99 99 99 99 99 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,inconsi/5t hyph5ation & spell+ 9 ! orig9al docum5t h be5 pres]v$4 ,sup]scripts are repres5t$ l s3 #a;a & ,greek words l s ,obvi\s typographical errors h be5 correct$4 ,= a complete li/1 please see ! end ( ?is docum5t4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- 99 99 99 99 99 ,,hi/orical ,,mat]ialism ,,hi/orical ,,mat]ialism ,,& ,,! ,,economics ,,( ,,k>l ,,m>x ,,by ,,b5$etto ,,croce ,,translat$ ,,by ,c4,m4 ,,m]$i? ,,) ,,an ,,introduction ,,by ,a4,d4 ,,l9dsay ,fell[ & ,lectur] ( ,balliol ,college1 ,ox=d ,illu/ration ,,london3 ,,george ,,all5 ,,unw9 ,,ltd4 ,,rusk9 ,,h\se1 ,,museum ,,/reet1 ,w4,c4 ,,new ,,york ,,! ,,macmillan ,,co4 ,fir/ publi%$ by ,h[>d ,latim] ,ltd4 #aiad ,transf]r$ to ,george ,all5 ,unw9 ,ltd4 #aiae ,,all ,,rights ,,res]v$ ,,cont5ts ,,introduction ix ,,*apt] ,i ,,conc]n+ ,,! ,,sci5tific ,,=m ,,( ,,hi/orical ,,mat]ialism #a4 ,scope ( essay3 ,labriola's book implies t hi/orical mat]ialism is n a philosophy ( hi/ory3 ,di/9ction betwe5 a philosophy ( hi/ory & philosophis+ ab\t hi/ory3 ,reason :y two h be5 confus$3 ,mat]iali/ic !ory ( ,hi/ory z /at$ by ,labriola n an attempt to e/abli% a law ( hi/ory3 ,?is contra/$ ) !ories ( moni/s1 & teleologi/s3 ,engels' /atem5t t x is a new me?od errone\s3 ,new cont5t n new me?od #b #b4 ,hi/orical mat]ialism a mass ( new data ( :i* hi/orian becomes consci\s3 ,does n /ate t hi/ory is no?+ m ?an economic hi/ory1 nor does x provide a !ory ( hi/ory3 ,is simply inve/igation ( influ5ce economic ne$s h ex]cis$ 9 hi/ory3 ,?is view does n detract f its importance #ab #c4 ,que/ions z to relations betwe5 hi/orical mat]ialism & socialism2 ,only possible connection lies 9 special hi/orical application3 ,be>+ ( hi/orical mat]ialism ^u intellectual & moral tru?3 ,?r[s light on influ5ce ( mat]ial conditions on _! developm5t1 b does n demon/rate _! relativity3 ,absolute morality a necess>y po/ulate ( socialism #ba ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,conc]n+ ,,hi/orical ,,mat]ialism ,,view$ ,,z ,a ,,sci5ce ,,( ,,social ,,economics #a4 ,relation betwe5 ,pr(essor ,/amml]'s book on hi/orical mat]ialism & ,m>xism3 ,di/9ction betwe5 pure economics & g5]al hi/orical economics3 ,socialism n dep5d5t on ab/ract sociological !ory3 ,/amml]'s classification ( ! social sci5ces3 ,8 def9ition ( society3 ,( social economics3 ,( social teleology3 ,nature ( ,/amml]'s social sci5ce does n provide ab/ract sociology3 ,social economics mu/ be ei!r pure economics appli$ to society or a =m ( hi/ory #be ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,conc]n+ ,,! ,,int]pretation ,,& ,,criticism ,,( ,,"s ,,concepts ,,( ,,m>xism ,i4 ,,( ,,! ,,sci5tific ,,problem ,,9 ,,m>x',s ',,das ,,kapital' ,das ,kapital an ab/ract inve/igation3 ,8 society is n ?is or t society3 ,treats only ( capitali/ society3 ,assumption ( equival5ce betwe5 value & lab\r3 ,v>y+ views ab\t mean+ ( ?is law3 ,is a po/ulate or /&>d ( comp>ison3 ,"q z to value ( ?is /&>d3 ,is n a moral ideal3 ,treats ( economic society 9 s f> z is a work+ society3 ,%[s special way 9 :i* problem is solv$ 9 capitali/ society3 ,m>x's d$uctions f x #dh ,,ii4 ,,m>x',s ,,problem ,,& ,,pure ,,economics 7,,g5]al ,,economic ,,sci5ce7 ,m>xian economics n g5]al economic sci5ce & lab\r-value n a g5]al concept ( value3 ,engels' rejection ( g5]al economic law3 ab/ract concepts us$ by ,m>x are concepts ( pure economics3 relation ( economic psy*ology to pure economics3 pure economics does n de/roy hi/ory or progress #ff ,,iii4 ,,conc]n+ ,,! ,,limitation ,,( ,,! ,,mat]iali/ic ,,!ory ,,( ,,hi/ory ,hi/orical mat]ialism a canon ( hi/orical int]pretation3 ,canon does n imply anticipation ( results3 ,"q z to h[ ,m>x & ,engels und]/ood x3 ,difficulty ( asc]ta9+ correctly & me?od ( do+ s3 ,h[ ,m>xians und]/& x3 ,_! metaphysical t5d5cy3 ,in/ances ( confusion ( concepts 9 _! writ+s3 ,hi/orical mat]ialism has n a special philosophy imman5t )9 x #gg ,,iv4 ,,( ,,sci5tific ,,k ,,9 ,,face ,,( ,,social ,,problems ,socialism & free trade n sci5tific d$uctions3 ,obsolete metaphysics ( old !ory ( free trade3 ,basis ( mod]n free trade !ories n /rictly sci5tific ?\gh only possible "o3 ,! desirable is n sci5ce nor ! practicable3 ,sci5tific law only applicable "u c]ta9 conditions3 ,elem5t ( d>+ 9 all action #ic ,v4 ,,( ,,e?ical ,,judgm5t ,,9 ,,face ,,( ,,social ,,problems ,mean+ ( ,m>x's phrase ! 'impot5ce ( morality' & 8 rem>k t morality condemns :at has be5 condemn$ by hi/ory3 ,pr(undity ( ,m>x's philosophy immat]ial3 ,kant's position n surpass$ #ajf ,,vi4 ,,conclusion ,recapitulation3 #a4 ,ju/ification ( ,m>xian economics z comp>ative sociological economics3 #b4 ,hi/orical mat]ialism simply a canon ( hi/orical int]pretation3 #c4 ,m>xian social programme n a pure sci5ce3 #d4 ,m>xism nei!r intr9sically moral nor anti-moral #aae ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,rec5t ,,int]pretations ,,( ,,! ,,m>xian ,,!ory ,,( ,,value ,,& ,,controv]sies ,,conc]n+ ,,!m ,i ,labriola's criticism ( me?od & conclusions ( prece$+ essays answ]$3 ,8 criticism m]ely de/ructive3 ,t5d5cy ( o!r ?9k]s to arrive at l conclusions #abj ,,ii ,mean+ ( phrase crisis 9 ,m>xianism3 ,sorel's view ( equival5ce ( value & lab\r mo/ly 9 agreem5t ) view put =w>d above3 ,an attempt to exam9e pr(its indep5d5tly ( !ory ( value3 ,is n possible3 ,surplus product same z surplus value #aca ,,*apt] ,v ,a ,,criticism ,,( ,,! ,,m>xian ,,law ,,( ,,! ,,fall ,,9 ,,! ,,rate ,,( ,,pr(its ,int]pretation "h giv5 assumes acceptance ( ,m>x's ma9 pr9ciples3 ,necess>y decl9e 9 rate ( pr(it on hypo!sis ( te*nical improvem5t3 ,two successive /ages confus$ by ,m>x3 ,m accurately a decl9e 9 am\nt ( pr(it3 ,m>x assumes t w\ld be an increase ( capital3 ,w\ld be same capital & increase 9 rate ( pr(its3 ,decl9e 9 rate ( pr(its due to o!r reasons #adb ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,on ,,! ,,economic ,,pr9ciple ,,two ,,lett]s ,,to ,,pr(essor ,v4 ,,p>eto ,i ,ne$ = m compreh5sive def9ition ( ! economic pr9ciple3 ,reasons :y ! me*anical conception errone\s1 economic fact capable ( appraisem5t3 ,_c be scale ( values = p>ticul> action3 ,economic datum a fact ( human activity3 ,di/9ction & connection betwe5 pleasure & *oice3 ,economic datum a fact ( w3 ,k a necess>y presupposition ( w3 ,di/9ction betwe5 te*nical & economic3 ,analogy ( logic & /hetic3 ,complete def9ition ( economic datum #aei ,,ii ,disagreem5t 7#a7 ab\t me?od 7#b7 po/ulates3 7#a7 ,no?+ arbitr>y 9 economic me?od1 analogy ( classificatory sci5ces errone\s3 7#b7 ,metaphysical po/ulate t facts ( human activity same z physical facts errone\s3 ,def9ition ( practical activity 9 s f> z admits ( def9ition3 ,moral & economic activity & approval3 ,economic & moral remorse3 ,economic scale ( values #agd ,,index ,,( ,,names #ahg ,,introduction ,! ,essays 9 ?is volume1 z w be app>5t1 h all ( !m _h an occasional orig94 ,!y be> evid5t traces ( p>ticul> controv]sy & conta9 mu* criticism ( au?ors :o are h>dly1 if at all1 kn[n 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,_! au?or ?\ght x wor? :ile to collect !m 9 "o volume & x has be51 ,i am sure1 wor? :ile to h !m translat$ into ,engli%1 because ?\gh writt5 on diff]5t occasions & 9 diff]5t controv]sies !y h all ! same purpose4 ,!y are an attempt to make cle> by philosophical criticism ! real purpose & value ( ,m>x's "w4 ,x is (t5 said t x is ! bus9ess ( philosophy to exam9e & criticise ! assumptions ( ! sci5ces & philosophy claims t 9 ?is "w x is n an unnecess>y m$dl] /epp+ 9 :]e x is n want$4 ,= "t & aga9 = want ( philosophical criticism ! sci5ces h ov]/epp$ _! b\nds & produc$ confusion & contradiction4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 ! prop] sph]es ( sci5ce & hi/ory & moral judgm5t is n ! "w ( ei!r sci5ce or hi/ory or moral judgm5t b c only be accompli%$ by philosophical reflection1 & ! philosoph] w ju/ify 8 "w1 if he c %[ ! v>i\s cont5d+ p>ties t 8 di/9ctions w dis5tangle ! puzzles into :i* !y h fall5 & help !m to und]/& "o ano!r4 ,! pres5t /ate ( ! controv]sy ab\t ! value ( ! writ+s ( ,k>l ,m>x obvi\sly calls = "s su* "w ( dis5tangl+4 ,no hone/ /ud5t c d5y t 8 "w has be5 ( great hi/oric importance & x is h>d to believe t a book l ,das ,kapital :i* has be5 ! inspiration ( a great movem5t c be no?+ b a tissue ( false reason+ z "s ( its critics h affirm$4 ,! doctr9e ( ! economic int]pretation ( hi/ory has revivifi$ & influ5c$ almo/ all mod]n hi/orical rese>*4 ,9 a great "p ( 8 analysis ( ! nature & natural developm5t ( a capitali/ society ,m>x has %[n himself a prophet ( extraord9>y insight4 ,! m debatable doctr9e ( ! class w> has at lea/ %[n ! /]ility ( ! e>li] political !ory :i* ?\ght only 9 t]ms ( ! individual & 8 /ate4 ,! wond]ful vitality ( ! ,m>xian !ory ( lab\r value 9 spite ( all ! app>5t refutations x has suff]$ at ! h&s ( or?odox political economi/s is an insoluble puzzle if x _h no m 9 x ?an ! obvi\s fallacy :i* ^! refutations expose4 ,only a great book c\ld become '! ,bible ( ! work+ classes4' ,b ! process ( becom+ a ,bible is a fatal process4 ,no "o c read mu* curr5t ,m>xian lit]ature or discuss politics or economics ) ^? :o /yle !mselves or?odox ,m>xians )\t com+ to ! conclusion t ! _s ( ecclesia/ical dogmatism daily gr[+ weak] 9 its own home has be5 transplant$ into ! religion ( revolution>y socialism4 ,_m ( ^? ^: eyes h be5 op5$ to ! tru? z exp\nd$ by ,m>x seem to h be5 !reby grant$ t fai? :i* is ! faculty ( believ+ :at we %\ld o!rwise "k to be untrue1 & ) !m ! economic int]pretation ( hi/ory is trans=m$ into a metaphysical dogma ( det]m9i/ic mat]ialism4 ,! philosoph] naturally f9ds a /umbl+-block 9 a doctr9e :i* is proclaim$ b n argu$4 ,! hi/orian h[ev] grateful he may be = ! light :i* economic int]pretation has giv5 him1 is up 9 arms aga9/ a !ory :i* d5ies ! individuality & uniqu5ess ( hi/ory & r$uces x to an automatic repetition ( ab/ract =mul4 ,! politician :5 he is told ( ! univ]sal nature ( ! class w> po9ts triumphantly to ! fact t x is a w> :i* ^? :o %\ld be ! *ief combatants are sl[ to recognise or we %\ld n f9d ! work+ classes m ready to vote = a ,lib]al or a ,cons]vative ?an = a ,sociali/4 ,! ,sociali/ mu/ on consid]ation become impati5t ) a doctr9e t by its fatali/ic det]m9ism makes all ef=t unnecess>y4 ,if ,socialism mu/ come inevitably by ! automatic work+ out ( economic law1 :y all ?is /riv+ to br+ x ab\t8 ,! answ] t political ef=ts c make no diff]5ce1 b may br+ ab\t ! revolution soon]1 is too transp>5tly inadequate a solution ( ! difficulty to deceive anyone = long4 ,la/ly ! economi/ c h>dly tol]ate a !ory ( value t seems to ignore entirely ! law ( supply & dem&1 & concludes ) "s ju/ice t ei!r ! !ory ( lab\r value is nons5se or t ,m>x 0 talk+ ab\t some?+ q ap>t 9 its nature f ! value :i* economics discusses4 ,all ^! objections are cont9ually be+ made to ,m>xianism1 & are met by no adequate answ]4 ,& j z ! sceptical lectur] ( ! /reet corn] argues t a religion :i* c make m5 believe 9 ! /ory ( ,balaam's ass mu/ be z nons5sical z t /ory1 s ) z little ju/ice ! academic critic or ! anti-sociali/ politician concludes t ,socialism or at lea/ ,m>xianism is a tissue ( nons5sical /atem5ts if ^! ridicul\s dogmas are its fruit4 ,a dis5tangl] ( true & false 9 s-call$ ,m>xianism is obvi\sly ne$$1 & ,s5atore ,croce is em95tly fitt$ = ! "w4 ,mu* ( ! difficulty ( ,m>x comes f 8 relation to ,hegel4 ,he 0 greatly influ5c$ by & yet _h react$ f ,hegel's philosophy )\t mak+ cle> to o!rs or possibly to himself :at 8 f9al position 9 reg>d to ,hegel really 04 ,s5atore ,croce is a ,hegelian1 b a critical "o4 ,8 *ief criticism ( ,hegel is t 8 philosophy t5ds to obscure ! individuality & uniqu5ess ( hi/ory1 & ,croce seeks to avoid t obscurity by di/+ui%+ cle>ly ! me?ods ( hi/ory1 ( sci5ce & ( philosophy4 ,he holds t all sci5ce deals ) ab/ractions1 ) :at he has else:]e call$ pseudo-concepts4 ,^! ab/ractions h no real exi/5ce1 & x is fatal to confuse ! sy/em ( ab/raction :i* sci5ce builds up ) ! concrete liv+ reality4 ',all sci5tific laws are ab/ract laws1' z he says 9 "o ( ^! essays1 7,,iii p4 #eg71 '& !re is no bridge ov] :i* to pass f ! concrete to ! ab/ract2 j because ! ab/ract is n a reality b a =m ( ?\ght1 "o ( our1 s to speak1 abbreviat$ ways ( ?9k+4 ,& al?\gh a k ( ! laws may light up our p]ception ( reality1 x _c become t p]ception itself4' ,! application to ! doctr9e ( hi/oric mat]ialism is obvi\s4 ,x calls att5tion to "o ( ! factors ( ! hi/orical process1 ! economic4 ,?is factor x q rightly treats 9 ab/raction & isolation4 ,a k ( ! laws ( economic =ces s obta9$ may 'light up our p]ception' ( ! real hi/orical process1 b only d>kness & confusion c result f mi/ak+ ! ab/raction = reality & f ! production ( ^? a priori hi/ories ( ! /ages ( civilisation or ! developm5t ( ! family :i* h discr$it$ ,m>xianism 9 ! eyes ( hi/orians4 ,9 ! fir/ essay & ! ?ird "p ( ! ?ird ,croce expla9s ?is di/9ction betwe5 economic sci5ce & hi/ory & _! prop] relation to "o ano!r4 ,! second essay re9=ces ! di/9ction by criticism ( ano!r attempt to con/ruct a sci5ce :i* %all take ! place ( hi/ory4 ,a sci5ce 9 ! /rict s5se hi/ory is n & nev] c be4 ,once ?is is cle>ly und]/ood x is possible to appreciate ! s]vices r5d]$ to hi/ory by ,m>x4 ,= ,croce holds t economics is a real sci5ce4 ,! economic factors 9 hi/ory c be isolat$ & treat$ by !mselves4 ,)\t su* isolat$ treatm5t !y _c be und]/ood1 & if !y are n und]/ood1 our view ( hi/ory is b\nd to be unnecess>ily n>r[ & onesid$4 ,on ! relative importance ( ! economic & ! political & ! religi\s factors 9 hi/ory he has no?+ to say4 ,!re is no a priori answ] to ! "q :e!r any s*ool ( writ]s has unduly dim9i%$ or exagg]at$ ! importance ( any "o ( ^! factors4 ,_! importance has v>i$ at diff]5t times1 & c at any "t only be e/imat$ empirically4 ,x rema9s a s]vice ( great value to h di/+ui%$ a factor ( su* importance :i* _h be5 previ\sly neglect$4 ,if !n ! economic factor 9 hi/ory %\ld be isolat$ & treat$ sep>ately1 h[ is x to be di/+ui%$8 ,= x is ess5tial to ,croce's view ( sci5ce t ea* sci5ce has its own concepts :i* c be di/+ui%$ cle>ly f ^? ( o!r sci5ces4 ,?is "q is discuss$ 9 ,essay ,,iii ,q4 #e & m specifically 9 ,essay ,,vi4 ,croce is specially anxi\s to di/+ui% betwe5 ! sph]es ( economics & e?ics4 ,mu* confusion has be5 caus$ 9 political economy 9 ! pa/ by ! assumption t economics takes = grant$ t m5 behave egoi/ically1 i4e4 9 an immoral way4 ,z a result ( ?is assumption m5 h _h to *oose betwe5 ! condemnation ( economics or ( mank9d4 ,! believ] 9 humanity has be5 full ( d5unciation ( t mon/rosity ! economic man1 :ile ! ?or\gh-go+ believ] 9 economics has assum$ t ! success ( ! economic int]pretation ( hi/ory proves t m5 are always selfi%4 ,! only alt]native view seem$ to be ! r cynical compromise t ?\gh m5 7 sometimes unselfi%1 _! actions 7 s prevail+ly selfi% t = political purposes ! unselfi% actions might be ignor$4 ,croce insi/s1 & surely ) ju/ice1 t economic actions are n moral or immoral1 b 9 s f> z !y are economic1 nonmoral4 ,! moral wor? ( actions _c be det]m9$ by _! success or failure 9 giv+ m5 satisfaction4 ,= !re are "s ?+s 9 :i* m5 f9d satisfaction :i* !y yet judge to be bad4 ,we mu/ di/+ui% !re=e ! moral "q :e!r su* & su* an action is good or bad f ! economic :e!r x is or is n useful1 :e!r x is a way by :i* m5 get :at !y1 rightly or wrongly want4 ,9 economics !n we are m]ely discuss+ ! effici5cy or utility ( actions4 ,we c ask ( any action :e!r x ought or ought n to be done at all4 ,t is a moral "q4 ,we may also ask :e!r x is done compet5tly or effici5tly3 t is an economic "q4 ,x might be cont5d$ t x is immoral to keep a public h\se1 b x w\ld also h to be all[$ t ! discussion ( ! mo/ effici5t way by keep+ a public h\se 0 outside ! scope ( ! moral enquiry4 ,mrs ,weir ( ,h]mi/on 0 confus+ economics ) e?ics :5 %e answ]$ ,"l ,braxfield's compla9ts ( 8 ill-cook$ d9n] by say+ t ! cook 0 a v pi\s woman4 ,economic action accord+ to ,croce is ! condition ( moral action4 ,if action has no economic value1 x is m]ely aimless1 b x may h economic value )\t be+ moral1 & ! consid]ation ( economic value mu/ !re=e be indep5d5t ( e?ics4 ,m>x1 ,croce holds 0 an economi/ & n a morali/1 & ! moral judgm5ts ( sociali/s are n & _c be d]iv$ f any sci5tific exam9ation ( economic processes4 ,s mu* = criticisms ( ,m>x or r ( exagg]at$ developm5ts ( ,m>xianism1 :i* ?\gh j & important1 are comp>atively obvi\s4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ "p ( ,signor ,croce's criticism is 8 int]pretation ( ! %ibbole? ( or?odox ,m>xians & ! /umbl+-block ( economi/s1 ! ,m>xian !ory ( lab\r value ) its coroll>y ( surplus value4 ,m>x's exposition ( ! doctr9e 9 ,das ,kapital is ! extreme ( ab/ract reason+4 ,yet x is f\nd 9 a book full ( concrete descriptions ( ! evils ( ! factory sy/em & ( moral d5unciation & satire4 ,if ,m>x's !ory be tak5 z an acc\nt ( :at det]m9es ! actual value ( concrete ?+s x is obvi\sly untrue4 ,! v use ( ! t]m surplus value is suffici5t to %[ t x might be & sometimes is tak5 to be ! value :i* commodities ought to h1 b none c read ,m>x's argum5ts & ?9k t he 0 conc]n$ ) a value :i* %\ld b did n exi/4 ,he is cle>ly engag$ on a sci5tific n a ,utopian "q4 ,croce attempts to f9d a solution by po9t+ out t ! society :i* ,m>x is describ+ is n ?is or t actual society1 b an ideal1 9 ! s5se ( a hypo!tical society1 capitali/ society z su*4 ,m>x has mu* to say ( ! developm5t ( capitalism 9 ,engl&1 b he is n prim>ily conc]n$ to give an indu/rial hi/ory ( ,engl& or ( any o!r exi/+ society4 ,he is a sci5ti/ & deals ) ab/ractions or types & consid]s ,engl& only 9 s f> z 9 x ! *>act]i/ics ( ! ab/ract capitali/ society are manife/$4 ,! capitalism :i* he is analys+ does n exi/ because no society is completely capitali/4 ,fur!r x is to be notic$ t 9 8 analysis ( value ,m>x is deal+ ) objects only 9 s f> z !y are commodities produc$ by lab\r4 ,?is is evid5t en\gh 9 8 argum5t4 ,! basis ( 8 cont5tion t all value is 'congeal$ lab\r "t' is t all ?+s :i* h economic value h 9 common only ! fact t lab\r has be5 exp5d$ on !m1 & yet aft]w>ds he admits t !re are ?+s 9 :i* no lab\r has be5 exp5d$ :i* yet h economic value4 ,he seems to reg>d ?is z an incid5tal unimportant fact4 ,yet obvi\sly x is a contradiction :i* vitiates 8 :ole argum5t4 ,if all ?+s :i* h economic value h n _h lab\r exp5d$ on !m1 we mu/ look else:]e = _! common *>act]i/ic4 ,we %\ld probably say t !y all h 9 common ! fact t !y are desir$ & t !re is n an unlimit$ supply ( !m4 ,! pure economi/ f9ds ! key to ?is analysis ( value 9 ! consid]ation ( ! laws ( supply & dem&1 :i* alone affect all ?+s t h economic value1 & f9ds little difficulty 9 refut+ ,m>x's !ory1 on ! basis :i* 8 inve/igation assumes4 ,a consid]ation ( ,m>x's own argum5t =ces u !re=e to ! conclusion t ei!r ,m>x 0 an incapable bungl] or t he ?\ght ! fact t "s ?+s h economic value & are yet n ! product ( lab\r irrelevant to 8 argum5t because he 0 talk+ ( economic value 9 two s5ses1 fir/ly 9 ! s5se ( price1 & secondly 9 a peculi> s5se ( 8 own4 ,?is inde$ is borne out by 8 di/9ction ( value & price4 ,croce develop+ ?is h9t1 sugge/s t ! importance ( ,m>x's !ory lies 9 a comp>ison betwe5 a capitali/ society & ano!r ab/ract economic society 9 :i* !re are no commodities on :i* lab\r is n exp5d$1 & no monopoly4 ,we ?us h two ab/ract societies1 ! capitali/ society :i* ?\gh ab/ract is v l>gely actualis$ 9 mod]n civilisation1 & ano!r q imag9>y economic society ( unfett]$ competition1 :i* is cont9ually assum$ by ! classical economi/1 b :i*1 z ,m>x said1 c\ld only exi/ :]e !re 0 no private prop]ty 9 capital1 i4e4 9 ! collectivi/ /ate4 ,n[ 9 a society ( t k9d 9 :i* !re 0 no monopoly & capital 0 at ev]yone's disposal equally1 ! value ( commodities w\ld repres5t ! value ( ! lab\r put into !m1 & t value might be repres5t$ 9 units ( socially necess>y lab\r "t4 ,x w\ld /ill h to be admitt$ t an h\r ( "o man's lab\r might be ( mu* great] value to ! community ?an two h\rs ( ano!r man1 b t ,m>x has already all[$ =4 ,! unit ( socially necess>y lab\r "t is an ab/raction1 & ! h\r ( "o man might conta9 two or any numb] ( su* ab/ract units ( lab\r "t4 ,:at ,m>x has done is to take ! individuali/ economi/ at 8 ^w3 he has accept$ ! notion ( an economic society z a numb] ( compet+ individuals4 ,only he has insi/$ t !y %all />t fair & !re=e t !y %all h no?+ to buy or sell b _! lab\r4 ,! discrepancy betwe5 ! values :i* w\ld exi/ 9 su* a society & actual prices repres5t ! di/urbance creat$ by ! fact t actual society is n a society ( equal competitors1 b "o 9 :i* c]ta9 competitors />t ) "s k9d ( advantage or monopoly4 ,if ?is is really ! k]nel ( ,m>x's doctr9e1 x be>s a close relation to a simpl] & m famili> cont5tion1 t 9 a society :]e free economic competition holds sway1 ea* man gets :at he des]ves1 = 8 income repres5ts ! sum t society is prep>$ to pay = 8 s]vices1 ! social value ( 8 "w4 ,9 ?is =m ! h\rs work$ are suppos$ to be uni=m1 & ! diff]5ces 9 value are tak5 to repres5t diff]5t am\nts ( social s]vice4 ,9 ,m>x's argum5t ! social necessity is tak5 z uni=m1 & ! diff]5ce 9 value tak5 to repres5t diff]5ces 9 h\rs ( "w4 ,:ile ! ma9 ab/ract cont5tion rema9s ! same1 mo/ ( ^? :o argue t 9 a sy/em ( unfett]$ economic competition mo/ m5 get :at !y des]ve1 r readily ignore ! exi/5ce ( monopoly1 & assume t ?is argum5t ju/ifies ! exi/+ di/ribution ( weal?4 ,! *ief purpose ( ,m>x's argum5t is to emphasise ! diff]5ce betwe5 su* an economic sy/em & a capitali/ society4 ,he is "h1 z s (t51 turn+ ! logic ( ! classical economi/s aga9/ !mselves1 & argu+ t ! conditions "u :i* a purely economic di/ribution ( weal? c\ld take place1 c\ld only exi/ 9 a community :]e monopoly _h be5 completely aboli%$ & all capital collectivis$4 ,croce ma9ta9s t ,m>x's !ory ( value is economic & n moral4 ,yet x is h>d to read ,m>x & c]ta9ly ,m>xians )\t f9d+ 9 !m ! implication t ! values produc$ 9 su* an economic society w\ld be j4 ,if t implication be exam9$1 we come on an important difficulty /ill rema9+ 9 ?is !ory4 ,! cont5tion t 9 a sy/em ( unfett]$ economic competition1 m5 get ! rew>d !y des]ve1 assumes t x is j t if "o man has a great] p[] ( s]v+ society ?an ano!r he %\ld be m highly rew>d$ = 8 "w4 ,?is ! individuali/ argum5t ) :i* we comp>$ ,m>x's assumes )\t "q4 ,b ! ,m>xian !ory ( value is frequ5tly int]pret$ to imply t am\nt ( "w is ! only claim to rew>d4 ,= diff]5ces 9 value x is held are creat$ by diff]5ces 9 ! am\nt ( lab\r4 ,b ! ^w am\nt may "h be us$ 9 two s5ses4 ,:5 m5 say t ! am\nt ( "w a man does %\ld det]m9e a man's rew>d2 !y commonly mean t if "o man works two h\rs & ano!r "o1 ! fir/ ought to get twice ! rew>d ( ! second4 ',am\nt' "h means ! actual "t sp5t 9 lab\r4 ,b 9 ,m>x's !ory ( value am\nt means some?+ q diff]5t1 = an h\r ( "o man's "w may1 he admits1 be equal to two ( ano!r man's4 ,he means by am\nt a sum ( ab/ract lab\r "t units4 ,m>x's sci5tific !ory ( value is q consi/5t ) diff]5t abilities gett+ diff]5t rew>ds1 ! moral cont5tion t m5 %\ld get m rew>d if !y "w m & = no o!r reason is n4 ,! equation ( "w done by m5 ( diff]5t abilities by express+ !m 9 ab/ract lab\r "t units is ess5tial to ,m>x's !ory b fatal to ! moral claim sometimes f\nd$ ^u x4 ,fur!r ! great difficulty 9 all[+ t x is j t m5 ( diff]5t abilities %\ld h diff]5t rew>ds1 comes f ! fact t diff]5ces ( ability are ( ! nature ( monopolies4 ,9 a pure economic society high rew>ds w\ld be giv5 to r>e ability & al?\gh x is possible to equate "w ( r>e ability ) "w ( ord9>y ability by express+ bo? z am\nts ( ab/ract lab\r "t units1 x surely rema9s true t ! value is det]m9$ n by ! am\nt ( ab/ract lab\r "t congeal$ 9 x b by ! law ( supply & dem&4 ,:]e !re are diff]5ces ( ability !re is "s k9d ( monopoly1 & :]e !re is monopoly1 y _c elim9ate ! influ5ce ( ! relation ( supply & dem& 9 ! det]m9ation ( value4 ,:at y imag9e y h elim9at$ by ! elim9ation ( capital1 :i* y c collectivise1 rema9s ob/9ately 9 individual diff]5ces ( ability :i* _c be collectivis$4 ,b "h ,i h ent]$ beyond ! limits ( ,croce's argum5t4 ,8 critical appraisem5t ( ,m>x's "w mu/ be left to o!rs to judge :o h m k ( ,m>x & ( economics ?an ,i c lay claim to4 ,i am confid5t only t all /ud5ts ( ,m>x :e!r !y be disciples or critics1 w f9d 9 ^! essays illum9ation 9 a field :]e mu* bitt] controv]sy has result$ 9 little b confusion & obscurity4 ,a4,d4 ,,l9dsay4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,conc]n+ ,,! ,,sci5tific ,,=m ,,( ,,hi/orical ,,mat]ialism ,hi/orical mat]ialism is :at is call$ a fa%ionable subject4 ,! !ory came into be+ fifty ye>s ago1 & = a "t rema9$ obscure & limit$2 b dur+ ! la/ six or sev5 ye>s x has rapidly atta9$ great fame & an ext5sive lit]ature1 :i* is daily increas+1 has gr[n up ar\nd x4 ,x is n my int5tion to write once aga9 ! acc\nt1 already giv5 _m times1 ( ! orig9 ( ?is doctr9e2 nor to re/ate & criticise ! n[ well-kn[n passages 9 :i* ,m>x & ,engels ass]t$ ! !ory1 nor ! diff]5t views ( its oppon5ts1 its support]s1 its expon5ts1 & its correctors & corruptors4 ,my object is m]ely to submit to my colleagues "s few rem>ks conc]n+ ! doctr9e1 tak+ x 9 ! =m 9 :i* x appe>s 9 a rec5t book by ,pr(essor ,antonio ,labriola1 ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,rome#a4 ,= _m reasons1 x does n come )9 my prov9ce to praise ,labriola's book4 ,b ,i _c help say+ z a ne$ful explanation1 t x appe>s to me to be ! fulle/ & mo/ adequate treatm5t ( ! "q4 ,! book is free f p$antry & le>n$ tattle1 :il/ x %[s 9 e l9e signs ( ! au?or's complete k ( all t has be5 writt5 on ! subject3 a book1 9 %ort1 :i* saves ! annoyance ( controv]sy ) errone\s & exagg]at$ op9ions1 :i* 9 x appe> z sup]s$$4 ,x has a gr& opportunity 9 ,italy1 :]e ! mat]iali/ic !ory ( hi/ory is kn[n almo/ solely 9 ! spuri\s =m be/[$ on x by an +5i\s pr(essor ( economics1 :o ev5 pret5ds to be its inv5tor#b4 ,i #a4 ,scope ( essay3 ,labriola's book implies t hi/orical mat]ialism is n a philosophy ( hi/ory3 ,di/9ction betwe5 a philosophy ( hi/ory & philosophis+ ab\t hi/ory3 ,reason :y two h be5 confus$3 ,mat]iali/ic !ory ( hi/ory z /at$ by ,labriola n an attempt to e/abli% a law ( hi/ory3 ,?is contra/$ ) !ories ( moni/s1 & teleologi/s3 ,engels' /atem5t t x is a new me?od errone\s3 ,new cont5t n new me?od4 ,any read] ( ,labriola's book :o tries to obta9 f x a precise concept ( ! new !ory ( hi/ory1 w rea* 9 ! fir/ in/ance a conclusion :i* mu/ appe> to him evid5t & inconte/able1 & :i* ,i sum up 9 ! foll[+ /atem5t3 'hi/orical mat]ialism1 s-call$1 is n a philosophy ( hi/ory4' ,labriola does n /ate ?is d5ial explicitly2 x may ev5 be grant$ t1 9 words1 he sometimes says exactly ! opposite4#c ,b1 if ,i am n mi/ak51 ! d5ial is conta9$ implicitly 9 ! re/rictions :i* he places on ! mean+ ( ! !ory4 ,! philosophical reaction ( realism ov]?rew ! sy/ems built up by teleology & metaphysical dogmatism1 :i* _h limit$ ! field ( ! hi/orian4 ,! old philosophy ( hi/ory 0 de/roy$4 ,&1 z if 9 contempt & depreciation1 ! phrase1 'to con/ruct a philosophy ( hi/ory1' came to be us$ ) ! mean+3 'to con/ruct a fanciful & artificial & p]haps prejudic$ hi/ory4' ,x is true t ( late books h begun to re-appe> actually hav+ z _! title ! 'philosophy ( hi/ory4' ,?is might seem to be a revival1 b x is n4 ,9 fact _! subject is a v diff]5t "o4 ,^! rec5t productions d n aim at supply+ a new philosophy ( hi/ory1 !y simply (f] "s philosophis+ ab\t hi/ory4 ,! di/9ction des]ves to be expla9$4 ,! possibility ( a philosophy ( hi/ory presupposes ! possibility ( r$uc+ ! sequ5ce ( hi/ory to g5]al concepts4 ,n[1 :il/ x is possible to r$uce to g5]al concepts ! p>ticul> factors ( reality :i* appe> 9 hi/ory & h5ce to con/ruct a philosophy ( morality or ( law1 ( sci5ce or ( art1 & a g5]al philosophy1 x is n possible to "w up into g5]al concepts ! s+le complex :ole =m$ by ^! factors1 i4e4 ! concrete fact1 9 :i* ! hi/orical sequ5ce consi/s4 ,to divide x into its factors is to de/roy x1 to annihilate x4 ,9 its complex totality1 hi/orical *ange is incapable ( r$uction except to "o concept1 t ( developm5t3 a concept empty ( ev]y?+ t =ms ! peculi> cont5t ( hi/ory4 ,! old philosophy ( hi/ory reg>d$ a conceptual work+ out ( hi/ory z possible2 ei!r because by introduc+ ! idea ( ,god or ( ,provid5ce1 x read into ! facts ! aims ( a div9e intellig5ce2 or because x treat$ ! =mal concept ( developm5t z includ+ )9 itself1 logically1 ! cont+5t det]m9ations4 ,! case ( positivism is /range 9 t1 be+ nei!r s boldly imag9ative z to yield to ! conceptions ( teleology & rational philosophy1 nor s /rictly reali/ic & intellectually discipl9$ z to attack ! error at its roots1 x has halt$ halfway1 i4e4 at ! actual concept ( developm5t & ( evolution1 & has ann\nc$ ! philosophy ( evolution z ! true philosophy ( hi/ory3 developm5t itself--z ! law :i* expla9s developm5t6 ,7 ?is tautology only 9 "q little h>m w\ld result2 b ! mis=tune is t1 by a too easy confusion1 ! concept ( evolution (t5 em]ges1 9 ! h&s ( ! positivi/s1 f ! =mal empt9ess :i* belongs to x 9 tru?1 & acquires a mean+ or r a pret5d$ mean+1 v l ! mean+s ( teleology & metaphysics4 ,! almo/ religi\s unction & rev]5ce ) :i* "o he>s ! sacr$ my/]y ( evolution spok5 ( gives suffici5t pro( ( ?is4 ,f su* reali/ic /&po9ts1 n[ z always1 any & e philosophy ( hi/ory has be5 criticis$4 ,b ! v res]vations & criticisms ( ! old mi/ak5 con/ructions dem& a discussion ( concepts1 t is a process ( philosophis+3 al?\gh x may be a philosophis+ :i* leads prop]ly to ! d5ial ( a philosophy ( hi/ory4 ,disputes ab\t me?od1 aris+ out ( ! ne$s ( ! hi/orian1 are add$4 ,! works publi%$ 9 rec5t ye>s embody diff]5t inve/igations ( ?is k9d1 & 9 a pla9ly reali/ic s5se1 "u ! title ( philosophy ( hi/ory4 ,among/ ^! ,i w m5tion z an example a ,g]man pamphlet by ,simmel1 &1 among/ ourselves a comp5di\s introduction by ,labriola himself4 ,!re are1 und\bt$ly1 /ill philosophies ( hi/ory :i* cont9ue to be produc$ 9 ! old way3 voices clamantium 9 des]to1 to :om may be grant$ ! consolation ( believ+ !mselves ! only apo/les ( an unrecognis$ tru?4 ,n[ ! mat]iali/ic !ory ( hi/ory1 9 ! =m 9 :i* ,labriola /ates x1 involves an entire ab&onm5t ( all attempt to e/abli% a law ( hi/ory1 to discov] a g5]al concept "u :i* all ! complex facts ( hi/ory c be includ$4 ,i say '9 ! =m 9 :i* he /ates x1' because ,labriola is aw>e t sev]al sections ( ! mat]iali/ic s*ool ( hi/ory t5d to approximate to ^! obsolete ideas4 ,"o ( ^! sections1 :i* might be call$ t ( ! moni/s1 or ab/ract mat]iali/s1 is *>act]is$ by ! introduction ( metaphysical mat]ialism into ! conception ( hi/ory4 ,z ! read] kn[s1 ,m>x1 :5 discuss+ ! relation betwe5 8 op9ions & ,hegelianism employ$ a po9t$ phrase :i* has be5 tak5 too (t5 beside ! po9t4 ,he said t ) ,hegel hi/ory 0 /&+ on its head & t x mu/ be turn$ "r side up aga9 9 ord] to replace x on its feet4 ,= ,hegel ! idea is ! real _w1 :]eas = him 7,m>x7 '! ideal is no?+ else ?an ! mat]ial _w' reflect$ & translat$ by ! human m9d4 ,h5ce ! /atem5t s (t5 repeat$1 t ! mat]iali/ic view ( hi/ory is ! negation or anti!sis ( ! ideali/ic view4 ,x w\ld p]haps be conv5i5t to /udy once aga91 accurately & critically1 ^! ass]t$ relations betwe5 sci5tific socialism & ,hegelianism4 ,to /ate ! op9ion :i* ,i h =m$ on ! matt]2 ! l9k betwe5 ! two views seems to me to be1 9 ! ma91 simply psy*ological4 ,hegelianism 0 ! e>ly inspiration ( ! y\?ful ,m>x1 & x is natural t ev]yone %\ld l9k up ! new ideas ) ! old z a developm5t1 an am5dm5t1 an anti!sis4 ,9 fact1 ,hegel's ,ideas--& ,m>x knew ?is p]fectly well--are n human ideas1 & to turn ! ,hegelian philosophy ( hi/ory upside d[n _c give u ! /atem5t t ideas arise z reflections ( mat]ial conditions4 ,! inv]t$ =m w\ld logically be ?is3 hi/ory is n a process ( ! ,idea1 i4e4 ( a rational reality1 b a sy/em ( =ces3 to ! rational view is oppos$ ! dynamic view4 ,z to ! ,hegelian dialectic ( concepts x seems to me to be> a purely ext]nal & approximate resemblance to ! hi/orical notion ( economic eras & ( ! anti!tical conditions ( society4 ,:atev] may be ! value ( ?is sugge/ion1 :i* ,i express ) hesitation1 recognis+ ! difficulty ( ! problems connect$ ) ! int]pretation & orig9 ( hi/ory2--?is mu* is evid5t1 t metaphysical mat]ialism1 at :i* ,m>x & ,engels1 />t+ f ! extreme ,hegelian left1 easily arriv$1 suppli$ ! "n & "s ( ! compon5ts ( _! view ( hi/ory4 ,b bo? ! "n & ^! compon5ts are really extrane\s to ! true "* ( _! conception4 ,?is c be nei!r mat]iali/ic nor spirituali/ic1 nor duali/ic nor monadi/ic3 )9 its limit$ field ! elem5ts ( ?+s are n pres5t$ 9 su* a way z to admit ( a philosophical discussion :e!r !y are r$ucible "o to ano!r1 & are unit$ 9 "o ultimate s\rce4 ,:at we h be=e u are concrete objects1 ! e>?1 natural production1 animals2 we h be=e u man1 9 :om ! s-call$ psy*ical processes appe> z diff]5tiat$ f ! s-call$ physiological processes4 ,to talk 9 ?is case ( monism & mat]ialism is to talk nons5se4 ,"s sociali/ writ]s h express$ surprise because ,lange1 9 8 classic ,hi/ory ( ,mat]ialism1 does n discuss hi/orical mat]ialism4 ,x is ne$less to rem>k t ,lange 0 famili> ) ,m>xian socialism4 ,he 01 h[ev]1 too cauti\s to confuse ! metaphysical mat]ialism ) :i* he 0 conc]n$1 ) hi/orical mat]ialism :i* has no ess5tial connection ) x1 & is m]ely a way ( speak+4 ,b ! metaphysical mat]ialism ( ! au?ors ( ! new hi/orical doctr9e1 & ! "n giv5 to ! latt]1 h be5 n a little mislead+4 ,i w ref] z an example to a rec5t & bad little book1 :i* seems to me symptomatic1 by a suffici5tly accr$it$ sociali/ writ]1 ,ple*an[4#d ,! au?or1 design+ to /udy hi/orical mat]ialism1 ?9ks x ne$ful to g back to ,holba* & ,helvetius4 ,& he waxes indignant at metaphysical dualism & pluralism1 decl>+ t '! mo/ important philosophical sy/ems 7 always moni/ic1 t is !y int]pret$ matt] & _s z m]ely two classes ( ph5om5a hav+ a s+le & indivisible cause4' ,& 9 ref]5ce to ^? :o ma9ta9 ! di/9ction betwe5 ! factors 9 hi/ory1 he exclaims3 ',we see "h ! old /ory1 always recurr+1 ( ! /ruggle betwe5 eclecticism & monism1 ! /ory ( ! divid+ walls2 "h nature1 !re _s1 etc4' ,_m w be amaz$ at ?is unexpect$ leap f ! mat]iali/ic /udy ( hi/ory into ! arms ( monism1 9 :i* !y 7 unaw>e t !y ought to h su* confid5ce4 ,labriola is mo/ c>eful to avoid ?is confusion3 ',society is a datum1' he says1 'hi/ory is no?+ m ?an ! hi/ory ( society4' ,& he controv]ts ) equal en]gy & success ! naturali/s1 :o wi% to r$uce ! hi/ory ( man to ! hi/ory ( nature1 & ! v]bali/s1 :o claim to d$uce f ! "n mat]ialism ! real nature ( ! new view ( hi/ory4 ,b x mu/ appe>1 ev5 to him1 t ! "n might h be5 m happily *os51 & t ! confusion lies1 s to speak1 inh]5t 9 x4 ,x is true t old words c be b5t to new mean+s1 b )9 limits & aft] due consid]ation4 ,9 reg>d to ! t5d5cy to recon/ruct a mat]iali/ic philosophy ( hi/ory1 sub/itut+ an omnipres5t ,matt] = an omnipres5t ,idea1 x suffices to re-ass]t ! impossibility ( any su* con/ruction1 :i* mu/ become m]ely sup]flu\s & tautolog\s unless x ab&on$ itself to dogmatism4 ,b !re is ano!r error1 :i* is rem>k$ among ! foll[]s ( ! mat]iali/ic s*ool ( hi/ory1 & :i* is connect$ ) ! =m]1 viz41 to anticipate h>m n only 9 ! int]pretation ( hi/ory b also 9 ! guidance ( practical activities4 ,i ref] to ! teleological t5d5cies 7ab/ract teleology71 :i* also ,labriola opposes ) a cutt+ attack4 ,! v idea ( progress1 :i* has seem$ to _m ! only law ( hi/ory wor? sav+ out ( ! _m devis$ by philosophical & non-philosophical ?9k]s1 is by him depriv$ ( ! dignity ( a law1 & r$uc$ to a suffici5tly n>r[ significance4 ,! idea ( x1 says ,labriola1 is 'n only empirical1 b always incid5tal & h5ce limit$'3 progress 'does n influ5ce ! sequ5ce ( human affairs l de/9y or fate1 nor l ! comm& ( a law4' ,hi/ory tea*es u t man is capable ( progress2 & we c look at all ! diff]5t s]ies ( ev5ts f ?is po9t ( view3 t is all4 ,no less incid5tal & empirical is ! idea ( hi/orical necessity1 :i* mu/ be fre$ f all remnants ( rationalism & ( transc5d5talism1 s t we see 9 x ! m]e recognition ( ! v small %>e left 9 ! sequ5ce ( ev5ts1 to individuals & p]sonal free w4 ,x mu/ be admitt$ t a little ( ! blame = ! teleological & fatali/ic misund]/&+s fall on ,m>x himself4 ,m>x1 z he once _h to expla91 lik$ to 'coquette' ) ! ,hegelian t]m9ology3 a dang]\s weapon1 ) :i* x w\ld h be5 bett] n to trifle4 ,h5ce x is n[ ?\ght necess>y to give to sev]al ( 8 /atem5ts a some:at broad int]pretation 9 agreem5t ) ! g5]al tr5d ( 8 !ories4#e ,ano!r excuse lies 9 ! impetu\s confid5ce :i*1 z 9 ! case ( any practical "w1 accompanies ! practical activities ( socialism1 & eng5d]s beliefs & expectations :i* d n always agree ) prud5t critical & sci5tific ?\ght4 ,x is /range to see h[ ! positivi/s1 newly conv]t$ to socialism1 exce$ all ! o!rs 7see ! effect ( a good s*ool67 9 _! teleological beliefs1 & _! facile pr$et]m9ations4 ,!y swall[ aga9 :at is wor/ 9 ,hegelianism1 :i* !y once s viol5tly oppos$ )\t recognis+ x4 ,labriola has f9ely said t ! v =eca/s ( socialism are m]ely morphological 9 nature2 &1 9 fact1 nei!r ,m>x nor ,engels w\ld ev] h ass]t$ 9 ! ab/ract t communism mu/ come ab\t by an unavoidable necessity1 9 ! mann] 9 :i* !y =esaw x4 ,if hi/ory is always accid5tal1 :y 9 ?is we/]n ,europe ( ours1 might n a new b>b>ism arise ow+ to ! effect ( incalculable circum/ances8 ,:y %\ld n ! com+ ( communism be ei!r r5d]$ sup]flu\s or ha/5$ by "s ( ^? te*nical discov]ies1 :i*1 z ,m>x himself has prov$1 h hi!rto produc$ ! greate/ revolutions 9 ! c\rse ( hi/ory8 ,i ?9k !n t bett] homage w\ld be r5d]$ to ! mat]iali/ic view ( hi/ory1 n by call+ x ! f9al & def9ite philosophy ( hi/ory b r by decl>+ t prop]ly speak+ x is n a philosophy ( hi/ory4 ,?is intr9sic nature :i* is evid5t to ^? :o und]/& x prop]ly1 expla9s ! difficulty :i* exi/s 9 f9d+ = x a satisfactory !oretical /atem5t2 & :y to ,labriola x appe>s to be only 9 its beg9n+s & yet to ne$ mu* developm5t4 ,x expla9s too :y ,engels said 7& ,labriola accepts ! rem>k71 t x is no?+ m ?an a new me?od2 :i* means a d5ial t x is a new !ory4 ,b is x inde$ a new me?od8 ,i mu/ ackn[l$ge t ?is "n me?od does n seem to me altoge!r accurate4 ,:5 ! philosophical ideali/s tri$ to arrive at ! facts ( hi/ory by inf]5ce1 ?is 0 truly a new me?od2 & !re may /ill exi/ "s fossil ( ^? bless$ times1 :o makes su* attempts at hi/ory4 ,b ! hi/orians ( ! mat]iali/ic s*ool employ ! same intellectual weapons & foll[ ! same pa?s z1 let u say1 ! philological hi/orians4 ,!y only introduce into _! "w "s new data1 "s new exp]i5ces4 ,! cont5t is diff]5t1 n ! nature ( ! me?od4 ,,ii #b4 ,hi/orical mat]ialism a mass ( new data ( :i* hi/orian becomes consci\s3 ,does n /ate t hi/ory is no?+ m ?an economic hi/ory1 nor does x provide a !ory ( hi/ory3 ,is simply inve/igation ( influ5ce economic ne$s h ex]cis$ 9 hi/ory3 ,?is view does n detract f its importance4 ,i h n[ rea*$ ! po9t :i* = me is fundam5tal4 ,hi/orical mat]ialism is n & _c be a new philosophy ( hi/ory or a new me?od2 b x is prop]ly ?is2 a mass ( new data1 ( new exp]i5ces1 ( :i* ! hi/orian becomes consci\s4 ,x is h>dly necess>y to m5tion ! ov]?r[ a %ort "t ago ( ! nave op9ion ( ! ord9>y man reg>d+ ! objectivity ( hi/ory2 almo/ z ?\gh ev5ts spoke1 & ! hi/orian 0 !re to he> & to record _! /atem5ts4 ,anyone :o sets out to write hi/ory has be=e him docum5ts & n>ratives1 i4e4 small fragm5ts & traces ( :at has actually happ5$4 ,9 ord] to attempt to recon/ruct ! complete process1 he mu/ fall back on a s]ies ( assumptions1 :i* are 9 fact ! ideas & in=mation :i* he possesses conc]n+ ! affairs ( nature1 ( man1 ( society4 ,! pieces ne$$ to complete ! :ole1 ( :i* he has only ! fragm5ts be=e him1 he mu/ f9d )9 himself4 ,8 wor? & skill z a hi/orian is %[n by ! accuracy ( 8 adaptation4 ,:5ce x cle>ly foll[s t ! enri*m5t ( ^! views & exp]i5ces is ess5tial to progress 9 hi/orical n>ration4 ,:at are ^! po9ts ( view & exp]i5ces :i* are (f]$ by ! mat]iali/ic !ory ( hi/ory8 ,t section ( ,labriola's book :i* discusses ?is appe>s to me excell5t & suffici5t4 ,labriola po9ts out h[ hi/orical n>ration 9 ! c\rse ( its developm5t1 might h arriv$ at ! !ory ( hi/orical factors2 i4e41 ! notion t ! sequ5ce ( hi/ory is ! result ( a numb] ( =ces1 kn[n z physical conditions1 social organisations1 political in/itutions1 p]sonal influ5ces4 ,hi/orical mat]ialism goes beyond1 to inve/igate ! int]action ( ^! factors2 or r x /udies !m all toge!r z p>ts ( a s+le process4 ,accord+ to ?is !ory--z is n[ well kn[n1 & z ,m>x express$ x 9 a classical passage--! f\ndations ( hi/ory are ! me?ods ( production1 i4e4 ! economic conditions :i* give rise to class di/9ctions1 to ! con/itution ( rank & ( law1 & to ^? beliefs :i* make up social & moral cu/oms & s5tim5ts1 ! reflection :]e( is f\nd 9 art1 sci5ce & religion4 ,to und]/& ?is po9t ( view accurately is n easy1 & x is misund]/ood by all ^? :o1 r ?an take x 9 ! concrete1 /ate x absolutely aft] ! mann] ( an absolute philosophical tru?4 ,! !ory _c be ma9ta9$ 9 ! ab/ract )\t de/roy+ x1 i4e4 )\t turn+ x into ! !ory ( ! factors1 :i* is accord+ to my view1 ! f9al ^w 9 ab/ract analysis4#f ,"s h suppos$ t hi/orical mat]ialism ass]ts t hi/ory is no?+ m ?an economic hi/ory1 & all ! re/ is simply a mask1 an appe>ance )\t reality4 ,& !n !y lab\r to discov] ! true god ( hi/ory1 :e!r x be ! productive tool or ! e>?1 us+ argum5ts :i* call to m9d ! prov]bial discussion ab\t ! egg & ! h54 ,fri$ri* ,engels 0 attack$ by someone :o appli$ to him to ask h[ ! influ5ce ( su* & su* o!r hi/orical factors ought to be und]/ood 9 ref]5ce to ! economic factor4 ,9 ! num]\s lett]s :i* he wrote 9 reply1 & :i* n[1 s9ce 8 dea?1 are com+ out 9 ! reviews1 he let x be und]/ood t1 :5 toge!r ) ,m>x1 ^u ! prompt+ ( ! facts1 he conceiv$ ?is new view ( hi/ory1 he _h n meant to /ate an exact !ory4 ,9 "o ( ^! lett]s he apologises = :atev] exagg]ation he & ,m>x may h put into ! controv]sial /atem5ts ( _! ideas1 & begs t att5tion may be paid to ! practical applications made ( !m r ?an to ! !oretical expressions employ$4 ,x w\ld be a f9e ?+1 he exclaims1 if a =mula c\ld be giv5 = ! int]pretation ( all ! facts ( hi/ory6 ,by apply+ ?is =mula1 x w\ld be z easy to und]/& any p]iod ( hi/ory z to solve a simple equation4#g ,labriola grants t ! suppos$ r$uction ( hi/ory to ! economic factor is a ridicul\s notion1 :i* may h occurr$ to "o ( ! too ha/y def5d]s ( ! !ory1 or to "o ( its no less ha/y oppon5ts4#h ,he ackn[l$ges ! complexity ( hi/ory1 h[ ! products ( ! fir/ degree fir/ e/abli% !mselves1 & !n isolate !mselves & become indep5d5t2 ! ideals :i* h>d5 into traditions1 ! p]si/5t survivals1 ! ela/icity ( ! psy*ical me*anism :i* makes ! individual irr$ucible to a type ( 8 class or social position1 ! unconsci\sness & ignorance ( _! own situations (t5 obs]v$ 9 m51 ! /upidity & un9telligibility ( ! beliefs & sup]/itions aris+ out ( unusual accid5ts & complexities4 ,& s9ce man lives a natural z well z a social exi/5ce1 he admits ! influ5ce ( race1 ( temp]am5t & ( ! prompt+s ( nature4 ,&1 f9ally1 he does n ov]look ! influ5ce ( ! individual1 i4e4 ( ! "w ( ^? :o are call$ great m51 :o if !y are n ! creators1 are c]ta9ly collaborators ( hi/ory4 ,) all ^! concessions he realises1 if ,i am n mi/ak51 t x is useless to look = a !ory1 9 any /rict s5se ( ! ^w1 9 hi/orical mat]ialism2 & ev5 t x is n :at c prop]ly be call$ a !ory at all4 ,he confirms u 9 ?is view by 8 f9e acc\nt ( its orig91 "u ! /imulus ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 t great s*ool ( sociology--z he calls x4 ,! mat]iali/ic view ( hi/ory arose out ( ! ne$ to acc\nt = a def9ite social ph5om5on1 n f an ab/ract inquiry into ! factors ( hi/orical life4 ,x 0 creat$ 9 ! m9ds ( politicians & revolutioni/s1 n ( cold & calculat+ savants ( ! libr>y4 ,at ?is /age someone w say3--,b if ! !ory1 9 ! /rict s5se1 is n true1 :]e9 !n lies ! discov]y8 ,9 :at does ! novelty consi/8 ,to speak 9 ?is way is to betray a belief t intellectual progress consi/s solely 9 ! p]fect+ ( ! =ms & ab/ract categories ( ?\ght4 ,h approximate obs]vations no value 9 addition to !ories8 ,! k ( :at has usually happ5$1 ev]y?+ 9 %ort t is call$ exp]i5ce ( life1 & :i* c be express$ 9 g5]al b n 9 /rictly accurate t]ms8 ,grant+ ?is limitation & und]/&+ always an almo/ & an ab\t1 !re are discov]ies to be made :i* are fruitful 9 ! int]pretation ( life & ( hi/ory4 ,su* are ! ass]tions ( ! dep5d5ce ( all p>ts ( life ^u ea* o!r1 & ( _! orig9 9 ! economic subsoil1 s t x c be said t !re is b "o s+le hi/ory2 ! discov]y ( ! true nature ( ! ,/ate 7z x appe>s 9 ! empirical _w71 reg>d$ z an in/itution = ! def5ce ( ! rul+ class2 ! prov$ dep5d5ce ( ideals ^u class int]e/s2 ! co9cid5ce ( ! great epo*s ( hi/ory ) ! great economic eras2 & ! _m o!r obs]vations by :i* ! s*ool ( hi/orical mat]ialism is enri*$4 ,always ) ! a=esaid limitations1 x may be said ) ,engels3 't m5 make _! hi/ory !mselves1 b )9 a giv5 limit$ range1 on a basis ( conditions actually pre-exi/5t1 among/ :i* ! economic conditions1 al?\gh !y may be influ5c$ by ! o!rs1 ! political & ideal1 are yet1 9 ! f9al analysis1 decisive1 & =m ! r$ ?read :i* runs ?r\gh ! :ole ( hi/ory & guides u to an und]/&+ !re(4 ,f ?is po9t ( view too1 ,i entirely agree ) ,labriola 9 reg>d+ z some:at /range ! inquiries made conc]n+ ! suppos$ =]unn]s & remote au?ors ( hi/orical mat]ialism1 & z q mi/ak5 ! inf]5ces t ^! inquiries w detract f ! importance & orig9ality ( ! !ory4 ,! ,italian pr(essor ( economics to :om ,i ref]r$ at ! beg9n+1 :5 convict$ ( a plagi>ism1 ?\ght to def5d himself by say+ t1 at bottom1 ,m>x's idea 0 n peculi> to ,m>x2 h5ce1 at wor/1 he _h robb$ a ?ief4 ,he gave a li/ ( =]unn]s1 rea*+ back z f> z ,ari/otle4 ,j lately1 ano!r ,italian pr(essor reprov$ a colleague ) mu* less ju/ice = hav+ =gott5 t ! economic int]pretation _h be5 expla9$ by ,lor5zo ,/e9 be=e ,m>x1 ,i c\ld multiply su* examples4 ,all ?is rem9ds me ( "o ( ,jean ,paul ,ri*t]'s say+s3 t we ho>d our ?\ghts z a mis] does 8 money2 & only sl[ly d we ex*ange ! money = possessions1 & ?\ghts = exp]i5ces & feel+s4 ,m5tal obs]vations atta9 real importance ?r\gh ! realisation 9 ?\ght & an insight into ! fulness ( _! possibilities4 ,?is realisation & insight h be5 grant$ to ! mod]n sociali/ movem5t & to its intellectual lead]s ,m>x & ,engels4 ,we may read ev5 9 ,?omas ,m t ! ,/ate is a conspiracy ( ! ri* :o make plots = _! own conv5i5ce3 qua$am conspiratio divitum1 de suis commodis reipublicae nom9e tituloque tractantium1 & call _! intrigues laws3 ma*9am5ta jam leges fiunt4#i ,&1 leav+ ,sir ,?omas ,m--:o1 aft] all1 x w be said1 0 a communi/--:o does n "k by he>t ,m>zoni's l9es3 ,un' odiosa ,=za il mondo possi$e e fa nom>si ,dritto4444#aj ,b ! mat]iali/ & sociali/ int]pretation ( ! ,/ate is n !re=e any ! less new4 ,! common prov]b1 inde$1 tells u t int]e/ is ! mo/ p[]ful motive = human actions & conceals itself "u ! mo/ v>i$ =ms2 b x is none ! less true t ! /ud5t ( hi/ory :o has previ\sly exam9$ ! tea*+s ( sociali/ criticism1 is l a %ort-sight$ man :o has provid$ himself ) a good pair ( spectacles3 he sees q diff]5tly & _m my/]i\s %ad[s reveal _! exact %ape4 ,9 reg>d to hi/orical n>rative !n1 ! mat]iali/ic view ( hi/ory resolves itself into a w>n+ to keep its obs]vations 9 m9d z a new aid to ! und]/&+ ( hi/ory4 ,few problems are h>d] ?an t :i* ! hi/orian has to solve4 ,9 "o p>ticul> x resembles ! problem ( ! /atesman1 & consi/s 9 und]/&+ ! conditions ( a giv5 nation at a giv5 "t 9 respect to _! causes & function+2 b ) ?is diff]5ce3 ! hi/orian conf9es himself to exposition1 ! /atesman proce$s fur!r to modification2 ! =m] pays no p5alty = misund]/&+1 :]eas ! latt] is subject$ to ! sev]e correction ( facts4 ,confront$ by su* a problem1 ! majority ( hi/orians--,i ref] 9 p>ticul> to ! conditions ( ! /udy 9 ,italy--proce$ at a disadvantage1 almo/ l ! savants ( ! old s*ool :o con/ruct$ philology & rese>*$ into etymology4 ,aids to a clos] & deep] und]/&+1 h come at l5g? f diff]5t sides1 & frequ5tly4 ,b ! "o :i* is n[ (f]$ by ! mat]iali/ic view ( hi/ory is great1 & suit$ to ! importance ( ! mod]n sociali/ movem5t4 ,x is true t ! hi/orian mu/ r5d] exact & def9ite 9 ea* p>ticul> in/ance1 t co-ord9ation & subord9ation ( factors :i* is indicat$ by hi/orical mat]ialism1 9 g5]al1 = ! great] numb] ( cases1 & approximately2 h]e9 lies 8 task & 8 difficulties1 :i* may sometimes be insurm\ntable4 ,b n[ ! road has be5 po9t$ out1 along :i* ! solution mu/ be s\ght1 ( "s ( ! greate/ problems ( hi/ory ap>t f ^? :i* h be5 already elucidat$4 ,i w say no?+ ( ! rec5t attempts at an hi/orical application ( ! mat]iali/ic conception1 because x is n a subject to hurry ov] 9 pass+1 & ,i int5d to deal ) x on ano!r occasion4 ,i w cont5t myself ) e*o+ ,labriola1 :o gives a w>n+ aga9/ a mi/ake1 common to _m ( ^! attempts4 ,?is consi/s 9 retranslat+1 z he says1 into economic phraseology1 ! old hi/orical p]spective :i* ( late has s (t5 be5 translat$ into ,d>w9ian phraseology4 ,c]ta9ly x w\ld n be wor? :ile to create a new movem5t 9 hi/orical /udies 9 ord] to atta9 su* a result4 ,,iii #c4 ,que/ions z to relation betwe5 hi/orical mat]ialism & socialism3 ,only possible connection lies 9 special hi/orical application3 ,be>+ ( hi/orical mat]ialism ^u intellectual & moral tru?3 ,?r[s light on influ5ce ( mat]ial conditions on _! developm5t1 b does n demon/rate _! relativity3 ,absolute morality a necess>y po/ulate ( socialism4 ,two ?+s seem to me to des]ve "s fur!r explanation4 ,:at is ! relation betwe5 hi/orical mat]ialism & socialism8 ,labriola1 if ,i am n mi/ak51 is incl9$ to connect closely & almo/ to id5tify ! two ?+s4 ,! :ole ( socialism lies 9 ! mat]iali/ic int]pretation ( hi/ory1 :i* is ! tru? itself ( socialism2 to accept "o & reject ! o!r is to und]/& nei!r4 ,i consid] ?is /atem5t to be some:at exagg]at$1 or1 at lea/1 to ne$ explanation4 ,if hi/orical mat]ialism is /ripp$ ( e survival ( f9ality & ( ! b5ignities ( provid5ce1 x c af=d no apology = ei!r socialism or any o!r practical guidance = life4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 its special hi/orical application1 9 ! ass]tion :i* c be made by its means1 its real & close connection ) socialism is to be f\nd4 ,?is ass]tion is z foll[s3--,society is n[ s con/itut$ t socialism is ! only possible solution :i* x conta9s )9 itself4 ,an ass]tion & =eca/ ( ?is k9d moreov] w ne$ to be fill$ out be=e x c be a basis = practical action4 ,x mu/ be complet$ by motives ( int]e/1 or by e?ical & s5tim5tal motives1 moral judgm5ts & ! en?usiasms ( fai?4 ,! ass]tion 9 itself is cold & p[]less4 ,x w be insuffici5t to move ! cynic1 ! sceptic1 ! pessimi/4 ,b x w suffice to put on _! gu>d all ^? classes ( society :o see _! ru9 9 ! sequ5ce ( hi/ory & to pl$ge !m to a long /ruggle1 al?\gh ! f9al outcome may be useless4 ,among/ ^! classes is ! prolet>iat1 :i* inde$ aims at ! ext9ction ( its class4 ,moral conviction & ! =ce ( s5tim5t mu/ be add$ to give positive guidance & to supply an imp]ative ideal = ^? :o nei!r feel ! bl9d impulse ( class int]e/1 nor all[ !mselves to be swept along by ! :irl+ curr5t ( ! times4 ,! f9al po9t :i* ,i ?9k dem&s explanation1 al?\gh 9 ?is case also ! diff]5ce betwe5 myself & ,labriola does n appe> to be s]i\s1 is ?is3 to :at conclusions does hi/orical mat]ialism lead 9 reg>d to ! ideal values ( man1 9 reg>d t is to intellectual tru? & to :at is call$ moral tru?8 ,! hi/ory ( ! orig9 ( intellectual tru? is und\bt$ly made cle>] by hi/orical mat]ialism1 :i* aims at %[+ ! influ5ce ( actual mat]ial conditions ^u ! op5+ out1 & ! v developm5t ( ! human intellect4 ,?us ! hi/ory ( op9ions1 l t ( sci5ce1 ne$s to be = ! mo/ "p re-writt5 f ?is po9t ( view4 ,b ^? :o1 on acc\nt ( su* consid]ations conc]n+ hi/orical orig9s1 return 9 triumph to ! old relativity & scepticism1 are confus+ two q di/9ct classes ( problem4 ,geometry owes its orig9 no d\bt to giv5 conditions :i* are wor? det]m9+2 b x does n foll[ t geometrical tru? is some?+ m]ely hi/orical & relative4 ,! w>n+ seems sup]flu\s1 b ev5 "h misund]/&+s are frequ5t & rem>kable4 ,h ,i n read 9 "s sociali/ au?or t ,m>x's discov]ies !mselves are ( m]ely hi/orical importance & mu/ necess>ily be dis[n$4 ,i d n "k :at mean+ ?is c h unless x has ! v trivial "o ( a recognition ( ! limitation ( all human "w1 or unless x resolves itself into ! no less idle rem>k t ,m>x's ?\ght is ! (fspr+ ( 8 age4 ,?is onesid$ hi/ory is /ill m dang]\s 9 ref]5ce to moral tru?4 ,! sci5ce ( morality is evid5tly n[ 9 a trans=mation /age4 ,! e?ical imp]ative1 ^: classics are ,kant's ,kritik d] re95 ,v]nunft1 & ,h]b>t's ,allgeme9e praktis*e ,philosophie1 appe>s no long] adequate4 ,9 addition to x an hi/orical & a =mal sci5ce ( morality are mak+ _! appe>ance1 :i* reg>d morality z a fact1 & /udy its univ]sal nature ap>t f all preoccupations z to cre$s & rules4 ,?is t5d5cy %[s itself n only 9 sociali/ic circles1 b also else:]e1 & x w be suffici5t = me to ref] to ,simmel's clev] writ+s4 ,labriola is ?us ju/ifi$ 9 8 def5ce ( new me?ods ( reg>d+ morality4 ',e?ics1--he says1--= u resolves itself into an hi/orical /udy ( ! subjective & objective conditions accord+ to :i* morality develops or f9ds h9drances to its developm5t4' ,b he adds cauti\sly1 '9 ?is way alone1 i4e41 )9 ^! limits1 is !re value 9 ! /atem5t t morality corresponds to ! social situation1 i4e41 9 ! f9al analysis to ! economic conditions1' ,! "q ( ! intr9sic & absolute wor? ( ! moral ideal1 ( its r$ucibility or irr$ucibility to intellectual tru?1 rema9s unt\*$4 ,x w\ld p]haps h be5 well if ,labriola _h dwelt a little m on ?is po9t4 ,a /rong t5d5cy is f\nd 9 sociali/ic lit]ature t[>ds a moral relativity1 n inde$ hi/orical1 b sub/antial1 :i* reg>ds morality z a va9 imag9ation4 ,?is t5d5cy is *iefly due to ! necessity 9 :i* ,m>x & ,engels f\nd !mselves1 9 face ( ! v>i\s types ( ,utopians1 ( ass]t+ t ! s-call$ social "q is n a moral "q1--i4e4 z ?is mu/ be int]pret$1 x _c be solv$ by s]mons & s-call$ moral me?ods--& to _! bitt] criticism ( class ideals & hypocrisies4#aa ,?is result 0 help$ on1 z x seems to me1 by ! ,hegelian s\rce ( ! views ( ,m>x & ,engels2 x be+ obvi\s t 9 ! ,hegelian philosophy e?ics loses ! rigidity giv5 to x by ,kant & pres]v$ by ,h]b>t4 ,& la/ly ! "n mat]ialism is p]haps n )\t influ5ce "h1 s9ce x br+s to m9d at once well-und]/ood int]e/s & ! calculat+ comp>ison ( pleasures4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 evid5t t idealism or absolute morality is a necess>y po/ulate ( socialism4 ,is n ! int]e/ :i* prompts ! =mation ( a concept ( surplus-value a moral int]e/1 or social if x is pref]r$8 ,c surplus value be spok5 ( 9 pure economics8 ,does n ! lab\r] sell 8 lab\r-p[] = exactly :at x is wor?1 giv5 8 position 9 exi/+ society8 ,&1 )\t ! moral po/ulate1 h[ c\ld we ev] expla9 ,m>x's political activity1 & t note ( viol5t indignation & bitt] satire :i* is felt 9 e page ( ,das ,kapital8 ,b en\gh ( ?is1 = ,i f9d myself mak+ q elem5t>y /atem5ts su* z c only be ov]look$ ow+ to ambigu\s or exagg]at$ phraseology4 ,& 9 conclusion1 ,i repeat my regret1 already express$1 conc]n+ ?is "n mat]ialism1 :i* is n ju/ifi$ 9 ?is case1 gives rise to num]\s misund]/&+s1 & is a cause ( d]ision to oppon5ts4 ,s f> z hi/ory is conc]n$1 ,i w\ld gladly keep to ! "n reali/ic view ( hi/ory1 :i* d5otes ! opposition to all teleology & metaphysics )9 ! sph]e ( hi/ory1 & comb9es bo? ! contribution made by socialism to hi/orical k & ^? contributions :i* may subsequ5tly be br\ght f else:]e4 ,h5ce my fri5d ,labriola ought n to atta* too mu* importance1 9 8 s]i\s ?\ghts1 to ! adjectives f9al & def9ite1 :i* h slipp$ f 8 p54 ,did he n once tell me himself t ,engels /ill hop$ = o!r discov]ies :i* might help u to und]/& t my/]y1 made by ourselves1 & :i* is ,hi/ory8 ,may1 #ahif4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,del mat]ialismo /orico1 dilucidazione prelim9>e1 ,rome1 ,e4 ,loes*]1 #ahif4 ,see ! e>li] "w by ! same au?or3 ,9 memoria del ',manife/o dei communi/i1' #bnd ed4 ,rome1 ,e4 ,loes*]1 #ahie4 #b ,i ref] to ! works ( ,pr(essor ,a*ille ,loria4 #c ,he calls x on "o occasion3 '! f9al & def9ite philosophy ( hi/ory4' #d ,beitrge zur ,ges*i*te des ,mat]ialismus1 ,/uttg>t1 #ahif4 #e ,see1 = example1 ! comm5ts ^u "s ( ,m>x's /atem5ts1 9 ! article ,progrs et dveloppem5t 9 ! ,dev5ir ,social = ,m>*1 #ahif4 #f ,= ?is reason ,i d n1 l ,labriola1 call ! !ory ( ! factors a half-!ory2 nor d ,i l ! comp>ison ) ! anci5t doctr9e1 n[ ab&on$ 9 physics1 physiology & psy*ology1 ( physical =ces1 vital =ces & m5tal faculties4 #g ,see a lett] dat$ #ba/ ,septemb] #ahij1 publi%$ 9 ! ,b]l9 review1 ,d] ,sociali/is*e ,akademik]1 ,no #ai1 #a/ ,octob] #ahie4 ,ano!r1 dat$ #be? ,janu>y #ahid1 is pr9t$ 9 ,no #bj1 #af? ,octob]1 ( ! same review4 #h ,he ev5 di/+ui%es betwe5 ! economic int]pretation & ! mat]iali/ic view ( hi/ory4 ,by ! fir/ t]m he means '^? attempts at analysis1 :i* tak+ sep>ately on ! "o h& ! economic =ms & categories1 & on ! o!r = example1 law1 legislation1 politics1 cu/om1 proce$ to /udy ! mutual influ5ces ( ! diff]5t sides ( life1 ?us ab/ractly & subjectively di/+ui%$4' ,by ! second1 on ! contr>y1 '! organic view ( hi/ory' ( ! 'totality & unity ( social life1' :]e economics itself 'is melt$ into ! tide ( a process1 to appe> aft]w>ds 9 s _m morphological /ages1 9 ea* ( :i* x =ms ! basis relatively to ! re/ :i* corresponds to & agrees ) x4' #i ,utopia1 ,l4 ii 7,,?om ,,mori angli ,op]a1 ,l\va9 #aeff1 f4 #ah47 #aj ',hateful ,=ce rules ! _w & calls itself ,ju/ice4' #aa ,f ?is po9t ( view x is wor? :ile to note ! antipa?y :i* leaks out 9 sociali/ writ+s t[>ds ,s*ill]1 ! poet ( ! ,kantian morality /hetically modifi$1 :o has become ! fav\rite poet ( ! ,g]man middle classes4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,conc]n+ ,,hi/orical ,,mat]ialism ,,view$ ,,z ,a ,,sci5ce ,,( ,,social ,,economics #a4 ,relation betwe5 ,pr(essor ,/amml]'s book on hi/orical mat]ialism & ,m>xism3 ,di/9ction betwe5 pure economics & g5]al hi/orical economics3 ,socialism n dep5d5t on ab/ract sociological !ory3 ,/amml]'s classification ( ! social sci5ces3 ,8 def9ition ( society3 ,( social economics3 ,( social teleology3 ,nature ( ,/amml]'s social sci5ce does n provide ab/ract sociology3 ,social economics mu/ be ei!r pure economics appli$ to society or a =m ( hi/ory4 ,! att5tive read] ( ,pr(essor ,/amml]'s book1#ab realises at ! outset t x treats ( ! mat]iali/ic !ory ( hi/ory n z a fruitful guide to ! int]pretation ( hi/orical fact1 b z a sci5ce or philosophy ( society4 ,a numb] ( attempts h be5 made1 bas$ 9 ! fir/ in/ance on ,m>x's /atem5ts1 to build up on ^! /atem5ts a g5]al !ory ( hi/ory or ( society4 ,x is on ^! attempts !n1 & n on ! lea/ bold among/ !m1 t ,/amml] bases 8 "w1 mak+ !m ! />t+ po9t ( 8 criticism & recon/ruction4 ,x may be precisely on ?is acc\nt t he *ooses to discuss hi/orical mat]ialism 9 ! =m giv5 to x by ,engels1--:i* he calls ! mo/ complete1 ! au!ntic767 /atem5t ( ! pr9ciples ( social mat]ialism4 ,he pref]s ?is =m to t ( ,m>x1 :i* he ?9ks too disconnect$2 & :i* is1 inde$1 less easily r$uc$ to ab/ract g5]alities2 :]eas ,engels 0 "o ( ! fir/ to give to hi/orical mat]ialism a mean+ m important ?an its orig9al "o4 ,to ,engels1 also1 z is well kn[n1 is due ! v "n mat]ialism z appli$ to ?is view ( hi/ory4 ,we _c1 inde$1 d5y t ! mat]iali/ic view ( hi/ory has 9 fact develop$ 9 two directions1 di/9ct 9 k9d if n 9 practice1 viz43 7#a7 a movem5t relat+ to ! writ+ ( hi/ory1 & 7#b7 a sci5ce & philosophy ( society4 ,h5ce !re is no gr\nd = object+ to ,/amml]'s proc$ure1 :5 he conf9es himself to ?is second problem1 & takes x up at ! po9t to :i* he ?9ks t ! foll[]s ( hi/orical mat]ialism h br\ght x4 ,b x %\ld be cle>ly po9t$ out t he does n conc]n himself at all ) ! problems ( hi/orical me?od4 ,he leaves out ( acc\nt t is1 :at1 = "s p--& = me among/ !m--is ! side ( ?is movem5t ( ?\ght :i* is ( liv+ & sci5tific int]e/4 ,pr(essor ,/amml] rem>ks h[ 9 ! propositions employ$ by ! believ]s 9 hi/orical mat]ialism3 '! economic factor dom9ates ! o!r factors ( social life1' '! economic factor is fundam5tal & ! o!rs are dep5d5t1' & ! l1 ! concept economic has nev] be5 def9$4 ,he is ju/ifi$ 9 mak+ ?is rem>k1 & 9 atta*+ ! greate/ importance to x1 if he reg>ds & int]prets ^? propositions z ass]tions ( laws1 z /rict propositions ( social sci5ce4 ,to use z ess5tial 9 /atem5ts ( ?is k9d1 a concept :i* c\ld nei!r be def9$ nor expla9$1 & :i* !re=e rema9$ a m]e ^w1 w\ld inde$ be some:at odd4 ,b 8 rem>k is entirely irrelevant :5 ^! propositions are und]/ood z3 'summ>ies ( empirical obs]vations1 by ! help ( :i* concrete social facts may be expla9$4' ,i d n ?9k t any s5sible p]son has ev] expect$ to f9d 9 ^? expressions an accurate & philosophical def9ition ( concepts2 yet all s5sible p readily und]/& to :at class ( facts !y ref]4 ,! ^w economic "h1 z 9 ord9>y language1 corresponds1 n to a concept1 b to a gr\p ( r div]se repres5tations1 "s ( :i* are n ev5 qualitative 9 cont5t1 b quantitative4 ,:5 x is ass]t$1 t 9 int]pret+ hi/ory we mu/ look *iefly at ! economic factors1 we ?9k at once ( te*nical conditions1 ( ! di/ribution ( weal?1 ( classes & sub-classes b\nd toge!r by def9ite common int]e/s1 & s on4 ,x is true ^! diff]5t repres5tations _c be r$uc$ to a s+le concept1 b no matt]1 !re is no "q ( t3 "h we are 9 an entirely diff]5t sph]e f t 9 :i* ab/ract que/ions are discuss$4 ,?is po9t is n )\t int]e/ & may be expla9$ m 9 detail4 ,if economic be und]/ood 9 its /rict s5se1 = example1 9 ! s5se 9 :i* x is employ$ 9 pure economics1 i4e41 if by x be meant ! axiom accord+ to :i* all m5 seek ! greate/ satisfaction ) ! lea/ possible ef=t1 x is pla9 t to say t ?is factor plays a "p 7ess5tial1 dom9ant1 or equal to t ( ! o!rs7 9 social life1 w\ld tell u no?+ concrete4 ,! economic axiom is a v g5]al & purely a =mal pr9ciple ( conduct4 ,x is inconceivable t anyone %\ld act )\t apply+1 well or ill1 ! v pr9ciple ( e action1 i4e41 ! economic pr9ciple4 ,worse /ill x economic be tak5 9 ! s5se :i*1 z we %all see1 ,pr(essor ,/amml] gives to x4 ,he und]/&s by ?is ^w3 'all concrete social facts'2 9 :i* s5se x w\ld at once become absurd to ass]t t ! economic factor1 i4e41 all social facts 9 ! concrete dom9at$1 a "p ( ^! facts6 ,?us 9 ord] to give a mean+ to ! ^w economic 9 ?is proposition1 x is necess>y to leave ! ab/ract & =mal2 to assign def9ite ends to human action2 to h 9 m9d an 'hi/orical man1' or r ! av]age man ( hi/ory1 or ( a long] or %ort] p]iod ( hi/ory2 to ?9k1 = example1 ( ! ne$ = bread1 = clo!s1 = sexual relations1 = ! s-call$ moral satisfactions1 e/eem1 vanity1 p[] & s on4 ,! phrase economic factor n[ ref]s to gr\ps ( concrete facts1 :i* are built up 9 common spee*1 & :i* h be5 bett] def9$ f ! actual application made ( ! above-m5tion$ propositions 9 hi/orical n>rative & 9 ! practical programmes ( ,m>x & 8 foll[]s4 ,9 ! ma91 ?is is recognis$ by ,pr(essor ,/amml] himself :5 he gives an admirable explanation ( ! curr5t mean+ ( ! expressions3 economic facts & political facts1 revolutions m political ?an economic & vice v]sa4 ,su* di/9ctions1 he says1 c only be und]/ood 9 ! concrete1 9 ref]5ce to ! aims pursu$ by ! diff]5t sections ( society1 & to ! special problems ( social life4 ,accord+ to him1 h[ev]1 ,m>x's "w does n deal ) su* trifl+ matt]s3 z1 = in/ance1 t s-call$ economic life influ5ces ideas1 sci5ce1 art & s on3 old lumb] ( little consequ5ce4 ,j z philosophical mat]ialism does n consi/ 9 ! ass]tion t bodily facts h an influ5ce ov] spiritual1 b r 9 ! mak+ ( ^! latt] a m]e appe>ance1 )\t reality1 ( ! =m]3 s hi/orical mat]ialism mu/ consi/ 9 ass]t+ t economics is ! true reality & t law is a fallaci\s appe>ance4 ,b1 ) all def]5ce to ,pr(essor ,/amml]1 we believe t ^! trifl+ matt]s1 to :i* he contemptu\sly ref]s1 are precisely :at are dealt ) 9 ,m>x's propositions2 &1 moreov]1 we ?9k !m nei!r s trifl+ nor ( su* little consequ5ce4 ,h5ce ,pr(essor ,/amml]'s book does n appe> to u a criticism ( ! mo/ vital "p ( hi/orical mat]ialism1 viz41 ( a movem5t or s*ool ( hi/orians4 ,! criticism ( hi/ory is made by hi/ory2 & hi/orical mat]ialism is hi/ory made or 9 ! mak+4 ,nor does x provide ! />t+ po9t = a criticism ( socialism1 z ! programme ( a def9ite social movem5t4 ,/amml] deceives himself :5 he ?9ks t socialism is bas$ on ! mat]iali/ic philosophy ( hi/ory z he exp\nds x3 on :i* philosophy are bas$1 on ! contr>y1 ! illusions & caprices ( "s or ( _m sociali/s4 ,socialism _c dep5d on an ab/ract sociological !ory1 s9ce ! basis w\ld be inadequate precisely because x 0 ab/ract2 nor c x dep5d on a philosophy ( hi/ory z rhy?mical or ( little /ability1 because ! basis w\ld be transitory4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is a complex fact & results f diff]5t elem5ts2 &1 s f> z conc]ns hi/ory1 socialism does n presuppose a philosophy ( hi/ory1 b an hi/orical conception det]m9$ by ! exi/+ conditions ( society & ! mann] 9 :i* ?is has come ab\t4 ,if we put on "o side ! doctr9es sup]impos$ subsequ5tly1 & read aga9 ,m>x's pages )\t prejudice1 we %all !n see t he _h1 at bottom1 no o!r mean+ :5 he ref]r$ to hi/ory z "o ( ! factors ju/ify+ socialism4 ',! necessity = ! socialisation ( ! means ( production is n prov$ sci5tifically4' ,/amml] means t ! concept ( necessity z employ$ by _m ,m>xians1 is errone\s2 t ! d5ial ( teleology is absurd1 & t h5ce ! ass]tion ( ! socialisation ( ! means ( production z ! social programme is n logically acc\nt$ =4 ,?is does n h9d] ?is ass]tion f be+ possibly q true4 ,ei!r because1 9 addition to logical demon/rations !re are =tunate intuitions1 or because a conclusion c be true al?\gh d]iv$ f a false premiss3 x suffices1 obvi\sly1 t !re %\ld be two errors :i* cancel "o ano!r4 ,& ?is w\ld be s 9 our case4 ,! d5ial ( teleology2 ! tacit acceptance ( ?is same teleology3 "h is a me?od sci5tifically incorrect ) a conclusion t may be valid4 ,x rema9s to exam9e ! :ole tissue ( exp]i5ces1 d$uctions1 aspirations & =eca/s 9 :i* socialism really consi/s2 & ov] :i* ,/amml] passes indiff]5tly1 cont5t to h br\ght to light an error 9 ! philosophical /atem5t ( a remote po/ulate1 an error :i* "s1 or x may be _m1 ( ! support]s & politicians ( socialism commit4 ,all ^! res]vations are ne$$ 9 ord] to fix ! scope ( ,/amml]'s inve/igation2 b x w\ld be a mi/ake to inf] f !m t we reject ! />t+ po9t ( ! inquiry itself4 ,hi/orical mat]ialism--says ,pr(essor ,/amml]--has prov$ unable to give u a valid sci5ce ( society3 we1 h[ev]1 believe t ?is 0 n its ma9 or orig9al object4 ,! two /atem5ts come practically to ! same ?+3 ! sci5ce ( society is n conta9$ 9 ! lit]ature ( ! mat]iali/ic !ory4 ,pr(essor ,/amml] adds t al?\gh hi/orical mat]ialism does n (f] an acceptable social !ory1 x nev]!less gives a /imulus ( ! utmo/ int5sity t[>ds ! =mation ( su* a !ory4 ,?is seems to u a matt] ( m]ely individual psy*ology3 sugge/ions & /imuli1 z ev]yone kn[s1 diff] accord+ to ! m9d t receives !m4 ,! lit]ature ( hi/orical mat]ialism has always ar\s$ 9 u a desire to /udy hi/ory 9 ! concrete1 i4e41 to recon/ruct ! actual hi/orical process4 ,9 ,pr(essor ,/amml]1 on ! contr>y1 x ar\ses a desire to ?r[ aside ?is meagre empirical hi/ory1 & to "w ) ab/ractions 9 ord] to e/abli% concepts & g5]al po9ts ( view4 ,! problems :i* he sets be=e himself1 might be arriv$ at psy*ologically by _m o!r pa?s4 ,!re is a t5d5cy1 at pres5t1 to enl>ge unduly ! b\nd>ies ( social /udies4 ,b ,/amml] rightly claims a def9ite & special subject = :at ought to be call$ social sci5ce2 t is def9ite social data4 ,social sci5ce mu/ include no?+ :i* has n sociability z its det]m9+ cause4 ,h[ c e?ics ev] be social sci5ce1 s9ce x is bas$ on cases ( consci5ce :i* evade all social rules8 ,cu/om is ! social fact1 n morality4 ,h[ c pure economics or te*nology ev] be social sci5ce1 s9ce ^? concepts are equally applicable to ! isolat$ individual & to societies8 ,?us 9 /udy+ social data we %all see t1 consid]$ 9 g5]al1 !y give rise to two di/9ct !ories4 ,! fir/ !ory reg>ds ! concept society f ! causal /&po9t2 ! second reg>ds x f ! teleological /&po9t4 ,causality & teleology _c be sub/itut$ ! "o = ! o!r2 b "o =ms ! complem5t ( ! o!r4 ,if1 !n1 we pass f ! g5]al & ab/ract to ! concrete1 we h society z exi/+ 9 hi/ory4 ,! /udy ( ! facts :i* develop 9 concrete society ,/amml] consigns to a sci5ce :i* he calls social 7or political1 or national7 economics4 ,f su* facts may /ill be ab/ract$ ! m]e =m1 i4e41 ! collection ( rules suppli$ by hi/ory by :i* !y are gov]n$2 & ?is may be /udi$ indep5d5tly ( ! matt]4 ,?us we get jurisprud5ce1 or ! te*nical sci5ce ( law2 :i* is always b\nd up insep>ably ) a giv5 actual hi/orical mat]ial1 :i* x works up by sci5tific me?od1 endeav\r+ to give x unity & coh]5ce4 ,f9ally1 among/ social /udies are also includ$ ^? inve/igations :i* aim at judg+ & det]m9+ :e!r a giv5 social ord] is z x ought to be2 & :e!r attempts to pres]ve or *ange x are objectively ju/ifi$4 ,?is section may be call$ t ( practical social problems4 ,by su* def9itions & divisions ,pr(essor ,/amml] exhau/s e possible =m ( social /udy4 ,?us we %\ld h ! foll[+ s*eme3 ,g5]al ,/udy ,causal4 ( ,society4 ,teleological4 ( ! =m 7te*nical sci5ce ( law74 ,,social ,,sci5ce4 ,/udy ( ,concrete ( ! matt] ,society4 7social economics74 ( ! possible1 7practical problems74 ,we believe t ?is table correctly repres5ts 8 views1 al?\gh giv5 9 our own way1 & 9 words some:at diff]5t f ^? us$ by him4 ,a new treatm5t ( ! social sci5ces1 ! "w ( s]i\s & ke5 ability1 su* z ,/amml] seems to possess1 _c fail to receive ! e>ne/ att5tion ( all /ud5ts ( a subject :i* is /ill s vague & controv]sial4 ,let u exam9e x !n section by section4 ,! fir/ inve/igation relat+ to society1 t conc]n$ ) causality1 w\ld be direct$ to solv+ ! problem ( ! nature ( society4 ,_m def9itions h be5 giv5 ( ?is up to ! pres5t3 & none ( !m c be said to be g5]ally accept$1 or ev5 to claim wide support4 ,/amml] inde$1 rejects1 aft] criticism1 ! def9itions ( ,sp5c] or ,rmel91 :i* appe> to him to be ! mo/ important & to be repres5tative ( all ! o!rs4 ,society is n an organism 7,sp5c]71 nor is x m]ely some?+ oppos$ to legalis$ society 7,rmel973 ,society1 says ,/amml]1 is 'life liv$ by m5 9 common1 subject to rules :i* are ext]nally b9d+4' ,^! rules mu/ be und]/ood 9 a v wide s5se1 z all ^? :i* b9d m5 liv+ toge!r to some?+ :i* is satisfi$ by outw>d p]=mance4 ,!y are divid$1 h[ev]1 into two l>ge classes3 rules prop]ly speak+ legal1 & rules ( conv5tion4 ,! second class includes ! precepts ( propriety & ( cu/om1 ! code ( knightly hon\r1 & s on4 ,! di/9ctive te/ lies 9 ! fact t ! latt] class are m]ely hypo!tical1 :ile ! =m] are impos$ )\t be+ desir$ by ^? subject$ to !m4 ,! :ole assemblage ( rules1 legal & conv5tional1 ,/amml] calls social =m4 ,"u ^! rules1 obey+ !m1 limit+ !m & ev5 break+ !m m5 act 9 ord] to satisfy _! desires2 9 ?is1 & 9 ?is alone1 human life consi/s4 ,! assemblage ( concrete facts :i* m5 produce :5 work+ toge!r 9 society1 i4e41 "u ! assumption ( social rules1 ,/amml] calls social matt]1 or social economics4 ,rules1 & actions "u rules2 ^! are ! two elem5ts ( :i* e social datum consi/s4 ,if ! rules 7 lack+1 we %\ld be outside society2 we %\ld be animals or gods1 z says ! old prov]b3 if ! actions 7 lack+ !re w\ld rema9 only an empty =m1 built up hypo!tically by ?\ght1 & no portion ( :i* 0 actually real4 ,?us social life appe>s z a s+le fact3 to sep>ate its two con/itu5t factors means ei!r to de/roy x1 or to r$uce x to empty =m4 ,! law gov]n+ *anges )9 society _c be f\nd 9 some?+ :i* is extra social2 n 9 te*nique & discov]y1 nor 9 ! work+s ( suppos$ natural laws1 nor 9 ! influ5ce ( great m51 ( my/]i\s racial & national _s2 b x mu/ be s\ght 9 ! v c5tre ( ! social fact itself4 ,h5ce x is wrong to speak ( a causal bond betwe5 law & economics or vice v]sa3 ! relation betwe5 law & economics is t betwe5 ! rule & ! ?+s rul$1 n "o ( cause & effect4 ,! det]m9+ cause ( social movem5ts & *anges is !n ultimately to be f\nd 9 ! actual work+ out ( social rules1 :i* prec$e su* *anges4 ,?is concrete work+ out1 ^! actions accompli%$ "u rules1 may produce 7#a7 social mutations :i* are entirely quantitative 79 ! numb] ( social facts ( "o or ano!r k9d72 7#b7 mutations :i* are also qualitative consi/+ t is 9 *anges 9 ! rules !mselves4 ,h5ce ! circle ( social life3 rules1 social facts aris+ "u !m2 ideas1 op9ions1 desires1 ef=ts result+ f ! facts2 *anges 9 ! rules4 ,:5 & h[ ?is circle orig9at$1 t is to say :5 & h[ social life arose on ! e>?1 is a "q = hi/ory1 :i* does n conc]n ! !ori/4 ,betwe5 social life & non-social life !re are no gradations1 !oretically !re is a gulf4 ,b z long z social life exi/s1 !re is no escape f ! circle describ$ above4 ,! =m & matt] ( social life ?us come into conflict1 & f ?is conflict arises *ange4 ,by :at te/ c ! issue ( ! conflict be decid$8 ,to appeal to facts1 to inv5t a causal necessity :i* may agree ) "s ideal necessity is absurd4 ,9 addition to ! law ( social causality1 :i* has be5 exp\nd$1 !re mu/ be a law ( ends & ideals1 i4e41 a social teleology4 ,accord+ to ,/amml]1 hi/orical mat]ialism id5tifies1 nor w\ld x be ! only !ory to attempt su* an id5tification1 causality & teleology2 b x1 too1 _c escape f ! logical contradictions :i* su* ass]tions conta94 ,mu* praise has be5 giv5 to t section ( ,pr(essor ,/amml]'s book 9 :i* he %[s h[ teleological assumptions are con/antly impli$ by hi/orical mat]ialism 9 all its ass]tions ( a practical nature4 ,b we confess t ! discov]y seems to u exce$+ly easy1 n to be comp>$ to t ( ,columbus ab\t ! egg4 ,"h aga9 we mu/ po9t out t ! pivot ( ! ,m>xian doctr9e lies 9 ! practical problem & n 9 ! ab/ract !ory4 ,! d5ial ( f9ality is1 at bottom1 ! d5ial ( a m]ely subjective & peculi> f9ality4 ,& "h1 too1 al?\gh ! criticism z appli$ to hi/orical mat]ialism seems to u h>dly accurate1 we agree ) ,/amml]'s conclusion1 i4e41 t x is necess>y to con/ruct1 or bett] to recon/ruct1 ) fre% mat]ial1 a !ory ( social teleology4 ,let u omit1 = ! pres5t1 an exam9ation ( ,/amml]'s con/ruction ( teleology1 :i* includes "s v f9e passages 7e4g4 ! criticism ( ! an>*i/ doctr9e7 & ask in/ead3 ,:at is ?is social sci5ce ( ,/amml]1 ( :i* we h /at$ ! /rik+ & *>act]i/ic features8 ,! read] w h little difficulty 9 discov]+ t ! second inve/igation1 t conc]n+ social teleology1 is no?+ b a mod]nis$ philosophy ( law4 ,& ! fir/8 ,is x t long desir$ & hi!rto va9ly s\ght g5]al sociology8 ,does x give u a new & acceptable concept ( society8 ,to u x appe>s evid5t t ! fir/ inve/igation is no?+ b a =mal sci5ce ( law4 ,9 x ,pr(essor ,/amml] /udies law z a fact1 & h5ce he _c f9d x except 9 society subject$ to rules impos$ f )\t4 ,9 ! second1 he /udies law z an ideal & con/ructs ! philosophy 7imp]ative7 ( law4 ,we are n "h que/ion+ ! value ( ! inve/igation1 b its nature4 ,! pres5t writ] is conv9c$ t social data leave no place = an ab/ract indep5d5t sci5ce4 ,society is a liv+ toge!r2 ! k9d ( ph5om5a :i* appe> 9 ?is life toge!r is ! conc]n ( descriptive hi/ory4 ,b x is p]fectly possible to /udy ?is life toge!r f a giv5 po9t ( view1 e4g41 f ! legal po9t ( view1 or1 9 g5]al1 f t ( ! legal & non-legal rules to :i* x c be subject$2 & ?is ,/amml] has done4 ,&1 9 s do+1 he has exam9$ ! nature ( law1 sep>at+ ! concrete individual laws & ! ideal type ( law2 :i* he has !n /udi$ ap>t4 ,?is is ! reason :y ,/amml]'s inve/igation seems to u a truly sci5tific inve/igation & v well c>ri$ out1 b n an ab/ract & g5]al sci5ce ( society4 ,su* a sci5ce is = u inconceivable1 j z a =mal sci5ce ( law is1 on ! contr>y1 p]fectly conceivable4 ,z to ! second inve/igation1 t conc]n+ teleology1 !re w\ld be "s difficulty 9 includ+ x 9 ! numb] ( sci5ces if x be admitt$ t ideals are n subjects = sci5ce4 ,b "h ,pr(essor ,/amml] himself comes to our assi/ance by assign+ ! f\ndation ( social teleology to philosophy1 :i* he def9es z ! sci5ce ( ! ,true & ( ! ,good1 ! sci5ce ( ! ,absolute1 & und]/&s 9 a non-=mal s5se4 ,pr(essor ,/amml] speaks readily ( a monism ( ! social life1 & accepts z suitable & accurate ! "n mat]ialism z appli$ to ,m>x's conception ( hi/ory1 & connects ?is mat]ialism ) metaphysical mat]ialism1 apply+ to x also ,lange's /atem5t1 viz41 t 'mat]ialism may be ! fir/ & l[e/ /ep ( philosophy1 b x is also ! mo/ sub/antial & solid4' ,= him hi/orical mat]ialism (f]s tru?1 b n ! :ole tru?1 s9ce x reg>ds z real ! matt] only & n ! =m ( social life2 h5ce ! necessity ( complet+ x by re/or+ ! =m to its place1 & fix+ ! relation betwe5 =m & matt]1 comb9+ ! two 9 ! unity ( social life4 ,we d\bt :e!r ,engels & 8 foll[]s ev] und]/ood ! phrase social mat]ialism 9 ! s5se :i* ,/amml] assigns to x4 ,! p>allel drawn betwe5 x & metaphysical mat]ialism seems to u some:at arbitr>y4 ,we come to ! gr\p ( concrete sci5ces1 i4e41 ^? :i* h = _! subject society z giv5 9 hi/ory4 ,no "o :o has _h occasion to consid] ! problem ( ! classification ( ! sci5ces1 w be incl9$ to give ! "* ( indep5d5t & autonom\s sci5ces to /udies ( ! practical problems ( ?is or t society1 & to jurisprud5ce1 & ! te*nical /udy ( law4 ,?is latt] is only an int]pretation or explanation ( a giv5 exi/+ legal sy/em1 made ei!r = practical reasons1 or z simple hi/orical k4 ,b :at we ?9k m]its att5tion m ?an ^! que/ions ( t]m9ology & classification1 is ! conception ( social economics1 advanc$ by ,/amml]2 ( ! second1 t is1 ( ! concrete social sci5ces1 enum]at$ above4 ,! difficulties aris+ out ( ?is conception are m s]i\s1 & c5tre on ! foll[+ po9ts2 :e!r x is a new & valid conception1 or :e!r x %\ld be r$uc$ to some?+ already kn[n2 or f9ally :e!r x is n actually errone\s4 ,/amml] holds =? at l5g? aga9/ economics reg>d$ z a sci5ce 9 itself1 :i* has its own laws & :i* has its s\rce 9 an orig9al & irr$ucible economic pr9ciple4 ,x is a mi/ake1 he says1 to put =w>d an ab/ract economic sci5ce & subdivide x into economic sci5ce relat+ to ! individual & social economic sci5ce4 ,!re is no gr\nd ( union betwe5 ^! two sci5ces1 because ! economics ( ! isolat$ individual (f]s u only concepts :i* are dealt ) by ! natural sci5ces & by te*nology1 & is no?+ b an assemblage ( simple natural obs]vations1 expla9$ by means ( physiology & individual psy*ology4 ,social economics1 on ! o!r h&1 (f]s ! peculi> & *>act]i/ic conditions ( ! ext]nally b9d+ rules1 "u :i* activities develop4 ,& :at c an economic pr9ciple be if n a hypo!tical maxim3 ! man :o wi%es to secure ?is or t object ( subjective satisfaction mu/ employ ^! or ^? means1 'a maxim :i* is m or less g5]ally obey$1 & sometimes violat$'8 ,! dilemma lies !n betwe5 ! natural & te*nological consid]ation & ! social "o3 !re is no ?ird ?+4 ',e9 ,drittes i/ ni*t da6' ,?is ,/amml] frequ5tly reit]ates1 & always 9 ! same words4 ,b ! dilemma 7^: un=tunate inspiration he owes to ,kant7 does n hold1 x is a case ( a trilemma4 ,besides ! concrete social facts1 & besides ! te*nological & natural k1 !re is a ?ird ?+1 viz41 ! economic pr9ciple1 or h$oni/ic po/ulate1 z x is pref]r$ to call x4 ,/amml] ass]ts t ?is ?ird ?+ is n equal 9 value to ! two fir/ ones1 t x comes z a second>y consid]ation1 & we confess t we d n cle>ly und]/& :at ?is means4 ,:at he ought to prove is t ?is pr9ciple c be r$uc$ to ! two =m] ones1 viz41 to ! te*nical or to ! social conditions4 ,?is he has n done1 & inde$ we d n "k h[ x c\ld be done4 ,t economics1 ?us und]/ood1 is n social sci5ce1 we are s mu* ! m incl9$ to agree s9ce he himself says z mu* 9 call+ x pure economics1 i4e41 some?+ built up by ab/raction f p>ticul> facts & h5ce also f ! social fact4 ,b ?is does n mean t x is n applicable to society1 & _c give rise to inf]5ces 9 social economics4 ,! social factor is !n assum$ z a m$ium ?r\gh :i* ! economic pr9ciple displays its influ5ce & produces def9ite results4 ,grant$ ! economic pr9ciple1 & grant$1 = example1 ! legal regulation ( private prop]ty 9 l&1 & ! exi/5ce ( l& diff]+ 9 quality1 & grant$ o!r conditions1 !n ! fact ( r5t ( l& arises ( necessity4 ,9 ?is & o!r l examples1 :i* c\ld easily be br\ght =w>d1 we h laws ( social & political economics1 i4e41 d$uctions f ! economic pr9ciple act+ "u giv5 legal conditions4 ,x is true t1 "u o!r legal conditions1 ! effects w\ld be diff]5t2 b none ( ! effects w\ld occur 7 x n = ! economic nature ( man1 :i* is a necess>y po/ulate1 & n to be id5tifi$ ) ! po/ulate ( te*nical k1 or ) any o!r ( ! social rules4 ,to "k is n to w2 & to w 9 accordance ) objective rules is n to w 9 accordance ) ideals :i* are m]ely subjective & individual 7economic74 ,/amml] might say t if ! sci5ce ( economics ?us int]pret$ is n prop]ly a social sci5ce1 he leaves x on "o side1 because 8 object is to con/ruct a sci5ce :i* may be fully entitl$ to ! "n ( social economics4 ,b--let u1 too1 con/ruct a dilemma6--?is social economics1 to :i* he aspires1 w ei!r be j economic sci5ce appli$ to def9ite social conditions1 9 ! s5se n[ indicat$1 or x w be a =m ( hi/orical k4 ,no ?ird ?+ exi/s4 ,e9 ,drittes i/ ni*t da6 ,& inde$1 = ,/amml] an economic ph5om5on is n any s+le social fact :atev]1 b a gr\p ( homog5e\s facts1 :i* (f] ! m>ks ( necessity4 ,! numb] ( economic facts requir$ to =m ! gr\p & give rise to an economic ph5om5on _c be det]m9$ 9 g5]al2 b c be se5 9 ea* case4 ,by ! =mation ( ^! gr\ps1 he says1 social economics does n deg5]ate into a regi/] ( data conc]n+ fact1 nor does x become purely me*anical /ati/ics ( mat]ial already giv5 :i* x has m]ely to enum]ate4 ,social economics %\ld n m]ely exam9e into ! *ange 9 ! actual work+ out ( "o & ! same social ord]1 b rema9s1 n[ z =m]ly1 ! seat ( all k ( actual social life4 ,x mu/ />t f ! k ( a giv5 social exi/5ce1 bo? 9 reg>d to its =m & 9 reg>d to its cont5t2 & enl>ge & deep5 x up to ! mo/ m9ute peculi>ity ( its actual work+ out1 ) ! accuracy ( a te*nical sci5ce1 ! conditions & concrete objects ( :i* are cle>ly indicat$2 & ?us free ! reality ( social life f e obscurity4 ,h5ce x mu/ make = itself a s]ies ( concepts1 :i* w s]ve ! purpose ( su* an explanation4 ,n[ ?is acc\nt ( ! concept ( social economics is capable ( two int]pretations4 ,! fir/ is t x is int5d$ to describe a sci5ce1 :i* has inde$ = its object 7z is prop] = sci5ces7 necess>y connections1 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! ^w4 ,b h[ e/abli% ?is necessity8 ,h[ make ! concepts suitable to social economics8 ,evid5tly by all[+ ourselves to be guid$ by a pr9ciple1 by ab/ract+ a s+le side f concrete reality2 & if x is to be = economics ?is pr9ciple c be none o!r ?an ! economic pr9ciple1 & social economics w consid] only ! economic side ( a giv5 social life4 ,pr(its1 r5t1 int]e/1 lab\r value1 usury1 wages1 crises1 w !n appe> z economic ph5om5a necess>y "u giv5 conditions ( ! social ord]1 ?r\gh :i* ! economic pr9ciple ex]ts its influ5ce4 ,! o!r int]pretation is t ,/amml]'s social economics does n inde$ accompli% ! dissolv+ "w ( analysis b consid]s ?is or t social life 9 ! concrete4 ,9 ?is case x c\ld d no?+ b describe a giv5 society4 ,to describe does n mean to describe 9 ext]nals & sup]ficially2 b1 m accurately1 to free t gr\p ( facts f e obscurity1 %[+ :at x actually is1 & describ+ x1 z f> z possible 9 its nak$ reality4 ,b ?is is1 9 fact1 hi/orical k1 :i* may assume v>i$ =ms1 or r may def9e 9 v>i\s ways its own subject4 ,x may /udy a society--9 all its aspects dur+ a giv5 p]iod ( "t1 or at a giv5 mom5t ( its exi/5ce1 or x may ev5 take up "o or m aspects ( social life & /udy !m z !y pres5t !mselves 9 diff]5t societies & at diff]5t times1 & s on4 ,x is hi/ory always1 ev5 :5 x avails itself ( comp>ison z an in/rum5t ( rese>*4 ,& su* a /udy w n h to make concepts1 b w take !m z x ne$s !m f ^? sci5ces1 :i* d1 9 fact1 elaborate concepts4 ,?us x w\ld h be5 to great int]e/ to see ! work+ out ( ?is new social economics ( ,/amml] a little m cle>ly1 s t we might det]m9e exactly 9 :i* ( ! a=esaid two classes x ought to be plac$4 ,:e!r x is m]ely political economy 9 ! ord9>y s5se1 or :e!r x is ! concrete /udy ( s+le societies & ( gr\ps ( !m4 ,9 ! latt] case ,/amml] has add$ ano!r "n or r two names2 sci5ce ( ! matt] ( social life & social economics1 to ! _m phrases by :i* ( late ! old ,hi/ory has be5 disguis$ 7social hi/ory1 hi/ory ( civilisation1 concrete sociology1 comp>ative sociology1 psy*ology ( ! populace & ( ! classes1 etc474 ,& ! ga91 if we may be all[$ to say s1 w n be great4 ,septemb] #ahih4 ,,footnotes3 #ab ,wir?s*aft und ,re*t na* d] mat]iali/is*5 ,ges*i*tsauffassung1 e9e socialphilophis*e ,unt]su*ung1 ,,dr ,,rudolph ,,/amml]1 ,pr(essor at ! ,univ]sity ( ,halle1 ,a4,s41 ,leipzig1 ,veit ,u4,c41 #ahif1 pp4 viii-#ffh4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,conc]n+ ,,! ,,int]pretation ,,& ,,criticism ,,( ,,"s ,,concepts ,,( ,,m>xism ,i ,,( ,,! ,,sci5tific ,,problem ,,9 ,,m>x',s ',,das ,,kapital' ,das ,kapital an ab/ract inve/igation3 ,8 society is n ?is or t society3 ,treats only ( capitali/ society3 ,assumption ( equival5ce betwe5 value & lab\r3 ,v>y+ views ab\t mean+ ( ?is law3 ,is a po/ulate or /&>d ( comp>ison3 ,"q z to value ( ?is /&>d3 ,is n a moral ideal3 ,treats ( economic society 9 s f> z is a work+ society3 ,%[s special way 9 :i* problem is solv$ 9 capitali/ society2 ,m>x's d$uctions f x4 ,not)/&+ ! _m expositions1 criticisms1 summ>ies & ev5 abbreviat$ extracts 9 little works ( popul> propag&a1 :i* h be5 made ( ,k>l ,m>x's "w1 x is f> f easy1 & dem&s no small ef=t ( philosophical & ab/ract ?\ght1 to und]/& ! exact nature ( ! inve/igation :i* ,m>x c>ri$ out4 ,9 addition to ! intr9sic difficulty ( ! subject1 x does n appe> t ! au?or himself always realis$ fully ! peculi> "* ( 8 inve/igation1 t is to say its !oretical di/9ctness f all o!r inve/igations :i* may be made ) 8 economic mat]ial2 &1 ?r\gh\t1 he despis$ & neglect$ all su* prelim9>y & exact explanations z might h made 8 task pla94 ,!n1 moreov]1 acc\nt mu/ be tak5 ( ! /range composition ( ! book1 a mixture ( g5]al !ory1 ( bitt] controv]sy & satire1 & ( hi/orical illu/rations or digressions1 & s arrang$ t only ,loria1 7=tunate man671 c decl>e ,das ,kapital to be ! f9e/ & mo/ symmetrical ( exi/+ books2 x be+1 9 reality1 un-symmetrical1 badly arrang$ & out ( proportion1 s9n+ aga9/ all ! laws ( good ta/e2 resembl+ 9 "s p>ticul>s ,vico's ,sci5za nuova4 ,!n too !re is ! ,hegelian phraseology belov$ by ,m>x1 ( :i* ! tradition is n[ lo/1 & :i*1 ev5 )9 t tradition he adapt$ ) a fre$om t at times seems n to lack an elem5t ( mock]y4 ,h5ce x is n surpris+ t ,das ,kapital has be5 reg>d$1 at "o "t or ano!r1 z an economic treatise1 z a philosophy ( hi/ory1 z a collection ( sociological laws1 s-call$1 z a moral & political book ( ref]5ce1 & ev51 by "s1 z a bit ( n>rative hi/ory4 ,nev]!less ! inquir] :o asks himself :at is ! me?od & :at ! scope ( ,m>x's inve/igation1 & puts on "o side1 ( c\rse1 all ! hi/orical1 controv]sial & descriptive portions 7:i* c]ta9ly =m an organic "p ( ! book b n ( ! fundam5tal inve/igation71 c at once reject mo/ ( ! above-m5tion$ def9itions1 & decide cle>ly ^! two po9ts3 7#a7 ,z reg>ds me?od1 ,das ,kapital is )\t d\bt an ab/ract inve/igation2 ! capitali/ society /udi$ by ,m>x1 is n ?is or t society1 hi/orically exi/+1 9 ,france or 9 ,engl&1 nor ! mod]n society ( ! mo/ civilis$ nations1 t ( ,we/]n ,europe & ,am]ica4 ,x is an ideal & =mal society1 d$uc$ f c]ta9 hypo!ses1 :i* c\ld inde$ nev] h occurr$ z actual facts 9 ! c\rse ( hi/ory4 ,x is true t ^! hypo!ses correspond to a great ext5t to ! hi/orical conditions ( ! mod]n civilis$ _w2 b ?is1 al?\gh x may e/abli% ! importance & int]e/ ( ,m>x's inve/igation because ! latt] helps u to an und]/&+ ( ! work+s ( ! social organisms :i* closely conc]n u1 does n alt] its nature4 ,n[h]e 9 ! _w w ,m>x's categories be met ) z liv+ & real exi/5ces1 simply because !y are ab/ract categories1 :i*1 9 ord] to live mu/ lose "s ( _! qualities & acquire o!rs4 7#b7 ,z reg>ds scope1 ,m>x's inve/igation does n cov] ! :ole field ( economic fact1 nor ev5 t "o ultimate & dom9ant portion1 :5ce all economic facts h _! s\rce1 l riv]s fl[+ f a m\nta94 ,x limits itself1 on ! contr>y1 to "o special economic sy/em1 t :i* occurs 9 a society ) private prop]ty 9 capital1 or1 z ,m>x says1 9 ! phrase peculi> to him1 capitali/4 ,!re rema9$ unt\*$1 n only ! o!r sy/ems :i* h exi/$ 9 hi/ory & are possible 9 !ory1 su* z monopoli/ society1 or society ) collective capital1 b also ! s]ies ( economic ph5om5a common to ! diff]5t societies & to individual economics4 ,to sum up1 z reg>ds me?od1 ,das ,kapital is n an hi/orical description1 & z reg>ds scope1 x is n an economic treatise1 mu* less an encyclop$ia4 ,b1 ev5 :5 ^! two po9ts are settl$1 ! real ess5ce ( ,m>x's inve/igation is n yet expla9$4 ,7 ,das ,kapital no?+ b :at we h s f> def9$1 x w\ld be m]ely an economic monograph on ! laws ( capitali/ society4#ac ,su* a monograph ,m>x c\ld only h made 9 "o way3 by decid+ on ^! laws1 & expla9+ !m by g5]al laws1 or by ! fundam5tal concepts ( economics2 by r$uc+1 9 %ort1 ! complex to ! simple1 or pass+1 by d$uctive reason+1 & ) ! addition ( fre% hypo!ses1 f ! simple to ! complex4 ,he w\ld ?us h %[n1 by precise exposition1 h[ ! app>5tly mo/ div]se facts ( ! economic _w are ultimately gov]n$ by "o & ! same law2 or1 :at is ! same ?+1 h[ ?is law is diff]5tly refract$ z x takes effect ?r\gh diff]5t organisations1 )\t *ang+ itself1 s9ce o!rwise ! means & inde$ ! te/ ( ! explanation w\ld be lack+4 ,"w ( ?is nature _h be5 already c>ri$ out1 to a great ext5t1 9 ,m>x's "t1 & s9ce !n x has be5 develop$ yet fur!r by economi/s1 & has atta9$ a high degree ( p]fection1 z may be se51 = in/ance1 9 ! economic treatises ( our ,italian writ]s1 ,pantaleoni & ,p>eto4 ,b ,i mu* d\bt :e!r ,m>x w\ld h become an economi/ 9 ord] to devote himself to a species ( rese>* ( almo/ solely !oretical1 or ev5 s*ola/ic1 int]e/4 ,8 :ole p]sonality z a practical man & a revolutioni/1 impati5t ( ab/ract inve/igation :i* _h no close connection ) ! int]e/s ( actual life1 w\ld h recoil$ f su* a c\rse4 ,if ,das ,kapital 0 to h be5 m]ely an economic monograph1 x w\ld be safe to wag] t x w\ld nev] h come into exi/5ce4 ,:at !n did ,m>x accompli%1 & to :at treatm5t did he subject ! ph5om5a ( capitali/ society1 if n to t ( pure economic !ory8 ,m>x assum$1 outside ! field ( pure economic !ory1 a proposition2 ! fam\s equival5ce betwe5 value & lab\r2 i4e4 ! proposition t ! value ( ! commodities produc$ by lab\r is equal to ! quantity ( lab\r socially necess>y to produce !m4 ,x is only ) ?is assumption t 8 special inve/igation beg9s4 ,b :at connection has ?is proposition ) ! laws ( capitali/ society8 or :at "p does x play 9 ! inve/igation8 ,?is ,m>x nev] explicitly /ates2 & x is on ?is po9t t ! greate/ confusions h aris51 & t ! int]pret]s & critics h be5 mo/ at a loss4 ,"s ( !m h expla9$ ! law ( lab\r-value z an hi/orical law1 peculi> to capitali/ society1 all ( ^: manife/ations x det]m9es2#ad o!rs rightly see+ t ! manife/ations ( capitali/ society are by no means det]m9$ by su* a law1 b comply ) ! g5]al economic motives *>act]i/ic ( ! economic nature ( man1 h reject$ ! law z an absurdity at :i* ,m>x arriv$ by press+ to its extreme consequ5ces an un=tunate concept ( ,ric>do4 ,criticism 0 ?us bewild]$ betwe5 entire acceptance1 comb9$ ) a cle>ly errone\s int]pretation1 & entire & summ>y rejection ( ,m>x's treatm5t2 until1 9 rec5t ye>s1 & especially aft] ! appe>ance ( ! ?ird & po/hum\s volume ( ,das ,kapital1 x began to seek out & foll[ a bett] pa?4 ,9 tru?1 despite its eag] def5d]s1 ! ,m>xian doctr9e has always rema9$ obscure2 &1 despite contemptu\s & summ>y condemnation1 x has always display$ also an ob/9ate vitality n usually possess$ by nons5se & sophi/ry4 ,= ?is reason x is to ! cr$it ( ,pr(essor ,w]n] ,somb>t1 ( ,breslau ,univ]sity1 t he has decl>$1 9 "o ( 8 lucid writ+s1 t ,m>x's practical conclusions may be refut$ f a political /&po9t1 b t1 sci5tifically1 x is above all important to und]/& 8 ideas4#ae ,somb>t1 !n1 break+ op5ly ) ! int]pretation ( ,m>x's law ( value z a real law ( economic ph5om5a1 & giv+ a full]1 & ,i may say1 a bold] expression to ! timid op9ions already /at$ by ano!r 7,c4 ,s*midt71 says1 t ,m>x's law ( value is n an empirical b a conceptual fact 7,ke9e empiris*e1 sond]n e9e g$ankli*e ,?atsa*e72 t ,m>x's value is a logical fact 7e9e logis*e ,?atsa*e71 :i* aids our ?\ght 9 und]/&+ ! actual realities ( economic life4#af ,?is int]pretation1 9 its g5]al s5se1 0 accept$ by ,engels1 9 an article writt5 "s mon?s be=e 8 dea? & publi%$ po/hum\sly4 ,to ,engels x appe>$ t 'x c\ld n be condemn$ z inaccurate1 b t1 nev]!less1 x 0 too vague & might be express$ ) great] precision4'#ag ,! acute & c\rte\s rem>ks on ! !ory ( value1 publi%$ lately 9 an article 9 ! ,j\rnal des ,economi/es by an able ,fr5* ,m>xian1 ,sorel1 indicate a movem5t 9 ! same direction4 ,9 ^! rem>ks he ackn[l$ges t !re is no way ( pass+ f ,m>x's !ory to actual ph5om5a ( economic life1 & t1 al?\gh x may (f] elucidation1 9 a some:at limit$ s5se1 x does n appe> fur!r t x c\ld ev] expla91 9 ! sci5tific mean+ ( ! ^w4#ah ,& n[ too ,pr(essor ,labriola1 9 a ha/y glance at ! same subject1 ref]r+ cle>ly to ,somb>t1 & p>tly agree+ & p>tly criticis+1 writes3 '! !ory ( value does n d5ote an empirical factum nor does x express a m]ely logical proposition1 z "s h imag9$2 b x is ! typical premise )\t :i* all ! re/ w\ld be un?9kable4'#ai ,labriola's phrase appe>s to me1 9 fact1 some:at m accurate ?an ,somb>t's2 :o1 moreov]1 %[s himself dissatisfi$ ) 8 own t]m1 l someone :o has n yet a q def9ite concept 9 view1 & h5ce _c f9d a satisfactory phrase4 ',conceptual fact1' 'logical fact' expresses mu* too little s9ce x is evid5t t all sci5ces are int]wov5 f logical facts1 t is f concepts4 ,m>x's lab\r-value is n only a logical g5]alisation1 x is also a fact conceiv$ & po/ulat$ z typical1 i4e4 some?+ m ?an a m]e logical concept4 ,inde$ x has n ! in]tia ( ! ab/ract b ! =ce ( a concrete fact1#bj :i* has 9 reg>d to capitali/ society1 9 ,m>x's inve/igation1 ! function ( a t]m ( comp>ison1 ( a /&>d1 ( a type4#ba ,?is /&>d or type be+ po/ulat$1 ! inve/igation1 = ,m>x1 takes ! foll[+ =m4 ,grant$ t value is equal to ! lab\r socially necess>y1 x is requir$ to %[ ) :at div]g5cies f ?is /&>d ! prices ( commodities are fix$ 9 capitali/ society1 & h[ lab\r-p[] itself acquires a price & becomes a commodity4 ,to speak pla9ly1 ,m>x /at$ ! problem 9 unappropriate language2 he repres5t$ ?is typical value itself1 po/ulat$ by him z a /&>d1 z be+ ! law gov]n+ ! economic ph5om5a ( capitali/ society4 ,& x is ! law1 if he likes1 b 9 ! sph]e ( 8 conceptions1 n 9 economic reality4 ,we may conceive ! div]g5cies f a /&>d z ! revolt ( reality :5 confront$ by ?is /&>d :i* we h end[$ ) ! dignity ( law4 ,f a =mal po9t ( view !re is no?+ absurd ab\t ! inve/igation und]tak5 by ,m>x4 ,x is a usual me?od ( sci5tific analysis to reg>d a ph5om5on n only z x exi/s1 b also z x w\ld be if "o ( its factors 7 alt]$1 &1 9 comp>+ ! hypo!tical ) ! real ph5om5on1 to conceive ! fir/ z div]g+ f ! second1 :i* is po/ulat$ z fundam5tal1 or ! second z div]g+ f ! fir/1 :i* is po/ulat$ 9 ! same mann]4 ,if ,i build up by d$uctive reason+ ! moral rules :i* develop 9 two social gr\ps :i* are at w> "o aga9/ ano!r1 & if ,i %[ h[ !y diff] f ! moral rules :i* develop 9 a /ate ( peace1 ,i %\ld be mak+ some?+ analog\s to ! comp>ison work$ out by ,m>x4 ,nor w\ld !re be great h>m 7al?\gh ! expression w\ld be nei!r =tunate nor accurate7 9 say+1 9 a figurative s5se1 t ! law ( ! moral rules 9 "t ( w> is ! same z t ( ! rules 9 "t ( peace1 modifi$ to ! new conditions1 & alt]$ 9 a way :i* seems1 ultimately1 inconsi/5t ) itself4 ,z long z he conf9es himself to ! limits ( 8 hypo!sis ,m>x proce$s q correctly4 ,error c\ld come 9 only :5 he or o!rs confuse ! hypo!tical ) ! real1 & ! mann] ( conceiv+ & ( judg+ ) t ( exi/+4 ,z long z ?is mi/ake is avoid$1 ! me?od is unassailable4 ,b ! =mal ju/ification is insuffici5t3 we ne$ ano!r4 ,) a =mally correct me?od results may be obta9$ :i* are mean+less & unimportant1 or m]e m5tal tricks may be p]=m$4 ,to set up an arbitr>y /&>d ( comp>ison1 to comp>e1 & d$uce1 & to end by e/abli%+ a s]ies ( div]g5cies f ?is /&>d2 to :at w ?is lead8 ,x is !n1 ! /&>d itself :i* ne$s ju/ification3 i4e4 we ne$ to decide :at mean+ & importance x may h = u4 ,?is "q too1 al?\gh n /at$ exactly 9 ?is way1 has occurr$ to ,m>x's critics2 & an answ] to x has be5 already giv5 "s "t ago & by _m1 by say+ t ! equival5ce ( value & lab\r is an ideal ( social e?ics1 a moral ideal4 ,b no?+ c\ld be imag9$ m mi/ak5 9 itself & f>!r f ,m>x's ?\ght ?an ?is int]pretation4 ,:at moral inf]5ce c ev] be drawn f ! premiss t value is equal to ! lab\r socially necess>y8 ,x we reflect a little1 absolutely none4 ,! e/abli%m5t ( ?is fact tells u no?+ ab\t ! ne$s ( ! society1 :i* ne$s w make necess>y "o or ano!r e?ical-legal sy/em ( prop]ty & ( me?ods ( di/ribution4 ,value may c]ta9ly equal lab\r1 nev]!less special hi/orical conditions w make necess>y society organis$ 9 ca/es or 9 classes1 divid$ into gov]n+ & gov]n$1 rul]s & rul$2 ) a result+ unequal di/ribution ( ! products ( lab\r4 ,value may c]ta9ly equal lab\r2 b ev5 suppos+ t fre% hi/orical conditions ev] make possible ! disappe>ance ( society organis$ 9 classes & ! adv5t ( a communi/ic society1 & ev5 suppos+ t 9 ?is society di/ribution c\ld take place accord+ to ! quantity ( lab\r contribut$ by ea* p]son1 ?is di/ribution w\ld /ill n be a d$uction f ! e/abli%$ equival5ce betwe5 value & lab\r1 b a /&>d adopt$ = special reasons ( social conv5i5ce4#bb ,nor c x be said t su* an equival5ce supplies 9 itself an idea ( p]fect ju/ice 7ev5 ?\gh unrealisable71 s9ce ! crit]ion ( ju/ice has no relation to ! diff]5ce (t5 due to purely natural causes1 9 ! ability to d m or less social lab\r & to produce a great] or small] value4 ,?us nei!r a rule ( ab/ract ju/ice nor "o ( conv5i5ce & social utility c be d]iv$ f ! equival5ce betwe5 value & lab\r4 ,rules ( ei!r k9d c only be bas$ on consid]ation ( a q diff]5t grade f t ( a simple economic equation4 ,somb>t1 avoid+ ?is vulg> confusion1 has be5 bett] advis$ 9 look+ = ! mean+ ( ! /&>d set up by ,m>x 9 ! nature ( society itself1 & ap>t f our moral judgm5ts4 ,?us he says t lab\r is ! economic fact ( great] objective importance1 & t value1 9 ,m>x's view1 is no?+ 'if n ! economic expression ( ! fact ( ! socially productive p[] ( lab\r1 z ! basis ( economic exi/5ce4' ,b ?is inve/igation appe>s to me to be m]ely begun & n yet work$ out to a conclusion2 & if ,i might sugge/ :]e9 x ne$s completion1 ,i %\ld rem>k t x is necess>y to attempt to give cle>ness & precision to ?is ^w objective1 :i* is ei!r ambigu\s or metaphorical4 ,:at is meant by an economically objective fact8 ,d n ^! words sugge/ r a m]e pres5tim5t ( a concept in/ead ( ! di/9ct vision ( ?is concept itself8 ,i w add1 m]ely t5tatively1 t ! ^w objective 7^: correlative t]m is subjective7 does n seem to be 9 place "h4 ,let u1 in/ead1 take acc\nt1 9 a society1 only ( :at is prop]ly economic life1 i4e4 out ( ! :ole society1 only ( economic society4 ,let u ab/ract f ?is latt] all goods :i* _c be increas$ by lab\r4 ,let u ab/ract fur!r all class di/9ctions1 :i* may be reg>d$ z accid5tal 9 ref]5ce to ! g5]al concept ( economic society4 ,let u leave out ( acc\nt all modes ( di/ribut+ ! weal? produc$1 :i*1 z we h said1 c only be det]m9$ on gr\nds ( conv5i5ce or p]haps ( ju/ice1 b 9 anycase ^u consid]ations belong+ to society z a :ole1 & nev] f consid]ations belong+ exclusively to economic society4 ,:at is left aft] ^! successive ab/ractions h be5 made8 ,no?+ b economic society 9 s f> z x is a work+ society4#bc ,& 9 ?is society )\t class di/9ctions1 i4e4 9 an economic society z su* & ^: only commodities are ! products ( lab\r1 :at c value be8 ,obvi\sly ! sum ( ! ef=ts1 i4e4 ! quantity ( lab\r1 :i* ! production ( ! v>i\s k9ds ( commodities dem&s4 ,&1 s9ce we are "h speak+ ( ! economic social organism1 & n ( ! individual p]sons liv+ 9 x1 x foll[s t ?is lab\r _c be reckon$ except by av]ages1 & h5ce z lab\r socially 7x is ) society1 ,i repeat1 t we are "h deal+7 necess>y4 ,?us lab\r-value w\ld appe> z t det]m9ation ( value peculi> to economic society z su*1 :5 reg>d$ only 9 s f> z x produces commodities capable ( be+ increas$ by lab\r4 ,f ?is def9ition ! foll[+ coroll>y may be drawn3 ! det]m9ation ( lab\r value w h a positive con=mity ) facts z long z a society exi/s1 :i* produces goods by means ( lab\r4 ,x is evid5t t 9 ! imag9>y c\nty ( ,cocaigne ?is det]m9ation w\ld h no con=mity ) facts1 s9ce all goods w\ld exi/ 9 quantities exce$+ ! dem&2 simil>ly x is also evid5t t ! same det]m9ation c\ld n take effect 9 a society 9 :i* goods 7 inadequate to ! dem&1 b c\ld n be increas$ by lab\r4 ,b hi!rto hi/ory has %[n u only societies :i*1 9 addition to ! enjoym5t ( goods n increasable by lab\r1 h satisfi$ _! ne$s by lab\r4 ,h5ce ?is equival5ce betwe5 value & lab\r has hi!rto _h & w cont9ue = an indef9ite "t to h1 a con=mity ) facts2 b1 ( :at k9d is ?is con=mity8 ,hav+ rul$ out 7#a7 t x is a "q ( a moral ideal1 & 7#b7 t x is a "q ( sci5tific law2 & hav+ nev]!less conclud$ t ?is equival5ce is a fact 7:i* ,m>x uses z a type71 we are oblig$ to say1 z ! only alt]native1 t x is a fact1 b a fact :i* exi/s 9 ! mid/ ( o!r facts2 i4e4 a fact t appe>s to u empirically z oppos$1 limit$1 di/ort$ by o!r facts1 almo/ l a =ce among/ o!r =ces1 :i* produces a resultant diff]5t f :at x w\ld produce if ! o!r =ces ceas$ to act4 ,x is n a completely dom9ant fact b nei!r is x non-exi/5t & m]ely imag9>y4#bd ,x is /ill necess>y to rem>k t 9 ! c\rse ( hi/ory ?is fact has und]gone v>i\s alt]ations1 i4e41 has be5 m or less obscur$2 & "h x is prop] to d ju/ice to ,engels' rem>k 9 ref]5ce to ,somb>t2 t z reg>ds ! way 9 :i* ! latt] def9es ! law ( value 'he does n br+ out ! full importance :i* ?is law possesses dur+ ! /ages ( economic developm5t 9 :i* x is supreme4' ,engels makes a digression into ! field ( economic hi/ory to %[ t ,m>x's law ( value1 i4e4 ! equival5ce betwe5 value & ! lab\r socially necess>y1 has be5 supreme = sev]al ?\s& ye>s4#be ,supreme is too /rong a t]m2 b x is true t ! oppos$ influ5ces ( o!r facts to ?is law h be5 few] 9 numb] & less int5se "u primitive communism & "u m$ival & dome/ic economic conditions1 :il/ !y h rea*$ a maximum 9 ! society bas$ on privately own$ capital & m or less free univ]sal competition1 i4e4 9 ! society :i* produces almo/ exclusively commodities4#bf ,m>x1 !n1 9 po/ulat+ z typical ! equival5ce betwe5 value & lab\r & 9 apply+ x to capitali/ society1 01 z x 71 mak+ a comp>ison betwe5 capitali/ society & a "p ( itself1 isolat$ & rais$ up to an indep5d5t exi/5ce3 i4e4 a comp>ison betwe5 capitali/ society & economic society z su* 7b only 9 s f> z x is a work+ society74 ,9 o!r words1 he 0 /udy+ ! social problem ( lab\r & 0 %[+ by ! te/ implicitly e/abli%$ by him1 ! special way 9 :i* ?is problem is solv$ 9 capitali/ society4 ,?is is ! ju/ification1 no long] =mal b real1 ( 8 me?od4 ,x 0 9 virtue ( ?is me?od1 & by ! light ?r[n by ! type :i* he po/ulat$1 t ,m>x 0 able to discov] & def9e ! social orig9 ( pr(it1 i4e4 ( surplus value4 ,surplus value 9 pure economics is a mean+less ^w1 z is evid5t f ! t]m itself2 s9ce a surplus value is an extra value1 & ?us falls outside ! sph]e ( pure economics4 ,b x rightly has mean+ & is no absurdity1 z a concept ( diff]5ce1 9 comp>+ "o economic society ) ano!r1 "o fact ) ano!r1 or two hypo!ses ) "o ano!r4 ,x is also 9 virtue ( ! same premise t he 0 able to arrive at ! proposition3 t ! products ( lab\r 9 a capitali/ society d n sell1 unless by exception1 = _! value1 b usually = m or less1 & sometimes ) great deviations f _! value2 :i* is to say1 to put x %ortly1 value does n co9cide ) price4 ,suppose1 by hypo!sis ! organisation ( production 7 sudd5ly *ang$ f a capitali/ to a communi/ic sy/em1 we %\ld see at once1 n only t alt]ation 9 ! =tunes ( m5 :i* appeals s mu* to popul> imag9ation1 b also a m rem>kable *ange3 a *ange 9 ! =tunes ( ?+s4 ,a scale ( valuation ( goods w\ld !n fa%ion itself1 v diff]5t = ! mo/ "p1 f t :i* n[ exi/s4 ,! way 9 :i* ,m>x proves ?is proposition1 by an analysis ( ! diff]5t compon5ts ( ! capital employ$ 9 diff]5t indu/ries1 i4e4 ( ! proportion ( fix$ capital 7ma*9es1 etc47 & ( float+ capital 7wages71 ne$ n be expla9$ "h 9 detail4 ,&1 9 ! same way1 i4e4 by prov+ t fix$ capital increases cont9ually 9 comp>ison ) float+ capital1 ,m>x tries to e/abli% ano!r law ( capitali/ society1 ! law ( ! t5d5cy ( ! rate ( pr(its to fall4 ,te*nical improvem5t1 :i* 9 an ab/ract economic society w\ld %[ itself 9 ! decreas$ lab\r requir$ to produce ! same weal?1 %[s itself 9 capitali/ society 9 a gradual decl9e 9 ! rate ( pr(its4#bg ,b ?is section ( ,volume ,,iii ( ,das ,kapital is "o ( ! lea/ develop$ 9 ?is little work$-out po/hum\s book2 & x seems to me to be wor? a special critical essay1 :i* ,i hope to write at ano!r "t1 n wi%+ to treat ! subject "h incid5tally4#bh ,,ii ,,m>x',s ,,problem ,,& ,,pure ,,economics 7,,g5]al ,,economic ,,sci5ce7 ,m>xian economics n g5]al economic sci5ce & lab\r-value n a g5]al concept ( value3 ,engel's rejection ( g5]al economic law3 ab/ract concepts us$ by ,m>x are concepts ( pure economics3 relation ( economic psy*ology to pure economics3 pure economics does n de/roy hi/ory or progress4 ,m>xian economics is ?us a /udy ( ab/ract work+ society %[+ ! v>iations :i* ?is und]goes 9 ! diff]5t social economic organisations4 ,?is inve/igation ,m>x c>ri$ out only 9 ref]5ce to "o ( ^! organisations1 i4e4 ! capitali/2 cont5t+ himself ) m]e h9ts 9 reg>d to ! slave & s]f organisations1 primitive communism1 ! dome/ic sy/em & to savage conditions4#bi ,9 ?is s5se he & ,engels decl>$ t economics 7! economics /udi$ by !m71 0 an hi/orical sci5ce4#cj ,b "h1 too1 _! def9ition has be5 less happy ?an ! inve/igation itself2 we "k t ,m>x's rese>*es are n hi/orical1 b hypo!tical & ab/ract1 i4e4 !oretical4#ca ,!y might bett] be call$ rese>*es into sociological economics1 if ! ^w sociological 7 n "o :i* is employ$ mo/ v>i\sly & arbitr>ily4 ,if ,m>x's inve/igation is ?us limit$1 if ! law ( value po/ulat$ by him is ! special law ( an ab/ract work+ society1 :i* only p>tially takes effect 9 economic society z giv5 9 hi/ory1 & 9 o!r hypo!tical or possible economic societies1 ! foll[+ results seem to foll[ evid5tly & readily3 7#a7 ,t ,m>xian economics is n g5]al economic sci5ce2 7#b7 t lab\r-value is n a g5]al concept ( value4 ,alongside1 !n1 ( ! ,m>xian inve/igation1 !re c1 or r mu/1 exi/ & fl\ri% a g5]al economic sci5ce1 :i* may det]m9e a concept ( value1 d$uc+ x f q diff]5t & m compreh5sive pr9ciples ?an ! special ones ( ,m>x4 ,&1 if ! pure economi/s1 conf9$ to _! own special prov9ce1 h be5 wrong to %[ an ung5]\s intellectual dislike = ,m>x's inve/igations1 8 foll[]s1 9 _! turn1 h be5 wrong to reg>d ungratefully a bran* ( rese>* :i* 0 ali5 to !m1 call+ x n[ useless1 & n[ frankly absurd4 ,su* is1 9 effect1 my op9ion1 & ,i freely ackn[l$ge t ,i h nev] be5 able to discov] o!r anti!sis or enmity betwe5 ^! two bran*es ( rese>* except ! purely accid5tal "o ( ! mutual antipa?y to & m5tal ignorance ( ea* o!r1 ( two gr\ps ( /ud5ts4 ,"s h resort$ to a political explanation2 b1 ) no wi% to d5y t political prepossessions are (t5 ! causes ( !oretical errors1 ,i d n consid] an explanation z adequate & appropriate1 :i* resolves itself into accus+ a l>ge numb] ( /ud5ts ( all[+ !mselves bl9dly & fooli%ly to be ov]come by passions ali5 to sci5ce2 or1 :at is worse1 ( kn[+ly falsify+ _! ?\ght & con/ruct+ a :ole economic sy/em f motives ( practical opportunism4 ,inde$ ,m>x himself _h n ! "t or means to adopt an attitude1 s to speak1 t[>ds ! puri/s1 or ! h$oni/s1 or ! utilit>ians1 or ! d$uctive or ,au/rian s*ool1 or :atev] else !y may call !mselves4 ,b he _h ! greate/ contempt = ! oeconomia vulg>is1 "u :i* t]m he 0 wont to include also ! rese>*es ( g5]al economics1 :i* expla9 :at ne$s no explanation & is intuitively evid5t1 & leave unexpla9$ :at is m difficult & ( g5u9e int]e/4 ,nor has ,engels discuss$ ! subject2 b an indication ( 8 op9ion may be f\nd 9 8 attack on ,dhr+4 ,dhr+ 0 /ruggl+ to f9d a g5]al law ( value1 :i* %\ld gov]n all possible types ( economic organisation2 & ,engels refut$ him3 ',anyone :o wi%es to br+ "u ! same law ! political economy ( ,t]ra del ,fuoco & t ( mod]n ,engl&1 c produce no?+ b ! vulg>e/ commonplaces4' ,he scorns ! tru? ( ultimate in/ance1 ! et]nal laws ( value1 ! tautolog\s & empty axioms :i* ,h]r ,dhr+ w\ld h produc$ by 8 me?od4#cb ,fix$ & et]nal laws are non-exi/5t3 !re is !n no possibility ( con/ruct+ a g5]al sci5ce ( economics1 valid = all times & 9 all places4 ,if ,engels _h meant to ref] to ^? :o affirm ! et]nity & inevitability ( ! laws *>act]i/ic ( capitali/ society1 he w\ld h be5 ju/ifi$2 & w\ld h be5 aim+ 8 bl[s at a prejudice :i* hi/ory alone suffices to refute1 by %[+ z x does1 h[ capitalism has appe>$ at diff]5t times1 replac+ o!r types ( economic organisation1 & has also disappe>$1 replac$ by o!r types4 ,b 9 ,dhr+'s case ! criticism 0 mu* beside ! m>k2 s9ce ,dhr+ did n inde$ mean to set up ! laws ( capitali/ society z fix$ & et]nal2 b to det]m9e a g5]al concept ( value1 :i* is q ano!r matt]3 or1 9 o!r words1 to %[ h[1 f a purely economic po9t ( view1 capitali/ society is expla9$ by ! same g5]al concepts z expla9 ! o!r types ( organisation4 ,no ef=t1 n ev5 t ( ,engels1 w suffice to /op su* a problem f be+ /at$ & solv$2 unless x 7 possible to de/roy ! human intellect1 :i*1 9 addition to p>ticul> facts1 recognises univ]sal concepts4 ,x w\ld be in/ructive to exam9e ! ref]5ces :i* !re are 9 ,m>x's ,das ,kapital to unf9i%$ analyses1 extrane\s to 8 special me?od2 = 9 ?is dep5d5ce on analysis ! rese>*es ( pure economics h _! orig94 ,:at is1 = in/ance1 ab/ract human lab\r 7ab/rakt m5s*li*e ,arbeit71 a concept :i* ,m>x uses l a po/ulate8 ,by :at me?od is t r$uction ( complex to simple lab\r accompli%$1 to :i* he ref]s z to an obvi\s & ord9>y matt]8 ,& if1 9 ,m>x's hypo!sis1 commodities appe> z congeal$ lab\r1 or cry/alis$ lab\r1 :y by ano!r hypo!sis1 %\ld n all economic goods & n only commodities1 appe> z congeal$ me?ods ( satisfy+ ne$s or z cry/alis$ ne$s8 ,i read at "o po9t 9 ,das ,kapital3 ',?+s :i* 9 !mselves are n commodities1 e4g4 k1 hon\r1 etc41 may be sold by _! own]s2 & ?us1 by means ( _! price1 acquire ! =m ( commodities4 ,a ?+ may =mally h a price )\t hav+ a value4 ,! expression ( ! price "h becomes imag9>y l c]ta9 quantities 9 ma!matics4'#cc ,"h is yet ano!r difficulty1 indicat$ b n ov]come4 ,:]e are ^! =mal or imag9>y prices to be f\nd8 ,& :at are !y8 ,by :at laws are !y gov]n$8 ,or are !y p]haps l ! ,greek words 9 ,lat9 prosody1 :i* accord+ to ! s*ool rule1 p] ,ausoniae f9es s9e lege vagantur8--,que/ions ( ?is k9d are answ]$ by ! rese>*es ( pure economics4 ,! philosoph] ,lange also1 :o reject$ ,m>x's law ( value1 :i* he reg>d$ z an extravagant production1 a *ild ( sorr[1 ?9k+ x unsuitable--& 9 ?is he 0 ju/ifi$1 z a g5]al law ( value1 arriv$ at ! solutions :i* h s9ce be5 giv5 ( ! latt]1 a long "t be=e ! rese>*es ( ! puri/s came into blossom4 ',"s ye>s ago1' he wrote 9 8 book on lab\r problems1 ',i too work$ at a new !ory ( value1 :i* %\ld be ( su* a "* z to %[ ! mo/ extreme cases ( v>iation 9 value z special cases ( ! same =mula4' ,&1 :il/ add+ t he _h n complet$ x1 he intimat$ t ! c\rse :i* he attempt$ 0 ! same z t ha/ily glanc$ at by ,jevons 9 8 ,!ory ( political economy1 publi%$ 9 #ahga4cd ,to any ( ! m cauti\s & mod]ate ,m>xians x is pla9ly evid5t t ! rese>*es ( ! ,h$oni/s are n m]ely to be reject$ z errone\s or unf\nd$2 & h5ce an attempt has be5 made to v9dicate !m 9 ref]5ce to ! ,m>xian doctr9e z an economic psy*ology1 hav+ its place alongside ( true economics itself4 ,b ?is def9ition conta9s a curi\s equivocation4 ,pure economics is q ap>t f psy*ology4 ,inde$1 to beg9 )1 x is h>d to fix ! mean+ ( ! words economic psy*ology4 ,! sci5ce ( psy*ology is divid$ into =mal & descriptive4 ,9 =mal psy*ology !re is no place ei!r = economic fact nor = any o!r fact :i* may repres5t a p>ticul> cont5t4 ,9 descriptive psy*ology1 x is true1 are includ$ repres5tations1 s5tim5ts & desires ( an economic cont5t1 b includ$ z !y appe> 9 reality1 mix$ ) ! o!r psy*ical ph5om5a ( diff]5t cont5t1 & insep>able f !m4 ,?us descriptive economic psy*ology c be1 at mo/1 an approximate limitation1 by :i* we take z a subject ( special description ! way 9 :i* m5 7at a giv5 "t & place1 or ev5 9 ! mass z hi!rto !y h appe>$ 9 hi/ory7 ?9k1 feel & desire 9 respect to a c]ta9 class ( goods :i* are usually call$ mat]ial or economic1 & :i*1 h[ev]1 /& 9 ne$ ( specification & def9ition4 ,subject-matt]1 9 tru?1 bett] suit$ to hi/ory ?an to sci5ce1 :i* reg>ds su* matt]s only z empty & unimportant g5]alisations4 ,?is may be se5 9 ! long discussion ( ! matt] by t mo/ weighty ( p$ants1 ,wagn]1 9 8 manual1 :i*1 ( all t has be5 writt5 on ! "q1 ,i ?9k ! mo/ wor?y ( notice1 & :i* is yet1 9 itself1 a ?+ v little wor?y ( notice or conclusive4#ce ,an enum]ation & description ( ! v>i\s t5d5cies :i* exi/ 9 m5 z !y appe> 9 ord9>y life3 egoi/ical & altrui/ic t5d5cies1 love ( self-advantage & fe> ( disadvantage1 fe> ( puni%m5t & hope ( rew>d1 s5se ( hon\r & fe> ( disgrace & public contempt1 love ( activity & dislike ( idl5ess1 feel+ ( rev]5ce = ! moral code1 etc41 ?is is :at ,wagn] calls economic psy*ology2 & :i* might bett] be call$3 v>i\s obs]vations 9 descriptive psy*ology1 to be kept 9 m9d :il/ /udy+ ! practical que/ions ( economics4#cf ,b :at1 pray1 has pure economics 9 common ) psy*ology8 ,! puri/s />t f ! h$oni/ic po/ulate1 i4e4 f ! economic nature itself ( man1 & d$uce f x ! concepts ( utility 7economic utility :i* ,p>eto has propos$ to call by a special "n1 (elimita1 f ! ,greek phelimos7 ( value1 & directly1 all ! o!r special laws 9 accordance ) :i* man behaves 9 s f> z he is an ab/ract homo oeconomicus4 ,!y d exactly :at ! sci5ce ( e?ics does ) ! moral nature2 & ! sci5ce ( logic ) ! logical nature2 & s on4 ,at ?is rate !n w\ld e?ics be a psy*ology ( e?ics & logic a psy*ology ( logic8 ,&1 s9ce all t we "k passes ?r\gh ! human m9d1 ontology w\ld be a psy*ology ( exi/5ce1 ma!matics a psy*ology ( ma!matics1 & we %\ld ?us h confus$ ! mo/ div]se ?+s1 end+ 9 a disord] ! aim ( :i* w\ld be no long] compreh5sible4 ,h5ce we conclude1 t ) c>e & ! ex]cise ( a little ?\ght1 x w necess>ily be agre$ t pure economics is n a psy*ology1 b is ! true & ess5tial g5]al sci5ce ( economic facts4 ,pr(essor ,labriola1 too1 %[s a c]ta9 ill-hum\r :i* does n seem to me entirely ju/ifi$1 t[>ds ! pure economi/s1 ':o'1 he says1 'translate into psy*ological conceptualism ! influ5ce ( risk & o!r analog\s consid]ations ( ord9>y comm]cial practice6 ,& !y d well--,i answ]--because ! m9d desires to give an acc\nt ev5 ( ! influ5ces ( risk & ( comm]cial practice1 & to expla9 _! me*anism & "*4 ,& !n1 psy*ological conceptualism2 is n ?is an un=tunate connection betwe5 :at y\r intellect %[s y t pure economics really is 7sci5ce :i* takes z its />t+ po9t an irr$ucible concept71 & t haz>d\s def9ition ( psy*ology :i* has be5 criticis$ above8 ,are n ! n\n & adjective 9 opposition to "o ano!r8 ,& fur!r1 ,labriola speaks contemptu\sly ( ! 'ab/ract atomism' ( ! h$oni/s1 9 :i*1 '"o no long] kn[s :at hi/ory is1 & progress is r$uc$ to m]e appe>ance4'#cg ,"h too1 x does n seem to me t 8 contempt is ju/ifi$2 = ,labriola is well aw>e t 9 all ab/ract sci5ces1 concrete & individual ?+s disappe> & t _! elem5ts alone rema9 z objects to be consid]$3 h5ce ?is _c be made a gr\nd = special compla9t aga9/ economic sci5ce4 ,b hi/ory & progress1 ev5 if !y are ali5 to ! /udy ( ab/ract economics1 d n !re=e cease to exi/ & to =m ! subject ( o!r /udies ( ! human m9d2 & ?is is :at matt]s4 ,= my "p ,i hold firmly to ! economic notion ( ! h$oni/ic guide1 to utility-ophelimity1 to f9al utility1 & ev5 to ! explanation 7economic7 ( int]e/ on capital z aris+ f ! diff]5t degrees ( utility possess$ by pres5t & future goods4 ,b ?is does n satisfy ! desire = a sociological1 s to speak1 elucidation ( int]e/ on capital2 & ?is elucidation1 ) o!rs ( ! same k9d1 c only be obta9$ f ! comp>ative consid]ations put be=e u by ,m>x4#ch ,,iii ,,conc]n+ ,,! ,,limitation ,,( ,,! ,,mat]iali/ic ,,!ory ,,( ,,hi/ory ,hi/orical mat]ialism a canon ( hi/orical int]pretation3 ,canon does n imply anticipation ( results3 ,"q z to h[ ,m>x & ,engels und]/ood x3 ,difficulty ( asc]ta9+ correctly & me?od ( do+ s3 ,h[ ,m>xians und]/& x3 ,_! metaphysical t5d5cy3 ,in/ances ( confusion ( concepts 9 _! writ+s3 ,hi/orical mat]ialism has n a special philosophy imman5t )9 x4 ,hi/orical mat]ialism if x is to express some?+ critically acceptable1 c1 z ,i h _h occasion to /ate else:]e1#ci be nei!r a new a priori notion ( ! philosophy ( hi/ory1 nor a new me?od ( hi/orical ?\ght2 x mu/ be simply a canon ( hi/orical int]pretation4 ,?is canon recomm5ds t att5tion be direct$ to ! s-call$ economic basis ( society1 9 ord] t ! =ms & mutations ( ! latt] may be bett] und]/ood4 ,! concept canon ought n to raise difficulty1 especially :5 x is rememb]$ t x implies no anticipation ( results1 b only an aid 9 seek+ = !m2 & is entirely ( empirical orig94 ,:5 ! critic ( ! text ( ,dante's ,com$ia uses ,witte's well-kn[n canon1 :i* runs3 '! difficult read+ is to be pref]r$ to ! easy "o1' he is q aw>e t he possesses a m]e in/rum5t1 :i* may be useful to him 9 _m cases1 useless 9 o!rs1 & ^: correct & advantage\s employm5t dep5ds entirely on 8 caution4 ,9 l mann] & ) l mean+ x mu/ be said t hi/orical mat]ialism is a m]e canon2 al?\gh x be 9 tru? a canon mo/ ri* 9 sugge/ion4 ,b 0 x 9 ?is way t ,m>x & ,engels und]/ood x8 & is x 9 ?is way t ,m>x's foll[]s usually und]/& x8 ,let u beg9 ) ! fir/ "q4 ,truly a difficult "o1 & (f]+ a multiplicity ( difficulties4 ,! fir/ ( ^! arises s to speak1 f ! nature ( ! s\rces4 ,! doctr9e ( hi/orical mat]ialism is n embodi$ 9 a classical & def9ite book by ^? au?ors1 ) :om x is z x 7 id5tifi$2 s t1 to discuss t book & to discuss ! doctr9e might seem all "o ?+4 ,on ! contr>y x is scatt]$ ?r\gh a s]ies ( writ+s1 compos$ 9 ! c\rse ( half a c5tury1 at long int]vals1 :]e only ! mo/ casual m5tion is made ( x1 & :]e x is sometimes m]ely und]/ood or impli$4 ,anyone :o desir$ to reconcile all ! =ms ) :i* ,m>x's & ,engels h end[$ x1 w\ld /umble ^u contradictory expressions1 :i* w\ld make x impossible = ! c>eful & me?odical int]pret] to decide :at1 on ! :ole1 hi/orical mat]ialism meant = !m4 ,ano!r difficulty arises 9 reg>d to ! weight to be atta*$ to _! expressions4 ,i d n ?9k t !re has yet be5 a /udy ( :at might be call$ ,m>x's =ma m5tis2 ) :i* ,engels _h some?+ 9 common1 p>tly ow+ to cong5iality1 p>tly ow+ to imitation or influ5ce4 ,m>x1 z has be5 already rem>k$1 _h a k9d ( abhorr5ce = rese>*es ( purely s*ola/ic int]e/4 ,eag] = k ( ?+s 7,i say1 ( concrete & individual ?+s7 he atta*$ little weight to discussions ( concepts & ! =ms ( concepts2 ?is sometimes deg5]at$ into an exagg]ation 9 8 own concepts4 ,?us we f9d 9 him a curi\s opposition betwe5 /atem5ts :i*1 int]pret$ /rictly1 are errone\s2 & yet appe> to u1 & inde$ are1 load$ & pregnant ) tru?4 ,m>x 0 addict$1 9 %ort1 to a k9d ( concrete logic4#dj ,is x be/ !n to int]pret 8 expressions lit]ally1 runn+ ! risk ( giv+ !m a mean+ diff]5t f :at !y actually bore 9 ! writ]'s inmo/ ?\ghts8 ,or is x be/ to int]pret !m broadly1 runn+ ! opposite risk ( giv+ !m a mean+1 !oretically p]haps m acceptable1 b hi/orically less true8 ,! same difficulty c]ta9ly occurs 9 reg>d to ! writ+s ( num]\s ?9k]s2 b x is especially great 9 reg>d to ^? ( ,m>x4 ,& ! int]pret] mu/ proce$ ) caution3 he mu/ d 8 "w bit by bit1 book by book1 /atem5t by /atem5t1 connect+ inde$ ^! v>i\s indications "o ) ano!r1 b tak+ acc\nt ( diff]5ces ( "t1 ( actual circum/ances1 ( fleet+ impressions1 ( m5tal & lit]>y habits2 & he mu/ submit to ackn[l$ge ambiguities & incomplet5ess :]e ei!r exi/s1 resi/+ ! temptation to confirm & complete by 8 own judgm5t4 ,x may be all[$ = in/ance1 z x appe>s to me = v>i\s reasons1 t ! way 9 :i* hi/orical mat]ialism is /at$ above is ! same z t 9 :i* ,m>x & ,engels und]/ood x 9 _! inmo/ ?\ghts2 or at lea/ t :i* !y w\ld h agre$ to z correct if !y _h _h m "t available = su* lab\rs ( sci5tific elaboration1 & if criticism _h rea*$ !m less t>dily4 ,& all ?is is ( importance up to a c]ta9 po9t1 = ! int]pret] & hi/orian ( ideas2 s9ce = ! hi/ory ( sci5ce1 ,m>x & ,engels are nei!r m nor less ?an !y appe> 9 _! books & works2 real1 & n hypo!tical or possible p]sons4#da ,b ev5 = sci5ce itself1 ap>t f ! hi/ory ( x1 ! hypo!tical or possible ,m>x & ,engels h _! value4 ,:at conc]ns u !oretically is to und]/& ! v>i\s possible ways ( int]pret+ ! problems propos$ & ! solutions ?\ght out by ,m>x & ,engels1 & to select f ! latt] by criticism ^? :i* appe> !oretically true & welcome4 ,:at 0 ,m>x's intellectual /&po9t ) ref]5ce to ! ,hegelian philosophy ( hi/ory8 ,9 :at consi/$ ! criticism :i* he gave ( x8 ,is ! purport ( ?is criticism always ! same = in/ance 9 ! article publi%$ 9 ! ,deuts*-franzsis*e ,jahrb*]1 = #ahdd1 9 ! ,heilige ,familie ( #ahde1 9 ! ,misre de la philosophie ( #ahdg1 9 ! app5dix to ,das ,komnuni/is*e ,manife/ ( #ahdh1 9 ! preface to ! ,zur ,kritik ( #ahei1 & 9 ! preface to ! #bnd edition ( ,das ,kapital ( #ahgc8 ,is x aga9 9 ,engels' works 9 ! ,antidhr+1 9 ! article on ,feu]ba*1 etc48 ,did ,m>x ev] really ?9k ( sub/itut+1 z "s h believ$1 ,matt] or mat]ial fact = ! ,hegelian ,idea8 ,& :at connection 0 !re 9 8 m9d betwe5 ! concepts mat]ial & economic8 ,aga91 c ! explanation giv5 by him1 ( 8 position ) reg>d to ,hegel3 '! ideas det]m9$ by facts & n ! facts by ! ideas1' be call$ an inv]sion ( ,hegel's view1 or is x n r ! inv]sion ( t ( ! ideologi/s & doctr9aires8#db ,^! are "s ( ! que/ions p]ta9+ to ! hi/ory ( ideas1 :i* w be answ]$ "s "t or o!r3 p]haps at pres5t ! "t has n yet arriv$ to write ! hi/ory ( ideas :i* are /ill 9 ! process ( developm5t4#dc ,b1 putt+ aside ?is hi/orical curiosity1 x conc]ns u n[ to "w at ^! ideas 9 ord] to advance 9 !oretical k4 ,h[ c hi/orical mat]ialism ju/ify itself sci5tifically8 ,?is is ! "q ,i h propos$ to myself1 & to :i* ! answ] is giv5 by ! critical rese>*es ref]r$ to at ! beg9n+ ( ?is p>agraph4 ,)\t return+ to !m ,i w give o!r examples1 tak5 f ! same s\rce1 t ( ! ,m>xian lit]ature4 ,h[ ought we to und]/& sci5tifically ,m>x's neodialectic8 ,! f9al op9ion express$ by ,engels on ! subject seems to be ?is3 ! dialect is ! rhy?m ( ! developm5t ( ?+s1 i4e4 ! inn] law ( ?+s 9 _! developm5t4 ,?is rhy?m is n det]m9$ a priori1 & by metaphysical d$uction1 b is r obs]v$ & ga!r$ a po/]iori1 & only ?r\gh ! repeat$ obs]vations & v]ifications t are made ( x 9 v>i\s fields ( reality1 c x be presuppos$ t all facts develop ?r\gh negations1 & negations ( negations4#dd ,?us ! dialect w\ld be ! discov]y ( a great natural law1 less empty & =mal ?an ! s-call$ law ( evolution & x w\ld h no?+ 9 common ) ! old ,hegelian dialect except ! "n1 :i* w\ld pres]ve = u an hi/orical record ( ! way 9 :i* ,m>x arriv$ at x4 ,b does ?is natural rhy?m ( developm5t exi/8 ,?is c\ld only be /at$ f obs]vation1 to :i* inde$1 ,engels appeal$ 9 ord] to ass]t its exi/5ce4 ,& :at k9d ( a law is "o :i* is reveal$ to u by obs]vation8 ,c x ev] be a law :i* gov]ns ?+s absolutely1 or is x n "o ( ^? :i* are n[ call$ t5d5cies1 or r is x n m]ely a simple & limit$ g5]alisation8 ,& ?is recognition ( rhy?m ?r\gh negations ( negations1 x is n "s rag ( ! old metaphysics1 f :i* x may be well to free ourselves4#de ,?is is ! inve/igation ne$$ = ! progress ( sci5ce4 ,9 l mann] %\ld o!r /atem5ts ( ,m>x & ,engels be criticis$4 ,:at = example %all we ?9k ( ,engels' controv]sy ) ,dhr+ conc]n+ ! basis ( hi/ory3 :e!r ?is is political =ce or economic fact8 ,w x n seem to u t ?is controv]sy c p]haps reta9 any value 9 face ( ,dhr+'s ass]tion t political fact is t :i* is ess5tial hi/orically1 b 9 itself has n t g5]al importance :i* x is propos$ to ascribe to x8 ,we may reflect = a mom5t t ,engels' !sis3 '=ce protects 7s*tzt7 b does n cause 7v]ursa*t7 usurpation1' might be directly inv]t$ into ano!r t3 '=ce causes usurpation1 b economic int]e/ protects x1' & ?is by ! well kn[n pr9ciple ( ! int]-dep5d5ce & competition ( ! social factors4 ,& ! class w>8 ,9 :at s5se is ! g5]al /atem5t true t hi/ory is a class w>8 ,i %\ld be incl9$ to say t hi/ory is a class w> 7#a7 :5 !re are classes1 7#b7 :5 !y h antagoni/ic int]e/s1 7#c7 :5 !y are aw>e ( ?is antagonism1 :i* w\ld give u1 9 ! ma91 ! hum\r\s equival5ce t hi/ory is a class w> only :5 x is a class w>4 ,9 fact sometimes classes h n _h antagoni/ic int]e/s1 & v (t5 !y are n consci\s ( !m2 ( :i* ! sociali/s are well aw>e :5 !y endeav\r1 by ef=ts n always cr[n$ ) success 7) ! peasantry1 = example1 !y h n yet succe$$71 to ar\se ?is consci\sness 9 ! mod]n prolet>iat4 ,z to ! possibility ( ! non-exi/5ce ( classes1 ! sociali/s :o prophesy ?is non-exi/5ce = ! society ( ! future1 mu/ at lea/ admit t x is n a matt] intr9sically necess>y to hi/orical developm5t1 s9ce 9 ! future1 & )\t classes1 hi/ory1 x may well be hop$ w cont9ue4 ,9 %ort ev5 ! p>ticul> /atem5t t 'hi/ory is a class w>1' has t limit$ value ( a canon & ( a po9t ( view1 :i* we h all[$ 9 g5]al to ! mat]iali/ conception4#df ,! second ( ! two que/ions propos$ at ! beg9n+ is3 ,h[ d ! ,m>xians und]/& hi/orical mat]ialism8 ,to me x seems und5iable t 9 ! ,m>xian lit]ature1 i4e4 ! writ+s ( ! foll[]s & int]pret]s ( ,m>x1 !re exi/s 9 tru? a metaphysical dang] ( :i* x is necess>y to bew>e4 ,ev5 9 ! writ+s ( ,pr(essor ,labriola "s /atem5ts are met ) :i* h rec5tly l$ a c>eful & accurate critic to conclude t ,labriola und]/&s hi/orical mat]ialism 9 ! g5u9e & orig9al s5se ( a metaphysic1 & t ( ! wor/ k9d1 a metaphysic ( ! cont+5t4#dg ,b al?\gh ,i h myself1 on ano!r occasion1 po9t$ out ^? /atem5ts & =mulae :i* seem to me d\btful 9 ,labriola's writ+s1 ,i /ill ?9k1 z ,i ?\ght !n1 t !y are sup]ficial outgr[?s on a sy/em ( ?\ght ess5tially s\nd2 or to speak 9 a mann] agree+ ) ! consid]ations develop$ above1 t ,labriola1 hav+ educat$ himself 9 ,m>xism1 may h borr[$ f x also "s ( its ov]-absolute /yle1 & at times a c]ta9 c>elessness ab\t ! work+ out ( concepts1 :i* are some:at surpris+ 9 an old ,h]b>tian l himself1#dh b :i* he !n corrects by obs]vations & limitations always useful1 ev5 if slightly contradictory1 because !y br+ u back to ! gr\nd ( reality4 ,labriola1 moreov]1 has a special m]it1 :i* m>ks him (f f ! ord9>y expon5ts & adapt]s ( hi/orical mat]ialism4 ,al?\gh 8 !oretical =mulae may "h & !re expose him to criticism1 :5 he turns to hi/ory1 i4e4 to concrete facts1 he *anges 8 attitude1 ?r[s (f z x 71 ! burd5 ( !ory & becomes cauti\s & circumspect3 he possesses1 9 a high degree1 respect = hi/ory4 ,he %[s unceas+ly 8 dislike = =mulae ( e k9d1 :5 conc]n$ to e/abli% & scrut9ise def9ite processes1 nor does he =get to give ! w>n+ t !re exi/s 'no !ory1 h[ev] good & excell5t 9 itself1 :i* w help u to a summ>y k ( e hi/orical detail4'#di ,9 8 la/ book we may note especially a full inquiry into :at c\ld possibly be ! nature ( a hi/ory ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,labriola criticises ^? :o set up z an hi/orical subject ! ess5ce ( ,*ri/ianity1 ( :i* x is unkn[n :]e or :5 x has exi/$2 s9ce ! hi/ory ( ! la/ c5turies ( ! ,roman ,empire %[s u m]ely ! orig9 & gr[? ( :at con/itut$ ! ,*ri/ian society1 or ! *ur*1 a v>y+ gr\p ( facts amid/ v>i$ hi/orical conditions4 ,?is critical op9ion held by ,labriola seems to me p]fectly correct2 s9ce x is n meant to d5y1 7:at ,i myself1 d n d5y7 ! ju/ification ( t me?od ( hi/orical exposition1 :i* = lack ( ano!r phrase1 ,i once call$ hi/ories by concepts1#ej ?us di/+ui%+ x f ! hi/orical exposition ( ! life ( a giv5 social gr\p 9 a giv5 place & dur+ a giv5 p]iod ( "t4 ,he :o writes ! hi/ory ( ,*ri/ianity1 claims 9 tru?1 to accompli% a task some:at simil> to ! tasks ( ! hi/orians ( lit]ature1 ( philosophy1 ( art3 i4e4 to isolate a body ( facts :i* ent] into a fix$ concept1 & to arrange !m 9 a *ronological s]ies1 )\t h[ev] d5y+ or ignor+ ! s\rce :i* ^! facts h 9 ! o!r facts ( life1 b keep+ !m ap>t = ! conv5i5ce ( m detail$ consid]ation4 ,! wor/ ( x is t :]eas lit]ature1 philosophy1 art & s on are det]m9$ or det]m9able concepts1 ,*ri/ianity is almo/ solely a bond1 :i* unites beliefs (t5 intr9sically v div]se2 &1 9 writ+ ! hi/ory ( ,*ri/ianity1 !re is (t5 a dang] ( writ+ 9 reality ! hi/ory ( a "n1 void )\t sub/ance4#ea ,b :at w\ld ,labriola say if 8 cauti\s criticism 7 turn$ aga9/ t hi/ory ( ! orig9 ( ! family1 ( private prop]ty & ( class di/9ctions1 :i* is "o ( ! mo/ ext5sive hi/orical applications made by ! foll[]s ( ,m>x3 desir$ by ,m>x1 sket*$ out by ,engels on ! l9es ( ,morgan's inve/igations1 c>ri$ on by o!rs4 ,alas1 9 ?is matt]1 ! aim 0 n m]ely to write1 z c\ld1 p]haps1 h be5 done1 a useful manual ( ! hi/orical facts :i* ent] into ^! ?ree concepts1 b actually an additional hi/ory 0 produc$3 ,a hi/ory1 to use ,labriola's own phrase1 ( ! ess5ce family1 ( ! ess5ce class & ( ! ess5ce private prop]ty1 ) a pr$et]m9$ cad5ce4 ,a 'hi/ory ( ! family1' to conf9e ourselves to "o ( ! ?ree gr\ps ( facts1--c only be an enum]ation & description ( ! p>ticul> =ms tak5 by ! family among/ diff]5t races & 9 ! c\rse ( "t3 a s]ies ( p>ticul> hi/ories1 :i* unite !mselves into a g5]al concept4 ,x is ?is :i* is (f]$ by ,morgan's !ories1 exp\nd$ by ,engels1 :i* !ories mod]n criticism h cut away on all sides4#eb ,h !y n all[$ !mselves to presuppose1 z an hi/orical /age1 ?r\gh :i* all races are fat$ to pass1 t *im]ical matri>*ate1 9 :i* ! m]e reckon+ ( desc5t ?r\gh ! "m is confus$ ) ! pr$om9ance ( woman 9 ! family & t ( woman 9 society8 ,h we n se5 ! repro(s & ev5 ! je]s direct$ by "s ,m>xians aga9/ ^? cauti\s hi/orians :o d5y t x is possible to ass]t1 9 ! pres5t condition ( ! criticism ( s\rces1 ! exi/5ce ( a primitive communism1 or a matri>*ate1 among/ ! ,hell5ic races8 ,inde$1 ,i d n ?9k t ?r\gh\t ?is inve/igation pro( has be5 giv5 ( mu* critical =esight4 ,i %\ld also l to call ,labriola's att5tion to ano!r confusion1 v common 9 ,m>xian writ+s1 betwe5 economic =ms ( organisation & economic epo*s4 ,"u ! influ5ce ( evolutioni/ positivism1 ^? divisions :i* ,m>x express$ 9 g5]al3 ! ,asiatic1 ! antique1 ! feudal & ! b\rgeois economic organisation1 h become f\r hi/orical epo*s3 communism1 slave organisation1 s]f organisation1 & wage-e>n+ organisation4 ,b ! mod]n hi/orian1 :o is inde$ n su* a sup]ficial p]son z ! ord9>y ,m>xians are accu/om$ to say1 ?us sp>+ !mselves ! tr\ble ( tak+ a %>e 9 8 labori\s proc$ure1 is well aw>e t !re are f\r =ms ( economic organisation1 :i* succe$ & int]sect "o ano!r 9 actual hi/ory1 (t5 =m+ ! odde/ mixtures & sequ5ces4 ,he recognises an ,egyptian m$ivalism or feudalism1 z he recognises an ,hell5ic m$ivalism or feudalism2 he kn[s too ( a ,g]man neo-m$ivalism :i* foll[$ ! fl\ri%+ b\rgeois organisation ( ! ,g]man cities be=e ! ,re=mation & ! discov]y ( ! ,new ,_w2 & he will+ly comp>es ! g5]al economic conditions ( ! ,greco-,roman _w at its z5i? ) ^? ( ,europe 9 ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies4 ,connect$ ) ?is arbitr>y conception ( hi/orical epo*s1 is ! o!r ( ! inquiry into ! cause 7note c>efully2 into ! cause7 ( ! transition f "o =m to ano!r4 ,inquiry is made1 = in/ance1 into ! cause ( ! abolition ( slav]y1 :i* mu/ be ! same1 :e!r we are consid]+ ! decl9e ( ! ,greco-,roman _w or mod]n ,am]ica2 & s = s]fdom1 & = primitive communism & ! capitali/ sy/em3 among/ ourselves ! fam\s ,loria has occupi$ himself ) ^! absurd inve/igations1 ! p]petual revelation ( a s+le cause1 ( :i* he himself does n "k exactly :e!r x be ! e>?1 or population or some?+ else--yet x %\ld n take mu* to conv9ce u1 7x w\ld suffice = ! purpose to read1 ) a little c>e1 "s books ( n>rative hi/ory71 t ! transition f "o =m ( economic1 or m g5]ally1 social1 organisation1 to ano!r1 is n ! result ( a s+le cause1 nor ev5 ( a gr\p ( causes :i* are always ! same2 b is due to causes & circum/ances :i* ne$ exam9ation = ea* case s9ce !y usually v>y = ea* case4 ,dea? is dea?2 b p die ( _m diseases4 ,b en\gh ( ?is2 & ,i may be all[$ to conclude ?is p>agraph by ref]5ce to a "q :i* ,labriola also br+s =w>d 9 8 rec5t "w1 & :i* he connects ) ! criticism ( hi/orical mat]ialism4 ,labriola di/+ui%es betwe5 hi/orical mat]ialism z an int]pretation ( hi/ory1 & z a g5]al conception ( life & ( ! univ]se 7,leb5s-und-,weltans*auung71 & he inquires :at is ! nature ( ! philosophy imman5t 9 hi/orical mat]ialism2 & aft] "s rem>ks1 he concludes t ?is philosophy is ! t5d5cy to monism1 & is a =mal t5d5cy4 ,"h ,i take leave to po9t out t if into ! t]m hi/orical mat]ialism two diff]5t ?+s are intrud$1 i4e43 7#a7 a me?od ( int]pretation2 7#b7 a def9ite conception ( life & ( ! univ]se2 x is natural to f9d a philosophy 9 x1 & moreov] ) a t5d5cy to monism1 because x 0 includ$ !re9 at ! outset4 ,:at close connection is !re betwe5 ^! two ord]s ( ?\ght8 ,p]haps a logical connection ( m5tal coh]5ce8 ,= my "p1 ,i confess t ,i am unable to see x4 ,i believe1 on ! contr>y1 t ,labriola1 ?is "t1 is simply /at+ propos ( hi/orical mat]ialism :at he ?9ks to be ! necess>y attitude ( mod]n ?\ght ) reg>d to ! problems ( ontology2 or :at1 accord+ to him1 %\ld be ! /&po9t ( ! sociali/ op9ion 9 reg>d to ! conceptions ( optimism & pessimism2 & s on4 ,i believe1 9 %ort1 t he is n mak+ an inve/igation :i* w reveal ! philosophical conceptions und]ly+ hi/orical mat]ialism2 b m]ely a digression1 ev5 if a digression ( int]e/ & importance4 ,& h[ _m o!r mo/ notewor?y op9ions & impressions & s5tim5ts are welcom$ by sociali/ op9ion6 ,b :y *ri/5 ?is assemblage ( new facts by ! "n ( hi/orical mat]ialism1 :i* has hi!rto express$ ! well-def9$ mean+ ( a way ( int]pret+ hi/ory8 ,is x n ! task ( ! sci5ti/ to di/+ui% & analyse :at 9 empirical reality & to ord9>y k appe>s m+l$ into "o8 ,,iv ,,( ,,sci5tific ,,k ,,9 ,,face ,,( ,,social ,,problems ,socialism & free trade n sci5tific d$uctions3 ,obsolete metaphysics ( old !ory ( free trade3 ,basis ( mod]n free trade !ories n /rictly sci5tific ?\gh only possible "o3 ,! desirable is n sci5ce nor ! practicable3 ,sci5tific law only applicable "u c]ta9 conditions3 ,elem5t ( d>+ 9 all action4 ,x has become a commonplace t1 ow+ to ,m>x's "w1 socialism has pass$ f utopia to sci5ce1 z ! title ( a popul> booklet by ,engels expresses x2 & sci5tific socialism is a curr5t t]m4 ,pr(essor ,labriola does n conceal 8 d\bts ( su* a t]m2 & he is "r4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we he> ! foll[]s ( o!r lead]s1 = in/ance ! extreme free trad]s 7to :om ,i ref] by pref]5ce honoris causa1 because !y1 too1 are among/ ! ideali/s ( our times71 9 ! "n ( sci5ce itself1 condemn socialism z anti-sci5tific & decl>e t free trade is ! only sci5tific op9ion4 ,w\ld x n be conv5i5t if bo? sides retrac$ _! /eps & mortifi$ _! pride a little1 & ackn[l$g$ t socialism & free trade may c]ta9ly be call$ sci5tific 9 metaphor or hyp]bole2 b t nei!r ( !m are1 or ev] c be1 sci5tific d$uctions8 ,& t ?us ! problem ( socialism1 ( free trade & ( any o!r practical social programme1 may be transf]r$ to ano!r region2 :i* is n t ( pure sci5ce1 b :i* nev]!less is ! only "o suit$ to !m8 ,let u pause = an in/ant at free trade4 ,x pres5ts itself to u f two po9ts ( view1 i4e4 ) a two-fold ju/ification4 ,9 ! old] aspect x und5iably has a metaphysical basis1 consi/+ 9 t conviction ( ! goodness ( natural laws & t concept ( nature 7natural law1 /ate ( nature1 etc47 :i*1 proce$+ f ! philosophy ( ! #ag? c5tury1 0 pr$om9ant 9 ! #ah? c5tury4#ec ',d n h9d] ,nature 9 h] "w & all w be = ! be/4' ,a simil> note is /ruck1 only indirectly1 by a criticism l t ( ,m>x2 :o1 :5 analys+ ! concept ( nature1 %[$ t x 0 ! ideological complem5t ( ! hi/orical developm5t ( ! middle class1 a p[]ful weapon ( :i* ?is class avail$ itself aga9/ ! privileges & oppressions :i* x int5d$ to ov]?r[4#ed ,n[ ?is concept may inde$ h orig9at$ z a weapon made occasional use ( hi/orically1 & nev]!less be intr9sically true4 ,natural law 9 ?is case1 is equival5t to rational law2 x is necess>y to d5y bo? ! rationality & ! excell5ce ( ?is law4 ,n[1 j because ( its metaphysical orig91 ?is concept c be reject$ altoge!r1 b _c be refut$ 9 detail--x disappe>s ) ! metaphysic ( :i* x 0 a "p1 & x seems at l5g? to h really disappe>$4 ,peace to ! sublime goodness ( natural laws4 ,b free trade pres5ts itself to u1 among its m rec5t support]s1 9 a v diff]5t aspect--! free trad]s1 ab&on+ metaphysical po/ulates1 ass]t two !ses ( practical importance3 7a7 t ( an economic h$oni/ic maximum1 :i* !y suppose id5tical ) ! maximum ( social desirability2#ee & 7b7 ! o!r1 t ?is h$oni/ic maximum c only be completely secur$ by means ( ! fulle/ economic lib]ty4 ,^! two !ses c]ta9ly take u outside metaphysics & into ! region ( reality2 b n actually into ! region ( sci5ce4 ,inde$ ! fir/ ( !m conta9s a /atem5t ( ! ends ( social life1 :i* may p]haps be welcome1 b is n a d$uction f any sci5tific proposition4 ,! second !sis _c be prov$ except by ref]5ce to exp]i5ce1 i4e4 to :at we "k ( human psy*ology1 & to :at1 by approximate calculation1 we may suppose t psy*ology w /ill probably be 9 ! future4 ,a calculation :i* c be made1 & has be5 made ) great acum51 ) great erudition & ) great caution & :i* h5ce may ev5 be call$ sci5tific1 b only 9 a metaphorical & hyp]bolical s5se1 z we h already rem>k$3 h5ce ! k :i* x af=ds u1 c nev] h ! value ( /rictly sci5tific k4#ef ,p>eto1 :o is bo? "o ( ! mo/ intellig5t & also "o ( ! mo/ tru/wor?y & s9c]e1 ( ! rec5t expon5ts & support]s ( free trade1#eg does n d5y ! limit$ & approximate nature ( its conclusions2 :i* appe>s to him s mu* ! m cle>ly 9 t he uses ma!matical =mulae1 :i* %[ at once ! degree ( c]ta9ty to :i* /atem5ts ( ?is k9d may lay claim4 ,&1 9 effect1 communism 7:i* has also _h its metaphysical p]iod1 & e>li] /ill a !ological p]iod7 may1 ) entire ju/ice1 set aga9/ ! two !ses ( free trade1 two o!rs ( its own :i* consi/3 7a7 9 a diff]5t & n purely economic e/imate ( ! maximum ( social desirability2 7b7 9 ! ass]tion t ?is maximum c be atta9$1 n ?r\gh extreme free trade1 b r ?r\gh ! organisation ( economic =ces2 :i* is ! mean+ ( ! fam\s say+ conc]n+ ! leap f ! reign ( necessity 7free competition or an>*y7 into t ( lib]ty 7! comm& ( man ov] ! =ces ( nature ev5 9 ! sph]e ( ! social natural life74 ,b nei!r c ^! two !ses be prov$2 & = ! same reasons4 ,ideals _c be prov$2 & empirical calculations & practical convictions are n sci5ce4 ,p>eto cle>ly recognises ?is quality 9 mod]n socialism2 & agrees t ! communi/ic sy/em1 z a sy/em1 is p]fectly conceivable1 i4e4 !oretically x (f]s no int]nal contradictions 7 #ddf74 ,accord+ to him x cla%es1 n ) sci5tific laws1 b ) imm5se practical difficulties 7l4c47 su* z ! difficulty ( adopt+ te*nical improvem5ts )\t ! trial & selection secur$ by free competition2 ! lack ( /imuli to "w2 ! *oice ( (ficials1 :i* 9 a communi/ic society w\ld be guid$1 /ill accord+ to him1 n by :olly te*nical reasons1 z 9 mod]n indu/ry1 b on political & social gr\nds 7#hcg74 ,he admits ! sociali/ criticism ( ! wa/e due to free competition2 b ?9ks ?is inevitable z a practical way ( secur+ equilibrium ( production4 ,! real problem--he says--is3 :e!r )\t ! exp]im5ts ( free competition x is possible to arrive at a k ( ! l9e 7! l9e :i* he calls mn7 ( ! complete adaptation ( production to dem&1 & :e!r ! exp5se ( mak+ a unifi$ 7communi/ic7 organisation ( "w1 w\ld n be great] ?an t ne$$ to solve ! equations ( production by exp]im5ts 7#gah1 #hfg74 ,he also ackn[l$g$ t !re is some?+ p>asitical 9 ! capitali/ 7,m>x's sad-fac$ knight72 b1 at ! same "t1 he ma9ta9s t ! capitali/ r5d]s social s]vices1 = :i* we d n "k h[ o!rwise to provide4#eh ,if x be desir$ to /ate briefly ! contra/s 9 ! two diff]5t po9ts ( view1 x may be said t human psy*ology is reg>d$ by ! free trad]s z = ! mo/ "p1 det]m9$1 & by ! sociali/s1 z = ! mo/ "p *angeable & adaptable4 ,n[ x is c]ta9 t human psy*ology does *ange & adapt itself2 b ! ext5t & rapidity ( ^! *anges are incapable ( exact det]m9ation & are left to conjecture & op9ion4 ,c !y ev] become ! subject ( exact calculation8 ,if n[ we pass to consid]ations ( ano!r k9d1 n ( :at is desirable1 t is ( ! ends & means admir$ & ?\ght good by u2 b ( :at "u pres5t circum/ances1 hi/ory promises u2 i4e4 ( ! objective t5d5cies ( mod]n society1 ,i really d n "k ) :at mean+ _m free trad]s ca/ on socialism ! reproa* ( be+ ,utopian4 ,= q ano!r reason sociali/s might ca/ back ! same reproa* ^u free trade1 if x 7 consid]$ z x is at pres5t1 & n z x 0 fifty ye>s ago :5 ,m>x compos$ 8 criticism ^u x4 ,free ,trade & its recomm5dations turn ^u an entity :i* n[ at lea/1 does n exi/3 i4e4 ! national or g5]al int]e/ ( society2 s9ce exi/+ society is divid$ into antagoni/ic gr\ps & recognises ! int]e/ ( ea* ( ^! gr\ps1 b n1 or only v feebly1 a g5]al int]e/4 ,^u :i* does free trade reckon8 ,on ! l&$ proprietors or on ! indu/rial classes1 on ! workm5 or on ! hold]s ( public dignities8 ,socialism1 on ! contr>y1 f ,m>x onw>ds1 has plac$ little reliance on ! good s5se & good int5tions ( m51 & has decl>$ t ! social revolution mu/ be accompli%$ *iefly by ! ef=t ( a class directly int]e/$1 i4e4 ! prolet>iat4 ,& socialism has made su* advances t hi/ory mu/ inquire :e!r ! exp]i5ce t we h ( ! pa/ ju/ifies ! supposition t a social movem5t1 s widespread & int5se1 c be reabsorb$ or disp]s$ )\t fully te/+ itself 9 ! sph]e ( facts4 ,on ?is matt] too ,i gladly ref] to ,p>eto1 :o ackn[l$ges t ev5 9 t c\ntry ( free trad]s' dreams1 9 ,engl&1 ! sy/em is support$ n ow+ to p's conviction ( its intr9sic excell5ce1 b because x is 9 ! int]e/s ( c]ta9 entrepr5eurs4#ei ,& he recognises1 ) political acum51 t s9ce social movem5t takes place 9 ! same mann] z all o!r movem5ts1 along ! l9e ( lea/ resi/ance1 x is v likely t x may be necess>y to pass ?r\gh a sociali/ic /ate1--9 ord] to rea* a /ate ( free competition 7 #gia74 ,i h said t ! extreme free trad]s1 mu* m ?an ! sociali/s1 are ideali/s1 or if "o pref]s x1 ideologi/s4 ,h5ce 9 ,italy we are witnesses ( ?is /range ph5om5on1 a sort ( frat]nis+ & spiritual sympa?y betwe5 sociali/s & free trad]s1 9 s f> z bo? are bitt] & se>*+ critics ( ! same ?+1 :i* ! =m] call ! b\rgeois tyranny & ! latt] b\rgeois socialism4 ,b 9 ! field ( practical activity ! sociali/s 7& "h ,i no long] ref] especially to ,italy7 und\bt$ly make progress :il/ ! free trad]s h to limit !mselves to ! b>r5ness ( evil-speak+ & ( aspirations1 =m+ a little gr\p ( well-mean+ p ( select intellig5ce1 :o make audi5ce = "o ano!r4#fj ,by ?is ,i mean no reproa* to ^! s9c]e & ?or\ghly consi/5t free-trad]s3 r ,i s9c]ely admire !m2 _! lack ( success is n _! own fault4 ,i wi% m]ely to rem>k t if ideals1 z ! philosoph] says1 h %ort legs1 ^? ( ! free trad]s' ideals are inde$ ( ! %orte/4 ,i c\ld cont9ue ?is exemplification1 br++ =w>d v>i\s o!r social programmes1 su* z t ( /ate socialism1 :i* consi/s 9 accept+ ! sociali/ ideal1 b z an ultimate end p]haps nev] fully atta9able1 & ext5d+ its p>tial atta9m5t ov] a long c\rse ( c5turies2 & 9 rely+ = ! effective =ce1 n 9 a revolution>y class1 nor simply 9 ! views ( "r ?9k]s1 b 9 ! /ate1 conceiv$ z a creative p[]1 indep5d5t ( & sup]ior to individual wills4 ,x is c]ta9ly und5iable t ! function ( ! /ate1 l all social functions1 ow+ to a complication ( circum/ances1 among/ :i* are tradition1 rev]5ce1 ! consci\sness ( some?+ :i* surpasses individuals1 & o!r impressions & s5tim5ts :i* are analys$ by collective psy*ology1 acquires a c]ta9 indep5d5ce & develops a c]ta9 peculi> =ce2 b 9 ! e/imation ( ?is =ce great mi/akes are made1 z sociali/ criticism has cle>ly %[n3 &1 9 any case1 :e!r x be great or small1 we are always fac$ by a calculation2 & "o moreov]1 9 ! region ( op9ion1 :i* region sci5ce may1 9 "p1 yet br+ "u its p[]1 b :i* 9 a great degree w always be rebelli\s to x4 ,oh ! misuses :i* are made ( ?is ^w sci5ce6 ,once ^! misuses 7 ! monopoly ( metaphysics1 to ^: despotic nature !y appe>$ suitable4 ,& ! /range/ in/ances c\ld be quot$1 ev5 f great philosoph]s1 f ,hegel1 f ,s*op5hau]1 f ,rosm9i1 :i* w\ld %[ h[ ! humble/ practical conclusions1 made by ! passions & int]e/s ( m51 h (t5 be5 metaphysically trans=m$ into inf]5ces f ! ,_s1 f ! ,div9e ,be+1 f ! ,nature ( ?+s1 f ! f9ality ( ! univ]se4 ,metaphysics hypo/atis$ :at x !n triumphantly inf]r$4 ,! y\?ful ,m>x wittily discov]$ 9 ! ,hegelianism ( ,bruno ,bau]1 ! pre-e/abli%$ h>mony ( critical analysis 7,kritis*e ,kritik7 "u ,g]man c5sor%ip4 ,^? :o mo/ frequ5tly h ! ^w 9 _! m\?s make a sort ( ,sibyl or ,py?ia ( a limit$ intellectual function4 ,b ! desirable is n sci5ce1 nor is ! practicable4#fa ,is sci5tific k !n 9 fact sup]flu\s 9 practical que/ions8 ,are we to ass5t to ?is absurdity8 ,! att5tive read] w be well aw>e t we are n "h discuss+ ! utility ( sci5ce1 b ! possibility ( inf]r+1 z "s claim to d1 practical programmes f sci5tific prepositions2 & x is ?is possibility only :i* is d5i$4 ,sci5ce1 9 s f> z x consi/s 9 k ( ! laws gov]n+ actual facts1 may be a legitimate means ( simplify+ problems1 mak+ x possible to di/+ui% 9 !m :at c be sci5tifically asc]ta9$ f :at c only be p>tially kn[n4 ,a great numb] ( ?+s :i* are commonly disput$1 may be cle>$ up & accurately decid$ by ?is me?od4 ,to give an example1 :5 ,m>x 9 opposition to ,pr\dhon & 8 ,engli% pr$ecessors 7,bray1 ,gray1 etc47 %[$ ! absurdity ( creat+ lab\r bonds1 i4e4 lab\r-money2 & :5 ,engels direct$ simil> criticisms aga9/ ,dhr+1 & !n aga91 p]haps ) less ju/ification1 aga9/ ,rodb]tus#fb or :5 bo? e/abli%$ ! close connection betwe5 ! me?od ( production & ! me?od ( di/ribution1 !y 7 work+ 9 ! field prop] to sci5tific demon/ration1 try+ to prove an inconsi/5cy betwe5 ! conclusions & ! premisses1 i4e4 an int]nal contradiction 9 ! concepts criticis$4 ,! same may be said ( ! pro(1 c>efully work$ out by ! free trad]s1 ( ! proposition3 t protection ( e k9d is equival5t to a de/ruction ( weal?4 ,& if x 7 possible to e/abli% accurately t law ( ! t5d5cy ( ! rate ( pr(its to decl9e1 ) :i* ,m>x meant to correct & wid5 ! ,ric>dian law d$uc$ f ! cont9u\s encroa*m5ts ( ! r5t ( l&1 x c\ld be said1 "u c]ta9 conditions1 t ! end ( ! b\rgeois capitali/ organisation 0 a sci5tific c]ta9ty1 ?\gh x w\ld rema9 d\btful :at c\ld take its place4 ,?is limitation '"u c]ta9 conditions' is ! po9t to be notic$4 ,all sci5tific laws are ab/ract laws2 & !re is no bridge ov] :i* to pass f ! concrete to ! ab/ract2 j because ! ab/ract is n a reality1 b a =m ( ?\ght1 "o ( our1 s to speak1 abbreviat$ ways ( ?9k+4 ,&1 al?\gh a k ( ! laws may light up our p]ception ( reality1 x _c become ?is p]ception itself4 ,"h we may agree ) :at ,labriola ju/ly felt1 :51 %[+ 8 dissatisfaction ) ! t]m sci5tific socialism1 he sugge/$1 ?\gh )\t giv+ any reasons1 t t ( critical communism might be sub/itut$4#fc ,if !n f ab/ract laws & concepts we pass to obs]vations ( hi/orical fact1 we f9d1 x is true1 po9ts ( agreem5t betwe5 our ideals & real ?+s1 b at ! same "t we ent] ^u ^? difficult calculations & conjectures1 f :i* x is always impossible to elim9ate1 z 0 rem>k$ above1 ! div]sity ( op9ions & prop5sities4 ,9 face ( ! future ( society1 9 face ( ! pa? to be pursu$1 we h occasion to say ) ,fau/--,:o c say ,i believe8 ,:o c say ,i d n believe8 ,n inde$ t we wi% to advocate or 9 any way ju/ify a vulg> scepticism4 ,b at ! same "t we ne$ to be s5sible ( ! relativity ( our beliefs1 & to come to a det]m9ation 9 practice :]e indet]m9ation is an error4 ,?is is ! po9t2 & h]e9 lie all ! tr\bles ( m5 ( ?\ght2 & h5ce arises _! practical impot5ce1 :i* art has depict$ 9 ,hamlet4 ,nei!r %all we wi%1 9 tru?1 to imitate t magi/rate1 fam\s = miles ar\nd ! di/rict :]e he (ficiat$ = ! ju/ice ( 8 decisions1 ( :om ,rabelais tells u1 t he us$ ! v simple me?od1 :5 ab\t to make up 8 m9d1 ( (f]+ a pray] to ,god & settl+ 8 decision by a game ( odd & ev54#fd ,b we mu/ /rive to atta9 p]sonal conviction1 & !n be> always 9 m9d t great *>act]s 9 hi/ory h _h ! c\rage to d>e4 ',alea jacta e/1' said ,cs>2 ',gott helfe mir1 am56' said ,lu!r4 ,! brave de$s ( hi/ory w\ld n be brave if !y _h be5 accompani$ by a cle> =esight ( ! consequ5ces1 z 9 ! case ( ! prophets & ^? inspir$ by ,god4 ,=tunately1 logic is n life1 & man is n intellect alone4 ,&1 :il/ ^? same m5 ^: critical faculty is w>p$1 are ! m5 ( imag9ation & passion1 9 ! life ( society ! intellect plays a v small "p1 & ) a little exagg]ation x may ev5 be said t ?+s g _! way indep5d5t ( our actions4 ,let u leave !m to _! romances1 let !m prea*1 ,i w n say 9 ! m>ket places :]e !y w\ld n be believ$1 b 9 ! univ]sity lecture rooms1 or ! halls ( congresses & conf]5ces--! doctr9e t sci5ce 7i4e4 _! sci5ce7 is ! rul+ que5 ( life4 ,& we w cont5t ourselves by repeat+ ) ,labriola t ',hi/ory is ! true mi/ress ( all u m51 & we are z x 7 vitalis$ by ,hi/ory4' ,v ,,( ,,e?ical ,,judgm5t ,,9 ,,face ,,( ,,social ,,problems ,mean+ ( ,m>x's phrase ! 'impot5ce ( morality' & 8 rem>k t morality condemns :at has be5 condemn$ by hi/ory3 ,pr(undity ( ,m>x's philosophy immat]ial3 ,kant's position n surpass$4 ,labriola1 ) 8 usual piquancy1 la%es ^? :o r$uce hi/ory to a case ( consci5ce or to an error 9 bookkeep+4 ,) ?is he recalls u to ! two-fold consid]ation 7#a7 t = ,m>x ! social "q 0 n a moral "q1 & 7#b7 t ! analysis made by ,m>x ( capitalism am\nts to a pro( ( ! laws :i* gov]n a giv5 society1 & n inde$ to a pro( ( !ft1 z "s h und]/ood x1 z ?\gh x w\ld suffice to re/ore to ! workman ! am\nt ( 8 wrongfully exact$ surplus lab\r1 s t ! acc\nts may turn out 9 ord]1 & ! social "q be satisfactorily solv$4#fe ,leav+ ! second consid]ation1 :i* yet gives u an in/ance ( ! ludicr\s trave/ies :i* may be made ( a sci5tific !ory1 let u pause = a mom5t ov] ! fir/ =mula1 :i* usually gives ! greate/ (f5ce to non-sociali/s2 s mu* s t _m ( !m wi% to put a little salt 9 ! bro? & complete socialism by morality4 ,9 actual fact1 (f5ce & moral indignation h nev] be5 caus$ less appropriately4 ,^? rem>ks 9 ,m>x's writ+s :i* sav\r ( moral indiff]5ce1 be> a v limit$ & trivial mean+4 ,consid] a mom5t1 z inde$ has be5 consid]$ _m times1 t no social ord] ( any k9d c exi/ )\t a basis ( slav]y1 or s]fdom1 or hir$ s]vice2 t is to say t slav]y1 or s]fdom1 or hir$ s]vice are natural conditions ( social ord]1 & t )\t !m a ?+ _c exi/1 :i* is s necess>y to man t1 at lea/ s9ce he 0 man1 he has nev] done )\t x1 viz41 society4 ,fac$ by su* a fact1 :at mean+ w\ld our moral judgm5t h1 direct$ aga9/ ^! gov]n+ human be+s :o call !mselves slave own]s1 feudal lords & b\rgeois capitali/s1 & 9 fav\r ( ^! gov]n$ human be+s :o call !mselves slaves1 s]fs1 free lab\r]s2 nei!r ( :om c\ld be diff]5t f :at !y are1 nor c\ld o!rwise fulfil ! function assign$ to !m by ! v nature ( ?+s4#ff ,our condemnation w\ld be a condemnation ( ! inevitable2 a ,leop>dian curse direct$ aga9/ ! brutal p[] :i* rules 9 secret to ! g5]al h>m4 ,b moral praise or blame has ref]5ce always to an act ( w1 good or bad2 & su* judgm5ts w\ld on ! contr>y be direct$ aga9/ a fact1 :i* has n be5 will$ by anyone1 b is endur$ by e "o because x _c be diff]5t4 ,y1 inde$1 may lam5t x2 b by lam5t+ x1 y n only d n de/roy x1 y d n ev5 t\* x1 i4e41 y wa/e y\r "t4 ,?is is :at ,m>x calls ! impot5ce ( morality1 :i* is z mu* z to say t x is useless to prop\nd que/ions :i* no ef=t c answ] & :i* are !re=e absurd4 ,b :51 on ! o!r h&1 ^! conditions ( subjection are n conceiv$ z necess>y = ! social ord] 9 g5]al1 b only z necess>y = a /age 9 its hi/ory2 & :5 new conditions make _! appe>ance :i* r5d] x possible to de/roy !m 7z 0 ! case 9 ! indu/rial advance t[>d s]fdom1 & z ! sociali/s reckon w happ5 9 ! f9al phase ( mod]n civilisation 9 reg>d to wage e>n]s & capitalism72 !n moral condemnation is ju/ifi$1 &1 up to a c]ta9 po9t1 is also effective 9 quick5+ ! process ( de/ruction & 9 sweep+ away ! la/ remnants ( ! pa/4 ,?is is ! mean+ ( ,m>x's o!r say+3 t morality condemns :at has already be5 condemn$ by hi/ory4#fg ,i _c manage to see any difficulty 9 agree+ to rem>ks ( ?is k9d1 ev5 f ! /&po9t ( ! /ricte/ e?ical !ories4 ,!re is "h no "q ( misund]/&+ ! nature ( morality1 & ( wi%+ to make x into some?+ =tuit\s or relative2 b simply ( det]m9+ ! conditions ( human progress1 turn+ ! att5tion f ! inevitable effects to ! fundam5tal causes1 & seek+ rem$ies 9 ! nature ( ?+s & n 9 our caprices & pi\s wi%es4 ,x mu/ ne$s be ?\ght t ! opposition proce$s1 n f intellectual error1 b r f human pride1 or vanity x may be1 ow+ to :i* _m desire to reta9 = _! wret*$ words a little ( ! virtue ( ! div9e ^w1 :i* creat$ light by its decree4#fh ,! same feel+ mu/ p]haps be pres5t z ! basis ( ! horror :i* usually greets ! o!r practical maxim ( ! sociali/s2 t ! workman educates himself by ! political /ruggle4 ,b ,labriola is fully ju/ifi$ 9 admir+ 9 ! advance ( ,g]man socialism '! truly new & impos+ in/ance ( social p$agogy2 viz4 t1 among/ su* an enorm\s numb] ( m51 p>ticul>ly ( workm5 ( ! l[] middle class1 a new consci\sness is develop+1 )9 :i* compete 9 equal degree1 a direct s5se ( ! economic situation1 :i* incites to ! /ruggle1 & ! sociali/ propag&a und]/ood z ! goal or po9t ( arrival4' ,:at means h ! prea*]s ( moral maxims at _! disposal1 to secure a result equal to ?is8 ,:o are ^! workm5 :o comb9e 9 associations1 :o read _! newspap]s1 discuss ! acts ( _! delegates & accept ! decisions ( _! congresses1 if n m5 :o are educat+ !mselves morally8 ,b !re is n only a "q ( vanity & pride 9 t feel+ ( av]sion1 :i* animates _m ) reg>d to ! practical maxims ( ! sociali/s1 & 9 ! desire1 :i* p also %[1 ( und]tak+ 9 ! "n ( morality or religion1 ! spiritual direction ( ! education ( ! work+ man2 nor %all we wi% to be s +5u\s & complac5t z to conf9e ourselves to su* a p>tial explanation4 ,!re is m1 !re is1 ,i might almo/ say1 an appreh5sion & a fe>4 ,an appreh5sion1 little ju/ifi$1 le/ ! political organisation ( ! prolet>iat may lead to a brutal & unre/ra9$ outbreak ( ! masses & to ,i "k n :at k9d ( social ru92 z if su* outbreaks 7 n record$ by hi/ory 9 precisely ^? p]iods 9 :i* x is usual to suppose t ! dom9ion ( religion ov] consci5ce 0 greate/1--z 9 ! jacqu]ies ( ! f\rte5? c5tury 9 ,france1 & aga9 9 ! peasants' w>s 9 ,g]many1--& 9 :i* !re 0 no organisation & political culture among/ ! common p4#fi ,a fe>1 :i* is on ! contr>y ?or\ghly ju/ifi$ & arises f ! k t in/9ctive & bl9d prolet>iat movem5ts are conqu]$ by =ce2 :]eas organisation comb9$ ) an enlight5$ consci\sness1 is n conqu]$ or only suff]s tempor>y rev]ses4 ,does n ,momms5 rem>k1 9 ref]5ce to ! slave revolts 9 anci5t ,rome2 t /ates w\ld be v =tunate if !y 7 9 no o!r dang]s besides ^? :i* might come to !m f ! revolts ( ! prolet>iat1 :i* are no great] ?an ! dang]s aris+ f ! claws ( hungry be>s or wolves8 ,^! /atem5ts conc]n+ e?ics & sociali/ p$agogy hav+ be5 expla9$1 someone might yet ask3--,b :at 0 ! philosophical op9ion ( ,m>x & ,engels 9 reg>d to morality8 ,7 !y relativi/s1 utilit>ians1 h$oni/s1 or ideali/s1 absoluti/s1 or :at else8 ,i may be all[$ to po9t out t ?is "q is ( no great importance1 & is ev5 some:at inopportune1 s9ce nei!r ,m>x nor ,engels 7 philosoph]s ( e?ics1 nor be/[$ mu* ( _! vigor\s ability on su* que/ions4 ,x is inde$ ( consequ5ce to det]m9e t _! conclusions 9 reg>d to ! function ( morality 9 social movem5ts & to ! me?od = ! education ( ! prolet>iat1 conta9 no contradiction ( g5]al e?ical pr9ciples1 ev5 if "h & !re !y cla% ) ! prejudices ( curr5t pseudo-morality4 ,_! p]sonal op9ions ^u ! pr9ciples ( e?ics did n take an elaborate sci5tific =m 9 _! books2 & "s wit & "s s>casm are n adequate gr\nds ^u :i* to base a discussion ( ! subject4 ,& ,i w say yet m2 9 e?ical matt]s1 ,i h n yet succe$$ 9 free+ myself f ! prison ( ! ,kantian ,critique1 & d n yet see ! position tak5 up by ,kant surpass$2 on ! contr>y1 ,i see x /r5g!n$ by "s ( ! mo/ mod]n t5d5cies1 & to me ! way 9 :i* ,engels attacks ,dhr+ ) reg>d to ! pr9ciples ( morality 9 8 well-kn[n book1 does n 9 tru? appe> v exhau/ive4#gj ,"h aga9 ! proc$ure is repeat$ :i* we h already criticis$ 9 connection ) ! discussions ^u ! g5]al concept ( value4 ,:]e ,dhr+1 ow+ to ! exig5cies ( sci5tific ab/raction1 takes = consid]ation ! isolat$ individual & explicitly /ates t he is deal+ ) an ab/ract illu/ration 7,d5ks*ema71 ,engels rem>ks1 wittily b errone\sly--t ! isolat$ man is no?+ b a new edition ( ! fir/ ,adam 9 ! ,g>d5 ( ,ed54 ,x is true t 9 t criticism are conta9$ _m well-direct$ bl[s2 & x might ev5 be call$ j1 if x ref]s only to e?ical conceptions 9 ! s5se ( assemblages ( special rules & moral judgm5ts1 relative to def9ite social situations1 :i* assemblages & con/ructions _c claim absolute tru? = all times1 & all places1 precisely because !y are always made = p>ticul> times & p>ticul> places4 ,b ap>t f ^! special con/ructions1 analysis (f]s u ! ess5tial & rul+ pr9ciples ( morality1 :i* give opportunity = que/ions :i* may1 truly1 be diff]5tly answ]$1 b :i* mo/ c]ta9ly are n tak5 into acc\nt by ,m>x & ,engels4 ,&1 9 tru?1 ev5 if "s may be able to write on ! !ory ( k accord+ to ,m>x1#ga to write on ! pr9ciples ( e?ics accord+ to ,m>x seems to me a some:at hopeless und]tak+4 ,,vi ,,conclusion ,recapitulation3 #a4 ,ju/ification ( ,m>xian economics z comp>ative sociological economics3 #b4 ,hi/orical mat]ialism simply a canon ( hi/orical int]pretation3 #c4 ,m>xian social programme n a pure sci5ce3 #d4 ,m>xism nei!r intr9sically moral nor antimoral4 ,! prec$+ rem>ks are p>tly attempts at int]pretation1 & p>tly critical em5dations ( "s ( ! concepts & op9ions express$ by ,m>x & 9 ! ,m>xian lit]ature4 ,b h[ _m o!r po9ts des]ve to und]go revision6 ,beg9n+ ) t conc5tration ( private prop]ty 9 a few h&s1 :i* ?reat5s to become some?+ l ! discr$it$ iron law ( wages1 & end+ ) t /range /atem5t 9 ! hi/ory ( philosophy t ! lab\r movem5t is ! heir ( ,g]man classical philosophy4 ,& att5tion c\ld ?us be giv5 to ano!r gr\p ( que/ions :i* we h n discuss$ 7e4g4 to ! conception ( future society7 9 reg>d to _! detail$ elucidation & _! practical & hi/orical applications4#gb ,if t decomposition ( ,m>xism1 :i* "s h pr$ict$1#gc meant a c>eful critical revision1 x w\ld inde$ be welcome4 ,to sum up1 9 ! meantime1 ! *ief results :i* are sugge/$ 9 ! prec$+ rem>ks3 !y ma9ta94 #a4 ,9 reg>d to economic sci5ce1 ! ju/ification ( ,m>xian economics1 und]/ood n z g5]al economic sci5ce1 b z comp>ative sociological economics1 :i* is conc]n$ ) a problem ( prim>y int]e/ = hi/orical & social life4 #b4 ,9 reg>d to ! philosophy ( hi/ory1 ! purification ( hi/orical mat]ialism f all traces ( any a priori /&po9t 7:e!r inh]it$ f ,hegelianism or an infection f ord9>y evolutionism7 & ! und]/&+ ( ! !ory z a simple1 albeit a fruitful1 canon ( hi/orical int]pretation4 #c4 ,9 reg>d to practical matt]s1 ! impossibility ( inf]r+ ! ,m>xian social programme 7or1 inde$1 any o!r social programme7 f ! propositions ( pure sci5ce1 s9ce ! appraisem5t ( social programmes mu/ be a matt] ( empirical obs]vations & practical convictions2 9 :i* connection ! ,m>xian programme _c b appe> "o ( ! noble/ & bolde/ & also "o ( ^? :i* obta9 mo/ support f ! objective conditions ( exi/+ society4 #d4 ,9 reg>d to e?ics1 ! ab&onm5t ( ! leg5d ( ! intr9sic immorality or ( ! intr9sic anti-e?ical "* ( ,m>xism4 ,i w add a rem>k on ! second po9t4 ,_m w ?9k t if hi/orical mat]ialism is r$uc$ to ! limits )9 :i* we h conf9$ x1 x w n only no long] be a legitimate & real sci5tific !ory 7:i* we are inde$ prep>$ to grant7 b w actually lose all importance :atev]1 & aga9/ ?is second conclusion we once m1 z we h done already on ano!r occasion1 make vigor\s prote/4 ,und\bt$ly ! horror express$ by "s = pure sci5ce & = ab/ractions is inane1 s9ce ^! intellectual me?ods are indisp5sable = ! v k ( concrete reality2 b no less inane is ! complete & exclusive wor%ip ( ab/ract propositions1 ( def9itions1 ( !orems1 ( coroll>ies3 almo/ z if ^! con/itut$ a sort ( ari/ocracy ( human ?\ght4 ,well6 ! economic puri/s 7n to draw examples f o!r fields1 ?\gh numb]s c\ld be f\nd 9 pure ma!matics7 prove to u1 9 fact1 t ! discov]y ( sci5tific !orems1--/rictly1 unimpea*ably sci5tific1--is frequ5tly nei!r an ov]-important nor ov]-difficult matt]4 ,to be conv9c$ !re( we ne$ only rem>k h[ _m eponimi ( new !orems issue f e corn] ( ! ,g]man or ,engli% s*ools4 ,& concrete reality1 i4e4 ! v _w 9 :i* we live & move1 & :i* x conc]ns u some:at to "k1 slips out1 unseizable1 f ! broad-me%$ net ( ab/ractions & hypo!ses4 ,m>x1 z a sociologi/1 has 9 tru? n giv5 u c>efully work$ out def9itions ( social ph5om5a1 su* z may be f\nd 9 ! books ( s _m contempor>y sociologi/s1 ( ! ,g]mans ,simmel & ,/amml]1 or ( ! ,fr5*man ,durckheim2 b he tea*es u1 al?\gh x is ) /atem5ts approximate 9 cont5t & p>adoxical 9 =m1 to p5etrate to :at society is 9 its actual tru?4 ,nay1 f ?is po9t ( view1 ,i am surpris$ t no "o has ?\ght ( call+ him '! mo/ notable successor ( ! ,italian ,niccolo ,ma*iavelli'2 a ,ma*iavelli ( ! lab\r movem5t4 ,& ,i w also add a rem>k on ! ?ird po9t--if ! social programme ( ,m>xism _c be :olly includ$ 9 ,m>xian sci5ce1 or 9 any o!r sci5ce1 no m c ! daily practice ( sociali/ politics be1 9 its turn1 :olly includ$ 9 ! g5]al pr9ciples ( ! programme1 :i* programme1 if we analyse x1 det]m9es 7#a7 an ultimate end1 7! te*nical organisation ( society72 7#b7 an impulse1 bas$ on hi/ory1 t[>ds ?is end1 f\nd 9 ! objective t5d5cies ( mod]n society 7! necessity = ! abolition ( capitalism & = a communi/ic organisation1 z ! "o possible =m ( progress72 7#c7 a me?od 7to accel]ate ! f9al phases ( ! b\rgeoisie1 & to educate politically ! class de/9$ to succe$ !m74 ,m>x1 ow+ to 8 political insight1 has = _m ye>s 9 a /rik+ mann]1 jo9$ )1 & guid$ by 8 advice & 8 "w1 ! int]national sociali/ movem5t2 b he c\ld n give precepts & dogmas = e cont+5cy & complication t hi/ory might produce4 ,n[ ! cont9uation ( ,m>x's political "w is mu* m difficult ?an ! cont9uation ( 8 sci5tific "w4 ,&1 if1 9 cont9u+ ! latt]1 ! s-call$ ,m>xians h sometimes fall5 into a sci5tific dogmatism little to be admir$1 "s rec5t occurr5ces rem9d u ( ! dang]1 t ! cont9uation ( ! =m] may also deg5]ate into a dogmatism ) ! wor/ effects1 i4e4 a political dogmatism4 ,?is gives food = ?\ght to all ! m cauti\s ,m>xians1 among/ :om are ,kautsky & ,b]n/e9 9 ,g]many1 & ,sorel 9 ,france2 ,labriola's new book1 too1 conta9s s]i\s w>n+s on ! matt]4 ,novemb]1 #ahig4 ,,footnotes3 #ac ',an imm5se monograph' 7( economics und]/ood7 x is call$ by ,pr(essor ,antonio ,labriola1 ! mo/ notable ( ! ,italian ,m>xians1 9 8 rec5t book 7,discorr5do di filosophia e socialismo1 ,rome1 ,loes*]1 #ahih74 ,b 9 an e>li] "w 7,9 ,memoria del ',manife/o dei ,comuni/i'1 #bnd ed4 ,rome1 #ahie1 p4 #cf7 he def9$ x z 'a philosophy ( hi/ory'4 #ad ,i leave out ^? :o reg>d ! law ( lab\r-value z ! g5]al law ( value4 ,! refutation is obvi\s4 ,h[ c\ld x ev] be 'g5]al' :5 x leaves out ( acc\nt a :ole category ( economic goods1 t is ! goods :i* _c be increas$ by lab\r8 #ae ,,w]n] ,,somb>t3 ,zur ,kritik des oekonomis*5 ,sy/ems von ,k>l ,m>x 79 ! ,ar*iv fr soziale ,gesetzgebung und ,/ati/ik ,vol4 ,,vii1 #ahid1 pp4 #eee-eid74 ,i h n by me ! criticism 7f ! ,h$oni/ic po9t ( view7 ( ?is article by ,somb>t--on ! ?ird volume ( ,das ,kapital--made la/ ye> by ,,bohm ,,baw]k 9 ! ,miscellany 9 hon\r ( ,knies4 #af ,loc4 cit41 p4 #ega1 et seq4 #ag ,9 ! ,neue ,zeit xiv4 vol4 #a1 pp4 #d-aa1 #cg-dd1 ,i quote f ! ,italian translation3 ,dal t]zo volume del ',capitale1' preface & notes by ,f4 ,engels1 ,rome #ahif1 p4 #ci4 #ah ,sur la ?orie ,m>xi/e de la valeur 79 ! ,j\rnal des ,economi/es1 numb] = ,m>* #ahig1 pp4 #bbb-ca1 see p4 #bbh74 #ai ,discorr5do di socialismo e di filosophia1 p4 #ba4 #bj ,x mu/ be c>efully notic$ t :at ,i call a concrete fact may /ill n be a fact :i* is empirically real1 b a fact made by u hypo!tically & entirely imag9>y or a fact p>tially empirical1 i4e4 exi/+ p>tially 9 empirical reality4 ,we %all see lat] on t ,m>x's typical premise belongs prop]ly to ?is second class4 #ba ,i accept ! t]m employ$ by ,labriola s mu* ! m readily s9ce x is ! same z t us$ by me a ye> ago4 ,see ,essay on ,loria 7,mat]ialismio ,/orico1 pp4 #dh-ej74 #bb ,9 mak+ an hypo!sis ( ?is nature1 ,m>x di/+ui%$ cle>ly t1 9 su* a case1 'lab\r-"t w\ld s]ve a d\ble purpose3 on ! "o h& z /&>d ( value1 on ! o!r z a /&>d ( ! individual %>e reckon$ to ea* produc] 9 ! common lab\r' 7&r]seits di5t die ,arbeitzeit zuglei* als ,mass des individuell5 ,an!ils des ,produc5t5 an d] ,geme9>beit1 und dah] au* an dem individuell v]zehrb>5 ,!il des ,geme9 products73 ,see ,das ,kapital ,i1 p4 #de4 #bc ,?is is a diff]5t ?+ f ! workm5 or op]atives 9 our capitali/ society1 :o =m a class1 i4e4 a portion ( economic society & n economic society 9 g5]al & 9 ! ab/ract1 produc+ goods :i* c be increas$ by lab\r4 #bd ,x may be d\bt$ :e!r ?is g5]al application ( lab\r-value to e work+ economic society 0 includ$ 9 ! ideas ( ,m>x & ,engels1 :5 ! num]\s passages are recall$ 9 :i* "o or o!r has decl>$ _m times t 9 ! future communi/ic society ! crit]ion ( value w disappe> & production w be bas$ on social utility1 cf4 ,engels z e>ly z 9 ! ,umrisse #ahdd1 7,italian translation 9 ,critica sociale a4 v4 #ahie7 ,m>x1 ,misre de la philosophie1 #bnd ed4 ,p>is1 ,gi>d et ,brire4 #ahif1 p4 #hc2 ,engels ,antidhr+1 p4 #cce4 ,b ?is mu/ be und]/ood 9 ! s5se t1 n be+ a hypo!tical communi/ic society bas$ on ex*ange1 ! function ( value 79 ex*ange7 w\ld lose1 accord+ to !m1 its practical importance2 b n 9 ! o!r s5se t 9 ! op9ion ( ! communi/ic society ! value ( goods w\ld no long] equal ! lab\r :i* !y co/ to society4 ,because ev5 9 su* a sy/em ( economic organisation1 value-lab\r w\ld be ! economic law :i* entirely gov]n$ ! valuation ( individual commodities1 produc$ by lab\r4 ,!re w\ld be t cle>ness ( valuation :i* ,m>x describes 9 8 ,rob9sonia1 cf4 ,das ,kapital1 p4 #dc4 #be ,dal t]zo volume del ',capitale1' pp4 #db-ee4 #bf ,h5ce also ,m>x 9 #d ( ,*ap4 ,i43 ,d] ,fetis**>akt] d] ,wa>e und se9 ,geheimniss 7,i4 pp4 #cg-ej7 gave a brief outl9e ( ! o!r economic sy/ems ( m$ival society1 & ( ! dome/ic sy/em3 ',all] ,my/icismus d] ,wa>5welt1 all d] ,zaub] und ,spuk1 wel*] ,arbeitsprodukte auf grundlage d] ,wa>5produktion umnebelt1 v]s*w9det dah] s(ort1 sobal wir zu &]5 ,producktions =m5 fl*t5' 7p4 #db74 ,! relation betwe5 value & lab\r appe>s m cle>ly 9 ! less complex economic sy/ems1 because less oppos$ & obscur$ by o!r facts4 #bg ,das ,kapital1 ,book ,,iii41 sec4 ,,iii41 ,*aps4 ,,xiii41 ,,xiv41 ,,xv41 ,gesetz des t5d5tiell5 ,falls d] ,pr(itrate 7vol4 iii41 ,"p ,i1 pp4 #aia-bdi74 #bh ,! task ( ,m>x's foll[]s ought to be to free 8 ?\ght f ! lit]>y =m :i* he adopts1 to /udy aga9 ! que/ions :i* he prop\nds1 & to "w !m out ) new & m accurate /atem5ts1 & ) fre% hi/orical illu/rations4 ,9 ?is alone c sci5tific progress consi/4 ,! expositions made hi!rto ( ,m>x's sy/em1 are m]ely mat]ials2 & "s 7l ,avel+'s7 consi/ entirely 9 a s]ies ( little summ>ies1 :i* foll[ ! orig9al *apt] by *apt] & prove ev5 m obscure4 ,= ! law ( ! fall 9 ! rate ( pr(its1 see bel[1 *ap4 ,v4 #bi ',to foll[ out completely ?is criticism ( b\rgeois economics a k ( ! capitali/ =m ( production1 ex*ange & di/ribution is n alone adequate4 ,we ought simil>ly to /udy at lea/ 9 _! ess5tial features & tak5 z t]ms ( comp>ison1 ! o!r =ms :i* h prec$$ x 9 "t1 or exi/ alongside ( x 9 less develop$ c\ntries4 ,su* an inve/igation & comp>ison has hi!rto be5 briefly exp\nd$ only by ,m>x2 & we owe almo/ entirely to 8 rese>*es :at we "k ab\t pre-b\rgeois !oretical economics4' 7,,engels1 ,antidhr+1 p4 #aed74 ,?is 0 writt5 by ,engels tw5ty ye>s ago2 & s9ce !n ! lit]ature ( economic hi/ory has gr[n rem>kably1 b hi/orical rese>* has be5 seldom accompani$ by !oretical rese>*4 #cj ',political economy is ess5tially an hi/orical sci5ce4' 7,,engels1 l4c41 p4 #aej74 #ca ,:at is /range is t ,,engels 79 ! passage quot$ 9 ! p5ultimate note7 says himself mo/ truly t ,m>x has writt5 !oretical economics1 nev]!less 9 ! s5t5ce quot$ 9 ! la/ note 7:i* appe>s 9 ! same book & on ! same page7 he /ates def9itely t economics 9 ! ,m>xian s5se is no?+ b an hi/orical sci5ce4 #cb ,antidhr+1 pp4 #aej1 #aee4 #cc ,das ,kapital1 ,i1 p4 #fg4 #cd ,f4,a4 ,,lange1 ,die ,arbeit]frage1 #e? ed41 ,w9t]?ur1 #ahid1 7! au?or's la/ revision 0 9 #ahgd7 see p4 #ccb2 cf4 p4 #bdh & on p4 #abd1 ! quotation f ,goss5's book1 !n v little kn[n4 #ce ,,adolf ,,wagn]1 ,grundlegung d] politis*5 oekonomie1 #crd ,ed41 ,leipzig1 #ahib1 vol4 ,i1 pt4 ,i2 ,bk4 ,i1 *4 i4 ,die ,wir?s*aftli*e ,natur des ,m5s*51 pp4 #gj-acg4 #cf ,i may be all[$ to rem>k t 9 simil> discussions1 economi/s usually make ! s]i\s mi/ake ( mak+ ! concept economic co9cide ) ! concept egoi/ic4 ,b ! economic is an indep5d5t sph]e ( human activity1 9 addition to all ! o!rs1 su* z ! sph]es ( e?ics1 /hetics1 logic1 etc4 ,! moral goods & ! satisfaction ( ! high] moral ne$s ( man1 j because !y are goods1 & ne$s1 are tak5 into acc\nt 9 economics1 b /ill only z goods & ne$s1 n z moral or immoral1 egoi/ic or altrui/ic4 ,9 l mann]1 a manife/ation 7by words or by any o!r means ( expression7 is tak5 into acc\nt 9 /hetics2 b only z a manife/ation n z true1 false1 moral1 immoral1 useful1 h>mful1 etc4 ,economi/s are /ill impress$ by ! fact t ,adam ,smi? wrote "o book ( !ory & ( e?ics1 & ano!r ( economic !ory2 :i* may int]pret to mean t "o dealt ) a !ory ( altrui/ic facts & ! o!r ) "o ( egoi/ic facts4 ,b if ?is _h be5 s1 ,adam ,smi? w\ld h discuss$1 9 bo? ( 8 *ief works1 facts ( an e?ical "*1 e/imable or repreh5sible2 & w\ld n h be5 an economi/ at all2 a ridicul\s conclusion :i* is a r$uctio ad absurdum ( ! id5tification ( economic action ) egoism4 #cg ,discorr5do di socialismo e di filesophia1 l4 vi4 #ch ,x is /range h[ among ! /ud5ts ( pure economics also ?is ne$ = a diff]5t treatm5t makes itself felt1 lead+ !m to contradictory /atem5ts & to insup]able p]plexities4 ,,pantaleoni1 ,pr9cip di economia pura1 ,flor5ce1 ,b>b>a1 #ahhi1 p4 #c1 ,*4 iii #c 7pp4 #bii-cjb71 contradicts ,bhm-,baw]k1 inquir+ :5ce ! borr[] ( capital at int]e/ is able to f9d ! :]e)al to pay ! int]e/4 ,,p>eto1 ,introd4 critica agli ,e/ratti del ,capitale del ,m>x1 ,ital4 trans4 ,pal]mo1 ,s&ron1 #ahid1 p4 xxx1 n43 ',! ph5om5a ( surplus value contradicts ,m>x's !ory :i* det]m9es values solely by lab\r4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 !re is an expropriation ( ! k9d :i* ,m>x condemns4 ,x is n at all prov$ t ?is expropriation helps to secure ! h$oni/ic maximum4 ,b x is a difficult problem h[ to avoid ?is expropriation4' ,a le>n$ & accurate ,italian "w :i* attempts to reconcile ! op9ions ( ! h$oni/ic s*ool ) ^? ( ! foll[]s ( ,ric>do & ,m>x1 is ! memor&um ( ,pr(4 ,g4 ,,ricca ,,sal]mo1 ,la !oria del valore nella /oria delle dottr9e e dei fatti economici1 ,rome #ahid4 7extr4 f ! ,memorie dei ,l9cei1 s4 v4 vol4 ,i41 pt4 i47 #ci ,see above1 *ap4 ,i4 #dj ,! ov]-abus$ ,dhr+ 0 n mi/ak5 :5 he rem>k$ t 9 ,m>x's works expressions occur frequ5tly ':i* appe> to be univ]sal )\t be+ actually s' 7,allgeme9 ausseh5 ohne es zu se974 ,kritis*e ,ges*i*te d] ,nationalkonomie und des ,socialismus1 ,b]l91 #ahga1 p4 #ebg4 #da ,,g5tile1 ,una critica del mat]ialismo /orico 9 ! ,/ud /orici ( ,crivellucci1 vol4 ,,vi1 #ahig1 pp4 #cgi-dbc1 ?r[s d\bt on ! int]pretation (f]$ by me ( ! op9ions ( ,m>x & ,engels1 & on ! me?od ( int]pretation itself4 ,i gladly ackn[l$ge t 9 my two e>li] essays ,i d n cle>ly po9t out :]e precisely ! textual int]pretation ends & ! really !oretical "p beg9s2 :i* !oretical exposition1 only by conjecture & 9 ! mann] describ$ above1 c be said to agree ) ! inmo/ ?\ghts ( ,m>x & ,engels4 ,9 8 rec5t book1 ,la filos(ia di ,m>x1 ,pisa1 ,spo]ri1 #ahii 79 :i* ! essay ref]r$ to is repr9t$71 ,g5tile rem>ks 7p4 #ajd71 t1 al?\gh x is a v conv5i5t practice1 & 9 "s cases legitimate & necess>y 'to int]pret doctr9es1 by call+ a "p ( _! /atem5t wor?less or accid5tal 9 =m & ext]nal & weak1 & a "p ! real sub/ance & ess5tial & vital1 x is yet necess>y to ju/ify x 9 "s way4' ,he means c]ta9ly1 'ju/ify x z hi/orical int]pretation1' s9ce its ju/ification z correction ( !ory _c be d\btful4 ,x seems to me t ev5 hi/orically ! int]pretation c be ju/ifi$ )\t difficulty :5 x is rememb]$ t ,m>x did n insi/1 7z ,g5tile himself says7 on 8 metaphysical notions2 & did c]ta9ly insi/ on 8 hi/orical op9ions & on ! political policy :i* he def5d$4 ,m>x's p]sonality z a sociological obs]v] & ! tea*] ( a social movem5t1 c]ta9ly outweighs ,m>x z a metaphysician :i* he 0 almo/ solely z a "y man4 ,t x is wor? ! tr\ble to /udy ,m>x f all sides is n d5i$1 & ,g5tile has n[ admirably exp\nd$ & criticis$ 8 y\?ful metaphysical ideas4 #db ,i confess t ,i h nev] be5 able to und]/&--h[ev] mu* ,i h consid]$ ! matt]--! mean+ ( ?is passage 7:i* ought h[ev] to be v evid5t1 s9ce x is quot$ s (t5 )\t any comm5t71 9 ! preface to ! second edition ( ,das ,kapital3 ',me9e dialektis*e ,me?ode i/ d] ,grundlage na* von d] ,hegel's*5 ni*t nur v]s*i$51 sond]n ihr direktes ,geg5!il4 ,fr ,hegel is d] ,d5kprocess1 d5 er sog> unt] dem ,nam5 ,idee 9 e9 selb/ndig] subjeckt v]w&elt1 d] ,demjurg des ,wirkli*51 das nur se9e uss]e ,ers*e9ung bildet4 ,bei mir i/ umgekehrt das ,ideelle ni*ts ,&res als das im ,m5s*5kopf umgesetzte und ub]setzte ,mat]ielle4' 7,das ,kapital ,i1 p4 xvii47 ,n[ x seems to me t ! ,ideelle ( ! la/ phrase has no relation to ! ,d5kprocess & to ! ,hegelian ,idea ( ! prec$+ phrase1 cf4 above pp4 #ag4 ,"s h ?\ght t by ! objections !re /at$1 ,i int5d$ to d5y ,m>x's ,hegelian inspiration4 ,x is well to repeat t ,i m]ely d5y ! logical relation affirm$ betwe5 ! two philosophical !ories4 ,to d5y ,m>x's ,hegelian inspiration w\ld be to contradict ! evid5ce4 #dc ,answ]s to sev]al ( ! que/ions sugge/$ above are n[ suppli$ 9 ! book already ref]r$ to1 by ,,g5tile3 ,la ,filos(ia di ,m>x4 #dd ,antidhr+1 pt4 ,i4 *4 xlii41 especially pp4 #ach-ade1 :i* passage is translat$ into ,italian 9 ! app5dix to ! book by ,labriola ref]r$ to above3 ,discorr5do di socialismo e di filosophia1 cf4 ,das ,kapital1 ,i4 p4 xvii1 ',gel+t dies und spiegelt si* nun das ,leb5 des /(fs ideell wi$]1 s mag es ausseh51 als habe man es mit e9] ,kon/ruction a priori zu ?un4' #de ,,lange1 inde$1 9 ref]5ce to ,m>x's ,das ,kapital1 rem>k$ t ! ,hegelian dialectic1 '! developm5t by anti!sis & syn!sis1 might almo/ be call$ an an?ropological discov]y4 ,only 9 hi/ory1 z 9 ! life ( ! individual1 developm5t by anti!sis c]ta9ly does n accompli% itself s easily & radically1 nor ) s mu* precision & symmetry z 9 speculative ?\ght4' 7,die ,arbeit]frage1 pp4 #bdh-i47 #df ,) reg>d to ! ab/ract classes ( ,m>xian economics & ! real or hi/orical classes1 see "s rem>ks by ,,sorel 9 ! article ref]r$ to 9 ! ,j\rnal des ,economi/es1 p4 #bbi4 #dg ,g4 ,,g5tile1 o4c4 9 ,/ud /orici1 p4 #dba4 cf4 #djj-dja4 #dh ,labriola has inde$ an exagg]at$ dislike = :at he calls ! s*ola/ic3 b ev5 ?is exagg]ation w n appe> :olly unsuitable z a reaction aga9/ ! me?od ( /udy :i* usually prevails among ! m]e m5 ( lett]s1 ! nigg>dly s*ol>s1 ! empty talk]s & juggl]s ) ab/ract ?\ght1 & all ^? :o lose _! s5se ( close connection betwe5 sci5ce & life4 #di ,discorr5do di socialismo e di filosophia1 l4 ix4 #ej ,9 torno alla /oria della cultura 7,kulturges*i*te9 ,atti dell ,accad4 ,pont42 vol4 xxv4 #ahie1 p4 #h47 #ea ',if by ,*ri/ianity is meant m]ely ! sum ( ! beliefs & expectations conc]n+ human de/9y1 ^! beliefs'--writes ,labriola--'v>y z mu*1 9 tru?1 z 9 ! diff]5ce1 to m5tion only "o in/ance1 betwe5 ! free w ( ! ,ca?olics aft] ! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t1 & ! absolute det]m9ation ( ,calv96' 7,l4c4 ix47 #eb ,)\t ref]r+ to ! some:at unme?odical "w ( ,we/]m>ck1 ,hi/ory cf ,human ,m>riage1 see especially ,ern/ ,grosse's book1 ,die ,=m5 d] ,familie und die ,=m5 d] ,wir?s*aft1 ,freiburg 9 ,b41 #ahif4 #ec ,?is connection is %ortly b c>efully dealt ) by ,,+ram1 ,hi/ory ( ,political ,economy1 ,ed9burgh1 ,a4 ,c4 ,black1 #ahhh1 p4 #fb4 #ed ,see1 among/ _m passages1 ,,m>x1 ,misre de la philosophie1 p4 #afg1 et seq4 ,,engels1 ,antidhr+1 p4 #a1 et seq4 #ee ,on ! h$oni/ic maxima1 cf4 ,b]tol9i-,pantaleoni1 ,c5ni sul concetto di massimi edoni/ici individuali e collectivi 79 ,giorn1 degli ,econ41 s ,,ii vol4 iv47 & ,coletti1 9 ! same ,giornale1 vol4 v4 #ef ,9 reg>d to ?is metaphysical use ( ! ^w sci5ce2 !re ev5 exi/s 9 ,italy a ,rivi/a di polizia sci5tifica6 ,& ! metaphor may pass "h also4 #eg ,c\rs d'conomie politique1 ,lausanne1 #ahif-g4 #eh ,cf4 also 8 criticism ( ,m>x already ref]r$ to3 p4 xviii4 #ei ,sauf l',anglet]re1 o rgne le libre *ange pr9cipalem5t p>cequ'il e/ fav\rable aux intrts de c]ta9s entrepr5eurs1 le re/e des pays civiliss v]se de plus en plus dans le protectionnisme 74 #ifd47 #fj ,see ! ,giornale degli economi/i1 excell5t 9 all its critical sections2 & especially ,p>eto's *ronicles !re94 #fa ,x may be rem>k$ t 9 ! difficulty ( di/+ui%+ ! purely sci5tific f ! practical lies ! *ief cause ( ! dang]s & pov]ty ( ! social & political sci5ces4 ,& we may ev5 smile at ^? sci5ti/s or _! +5i\s admir]s1 :o claim to accompli% ! salvation ( ! social & political sci5ces1 by apply+ to !m ! me?ods1 z !y say1 ( ! natural sci5ces4 7,an ,italian a/ronom]1 +5u\s z clev]1 has sugge/$ ! =mation ( sociological obs]vatories :i*1 9 a few ye>s w\ld make sociology some?+ l a/ronomy67 ,alas6 ! matt] is n s simple2 all sociologi/s int5d inde$ to apply exact me?ods2 b h[ c ?is application succe$ :5 "o advances p] ignes or ov] gr\nd :i* moves2 d'una e d'altra p>te s come l'onda *efugge e s'appressa8 7,f bo? sides l ! wave :i* ebbs & fl[s47 #fb ,see ! preface ( ! ,g]man translation ( ,misre de la philosophie1 #bnd ed4 ,/uttg>t1 #ahib1 & n[ also 9 ,fr5* 9 ! repr9t ( ! orig9al text ( ! same "w 7,p>is1 ,gi>d et ,brire1 #ahif47 #fc ,! ^w communism is also m appropriate1 s9ce !re are s _m socialisms 7democratic /ate1 ca?olic1 etc474 ,on ! relation betwe5 ! mat]iali/ic !ory ( hi/ory & socialism1 see ,,g5tile1 op4 cit41 passim4 #fd ,pantagruel1 ,,iii1 #ci-dc4 #fe ,! absurdity ( ?is int]pretation w come out cle>ly if x is m]ely rememb]$ t !re are _m cases 9 :i* ! capitali/ manufactur] pays = ! lab\r ( 8 workman1 a price high] ?an :at he !n realises on ! m>ket2 cases1 x is true1 :]e ! capitali/ is proce$+ t[>ds ru9 & bankruptcy2 b :i* he _c1 on ?is acc\nt1 always avoid4 ',m>x "p des re*]*es faites p> cette cole ,anglaise1 dont il avait fait une tude appr(ondie2 et il veut expliqu] le pr(it sans admettre aucun brig&age4' 7,,sorel1 art4 cit41 p4 #bbg47 #ff ,see 9 ,antidhr+1 p4 #cjc1 ! hi/orical ju/ification ( class divisions4 #fg ,f among ! _m passages :i* support ?is int]pretation1 cf4 ,antidhr+1 pp4 #aeb-c1 #bjf & especially pp4 #fa-b1 & ! preface to ! ,g]man translation ( ,misre de la ,philosophie1 #bnd ed4 ,/uttg>t1 #ahib pp4 ix-x1 cf4 also ,labriola1 o4c4 ,lett4 ,,viii4 #fh ,see ,,labriola1 o4c4 l4 cit41 ! rem>ks on ! difficulty ) :i* ! !ory ( hi/orical mat]ialism meets ow+ to m5tal dispositions1 & among/ ^? :o wi% to moralise socialism4 ,"o in/ance1 9 "s respects analog\s to ?is :i* arises f ! discussions on ,m>x's e?ics1 is ! traditional criticism ( ,ma*iavelli's e?ics3 :i* 0 refut$ by ,de ,sanctis 79 ! rem>kable *apt] devot$ to ,ma*iavelli1 9 8 ,/oria della lett]atura71 b :i* cont9ually recurs & is ins]t$ ev5 9 ,pr(essor ,vill>i's book1 :o f9ds ?is defect 9 ,ma*iavelli3 t he did n consid] ! moral "q4 ,i h always ask$ myself = :at reason1 by :at obligation1 by :at agreem5t1 ,ma*iavelli 0 b\nd to discuss all k9ds ( que/ions1 ev5 ^? = :i* he _h nei!r prep>ation nor sympa?y4 ,c x be said1 by way ( example1 to "s "o :o is rese>*+ 9 *emi/ry3--,y\r weak & errone\s spot is t y h n gone back f y\r detail$ inve/igations to ! g5]al metaphysical enquiries into ! pr9ciples ( reality8--,ma*iavelli />ts f ! e/abli%m5t ( a fact3 ! condition ( w> 9 :i* society f\nd itself2 & gives rules suit$ to ?is /ate ( affairs4 ,:y %\ld he1 :o 0 n cut out = a moral philosoph]1 discuss ! e?ics ( w>8 ,he goes /raight to practical conclusions4 ,m5 are wick$--he says--& to ! wick$ x is ne$ful to behave wick$ly4 ,y w deceive him :o w\ld c]ta9ly deceive y4 ,y w d viol5ce to him :o w\ld d viol5ce to y4 ,^! maxims are nei!r moral nor immoral1 nei!r b5eficial nor h>mful2 !y become "o ( ! two accord+ to ! subjective aims & ! objective effects ( ! action1 i4e4 accord+ to ! int5tions & ! results4 ,:at is evid5t is t a morality :i* desir$ to introduce into w> ! maxims ( peace w\ld be a morality = lambs fit = ! slaught]1 n = m5 :o wi% to repel inju/ice & to ma9ta9 _! rights4 ',& if m5 7 all good1 ?is precept w\ld n be good1 etc41 etc4' says ,ma*iavelli himself4 7,pr9cipe1 *4 xviii74 ,vill>i is also tr\bl$ by ! old =mula conc]n+ ! 'end :i* ju/ifies ! means' & ! 'moral end' & ! 'immoral means'4 ,x is h[ev] suffici5t to consid] t ! means1 j because !y are means1 _c be divid$ into moral & immoral1 b m]ely into suitable & unsuitable4 ,immoral means1 unless z an expression 9 curr5t spee*1 is a contradiction 9 t]ms4 ,! qualification moral or immoral c only belong to ! end4 ,&1 9 ! examples usually giv51 an analysis made ) a little accuracy %[s at once1 t x is nev] a "q ( immoral means b ( immoral ends4 ,! height ( ! confusion is rea*$ by ^? :o introduce into ! "q ! absurd di/9ction ( private & public morality4 ,i may be p>don$ ! digression2 b1 z ,i said1 que/ions :i* are really analog\s re-appe> n[ 9 connection ) ! e?ical maxims ( ,m>xism4 #fi ,& x w\ld be to ! po9t to draw a comp>ison betwe5 ! peasants' rebellions1 ) :i* mod]n ,italy has suppli$ u ) ano!r example 9 rec5t ye>s1 & ! political /ruggles ( ! ,g]man workm51 or ! economic /ruggles ( ! ,trade ,unions 9 ,engl&4 #gj ,see 9 p>ticul> ,p4,i4 *4 ix41 ,moral und ,re*t1 ,ewige ,wahrheit54 #ga ,see1 9 p>ticul>1 ,,m>x',s ideas3 ,ueb] ,feu]ba*1 9 #ahde1 9 ! app5dix to ,engels' book1 ,ludwig ,feu]ba* und d] ,ausgang d] ,klassis*5 deuts*5 ,philosophie1 #bnd ed4 ,/uttg>t1 #ahie1 pp4 #ei-fb2 & cf4 ,,&l] 9 ,revue de metaphysique1 #ahig1 ,,labriola1 o4c4 passim & ,,g5tile1 l4c41 p4 #cai4 ,f ?is po9t ( view 7i4e4 limit+ ! /atem5t to ! !ory ( k7 we might speak l ,labriola ( hi/orical mat]ialism z a philosophy ( practice1 i4e4 z a p>ticul> way ( conceiv+ & solv+1 or r ( ov]-com+1 ! problem ( ?\ght & ( exi/5ce4 ,! philosophy ( practice has n[ be5 design$ly /udi$ by ,g5tile 9 ! volume ref]r$ to4 #gb ,"s int]pretations w\ld be m]ely v]bal explanations4 ,to "s x w appe> a v h>d /atem5t t socialism aims at aboli%+ ! ,/ate4 ,yet x suffices to consid] t ! ,/ate1 among sociali/s1 is synonym\s ) diff]5ce ( classes & ! exi/5ce ( gov]n+ classes1 to und]/& t z 9 su* a case1 we c speak ( ! orig9 ( ! ,/ate1 s we c speak ( its end2 :i* does n mean ! end ( organis$ society 7cf4 ,antidhr+1 p4 #cjb74 ,! conception ( ! way 9 :i* capitali/ society w come to an end dem&s no little critical work+ out2 on ?is po9t ! ?\ght ( ,m>x & ,engels is n )\t obscurities & inconsi/5cies 7cf4 ,antidhr+1 pp4 #bhg et seq4 & p4 #big74 #gc ,see ,,*4 ,,&l]1 ,les orig9es du socialisme d'tat en ,allemagne1 ,p>is1 ,alcan1 #ahig4 ,&l] promises a book1 & is n[ giv+ a c\rse ( lectures on ! decomposition ( ,m>xism4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,rec5t ,,int]pretations ,,( ,,! ,,m>xian ,,!ory ,,( ,,value ,,& ,,controv]sies ,,conc]n+ ,,!m ,i ,labriola's criticism ( me?od & conclusions ( prece$+ essays answ]$3 ,8 criticism m]ely de/ructive3 ,t5d5cy ( e!r ?9k]s to arrive at l conclusions4 ,i h always discuss$ frankly ! views express$ 9 ! writ+s ( my em95t fri5d ,pr(essor ,antonio ,labriola4 ,i am !re=e glad t he has tak5 ! same lib]ty ) me1 & has subject$ to a vigor\s criticism 79 ! ,fr5* edition ( 8 book on ,socialismo e la filos(ia71#gd my int]pretation ( ! ,m>xian !ory ( value4#ge ,labriola has be5 impell$ to ?is also f a wi% to prev5t my op9ions f appe>+1 'to ! read]'s eyes1' z a supplem5t1 approv$ by him1 ( 8 own p]sonal ones4 ,& ?\gh ,i d n ?9k t 'to ! read]'s eyes' 7,i w h[ev] add intellig5t read]s71 ?is w\ld be possible1 s9ce1 ,i h always c>efully indicat$ ! po9ts1 & !y are nei!r few nor unimportant1 :]e we disagree3 yet be+ conv9c$ t cle>ness is nev] sup]flu\s1 ,i welcome 8 int5tion to make x /ill pla9] t ,i am n he1 & t he ?9ks ) 8 m9d :il/ ,i ?9k ) m9e4 ,labriola rejects entirely ! me?od adopt$ by me1 :i* he describes v>i\sly z s*ola/ic1 metaphysical1 metaphorical1 ab/ract1 =mal logic4 ,:5 ,i take pa9s to po9t out ! diff]5ces betwe5 homo oeconomicus & man1 moral or immoral1 betwe5 p]sonal int]e/ & egoism1#gf he %rugs 8 %\ld]s1 he does n refuse a c]ta9 indulg5ce to ?is traditional s*ola/icism1 & comp>es me to ! man 9 ! /reet :o speaks ( ! ris+ or sett+ ( ! sun1 or ( %9+ light & w>m heat4 ,:5 ,i firmly ma9ta9 ! !oretical necessity = a g5]al economics 9 addition to ! het]og5e\s consid]ations ( sociological economics1 he taxes me ) creat+1 9 addition to all ! visible & tangible animals1 an animal z su*4 ,& he *>ges me1 moreov]1 ) wi%+ to attack hi/ory1 comp>ative philology & physiology 9 ord] to sub/itute = all ^! ! pla9 ,logic ( ,port ,royal1 s t in/ead ( /udy+ examples ( epig5esis :i* h actually occurr$1 su* z ! transitions f inv]tebrates to v]tebrates1 f primitive communism to private prop]ty 9 l&1 f undiff]5tiat$ roots to ! sy/ematic diff]5tiation ( n\ns & v]bs 9 ! ,ariosemitic gr\p1 x might suffice to regi/] ^! facts 9 concepts pass+ f ! m g5]al to ! m p>ticul>1 9 ! s]ies ,a a#a a#b a#c etc4 ,b ,i h>dly "k h[ to def5d myself s]i\sly f su* accusations1 because x obliges me to repeat :at is too obvi\s1 i4e41 t to make concepts does n mean to create entities2 t to employ metaphors 7& language is all metaphor71 does n mean to believe my?ology2 t to con/ruct exp]i5ces 9 ?\ght1 & sci5tific ab/ractions1 does n mean to sub/itute ei!r "o or ! o!r = concrete reality2 t to make use1 :5 ne$ful1 ( =mal logic1 does n mean to ignore fact1 gr[?1 hi/ory4 ,:5 ,m>x exp\nds hi/orical facts ,i "k no way ( approa*+ him except t ( hi/orical criticism1 & :5 he def9es concepts & =mulates laws1 ,i c only proce$ to recognise ! cont5t ( 8 concepts1 & to te/ ! correctness ( 8 inf]5ces & d$uctions4 ,?us ,i h foll[$ ?is second me?od 9 /udy+ 8 !ory ( value4 ,if ,labriola kn[s ano!r & bett] "o1 let him /ate x4 ,b :at c\ld ?is o!r "o possibly be8 ,real logic8 ,9 t case let u boldly re-e/abli% ,hegel1 x w be ! less] evil1 at lea/ we %all und]/& "o ano!r4 ,or a /ill worse alt]native1 :at mon/r\s empirical-dialectic or evolutioni/ me?od may x be1 :i* confuses toge!r & abuses two di/9ct proc$ures1 & l5ds itself s readily to ! lov]s ( prophecy8 ,or is x m]ely a "q ( new phraseology by :i* we %all g on humbly work+1 m or less well1 ) ! old me?ods1 :il/ dete/+ ! old words8 ,or aga91 is ?is dislike = =mal logic no?+ b a conv5i5t pretext = disp5s+ ) any v9dication ( ! concepts :i* are employ$8 ,m>x has /at$ 8 concept ( value2 has exp\nd$ a process ( trans=mation ( value into price2 has recon/ruct$ ! nature ( pr(it z surplus value4 ,= me ! :ole problem ( ,m>xian criticism is conf9$ )9 ^! limits3--,is ,m>x's conception sub/antially errone\s 7entirely1 ow+ to false premisses1 & p>tially1 ow+ to false d$uctions78 or1 is ,m>x's conception sub/antially correct1 b has x be5 subsum$ "u a category to :i* x does n belong1 & has se>* be5 made 9 x = :at x _c supply1 :il/ :at x actually (f]s has be5 ignor$8 ,hav+ come to ?is second conclusion ,i h ask$ myself3 ,"u :at conditions & assumptions is ,m>x's !ory ?9kable8 ,& ?is "q ,i h tri$ to answ] 9 my essay4 ,:at ,m>x wi%$ to d1 or mi/ak5ly ?\ght himself to be do+ is1 ,i ?9k1 ( int]e/ to criticism up to a c]ta9 po9t2 al?\gh ! hi/ory ( sci5ce %[s t ?9k]s h n always _h ! cle>e/ & pla9e/ k ( ! :ole ( _! ?\ght2 & t x is "o ?+ to discov] a tru?1 & ano!r to def9e & classify ! discov]y :5 made4 ,x may be all[$ t he :o confuses ideological ) hi/orical rese>* ?us be/ reproduces ,m>x's _s2 b 9 ?is case ! "w w be an arti/ic reca/+ or a psy*ological reproduction1 n a criticism2 & w ga!r up ) ! s\nd also ! uns\nd portion ( ,m>x's ?\ght4 ,to g into details4 ,labriola tries to prove ! empt9ess or vagu5ess ( "s ( my def9itions & ! falsity ( "s ( my reason+4 ,i hav+ ass]t$ t capitali/ economics is a special case ( g5]al economics1 ,labriola rem>ks1 'en passant1' t x is nev]!less ! only case :i* has giv5 rise to a !ory & to divisions ( s*ools2 & ,i ackn[l$ge t ,i d n und]/& ! po9t ( ?is rem>k1 al?\gh x is said to be made 'en passant4' ,bo? ,m>x & ,engels lam5t$ t ! anci5t & m$ieval economic sy/ems _h n be5 /udi$ 9 ! same way z ! mod]n4 ,?us !re are conceivable at lea/ ?ree economic !ories1 anci5t1 m$ieval & mod]n1 & is x n lawful to con/ruct a g5]al economics2 i4e4 to /udy 9 isolation t common elem5t :i* causes ^! ?ree gr\ps ( facts to be all ?ree d5ot$ by a common "n8 ,labriola !n asks :at ?is g5]al & extra-hi/orical economics c consi/ (1 & :e!r x c nev] be ( s]vice to ! conjectural psy*ology ( primitive man3 he je/s aft] ! mann] ( ,engels1 :o 9 tru? has sometimes jok$ too mu* dur+ a discussion on s]i\s matt]s4 ,is x incr$ible t ,i too %\ld je/8 ,b ,i d n ?9k !re is occasion to d s6 ,he wond]s at my insatiability1 because hav+ accept$ ! h$oni/ic !ories1 ,i wi% to accept ,m>x's !ories too3 z ?\gh my entire pro( 0 n int5d$ to make x pla9 t ! anti!sis betwe5 ^! !ories exi/s only 9 imag9ation2 & t ,m>x's !ory is n an economic sy/em entirely oppos$ to o!r sy/ems 7'quelque *ose de t\t--fait oppos' are ,labriola's own words71 b a special & p>tial inquiry2 & z ?\gh by h$onism ,i meant all ! p]sonal convictions1 philosophical1 hi/orical & political1 ( ^? :o foll[1 or say t !y foll[1 its guidance1 & n inde$ only :at foll[s legitimately f its axiom4 ,:5 ,i call ! explanation ( ! nature ( pr(its1 (f]$ by ! h$oni/ic s*ool1 an economic explanation1 he inquires s>ca/ically3 ',c\ld x possibly be non-economic8' ,b my /atem5t conta9s no pleonasm3 ! adjective economic is add$ to m>k (f ! h$oni/ic explanation f t ( ,m>x1 :i*1 to my ?9k+1 is n purely economic1 b hi/orical & comp>ative1 or sociological1 if x is pref]r$4 ,he wond]s t ,i speak ( a work+ society1 & asks3 ',z oppos$ to :at8' ',p]haps to ! sa9ts 9 p>adise8' ,b ,i h po9t$ out ! opposition betwe5 a hypo!tical work+ society1--i4e4 su* t all its goods are produc$ by lab\r1--& a society1 economic c]ta9ly1 b n exclusively work+1 because x enjoys goods giv5 by nature1 z well z ! products ( lab\r4 ,! sa9ts 9 p>adise =m ano!r irrelevant je/4 ,i call$ ,m>x's concept ( surplus-value a concept ( diff]5ce2 & ,labriola reproa*es me = n be+ able 'to say exactly :at ,i und]/& by ^! words4' ,& yet ,i am n 9 ! habit ( speak+ or writ+ :5 ,i d n exactly "k :at ,i want to say2 & "h ,i believe t ,i h cle>ly express$ a ?\ght :i* ,i _h exce$+ly cle>ly 9 my m9d4 ,let u take two types ( society3 type ,a consi/+ ( #ajj p]sons1 :o1 ) capital held 9 common & equal lab\r1 produce goods :i* are divid$ 9 equal proportions2 type ,b consi/+ ( #ajj p]sons1 #ej ( :om own ! l& & ! means ( production1 i4e4 are capitali/s1 & #ej are %ut out f ?is own]%ip1 i4e4 are prolet>ians & workm52 9 ! di/ribution1 ! =m] receive1 9 proportion to ! capital :i* !y employ1 a %>e 9 ! products ( ! lab\r ( ! latt]4 ,x is evid5t t 9 type ,a !re is no place = surplus value4 ,b nei!r 9 type ,b are y ju/ifi$ 9 giv+ ! "n surplus-value to t portion ( ! products :i* is swall[$ up by ! capitali/s1 except :5 y are comp>+ type ,b ) type ,a1 & are consid]+ ! =m] z a contra/ to ! latt]4 ,if type ,b is consid]$ by itself1 :i* is precisely :at ! pure economi/s d & ought to d1 ! product :i* ! #ej capitali/s appropriate1 i4e4 _! pr(its1 is a result ( mutual agreem5t1 aris+ out ( diff]5t comp>ative degrees ( utility4 ,turn 9 e direction & 9 pure economics y w f9d no?+ m4 ,! expropriatory "* ( pr(it c be ass]t$ only :5 to ! second society1 we apply1 almo/ l a *emical reag5t1 ! /&>d1 :i*1 on ! o!r h&1 is *>act]i/ic ( a type ( society f\nd$ on human equality1 a type ':i* has atta9$ ! solidity ( a popul> conviction' 7,m>x74 ,pr(it 'is surplus-lab\r n paid ='1 says ,m>x1 & x may be s2 b n paid = 9 ref]5ce to :at8 ,9 exi/+ society x is c]ta9ly paid =1 by ! price :i* x actually secures4 ,x is a "q !n1 ( det]m9+ 9 :at society x w\ld h t price :i* 9 exi/+ society is d5i$ x4 ,& !n1 inde$1 x is a "q ( comp>ison4 ,! foll[+ ( ,labriola's ass]tions is n orig9al1 b is nev]!less q gratuit\s3 ',pure economics is s little extra-hi/orical1 t x has borr[$ ! data f real hi/ory1 ( :i* x makes two absolute po/ulates3 ! fre$om ( lab\r & ! fre$om ( competition1 pu%$ to _! extreme by hypo!sis4' ,if ,i op5 ,pantaleoni's well-kn[n treatise1 ,i read 9 ! v fir/ p>agraph ( ! ,teoria del valore1 ,f]r>a's fundam5tal !ory t3 'value is above all a ph5om5on ( ! economics ( ! individual or isolat$ p]son4' ,s little d ! legal conditions ( society ent] into ! necess>y po/ulates ( pure economics4 ,aft] :i*1 ,labriola ought n to be horrifi$ if ,i h writt53 't ,m>x has tak5 8 celebrat$ equival5ce#gg betwe5 value & lab\r f outside ! field ( pure economics4 ,he w ask me3 f :5ce !n has he tak5 x8 ,& ,i reply3 f a special & def9ite type ( society1 9 :i* ! legal organisation & ! pre-suppos$ conditions ( fact make value correspond to ! quantity ( lab\r4 ,labriola does n consid] ju/ifi$ ! comp>ison :i* ,i h drawn1 7metaphor = metaphor71 betwe5 ! commodities :i* 9 ,m>xian economics are pres5t$ z ! cry/allisations ( lab\r & ! goods :i* 9 pure economics might well be call$ quantities ( possible satisfactions = cry/allis$ wants4 ',hi!rto--he exclaims--only sorc]]s h be5 able to believe1 or to cause x to be believ$1 t by desires alone a "p ( ourselves might be glut9is$ into any goods :atsoev]4' ,b :at does glut9ise mean8 ,to obta9 ! commodity a co/s u x lab\r ( a giv5 k9d1 ?is is ,m>x's congeal$ lab\r4 ,pure economics1 us+ a m g5]al =mula1 /ates t x co/s u t body ( wants :i* we mu/ leave unsatisfi$3 ?is is ! =m ( congealm5t :i* pure economics might supply4 ,!re is no "q1 9 ! "o case1 ( an objective reality1 z ,labriola seems to ?9k1 or 9 ! o!r ( an imag9$ sorc]y2 b 9 bo? cases x is a matt] ( ! lit]>y use ( imag9ative expressions to d5ote m5tal attitudes & elaborations4 ,9 ?is connection ,labriola1 z if to limit _! range1 says t ,m>x1 z an au?or1 belong$ to ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,may ,i be all[$1 z a humble /ud5t ( lit]ature1 & ! au?or ( sev]al inve/igations into ! "* & orig9 ( sev5te5? c5tury /yle1#gh to prote/4 ,sev5te5? c5tury /yle consi/s 9 +5uity1 i4e4 9 putt+ cold intellectuality into an /hetic =m2 h5ce ! =c$ comp>ison1 ! l5g?y metaphor1 ! play on words & ! equivocations4 ,b ,m>x1 on ! contr>y1 misuses poetic expressions1 :i* give ! cont5t ( 8 ?\ght ) unre/ra9$ vig\r4 ,we f9d 9 him j ! opposite ( sev5te5? c5tury /yle3 n a lack ( connection betwe5 ! =m & ! ?\ght1 b su* a viol5t embrace ( ! =m] by ! latt] t ! unlucky =m sometimes runs ! risk ( be+ left suffocat$4#gi ,! read] w be tir$ ( ^! replies to a negative criticism2 b negative criticism is nev]!less all t ,labriola (f]s u4 ,:at is 8 int]pretation ( ,m>x's ?\ght8 ,or :i* does he accept1 out ( ^? (f]$8 ,"h ,labriola is sil5t4 ,x is true t on ano!r occasion ,i believ$ t ,i disc]n$ 9 8 /atem5t t 'lab\r-value is ! typical premiss 9 ,m>x1 )\t :i* all ! re/ w\ld be un?9kable1' an agreem5t ) my !sis4 ,b ,i see n[ t ,i mu/ h be5 deceiv$1 & t ! words mu/ h ano!r mean+2 :i*1 h[ev]1 w>n$ by ! unlucky attempt already made1 ,i %all n attempt fur!r to specify4 ,9 ! meantime ,somb>t has built ca/les 9 ! air2 ,sorel has made ha/y or premature elaborations2 ! pres5t writ] has n und]/ood 7see p4 #bbd74 ,are we !n fac$ by a my/]y8 ,our fri5d1 ,labriola1 relates 7p4 #ej7 a /ory ( ,hegel :o is said to h decl>$ t "o only ( 8 pupils _h und]/ood him4 7,! anecdote1 ,i may add1 is rec\nt$ by ,he9ri* ,he9e 9 a mu* witti] mann]74#hj ,is ! same ?+ to be repeat$ ) reg>d to ,m>x's !ory ( value8 ,9 tru?1 ?\gh )\t wi%+ to d5y ! difficulty ( ,m>x's ?\ght & ( ! =m 9 :i* he expresses x1 ,i ?9k t ! my/]y may be at l5g? cle>$ up4 ,& ,i say ?is1 n only on acc\nt ( my inw>d conviction ( ! tru? ( my own int]pretation1 b also on acc\nt ( ! agreem5t 9 :i* ,i f9d myself ) sev]al critics1 :o1 almo/ at ! same mom5t1 & by indep5d5t me?ods1 h arriv$ at results ne>ly simil> to my own4 ',or1 se im mo/ra la mia c>ta il v]o1 ,non lontano a discoprirsi il porto4444'#ha ,a simil> t5d5cy %[s itself 9 :at has be5 writt5 on ! subject by ,somb>t1 9 #ahid1 by ,engels 9 #ahie1 by myself 9 #ahif1 by ,sorel 9 #ahig1 by myself m at l5g? 9 #ahig1 & aga9 by ,sorel 9 ,june ( la/ ye> 7#ahih74hb ,c]ta9ly tru? & falsehood _c be decid$ by ext]nal signs1 ! intellect be+ ! only judge ( !m1 & a judge :o all[s scope = inf9ite appeals4 ,b nev]!less x is natural t "u ! circum/ances po9t$ out above1 a feel+ ( hope & confid5ce mu/ arise t ! discussion is ab\t to be clos$1 t ! problem is at l5g? ripe = solution4 ,,ii ,mean+ ( phrase crisis ,9 ,m>xianism3 ,sorel's view ( equival5ce ( value & lab\r mo/ly 9 agreem5t ) view put =w>d above3 ,an attempt to exam9e pr(its indep5d5tly ( !ory ( value3 ,is n possible3 ,surplus product same z surplus value4 ,i ?9k x opportune1 h[ev]1 to return to ^? elaborations ( ,sorel1 :i* ,labriola summ>ily judges ) su* sev]ity1 9 ord] to make "s rem>ks ab\t !m1 n 9 refutation b 9 support1 & to expla9 a c]ta9 po9t :]e !re may seem to be disagreem5t betwe5 u1 :i* p]haps has no reason to exi/4 ,b "h ,i may be all[$ to make a rem>k4 ,labriola is also wag+ w> ) ,sorel3 8 book ,discorr5do1 etc41 aris+ out ( a s]ies ( fri5dly lett]s to ,sorel1 :i* ,i und]took to edit 9 ,italy1 is publi%$ 9 ,fr5* ) an app5dix direct$ aga9/ me1 & a preface direct$ aga9/ ,sorel4 ,! gr\nd ( ! qu>rel is especially 9 connection ) ! s-call$ crisis 9 ,m>xism4 ,n[ if ! crisis 9 ,m>xism be und]/ood z ! ass]tion ( ! ne$ = a revision & correction ( ! sci5tific ideas1 ( ! hi/orical beliefs1 ( ! mat]ial ( obs]v$ facts1 :i* are curr5t 9 ,m>xian lit]ature1 well & good3 9 su* a crisis ,i too believe4 ,if x means also a *ange 9 ! programmes & practical me?ods1 ,i nei!r agree nor disagree1 hav+ nev] conc]n$ myself ) ! subject 9 dispute4 ,if ! dang] is really exi/5t ! appreh5sion ( :i* seems to obsess & di/urb ,labriola1 t a crisis 9 ,m>xism ( :atev] k9d1 or ! comm5cem5t ( x1 may be neutralis$ by ^? to ^: int]e/ x is to lead a/ray & scatt] ! lab\r movem5t1 !n provideant consules4 ,b :e!r !re be crisis or no crisis1 :e!r purely sci5tific or also practical1 :e!r appreh5sions are well-f\nd$ or imag9$ & exagg]at$1 all ^! ?+s h no connection ) ! que/ions rais$ by me1 :i* relate to ! errone\sness ( ?is or t !oretical or hi/orical /atem5t ( ,m>xism1 & ! way 9 :i* ?is or t mu/ be und]/ood 9 ord] to be reg>d$ z true4 ,?is is my /&po9t & on ?is gr\nd alone ,i admit discussion4 ,i may be mi/ak51 b ?is mu/ be prov$ to me4 ,b if1 on ! contr>y1 ! only answ] v\*saf$ to me is t ! crisis 9 ,m>xism results f ! int]national reaction1 ( :i* +5i\s critics are tak+ advantage1 ,i %all be left x is true1 some:at bewild]$2 b ,i %all n on ?is acc\nt be conv9c$ t ! !ory ( value is true1 9 ! burlesque s5se1 = example1 9 :i* x is exp\nd$ by ,/]n 9 8 well-kn[n propag&i/ booklet4 ,sorel at fir/ supposes1#hc wittily en\gh1 t ,m>x _h built up diff]5t economic sph]es1 ! fir/ ( :i* 7t ( lab\r-value7 is ! simple/2 ! second1 includ+ ! ph5om5on ( an av]age rate ( pr(it1 & ! creation ( co/ ( production1 is m complex1 & ! ?ird1 9 :i* is obs]v$ ! effect ( r5t ( l&1 is /ill m complex4 ,9 pass+ f ! simple to ! m complex sph]e1 we %\ld f9d aga9 ! laws ( ! prec$+ "o1 modifi$ by ! new data introduc$1 :i* w\ld h giv5 rise to new ph5om5a4 ,9 8 second article he ab&ons ?is int]pretation1 be+ conv9c$ t ,m>x's ideal con/ruction does n aim at supply+ a complete explanation ( ! ph5om5a ( economics by means ( ! increas+ complexity ( 8 comb9ations4 ,&1 9 my op9ion1 he did well to ab&on x2 n only = ! excell5t reason /at$ by him1 t ,m>x's inquiry does n include an entire sy/em ( economics1 b also because ! process sugge/$ by him does n expla9 :y ,m>x1 9 analys+ ! economic ph5om5a ( ! second or ?ird sph]e1 ev] us$ concepts ^: place 0 only 9 ! fir/ "o4 ,x does n expla9 :at ,i h call$ ! eliptical comp>ison1 & h]e9 lies ! difficulty ( ,m>x's "w1 or r ( ! lit]>y /atem5t ( 8 ?\ght4 ,if ! correspond5ce betwe5 lab\r & value is only realiz$ 9 ! simplifi$ society ( ! fir/ sph]e1 :y insi/ on translat+ ! ph5om5a ( ! second into t]ms ( ! fir/8 ,:y give ! "n trans=mation ( surplus value to :at makes its appe>ance z ! natural economic result ( capital :i* mu/ h 7f its v nature z capital7 a pr(it8 ,does ,m>x (f] an explanation connect+ gr\nd & consequ5ce1 or does he n r draw a p>allel betwe5 two diff]5t ph5om5a1 by :i* ! div]sities illum9at+ ! orig9s ( society are set 9 relief8 ,b ,sorel n[ advances to precisely ?is conclusion1 borr[+ a happy phrase f 8 fir/ article3 t ,m>x's "w is n int5d$ to expla9 by means ( laws analog\s to physical laws1 b only to ?r[ p>tial & indirect light on economic reality4 ,! me?od :i* ,m>x employs 9 8 inquiry1 says ,sorel1 is a metaphysical in/rum5t2 he makes a metaphysics ( economics4 ,?is expression may be satisfactory or n1 accord+ to ! diff]5t mean+s giv5 to ! ^w metaphysics2 b ! idea is accurate & true4 ,m>x builds an ideal con/ruction :i* helps him to expla9 ! conditions ( lab\r 9 capitali/ society4 ,:at are ! limits ( ,m>x's ideal con/ruction1 & 9 :at d 8 hypo!ses consi/8 ,i h said t ! concept ( lab\r-value is true = an ideal society1 ^: only goods consi/ 9 ! products ( lab\r1 & 9 :i* !re are no class di/9ctions4 ,sorel does n ?9k x necess>y to elim9ate z ,i h done1 ! divisions ( classes4 ,b1 s9ce he writes3 ',m>x1 l ,ric>do1 conceiv$ a me*anical society1 p]fectly automatic1 9 :i* competition is always at its maximum effici5cy1 & ex*anges are effect$ by means ( univ]sal in=mation2 & he suppos$ t ! v>i\s sociological conditions are measurable 9 int5sity1 & t ! numb]s result+ c be connect$ by ma!matical =mul2 h5ce 9 su* a society1 utility1 dem&1 & comm]ce 9 commodities are results ( ! divisions ( classes2 value w n 9 consequ5ce be a function ( ?is condition1 al?\gh x is truly a function ( ! conditions ( production2 utility1 dem&1 c only appe> 9 ! =ms ( ! function1 9 ! p>amet]s ref]r+ to ! social divisions4' ,s9ce he1 ,i repeat1 does n 9 8 hypo!sis1 make lab\r-value dep5d5t on ! division ( classes1 x seems to me t ?is is practically to leave out ! fact ( ! division4 ,& x is p]haps cle>] to omit x explicitly4 ,we %\ld h !n3 7#a7 a work+ economic society )\t diff]5ces ( classes1 law ( lab\r-value2 7#b7 ,social divisions ( classes1 orig9 ( pr(it1 :i*1 b only 9 comp>ison ) ! prec$+ type & 9 s f> z ! concepts ( ! =m] are c>ri$ ov] into ! latt]1 may be def9$ z surplus-value2 7#c7 ,te*nical di/9ction betwe5 ! diff]5t indu/ries requir+ diff]5t comb9ations ( capital 7diff]5t proportions ( fix$ & float+ capital74 ,orig9 ( ! av]age rate ( pr(its1 :i* 9 relation to ! prec$+ type1 may be reg>d$ z a *ange 91 & equalisation (1 surplus-values2 7#d7 ,appropriation ( ! l& by "p ( a social class4 ,pure r5t2 7#e7 ,qualitative diff]5ces 9 l&4 ,diff]5tial r5t4 ,:i* r5ts1 pure & diff]5tial1 pres5t !mselves1 b only 9 comp>ison ) ! prec$+ types1 z cut (f f ! am\nts ( surplus-value & ( pr(its4 ,sorel agrees ) me t ! concept ( lab\r-value1 obta9$ 9 ! mann] describ$1 is n only n a law 9 ! same s5se z a physical law1 b is also n a law 9 ! e?ical s5se1 i4e4 "o t c\ld be und]/ood z a rule ( :at ought to exi/4 ,x is a law1 he says1 9 an entirely ,m>xian s5se4 ,?is ,i too tri$ to express :5 ,i wrote 9 my essay3 ',x is a law 9 ,m>x's conception1 b n 9 economic reality4 ,x is cle> t we may conceive ! div]g5cies 9 relation to a /&>d z ! rebellion ( reality 9 opposition to t /&>d1 to :i* we h giv5 ! dignity ( law4' ,x seems to me t ! juri/ ,pr(essor ,/amml] 9 8 book ,wir?s*aft und ,re*t na* d] mat]iali/is*5 ,ges*i*tsauffassung1#hd has also made ! mi/ake ( int]pret+ ,m>x's concept z an ideal law4 ,he is absolutely correct :51 9 reject+ ,kautsky's comp>ison betwe5 ! concept ( lab\r-value & ! law ( gravity--:i* takes effect fully on a vacuum--:il/ ! resi/ance made by air leads to special results1 he ma9ta9s t ?is has no?+ analog\s to a physical law4 ,= him1 on ! o!r h&1 ,m>x's law is ju/ifi$ 7at lea/ =mally7 z an attempt at inve/igation into :at 9 ! judgm5t ( economi/s1 grant$ ! capitali/ organisation ( society1 may be objectively accurate4 ,subjective judgm5ts may diff]1 b t does n affect :at ought to be an objective crit]ion1 to divide ! true f ! false4 ,b c an objective crit]ion ev] be f\nd )9 ! sph]e ( economics8 ,anyone :o has rightly und]/ood ! pr9ciple ( h$oni/ic economics mu/ answ] no4 ,& if ,/amml] br+s =w>d su* an idea1 x is because 9 8 "w he expressly int5ds to d5y ! orig9ality ( economic mat]ial & ! indep5d5ce ( economics z a sci5ce4#he ,sorel believes t ,m>x's me?od has r5d]$ all ! assi/ance ( :i* x is capable1 & _c aid ! /udy1 :i* x is ne$ful to make1 ( mod]n economic conditions4 ,if ,i am n mi/ak5 he means t ! hopes ( ! ,m>xians 9 reg>d to ! fruitfulness ( ,m>x's me?od are futile1 & t ! pages :i* he has writt5 9 ! hi/ory ( economics are practically all t c be produc$ by x4 ,a good "p ( ! ?ird volume1 9 :i* ,m>x %[s himself a simple classical economi/1 & ! mis]able & scanty output ( ,m>xian economic writ+s subsequ5t to ,m>x1 w\ld sugge/ t ,/amml]'s op9ion is ju/ifi$ by ! facts4 ,b1 :il/ ,sorel's book seems to me welcome 9 ! endeav\r to und]/& & def9e ! score ( ,m>x's economic inquiries1 ,i _c =m ! same judgm5t ( ano!r attempt made to re=m ! basis ( ,m>x's sy/em by reject+ 8 me?od1 & a "p ( 8 results4 ,i ref] to a rec5t book by ,dr ,antonio ,graziadei1#hf :i* has be5 mu* discuss$ dur+ ^! la/ mon?s4 ,graziadei's object is to exam9e pr(its indep5d5tly ( ! !ory ( value3 a c\rse already indicat$ by ,pr(essor ,loria1 & ! fallacy ( :i* ought to be cle>ly evid5t at a glance1 )\t its be+ necess>y to wait = pro( f ! results ( ! attempt4 ,a sy/em ( economics f :i* value is omitt$1 is l logic )\t ! concept1 e?ics )\t duty1 /hetics )\t expression4 ,x is economics 444 cut (f f its prop] sph]e4 ,b let u see = a mom5t h[ ,graziadei manages ! work+ out ( 8 idea4 ,9 ! fir/ place he tries to prove t 9 ,m>x's own "w ! !ory ( pr(its is 9 itself indep5d5t ( t ( value4 ,pr(its he says1 consi/ 9 surplus-value1 i4e4 9 ! diff]5ce betwe5 total lab\r & necess>y lab\r4 ,h5ce x c be made to orig9ate 9 surplus-value )\t />t+ f ! =m value itself4 ,b he himself de/roys ! argum5t :5 fur!r on 7p4 #aj7 he objects t if lab\r is n productive lab\r x does n give rise to pr(its4 ,precisely = t reason--we answ]--9 ord] to be 9 a position to speak ( lab\r :i* is productive1 ,m>x mu/ />t f value1 & precisely = t reason1 9 ,m>x's ?\ght1 ! !ory ( pr(its & ! !ory ( value are insep>ably connect$4 ,z to ! con/ruction1 on 8 own acc\nt1 ( a !ory ( pr(its :i* is indep5d5t ( t ( value1 ,graziadei accompli%es ?is 9 a v curi\s way3 viz4 by c>efully avoid+ ! words value & lab\r1 & by speak+ in/ead only ( product4 ,pr(its1 accord+ to him1 d n arise out ( surplus-lab\r or surplus-value1 b out ( surplus-product2 h5ce we c1 & ought1 9 !ory1 to />t f ! concept ( product & n conc]n ourselves ) value1 :i* is a sup]ficial gr[? ( ! f9al /age ( ! m>ket4 ,surplus product6 ,b surplus-product1 9 s f> z x is an economic surplus-product1 is value4 ,c]ta9ly1 ! capitali/ :o pays wages 9 k9d1 & 9 gett+ back aga9 ! goods advanc$ by him1 also appropriates ! o!r "p ( ! product 7surplus-product71 c1 in/ead ( tak+ ?is to m>ket1 consume x himself directly 7z 9 ,graziadei's hypo!sis74 ,b ?is does n alt] ! matt] at all1 because ! fact t ! product is n tak5 to m>ket does n mean t x has no value 9 ex*ange3 s9ce x is true t ! capitali/ has obta9$ x by means ( an ex*ange betwe5 himself & ! lab\r]2 :i* means t he has always assess$ its value 9 "s mann]4 ,& "h we are aga9 at ! !ory ( value1 f :i* we h va9ly attempt$ to escape4 ,moreov]1 s9ce ,graziadei is ess5tially conc]n$ ) ! economics ( lab\r1 "h we are aga9 at ,m>x's exact concept ( lab\r value4 ,tam5 usque recurrit6#hg ,graziadei's book includes also "s corrections ( ,m>x's special !ories on pr(its & wages4 ,b ,i may be all[$ to rem>k t ! corrections to be call$ su* ought to ref] to ! gov]n+ pr9ciples4 ,new facts d n weak5 a !ory firmly e/abli%$ on fundam5tals2 & x is natural t1 ) a *ange 9 ! actual conditions1 a new casui/ry w arise :i* ,m>x c\ld n discuss4 ,:atev] =eca/s he may h made 9 8 long c>e] z au?or & politician1 :i* ! ev5t has prov$ fallaci\s--,i d n believe he ev] pret5d$3 ',sguaiato ,giosu 444 ,f]m>e il sole4'#hh ,april1 #ahii4 ,,footnotes3 #gd ,socialisme et philosophie by ,,antonio ,,labriola4 ,p>is1 ,gi>d et ,brire1 #ahii1 see pp4 #bjg-bbd4 ,po/script to ! ,fr5* edition4 #ge ,see *ap4 ,,iii4 #gf ,l an imp5it5t s9n] ,i %all come back to ?is di/9ction1 :i* is ess5tial = ! solid f\ndation ( ! pr9ciples ( economics1 & ! evil effects ( ^: neglect are app>5t 9 ! disc\rses ( economi/s4 #gg ,i write equival5ce because ,m>x writes ?us1 & because = ! pres5t "q ?is o!r is q irrelevant3 viz4 :e!r ! relation ( value c be express$ 9 ! ma!matical =m ( a relation ( equival5ce4 ,b1 = my "p1 & ,i foll[ ! h$oni/s 9 ?is2 ,i d5y entirely t ! relation ( value is a relation ( equival5ce4 ,! pro( ( ?is has already be5 suppli$ by o!rs1 & !re is no occasion to repeat x4 #gh ,see ,,croce ,giambatti/a ,basile e il ',cunto de li ,cunti1' ,naples1 #ahia2 ,ric]*e ispano-italiane1 s]ies ,i1 la/ p>agraph1 7,atti dell' ,acc4 ,pontan2 vol4 xxviii1 #ahih72 ,i pr$icatori italiani del seic5to e il gu/o spagnuolo1 ,naples1 ,pi]ro1 #ahii2 ,i trattati/i italiani del 'concettismo' e ,baltas> ,gracian 7,atti dell' ,acc4 ,pontan2 vol4 xxix1 #ahii74 #gi ,,labriola--:o reproduces ,m>x's /yle v well "h & !re 9 8 own--writes 9 8 essay on ',das ,kommuni/is*e ,manife/1' #bnd ,ed41 p4 #gi4 ',! ,manife/o 444 does n %$ te>s ov] no?+4 ,! te>s ( ?+s h already ris5 on _! feet ( !mselves1 l a spontane\sly v5geful =ce4' ,! te>s :i* rise on _! feet may make ! hair rise on ! head ( a man ( mod]ate ta/e2 b ! expression1 al?\gh viol5tly imag9ative1 is n 9 sev5te5? c5tury /yle4 #hj ,als ,hegel auf dem ,todbette lag1 sagte er3--,nur e9] hat mi* v]/&56 ,ab] glei* d>auf fgte er v]driessli* h9zu4 ,und d] hat mi* au* ni*t v]/&56' 7,he9e4 ,zur ,ges*i*te d] ,religion und ,philosophie 9 ,deuts*l&4 ,bk4 ,,iii74 #ha ',n[1 if my map %[s me true1 we are n f> f ! sight ( our hav54444' 7,ario/o1 ,orl&o ,furioso47 #hb ,,somb>t1 9 ! ,ar*iv fr soziale ,gesetzgebung und ,/ati/ik1 vol4 vii41 #ahid1 pp4 #eee-eid2 ,,engels 9 ,neue ,zeit xiv41 vol4 i41 #d-aa1 #cg-dd2 ,,croce1 ,le teorie /ori*e del pr(4 ,loria2 ,,sorel 9 ! ,j\rnal des conomi/es1 no4 = ,may #ae?1 #ahig2 ,,croce1 ,p] la int]pretazione e la critica di alcuni concetti del m>xism1 see 9 ?is volume *ap4 ,,iii42 ,,sorel1 ,nuovi contributi alla teoria m>xi/ica del valore1 9 ! ,giornale degli economi/i1 ,june #ahih4 #hc ,9 ! article ref]r$ to1 9 ! ,j\rnal des ,economi/es4 #hd ,see pp4 #bff-h1 #feh-i4 #he ,see *ap4 ,,ii4 #hf ,la produzione capitali/ica1 ,tur91 ,bocca1 #ahii4 #hg ,graziadei w all[ me to po9t out to him t x is n ! fir/ "t t he has made discov]ies t turn out to be equivocal4 ,"s ye>s ago :5 c>ry+ on a controv]sy1 9 ! review ,critica sociale1 on ! !ory ( ! orig9 ( pr(its 9 ,m>x's sy/em1 ,graziadei 7vol4 ,,iv41 n4 #bb1 #af? ,nov4 #ahid1 p4 #cdh7 wrote2 ',we c v readily imag9e a society1 9 :i* pr(its exi/1 n inde$ ) surplus-lab\r1 b ) no lab\r4 ,if1 9 fact1 = all ! lab\r n[ accompli%$ by man 0 sub/itut$ ! "w ( ma*9es1 ^! latt]1 ) a relatively small quantity ( commodities w\ld produce an enorm\sly great] quantity4 ,n[1 giv5 a capitali/ organisation ( society1 ?is te*nical ph5om5on w\ld af=d a basis = a social ph5om5on1 viz43 t ! rul+ class be+ able to enjoy by itself alone ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! product & ! consumption ( ! ma*9e1 w\ld see at _! disposal an excess ( products ov] ! consumption ( ! lab\r]s1 i4e41 a surplus-product1 mu* l>g] ?an :5 ! feeble muscul> =ce ( man /ill co-op]at$ 9 production4' ,b "h ,graziadei neglects to expla9 h[ lab\r]s c\ld ev] exi/1 & pr(its ( lab\r1 9 a hypo!tical society1 bas$ on non-lab\r1 & 9 :i* all ! lab\r actually done by man w\ld be done by ma*9es4 ,:at w\ld ! lab\r]s be do+ !re8 ,! "w ( ,sisyphus or ! ,danaides8 ,9 8 hypo!sis ! prolet>iat w\ld ei!r be ma9ta9$ by ! *>ity ( ! rul+ class1 or w\ld end by rapidly disappe>+1 de/roy$ by />vation4 ,= if he suppos$ t ! ma*9es w\ld produce automatically a sup]fluity ( goods = ! :ole ( t society1 !n he 0 simply con/ruct+ by hypo!sis a l& ( ,cocaigne4 #hh ',z foll[] ( ,jo%ua 444 to /op ! sun4' ,,*apt] ,v4 ,a ,,criticism ,,( ,,! ,,m>xian ,,law ,,( ,,! ,,fall ,,9 ,,! ,,rate ,,( ,,pr(its ,int]pretation "h giv5 assumes acceptance ( ,m>x's ma9 pr9ciples3 ,necess>y decl9e 9 rate ( pr(it on hypo!sis ( te*nical improvem5t3 ,two successive /ages confus$ by ,m>x3 ,m accurately a decl9e 9 am\nt ( pr(it3 ,m>x assumes t w\ld be an increase ( capital3 ,w\ld be same capital & increase 9 rate ( pr(its3 ,decl9e 9 rate ( pr(its due to o!r reasons4 ,?is law is set =? 9 ! ?ird section ( ! ?ird book 7po/hum\s7 ( ,das ,kapital4 ,a few criticisms h be5 made ( x1 :i* v>y f t ( ,somb>t1 :o says t x is develop$ 9 ! mo/ /rik+ mann] 79 glnz5d/] ,weise71 to t ( ,loria1 :o def9es x z 'a metaphysical pi/ol %ot 7sic7 f beyond ! ,rh9e1' & ?9ks t he refutes x by an objection :i* is 9 fact q inappropriate4 ,o!rs h ?\ght ! law c]ta9ly true1 b t x expla9$ only p>tially ! fact ( ! decl9e 9 ! rate ( pr(its & requir$ to be comb9$ ) o!r laws already kn[n to classical economics4 ,b mo/ ( ^? :o h /udi$ ,m>x's economic !ories h n exam9$ x at all2 8 oppon5ts 7l ,bhm ,baw]k7 reject x by implication1 :5 !y reject ,m>x's fundam5tal pr9ciples2 ! ,m>xians welcome x1 ,g]man fa%ion1 humbly & submissively1 )\t discussion1 ) t lack ( fre$om & intellectual orig9ality :i* is noticeable 9 all _! writ+s4 ,! exam9ation ( x attempt$ "h1 re/s on ! same basis z ,m>x's !ories1 i4e4 x is made f ! /&po9t ( ^? :o accept ! ess5tials ( ^! !ories1 & h5ce ! premiss ( lab\r-value1 ! di/9ction betwe5 fix$ & float+ capital1 ! view ( pr(its z aris+ f surplus-value1 & ( ! av]age rate ( pr(its z aris+ f ! equalisation1 ow+ to competition1 ( ! v>i\s rates ( surplus-value4 ,x is true t ,i accept all ^! ?+s 9 a c]ta9 s5se1 :i* is n ! s5se ( ! ord9>y ,m>xian1 inasmu* z !y are n look$ ^u z laws actually work+ 9 ! economic _w1 b z ! results ( comp>ative inve/igations into diff]5t possible =ms ( economic society4 ,b su* a res]vation1 :i* relates to a "q discuss$ by me at l5g? else:]e1#hi has practically no effect on ! pres5t /udy1 ^: results w\ld be almo/ ! same1 ev5 if ^! !ories ( ,m>x 7 int]pret$ 9 ! s5se :i* ,i consid] errone\s4 ,! object "h is no long] to det]m9e & def9e accurately ,m>x's fundam5tal concepts1 b to see :e!r1 f ^! concepts1 ev5 :5 int]pret$ 9 ! curr5t mann]1 x is ev] possible 9 any way to d$uce ! law ( ! fall 9 ! rate ( pr(its4 ,?is task ,i ?9k impossible4 ,! law 0 d]iv$ by ,m>x f ! /udy ( ! effects ( te*nical improvem5t4 ,m>x /ates t te*nical improvem5t increases ! am\nt & *anges ! =m ( ! total capital1 increas+ ! proportion ( fix$ z comp>$ ) float+ capital1 s t by ?is means ! rate ( pr(it is decreas$2 ! latt] arises1 z is well-kn[n1 out ( ! surplus-value1 ! product ( ! float+ capital divid$ by ! total capital4 ,he illu/rates ! matt] ?us4 ,"s te*nical improvem5t occurs2 new ma*9es are made1 :i* =m]ly did n exi/4 ,! capital employ$ 9 production has be5 hi!rto1 we w suppose1 a total ( #a1jjj1 divid$ into #ejj fix$ & #ejj float+1 & employ+ #ajj lab\r]s3 ! surplus-value #ejj1 i4e4 ! rate ( x is #ajj p] c5t42 & h5ce ! rate ( pr(it is #ejj_/ajjj #ej p] c5t4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! te*nical improvem5t1 & ( ! con/ruction ( new ma*9es1 ! #ajj lab\r]s :o are ma9ta9$ by ! v>iable capital ( #ejj1 cont9ue /ill to be employ$ 9 production2 b1 9 ord] t ?is may be possible1 x is necess>y to use a l>g] fix$ capital1 :i* we may suppose #bjj l>g] ?an be=e4 ,h5ce1 z ! result ( ! te*nical improvem5t1 !re w n[ be a total capital ( #a1bjj1 i4e4 #gjj fix$ & #ejj float+2 & ! rate ( surplus-value rema9+ un*ang$ at #ajj p] c5t41 ! rate ( pr(it w be #ejj_/abjj ab\t #da p] c5t41 i4e4 w h decreas$ f #ej p] c5t4 to #da p] c5t4 ,h5ce ! necess>y decl9e 9 ! rate ( pr(it on ! hypo!sis ( te*nical improvem5t4 ,b ?is hypo!sis is an actual ev]yday fact 9 mod]n capitali/ society4 ,h5ce1 ! actual decl9e ( ! av]age rate ( pr(its 9 mod]n capitali/ society4 ,b ?is law is m or less c\nt]act$ by o!r facts1 :i* act 9 a contr>y s5se m or less transitorily4 ,?us ! fall is only a t5d5cy4 ,9 ord] t our /udy may be cle>1 x is above all necess>y to di/+ui% ! two gr\ps ( facts1 or ! two /ages 9 ! same capitali/ society :i* ,m>x confus$ & embrac$ 9 a s+le some:at obscure view4 ,! fir/ /age is m>k$ by ! fact1 pure & simple1 ( a te*nical improvem5t4 ,n[ te*nical improvem5t1 among its logical1 or :at is ! same ?+1 its necess>y effects1 9 no way includes t ( an increase 9 ! am\nt ( total capital employ$1 nor t ( leav+ ! quantity ( total capital un*ang$4 ,x has r exactly ! opposite z its necess>y & imm$iate effect3 i4e4 t ( limit+ ! capital employ$4 ,x is unnecess>y to w>n ! read] t we are "h treat+ ( economic sci5ce & t increase & decrease ref] always to economic values4 ,9 its simple/ =m1 suppos+ ! quantity ( objects produc$ to be con/ant 7#bjj %oes are requir$1 & !re is no reason to increase ! production71 te*nical progress w consi/1 purely & simply1 9 a sav+ ( social exp5se3 ! same production at less exp5se4 ,& s9ce all co/1 9 ,m>x's hypo!sis resolves itself into social lab\r1 !re w be ! same production ) less social lab\r4 ,if x 7 n s1 x w\ld n be wor? :ile to introduce ?is te*nical innovation2 !re w\ld be1 economically1 no improvem5t b ei!r ! /atus quo ante or a regression4 ,we mu/ n take into acc\nt ! o!r effects :i* w\ld arise to increase production1 great] consumption1 increase ( population1 etc3 additional & extrane\s facts :i* are n consid]$ "h1 s9ce we are conc]n$ ) ! s+le fact ( te*nical improvem5t1 all o!r conditions rema9+ un*ang$4 ,&1 9 su* a case1 we _c repres5t te*nical improvem5t ) ! increas+ s]ies ( total capital :i* ,m>x employs1 viz4 #aej1 #bjj1 #cjj1 #djj1 #ejj1 etc41 b ) ?is decreas+ "o1 #aej1 #adj1 #acj1 #abj1 #aaj1 etc4 ,& to keep to ! illu/ration us$ above1 if we suppose t ! giv5 te*nical improvem5t has caus$ a decrease ( #a_/aj 9 ! total social lab\r requir$1 we %all h 9 place ( ! orig9al capital ( #a1jjj a capital ( #ijj1 no long] made up ( #ejj fix$ & #ejj float+1 b ( #dej fix$ & #dej float+4 ,! decrease mu/ affect proportionally e "p ( ! capital s9ce all ( x is1 9 ! f9al analysis1 a product ( lab\r4 ,( ! #ajj orig9al lab\r]s1 #a_/aj1 i4e4 #aj ( !m w rema9 unemploy$3 a fraction ( ! orig9al capital w rema9 unemploy$2 ! quantity 7or utility7 ( ! goods produc$ w rema9 ! same4#ij ,:5 ! description ( ! facts is ?us correct$1 !re is no d\bt t ! small] total capital employ$1 suppos+ on ! "o h&1 ! rate ( surplus-value to rema9 un*ang$1 &1 on ! o!r1 #aj ( ! orig9al lab\r]s to be work+ no long]1 w\ld absorb an am\nt ( surplus-value ( #dej4 ,b ! rate ( pr(it w\ld n on ?is acc\nt be *ang$2 or r1 j = ?is reason ! rate ( pr(it c\ld n be alt]$ & w\ld be express$ by #dej_/ijj 7z at fir/ #ejj_/ajjj71 i4e4 x w\ld be z at fir/1 #ej p] c5t4 ,?is simple/ case does n !n give u ,m>x's law1 b ?is o!r law2 ',te*nical improvem5t1 suppos+ all ! o!r conditions rema9 un*ang$1 causes a decrease 9 ! am\nt 7n ! rate7 ( surplus-value & ( pr(its4' ,?is law assumes t ! #a_/aj ( ! lab\r]s left unemploy$ become entirely sup]flu\s4 ,^! t5 lab\r]s are h5ce=? to be a dead weight support$ by ! *>ity ( o!rs1 or to die ( />vation1 or to emigrate--to a new _w4 ,let !m be left to _! fate4 ,social production w rema9 at its =m] level1 ?anks to ! te*nical improvem5t1 b accompli%$ )\t _! help4 ,?is is ! hypo!sis2 b giv5 ?is hypo!sis1 ( :at importance is ! law8 ,to see ?is cle>ly x w suffice to pu% ! hypo!sis yet fur!r1 z we are entitl$ to d1 & suppose t ! te*nical improvem5ts cont9u+1 ! employm5t gradually becomes sup]flu\s1 n only ( #a_/aj1 b ( #a_/d1 #a_/c1 #a_/b ( ! lab\r]s1 i4e4 t ! employm5t ( lab\r]s t5ds to become #j4 ,9 ?is case capitali/ society z su* w\ld come entirely to an end1 s9ce ! utility ( lab\r1 on :i* x is bas$1 w\ld come to an end4 ,:]e !re is no?+ ! ,k+ loses 8 rights2 & :]e lab\r has no utility ! capitali/ loses 84 ,! ex-capitali/s w\ld h no m workm5 to impov]i%1 b w\ld be *ang$ into ! own]s ( automatic f\nta9s ( weal?2 l ^? =tunate mortals 9 ! fable enri*$ by *>m$ knives1 by wond]ful lamps1 by g>d5s produc+ ) in/antane\s & spontane\s en]gy all ,god's gifts4 ,9 o!r words ! law "h resolves itself into a truism4 ,b ,m>x did n ?9k ( ?is truism4 ,he wi%$ to det]m9e exactly ! organic law ( ! v>iations 9 ! rate ( pr(its4 ,9 fact--z is se5 9 ! illu/ration giv5--he does n at all suppose t ! en]gy ( lab\r may become sup]flu\s2 b r t ! lab\r]s w f9d fre% employm5t ) an increase 9 ! orig9al fix$ capital4 ,giv5 te*nical improvem5t & production also w be increas$2 ?is is ! second /age :i* he consid]s4 ,! #ajj lab\r]s are /ill all work+1 ! fix$ capital ) :i* !y "w mu/ be increas$ f #ejj to #gjj1 & ! total has h5ce become #abjj4 ,! law :i* he d$uces1 ( ! fall 9 ! rate ( pr(its 79 ! illu/ration1 f #ej p] c5t4 to #da p] c5t47 is n a truism2 on ! contr>y x pres5ts itself ) all ! importance & orig9ality ( a sci5tific discov]y4 ,all d5 ends on see+ :e!r 9 ! sci5tific discov]y we h inde$--! tru?4 ,! crux ( ,m>x's pro( lies 9 ! /atem5t2 t ! lab\r]s :o w\ld h _h to rema9 unemploy$1 f9d on ! contr>y employm5t1 b ) a capital increas$ by s mu* 7 #bjj7 ov] ! orig9al4 ,is ?is /atem5t correct8 ,on :at does ,m>x base x8 ,to ?is fundam5tal proposition my criticism ref]s1 itself equally fundam5tal4 ,if x is admitt$ x am\nts to a mo/ complete d5ial ( ! tru? ( ! ,m>xian law4 ,nev]!less ,i /ate my idea 9 ! =m ( a criticism & d\btfully1 because1 9 deal+ ) a ?9k] ( ,m>x's rank1 x is necess>y to proce$ cauti\sly1 & to rememb] 7:i* ,i d n =get7 t sev]al times errors ascrib$ to him h be5 expla9$ z mi/akes ( 8 oppon5ts4 ,= :at reason1 ,i ask myself1 d ! t5 un-occupi$ lab\r]s1 9 ord] to be employ$ afre%1 require a con/ant capital l>g] ?an ! orig9al8 ,! te*nical improvem5t has n dim9i%$ ! natural utility ( ! production 7also 9 our hypo!sis x has n increas$ x ei!r1 b has left x un*ang$72 b x has only dim9i%$ its value4 ,!re w be !n1 ) ! improv$ te*nical organisation1 raw mat]ials1 tools1 clo?+1 food/uffs1 etc41 ( ! same total natural utility z at fir/4 ,! economic value ( all ^! products is dim9i%$1 because 9 !m 7to employ ! metaphor *os5 by ,m>x71 is congeal$ a small] quantity ( lab\r1 i4e4 less by ! "w ( t5 lab\r]s4 ,b f ! po9t ( view ( p[] to satisfy wants1 ! raw mat]ials1 ! tools1 ! clo?+1 ! means ( su/5ance1 etc41 rema91 9 virtue ( ! te*nical improvem5t1 ( ! same rank z at fir/4 ,if !n capitali/s & workpeople h rema9$ z temp]ate z be=e1 & _! /&>d ( life has n ris5 7& ?is is 9 ! hypo!sis71 ! production w (f] z at fir/ means ( employm5t & means ( su/5ance = ! t5 lab\r]s left unoccupi$4 ,by re-employ+ !m1 i4e4 ma9ta9+ !m ) ! orig9al means ( subsi/5ce1 & sett+ !m to "w on ! orig9al raw mat]ials or _! new products1 ! capitali/s w increase _! production1 or--:at is ! same ?+--w improve its quality4 ,b s9ce we "k t1 economically1 ! value ( t capital has dim9i%$1 x w come ab\t t a capital economically small] w absorb ! same en]gy ( lab\r z =m]ly1 i4e4 ! same am\nt ( pr(its2 & an equal am\nt ( pr(its ) a small] total capital means an increas$ rate ( pr(its4 ,exactly ! opposite to :at ,m>x ?\ght x possible to prove4 ,turn+ to our illu/ration1 ! t5 lab\r]s w f9d employm5t ) a capital :i*1 l ! utility1 has rema9$ ! same1 b economically has decreas$ to #ijj4 ,?is means t ! rate ( pr(its has increas$ f #ejj_/ajjj to #ejj_/ijj1 i4e4 f #ej p] c5t4 to ab\t #ee p] c5t4 ,z to ! rate ( surplus-value1 s9ce ! entire value ( ! total capital is r$uc$1 x mu/ no long] be calculat$1 z be=e ! te*nical improvem5t1 z #ejj_/ejj1 nor z 9 ! fir/ /age we consid]$ 79 :i* ! te*nical improvem5t _h made a portion ( ! lab\r entirely sup]flu\s7 z #dej_/dej1 b z #ejj_/dej1 i4e4 x w no long] be #ajj p] c5t41 b w h ris5 to ab\t #aaa p] c5t4 ,to ?is criticism ( m9e ,i h f\nd no answ]1 ei!r explicit or implicit1 9 ,m>x's "w4 ,only 9 "o passage1 :]e he speaks ( ! c\nt]act+ causes1 & 9 p>ticul> ( surplus population 7,*ap1 ,,xiv41 iv471 he h9ts at ! case :]e lab\r p[] may be re-employ$ ) a m9imum capital4 ,x may be said t "h ,m>x pass$ close to ! difficulty1 )\t /rik+ ^u x1 i4e4 )\t becom+ aw>e ( its importance4 ,&1 if he _h /ruck on x1 ,i d\bt :e!r he w\ld h ov]come x & pass$ on2 ,i ?9k r t 8 !ory w\ld h gone to pieces4 ,i =esee t x may be said3 y h assum$ t1 ow+ to ! te*nical improvem5t1 n only w\ld a numb] ( lab\r]s rema9 unemploy$1 b also a fraction ( ! orig9al total capital1 i4e4 ( means ( production & means ( subsi/5ce2 & :5 ! lab\r]s are re-employ$1 x is true t dur+ ! new cycle ( production1 o!r fractions ( unoccupi$ capital w n unite ) ! orig9al fractions1 b precisely = ?is reason ! quantity ( production :i* w result w be increas$1 & 9 ! next cycle ( production a /ill great] fraction ( unoccupi$ capital w add itself1 unless ! t5 lab\r]s d n cont9ue to be re-employ$1 9 :i* case ! un-occupi$ fraction w be small]1 b ! increase w become con/ant4 ,n[ all ^! means ( production & ( su/5ance w n be consum$ 7or w be p>tially consum$ & p>tially sav$71 by ! capitali/ class1 & h5ce !re w be an increas+ accumulation4 ,! quantities ( goods sav$1 ow+ to ! impulsion ( economic int]e/ w n rema9 un-us$ 9 w>eh\ses or /rong boxes1 b w be ?r[n on ! m>ket z capital seek+ employm5t4 ,?is w increase ! rate ( wages1 & h5ce w h a depress+ effect on ! rate ( pr(its4 ,v good1 b 9 su* a case we are outside ! ,m>xian law4 ,! factor "h consid]$1 is no long] te*nical improvem5t tak5 by itself1 b sav+1 :i* may be1 z /at$1 enc\rag$ by te*nical progress1 b _c be inf]r$ f x4 ,= x is true t1 if we suppose ! case ( extravagant capitali/s1 sav+1 9 spite ( te*nical improvem5t w n take place4 ,& z te*nical improvem5t enc\rages sav+1 s ! latt]1 9 its turn1 by increas+ wages1 enc\rages ! increase ( population1 & h5ce ! r$uction ( wages1 & once aga9 a rise 9 ! rate ( pr(its4 ,b1 :5 sav+ & ! increase ( population come ^u ! sc5e we are already )9 ! sph]e ( ! law ( dem& & supply1 i4e4 ( ord9>y1 accr$it$ economics1 :i* ,m>x despis$ z vulg>1 & out ( dislike ( :i* he devis$ 8 law ( ! fall 9 ! rate ( pr(its yield$ by ! above comb9ation ( capital ow+ to ! effect ( te*nical improvem5t4 ,i1 inde$1 believe t only ! ord9>y law ( dem& & supply c expla9 ! v>iations 9 ! rate ( pr(it3 b to return to x is n inde$ to def5d ,m>x's !sis1 b r to ratify its condemnation4 ,h[ev] x is reg>d$1 ?is !sis seems to me indef5sible2 & ev5 m indef5sible if1 leav+ aside = a mom5t logical tra9s ( reason+ & ari?metical calculations1 we look at x ) ! cle> intuition ( common s5se4 ,see "h--to foll[ ! /rict hypo!sis set =? by ,m>x--on "o side a capitali/ class1 & on ! o!r a prolet>ian class4 ,:at effect does te*nical improvem5t h8 ,x increases ! weal? 9 ! h&s ( ! capitali/ class4 ,is x n intuitively evid5t t1 z a result ( te*nical improvem5t1 ! capitali/s c1 by anticipat+ commodities ^: value is cont9ually decreas+1 obta9 ! same s]vices :i* !y obta9$ at fir/ f ! prolet>iat8 ,& t h5ce ! relation betwe5 value ( s]vices & value ( capital w *ange 9 fav\r ( ! =m]1 i4e4 t ! rate ( pr(its w increase8 ,:5 commodities 7capital7 are anticipat$1 :i* =m]ly 7 reproduc$ by five h\rs ( lab\r & n[ are reproduc$ by f\r1 ! workman w cont9ue to "w t5 h\rs4 ,=m]ly ) five !re 7 t52 n[ ) f\r !re is simil>ly t54 ,! sponge co/s less1 b ! quantity ( wat] ) :i* x is saturat$ is ! same4 ,h[ c\ld ,m>x suppose t aft] te*nical improvem5t1 ! exp5ses ( ! capitali/s w\ld always increase1 s t proportionally pr(its w\ld be 9 a /ate ( p]petual decl9e1 & w\ld end by mak+1 9 face ( ! total co/s1 a mo/ wret*$ figure8 ,m>x's mi/ake has be5 t he has inadv]t5tly attribut$ a great] value to ! fix$ capital1 :i* aft] ! te*nical improvem5t is work$ by ! same lab\r]s z be=e4 ,c]ta9ly anyone :o looks at a society 9 two successive /ages ( te*nical developm5t1 w f9d 9 ! second /age a great] numb] ( ma*9es & ( tools ( e k9d4 ,?is is a "q ( /ati/ics1 n ( economics4 ,capital 7& ,m>x appe>s to h neglect$ ?is po9t = ! mom5t7 is n e/imat$ by its physical ext5sion1 b by its economic value4 ,& economically t capital 7suppos+ all ! o!r conditions rema9 con/ant7 mu/ be wor? less2 o!rwise no te*nical improvem5t w\ld h tak5 place4 ,an ext]nal circum/ance :i* might s]ve to expla9 ,m>x's error is ! fact t ! ?ird book ( ,das ,kapital is a po/hum\s "w1 "s p>ts ( :i* are h>dly sket*$ out1 & among/ ^! t ( ! law ( ! rate ( pr(its1 :i*1 moreov]1 does n relate to ! e/abli%m5t ( pr9ciples1 b1 be+ a consequ5ce & an application or ^!1 0 p]haps n work$ out to ! same ext5t z ! fundam5tal or c5tral "p ( ! !ory4#ia ,x is probable t ! au?or1 if he c\ld h gone ov] 8 r\gh draft aga91 w\ld h mat]ially modifi$ x or entirely disc>d$ x4 ,b p]haps "s int]nal reason c\ld also be f\nd = ?is /range mi/ake1 9 t ,m>x always misus$ ! comp>ative me?od )\t disclos+ any di/9ct k ( 8 proc$ure4 ,& x might be t1 z already 9 8 e>li] inve/igations1 he p]petually transf]r$ lab\r-value f a hypo!tical society to ! actual capitali/ society1 s 9 ?is new problem he has be5 l$ to e/imate ! wor? ( ! te*nical capital 9 a m advanc$ society at ! rate ( value ( t 9 a less advanc$ society4 ,9 ?is impossible attempt 8 me?od has "h brok5 9 8 h&s4 ,z we h disput$ ! actual basis ( ! ,m>xian law1 x seems inde$ sup]flu\s to foll[ out its fur!r developm5ts1 :i* are advanc$ 9 a =m work$ out ) b little c>e4 ,x is en\gh to rem>k t 9 ^! developm5ts1 z 9 g5]al1 ?r\gh\t ,das ,kapital1 !re is a cont9u\s m$ley ( !oretical d$uctions & hi/orical descriptions1 ( logical & ( mat]ial connections4 ,! defect1 h[ev]1 becomes 9 ?is in/ance an advantage1 because _m ( ! obs]vations made by ,m>x1 und]/ood z hi/orical descriptions ( :at usually happ5s 9 mod]n society1 w be f\nd to be true & c be sav$ f ! %ipwreck1 z reg>ds ! !ory ( ! law1 ) :i* by *ance !y are feebly connect$4 ,& x w\ld ev5 be possible to make su* an inve/igation 9 respect to t v portion :i* we h disput$1 i4e4 to enquire :at facts1 actually obs]v$ by him1 c\ld h impell$ ,m>x to con/ruct 8 law1 i4e4 to give ( ^! facts an explanation :i* is !oretically unju/ifiable4 ,m>x attribut$ ! greate/ importance to ! discov]y ( ! law ( ! fall 9 ! rate ( pr(its4 ,h]e9 lay = him '! my/]y ov] :i* all economi/s f ,adam ,smi? onw>ds h toil$'2 & 9 ! diff]5t attempts to solve ! problem he saw ! explanation ( ! div]g5ce betwe5 ! v>i\s s*ools ( economi/s4 ,ric>do's bewild]m5t 9 face ( ! ph5om5on ( ! progressive decrease 9 ! rate ( pr(its seem$ to him fre% evid5ce ( ! e>ne/ness ( m9d ( t writ]1 :o disc]n$ ! vital importance ( ! problem = capitali/ society4 ,t ! solution _h n be5 f\nd be=e 81 ,m>x's1 "t1 appe>$ to him easily explicable1 :5 x 0 rememb]$ t until !n political economy _h s\ght grop+ly = ! di/9ction betwe5 fix$ & float+ capital )\t succe$+ 9 =mulat+ x1 & _h n be5 able to expla9 surplus-value 9 di/9ction f pr(its1 nor pr(it itself 9 its purity1 indep5d5tly ( ! sep>ate fractions ( x 9 competition among/ !mselves2 & t1 9 ! end1 x _h be5 unable to analyse completely ! diff]5ce 9 ! organic composition ( capital1 & mu* less1 ! =mation ( ! g5]al rate ( pr(its4 ,8 explanation be+ n[ reject$1 a d\ble problem pres5ts itself4 ,! fir/ "q relates to fact4 ,x is ne$ful to ask3 does ! fact spok5 ( actually exi/1 & h[ does x exi/8 ,has a gradual decl9e 9 ! rate ( pr(its be5 asc]ta9$8 ,& 9 :i* c\ntries1 & 9 :at circum/ances8 ,! second "q relates to ! cause3 s9ce1 :il/ we h se5 t !re c\ld only be "o economic reason = ! ph5om5on1 7! law ( dem& & supply71 !re may be sev]al hi/orical causes1 & ^! may v>y 9 diff]5t cases4 ,! decl9e 9 ! rate ( pr(its may happ5 ow+ to a nom9al increase 9 wages due to an increase 9 ! r5t ( l&1 or x may happ5 ow+ to a real increase 9 wages due to /rong] organisation among ! workpeople1 or x may happ5 ow+ to an increase1 also real1 9 wages result+ f sav+ & f gr[+ accumulations1 :i* increase ! capital 9 se>* ( employm5t4 ,?is inve/igation mu/ be made )\t prejudices1 :e!r optimi/ic or pessimi/ic1 apologetic or controv]sial2 & economi/s h s9n$ b too (t5 9 all ^! ways4 ,! li/5]s h seiz$ ^u ! result ( limit$ & qualifi$ inve/igations1 n[ 9 ord] to s+ a hymn to ! spontane\s =ce ( progress1 :i* w gradually cause ! disappe>ance ( capitali/s or r$uce int]e/ to #a_/b p] c5t42 n[ 9 ord] to t]rify _! audi5ce by a spectacle no less fanta/ic1 ( l&$ proprietors z ! sole own]s ( all ! goods ( society6#ib ,may #ahii4 ,,footnotes3 #hi ,see *aps4 ,,iii4 & ,,iv4 #ij ,we "h suppose a s]ies ( productive p]iods already rapidly pass$ ?r\gh1 :i* may suffice to replace ! :ole ( ! total capital by ! new te*nical processes4 ,x is evid5t h[ev]1 t z fix$ capital is replac$ 9 successive portions1 9 a fir/ /age1 goods are us$ z capital1 ^: co/ ( reproduction no long] corresponds to _! orig9al co/ ( production1 i4e4 ^: actual social value no long] corresponds to ! orig9al "o4 ,b to consid] ! sep>ate /ages w\ld "h cause a useless complication4 #ia ,! explanation ( ! way 9 :i* ! av]age rate ( pr(it arises belongs to ! fundam5tal "p ( ! ?ird book ( ,das ,kapital1 & ,m>x mu/ h ?\ght x out toge!r ) ! fundam5tal *apt]s 9 ! fir/ book4 #ib ,?is is ! case contemplat$ by ,ric>do 9 ! celebrat$ #dd ( *apt] vi1 ,on ,pr(its3 ,m>x appe>s to atta* little importance to ?is case1 hav+ complete fai? 9 ! cont9u$ te*nical progress ( agriculture1 n to speak ( o!r c\nt]act+ causes4 ,x is necess>y to add t ,m>x 9 con=mity ) 8 law1 ma9ta9s t ! r5t ( l& also has a t5d5cy to fall1 al?\gh x may increase its total am\nt1 or its proportion 9 ref]5ce to indu/rial pr(its3 see vol4 iii1 #bbc-d4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,on ,,! ,,economic ,,pr9ciple ,,two ,,lett]s ,,to ,,pr(essor ,v4 ,,p>eto ,i ,ne$ = m compreh5sive def9ition ( ! economic pr9ciple3 ,reasons :y ! me*anical conception errone\s1 economic fact capable ( appraisem5t3 ,_c be scale ( values = p>ticul> action3 ,economic datum a fact ( human activity3 ,di/9ction & connection betwe5 pleasure & *oice3 ,economic datum a fact ( w3 ,k a necess>y presupposition ( w3 ,di/9ction betwe5 te*nical & economic3 ,analogy ( logic & /hetic3 ,complete def9ition ( economic datum4 ,e/eem$ ,fri5d1 ,on read+ ! little pap]1 :i* y 7 c\rte\s en\gh to s5d me1 on h[ to /ate ! problem ( pure economics1#ic ,i at once felt a desire to discuss ! subject ) y4 ,o!r occupations h oblig$ me to def] ! satisfaction ( ?is wi% until n[2 & ?is has be5 =tunate4 ,! extracts f y\r new & /ill unpubli%$ treatise on pure economics1 :i* came out 9 ! ,m>* numb] ( ?is ,review1#id h oblig$ me to ab&on 9 "p ! s*eme ( ?\ght :i* ,i _h 9 m9d2 = ,i saw f !m t y _h modifi$ "s ( ^? po9ts 9 y\r !sis1 :i* seem$ to me mo/ op5 to dispute4 ,i h on sev]al occasions he>d some?+ l a feel+ ( di/a/e express$ = ! endless discussions ab\t value & ! economic pr9ciple :i* absorb ! en]gies ( economic sci5ce4 ,x is said t if ?is splitt+ ( hairs ov] ! s*ola/ic accuracy ( its pr9ciple 7 ab&on$1 ! sci5ce might ?r[ light on hi/orical & practical que/ions :i* conc]n ! welf>e ( human society4 ,app>5tly y h n all[$ y\rself to be al>m$ by ! ?reat5$ di/a/e ( read]s2 nor inde$ am ,i4 ,c we sil5ce ! d\bts :i* di/urb u8 ,c\ld we h assurance :il/ sil5c+ ^! d\bts t we 7 n endang]+ j ^? practical issues :i* ! majority h at he>t8 ,issues :i* we ourselves h at he>t s9ce we are c]ta9ly n able1 l ! monks ( old1 to free ourselves f int]e/ 9 ! affairs ( ! age4 ,may n sci5ce be1 z ,leibniz said1 quo magis speculativa1 magis practica8 ,we mu/ !n g our way1 & endeav\r to satisfy our d\bts1 ) all ! caution & self-criticism ( :i* we are capable2 s9ce !y _c be suppress$4 ,on ! o!r h& we %\ld endeav\r also n to (f] our solutions to ! public except :5 our k1--wide if x may be s 7yet necess>ily imp]fect7--( ! lit]ature on ! subject1 gives u "s confid5ce t we are n repeat+ ?+s already /at$4 ,unless inde$1 o!r consid]ations make u ?9k x opportune to repeat & to impress ?+s :i* h be5 /at$1 b )\t suffici5t emphasis4 ,! new s*ool ( economic ?\ght1 ( :i* y are su* a wor?y repres5tative1 has a m]it ( no small significance4 ,x has react$ aga9/ ! anti-sci5tific t5d5cies ( ! hi/orical & empirical s*ools1 & has re/or$ ! concept ( a sci5ce ( pure economics4 ,?is means inde$ no?+ m ?an a sci5ce :i* is sci5ce2 ! ^w pure1 unless tautolog\s1 is an explanation add$ = ^? :o are ignorant or unm9dful ( :at a sci5ce is4 ,economics is nei!r hi/ory nor discussion ( practical issues3 x is a sci5ce possess+ its own pr9ciple1 :i* is inde$ call$ ! economic pr9ciple4 ,b1 z ,i _h occasion to rem>k at ano!r "t1#ie ,i d n consid] t ?is pr9ciple ^: fundam5tal "* is ass]t$1 has hi!rto be5 grasp$ 9 its individuality1 nor conv5i5tly def9$ 9 relation to o!r gr\ps ( facts1 t is to ! pr9ciples ( o!r sci5ces4 ,( ^? conceptions ( x :i* seem to me errone\s1 ! *ief ones c be r$uc$ to f\r :i* ,i w call ! me*anical1 ! h$oni/ic1 ! te*nological & ! egoi/ic4 ,y h n[ reject$ ! fir/ two1 because y ?9k t me*anical & h$oni/ic consid]ations belong to metaphysics & psy*ology4 ,b ,i ackn[l$ge t ,i am dissatisfi$ ) y\r me?od ( arriv+ at ?is praisewor?y rejection4 ,y no long] say1 inde$1 z 9 y\r previ\s essay3 ',l'conomie pure n'e/ pas seulem5t semblable la m*anique3 c'e/1 proprem5t p>l]1 un g5re de m*anique4' ,b y /ill say t ',pure economics employs ! same me?ods z rational me*anics1 & has _m po9ts ( contact ) ?is sci5ce4' ,al?\gh y d n pause ov] ! me*anical consid]ations1 x is n f a cle> conviction t a datum 9 economics1 z su*1 is q diff]5t f a datum 9 me*anics2 b m]ely because x seems to y conv5i5t to omit su* consid]ations1 ( :i* y d n d5y1 b r admit1 ! possibility4 ,n[ ,i on ! contr>y1 say decisively t ! data ( economics is n t ( me*anics1 or t !re is no transition f ! me*anical aspect ( a fact to ! economic aspect2 & t ! v possibility ( ! me*anical po9t ( view is exclud$1 n z a ?+ :i* may or may n be ab/ract$ f1 b z a contradiction 9 t]ms1 :i* x is ne$ful to %un4 ,d y wi% = ! simple/ & cle>e/ pro( ( ! non-me*anical nature ( ! economic pr9ciple8 ,note1 !n1 t 9 ! data ( economics a quality appe>s :i* is on ! contr>y repugnant to t ( me*anics4 ,to an economic fact words c be appli$ :i* express approval or disapproval4 ,man behaves economically well or ill1 ) ga9 or loss1 suitably or unsuitably3 he behaves1 9 %ort1 economically or uneconomically4 ,a fact 9 economics is1 !re=e1 capable ( appraisem5t 7positive or negative72 :il/ a fact 9 me*anics is a m]e fact1 to :i* praise or blame c only be atta*$ metaphorically4 ,x seems to me t on ?is po9t we ought easily to be agre$4 ,to asc]ta9 x1 x is suffici5t to appeal to int]nal obs]vation4 ,?is %[s u ! fundam5tal di/9ction betwe5 ! me*anical & ! teleological1 betwe5 m]e fact & value4 ,if ,i am n mi/ak51 y assign to metaphysics ! problem ( r$uc+ ! teleological to ! me*anical1 value to m]e fact4 ,b obs]ve t metaphysics _c get rid ( ! di/9ction2 & w only lab\r1 ) great] or less good luck1 at its old bus9ess ( reconcil+ opposites1 or ( d]iv+ two contr>ies f "o unity4 ,i =esee :at may be advanc$ aga9/ ?is ass]tion ( ! non-me*anical nature ( ! economic pr9ciple4 ,x may be said3 ,:at is n me*anical1 is n measurable2 & economic values1 on ! contr>y1 are measur$4 ,al?\gh hi!rto ! unit ( measurem5t has n be5 f\nd1 x is yet a fact t we di/+ui% v readily l>g] & small]1 great] & lea/ values & con/ruct scales ( values4 ,?is suffices to e/abli% ! measurability & h5ce ! ess5tially me*anical nature ( economic value4 ,look at ! economic man1 :o has be=e him a s]ies ( possible actions a1 b1 c1 d1 e1 f1 4442 :i* h = him a decreas+ value1 indicat$ by ! numb]s #aj1 #i1 #h1 #g1 #f 444 j because he measures value1 he decides on ! action a#aj1 & n on c#h or f#f4 ,& !re is no fault 9 ! d$uction grant$ ! exi/5ce ( ! scale ( values1 :i* we h j illu/rat$ by an example4 ,grant$ ! exi/5ce3 b1 suppos+ ?is to be an illusion ( ours8 ,if ! man 9 ! example1 in/ead ( be+ ! homo oeconomicus 7 ! homo utopicus or het]ocosmicus1 n to be f\nd ev5 9 imag9ative con/ructions8 ,?is is precisely my op9ion4 ,! suppos$ scale ( values is an absurdity4 ,:5 ! homo oeconomicus 9 ! giv5 example1 selects a1 all ! o!r actions 7b1 c1 d1 e1 f1 4447 are n = him values small] ?an a2 !y are m]ely non-a2 !y are :at he rejects2 !y are non-values4 ,if !n ! homo oeconomicus c\ld n h a1 he w\ld be act+ "u diff]5t conditions3 "u conditions )\t a4 ,*ange ! conditions & ! economic action--z is well kn[n--*anges also4 ,& let u suppose t ! conditions are su* t1 = ! individual act+1 b repres5ts ! action select$ by him2 & c1 d1 e1 f1 444 ^? :i* he omits to d1 & :i* are all non-b1 i4e4 h no value4 ,if ! conditions *ange aga9 & x is suppos$ t ! individual decides on c1 & !n on d1 & !n on e1 & s on4 ,^! diff]5t economic actions1 ea* aris+ "u p>ticul> conditions1 are incomm5surable among/ !mselves4 ,!y are diff]5t2 b ea* is p]fectly adapt$ to ! giv5 conditions1 & c only be judg$ 9 ref]5ce to ^! conditions4 ,b !n :at are ^! numb]s1 #aj1 #i1 #h1 #g1 #f 4448 ,!y are symbols1 symbols ( :at8 ,:at is ! reality b5ea? ! num]ical symbol8 ,! reality is ! alt]ation 9 ! actual conditions2 & ^! numb]s %[ a succession ( *anges3 nei!r m nor less ?an is indicat$ by ! alphabetic s]ies1 = :i* !y are sub/itut$4 ,! absurdity involv$ 9 ! notion ( great] or small] values is1 9 %ort1 ! assumption t an individual may be at ! same mom5t "u diff]5t conditions4 ,! homo oeconomicus is n at ! same mom5t 9 a1 b1 c1 d1 e1 f 444 b :5 he is 9 b1 he is no long] 9 a2 :5 he is 9 c he is no long] 9 b4 ,he has be=e him only "o action1 approv$ by him2 ?is action rules out all ! o!rs :i* are inf9ite1 & :i* = him are only actions n pref]r$ 7non-values74 ,c]ta9ly physical objects =m "p ( ! data ( economics2 & ^!1 j because !y are physical1 are measurable4 ,b economics does n consid] physical ?+s & objects1 b actions4 ,! physical object is m]ely ! brute matt] ( an economic act3 9 measur+ x we rema9 9 ! physical _w1 we d n pass ov] to t ( economics1 or else1 :5 measur$1 ! economic fact has become volatile4 ,y say t 'political economy only conc]ns itself ) *oices1 :i* fall on ?+s t are v>iable 9 quantity & capable ( measurem5t'2 b p>don me1 de> fri5d1 y w\ld be mu* p]plex$ if y _h to ju/ify ?is :olly arbitr>y limitation2 & if y _h to %[ t ! attribute measurabilility influ5ces 9 any way ! attribute ( belong+ to economics4 ,i ?9k t ,i h expla9$1 %ortly1 b adequately = a wise man l y\rself1 ! reasons :y ! me*anical conception ( ! economic pr9ciple is unt5able4 ,if calculations & measurem5ts come into problems t are call$ economic !y d s j 9 s f> z ^! are n problems 9 pure economics4 ,?is non-me*anical datum1 :i* is an economic datum1 y call *oice4 ,& ?is is all "r4 ,b to *oose means to *oose consci\sly4 ,a *oice made unconsci\sly1 is ei!r n a *oice or n unconsci\s4 ,y speak ( ! unconsci\s actions ( man2 b ^! _c be ! actions ( ! man 9 s f> z he is man b movem5ts ( man 9 s f> z he is also animal4 ,!y are in/9ctive movem5ts2 & in/9ct is n *oice except metaphorically4 ,h5ce ! examples y br+ =w>d ( dogs1 ( cats1 ( sp>r[s1 ( rats1 & ( asses f ,buridano1 are n facts ( *oice2 & h5ce are n economic facts4 ,y consid] animal economics z an unfruitful sci5ce1 :i* exhau/s itself 9 descriptions4 ,look m closely & y w see t ?is sci5ce does n exi/4 ,an economics ( ! animals1 und]/ood 9 ! s5se ( ! naturali/s1 has n be5 writt51 n because x is n wor? :ile1 b because x is impossible to write x4 ,:5ce c\ld x be obta9$ unless f books su* z ! ,roman de ,r5>t & ! ,animali p>lanti8 ,?is analysis ought to lead u to conceive ( an economic datum z an act ( man2 i4e4 z a fact ( human activity4 ,& f ?is recognition is inf]r$ 9 its turn ! true criticism ( ! h$oni/ic conception ( ! economic pr9ciple4 ,y say t '! equations ( pure economics express m]ely ! fact ( a *oice1 & c be drawn up indep5d5tly ( ! ideas ( pleasure & pa91' b y admit at ! same "t t ! fact ( ! *oice 'c be express$ equally well z a fact ( pleasure4' ,x is true t e case ( economic *oice is at ! same "t1 a case ( feel+3 ( agreeable feel+ if ! economic *oice is rightly made1 ( disagreeable feel+1 if x is ill made4 ,man's activity develops itself 9 ! human m9d1 n "u a pneumatic bell1 & an activity :i* develops rightly1 br+s z its reflex1 a feel+ ( pleasure1 t :i* develops badly1 "o ( displeasure4 ,:at is economically useful1 is1 at ! same "t pleasurable4 ,b ?is judgm5t _c be conv]t$4 ,! pleasurable is n always economically useful4 ,! mi/ake 9 ! h$oni/ !ory consi/s 9 mak+ ?is conv]sion4 ,pleasure may appe> unaccompani$ by man's activity1 or may be accompani$ by a human activity :i* is n economic4 ,h]e9 lies ! fundam5tal di/9ction betwe5 pleasure & *oice4 ,a *oice1 is 9 ! concrete1 insep>able f ! feel+ ( pleasure & displeasure2 b ?is feel+ is sep>able f *oice1 & may 9 fact exi/ indep5d5tly ( x4 ,if psy*ology be und]/ood 7z x is usually und]/ood7 z ! sci5ce ( psy*ical me*anism1 economics is n a psy*ological sci5ce2 ?is ,h]r von ,ehr5fels fails to grasp4 ,i d n "k :e!r y h read ! two volumes hi!rto publi%$ on ! ,sy/em d] ,w]t!orie4#if ,aft] devot+ "s hundr$ pages to psy*ological disquisitions--:i* ,i d n mean to discuss "h--he wi%es1 f9ally1 to prove t 8 def9itions ( value rema9 s\nd1 f :atev] !ory ( psy*ology y />t4 ,he does ?is z he ass]ts 7 #hg71 n because he is d\btful ( himself1 b to safegu>d 8 economic conclusions1 :i* are s important = ! practical problems ( life1 f unju/ifi$ attacks bas$ on ! /&po9ts ( s*ools ( psy*ology o!r ?an 8 own1 ! me?od ( ! b>ri/]1 :o composes an app>5t conclusion1 & makes sev]al dem&s t are connect$ !re) subord9ately4 ,x is true t !re is no ne$ = economi/s to sp5d _! "t on details ( !oretical psy*ology2 s true t ,pr(essor ,ehr5fels might sp>e u 83 b is x n true t economics rema9s ! same :atev] psy*ological !ory is accept$4 ,! unity ( sci5ce means t a modification at "o po9t is nev] )\t "s reaction on ! o!rs2 & ! reaction is greate/ :5 x is a "q ( ! way ( conceiv+ two facts1 di/9ct b insep>able1 l ! economic & ! psy*ical fact4 ,an economic datum is n !n a h$oni/ic datum1 nor1 9 g5]al1 a me*anical datum4 ,b z ! fact ( man's activity1 x /ill rema9s to det]m9e :e!r x is a fact ( k or ( w3 :e!r x is !oretical or practical4 ,y1 :o conceive x z *oice1 c h no d\bt t x is a fact ( practical activity1 i4e4 ( w4 ,?is is also my own conclusion4 ,to *oose some?+ c only mean to w x4 ,b y some:at obscure ! conclusion n[ indicat$ :5 y speak ( logical & illogical actions1 & place actions prop]ly economic among/ ! =m]4 ,logical & illogical br+ u back to !oretical activity4 ,a logical or illogical action is a common way ( speak+2 b x is n a way ( speak+ exactly or accurately4 ,! logical "w ( ?\ght is q di/9ct f ! action ( ! w4 ,to reason is n to w4 ,nor is to w to reason2 b ! w presupposes ?\ght & h5ce logic4 ,he :o does n ?9k1 _c ev5 w4 ,i mean by will+1 :at is kn[n to u by ! evid5ce ( our consci\sness2 n ,s*op5hau]'s metaphysical w4 ,9 k1 9 s f> z x is a necess>y presupposition ( economic action1 is f\nd1 if n a ju/ification1 an explanation ( y\r phrases ab\t logical & illogical actions4 ,economic actions are always 7we say s1 at any rate7 logical actions1 i4e4 prec$$ by logical acts4 ,b x is necess>y to di/+ui% c>efully ! two /ages3 ! ph5om5on & its presupposition1 s9ce f lack ( di/9ction betwe5 ! two /ages has aris5 ! errone\s conception ( ! economic pr9ciple z a te*nological fact4 ,i h criticis$ at l5g? 9 o!r essays ?is confusion betwe5 te*nical & economic1 & ,i may be all[$ to ref] bo? to :at ,i h writt5 9 my review ( ,/amml]'s book ,wir?s*aft und ,re*t1 & to ! m exact analyses 9 my rec5t memor&um on ! ,e/etica4 ,/amml] ma9ta9s precisely t ! economic pr9ciple c be no?+ b a te*nical concept4 ,i w\ld advise anyone :o wi%es to see at a glance1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! te*nical & ! economic to consid] c>efully 9 :at a te*nical error & 9 :at an economic error respectively consi/4 ,a te*nical error is ignorance ( ! laws ( ! mat]ial on :i* we wi% to "w3 = in/ance ! belief t x is possible to put v heavy beams ( iron on a delicate wall1 )\t ! latt] fall+ into ru9s4 ,an economic error is ! n aim+ directly at "o's own object2 to wi% ?is & t1 i4e4 n really to wi% ei!r ?is or t4 ,a te*nical error is an error ( k3 an economic error is an error ( w4 ,he :o makes a te*nical mi/ake w be call$1 if ! mi/ake is a /upid "o1 an ignoramus2 he :o makes an economic mi/ake1 is a man :o does n "k h[ to behave 9 life3 a weak & inconclusive p]son4 ,&1 z is well kn[n & prov]bial1 p c be le>n$ )\t be+ m5 7practical or complete74 ,?us an economic fact is a fact ( practical activity4 ,h we atta9$ our object 9 ?is def9ition8 ,n yet4 ,! def9ition is /ill incomplete & to complete x we mu/ n only cross ano!r expanse ( sea1 b avoid ano!r rock3 viz4 t ( ! conception ( economic data z egoi/ic data4 ,?is error arises z foll[s3 if an economic fact is a practical activity1 x is /ill necess>y to say h[ ?is activity is di/+ui%$ f moral activity4 ,b moral activity is def9$ z altrui/ic2 !n1 x is inf]r$1 economic data w be egoi/ic4 ,into ?is mi/ake has fall51 among/ o!rs1 our able ,pr(essor ,pantaleoni1 9 8 ,pr9cip d'economia pura1 & 9 o!r writ+s4 ,! egoi/ic is n some?+ m]ely diff]5t f a moral fact2 x is ! anti!sis ( x2 x is ! immoral4 ,9 ?is way1 by mak+ ! economic pr9ciple equival5t to an egoi/ic fact1 in/ead ( di/+ui%+ economics f morality1 we %\ld be subord9at+ ! =m] to ! latt]1 or r %\ld d5y x any "r to exi/1 recognis+ x z some?+ m]ely negative1 z a deviation f moral activity4 ,a datum 9 economics is q diff]5t4 ,x does n =m an anti!sis to a moral datum2 b is 9 ! peaceable relation ( condition to condition$4 ,x is ! g5]al condition :i* makes ! rise ( e?ical activity possible4 ,9 ! concrete1 e action 7volition7 ( man is ei!r moral or immoral1 s9ce no actions are morally indiff]5t4 ,b bo? ! moral & ! immoral are economic actions2 :i* means t ! economic action1 tak5 by itself1 is nei!r moral nor immoral4 ,/r5g? ( "*1 = example1 is ne$$ bo? by ! hone/ man & by ! *eat4 ,x seems to me t y approa* grop+ly to ?is conception ( ! economic pr9ciple1 z relat+ to practical actions1 :i* tak5 9 ! ab/ract1 are nei!r moral nor immoral2 :5 at "o po9t 9 y\r la/ essay1 y exclude f economic consid]ation *oices1 :i* h an altrui/ic motive2 & fur!r on1 exclude also ^? :i* are immoral4 ,n[1 s9ce *oices are necess>ily ei!r altrui/ic or egoi/ic1 ei!r moral or immoral1 y h no way ( escap+ f ! difficulty except ! "o :i* ,i sugge/2 to reg>d economics z conc]n$ ) practical activity 9 s f> z x is 7ab/ractly7 empti$ ( all cont5t1 moral or immoral4 ,i might enl>ge fur!r on ?is di/9ction & %[ h[ x has an analogy 9 ! sph]e ( !oretical activity1 :]e ! relation ( economics to e?ics is repeat$ 9 ! relation ( /hetics to logic4 ,& ,i might po9t out ! reason :y sci5tific & /hetic productions _c be subjects ( economic sci5ce1 i4e4 are n economic products4 ,! reason giv51 9 ?is connection1 by ,pr(essor ,ehr5fels1 is1 to say ! lea/ ( x1 curi\s3 he rem>ks t3 '! relations ( value ^u :i* ! data ( logic & /hetics re/1 are s simple t !y d n dem& a special economic !ory4' ,x %\ld n be difficult to see t logical & /hetic values are !oretical & n practical values1 :]eas economic value is a practical value1 & t x is impossible to unite an economics ( ! !oretical z su*4 ,:51 "s ye>s ago1 ! lam5t$ ,mazzola s5t me ! introduction 9 :i* he _h discuss$ ,economics & ,art1 ,i _h occasion to write to him & aft]w>ds to say to him by ^w ( m\?1 t mu* m fundam5tal relations might be discov]$ betwe5 ! two gr\ps ( ph5om5a2 & he urg$ me to exp\nd my obs]vations & inquiries4 ,?is ,i h done 9 ! essay on ,e/etica1 ref]r$ to above4 ,i am sorry to be oblig$ to ref] s _m times 9 writ+ to y & to ! public4 ,b "h ! ne$ = brevity & cle>ness con/ra9s me4 ,?is1 !n1 is a rapid /atem5t ( h[ ,i arrive at ! def9ition ( ! data ( economics1 :i* ,i %\ld l to see at ! beg9n+ ( e economic treatise4 ,! data ( economics are ! practical activities ( m5 9 s f> z !y are consid]$ z su*1 indep5d5t ( any moral or immoral det]m9ation4 ,grant$ ?is def9ition1 & x w be se5 also t ! concept ( utility1 or ( value or ( (elimity1 is no?+ b ! economic action itself1 9 s f> z x is rightly manag$1 i4e4 9 s f> z x is really economic4 ,9 ! same way z ! true is ?9k+ activity itself1 & ! good is moral activity itself4 ,& to speak ( ?+s 7physical objects7 z hav+ or n hav+ value1 w appe> simply a metaphorical usage to express ^? causes :i* we ?9k efficaci\s to produce ! effects :i* we desire1 & :i* are !re=e our ends4 ,a is wor? b1 ! value ( a is b1 does n mean 7! economi/s ( ! new s*ool knew x well7 ab2 nor ev5 z is said ab2 b t a has value = u1 & b has n4 ,& value--z y "k--exi/s only at ! mom5t ( ex*ange1 i4e4 ( *oice4 ,to connect ) ^! g5]al propositions ! diff]5t problems :i* are said to belong to economic sci5ce1 is ! task ( ! writ] ( a special treatise on economics4 ,x is y\r task1 e/eem$ fri5d1 if aft] hav+ /udi$ ^! g5]al propositions1 !y seem to y acceptable4 ,to me x seems t !y alone are able to safegu>d ! indep5d5ce ( economics1 n only z di/9ct f ,hi/ory & ,practice b z di/9ct f ,me*anics1 ,psy*ology1 ,!ory ( ,k1 & ,e?ics4 ,naples1 #ae? ,may #aijj4ig ,,ii ,disagreem5t 7#a7 ab\t me?od 7#b7 po/ulates3 7#a7 ,no?+ arbitr>y 9 economic me?od1 analogy ( classificatory sci5ces errone\s3 7#b7 ,metaphysical po/ulate t facts ( human activity same z physical facts errone\s3 ,def9ition ( practical activity 9 s f> z admits ( def9ition3 ,moral & economic activity & approval3 ,economic & moral remorse3 ,economic scale ( values4 ,e/eem$ ,fri5d1 ,our disagreem5t conc]n+ ! nature ( economic data has two *ief s\rces3 disagreem5t on a "q ( me?od & disagreem5t on a "q ( po/ulates4 ,i ackn[l$ge t "o object ( my fir/ lett] 0 to obta9 f y su* explanations z might set cle>ly 9 relief our disagreem5t on ! two po9ts indicat$4--,to r$uce controv]sies to _! simple/ t]ms1 to expose ultimate oppositions1 is1 y w agree1 an approa* to tru?4 ,i w expla9 briefly ! two po9ts at issue4 ,9 reg>d to t ( me?od1 al?\gh ,i agree ) y 9 uphold+ ! claims ( a proc$ure t is logical1 ab/ract & sci5tific1 z comp>$ ) "o t is hi/orical 7or syn!tic1 z y say71 ,i _c 9 addition all[ t ! =m] proc$ure involves some?+ ( ! nature ( an arbitr>y *oice1 or t x c be work$ out equally well 9 ei!r ( two ways4 ,y talk ( cutt+ away a slice f a concrete ph5om5on1 & exam9+ ?is by itself2 b ,i inquire h[ y manage to cut away t slice8 = x is no "q "h ( a piece ( bread or ( *eese into :i* we c actually put ! knife1 b ( a s]ies ( repres5tations :i* we h 9 our consci\sness1 & into :i* we c ins]t no?+ except ! light ( our m5tal analysis4 ,9 ord] to cut (f y\r slice y w\ld ?us h to c>ry out a logical analysis2 i4e4 to d at ! outset :at y propose to d subsequ5tly4 ,y\r cutt+ (f ( ! slice is inde$ an answ] to ! problem ( ! quid 9 :i* an economic fact consi/s4 ,y assume ! exi/5ce ( a te/ to di/+ui% :at y take = ! subject ( y\r exposition f :at y leave aside4 ,b ! te/ or guid+ concept mu/ be suppli$ by ! v nature ( ! !ory1 & mu/ be 9 con=mity ) x4 ,w\ld x = in/ance be 9 con=mity ) ! nature ( ! ?+1 to cut away1 z y wi% to d1 only t gr\p ( economic facts :i* relates to objects capable ( measurem5t8 ,:at intr9sic connection is !re betwe5 ?is m]ely accid5tal attribute1 measurability1 ( ! objects :i* ent] into an economic action1 & ! economic action itself8 ,does measurability lead to a modification 9 ! economic fact by *ang+ its nature1 i4e4 by giv+ rise to ano!r fact8 ,if s1 y mu/ prove x4 ,i1 = my "p1 _c see t an economic action *anges its nature :e!r x relates to a sack ( potatoes1 or consi/s 9 an ex*ange ( prote/ations ( affection6 ,9 y\r reply y ref] to ! ne$ ( avoid+ wa/e ( "t ov] matt]s t are too simple1 = :i* 'x is n wor? :ile to set 9 motion ! great ma*9e ( ma!matical reason+4' ,b ?is ne$ relates to ! p$agogy ( ! pr(essional *air or ( ! book1 n to ! sci5ce 9 itself1 :i* alone we are n[ discuss+4 ,x is q evid5t t anybody :o speaks or writes lays m /ress on ^? portions :i* he ?9ks h>d] = 8 he>]s & read]s to grasp1 or m useful to be told4 ,b he :o ?9ks1 i4e4 speaks ) himself1 pays att5tion to all portions )\t pref]5ces & )\t omissions4 ,we are n[ conc]n$ ) ?\ght1 t is ) ! gr[? ( sci5ce2 n ) ! mann] ( communicat+ x4 ,& 9 ?\ght1 we _c admit arbitr>y judgm5ts4 ,nor ne$ we be turn$ aside by an analogy ) ! classes ( facts1 made by zoology & o!r natural sci5ces4 ,! classifications ( zoology & botany are n sci5tific op]ations1 b m]ely views 9 p]spective2 &1 consid]$ 9 relation to really sci5tific k1 !y are arbitr>y4 ,he :o inve/igates ! nature ( economic data1 does n1 h[ev]1 aim at putt+ toge!r1 9 p]spective & r\ghly1 gr\ps ( economic cases1 z ! zoologi/ or ! botani/ d1 mutilat+ & manipulat+ ! inexhau/ible1 inf9ite v>ieties ( liv+ creatures4 ,^u ! confusion betwe5 a sci5ce & ! exposition ( a sci5ce is bas$ also ! belief t we c foll[ diff]5t pa?s 9 ord] to arrive at a demon/ration ( ! same tru?4 ,unless 9 y\r case1 s9ce y are a ma!matician1 x arose f a false analogy ) calculation4 ,n[1 calculation is n a sci5ce1 because x does n give u ! reasons ( ?+s2 & h5ce ma!matical logic is logic 9 a mann] ( speak+1 a v>iety ( =mal logic1 & has no?+ to d ) sci5tific or inv5tive logic4 ,:5 we pass to ! "q ( ! po/ulates1 y w c]ta9ly be surpris$ if ,i tell y t ! disagreem5t betwe5 u consi/s 9 y\r wi% to introduce a metaphysical po/ulate into economic sci5ce2 :]eas ,i wi% "h to rule out e metaphysical po/ulate & to conf9e myself entirely to ! analysis ( ! giv5 facts4 ,! accusation ( be+ metaphysical w seem to y ! la/ t c\ld ev] be br\ght aga9/ y4 ,y\r impli$ metaphysical po/ulate is1 h[ev]1 ?is2 t ! facts ( man's activity are ( ! same nature z physical facts2 t 9 ! "o case z 9 ! o!r we c only obs]ve regul>ity & d$uce consequ5ces !refrom1 )\t ev] p5etrat+ into ! inn] nature ( ! facts2 t ^! facts are all alike ph5om5a 7mean+ t !y w\ld presuppose a n\m5a1 :i* evades u1 & ( :i* !y are manife/ations74 ,h5ce :]eas ,i h call$ my essay ',on ! economic pr9ciple1' y\rs is entitl$ ',on ! economic ph5om5on4' ,h[ c\ld y def5d ?is po/ulate ( y\rs except by a metaphysical monism2 = example t ( ,sp5c]8 ,b1 :il/ ,sp5c] 0 anti-metaphysical & positivi/ 9 words1 ,i claim ! necessity ( be+ s 9 de$s2 & h5ce ,i _c accept ei!r 8 metaphysics or 8 monism1 & ,i hold to exp]i5ce4 ,?is te/ifies to me ! fundam5tal di/9ction betwe5 ext]nal & int]nal1 betwe5 physical & m5tal1 betwe5 me*anics & teleology1 betwe5 passivity & activity1 & second>y di/9ctions involv$ 9 ?is fundam5tal "o4 ,:at metaphysics unites philosophy di/+ui%es 7& jo9s toge!r72 ! ab/ract contemplation ( unity is ! dea? ( philosophy4 ,let u conf9e ourselves to ! di/9ction betwe5 physical & m5tal4 ,:il/ ! ext]nal facts ( nature1 admitt$ by empirical physical sci5ce1 are always ph5om5a1 s9ce _! s\rce is by def9ition outside !mselves1 ! int]nal facts or activities ( man1 _c be call$ ph5om5a1 s9ce !y are _! own s\rce4 ,by ?is appeal to exp]i5ce & by ?is rejection ( all metaphysical intrusion1 ,i place myself 9 a position to meet ! objection :i* y br+ =w>d to my conception ( economic data4 ,y ?9k t ! ambiguity ( ! t]m value comes f ?is1 t x d5otes a v complex fact1 a collection ( facts includ$ "u a s+le ^w4 ,= me1 on ! contr>y1 ! difficulty 9 x arises f its d5ot+ a v simple fact1 a summum g5us1 i4e4 ! fact ( ! v activity ( man4 ,activity is value4 ,= u no?+ is valuable except :at is an ef=t ( imag9ation1 ( ?\ght1 ( w1 ( our activity 9 any ( its =ms4 ,z ,kant said t !re 0 no?+ 9 ! univ]se t c\ld be call$ good except ! good w2 s1 if we g5]alise1 x may be said t !re is no?+ 9 ! univ]se t is valuable1 except ! value ( human activity4 ,( value z ( activity y _c dem& a s-call$ g5etic def9ition4 ,! simple & ! orig9al is g5etically indef9able4 ,value is obs]v$ imm$iately 9 ourselves1 9 our consci\sness4#ih ,?is obs]vation %[s u also t ! summum g5us 'value1' or 'm5tal activity' gives place to irr$ucible =ms1 :i* are 9 ! fir/ in/ance ^? ( !oretical activity & practical activity1 ( !oretical values & practical values4 ,b :at does practical mean8--y n[ ask me4 ,i believe t ,i h already answ]$ by expla9+ t ! !oretical is ev]y?+ :i* is a "w ( contemplation1 & ! practical ev]y?+ t is ! "w ( w4 ,is w an obscure t]m8 ,we may r call ! t]ms light1 w>m? & s on1 obscure2 n t ( w4 ,:at w is1 ,i "k well4 ,i f9d myself face to face ) x ?r\gh\t my life z a man4 ,ev5 9 writ+ ?is lett]1 today1 9 a room 9 an inn1 & 9 %ak+ (f ! laz9ess ( c\ntry life1 ,i h will$2 & if ,i h delay$ ! answ] = two mon?s1 x is because ,i h be5 s feeble z n to "k h[ to w4 ,y see f ?is t ! "q rais$ by me1 :e!r by *oice y meant consci\s or unconsci\s *oice1 is n a c>eless "q4 ,x is equival5t to ?is o!r "o2 :e!r ! economic fact is or is n a fact ( w4 ',?is does n alt] ! fact ( ! *oice1' y say4 ,b inde$ x does alt] x6 ,if we speak ( consci\s *oice1 we h be=e u a m5tal fact1 if ( unconsci\s *oice1 a natural fact2 & ! laws ( ! =m] are n ^? ( ! latt]4 ,i welcome y\r discov]y t economic fact is ! fact ( *oice2 b ,i am =c$ to mean by *oice1 volunt>y *oice4 ,o!rwise we %\ld end by talk+ n only ( ! *oices ( a man :o is asleep 7:5 he moves f side to side7 b ( ^? ( animals1 & :y n8 ( plants & :y n aga98 ( m9]als2 pass+ rapidly along ! /eep slope d[n :i* my fri5d ,pr(essor ,c4 ,triv]o has slipp$ 9 8 rec5tly publi%$ ,teoria dei bisogni1 = :i* may he be =giv56#ii ,:5 ,i def9$ economic data z '! practical activities ( man1 9 s f> z !y are consid]$ z su*1 indep5d5tly ( any moral or immoral det]m9ation1' ,i did n make an arbitr>y judgm5t1 :i* might au?orise o!rs to d likewise1 9 a sci5ce :i* does n tol]ate arbitr>y judgm5ts2 b ,i m]ely di/+ui%$ fur!r )9 ! species practical activity1 two sub-species or grades3 pure practical activity1 7economic71 & moral practical activity1 7e?ical72 w t is m]ely economic1 & moral w4 ,!re is ambiguity 9 y\r reproa* t :5 ,i speak ( approval or disapproval z ar\s$ by economic activity1 ,i am consid]+ ! matt] f a syn!tic in/ead ( an analytic po9t ( view1 & t approval or disapproval are extrane\s factors4 ,i did n h[ev] speak 7& ,i believ$ t ,i _h expla9$ myself cle>ly71 ( moral1 intellectual or /hetic approval or disapproval4 ,no1 ,i said1 & ,i repeat1 t a judgm5t ( approval or reprobation 0 necess>ily b\nd up ) economic activity3 b a m]ely ,,economic judgm5t ( approval or reprobation4 ',by say+ t ,rh5i% w9e is useful to me1 has a value = me1 is (elimo to me1 ,i mean only to say t ,i l x2 & ,i d n see h[ ?is simple/ ( relations c be well or ill-manag$4' ,y w =give me if 9 ?is s5t5ce ( y\rs ,i h italicis$ ! words by say+4 ,"h is ! po9t4 ,c]ta9ly ! m]e say+ does n give rise to an int]nal judgm5t ( economic approval or disapproval4 ,x w give rise to a grammatical or l+ui/ic1 i4e4 /hetic1 approval or disapproval1 accord+ to :e!r ! say+ is cle> or confus$1 well or ill express$4 ,b x is no "q ( say+3 x is a "q ( do+1 i4e4 ( ! action will$ c>ri$ out by ! movem5t t is will$1 ( a *oice ( movem5t4 ,& d y ?9k t ! acquisition & consumption ( a bottle ( ,rh5i% w9e involves no judgm5t ( approval or disapproval8 ,if ,i am v ri*1 if my aim 9 life is to obta9 mom5t>y s5sual pleasures1 & ,i "k t ,rh5i% w9e w secure me "o ( !m1 ,i buy & dr9k ,rh5i% w9e & approve my act4 ,i am satisfi$ ) myself4 ,b if ,i d n wi% to indulge 9 gluttony1 & if my money is all devot$ to o!r purposes1 = :i* ,i wi% z pref]able1 & if1 9 spite ( ?is1 yield+ to ! temptation ( ! mom5t1 ,i buy & dr9k ,rh5i% w9e1 ,i h put myself into contradiction ) myself1 & ! s5sual pleasure w be foll[$ by a judgm5t ( disapproval1 by a legitimate & fitt+ ,,economic ,,remorse4 ,to prove to y h[1 9 all ?is1 ,i omit e moral consid]ation1 ,i w give y ano!r example3 t ( a knave :o ?9ks x (elimo to himself to murd] a man 9 ord] to rob him ( a sum ( money4 ,at ! mom5t ( assass9ation1 & al?\gh rema9+ a knave at he>t1 he yields to an emotion ( fe> or to a pa?ological feel+ ( compassion1 & does n kill ! man4 ,note c>efully ! t]ms ( ! hypo!sis4 ,! knave w call himself an ass & an imbecile1 & w feel remorse = 8 contradictory & inconclusive conduct2 b n inde$ a moral remorse 7( t he is1 by hypo!sis1 incapable71 b1 precisely1 a remorse t is m]ely economic4 ,x seems to me t !re is ano!r confusion1 easy to dispel1 9 y\r c\nt] criticism to my criticism ( ! scale ( values 7economic7 y say t '!re is no ne$ = "o p]son to f9d himself at ! same mom5t "u diff]5t conditions2 x is en\gh t he c picture to himself ^! diff]5t conditions4' ,c y 9 tru? picture y\rself be+ at ! same mom5t "u diff]5t conditions8 ,fancy has its laws2 & does n all[ ! imag9ation ( :at is unimag9able4 ,y c easily say t y picture x to y\rself3 words are docile2 b1 to picture x 9 reality1 is1 p>don me1 ano!r matt] altoge!r4 ,y w n succe$ 9 x any m ?an ,i4 ,ask me to imag9e a lion ) ! head ( a donkey1 & ,i w comply at once2 b ask me to imag9e a lion /&+ at ! same mom5t 9 two diff]5t places1 & ,i _c succe$4 ,i w picture to myself1 if y l1 two simil> lions1 two exactly alike1 b n ! same 9 two diff]5t positions4 ,fancy recon/ructs reality1 b possible reality1 n ! impossible or :at is contradictory4 ,?us my demon/ration ( ! absurdity ( ! scale ( values applies bo? to actual & to possible reality4 ,nay1 9 discuss+ sci5ce 9 ! ab/ract x 0 fram$ precisely on ! m]e consid]ation ( ! possible4 ,i d n "k :e!r ,i h answ]$ all y\r objections1 b ,i h endeav\r$ to answ] all ^? :i* seem to me fundam5tal4 ,a dispute1 9 :i* que/ions ( me?od & ( pr9ciple are at /ake ne$ n be c>ri$ on p$antically into m9ute details2 we mu/ dep5d to "s ext5t on ! assi/ance ( ! read]s1 :o1 putt+ !mselves m5tally 9 ! position ( ! two disputants1 "w out = !mselves ! f9al application4 ,i wi% m]ely to add t x is my /ronge/ conviction t ! reaction aga9/ metaphysics 7a f>-sight$ reaction 9 t x has fre$ sci5tific proc$ure f admixture ) ! arbitr>y judgm5ts ( feel+ & belief7 has be5 pu%$ =w>d by _m s f> z to de/roy sci5ce itself4 ,! ma!maticians :o h a quick feel+ = sci5tific proc$ure1 h done mu* = economic sci5ce by reviv+ 9 x ! dignity ( ab/ract analysis1 d>k5$ & ov]:elm$ by ! mass ( anecdotes ( ! hi/orical s*ool4 ,b1 z x happ5s1 !y h also introduc$ into x ! prejudice ( _! pr(ession1 &1 be+ !mselves /ud5ts ( ! g5]al conditions ( ! physical _w1 ! p>ticul> prejudice t ma!matics c take up 9 relation to economics--:i* is ! sci5ce ( man1 ( a =m ( ! consci\s activity ( man--! same attitude :i* x rightly takes up 9 relation to ! empirical natural sci5ces4 ,f :at ,i h n[ /at$ y w easily discov] exactly h[ f> we are 9 agreem5t 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( ! pr9ciples ( ,economics & h[ f> we disagree4 ,if my new obs]vations %\ld assi/ 9 fur!r r$uc+ ! ext5t ( ! disagreem5t1 ,i %all inde$ be glad4 ,p]ugia1 #bj? ,octob]1 #aijj4ajj ,,footnotes3 #ic ,comm5t se pose le problme de l'economie pure4 ,pap] read 9 ,decemb] #ahih to ! ,societ ,/ella4 #id ,giornale degli economi/i1 ,m>* #aijj1 pp4 #baf-bce4 #ie ,rivi/a di sociologia1 ,,iii4 no4 vi41 pp4 #gdf-h1 see ,mat]ialismo ,/orico1 pp4 #aic-bjh4 #if ,,dr ,,*ri/ian ,v4 ,,ehr5fels 7,pr(essor at ,prague ,univ]sity73 ,sy/em d] ,w]t!orie1 vol4 ,i1 ,allgeme9e ,w]t!orie1 ,psy*ologie des ,begehr5s1 ,leipzig1 ,reisl&1 #ahig2 vol4 ,,ii1 ,grundzge e9] ,e?ik1 ! same1 #ahih4 #ig ,,p>eto answ]$ ?is lett] 9 ! same j\rnal1 ,giornale degli economi/i1 ,augu/1 #aijj1 pp4 #aci-afb4 #ih ,i h be=e me ,pr(essor ,a4 ,,graziadei's article ,intorno alla teoria edoni/ica del valore4 7,9 ,ri=ma ,sociale1 ,septemb] #ae?1 #aijj72 9 :i* ,a4 fails to see h[ ! puri/ !ory ( value dovetails 9 ) ! doctr9es ( ,psy*ophysics & ,psy*ology4 ,i c well believe x6 ,psy*ophysics & ,psy*ology are natural sci5ces & _c ?r[ light on economic fact :i* is m5tal & ( value4 ,i may be all[$ to po9t out1 t1 ev5 ?ree ye>s ago1 ,i gave a w>n+ aga9/ ! confusion ( economics ) psy*ology4 7,see 9 ?is volume pp4 #gb-ge47 ,he :o appeals to psy*ology 7naturali/ic7 9 ord] to und]/& economic fact1 w always meet ) ! delusion1 opportunely %[n up by ,graziadei4 ,i h /at$ ! reasons ow+ to :i* economics _c dwell :]e ! psy*ologi/s & h$oni/s say2 n[ ,grazi$ei has que/ion$ ! door-keep]s 7,fe*n]1 ,wundt1 etc471 & has le>nt t x does n dwell !re4 ,well & good6 #ii ,,camillo ,,triv]o1 ,la teoria dei bisogni1 ,tur91 ,bocca1 #aijj1 pp4 #aih4 ,triv]o means by ne$ '! condition ( a be+1 ei!r consci\s or unconsci\s 7man1 animal1 plant1 ?+71 9 :i* x _c rema9'3 s t x c be said 't all ne$s are ultimately cond5s$ into ! supreme ne$ or end ( be+ or becom+4' ,ne$ = him is h5ce actual reality itself4 ,b s9ce1 on ! o!r h&1 he decl>es t he does n wi% to solve nor ev5 to consid] ! philosophical problem1 x is h>d to und]/& :at a !ory ( ne$s 7i4e4 ( reality7 c be1 & = :at reason he goes back to su* g5]alities4 ,x is true t ,triv]o believes t1 by go+ back to ! g5]al concept ( ne$1 he c e/abli% ! p>5t !ory on :i* re/ ! p>ticul> doctr9es ( ne$s2 & among/ !m economics1 :i* conc]ns itself ) economic ne$s4 ,if !re are species--he says--we ought to det]m9e ( :at g5us !y are species4 ,b he w all[ me to rem>k t ! g5us to look = is1 z logic tea*es1 ! proximate g5us4 ,to jump to su* a great di/ance z to reality or to fact1 w\ld only lead to ! noble discov]y3 t economic ne$s are "p ( reality1 are a gr\p ( facts4 ,& :at he does is to make an equally valuable discov]y3 t ! true !ory ( hi/ory is ! !ory ( ne$s1 :i*1 grant$ 8 def9ition ( ne$s1 is z mu* z to say t hi/ory is hi/ory ( reality & ! !ory ( x is--! !ory4 ,i h !n no objection to make to ! mean+ :i* ,triv]o wi%es to give to ! ^w ne$2 b ,i mu/ ass]t t1 hav+ giv5 x ?is mean+1 he has n aft]w>ds con/ruct$ ! !ory ( any?+1 nor ?r[n light on any special gr\p ( facts4 ,= real economic !ory 8 book is q useless4 ,economi/s d n recognise ! ne$s ( ?+s & plants & animals1 b only human ne$s1 or ^? ( man 9 s f> z he is homo oeconomicus & h5ce a consci\s be+4 ,i too believe t x is "r to "w out philosophically ! pr9ciple ( economics2 b 9 ord] to d ?is1 ,triv]o %\ld h /udi$ economic sci5ce4 ,he decl>es t 'he does n want to hold fa/ to anyone's petticoats4' ,?is /atem5t is sup]flu\s if x means t ea* individual ought to base 8 own sci5tific convictions on reason & n on au?ority4 ,x is dang]\s if x signifies1 on ! contr>y1 an int5tion to sp>e himself ! tr\ble ( /udy+ o!r p's books1 & ( recon/ruct+ ev]y?+ f ! beg9n+ by 8 own p]sonal ef=ts & by ! aid ( g5]al culture alone4 ,! result obta9$--be+ f> f satisfactory--%\ld det] ! au?or 7:o w n grumble at my pla9 speak+71 f return+ to ?is unfruitful me?od 9 ! future4 #ajj ,,p>eto answ]s ?is second lett] 9 ! ,giornale degli economi/i1 ,febru>y1 #aija1 pp4 #aca-ach4 ,,index ,,( ,,names99 99,m>x's "n is omitt$4 ,! ,a/]isks indicate notes4 ,ari/otle1 #ah ,avel+1 ,e41 #ff99 ,bau]1 ,b41 #ajb ,b]n/e91 ,e41 #aai ,b]tol9i1 ,a41 #if ,bhm-,baw]k1 #ed1 #gf199 #adb ,bray1 #ajc ,coletti1 ,f41 #aae99 ,croce1 ,b41 #abi199 #aca99 ,dhr+1 ,e4 #fi1 #gi199 #hd1 #ajc1 #aad ,durckheim1 ,e41 #aah ,ehr5fels1 ,*ri/ian ,von1 #afh1 #agb ,engels1 ,f41 #g1 #aa1 #ad1 #ah1 #ai1 #be1 #bf1 #bh1 #da1 #ee1 #fc1 #fg1 #fi1 #gh-ha1 #hc1 #hd1 #hi1 #ie199 #ajc1 #aad-aaf1 #abd1 #aca99 ,fe*n]1 #ahj ,f]r>a1 ,f41 #abg ,g5tile1 ,g41 #hj199 #hc199 #hf199 #ajd199 #aae99 ,gray1 ,a41 #ajc ,graziadei1 ,a41 #ach-adj1 #agi99 ,grosse1 ,e41 #ij99 ,hegel1 ,g4,f41 #f1 #aa1 #ha-hb1 #ajb1 #abb1 #acj ,he9e1 ,h41 #acj ,helvetius1 #h ,h]b>t1 #bd1 #be ,holba*1 #h ,kant1 ,e41 #bd1 #be1 #dc1 #aac-aad1 #agi ,kautsky1 ,k41 #aai1 #acg ,+ram1 #ie99 ,jevons1 #gb ,labriola1 ,antonio1 #a1 #e1 #i1 #aj-ae1 #ah1 #ba-bf1 #ea199 #ee1 #gf1 #hd199 #hf-ic1 #ajf1 #aji199 #aaj1 #aaa1 #aad1 #aai1 #abj-acb ,lange1 ,a4,f41 #h1 #da1 #ga1 #gb99 ,leibniz1 #afj ,loria1 ,a41 #di1 #ia1 #ach1 #adb ,ma*iavelli1 ,n41 #aaj199 #aah ,manzoni1 ,a41 #ai ,momms51 ,t41 #abb ,morgan1 #hi ,m1 ,?omas1 #ai99 ,pantaleoni1 ,m41 #gf199 #if1 #abg1 #aga ,p>rto1 ,v41 #gd1 #gf199 #if-aja1 #aei-ahf ,ple*an[1 ,g41 #h ,pr\dhon1 ,p4,g41 #ajc ,rabelais1 #aje ,ric>do1 ,d41 #ec1 #ace1 #aef1 #aeg99 ,ricca1 ,sal]mo ,g41 #gg99 ,ri*t]1 ,g4,p41 #ah ,rodb]tus1 ,k41 #ajc99 ,rosm9i1 #ajb ,rmal91 #cf ,sanctis 7de71 ,f41 #aaj99 ,s*ill]1 #be99 ,s*midt1 ,c41 #ed ,s*op5hau]1 ,a41 #ajb ,simmel1 ,g41 #e1 #bd1 #aah ,smi?1 ,a41 #gd99 ,somb>t1 ,w41 #ed199 #ee1 #fj1 #fc1 #aca199 #adb ,sorel1 ,g41 #ee1 #hf199 #aai1 #aca-ach ,sp5c]1 ,h41 #cf1 #agh ,/amml]1 ,r41 #bg-dg1 #aah1 #acg199 #ach1 #agj ,/e91 ,l41 #ah ,/]n1 ,g41 #acc ,triv]o1 ,c1 #aha199 #ahb ,vill>i1 ,p41 #aaj99 ,wagn]1 ,a41 #gc99 ,we/]m>ck1 ,e41 #ij99 ,witte1 #gh ,wundt1 #ahj99 ,,ed9burgh2 ,j4,c4 ,,?omson ,,at ,,! ,,m]cat ,,press 99 99 99 99 99 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,typographical errors correct$ 9 text3 ,page ix3 philosopy replac$ ) philosophy ,page xxiii3 kn[lege replac$ ) k ,page #ec3 manife/ions replac$ ) manife/ations ,page #ee3 ackn[leges replac$ ) ackn[l$ges ,page #fj3 neces>y replac$ ) necess>y ,page #fa3 corroll>y replac$ ) coroll>y ,page #he3 s*utzt replac$ ) s*tzt ,page #hf3 contig5t replac$ ) cont+5t ,page #hf3 idealogical replac$ ) ideological ,page #ajd3 abreviat$ replac$ ) abbreviat$ ,page #abb3 empirical-dialetic replac$ ) empirical-dialectic ,page #abd3 sytems replac$ ) sy/ems ,page #adi3 ,m>k's replac$ ) ,m>x's ,page #ahg3 ,duhr+ replac$ ) ,dhr+ ,page #ahg3 ,colatti replac$ ) ,coletti ,page #ahg3 ,kantsky replac$ ) ,kautsky ,page #ahg3 ,leibnitz replac$ ) ,leibniz ,page #ahh3 ,p>rto replac$ ) ,p>eto ,page #ahh3 ,ple*anov replac$ ) ,ple*an[ ,page #ahh3 ,rmal9 replac$ ) ,rmel9 ,footnote #ae3 oekonomis*] replac$ ) oekonomis*5 ,footnote #ae3 ,bohm replac$ ) ,bhm ,footnote #ae3 fur replac$ ) fr ,footnote #bb3 v]zehb>5 replac$ ) v]zehrb>5 ,footnote #db3 ass]e replac$ ) uss]e ,footnote #ei3 entrep5eurs replac$ ) entrepr5eurs ,footnote #gd3 ,bri]e replac$ ) ,brire ,footnote #hj3 fugte replac$ ) fgte ,footnote #hb3 fur replac$ ) fr ,footnote #ib3 ittle replac$ ) little ,footnote #ie3 ,mat]ialismio ,/orico replac$ ) ,mat]ialismo ,/orico ,note t on page #aff t ! ^w 'measurabilility' is likely to be a typo ei!r = 'measurability' or 'measurably' ---------------------------------------- ------------------- 99 99 99 99 99