to be sawed away4 ,when ready to be fixed permanently put in place and nail through4 ,the furnishing of the little house gives much scope for ingenuity and invention as well as for the exercise of good sense and good taste4 ,the exterior of the house can be painted with house paint1 and this gives occasion for the broad use of the larger muscles1 and physiologists tell us that the little child should exercise the larger muscles and nerves while the finer ones are still undeveloped4 ,tiling 7,corrugated packing cardboard1 tacks1 hammer7 ,the roof may be given a tiled effect by covering with corrugated packing cardboard saved from packages4 ,tack this on4 ,papering #a4 ,paper with wall-paper4 ,scraps of it may be saved when the home is being papered4 #b4 ,oil-cloth effects may be obtained by pasting on floors or walls designs made with the kindergarten parquetry papers4 7,see page #afh47 #c4 ,friezes may be made in the same way by using circles and squares in rows1 alternately or successively4 ,,doll ,,furniture #a4 ,cork4 7,see page #cg47 #b4 ,block 7,blocks of wood or kindergarten blocks1 cubes and oblongs7 ,glue these blocks together1 three cubes making a little chair1 and cubes and oblongs making a bed or sofa4 ,get the carpenter to saw a number of blocks of different shapes and sizes and let the child use his invention in putting them together4 ,the furniture may be painted or gilded4 #c4 ,paper or ,cardboard ,take a piece of paper #a x #b inches4 ,fold crosswise4 ,make a dot #a_/d inch from the folded edge and #a_/h inch from right hand edge4 ,make dot #a_/d inch from fold and #a_/h inch from left hand edge4 ,from open edges opposite fold make two parallel cuts to these dots4 ,these cuts make the four legs4 ,when opened out a table is seen with two extensions for drop-leaf4 ,cut one of these extensions off and a chair is made4 ,if the original paper is longer and wider it can be made into a bed1 what were the leaves of the table being bent up into the head and foot of the bed4 ,an ingenious child can vary and elaborate this furniture ad infinitum4 ,the backs can be cut into fancy form and arms given to chairs and sofa4 ,use one of these paper chairs for a model1 place on cardboard and draw around the outline and so obtain a stiffer bit of furniture4 ,rockers can be drawn1 added to the feet1 and cut out1 thus making a rocking chair4 ,,special ,,articles ,,of ,,furniture ,pictures and ,clocks 7,trade journals1 scissors7 ,cut from trade journals and attach to walls4 ,lamp 7,twist spool1 toothpick1 half egg-shell1 wax7 ,paste a bit of paper on top and bottom of twist spool4 ,through this stick a toothpick1 which the paper should hold firmly4 ,upon the top of the toothpick fasten a half egg-shell for a globe with bit of wax or glue4 ,stove 7,cardboard1 black ink or paint7 ,make oblong box of cardboard4 ,turn upside down and cut openings for top of stove4 ,make a small hole in the back of the stove and insert in it a piece of paper rolled into a stove-pipe and pasted4 ,cut openings in front for the grate and ovens1 leaving a door for the latter4 ,ink or paint black4 ,windows 7,thin white paper1 oil1 glue7 ,brush a piece of white paper over with ordinary machine oil1 or olive oil1 or dip it in the oil and when dry glue in for windows1 telling the children that not very long ago that was the only way in which light was admitted to many houses before glass became so common4 ,isinglass may also be put in for windows4 ,doll's ,bedstead 7,cigar-box1 glue1 gilt-headed tacks7 ,saw the cover of box into two pieces1 one for the head and one for the foot4 ,fasten in place to the box with the decorative tacks4 ,legs may be attached if desired4 ,curtains 7,cheesecloth or lace1 needle1 thread7 ,cut small squares of cheesecloth and let the child hem and put in windows for curtains4 ,do not insist on very fine sewing for beginners4 ,curtains may be edged with lace1 or the entire curtain may be made of lace1 tacked or glued to inside of window4 ,telephone 7,two spools1 nail1 tin mucilage top1 string1 small flat block7 ,take a flat piece of wood about two inches square4 ,glue to it the flat end of small spool4 ,that is the 'phone4 ,another spool is the receiver hanging1 when not in use1 upon a nail driven into the wood4 ,the mucilage top has the slot into which to drop the imaginary nickel4 ,,miscellaneous ,grocery ,store 7,wooden soap-box1 small cardboard box1 scales1 toy barrels1 tiny pill boxes1 sand1 pebbles1 etc47 ,a small wooden box makes the store4 ,a smaller cardboard box turned upside down will make the counter1 or small pieces of wood can be nailed together by the little amateur carpenter4 ,buy toy scales or make some as described below4 ,small barrels can be obtained at toy store or little bottles and boxes can be filled with small quantities of tea and sugar1 with tiny bags of pebbles for potatoes1 apples1 etc4 ,cranberries make acceptable play apples4 ,corn and nuts also will find places4 ,tacks can be hammered in on which to hang tiny brooms1 and by hammering in two long nails and laying a narrow board upon them a shelf can be made for the canned vegetables4 ,let the children make their own brown paper bags1 looking at a real one for a model4 ,scales 7,two small square cardboard boxes1 made or bought1 twine1 skewer or other slender stick of wood or metal7 ,in each of the four sides of a box make a small hole near the top4 ,take two pieces of twine each four times the width of the box4 ,tie one of these through two opposite holes of the box and the other piece through the two other holes1 being sure that the strings when tied are of equal length4 ,these two strings cross each other4 ,in the middle1 exactly where they cross1 tie one end of a string three inches long4 ,raise the box by this string and it should hang exactly true4 ,arrange the other box in the same way4 ,now take the skewer and exactly in the middle tie a string of three inches4 ,to the ends of the stick tie the ends of the twine already tied to the boxes4 ,raise the skewer by this string and the boxes should hang evenly1 like scales4 ,if they do not1 slide one or the other back and forth until they do balance4 ,use in the toy grocery store4 ,playing store is always a fine opportunity for indicating lessons of honesty in business4 ,train the child to give fair weight and measure1 even in play4 ,merry-,go-,round for ,dolls 7,cardboard1 large ribbon spool1 stiff paper or kindergarten folding paper1 slender pencil1 tiny flag7 ,cut two circles of cardboard1 one five inches in diameter2 the other1 ten to twelve4 ,using the smaller one as a base1 stand on it a large ribbon spool 7spool around which baby ribbon comes74 ,glue the large circle to the other end of the spool1 parallel to the other lower circle4 ,make a hole in each circle4 ,run a slender pencil through the upper cardboard1 then through the spool1 and then through the lower circle1 making an axis round which the spool may revolve1 carrying with it the upper circle4 ,on the upper circle paste alternately animals cut from paper or cardboard1 and benches also cut from cardboard4 ,elegance may be added by gilding the spool and letting a tiny flag float from the point of the pencil4 ,cut out paper dolls for a ride4 ,dolls' ,park 7,starch-box1 earth1 moss1 twigs1 tiny mirror1 etc47 ,fill the box with earth and sand for a foundation1 and then with moss1 twigs1 elder-berry sprigs1 etc41 fill in the fairy-like details4 ,a toy swan or boat adds to the reality4 ,rugs for ,doll-,house #a4 ,make the loom by taking a slate and knocking out the slate so as to leave the frame intact4 ,hammer a row of small nails half an inch apart along the two narrow sides4 ,then make the warp by stringing strong cord back and forth across the nails4 ,tie first around one corner nail2 carry to and around the two nails opposite1 then back and around the next two1 and so back and forth till it is all strung4 ,the rows of cord should be parallel4 #b4 ,instead of a slate1 looms of various sizes may be roughly made of four narrow pieces of wood measured1 sawed1 and nailed together at the corners4 ,a curtain slat could be so used1 or wooden boxes will furnish raw material for such4 ,a loom #d x #f inches is a good size for a beginner4 ,for woof1 use coarse worsted or ribbon to begin with1 or colored cheesecloth torn into narrow strips4 ,use the fingers at first1 later a bodkin1 weaving under one cord of the warp and over one1 back and forth1 till a tiny rug is made4 ,fasten ends by weaving in and out a short distance into body of rug4 ,at first make rug all of one color1 or a rag-carpet effect can be obtained by tying into a long string worsteds of various colors4 ,if a plain color is used a border can be made by running in a strand or so of a different color4 ,let the child employ his artistic and creative abilities in making designs for the rug with paints or crayons4 ,draw an oblong of one color with stripes across the ends1 one1 two or three in number1 at different distances apart4 ,variety can be secured by taking up two threads at a time or running under one and over two1 etc4 ,warn the child not to draw the threads too closely or the rug will have the shape of an hour-glass when finished4 ,a washcloth can be made thus by weaving it of narrow pieces of cheesecloth4 ,take the rug or cloth off the loom by raising carefully over the nails4 #c4 ,another simple kind of loom is made by taking a piece of cardboard measuring #f x #h inches4 ,draw a row of eight dots half an inch apart4 ,opposite these1 and six inches away1 draw another row4 ,with strong cord sew through these a set of straight stitches1 six inches long and half an inch apart4 ,this makes the warp4 ,run the worsted woof under and over these cords as in any weaving1 and tear the cardboard away when finished4 ,,chapter ,,vii ,,plays ,,and ,,games ,in playing games children learn lessons of fair play1 of mutual forbearance and patience1 and of letting a playfellow have a chance1 which they learn in no other way4 ,apart from the important bodily exercise and development gained in the active physical games1 the demand upon mental and moral qualities is of immeasurable value4 ,a child should never be permitted to cheat at a game1 even in fun4 ,a game loses significance as a game when one person does not play fair4 ,the child to whom even the thought of so doing is impossible begins the race of life with an immense advantage1 for we believe that the foundation for all real life is character4 ,we give a few games which have been tried with success either in the home1 the kindergarten1 or the playground4 ,some of these plays require materials2 others do not4 ,in some cases instructions are given for making the required materials4 ,,tag ,,games ,circle ,tag ,one person stands in the center of a ring of children and each one in the ring holds out his right hand4 ,the one in the middle tags one of the hands and the owner immediately gives chase till he catches the pursued4 ,vary by having both tagged and tagger skip1 hop1 etc41 instead of run4 ,racing ,tag ,players form circle4 ,one goes outside the ring and runs or walks around1 suddenly quietly touching another player1 who immediately races with him1 going around the ring in opposite direction4 ,vary by having contestants bow three times as they pass each other4 ,wood1 ,iron or ,paper ,tag ,one child chases another who touches for goal anything made of wood1 or iron1 or paper1 etc41 as has been decided upon beforehand4 ,if the pursued is caught before he succeeds in touching such object1 he becomes it4 ,the goal may be a wooden stick or tree1 or an iron rake1 or a paper book1 etc4 ,japanese ,tag ,form a long line of children1 one following closely behind another in a march or run4 ,one child outside the line is it4 ,he tries to tag some one in the line4 ,the leader endeavors to prevent this by twisting his file rapidly in and out in a curving line1 and1 by so throwing out his arms1 as to protect the threatened one1 as the line twists and turns with him4 ,if one is tagged1 the leader becomes it4 ,the leader and his train of children must of course be alert in mind and active in body4 ,cross-,tag ,of a group of children the one who is it chases any one he chooses to begin with1 but if another child runs in between the chased and the chaser1 the chaser must follow the one who has thus run in between4 ,if he shows signs of fatigue a third child may run across between the two1 etc41 he then being chased until the tagger succeeds in catching some one1 who in turn becomes it4 ,,races ,allied to the tag games are the racing games1 of which we give only two4 ,potato ,race 7,twelve potatoes1 two tablespoons7 ,place six potatoes in a row about three feet apart4 ,place six others in a parallel row some distance away4 ,give two players each a spoon1 and at a signal they start to race4 ,each player runs up his row1 picking up the potatoes1 one by one1 carrying each in turn to a given point1 then coming back for another potato1 till all are thus carried4 ,the left hand must not assist4 ,the one who first gets his potatoes safely to the spot decided upon wins4 ,clothespin ,race 7,handful of clothespins7 ,arrange the children in two rows1 equal in number4 ,give the first child a handful of clothespins1 laid straight4 ,at a signal he passes them down the line4 ,if one is dropped it must be picked up by the one dropping it and put as before with the others and then passed on4 ,reaching the end of the line1 they are at once passed back again to the starting point4 ,the side wins which first get back all the pins4 ,,aiming ,,games ,,with ,,bean-,,bags ,kinds of ,bags 7#a4 ,ticking or strong calico1 strong thread1 needle1 baking-beans4 #b4 ,felt1 sewing silk7 #a4 ,make a strong bag of bright colored material1 #f x #h inches in size4 ,fill with the ordinary baking-beans and overhand the top4 #b4 ,take a piece of felt or any pretty strong material which will bear the wear and tear of the game4 ,cut into two circles #e or #f inches in diameter4 ,sew together on the wrong side1 with a seam of one fourth inch4 ,then cut in the center a small circle half an inch in diameter4 ,turn the odd-shaped bag inside out1 fill with beans and overhand the small circular opening with close stitches of silk4 ,these bags can be more easily caught than balls by little hands4 ,kinds of ,games ,children usually hand down familiar games from one generation to another4 ,here are a few3 #a4 ,children stand in a circle with one in the center who throws the bag to each in turn all around the ring1 or else tries to catch some one napping by throwing it unexpectedly4 #b4 ,vary by having children stand in a row and the leader throws to each in turn4 ,or children stand in opposite rows and every one in one line has a bag which all throw in unison to the child opposite4 ,these in turn throw back in perfect rythm4 #c4 ,vary again by tossing into the air in unison4 ,the accompaniment of music is always a thing to be desired in such rythmic games4 #d4 ,one child stands in center of ring and tries to catch the bag as it is tossed across to some one on the other side of the ring4 ,,aiming ,,games ,,with ,,balls ,the games just described may be played with balls as well as with bean-bags1 and thus require more co-ordination on the part of the child's muscles4 ,we give a few other games in addition4 ,counting-,ball ,let one child bounce the ball1 striking it from above with the palm of his hand and counting one1 two1 etc41 until he fails to hit it1 when another child takes a turn4 ,guess-,ball ,a row of players number off from one end #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 etc4 ,the last number steps in front of the row a distance such as may be needed to secure certainty of aim and touch on the part of those who throw the ball4 ,the player in front stands with his back to the others4 ,those in the row now begin to pass the ball sideways from one to the other4 ,the player in front having counted a given number1 the one who happens to hold the ball at the time must at once throw it at the player in front4 ,if struck1 the latter turns quickly and tries to judge from the attitudes of the various players which one threw the ball4 ,if he is right1 places are exchanged4 ,if he guesses wrong1 the game continues as before4 ,cup and ,ball 7,cardboard1 worsted1 funnel7 ,make the ball by cutting from cardboard two circles about two inches in diameter4 ,inside the large circles draw smaller ones about one-half inch in diameter4 ,cut the smaller circles entirely out1 thus leaving a hole in the middle of each large circle4 ,keep these two large circles together4 ,now1 with a needle1 wind worsted round and round through the opening in the two circles until it is completely filled1 so that the needle cannot be pushed through4 ,hold in the left hand1 and with sharp pointed scissors cut the worsted at the edge of the circles1 spread the circles a little apart1 and tie a strong thread firmly around the worsted between the two cardboard circles4 ,then tear the cardboard circles away and a pretty ball remains4 ,tie this ball1 with a string twelve inches long1 to a kitchen funnel1 and let the child try to catch the ball in the funnel4 ,,aiming ,,games--,,miscellaneous ,ring-,toss 7,small wooden box1 broom-handle or dowel1 nail or glue1 embroidery rings or hoops of small keg7 ,saw a foot from a broom-handle or dowel 7a child's broom will best serve the purpose74 ,glue or nail this to a box4 ,let the child practice tossing over this post rings taken from a small keg2 or embroidery rings may be used4 ,these may be wound around with bright colored strips of lining or with ribbon4 ,the rings should be graduated in size4 ,grace-,hoops 7,basket reeds1 raffia7 ,make a wand of three or four basket reeds cut into two foot lengths4 ,wind these more or less loosely with string1 just so as to hold them together4 ,then wind around and around closely and smoothly with a strand of raffia so as to bind firmly together4 ,if held smoothly1 several strands of raffia may be used at one time4 ,if reeds are not to be had lilac branches may be used instead4 ,the result should be a wand firm and stiff4 ,make the hoops by soaking the reeds first in water for an hour to make flexible4 ,they should be cut into lengths of about #b-a_/b feet4 ,curve several into a hoop and tie4 ,then wind smoothly and firmly with the raffia4 ,the ends of the latter may be disposed of by threading upon a large needle and running it a short distance in and out of the part already wound4 ,two wands and one hoop are required for each player4 ,one tosses a ring from her two wands to her opponent1 who must catch it upon her own wands4 ,this once popular game cultivates both alertness and grace4 ,in the kindergarten the children use wand and ring in playing knights4 ,one child holds the ring while the little knight gallops around the circle on an imaginary steed and tries to capture the ring on his lance 7wand71 as at an old-time tournament4 ,croquet with ,peas 7,peas1 hairpins or double-headed tacks1 nail or match1 toothpick1 cork1 cover of starch-box7 ,bend hairpins into shape or use double-headed tacks as wickets4 ,insert into the cover of a wooden starch-box for ground4 ,for a stake use a nail or a painted match-stick4 ,sharpen this to a point and insert it in a hole previously made by hammering in a nail4 ,make mallets by inserting matches or toothpicks into heads made of small pieces of cork4 ,use peas for balls4 ,put the whole outfit in a box and give to little sister for her doll's birthday4 ,egg-,shell ,game 7,egg-shell1 long table1 four tumblers7 ,blow an egg-shell and paint with some college colors as a foot-ball4 ,take four tumblers and place two at one end of a long table for goals and two at the opposite end for goals1 the two which make a pair being four inches apart4 ,divide the party into two competing groups4 ,those on one side must try to blow the shell between the tumblers of their opponents4 ,these must try to defend their end of the table and at the same time try to blow the shell between the tumblers of their opponents4 ,this makes a merry game for young people4 ,cherry-,stone ,game 7,save and dry a dozen or more cherry-stones7 ,scatter the stones lightly on the table4 ,they will fall so that some lie closely together1 others far apart4 ,the first player selects any two stones and draws his finger between them so that he touches neither4 ,if he succeeds thus far he must then try to snap one 7with thumb and middle finger7 so that it strikes the other4 ,if this succeeds also the two stones belong to him and he has another turn1 continuing until he either touches a stone in trying to draw a finger between two or fails to make one of the two hit the other4 ,the second player will not fare so well1 because the remaining pairs will lie closer together than those first chosen1 so that great care will be needed in drawing the finger between two4 ,sometimes it is necessary to use the little finger4 ,at the end the player having most stones wins the game4 ,the stones may be dyed or painted if desired4 ,the game suggests tiddledy-winks and crokinole4 ,donkey ,game 7,picture of a donkey1 minus a tail1 and one dozen separate tails4 ,these may be bought in large sheets for ten cents1 but may be cut out of paper if drawn first by skilful hands7 ,pin the picture to the wall in some spot where it will not deface it4 ,give each player a tail with a pin sticking through it4 ,blindfold him4 ,turn him around three times and send him in the direction of the picture to pin the tail on the donkey4 ,the one who succeeds in fastening a tail nearest to the proper place wins the game4 ,blowing ,out the ,candle 7,candle in candlestick7 ,place a candle on the table4 ,blindfold a player1 turn him around three times about six feet from the candle4 ,then let him try to find his way towards it and blow it out4 ,he may have three trials4 ,,miscellaneous ,,plays ,the ,countess of the ,huggermuggers 7,two candles in candlesticks7 ,give two players each a candle4 ,they take places about eight feet apart4 ,then each takes a step forward at the same time and makes a solemn bow without smiling2 then another step and bow2 and then a third4 ,then one says solemnly1 ,the ,countess of the ,huggermuggers is dead4 ,the other one rejoins1 ,i am very sorry to hear it4 ,the first one replies1 ,so am ,i4 ,then each takes three steps backward1 with a bow each time1 and all without a smile4 ,whoever smiles must give up his place to another player4 ,rope and ,sandbag 7,rope ten feet long1 with handle at one end which may be made by knotting the rope1 and a sandbag or other weight at the other4 ,sandbag may be made of strong goods sewed into a bag and filled with sand4 ,in a kindergarten a weight has been improvised out of a child's rubber shoe7 ,some one stands in the center of a circle of children and swings the rope so that the weight just grazes the ground4 ,the children must be sufficiently attentive and agile to evade the rope by jumping over it as it passes them4 ,do not begin until the rope has acquired momentum enough to move with a degree of regularity4 ,omnibus ,swing 7,strong rope or chain1 staples1 soapbox1 wooden plank1 nails7 ,if fortunate enough to have a barn or summer-house1 or a playroom with a strong beam in the roof or ceiling1 place a pair of strong staples in the beam 7hammock hooks would serve the same purpose7 a few inches apart4 ,six feet from these place another pair of staples in the beam4 ,from each pair of staples or hooks suspend a loop of rope so that it comes about one foot from the floor4 ,illustration3 ,omnibus ,swing4 ,take a plank about eight feet long and one foot wide and cut four notches in it1 two on each side1 about six inches from the ends4 ,place the plank so that it hangs held by the two ropes1 which slip into the notches in the plank1 the notches keeping the ropes in place4 ,upon this several children can swing back and forth lengthwise1 and so play at rowing1 riding1 trolleying1 etc41 as imagination dictates4 ,if a soapbox be nailed at one end the baby may be put into this for a safe ride4 ,anagrams 7,tinted ,bristol board1 black ink or paint1 heavy pen or brush7 ,cut the ,bristol board into #a-;inch squares and let the child paint or draw upon these squares the letters of the alphabet1 one letter to each square4 ,there should be at least a dozen of each letter and many more ,a's1 ,e's and ,s's1 as these letters occur frequently in ,english words4 ,two games may be played with these letters as follows3 #a4 ,give the child the four or five letters that compose a word and let him try to put them together in the right way as3 ,h-s-e-r-o 7,horse74 #b4 ,several players are needed for this game4 ,the cards must be placed upside down in a box so that the letters are not seen4 ,each player takes a letter in turn1 the first time round1 and places it in the centre of the table4 ,at the second time round1 each1 as he takes a square from the box1 tries to form a word with it1 either by using a letter from the central pool or by taking away an opponent's word4 ,if he takes from an opponent he must take an entire word4 ,as he forms a word he places it before himself1 the aim being to get five or ten words before any opponent does4 ,if he can form no word he puts his letter in the pool4 ,the number of words making the game must be agreed upon beforehand4 ,for example3 ,in the pool are placed in turn the letters g1 b1 f1 t4 ,player ,i1 continuing1 draws from the box the letter a and with the letters in the pool can form bat1 which he places in front of him1 leaving g and f in the pool4 ,player ,,ii draws an l1 and as he can form no word1 he puts it in the pool4 ,player ,,iii draws an e and takes away the bat of ,no4 ,i1 turning it into beat4 ,player ,,ii draws an o1 which with the g from the pool1 he turns into go4 ,player ,i then draws again1 and so the game continues until one player has1 we will say1 five words1 the number agreed upon1 and so wins4 ,weighing ,honey ,one child crouches1 clasping his hands beneath his knees tightly4 ,two older persons then take the handles of the honey-jar 7the child's arms7 and swing him back and forth1 counting one1 two1 three1 etc41 with each swing until the hands give way4 ,the number of counts tells the number of pounds in the jar4 ,,suggestions ,,for ,,children',s ,,parties ,peanut ,party 7,several quarts of peanuts1 and a pretty little bag measuring #f x #h inches for each guest7 ,before the little guests arrive1 hide the peanuts in corners1 under cushions1 and in all possible hiding-places1 singly1 or two or three together4 ,at a signal all of the children begin to search for the peanuts4 ,the one finding the most wins4 ,give a reward of a peanut doll4 7,see page #hj47 99 99 99 99 99 ,in no such games of competition is it a good plan to have expensive prizes4 ,that plan ministers to a weakness inherent perhaps in human nature1 but one to be discouraged--the desire to win1 not for the sake of success1 but for the sake of the prize4 ,the giving of a valuable prize engenders feelings of envy and caters too much to the gambling instinct4 ,it tends to destroy the spirit of fun and play which is the real object of a social gathering4 ,a part of such an entertainment would appropriately be the making of peanut taffy or of peanut animals4 7,see page #bc47 ,spider-,web ,party 7,balls of pretty twine1 one color for each guest7 ,take a ball of twine and to the end attach a card bearing the name of one guest4 ,then unwind it1 twisting it around different articles of furniture1 chairs1 table-legs1 door-knob1 chandelier1 etc41 till the thread is judged to be long enough4 ,then cut1 and to this end tie some trifling gift4 ,arrange in this way one ball and gift for each child expected4 ,when the time for playing the game arrives1 give to each child the card bearing his name1 to which twine is attached4 ,at the signal for beginning1 each one follows up his line1 unwinding and disentangling it as he goes along1 till the end of the cord bearing the gift is reached4 ,as each little visitor receives something1 there is no unwholesome spirit of rivalry4 ,thimble-,biscuit ,party 7,dough1 silver thimbles7 ,while making biscuits for supper give the little child a silver thimble to use as a biscuit cutter1 first rolling the dough to a thickness one-third the height of the thimble4 ,when he has made a good array put them into the oven4 ,they will bake quickly and to the child will seem to surpass the best cake made4 ,invite a group of little children to a thimble-biscuit party4 ,a dough of flour1 water or milk1 a little salt and baking powder will be sufficient and the little workers will be very happy making the wee biscuits4 ,only silver thimbles should be used4 ,while the biscuits are baking a few games1 notably ,hide the ,thimble1 will pass the time4 ,served with a little jam or milk they will make a delicious repast1 with dolls and ,teddy ,bears for company4 ,butterfly ,party 7,white paper1 oil paints1 in tubes7 ,uncovering the tube1 make a dab of paint with it near middle of a sheet of paper4 ,immediately beneath make a long stroke of another color4 ,now fold over lengthwise along the middle of the long line of paint4 ,while folded press and smooth with finger over the first spot4 ,this when opened will be the head of the butterfly4 ,keep paper still folded1 however1 and press along the line of paint to make body and then make a side pressure to make the wings4 ,open out1 and there is the general suggestion of a beautiful butterfly1 which1 held up so that the light shines through1 may be really very pretty4 ,a little experiment will show how improvements can be made4 ,any color may be used4 ,invite your friends to an evening butterfly party and give a prize for the best one made2 the prize may very suitably be something in butterfly form2 a penwiper1 or lamp-shade1 or something similar4 ,autograph ,picture 7,ink1 paper1 coarse pen7 ,at the butterfly party1 autograph portraits also may be made4 ,with a coarse pen1 filled with ink1 each person writes his own name in turn4 ,take the flowing autograph1 fold it lengthwise through the middle and crease1 making special pressure at the top and drawing out slightly at the side4 ,open up and the result is a queer portrait of the owner of the autograph with suggestion of head and arms4 ,enclose autograph on two sides by straight lines2 when folded and then opened1 the portrait will be framed4 ,,chapter ,,viii ,,festival ,,occasions ,festivals have always held an important place in the life of home and community4 ,the anniversary of the day of birth1 or of marriage1 the day of graduation1 or of coming of age--what opportunities they offer for strengthening the ties of kinship1 for creating hallowed associations that may often prove bulwarks of safety in later days of temptation and sorrow6 ,christmas1 ,easter1 ,thanksgiving1 are now ,national holidays with us1 and our celebration of these beautiful festivals is one more link in the chain which binds us to all races and creeds2 for the return of the sun at the winter solstice1 the renewal of life in the spring1 the ingathering of fruits in the autumn1 have appealed to all peoples as fitting occasions for the expression of religious joy and for mutual congratulations upon dangers past and the results of work accomplished4 ,in the joy of such occasions1 we must not let them degenerate into the mere mercenary exchange of material gifts4 ,christmas is preeminently the children's day1 when we annually remind ourselves of the divinity inherent in all childhood1 and desire to bring joy to all children and goodwill to all peoples4 ,easter means most to the adult who has experienced sorrow and disappointment and has known something of the anguish and awe and deepening of life that comes with the message of ,death4 ,the pleasure of the child in the hare and the ,easter egg must not be allowed altogether to overbalance the wondrous symbolism of the ,easter lily4 ,the ,national holidays--,washington's ,birthday1 ,memorial ,day1 ,independence ,day1 etc4--take us outside the limits of the home and remind us that1 as we thank the men and women of the past for the privileges of the present which we owe to their sacrifices and aspirations1 so we should realize our obligations towards the future4 ,in celebrating these different festivals1 let the child bear his small part4 ,we give a few ideas of things which he may do or make4 ,it is these early impressions which are the lasting ones4 ,the actual service demanded of the child counts much in the formation of character1 though even more important is the spirit which radiates at such times from the parents and friends who celebrate or prepare to celebrate these recurrent holidays4 ,it is the spirit which giveth life1 here1 as everywhere4 ,the suggestions will be given in the order in which the holidays come in the year4 ,where an article is described in another part of the book1 it will not be repeated1 but the page number will be given for reference4 ,,new ,,year',s ,,day ,place ,cards at ,table 7,white card1 pressed four-leaf clover1 or paints7 #a4 ,having found and pressed four-leaved clovers in the days of summer1 paste one lightly to each place card as symbol of good-luck4 #b4 ,copy a clover-leaf with paints and write on card some appropriate quotation signifying good-will4 ,decorated ,note ,paper 7,writing paper1 leaf1 paste or paints7 ,paste a real clover leaf 7or paint one7 on the writing paper upon which you may be writing a ,new ,year's letter to your friend4 ,calendar 7#ab oblong blotters1 white or colored1 ribbon to match1 #a inch wide and about #c_/d yards long1 tiny calendar pad1 paste7 ,take the calendar pad apart and paste the leaf for each month upon one of the blotters4 ,then tie the blotters together with the ribbon4 ,this makes suitable ,new ,year's gift4 7,see also page #gd47 ,new ,year's ,bells 7,red cardboard1 scissors1 paste1 ribbon7 ,cut out a bell and paste a calendar pad on it4 ,or cut #ab small bells and paste one leaf of calendar pad on each1 stringing all together with ribbon4 ,good-,luck ,pigs ,with our ,german population the pig signifies good-luck1 and at ,new ,year's pigs1 big and little1 made of various materials1 are quite in order4 ,a favorite candy1 made of sugar and bitter-almond1 is in the shape of a pig1 and is used to present to friends at this holiday time4 ,many suggestions already given may be carried out with the pig idea in mind4 ,midnight ,watching ,if friends stay up to watch the ,old ,year out1 any of the above-named articles may be made by the children for souvenirs4 ,a poem which may suitably be read at this time is ,tennyson's ,ring ,out1 ,wild ,bells2 also1 ,longfellow's ,the ,poet's ,calendar4 ,a timely topic for discussion is the never-answered question3 ,when does the new century begin--with ,january #a1 #aijj1 or #aija8 ,timothy ,dwight1 ,president of ,yale ,college1 #agie-ahag1 wrote some clever verses apropos of the subject when he helped usher in the #aith ,century4 ,,st4 ,,valentine',s ,,day ,save lace papers from candy and soap boxes and they will prove useful when ,st4 ,valentine's ,day comes in making ,valentines4 ,with these papers and scissors1 paste1 scrap pictures of flowers1 doves1 etc41 the children will spend happy hours in making these dainty souvenirs4 ,we give a few directions for making some such4 ,single ,hearts 7,red cardboard1 lace paper1 scrap pictures1 scissors1 paste7 ,cut a heart out of the cardboard and around the edge paste a border of lace paper1 fulling slightly and attaching it to the under side of the heart4 ,in the centre of the upper side of the heart paste a pretty scrap picture4 ,this makes a simple but effective ,valentine4 ,chain of ,hearts 7,red cardboard1 scissors1 scrap pictures1 paste1 red ribbon7 ,cut several hearts out of the cardboard1 and1 after punching holes in the top and bottom of each one1 string them together1 pasting a scrap picture on each one if that added touch is desired4 ,double ,hearts 7,red cardboard1 scissors1 paste1 strip of red paper7 ,cut two hearts of different sizes4 ,then take a narrow strip of red paper measuring #a_/d x #a inch and fold it into thirds4 ,while still folded attach one end of this paper to the centre of the upper side of the large heart and the other end to the centre of the lower side of the smaller heart4 ,this unites the two1 one resting on top of the other1 the paper acting as a kind of spring to raise one above the other4 ,instead of a small heart a scrap picture may be thus attached on the larger heart4 ,in cutting out these hearts it may be necessary first to cut a pattern out of newspaper1 making several trials before a satisfactory model is secured4 ,lacy ,valentine 7,gold or silver paper1 white tissue paper1 scrap pictures1 paste7 ,cut from a sheet of gold or silver paper a piece measuring #e x #g inches4 ,fold this once through the middle so as to make a book of #c-a_/b x #e inches4 ,cut a piece from the tissue paper of #c-a_/b x #e inches4 ,fold this two or three times and cut into it tiny perforations--oblongs1 diamonds1 circles1 hearts1 etc4 ,then open out and observe the lacey effect4 ,practice this until something pretty and dainty is secured4 ,then upon the centre of the book paste a scrap picture and attach the tissue paper by its edges to the ,valentine in such a way that the picture shows a little between the perforations4 ,a narrow strip of stiff paper folded in three1 to give the effect of a spring as described above1 may be used at each corner4 ,inside of the booklet paste other pictures as fancy dictates4 ,also write therein some appropriate lines4 ,spider-,web ,design 7,gold or silver paper1 ,bristol board1 scrap picture1 paste1 scissors7 ,cut a circle of gold or silver paper1 three or four inches in diameter4 ,fold once1 making a semi-circle2 fold once more making a quarter-circle4 ,beginning at the point of the folded paper1 make a tiny cut from one edge towards the other1 but do not cut the point entirely off4 ,turn the paper and make a second cut parallel to the first about #a_/h inch away1 the cut being from the other edge of the paper4 ,turn again and make a third cut4 ,each time the cuts grow in length owing to the increasing width of the triangle or quarter-circle4 ,continue thus until the circumference of the folded circle is reached4 ,then open out and you have a silver spider-web effect4 ,take a square or circle somewhat larger than the web1 and in its centre paste a pretty bird1 flower1 or maiden4 ,then paste the web upon this background1 putting the paste along the edges of the web1 but leaving the centre free1 so that the child can raise it and peer through the slits at the picture beneath4 ,let city children send to country cousins scrap pictures1 colored papers1 etc41 and sample ,valentines1 so that their friends may have the pleasure of making and giving4 ,valentine ,dinner ,,soup3 ,put into the clear soup the noodle hearts1 which may be purchased at a grocery store1 or have a vegetable soup1 slicing the vegetables and cutting them into little hearts with a knife4 ,,meat3 ,make chicken or beef croquettes1 molding them like hearts4 ,,vegetables3 ,slice the boiled carrots and potatoes and cut into heart shapes4 ,,bread3 ,cut into hearts4 ,,salad3 ,upon green lettuce leaves place hearts cut from beets4 ,,dessert3 ,ice cream may be obtained in the form of a ,cupid or something similar1 and cake may be decorated with white icing having pink hearts outlined upon it4 ,the peppermint candies in the shape of hearts1 which have sentiments printed upon them1 may be passed either at the beginning or the end of the meal4 ,cut in half1 placing the halves in separate dishes2 then pass one dish to the girls and the other to the boys1 and by matching halves partners may be found4 ,let the children1 however1 remain unconscious of the distinction of sex as many years as possible4 ,in making preparations for the dinner let the children help4 ,place ,cards for ,dinner 7,red paper1 white cardboard1 scissors1 pencil7 ,cut a heart from the red paper4 ,from the white1 cut an arrow1 drawing it after a pattern found in some book4 ,making two slits in the heart1 run the arrow through it4 ,on the reverse side of the heart write the name of the guest4 ,decorations for ,valentine ,dinner 7,red cardboard1 red ribbon7 ,cut about two dozen hearts all of same size1 or graduated in size4 ,string these upon the red ribbon and suspend over the table4 ,,washington',s ,,birthday ,luncheon ,card 7#a4 ,picture hatchet1 cardboard1 scissors1 paints2 #b4 ,same--also white or reddish brown paper7 #a4 ,find a picture of a hatchet and use it as a model from which to cut one about two inches long4 ,paint this in colors resembling the real hatchet1 and upon the reverse side write the name of the guest4 #b4 ,from a piece of white or reddish-brown paper cut a one-inch square4 ,paint so as to resemble cherry wood4 ,roll so that one edge overlaps the other a trifle1 simulating the trunk of a tree4 ,as they overlap cut a tiny slit through the two4 ,cut out a tiny cardboard hatchet1 paint as above1 and insert in this slit so that it holds the two edges together4 ,before fastening in this way1 an appropriate quotation may be written inside1 and the name of the guest on the outside4 ,it should stand up if rightly made4 ,decorative ,cherries 7,paraffine1 spool of wire1 not too fine1 green cloth or paper1 carmine oil paint1 brush1 paste7 ,purchase at the grocer's cakes of paraffine such as is used for preserving purposes4 ,heat a cake in a dish so that it is soft enough to model into balls the size of a cherry4 ,while still pliable make a slight depression in its surface4 ,having previously rolled the wire in the green tissue paper1 and cut into inch strips for stems1 insert this into the cherry at the depressed part of its surface4 ,cut out cherry leaves of paper1 or better dark green cloth1 place a little paste on these leaves at the back and arrange a stem on each one4 ,when the stem of the cherry is firmly fastened in the fruit1 paint the surface with carmine oil paint4 ,this gives a polished appearance to the surface like the natural cherry4 ,the stems of the green leaves may be trimmed about the stems of the cherries in twos or threes or more1 according to the number of cherries used4 ,paper ,chains 7,colored paper in sheets or cut into strips1 paste1 small brushes or sticks7 ,the making of paper chains1 in contrasting or uniform colors1 is a delightful pastime for children of all ages4 ,very little children may easily learn to make one loop at a time1 and1 with assistance1 are soon able to fasten several loops together4 ,kindergarten ,supply ,stores furnish strips of colored paper already cut1 and put up in packages4 ,these strips measure #cf inches in length4 ,it is very easy1 however1 to cut strips from large sheets of paper1 and it is an excellent lesson in accurate cutting for children over ten years of age4 ,these paper strips may measure one or two inches in width and the entire length of the sheet4 ,cut the long strips into short strips measuring four inches in length4 ,holding the four inch strip in the left hand1 put a very little paste on the under surface of one end of the strip4 ,overlap the pasted end of the strip to its unpasted end1 and hold firmly until fastened4 ,you now have one paper loop4 ,through this loop is placed another four inch strip--the paste is added in the same manner4 ,now you have two loops4 ,continue doing this until you have the chain the required length4 ,these chains are very effective when used in decorating4 ,for ,washington's ,birthday1 red1 white and blue paper would be used for the chains4 ,bonbonnieres 7,white tissue paper1 red and blue aniline dyes7 ,very attractive bonbonnieres may be made by cutting oblong shaped sheets of white tissue paper1 measuring #f inches in length and #e inches in width4 ,fringe the shorter edges of the paper1 making fringe #a inch deep4 ,dissolve any good red and blue dyes in boiling water1 and place in separate dishes4 ,dip one fringed end of tissue paper into the red dye for one second1 and dip the other fringed end into the blue dye4 ,shake these ends gently in order to let the water drip from them4 ,when they are dry1 place a large sized candy in the centre of the paper1 and gathering up the fringed ends1 twist them close to the candy1 thus forming a feathery effect in two colors4 ,these are very pretty when arranged on the table either in quantity or singly4 ,tents 7,white shelf paper1 paste1 match stick1 red1 white and blue paper7 ,groups of white tents1 made of white shelf paper1 capped at the top with tiny ,american flags1 may be placed at short distances from the centre piece of a luncheon or supper table with good effect4 ,the large sheets of shelf paper may be bought at any grocer's4 ,cut them into four-inch squares4 ,place the paper before you on a flat surface1 an edge nearest you4 ,fold the front edge to the back edge of square2 crease the paper at the fold1 open the paper and fold the right edge to left edge of square2 crease the fold again4 ,open the paper and turn the square so that a corner points towards you4 ,fold this front corner to the back corner1 so that the two points exactly meet4 ,crease on the fold1 open the paper1 and fold the left corner to the right corner of the square4 ,crease on the fold4 ,open the paper2 before you you have a square of paper1 with eight folds across its surface1 a fold running front edge to back edge1 from right edge to left edge1 from right corner to left corner1 from left corner to right corner4 ,turn the square of paper over so that all the folds on the surface of the paper are on the upper side of the square4 ,place the square with a corner toward you4 ,you will now see eight folds running from the four edges and four corners to the centre of the square4 ,crease with thumb and forefinger of right hand the fold running from lower right edge to centre of square4 ,place this right hand fold of square forward so that it lies along the fold which extends from the corner directly in front of you to the centre of the square4 ,follow the same directions in folding the crease that runs from the lower left edge to centre of square4 ,these two folds touch now on the fold that runs from front corner to centre of square4 ,you will see a small triangle extending below the two folds which thus meet in front of you4 ,fold this small triangle back toward the centre1 and underneath the two folds that meet in front of you4 ,one half of your tent is folded4 ,the same directions must be followed in folding the other side of the square4 ,the two small triangles must be carefully folded so that the tent will stand evenly when finished4 ,you will see when the front and back part of the tent is finished that you have the right and left corners to dispose of4 ,fold these corners underneath the tent1 so that when it is placed in an upright position it will stand firmly4 ,to make the tent stand well1 crease the edges that run from the four corners to top of tent1 thus making an exact pyramid4 ,the use of a little paste in securing the folds is of great assistance4 ,to represent the tent pole1 a wooden match1 gilded1 may be used4 ,to this attach a tiny ,american flag made of pliable red1 white and blue paper4 ,paper ,lanterns 7,scissors1 red1 white and blue paper1 liquid gold paint1 box of small candles1 circular box covers1 baby ribbon--red1 white and blue7 ,lanterns made of red1 white and blue paper1 each of one color only1 ornamented with gold paint and tied with the red1 white and blue baby ribbon1 are extremely pretty for supper decorations4 ,when suspended from the chandelier above the centre of a supper table1 a lighted candle in each little lantern1 the effect is charming4 ,in view of entertainments where decorations are called for1 it would be well to lay aside all small circular box covers that find their way into the household4 ,the small box covers that measure #b-a_/b inches in diameter may be taken as a standard size4 ,these box covers form the bottom of the lanterns4 ,cut from the colored paper an oblong piece measuring #h inches in length and #e inches in width4 ,lay the oblong piece of paper before you with its long edges running right and left4 ,draw a pencil line the length of the paper #c_/d of an inch from the upper edge2 #c_/d of an inch from its lower edge draw another line which will be parallel to the first4 ,from the upper pencil line to the lower pencil line draw #ae lines #a_/b inch apart4 ,these upright lines will form #ad narrow oblongs4 ,use very sharp pointed scissors1 and cut away each alternate oblong4 ,paste the two short edges of the oblong paper together1 one end overlapping the other4 ,the body of the lantern is now finished4 ,let a little wax drip from a candle on the inside of the circular box cover at its centre4 ,when a little bed of soft wax is formed1 place an unlighted candle on it in an upright position4 ,place a thick coating of ,spaulding's glue on the inner surface of circular rim of the box cover1 and carefully fit the body of the lantern into it4 ,when the paper lantern is securely fastened1 gild heavily the outside rim of the box cover and the upper and lower circular bands which form top and bottom borders of the lanterns4 ,in the top circular band punch four holes equal distances apart1 through which the ribbons are run4 ,,st4 ,,patrick',s ,,day--,,march #ag,,th ,place ,cards 7,white cards1 water-color or oil paints1 brush7 ,paint a picture of shamrock upon the card4 ,it may be copied from some picture1 if not from the real plant4 ,if not possible to find a picture1 our wild-wood-sorrel 7,oxalis acetosella7 is supposed to be the same as the shamrock and may be used for model4 ,some authorities believe the white clover to be the original shamrock4 ,flags 7,irish flag1 green paint1 gold paint1 brush1 scissors1 slender sticks7 ,if one ,irish flag is bought the children may copy it1 painting a number1 one for each guest1 or for decorating table4 ,glue flags to sticks4 ,ribbon ,flags 7,green satin ribbon1 one inch wide1 wooden toothpick7 ,cut the ribbon into oblongs to make wee flags4 ,glue to tiny flagsticks and put at places at dinner table4 ,shamrock ,plants ,the real shamrock is now brought over and may be purchased in ,march4 ,a little plant makes an appropriate souvenir4 ,or several weeks before the day1 children may plant shamrock seed in tiny pots for use on the #agth4 ,potato ,race ,a potato race is an appropriate game for ,st4 ,patrick's ,day4 7,see page #id47 ,give cork doll for prize to winner of race 7page #ha71 as souvenir from ,cork4 ,st4 ,patrick's ,dinner ,have as many green vegetables and side dishes as possible4 ,spinach will color the soup4 ,green vegetables and salads are easy to obtain and ice cream may be colored with pistache4 ,irish flags may be suspended over the table4 ,dinner ,souvenir 7,blotting paper1 souvenir postcards1 green ribbon #a_/b inch wide7 ,give each guest a blotter made thus3 ,buy souvenir postcards with pictures of ,killarney and other ,irish views4 ,cut the blotting paper into sheets of same size as cards4 ,place together4 ,punch hole at one end and tie together with ribbon4 ,,easter ,egg ,shell ,garden 7,see page #be7 ,sponge ,garden 7,small1 clean sponge1 birdseed7 ,a few days before ,easter1 sprinkle the sponge with birdseed4 ,keep damp and the seeds will sprout and cover the sponge with growing blades of green4 ,easter ,eggs 7#a4 ,diamond dyes1 a dozen eggs4 #b4 ,small figured calico1 lye1 boiling water7 #a4 ,boil the eggs hard and dye with the colors according to directions on package1 which may be had at drugstore1 price five cents4 #b4 ,wind strips of the bright calico around the eggs and boil in water strongly saturated with lye4 ,the lye extracts the color1 which will be found printed upon the eggs4 ,place ,cards for ,easter ,breakfast 7#a4 ,white paper1 scissors1 paints4 #b4 ,plain white cards1 paints7 #a4 ,if possible secure a real ,easter lily for a model4 ,if this cannot be obtained1 a picture of one will answer4 ,from the paper cut1 freehand1 if possible1 the shape of the lily and paint it lightly2 just a little shading and the golden center4 ,place the guest's name upon the reverse side4 ,it may be necessary to draw the lily first before cutting1 but the freehand cutting is a good exercise4 #b4 ,decorate a white card with the picture of a lily1 or a tulip1 using water-color paints4 ,below the flower write an appropriate flower motto4 ,celluloid ,place ,cards 7,white celluloid1 scissors1 pencil7 ,get from a dictionary or natural history a good picture of a butterfly with open wings4 ,draw a pattern from this and then outline a number of these on the celluloid and cut out4 ,these dainty1 spirit-like butterflies will make suitable place-cards1 having the name of guest on the reverse side4 ,cut ,easter lily of celluloid in same way4 ,easter ,chicken 7,yellow worsted1 black beads1 quill toothpick1 cardboard1 wooden toothpicks1 or picture-wire47 ,make a yellow ball as described on pages #if-g for the body of the chicken4 ,a smaller ball makes the head4 ,sew on the beads for the bright black eyes2 cut the quill into shape of a bill and sew into place4 ,let wooden toothpicks form the legs2 or1 better still1 take picture-wire made of several strands4 ,wind some of this around the body1 letting the ends of the wire extend about #a-a_/b inches below the body2 sew to the body to keep in place4 ,then pick out the ends of the wire a little to suggest toes and wind the legs with worsted4 ,sew chicken to a card4 ,easter ,card 7,parquetry circles used in kindergarten1 paste1 gray card1 scissors7 ,the little child may make an ,easter card by pasting upon a neutral-tinted card pictures of tulips made of the kindergarten parquetry papers4 ,cut in half either red or yellow circles4 ,place so that the lower ends touch and the upper ones are a little apart1 suggesting a tulip4 ,a strip of green paper will represent the stem and an older child can cut leaves of the green paper and paste on4 ,have a real tulip from which to copy4 ,child may give this to ,father on ,easter morning4 ,toy ,screen 7,see page #fc7 ,make dainty screen as described1 and paste on each panel a tiny ,easter picture 7,perry pictures may be had by addressing firm in ,n4 ,y4 ,city74 ,give to ,mother on ,easter morning4 ,church ,window ,transparency 7,see page #gg7 ,,memorial ,,day ,we give no special suggestions for the celebration of ,memorial or ,decoration ,day4 ,the ideas given under the headings of the other patriotic holidays1 as ,washington's ,birthday and ,fourth of ,july1 may be used also for this holiday1 but it is not a day for mere play4 ,if the parents plan to go to the cemetery let the child accompany them and carry flowers1 preferably those of his own raising or plucking4 ,reading ,it would be well also on this day to read some great piece of patriotic literature1 either prose or poetry1 which will help the older children to realize the great debt which we owe to the preservers of our country1 to whom we dedicate this day4 ,lincoln's ,gettysburg address should be read4 ,also ,lowell's ,the ,present ,crisis4 ,bugle ,echoes1 compiled by ,francis ,f4 ,browne1 contains #aej poems of the ,civil ,war1 both ,northern and ,southern4 ,badge 7,sheets of red1 white1 and blue paper1 scissors1 paste7 ,a simple badge may be made for the children to wear in this fashion3 #a4 ,cut a circle #c_/d inches in diameter out of the red paper4 ,cut also from the red1 white and blue sheets strips of #b x #e inches4 ,paste the three strips together at the upper end like ribbons1 letting them spread a little apart at the lower end4 ,paste the circle at the upper end to finish off4 #b4 ,another style may be made by placing the three colors so that one lies directly above the other4 ,in this case the blue is #e inches long1 the white four inches1 and the red three inches4 ,fasten to dress or coat with a safety pin4 ,,independence ,,day ,firecrackers 7,red paper1 hemp string1 paste7 ,get large sheets of red paper to be found at department stores or wholesale paper houses1 measuring about #ce inches in length and #bf inches in width4 ,from each one cut thirteen #b-;inch strips1 cutting the length of the sheet4 ,fold each strip once across the width of the strip1 and cut through the center at the fold4 ,this gives twenty-six #b-;inch strips of paper1 the width of the small sized firecrackers4 ,hold a strip of paper between the thumb and forefinger of the left hand4 ,moisten the thumb of the right hand a very little1 and roll the end of the strip towards the left1 as one does in rolling a paper taper4 ,keep the strip rolled tightly until the other end of the strip is reached4 ,if the cracker seems too loosely rolled unroll it a short distance1 and gently pull the strip into form again4 ,place a little paste on the under side of the loose end of the strip1 and press the pasted end firmly on the rolled surface of the cracker4 ,hold this until it adheres to the surface of the cracker4 ,cut the hemp string into three-inch pieces4 ,dip one end of the string into the paste1 then insert this pasted end into one end of the cracker at the little opening which is found at the very center4 ,hold this firmly for a moment1 or until the string is securely fastened4 ,tie six or eight firecrackers into bunches with red1 white and blue ribbons1 and lay them over the white surface of the luncheon or supper table4 ,firecracker ,card 7,see page #ee7 ,drums 7,small wooden boxes1 liquid gold paint1 ,spaulding's glue1 red1 white and blue baby ribbon1 small sticks for drum sticks7 ,the market basket will1 from time to time1 furnish the housekeeper with small circular boxes labeled3 ,electro-,silicon ,silver ,polish4 ,these wooden boxes1 measuring #h inches in circumference and #ab inches in height1 make1 when prettily ornamented1 very attractive drums4 ,remove the cover of box1 and place on its inner rim a coating of ,spaulding's glue4 ,place the cover on the box again1 and put aside until it is fastened4 ,place the box on a sheet of stiff white paper1 and holding it firmly1 draw a pencil line around its edge4 ,now remove the box1 and you will see that you have outlined a circle4 ,using this circle as a model1 draw a second circle4 ,cut out these circles1 following the pencil very accurately4 ,these two circles form the two heads of the drum1 and are to be pasted on the top and the bottom of the box4 ,gild the circular surface of the box4 ,cut strips of red or blue paper1 measuring #h-a_/b inches in length and #a-a_/b inches in width4 ,brush the under surface of these strips with paste1 and place one strip at the top and one at the bottom of the drum1 #c_/d of an inch above the rim of the drum4 ,these strips answer to the wooden bands which hold the drum heads in place4 ,red1 white and blue baby ribbon may be carried from the upper to the lower edges of the drum if desired to represent the cords which hold the drum securely4 ,little wooden sticks1 gilded and tied at the side of the drum form the drumsticks4 ,the smaller ,electro-,silicon boxes1 measuring #b-c_/d inches in circumference and #a-a_/c inches in height1 may be used in the same way4 ,rosettes 7,red1 white and blue tissue paper1 a strong needle1 white sewing silk1 white library paste or well-made flour paste7 ,lay nine sheets of tissue paper one upon another1 alternating the colors1 red1 white and blue4 ,fold these sheets together very smoothly once1 thus making #ah smaller sheets if they were cut apart1 but do not cut4 ,lay a silver dollar or fifty-cent piece 7depending upon the size required7 at the upper left-hand corner of paper4 ,draw a pencil line around the rim of the silver piece4 ,move the piece of money to the right and draw another circle4 ,continue this drawing circles until you have covered the surface of the paper4 ,thread a needle with the sewing silk1 knot the end of the thread and take several firm stitches through the center of each circle in order to hold the sheets of paper together4 ,with sharp scissors cut out each paper circle1 and fringe by cutting1 but not too finely1 from the edge to within #a_/h of an inch of the center of the circle4 ,hold the knot on the under side of the circle between the thumb and forefinger of the left hand4 ,slightly moisten the forefinger of the right hand and brush gently over the fringed surface toward the center of the rosette4 ,at the back of each rosette put a bit of paste1 then lay rosettes on strips of paper one inch in width4 ,do not overlap the rosettes1 but arrange to allow the edges to touch4 ,these strips of rosettes may be used as festoons4 ,as decorations for cakes or dishes of fruit they can be used most effectively4 ,shields for ,luncheon ,cards 7,cardboard1 red and blue paper1 baby ribbon--red1 white and blue1 gold paint1 water-color paints--red and blue7 ,attractive luncheon or supper cards1 suitable for patriotic occasions1 may be made in the form of shields4 ,turn to the fourth page of ,webster's ,unabridged ,dictionary1 and find the shield used as the ,american ,coat-of-,arms4 ,this shield1 enlarged to a size measuring #b-a_/b inches in length and #b-a_/b inches in width across the upper part1 forms an excellent model4 ,if one does not draw habitually1 use tracing paper when tracing the pattern4 ,if one uses watercolor paints successfully1 paint the deep blue band across the upper part of the shield1 and the twelve red stripes running from the band to the lower edge of the shield4 ,for those who do not paint1 dark red and blue paper may be substituted very successfully4 ,a touch of gold paint on the edge of the shield adds greatly to the effect4 ,write each guest's name on a card measuring #b-a_/b inches in length and #a-a_/b inches in width4 ,attach a card by means of red1 white and blue ribbon to upper corner of each shield4 ,rockets 7,red1 white and blue paper1 paste1 gold paint1 slender wooden sticks7 ,rockets are made in the same manner as firecrackers1 excepting that the paper strips are cut wider1 viz43 #c or #d inches in width1 and more strips are required to give the proper size4 ,this may be left to the maker's discretion4 ,when the rockets are rolled and pasted after the manner of the firecrackers1 insert the sharp point of a pencil into the center of one end of each roll1 and gently push out this center to the distance of two inches4 ,this will give the pointed end of the rocket4 ,these pointed ends may be gilded1 as well as the slender sticks which are inserted at the other ends4 ,,labor ,,day ,the words parade and procession are associated in the minds of most ,american children with long lines of soldiers1 and the small boy will play for hours putting his tin soldiers in rank and file1 or marching with his comrades1 with pans for drums4 ,in these later days1 when the spirit of the ,peace ,congress is in the air1 it is well that the children should become interested in struggles and battles of a different and higher order and in the parades in which long lines of honorable workers take part4 ,in this country all self-respecting people are workers in one way or another1 and though in the course of progress of cooperative movements and combinations1 among many kinds of workers1 there may have been much of injustice1 such movements have also been accompanied by self-sacrifice1 courage and generosity of a high order4 ,in time the good will far out-weigh the evil4 ,as ,labor ,day approaches1 the children1 especially if the father expects to take part1 will be readily interested in the day and what it should mean--the solving of the great problem of the twentieth century4 ,meanwhile let the children feel the beauty of ,walt ,whitman's lines3 ,ah little recks the laborer ,how near his work is holding him to ,god1 ,the loving ,laborer through space and time4 ,the ,labor ,day parade is a revival1 or survival in modern guise1 of the mediaeval processions of the ,guilds4 ,such a procession is charmingly represented in ,wagner's delightful opera1 ,die ,meistersinger1 wherein1 on a festival day1 we see the bakers enter1 bearing the insignia of their trade1 enormous pretzels and other cakes4 ,the cobblers march in with gigantic boots and slippers suspended from tall poles2 the butchers carry hams and festoons of sausages1 etc4 ,the child may imitate such a parade in his play4 ,in talking with the child1 emphasize the obligation to do good1 true work and to take pride in such4 ,let fidelity and trustworthiness be his watchwords4 ,parade 7,poles or broom handles1 wrapping paper or newspaper1 scissors1 tacks1 rakes1 spades1 etc41 flags and banners7 ,let the children cut from the paper large outlines of shoes1 boots1 hams1 saws1 try-squares1 clocks1 watches1 enormous pens1 knives1 forks1 etc41 and fasten with pins or tacks to the poles4 ,then march to the tune of some stirring air4 ,some may be able to secure small garden rakes1 spades and toy brooms to carry4 ,the ,american flag and banners should also be carried4 ,toy-,processions 7,trade catalogues1 toothpicks1 paper dolls1 etc47 ,cut out paper dolls and let each one carry a tiny toothpick upon which has been pasted a picture cut from some catalogue4 ,these catalogues will furnish pictures of shoes1 carriages1 saws1 hammers1 watches1 furniture1 etc4 ,be sure that little ,american flags are also carried4 ,dolls may be glued to spools for standards4 ,place ,cards for ,dinner #a4 7,bristol board1 scissors1 paints1 brush7 ,make place cards of ,bristol board1 which may be cut into shape of shoes1 watches1 etc41 and painted accordingly4 ,the name of guest may be placed on reverse side4 ,or1 on plain white card1 paint a picture emblematic of a trade and write upon it also some quotation from a writer of democratic spirit4 #b4 7,tiny cast-iron rakes1 spades and hatchets--#a cent each47 ,as a souvenir1 give each guest a tiny cast-iron spade1 rake and hatchet tied together with cord4 ,or1 for a joke1 these may be placed by each plate instead of knife1 fork and spoon4 #c4 7,pen and ink or pencil1 white card47 ,draw on a plain1 white card a picture of an ant1 bee or beaver as emblematic of labor4 ,use for place cards4 #d4 7,frances ,s4 ,osgood's poem1 ,labor1 white cards1 pen and ink47 ,on each card write one stanza of this beautiful poem1 and after the close of the meal let each guest in turn read the lines on his card4 ,it would be well for every child to commit this poem to memory4 ,it is long1 but sings itself easily into the mind4 ,the word-pictures it calls up are exquisite and the learning of it1 little by little1 would not be an unhappy task4 ,,hallowe',,en ,this is the festival which is given over to all kinds of merry pranks and is dearly loved by the children4 ,it is an opportunity to teach them to discriminate between the fun which is kindly and that which is malicious and productive of needless pain4 ,ducking for ,apples and ,nuts 7,large pans or tubs1 apples1 nuts1 pennies7 ,let the children1 young and old1 for once get themselves wet1 if necessary1 in ducking for the nuts and apples floating in the water4 ,with a little suction some of the children will be able to get pennies from the bottom of the tub4 ,fortune-,telling #a4 ,with ,needles4 7,needles1 pan of water7 ,name a needle for yourself and one for a friend1 and put in the water1 but not together4 ,if they move safely across1 it betokens good luck4 ,two needles meeting indicate life partnership4 #b4 ,with ,toy ,ships4 7,pan of water1 nut ships as described on page #bb7 ,name one little vessel for yourself and one for a friend and set them afloat4 ,if they come to port on the other side all is well4 #c4 ,with ,apple ,rinds4 7,apple1 knife7 ,pare an apple so that the skin comes off in one long piece4 ,toss over the head upon the floor1 and the form it takes will give the initial letters of the name of one's future mate4 #d4 ,with ,cake4 7,cake1 thimble1 ring1 penny1 etc47 ,bake a cake1 hiding in the dough a thimble1 a ring and a penny4 ,when cut1 the recipient of the ring is fore-doomed to marriage2 the one getting the thimble will be a spinster2 the one receiving the penny will have the pleasures and responsibilities of wealth4 ,apple-,biting ,contest 7,apple suspended from a string7 #a4 ,the apple is set swinging and two people1 standing opposite each other1 try as it passes to seize and hold it in the mouth4 ,they must not touch it with the hands4 #b4 ,tie an apple by its stem to the middle of a string about a yard long4 ,then two people1 each taking one end of the string in the mouth1 begin1 at a signal1 to gather it as fast as possible into the mouth1 and so to reach the apple4 ,this belongs to the one reaching it first4 ,refreshments ,apples1 nuts1 popcorn1 cider1 gingerbread and doughnuts are suitable for lighter refreshments4 ,baked beans and plain ice-cold rice pudding were once eaten with decided relish at a ,new ,york ,city ,hallowe'en party1 the city people evidently enjoying the contrast between this feast and the usual caterer's service4 ,serve fruit from a kettle suspended from three cross-sticks1 a la witch4 ,decorations ,jack-o'-lanterns of pumpkins2 strings of apples1 popcorn and cranberries1 and toy brooms hung here and there1 as reminders of the witches who are said to be abroad1 will add to the occasion4 ,the pumpkins should be cut to resemble skulls4 ,reading ,have some one read ,tam ,o',shanter's ,mare 7,burns72 also some good ghost story4 ,thomas ,kendrick ,bangs' ,ghosts ,which ,i ,have ,met contains some good stories1 all absurd4 ,choose a good reader for this4 ,place ,cards #a4 7,white or tinted cards1 ,palmer ,cox ,brownies1 ink1 pen7 ,the ,brownies are delightfully funny little people without a suggestion of anything coarse or evil4 ,the children love them4 ,let the older ones copy and cut them out to use as invitation cards for the ,hallowe'en party or for place cards4 #b4 7,see ,pricking1 page #afe47 ,since witches are always associated with the pricking of pins1 this is an appropriate occasion for using the kindergarten pricking4 ,outline some of the ,brownies on tinted cards and prick as directed on page #afe4 #c4 7,see ,pumpkin ,jack-o'-lantern cards1 page #ace47 ,,thanksgiving ,place ,cards 7,white paper or cardboard1 brush and paints or pen and ink7 #a4 ,cut out a turkey1 copying from some picture if necessary4 7,picture may be found in dictionary47 ,if skilful with brush or pen1 indicate the feathers1 eye1 etc4 #b4 ,draw picture of a pumpkin4 ,cut it out4 ,paint in deep orange tones with shadings of brown4 ,cut into it eyes1 nose and mouth1 suggesting ,jack-o'-lantern4 #c4 ,on white cards write stanzas from ,whittier's poem1 ,the ,pumpkin ,pie1 and let each guest read his stanza in turn4 #d4 ,cut as many triangles as there are guests and paint each to resemble a slice of pie4 ,one side of triangle should be curved4 #e4 ,find a simple figure of a ,puritan maiden and draw in outline2 then cut out and paint or draw in black ink the important lines4 ,use as place card4 #f4 ,make little walnut boats 7see page #bb71 and on each sail write name of guest4 #g4 ,find picture of ,mayflower and copy on white card4 ,on reverse side write a stanza of ,the ,breaking ,waves ,dashed ,high4 ,let each guest read his lines4 7,or parts of ,hiawatha about ,mondamin may be used47 ,table ,souvenirs 7,tiny cast-iron gardening tools1 #a cent each7 ,as described under ,labor ,day1 these tiny penny tools may be put at each place1 the hatchet representing the knife1 the rake the fork1 and the spade the spoon4 ,attach name of guest to set4 ,butter ,modeling 7,clay modeling tools1 firm butter7 ,if any child has acquired a little skill in clay modeling1 let him try his hand at modeling out of firm butter some form expressing a ,thanksgiving thought4 ,it may be a piece of fruit1 or some animal4 ,get clay modeling tools at art store4 ,center ,piece 7,pumpkin1 knife1 fruits and vegetables7 ,hollow out a pumpkin in such a way that a part of the rind is left as a handle to the remaining part1 which serves as a basket4 ,into this basket put a variety of fruits and vegetables1 emblematic of the bounties for which we are grateful4 ,jack-o'-lantern 7,pumpkin1 knife1 candle7 ,we doubt if any boy needs to be told how to cut a face in a pumpkin4 ,a sharp knife will soon make the cuts for eyes1 nose and mouth in the rind1 the seedy contents having been previously removed4 ,a hollow may be cut in the bottom of the interior to hold the candle1 which can be made still steadier by melting a little from the bottom and letting it drip into this hollow1 forming a waxy bed into which the candle may be inserted4 ,candlesticks ,see pages #bd and #fd for those made of apples and of cardboard and colored papers4 ,room ,decorations #a4 ,corn ,stalks4 7,strong cord and needle1 hammer and tacks47 ,stack cornstalks in the corners of the rooms in effective positions1 two or three to a corner4 ,those living in cities may find it well to secure these from farmer friends some time before the holiday4 #b4 ,unhusked ,ears of ,field ,corn4 7,strong cord47 ,the corn husks must be turned back from the ears and cut off from them without loosening the separate leaves4 ,then a number of these husks may be strung upon a strong thread or string alternating with the ears of corn4 ,hang along the upper part of the wall as a frieze4 ,the rich1 warm tones of the brown and yellow are very effective4 #c4 ,cranberries and ,brussels ,sprouts4 7,string1 needle47 ,run upon a string half a dozen cranberries1 then a ,brussels sprout2 then more cranberries1 etc41 and suspend this as a festoon along mantelshelf1 in chandelier1 or over window4 #d4 ,autumn ,leaves4 7,see page #dg47 #e4 ,autumn ,boughs4 7,oak boughs47 ,oak boughs1 with the rich red and russet leaves still upon them1 are very handsome in the autumn4 ,the beautiful branches may be gathered by the young people and hung in parts of the room where most effective4 ,,christmas ,place ,cards #a4 7,sheet black paper1 ,chinese white water-color paint1 brush47 ,cut a stocking from the black paper 7obtainable at kindergarten supply store74 ,with the paint1 paint in white toes and heels4 ,on the reverse side write some appropriate quotation and name of guest4 ,stockings may be about four inches long4 #b4 7,white paper1 black ink or crayon47 ,cut a rough figure of a snowman out of white paper1 put in features with black ink or crayon1 and write name on reverse side4 #c4 7,water paper1 water-colors1 scissors1 spray of holly47 ,from real holly or a picture of same1 paint a spray of green leaves and red berries4 ,cut out around the edges and use as name card4 #d4 7,red cardboard1 scissors1 pen1 ink47 ,draw an outline of a bell on cardboard and cut out4 ,an appropriate sentiment may be written upon one side and name of guest upon the other4 ,surprise ,nuts 7,see page #bc7 ,snowflakes for ,tree 7,see page #ei7 ,snowball 7,white cotton batting1 snowflake crystals from toy store1 white cotton cloth1 sewing thread1 mucilage7 ,cut two circles of cotton cloth1 stuff with the batting1 after sewing into shape of ball4 ,cover lightly with snowflake crystals1 first dipping ball lightly into thin mucilage4 ,suspend from tree4 ,candles 7,paraffine or old candles1 kettle1 soft cotton string1 small box of sand1 pencil7 ,candles have sometimes been made in the kindergarten in either of the following ways3 #a4 ,heat a pound of paraffine 7bought at grocer's71 or melt up some old candle ends in a kettle4 ,place in front of the child a cigar box containing about a quart of moist sand1 smoothed level4 ,then with his pencil let him press into the sand1 making a deep1 hollow mold just the width of the pencil4 ,now let him hold a short piece of string so that it hangs down into this mold4 ,an older person will then pour some of the melted wax into the mold4 ,it will cling to the string1 and in a moment or two will cool enough to be drawn out1 making a little candle that can be used for the ,christmas tree1 or put into a clay candlestick1 also made by the child4 7,see below47 #b4 ,put the kettle containing the melted wax before the child and let him dip into it a piece of string about four inches long4 ,then let him take it out in a moment and lay it aside to cool4 ,a very little wax will cling to it4 ,meanwhile he dips in another string and puts aside to cool4 ,when cool he takes up the first one and dips it in a second time1 and a new coat of wax adheres4 ,he proceeds thus until the candles are as large in diameter as desired 7about #a_/b inch at base74 ,the candles may be put into clay candlesticks1 also made by the child4 ,candlesticks 7,clay1 a tin or china candlestick to use as model7 ,let the child take a candlestick and copy in clay2 it should be of simple form1 a mere cylinder1 with just enough of a base to make a firm standard4 ,candlesticks 7,cardboard1 scissors7 ,cut small squares of cardboard4 ,the candles may be made to stand temporarily upon these by melting the lower ends of the candles and letting some of the wax drip upon center of the cards1 and then pressing the candle down upon the melted wax4 ,these may be placed upon the table on ,christmas morning4 ,christmas ,carols ,let the children learn some simple old carol1 as a secret1 and ,christmas morning have them sing it softly and sweetly to awaken father4 ,a full program of songs suitable for this most beautiful of days will be found in the little book1 ,the ,children's ,messiah1 compiled by ,mari ,ruef ,hofer1 price #bj cents4 ,it gives also the address of a firm publishing stereopticon views for illustrating the program suggested4 ,spider-,web ,party 7,see page #ajd7 ,arrange the twines of several colors as described on page #ajd1 and at the end place the gifts belonging to each child4 ,popcorn 7,popcorn1 popper1 thread1 needle7 ,pop the corn and string into festoons with which to decorate the tree4 ,christmas ,bells 7,red cardboard1 scissors1 thread1 needle7 ,make bells as described on page #aji1 only make them of various sizes4 ,string1 and use to decorate table or tree1 or to festoon from the center of the ceiling to the corners and sides of the room4 ,kindergarten ,lanterns 7,red1 gold1 or silver paper1 scissors1 thread1 paste7 ,take a kindergarten square of pretty paper or make a square of some attractive wrapping paper4 ,fold once into an oblong4 ,now cut a series of parallel lines from the fold toward the edge1 stopping each about #a_/b inch from edge4 ,open and paste one end so that it overlaps the other1 the cuts running vertically4 ,this makes the lantern bulge out a little at the fold1 giving a ,japanese lantern effect4 ,suspend by a thread tied to the upper edge or paste a narrow strip of paper on for a handle4 ,use as decoration for ,christmas tree4 ,paper ,chains 7,see pages #ef and #aae7 ,reading ,read a part or the whole of ,dickens' ,christmas ,carol1 ,the ,chimes1 or ,the ,cricket on the ,hearth2 or ,is ,there a ,santa ,claus1 by ,jacob ,riis2 or ,the ,birds' ,christmas ,carol1 by ,kate ,douglas ,wiggin4 ,longfellow's ,arsenal at ,springfield and ,a ,christmas ,hymn1 by ,a4 ,domett1 are also appropriate4 ,,chapter ,,ix ,,the ,,key ,,basket or ,,household ,,duties ,,and ,,responsibilities ,train the children little by little to bear certain light responsibilities in the home4 ,even in a home in which all the household tasks are done by trained servants let the girl and boy have some small duty to perform1 if it be nothing more than to keep the match-safes filled4 ,they will thus acquire an interest in the home which can be aroused in no other way4 ,indeed1 every child1 boy and girl1 should be trained to do easily and well the common household tasks upon which depend so much of the happiness and well-being of the home4 ,such knowledge and skill often prove of use in unexpected emergencies and make for general efficiency4 ,the ancient symbol of the housewife's office is her bunch of keys1 hung at her waist or placed in the key-basket1 so we have used this latter phrase as our chapter heading4 ,,home ,,tasks ,here are a few brief directions for the usual home tasks in which both boys and girls may to some extent be trained4 ,table ,setting 7,usual dishes and cutlery7 ,different homes vary in unimportant particulars in the placing of the dishes4 ,the following is a common arrangement for the dinner table3 ,at each place lay the fork vertically at the left-hand side1 the knife vertically at the right1 and the soup-spoon to the right of the knife4 ,this places each utensil so that it is ready for the hand which uses it most4 ,put the teaspoons to the right of the soup-spoon1 and the napkin to the left of the fork4 ,place the glass just above the knife1 the butterdish above the fork1 and the individual salt-cellar1 if used1 between the two4 ,father and mother sit at the ends of the table4 ,put carving-knife and fork at father's place2 also the soup ladle1 as father serves the soup and carves4 ,mother pours the coffee and tea and serves the vegetables4 ,therefore the soup and dinner dishes must be placed before the carver1 and the needed vegetable dishes and cups and saucers at the mother's place4 ,here1 too1 must be placed the sugar bowl and cream pitcher4 ,in the ,united ,states it is customary to serve most vegetables upon individual saucers4 ,in ,england they are usually served upon the plate4 ,if salad is to be served1 oil and vinegar cruets may be put on4 ,the dessert is usually served by the mother1 and the necessary dishes must1 therefore1 be placed at her end of the table4 ,if possible1 always have flowers or a growing plant in the center of the table1 but do not have it so high that it obscures the view of those persons sitting on opposite sides of the table4 ,upon special occasions1 particularly if the guests are many1 it is convenient to indicate the place of each person by a place card bearing his name and decorated in some appropriate fashion4 ,suggestions for such place cards will be found on other pages of this volume4 ,table-,serving 7,tray7 ,train both boys and girls to wait on the table quietly and quickly4 ,then they can save mother many weary steps4 ,remove soup-tureen first2 then the individual dishes4 ,after the meat-course1 remove first the platter and vegetable dishes2 then the plates1 saucers1 etc41 from each individual place2 then1 if there is no salad course1 the bread and butter dishes1 cruets1 etc41 from center of table4 ,next the table must be crumbed4 ,do this by quietly removing crumbs from each place with crumb-knife and tray or by brushing with folded napkin4 ,if salad is served1 crumbing takes place after that course4 ,hold all dishes to left of guest1 so that he may easily help himself with his right hand4 ,dish-,washing 7,hot water in quantity1 dish pan1 wire tray1 drainer1 washing-soda1 soap1 dish-mop1 washcloth1 towels in plenty1 both coarse and fine7 ,if two people are to work together1 let one collect the dishes and dispose of the left-over food1 while the other washes the kettles and saucepans4 ,get these heavy cooking utensils out of the way the first thing2 then the drudgery part is over before the workers are tired out4 ,dishes in which potatoes1 cereals1 or eggs have been cooked should be put to soak1 not in hot1 but in cold or tepid water2 they are then readily cleaned4 ,fill with water as soon as emptied4 ,keep a little washing-soda on hand1 dissolved in water in a canning-jar1 for cleansing greasy dishes4 ,have hot water in abundance1 and1 putting a little soda in with it1 scrub the kettles briskly with the wire-brush that comes for the purpose1 or with mop1 dish-cloth or chain dish-cloth4 ,wipe dry with a heavy towel4 ,meanwhile the other worker is collecting1 scraping and classifying the other dishes4 ,before beginning to wash1 have all the dishes assorted according to kind and size and placed convenient to hand4 ,when putting away remnants of food it is well to have for the purpose a series of pitchers ranging from three inches to about nine in height4 ,this gives sizes suited to any quantity which may be left over of soups1 milk1 liquid vegetables1 etc4 ,they take less room than bowls1 and the graduated series ornaments the shelf4 ,a wire strainer should be kept in the sink to prevent the larger particles of waste1 indissoluble parings1 coffee grains1 etc41 from going down the drain4 ,this saves plumber's bills4 ,when ready for the washing1 begin with the glasses and wash quickly in hot water1 either clear or soapy1 as preferred4 ,have at hand a second dish-pan in which is placed a wire rack4 ,put the glasses in the rack1 rinse with hot water1 and dry rapidly while still wet and hot4 ,it may be necessary to keep them in the water a moment or two to get them really heated through4 ,in washing glass pitchers put a silver spoon in them before placing in the hot water4 ,this prevents breakage4 ,treat canning-jars in the same way4 ,next wash the silver1 having the water soapy and piping hot1 in order to get a good polish4 ,keep spoons1 knives and forks in separate groups and all pointing in the same direction4 ,the smaller1 less greasy dishes follow the silver1 and then the heavy china4 ,here1 again1 let dishes that have held eggs or starchy foods soak awhile in cold or tepid water4 ,rinse greasy dishes well4 ,conclude by scrubbing tables and sink with cloth1 brush1 soap and sapolio as needed4 ,put the scrapings in the garbage pail and pour hot water and soda down the pipe to remove the last vestige of grease4 ,hang up the shining dish-pans1 after washing out the towels and dish-cloth in soap and water1 if they require it4 ,a can of ,babbitt's ,potash of ,lye may take the place of the washing-soda4 ,bed-,making 7,two sheets1 blanket1 comforter1 cover7 ,put the lower sheet on with the right side up4 ,tuck it in neatly at the corners much as one would fold in the corners when wrapping up a box in paper4 ,place the upper sheet upon this with the right side down4 ,this brings the two right sides together4 ,let the broad hem in each case be at the head of the bed4 ,that of the upper sheet should just reach the head of the mattress4 ,place the blanket with its upper end about six inches from the head of the bed4 ,then comes the comforter1 placed in the same way4 ,fold the sheet down from the top just where the blanket ends4 ,tuck all in neatly at the sides and the foot4 ,now put the spread smoothly over all4 ,it may be tucked in or may hang down as desired4 ,place the pillows with the closed ends of the cases together4 ,if an extra coverlet is to be placed at the foot of the bed1 fold it in thirds so that the sleeper may reach down and draw it up over himself without rising to the floor4 ,to put on a bolster-case easily1 turn it wrong side out and then roll it up over the bolster4 ,train children to air beds every morning by shaking up bed-clothing and extending it over footboard and chair4 ,washing 7,toy tub or tin basin1 toy washboard1 basin for boiler1 soap1 bit of blueing tied in bag1 strong cord for line7 ,put dolls' clothes or a few dustcloths or handkerchiefs in tub of warm water after soaping well4 ,let soak awhile1 then rub out on the little washboard or between the hands1 put into the boiler with cold water and just bring to a boil4 ,rinse in warm water or wash vigorously in warm water if necessary2 then rinse in warm and then in cold water2 put the blueing in a basin of cold water till the water is slightly tinged2 remove the blueing bag and rinse the clothes in the water4 7,the blueing is to counteract the tendency of white goods to grow yellow with time47 ,hang up to dry in the air and sunshine4 ,tell the children that the clothes must always be sorted1 white body clothes being in one class1 bed-linen in another1 table linen in another2 woolens must be washed by themselves with care to keep the water of moderate temperature and the rinsing water of the same degree of heat as the washing water4 ,flannels must be dried as rapidly as possible4 ,colored garments must be washed by themselves4 ,ironing 7,two irons1 holders1 ironing blanket and sheet1 iron-stand1 cake of beeswax or candle7 ,before ironing the clothes must be sprinkled lightly with cold water1 smoothed out and rolled up tightly for half an hour4 ,meanwhile pin the blanket to the ironing board and cover smoothly with the sheet4 ,the iron must not be so hot as to scorch the clothes4 ,try it on a piece of paper4 ,if it seems dirty or rough1 rub it on the beeswax to make it clean and smooth4 7,in place of wax a candle will serve the purpose if wrapped around with a piece of clean cotton cloth47 ,if the garment seems too wet1 put a piece of white cloth over it and iron till somewhat dry4 ,then the iron may be placed directly upon the garment4 ,starch is prepared by wetting and dissolving it in cold water and then pouring upon this boiling water and boiling until clear and smooth4 ,the young child will not need to starch anything1 however4 ,sweeping 7,broom1 whisk-broom1 hair-broom1 sheet1 sweeping-cap7 ,let the little worker don sweeping-cap and apron1 and then proceed to dust carefully small articles and books1 place them on the bed and cover with an old sheet4 ,put furniture which is movable in the hall after dusting4 ,open the window4 ,then sweep the rugs on both sides and place outside4 ,pin up the curtains4 ,then dampen a newspaper and tear into small pieces2 throw these on the floor to absorb the dust4 ,wet tea-leaves may be used for the same purpose4 ,sweep1 holding the broom rather closely to the floor and taking short strokes1 raising as little dust as possible4 ,then leave the room for awhile1 for the dust to settle4 ,dusting 7,dusters of cheesecloth1 clean pieces of old silk1 chamois-skin7 ,on returning to the room after sweeping1 wipe off the baseboard1 then the furniture1 always working from the top down4 ,to reach high corners where cobwebs may lurk1 pin on the brush of the broom a cap of cheesecloth and sweep along the edges of the ceiling4 ,for corners under heavy furniture1 a small whisk brush or soft hair brush may be needed4 ,rub off mirrors with a damp cloth1 drying and polishing with chamois-skin or crumpled newspaper4 ,highly polished furniture may be dusted with soft silk or chamois-skin4 ,even small members of the family may be given a share in this work4 ,little boys and girls can be shown how to dust chairs and furniture within reach of the little arms and hands4 ,it may take more time at first on the mother's part than if she did the work herself2 but in the end she is more than repaid4 ,the little child need not be required to do much1 but let that little be done thoroughly1 if only the legs and rounds of one chair4 ,,chapter ,x ,,the ,,child',s ,,library ,every child should be encouraged to possess his own books even in this age of public libraries4 ,birthdays and ,christmas afford occasions when the parent can increase the little library1 and later the child may be trained how to choose wisely his own purchases4 ,when he is limited in the books he possesses public libraries open up opportunities for a wide range of reading4 ,we give a brief but varied list of books from which the parent may select such as suit her child's particular needs4 ,the discriminating taste in reading must be cultivated from the earliest years if the child is to read with profit and pleasure in youth and maturity4 ,all children should be allowed to read a few at least of the traditional fairy tales4 ,they teach many important life lessons in an impersonal way2 they develop the imagination and widen the sympathies4 ,the successful business man1 the progressive physician or lawyer1 and the truly successful minister is he who understands human nature1 who can put himself in the other person's place2 and to do this he requires a cultivated imagination4 ,the fairy tale also lifts the child from the restricted life of his environment into the region of boundless possibilities4 ,it increases his sense of power over untoward circumstances4 ,acquaintance with fairy lore also familiarizes one with many allusions to be met with in reading all great writers4 ,a love of poetry should be the heritage of every child1 because of the inspiration it gives amidst the sordid cares of life1 and because of the innocent pleasure and refreshment it affords in hours of loneliness and weariness4 ,the child's first book of verse should1 of course1 be ,mother ,goose4 ,after this there are many valuable compilations of good poetry that may be used4 ,a varied library to be found in one large volume is ,the ,children's ,book compiled by ,scudder4 ,it includes selections from ,mother ,goose1 from ,grimm's fairy tales1 from old ,english fairy tales1 the ,arabian ,nights1 and ,hans ,andersen4 ,there are also several of ,maria ,edgeworth's famous moral stories1 a great many of ,aesop's fables1 many of the old ,english ballads1 etc4 ,an excellent compilation of verse is ,roger ,ingpen's ,one ,thousand ,poems for ,children1 which contains all the old favorites of children as well as a large number of the best-known poems by standard authors4 ,standard books on science and nature should be in the home1 and the child's library should include a few books with stories from real life leading up to biography1 history1 and travel4 ,the little one's sense of humor must be accorded recognition4 ,mother ,goose supplies such a need in part1 and ,lear's ,book of ,nonsense may be added4 ,the ,sunday funny sheet should be censored before being put into the hands of the child4 ,expurgate anything that expresses disrespect to old age2 that makes light of honor and integrity2 or that is coarse in drawing1 color1 or subtle suggestion4 ,if the child when grown is to appreciate the delicate humor of a ,charles ,lamb1 his taste must not be dulled when he is young4 ,it is a pity for a child to grow up without knowing and loving the ,pilgrim's ,progress4 ,to give him this pleasure the book should be read to him or put into his hands when about ten years old4 ,otherwise the psychologic moment has passed and he may never learn to care for the great ,english classic4 ,the great mediaeval legends should also be known to the child4 ,they are interwoven with much of history and literature and give a glimpse into a rapidly receding past4 ,we include in our list a charming wee volume1 ,the ,young ,folks' ,book of ,etiquette1 by ,c4 ,s4 ,griffen1 which the mother1 wearied of repeating from day to day the same admonitions as to manners and morals1 will find a great assistance in seconding her efforts4 ,the child will enjoy both the text and the pictures4 ,for the child's ,bible reading we recommend ,moulton's edition of the ,old and ,new ,testaments4 ,the language is identical with that of the familiar old volume1 but the text is condensed so that each story is given in the form of a continuous narrative1 and objectionable passages are omitted4 ,it may thus safely be put into the hands of very young children1 who enjoy the simple1 dignified style4 ,music also must form a part of the child's library4 ,the list appended covers a variety of needs4 ,,fairy ,,tales1 ,,myths1 ,,and ,,legends ,adventures of ,pinocchio1 translated from ,cullodi by ,cramp 7an ,italian classic loved by children74 ,aesop's ,fables4 ,alice in ,wonderland1 ,lewis ,carroll4 ,among the ,farmyard ,people1 ,clara ,d4 ,pierson4 ,among the ,night ,people1 ,clara ,d4 ,pierson4 7,exceptionally good47 ,arabian ,nights ,entertainments4 ,bimbi1 ,ouida4 7,collection of beautiful tales47 ,book of ,saints and ,friendly ,beasts1 ,abbie ,farwell ,brown4 ,bow-wow and ,mew-mew1 ,georgiana ,m4 ,craik4 ,boys' ,odyssey1 ,w4 ,c4 ,perry4 ,curious ,book of ,birds1 ,abbie ,farwell ,brown4 ,fairy ,tales1 ,hans ,christian ,andersen4 ,fifty ,famous ,stories ,retold1 ,baldwin4 ,folk ,tales from the ,russian1 ,blumenthal4 ,gods and ,heroes1 ,francillon4 7,greek legends47 ,household ,stories1 ,anna ,c4 ,klingensmith4 ,heroes ,every ,child ,should ,know1 ,hamilton ,wright ,mabie4 ,in the ,days of ,giants1 ,abbie ,farwell ,brown4 7,norse legends47 ,japanese ,fairy ,tales1 translated by ,williston4 ,jungle ,book1 ,kipling4 ,king ,arthur and ,his ,court1 ,frances ,nimmo ,greene4 ,knights of the ,silver ,shield1 ,r4 ,m4 ,alden4 7,includes ,why the ,chimes ,rang47 ,little ,black ,sambo4 7,beloved by young children47 ,mother ,goose 7,altemus edition71 including a few fairy tales4 ,nights with ,uncle ,remus1 ,joel ,chandler ,harris4 ,norse ,gods and ,heroes1 ,a4 ,klingensmith4 ,norse ,tales1 ,hamilton ,w4 ,mabie4 ,peterkin ,papers1 ,hale4 7,afford pure1 wholesome humor47 ,peter ,rabbit1 ,the ,tale of1 ,beatrix ,potter4 ,saints of ,italy ,legends1 ,ella ,noyes4 ,story of ,siegfried1 ,baldwin4 ,the ,boys' ,king ,arthur1 edited by ,lanier4 ,the ,red ,book of ,romance1 edited by ,lang4 ,the ,red ,fairy ,book and others of same series1 edited by ,lang4 ,tanglewood ,tales1 ,hawthorne 7,greek ,legends74 ,the ,oak ,tree ,fairy ,book1 edited by ,clifton ,johnson4 ,the ,pilgrim's ,progress1 ,bunyan4 ,the ,stars in ,song and ,legend1 ,jermain ,g4 ,porter4 ,the ,wonder ,book1 ,hawthorne4 ,wagner ,story ,book1 ,frost4 ,wandering ,heroes1 ,lillian ,j4 ,price4 ,water ,babies1 ,charles ,kingsley4 ,wizard of ,oz1 ,baum4 ,,history ,,and ,,biography ,childhood of ,ji-,shib the ,ojibwa1 ,a4 ,e4 ,jenks4 ,children of the ,cold1 ,frederick ,schwatka4 7,life among ,esquimaux children47 ,cuore1 de ,amicis1 translated by ,mrs4 ,lucas4 7,experiences of a school boy in ,italy47 ,each and ,all1 ,jane ,andrews4 ,five ,minute ,stories1 ,laura ,e4 ,richards4 ,history of the ,ancient ,greeks1 ,c4 ,d4 ,shaw4 ,lolami1 the ,little ,cliff-,dweller1 ,clara ,k4 ,bayliss4 ,ten ,boys of ,long ,ago1 ,andrews4 ,the ,chinese ,boy and ,girl1 ,bishop ,headland4 ,the ,snow ,baby1 ,mrs4 ,peary4 ,seven ,little ,sisters1 ,jane ,andrews4 ,story of ,joan of ,arc for ,boys and ,girls4 ,story of ,my ,life1 ,helen ,keller4 ,story of ,troy1 ,m4 ,clarke4 ,,nature ,a ,year in the ,fields1 ,burroughs4 ,everyday ,birds1 ,bradford ,torrey4 ,first ,book of ,forestry1 ,filibert ,roth4 ,friends in ,feathers and ,fur1 ,johonnot4 ,grasshopper ,land1 ,margaret ,morley4 ,how to ,attract ,birds1 ,neltje ,blanchan4 ,lady ,hollyhock and ,her ,friends1 ,margaret ,c4 ,walker4 7,tells how to make dolls out of flowers47 ,plant ,relations1 ,coulter4 ,pussy ,meow1 ,s4 ,louise ,patteson4 ,the ,bee ,people1 ,margaret ,morley4 ,the ,hall of ,shells4 ,the ,stars in ,song and ,legend1 ,j4 ,g4 ,porter4 ,the ,training of ,wild ,animals1 ,frank ,c4 ,bostock4 ,trees in ,prose and ,poetry1 ,stone and ,fickett4 ,ways of the ,woodfolk1 ,william ,j4 ,long4 ,wilderness ,ways1 ,william ,j4 ,long4 ,wild ,animals ,i ,have ,known1 ,seton ,thompson4 ,,poetry ,book of ,nursery ,rhymes1 ,new ,collection of ,old ,mother ,goose1 ,charles ,welsh4 ,children's ,book1 ,the1 compilation by ,scudder4 7,prose and verse47 ,child's ,garden of ,verses1 ,robert ,l4 ,stevenson4 ,the ,chinese ,mother ,goose1 ,bishop ,headland4 7,charmingly illustrated with photographic pictures of ,chinese children with their parents47 ,golden ,numbers1 ,kate ,douglas ,wiggin4 7,choice collection of miscellaneous poetry2 beautifully bound47 ,little ,rhymes for ,little ,readers1 ,wilhelmina ,seegmiller4 ,lyrica ,heroica1 edited by ,w4 ,e4 ,henley4 ,one ,thousand ,poems for ,children1 ,roger ,ingpen4 7,a very full collection47 ,the ,listening ,child1 ,l4 ,w4 ,thacher4 7,compilation of short poems suitable for children over six47 ,the ,posy ,ring1 ,kate ,douglas ,wiggin4 7,choice collection for young children47 ,the ,robin's ,christmas ,eve4 7,old ,english ballad47 ,,picture ,,books ,an ,apple ,pie1 ,kate ,greenaway4 ,at ,great ,aunt ,martha's 7,pictures71 ,kathleen ,ainslie4 7,illustrations of wooden dolls47 ,book of ,nonsense1 ,edward ,lear4 7,highly recommended by ,ruskin47 ,dean's ,rag ,books4 7,for very young children2 will wash and iron47 ,jingleman ,jack 7,pictures and verses about the trades71 ,o',dea and ,kennedy4 ,four and ,twenty ,toilers1 ,lucas4 7,hard to procure47 ,,music ,children's ,messiah1 ,mari ,ruef ,hofer4 ,children's ,singing ,games1 ,old and ,new1 ,mari ,ruef ,hofer4 ,christmas-,time ,songs and ,carols1 ,mrs4 ,crosby ,adams4 ,finger ,plays1 ,emilie ,poulsson4 ,holiday ,songs1 ,emilie ,poulsson4 ,merry ,songs and ,games for the ,use of the ,kindergarten1 ,clara ,b4 ,hubbard4 ,music for the ,child ,world1 ,mari ,ruef ,hofer4 ,two vols4 7,music every child should know47 ,nature ,songs for ,children1 ,fanny ,snow ,knowlton4 ,primary and ,junior ,songs for the ,sunday-school1 ,mari ,ruef ,hofer4 ,small ,songs for ,small ,singers1 illustrated1 ,w4 ,h4 ,neidlinger4 ,song ,stories for the ,kindergarten1 ,mildred and ,patty ,hill4 ,songs and ,games for ,little ,ones1 ,walker and ,jenks4 ,songs and ,games of the ,mother-,play ,book1 ,froebel4 ,songs ,every ,child ,should ,know1 ,dolores ,bacon4 ,songs for ,little ,children1 ,eleanor ,smith4 ,two vols4 ,songs of ,childhood1 ,field de ,koven ,song ,book4 ,songs of the ,open1 ,seeboeck4 ,songs of the ,child ,world1 ,jessie ,l4 ,gaynor4 ,st4 ,nicholas ,songs1 the ,words from ,st4 ,nicholas ,magazine4 ,,sunday-,,school ,,helps ,a ,year of ,sunday-school ,work1 ,florence ,u4 ,palmer4 ,beginnings1 ,a4 ,w4 ,gould4 ,pamphlet4 ,tells of the beginnings of world1 man1 sin1 language1 death1 law1 etc41 according to the ,bible1 according to ,science1 and according to old myths4 ,bible for ,young ,people1 ,century ,co4 ,kindergarten ,sunday-school ,stories1 ,laura ,a4 ,cragin4 7,new ,testament47 ,old and ,new ,testament for ,children1 edited by ,richard ,g4 ,moulton4 ,old ,testament ,bible ,stories1 ,walter ,l4 ,sheldon4 ,stories from the ,lips of the ,teacher1 ,o4 ,b4 ,frothingham4 ,stories of the ,patriarchs1 ,o4 ,b4 ,frothingham4 ,wonder ,stories from the ,gospels1 ,katherine ,beebe4 ,,chapter ,,xi ,,kindergarten ,,materials ,the ,kindergarten ,gifts ,friedrich ,froebel1 after observing and studying thoughtfully the play and playthings of little children1 selected from among these1 and arranged in logical order1 a certain series which should help develop the little one in mind1 body1 and spirit through childlike play4 ,this series of related playthings is known as the kindergarten gifts4 ,all children of all races play ball1 and the first kindergarten gift to be given1 even to a very little child1 consists of six soft worsted balls in the colors red1 orange1 yellow1 green1 blue1 and violet4 ,the second gift is an oblong box containing a wooden ball or sphere1 a cube1 and a cylinder1 with several slender axles and beams to assist in the little plays4 ,the third gift is a box containing a two-inch cube divided horizontally and vertically into eight one-inch cubes4 ,the fourth gift is a similar cube divided horizontally into eight oblong blocks4 ,the fifth gift is evolved from the preceding ones and is a five-inch cube divided into inch cubes1 half cubes1 and quarter cubes4 ,the sixth gift is a cube of the same size divided so that it contains cubes1 oblongs1 and plinths4 ,the third1 fourth1 fifth1 and sixth gifts are derived from the geometrical solids4 ,the seventh gift is derived from the geometrical surfaces1 and consists of wooden tablets in shapes of circles1 squares1 triangles1 etc4 ,the eighth gift represents the geometrical line and is made up of wooden sticks in lengths of one1 two1 three1 four1 five1 and six inches4 ,they may be had in two thicknesses and either colored or uncolored4 ,the ninth gift1 derived from the edge of the circle1 consists of metal rings1 half rings1 and quarter rings1 in several sizes4 ,the tenth gift1 derived from the geometric point1 is the lentil4 ,kindergartners differ as to the amount of emphasis to be placed upon the geometric side of the gifts1 and as to whether or not they should always be presented in a certain logical order4 ,to appreciate their full value the mother must read her ,froebel or take a kindergarten course4 ,we give below some simple methods of using them1 from which the child will derive both pleasure and benefit4 ,what follows should be entirely clear1 especially if the mother has the gifts before her as she reads4 ,first ,gift ,balls 7,rubber ball #a-a_/b inches in diameter1 wool in six primary colors1 crochet-hook7 ,these balls can be made by taking a rubber ball and crocheting around it a case of worsted2 or a case can be crocheted and then stuffed with loose wool or cotton4 ,in the latter case to insure a good shape it is well to crochet over a ball till nearly finished2 then take the rubber ball out and fill with the cotton or wool and then complete the ball4 ,then crochet a string about eight inches long and attach to the ball1 for suspending it4 ,the ball can then be swung1 raised1 lowered1 made to hop like a bird1 swing like a pendulum1 revolve rapidly like a wheel4 ,the child may play that it is a bucket being raised or lowered4 ,see how steadily he can raise it4 ,the balls lend themselves to many color games4 #a4 ,place them in a row1 let one child blind his eyes1 another one removes one of the balls and the first one1 opening his eyes1 tries to think which one is missing4 #b4 ,let children observe the colors through a glass prism and try to arrange balls in similar order4 ,ask child if he can tell which colors are uppermost in the rainbow1 the cold or the warm ones4 #c4 ,if the mother is sewing on a colored dress1 let the child try to pick out the ball resembling it in color4 #d4 ,play hiding the ball1 as in hide the thimble4 #e4 ,play store1 letting him tell you which ball will best represent a lemon1 an orange1 a red apple1 etc4 ,second ,gift ,plays ,throughout his life1 ,froebel felt with keen pain all that was discordant or inharmonious in human society4 ,beneath all differences and misunderstandings lay1 he believed1 the possibility of adjustment1 or reconciliation4 ,relations most strained might be brought into harmonious union4 ,this great idea is typified by the second gift4 ,the hard wooden sphere is round1 curved from all points of view1 with no angles or edges1 and is easily moved4 ,the cube is a complete contrast to the sphere1 inasmuch as it stands firmly1 has flat faces1 angles1 and edges4 ,the cylinder combines the characteristics and possibilities of the other two4 ,it has flat faces as well as a curved one1 and can both stand and roll4 ,it forms a bond of connection between the other two which at first sight seem irreconcilable4 ,three of these forms have small staples inserted in side1 edge1 and angle so that they may be suspended1 swung1 and revolved4 ,there are also perforations through each one admitting the insertion of the axles1 when needed for certain plays4 ,if an axle be put through cube or cylinder and it be revolved rapidly1 you can see1 in the swift moving figure1 the spirit1 as it were1 of the other forms--an experiment fascinating to young and old4 ,a little imagination will turn the box in which these blocks come1 into a boat1 car1 engine1 etc41 pins1 matches1 tacks1 wire1 etc41 being called in as extras4 ,the little wooden beam may be placed across1 held up by the axles and upon this the blocks may be suspended as objects for sale in a store4 ,the box with its cover may be used to illustrate the three primary mechanical principles1 the pulley1 or wheel1 the inclined plane1 and the lever4 ,the pulley is made by placing the cylinder on an axle1 tying a little weight to one end of a cord and drawing it up over the cylinder4 ,let the child play the weight is a bucket of water being drawn up from a well4 ,play loading a boat and use the cover for a plank1 inclined from the deck to the ground1 up which to roll a barrel 7the cylinder74 ,play that the cube is a heavy piano box and show how to raise it by using a stick as a lever4 ,the students of a kindergarten training school made fine derrick cranes with this box of blocks1 and no two were exactly alike4 ,games with ,second ,gift ,ball #a4 ,let children sit crossed-legged on the floor in a circle and let one child roll the ball across to another child4 ,he in turn rolls it straight over to some other child and so on4 #b4 ,let one child sit in the center of a circle and roll the ball to each child in turn1 who rolls it back to him4 #c4 ,let several children stand in the center of a ring and try to catch the ball as it rolls swiftly by4 #d4 ,let children stand in center and try to avoid being touched by the ball as it rolls along4 #e4 ,draw a circle on the floor and let the children try in turn to so roll the ball that it will stop inside of the ring4 #f4 ,place the cube in the center of the circle4 ,put the cylinder on top of the cube and balance the sphere carefully upon the cylinder4 ,then let the children try to hit this target with another ball4 ,many are the lessons in self-control1 fair play1 patience and kindness which the children practice in playing these simple games1 in addition to the physical exercise and training in alertness1 in seeing correctly and in acting quickly4 ,second ,gift ,beads ,mrs4 ,hailmann1 a kindergarten training teacher1 some years ago added to the gifts the so-called second gift beads1 much loved by wee children4 ,these are perforated wooden beads in shape of the sphere1 cube and cylinder4 ,they come in two sizes and may be had in colors or uncolored4 ,a shoe lace comes with them for stringing4 ,in delightful plays with these beads the child learns to distinguish form and color1 and has practice in simple designing4 ,at first let him have a number of different kinds and let him thread them as he pleases4 ,observe him and see if1 of his own initiative1 he will distinguish either form or color4 ,after a while he will probably1 without suggestion1 begin to string them in some sort of order--one sphere1 one cube1 one sphere1 one cube1 etc4 ,two spheres1 two cubes1 two cylinders1 etc4 ,when he begins to see differences1 give him two forms only and let him arrange4 ,later give him others4 ,too many at first will be confusing4 ,besides the stringing1 these beads may be used in other ways4 ,make a fence by putting two cubes and a sphere1 one on top of the other for a post1 and then join these to similar posts by running toothpicks or burnt matches through the perforations4 ,place cubes and cylinders1 one on top of another1 and use as tree box with tiny twig or elderberry branch for tree4 ,if making a toy village of blocks or cardboard1 these little beads will make good lampposts4 ,the ,pegboard ,the pegboard1 an additional gift devised by ,mrs4 ,alice ,h4 ,putnam1 can also be had in two sizes1 the large one to be preferred4 ,the board is perforated with holes at regular intervals and is accompanied with colored pegs1 which the child loves to insert in the openings4 ,he may arrange them in ranks for soldiers1 according to color1 two and two1 or four and four1 learning thus to count4 ,a flower-bed with red flowers in one corner and green bushes in another may be made4 ,he may play that the pegs are kindergarten children playing follow the leader1 some with red dresses1 some with blue waists1 etc4 ,a birthday cake with candles may be represented1 or a line of telegraph poles1 if father has gone on a journey1 and over the imaginary wires a message may be sent4 ,the pegboard is also loved by very young children4 ,plays with the ,other ,gifts ,the third gift cubes may be built by the little child into houses1 furniture1 wagons1 etc4 ,it is very simple1 and yet when handling it the child learns something of form and number and gains skill with his tiny hands4 ,the fourth gift expresses proportion4 ,each block is twice the length of those in the preceding gift and half as high4 ,he can build with it objects impossible with the first divided cube4 ,the two may often be used in conjunction4 ,the fifth gift requires a decided increase in the child's powers of coordination4 ,he can make with it a very great variety of objects4 ,only a kindergartner can appreciate its many possibilities4 ,the sixth gift lends itself peculiarly to buildings of a certain type4 ,it expresses less strength and more grace than the preceding ones4 ,in playing with these gifts under direction of a teacher1 the child1 if making the grocery store1 proceeds to make the counter1 the scales1 the money desk1 etc41 in succession1 and is not allowed to take the first structure apart in disorderly fashion and then make the next one1 but is supposed to build the counter1 or other article1 by gradually transforming the thing already made1 removing the blocks in ones1 or twos1 or threes in an orderly way4 ,each block is supposed to have some relation to the whole4 ,for instance if a shoe store has been made and one unused block remains1 it may represent the footstool used in such a store4 ,froebel thought in this way through simple play to help the child little by little to feel the relatedness of all life4 ,seventh ,gift ,plays ,with the seventh gift tablets the child makes designs or beauty forms1 becoming familiar with certain geometrical forms and exercising his powers of invention in pleasing design4 ,in using the tablets1 which are in both light and dark stains1 do not give too many at first4 ,give him for instance one circle1 representing a picture of a ball1 and let him lay a row of such for a frieze design for a gymnasium4 ,give a circle and four squares1 and let him place one above1 one below1 one to the right and one to the left1 touching the circle4 ,this will suggest a unit for a tile for a playroom fireplace4 ,tell him to change the top square so that its angle touches the circle2 then change the lower one in the same way2 then the right1 then the left4 ,this transformation gives an entirely new design4 ,the other tablets may be employed in the same way1 the different kinds of triangles offering opportunity for much variety4 ,eighth ,gift ,plays ,the sticks may be used in representing designs in which the straight line prevails4 ,the lines may be placed in vertical or horizontal position4 ,sticks may be arranged as soldiers1 standing two and two in straight vertical lines2 or as fences in horizontal position4 ,they may be classified as to length4 ,let the child sort them as wood for the woodpile1 putting together those of same length4 ,or play he is in the store to buy a cane and sees those of different lengths1 some for men1 some for children4 ,for designing give the child four sticks of one length and let him make a square4 ,give him four of another length and let him make a larger square4 ,then with these eight sticks let him make two oblongs of the same size4 ,give him these exercises as puzzles1 but do not let him play with the sticks until he gets nervous in trying to keep them in position4 ,play ,with ,lentils ,these are necessarily few and simple4 ,let the child make circles1 squares1 etc41 by putting the lentils in rows4 ,he can also represent the mass of a tree's foliage by placing a number of the lentils in a mass4 ,,chapter ,,xii ,,kindergarten ,,materials ,the ,kindergarten ,occupations ,the kindergarten gifts proceed1 as will have been observed1 from the solid through other forms to the point4 ,the objects made with these are but temporary1 and the same material may be used again and again4 ,parallel with these ,froebel devised what he calls the occupations1 which put into permanent shape the ideas expressed by the gifts4 ,among the occupations 7we will not name all7 are3 ,peaswork1 pricking1 sewing1 weaving1 parquetry1 pasting1 cardboard modeling1 sand and clay modeling4 ,these are arranged in reverse order to the gifts2 that is1 they proceed from the point to the solid4 ,peaswork 7,good well-dried peas1 wooden toothpicks or hair-wire7 ,soak the peas for #aj or #ab hours till soft4 ,then make a cane of one pea and one stick4 ,two peas and one stick will make a dumb-bell4 ,three of each will make a triangle4 ,make a square in the same way1 and then by adding to this other peas and sticks a skeleton chair can be made4 ,all kinds of furniture and geometrical forms may be thus manufactured4 ,the wire or toothpick must be inserted in the cheek of the pea4 ,watch the child carefully to see that he does not get nervous over the work4 ,assuming that the peas are in good condition1 there should be little trouble if the forms made are simple4 ,pricking 7,thin white cardboard1 long pin1 several folds of cloth or a piece of felt7 ,froebel recognized the appeal this pastime makes to the mystery-loving child4 ,as sometimes used it may be injurious to nerves or eyesight2 but used judiciously the child of five or six will find it a source of harmless entertainment4 ,let mother or older brother draw on cardboard a simple strong outline4 ,provide a strong steel pin 7hat-pin or mourning-pin will do7 and a piece of folded cloth for a cushion4 ,follow the outline by pricking in it a succession of holes4 ,the rough side is the right side of the decorated card4 ,the card may be hung up as a transparency1 or may be made up into blotter or calendar2 or1 if the outline be that of a vegetable or a fruit1 it will make up into a ,thanksgiving place card4 ,very beautiful effects are produced by pricking the surface as well as the outline1 a form of embossing1 but this is a great strain on the nerves4 ,let the child work for only a few moments at a time1 and be sure that the light is good and the drawing is distinct4 ,sewing 7,cardboard1 worsted1 silk or chenille1 needle1 punch7 ,it is a disputed question now whether or not the cardboard sewing of the kindergarten1 once considered so essential1 should be used at all4 ,some condemn it entirely2 others use it sparingly4 ,many replace it with sewing on cloth and other materials soft and flexible1 which lend themselves to the kind of stitching required later in everyday sewing4 ,we cannot now enter into the discussion1 but common-sense rules here as elsewhere4 ,cards with designs already drawn and perforated may be bought1 but the mother need not feel that she must depend upon these4 ,old visiting and invitation cards may be used for the purpose4 ,we give a few examples of objects pretty and useful which may be made of this material4 ,these will suggest others to the active-minded child4 ,get punch at kindergarten supply store2 from #ej cents up4 #a4 ,gift ,card4 ,cut a square of cardboard #e x #e inches4 ,with a needleful of red worsted let the child sew upon this card three straight candles in stitches one inch long4 ,you may first punch in the bottom of the card three holes as guides4 ,put them in a row equidistant from each other4 ,make parallel to these a row of three dots in pencil4 ,the child will push the needle through one hole from below and put it through the dot above1 making his own hole4 ,so proceed till finished4 ,a flame may be drawn with yellow chalk at the upper end of each candle1 to make it more realistic4 ,this card may be used to stand a candlestick upon1 or to send as a birthday card4 ,a similar card with the red stitches lying horizontally will picture firecrackers ready to be set off4 ,use as a mat for a match safe4 #b4 ,cover for ,medicine ,glass4 ,draw a circle five inches in diameter4 ,cut this out4 ,parallel to the edge draw a circle four inches in diameter4 ,make dots about #a_/b inch apart along this second circle4 ,punch holes through these dots4 ,with worsted1 ravelings or chenille let the child sew once around this circle4 ,then go around the other way to fill up all the gaps left the first time4 ,use as cover for glass of medicine4 ,line the bottom with clean1 white paper4 ,vary by overcasting1 or from a central hole take long radiating stitches to the holes in the circumference like the spokes of a wheel4 #c4 ,toy ,umbrella4 ,the above circle with spokes may be made into a toy umbrella if a slender stick be run through for a handle4 ,stick a pin about an inch from the top to keep the umbrella part from slipping down4 #d4 ,bookmark4 ,cut an oblong card #b x #f inches4 ,draw upon this a row of parallel oblique lines about one inch apart and one inch long4 ,punch holes through the ends of the lines at the bottom1 sew one slanting line to show the child1 and let him finish the row4 ,a similar oblong will make a napkin ring if the ends be brought together and tied with the ends of the worsted4 ,squares1 oblongs1 crosses1 etc41 may thus be punched and sewed4 ,if no punch is obtainable1 make the holes with a coarse needle or strong pin4 ,paper ,tearing 7,see page #ed7 ,paper ,cutting ,this is another ,froebelian occupation4 ,some suggestions have been given elsewhere4 7,see page #ed47 ,we will speak here of a more definite series of progressive steps4 ,take a square of white paper4 ,fold once to make an oblong4 ,keep folded and fold once more1 which gives a small square4 ,from the corners of this square cut pieces1 large or small4 ,keep these4 ,open the paper and lay it down4 ,then arrange around it the cut-off corners to make a design4 ,they may be arranged in a variety of ways4 ,the pieces cut off the corners may be of various shapes4 ,vary another square by cutting into it1 after it has been folded1 triangles or other figures4 ,open and arrange around it these cut-off pieces4 ,when a satisfactory design has thus been made1 it may be pasted on a pleasing background of paper4 ,in kindergarten training1 checked paper is provided and the cuttings are made from lines drawn upon this according to a progressive system4 ,parquetry 7,colored papers1 paste1 kindergarten slat or match for paste-stick7 ,this occupation has its parallel in the tablets4 ,the designs made temporarily with the circles1 squares1 etc41 of wood may be put into more permanent form with the parquetry papers4 ,these are circles1 squares1 triangles1 etc41 of colored papers1 the unit of size being the inch4 ,there are #a1jjj in a package1 embracing the six colors--red1 orange1 yellow1 green1 blue and violet1 with two shades and two tints of each1 besides neutral tones1 and black and white4 #a4 ,easter ,card4 ,give the child an oblong piece of gray cardboard1 six inches long1 and some yellow circles4 ,let him paste a row of circles for dandelion heads and then chalk in the green stems4 ,give to father for an ,easter card4 ,red and yellow circles may be cut in half and so arranged as to suggest tulips4 7,see page #abb47 #b4 ,frieze4 ,let the child make designs for a frieze for the doll-house parlor1 arranging circles and squares successively or alternately on a strip of paper4 ,or he can make a design for the doll-house kitchen oilcloth by pasting squares or circles 7one square or circle surrounded by others7 in a square unit4 ,an inexpensive paste for this work may be made of gum tragacanth4 ,buy five cents' worth of the powdered gum4 ,put a tablespoonful into an empty mucilage bottle and fill with water4 ,in a few moments it will dissolve and thicken4 ,use more or less1 according to thickness desired4 ,weaving 7,colored kindergarten weaving mats1 weaving needle7 ,this is one of the most popular of kindergarten occupations4 ,primitive man early learned to interlace the branches of trees to make for himself a shelter1 and to weave together coarse fibres to make his crude garments4 ,in course of ages great skill was acquired in thus using all kinds of flexible materials2 artistic baskets were produced of raffia and reeds1 and fine garments of linen1 wool and cotton4 ,beautiful effects in color and form were introduced1 the designs usually having a symbolic meaning4 ,froebel devised1 for the expression of this natural tendency1 a series of exercises with colored paper1 which gave practice in selection of color harmonies1 in designing1 in counting1 and which led to skill and neatness in work4 ,loom-weaving has been described on another page4 7#ij47 ,in many kindergartens it now entirely supersedes the paper-weaving1 which we will here briefly describe4 #a4 ,if you do not care to buy the regular kindergarten weaving mats1 you may use smooth gray or brown wrapping paper cut into four-inch squares4 ,in such a square cut two slits #a_/b inch apart and one inch long4 ,from some pretty paper cut a strip one inch wide and two inches long and insert in the slit in the mat1 pasting the ends of the strip to the under side of the mat4 #b4 ,cut three or four slits in similar mats and weave into them one-inch or half-inch strips1 using narrower ones as the child gains skill4 ,weave such a strip under one and over one2 then weave another1 under two and over two1 etc42 thus a variety of effects may be produced and the child meanwhile has practice incidentally in simple counting4 ,such a mat may be used to cover a glass of drinking water or medicine glass4 #c4 ,a larger mat may be made of pretty paper cut into comparatively fine slits4 ,paste upon this mat a square of smooth paper as a kind of lining2 fold cornerwise and paste two edges together1 making a kind of cornucopia4 #d4 ,scent-,bag4 ,a scent-bag may be made by putting between the mat and the lining described above a thin piece of cotton-batting1 sprinkled with scent4 #e4 ,oilcloth or ,felt4 ,instead of paper1 mats may be woven of plain oilcloth or of felt4 ,have two colors of each material1 one for the mat and one for the strips4 ,on a #e-;inch square of the material draw four parallel lines one inch apart and one inch from the top and bottom4 ,then using these as guide lines1 cut four slits and weave in and out as with the paper weaving4 ,ribbon may be used for the woof if desired4 ,such a mat may be used for a lamp-mat or for a flower-pot mat4 ,among the reasons for discarding the paper-weaving are the following3 ,the colors are somewhat intense1 and it is not always easy to secure good harmonies2 the care necessary to avoid tearing the delicate paper and soiling the delicate colors is often a trial to highly-strung children4 ,therefore they should not work at it too long at a time4 ,a weaving needle comes with the kindergarten weaving papers4 ,paper-,folding ,we give here only a very few of the innumerable forms which may be made by folding paper according to exact directions4 ,mother may conduct such a little play while she is sewing and the child is on the floor or at the table4 ,but directions must be exact and explicit4 ,after once having told what to do in quiet1 distinct1 clear language1 do not repeat4 ,train the child to hear accurately the first time4 ,papers in many tones may be obtained from the kindergarten supply stores1 but any exact square of white paper or of smooth brown wrapping paper will do4 ,place the simple open square before the child1 the edge directly in front of him4 ,call it a tablecloth and ask where the different members of the family sit4 ,if able to wield the scissors1 let him fringe the edge all around4 #a4 ,book4 ,give a second square and1 showing him which are the front corners1 tell him to take hold of these and fold the paper over so that the front edge is just on a line with the back edge4 ,let him iron the table cloth 7crease the fold with his thumb nail7 so as to make a sharp line when opened4 ,this makes a little book or tent4 ,ask what he can read in the book2 who camps out in the tent2 etc4 #b4 ,window4 ,make another tent4 ,keep the tent in front of the child and tell him to open it and then to fold the left side over so that the left edge exactly meets the right edge4 ,crease and open1 and the result is a window with four panes4 ,have the child tell what he plays he can see through it4 #c4 ,tunnel4 ,fold a square once through the middle as before4 ,open and notice the sharp line made by the crease4 ,now fold the front edge to meet exactly this line4 ,open and then fold the back edge to meet this line4 ,open in such a way that the form when standing makes a little tunnel4 ,roll a marble under it4 ,illustration3 ,paper-,folding4 #d4 ,barn4 ,fold a square into sixteen little squares by making a tunnel in one direction and then folding a tunnel in the other direction1 so that the creases cross each other at right angles4 ,open out and cut from the left edge and from the right edge three slits along the horizontal creases to the first intersecting vertical crease4 7,see illustration47 ,now fold ,no4 #a over ,no4 #b so that one little square exactly covers the other and paste or pin together4 ,do the same at the other end4 ,this draws the paper into shape of gable roof4 ,place remaining flaps so that one overlaps the other a trifle1 as shown in the illustration4 ,then cut a door in the side4 7,see illustration47 ,this can be made of a large sheet of strong paper and will house very large paper animals4 #e4 ,sailboat4 ,place a square of paper directly in front of you4 ,fold the front edge backward to meet exactly the back edge and crease4 ,open and fold the left edge over to meet exactly the right edge and crease4 ,open4 ,turn the paper over so that the under side is uppermost1 and place so that a corner is directly in front of you4 ,fold the paper so that the front corner exactly meets the back corner and crease4 ,open and fold so that the left corner exactly meets the right corner4 ,you now have a square crossed by two diameters and by two diagonals4 ,number the corners thus3 #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 and the center #j4 ,take the corners and hold in one hand so that #a-j1 #b-j1 #c-j and #d-j are back to back4 ,then crease in that position4 ,the form is a square4 ,lay down so that the folded corner faces you4 ,fold the loose back corner down to meet the front corner4 ,then turn over and again fold the remaining back corner down to meet the front corner1 and two sails become visible4 ,fold back one-half of the hull to make a base1 and the little boat will stand and move if breathed upon4 ,it can be made water-tight by dipping in melted paraffine4 ,melt the paraffine by putting it in a double boiler with boiling water beneath4 ,cardboard ,modeling 7,cardboard1 knife1 pencil1 scissors7 ,this is another of ,froebel's materials which is much used in the kindergarten4 ,the regular kindergarten cardboard comes in large sheets measured off into inches1 half inches and quarter inches by red and blue lines4 ,these are to assist in the accurate cutting and folding of the stiff paper4 ,the tinted ,bristol board obtainable at stationery stores is also much used4 ,with this simple material older children acquire skill of both hand and eye4 ,the higher school grades are now using it to a great extent in making geometrical figures1 thus gaining practice in making objects after first making the working drawings for the same4 ,a tinsmith who has had kindergarten training will find himself better equipped for his life work because of this early experience in cutting and measuring4 ,the directions here given assume that the unruled cardboard is used4 ,to score is to make a long shallow cut or scratch in the cardboard with a knife1 so that it will bend easily4 ,we give a few simple objects in the order of their difficulty4 #a4 ,book-,mark4 ,draw an oblong #a x #h inches4 ,cut it out and punch a series of holes down the middle1 one inch apart4 ,run a bit of baby ribbon in and out and thus make a simple book-mark4 #b4 ,toy ,wash-,bench4 ,draw and cut an oblong #a x #f inches4 ,draw a line straight across this one inch from each end1 and then score these lines lightly4 ,bend and you have a wash-bench for doll's house4 #c4 ,sugar-,scoop4 ,draw and cut an oblong #b x #d inches4 ,draw a line lengthwise through the middle4 ,score this line1 and cut along the score one inch from each end4 ,score again from each end at right angles to the previous crease4 ,bend up the scored ends and the side1 and paste the flaps together4 ,this may be used for the toy grocery store4 #d4 ,box4 ,read these directions through once4 ,then begin and work along as you read again1 and all will be clear4 ,cut out a square measuring #d x #d inches4 ,place squarely before you1 and then on the front edge1 one inch from each side1 make a dot4 ,on the back edge1 one inch from each side1 make a dot4 ,unite the dots at front and back by straight lines4 ,this gives two vertical lines4 ,now1 on the right hand edge1 one inch from each end make a dot1 and do the same on the left hand edge4 ,unite these dots by straight lines1 which gives two horizontal lines crossing the ones previously made at right angles4 ,with a sharp knife1 and ruler to keep it straight1 score along these lines so that they may be readily bent4 ,now1 from the right edge cut along each horizontal line a slit one inch long4 ,from the left edge cut along each horizontal line a slit one inch long4 ,these cuts will give four flaps4 ,bend up the four oblong sides and fold each flap over inside the box and paste4 ,a little experimentation on the part of older children will show how to elongate one side so as to make a cover4 ,differences in the proportions of the original piece of cardboard will make boxes of different proportions4 #e4 ,work-,box4 ,draw a five-inch pentagon4 ,look up in a geometry to find the rules for doing this4 ,upon each side as a base erect another pentagon4 ,score at the line of junction and bend the side pentagons till the edges meet4 ,in these edges punch holes opposite each other1 and through these tie baby ribbon to hold them together4 ,clay ,modeling 7,potter's clay1 oilcloth or small smooth board1 curtain pole7 ,clay is one of the important kindergarten materials1 and if used with care need give but little trouble4 ,buy at kindergarten supply store or art shop4 ,take a yard of table oilcloth and sew tapes to the corners so long that the oilcloth may be tied to a table and thus held smooth and firm4 ,when not in use keep rolled up on a curtain-pole1 broom-handle or dowel4 ,this preserves it from untimely cracking4 ,upon this oilcloth the child can easily work with the clay1 and the small pieces which may stick to it are readily wiped off with a damp cloth4 ,if preferred1 a small board about a foot square may be used instead of oilcloth4 ,the child soon learns not to scatter the pieces4 ,it is well for him to wear a little apron when making his small works of art4 ,when finished with the clay1 let him remove as much as possible from the hands as a rule1 what remains may be rubbed away with a brisk clapping of the hands or is washed off very readily4 #a4 ,if his first impulse is to pound and thump the clay1 show the child how pretty things may be made by gently pressing and molding the clay between thumb and fingers4 ,if he is still interested in pounding1 show him how to make a sphere by rolling the clay between the palms1 and then by striking it four times hard against the table it is transformed into a rough sort of cube which further effort will improve4 #b4 ,if he inclines to make a number of balls1 show him if possible one of the cheap clay marbles1 and tell him to make some like it1 though his will have no glazing4 #c4 ,if you see that he is rolling the clay into long lengths1 suggest that he make a snake or links of a chain4 #d4 ,older children may be shown how to roll it with the palm into long slender cylinders4 ,then coil these round and round spirally upon themselves and so build up a jar1 as certain primitive races do4 ,then smooth it outside and inside until well shaped4 #e4 ,bowls and crude vases are easily made1 and these when dried may be painted and used to hold matches or pencils4 #f4 ,sometimes1 to stir the imagination1 break off a rough piece of clay and ask the child if it looks like anything to him4 ,if it suggest a bird or fish or fruit1 show him how the crude form may be made more nearly perfect4 #g4 ,take a bit of clay and upon it press another bit1 and so little by little smooth and press and build up a plaque #a_/b inch high and four inches square4 ,upon this as a background1 build up in the same way1 little by little1 a raised leaf1 or a geometrical figure1 such as a square or a ,maltese cross4 ,if a leaf is made1 copy from a real leaf4 ,when thus interested1 let the older children read ,longfellow's beautiful poem1 ,keramis1 and the work of the potter will have a meaning it never had before4 ,the children who thus make crude efforts to express the beautiful gain in power little by little1 and will have added capacity to appreciate the wonderful works of art to be seen in every gallery4 ,they will gain in discrimination as to what is really beautiful1 and will know how to choose those decorations and ornaments which will make their homes truly artistic4 ,clay lends itself so readily to the slightest turn of thought1 and is so easily employed by the smallest pair of hands1 that it is one of the best materials to give to the little child4 ,he soon learns to tell with it what he may be able to say in no other way4 ,when ready to put away1 break into small pieces1 put the pieces together1 knead a little till made into a mass1 punch a few holes in the mass1 fill these with water1 put into a stone jar and cover with a damp cloth4 ,or put the clay into a cloth1 dampen1 and then1 twisting the four corners of the cloth together1 drop the mass on the floor4 ,do this several times and it will be found welded together4 ,then put into the stone jar4 ,disinfect clay by exposing to sunshine4 ,sand-,table 7,kitchen table1 saw1 boards1 nails1 zinc7 ,from ,germany we have finally learned the value of the sand-table and the sand-pile as means of development to the child1 not to speak of their virtues as pure givers of joy4 ,sand-tables may be bought at kindergarten stores1 or one may be made of a kitchen table by sawing off the legs to the size which brings the table top within reach of the child4 ,then the top should be fenced in with boards1 from three to six inches high1 to keep the sand in4 ,it is a good plan to line the table with zinc1 since it is sometimes desirable to have the sand pretty wet1 although it generally suffices to make it just damp enough to mold readily4 ,it can be dampened with a sprinkling-can4 #a4 ,the child will play a long while without much suggestion4 ,a little pail or bottle to be filled and emptied and refilled will furnish material for his embryonic experiments4 #b4 ,a tiny cast-iron spade 7price one cent7 will add materially to his happiness4 #c4 ,shells and patty-pans of different shapes and convolutions suggest bakery plays1 and mother must sample the baby's cookery4 ,when houses and forts and churches are the order of the day1 paths must be laid and bordered with stones and shells2 twigs and elderberry branches make tiny trees for tiny orchards2 and a little pan of water or a bit of mirror makes a wee lake4 ,the kindergarten building gifts make substantial structures1 bridges1 park-benches1 etc4 ,a winding river can be painted with blue paint on the zinc4 ,when the child's imagination flags1 a word from the mother or a timely story will start a new series of plays next time4 #d4 ,older children will enjoy reproducing in the sand the hills and valleys of their environment1 the roads1 woods and streams which they know1 etc4 #e4 ,tell of the western plant which1 when uprooted from its loose hold in the desert sand1 is sent flying by the wind over the sand1 and wherever it touches makes a perfect spiral4 ,let the children make such spirals with a coiled piece of wire4 #f4 ,having noticed the impression made upon the sand by the patty-pans1 the child can be led to make designs with them by making a row of impressions equal distances apart1 arranging these in twos1 in threes1 etc4 ,,index ,,page ,abacus1 #ag ,acquiring ,skill with ,brush or ,pencil1 #gd ,aiming ,games1 #ie1 #if1 #ig ,anagrams1 #ajb ,apple-biting ,contest1 #acb ,apple ,candlestick1 #bd ,apple-seed ,penwiper1 #cj ,applied ,art1 #gf ,ash ,tray1 #fg ,autograph ,picture1 #aje ,badge1 #abc ,baking ,pan ,papers1 #eg ,balls1 #if1 #aef ,barn1 ,paper ,folding1 #agb ,beads1 ,second ,gift1 #aei ,bean ,bag ,games1 #ie ,bean ,bags1 ,to ,make1 #ie ,bed-,making1 #ade ,bedstead1 ,dolls1 #hg ,bells1 #aji1 #aci ,berry ,baskets or ,boxes1 #aa ,birchbark1 #db ,biscuit1 ,thimble1 #ajd ,block ,furniture1 #he ,blowing ,bubbles1 #ea ,blowing ,out ,candle1 #ajj ,boat1 #bb1 #bf1 #cf1 #da ,blue ,prints1 #eb ,bon-bon ,papers1 #eh1 #aae ,booklist1 #aea ,bookmark1 #eh1 #agd ,border for ,sand-table1 #dj ,bottling ,shells1 #dj ,bottling ,stones1 #ci ,boxes1 #ab1 #ae1 #agd ,breastpin1 #ga ,bristol ,board1 #fa ,brush1 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,soldiers ,caps1 etc41 #ee ,soldier-,flowers1 ,milkweed1 #ea ,spiderweb ,party1 #ajd ,valentine1 #aaa ,spinning ,buttons1 #fi1 #gj ,sponge ,garden1 #abj ,spools1 #gj ,squash ,animals1 #ag ,squash ,seed ,chicken1 #bi ,stained ,glass ,windows1 #gg ,sticks1 ,kindergarten1 #aef1 #afb ,stones and ,pebbles1 #ci ,stove1 ,toy1 #hf ,strawberry ,boxes1 #aa ,straws1 #ea ,stringing1 #ba1 #bg1 #ea1 #fi1 #acf ,sugar ,scoop1 #agd ,suggestions for ,parties1 #ajc ,sun and ,shadow1 #eb ,sunday-,school ,helps1 #aed ,surprise ,walnuts1 #bc ,sweeping1 #adg ,sweet ,potato ,animals1 #ag ,sweet ,potato ,vine1 #de ,swimming ,float1 #cg ,swing1 ,omnibus1 #aja ,table ,serving1 #adc ,table ,setting1 #adb ,tablets1 ,kindergarten1 #afb ,tag1 #ib ,tailless ,kite1 #fj ,target1 ,spool1 #gj ,tearing ,paper1 #ed ,telephone ,toy1 for ,doll ,house1 #hg ,tents1 ,paper1 #aaf ,thanksgiving1 #acc ,thimble ,biscuit ,party1 #ajd ,threading ,needles1 #gb ,tiling1 ,doll ,house1 #he ,tin ,cans1 #cd ,tin-foil1 #ce ,top1 #gj1 #ge1 #gg ,tower ,target1 ,spool1 #gj ,toy ,vegetables1 #dj ,transparency1 #dg ,transparent ,papers1 #ge ,tree-,boxes1 #gj ,tunnel1 ,paper1 #agb ,turnip ,basket1 #de ,turtle1 #bg ,umbrella1 ,toy1 #afg ,valentine ,party ,dinner1 #aab ,valentines1 #aaj ,vegetable ,animals1 #ag ,vegetables1 #de ,toy1 #dj ,wagon1 #ad1 #cb ,walnut ,boats1 #bc ,surprise1 #bc ,washing1 #adf ,washbench1 ,cardboard1 #agd ,washington's ,birthday1 #aac ,water-color ,cups1 #dj ,water1 ,imitation1 #ca ,waxed ,leaves1 #dg ,weaving1 #ij1 #afi ,weighing ,honey1 #ajc ,wheels1 #ad1 #cb1 #ce ,windows1 #gg1 #hg ,wishbone ,doll1 #hj ,work ,box1 #age ,worsted ,mats1 #ij ,yarn ,doll1 #ha 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcriber's note3 ,obvious printer's errors in the original publication have been corrected without comment4 ,inconsistencies in the author's spelling1 use of hyphens and other punctuation are retained as in the original work4 ,pages #aeb-aee were originally printed in two columns4 ,for the convenience of readers of this e-publication1 the two columns are represented in this version in a single column4