,libr>ies7 ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,?is e-text is int5d$ = us]s ^: text read]s _c display ! ,unicode 7utf-#h7 v]sion ( ! file4 ,greek words h be5 translit]at$ & enclos$ 9 equals signs1 e4g4 dida*4 ,italic words 9 ! orig9al h be5 enclos$ 9 und]scores 9 ?is v]sion4 ,z ! oe ligature _c be includ$ 9 ?is file =mat1 = consi/5cy bo? ae & oe ligatures h be5 replac$ ) ! sep>ate lett]s ?r\gh\t4 ,a few m9or typographical errors h be5 sil5tly correct$4 ,"s inconsi/5t hyph5ation has be5 reta9$4 ,! ,table ( ,cont5ts & ,index ref] to orig9al page numb]s4 ,,! ,,expositor',s ,,bible4 ,,edit$ ,,by ,,! ,,rev4 ,w4 ,,rob]tson ,,nicoll1 ,m4,a41 ,editor ( ,! ,expositor4 ,,! ,,pa/oral ,,epi/les4 ,,by ,,! ,,rev4 ,,alfr$ ,,plumm]1 ,m4,a41 ,d4,d4 ,,toronto3 ,,will>d ,,tract ,,depository ,,& ,,bible ,,dep,t1 ,,corn] ,,( ,,yonge ,,& ,,temp]ance ,,/reets4 #ahhh4 ,,! ,,pa/oral ,,epi/les4 ,,by ,,! ,,rev4 ,,alfr$ ,,plumm]1 ,m4,a41 ,d4,d41 ,ma/] ( ,univ]sity ,college1 ,durham2 =m]ly ,fell[ & ,s5ior ,tutor ( ,tr9ity ,college1 ,ox=d2 ,au?or ( ,! ,*ur* ( ! ,e>ly ,fa!rs1 & ,editor ( ,! ,gospel & ,epi/les ( ,/4 ,john1 etc4 ,,toronto3 ,,will>d ,,tract ,,depository ,,& ,,bible ,,dep,t1 ,,corn] ,,( ,,yonge ,,& ,,temp]ance ,,/reets4 #ahhh4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,page ,,introductory4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,"* ,,& ,,! ,,g5u95ess ,,( ,,! ,,pa/oral ,,epi/les #c #a ,,timo?y4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,timo?y ,,! ,,belov$ ,,disciple ,,( ,s4 ,,paul4--,,8 ,,life ,,& ,,"* #ai ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,doctr9e ,,condemn$ ,,9 ,,! ,,pa/oral ,,epi/les ,a ,,jewi% ,,=m ,,( ,,gno/icism4--,,! ,,gno/ic',s ,,problem #cb ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,moral ,,tea*+ ,,( ,,! ,,gno/ics4--,,its ,,mod]n ,,c\nt]p>t #db ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,! ,,"l',s ,,compassion ,,9 ,,enabl+ ,a ,,blasphem] ,,& ,a ,,p]secutor ,,to ,,become ,a ,,s]vant ,,( ,,*ri/ ,,jesus ,,& ,a ,,prea*] ,,( ,,! ,,gospel #eb ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,! ,,prophecies ,,on ,,timo?y4--,,! ,,prophets ,,( ,,! ,,new ,,te/am5t ,,an ,,exceptional ,,in/rum5t ,,( ,,edification #fb ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,! ,,puni%m5t ,,( ,,hym5aeus ,,& ,,alex&]4--,,deliv]+ ,,to ,,satan ,,an ,,exceptional ,,in/rum5t ,,( ,,purification4--,,! ,,p]sonality ,,( ,,satan #gb ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,elem5ts ,,( ,,*ri/ian ,,wor%ip3 ,,int]cessory ,,pray] ,,& ,,?anksgiv+4--,,! ,,solid>ity ,,( ,,*ri/5dom ,,& ,,( ,,! ,,human ,,race #hb ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,behavi\r ,,9 ,,*ri/ian ,,wor%ip4--,,m5',s ,,attitude ,,( ,,body ,,& ,,m9d4--,,wom5',s ,,attire ,,& ,,ornam5t #id ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,! ,,*ri/ian ,,m9i/ry4--,,v>i\s ,,c]ta9ties ,,& ,,probabilities ,,di/+ui%$ #ajd ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,! ,,apo/le',s ,,rule ,,respect+ ,,second ,,m>riages4--,,its ,,mean+ ,,& ,,pres5t ,,obligation #aah ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,! ,,relation ,,( ,,human ,,conduct ,,to ,,! ,,my/]y ,,( ,,godl9ess #acj ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,! ,,comp>ative ,,value ,,( ,,bodily ,,ex]cise ,,& ,,( ,,godl9ess #ada ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,! ,,pa/or',s ,,behavi\r ,,t[>ds ,,wom54--,,! ,,*ur* ,,wid[ #aea ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,! ,,pa/or',s ,,responsibilities ,,9 ,,orda9+ ,,& ,,judg+ ,,presbyt]s4--,,! ,,works ,,t ,,g ,,be=e ,,& ,,t ,,foll[ ,,u #afd ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,roman ,,slav]y ,,& ,,! ,,apo/le',s ,,attitude ,,t[>ds ,,x4--,a ,,mod]n ,,p>allel #age ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,,! ,,ga9 ,,( ,a ,,love ,,( ,,godl9ess ,,& ,,! ,,ungodl9ess ,,( ,a ,,love ,,( ,,ga9 #ahh ,,titus4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,,! ,,epi/le ,,to ,,titus4--,,8 ,,life ,,& ,,"* #bja ,,*apt] ,,xix4 ,,! ,,*ur* ,,9 ,,crete ,,& ,,its ,,organization4--,,! ,,apo/le',s ,,directions ,,= ,,appo9t+ ,,eld]s #bab ,,*apt] ,,xx4 ,,*ri/ianity ,,& ,,un*ri/ian ,,lit]ature #bbd ,,*apt] ,,xxi4 ,,! ,,mean+ ,,& ,,value ,,( ,,sob]m9d$ness4--,,! ,,use ,,& ,,abuse ,,( ,,religi\s ,,emotion #bcg ,,*apt] ,,xxii4 ,,! ,,moral ,,condition ,,( ,,slaves4--,,_! ,,adornm5t ,,( ,,! ,,doctr9e ,,( ,,god #bdh ,,*apt] ,,xxiii4 ,,hope ,,z ,a ,,motive ,,p[]4--,,! ,,pres5t ,,hopes ,,( ,,*ri/ians #bei ,,*apt] ,,xxiv4 ,,! ,,duty ,,( ,,ob$i5ce ,,to ,,au?ority ,,) ,,its ,,limits4--,,! ,,duty ,,( ,,c\rtesy ,,)\t ,,limits #bgj ,,*apt] ,,xxv4 ,,! ,,co-,,op]ation ,,( ,,! ,,div9e ,,p]sons ,,9 ,,effect+ ,,! ,,new ,,bir?4--,,! ,,lav] ,,( ,,reg5]ation #bhb ,,*apt] ,,xxvi4 ,,! ,,mean+ ,,( ,,h]esy ,,9 ,,! ,,new ,,te/am5t ,,& ,,! ,,apo/le',s ,,directions ,,respect+ ,,h]etical ,,p]sons #bid #b ,,timo?y4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvii4 ,,! ,,"* ,,& ,,cont5ts ,,( ,,! ,,la/ ,,epi/le ,,( ,s4 ,,paul4--,,! ,,nemesis ,,( ,,neglect$ ,,gifts #cji ,,*apt] ,,xxviii4 ,,! ,,he>tlessness ,,( ,,phygelus ,,& ,,h]mog5es4--,,! ,,devotion ,,( ,,onesiphorus4--,,pray]s ,,= ,,! ,,dead #cai ,,*apt] ,,xxix4 ,,! ,,ne$ ,,( ,,ma*9]y ,,= ,,! ,,pres]vation ,,& ,,transmission ,,( ,,! ,,fai?4--,,! ,,ma*9]y ,,( ,,! ,,primitive ,,*ur* #cca ,,*apt] ,,xxx4 ,,! ,,*ri/ian',s ,,life ,,z ,,milit>y ,,s]vice2 ,,z ,,an ,,a?letic ,,conte/2 ,,z ,,husb&ry #cdc ,,*apt] ,,xxxi4 ,,! ,,p[] ,,( ,a ,,belief ,,9 ,,! ,,resurrection ,,& ,,! ,,inc>nation4--,,! ,,gospel ,,( ,s4 ,,paul #cec ,,*apt] ,,xxxii4 ,,! ,,ne$ ,,( ,a ,,solemn ,,*>ge ,,aga9/ ,a ,,controv]sial ,,_s1 ,,( ,a ,,dilig5ce ,,free ,,f ,,%ame1 ,,& ,,( ,a ,,hatr$ ,,( ,,! ,,pr(anity ,,:i* ,,wraps ,,up ,,error ,,9 ,,! ,,language ,,( ,,tru? #cfd ,,*apt] ,,xxxiii4 ,,! ,,la/ ,,days4--,,! ,,be>+ ,,( ,,! ,,m5tion ,,( ,,jannes ,,& ,,jambres ,,on ,,! ,,"q ,,( ,,inspiration ,,& ,,! ,,errors ,,curr5t ,,9 ,,ephesus #cge ,,*apt] ,,xxxiv4 ,,! ,,p]ils ,,( ,,rationalism ,,& ,,! ,,responsibilities ,,( ,a ,,lifelong ,,contact ,,) ,,tru?4--,,! ,,prop]ties ,,( ,,inspir$ ,,writ+s #che ,,*apt] ,,xxxv4 ,,! ,,p>adoxical ,,exultation ,,( ,,! ,,apo/le4--,,8 ,,app>5t ,,failure ,,& ,,! ,,app>5t ,,failure ,,( ,,! ,,*ur*4--,,! ,,great ,,te/ ,,( ,,s9c]ity #cig ,,*apt] ,,xxxvi4 ,,! ,,p]sonal ,,details ,a ,,gu>antee ,,( ,,g5u95ess #djf ,,*apt] ,,xxxvii4 ,,! ,,apo/le ,,=sak5 ,,by ,,m5 ,,b ,,/r5g!n$ ,,by ,,! ,,"l4--,,! ,,mission ,,to ,,! ,,g5tiles ,,complet$4--,,! ,,sure ,,hope1 ,,& ,,! ,,f9al ,,hymn ,,( ,,praise #dah ,,introductory4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,"* ,,& ,,! ,,g5u95ess ,,( ,,! ,,pa/oral ,,epi/les4 ,paul1 an ,apo/le ( ,*ri/ ,jesus4--#a ,,tim4 i2 #b ,,tim4 i4 #a4 ,paul1 a s]vant ( ,god1 & an ,apo/le ( ,jesus ,*ri/4--,,titus i4 #a4 ,! fir/ "q :i* confronts u on ent]+ ^u ! /udy ( ! ,pa/oral ,epi/les is t ( _! au!nticity1 :i* ( late has be5 confid5tly d5i$4 ,9 read+ !m are we read+ ! f>ewell words ( ! great ,apo/le to ! m9i/]s ( ,*ri/8 ,or are we read+ only ! well-meant b f> less weighty c\nsels ( "o :o 9 a lat] age assum$ ! "n & imitat$ ! /yle ( ,/4 ,paul8 ,x seems necess>y to devote ! fir/ ( ^! expositions to a discussion ( ?is "q4 ,! title ,pa/oral ,epi/les c\ld h>dly be improv$1 b x might easily be misund]/ood z imply+ m ?an is actually ! case4 ,x calls att5tion to :at is ! mo/ conspicu\s1 b by no means ! only *>act]i/ic 9 ^! ,epi/les4 ,al?\gh ! words :i* mo/ directly signify ! pa/or's (fice1 su* z %eph]d1 fe$1 t5d1 & flock1 d n occur 9 ^! lett]s & d occur else:]e 9 ,scripture1 yet 9 no o!r books 9 ! ,bible d we f9d s _m directions respect+ ! pa/oral c>e ( ,*ur*es4 ,! title is mu* less appropriate to #b ,timo?y ?an to ! o!r two ,epi/les4 ,all ?ree are bo? pa/oral & p]sonal2 b :ile #a ,timo?y & ,titus are ma9ly ! =m]1 #b ,timo?y is ma9ly ! latt]4 ,! ?ree tak5 toge!r /& betwe5 ! o!r ,epi/les ( ,/4 ,paul & ! "o to ,philemon4 ,l ! latt]1 !y are p]sonal2 l ! re/1 !y treat ( l>ge que/ions ( ,*ur* doctr9e1 practice1 & gov]nm5t1 r ?an ( private & p]sonal matt]s4 ,l t to ,philemon1 !y are address$1 n to ,*ur*es1 b to individuals2 yet !y are writt5 to !m1 n z private fri5ds1 b z delegates1 ?\gh n m]e delegates1 ( ! ,apo/le1 & z (fic]s ( ! ,*ur*4 ,moreov] ! important ,*ur* matt]s ( :i* !y treat are reg>d$1 n1 z 9 ! o!r ,epi/les1 f ! po9t ( view ( ! congregation or ( ! ,*ur* at l>ge1 b r f t ( ! ov]se] or m9i/]4 ,&1 z be+ (ficial r ?an private lett]s1 !y are evid5tly int5d$ to be read by o!r p]sons besides ,timo?y & ,titus4 ,among ! ,epi/les :i* be> ! "n ( ,/4 ,paul none h excit$ s mu* controv]sy z ^!1 especially z reg>ds _! g5u95ess4 ,b ! controv]sy is entirely a mod]n "o4 ,x is little or no exagg]ation to say t f ! fir/ c5tury to ! n9ete5? no "o ev] d5i$ or d\bt$ t !y 7 writt5 by ,/4 ,paul4 ,x is true t c]ta9 h]etics ( ! second c5tury reject$ "s or all ( !m4 ,m>cion1 & p]haps ,basilides1 reject$ all ?ree4 ,tatian1 :ile ma9ta9+ ! ,apo/olicity ( ! ,epi/le to ,titus1 repudiat$ ^? to ,timo?y4 ,& ,orig5 tells u t "s p d\bt$ ab\t #b ,timo?y because x conta9$ ! names ( ,jannes & ,jambres1 :i* d n occur 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,b x is well kn[n t ,m>cion 9 fram+ 8 mutilat$ & meagre canon ( ! ,scriptures1 did n pr(ess to d s on critical gr\nds4 ,he reject$ ev]y?+ except+ an expurgat$ edition ( ,/4 ,luke & c]ta9 ,epi/les ( ,/4 ,paul1--n because he d\bt$ _! au!nticity1 b because he dislik$ _! cont5ts4 ,!y did n fit into 8 sy/em4 ,& ! few o!rs :o reject$ "o or m ( ^! ,epi/les did s 9 a simil> _s4 ,!y did n pr(ess to f9d t ^! docum5ts 7 n prop]ly au!nticat$1 b !y 7 displeas$ ) passages 9 !m4 ,! evid5ce1 !re=e1 ju/ifies u 9 ass]t+ t1 ) "s v slight exception 9 ! second c5tury1 ^! ?ree ,epi/les 71 until q rec5t times1 univ]sally accept$ z writt5 by ,/4 ,paul4 ,?is l>ge fact is greatly emphasiz$ by two consid]ations4 7#a7 ,! repudiation ( !m by ,m>cion & o!rs direct$ att5tion to !m4 ,!y 7 evid5tly n accept$ by an ov]sight1 because no "o ?\ght any?+ ab\t !m4 7#b7 ,! evid5ce respect+ ! g5]al acceptance ( !m z ,/4 ,paul's is full & positive1 & rea*es back to ! e>lie/ times4 ,x does n consi/ m]ely or ma9ly 9 ! abs5ce ( evid5ce to ! contr>y4 ,t]tullian#a wond]s :at c h induc$ ,m>cion1 :ile accept+ ! ,epi/le to ,philemon1 to reject ^? to ,timo?y & ,titus3 & ( c\rse ^? :o repudiat$ !m w\ld h po9t$ out weak places 9 _! claim to be canonical1 if su* _h exi/$4 ,& ev5 if we d n insi/ ^u ! passages 9 :i* ^! ,epi/les are almo/ c]ta9ly quot$ by ,clem5t#b ( ,rome 7c4 ,a4,d4 #ie71 ,ignatius ( ,antio* 7c4 ,a4,d4 #aab71 ,polyc>p ( ,smyrna 7c4 ,a4,d4 #aab71 & ,!ophilus ( ,antio* 7c4 ,a4,d4 #ahj71 we h direct evid5ce ( a v conv9c+ k9d4 ,!y are f\nd 9 ! ,pe%itto1 or e>ly ,syriac ,v]sion1 :i* 0 made 9 ! second c5tury4 ,!y are conta9$ 9 ! ,muratorian canon1 ! date ( :i* may /ill be plac$ z n lat] ?an ,a4,d4 #agj4 ,ir5aeus1 ! disciple ( ,polyc>p1 /ates t ,paul m5tions ,l9us 9 ! ,epi/le to ,timo?y1 & he quotes ,titus iii4 #aj ) ! introduction z ,paul also says4 ,eusebius r5d]s x probable t bo? ,ju/9 ,m>tyr & ,hegesippus quot$ f #a ,timo?y2 & he himself places all ?ree ,epi/les among ! univ]sally accept$ books & n among ! disputable writ+s3 i4e41 he places !m ) ! ,gospels1 ,acts1 #a ,pet]1 #a ,john1 & ! o!r ,epi/les ( ,/4 ,paul1 & n ) ,james1 #b ,pet]1 #b & #c ,john1 & ,jude4 ,9 ?is arrangem5t he is prec$$ by ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria & ,t]tullian1 bo? ( :om quote frequ5tly f all ?ree ,epi/les1 sometimes z ! words ( ,scripture1 sometimes z ( ! ,apo/le1 sometimes z ( ,paul1 sometimes z ( ! ,_s4 ,occasionally x is expressly /at$ t ! words quot$ are address$ to ,timo?y or to ,titus4 ,x w\ld take u too f> afield to exam9e 9 detail ! v>i\s consid]ations :i* h induc$ "s em95t critics to set aside ?is /rong array ( ext]nal evid5ce & reject "o or m ( ^! ,epi/les4 ,!y fall 9 ! ma9 "u f\r heads4 7#a7 ,! difficulty ( f9d+ a place = ^! lett]s 9 ! life ( ,/4 ,paul z giv5 u 9 ! ,acts & 9 8 own writ+s4 7#b7 ,! l>ge am\nt ( peculi> phraseology n f\nd 9 any o!r ,paul9e ,epi/les4 7#c7 ,! ,*ur* organization indicat$ 9 ^! lett]s :i* is alleg$ to be ( a lat] date ?an ,/4 ,paul's "t4 7#d7 ,! errone\s doctr9es & practices attack$1 :i* are also said to be ^? ( a lat] age4 ,to mo/ ( ^! po9ts we %all h to return on "s future occasion3 b = ! pres5t ?is mu* may be ass]t$ ) confid5ce4 7#a7 ,9 ! ,acts & 9 ! o!r ,epi/les ( ,/4 ,paul ! ,apo/le's life is left incomplete4 ,!re is no?+ to =bid u f suppos+ t ! rema9+ portion am\nt$ to sev]al ye>s1 dur+ :i* ^! ?ree lett]s 7 writt54 ,! ,second ,epi/le to ,timo?y 9 any case has ! unique int]e/ ( be+ ! la/ extant utt]ance ( ! ,apo/le ,/4 ,paul4 7#b7 ,! phraseology :i* is peculi> to ea* ( ^! ,epi/les is n great] 9 am\nt ?an ! phraseology :i* is peculi> to ! ,epi/le to ! ,galatians1 :i* ev5 ,baur admits to be ( unque/ionable g5u95ess4 ,! peculi> diction :i* is common to all ?ree ,epi/les is well acc\nt$ = by ! peculi>ity ( ! common subject1 & by ! fact t ^! lett]s are sep>at$ by sev]al ye>s f ev5 ! late/ among ! o!r writ+s ( ,/4 ,paul4#c 7#c1 #d7 ,!re is good reason = believ+ t dur+ ! lifetime ( ,/4 ,paul ! organization ( ! ,*ur* correspond$ to t :i* is sket*$ 9 ^! lett]s1 & t errors 7 already 9 exi/5ce su* z ^! lett]s d5\nce4 ,al?\gh ! controv]sy is by no means ov]1 two results ( x are v g5]ally accept$ z practically c]ta94 7#a7 ,! ?ree ,epi/les mu/ /& or fall toge!r4 ,x is impossible to accept two1 or "o1 or any portion ( "o ( !m1 & reject ! re/4 7#b7 ,!y /& or fall ) ! hypo!sis ( ,/4 ,paul's second imprisonm5t4 ,if ! ,apo/le 0 imprison$ at ,rome only once1 & 0 put to dea? at ! end ( t imprisonm5t1 !n ^! ?ree lett]s 7 n writt5 by him4 7#a7 ,! ,epi/les /& or fall toge!r3 !y are all ?ree g5u9e1 or all ?ree spuri\s4 ,we mu/ ei!r ) ! s*ol>s ( ! ,e>ly ,*ur*1 ( ! ,middle ,ages1 & ( ! ,r5aissance1 :e!r ,roman or ,prote/ant1 & ) a cle> majority ( mod]n critics1#d accept all ?ree lett]s2 or else ) ,m>cion1 ,basilides1 ,ei*horn1 ,bau]1 & _! foll[]s1#e reject all ?ree4 ,z ,cr$n] himself _h to ackn[l$ge1 aft] hav+ at fir/ advocat$ ! !ory1 x is impossible to foll[ ,tatian 9 reta9+ ,titus z apo/olic1 :ile repudiat+ ! o!r two z =g]ies4 ,nor h ! two s*ol>s#f :o orig9at$ ! mod]n controv]sy f\nd m ?an "o critic ( em95ce to accept _! conclusion t bo? ,titus & #b ,timo?y are g5u9e1 b #a ,timo?y n4 ,yet ano!r sugge/ion is made by ,reuss1 t #b ,timo?y is unque/ionably g5u9e1 :ile ! o!r two are d\btful4 ,& la/ly we h ,pfleid]] admitt+ t #b ,timo?y conta9s at lea/ two sections :i* h ) good reason be5 recogniz$ z g5u9e 7i4 #ae-ah & iv4 #i-ba71 & ,r5an ask+ :e!r ! =g] ( ^! ?ree ,epi/les did n possess "s au!ntic lett]s ( ,/4 ,paul :i* he has en%r9$ 9 8 composition4#g ,x w be se51 !re=e1 t ^? :o impugn ! au!nticity ( ! ,pa/oral ,epi/les are by no means agre$ among !mselves4 ,! evid5ce 9 "s places is s /rong1 t _m ( ! objectors are compell$ to admit t ! ,epi/les are at lea/ 9 "p ! "w ( ,/4 ,paul4 ,t is1 c]ta9 portions1 :i* admit ( be+ sev]ely te/$1 are f\nd to /& ! te/1 & are pass$ z g5u9e1 9 spite ( surr\nd+ difficulties4 ,! re/1 :i* does n admit ( su* te/+1 is repudiat$ on acc\nt ( ! difficulties4 ,no "o c reasonably object to ! application ( :atev] te/s are available1 nor to ! dem& = explanations ( difficulties4 ,b we mu/ n treat :at _c be satisfactorily te/$ z if x _h be5 te/$ & f\nd want+2 nor mu/ we refuse to take acc\nt ( ! support :i* ^? p>ts :i* c be ?or\ghly sift$ l5d to ^? = :i* no decisive crit]ion c be f\nd4 ,/ill less mu/ we proce$ on ! assumption t to reject ^! ,epi/les or any portion ( !m is a proce$+ :i* gets rid ( difficulties4 ,x is m]ely an ex*ange ( "o set ( difficulties = ano!r4 ,to unbiass$ m9ds x w p]haps appe> t ! difficulties involv$ 9 ! assumption t ! ,pa/oral ,epi/les are :olly or p>tly a =g]y1 are n less s]i\s ?an ^? :i* h be5 urg$ aga9/ ! well-e/abli%$ tradition ( _! g5u95ess4 ,! v /rong ext]nal evid5ce 9 _! fav\r has to be acc\nt$ =4 ,x is already full1 cle>1 & decid$1 z soon z we c\ld at all expect to f9d x1 viz41 9 ,ir5aeus1 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 & ,t]tullian4 ,& x mu/ be notic$ t ^! witnesses give u ! traditional beliefs ( sev]al *ief c5tres 9 ,*ri/5dom4 ,ir5aeus speaks ) full k ( :at 0 accept$ 9 ,asia ,m9or1 ,rome1 & ,gaul2 ,clem5t witnesses = ,egypt1 & ,t]tullian = ,nor? ,africa4 ,& al?\gh ! abs5ce ( su* support w\ld n h caus$ s]i\s p]plexity1 _! direct evid5ce is v mat]ially support$ by passages closely p>allel to ! words ( ! ,pa/oral ,epi/les f\nd 9 writ]s /ill e>li] ?an ,ir5aeus4 ,r5an admits ! relation%ip betwe5 #b ,timo?y & ! ,epi/le ( ,clem5t ( ,rome1 & sugge/s t ea* writ] has borr[$ f a common s\rce4 ,pfleid]] admits t ! ,epi/le ( ,ignatius to ,polyc>p displays /rik+ po9ts ( contact ) #b ,timo?y4 ,bau]'s !ory1 t all ?ree lett]s are z late z ,a4,d4 #aej1 & are an attack on ,m>cion1 f9ds little support n[4 ,b we are /ill ask$ to believe t #b ,timo?y 0 =g$ 9 ! reign ( ,trajan 7#ih-aag7 & ! o!r two ,epi/les 9 ! reign ( ,hadrian 7#aag-ach74 ,is x cr$ible t a =g]y p]petrat$ ,a4,d4 #abj-ace w\ld 9 less ?an fifty ye>s be accept$ 9 ,asia ,m9or1 ,rome1 ,gaul1 ,egypt1 & ,nor? ,africa1 z a g5u9e lett] ( ! ,apo/le ,/4 ,paul8 ,& yet ?is is :at mu/ h happ5$ 9 ! case ( #a ,timo?y1 if ! hypo!sis j /at$ is correct4 ,nor is ?is all1 ,m>cion1 z we "k1 reject$ all ?ree ( ! ,pa/oral ,epi/les2 & ,t]tullian _c ?9k :y ,m>cion %\ld d s4 ,b1 :5 ,m>cion 0 fram+ 8 canon1 ab\t ! reign ( ,hadrian1 #b ,timo?y accord+ to ^! dates1 w\ld be sc>cely tw5ty ye>s old1 & #a ,timo?y w\ld be br&-new4 ,if ?is _h be5 s1 w\ld ,m>cion1 ) 8 intimate k ( ,/4 ,paul's writ+s1 h be5 9 ignorance ( ! fact2 & if he _h kn[n x1 w\ld he h fail$ to d5\nce ! =g]y8 ,or aga91 if we assume t he m]ely treat$ ?is gr\p ( ,epi/les ) sil5t contempt1 w\ld n 8 rejection ( !m1 :i* 0 well-kn[n1 h direct$ att5tion to !m1 & caus$ _! rec5t orig9 to be quickly discov]$8 ,f all :i* x is manife/ t ! !ory ( =g]y by no means frees u f grave ob/acles4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ! ext]nal evid5ce is l>ge 9 am\nt & ov]:elm+ly 9 fav\r ( ! ,apo/olic au?or%ip4 ,! objections are bas$ on int]nal evid5ce4 ,b "s ( ! lead+ oppon5ts admit t ev5 ! int]nal evid5ce is 9 fav\r ( c]ta9 portions ( ! ,epi/les4 ,let u1 !n1 ) ,r5an1 ,pfleid]]1 & o!rs admit t p>ts ( #b ,timo?y 7 writt5 by ,/4 ,paul2 !n !re is /rong presumption t ! :ole lett] is by him2 = ev5 ! suspect$ portions h ! ext]nal evid5ce 9 _! fav\r1 toge!r ) ! support l5t to !m by ^? p>ts = :i* ! int]nal evid5ce is also satisfactory4 ,add to :i* ! improbability t any "o w\ld /ore up g5u9e lett]s ( ,/4 ,paul = fifty ye>s & !n use p>ts ( !m to give sub/ance to a fabrication4 ,or let u ) ,reuss cont5d t 9 #b ,timo?y ! :ole ,epi/le is s completely ! natural expression ( ! actual situation ( ! au?or1 & conta9s1 uns\ght & = ! mo/ "p 9 ! =m ( m]e allusions1 su* a mass ( m9ute#h & uness5tial p>ticul>s1 t ev5 did ! "n ( ! writ] n *ance to be m5tion$ at ! beg9n+ x w\ld be easy to discov] x4 ,!n !re is /rong presumption t ! o!r two lett]s are g5u9e also2 = !y h ! ext]nal evid5ce on _! side1 toge!r ) ! good "* reflect$ ^u !m by _! bro!r ,epi/le4 ,?is result is ( c\rse greatly /r5g!n$1 if1 q indep5d5tly ( #b ,timo?y1 ! claims ( ,titus to be ,apo/olic are consid]$ to be adequate4 ,) two ( ! ?ree lett]s admitt$ to be g5u9e1 ! case = ! rema9+ lett] becomes a /rong "o4 ,x has ! p[]ful ext]nal evid5ce on its side1 back$ up by ! support l5t to x by its two m manife/ly au!ntic companions4 ,?us f>1 !re=e1 we may agree ) ,baur3 ,! ?ree ,epi/les are s mu* alike t none ( !m c be sep>at$ f ! o!rs2 & f ?is circum/ance ! id5tity ( _! au?or%ip may be confid5tly inf]r$4#i ,b :5 he ass]ts t :i*ev] ( ?is family ( lett]s be exam9$ w appe> z ! betray] ( 8 bre?r51 he j rev]ses ! tru?4 ,ea* lett]1 ^u exam9ation1 l5ds support to ! o!r two2 & a ?reefold cord is n easily brok54 ,! /ronge/ memb] ( ! family is #b ,timo?y3 ! ext]nal evid5ce 9 its fav\r is ample1 & no ,epi/le 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t is m *>act]i/ic ( ,/4 ,paul4 ,x w\ld be sc>cely less reasonable to dispute #b ,cor9?ians4 ,& if #b ,timo?y be admitt$1 !re is no t5able gr\nd = exclud+ ! o!r two4 ,,ii4 ,b n only d ! ?ree ,epi/les /& or fall toge!r1 !y /& or fall ) ! hypo!sis ( ! release & second imprisonm5t ( ! ,apo/le4 ,! cont5tion t no place c be f\nd = ! ,pa/oral ,epi/les 9 ! n>rative ( ! ,acts is valid2 b x is no objection to ! au!nticity ( ! ,epi/les4 ,! conclusion ( ! ,acts implies t ! end ( ,/4 ,paul's life is n rea*$ 9 ! n>rative4 ,he abode two :ole ye>s 9 8 own hir$ dwell+1 implies t aft] t "t a *ange took place4 ,if t *ange 0 8 dea?1 h[ unnatural n to m5tion x6 ,! conclusion is closely p>allel to t ( ,/ ,luke's ,gospel2 & we might almo/ z reasonably cont5d t !y 7 cont9ually 9 ! temple1 proves t !y 7 nev] clo!d ) p[] f on high1 because !y 7 told to t>ry 9 ! city until !y 7 s clo!d1 z cont5d t abode two :ole ye>s 9 8 own hir$ dwell+1 proves t at ! end ( ! two ye>s came ! end ( ,/4 ,paul's life4 ,let u grant t ! conclusion ( ! ,acts is unexpect$ly abrupt1 & t ?is abruptness con/itutes a difficulty4 ,!n we h our *oice ( two alt]natives4 ,ei!r ! two ye>s ( imprisonm5t 7 foll[$ by a p]iod ( r5ew$ lab\r1 or !y 7 cut %ort by ! ,apo/le's m>tyrdom4 ,is x n m easy to believe t ! writ] did n consid] t ?is new p]iod ( "w1 :i* w\ld h fill$ _m *apt]s1 fell )9 ! scope ( 8 n>rative1 ?an t he omitt$ s obvi\s a conclusion z ,/4 ,paul's dea?1 = :i* a s+le v]se w\ld h suffic$8 ,b let u admit t to ass]t t ,/4 ,paul 0 releas$ at ! end ( two ye>s is to ma9ta9 a m]e hypo!sis3 yet to ass]t t he 0 n releas$ is equally to ma9ta9 a m]e hypo!sis4 ,if we exclude ! ,pa/oral ,epi/les1 ,scripture gives no means ( decid+ ! "q1 & :i*ev] alt]native we adopt we are mak+ a conjecture4 ,b :i* hypo!sis has mo/ evid5ce on its side8 ,c]ta9ly ! hypo!sis ( ! release4 7#a7 ,! ,pa/oral ,epi/les1 ev5 if n by ,/4 ,paul1 are by "s "o :o believ$ t ! ,apo/le did a good deal aft] ! close ( ! ,acts4 7#b7 ,! fam\s passage 9 ,clem5t ( ,rome 7,cor4 v47 tells t ,/4 ,paul won ! noble r5[n :i* 0 ! rew>d ( 8 fai?1 hav+ taught righte\sness unto ! :ole _w1 & hav+ rea*$ ! fur!/ b\nd ( ! ,we/ 7to t]ma ts dyses74 ,?is probably means ,spa92#aj & if ,/4 ,paul ev] w5t to ,spa9 z he hop$ to d 7,rom4 xv4 #bd1 #bh71 x 0 aft] ! imprisonm5t n>rat$ 9 ! ,acts4 ,clem5t gives u ! tradition 9 ,rome 7c4 ,a4,d4 #ie74 7#c7 ,! ,muratorian fragm5t 7c4 ,a4,d4 #agj7 m5tions ! dep>ture ( ,paul f ! city to ,spa94 7#d7 ,eusebius 7,h4,e41 ,,ii4 xxii4 #b7 says t at ! end ( ! two ye>s ( imprisonm5t1 accord+ to tradition1 ! ,apo/le w5t =? aga9 ^u ! m9i/ry ( prea*+1 & on a second visit to ! city end$ 8 c>e] by m>tyrdom "u ,n]o2 & t dur+ ?is imprisonm5t he compos$ ! ,second ,epi/le to ,timo?y4 ,all ?is does n am\nt to pro(2 b x raises ! hypo!sis ( ! release to a high degree ( probability4 ,no?+ ( ?is k9d c be urg$ 9 fav\r ( ! c\nt] hypo!sis4 ,to urge ! improbability t ! lab\rs ( ^! la/ few ye>s ( ,/4 ,paul's life w\ld be left unrecord$ is no argum5t4 7#a7 ,!y are p>tly record$ 9 ! ,pa/oral ,epi/les4 7#b7 ,! entire lab\rs ( mo/ ( ! ,twelve are left unrecord$4 ,ev5 ( ,/4 ,paul's life1 :ole ye>s are left a blank4 ,h[ fragm5t>y ! n>rative 9 ! ,acts mu/ be is prov$ by ! autobiography 9 #b ,cor9?ians4 ,t we h v scanty notice ( ,/4 ,paul's do+s betwe5 ! two imprisonm5ts does n r5d] ! exi/5ce ( su* an int]val at all d\btful4 ,! result ( ?is prelim9>y discussion seems to %[ t ! objections :i* h be5 urg$ aga9/ ^! ,epi/les are n su* z to compel u to d\bt t 9 /udy+ !m we are /udy+ ! la/ writ+s ( ! ,apo/le ( ! ,g5tiles4 ,if any d\bts /ill survive1 a clos] exam9ation ( ! details w1 x is hop$1 t5d to remove r ?an to /r5g!n !m4 ,:5 we h complet$ our survey1 we may be able to add our te/imony to ^? :o ?r\gh _m c5turies h f\nd ^! writ+s a s\rce ( ,div9e guidance1 w>n+1 & enc\ragem5t1 especially 9 m9i/]ial "w4 ,! exp]i5ce ( c\ntless numb]s ( pa/ors atte/s ! wisdom ( ! ,*ur*1 or 9 o!r words ! good ,provid5ce ( ,god1 9 caus+ ^! ,epi/les to be includ$ among ! sacr$ ,scriptures4 ,x is an e/abli%$ fact1 z ,b]nh>d ,weiss rightly po9ts out 7,introduction to ! ,new ,te/am5t1 vol4 i41 p4 #daj71 t ! ess5tial1 fundam5tal features ( ! ,paul9e doctr9e ( salvation are ev5 9 _! specific expression reproduc$ 9 our ,epi/les ) a cle>ness su* z we d n f9d 9 any ,paul9e disciple1 except+ p]haps ,luke or ! ,roman ,clem5t4 ,:oev] compos$ !m _h at 8 comm&1 n only ,/4 ,paul's =ms ( doctr9e & expression1 b l>ge funds ( ,apo/olic zeal & discretion1 su* z h prov$ capable ( w>m+ ! he>ts & guid+ ! judgm5ts ( a long l9e ( successors4 ,^? :o are consci\s ( ^! effects ^u !mselves w probably f9d x easi] to believe t !y h d]iv$ ^! b5efits f ! great ,apo/le himself1 r ?an f "o :o1 ) h[ev] good int5tions1 assum$ 8 "n & disguis$ himself 9 8 mantle4 ,h5ce=w>d1 until we f9d s]i\s reason = d\bt1 x w be assum$ t 9 ^! ,epi/les we h ! f>ewell c\nsels ( none o!r ?an ,/ ,paul4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,adv4 ,m>c41 ,v4 xxi4 #b ,clem4 ,rom4 ,i4 ii41 xxix41 lxi42 ,ign4 ,magn4 viii41 ,pol4 passim2 ,polyc>p1 iv2 ,!oph4 ,autol41 ,,iii41 xiv12 ,ir541 ,ha]41 ,,iii4 iii4 #c1 #d2 ,euseb4 ,h4 ,e41 ,,iii4 xxv41 #b41 xxvi4 #d41 xxxii4 #h4 #c ,! weal? & mobility ( ! ,paul9e intellect 444 mu/ n be fett]$ 9 mode ( tea*+ or expression by a rule tak5 f a numb] ( old] epi/les arbitr>ily select$4--,,b]nh>d ,,weiss1 ,introduction to ! ,n4 ,t41 i4 p4 #daj 7,hodd]3 #ahhg74 #d ,among !m ,al=d1 ,baumg>t51 ,beck1 ,dll+]1 ,fairbairn1 ,f>r>1 ,gu]icke1 ,h]zog1 ,h(mann1 ,hu!r1 ,kll+1 ,lange1 ,lightfoot1 ,ne&]1 ,oo/]zee1 ,otto1 ,plumptre1 ,salmon1 ,s*aff1 ,?i]s*1 ,wace1 ,wiesel]1 ,wies+]1 ,wordswor?4 #e ,among !m ,cr$n]1 ,s4 ,davidson1 ,ewald1 ,hausra?1 ,hilg5feld1 ,holtzmann1 ,mangold1 ,s*5kel1 & on ! :ole ,de ,wette4 #f ,s*midt & ,s*lei]ma*] foll[$ by ,bleek4 #g ,simil> admissions1 :i* are q fatal to ! view t ! ?ree ,epi/les are n g5u9e1 are made by ,hausra?1 ,imm] & ,lemme2 :ile ,ewald1 ,hitzig1 ,kr5kel1 & ,weisse ?9k t ,titus conta9s au!ntic fragm5ts4 ,see ! exposition ( #b ,tim4 iv4 #i-ba4 #h ,:at =g] w\ld h ?\ght ( ! cloak 7or book-case7 left at ,troas ) ,c>pus1 or w\ld h be5 c>eful to speak only ( ! h\se ( ,onesiphorus1 & n ( himself1 9 two places8 #i ,paul1 8 ,life & ,works1 ,pt4 ,,ii41 *4 viii4 ,eng4 ,trans41 p4 #aje4 #aj ,x _c possibly mean ,rome2 lea/ ( all 9 a docum5t writt5 9 ,rome4 ,rome 0 a c5tre1 n a fronti]4 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,epi/le ,,to ,,timo?y4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,timo?y ,,! ,,belov$ ,,disciple ,,( ,,/4 ,,paul4 ,,8 ,,life ,,& ,,"*4 ,timo?y1 my true *ild 9 fai?4--#a ,,tim4 i4 #b4 ,timo?y1 my belov$ *ild4--#b ,,tim4 i4 #b4 ,9 ! relation ( ,/4 ,paul to ,timo?y we h "o ( ^? beautiful fri5d%ips betwe5 an old] & a y\ng] man :i* are commonly s helpful to bo?4 ,x is 9 su* cases1 r ?an :]e ! fri5ds are equals 9 age1 t ea* c be ! real complem5t ( ! o!r4 ,ea* by 8 abundance c supply ! o!r's want1 :]eas m5 ( equal age w\ld h common wants & common supplies4 ,9 ?is respect ! fri5d%ip betwe5 ,/4 ,paul & ,timo?y rem9ds u ( t betwe5 ,/4 ,pet] & ,/4 ,john4 ,9 ea* case ! fri5d :o took ! lead 0 mu* old] ?an ! o!r2 & 7:at is less 9 h>mony ) ord9>y exp]i5ce7 9 ea* case x 0 ! old] fri5d :o _h ! impulse & ! en?usiasm1 ! y\ng] :o _h ! reflectiv5ess & ! res]ve4 ,^! latt] qualities are p]haps less m>k$ 9 ,/4 ,timo?y ?an 9 ,/4 ,john1 b nev]!less !y are !re1 & !y are among ! lead+ traits ( 8 "*4 ,/4 ,paul leans on him :ile he guides him1 & relies ^u 8 ?\ghtfulness & circumspection 9 cases requir+ firmness1 delicacy1 & tact4 ,( ! affection ) :i* he reg>d$ ,timo?y we h evid5ce 9 ! :ole tone ( ! two lett]s to him4 ,9 ! sph]e ( fai? ,timo?y is 8 own true *ild 7n m]ely adopt$1 /ill less supposititi\s71 & 8 belov$ *ild4 ,/4 ,paul tells ! ,cor9?ians t z ! be/ means ( mak+ !m imitators ( himself he has s5t unto !m ,timo?y1 :o is my belov$ & fai?ful *ild 9 ! ,"l1 :o %all put y 9 remembrance ( my ways :i* be 9 ,*ri/1 ev5 z ,i tea* ev]y:]e 9 e ,*ur* 7#a ,cor4 iv4 #ag74 ,& a few ye>s lat] he tells ! ,philippians t he hopes to s5d ,timo?y %ortly unto !m1 t he may "k h[ !y f>e4 ,= he has no "o l him1 :o w h a g5u9e anxiety ab\t _! welf>e4 ,! re/ c>e only = _! own int]e/s4 ,b ! pro( ( him ye "k1 t1 z a *ild a fa!r1 s he slav$ ) me = ! ,gospel 7ii4 #bb74 ,( all :om he ev] conv]t$ to ! fai? ,timo?y seems to h be5 to ,/4 ,paul ! disciple :o 0 mo/ belov$ & mo/ tru/$4 ,foll[+ ! example ( ! f\r? ,evangeli/1 ,timo?y might h call$ himself ,! disciple :om ,paul lov$4 ,he %>$ 8 spiritual fa!r's outw>d lab\rs & mo/ intimate ?\ghts4 ,he 0 ) him :5 ! ,apo/le c\ld n or w\ld n h ! companion%ip ( o!rs4 ,he 0 s5t on ! mo/ delicate & confid5tial missions4 ,he _h *>ge ( ! mo/ important congregations4 ,:5 ! ,apo/le 0 9 8 la/ & almo/ lonely imprisonm5t x 0 ,timo?y :om he summon$ to console him & receive 8 la/ injunctions4 ,!re is ano!r po9t 9 :i* ! belov$ disciple ( ! ,pa/oral ,epi/les resembles ! belov$ disciple ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel4 ,we are apt to ?9k ( bo? ( !m z always "y4 ,*ri/ian art ne>ly inv>iably repres5ts ,/4 ,john z a man ( y\?ful & almo/ fem99e appe>ance4 ,&1 al?\gh 9 ,timo?y's case1 pa9t]s & sculptors h n done mu* to influ5ce our imag9ation1 yet ! picture :i* we =m = ourselves ( him is v simil> to t :i* we commonly receive ( ,/4 ,john4 ,) /range logic ?is has actually be5 made an argum5t aga9/ ! au!nticity ( ! ,pa/oral ,epi/les4 ,my?1 we are told1 has giv5 to ?is ,*ri/ian ,a*illes ! attributes ( et]nal y\?4 ,timo?y 0 a lad ( ab\t fifte5 :5 ,/4 ,paul conv]t$ him at ,ly/ra1 9 or ne> ,a4,d4 #de2 & he 0 probably n yet ?irty-five :5 ,/4 ,paul wrote ! ,fir/ ,epi/le to him4 ,ev5 if he _h be5 mu* old] !re w\ld be no?+ surpris+ 9 ! tone ( ,/4 ,paul's lett]s to him4 ,x is "o ( ! commone/ exp]i5ces to f9d eld]ly p>5ts speak+ ( _! middle-ag$ *ildr5 z if !y 7 /ill boys & girls4 ,?is trait1 z be+ s entirely natural1 ought to c\nt z a t\* beyond ! rea* ( a =g] r ?an z a circum/ance t ought to r\se our suspicions1 9 ! lett]s ( ,paul ! ag$#aa to a fri5d :o 0 ?irty ye>s y\ng] ?an himself4 ,once m1 ! notices ( ,timo?y :i* h come d[n to u1 l ^? :i* we h respect+ ! belov$ disciple1 are v fragm5t>y2 b !y =m a beautiful & consi/5t sket* ( "o ^: full portrait we long to possess4 ,timo?y 0 a native1 possibly ( ,d]be1 b m probably ( ! neighb\r+ t[n ( ,ly/ra1 :]e he 0 pi\sly br\ght up 9 a k ( ! ,jewi% ,scriptures by 8 gr&mo!r ,lois & 8 "m ,eunice4 ,x 0 probably dur+ ,/ ,paul's fir/ visit to ,ly/ra1 on 8 fir/ mission>y j\rney1 t he became ! boy's spiritual fa!r1 by conv]t+ him to ! ,*ri/ian fai?4 ,x 0 at ,ly/ra t ! ,apo/le 0 /on$ by ! mob & dragg$ outside ! city z dead3 & !re is no improbability 9 ! sugge/ion t1 :5 he recov]$ consci\sness & re-ent]$ ! t[n1 x 0 9 ! home ( ,timo?y t he f\nd %elt]4 ,9 any case ,ly/ra 0 to ! ,apo/le a place ( /rangely mix$ associations2 ! brutality ( ! pagan multitude side by side ) ! t5d] fri5d%ip ( ! "y ,timo?y4 ,:5 ,/4 ,paul on 8 next mission>y j\rney aga9 visit$ ,ly/ra he f\nd ,timo?y already enjoy+ a good report among ! ,*ri/ians ( t place & ( ,iconium = 8 zeal & devotion dur+ ! six or sev5 ye>s :i* _h elaps$ s9ce 8 fir/ visit4 ,p]haps he _h be5 engag$ 9 mission>y "w 9 bo? places4 ,! voices ( ! prophets _h s+l$ him out z "o wor?y ( be>+ (fice 9 ! ,*ur*2 & ! ,apo/le1 /ill griev+ ov] ! dep>ture ( ,b>nabas ) ,john ,m>k1 recogniz$ 9 him "o :o ) ,silas c\ld fill ! d\ble vacancy4 ,! conduct ( ! ,apo/le ( ! ,g5tiles on ?is occasion has sometimes excit$ surprise4 ,previ\sly to ! ord9ation1 ,paul1 ! great proclaim] ( ! abrogation ( ! ,law by ! ,gospel1 circumcis$ ! "y evangeli/4 ,! inconsi/5cy is m app>5t ?an real4 ,x 0 an in/ance ( 8 becom+ all ?+s to all m5 = ! salvation ( s\ls1 & ( 8 sacrific+ 8 own convictions 9 matt]s t 7 n ess5tial1 r ?an cause o!rs to (f5d4 ,timo?y's fa!r _h be5 a ,g5tile1 & ! son1 ?\gh br\ght up 9 8 "m's fai?1 _h nev] be5 circumcis$4 ,to ,/4 ,paul circumcision 0 a wor?less rite4 ,! "q 01 :e!r x 0 a h>mless "o4 ,?is dep5d$ ^u circum/ances4 ,if1 z among ! ,galatians1 x caus$ p to rely ^u ! ,law & neglect ! ,gospel1 x 0 a sup]/iti\s ob/acle ) :i* no compromise c\ld be made4 ,b if x 0 a passport :]eby prea*]s1 :o w\ld o!rwise be exclud$1 might ga9 access to ,jewi% congregations1 !n x 0 n only a h>mless b a useful c]emony4 ,9 ! synagogue ,timo?y z an uncircumcis$ ,jew w\ld h be5 an intol]able abom9ation1 & w\ld nev] h obta9$ a he>+4 ,to free him f ?is crippl+ disadvantage1 ,/4 ,paul subject$ him to a rite :i* he himself knew to be obsolete4 ,!n foll[$ ! ord9ation1 p]=m$ ) great solemnity by ! lay+ on ( ! h&s ( all ! eld]s ( ! congregation3 & ! newly orda9$ ,evangeli/ =?) set out to accompany ,paul & ,silas 9 _! lab\rs = ! ,gospel4 ,:]ev] !y w5t !y di/ribut$ copies ( ! decrees ( ! ,apo/olic ,c\ncil at ,j]usalem1 :i* decl>$ circumcision to be unnecess>y = ,g5tiles4 ,_! true position ) reg>d to circumcision 0 ?us made abundantly evid5t4 ,= ! sake ( o!rs !y _h ab/a9$ f avail+ !mselves ( ! v lib]ty :i* !y proclaim$4 ,9 ! ,troad !y met ,luke ! belov$ physician 7z indicat$ by ! sudd5 use ( ! fir/ p]son plural 9 ! ,acts71 & took him on ) !m to ,philippi4 ,"h probably1 z c]ta9ly aft]w>ds at ,b]oea1 ,timo?y 0 left beh9d by ,paul & ,silas to consolidate _! "w4 ,he rejo9$ ! ,apo/le at ,a!ns1 b 0 !nce s5t back on a mission to ,!ssalonica1 & on 8 return f\nd ,/4 ,paul at ,cor9?4 ,! two ,epi/les writt5 f ,cor9? to ! ,!ssalonians are 9 ! jo9t names ( ,paul & ,timo?y4 ,at ,cor9?1 z at ,ly/ra1 ,iconium1 & ,philippi1 ,timo?y became prom95t = 8 zeal z an evangeli/2 & !n = ab\t five ye>s we lose sight ( him4 ,we may ?9k ( him z g5]ally at ! side ( ,/4 ,paul1 & z always work+ ) him2 b ( ! details ( ! "w we are ignorant4 ,ab\t ,a4,d4 #eg he 0 s5t by ,/4 ,paul on a delicate mission to ,cor9?4 ,?is 0 be=e #a ,cor9?ians 0 writt52 = 9 t lett] ,/4 ,paul /ates t he has s5t ,timo?y to ,cor9?1 b writes z if he expect$ t ! lett] w\ld rea* ,cor9? be=e him4 ,he *>ges ! ,cor9?ians n to aggravate ! "y evangeli/'s natural timidity1 & n to let 8 y\? prejudice !m aga9/ him4 ,:5 ,/4 ,paul wrote #b ,cor9?ians f ,mac$onia lat] 9 ! ye>1 ,timo?y 0 aga9 ) him1 = 8 "n is c\pl$ ) ,paul's3 & he is /ill ) him :5 ! ,apo/le wrote to ! ,romans f ,cor9?1 = he jo9s 9 s5d+ salutations to ! ,roman ,*ri/ians4 ,we f9d him /ill at ,/4 ,paul's side on 8 way back to ,j]usalem ?r\gh ,philippi1 ! ,troad1 ,tyre1 & ,caes>ea4 ,& "h we once m lose trace ( him = "s ye>s4 ,we d n "k :at he 0 do+ dur+ ,/4 ,paul's two ye>s' imprisonm5t at ,caes>ea2 b he jo9$ him dur+ ! fir/ imprisonm5t at ,rome1 = ! ,epi/les to ! ,philippians1 ! ,colossians1 & ,philemon are writt5 9 ! names ( ,paul & ,timo?y4 ,f ! passage already quot$ f ,philippians we may conjecture t ,timo?y w5t to ,philippi & return$ aga9 be=e ! ,apo/le 0 releas$4 ,at ! close ( ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews we read1 ,"k ye t our bro!r ,timo?y ha? be5 set at lib]ty4 ,x is possible t ! imprisonm5t to :i* ?is notice ref]s 0 contemporane\s ) ! fir/ imprisonm5t ( ,/4 ,paul1 & t x is aga9 ref]r$ to 9 #a ,timo?y 7vi4 #ab7 z ! good confession :i* he confess$ 9 ! sight ( _m witnesses4 ,! few additional facts respect+ ,timo?y are giv5 u 9 ! two lett]s to him4 ,"s "t aft] ,/4 ,paul's release ! two 7 toge!r 9 ,ephesus2 & :5 ! ,apo/le w5t on into ,mac$onia he left 8 companion beh9d him to w>n & exhort c]ta9 hold]s ( errone\s doctr9e to desi/ f tea*+ x4 ,!re 7 te>s1 on ! y\ng] fri5d's side at any rate1 to :i* ,/4 ,paul alludes at ! op5+ ( ! ,second ,epi/le2 & !y 7 natural en\gh4 ,! task impos$ ^u ,timo?y 0 no easy "o2 & aft] ! dang]s & suff]+s to :i* ! ,apo/le _h be5 expos$1 & :i* 8 increas+ infirmities cont9ually augm5t$1 x 0 only too possible t ! fri5ds w\ld nev] meet aga94 ,s f> z we "k1 ^! gloomy appreh5sions may h be5 realiz$4 ,9 8 fir/ lett]1 writt5 f ,mac$onia1 ,/4 ,paul expresses a hope ( return+ v soon to ,timo?y2 b1 l "s o!r hopes express$ 9 ,/4 ,paul's ,epi/les1 x 0 p]haps nev] fulfill$4 ,! second lett]1 writt5 f ,rome1 conta9s no allusion to any int]m$iate meet+4 ,9 ?is second lett] he twice implores ,timo?y to d all he c to come to him )\t delay1 = he is left almo/ alone 9 8 imprisonm5t4 ,b :e!r ,timo?y 0 able to comply ) ?is wi% we h no means ( kn[+4 ,we l to ?9k ( ! belov$ disciple z com=t+ ! la/ h\rs ( 8 ma/]2 b1 al?\gh ! conjecture may be a "r "o1 we mu/ rememb] t x is conjecture & no m4 ,) ! ,second ,epi/le to him ends all t we really "k ( ,timo?y4 ,tradition & +5i\s guesswork add a little m :i* c be nei!r prov$ nor disprov$4 ,m ?an two hundr$ ye>s aft] 8 dea?1 ,eusebius tells u t he is relat$ to h held ! (fice ( ov]se] ( ! diocese ( ,ephesus2 & five c5turies lat] ,nicephorus tells u1 t he 0 beat5 to dea? by ! ,ephesian mob = prote/+ aga9/ ! lic5ti\sness ( _! wor%ip ( ,artemis4 ,x has be5 conjectur$ t ,timo?y may be ! ,angel ( ! ,*ur* ( ,ephesus1 :o is p>tly prais$ & p>tly blam$ 9 ! ,apocalypse1 & p>allels h be5 drawn betwe5 ! words ( blame 9 ,rev4 ii4 #d1 #e1 & ! uneas9ess :i* seems to und]lie "o or two passages 9 ! ,second ,epi/le to ,timo?y4 ,b ! resemblances are too slight to be reli$ ^u4 ,all we c say is1 t ev5 if ! lat] date be tak5 = ! ,apocalypse1 ,timo?y may h be5 ov]se] ( ! ,*ur* ( ,ephesus at ! "t :5 ! book 0 writt54 ,b ( all ! scatt]$ memorials t h come d[n to u respect+ ?is beautiful fri5d%ip betwe5 ! great ,apo/le & 8 *ief disciple1 ! two lett]s ( ! old] fri5d to ! y\ng] are by f> ! *ief4 ,& !re is s mu* 9 !m t fits ) exquisite nicety into ! kn[n conditions ( ! case1 t x is h>d to imag9e h[ any =g] ( ! second c5tury c\ld s h ?r[n himself into ! situation4 ,:]e else 9 t age h we evid5ce ( any su* lit]>y & hi/orical skill8 ,! t5d]ness & affection1 ! anxiety & sadness1 ! tact & discretion1 ! /r5g? & l>ge-m9d$ness ( ,/4 ,paul are all !re2 & 8 relation to 8 y\ng] b mu*-tru/$ disciple is q naturally su/a9$ ?r\gh\t4 ,aga9/ ?is x is n mu* to urge t !re are "s =ty words & phrases 9 ^! ,epi/les :i* d n occur 9 ! o!r ,epi/les ( ,/4 ,paul4 ,! explanation ( t fact is easy4 ,p>tly !y are words :i* 9 8 o!r ,epi/les he _h no ne$ to use2 p>tly !y are words :i* ! circum/ances ( ^! lat] lett]s sugge/$ to him1 & :i* ^? ( ! e>li] lett]s did n4 ,! vocabul>y ( e man ( active m9d :o reads & mixes ) o!r m51 especially if he travels mu*1 is p]petually *ang+4 ,he comes across new metaphors1 new figures ( spee*1 rememb]s !m1 & uses !m4 ,! read+ ( su* a "w z ,d>w9's ,orig9 ( ,species gives a man comm& ( a new sph]e ( ?\ght & expression4 ,! conv]sation ( su* a man z ,luke ! belov$ physician w\ld h a simil> effect on ,/4 ,paul4 ,we %all nev] "k ! m9ds or ! circum/ances :i* sugge/$ to him ! language :i* has n[ become our own possession2 & x is unreasonable to suppose t ! process ( assimilation came to a dead /op 9 ! ,apo/le's m9d :5 he f9i%$ ! ,epi/les ( ! fir/ imprisonm5t4 ,! result1 !re=e1 ( ?is brief survey ( ! life ( ,timo?y is to confirm r ?an to %ake our belief t ! lett]s :i* are address$ to him 7 really writt5 by 8 fri5d ,/4 ,paul4 ,! fri5d%ip betwe5 ^! two m5 ( diff]5t gifts & v diff]5t ages is full ( int]e/4 ,x is difficult to e/imate :i* ( ! two fri5ds ga9$ mo/ f ! affection & devotion ( ! o!r4 ,no d\bt ,timo?y's debt to ,/4 ,paul 0 imm5se3 & :i* ( u w\ld n ?9k himself amply paid = any am\nt ( s]vice & sacrifice1 9 hav+ ! privilege ( be+ ! *os5 fri5d ( su* a man z ,/4 ,paul8 ,b on ! o!r h&1 few m5 c\ld h suppli$ ! ,apo/le's peculi> ne$s z ,timo?y did4 ,t int5se crav+ = sympa?y :i* brea!s s /rongly ?r\gh\t ! writ+s ( ,/4 ,paul1 f\nd its *ief human satisfaction 9 ,timo?y4 ,to be alone 9 a cr[d is a trial to mo/ m52 & few m5 h felt ! oppressiv5ess ( x m ke5ly ?an ,/4 ,paul4 ,to h "s "o1 !re=e1 :o lov$ & rev]5c$ him1 :o knew 8 ways & c\ld impress !m on o!rs1 :o c>$ = ^? = :om ,paul c>$ & 0 ev] will+ to m9i/] to !m z 8 fri5d's mission] & delegate--all ?is & mu* m 0 inexpressibly com=t+ to ,/4 ,paul4 ,x gave him /r5g? 9 8 weaknesses1 hope 9 8 _m disappo9tm5ts1 & solid help 9 8 daily burd5 ( anxiety = all ! ,*ur*es4 ,specially consol+ 0 ! cl++ affection ( 8 "y fri5d at ^? times :5 ! ,apo/le 0 suff]+ f ! coldness & neglect ( o!rs4 ,at ! "t ( 8 fir/ imprisonm5t ! respect or curiosity ( ! ,roman ,*ri/ians _h mov$ _m ( !m to come out ?irty miles to meet him on 8 j\rney f ,caes>ea to ,rome2 yet z soon z he 0 safely lodg$ 9 ! h\se ( 8 gaol] !y almo/ ceas$ to m9i/] to him4 ,b ! fai?ful disciple seems to h be5 ev] at 8 side4 ,& :5 ! ,romans treat$ ,paul ) simil> indiff]5ce dur+ 8 second imprisonm5t1 x 0 ?is same disciple t he e>ne/ly bes\ght to come ) all spe$ to com=t him4 ,x 0 n m]ely t he lov$ & tru/$ ,timo?y z "o ^u ^: devotion & discretion he c\ld always rely3 b ,timo?y 0 ! "o among 8 _m disciples :o _h sacrific$ ev]y?+ = ,/4 ,paul & 8 ,ma/]4 ,he _h left a lov+ "m & a pleasant home 9 ord] to %>e ) ! ,apo/le a task :i* involv$ ceaseless lab\r1 untold anxiety1 n a little %ame & obloquy1 & at times ev5 dang] to life & limb4 ,:5 he might h cont9u$ to live on z ! fav\rite ( 8 family1 enjoy+ ! respect ( ! presbyt]s & prophets ( ,lycaonia1 he *ose to w&] abroad ) ! man to :om1 humanly speak+1 he ow$ 8 salvation1 9 j\rney+s (t51 9 p]ils ( e k9d f ! p[]s ( nature1 & f ! viol5ce or trea*]y ( man1 & 9 all ^? c\ntless afflictions & necessities1 ( :i* ,/4 ,paul gives u su* a t\*+ summ>y 9 ! second lett] to ! ,cor9?ians4 ,all ?is ,/4 ,paul knew1 & he knew ! value ( x to himself & ! ,*ur*2 & h5ce ! w>m affection ) :i* ! ,apo/le always speaks ( him & to him4 ,b :at did n ,timo?y owe to 8 fri5d1 8 fa!r 9 ! fai?1 old en\gh to be 8 fa!r 9 ! fle%8 ,n m]ely 8 conv]sion & 8 build+ up 9 ,*ri/ian doctr9e1 ?\gh t 0 mu*1 & ! *ief item ( 8 debt4 ,b ,/4 ,paul _h t5d]ly wat*$ ov] him among ! difficulties to :i* a p]son ( 8 temp]am5t w\ld be specially expos$4 ,timo?y 0 "y1 en?usia/ic1 s5sitive1 & at times %[$ signs ( timidity4 ,if 8 en?usiasm 7 n met ) a g5]\s sympa?y1 !re 0 dang] le/ ! s5sitive nature w\ld %rivel up on contact ) an unfeel+ _w1 & ! en?usiasm driv5 9 ^u itself w\ld be s\r$ into a res5tful cynicism4 ,/4 ,paul n only himself gave to 8 "y disciple ! sympa?y t he ne$$2 he enc\rag$ o!rs also to d ! same4 ,n[ if ,timo?y come1 he writes to ! ,cor9?ians1 see t he be ) y )\t fe>2 = he worke? ! "w ( ! ,"l1 z ,i also d3 let no man !re=e despise him4 ,he w>n$ ^! facti\s & fa/idi\s ,greeks aga9/ *ill+ ! g5]\s impulses ( a y\?ful evangeli/ by _! s>ca/ic criticisms4 ,timo?y might be want+ 9 ! brilliant gifts :i* ,cor9?ians ador$3 9 k ( ! _w1 9 address1 9 oratory4 ,b he 0 real4 ,he 0 work+ ,god's "w ) a s+le he>t & ) g5u9e f]v\r4 ,x w\ld be a cruel ?+ to m> t simplicity or qu5* t f]v\r1 & ?us turn a g5u9e en?usia/ into a cold-blood$ man ( ! _w4 ,on _! treatm5t ( him might dep5d :e!r he rais$ !m to 8 own zeal = ,*ri/1 or !y dragg$ him d[n to ! level ( _! own p>alys+ sup]cili\sness4 ,! dang]s f :i* ,/4 ,paul ?us g5]\sly endeav\r$ to %ield ,timo?y1 are ^? :i* beset _m an ard5t _s1 especially 9 ,engl& at ! pres5t day4 ,ev]y:]e !re is a cynical disbelief 9 human nature & a cold contempt = all noble impulses1 :i* ?r[ a damp & *ill+ atmosph]e ov] society4 ,at s*ool & at ! univ]sity1 9 family life & 9 dome/ic s]vice1 "y m5 & "y wom5 are enc\rag$ to believe t !re is no su* ?+ z unselfi%ness or hol9ess1 & t en?usiasm is always ei!r silly or hypocritical4 ,by s>ca/ic je/s & contemptu\s smiles !y are taught ! fatal lesson ( speak+ slight+ly1 & at la/ ( ?9k+ slight+ly1 ( _! own be/ feel+s4 ,to be dutiful & affectionate is suppos$ to be *ildi%1 :ile rev]5ce & tru/ are reg>d$ z m]e ignorance ( ! _w4 ,! mis*ief is a grave "o1 = x poisons life at its v spr+s4 ,e "y man & woman at times has aspirations :i* at fir/ are only romantic & s5tim5tal1 & z su* are nei!r "r nor wrong4 ,b !y are nature's mat]ial = high] & bett] ?+s4 ,!y are capable ( be+ develop$ into a zeal = ,god & = man1 su* z w ennoble ! *>act]s ( all :o come "u its influ5ce4 ,! s5tim5tali/ may become an en?usia/1 & ! en?usia/ a h]o or a sa9t4 ,woe to him :o gives to su* preci\s mat]ial a wrong turn1 & by (f]+ cynicism in/ead ( sympa?y turns all its fre%ness s\r4 ,! loss does n end ) ! blight ( an exub]ant & e>ne/ "*4 ,!re are huge masses ( evil 9 ! _w1 :i* seem to defy ! good influ5ces t f "t to "t are br\ght to be> ^u !m4 ,humanly speak+1 !re seems to be only "o hope ( ov]com+ ^! /rongholds ( ,satan1--& t is by ! comb9$ ef=ts ( _m en?usia/s4 ,?is is ! victory :i* ov]come? ! _w1 ev5 our fai?4 ,x w be a griev\s prospect = mank9d1 if fai? 9 ,god1 9 ourselves1 & 9 our fell[-m5 becomes s unfa%ionable z to be impossible4 ,& ?is is ! fai? :i* makes en?usia/s4 ,if we h n ?is fai? ourselves1 we c at lea/ respect x 9 o!rs4 ,if we _c play ! "p ( ,timo?y1 & g =? ) gl[+ he>ts to :atev] difficult & di/a/eful "w may be plac$ be=e u1 we c at lea/ avoid *ill+ & di%e>t5+ o!rs2 & sometimes at lea/ we may s f> foll[ 9 ! foot/eps ( ,/4 ,paul z to protect f ! _w's cynicism ^? :o1 ) he>ts m w>m p]haps ?an wise1 are lab\r+ manfully to leave ! _w pur] & happi] ?an !y f\nd x4 ,,footnotes3 #aa ,paul an ambassador1 & n[ also a prison] ( ,jesus ,*ri/ is probably "r 9 ,philemon2 b ev5 !re ,paul ! ag$ w\ld be true4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,doctr9e ,,condemn$ ,,9 ,,! ,,pa/oral ,,epi/les ,a ,,jewi% ,,=m ,,( ,,gno/icism4--,,! ,,gno/ic',s ,,problem4 ,z ,i exhort$ !e to t>ry at ,ephesus1 :5 ,i 0 go+ into ,mac$onia1 t ?\ mighte/ *>ge c]ta9 m5 n to tea* a diff]5t doctr9e1 nei!r to give he$ to fables & endless g5ealogies1 ! :i* m9i/] que/ion+s1 r ?an a disp5sation ( ,god :i* is 9 fai?2 s d ,i n[--#a ,tim4 i4 #b1 #c4 ,?is ,epi/le falls into two ma9 divisions1 ( :i* ! fir/ cont9ues d[n to ! #ac? v]se ( *ap4 iii4 ,x treats ( ?ree diff]5t subjects3 ,*ri/ian doctr9e2 ,*ri/ian wor%ip2 & ! ,*ri/ian m9i/ry4 ,! fir/ ( ^! ?ree subjects is introduc$ 9 ! words ( ! text1 :i* 9 ! orig9al =m an incomplete s5t5ce4 ,! la/ f\r words1 s d ,i n[1 are n express$ 9 ! ,greek4 ,b some?+ mu/ be suppli$ to complete ! s5se2 & x is m natural to und]/& ) ! ,revis]s ,s d ,i n[ exhort !e1 ?an ) ! ,a4 ,v4 ,s d ?\ t>ry at ,ephesus4 ,b ! "q is n ( great mom5t & _c be decid$ ) absolute c]ta9ty4 ,x is ( m importance to enquire :at 0 ! nature ( ! diff]5t doctr9e :i* ,timo?y 0 to endeav\r to c\nt]act4 ,& on ?is po9t we are n left 9 s]i\s d\bt4 ,!re are v>i\s expressions us$ respect+ x 9 ^! two lett]s to ,timo?y :i* seem to po9t to two factors 9 ! het]odoxy ab\t :i* ,/4 ,paul is anxi\s4 ,x is cle> t ! error is ,jewi% 9 orig92 & x is almo/ equally cle> t x is ,gno/ic z well4 ,! evid5ce ( ! lett] to ,titus t5ds mat]ially to confirm ^! conclusions4 7#a7 ,! h]esy is ,jewi% 9 "*4 ,its promot]s desire to be tea*]s ( ! ,law 7v]4 #g74 ,"s ( !m are !y ( ! circumcision 7,tit4 i4 #aj74 ,x consi/s 9 ,jewi% fables 7,tit4 i4 #ad74 ,! que/ions :i* x raises are fight+s ab\t ! ,law 7,tit4 iii4 #i74 7#b7 ,its ,gno/ic "* is also indicat$4 ,we are told bo? 9 ! text & 9 ! ,epi/le to ,titus 7i4 #ad2 iii4 #i7 t x deals 9 fables & g5ealogies4 ,x is empty talk+ 7v]4 #f71 disputes ( words 7vi4 #d71 & pr(ane babbl+s 7vi4 #bj74 ,x tea*es1 an unscriptural & unnatural asceticism 7iv4 #c1 #h74 ,x is ,gnosis falsely s call$ 7vi4 #bj74 ,a h]esy conta9+ ^! two elem5ts1 ,judaism & ,gno/icism1 meets u bo? be=e & aft] ! p]iod cov]$ by ! ,pa/oral ,epi/les3 be=e 9 ! ,epi/le to ! ,colossians2 aft]w>ds 9 ! ,epi/les ( ,ignatius4 ,! evid5ce ga!r$ f ^! ?ree s\rces is entirely 9 h>mony ) :at we le>n else:]e--t ! e>lie/ =ms ( ,*ri/ian ,gno/icism 7 ,jewi% 9 "*4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ?is is indirect confirmation ( ! g5u95ess ( ! ,pa/oral ,epi/les4 ,! ,gno/icism condemn$ 9 !m is ,jewi%2 & any =m ( ,gno/icism t 0 9 exi/5ce 9 ,/4 ,paul's "t w\ld almo/ c]ta9ly be ,jewi%4#ab ,pr(essor ,godet has po9t$ out h[ entirely ! relation ( ,judaism to ,*ri/ianity :i* is impli$ 9 ^! ,epi/les1 fits 9 ) _! be+ ! la/ gr\p ( ,epi/les writt5 by ,/4 ,paul4 ,at fir/1 ,judaism 0 entirely outside ! ,*ur*1 oppos+ & blasphem+4 ,!n x ent]$ ! ,*ur* & tri$ to make ! ,*ur* ,jewi%1 by foi/+ ! ,mosaic ,law ^u x4 ,la/ly1 x becomes a fanta/ic h]esy inside ! ,*ur*1 & s9ks into pr(ane frivolity4 ,pret5d$ revelations are giv5 z to ! names & g5ealogies ( angels2 absurd ascetic rules are laid d[n z c\nsels ( p]fection1 :ile d>+ immorality defaces ! actual life4#ac ,?is is ! phase :i* is confront$ 9 ! ,pa/oral ,epi/les3 & ,/4 ,paul meets x ) a simple appeal to fai? & morality4 ,x is q possible t ! fables1 or my?s1 & g5ealogies ought to be transf]r$ f ! ,gno/ic to ! ,jewi% side ( ! acc\nt4 ,& ?us ,*ryso/om int]prets ! passage4 ,by fables he does n mean ! ,law2 f> f x2 b inv5tions & =g]ies1 & c\nt]feit doctr9es4 ,=1 x seems1 ! ,jews wa/$ _! :ole disc\rse on ^! unpr(itable po9ts4 ,!y numb]$ up _! fa!rs & gr&fa!rs1 t !y might h ! reputation ( hi/orical k & rese>*4 ,! fables !n1 may be und]/ood to be ^? num]\s leg5ds :i* ! ,jews add$ to ! ,old ,te/am5t1 specim5s ( :i* ab\nd 9 ! ,talmud4 ,b simil> my?s ab\nd 9 ,gno/ic sy/ems1 & !re=e fables may repres5t bo? elem5ts ( ! het]odox tea*+4 ,s also ) ! endless g5ealogies4 ,^! _c well ref] to ! g5ealogies 9 ,g5esis1 = !y are n endless1 ea* ( !m be+ arrang$ 9 t5s4 ,b x is q possible t ,jewi% speculations ab\t ! g5ealogies ( angels may be meant4 ,su* ?+s1 be+ purely imag9>y1 w\ld be endless4 ,or ! ,gno/ic doctr9e ( emanations1 9 its e>li] & crud] =ms1 may be int5d$4 ,by g5ealogies 9 ?is s5se e>ly ?9k]s1 especially 9 ! ,ea/1 tri$ to bridge ! *asm betwe5 ! ,inf9ite & ! ,f9ite1 betwe5 ,god & creation4 ,9 v>i\s sy/ems x is assum$ t matt] is inh]5tly evil4 ,! mat]ial univ]se has be5 f ! beg9n+ n v good b v bad4 ,h[ !n c x be believ$ t ! ,supreme ,be+1 inf9ite 9 goodness1 w\ld create su* a ?+8 ,?is is incr$ible3 ! _w mu/ be ! creature ( "s inf]ior & p]haps evil be+4 ,b :5 ?is 0 conc$$1 ! di/ance betwe5 ?is inf]ior p[] & ! supreme ,god /ill rema9$ to be bridg$4 ,?is1 x 0 suppos$1 might be done by an indef9ite numb] ( g5]ations1 ea* l[] 9 dignity ?an ! prec$+ "o1 until at la/ a be+ capable ( creat+ ! univ]se 0 f\nd4 ,f ! ,supreme ,god emanat$ an inf]ior deity1 & f ?is l[] p[] a ?ird /ill m inf]ior2 & s on1 until ! ,creator ( ! _w 0 rea*$4 ,^! ideas are f\nd 9 ! ,jewi% philosoph] ,philo2 & x is to ^! t ,/4 ,paul probably alludes 9 ! endless g5ealogies :i* m9i/] que/ion+s r ?an a disp5sation ( ,god4 ,! idea t matt] is evil dom9ates ! :ole philosophy ( ,philo4 ,he endeav\r$ to reconcile ?is ) ! ,old ,te/am5t1 by suppos+ t matt] is et]nal2 & t x 0 out ( pre-exi/+ mat]ial t ,god1 act+ ?r\gh ,8 creative p[]s1 made ! _w :i* ,he pron\nc$ to be v good4 ,^! p[]s are sometimes reg>d$ z ! angels1 sometimes z exi/5ces sc>cely p]sonal4 ,b !y h no exi/5ce ap>t f _! s\rce1 any m ?an a ray ap>t f ! sun4 ,!y are n[ ! in/rum5ts ( ,god's ,provid5ce1 z =m]ly ( ,8 creative p[]4 ,/4 ,paul condemns su* speculations on f\r gr\nds4 7#a7 ,!y are fables1 my?s1 m]e imag9+s ( ! human intellect 9 its attempt to acc\nt = ! orig9 ( ! _w & ! orig9 ( evil4 7#b7 ,!y are endless & int]m9able4 ,f ! nature ( ?+s !re is no limit to m]e guesswork ( ?is k9d4 ,e new speculator may inv5t a fre% g5ealogy ( emanations 9 8 !ory ( creation1 & may make x any l5g? t he pleases4 ,if hypo!ses ne$ nev] be v]ifi$1--ne$ n ev5 be capable ( v]ification1--"o may g on con/ruct+ !m ad inf9itum4 7#c7 ,z a natural consequ5ce ( ?is 7hait9es7 !y m9i/] que/ion+s & no?+ bett]4 ,x is all b>r5 speculation & fruitless controv]sy4 ,:]e any "o may ass]t )\t pro(1 any "o else may contradict )\t pro(2 & no?+ comes ( ?is see-saw ( affirmation & negation4 7#d7 ,la/ly1 ^! va9 imag9+s are a diff]5t doctr9e4 ,!y are n only empty b untrue1 & are a h9drance to ! tru?4 ,!y occupy ! gr\nd :i* ought to be fill$ ) ! disp5sation ( ,god :i* is 9 fai?4 ,human m9ds are limit$ 9 _! capacity1 &1 ev5 if ^! empty hypo!ses 7 innoc5t1 m9ds t 7 fill$ ) !m w\ld h little room left = ! tru?4 ,b !y are n innoc5t3 & ^? :o are attract$ by !m become disaffect$ t[>ds ! tru?4 ,x is impossible to love bo?1 = ! two are oppos$ to "o ano!r4 ,^! fables are baseless2 !y h no f\ndation ei!r 9 revelation or 9 human life4 ,moreov] !y are vague1 %ift+1 & incoh]5t4 ,!y ramble on )\t end4 ,b ! ,gospel is bas$ on a ,div9e ,revelation1 te/$ by human exp]i5ce4 ,x is an economy1 a sy/em1 an organic :ole1 a disp5sation ( means to ends4 ,its sph]e is n unbridl$ imag9ation or audaci\s curiosity1 b fai?4 ,! hi/ory ( ! next hundr$ & fifty ye>s amply ju/ifies ! anxiety & sev]ity ( ,/4 ,paul4 ,! g]ms ( ,gno/ic error1 :i* 7 9 ! air :5 ,*ri/ianity 0 fir/ prea*$1 fructifi$ ) amaz+ rapidity4 ,x w\ld be h>d to f9d a p>allel 9 ! hi/ory ( philosophy to ! spe$ ) :i* ,gno/ic views spread 9 & ar\nd ,*ri/5dom betwe5 ,a4,d4 #gj & #bbj4 ,eusebius tells u t1 z soon z ! ,apo/les & ^? :o _h li/5$ ) _! own e>s to _! inspir$ wisdom _h pass$ away1 !n ! conspiracy ( godless error took its rise ?r\gh ! deceit ( false tea*]s1 :o 7n[ t none ( ! ,apo/les 0 any long] left7 h5ce=? endeav\r$ ) braz5 face to prea* _! k falsely s call$ 9 opposition to ! prea*+ ( ! tru?4#ad ,?r\gh\t ! ,*ri/ian _w1 & especially 9 intellectual c5tres su* z ,ephesus1 ,alex&ria & ,rome1 !re 0 p]haps n a s+le educat$ congregation :i* did n conta9 p]sons :o 7 infect$ ) "s =m ( ,gno/icism4 ,j]ome's fam\s hyp]bole respect+ ,arianism might be transf]r$ to ?is e>li] =m ( error1 p]haps ! mo/ p]il\s t ! ,*ur* has ev] kn[n3 ,! :ole _w groan$ & 0 amaz$ to f9d itself ,gno/ic4 ,h[ev] sev]ely we may condemn ^! speculations1 we _c b sympa?ize ) ! p]plexities :i* produc$ !m4 ,! orig9 ( ! univ]se1 & /ill m ! orig9 ( evil1 /ill rema9 unsolv$ problems4 ,no "o 9 ?is life is ev] likely to rea* a complete solution ( ei!r4 ,:at is ! orig9 ( ! mat]ial univ]se8 ,to assume t x is n a creature1 b t matt] is et]nal1 is to make two fir/ pr9ciples1 "o spiritual & "o mat]ial2 & ?is is p]il\sly ne> mak+ two ,gods4 ,b ! belief t ,god made ! _w is by no means free f difficulty4 ,:at 0 ,8 motive 9 mak+ ! _w8 ,0 ,8 p]fection increas$ by x8 ,!n ,god 0 once n fully p]fect4 ,0 ,8 p]fection dim9i%$ by ! act ( creation8 ,!n ,god is n[ n fully p]fect2 & h[ c we suppose t ,he w\ld volunt>ily surr5d] any?+ ( ,8 absolute p]fection8 ,0 ,god nei!r ! bett] nor ! worse = ! creation ( ! univ]se8 ,!n ! orig9al "q returns ) its full =ce3 ,:at induc$ ,him to create x8 ,we _c suppose t creation 0 an act ( caprice4 ,no complete answ] to ?is enigma is possible = u4 ,"o ?+ we "k2--t ,god is light & t ,god is love4 ,& we may be sure t 9 ex]cis+ ,8 creative p[] ,he 0 manife/+ ,8 p]fect wisdom & ,8 exhau/less affection4 ,b w ! k t ,god is light & t ,god is love help u to ev5 a p>tial solution ( t problem :i* has wrung ! s\ls ( c\ntless sa9ts & ?9k]s ) angui%--! problem ( ! orig9 ( evil8 ,h[ c\ld a ,god :o is p]fectly wise & p]fectly good1 make x possible = evil to arise1 & all[ x to cont9ue aft] x _h aris58 ,once m ! sugge/ion t !re are two ,fir/ ,pr9ciples pres5ts itself1 b 9 a m t]rible =m4 ,be=e1 x 0 ! ?\ght t !re are two co-et]nal ,exi/5ces1 ,god & ,matt]4 ,n[1 x is ! sugge/ion t !re are two co-et]nal1 & p]haps co-equal ,p[]s1 ,good & ,evil4 ,?is hypo!sis1 impossible = a ,*ri/ian & reject$ by ,john ,/u>t ,mill1#ae creates m difficulties ?an x solves4 ,b1 if ?is is ! wrong answ]1 :at is ! "r "o8 ,c>d9al ,newman1 9 "o ( ! mo/ /rik+ passages ev5 9 8 works1 has told u h[ ! problem pres5ts itself to him4 ,/>t+ !n ) ! be+ ( ,god 7:i*1 z ,i h said1 is z c]ta9 to me z ! c]ta9ty ( my own exi/5ce1 ?\gh :5 ,i try to put ! gr\nds ( t c]ta9ty into logical %ape1 ,i f9d difficulty 9 do+ s 9 mood & figure to my satisfaction71 ,i look out ( myself into ! _w ( m51 & !re ,i see a sight :i* fills me ) unspeakable di/ress4 ,! _w seems simply to give ! lie to t great tru?1 ( :i* my :ole be+ is s full2 & ! effect ^u me is1 9 consequ5ce1 z a matt] ( necessity1 z confus+ z if x d5i$ t ,i am 9 exi/5ce myself4 ,if ,i look$ into a mirror1 & did n see my face1 ,i %\ld h ! sort ( feel+ :i* actually comes ^u me1 :5 ,i look into ?is liv+ busy _w & see no reflection ( its ,creator4 ,?is is1 to me1 "o ( ! great difficulties ( ?is absolute prim>y tru?1 to :i* ,i ref]r$ j n[4 ,7 x n = ?is voice1 speak+ s cle>ly 9 my consci5ce & my he>t1 ,i %\ld be an a!i/1 or a pan!i/1 or a poly!i/1 :5 ,i look$ into ! _w4 ,i am speak+ = myself only2 & ,i am f> f d5y+ ! real =ce ( ! argum5ts 9 pro( ( a ,god1 drawn f ! g5]al facts ( human society1 b ^! d n w>m me or enlight5 me2 !y d n take away ! w9t] ( my desolation1 or make ! buds unfold & ! leaves gr[ )9 me1 & my moral be+ rejoice4 ,! sight ( ! _w is no?+ else ?an ! prophet's scroll full ( 'lam5tations1 & m\rn+1 & woe4' 444 ,:at %all be said to ?is he>t-pi]c+1 reason-bewild]+ fact8 ,i c only answ]1 t ei!r !re is no ,creator1 or ?is liv+ society ( m5 is 9 a true s5se disc>d$ f ,8 pres5ce4 ,did ,i see a boy ( good make & m9d1 ) ! tok5s on him ( a ref9$ nature1 ca/ ^u ! _w )\t provision1 unable to say :5ce he came1 8 bir?place or 8 family connexions1 ,i %\ld conclude t !re 0 "s my/]y connect$ ) 8 hi/ory1 & t he 0 "o1 ( :om1 f "o cause or o!r1 8 p>5ts 7 a%am$4 ,?us only %\ld ,i be able to acc\nt = ! contra/ betwe5 ! promise & condition ( 8 be+4 ,& s ,i argue ab\t ! _w2--if !re be a ,god1 s9ce !re is a ,god1 ! human race is implicat$ 9 "s t]rible aborig9al calamity4 ,x is out ( jo9t ) ! purposes ( its ,creator4 ,?is is a fact1 a fact z true z ! fact ( its exi/5ce2 & ?us ! doctr9e ( :at is !ologically call$ orig9al s9 becomes to me almo/ z c]ta9 z t ! _w exi/s1 & z ! exi/5ce ( ,god4#af ,b ?is only c>ries u a %ort way t[>ds a solution4 ,:y did ,god all[ ! aborig9al calamity ( s9 to be possible8 ,?is 0 ! ,gno/ic's difficulty1 & x is our difficulty /ill4 ,c we say m ?an ?is by way ( an answ]8 ,god will$ t angels & m5 %\ld hon\r ,him ) a volunt>y & n a me*anical s]vice4 ,if !y obey$ ,him1 x %\ld be ( _! own free w1 & n ( necessity4 ,x %\ld be possible to !m to refuse s]vice & ob$i5ce4 ,9 %ort1 ,god will$ to be rev]5c$ & wor%ipp$1 & n m]ely s]v$ & obey$4 ,a ma*9e c r5d] s]vice2 & a p]son "u ! influ5ce ( mesm]ism may be =c$ to obey4 ,b d we n all feel t ! volunt>y s]vice ( a consci\s & will+ ag5t1 :o pref]s to r5d] r ?an to )hold 8 s]vice1 is a nobl] ?+ bo? = him :o gives1 & him :o receives x8 ,compulsory lab\r is apt to turn ! s]vant into a slave & ! ma/] into a tyrant4 ,we see1 !re=e1 a reason :y ! ,creator 9 creat+ consci\s be+s made !m also moral2 made !m capable ( obey+ ,him ( _! own free w1 & !re=e also capable ( disobey+ ,him4 ,9 o!r words1 ,he made s91 ) all its consequ5ces1 possible4 ,!n x became m]ely a "q ( hi/orical fact :e!r any angelic or human be+ w\ld ev] abuse 8 fre$om by *oos+ to disobey4 ,t aborig9al calamity1 we "k1 has tak5 place2 & all ! moral & physical evil :i* n[ exi/s 9 ! _w1 is ! natural consequ5ce ( x4 ,?is is1 p]haps1 ! be/ solution t ! human m9d is likely to discov]1 respect+ ?is primeval & t]rible my/]y4 ,b x is only a p>tial solution2 & ! k t we h /ill n atta9$ to a complete answ] to ! "q :i* p]plex$ ! e>ly ,gno/ics1 ought to bani% f our m9ds any?+ l arrogance or contempt1 :5 we condemn _! answ] z un*ri/ian & inadequate4 ,! end ( ! *>ge :i* has be5 giv5 to u is n ! condemnation ( o!rs1 b love out ( a pure he>t & a good consci5ce & fai? unfeign$4 ,,footnotes3 #ab ,f4 ,c4 ,baur himself cont5ds t ! false tea*]s "h condemn$ are ,judaiz+ ,gno/ics1 :o put =? _! figurative int]pretation ( ! ,law z true k ( ! ,law4 ,su* 7 ! e>li] ,gno/ics1 su* z ! ,ophites & ,saturn9us 7,prote/ant ,comm5t>y1 note on #a ,tim4 i4 #g74 #ac ,expositor1 ,july1 #ahhh1 p4 #db4 #ad ,h4 ,e41 ,,vi1 xxxii4 #h4 #ae ,?ree ,essays on ,religion1 pp4 #ahe1 #ahf4 #af ,apologia pro ,vita ,sua 7,longmans1 #ahfd71 pp4 #cgf-cgi4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,moral ,,tea*+ ,,( ,,! ,,gno/ics4--,,its ,,mod]n ,,c\nt]p>t4 ,b we "k t ! law is good if a man use x lawfully1 z kn[+ ?is1 t law is n made = a righte\s man1 b = ! lawless & unruly1 = ! ungodly & s9n]s1 = ! unholy & pr(ane1 = murd]]s ( fa!rs & murd]]s ( mo!rs1 = man-slay]s1 = =nicators1 = abus]s ( !mselves ) m51 = m5-/eal]s1 = li>s1 = false swe>]s1 & if !re be any o!r ?+ contr>y to ! s\nd doctr9e2 accord+ to ! gospel ( ! glory ( ! bless$ ,god1 :i* 0 committ$ to my tru/--#a ,tim4 i4 #h-aa4 ,! speculations ( ! ,gno/ics 9 _! attempts to expla9 ! orig9 ( ! univ]se & ! orig9 ( evil1 7 wild & unpr(itable en\gh2 & 9 "s respects involv$ a fundam5tal contradiction ( ! pla9 /atem5ts ( ,scripture4 ,b x 0 n s mu* _! metaphysical z _! moral tea*+1 :i* seem$ s p]il\s to ,/4 ,paul4 ,_! endless g5ealogies might h be5 left to fall ) _! own dead weight1 s dull & un9t]e/+ 7 !y4 ,specim5s ( !m /ill survive1 9 :at is kn[n to u ( ! sy/ems ( ,basilides & ,val5t9us2 & :i* ( u1 aft] hav+ labori\sly work$ ?r\gh !m1 ev] wi%$ to read !m a second "t8 ,b x is impossible to keep "o's philosophy 9 "o comp>tm5t 9 "o's m9d1 & "o's religion & morality q sep>ate f x 9 ano!r4 ,h[ev] unpractical metaphysical speculations may appe>1 x is beyond "q t ! views :i* we hold respect+ su* ?+s may h mom5t\s influ5ce ^u our life4 ,x 0 s ) ! e>ly ,gno/ics1 :om ,/4 ,paul urges ,timo?y to keep 9 *eck4 ,_! doctr9e respect+ ! nature ( ! mat]ial _w & its relation to ,god1 l$ to two opposite =ms ( e?ical tea*+1 ea* ( !m radically oppos$ to ,*ri/ianity4 ,?is fact fits 9 v well ) ! "* ( ! ,pa/oral ,epi/les1 all ( :i* deal ) ?is e>ly =m ( error4 ,!y insi/ ^u discipl9e & morality1 m ?an ^u doctr9e4 ,^! la/ solemn *>ges ( ! great ,apo/le aim r at mak+ ,*ri/ian m9i/]s1 & _! congregations1 lead pure & holy lives1 ?an at con/ruct+ any sy/em ( !ology4 ,errone\s tea*+ mu/ be resi/$2 ! pla9 tru?s ( ! ,gospel mu/ be upheld2 b ! ma9 ?+ is hol9ess ( life4 ,by pray] & ?anksgiv+1 by quiet & grave conduct1 by mode/y & temp]ance1 by self-d5ial & b5evol5ce1 by rev]5ce = ! sanctity ( home life1 ,*ri/ians w furni% ! be/ antidote to ! intellectual & moral poison :i* ! false tea*]s are propagat+4 ,! s\nd doctr9e has its fruit 9 a heal?y1 moral life1 z surely z ! diff]5t doctr9e leads to spiritual pride & lawless s5suality4 ,! belief t ,matt] & ev]y?+ mat]ial is inh]5tly evil1 involv$ necess>ily a contempt = ! human body4 ,?is body 0 a vile ?+2 & x 0 a dire calamity to ! human m9d to be jo9$ to su* a mass ( evil4 ,f ?is premise v>i\s conclusions1 "s doctr9al & "s e?ical1 7 drawn4 ,on ! doctr9al side x 0 urg$ t ! resurrection ( ! body 0 incr$ible4 ,x 0 disa/r\s en\gh to ! s\l t x %\ld be burd5$ ) a body 9 ?is _w4 ,t ?is degrad+ alliance w\ld be cont9u$ 9 ! _w to come1 0 a mon/r\s belief4 ,equally incr$ible 0 ! doctr9e ( ! ,inc>nation4 ,h[ c\ld ! ,div9e ,^w cons5t to be unit$ ) s evil a ?+ z a mat]ial frame8 ,ei!r ! ,son ( ,m>y 0 a m]e man1 or ! body :i* ! ,*ri/ assum$ 0 n real4 ,x is ) ^! errors t ,/4 ,john deals1 "s twelve or fifte5 ye>s lat]1 9 8 ,gospel & ,epi/les4 ,on ! e?ical side ! t5et t ! human body is utt]ly evil produc$ two opposite errors1--asceticism & ant9omian s5suality4 ,& bo? ( ^! are aim$ at 9 ^! ,epi/les4 ,if ! enlight5m5t ( ! s\l is ev]y?+1 & ! body is utt]ly wor?less1 !n ?is vile clog to ! movem5t ( ! s\l mu/ be beat5 "u & cru%$1 9 ord] t ! high] nature may rise to high] ?+s4 ,! body mu/ be d5i$ all indulg5ce1 9 ord] t x may be />v$ into submission 7iv4 #c74 ,on ! o!r h&1 if enlight5m5t is ev]y?+ & ! body is wor?less1 !n e k9d ( exp]i5ce1 no matt] h[ %ameless1 is ( value1 9 ord] to enl>ge k4 ,no?+ t a man c d c make 8 body m vile ?an x is by nature1 & ! s\l ( ! enlight5$ is incapable ( pollution4 ,gold /ill rema9s gold1 h[ev] (t5 x is plung$ 9 ! mire4 ,! words ( ! ?ree v]ses tak5 z a text1 look z if ,/4 ,paul 0 aim+ at evil ( ?is k9d4 ,^! ,judaiz+ ,gno/ics desir$ to be tea*]s ( ! ,law4 ,!y wi%$ to en=ce ! ,mosaic ,law1 or r _! fanta/ic int]pretations ( x1 ^u ,*ri/ians4 ,!y insi/$ ^u its excell5ce1 & w\ld n all[ t x has be5 9 _m respects sup]s$$4 ,we "k q well1 says ! ,apo/le1 & readily admit1 t ! ,mosaic ,law is an excell5t ?+2 provid$ t ^? :o und]take to exp\nd x make a legitimate use ( x4 ,!y mu/ rememb] t1 j z law 9 g5]al is n made = ^? ^: own good pr9ciples keep !m 9 ! "r1 s also ! re/rictions ( ! ,mosaic ,law are n meant = ,*ri/ians :o obey ! ,div9e w 9 ! free _s ( ! ,gospel4 ,legal re/rictions are int5d$ to control ^? :o w n control !mselves2 9 %ort1 = ! v m5 :o by _! /range doctr9es are endeav\r+ to curtail ! lib]ties ( o!rs4 ,:at !y prea* z ! ,law is really a code ( _! own1 comm&m5ts ( m5 :o turn away f ! tru?4444 ,!y pr(ess t !y "k ,god2 b by _! works !y d5y ,him1 be+ abom9able1 & disob$i5t1 & unto e good "w reprobate 7,tit4 i4 #ad1 #af74 ,9 rehe>s+ ! v>i\s k9ds ( s9n]s = :om law exi/s1 & :o are to be f\nd 7he h9ts7 among ^! false tea*]s1 he goes r\ghly ?r\gh ! ,decalogue4 ,! f\r comm&m5ts ( ! ,fir/ ,table are indicat$ 9 g5]al & compreh5sive t]ms2 ! fir/ five comm&m5ts ( ! ,second ,table are tak5 "o by "o1 flagrant violators be+ specifi$ 9 ea* case4 ,?us ! /eal+ ( a human be+ 9 ord] to make him a slave1 is m5tion$ z ! mo/ outrage\s brea* ( ! eigh? comm&m5t4 ,! t5? comm&m5t is n di/9ctly indicat$1 possibly because ! brea*es ( x are n s easily detect$4 ,! ov]t acts ( ^! m5 7 q suffici5t to convict !m ( gross immorality1 )\t enquir+ z to _! secret wi%es & desires4 ,9 a ^w1 ! v p]sons :o 9 _! tea*+ 7 endeav\r+ to burd5 m5 ) ! c]emonial ord9ances1 :i* _h be5 done away 9 ,*ri/1 7 9 _! own lives violat+ ! moral laws1 to :i* ,*ri/ _h giv5 a new sanction4 ,!y tri$ to keep alive1 9 new & /range =ms1 :at _h be5 provisional & 0 n[ obsolete1 :ile !y trampl$ "u foot :at 0 et]nal & ,div9e4 ,if !re be any o!r ?+ contr>y to ! s\nd doctr9e4 ,9 ^! words ,/4 ,paul sums up all ! =ms ( transgression n specifi$ 9 8 catalogue4 ,! s\nd1 heal?y tea*+ ( ! ,gospel is oppos$ to ! morbid & corrupt tea*+ ( ! ,gno/ics1 :o are sickly 9 _! speculations 7vi4 #d71 & ^: ^w is l an eat+ sore 7#b ,tim4 ii4 #ag74 ,( c\rse heal?y tea*+ is also heal?-giv+1 & corrupt tea*+ is corrupt+2 b x is ! prim>y & n ! d]iv$ quality t is /at$ "h4 ,x is ! heal?9ess ( ! doctr9e 9 itself1 & its fre$om f :at is diseas$ or di/ort$1 t is insi/$ ^u4 ,its :olesome "* is a consequ5ce ( ?is4 ,?is ^w s\nd or heal?y 7hygia9n1 hygis71 z appli$ to doctr9e1#ag is "o ( a gr\p ( expressions :i* are peculi> to ! ,pa/oral ,epi/les1 & :i* h be5 condemn$ z n belong+ to ,/4 ,paul's /yle ( language4 ,he nev] uses heal?y 9 8 o!r ,epi/les2 !re=e ^! ?ree ,epi/les1 9 :i* ! phrase occurs eight or n9e times1 are n by him4 ,?is k9d ( argum5t has be5 discuss$ already1 9 ! fir/ ( ^! expositions4 ,x assumes ! manife/ untru?1 t z life goes on m5 make little or no *ange 9 ! /ock ( words & phrases :i* !y habitually use4 ,) reg>d to ?is p>ticul> phrase1 ! s\rce ( x has be5 conjectur$ ) a fair am\nt ( probability4 ,x may h come f ! belov$ physician1 :o1 at ! "t :5 ,/4 ,paul wrote ! ,second ,epi/le to ,timo?y1 0 ! ,apo/le's sole companion4 ,x is wor? rem>k+ t ! ^w "h us$ = s\nd 7) ! exception ( "o passage 9 ! ,?ird ,epi/le ( ,/4 ,john7 occurs n[h]e 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t 9 ! lit]al s5se ( be+ 9 s\nd bodily heal?1 except 9 ! ,gospel ( ,/4 ,luke4 ,& x occurs n[h]e 9 a figurative s5se1 except 9 ! ,pa/oral ,epi/les4 ,x is obvi\sly a m$ical metaphor2 a metaphor :i* any "o :o _h nev] _h any?+ to d ) m$ic9e might easily use1 b :i* is specially likely to be us$ by a man :o _h liv$ mu* 9 ! society ( a physician4 ,be=e we call su* a phrase un-,paul9e we mu/ ask3 7#a7 ,is !re any passage 9 ! e>li] ,epi/les ( ,/4 ,paul :]e he w\ld c]ta9ly h us$ ?is ^w s\nd1 _h he be5 famili> ) x8 7#b7 ,is !re any ^w 9 ! e>li] ,epi/les :i* w\ld h express$ 8 mean+ "h equally well8 ,if ei!r ( ^! que/ions is answ]$ 9 ! negative1 !n we are go+ beyond our k 9 pron\nc+ ! phrase s\nd doctr9e#ah to be un-,paul9e4 ,contr>y to ! s\nd doctr9e4 ,x sums up 9 a compreh5sive phrase ! doctr9al & moral tea*+ ( ! ,gno/ics4 ,:at !y taught 0 uns\nd & morbid1 & z a consequ5ce poison\s & pe/il5tial4 ,:ile pr(ess+ to accept & exp\nd ! ,gospel1 !y really dis9tegrat$ x & expla9$ x away4 ,!y de/roy$ ! v basis ( ! ,gospel message2 = !y d5i$ ! reality ( s94 ,& !y equally de/roy$ ! cont5ts ( ! message2 = !y d5i$ ! reality ( ! ,inc>nation4 ,nor 7 !y less revolution>y on ! moral side ?an on ! doctr9al4 ,! f\ndations ( morality are sapp$ :5 intellectual enlight5m5t is acc\nt$ z ! "o ?+ ne$ful1 :ile conduct is treat$ z a ?+ ( no value4 ,pr9ciples ( morality are turn$ upside d[n :5 x is ma9ta9$ t any act :i* adds to "o's k is n only all[able1 b a duty4 ,x is necess>y to rememb] ^! fatal *>act]i/ics ( ?is e>ly =m ( error1 9 ord] to appreciate ! /]n language us$ by ,/4 ,paul & ,/4 ,john respect+ x1 z also by ,/4 ,jude & ! au?or ( ! ,second ,epi/le ( ,pet]4 ,/4 ,john 9 8 ,epi/les deals ma9ly ) ! doctr9al side ( ! h]esy1--! d5ial ( ! reality ( s9 & ( ! reality ( ! ,inc>nation3#ai al?\gh ! moral results ( doctr9al error are also indicat$ & condemn$4#bj ,9 ! ,apocalypse1 z 9 ,/4 ,paul & 9 ! ,ca?olic ,epi/les1 x is ma9ly ! moral side ( ! false tea*+ t is d5\nc$1 & t 9 bo? its opposite phases4 ,! ,epi/le to ! ,colossians deals ) ! ascetic t5d5cies ( e>ly gno/icism4#ba ,! ,apocalypse & ! ,ca?olic ,epi/les deal ) its lic5ti\s t5d5cies4#bb ,! ,pa/oral ,epi/les treat ( bo? asceticism & lic5ti\sness1 b *iefly ( ! latt]1 z is se5 f ! passage be=e u & f ! fir/ "p ( *apt] iii4 9 ! ,second ,epi/le4 ,z we might expect1 ,/4 ,paul uses /rong] language 9 ! ,pa/oral ,epi/les ?an he does 9 writ+ to ! ,colossians2 & 9 ,/4 ,john & ! ,ca?olic ,epi/les we f9d /rong] language /ill4 ,ant9omian lic5ti\sness is a f> worse evil ?an misguid$ asceticism1 & 9 ! int]val betwe5 ,/4 ,paul & ! o!r writ]s ! pr(ligacy ( ! ant9omian ,gno/ics _h increas$4 ,/4 ,paul w>ns ! ,colossians aga9/ delusive p]suasiv5ess ( spee*1 aga9/ va9 deceit1 ! rudim5ts ( ! _w1 ! precepts & doctr9es ( m54 ,he cautions ,timo?y & ,titus respect+ s$uc+ spirits & doctr9es ( devils1 pr(ane & old wives' fables1 pr(ane babbl+s & tea*+s t w eat z do? a gangr5e1 va9 talk]s & deceiv]s ^: m9d & consci5ce is deceiv$1 & ! l4 ,/4 ,john d5\nces ^! false tea*]s z li>s1 s$uc]s1 false prophets1 deceiv]s1 & anti*ri/s2 & 9 ,jude & ! ,second ,epi/le ( ,pet] we h ! pr(ligate lives ( ^! false tea*]s condemn$ 9 equally sev]e t]ms4 ,x %\ld be obs]v$ t "h aga9 ev]y?+ falls into its prop] place if we assume t ! ,pa/oral ,epi/les 7 writt5 "s ye>s lat] ?an ! ,epi/le to ! ,colossians & "s ye>s e>li] ?an ^? ( ,/4 ,jude & ,/4 ,john4 ,! ascetic t5d5cies ( ,gno/icism develop$ fir/4 ,& ?\gh !y /ill cont9u$ 9 tea*]s l ,tatian & ,m>cion1 yet f ! close ( ! fir/ c5tury ! lic5ti\s conclusions drawn f ! premises t ! human body is wor?less & t all k is div9e1 became m & m preval5t2 z is se5 9 ! tea*+ ( ,c>pocrates & ,epiphanes1 & 9 ! mon/r\s sect ( ! ,ca9ites4 ,x 0 q natural1 !re=e1 t ,/4 ,paul %\ld attack ,gno/ic asceticism fir/ 9 writ+ to ! ,colossians1 & aft]w>ds bo? x & ,gno/ic lic5ti\sness 9 writ+ to ,timo?y & ,titus4 ,x 0 equally natural t 8 language %\ld gr[ /rong] z he saw ! second evil develop+1 & t ^? :o saw ?is second evil at a m advanc$ /age %\ld use /]n] language /ill4 ,! extravagant !ories ( ! ,gno/ics to acc\nt = ! orig9 ( ! univ]se & ! orig9 ( evil are gone & are pa/ recall4 ,x w\ld be impossible to induce p to believe !m1 & only a comp>atively small numb] ( /ud5ts ev] ev5 read !m4 ,b ! h]esy t k is m important ?an conduct1 t brilliant intellectual gifts r5d] a man sup]ior to ! moral law1 & t mu* ( ! moral law itself is ! tyrannical bondage ( an obsolete tradition1 is z dang]\s z ev] x 04 ,x is op5ly prea*$ & frequ5tly act$ ^u4 ,! great ,flor5t9e arti/1 ,b5v5uto ,cell9i1 tells u 9 8 autobiography t :5 ,pope ,paul ,,iii4 express$ 8 will+ness to =give him an outrage\s murd] committ$ 9 ! /reets ( ,rome1 "o ( ! g5tlem5 at ! ,papal ,c\rt v5tur$ to remon/rate ) ! ,pope = condon+ s he9\s a crime4 ,y d n und]/& ! matt] z well z ,i d1 repli$ ,paul ,,iii43 ,i w\ld h y to "k t m5 l ,b5v5uto1 unique 9 _! pr(ession1 are n b\nd by ! laws4 ,cell9i is a bragg>t1 & x is possible t 9 ?is p>ticul> he is romanc+4 ,b1 ev5 if ! /ory is 8 inv5tion1 he m]ely attributes to ! ,pope ! s5tim5ts :i* he *]i%$ himself1 & ^u :i* 7z exp]i5ce taught him7 o!r p act$4 ,ov] & ov] aga9 8 murd]\s viol5ce 0 ov]look$ by ^? 9 au?ority1 because !y admir$ & wi%$ to make use ( 8 g5ius z an arti/4 ,ability be=e hone/y 0 a common cre$ 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 & x is abundantly preval5t 9 our own4 ,! mo/ notori\s sc&als 9 a man's private life are condon$ if only he is recogniz$ z hav+ tal5t4 ,x is ! old ,gno/ic error 9 a mod]n & sometimes agno/ic =m4 ,x is becom+ daily m cle> t ! "o ?+ ne$ful = ! reg5]ation ( society1 :e!r upp]1 middle1 or l[]1 is ! creation ( a s\nd public op9ion4 ,& s long z ?is is s1 ,god's m9i/]s & all :o h ! duty ( in/ruct+ o!rs w ne$ to lay to he>t ! w>n+s :i* ,/4 ,paul gives to 8 foll[]s ,timo?y & ,titus4 ,,footnotes3 #ag #a ,tim4 vi4 #c2 #b ,tim4 i4 #ac1 iv4 #c2 ,tit4 i4 #i1 #ac1 ii4 #a1 #b1 #h4 #ah ,! ,revis]s z a rule r5d] didaskalia by doctr9e1 z "h1 iv4 #f1 vi4 #a1 #c2 #b ,tim4 iv4 #c2 ,tit4 i4 #i1 ii4 #a1 #g1 #aj 7b n 9 iv4 #ac1 #af1 v4 #ag2 #b ,tim4 iii4 #aj1 #af71 :ile !y r5d] dida* by tea*+1 z #b ,tim4 iv4 #b2 ,tit4 i4 #i1 & frequ5tly 9 ! ,gospels4 ,b didaskalia1 z be+ clos] to didaskalos a tea*]1 is tea*+ r ?an doctr9e1 & dida* is doctr9e r ?an tea*+4 ,see p4 #bch4 #ai #a ,john i4 #h-aj1 ii4 #bb1 #bc1 iii4 #d1 #h1 iv4 #b1 #c1 #ae1 v4 #a1 #e1 #af1 #ag2 #b ,john #g4 #bj ii4 #i1 #aa1 iii4 #ae1 #ag4 #ba ii4 #af1 #ba1 #bc4 #bb ,rev4 ii4 #ad1 #bj-bb2 #b ,pet] ii4 #aj-bb2 ,jude #h1 #aj1 #ac1 #af1 #ah4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,! ,,"l',s ,,compassion ,,9 ,,enabl+ ,a ,,blasphem] ,,& ,a ,,p]secutor ,,to ,,become ,a ,,s]vant ,,( ,,*ri/ ,,jesus ,,& ,a ,,prea*] ,,( ,,! ,,gospel4 ,i ?ank ,him t enabl$ me1 ev5 ,*ri/ ,jesus our ,"l1 = t ,he c\nt$ me fai?ful1 appo9t+ me to ,8 s]vice2 ?\gh ,i 0 be=e a blasphem]1 & a p]secutor1 & injuri\s3 h[beit ,i obta9$ m]cy1 because ,i did x ignorantly 9 unbelief2 & ! grace ( our ,"l ab\nd$ exce$+ly ) fai? & love :i* is 9 ,*ri/ ,jesus4--#a ,,tim4 i4 #ab-ad4 ,9 ! conclud+ s5t5ce ( ! prec$+ p>agraph 7vv4 #c1 #aa7 ! ,apo/le po9ts out t :at he has be5 say+ respect+ ! errone\s tea*+ & practice ( ! het]odox innovators is entirely 9 h>mony ) ! _s ( ! ,gospel :i* _h be5 committ$ to 8 tru/4#bc ,?is m5tion ( 8 own high commission to prea* ! ,gospel ( ! glory ( ! bless$ ,god sugge/s at once to him "s ?\ghts bo? ( ?ankfulness & humility1 to :i* he n[ gives expression4 ,8 own exp]i5ce ( ! ,gospel1 especially 9 connexion ) 8 conv]sion f be+ a p]secutor to becom+ a prea*]1 (f] fur!r po9ts ( contra/ betwe5 ,gno/icism & ,*ri/ianity4 ,! false tea*]s wa/$ ?\ght & att5tion ^u b>r5 speculations1 :i*1 ev5 if !y c\ld "u any conceivable circum/ances be prov$ true1 w\ld h suppli$ no guidance to mank9d 9 regulat+ conduct4 ,& :5ev] ,gno/ic tea*+ became practical1 x fritt]$ away morality 9 s]vile obs]vances1 bas$ on caprici\s int]pretations ( ! ,mosaic ,law4 ,( true morality !re 0 an utt] disreg>d1 & frequ5tly an op5 violation4 ,( ! "o ?+ = :i* ! self-accus+ consci5ce 0 ye>n+--! =giv5ess ( s9--x knew no?+1 because x _h no appreciation ( ! reality ( s94 ,s9 0 only "p ( ! evil :i* 0 inh]5t 9 ! mat]ial univ]se1 & !re=e 9 ! human body4 ,a sy/em :i* _h no place = ! =giv5ess ( s9 _h also no place = ! ,div9e compassion1 :i* x is ! purpose ( ! ,gospel to reveal4 ,h[ v real ?is compassion & =giv5ess are1 & h[ mu* human be+s /& 9 ne$ ( !m1 ,/4 ,paul te/ifies f 8 own exp]i5ce1 ! remembrance ( :i* makes him bur/ out into ?anksgiv+4 ,! ,apo/le (f]s ?anks to ,jesus ,*ri/1 ! s\rce ( all 8 /r5g?1 = hav+ confid5ce 9 him z a p]son wor?y ( tru/4 ,?is confid5ce ,he prov$ by appo9t+ ,paul to ,8 s]vice2 a confid5ce all ! m m>vell\s & wor?y ( gratitude because ,paul _h be=e be5 a blasphem]1 & a p]secutor1 & injuri\s4 ,he _h be5 a blasphem]1 = he _h ?\ght t he ought to d _m ?+s contr>y to ! "n ( ,jesus ( ,naz>e?2 & he _h be5 a p]secutor = he _h puni%$ believ]s (t5-times 9 all ! synagogues1 & /rove to make !m blaspheme4 ,t is ev] ! p]secutor's aim2--to make ^? :o diff] f him speak evil ( :at !y rev]5ce b he abhors2 to say !y r5\nce :at 9 _! he>t ( he>ts !y believe4 ,!re is1 !re=e1 ?us f> an asc5d+ scale 9 ! iniquity :i* ! ,apo/le confesses4 ,he n only blasphem$ ! ,div9e ,"n himself1 b he endeav\r$ to compel o!rs to d ! same4 ,! ?ird ^w1 al?\gh ! ,engli% ,v]sion obscures ! fact1 cont9ues ! asc5d+ scale ( self-condemnation4 ,injuri\s does scant ju/ice to ! =ce ( ! ,greek ^w us$ by ! ,apo/le 7hybri/s71 al?\gh x is n easy to sugge/ a bett] r5d]+4 ,! ^w is v common 9 classical au?ors1 b 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t occurs only "h & 9 ,rom4 i4 #cj1 :]e ! ,a4,v4 translates x despiteful & ! ,r4,v4 insol5t4 ,x is frequ5t 9 ! ,septuag9t4 ,x indicates "o :o takes an insol5t & wanton delight 9 viol5ce1 "o ^: pleasure lies 9 outrag+ ! feel+s ( o!rs4 ,! mo/ conspicu\s in/ance ( x 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 & p]haps any:]e1 w\ld be ! ,roman soldi]s mock+ & tortur+ ,jesus ,*ri/ ) ! cr[n ( ?orns & ! royal robe4 ,( su* conduct ,/4 ,paul himself s9ce 8 conv]sion _h be5 ! victim1 & he "h confesses t be=e 8 conv]sion he _h be5 guilty ( x himself4 ,9 8 misguid$ zeal he _h puni%$ innoc5t p1 & he _h inflict$ puni%m5t1 n ) pity+ reluctance1 b ) arrogant delight4 ,x is wor? po9t+ out t 9 ?is ?ird *>ge aga9/ himself1 z well z 9 ! fir/1 ,/4 ,paul goes beyond :at he /ates 9 ! simil> passages 9 ! ,epi/les to ! ,cor9?ians1 ,philippians1 & ,galatians4 ,!re he simply draws att5tion to ! fact t he _h be5 a p]secutor :o _h made havoc ( ! ,*ur*4#bd ,he says no?+ ab\t blasphem+ or tak+ an insol5t satisfaction 9 ! pa9 :i* he inflict$4 ,?is has "s be>+ on ! g5u95ess ( ?is ,epi/le4 7#a7 ,x %[s t ,/4 ,paul 0 9 ! habit ( allud+ to ! fact t he _h be5 a p]secutor4 ,x 0 "p ( 8 prea*+1 = x prov$ t 8 conv]sion 0 directly & imm$iately ,god's "w4 ,he did n owe ! ,gospel :i* he prea*$ to any p]suasion on ! "p ( man4 ,x is1 !re=e1 q 9 h>mony ) ,/4 ,paul's practice to insi/ on 8 =m] misconduct4 ,b x may be urg$ t a =g] might notice ?is & imitate x4 ,t ( c\rse is true4 ,b if ^! ,epi/les are a =g]y1 !y are c]ta9ly n =g$ ) any int5tion ( injur+ ,/4 ,paul's memory4 ,is x likely1 !n1 t a =g] 9 imitat+ ! self-accusation ( ! ,apo/le1 w\ld use /rong] language ?an ! ,apo/le himself uses 9 ^? ,epi/les :i* are indisputably 88 ,w\ld he g out ( 8 way to use su* /rong language z blasphem]1 & insol5t oppressor8 ,b1 if ,/4 ,paul wrote ^! ,epi/les1 ?is exceptionally /rong language is ?or\ghly natural 9 a passage 9 :i* ! ,apo/le wi%es to place 9 z /rong a light z may be ! greatness ( ! ,div9e compassion 9 =giv+ s9s1 z manife/$ 9 8 own case4 ,he _h be5 =emo/ z a bitt] & arrogant oppon5t ( ! ,gospel2 & yet ,god _h s+l$ him out to be =emo/ 9 prea*+ x4 ,"h 0 a pro( t no s9n] ne$ despair4 ,:at com=t = a fall5 race c\ld ! false tea*]s (f] 9 comp>ison ) ?is8 ,l ,/4 ,pet]'s s9 9 d5y+ ,8 ,"l1 ,/4 ,paul's s9 9 p]secut+ ,him 0 ov]rul$ = good4 ,! ,div9e process ( br++ good out ( evil 0 /rongly exemplifi$ 9 x4 ,! ,gno/ic tea*]s _h tri$ to %[ h[1 by a gradual degradation1 evil might proce$ f ! ,supreme ,good4 ,!re is no?+ ,div9e 9 su* a process z t4 ,! fall f good to evil is r a devili% "o1 z :5 an angel ( light became ! evil "o & involv$ mank9d 9 8 own fall4 ,div9ity is %[n 9 ! conv]se process ( mak+ :at is evil "w t[>ds :at is good4 ,"u ,div9e guidance ,/4 ,paul's self-righte\s confid5ce & arrogant intol]ance 7 turn$ into a bless+ to himself & o!rs4 ,! recollection ( 8 s9 kept him humble1 int5sifi$ 8 gratitude1 & gave him a /rong additional motive to devote himself to ! "w ( br++ o!rs to ! ,ma/] :o _h be5 s graci\s to himself4 ,/4 ,*ryso/om 9 comm5t+ on ?is passage 9 8 ,homilies on ! ,pa/oral ,epi/les po9ts out h[ x illu/rates ,/4 ,paul's humility1 a virtue :i* is m (t5 prais$ ?an practis$4 ,?is quality 0 s cultivat$ by ! bless$ ,paul1 t he is ev] look+ out = inducem5ts to be humble4 ,!y :o are consci\s to !mselves ( great m]its mu/ /ruggle mu* ) !mselves if !y w\ld be humble4 ,& he too 0 "o likely to be "u viol5t temptations1 8 own good consci5ce swell+ him up l a ga!r+ tum\r4444 ,be+ fill$1 !re=e1 ) high ?\ghts1 & hav+ us$ magnific5t expressions1 he at once depresses himself1 & engages o!rs also to d ! l4 ,hav+ said1 !n1 t ! ,gospel 0 committ$ to 8 tru/1 le/ ?is %\ld seem to be said ) pride1 he *ecks himself at once1 add+ by way ( correction1 ,i ?ank ,him t enabl$ me1 ,*ri/ ,jesus our ,"l1 = t ,he c\nt$ me fai?ful1 appo9t+ me to ,8 s]vice4 ,?us ev]y:]e1 we see1 he conceals 8 own m]it & ascribes ev]y?+ to ,god1 yet s f> only z n to take away free w4 ,^! conclud+ words are an important qualification4 ,! ,apo/le con/antly insi/s on 8 conv]sion z ! result ( a special revelation ( ,jesus ,*ri/ to himself1 9 o!r words a miracle3 he n[h]e h9ts t 8 conv]sion 9 itself 0 miracul\s4 ,no psy*ological miracle 0 wr\ght1 =c+ him to accept ,*ri/ aga9/ 8 w4 ,god conv]ts no "o by magic4 ,x is a free & reasonable s]vice t he asks = f be+s :om ,he has creat$ free & reasonable4 ,m5 7 made moral be+s1 & ,he :o made !m su* does n treat !m z ma*9es4 ,9 8 def5ce at ,caes>ea ,/4 ,paul tells ,h]od ,agrippa t he 0 n disob$i5t to ! heav5ly vision4 ,he might h be54 ,he might1 l ,judas1 h resi/$ all ! miracul\s p[] display$ be=e him & h cont9u$ to p]secute ,*ri/4 ,if he _h no *oice :atev] 9 ! matt]1 x 0 an abuse ( language to affirm t he 0 n disob$i5t4 ,& 9 t case we %\ld ne$ "s o!r metaphor ?an kick+ aga9/ ! goads4 ,x is impossible to kick aga9/ ! goads if "o has no control ov] "o's own limbs4 ,! limbs & ! /r5g? to use !m 7 ,god's gifts1 )\t :i* he c\ld h done no?+4 ,b ) ^! gifts x 0 op5 to him ei!r to obey ! ,div9e comm&s or ev5 to fight aga9/ ,god--a s5seless & wick$ ?+1 no d\bt1 b /ill possible4 ,9 ?is passage ! ,div9e & ! human sides are pla9ly indicat$4 ,on ! "o h&1 ,*ri/ enabl$ him & %[$ confid5ce 9 him3 on ! o!r1 ,paul accept$ ! s]vice & 0 fai?ful4 ,he might h refus$ ! s]vice2 or1 hav+ accept$ x1 he might h %[n himself unfai?ful to 8 tru/4 ,h[beit1 ,i obta9$ m]cy because ,i did x ignorantly 9 unbelief4 ,^! words are sometimes misund]/ood4 ,!y are n int5d$ z an excuse1 any m ?an ,/4 ,john's designation ( himself z ! disciple :om ,jesus lov$ are int5d$ z a boa/4 ,/4 ,john _h be5 ! recipi5t ( v exceptional fav\rs4 ,along ) only ,/4 ,pet] & ,/4 ,james he _h be5 pres5t at ! rais+ ( ,jairus's daught]1 at ! ,transfiguration1 & at ! ,agony 9 ! ,ge?semane4 ,f ev5 ^! *os5 ?ree he _h be5 s+l$ out to be told :o 0 ! traitor2 to h ! lifelong *>ge ( provid+ = ! ,"m ( ! ,"l2 to be ! fir/ to recognize ! ris5 ,"l at ! sea ( ,tib]ias4#be ,:at 0 ! explanation ( all ^! hon\rs8 ,! recipi5t ( !m _h only "o to give4 ,he _h no m]its1 no claim to any?+ ( ! k9d2 b ,jesus lov$ him4 ,s also ) ,/4 ,paul4 ,!re 7 multitudes ( ,jews :o1 l himself1 _h _h1 z he tells ! ,romans1 a zeal = ,god1 b n accord+ to k4#bf ,!re 7 _m :o1 l himself1 _h oppos$ ! tru? & p]secut$ ! ,*ri/4 ,:y did any ( !m obta9 m]cy8 ,:y did he receive su* m>k$ fav\r & hon\r8 ,n because ( any m]it on _! "p or 83 b because !y _h s9n$ ignorantly 7i4e41 )\t kn[+ ! enormity ( _! s971 & because ! grace ( ! ,"l ab\nd$ exce$+ly4 ,! ,apo/le is n endeav\r+ to ext5uate 8 own culpability1 b to ju/ify & magnify ! ,div9e compassion4 ,( ! :ole ,jewi% nation x 0 true t !y knew n :at !y did 9 crucify+ ,jesus ( ,naz>e?2 b x 0 true 9 v v>i\s degrees4 ,ev5 ( ! rul]s _m believ$ on ,him2 b because ( ! ,ph>isees !y did n confess1 le/ !y %\ld be put out ( ! synagogue3 = !y lov$ ! glory ( m5 m ?an ! glory ( ,god4 ,x 0 because ,/4 ,paul did n 9 ?is way s9 aga9/ light t he f\nd m]cy1 n m]ely 9 be+ =giv5 ! s9 ( p]secut+ ,*ri/1 b 9 be+ enabl$ to accept & be fai?ful 9 ! s]vice ( ,him :om he _h p]secut$4 ,two ( ! *anges made by ! ,revis]s 9 ?is passage seem to call = notice3 !y bo? occur 9 ! same phrase & h a simil> t5d5cy4 ,in/ead ( putt+ me into ! m9i/ry ! ,r4,v4 gives u appo9t+ me to ,8 s]vice4 ,a simil> *ange has be5 made 9 v4 #g ( ! next *apt]1 :]e ,i 0 appo9t$ a prea*] takes ! place ( ,i am orda9$ a prea*]1 & 9 ,john xv4 #af :]e ,i *ose y & appo9t$ y has be5 sub/itut$ = ,i h *os5 y & orda9$ y4#bg ,9 ^! alt]ations ! ,revis]s are only foll[+ ! example set by ! ,a4,v4 itself 9 o!r passages4 ,9 #b ,tim4 i4 #aa1 z 9 ,luke x4 #a1 & #a ,!ss4 v4 #i1 bo? v]sions h appo9t$4 ,! alt]ations are manife/ improvem5ts4 ,9 ! passage be=e u x is possible t ! ,greek has ! special signification ( putt+ me into ! m9i/ry1 b x is by no means c]ta91 & p]haps n ev5 probable1 t x does s4 ,!re=e ! m compreh5sive & g5]al translation1 appo9t+ me to ,8 s]vice1 is to be pref]r$4 ,! wid] r5d]+ includes & cov]s ! o!r2 & ?is is a fur!r advantage4 ,to translate ! ,greek words us$ 9 ^! passages 7ti!nai1 poie91 k4t4l47 by su* a v def9ite ^w z orda9 leads ! read] to suppose ^! texts ref] to ! ecclesia/ical act ( ord9ation2 ( :i* !re is no evid5ce4 ,! idea convey$ by ! ,greek 9 ?is passage1 z 9 ,john xv4 #af1 is t ( plac+ a man at a p>ticul> po/1 & w\ld be z applicable to civil z to m9i/]ial duties4 ,we are n1 !re=e1 ju/ifi$ 9 translat+ x by a phrase :i* has di/9ct ecclesia/ical associations4 ,! "q is n "o ( m]e l+ui/ic accuracy4 ,!re are l>g] issues involv$ ?an ^? ( correct translation f ,greek to ,engli%4 ,if we adopt ! wid] r5d]+1 !n x is evid5t t ! bless+ = :i* ,/4 ,paul expresses he>tfelt gratitude1 & :i* he cites z evid5ce ( ,div9e compassion & =giv5ess1 is n ! call to be an ,apo/le1 9 :i* none ( u c %>e1 nor exclusively ! call to be a m9i/] ( ! ,gospel1 9 :i* only a limit$ numb] ( u c %>e2 b also ! be+ appo9t$ to any s]vice 9 ,*ri/'s k+dom1 :i* is an hon\r to :i* all ,*ri/ians are call$4 ,e e>ne/ ,*ri/ian kn[s f p]sonal exp]i5ce ?is evid5ce ( ! ,div9e "* ( ! ,gospel4 ,x is full ( compassion = ^? :o h s9n$2 n because1 l ! ,gno/ic tea*]s1 x glosses ov] ! malignity & culpability ( s91 b because1 unlike ,gno/icism1 x recognizes ! preci\sness ( ea* human s\l1 & ! difficulties :i* beset x4 ,e ,*ri/ian kn[s t he has inh]it$ an evil nature3--s f> he & ! ,gno/ic are agre$4 ,b he also kn[s t to ! s9 :i* he has inh]it$ he has add$ s9 = :i* he is p]sonally responsible1 & :i* 8 consci5ce does n excuse z if x 7 some?+ :i* is a mis=tune & n a fault4 ,yet he is n left )\t rem$y "u ! burd5 ( ^! self-accusations4 ,he kn[s t1 if he seeks = x1 he c f9d =giv5ess1 & =giv5ess ( a s+ul>ly g5]\s k9d4 ,he is n only =giv51 b re/or$ to fav\r & treat$ ) respect4 ,he is at once plac$ 9 a position ( tru/4 ,9 spite ( ! pa/1 x is assum$ t he w be a fai?ful s]vant1 & he is all[$ to m9i/] to 8 ,ma/] & 8 ,ma/]'s foll[]s4 ,to him also ! grace ( our ,"l has ab\nd$ exce$+ly ) fai? & love :i* is 9 ,*ri/ ,jesus4 ,! g5]\s compassion %[n to ,/4 ,paul is n unique or exceptional2 x is typical4 ,& x is a type1 n to ! few1 b to _m2 n to cl]gy only1 b to all4 ,= ?is cause ,i obta9$ m]cy1 t 9 me z *ief might ,jesus ,*ri/ %[ =? all ,8 long-suff]+1 = an ensample ( !m :i* %\ld h]eaft] believe on ,him unto et]nal life4 ,,footnotes3 #bc ,x is wor? :ile po9t+ out t ! peculi> con/ruction ho epi/eu?n eg occurs 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 only 9 ! ,pa/oral ,epi/les & 9 o!r ,paul9e ,epi/les1 ! g5u95ess ( :i* is n[ sc>cely disput$--#a ,!ss4 ii4 #d2 #a ,cor4 ix4 #ag2 ,rom4 iii4 #b2 ,gal4 ii4 #g4 #bd #a ,cor4 xv4 #h1 #aj2 ,gal4 i4 #ac1 #bc2 ,phil4 iii4 #f2 comp4 ,acts xxii4 #d1 #e1 #ai4 #be ,/4 ,john xiii4 #bc1 xix4 #bf1 xxi4 #g4 #bf ,rom4 x4 #b4 #bg ,comp4 ,acts xxii4 #ad & #b ,cor4 viii4 #ai2 also ,m>k iii4 #ad & ,acts xiv4 #bc4 ,see on ,tit4 i4 #e-g4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,! ,,prophecies ,,on ,,timo?y4--,,! ,,prophets ,,( ,,! ,,new ,,te/am5t1 ,,an ,,exceptional ,,in/rum5t ,,( ,,edification4 ,?is *>ge ,i commit unto !e1 my own *ild ,timo?y1 accord+ to ! prophecies :i* w5t be=e on !e1 t by !m ?\ maye/ w> ! good w>f>e2 hold+ fai? & a good consci5ce2 :i* "s hav+ ?ru/ f !m made %ipwreck conc]n+ ! fai?3 ( :om is ,hym5aeus & ,alex&]2 :om ,i deliv]$ unto ,satan1 t !y might be taught n to blaspheme4--#a ,,tim4 i4 #ah-bj4 ,9 ?is section ,/4 ,paul returns f ! subject ( ! false tea*]s aga9/ :om ,timo?y has to cont5d 7vv4 #c-aa71 & ! contra/ to _! tea*+ exhibit$ by ! ,gospel 9 ! ,apo/le's own case 7vv4 #ab-ag71 to ! ma9 purpose ( ! lett]1 viz41 ! in/ructions to be giv5 to ,timo?y = ! due p]=mance ( 8 difficult duties z ov]se] ( ! ,*ur* ( ,ephesus4 ,! section conta9s two subjects ( special int]e/1 ea* ( :i* requires consid]ation2--! prophecies respect+ ,timo?y & ! puni%m5t ( ,hym5aeus & ,alex&]4 #a4 ,?is *>ge ,i commit unto !e1 my *ild ,timo?y1 accord+ to ! prophecies :i* w5t be=e on !e4 ,z ! m>g9 ( ! ,r4,v4 po9ts out1 ?is la/ phrase might also be read accord+ to ! prophecies :i* l$ ! way to !e1 = ! ,greek may mean ei!r4 ,! "q is1 :e!r ,/4 ,paul is ref]r+ to c]ta9 prophecies :i* l$ ! way to ,timo?y1 i4e41 :i* designat$ him z specially suit$ = ! m9i/ry1 & l$ to 8 ord9ation by ,/4 ,paul & ! presbyt]s2 or :e!r he is ref]r+ to c]ta9 prophecies :i* 7 utt]$ ov] ,timo?y 7epi se7 ei!r at ! "t ( 8 conv]sion or ( 8 admission to ! m9i/ry4 ,bo? ! ,a4,v4 & ! ,r4,v4 give ! pref]5ce to ! latt] r5d]+1 :i* 7)\t exclud+ su* a view7 does n commit u to ! op9ion t ,/4 ,paul 0 9 any s5se l$ to ,timo?y by ^! prophecies1 a ?\ght :i* is n cle>ly intimat$ 9 ! orig9al4 ,all t we are c]ta9 ( is1 t long be=e ! writ+ ( ?is lett] prophecies ( :i* ,timo?y 0 ! object 7 utt]$ ov] him1 & t !y 7 ( su* a nature z to be an inc5tive & support to him 9 8 m9i/ry4 ,b if we look on to ! f\rte5? v]se ( ! f\r? *apt] 9 ?is ,epi/le & to ! six? ( ! fir/ *apt] 9 ! ,second1 we %all n h mu* d\bt :5 ^! prophecies 7 utt]$4 ,!re we read1 ,neglect n ! gift t is 9 !e1 :i* 0 giv5 !e by prophecy1 ) ! lay+ on ( ! h&s ( ! presbyt]y6 & ,= :i* cause ,i put !e 9 remembrance t ?\ /ir up ! gift ( ,god1 :i* is 9 !e ?r\gh ! lay+ on ( my h&s4 ,mu/ we n believe t ^! two passages & ! passage be=e u all ref] to ! same occasion--! same crisis 9 ,timo?y's life8 ,9 all ?ree ( !m ,/4 ,paul appeals to ! spiritual gift t 0 be/[$ ^u 8 disciple by means ( prophecy & by means ( ! lay+ on ( h&s4 ,! same preposition & case 7dia ) ! g5itive7 is us$ 9 ea* case4 ,cle>ly1 !n1 we are to und]/& t ! prophesy+ & ! lay+ on ( h&s accompani$ "o ano!r4 ,"h only ! prophesy+ is m5tion$4 ,9 *apt] iv4 ! prophesy+1 accompani$ by ! imposition ( ! presbyt]s' h&s1 is ! means by :i* ! grace is conf]r$4 ,9 ! ,second ,epi/le only ! lay+ on ( ! ,apo/le's h&s is m5tion$1 & x is spok5 ( z ! means by :i* ! grace is conf]r$4 ,!re=e1 al?\gh ! pres5t passage by itself leaves ! "q op51 yet :5 we take ! o!r two into consid]ation along ) x1 we may safely neglect ! possibility ( prophecies :i* l$ ! way to ! ord9ation ( ,timo?y1 & und]/& ! ,apo/le z ref]r+ to ^? sacr$ utt]ances :i* 7 a m>k$ elem5t 9 8 disciple's ord9ation & =m$ a prelude & e>ne/ ( 8 m9i/ry4 ,^! sacr$ utt]ances indicat$ a ,div9e commission & ,div9e approbation publicly express$ respect+ ! *oice ( ,timo?y = ?is special "w4 ,!y 7 also a means ( grace2 = by means ( !m a spiritual bless+ 0 be/[$ ^u ! "y m9i/]4 ,9 allud+ to !m "h1 !re=e1 ,/4 ,paul rem9ds him ,:o x 0 by :om he 0 really *os5 & orda9$4 ,x is z if he said1 ,we laid our h&s ^u y2 b x 0 no ord9>y election made by human votes4 ,x 0 ,god :o elect$ y2 ,god :o gave y y\r commission1 & ) x ! p[] to fulfil x4 ,bew>e1 !re=e1 ( disgrac+ ,8 appo9tm5t & ( neglect+ or abus+ ,8 gift4#bh ,! voice ( prophecy1 !re=e1 ei!r po9t$ out ,timo?y z a *os5 vessel = ! m9i/ry1 or publicly ratifi$ ! *oice :i* _h already be5 made by ,/4 ,paul & o!rs4 ,b by :om 0 ?is voice ( prophecy utt]$8 ,by a special ord] ( prophets8 ,or by ,/4 ,paul & ! presbyt]s specially inspir$ to act z su*8 ,! answ] to ?is "q involves "s consid]ation ( ! (fice1 or r function1 ( a prophet1 especially 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,! ^w prophet is frequ5tly und]/ood 9 f> too limit$ a s5se4 ,x is commonly re/rict$ to ! "o function ( pr$ict+ ! future4 ,b1 if we may v5ture to co9 words 9 ord] to br+ out po9ts ( diff]5ces1 !re are ?ree ma9 ideas involv$ 9 ! title prophet4 7#a7 ,a =-tell]2 "o :o speaks = or in/ead ( ano!r1 especially "o :o speaks = or 9 ! "n ( ,god2 a ,div9e mess5g]1 ambassador1 int]pret]1 or spokesman4 7#b7 ,a =?-tell]2 "o :o has a special message to deliv] =? to ! _w2 a proclaim]1 h>b+]1 or h]ald4 7#c7 ,a =e-tell]2 "o :o tells be=eh& :at is com+2 a pr$ict] ( future ev5ts4 ,to be ! be>] or int]pret] ( a ,div9e message is ! fundam5tal conception ( ! prophet 9 classical ,greek2 & to a l>ge ext5t ?is conception prevails 9 bo? ! ,old & ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,to be 9 imm$iate int]c\rse ) ,jehovah1 & to be ,8 spokesman to ,israel1 0 :at ! ,hebrews und]/ood by ! gift ( prophecy4 ,x 0 by no means necess>y t ! ,div9e communication :i* ! prophet _h to make kn[n to ! p %\ld relate to ! future4 ,x might be a d5unciation ( pa/ s9s1 or an exhortation respect+ pres5t conduct1 q z naturally z a pr$iction ( :at 0 com+4 ,& 9 ! ,acts & ,paul9e ,epi/les ! idea ( a prophet rema9s mu* ! same4 ,he is "o to :om has be5 grant$ special insight into ,god's c\nsels1 & :o communicates ^! my/]ies to o!rs4 ,bo? 9 ! ,jewi% & primitive ,*ri/ian disp5sations1 ! prophets are ! means ( communication betwe5 ,god & ,8 ,*ur*4 ,eight p]sons are m5tion$ by "n 9 ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les z ex]cis+ ?is gift ( prophecy3 ,agabus1 ,b>nabas1 ,symeon call$ ,nig]1 ,lucius ( ,cyr5e1 ,mana5 ! fo/]-bro!r ( ,h]od ! tetr>*1 ,judas1 ,silas1 & ,/4 ,paul himself4 ,on c]ta9 occasions ! ,div9e communication made to !m by ! ,_s includ$ a k ( ! future2 z :5 ,agabus =etold ! great fam9e 7xi4 #bh7 & ! imprisonm5t ( ,/4 ,paul 7xxi4 #aa71 & :5 ,/4 ,paul told t ! ,holy ,_s te/ifi$ to him 9 e city1 t bonds & afflictions await$ him at ,j]usalem 7xx4 #bc74 ,b ?is is ! exception r ?an ! rule4 ,x is 9 _! "* ( prophets t ,judas & ,silas exhort & confirm ! bre?r54 ,&1 :at is ( special int]e/ 9 ref]5ce to ! prophecies utt]$ ov] ,timo?y1 we f9d a gr\p ( prophets hav+ special influ5ce 9 ! selection & ord9ation ( ,apo/olic evangeli/s4 ,& z !y m9i/]$ to ! ,"l1 & fa/$1 ! ,holy ,gho/ said1 ,sep>ate ,me ,b>nabas & ,saul1 = ! "w :]eunto ,i h call$ !m4 ,!n :5 !y _h fa/$ & pray$ & laid _! h&s on !m1 !y s5t !m away 7xiii4 #b1 #c74 ,we see1 !re=e1 t ^! ,new ,te/am5t prophets 7 n a regul>ly con/itut$ ord]1 l apo/les1 ) :om !y are jo9$ bo? 9 ! ,fir/ ,epi/le to ! ,cor9?ians 7xii4 #bh7 & 9 t to ! ,ephesians 7iv4 #aa74 ,yet !y h ?is 9 common ) apo/les1 t ! "w ( bo? lies r 9 f\nd+ ,*ur*es ?an 9 gov]n+ !m4 ,!y h to conv]t & edify r ?an to rule4 ,!y might or might n be apo/les or presbyt]s z well z prophets2 b z prophets !y 7 m5 or wom5 7su* z ! daught]s ( ,philip7 on :om a special gift ( ! ,holy ,_s _h be5 conf]r$3 & ?is gift enabl$ !m to und]/& & exp\nd ,div9e my/]ies ) inspir$ au?ority1 & at times also to =etell ! future4 ,s long z we be> ^! *>act]i/ics 9 m9d1 x matt]s little h[ we answ] ! "q z to :o x 0 t utt]$ ! prophecies ov] ,timo?y at ! "t ( 8 ord9ation4 ,x may h be5 ,/4 ,paul & ! presbyt]s :o laid _! h&s ^u him1 & :o on ?is occasion at any rate 7 end[$ ) ! _s ( prophecy4 ,or x may h be5 t besides ! presbyt]s !re 7 prophets also pres5t1 :o1 at ?is solemn c]emony1 ex]cis$ _! gift ( inspiration4 ,! =m] seems m probable4 ,x is cle> f *ap4 iv4 #ad1 t prophecy & imposition ( h&s 7 two concomitant acts by means ( :i* spiritual grace 0 be/[$ ^u ,timo?y2 & x is m reasonable to suppose t ^! two in/rum5tal acts 7 p]=m$ by ! same gr\p ( p]sons1 ?an t "o gr\p prophesi$1 :ile ano!r laid _! h&s on ! "y m9i/]'s head4 ,?is gift ( prophecy1 ,/4 ,paul tells ! ,cor9?ians 7#a ,cor4 xiv471 0 "o specially to be desir$2 & evid5tly x 0 by no means a r>e "o 9 ! primitive ,*ur*4 ,z we might expect1 x 0 mo/ frequ5tly ex]cis$ 9 ! public s]vices ( ! congregation4 ,:5 ye come toge!r1 ea* "o ha? a psalm1 ha? a tea*+1 ha? a revelation1 ha? a tongue1 ha? an int]pretation4444 ,let ! prophets speak by two or ?ree1 & let ! o!rs disc]n4 ,b if a revelation be made to ano!r sitt+ by1 let ! fir/ keep sil5ce4 ,= ye all c prophesy "o by "o1 t all may le>n & all may be com=t$2 & ! spirits ( ! prophets are subject to ! prophets4 ,! *ief object ( ! gift1 !re=e1 0 in/ruction & consolation1 = ! conv]sion ( unbeliev]s 7#bd1 #be71 & = ! build+ up ( ! fai?ful4 ,b we %all probably be "r 9 mak+ a di/9ction betwe5 ! prophesy+ :i* frequ5tly took place 9 ! fir/ ,*ri/ian congregations1 & ^? special int]v5tions ( ! ,holy ,_s ( :i* we read occasionally4 ,9 ^! latt] cases x is n s mu* spiritual in/ruction 9 an inspir$ =m t is communicat$1 z a revelation ( ,god's w ) reg>d to "s p>ticul> c\rse ( action4 ,su* 0 ! case :5 ,paul & ,silas 7 =bidd5 ( ! ,holy ,gho/ to speak ! ^w 9 ,asia1 & :5 !y assay$ to g into ,bi?ynia1 & ! ,_s ( ,jesus suff]$ !m n3 or :5 on 8 voyage to ,rome ,paul 0 assur$ t he w\ld /& be=e ,caes>1 & t ,god _h giv5 him ! lives ( all ^? :o sail$ ) him4#bi ,"s h suppos$ t ! ,revelation ( ,/4 ,john 0 int5d$ to m>k ! close ( ,new ,te/am5t prophecy & to protect ! ,*ur* aga9/ unw>rantable attempts at prophecy until ! return ( ,*ri/ to judge ! _w4 ,?is view w\ld be m probable if ! lat] date = ! ,apocalypse c\ld be e/abli%$4 ,b if1 z is f> m probable1 ! ,revelation 0 writt5 c4 ,a4,d4 #fh1 x is h>dly likely t ,/4 ,john1 dur+ ! lifetime ( ,apo/les1 w\ld ?9k ( tak+ any su* decisive /ep4 ,9 8 ,fir/ ,epi/le1 writt5 probably fifte5 or tw5ty ye>s aft] ! ,revelation1 he gives a te/ = di/+ui%+ true f false prophets 7iv4 #a-d72 & ?is he w\ld n h done1 if he _h believ$ t all true prophecy _h ceas$4 ,9 ! newly discov]$ ,doctr9e ( ! ,twelve ,apo/les we f9d prophets among ! m9i/]s ( ! ,*ur*1 j z 9 ! ,epi/les to ! ,cor9?ians1 ,ephesians1 & ,philippians4 ,! date ( ?is int]e/+ treatise has yet to be asc]ta9$2 b x seems to belong to ! p]iod betwe5 ! ,epi/les ( ,/4 ,paul & ^? ( ,ignatius4 ,we may safely place x betwe5 ! writ+s ( ,/4 ,paul & ^? ( ,ju/9 ,m>tyr4 ,9 ! ,epi/le to ! ,cor9?ians 7#a ,cor4 xii4 #bh7 we h ,fir/ apo/les1 secondly prophets1 ?irdly tea*]s1 !n ^? :o _h special gifts1 su* z heal+ or speak+ ) tongues4 ,9 ,ephes4 iv4 #aa we are told t ,*ri/ gave "s to be apo/les2 & "s evangeli/s2 & "s1 pa/ors & tea*]s4 ,! ,epi/le to ! ,philippians is address$ to all ! sa9ts 9 ,*ri/ ,jesus :i* are at ,philippi1 ) ! bi%ops & deacons1 :]e ! plural %[s t bi%op _c be us$ 9 ! lat] diocesan s5se2 o!rwise !re w\ld be only "o bi%op at ,philippi4 ,prophets1 !re=e1 9 ,/4 ,paul's "t are a common & important bran* ( ! m9i/ry4 ,!y rank next to apo/les1 & a s+le congregation may possess sev]al ( !m4 ,9 ,ignatius & lat] writ]s ! m9i/]s :o are s conspicu\s 9 ! ,acts & 9 ,/4 ,paul's ,epi/les disappe>1 & _! place is tak5 by o!r m9i/]s ^: (fices1 at any rate 9 _! lat] =ms1 are sc>cely f\nd 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t at all4 ,^! are ! bi%ops1 presbyt]s1 & deacons2 to :om 7 soon add$ a numb] ( subord9ate (ficials1 su* z read]s1 exorci/s1 & ! l4 ,! m9i/ry1 z we f9d x 9 ! ,doctr9e ( ! ,twelve ,apo/les1 is 9 a /ate ( transition f ! ,apo/olic to ! latt] /age4 ,z 9 ! "t ( ,/4 ,paul we h bo? it9]ant & local m9i/]s2 ! it9]ant m9i/]s be+ *iefly apo/les & prophets1 ^: functions d n seem to be m>k$ (f f "o ano!r v di/9ctly2 & ! local m9i/ry consi/+ ( two ord]s only1 bi%ops & deacons1 z 9 ! address to ! ,*ur* ( ,philippi4 ,:5 we rea* ! ,epi/les ( ,ignatius & o!r docum5ts ( a date lat] ?an ,a4,d4 #aaj1 we lose di/9ct traces ( ^! it9]ant apo/les & prophets4 ,! title ,apo/le is becom+ conf9$ to ,/4 ,paul & ! ,twelve1 & ! title ( ,prophet to ! ,old ,te/am5t prophets4 ,! gradual cessation or discr$it ( ! function ( ! ,*ri/ian prophet is ?or\ghly intelligible4 ,possibly ! spiritual gift :i* r5d]$ x possible 0 )drawn f ! ,*ur*4 ,9 any case ! extravagances ( en?usia/s :o delud$ !mselves into ! belief t !y possess$ ! gift1 or ( impo/ors :o delib]ately assum$ x1 w\ld br+ ! (fice into suspicion & disrepute4 ,su* ?+s 7 possible ev5 9 ,apo/olic times1 = bo? ,/4 ,paul & ,/4 ,john give cautions ab\t x1 & directions = deal+ ) ! abuse & ! false assumption ( prophecy4 ,9 ! next c5tury ! ecc5tric delusions ( ,montanus & 8 foll[]s1 & _! vehem5t attempts to =ce _! suppos$ revelations ^u ! :ole ,*ur*1 complet$ ! discr$it ( all pr(ession to prophetical p[]4 ,?is discr$it has be5 int5sifi$ f "t to "t :5ev] su* pr(essions h be5 r5ew$2 z1 = example1 by ! extravagances ( ! ,zwickau ,prophets or ,abec$>ians 9 ,lu!r's "t1 or ( ! ,irv+ites 9 our own day4 ,s9ce ! dea? ( ,/4 ,john & ! close ( ! ,canon1 ,*ri/ians h s\ght = illum9ation 9 ! writt5 ^w ( ,scripture r ?an 9 ! utt]ances ( prophets4 ,x is !re t ea* "o ( u may f9d ! prophecies t w5t be=e on u1 exhort+ u & enabl+ u to w> ! good w>f>e1 hold+ fai? & a good consci5ce4 ,!re w always be ^? :o crave = some?+ m def9ite & p]sonal2 :o long =1 & p]haps create = !mselves & believe 91 "s liv+ au?ority to :om !y c p]petually appeal4 ,scripture seems to !m unsatisfy+1 & !y erect = !mselves an infallible pope1 or a spiritual director1 ^: ^w is to be to !m z ! inspir$ utt]ances ( a prophet4 ,b we h to fall back on our own consci5ces at la/3 & :e!r we take ,scripture or "s o!r au?ority z our infallible guide1 ! responsibility ( ! *oice /ill re/s ) ourselves4 ,if a man w n he> ,*ri/ & ,8 ,apo/les1 nei!r w he be p]suad$ ?\gh a prophet 0 grant$ to him4 ,if we believe n _! writ+s1 h[ %all we believe 8 words8 ,,footnotes3 #bh ,*ryso/om 9 loco4 ,hom4 v4 sub init4 #bi ,acts xvi4 #f1 #g1 xxvii4 #bd2 comp4 xviii4 #i1 xx4 #bc1 xxi4 #d1 #aa1 xxii4 #ag-ba4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,! ,,puni%m5t ,,( ,,hym5aeus ,,& ,,alex&]4--,,deliv]+ ,,to ,,satan ,,an ,,exceptional ,,in/rum5t ,,( ,,purification4--,,! ,,p]sonality ,,( ,,satan4 ,hold+ fai? & a good consci5ce2 :i* "s hav+ ?ru/ f !m made %ipwreck3 ( :om is ,hym5aeus & ,alex&]2 :om ,i deliv]$ unto ,satan1 t !y might be taught n to blaspheme4--#a ,,tim4 i4 #ai1 #bj4 ,9 ! prec$+ disc\rse "o ( ! special *>ismata :i* di/+ui% ! ,*ur* ( ! ,apo/olic age 0 consid]$1--! gift ( prophecy4 ,x seems to h be5 an exceptional boon to enable ! fir/ ,*ri/ians to p]=m v exceptional "w4 ,on ! pres5t occasion we h to consid] a v diff]5t subject--! heavy p5alty inflict$ on two griev\s (f5d]s4 ,?is aga9 w\ld seem to be some?+ exceptional4 ,& ! special gift & ! special puni%m5t h ?is mu* 9 common1 t bo? ( !m 7 extraord9>y means = promot+ & pres]v+ ! hol9ess ( ! ,*ur*4 ,! "o exi/$ = ! edification1 ! o!r = ! purification1 ( ! memb]s ( ! ,*ri/ian community4 ,! necessity ( /rict discipl9e bo? = ! individual & = ! community _h be5 decl>$ by ,*ri/ f ! outset4 ,! eye t caus$ (f5ce 0 to be pluck$ out1 ! h& & ! foot t caus$ (f5ce 7 to be cut (f1 & ! h>d5$ (f5d] :o refus$ to li/5 to ! solemn remon/rances ( ! congregation 0 to be treat$ z a hea!n & an outca/4 ,! exp]i5ce ( ! primitive ,*ur* _h prov$ ! wisdom ( ?is4 ,! fall ( ,judas _h %[n t ! ,apo/olic b& itself 0 n secure f evil ( ! v wor/ k9d4 ,! p>5t ,*ur* ( ,j]usalem 0 no soon] f\nd$ ?an a d>k /a9 0 br\ght ^u x by ! conduct ( two ( its memb]s4 ,9 ! v fir/ gl[ ( its y\?ful en?usiasm ,ananias & ,sapphira conspir$ toge!r to p]v]t ! g5]al unselfi%ness to _! own selfi% end1 by attempt+ to ga9 ! cr$it = equal g5]osity ) ! re/1 :ile keep+ back some?+ = !mselves4 ,! ,*ur* ( ,cor9? 0 sc>cely five ye>s old1 & ! ,apo/le _h be5 abs5t f x only ab\t ?ree ye>s1 :5 he le>nt t 9 ?is ,*ri/ian community1 ! fir/fruits ( ! hea!n _w1 a s9 :i* ev5 ! hea!n reg>d$ z a mon/r\s pollution _h be5 committ$1 & t ! congregation 7 glory+ 9 x4 ,*ri/ians 7 boa/+ t ! ince/u\s union ( a man ) 8 fa!r's wife dur+ 8 fa!r's lifetime 0 a spl5did illu/ration ( ,*ri/ian lib]ty4 ,no /rong] pro( ( ! dang]s ( lax discipl9e c\ld h be5 giv54 ,9 ! v]ses be=e u we h in/ances ( simil> p]il on ! doctr9al side4 ,& 9 ! insol5t opposition :i* ,diotrephes (f]$ to ,/4 ,john we h an illu/ration ( ! dang]s ( insubord9ation4 ,if ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* 0 to be sav$ f spe$y collapse1 /rict discipl9e 9 morals1 9 doctr9e1 & 9 gov]nm5t1 0 pla9ly necess>y4 ,! puni%m5t ( ! ince/u\s p]son at ,cor9? %\ld be plac$ side by side ) ! puni%m5t ( ,hym5aeus & ,alex&]1 z record$ "h4 ,! two cases mutually expla9 "o ano!r4 ,9 ea* ( !m !re occurs ! rem>kable =mula ( deliv]+ or h&+ ov] to ,satan4 ,! mean+ ( x is n indisputable1 & 9 ! ma9 two views are held respect+ x4 ,"s int]pret x z be+ m]ely a synonym = excommunication4 ,o!rs ma9ta9 t x indicates a mu* m exceptional p5alty1 :i* might or might n accompany excommunication4 #a4 ,on ! "o h& x is argu$ t ! expression deliv] unto ,satan is a v intelligible p]iphrasis = excommunicate4 ,excommunication involv$ exclusion f all ,*ri/ian fell[%ip1 & consequ5tly bani%m5t to ! society ( ^? among :om ,satan dwelt1 & f :i* ! (f5d] _h publicly sev]$ himself4#cj ,x is admitt$ t h&+ ov] to ,satan is /rong language to use 9 ord] to express ejection f ! congregation & exclusion f all acts ( wor%ip1 b x is ?\ght t ! acut5ess ( ! crisis makes ! /r5g? ( language intelligible4 #b4 ,b ! /r5g? ( language ne$s no apology1 if ! deliv]+ unto ,satan means some?+ extraord9>y1 ov] & above excommunication4 ,?is1 !re=e1 is an advantage :i* ! second mode ( int]pret+ ! expression has at ! outset4 ,excommunication 0 a puni%m5t :i* ! congregation itself c\ld inflict2 b ?is h&+ ov] to ,satan 0 an ,apo/olic act1 to accompli% :i* ! community )\t ! ,apo/le _h no p[]4 ,x 0 a sup]natural infliction ( bodily infirmity1 or disease1 or dea?1 z a p5alty = griev\s s94 ,we "k ?is 9 ! cases ( ,ananias & ,sapphira & ( ,elymas4 ,! ince/u\s p]son at ,cor9? is probably ano!r in/ance3 = ! de/ruction ( ! fle% seems to mean "s pa9ful malady inflict$ on t "p ( 8 nature :i* _h be5 ! in/rum5t ( 8 fall1 9 ord] t by its *a/isem5t ! high] "p ( 8 nature might be sav$4 ,&1 if ?is be correct1 !n we seem to be ju/ifi$ 9 assum+ ! same respect+ ,hym5aeus & ,alex&]4 ,= al?\gh no?+ is said 9 _! case respect+ ! de/ruction ( ! fle%1 yet ! expression t !y may be taught n to blaspheme1 implies some?+ ( a simil> k9d4 ,! ^w = taught paideu?si implies discipl9e & *a/isem5t1 sometimes 9 ,classical ,greek1 frequ5tly 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 a mean+ :i* ! ^w tea* also n unfrequ5tly has 9 ,engli% 7,judges viii4 #af74 ,9 illu/ration ( ?is x is suffici5t to po9t to ! passage 9 ,heb4 xii41 9 :i* ! writ] insi/s t :om ! ,"l love? ,he *a/5e?4 ,?r\gh\t ! section ?is v ^w 7paideue97 & its cognate 7paideia7 are us$4#ca ,x is1 !re=e1 sc>cely d\btful t ,/4 ,paul deliv]$ ,hym5aeus & ,alex&] to ,satan1 9 ord] t ,satan might h p[] to afflict _! bodies 7j z he 0 all[$ p[] ov] ! body ( ,job71 ) a view to _! spiritual amelioration4 ,?is p]sonal suff]+1 foll[+ close ^u _! s9 & decl>$ by ! ,apo/le to be a puni%m5t = x1 w\ld tea* !m to ab&on x4 ,/4 ,paul himself1 z he has j told u1 _h be5 a blasphem] & by a sup]natural visitation _h be5 conv]t$3 :y %\ld n ^! two foll[ 9 bo? respects 9 8 /eps8 ,satan's will+ness to co-op]ate 9 su* measures ne$ n surprise u4 ,he is always ready to inflict suff]+2 & ! fact t suff]+ sometimes draws ! suff]] away f him & ne>] to ,god1 does n det] him f inflict+ x4 ,he kn[s well t suff]+ n unfrequ5tly has ! v opposite effect4 ,x h>d5s & exasp]ates "s m51 :ile x humbles & purifies o!rs4 ,x makes "o man say ,i abhor myself1 & rep5t 9 du/ & a%es4 ,x makes ano!r w to r5\nce ,god & die4 ,satan hop$ 9 ,job's case to be able to provoke him to r5\nce ,god to ,8 face4 ,9 ! case ( ^! two blasphem]s he w\ld hope to induce !m to blaspheme all ! m4 ,we may pass by ! "q1 ,9 :at way did ,hym5aeus & ,alex&] blaspheme8 ,we c only conjecture t x 0 by publicly oppos+ "s article ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?4 ,b conjectures )\t evid5ce are n v pr(itable4 ,if we 7 c]ta9 t ! ,hym5aeus "h m5tion$ ) ,alex&] is id5tical ) ! "o :o is condemn$ ) ,philetus 9 #b ,tim4 ii4 #ah = virtually d5y+ ! resurrection1 we %\ld h "s evid5ce4 ,b ?is id5tification1 al?\gh probable1 is n c]ta94 ,/ill less c]ta9 is ! id5tification ( ! ,alex&] condemn$ "h ) ,alex&] ! copp]smi?1 :o 9 #b ,tim4 iv4 #ad is said to h done ! ,apo/le mu* evil4 ,b none ( ^! que/ions is ( great mom5t4 ,:at is ( importance to notice is ! ,apo/olic s5t5ce ^u ! two blasphem]s4 ,& 9 x we h to notice f\r po9ts4 7#a7 ,x is almo/ c]ta9ly n id5tical ) excommunication by ! congregation1 al?\gh x v probably 0 accompani$ by ?is o!r p5alty4 7#b7 ,x is ( a v extraord9>y "*1 be+ a h&+ ov] into ! p[] ( ! evil "o4 7#c7 ,its object is ! re=mation ( ! (f5d]s1 :ile at ! same "t 7#d7 x s]ves z a w>n+ to o!rs1 le/ !y by simil> (f5ces %\ld suff] s awful a puni%m5t4 ,to all alike x br\ght home ! s]i\s nature ( su* s9s4 ,ev5 at ! co/ ( cutt+ (f ! "r h&1 or pluck+ out ! "r eye1 ! ,*ri/ian community mu/ be kept pure 9 doctr9e z 9 life4 ,^! two passages1--! "o be=e u1 & ! "o respect+ ! case ( ince/ at ,cor9?1--are conclusive z to ,/4 ,paul's tea*+ respect+ ! exi/5ce & p]sonality ( ! devil4 ,!y are support$ & illu/rat$ by a numb] ( o!r passages 9 8 writ+s2 z :5 he tells ! ,!ssalonians t ,satan h9d]$ 8 "w1 or w>ns ! ,cor9?ians t ev5 ,satan fa%ione? himself into an angel ( light1 & tells !m t 8 own sore tr\ble 9 ! fle% 01 l ,job's1 a mess5g] ( ,satan to buffet him4 ,n less cle> is ! tea*+ ( ,/4 ,pet] & ,/4 ,john 9 ,epi/les :i*1 ) ^? ( ,/4 ,paul to ! ,cor9?ians1 are among ! be/ au!nticat$ works 9 anci5t lit]ature4 ,y\r adv]s>y ! devil z a ro>+ lion1 walke? ab\t1 seek+ :om he may dev\r1 says ! "o3 ,he t doe? s9 is ( ! devil2 = ! devil s9ne? f ! beg9n+1 says ! o!r4 ,&1 if we ne$ high] au?ority1 !re is ! decl>ation ( ,*ri/ to ! malignant & unbeliev+ ,jews4 ,ye are ( y\r fa!r ! devil1 & ! lu/s ( y\r fa!r x is y\r w to d4 ,he 0 a murd]] f ! beg9n+1 & /ood n 9 ! tru?1 because !re is no tru? 9 him4 ,:5 he speake? a lie1 he speake? ( 8 own3 = he is a li>1 & ! fa!r !re(4#cb ,) reg>d to ?is la/ passage1 ^? :o d5y ! p]sonal exi/5ce ( ,satan mu/ ma9ta9 ei!r 7#a7 t ! ,evangeli/ "h attributes to ,*ri/ words :i* ,he nev] us$2 or 7#b7 t ,*ri/ 0 will+ to make use ( a mon/r\s sup]/ition 9 ord] to d5\nce 8 oppon5ts ) emphasis2 or 7#c7 t ,he ,himself errone\sly believ$ 9 ! exi/5ce ( a be+ :o 0 a m]e figm5t ( an un5light5$ imag9ation3 9 o!r words1 t ! ,son ( ,god 0 manife/$ t ,he might de/roy ! works ( ! devil1 :5 all ! :ile !re 0 no devil & no works ( 8 to be de/roy$4 ,! fir/ ( ^! views cuts at ! root ( all tru/ 9 ! ,gospels z hi/orical docum5ts4 ,words :i* imply t ,satan is a p]son are attribut$ to ,*ri/ by ! ,synopti/s no less ?an by ,/4 ,john2 & if ! ,evangeli/s are n to be believ$ 9 _! report ( ,*ri/'s say+s on ?is topic1 :at security h we t !y are to be believ$ z to _! reports ( ! re/ ( ,8 tea*+2 or inde$ z to any?+ :i* !y n>rate8 ,aga91 h[ are we to acc\nt = ! v /rong /atem5ts made by ! ,apo/les !mselves respect+ ! evil "o1 if !y _h nev] he>d any?+ ( ! k9d f ,*ri/4 ,! second view has be5 adopt$ by ,s*lei]ma*]1 :o ?9ks t ,*ri/ accommodat$ ,8 tea*+ to ! ideas !n preval5t among ! ,jews respect+ ,satan )\t %>+ !m ,himself4 ,he knew t ,satan 0 a m]e p]sonification ( ! moral evil :i* e man f9ds 9 8 own nature & 9 t ( 8 fell[-m53 b ! ,jews believ$ 9 ! p]sonality ( ?is evil pr9ciple1 & ,he acquiesc$ 9 ! belief1 n z be+ true1 b z (f]+ no fundam5tal opposition to ,8 tea*+4 ,b is ?is consi/5t ) ! tru?fulness ( ,*ri/8 ,if a p]sonal devil is an empty sup]/ition1 ,he w5t out ( 8 way to confirm m5 9 _! belief 9 x4 ,:y tea* t ! enemy :o s[$ ! t>es is ! devil8 ,:y int]pret ! birds t snat* away ! fre%ly s[n se$ z ,satan8 ,x w\ld h be5 s easy 9 ea* case to h spok5 ( imp]sonal temptations4 ,aga91 :at motive c ,*ri/ h _h = tell+ ,8 ,apo/les 7n ! ignorant & sup]/iti\s multitude71 t ,he ,himself _h endur$ ! repeat$ solicitations ( a p]sonal tempt]1 :o _h conv]s$ & argu$ ) ,him8 ,^? :o1 l ,/rauss & ,r5an1 believe ,jesus ( ,naz>e? to h be5 a m]e man1 w\ld naturally adopt ! ?ird view4 ,9 believ+ 9 ! p]sonality ( ,satan ,jesus m]ely %>$ ! sup]/itions ( ,8 age4 ,to all ^? :o wi% to discuss ) him :e!r we are /ill ,*ri/ians1 ,/rauss decl>es t ! belief 9 a devil is "o ( ! mo/ hide\s sides ( ! anci5t ,*ri/ian fai?1 & t ! ext5t to :i* ?is dang]\s delusion /ill controls m5's ideas or has be5 bani%$ f !m is ! v ?+ to reg>d z a measure ( culture4 ,b at ! same "t he admits t to remove s fundam5tal a /one is dang]\s = ! :ole edifice ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?4 ,x 0 ! "y ,goe! :o rem>k$ aga9/ ,bahrdt t if ev] an idea 0 biblical1 ?is "o ( ! exi/5ce ( a p]sonal ,satan 0 su*4#cc ,& else:]e ,/rauss decl>es t ! conception ( ! ,messiah & ,8 k+dom )\t ! anti!sis ( an inf]nal k+dom ) a p]sonal *ief is z impossible z t ( ,nor? pole )\t a ,s\? pole4#cd ,to refuse to believe 9 an evil p[] ext]nal to ourselves is to believe t human nature itself is diabolical4 ,:5ce come ! devili% ?\ghts t vex u ev5 at ! mo/ sacr$ & solemn mom5ts8 ,if !y d n come f ! evil "o & 8 myrmidons1 !y come f ourselves3--!y are our own (fspr+4 ,su* a belief might well drive u to despair4 ,s f> f be+ a hide\s elem5t 9 ! ,*ri/ian fai?1 ! belief 9 a p[]1 n ourselves1 t makes = wick$ness1 is a mo/ consol+ "o4 ,x has be5 said t1 if !re 7 no ,god1 we %\ld h to inv5t "o3 & ) almo/ equal tru? we might say t1 if !re 7 no devil1 we %\ld h to inv5t "o4 ,)\t a belief 9 ,god bad m5 w\ld h little to induce !m to conqu] _! evil passions4 ,)\t a belief 9 a devil good m5 w\ld h little hope ( ev] be+ able to d s4 ,! passage be=e u supplies u ) ano!r consol+ ?\ght ) reg>d to ?is t]rible adv]s>y1 :o is always invisibly plott+ aga9/ u4 ,x is (t5 = our own good t ,god all[s him to h an advantage ov] u4 ,he is p]mitt$ to inflict loss ^u u ?r\gh our p]sons & our prop]ty1 z 9 ! case ( ,job1 & ! woman :om he b[$ d[n = eighte5 ye>s1 9 ord] to *a/5 u & tea* u t we h n "h an abid+ city4 ,& he is p]mitt$ ev5 to lead u into s91 9 ord] to save u f spiritual pride1 & to conv9ce u t ap>t f ,*ri/ & 9 our own /r5g? we c d no?+4 ,^! are n ,satan's motives1 b !y are ,god's motives 9 all[+ him to be ! rul] ( ?is _w1 & to h mu* p[] ov] human affairs4 ,satan inflicts suff]+ f love ( inflict+ x1 & leads into s9 f love ( s93 b ,god kn[s h[ to br+ good out ( evil by mak+ ! evil "o fru/rate 8 own wiles4 ,! devil malignantly afflicts s\ls t come )9 8 p[]2 b ! affliction leads to ^? s\ls be+ sav$ 9 ! day ( ! ,"l4 ,x _h t bless$ effect 9 ! case ( ! ince/u\s p]son at ,cor9?4 ,:e!r ! same is true ( ,hym5aeus & ,alex&]1 !re is no?+ 9 ,scripture to tell u4 ,x is = u to take c>e t 9 our case ! *a/isem5ts :i* inevitably foll[ ^u s9 d n drive u fur!r & fur!r into x1 b tea* u to s9 no m4 ,,footnotes3 #cj ,dr4 ,david ,br[n 9 ,s*aff's ,popul> ,comm5t>y1 iii41 p4 #ahj4 #ca ,heb4 xii4 #e1 #aa2 comp4 #a ,cor4 xi4 #cb2 #b ,cor4 vi4 #i2 #b ,tim4 ii4 #be2 ,luke xxiii4 #af1 #bb3 ,soph41 ,ajax #eie2 ,x541 ,mem4 ,i4 iii4 #e4 #cb #a ,!ss4 ii4 #ah2 #b ,cor4 xi4 #ad1 xii4 #g2 #a ,pet4 v4 #h2 #a ,john iii4 #h2 ,john viii4 #dd4 #cc ,/rauss1 ,d] alte und d] neue ,glaube1 p4 #bb4 #cd ,h]zog und ,plitt1 ,,xv4 p4 #cfa4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,elem5ts ,,( ,,*ri/ian ,,wor%ip2 ,,int]cessory ,,pray] ,,& ,,?anksgiv+4--,,! ,,solid>ity ,,( ,,*ri/5dom ,,& ,,( ,,! ,,human ,,race4 ,i exhort1 !re=e1 fir/ ( all1 t supplications1 pray]s1 int]cessions1 ?anksgiv+s1 be made = all m53 = k+s & all t are 9 high places2 t we may lead a tranquil & quiet life 9 all godl9ess & gravity--#a ,,tim4 ii4 #a4 ,! fir/ *apt] ( ! ,epi/le is m or less introductory4 ,x repeats :at ,/4 ,paul _h already said to 8 belov$ disciple by ^w ( m\?1 on ! subject ( ,*ri/ian doctr9e1 & ! necessity ( keep+ x pure4 ,x makes a digression respect+ ! ,apo/le's own conv]sion4 ,x rem9ds ,timo?y ( ! hopeful prophecies utt]$ ov] him at 8 ord9ation2 & x po9ts out ! t]rible consequ5ces ( driv+ consci5ce f ! helm & plac+ oneself 9 antagonism to ! ,almighty4 ,9 ?is second *apt] ,/ ,paul goes on to m5tion 9 ord] ! subjects :i* l$ to ! writ+ ( ! lett]2 & ! v fir/ exhortation :i* he has to give is t respect+ ,*ri/ian wor%ip & ! duty ( int]cessory pray] & ?anksgiv+4 ,!re are two ?+s v wor?y ( rem>k 9 ! treatm5t ( ! subject ( wor%ip 9 ! ,pa/oral ,epi/les4 ,fir/1 ^! lett]s br+ be=e u a m develop$ =m ( wor%ip ?an we f9d indicat$ 9 ! e>li] writ+s ( ,/4 ,paul4 ,x is /ill v primitive1 b x has gr[n4 ,& ?is is exactly :at we ought to expect1 especially :5 we rememb] h[ rapidly ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* develop$ its p[]s dur+ ! fir/ c5tury & a half4 ,secondly1 ! indications ( ?is m develop$ =m ( wor%ip occur only 9 ! lett]s to ,timo?y1 :i* deal ) ! condition ( ?+s 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,ephesus1 a ,*ur* :i* _h already be5 f\nd$ = a consid]able "t1 & 0 9 a comp>atively advanc$ /age ( organization4 ,h5ce we are n surpris$ to f9d 9 ^! two ,epi/les fragm5ts ( :at appe> to be primitive liturgical =ms4 ,9 ! ,fir/ ,epi/le we h two gr& doxologies1 :i* may be ! outcome ( ! ,apo/le's devotion at ! mom5t1 b are q z likely to be quotations ( =mulas well kn[n to ,timo?y 7i4 #ag2 vi4 #ae1 #af74 ,betwe5 ^! two we h :at looks l a portion ( a hymn 9 praise ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 suitable = s++ antiphonally 7iii4 #af2 comp4 ,pl9y1 ,epp4 x4 #if73 & also :at may be a baptismal exhortation 7vi4 #ab74 ,9 ! ,second ,epi/le we h traces ( ano!r liturgical =mula 7ii4 #aa-ac74 ,/4 ,paul ( c\rse does n mean1 z ! ,a4,v4 might lead u to suppose1 t 9 all ,*ri/ian wor%ip int]cession ought to come fir/2 /ill less t int]cession is ! fir/ duty ( a ,*ri/ian4 ,b he does place x fir/ among ^? subjects ab\t :i* he has to give directions 9 ?is ,epi/le4 ,he makes sure t x %all n be =gott5 by himself 9 writ+ to 8 delegate at ,ephesus2 & he wi%es to make sure t x %all n be =gott5 by ,timo?y 9 8 m9i/ration4 ,to (f] pray]s & ?anksgiv+s on behalf ( all m5 is a duty ( su* high importance t ! ,apo/le places x fir/ among ! topics ( 8 pa/oral *>ge4 ,0 x a duty :i* ,timo?y & ! congregation committ$ to 8 c>e _h be5 neglect+1 or 7 9 s]i\s dang] ( neglect+8 ,x may well h be5 s4 ,9 ! difficulties ( ! ov]se]'s own p]sonal position1 & 9 ! v>i$ dang]s to :i* 8 little flock 7 s unceas+ly expos$1 ! claims ( o!rs ^u _! unit$ pray] & praise may sometimes h be5 =gott54 ,:5 ! ,apo/le _h left ,timo?y to take 8 place = a "t 9 ,ephesus he _h hop$ to return v soon1 & consequ5tly _h giv5 him only brief & some:at ha/y directions z to 8 c\rse ( action dur+ 8 abs5ce4 ,he _h be5 prev5t$ f return+2 & !re 0 a probability t ,timo?y w\ld h to be 8 repres5tative = an indef9ite p]iod4 ,mean:ile ! difficulties ( ,timo?y's position _h n dim9i%$4 ,_m ( 8 flock 7 mu* old] m5 ?an himself1 & "s ( !m _h be5 eld]s 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,ephesus long be=e ! ,apo/le's belov$ disciple 0 plac$ 9 *>ge ( !m4 ,"s ( ! lead]s 9 ! congregation _h become ta9t$ ) ! ,gno/ic errors ) :i* ! intellectual atmosph]e ( ,ephesus 0 *>g$1 & 7 endeav\r+ to make compromise & confusion betwe5 hea!n lawlessness & ,*ri/ian lib]ty4 ,besides :i*1 !re 0 ! bitt] ho/ility ( ! ,jews1 :o reg>d$ bo? ,paul & ,timo?y z r5egades f ! fai? ( _! ance/ors1 & :o nev] lo/ an opportunity ( ?w>t+ & revil+ !m4 ,above all !re 0 ! ev]-pres5t dang] ( hea!nism1 :i* confront$ ! ,*ri/ians e "t !y left ! %elt] ( _! own h\ses4 ,9 ! city :i* c\nt$ x z its *ief glory t x 0 ! ,temple-keep] ( ! great ,artemis 7,acts xix4 #ce71 e /reet ?r\gh :i* ! ,*ri/ians walk$1 & e hea!n h\se :i* !y ent]$1 0 full ( pagan abom9ations2 to say no?+ ( ! magnific5t temples1 beautiful groves1 & s$uctive idolatr\s rites1 :i* 7 among ! ma9 features t attract$ su* motley cr[ds to ,ephesus4 ,amid difficulties & p]ils su* z ^!1 x w\ld n be wond]ful if ,timo?y & ^? committ$ to 8 c>e _h be5 some:at oblivi\s ( ! fact t beh9d ! m\nta9s also !re are p2 t beyond ! n>r[ limits ( _! contract$ horizon !re 7 int]e/s z weighty z _! own--,*ri/ians :o 7 z de> to ,god z !mselves1 ^: ne$s 7 z great z _! own1 & to :om ! ,"l _h be5 equally graci\s2 & moreov] c\ntless ho/s ( hea!n1 :o also 7 ,god's *ildr51 ne$+ ,8 help & receiv+ ,8 bless+s2 = all ( :om1 z well z = !mselves1 ! ,*ur* 9 ,ephesus 0 b\nd to (f] pray] & ?anksgiv+4 ,b !re is no ne$ to assume t ,timo?y1 & ^? committ$ to 8 c>e1 _h be5 specially neglectful ( ?is duty4 ,to keep cle>ly 9 view our responsibilities t[>ds ! :ole human race1 or ev5 t[>ds ! :ole ,*ur*1 is s difficult a ?+ = all ( u1 t ! prom95t place :i* ,/4 ,paul gives to ! obligation to (f] pray]s & ?anksgiv+s = all m5 is q intelligible1 )\t ! supposition t ! disciple :om he addresses 0 m 9 ne$ ( su* a *>ge ?an o!r m9i/]s 9 ! ,*ur*es "u ,/4 ,paul's c>e4 ,! ,apo/le uses ?ree diff]5t words = pray]1 ! second ( :i* is a g5]al t]m & cov]s all k9ds ( pray] to ,god1 & ! fir/ a /ill m g5]al t]m1 includ+ petitions address$ to man4 ,ei!r ( ! fir/ two w\ld embrace ! ?ird1 :i* indicates a bold & e>ne/ approa* to ! ,almighty to implore "s great b5efit4 ,none ( ! ?ree words necess>ily means int]cession 9 ! s5se ( pray] on behalf ( o!rs4 ,?is idea comes f ! context4 ,/4 ,paul says pla9ly t x is pray]s & ?anksgiv+s = all m5 t he desires to h made3 & 9 all probability he did n c>efully di/+ui% 9 8 m9d ! %ades ( mean+ :i* are prop] to ! ?ree t]ms :i* he uses4 ,:atev] v>i\s k9ds ( supplication !re may be :i* are (f]$ by man at ! ?rone ( grace1 he urges t ! :ole human race are to h ! b5efit ( !m4 ,obvi\sly1 z ,*ryso/om long ago po9t$ out1 we _c limit ! ,apo/le's all m5 to all believ]s4 ,directly he ent]s into detail he m5tions k+s & all t are 9 high place2 & 9 ,/4 ,paul's day n a s+le k+1 & we may almo/ say n a s+le p]son 9 high place1 0 a believ]4 ,! scope ( a ,*ri/ian's desires & gratitude1 :5 he appe>s be=e ! ,"l1 mu/ h no n>r[] limit ?an t :i* embraces ! :ole human race4 ,?is important pr9ciple1 ! ,apo/le *>ges 8 repres5tative1 mu/ be exhibit$ 9 ! public wor%ip ( ! ,*ur* 9 ,ephesus4 ,! solid>ity ( ! :ole body ( ,*ri/ians1 h[ev] di/ant f "o ano!r 9 space & "t1 h[ev] diff]5t f "o ano!r 9 nationality1 9 discipl9e1 & ev5 9 cre$1 is a magnific5t fact1 ( :i* we all ( u ne$ f "t to "t to be rem9d$1 & :i*1 ev5 :5 we are rem9d$ ( x1 we f9d x some:at difficult to grasp4 ,memb]s ( sects t we nev] he>d (1 dwell+ 9 remote regions ( :i* we d n ev5 "k ! names1 are nev]!less unit$ to u by ! et]nal ties ( a common baptism & a common belief 9 ,god & 9 ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,! ea/]n sect>ian 9 ! wilds ( ,asia1 & ! we/]n sect>ian 9 ! backwoods ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 are memb]s ( ,*ri/ & our bre?r52 & z su* h spiritual int]e/s id5tical ) our own1 = :i* x is n only our duty b our advantage to pray4 ,:e!r "o memb] suff]e?1 all ! memb]s suff] ) x2 or "o memb] is hon\r$1 all ! memb]s rejoice ) x4 ,! ties :i* b9d ,*ri/ians to "o ano!r are at once s subtle & s real1 t x is impossible = "o ,*ri/ian to rema9 unaffect$ by ! progress or retrogression ( any o!r4 ,!re=e1 n only does ! law ( ,*ri/ian *>ity require u to aid all our fell[-,*ri/ians by pray+ = !m1 b ! law ( self-int]e/ leads u to d s also2 = _! advance w assur$ly help u =w>d1 & _! relapse w assur$ly keep u back4 ,all ?is is pla9 matt] ( fact1 reveal$ to u by ,*ri/ & ,8 apo/les1 & confirm$ by our own exp]i5ce1 s f> z our feeble p[]s ( obs]vation are able to supply a te/4 ,nev]!less1 x is a fact ( su* enorm\s proportions 7ev5 )\t tak+ into acc\nt our close relation%ip ) ^? :o h pass$ away f ?is _w71 t ev5 ) our be/ ef=ts we fail to realize x 9 its imm5sity4 ,:at %all we say1 !n1 ab\t ! difficulty ( realiz+ ! solid>ity ( ! :ole human race8 ,= !y also are ,god's (fspr+1 & z su* are ( "o family ) ourselves4 ,if x is h>d to rememb] t ! welf>e ( ! humble/ memb] ( a remote & obscure community 9 ,*ri/5dom intimately conc]ns ourselves1 h[ %all we keep 9 view ! fact t we h bo? int]e/s & obligations 9 ref]5ce to ! wilde/ & mo/ degrad$ hea!ns 9 ! he>t ( ,africa or 9 ! isl&s ( ! ,pacific8 ,"h is a fact on a f> m /up5d\s scale2 = 9 ! population ( ! globe1 ^? :o are n ev5 9 "n ,*ri/ians1 outnumb] u by at lea/ ?ree to "o4 ,& yet let u nev] =get t our int]e/ 9 ^! c\ntless multitudes1 :om we h nev] se5 & nev] %all see 9 ?is life1 is n a m]e graceful s5tim5t or empty fl\ri% ( rhetoric1 b a sob] & solid fact4 ,! hackney$ phrase1 a man & a bro!r1 repres5ts a vital tru?4 ,e human be+ is "o ( our bre?r51 &1 :e!r we l ! responsibility or n1 we are /ill our bro!r's keep]4 ,9 our keep+1 to a v real ext5t1 lie ! supreme issues ( 8 spiritual life1 & we h to look to x t we dis*>ge our tru/ fai?fully4 ,we read ) horror1 & x may be ) compassion1 ( ! mon/r\s outrages committ$ by savage *iefs ^u _! subjects1 _! wives1 or _! enemies4 ,we =get t ! guilt ( ^! ?+s may lie p>tly at our door1 because we h n done our "p 9 help+ =w>d civiliz+ influ5ces :i* w\ld h prev5t$ su* horrors1 above all because we h n pray$ z we ought = ^? :o commit !m4 ,!re are few ( u :o h n "s opportunities ( giv+ assi/ance 9 v>i\s ways to mission>y ent]prise & humaniz+ ef=ts4 ,b all ( u c at lea/ pray = ,god's bless+ ^u su* ?+s1 & = ,8 m]cy ^u ^? :o are 9 ne$ ( x4 ,( ^? :o1 hav+ no?+ else to give1 give _! /ruggles aft] hol9ess & _! pray]s = _! fell[-m51 ! bless$ comm5dation /&s writt51 ,!y h done :at !y c\ld4 ,= k+s & all t are 9 high place4 ,x is q a mi/ake to suppose t k+s "h means ! ,roman ,emp]ors4 ,?is has be5 ass]t$1 & f ?is mis9t]pretation has be5 d$uc$ ! errone\s conclusion t ! lett] mu/ h be5 writt5 at a "t :5 x 0 cu/om>y = ! ,emp]or to associate ano!r pr9ce ) him 9 ! empire1 ) a view to secur+ ! succession4 ,z ,hadrian 0 ! fir/ to d ?is1 & t ne> to ! close ( 8 reign1 ?is lett] 7x is urg$7 _c be e>li] ?an ,a4,d4 #ach4 ,b ?is int]pretation is impossible1 = k+s 9 ! ,greek has no article4 ,_h ! writ] meant ! two reign+ ,emp]ors1 :e!r ,hadrian & ,anton9us1 or ,m4 ,aurelius & ,v]us1 he w\ld inevitably h writt5 = ! k+s & = all 9 high place4 ,! expression = k+s1 obvi\sly means = mon>*s ( all descriptions1 includ+ ! ,roman ,emp]or1 b includ+ _m o!r pot5tates also4 ,su* p]sons1 z hav+ ! heavie/ responsibilities & ! greate/ p[] ( do+ good & evil1 h an especial claim ^u ! pray]s ( ,*ri/ians4 ,x gives u a /rik+ illu/ration ( ! trans=m+ p[]s ( ,*ri/ianity :5 we ?9k ( ,/4 ,paul giv+ urg5t directions t among ! p]sons to be rememb]$ fir/ 9 ! int]cessions ( ! ,*ur* are ,n]o & ! m5 :om he put 9 high place1 su* z ,o?o & ,vitellius1 :o aft]w>ds became ,emp]or3 & ?is1 too1 aft] ,n]o's peculi>ly cruel & wanton p]secution ( ! ,*ri/ians ,a4,d4 #fd4 ,h[ firmly ?is beautiful practice became e/abli%$ among ,*ri/ians1 is %[n f _! writ+s 9 ! second & ?ird c5turies4 ,t]tullian1 :o liv$ ?r\gh ! reigns ( su* mon/]s z ,commodus & ,elagabalus1 :o rememb]$ ! p]secution "u ,m4 ,aurelius1 & witness$ t "u ,septimius ,sev]us1 c nev]!less write ?us ( ! ,emp]or ( ,rome3 ,a ,*ri/ian is ! enemy ( no "o1 lea/ ( all ( ! ,emp]or1 :om he kn[s to h be5 appo9t$ by 8 ,god1 & :om he !re=e ( necessity loves1 & rev]5ces1 & hon\rs1 & desires 8 well-be+1 ) t ( ! :ole ,roman ,empire1 s long z ! _w %all /&2 = x %all la/ z long4 ,to ! ,emp]or1 !re=e1 we r5d] su* homage z is lawful = u & good = him1 z ! human be+ :o comes next to ,god1 & is :at he is by ,god's decree1 & to ,god alone is inf]ior4444 ,& s we sacrifice also = ! well-be+ ( ! ,emp]or2 b to our ,god & 82 b 9 ! way t ,god has orda9$1 ) a pray] t is pure4 ,= ,god1 ! ,creator ( ! univ]se1 has no ne$ ( od\rs or ( blood4#ce ,9 ano!r passage ,t]tullian anticipates ! objection t ,*ri/ians pray = ! ,emp]or1 9 ord] to curry fav\r ) ! ,roman gov]nm5t & ?us escape p]secution4 ,he says t ! hea!n h only to look into ! ,scriptures1 :i* to ,*ri/ians are ! voice ( ,god1 & see t to pray = _! enemies & to pray = ^? 9 au?ority is a fundam5tal rule ) ,*ri/ians4 ,& he quotes ! passage be=e u4#cf ,b he appe>s to misund]/& ! conclud+ words ( ! ,apo/le's injunction1--t we may lead a tranquil & quiet life 9 all godl9ess & gravity4 ,t]tullian und]/&s ?is z a reason = pray+ = k+s & rul]s2 because !y are ! pres]v]s ( ! public peace1 & any di/urbance 9 ! empire w necess>ily affect ! ,*ri/ians z well z o!r subjects1--:i* is giv+ a r n>r[ & selfi% motive = ?is great duty4 ,t we may lead a tranquil & quiet life 9 all godl9ess & gravity1 is ! object & consequ5ce1 n ( our pray+ = k+s & rul]s 9 p>ticul>1 b ( our (f]+ pray]s & ?anksgiv+s on behalf ( all m54 ,:5 ?is mo/ press+ obligation is duly dis*>g$1 !n1 & only !n1 c we hope ) tranquil consci5ces to be able to live ,*ri/ian lives 9 retirem5t f ! rivalries & jeal\sies & squabbles ( ! _w4 ,only 9 ! attitude ( m9d :i* makes u pray & give ?anks = our fell[-m5 is ! tranquillity ( a godly life possible4 ,! enemies ( ,*ri/ian peace & quietness are anxiety & /rife4 ,are we anxi\s ab\t ! well-be+ ( ^? ne> & de> to u1 or ( ^? ^: int]e/s are b\nd up ) our own8 ,let u pray = !m4 ,h we grave misgiv+s respect+ ! c\rse :i* ev5ts are tak+ 9 ,*ur*1 or 9 ,/ate1 or 9 any ( ! small] societies to :i* we belong8 ,let u (f] supplications & int]cessions on behalf ( all conc]n$ 9 !m4 ,pray] (f]$ 9 fai? to ! ?rone ( grace w calm our anxiety1 because x w assure u t all is 9 ,god's h&1 & t 9 ,8 own good "t ,he w br+ good out ( ! evil4 ,are we at /rife ) our neighb\rs1 & is ?is a con/ant s\rce ( di/urbance8 ,let u pray = !m4 ,f]v5t & frequ5t pray]s = ^? :o are ho/ile to u w c]ta9ly secure ?is mu*1--t we ourselves become m w>y ab\t giv+ provocation2 & ?is w g a long way t[>ds br++ ! atta9m5t ( our desire = ! entire cessation ( ! /rife4 ,is !re any "o to :om we h tak5 a /rong av]sion1 ^: v pres5ce is a trial to u1 ^: e ge/ure & e tone irritates u1 & ! sight ( ^: h&writ+ makes u %iv]1 because ( its di/urb+ associations8 ,let u pray = him4 ,soon] or lat] dislike mu/ give way to pray]4 ,x is impossible to g on tak+ a real int]e/ 9 ! welf>e ( ano!r1 & at ! same "t to g on dete/+ him4 ,& if our pray]s = 8 welf>e are g5u9e1 a real int]e/ 9 x !re mu/ be4 ,is !re any "o ( :om we are jeal\s8 ,( ^: popul>ity1 s dang]\s to our own1 we are envi\s8 ,^: success--q undes]v$ success1 z x seems to u--disgu/s & fright5s u8 ,^: mi%aps & failures1 nay ev5 ^: faults & misde$s1 give u pleasure & satisfaction8 ,let u ?ank ,god = ! fav\r :i* ,he be/[s ^u ?is man4 ,let u praise our heav5ly ,fa!r = hav+ 9 ,8 wisdom & ,8 ju/ice giv5 to ano!r ( ,8 *ildr5 :at ,he d5ies to u2 & let u pray ,him to keep ?is o!r f abus+ ,8 gifts4 ,yes1 let u nev] =get t n only pray]s b ?anksgiv+s are to be (f]$ = all m54 ,he :o is s good to ! :ole ,*ur*1 ( :i* we are memb]s1 & to ! great human family to :i* we belong1 c]ta9ly has claim ^u ! gratitude ( e human be+1 & especially ( e ,*ri/ian4 ,8 b\nty is n giv5 by measure or by m]it4 ,he make? ,8 sun to %9e ^u ! evil & ! good1 & s5de? ,8 ra9 ^u ! j & ! unju/3 & %all we pick & *oose z to :at we w ?ank ,him =1 & :at n8 ,! si/] :o loves h] err+ or h] half-witt$ bro!r is grateful to h] fa!r = ! c>e :i* he be/[s ^u 8 graceless & 8 useless son4 ,& %all we n give ?anks to our heav5ly ,fa!r = ! b5efits :i* ,he be/[s on ! c\ntless multitudes ^: int]e/s are s closely int]wov5 ) our own8 ,b5efits be/[$ ^u any human be+ are an answ] to our pray]s1 & z su* we are b\nd to give ?anks = !m4 ,h[ mu* m grateful %all we be1 :5 we are able to look on !m z b5efits be/[$ ^u ^? :om we love6 ,?is is ! cause ( s mu* ( our failure 9 pray]4 ,we d n c\ple our pray]s ) ?anksgiv+2 or at any rate our ?anksgiv+s are f> less he>ty ?an our pray]s4 ,we give ?anks = b5efits receiv$ by ourselves3 we =get to give ?anks = all m54 ,above all1 we =get t ! true/ gratitude is %[n1 n 9 words or feel+s1 b 9 conduct4 ,we %\ld s5d good de$s aft] good words to heav54 ,n t our +ratitude provokes ,god to )hold ,8 gifts2 b t x does r5d] u less capable ( receiv+ !m4 ,= ! sake ( o!rs no less ?an = ourselves let u rememb] ! ,apo/le's *>ge t ?anksgiv+s be made = all m54 ,we _c give pl5ty & prosp]ity to ! nations ( ! e>?4 ,we _c be/[ on !m peace & tranquillity4 ,we _c br+ !m out ( d>kness to ,god's glori\s light4 ,we _c raise !m f impurity to hol9ess4 ,we c only d a little1 a v little1 t[>ds ^! great ends4 ,b "o ?+ we c d4 ,we c at lea/ ?ank ,him :o has already be/[$ "s1 & is prep>+ to be/[ o!rs1 ( ^! bless+s4 ,we c praise ,him = ! end t[>ds :i* ,he w h all ?+s "w4--,he wille? t all m5 %\ld be sav$ 7v]4 #d71 t ,god may be all 9 all4 ,,footnotes3 #ce ,ad ,scapulam1 ii4 #cf ,apol41 xxxi4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,behavi\r ,,9 ,,*ri/ian ,,wor%ip3 ,,m5',s ,,attitude ,,( ,,body ,,& ,,m9d3 ,,wom5',s ,,attire ,,& ,,ornam5t4 ,i desire1 !re=e1 t ! m5 pray 9 e place1 lift+ up holy h&s1 )\t wra? & disput+4 ,9 l mann]1 t wom5 adorn !mselves 9 mode/ app>el1 ) %amefac$ness & sobriety2 n ) braid$ hair1 & gold or pe>ls or co/ly raim5t2 b 7:i* become? wom5 pr(ess+ godl9ess7 ?r\gh good works4 ,let a woman le>n 9 quietness ) all subjection4 ,b ,i p]mit n a woman to tea*1 nor to h dom9ion ov] a man1 b to be 9 quietness4--#a ,,tim4 ii4 #h-ab4 ,9 ! prec$+ v]ses ( ?is *apt]1 ,/4 ,paul has be5 insi/+ on ! duty ( unselfi%ness 9 our devotions4 ,our pray]s & ?anksgiv+s are n to be b\nd$ 9 _! scope by our own p]sonal int]e/s1 b are to include ! :ole human race2 & = ?is obvi\s & suffici5t reason1--t 9 us+ su* devotions we "k t our desires are 9 h>mony ) ! m9d ( ,god1 :o wille? t all m5 %\ld be sav$1 & come to ! k ( ! tru?4 ,hav+ ?us laid d[n ! pr9ciples :i* are to guide ,*ri/ian congregations 9 ! subject-matt] ( _! pray]s & ?anksgiv+s1 he passes on n[ to give "s directions respect+ ! behavi\r ( m5 & wom51 :5 !y meet toge!r = common wor%ip ( ! "o ,god & ! "o ,m$iator betwe5 ,god & man1 ,*ri/ ,jesus4 ,!re is no reasonable d\bt 7al?\gh ! po9t has be5 disput$7 t ,/4 ,paul is "h speak+ ( public wor%ip 9 ! congregation2 ! :ole context implies x4 ,"s ( ! directions w\ld be sc>cely intelligible1 if we 7 to suppose t ! ,apo/le is ?9k+ ( private devotions1 or ev5 ( family pray] 9 ,*ri/ian h\seholds4 ,& we are n to suppose t he is indirectly f9d+ fault ) o!r =ms ( wor%ip1 ,jewi% or hea!n4 ,he is m]ely lay+ d[n c]ta9 pr9ciples :i* are to guide ,*ri/ians1 :e!r at ,ephesus or else:]e1 9 ! conduct ( public s]vice4 ,?us !re is no special emphasis on 9 e place1 z if ! mean+ 71 ,our ways are n l ^? ( ! ,jews2 = !y 7 n all[$ to sacrifice & p]=m _! s]vices any:]e1 b assembl+ f all p>ts ( ! _w 7 b\nd to p]=m all _! wor%ip 9 ! temple4 ,= z ,*ri/ comm&$ u to pray = all m51 because ,he di$ = all m51 s x is good to pray ev]y:]e4#cg ,su* an anti!sis betwe5 ,jewi% & ,*ri/ian wor%ip1 ev5 if x 7 true1 w\ld n be 9 place "h4 ,e place is a place ( private pray] to bo? ,jew & ,*ri/ian alike3 b n e place is a place ( public pray] to ! ,*ri/ian any m ?an to ! ,jew4#ch ,moreov]1 ! ,greek %[s pla9ly t ! emphasis is n on 9 e place1 b on pray4 ,:]ev] !re may be a cu/om>y h\se ( pray]1 :e!r 9 ,ephesus or any:]e else1 ! ,apo/le desires t pray]s %\ld be (f]$ publicly by ! m5 9 ! congregation4 ,aft] pray1 ! emphasis falls on ! m51 public pray] is to be made1 & x is to be conduct$ by ! m5 & n by ! wom5 9 ! congregation4 ,x is evid5t f ?is passage1 z f #a ,cor4 xiv41 t 9 ?is primitive ,*ri/ian wor%ip great fre$om 0 all[$4 ,!re is no ,bi%op1 ,presid5t1 or ,eld]1 to :om ! "r ( lead+ ! s]vice or utt]+ ! pray]s & ?anksgiv+s is res]v$4 ,?is duty & privilege is %>$ by all ! males alike4 ,9 ! rec5tly discov]$ ,doctr9e ( ! ,twelve ,apo/les no?+ is said z to :o is to (f] ! pray]s1 ( :i* c]ta9 =ms are giv54 ,x is m]ely /at$ t 9 addition to ^! =ms extempore pray] may be (f]$ by ! prophets4 ,& ,ju/9 ,m>tyr m5tions t a simil> privilege 0 all[$ to ! presid5t ( ! congregation accord+ to 8 ability4#ci ,?us we seem to trace a gradual increase ( /rictness1 a developm5t ( ecclesia/ical ord]1 v natural "u ! circum/ances4 ,fir/1 all ! m5 9 ! congregation are all[$ to conduct public wor%ip1 z "h & 9 #a ,cor9?ians4 ,!n1 ! "r ( add+ to ! prescrib$ =ms is re/rict$ to ! prophets1 z 9 ! ,dida*e4 ,next1 ?is "r is res]v$ to ! presid+ m9i/]1 z 9 ,ju/9 ,m>tyr4 ,& la/ly1 free pray] is aboli%$ altoge!r4 ,we ne$ n assume t precisely ?is developm5t took place 9 all ! ,*ur*es2 b t some?+ analog\s took place 9 ne>ly all4 ,nor ne$ we assume t ! developm5t 0 simultane\s3 :ile "o ,*ur* 0 at "o /age ( ! process1 ano!r 0 m advanc$1 & a ?ird less s4 ,aga91 we may conjecture t =ms ( pray] gradually increas$ 9 numb]1 & 9 ext5t1 & 9 /r+5cy4 ,b 9 ! directions "h giv5 to ,timo?y we are at ! beg9n+ ( ! developm5t4 ,lift+ up holy h&s4 ,"h aga9 we ne$ n suspect any polemical purpose4 ,/4 ,paul is n ins9uat+ t1 :5 ,gno/ics or hea!n lift up _! h&s 9 pray]1 _! h&s are n holy4 ,j z e ,*ri/ian is ideally a sa9t1 s e h& t is lift$ up 9 pray] is holy4 ,9 ?us /at+ ! ideal1 ! ,apo/le inculcates ! realization ( x4 ,!re is a mon/r\s incongruity 9 "o :o comes r$-h&$ f ! commission ( a s91 lift+ up ! v memb]s :i* witness aga9/ him1 9 ord] to implore a bless+ f ! ,god :om he has outrag$4 ,! same idea is express$ 9 m g5]al t]ms by ,/4 ,pet]3 ,l z ,he :i* call$ y is holy1 be ye y\rselves also holy 9 all mann] ( liv+2 because x is writt51 ye %all be holy2 = ,i am holy 7#a ,pet4 i4 #ae1 #af74 ,9 a passage m closely p>allel to ?is1 ,clem5t ( ,rome says1 ,let u !re=e approa* ,him 9 hol9ess ( s\l1 lift+ up pure & undefil$ h&s unto ,him1 ) love t[>ds our g5tle & compassionate ,fa!r :o made u an elect portion unto ,himself 7,cor4 xxix74 ,& ,t]tullian urges t a defil$ _s _c be recogniz$ by ! ,holy ,_s 7,de ,orat41 xiii74 ,n[h]e else 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t d we read ( ?is attitude ( lift+ up ! h&s dur+ pray]4 ,b to ?is day x is common 9 ! ,ea/4 ,solomon at ! d$ication ( ! temple /ood be=e ! alt> ( ! ,"l 9 ! pres5ce ( all ! congregation ( ,israel1 & spread =? 8 h&s t[>d heav5 7#a ,k+s viii4 #bb72 & ! ,psalmi/ repeat$ly speaks ( lift+ up ! h&s 9 wor%ip 7xxviii4 #b2 lxiii4 #d2 cxxxiv4 #b74 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria seems to h reg>d$ x z ! ideal attitude 9 pray]1 z symboliz+ ! desire ( ! body to ab/ract itself f ! e>?1 foll[+ ! eag]ness ( ! _s 9 ye>n+ = heav5ly ?+s4#dj ,t]tullian1 on ! o!r h&1 sugge/s t ! arms are spread out 9 pray] 9 memory ( ! crucifixion1 & directs t !y %\ld be ext5d$1 b only slightly rais$1 an attitude :i* is m 9 h>mony ) a humble _s3 & 9 ano!r place he says t ! ,*ri/ian by 8 v po/ure 9 pray] is ready = e infliction4 ,he ass]ts t ! ,jews 9 8 day did n raise ! h&s 9 pray]1 & *>act]i/ically gives z a reason t !y 7 /a9$ ) ! blood ( ! ,prophets & ( ,*ri/4 ,) evid5t ref]5ce to ?is passage1 he says t ,*ri/ian h&s mu/ be lift$ up pure f falsehood1 murd]1 & all o!r s9s ( :i* ! h&s c be ! in/rum5ts4#da ,anci5t ,*ri/ian monum5ts ( ! e>lie/ age frequ5tly repres5t ! fai?ful z /&+ ) rais$ h&s to pray4 ,eusebius tells u t ,con/ant9e _h himself repres5t$ 9 ?is attitude on 8 co9s1 look+ upw>ds1 /ret*+ up t[>d ,god1 l "o pray+4#db ,( c\rse ?is does n mean t kneel+ 0 unusual or irregul>2 !re is pl5ty ( evid5ce to ! contr>y4 ,b ! attitude "h comm5d$ by ,/4 ,paul 0 v anci5t :5 he wrote1 & has cont9u$ 9 "s p>ts ( ! _w ev] s9ce4 ,l s _m o!r ?+s 9 natural religion & 9 ,judaism1 x receiv$ a new & int5sifi$ mean+ :5 x 0 adopt$ among ! usages ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,)\t wra? & disput+3 t is1 9 ! _s ( ,*ri/ian peace & tru/4 ,ill-w & misgiv+ respect+ "o ano!r are incompatible ) unit$ pray] to our common ,fa!r4 ,! atmosph]e ( controv]sy is n cong5ial to devotion4 ,*ri/ ,himself has told u to be reconcil$ to our bro!r be=e presum+ to (f] our gift on ! alt>4 ,9 a simil> _s ,/4 ,paul directs t ^? :o are to conduct public s]vice 9 ! sanctu>y mu/ d s )\t angry feel+s or mutual di/ru/4 ,9 ! ,pa/oral ,epi/les w>n+s aga9/ qu>relsome conduct are frequ5t2 & ! exp]i5ce ( e "o ( u tells u h[ necess>y !y are4 ,! bi%op is *>g$ to be no brawl]1 no /rik]2 b g5tle1 n cont5ti\s4 ,! deacons mu/ n be d\ble-tongu$4 ,wom5 mu/ n be sl&]]s4 ,"y wid[s h to be on _! gu>d aga9/ be+ tattl]s & busybodies4 ,timo?y is *>g$ to foll[ aft] 444 love1 pati5ce1 meekness1 & is rem9d$ t ! ,"l's s]vant mu/ n /rive1 b be g5tle t[>ds all1 apt to tea*1 =be>+1 9 meekness correct+ !m t oppose !mselves4 ,titus aga9 is told t a bi%op mu/ be n self-will$1 n soon angry1 no brawl]1 no /rik]1 t ! ag$ wom5 mu/ n be sl&]]s1 t all m5 are to be put 9 m9d to speak evil ( no man1 n to be cont5ti\s1 to be g5tle1 %[+ all meekness t[>d all m54#dc ,!re is no ne$ to assume t t age1 or t ^? ,*ur*es1 _h any special ne$ ( w>n+s ( ?is k9d4 ,all ages & all ,*ur*es ne$ !m4 ,to keep "o's tongue & "o's temp] 9 due ord] is to all ( u "o ( ! mo/ con/ant & necess>y duties ( ! ,*ri/ian life2 & ! neglect _c fail to be disa/r\s to ! reality & efficacy ( our devotions4 ,^? :o h ill-w & /rife 9 _! he>ts _c unite to mu* purpose 9 common ?anksgiv+ & pray]4 ,& j z ! m5 h to take c>e t _! attitude ( body & m9d is su* z befits ! dignity ( public wor%ip1 9 l mann] ! wom5 also h to take c>e t _! pres5ce 9 ! congregation does n appe> incongru\s4 ,!y mu/ come 9 seemly attire & ) seemly behavi\r4 ,ev]y?+ :i* might div]t att5tion f ! s]vice to !mselves mu/ be avoid$4 ,mode/y & simplicity mu/ at all times be ! *>act]i/ics ( a ,*ri/ian woman's dress & be>+2 b at no "t is ?is m necess>y ?an 9 ! public s]vices ( ! ,*ur*4 ,excessive adornm5t1 out ( place at all times1 is griev\sly (f5sive !re4 ,x gives a flat contradiction to ! pr(ession ( humility :i* is involv$ 9 tak+ "p 9 common wor%ip1 & to t natural sobriety :i* is a woman's faire/ ornam5t & be/ protection4 ,bo? rev]5ce & self-rev]5ce are injur$ by x4 ,moreov]1 x may easily be a cause ( (f5ce to o!rs1 by provok+ jeal\sy or admiration ( ! creature1 :]e all ought to be absorb$ 9 ! wor%ip ( ! ,creator4 ,"h aga9 ,/4 ,paul is putt+ 8 f+] ^u dang]s & evils :i* are n peculi> to any age or any ,*ur*4 ,he _h spok5 ( ! same ?+ ye>s be=e1 to ! wom5 ( ,cor9?1 & ,/4 ,pet] utt]s simil> w>n+s to ,*ri/ian wom5 ?r\gh\t all "t4#dd ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria ab\nds 9 prote/s aga9/ ! extravagance 9 dress s common 9 8 own day4 ,9 "o place he says2 ,apelles ! pa9t] see+ "o ( 8 pupils pa9t+ a figure ?ickly ) gold col\r to repres5t ,hel51 said to him2 ',my lad1 y 7 unable to pa9t h] beautiful1 & s y h made h] ri*4' ,su* ,hel5s are ! ladies ( ! pres5t day2 n really beautiful1 b ri*ly got up4 ,to ^! ! ,_s prophesies by ,zephaniah3 ,& _! gold %all n be able to deliv] !m 9 ! day ( ! ,"l's ang]4#de ,t]tullian is n less emphatic4 ,he says t mo/ ,*ri/ian wom5 dress l hea!n1 z if mode/y requir$ no?+ m ?an /opp+ %ort ( actual impurity4 ,:at is ! use1 he asks1 ( %[+ a dec5t & ,*ri/ian simplicity 9 y\r face1 :ile y load ! re/ ( y\r body ) ! dangl+ absurdities ( pomps & vanities8#df ,*ryso/om also1 9 comm5t+ on ?is v passage1 asks ! congregation at ,antio*3 ,& :at !n is mode/ app>el8 ,su* z cov]s !m completely & dec5tly1 & n ) sup]flu\s ornam5ts2 = ! "o is dec5t & ! o!r is n4 ,:at8 ,d y approa* ,god to pray ) broid]$ hair & ornam5ts ( gold8 ,are y come to a ball8 to a m>riage-fea/8 to a c>nival8 ,!re su* co/ly ?+s might h be5 seasonable3 "h n "o ( !m is want$4 ,y are come to pray1 to ask p>don = y\r s9s1 to plead = y\r (f5ces1 besee*+ ! ,"l1 & hop+ to r5d] ,him propiti\s to y4 ,away ) su* hypocrisy6 ,god is n mock$4 ,?is is ! attire ( actors & danc]s1 :o live ^u ! /age4 ,no?+ ( ?is k9d becomes a mode/ woman1 :o %\ld be adorn$ ) %amefa/ness & sobriety4444 ,& if ,/4 ,paul 7he cont9ues7 w\ld remove ^? ?+s :i* are m]ely ! m>ks ( weal?1 z gold1 pe>ls1 & co/ly array2 h[ mu* m ^? ?+s :i* imply /udi$ adornm5t1 z pa9t+1 col\r+ ! eyes1 a m9c+ walk1 an affect$ voice1 a langui%+ look8 ,= he glances at all ^! ?+s 9 speak+ ( mode/ app>el & %amefa/ness4 ,b !re is no ne$ to g to ,cor9? 9 ! fir/ c5tury1 or ,alex&ria & ,c>?age 9 ! second & ?ird1 or ,antio* 9 ! f\r?1 9 ord] to %[ t ! ,apo/le 0 giv+ no unnecess>y w>n+ 9 admoni%+ ,timo?y respect+ ! dress & behavi\r ( ,*ri/ian wom51 especially 9 ! public s]vices ( ! congregation4 ,9 our own age & our own ,*ur* we c f9d abundant illu/ration4 ,might n any prea*] 9 any fa%ionable congregation e*o ) a good deal ( po9t ! que/ions ( ,*ryso/om8 ,h y come to dance or a leve8 ,h y mi/ak5 ?is build+ = a !atre8 ,& :at w\ld be ! language ( a ,*ryso/om or a ,paul if he 7 to ent] a !atre n[adays & see ! attire1 ,i w n say ( ! actresses1 b ( ! audi5ce8 ,!re are "s r\gh epi!ts1 n (t5 he>d 9 polite society1 :i* express 9 pla9 language ! condition ( ^? wom5 :o by _! mann] ( life & conv]sation h =feit$ _! *>act]s4 ,prea*]s 9 e>li] ages 7 accu/om$ to speak v pla9ly ab\t su* ?+s3 & :at ! ,apo/le & ,*ryso/om h writt5 9 _! epi/les & homilies does n leave u 9 mu* d\bt z to :at w\ld h be5 _! mann] ( speak+ ( !m4 ,b :at is urg$ "h is suffici5t4 ,y are ,*ri/ian wom51 says ,/4 ,paul1 & ! pr(ession :i* y h adopt$ is rev]5ce t[>ds ,god 7!osebeian74 ,?is pr(ession y h made kn[n to ! _w4 ,x is necess>y1 !re=e1 t ^? ext]nals ( :i* ! _w takes cognisance %\ld n give ! lie to y\r pr(ession4 ,& h[ is unseemly attire1 p>ad$ at ! v "t ( public wor%ip1 compatible ) ! rev]5ce :i* y h pr(ess$8 ,rev]5ce ,god by rev]5c+ y\rselves2 by gu>d+ ) jeal\s c>e ! dignity ( ^? bodies ) :i* ,he has end[$ y4 ,rev]5ce ,god by com+ be=e ,him clo!d bo? 9 body & s\l 9 fitt+ attire4 ,let y\r bodies be fre$ f m]etrici\s decoration4 ,let y\r s\ls be adorn$ ) abundance ( good works4 ,,footnotes3 #cg ,s ,*ryso/om 9 loco3 b ?is is an exagg]ation respect+ ,jewi% limitations4 #ch ,see ,clem5t ( ,rome1 ,cor4 xli4 #ci ,dida*e1 x4 #g2 ,j4 ,m>t41 ,apol41 #a4 lxvii4 ,ju/9 probably uses ! t]m presid5t ho proe/s 9 ord] to be intelligible to hea!n read]s4 #dj ,/rom41 ,,vii4 vii4 #da ,de ,orat41 xiii41 xiv41 xvii42 ,apol4 xxx42 ,comp4 ,adv4 ,jud41 x4 #db ,vit4 ,con/41 ,,iv4 xv4 #a4 #dc #a ,tim4 iii4 #c1 #h1 #aa2 v4 #ac2 vi4 #aa2 #b ,tim4 ii4 #bd2 ,tit4 i4 #g2 ii4 #c2 iii4 #b4 #dd #a ,cor4 xi4 #b-af2 #a ,pet4 iii4 #c1 #d4 #de ,pa$41 ,,ii4 xiii4 #df ,de ,cult ,fem41 ,,ii4 i4 ix4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,orig9 ,,( ,,! ,,*ri/ian ,,m9i/ry2 ,,v>i\s ,,c]ta9ties ,,& ,,probabilities ,,di/+ui%$4 ,if a man seeke? ! (fice ( a bi%op1 he desire? a good "w4 ,! bi%op !re=e mu/ be )\t reproa*1 ! husb& ( "o wife1 temp]ate1 sob]-m9d$1 ord]ly1 giv5 to hospitality1 apt to tea*2 no brawl]1 no /rik]2 b g5tle1 n cont5ti\s1 no lov] ( money2 "o t rule? well 8 own h\se1 hav+ 8 *ildr5 9 subjection ) all gravity2 7b if a man kn[e? n h[ to rule 8 own h\se1 h[ %all he take c>e ( ! h\se ( ,god87 n a novice1 le/ be+ puff$ up he fall into ! condemnation ( ! devil4 ,moreov] he mu/ h good te/imony f !m t are )\t2 le/ he fall into reproa* & ! sn>e ( ! devil4 ,deacons 9 l mann] mu/ be grave1 n d\ble-tongu$1 n giv5 to mu* w9e1 n gre$y ( fil?y lucre2 hold+ ! my/]y ( ! fai? 9 a pure consci5ce4 ,& let ^! also fir/ be prov$2 !n let !m s]ve z deacons1 if !y be blameless4--#a ,,tim4 iii4 #a-aj4 ,?is passage is "o ( ! mo/ important 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t respect+ ! ,*ri/ian m9i/ry2 & 9 ! ,pa/oral ,epi/les x does n /& alone4 ,( ! two classes ( m9i/]s m5tion$ "h1 "o is aga9 t\*$ ^u 9 ! ,epi/le to ,titus 7i4 #e-i71 & ! qualifications = ?is (fice1 :i* is evid5tly ! sup]ior ( ! two1 are /at$ 9 t]ms n v diff]5t f ^? :i* are us$ 9 ! passage be=e u4 ,!re=e a s]ies ( expositions ^u ! ,pa/oral ,epi/les w\ld be culpably incomplete :i* did n attempt to arrive at "s conclusions respect+ ! "q ( ! primitive ,*ri/ian m9i/ry2 a "q :i* at ! pres5t "t is be+ inve/igat$ ) imm5se indu/ry & int]e/1 & ) "s cle> & sub/antial results4 ,! "t is probably f> di/ant :5 ! la/ ^w w h be5 said ^u ! subject2 = x is "o on :i* consid]able diff]5ce ( op9ion is n only possible b reasonable3 & ^? p]sons w\ld seem to be lea/ wor?y ( consid]ation1 :o are mo/ confid5t t !y are 9 possession ( ! :ole tru? on ! subject4 ,"o ( ! fir/ requisites 9 ! exam9ation ( que/ions ( fact is a p[] ( accurately di/+ui%+ :at is c]ta9 f :at is n c]ta93 & ! p]son :o is confid5t t he has atta9$ to c]ta9ty1 :5 ! evid5ce 9 8 possession does n at all w>rant c]ta9ty1 is n a tru/wor?y guide4 ,x w\ld be impossible 9 a discussion ( mod]ate l5g? to t\* ^u all ! po9ts :i* h be5 rais$ 9 connexion ) ?is problem2 b "s s]vice w h be5 r5d]$ if a few ( ! m important features ( ! "q are po9t$ out & classifi$ "u ! two heads j indicat$1 z c]ta9 or n c]ta94 ,9 any sci5tific enquiry1 :e!r hi/orical or exp]im5tal1 ?is classification is a useful "o1 & v (t5 leads to ! enl>gem5t ( ! class ( c]ta9ties4 ,:5 ! gr\p ( c]ta9ties has be5 prop]ly inve/igat$1 & :5 ! v>i\s items h be5 plac$ 9 _! prop] relations to "o ano!r & to ! :ole ( :i* !y are only con/itu5t p>ts1 ! result is likely to be a transf] ( o!r items f ! doma9 ( :at is only probable or possible to ! doma9 ( :at is c]ta94 ,at ! outset x is necess>y to place a ^w ( caution z to :at is meant1 9 a "q ( ?is k9d1 by c]ta9ty4 ,!re are no limits to scepticism1 z ! hi/ory ( speculative philosophy has abundantly %[n4 ,x is possible to "q "o's own exi/5ce1 & /ill m possible to "q ! irresi/ible evid5ce ( "o's s5ses or ! irresi/ible conclusions ( "o's reason4 ,a =tiori x is possible to ?r[ d\bt ^u any hi/orical fact4 ,we c1 if we l1 classify ! assass9ations ( ,julius ,caes> & ( ,cic]o1 & ! g5u95ess ( ! ,a,eneid & ( ! ,epi/les to ! ,cor9?ians1 among ?+s t are n c]ta94 ,!y _c be demon/rat$ l a proposition 9 ,euclid or an exp]im5t 9 *emi/ry or physics4 ,b a sceptical criticism ( ?is k9d makes hi/ory impossible2 = x dem&s z a condition ( c]ta9ty a k9d ( evid5ce1 & an am\nt ( evid5ce1 :i* f ! nature ( ! case is unatta9able4 ,juries are direct$ by ! c\rts to treat evid5ce z adequate1 :i* !y w\ld be will+ to recognize z su* 9 matt]s ( v s]i\s mom5t to !mselves4 ,!re is a c]ta9 am\nt ( evid5ce :i* to a p]son ( tra9$ & well-balanc$ m9d makes a ?+ practically c]ta93 i4e41 ) ?is am\nt ( evid5ce be=e him he w\ld confid5tly act on ! assumption t ! ?+ 0 true4 ,9 ! "q be=e u !re are f\r or five ?+s :i* may ) great reason be treat$ z practically c]ta94 #a4 ,! solution ( ! "q z to ! orig9 ( ! ,*ri/ian m9i/ry1 has no practical be>+ ^u ! lives ( ,*ri/ians4 ,= u ! problem is "o ( hi/orical int]e/ )\t moral import4 ,z /ud5ts ( ,*ur* ,hi/ory we are b\nd to inve/igate ! orig9es ( ! m9i/ry :i* has be5 "o ( ! *ief factors 9 t hi/ory3 b our loyalty z memb]s ( ! ,*ur* w n be affect$ by ! result ( our inve/igations4 ,our duty t[>ds ! con/itution consi/+ ( bi%ops1 prie/s1 & deacons1 :i* exi/$ un*all5g$ f ! close ( ! second c5tury to ! close ( ! ,middle ,ages1 & :i* has exi/$ d[n to ! pres5t day 9 all ! ?ree great bran*es ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 ,roman1 ,ori5tal1 & ,anglican1 is no way affect$ by ! "q :e!r ! con/itution ( ! ,*ur* dur+ ! c5tury :i* sep>ates ! writ+s ( ,/4 ,john f ! writ+s ( 8 disciple's disciple1 ,ir5aeus1 0 z a rule episcopal1 collegiate1 or presbyt]ian4 ,= a *ur*man :o accepts ! episcopal =m ( gov]nm5t z ess5tial to ! well-be+ ( a ,*ur*1 ! enorm\s prescription :i* t =m has acquir$ dur+ at lea/ sev5te5 c5turies1 is su* ample ju/ification1 t he c af=d to be s]5e z to ! outcome ( enquiries respect+ ! con/itution ( ! v>i\s infant ,*ur*es f ,a4,d4 #he to ,a4,d4 #ahe4 ,x makes no practical diff]5ce ei!r to add1 or n to add1 to an au?ority :i* is already ample4 ,to prove t ! episcopal =m ( gov]nm5t 0 f\nd$ by ! ,apo/les may h be5 a matt] ( great practical importance 9 ! middle ( ! second c5tury4 ,b1 be=e t c5tury _h clos$1 ! practical "q1 if !re ev] 0 "o1 _h settl$ itself4 ,god's provid5ce orda9$ t ! univ]sal =m ( ,*ur* gov]nm5t %\ld be ! episcopal =m & %\ld cont9ue to be su*2 & = u x adds little to its au?ority to "k t ! way 9 :i* x became univ]sal 0 ?r\gh ! in/rum5tality & influ5ce ( ,apo/les4 ,on ! o!r h&1 to prove t episcopacy 0 e/abli%$ indep5d5tly ( ,apo/olic influ5ce w\ld detract v little f its accumulat$ au?ority4 #b4 ,a second po9t1 :i* may be reg>d$ z c]ta9 ) reg>d to ?is "q1 is1 t = ! p]iod :i* jo9s ! age ( ,ir5aeus to ! age ( ,/4 ,john1 we h n suffici5t evid5ce to arrive at any?+ l pro(4 ,! evid5ce has receiv$ important additions dur+ ! pres5t c5tury1 & /ill m important additions are by no means impossible2 b at pres5t our mat]ials are /ill inadequate4 ,& ! evid5ce is insuffici5t 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 al?\gh surpris+ly l>ge z comp>$ ) :at might h be5 reasonably expect$1 yet 9 itself1 ! lit]ature ( ?is p]iod is fragm5t>y & scanty4 ,secondly1 ! dates ( "s ( ! mo/ important witnesses _c z yet be accurately det]m9$4 ,9 _m cases to be able to fix ! date ( a docum5t )9 tw5ty or ?irty ye>s is q suffici5t3 b ?is is a case 9 :i* ! diff]5ce ( tw5ty ye>s is a really s]i\s diff]5ce2 & !re is fully t am\nt ( unc]ta9ty z to ! date ( "s ( ! writ+s :i* are our pr9cipal s\rces ( in=mation2 e4g41 ! ,doctr9e ( ! ,twelve ,apo/les1 ! ,epi/les ( ,ignatius1 ! ,%eph]d ( ,h]mas & ! ,clem5t9es4 ,"h also our position may improve4 ,fur!r rese>* may enable u to date "s ( ^! docum5ts accurately4 ,b1 = ! pres5t1 unc]ta9ty ab\t precise dates & g5]al scant9ess ( evid5ce compel u to admit t ) reg>d to _m ( ! po9ts connect$ ) ?is "q no?+ t c fairly be call$ pro( is possible respect+ ! int]val :i* sep>ates ! la/ qu>t] ( ! fir/ c5tury f ! la/ qu>t] ( ! second4 ,?is feature ( ! problem is sometimes repres5t$ by ! useful metaphor t ! hi/ory ( ! ,*ur* j at ?is p]iod passes ?r\gh a tunnel or runs und]gr\nd4 ,we are 9 ! light ( day dur+ mo/ ( ! "t cov]$ by ! ,new ,te/am5t2 & we are aga9 9 ! light ( day directly we rea* ! "t cov]$ by ! abundant writ+s ( ,ir5aeus1 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 ,t]tullian1 & o!rs4 ,b dur+ ! int]v5+ p]iod we are1 n inde$ 9 total d>kness1 b 9 a passage ! obscurity ( :i* is only slightly reliev$ by an occasional lamp or light-hole4 ,leav+ ?is tantaliz+ int]val1 ab\t :i* ! "o ?+ t is c]ta9 is t _m c]ta9ties are n likely to be f\nd 9 x1 we pass on to look = our two next c]ta9ties 9 ! p]iods :i* prec$e & foll[ x4 #c4 ,9 ! p]iod cov]$ by ! ,new ,te/am5t x is c]ta9 t ! ,*ur* _h (fic]s :o dis*>g$ spiritual functions :i* 7 n dis*>g$ by ord9>y ,*ri/ians2 9 o!r words a di/9ction 0 made f ! fir/ betwe5 cl]gy & laity4 ,( ?is fact ! ,pa/oral ,epi/les conta9 abundant evid5ce2 & fur!r evid5ce is scatt]$ up & d[n ! ,new ,te/am5t1 f ! e>lie/ docum5t 9 ! volume to ! la/4 ,9 ! ,fir/ ,epi/le to ! ,!ssalonians1 :i* is c]ta9ly ! e>lie/ ,*ri/ian writ+ t has come d[n to u1 we f9d ,/4 ,paul besee*+ ! ,*ur* ( ! ,!ssalonians to "k !m t lab\r among y1 & are ov] y 9 ! ,"l1 & admoni% y2 & to e/eem !m exce$+ highly 9 love = _! "w's sake 7v4 #ab1 #ac74 ,! ?ree functions "h enum]at$ are evid5tly functions to be ex]cis$ by a few ) reg>d to ! _m3 !y are n duties :i* e "o is to dis*>ge t[>ds e "o4 ,9 ! ,?ird ,epi/le ( ,/4 ,john1 :i* is c]ta9ly "o ( ! late/1 & p]haps ! v late/1 ( ! writ+s conta9$ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 ! incid5t ab\t ,diotrephes seems to %[ t n only ecclesia/ical gov]nm5t1 b ecclesia/ical gov]nm5t by a s+le (ficial1 0 already 9 exi/5ce 9 ! ,*ur* 9 :i* ,diotrephes lov$ to h ! pre-em95ce 7#i1 #aj74 ,9 betwe5 ^! two we h ! exhortation 9 ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews3 ,obey !m t h ! rule ov] y & submit to !m3 = !y wat* 9 behalf ( y\r s\ls1 z !y t %all give acc\nt 7xiii4 #ag74 ,& directly we g outside ! ,new ,te/am5t & look at ! ,epi/le ( ! ,*ur* ( ,rome to ! ,*ur* ( ,cor9?1 commonly call$ ! ,fir/ ,epi/le ( ,clem5t1 we f9d ! same di/9ction betwe5 cl]gy & laity obs]v$4 ,9 ?is lett]1 :i* almo/ c]ta9ly 0 writt5 dur+ ! lifetime ( ,/4 ,john1 we read t ! ,apo/les1 prea*+ ev]y:]e 9 c\ntry & t[n1 appo9t$ _! fir/fruits1 :5 !y _h prov$ !m by ! ,_s1 to be bi%ops & deacons unto !m t %\ld believe4 ,& ?is !y did 9 no new fa%ion2 = inde$ x _h be5 writt5 conc]n+ bi%ops & deacons f v anci5t times2 = ?us sai? ! scripture 9 a c]ta9 place1 ,i w appo9t _! bi%ops 9 righte\sness1 & _! deacons 9 fai?--! la/ words be+ an inaccurate quotation ( ! ,,lxx4 ( ,isa4 lx4 #ag4 ,& a little fur!r on ,clem5t writes3 ,our ,apo/les knew ?r\gh our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/ t !re w\ld be /rife ov] ! "n ( ! bi%op's (fice4 ,= ?is cause1 !re=e1 hav+ receiv$ complete =e-k1 !y appo9t$ ! a=esaid p]sons1 & aft]w>ds !y provid$ a cont9uance1 t if ^! %\ld fall asleep1 o!r approv$ m5 %\ld succe$ to _! m9i/ration4 ,^? !re=e :o 7 appo9t$ by !m1 or aft]w>d by o!r m5 ( repute ) ! cons5t ( ! :ole ,*ur*1 & h m9i/]$ unblamably to ! flock ( ,*ri/ 9 l[l9ess ( m9d1 peacefully & ) all mode/y1 & = long "t h borne a good report ) all--^! m5 we consid] to be unju/ly ?ru/ out f _! m9i/ration4 ,= x w be no light s9 = u1 if we ?ru/ out ^? :o h (f]$ ! gifts ( ! bi%op's (fice unblamably & holily4 ,bless$ are ^? presbyt]s :o h gone be=e1 see+ t _! dep>ture 0 fruitful & ripe1 = !y h no fe> le/ any "o %\ld remove !m f _! appo9t$ place4 ,= we see t ye h displac$ c]ta9 p]sons1 ?\gh !y 7 liv+ hon\rably1 f ! m9i/ration :i* !y _h kept blamelessly 7xlii41 xliv474 ,?ree ?+s come out v cle>ly f ?is passage1 confirm+ :at has be5 f\nd 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 7#a7 ,!re is a cle> di/9ction made betwe5 cl]gy & laity4 7#b7 ,?is di/9ction is n a tempor>y arrangem5t1 b is ! basis ( a p]man5t organization4 7#c7 ,a p]son :o has be5 duly promot$ to ! ranks ( ! cl]gy z a presbyt] or bi%op 7! two titles be+ "h synonym\s1 z 9 ! ,epi/le to ,titus7 holds t position = life4 ,unless he is guilty ( "s s]i\s (f5ce1 to depose him is no light s94 ,none ( ^! passages1 ei!r 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t or 9 ,clem5t1 tell u v cle>ly ! precise nature ( ! functions :i* ! cl]gy1 z di/9ct f ! laity1 7 to dis*>ge2 yet !y indicate t ^! functions 7 ( a spiritual r ?an ( a secul> "*1 t !y conc]n$ m5's s\ls r ?an _! bodies1 & t !y 7 connect$ ) religi\s s]vice 7leit\rgia74 ,b ! "o ?+ :i* is q cle> is ?is1--t ! ,*ur* _h1 & 0 always int5d$ to h1 a body ( (fic]s di/9ct f ! congregations to :i* !y m9i/]$ & ov] :i* !y rul$4 #d4 ,= our f\r? c]ta9ty we resort to ! "t :5 ! hi/ory ( ! ,*ur* returns once m to ! full light ( day1 9 ! la/ qu>t] ( ! second c5tury4 ,!n we f9d two ?+s q cle>ly e/abli%$1 :i* h cont9u$ 9 ,*ri/5dom f t day to ?is4 ,we f9d a regul>ly organiz$ cl]gy1 n only di/9ctly m>k$ (f f ! laity1 b di/9ctly m>k$ (f among !mselves by well def9$ gradations ( rank4 ,&1 secondly1 we f9d t ea* local ,*ur* is con/itutionally gov]n$ by "o *ief (fic]1 ^: p[]s are l>ge & seldom resi/$1 & :o univ]sally receives ! title ( bi%op4 ,to ^! two po9ts we may add a ?ird4 ,!re is no trace ( any belief1 or ev5 suspicion1 t ! con/itution ( ^! local ,*ur*es _h ev] be5 any?+ else4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! evid5ce 7& x is consid]able7 po9ts to ! conclusion t ,*ri/ians 9 ! latt] "p ( ! second c5tury--say ,a4,d4 #ahj to #bjj--7 fully p]suad$ t ! episcopal =m ( gov]nm5t _h prevail$ 9 ! diff]5t ,*ur*es f ! ,apo/les' "t to _! own4 ,j z 9 ! case ( ! ,gospels1 ,ir5aeus & 8 contempor>ies n only d n "k ( ei!r m or less ?an ! f\r :i* h come d[n to u1 b _c conceive ( !re ev] be+ ei!r m or less ?an ^! f\r3 s 9 ! case ( ,*ur* ,gov]nm5t1 !y n only repres5t episcopacy z ev]y:]e preval5t 9 _! "t1 b !y h no idea t at any previ\s "t any o!r =m ( gov]nm5t prevail$4 ,& al?\gh ,ir5aeus1 l ,/4 ,paul & ,clem5t ( ,rome1 sometimes speaks ( bi%ops "u ! title ( presbyt]1 yet x is q cle> t !re 7 at t "t presbyt]s :o 7 n bi%ops & :o did n possess episcopal au?ority4 ,ir5aeus himself 0 su* a presbyt]1 until ! m>tyrdom ( ,po?9us 9 ! p]secution ( ,a4,d4 #agg creat$ a vacancy 9 ! see ( ,lyons1 :i* ,ir5aeus 0 !n call$ ^u to fill2 & he held ! see = upw>ds ( tw5ty ye>s1 f ab\t ,a4,d4 #ahj to #bjb4 ,f ,ir5aeus & f 8 contempor>y ,dionysius1 ,bi%op ( ,cor9?1 we le>n n only ! fact t episcopacy prevail$ ev]y:]e1 b1 9 n a few cases1 ! "n ( ! exi/+ bi%op2 & 9 "s cases ! names ( _! pr$ecessors are giv5 up to ! times ( ! ,apo/les4 ,?us1 9 ! case ( ! ,*ur* ( ,rome1 ,l9us ! fir/ bi%op is connect$ ) ! two mo/ glori\s ,apo/les ,pet] & ,paul3 &1 9 ! case ( ,a!ns1 ,dionysius ! ,areopagite is said to h be5 appo9t$ fir/ bi%op ( t ,*ur* by ! ,apo/le ,paul4 ,?is may or may n be correct3 b at lea/ x %[s t 9 ! "t ( ,ir5aeus & ,dionysius ( ,cor9? episcopacy 0 n only recogniz$ z ! univ]sal =m ( ,*ur* gov]nm5t1 b 0 also believ$ to h prevail$ 9 ! pr9cipal ,*ur*es f ! v e>lie/ times4#dg #e4 ,if we n>r[ our field & look1 n at ! :ole ,*ur*1 b at ! ,*ur*es ( ,asia ,m9or & ,syria1 we may obta9 yet ano!r c]ta9ty f ! obscure p]iod :i* lies betwe5 ! age ( ! ,apo/les & t ( ,dionysius & ,ir5aeus4 ,! inve/igations ( ,lightfoot1 ,zahn1 & ,h>nack h plac$ ! g5u95ess ( ! %ort ,greek =m ( ! ,epi/les ( ,ignatius beyond reasonable dispute4 ,_! exact date _c z yet be det]m9$4 ,! evid5ce is /rong t ,ignatius 0 m>tyr$ 9 ! reign ( ,trajan3 &1 if t is accept$1 ! lett]s _c be lat] ?an ,a4,d4 #aag4 ,b ev5 if ?is evid5ce be reject$ z n conclusive1 & ! lett]s be dat$ t5 or twelve ye>s lat]1 _! te/imony w /ill be ( ! utmo/ importance4 ,!y prove t long be=e ,a4,d4 #aej episcopacy 0 ! recogniz$ =m ( gov]nm5t ?r\gh\t ! ,*ur*es ( ,asia ,m9or & ,syria2 &1 z ,ignatius speaks ( ! bi%ops t are settl$ 9 ! f>!/ p>ts ( ! e>? 7kata ta p]ata hori/h5tes7 !y prove t1 accord+ to 8 belief1 episcopacy 0 ! recogniz$ =m ev]y:]e 7,ephes4 iii474 ,?is evid5ce is n a little /r5g!n$ by ! fact t1 z all s\nd critics on bo? sides are n[ agre$1 ! ,epi/les ( ,ignatius 7 evid5tly n writt5 9 ord] to magnify ! episcopal (fice1 or to prea* up ! episcopal sy/em4 ,! writ]'s ma9 object is to deprecate s*ism & all t might t5d to s*ism4 ,& 9 8 op9ion ! be/ way to avoid s*ism is to keep closely unit$ to ! bi%op4 ,?us1 ! magnify+ ( ! episcopal (fice comes ab\t incid5tally2 because ,ignatius takes = grant$ t ev]y:]e !re is a bi%op 9 ea* ,*ur*1 :o is ! duly appo9t$ rul] ( x1 loyalty to :om w be a security aga9/ all s*ismatical t5d5cies4 ,^! f\r or five po9ts be+ reg>d$ z e/abli%$ to an ext5t :i* may reasonably be call$ c]ta9ty1 !re rema9 c]ta9 o!r po9ts ab\t :i* c]ta9ty is n yet possible1 "s ( :i* admit ( a probable solution1 :ile = o!rs !re is s little evid5ce t we h to fall back ^u m]e conjecture4 ,among ^! w\ld be ! di/9ctions ( (fice1 or gradations ( rank1 among ! cl]gy 9 ! fir/ c5tury or c5tury & a half aft] ! ,asc5sion1 ! precise functions assign$ to ea* (fice1 & ! mann] ( appo9tm5t4 ,) reg>d to ^! que/ions ?ree positions may be assum$ ) a consid]able am\nt ( probability4 #a4 ,!re 0 a di/9ction made betwe5 it9]ant or mission>y cl]gy & /ation>y or localiz$ cl]gy4 ,among ! =m] we f9d apo/les 7:o are a mu* l>g] body ?an ! ,twelve71 prophets1 & evangeli/s4 ,among ! latt] we h two ord]s1 spok5 ( z bi%ops & deacons1 z "h & 9 ! ,epi/le to ! ,philippians 7i4 #a7 z well z 9 ! ,doctr9e ( ! ,twelve ,apo/les1 presbyt] or eld] be+ sometimes us$ z synonym\s ) bi%op4 ,?is di/9ction betwe5 an it9]ant & a /ation>y m9i/ry appe>s 9 ! ,fir/ ,epi/le to ! ,cor9?ians 7xii4 #bh71 9 ! ,epi/le to ! ,ephesians 7iv4 #aa71 & p]haps also 9 ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les & 9 ! ,epi/les ( ,/4 ,john4 ,9 ! ,doctr9e ( ! ,twelve ,apo/les x is cle>ly m>k$4 #b4 ,!re seems to h be5 a fur!r di/9ction betwe5 ^? :o did1 & ^? :o did n1 possess sup]natural prophetical gifts4 ,! title ( prophet 0 commonly1 b p]haps n exclusively1 giv5 to ^? :o possess$ ?is gift3 & ! ,doctr9e ( ! ,twelve ,apo/les %[s a great respect = prophets4 ,b ! di/9ction naturally di$ out :5 ^! sup]natural gifts ceas$ to be manife/$4 ,dur+ ! process ( ext9ction s]i\s difficulty arose z to ! te/ ( a g5u9e prophet4 ,"s fanatical p]sons believ$ !mselves to be prophets1 & "s di%one/ p]sons pret5d$ to be prophets1 :5 !y 7 n su*4 ,! (fice appe>s to h be5 ext9ct :5 ,ignatius wrote3 by prophets he always means ! prophets ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,montanism 0 probably a =lorn attempt to revive ?is mu* desir$ (fice aft] ! ,*ur* z a :ole _h decid$ aga9/ x4 ,fur!r discussion ( ! gift ( prophecy 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t w be f\nd 9 a previ\s *apt] 7vi474 #c4 ,! cl]gy 7 n elect$ by ! congregation z its delegates or repres5tatives1 deput$ to p]=m functions :i* orig9ally c\ld be dis*>g$ by any ,*ri/ian4 ,!y 7 appo9t$ by ! ,apo/les & _! successors or sub/itutes4 ,:]e ! congregation select$ or recomm5d$ c&idates1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,sev5 ,deacons 7,acts vi4 #d-f71 !y did n !mselves lay h&s on !m4 ,! typical act ( lay+ on ( h&s 0 always p]=m$ by ^? :o 7 already m9i/]s1 :e!r apo/les1 prophets1 or eld]s4 ,:atev] else 0 /ill op5 to ! laity1 ?is act ( orda9+ 0 n4 ,& !re is good reason = believ+ t ! celebration ( ! ,eu*>i/ also 0 f ! fir/ res]v$ to ! cl]gy1 & t all m9i/]s1 except+ prophets1 7 expect$ to use a prescrib$ =m ( words 9 celebrat+ x4 ,b1 al?\gh mu* /ill rema9s unt\*$1 ?is discussion mu/ draw to a close4 ,9 ! ideal ,*ur* !re is no ,"l's ,day or holy seasons1 = all days are ! ,"l's1 & all seasons are holy2 !re are no places especially d$icat$ to ,god's wor%ip1 = ! :ole univ]se is ,8 temple2 !re are no p]sons especially orda9$ to be ,8 m9i/]s1 = all ,8 p are prie/s & prophets4 ,b 9 ! ,*ur* z x exi/s 9 a s9ful _w1 ! attempt to make all times & all places holy ends 9 ! desecration ( all alike2 & ! !ory t all ,*ri/ians are prie/s becomes indi/+ui%able f ! !ory t none are su*4 ,9 ?is matt] let u n try to be wis] ?an ,god1 ,^: w may be disc]n$ 9 ,8 provid5tial guid+ ( ,8 ,*ur* ?r\gh\t s _m c5turies4 ,! attempt to reproduce ,p>adise or to anticipate heav5 9 a /ate ( society :i* does n possess ! conditions ( ,p>adise or heav51 c end 9 no?+ b disa/r\s confusion4 ,9 conclusion ! foll[+ weighty words are gratefully quot$4 ,!y come ) special =ce f "o :o does n himself belong to an ,episcopalian ,*ur*4 ,by our reception or d5ial ( prie/hood 9 ! ,*ur*1 our entire view ( :at ! ,*ur* is mu/ be affect$ & m\ld$4 ,we %all ei!r accept ! idea ( a visible & organiz$ body1 )9 :i* ,*ri/ rules by means ( a m9i/ry1 sacram5ts1 & ord9ances to :i* ,he has atta*$ a bless+1 ! fulness ( :i* we h no "r to look = except ?r\gh ! *annels ,he has orda9$ 7& x ought to be ne$less to say t ?is is ! ,presbyt]ian idea71 or we %all re/ satisfi$ ) ! ?\ght ( ! ,*ur* z consi/+ ( multitudes ( individual s\ls kn[n to ,god alone1 z invisible1 unorganiz$1 ) ord9ances bless$ because ( ! memories :i* !y awak51 b to :i* no promise ( pres5t grace is ti$1 )1 9 %ort1 no ?\ght ( a ,body ( ,*ri/ 9 ! _w1 b only ( a spiritual & heav5ly pr9ciple rul+ 9 ! he>ts & regulat+ ! lives ( m54 ,conceptions ( ! ,*ur* s widely diff]5t f ea* o!r _c fail to affect 9 ! mo/ vital mann] ! ,*ur*'s life & relation to ^? ar\nd h]4 ,yet bo? conceptions are ! logical & necess>y result ( ! acceptance or d5ial ( ! idea ( a div9ely appo9t$ & /ill liv+ prie/hood among m54#dh ,,footnotes3 #dg ,see an admirable article on ! ,*ri/ian m9i/ry by ,dr4 ,salmon 9 ! ,expositor = ,july1 #ahhg2 also ! pres5t writ]'s ,*ur* ( ! ,e>ly ,fa!rs1 pp4 #eh ff42 #ib ff42 #bnd ed4 ,longmans1 #ahhg4 #dh ,pr(essor ,w4 ,milligan1 ,d4,d41 on ,! ,idea ( ! ,prie/hood1 9 ! ,expositor = ,july1 #ahhh1 p4 #g4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,! ,,apo/le',s ,,rule ,,respect+ ,,second ,,m>riages2 ,,its ,,mean+ ,,& ,,pres5t ,,obligation4 ,! husb& ( "o wife4--#a ,,tim4 iii4 #b4 ,! ,apo/le "h /ates1 z "o ( ! fir/ qualifications to be look$ = 9 a p]son :o is to be orda9$ a bi%op1 t he mu/ be husb& ( "o wife4 ,! precise mean+ ( ?is phrase w probably nev] cease to be discuss$4 ,b1 al?\gh x mu/ be admitt$ t ! phrase is capable ( be>+ sev]al mean+s1 yet x _c be fairly cont5d$ t ! mean+ is s]i\sly d\btful4 ,! balance ( probability is s l>gely 9 fav\r ( "o ( ! mean+s1 t ! rema9d] may be reasonably set aside z hav+ no valid gr\nd = be+ support$ 9 competition ) x4 ,?ree passages 9 :i* ! phrase occurs h to be consid]$ toge!r1 & ^! h to be comp>$ ) a f\r?4 7#a7 ,!re is ! passage be=e u ab\t a bi%op1 7#b7 ano!r 9 v]4 #ab ab\t deacons1 & 7#c7 ano!r 9 ,tit4 i4 #f ab\t eld]s or presbyt]s1 :om ,/4 ,paul aft]w>ds m5tions "u ! title ( bi%op4 ,9 ^! ?ree passages we h x pla9ly set =? t ,timo?y & ,titus are to reg>d x z a necess>y qualification 9 a bi%op or eld] or presbyt]1 & also 9 a deacon1 t he %\ld be a man ( "o woman or husb& ( "o wife 7mias gynaikos anr74 ,9 ! f\r? passage 7#a ,tim4 v4 #i7 he gives z a necess>y qualification ( "o :o is to be plac$ on ! roll ( *ur* wid[s1 t %e mu/ be a woman ( "o man or wife ( "o husb& 7h5os &ros gyn74 ,?is f\r? passage is ( mu* importance 9 det]m9+ ! mean+ ( ! conv]se expression 9 ! o!r ?ree passages4 ,!re are f\r ma9 int]pretations ( ! expression 9 "q4 #a4 ,t :i* ! phrase at once sugge/s to a mod]n m9d1--t ! p]son to be orda9$ bi%op or deacon mu/ h only "o wife & n m2 t he mu/ n be a polygami/4 ,accord+ to ?is int]pretation1 !re=e1 we are to und]/& ! ,apo/le to mean1 t a ,jew or b>b>ian ) m wives ?an "o might be admitt$ to baptism & become a memb] ( ! congregation1 b ought n to be admitt$ to ! m9i/ry4 ,?is explanation1 :i* at fir/ sight looks simple & plausible1 w n be> inspection4 ,x is q true t polygamy 9 ,/4 ,paul's day /ill exi/$ among ! ,jews4 ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 9 ! ,dialogue ) ,trypho1 says to ! ,jews1 ,x is bett] = y to foll[ ,god ?an y\r s5seless & bl9d tea*]s1 :o ev5 to ?is day all[ y ea* to h f\r & five wives 7 #acd74 ,b polygamy 9 ! ,roman ,empire mu/ h be5 r>e4 ,x 0 =bidd5 by ,roman law1 :i* did n all[ a man to h m ?an "o lawful wife at a "t1 & treat$ e simultane\s second m>riage1 n only z null & void1 b infam\s4 ,:]e x 0 practis$ x mu/ h be5 practis$ secretly4 ,x is probable t1 :5 ,/4 ,paul wrote to ,timo?y & ,titus1 n a s+le polygami/ _h be5 conv]t$ to ! ,*ri/ian fai?4 ,polygami/s 7 exce$+ly r>e inside ! ,empire1 & ! ,*ur* _h n yet spread beyond x4 ,inde$1 our utt] ignorance z to ! way 9 :i* ! primitive ,*ur* dealt ) polygami/s :o wi%$ to become ,*ri/ians1 am\nts to some?+ l pro( t su* cases 7 extremely uncommon4 ,h[ improbable1 !re=e1 t ,/4 ,paul %\ld ?9k x wor? :ile to *>ge bo? ,timo?y & ,titus t conv]t$ polygami/s mu/ n be admitt$ to ! (fice ( bi%op1 :5 !re is no likelihood t any "o ( !m knew ( a s+le in/ance ( a polygami/ :o _h become a ,*ri/ian6 ,on ^! gr\nds alone ?is int]pretation ( ! phrase might be safely reject$4 ,b ^! gr\nds d n /& alone4 ,!re is ! conv9c+ evid5ce ( ! conv]se phrase1 wife ( "o husb&4 ,if m5 ) m ?an "o wife 7 v r>e 9 ! ,roman ,empire1 :at are we to ?9k ( wom5 ) m ?an "o husb&8 ,ev5 among ! b>b>ians outside ! ,empire1 su* a ?+ z a plurality ( husb&s 0 reg>d$ z mon/r\s4 ,x is incr$ible t ,/4 ,paul c\ld h _h any su* case 9 8 m9d1 :5 he m5tion$ ! qualification wife ( "o husb&4 ,moreov]1 z ! "q be=e him 0 "o relat+ to wid[s1 ?is wife ( "o husb& mu/ be a p]son :o at ! "t _h no husb&4 ,! phrase1 !re=e1 c only mean a woman :o aft] ! dea? ( h] husb& has n m>ri$ aga94 ,consequ5tly ! conv]se expression1 husb& ( "o wife1 _c h any ref]5ce to polygamy4 #b4 ,f> m wor?y ( consid]ation is ! view t :at is aim$ at 9 bo? cases is n polygamy1 b divorce4 ,divorce1 z we "k f abundant evid5ce1 0 v frequ5t bo? among ! ,jews & ! ,romans 9 ! fir/ c5tury ( ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,among ! =m] x provok$ ! special condemnation ( ,*ri/3 & "o ( ! _m influ5ces :i* ,*ri/ianity _h ^u ,roman law 0 to dim9i% ! facilities = divorce4 ,accord+ to ,jewi% practice ! husb& c\ld obta9 a divorce = v trivial reasons2 & 9 ! "t ( ,/4 ,paul ,jewi% wom5 sometimes took ! initiative4 ,accord+ to ,roman practice ei!r husb& or wife c\ld obta9 a divorce v easily4 ,abundant in/ances are on record1 & t 9 ! case ( p ( high "*1 su* z ,cic]o4 ,aft] ! divorce ei!r ( ! p>ties c\ld m>ry aga92 & (t5 en\gh bo? ( !m did s2 !re=e 9 ! ,roman ,empire 9 ,/4 ,paul's day !re mu/ h be5 pl5ty ( p]sons ( bo? sexes :o _h be5 divorc$ once or twice & _h m>ri$ aga94 ,!re is no?+ improbable 9 ! supposition t q a suffici5t numb] ( su* p]sons _h be5 conv]t$ to ,*ri/ianity to make x wor? :ile to legislate respect+ !m4 ,!y might be admitt$ to baptism2 b !y mu/ n be admitt$ to an (ficial position 9 ! ,*ur*4 ,a regulation ( ?is k9d might be all ! m necess>y1 because 9 a weal?y capital l ,ephesus x w\ld probably be among ! upp] & m influ5tial classes t divorces w\ld be mo/ frequ5t2 & f precisely ^! classes1 :5 any ( !m _h become ,*ri/ians1 (ficials w\ld be likely to be *os54 ,?is explanation1 !re=e1 ( ! phrases husb& ( "o wife & wife ( "o husb& _c be condemn$1 l ! fir/1 z utt]ly incr$ible4 ,x has a fair am\nt ( probability3 b x rema9s to be se5 :e!r ano!r explanation 7:i* really includes ?is "o7 has n a f> great] am\nt4 #c4 ,we may pass ov] )\t mu* discussion ! view t ! phrases are a vague way ( indicat+ misconduct ( any k9d 9 ref]5ce to m>riage4 ,no d\bt su* misconduct 0 rife among ! hea!n1 & ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* by no means escap$ ! ta9t1 z ! sc&als 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,cor9? & ! frequ5t w>n+s ( ! ,apo/les aga9/ s9s ( ?is k9d %[4 ,b :5 ,/4 ,paul has to speak ( su* ?+s he is n afraid to d s 9 language t _c be misund]/ood4 ,we h se5 ?is already 9 ! fir/ *apt] ( ?is ,epi/le2 & ! fif? *apt]s ( #a ,cor9?ians1 ,galatians1 & ,ephesians supply o!r examples4 ,we may safely say t if ,/4 ,paul _h meant to indicate p]sons :o _h ent]$ into illicit unions be=e or aft] m>riage1 he w\ld h us$ mu* less ambigu\s language ?an ! phrases "u discussion4 #d4 ,!re rema9s ! view1 :i* f ! fir/ has be5 ! dom9ant "o1 t ^! passages all ref] to second m>riage aft] ! fir/ m>riage has be5 dissolv$ by dea?4 ,a wid[] :o has m>ri$ a second wife ought n to be admitt$ to ! m9i/ry2 a wid[ :o has m>ri$ a second husb& ought n to be plac$ on ! roll ( ,*ur* wid[s4 ,?is int]pretation is reasonable 9 itself1 is 9 h>mony ) ! context & ) :at ,/4 ,paul says else:]e ab\t m>riage1 & is confirm$ by ! views tak5 ( second m>riages 9 ! case ( cl]gy by ! e>ly ,*ur*4 7a7 ,! belief t ,/4 ,paul 0 oppos$ to ! ord9ation ( p]sons :o _h contract$ a second m>riage is reasonable 9 itself4 ,a second m>riage1 al?\gh p]fectly lawful & 9 "s cases advisable1 0 s f> a sign ( weakness2 & a d\ble family w\ld 9 _m cases be a s]i\s h9drance to "w4 ,! ,*ur* c\ld n af=d to enli/ any b its /ronge/ m5 among its (fic]s2 & its (fic]s mu/ n be hamp]$ m ?an o!r m5 ) dome/ic c>es4 ,moreov]1 ! hea!n c]ta9ly felt a special respect = ! univira1 ! woman :o did n ent] into a second m>riage2 & !re is "s reason = believ+ t second m>riages 7 sometimes ?\ght unfitt+ 9 ! case ( m51 e4g41 9 ! case ( c]ta9 prie/s4 ,be t z x may1 we may safely conclude t1 bo? by ,*ri/ians & hea!n1 p]sons :o _h ab/a9$ f m>ry+ aga9 w\ld s f> be m respect$ ?an ^? :o _h n ab/a9$4 7b7 ,?is int]pretation is 9 h>mony ) ! context4 ,9 ! passage be=e u ! qualification :i* imm$iately prec$es ! expression1 husb& ( "o wife1 is )\t reproa*2 9 ! ,epi/le to ,titus x is blameless4 ,9 ea* case ! mean+ seems to be t !re mu/ be no?+ 9 ! pa/ or pres5t life ( ! c&idate1 :i* c\ld aft]w>ds ) any %[ ( reason be urg$ aga9/ him z inconsi/5t ) 8 (fice4 ,he mu/ be above & n bel[ ! av]age ( m52 & !re=e he mu/ n h be5 twice m>ri$4 7c7 ,?is agrees ) :at ,/4 ,paul says else:]e ab\t m>riage4 ,8 /atem5ts are cle> & consi/5t1 & x is a mi/ake to suppose t !re is any want ( h>mony betwe5 :at is said 9 ?is ,epi/le & :at is said to ! ,cor9?ian ,*ur* on ?is subject4 ,! ,apo/le /rongly upholds ! lawfulness ( m>riage = all 7#a ,cor4 vii4 #bh1 #cf2 #a ,tim4 iv4 #c74 ,= ^? :o are equal to x1 :e!r s+le or wid[$1 he consid]s t _! rema9+ z !y are is ! m bless$ condition 7#a ,cor4 vii4 #a1 #g1 #h1 #cb1 #cd1 #dj2 #a ,tim4 v4 #g74 ,b s few p]sons are equal to ?is1 t x is prud5t = ^? :o desire to m>ry to d s1 & = ^? :o desire to m>ry aga9 to d s 7#a ,cor4 vii4 #b1 #i1 #ci2 #a ,tim4 v4 #ad74 ,^! be+ 8 convictions1 is x n reasonable to suppose1 t 9 select+ m9i/]s = ! ,*ur* he w\ld look = !m 9 ! class :i* _h giv5 pro( ( moral /r5g? by rema9+ unm>ri$ or by n m>ry+ a second "t4 ,9 an age ( su* b\ndless lic5ti\sness cont95cy won admiration & respect2 & a p]son :o _h giv5 cle> evid5ce ( su* self-control w\ld h 8 moral influ5ce !reby increas$4 ,few ?+s impress b>b>\s & semi-b>b>\s p m ?an to see a man hav+ full control ov] passions to :i* !y !mselves are slaves4 ,9 ! t]rific odds :i* ! infant ,*ur* _h to enc\nt]1 ?is 0 a po9t well wor? turn+ to advantage4 ,& "h we may note ,/4 ,paul's wisdom 9 giv+ no pref]5ce to ^? :o _h n m>ri$ at all ov] ^? :o _h m>ri$ only once4 ,_h he done s1 he w\ld h play$ into ! h&s ( ^? h]etics :o disp>ag$ w$lock4 ,& p]haps he _h se5 some?+ ( ! evils :i* ab\nd$ among ! celibate prie/s ( hea!nism4 ,x is q obvi\s1 t1 al?\gh he 9 no way disc\rages celibacy among ! cl]gy1 yet he assumes t among !m1 z among ! laity1 m>riage w be ! rule & ab/a9+ ! exception2 s mu* s1 t he does n ?9k ( giv+ any special directions = ! guidance ( a celibate bi%op or a celibate deacon4#di #e4 ,la/ly1 ?is int]pretation ( ! phrases 9 "q is /rongly confirm$ by ! views ( lead+ ,*ri/ians on ! subject 9 ! fir/ few c5turies1 & by ! decrees ( c\ncils2 ^! be+ l>gely influ5c$ by ,/4 ,paul's language1 & !re=e be+ a guide z to :at 8 words 7 !n suppos$ to mean4 ,h]mas1 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 ( c\rse ,t]tullian1 & among lat] ,fa!rs1 ,*ryso/om1 ,epiphanius1 & ,cyril1 all write 9 disp>agem5t ( second m>riages1 n z s91 b z weakness4 ,to m>ry aga9 is to fall %ort ( ! high p]fection set be=e u 9 ! ,gospel con/itution4 ,a!nagoras goes s f> z to call a second m>riage respectable adult]y1 & to say t "o :o ?us sev]s himself f 8 dead wife is an adult]] 9 disguise4 ,respect+ ! cl]gy1 ,orig5 says pla9ly1 ,nei!r a bi%op1 nor a presbyt]1 nor a deacon1 nor a wid[1 c be twice m>ri$4 ,! canons ( c\ncils are n less pla91 ei!r z to ! disc\ragem5t ( second m>riages among ! laity1 or _! incompatibility ) :at 0 !n requir$ ( ! cl]gy4 ,! synods ( ,ancyra 7,c4 #ai71 ( ,neocaes>ea 7,c4 #c & #g71 & ( ,laodicea 7,c4 #a7 subject$ lay p]sons :o m>ri$ m ?an once to a p5alty4 ,?is p5alty seems to h v>i$ 9 diff]5t ,*ur*es2 b 9 "s cases x involv$ excommunication = a "t4 ,! ,c\ncil ( ,nicaea1 on ! o!r h&1 makes x a condition t memb]s ( ! ,puritan sect ( ,ca?>i are n to be receiv$ into ! ,*ur* unless !y promise 9 writ+ to communicate ) ^? :o h m>ri$ a second "t 7,c4 #h74 ,! ,apo/olic ,con/itutions 7vi4 #ag7 & ! s-call$ ,apo/olic ,canons 7#ag7 absolutely =bid ! promotion ( "o :o has m>ri$ twice1 to be a bi%op1 presbyt]1 or deacon2 & ! ,apo/olic ,con/itutions =bid ! m>riage ( "o :o is already 9 ,holy ,ord]s4 ,he may m>ry once be=e he is orda9$3 b if he is s+le at 8 ord9ation he mu/ rema9 s all 8 life4 ,( c\rse1 if 8 wife dies1 he is n to m>ry aga94 ,ev5 s+]s1 read]s1 & door-keep]s1 al?\gh !y may m>ry aft] !y h be5 admitt$ to (fice1 yet are 9 no case to m>ry a second "t or to m>ry a wid[4 ,& ! wid[ ( a cl]ic 0 n all[$ to m>ry a second "t4 ,all ^! rigor\s views & enactm5ts leave little d\bt z to h[ ! e>ly ,*ur* und]/ood ,/4 ,paul's language3 viz41 t "o :o _h exhibit$ ! weakness ( m>ry+ a second "t 0 n to be admitt$ to ! m9i/ry4 ,f ?is !y drew ! inf]5ce t "o :o 0 already 9 ord]s mu/ n be all[$ to m>ry a second "t4 ,& f ?is !y drew ! fur!r inf]5ce t ent]+ into a m>riage contract at all 0 inadmissible = "o :o 0 already a bi%op1 presbyt]1 or deacon4 ,m>riage 0 n a b> to ord9ation1 b ord9ation 0 a b> to m>riage4 ,m>ri$ m5 might become cl]gy1 b ! high] ord]s ( cl]gy might n become m>ri$4 ,a little ?\ght w %[ t nei!r ( ^! inf]5ces foll[s f ,/4 ,paul's rule2 & we h good reason = d\bt+ :e!r he w\ld h sanction$ ei!r ( !m4 ,! ,apo/le rules t ^? :o h %[n want ( moral /r5g? 9 tak+ a second wife are n to be orda9$ deacons or presbyt]s4 ,b he n[h]e says or h9ts t1 if !y f9d 9 !mselves a want ( moral /r5g? ( ?is k9d aft] _! ord9ation1 !y are to be made to be> a burd5 to :i* !y are unequal4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! g5]al pr9ciple1 :i* he s cle>ly lays d[n1 decides ! case3 ,if !y h n cont95cy1 let !m m>ry3 = x is bett] to m>ry ?an to burn4 ,& if ?is holds good ( cl]gy :o h lo/ _! fir/ wives1 x holds good at lea/ z /rongly ( ^? :o 7 unm>ri$ at ! "t ( _! ord9ation4 ,^? ,*ur*es1 !re=e1 :i*1 l our own1 all[ ! cl]gy to m>ry1 & ev5 to m>ry a second "t1 aft] ord9ation1 may rightly claim to h ! ,apo/le on _! side4 ,b !re are ,*ur*es1 & among !m ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&1 :i* disreg>d ! ,apo/le's directions1 9 admitt+ ^? :o h be5 m ?an once m>ri$ to ! diaconate1 & ev5 to ! episcopate4 ,:at def5ce is to be made ( an app>5t laxity1 :i* seems to am\nt to lawlessness8 ,! answ] is t !re is no?+ to %[ t ,/4 ,paul is giv+ rules :i* are to b9d ! ,*ur* = all "t4 ,x is q possible t 8 directions are giv5 by reason ( ! pres5t di/ress4 ,we d n consid] ourselves b\nd by ! regulation1 :i* has f> high] au?ority ?an t ( a s+le ,apo/le1 respect+ ! eat+ ( blood & ( ?+s /rangl$4 ,! fir/ c\ncil1 at :i* mo/ ( ! ,apo/les 7 pres5t1 =bad ! eat+ ( ^! ?+s4 ,x also =bad ! eat+ ( ?+s (f]$ to idols4 ,/4 ,paul himself l$ ! way 9 %[+ t ?is re/riction is n always b9d+3 & ! :ole ,*ur* has come to disreg>d ! o!r4 ,:y8 ,because 9 none ( ^! cases is ! act s9ful 9 itself4 ,:ile ! ,jewi% conv]ts 7 likely to be sc&aliz$ by see+ _! fell[-,*ri/ians eat+ blood1 x 0 exp$i5t to =bid x2 & :ile hea!n conv]ts 7 likely to ?9k lightly ( idolatry1 if !y saw _! fell[-,*ri/ians eat+ :at _h be5 (f]$ 9 sacrifice to an idol1 x 0 exp$i5t to =bid x4 ,:5 ^! dang]s ceas$ ! reason = ! enactm5t ceas$2 & ! enactm5t 0 rightly disreg>d$4 ,! same pr9ciple applies to ! ord9ation ( p]sons :o h be5 twice m>ri$4 ,n[adays a man is n consid]$ less /rong ?an 8 fell[s1 because he has m>ri$ a second "t4 ,to refuse to orda9 su* a p]son w\ld be to lose a m9i/] at a "t :5 ! ne$ ( additional m9i/]s is great2 & ?is loss w\ld be )\t comp5sation4 ,& we h evid5ce t 9 ! primitive ,*ur* ! ,apo/le's rule ab\t digami/s 0 n consid]$ absolute4 ,9 "o ( 8 ,montani/ treatises ,t]tullian taunts ! ,ca?olics 9 hav+ ev5 among _! bi%ops m5 :o _h m>ri$ twice1 & :o did n blu% :5 ! ,pa/oral ,epi/les 7 read2#ej & ,hippolytus1 9 8 fi]ce attack on ,calli/us1 ,bi%op ( ,rome1 /ates t "u him m5 :o _h be5 twice & ?rice m>ri$ 7 orda9$ bi%ops1 prie/s1 & deacons4 ,& we "k t a di/9ction 0 made 9 ! ,greek ,*ur* betwe5 ^? :o _h m>ri$ twice z ,*ri/ians1 & ^? :o _h conclud$ ! second m>riage be=e baptism4 ,! latt] 7 n exclud$ f ord9ation4 ,& "s w5t s f> z to say t if ! fir/ m>riage took place be=e baptism1 & ! second aft]w>ds1 ! man 0 to be consid]$ z hav+ be5 m>ri$ only once4#ea ,?is fre$om 9 int]pret+ ! ,apo/le's rule n unnaturally l$ to its be+1 9 "s bran*es ( ! ,*ur*1 disreg>d$4 ,/4 ,paul says1 ,d n orda9 a man :o has m>ri$ m ?an once4 ,if y may say1 ,?is man1 :o has m>ri$ m ?an once1 %all be acc\nt$ z hav+ m>ri$ only once2 y may equally well say ,! ,apo/le's rule 0 a tempor>y "o1 & we h ! "r to judge ( its suitabl5ess to our times & to p>ticul> circum/ances4 ,we may feel confid5ce t 9 su* a matt] x 0 n ,/4 ,paul's wi% to deprive ,*ur*es ?r\gh\t all "t ( _! lib]ty ( judgm5t1 & ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& is ?us ju/ifi$4 ,,footnotes3 #di ,z ! ,diction>y ( ,*ri/ian ,antiquities 7vol4 i4 p4 #cbd7 has giv5 its sanction to ! view t ,/4 ,paul requir$ ! presbyt]-bi%op to h _h ! exp]i5ce ( m>riage & ) at lea/ a pref]5ce = ^? :o _h br\ght up *ildr5 7#a ,tim4 iii4 #b1 #d71 & ext5d$ ! requirem5t ev5 to ! deacons ( ! ,*ur* 7#a ,tim4 iii4 #aa1 #ab71 x seems to be wor? :ile to repeat ! decl>ation ( ,ellicott & ,hu!r1 t ! /range op9ion ( ,brets*neid]1 t mias is "h ! indef9ite article1 & t ,paul meant t a bi%op %\ld be m>ri$1 h>dly ne$$ ! elaborate refutation :i* is accord$ to x by ,w9]1 ,gramm> ( ,new ,te/am5t1 ,,iii4 #ah 7,eng4 ,tr41 p4 #adf74 ,w\ld any ,engli%man ev] say a bi%op mu/ h "o wife1 :5 8 mean+ 0 a bi%op mu/ h a wife8 #ej ,de ,monog41 xii4 #ea ,see ,dll+]'s ,hippolytus & ,calli/us 7pp4 #abi-adg ,eng4 ,trans47 = a full discussion ( ! "q4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,! ,,relation ,,( ,,human ,,conduct ,,to ,,! ,,my/]y ,,( ,,godl9ess4 ,^! ?+s write ,i unto !e1 hop+ to come unto !e %ortly2 b if ,i t>ry long1 t ?\ maye/ "k h[ m5 ought to behave !mselves 9 ! h\se ( ,god1 :i* is ! ,*ur* ( ! liv+ ,god1 ! pill> & gr\nd ( ! tru?4 ,& )\t controv]sy great is ! my/]y ( godl9ess2 ,he :o 0 manife/$ 9 ! fle%1 ju/ifi$ 9 ! _s1 se5 ( angels1 prea*$ among ! nations1 believ$ on 9 ! _w1 receiv$ up 9 glory--#a ,,tim4 iii4 #ad-af4 ,/4 ,paul "h makes a pause 9 ! ,epi/le4 ,he has br\ght to a close "s ( ! pr9cipal directions :i* he has to give respect+ ! pres]vation ( pure doctr9e1 ! conduct ( public wor%ip1 & ! qualifications = ! m9i/ry3 & be=e proce$+ to o!r topics he halts 9 ord] to insi/ ^u ! importance ( ^! ?+s1 by po9t+ out :at is really involv$ 9 !m4 ,_! importance is "o ma9 reason = 8 writ+ at all4 ,al?\gh he hopes to be ) ,timo?y aga9 ev5 soon] ?an might be expect$1 he nev]!less w n all[ matt]s ( ?is gravity to wait = 8 return to ,ephesus4 ,=1 aft] all1 ?is hope may be fru/rat$1 & x may be a long "t be=e ! two fri5ds meet aga9 face to face4 ,! way 9 :i* ,*ri/ians ought to behave !mselves 9 ! h\se ( ,god is n a matt] :i* c wait indef9itely1 see+ t ?is h\se ( ,god is no lifeless %r9e ( a lifeless image1 :i* kn[s no?+ & c>es no?+ ab\t :at goes on 9 its temple2 b a congregation ( immortal s\ls & ( bodies t are temples ( ! liv+ ,god1 ,:o w de/roy him :o de/roys ,8 temple 7#a ,cor4 iii4 #ag74 ,god's h\se mu/ h regulations to pres]ve x f unseem+ disord]4 ,! congregation :i* belongs to ! liv+ ,god mu/ h a con/itution to pres]ve x f faction & an>*y4 ,all ! m s1 see+ t to x has be5 assign$ a po/ ( great responsibility4 ,tru? 9 itself is self-evid5t & self-su/a9$3 x ne$s no ext]nal support or f\ndation4 ,b tru? z x is manife/$ to ! _w ne$s ! be/ support & ! firme/ basis t c be f\nd = x4 ,& x is ! duty & privilege ( ! ,*ur* to supply ^!4 ,god's h\sehold is n only a community :i* 9 a solemn & special way belongs to ! liv+ ,god3 x is also ! pill> & gr\nd ( ! tru?4 ,^! consid]ations %[ h[ vital is ! "q1 ,9 :at way ought "o to behave oneself 9 ?is community8#eb ,= ! tru?1 to ! support & e/abli%m5t ( :i* e ,*ri/ian by 8 behavi\r 9 ! ,*ur* is b\nd to contribute1 is indisputably some?+ great & pr(\nd4 ,by ! admission ( all1 ! my/]y ( ! ,*ri/ian fai? is a deep & weighty "o2 & ! responsibility ( help+ or h9d]+ its e/abli%m5t is proportionately deep & weighty4 ,o!r ?+s may be matt] ( dispute1 b ?is n4 ,)\t controv]sy great is ! my/]y ( godl9ess4 ,:y does ,/4 ,paul speak ( ! ,tru? z ! my/]y ( godl9ess8 ,9 ord] to express bo? ! ,div9e & ! human aspects ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?4 ,on ! ,div9e side ! ,gospel is a my/]y1 a disclos$ secret4 ,x is a body ( tru? orig9ally hidd5 f man's k1 to :i* man by 8 own unaid$ reason & abilities w\ld nev] be able to f9d ! way4 ,9 "o ^w x is a revelation3 a communication by ,god to m5 ( ,tru? :i* !y c\ld n h discov]$ = !mselves4 ,my/]y is "o ( ^? words :i* ,*ri/ianity has borr[$ f paganism1 b has consecrat$ to new uses by glori\sly transfigur+ its mean+4 ,! hea!n my/]y 0 some?+ always kept hidd5 f ! bulk ( mank9d2 a secret to :i* only a privileg$ few 7 admitt$4 ,x enc\rag$1 9 ! v c5tre ( religion itself1 selfi%ness & exclusiv5ess4 ,! ,*ri/ian my/]y1 on ! o!r h&1 is some?+ once hidd51 b n[ made kn[n1 n to a select few1 b to all4 ,! t]m1 !re=e1 involves a spl5did p>adox3 x is a secret reveal$ to e "o4 ,9 ,/4 ,paul's own words to ! ,romans 7xvi4 #be71 ! revelation ( ! my/]y :i* ha? be5 kept 9 sil5ce ?r\gh times et]nal1 b n[ is manife/$1 & by ! scriptures ( ! prophets1 accord+ to ! comm&m5t ( ! et]nal ,god1 is made kn[n unto all ! nations4 ,he r>ely uses ! ^w my/]y )\t comb9+ ) x "s o!r ^w signify+ to reveal1 manife/1 or make kn[n4#ec ,b ! ,*ri/ian fai? is n only a my/]y b a my/]y ( godl9ess4 ,x n only tells ( ! b\nty ( ,almighty ,god 9 reveal+ ,8 et]nal c\nsels to man1 b x also tells ( man's obligations 9 consequ5ce ( be+ initiat$4 ,x is a my/]y1 n ( lawlessness 7#b ,!ss4 ii4 #g71 b ( godl9ess4 ,^? :o accept x pr(ess godl9ess2 pr(ess rev]5ce to ! ,god :o has made x kn[n to !m4 ,x tea*es pla9ly on :at pr9ciple we are to regulate h[ m5 ought to behave !mselves 9 ! h\sehold ( ,god4 ,! ,gospel is a my/]y ( piety1 a my/]y ( rev]5ce & ( religi\s life4 ,holy itself1 & proce$+ f ! ,holy ,"o1 x bids its recipi5ts be holy1 ev5 z ,he is ,holy ,:o gives x4 ,:o 0 manife/$ 9 ! fle%1 ju/ifi$ 9 ! _s1 se5 ( angels1 prea*$ among ! nations1 believ$ on 9 ! _w1 receiv$ up 9 glory4 ,aft] ! text ab\t ! ?ree ,heav5ly ,witnesses 9 ! ,fir/ ,epi/le ( ,/4 ,john1 no disput$ read+ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t has giv5 rise to m controv]sy ?an ! passage be=e u4 ,let u hope t ! day is n f> di/ant :5 !re w be no m disput+ ab\t ei!r text4 ,! tru?1 ?\gh /ill d\bt$1 especially 9 ref]5ce to ! passage be=e u1 is n really d\btful4 ,9 bo? cases ! read+ ( ! ,a4,v4 is indef5sible4 ,x is c]ta9 t ,/4 ,john nev] wrote ! words ab\t ! ?ree t be> witness 9 heav53 & x is c]ta9 t ,/4 ,paul did n write1 ,god 0 manife/ 9 ! fle%1 b ,:o 0 manife/$ 9 ! fle%4 ,! read+ ,god 0 manife/$ 9 ! fle% appe>s 9 no ,*ri/ian writ] until late 9 ! f\r? c5tury1 & 9 no translation ( ! ,scriptures1 e>li] ?an ! sev5? or eigh? c5tury4 ,& x is n f\nd 9 any ( ! five great prim>y ,,mss41 except z a correction made by a lat] scribe1 :o knew ( ! read+ ,god 0 manife/$1 & ei!r pref]r$ x to ! o!r1 or at lea/ wi%$ to pres]ve x z an alt]native read+1 or z an int]pretation4 ,ev5 s cauti\s & cons]vative a comm5tator z ! late ,bi%op ,wordswor? ( ,l9coln decl>es t ! prepond]ance ( te/imony is ov]:elm+ aga9/ ! read+ ,god 0 manife/$ 9 ! fle%4 ,9 an old ,greek ,,ms41 x w\ld require only two small /rokes to turn ,:o into ,god2 & ?is alt]ation w\ld be a tempt+ "o1 see+ t ! mascul9e ,:o aft] ! neut] my/]y1 looks h>% & unnatural4#ed ,b "h we come ^u a highly int]e/+ consid]ation4 ,! words t foll[ look l a quotation f "s primitive ,*ri/ian hymn or confession4 ,! rhy?mical movem5t & ! p>allelism ( ! six balanc$ clauses1 ( :i* ea* triplet =ms a climax1 po9ts to "s su* fact z ?is4 ,x is possible t we h "h a fragm5t ( "o ( ! v hymns :i*1 z ,pl9y ! ,y\ng] tells ! ,emp]or ,trajan1 ! ,*ri/ians 7 accu/om$ to s+ antiphonally at daybreak to ,*ri/ z a ,god4#ee ,su* a passage z ?is might well be sung f side to side1 l9e by l9e or triplet by triplet1 z *oirs /ill *ant ! ,psalms 9 our *ur*es4 ,:o 0 manife/$ 9 ! fle%1 ,ju/ifi$ 9 ! _s1 ,se5 ( angels1 ,prea*$ among ! nations1 ,believ$ on 9 ! _w1 ,receiv$ up 9 glory4 ,let u assume t ?is v reasonable & attractive conjecture is correct1 & t ,/4 ,paul is "h quot+ f "s well-kn[n =m ( words4 ,!n ! ,:o ) :i* ! quotation beg9s w ref] to some?+ 9 ! prec$+ l9es :i* are n quot$4 ,h[ natural1 !n1 t ,/4 ,paul %\ld leave ! ,:o un*ang$1 al?\gh x does n fit on grammatically to 8 own s5t5ce4 ,b 9 any case !re is no d\bt z to ! antec$5t ( ! ,:o4 ,! my/]y ( godl9ess has = its c5tre & basis ! life ( a ,div9e ,p]son2 & ! great crisis 9 ! long process by :i* ! my/]y 0 reveal$ 0 rea*$ :5 ?is ,div9e ,p]son 0 manife/$ 9 ! fle%4 ,t 9 mak+ ?is /atem5t or quotation ! ,apo/le has 9 8 m9d ! ,gno/ics :o tea* a diff]5t doctr9e 7i4 #c71 is q possible1 b is by no means c]ta94 ,! manife/ation ( ,*ri/ 9 ! fle% is a fav\rite topic ) him1 z ) ,/4 ,john1 & is "o ( ! po9ts 9 :i* ! two ,apo/les n only tea* ! same doctr9e1 b tea* x 9 ! same language4 ,! fact t he _h us$ ! ^w my/]y w\ld be q en\gh to make him speak ( manife/ation1 ev5 if !re _h be5 no false tea*]s :o d5i$ or expla9$ away ! fact ( ! ,inc>nation ( ! ,div9e ,son4 ,! two words fit into "o ano!r exactly4 ,my/]y1 9 ,*ri/ian !ology1 implies some?+ :i* once 0 conceal$ b has n[ be5 made kn[n2 manife/ implies mak+ kn[n :at _h once be5 conceal$4 ,an hi/orical appe>ance ( ,"o ,:o _h previ\sly exi/$1 b _h be5 kept f ! k ( ! _w1 is :at is meant by1 ,:o 0 manife/$ 9 ! fle%4 ,ju/ifi$ 9 ! _s4 ,_s "h _c mean ! ,holy ,_s1 z ! ,a4,v4 w\ld lead u to suppose4 ,9 _s 9 ?is clause is 9 obvi\s contra/ to 9 fle% 9 ! previ\s clause4 ,& if fle% means ! mat]ial "p ( ,*ri/'s nature1 _s means ! immat]ial "p ( ,8 nature1 & ! high] portion ( x4 ,8 fle% 0 ! sph]e ( ,8 manife/ation3 ,8 _s 0 ! sph]e ( ,8 ju/ification4 ,?us mu* seems to be cle>4 ,b :at are we to und]/& by ,8 ju/ification8 ,& h[ did x take place 9 ,8 _s8 ,^! are que/ions to :i* a great v>iety ( answ]s h be5 giv52 & x w\ld be ra% to ass]t ( any "o ( !m t x is s satisfactory z to be conclusive4 ,*ri/'s human nature consi/$1 z ours does1 ( ?ree elem5ts1 body1 s\l1 & _s4 ,! body is ! fle% spok5 ( 9 ! fir/ clause4 ,! s\l 7psy*71 z di/9ct f ! _s 7pneuma71 is ! seat ( ! natural affections & desires4 ,x 0 ,*ri/'s s\l t 0 tr\bl$ at ! ?\ght ( imp5d+ suff]+4 ,my s\l is exce$+ sorr[ful1 ev5 unto dea? 7,matt4 xxvi4 #ch2 ,m>k xiv4 #cd74 ,n[ is ,my s\l tr\bl$2 & :at %all ,i say8 ,fa!r1 save ,me f ?is h\r 7,john xii4 #bg74 ,! _s is ! seat ( ! religi\s emotions3 x is ! highe/1 inn]mo/ "p ( man's nature2 ! sanctu>y ( ! temple4 ,x 0 9 ,8 _s t ,*ri/ 0 affect$ :5 ! pres5ce ( moral evil di/ress$ ,him4 ,he 0 mov$ ) indignation 9 ,8 _s :5 ,he saw ! hypocritical ,jews m+l+ _! s5tim5tal lam5tations ) ! he>tfelt lam5tations ( ,m>?a & ,m>y at ! grave ( ,laz>us 7,john xi4 #cc74 ,x 0 9 ,8 _s also t ,he 0 tr\bl$ :51 z ,judas sat at table ) ,him & possibly next to ,him1#ef ,he said1 ,v]ily1 v]ily1 ,i say unto y1 t "o ( y %all betray ,me 7,john xiii4 #ba74 ,?is spiritual "p ( ,8 nature1 :i* 0 ! sph]e ( ,8 mo/ int5se suff]+1 0 also ! sph]e ( ,8 mo/ int5se joy & satisfaction4 ,z moral evil di/ress$ ,8 _s1 s moral innoc5ce delight$ x4 ,9 a way t none ( u c measure1 ,jesus ,*ri/ knew ! joy ( a good consci5ce4 ,! *all5ge :i* ,he made to ! ,jews1 ,:i* ( y convicte? ,me ( s98 0 "o :i* ,he c\ld make to ,8 own consci5ce4 ,x _h no?+ aga9/ ,him & c\ld nev] accuse ,him4 ,he 0 ju/ifi$ :5 x spake1 & cle> :5 x judg$ 7,rom4 iii4 #d2 ,ps4 li4 #d74 ,p]fect ,man ?\gh ,he 01 & manife/$ 9 weak & suff]+ fle%1 ,he 0 nev]!less ju/ifi$ 9 ! _s4#eg ,se5 ( angels4 ,x is impossible to det]m9e ! precise occasion to :i* ?is ref]s4 ,ev] s9ce ! ,inc>nation ,*ri/ has be5 visible to ! angels2 b some?+ m special ?an ! fact ( ! ,inc>nation seems to be allud$ to "h4 ,! word+ 9 ! ,greek is exactly ! same z 9 ,he appe>$ to ,cephas2 !n to ! twelve2 !n ,he appe>$ to above five hundr$ bre?r5 at once1 ( :om ! great] "p rema9 until n[1 b "s are fall5 asleep2 !n ,he appe>$ to ,james2 !n to all ! ,apo/les2 la/ ( all1 z to "o born out ( due "t1 ,he appe>$ to me also 7#a ,cor4 xv4 #e-h74 ,"h1 !re=e1 we might translate appe>$ to angels4 ,:at appe>ance1 or appe>ances1 ( ! inc>nate ,^w to ! angelic ho/ c be int5d$8 ,! "q _c be answ]$ ) any c]ta9ty2 b ) "s confid5ce we c v5ture to say :at c n be int5d$4 ,appe>$ to angels c sc>cely ref] to ! angelic appe>ances :i* are record$ 9 connexion ) ! ,nativity1 ,temptation1 ,agony1 ,resurrection1 & ,asc5sion ( ,*ri/4 ,on ^? occasions angels appe>$ to ,*ri/ & to o!rs1 n ,he to angels4 ,) /ill great] confid5ce we may reject ! sugge/ion t angels "h means ei!r ! ,apo/les1 z ! angels or mess5g]s ( ,*ri/1 or evil spirits1 z ! angels ( ,satan4 ,x may be d\bt$ :e!r any?+ at all p>allel to ei!r explanation c be f\nd 9 ,scripture4 ,moreov]1 appe>$ to evil spirits is an int]pretation :i* makes ! passage m difficult ?an x 0 be=e4 ,! manife/ation ( ,*ri/ to ! angelic ho/ ei!r at ! ,inc>nation or at ! return to glory is a f> m reasonable mean+ to assign to ! words4 ,! fir/ ?ree clauses ( ?is primitive hymn may ?us be summ$ up4 ,! my/]y ( godl9ess has be5 reveal$ to mank9d1 & reveal$ 9 a hi/orical ,p]son1 ,:o1 :ile manife/$ 9 human fle%1 0 9 ,8 inmo/ _s decl>$ free f all s94 ,& ?is manife/ation ( a p]fectly righte\s ,man 0 n conf9$ to ! human race4 ,! angels also witness$ x & c be> te/imony to its reality4 ,! rema9+ triplet is m simple3 ! mean+ ( ea* "o ( its clauses is cle>4 ,! same ,*ri/1 :o 0 se5 ( angels1 0 also prea*$ among ! nations ( ! e>? & believ$ on 9 ! _w3 yet ,he ,himself 0 tak5 up f ! e>? & receiv$ once m 9 glory4 ,! propagation ( ! fai? 9 an asc5d$ ,*ri/ is "h pla9ly & ev5 en?usia/ically /at$4 ,to all ! nations1 to ! :ole _w1 ?is glorifi$ ,savi\r belongs4 ,all ?is adds emphasis to ! "q h[ m5 ought to behave !mselves 9 ! h\se ( ,god 9 :i* su* tru?s are taught & upheld4 ,x is rem>kable h[ _m arrangem5ts ( ^! six clauses are possible1 all mak+ excell5t s5se4 ,we may make !m into two triplets ( indep5d5t l9es3 or we may c\ple ! two fir/ l9es ( ea* triplet toge!r & !n make ! ?ird l9es correspond to "o ano!r4 ,9 ei!r case ea* gr\p beg9s ) e>? & ends ) heav54 ,or aga91 we may make ! six l9es into ?ree c\plets4 ,9 ! fir/ c\plet fle% & _s are contra/$ & comb9$2 9 ! second1 angels & m52 9 ! ?ird1 e>? & heav54 ,yes1 beyond dispute ! my/]y ( godl9ess is a great "o4 ,! revelation ( ! ,et]nal ,son1 :i* imposes ^u ^? :o accept x a hol9ess ( :i* ,8 s9lessness mu/ be ! model1 is some?+ awful & pr(\nd4 ,b ,he1 ,:o along ) e temptation :i* ,he all[s makes also ! way ( escape1 does n impose a patt]n = imitation )\t at ! same "t grant+ ! grace necess>y = /ruggl+ t[>ds x4 ,to rea* x is impossible--at any rate 9 ?is life4 ,b ! consci\sness t we _c rea* p]fection is no excuse = aim+ at imp]fection4 ,! s9lessness ( ,*ri/ is immeasurably beyond u "h2 & x may be t ev5 9 et]nity ! loss caus$ by our s9s 9 ?is life w nev] be entirely cancell$4 ,b to ^? :o h tak5 up _! cross daily & foll[$ _! ,ma/]1 & :o h wa%$ _! robes & made !m :ite 9 ! blood ( ! ,lamb1 w be grant$ h]eaft] to /& s9less be=e ! ?rone ( ,god & s]ve ,him day & night 9 ,8 temple4 ,hav+ foll[$ ,*ri/ on e>?1 !y w foll[ ,him /ill m 9 heav54 ,hav+ %>$ ,8 suff]+s "h1 !y w %>e ,8 rew>d !re4 ,!y too w be se5 ( angels & receiv$ up 9 glory4 ,,footnotes3 #eb ,to take ! pill> & gr\nd ( ! tru? z mean+ ,timo?y makes s5se1 b n ne>ly su* good s5se3 moreov]1 x is almo/ c]ta9 t if ,/4 ,paul _h meant ?is1 he w\ld h express$ himself diff]5tly4 ,!re is no intol]able mixture ( metaphors 9 speak+ ( ,*ri/ians fir/ z a h\se & !n z a pill>1 any m ?an 9 speak+ ( any "o z bo? a pill> & a basis4 ,9 vi4 #i we h ! covet\s fall+ into a sn>e & hurtful lu/s su* z dr[n m54 #ec #a ,cor4 ii #a1 #g1 xv4 #ea2 ,eph4 i4 #i1 iii4 #c1 #i1 vi4 #ai2 ,col4 i4 #bf1 #bg1 ii4 v4 #c1 comp4 ,rom4 xi4 #be1 & see ,lightfoot on ,col4 i4 #bf4 #ed ,cf4 ,col4 i4 #bg1 :i* ?r[s mu* light on ?is passage2 & also ,col4 ii4 #b4 ,9 "s ,,mss4 & ,v]sions ! ,:o has be5 *ang$ into :i*1 9 ord] to make ! con/ruction less h>%4 #ee ,c>m5 ,*ri/o quasi deo dic]e secum invicem 7,pl941 ,ep4 x4 #ig74 #ef ,/4 ,john recl9$ on our ,"l's "r2 ,judas seems to h be5 on ,8 left4 ,he mu/ h be5 v close to be able to he> )\t ! o!rs he>+4 #eg ,cf4 ! p>tly p>allel passage #a ,pet4 iii4 #ah3 ,put to dea? 9 ! fle%1 b quick5$ 9 ! _s4 ,b fle% & _s h no preposition 9 ! orig9al ,greek 9 #a ,pet4 iii4 #ah3 "h ea* has ! en4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,! ,,comp>ative ,,value ,,( ,,bodily ,,ex]cise ,,& ,,( ,,godl9ess4 ,ex]cise ?yself unto godl9ess3 = bodily ex]cise is pr(itable = a little2 b godl9ess is pr(itable = all ?+s1 hav+ promise ( ! life :i* n[ is1 & ( t :i* is to come--#a ,,tim4 iv4 #g1 #h4 ,x is almo/ impossible to decide :at ,/4 ,paul "h means by bodily ex]cise4 ,n t ei!r ! phrase or ! passage 9 :i* x occurs is ei!r difficult or obscure4 ,b ! phrase may mean ei!r ( two ?+s1 bo? ( :i* make excell5t s5se 9 !mselves1 & bo? ( :i* fit ! context4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ?is *apt] ! ,apo/le w>ns ,timo?y aga9/ apo/ates :o %all give he$ to s$uc+ spirits & doctr9es ( devils 444 =bidd+ to m>ry & comm&+ to ab/a9 f meats4 ,/4 ,paul has 9 8 m9d ^? moral tea*]s :o made bodily mortifications ! road1 n to self-discipl9e1 b to self-effacem5t2 & :o taught t su* ?+s 7 necess>y1 n because our bodies are prone to evil1 b because !y exi/ at all4 ,to h a body1 !y held1 0 a degradation3 & su* a possession 0 a curse1 a burd51 & a %ame4 ,in/ead ( believ+1 z e ,*ri/ian mu/1 t a human body is a v sacr$ ?+1 to be jeal\sly gu>d$ f all t may h>m or pollute x1 ^! philosoph]s held t x 0 worse ?an wor?less1 fit = no?+ b to be trampl$ ^u & abus$4 ,t x may be sanctifi$ "h & be glorifi$ h]eaft]1--t x may be ! temple ( ,god's ,holy ,_s n[ & be admitt$ to %>e ! bless$ness ( ,*ri/'s asc5d$ humanity 9 ! _w to come1--!y c\ld n & w\ld n believe4 ,x mu/ be made to feel its own vil5ess4 ,x mu/ be *eck$1 & ?w>t$1 & torm5t$ into subjection1 until ! bless$ "t %\ld come :5 dea? %\ld release ! unhappy s\l t 0 l9k$ to x f its loa?some & intol]able companion4 ,x _c1 ( c\rse1 = a mom5t be suppos$ t ,/4 ,paul w\ld admit t bodily ex]cise ( ?is suicidal k9d 0 pr(itable ev5 = a little4 ,on ! contr>y1 z we h se5 already1 he condemns ! :ole sy/em 9 ! v /ronge/ t]ms4 ,x is a blasphemy aga9/ ,god's goodness & a libel on human nature4 ,b "s p]sons h ?\ght t ! ,apo/le may be allud+ to practices :i*1 ext]nally at any rate1 _h mu* resemblance to ! practices :i* he s emphatically condemns4 ,he may h 9 8 m9d ^? fa/s1 & vigils1 & o!r =ms ( bodily mortification1 :i* )9 prud5t limits & :5 sanctifi$ by humility & pray]1 are a useful1 if n a necess>y discipl9e = mo/ ( u4 ,& x has be5 ?\ght t ,timo?y himself may h be5 go+ to unwise l5g?s 9 su* ascetic practices3 = 9 ?is v lett] we f9d 8 affectionate ma/] *>g+ him1 ,be no long] a dr9k] ( wat]1 b use a little w9e = ?y /oma*'s sake & ?9e (t5 infirmities4 ,?is !n is "o possible mean+ ( ! ,apo/le's words 9 ! passage be=e u4 ,discipl9e ( ! body by means ( a sev]e rule ( life is pr(itable = some?+3 b x is n ev]y?+4 ,x is n ev5 ! *ief ?+1 or any?+ approa*+ to ! *ief ?+4 ,! *ief ?+ is godl9ess4 ,to ! value ( bodily ex]cise ( ?is k9d !re are limits1 & r n>r[ limits3 x is pr(itable = a little4 ,to ! value ( godl9ess !re are no limits3 x is pr(itable = all ?+s4 ,mortifications ( ! body may pres]ve u f s9s ( ! fle%3 b !y are no c]ta9 protection ev5 aga9/ ^!4 ,!y are no protection at all--sometimes !y are ! v rev]se ( protection--aga9/ s9s ( self-complac5cy & spiritual pride4 ,asceticism may exi/ )\t godl9ess2 & godl9ess may exi/ )\t asceticism4 ,bodily mortifications may be useful2 b !y may also be h>mful to bo? s\l & body4 ,godl9ess mu/ always be useful to bo?2 c nev] be h>mful to ei!r4 ,b x is q possible to und]/& ! expression bodily ex]cise1 9 ! s5se 9 :i* ! phrase is mo/ commonly us$ 9 ord9>y conv]sation among ourselves4 ,9 ! text :i* we are consid]+ x may mean t ex]cise ( ! body :i* we are accu/om$ to take1 "s ( u ( necessity1 because ! "w by :i* we e>n our daily bread involves a great deal ( physical ex]tion2 "s ( u = heal?'s sake1 because our "w involves a great deal ( sitt+ /ill2 "s ( u = pleasure1 because bodily ex]cise ( v>i\s k9ds is delightful to u4 ,?is int]pretation ( ! ,apo/le's /atem5t1 l ! o!r int]pretation1 makes good s5se ( itself & fits ! context4 ,& :]eas t 0 9 h>mony ) ! op5+ words ( ! *apt]1 ?is fits ! imm$iate context4 ,/4 ,paul has j said ,ex]cise ?yself unto godl9ess4 ,9 us+ ! expression ,ex]cise ?yself 7gymnaze seauton7 he 0 ( c\rse borr[+1 z he s con/antly does borr[1 f ! language :i* 0 us$ respect+ gymna/ic conte/s 9 ! public games4 ,! ,*ri/ian is an a?lete1 :o mu/ tra9 himself & ex]cise himself = a lifelong conte/4 ,he has to wre/le & fight ) ! p[]s ( evil1 t he may w9 a cr[n ( glory t fade? n away4 ,h[ natural1 !n1 t ! ,apo/le1 hav+ j spok5 ( spiritual ex]cise = ! atta9m5t ( godl9ess1 %\ld g on to glance at bodily ex]cise1 9 ord] to po9t out ! sup]iority ( ! "o ov] ! o!r4 ,! figurative w\ld easily sugge/ ! lit]al s5se2 & x is !re=e q lawful to take ! words bodily ex]cise 9 _! mo/ lit]al s5se4 ,p]haps we may g fur!r & say1 t ?is is j "o ( ^? cases 9 :i*1 because ! lit]al mean+ makes excell5t s5se1 ! lit]al mean+ is to be pref]r$4 ,let u !n take ,/4 ,paul's words q lit]ally & see :at mean+ !y w yield4 ,bodily ex]cise is pr(itable = a little4 ,x is by no means a useless ?+4 ,9 its prop] place x has a real value4 ,tak5 9 mod]ation x t5ds to pres]ve heal? & increase /r5g?4 ,x may sometimes be ! means ( ga9+ = ourselves & = ! circle to :i* we belong praise & di/9ction4 ,x makes u m capable ( aid+ ourselves & o!rs 9 times ( physical dang]4 ,x may ev5 be ! means ( enabl+ u to save life4 ,by tak+ u out ( ourselves & turn+ our ?\ghts into new *annels1 x is an in/rum5t ( m5tal refre%m5t1 & enables u to return to ! ma9 bus9ess ( our lives ) increas$ intellectual vig\r4 ,& beyond all ?is1 if kept )9 b\nds1 x has a real moral value4 ,x sometimes keeps u out ( mis*ief by giv+ u innoc5t in/ead ( h>mful recreation4 ,& bodily tra9+ & practice1 if loyally c>ri$ out1 involve moral ga9s ( ano!r k9d4 ,dang]\s appetites h to be kept 9 *eck1 p]sonal wi%es h to be sacrific$1 good temp] has to be cultivat$1 if success is to be secur$ = ourselves or ! side to :i* we belong4 ,all ?is is pr(itable 9 a v real degree4 ,b ! limits to all ^! good results are evid5t2 & !y are some:at n>r[4 ,!y are conf9$ to ?is life1 & = ! mo/ "p to ! l[] side ( x2 & !y are by no means c]ta94 ,only indirectly does bodily ex]cise yield help to ! intellectual & spiritual p>ts ( our nature2 & z reg>ds bo? ( !m x may easily d m h>m ?an good4 ,l excessive meat & dr9k1 x may brutalize in/ead ( invigorat+4 ,h we n all ( u se5 m5 ^: extravagant devotion to bodily ex]cise has ext+ui%$ almo/ all intellectual int]e/s1 & app>5tly all spiritual int]e/s also8 ,b !re are no su* drawbacks to ! ex]cise ( godl9ess4 ,godl9ess is pr(itable = all ?+s1 hav+ promise n only ( ! life :i* n[ is1 b ( t :i* is to come4 ,its value is n conf9$ to ! ?+s ( ?is _w1 al?\gh x enri*es & glorifies !m all4 ,&1 unlike bodily ex]cise1 its good results are c]ta94 ,!re is no possibility ( excess4 ,we may be unwise 9 our pursuit ( godl9ess1 z 9 our pursuit ( bodily /r5g? & activity2 b we _c h too mu* ex]cise 9 godl9ess1 z we easily c 9 a?letics4 ,inde$1 we _c ) any safety lay aside ! "o1 z we n only c1 b mu/1 frequ5tly lay aside ! o!r4 ,& we ne$ to be> ?is simple tru? 9 m9d4 ,mo/ ( u are will+ to admit t godl9ess is an excell5t ?+ = atta9+ to a peaceful dea?2 b we %[ little evid5ce t we are conv9c$ ( its be+ necess>y = sp5d+ a happy life4 ,we look ^u x z a v suitable ?+ = ! weak1 ! poor1 ! sickly1 ! sorr[ful1 & p]haps also = s5tim5tal p]sons :o h pl5ty ( leisure "t at _! disposal4 ,we fail to see t !re is mu* ne$ = x1 or inde$ mu* room = x1 9 ! lives ( busy1 capable1 en]getic1 & practical m5 ( ! _w4 ,9 o!r words1 we are n at all conv9c$ ( ! tru? ( ! ,apo/le's words1 t ,godl9ess is pr(itable = all ?+s1 & we d n act z if !y _h v mu* int]e/ = u4 ,!y express a tru? :i* is only too likely to be cr[d$ out ( sight & out ( m9d 9 ?is bu/l+ age4 ,let u be z practical z our dispositions lead u & our surr\nd+s require u to be2 b let u n =get t godl9ess is really ! mo/ practical ( all ?+s4 ,x lays hold on a man's :ole nature4 ,x purifies 8 body1 x illum9es & sanctifies 8 intellect2 x braces 8 w4 ,x p5etrates into e dep>tm5t ( life1 :e!r bus9ess or amusem5t1 social int]c\rse or private m$itation4 ,ask ! physicians1 ask employ]s ( lab\r1 ask tea*]s 9 s*ools & univ]sities1 ask /atesm5 & philosoph]s1 :at _! exp]i5ce tea*es !m respect+ ! av]age m]its ( ! virtu\s & ! vici\s4 ,!y w tell y t ! godly p]son has ! heal?ie/ body1 is ! mo/ fai?ful s]vant1 ! mo/ pa9/ak+ /ud5t1 ! be/ citiz51 ! happie/ man4 ,a man :o is =m$1 re=m$1 & in=m$ by religion w d f> m effectual "w 9 ! _w ?an ! same man )\t religion4 ,he works ) less friction1 because 8 c>e is ca/ ^u 8 heav5ly ,fa!r2 & ) m confid5ce1 because 8 tru/ is plac$ on ,"o mu* m sure ?an himself4 ,moreov]1 9 ! long run he is tru/$ & respect$4 ,ev5 ^? :o n only abjure religion 9 !mselves1 b ridicule x 9 o!rs1 _c get rid ( _! own exp]i5ce4 ,!y f9d t ! godly man c be dep5d$ ^u1 :]e ! m]ely clev] man _c2 & !y act 9 accordance ) ?is exp]i5ce4 ,nor does ! pr(itabl5ess ( godl9ess end ) ! possession ( bless+s s ine/imable z ^!4 ,x holds out ri* promises respect+ future happ9ess1 & x gives an e>ne/ & gu>antee = x4 ,x gives a man ! bless+ ( a good consci5ce1 :i* is "o ( our *ief =eta/es ( ! bless$ness :i* awaits u 9 ! _w to come4 ,let u once = all get rid ( ! common1 b false notion t !re is any?+ unpractical1 any?+ weak or unmanly1 9 ! life ( hol9ess to :i* ,*ri/ has call$ u1 & ( :i* ,he has giv5 u an example3 & by ! lives :i* we lead let u prove to o!rs t ?is vulg> notion is a false "o4 ,no?+ has done m h>m to ! cause ( ,*ri/ianity ?an ! misconceptions :i* ! _w has =m$ z to :at ,*ri/ianity is & :at x involves4 ,& ^! misconceptions are l>gely caus$ by ! unwor?y lives :i* pr(ess+ ,*ri/ians lead4 ,& ?is unwor?9ess is ( two k9ds4 ,!re is fir/ ! utt] worldl9ess1 & (t5 ! d[nright wick$ness1 ( _m :o are n only baptiz$ ,*ri/ians1 b :o habitually keep up "s ( ! ext]nal m>ks ( an ord9>y ,*ri/ian life1 su* z go+ to *ur*1 hav+ family pray]s1 att5d+ religi\s meet+s1 & ! l4 ,& p]haps ! wor/ =m ( ?is is t 9 :i* religion is made a trade1 & an appe>ance ( godl9ess is assum$ 9 ord] to make money out ( a reputation = sanctity4 ,secondly1 !re is ! s]i\sly mi/ak5 way 9 :i* _m e>ne/ p]sons set to "w 9 ord] to atta9 to true godl9ess4 ,by _! own c\rse ( life !y lead p to suppose t a religi\s life1 ! life ( an e>ne/ ,*ri/ian1 is a dismal ?+ & an unpractical ?+4 ,!y we> a depress$ & joyless look2 !y n only ab/a9 f1 b leave x to be suppos$ t !y condemn1 _m ?+s :i* give ze/ & brightness to life1 & :i* ! ,gospel does n condemn4 ,9 _! eag]ness to %[ _! conviction z to ! transc5d5t importance ( spiritual matt]s1 !y exhibit a c>elessness & slov5l9ess 9 ref]5ce to ! affairs ( ?is life1 :i* is exce$+ly try+ to all ^? :o h to "w ) !m4 ,?us !y /& =w>d be=e ! _w z conspicu\s evid5ce t godl9ess is n pr(itable = all ?+s4 ,! _w is only too ready to take note ( evid5ce :i* po9ts to a conclusion s 9 h>mony ) its own pr$ilections4 ,x is1 & has be5 f ! beg9n+1 prejudic$ aga9/ religion2 & its adh]5ts are quick to seize ^u1 & make ! mo/ (1 any?+ :i* appe>s to ju/ify ^! prejudices4 ,9 a _w su* z ?is1 !y say1 s full ( c>e & suff]+1 we _c af=d to "p ) any?+ :i* gives brightness & refre%m5t to life4 ,a religion :i* tells u to abjure all ^! ?+s1 & live p]petually z if we 7 at ! po9t ( dea? or face to face ) ! ,day ( ,judgm5t1 may be all v well = monks & nuns1 b is no religion = ! mass ( mank9d4 ,moreov]1 ?is is a busy age4 ,mo/ ( u h mu* to d2 &1 if we are to live at all1 :at we h to d mu/ be done quickly & ?or\ghly4 ,t means t we mu/ give our m9ds to x2 & a religion :i* tells u t we mu/ n give our m9ds to our bus9ess1 b to o!r ?+s :i* x says are ( f> great] importance1 is no religion = p :o h to make _! way 9 ! _w & keep !mselves & _! *ildr5 f p5ury4 ,we flatly refuse to accept a gospel :i* is s manife/ly out ( h>mony ) ! conditions ( av]age human life4 ,?is *>ge aga9/ ,*ri/ianity is a v old "o3 we f9d x tak5 up & answ]$ 9 "s ( ! e>lie/ def5ces ( ! gospel :i* h come d[n to u4 ,! unhappy ?+ is1 n t su* *>ges %\ld be made1 b t ! lives ( ,*ri/ian m5 & wom5 %\ld prove t !re is at lea/ a prim facie case = br++ su* accusations4 ,! e>ly ,*ri/ians _h to confront ! *>ge t !y 7 joyless1 useless memb]s ( society & unpatriotic citiz5s4 ,!y ma9ta9$ t1 on ! contr>y1 !y 7 ! happie/ & mo/ cont5t$ ( m51 devot$ to ! well-be+ ( o!rs1 & ready to die = _! c\ntry4 ,!y kept alo( f _m ?+s 9 :i* ! hea!n indulg$1 n because !y 7 pleasures1 b because !y 7 s9ful4 ,& !re 7 c]ta9 s]vices :i* !y c\ld n1 )\t griev\s s91 r5d] to ! ,/ate4 ,9 all lawful matt]s no m5 7 m ready ?an !y 7 to be loyal & law-abid+ citiz5s4 ,9 ?is1 z 9 any o!r matt] ( moral conduct1 !y 7 q will+ to be comp>$ ) _! accus]s or any o!r class ( m54 ,on :i* side 7 to be f\nd ^? :o 7 bright & peaceful 9 _! lives1 :o *]i%$ _! k9dr$1 :o took c>e ( ! /rang]1 :o succ\r$ _! enemies1 :o %rank n f dea?8 ,a practical appeal ( ?is k9d is f\nd to be 9 ! long run f> m tell+ ?an exposition & argum5t4 ,x may be impossible to get m5 to li/5 to1 or take int]e/ 91 /atem5ts z to ! pr9ciples & requirem5ts ( ! ,*ri/ian religion4 ,y may fail to conv9ce !m t its precepts & dem&s are nei!r sup]/iti\s nor unreasonable4 ,b y c always %[ !m :at a life ( godl9ess really is2--t x is full ( joy\sness1 & t its joys are nei!r fitful nor unc]ta92 t x is no foe to :at is bright & beautiful1 & is nei!r morose 9 itself nor apt to fr[n at ligh!>t$ness 9 o!rs2 t x does n int]f]e ) ! mo/ /r5u\s att5tion to bus9ess & ! mo/ capable despat* ( x4 ,m5 refuse to li/5 to or to be mov$ by words2 b !y _c help notic+ & be+ influ5c$ by facts :i* are all r\nd !m 9 _! daily lives4 ,s f> z man c judge1 ! numb] ( vici\s1 mean1 & unwor?y lives is f> 9 excess ( ^? :i* are pure & l(ty4 ,ea* "o ( u c d some?+ t[>ds ?r[+ ! balance ! o!r way4 ,we c prove to all ! _w t godl9ess is n an unreality1 & does n make ^? :o /rive aft] x unreal2 t x is ho/ile nei!r to joy\sness nor to capable activity2 t1 on ! contr>y1 x enhances ! brightness ( all t is really beautiful 9 life1 :ile x raises to a high] p[] all natural gifts & abilities2 t ! ,apo/le 0 say+ no m ?an ! simple tru? :5 he decl>$ t x is pr(itable = all ?+s4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,! ,,pa/or',s ,,behavi\r ,,t[>ds ,,wom54--,,! ,,*ur* ,,wid[4 ,hon\r wid[s t are wid[s inde$4 ,b if any wid[ ha? *ildr5 or gr&*ildr51 let !m le>n fir/ to %ew piety t[>ds _! own family1 & to requite _! p>5ts3 = ?is is acceptable 9 ! sight ( ,god4444 ,let none be enroll$ z a wid[ "u ?reescore ye>s old1 hav+ be5 ! wife ( "o man1 well report$ ( = good works--#a ,,tim4 v4 #c1 #d1 #i4 ,! subject ( ?is fif? *apt] is ,! ,behavi\r ( ! ,pa/or t[>ds ! old] & y\ng] m5 & wom5 9 ! congregation4 ,"s h ?\ght t x =ms ! ma9 portion ( ! lett]1 to :i* all ! re/ is m or less introductory or supplem5t>y4 ,b ! /ructure ( ! lett] _c easily be br\ght into h>mony ) ?is view4 ,x seems to be mu* ne>] ! tru? to say t ! unprem$itat$ way 9 :i* ?is subject is introduc$1 _c well be expla9$ unless we assume t we are read+ a g5u9e lett]1 & n a =g$ treatise4 ,! connexion ( ! diff]5t subjects t\*$ ^u is loose & n always v obvi\s4 ,po9ts are m5tion$ 9 ! ord] 9 :i* !y occur to ! writ]'s m9d )\t c>eful arrangem5t4 ,aft] ! p]sonal exhortations giv5 at ! close ( ,*apt] iv41 :i* h a solemnity t might lead "o to suppose t ! ,apo/le 0 ab\t to br+ 8 words to a close1 he makes a fre% />t & treats ( an entirely new subject :i* has occurr$ to him4 ,x is n difficult to guess :at has sugge/$ ! new subject4 ,! p]sonal exhortations ) :i* ! previ\s section ends conta9 ^! words1 ,let no man despise ?y y\?2 b be ?\ an ensample to !m t believe1 9 ^w1 9 mann] ( life1 9 love1 9 fai?1 9 purity4 ,timo?y is n to all[ ! fact t he is y\ng] ?an _m ( ^? ov] :om he is set to int]f]e ) ! prop] dis*>ge ( 8 duties4 ,he is to give no "o a h&le = *>g+ him ) want ( gravity or propriety4 ,sobriety ( conduct is to c\nt]balance any app>5t lack ( exp]i5ce4 ,b ,/4 ,paul rememb]s t !re is ano!r side to t4 ,al?\gh ,timo?y is to behave 9 su* a way z nev] to rem9d 8 flock ( 8 comp>ative y\?fulness1 yet he himself is always to be> 9 m9d t he is /ill a "y man4 ,?is is specially to be rememb]$ 9 deal+ ) p]sons ( ei!r sex :o are old] ?an himself1 & 9 8 be>+ t[>ds "y wom54 ,/4 ,paul beg9s ) ! treatm5t ( old] m5 & returns to ?is po9t aga9 lat] on4 ,betwe5 ^! two passages ab\t m5 he gives directions = ,timo?y's guidance respect+ ! wom5 9 8 flock1 & specially respect+ wid[s4 ,?is subject occupies m ?an half ! *apt] & is ( v great int]e/1 z be+ our *ief s\rce ( in=mation respect+ ! treatm5t ( wid[s 9 ! e>ly ,*ur*4 ,comm5tators are by no means unanim\s 9 _! int]pretation ( ! details ( ! passage1 b x is believ$ t ! explanation :i* is n[ (f]$ is 9 h>mony ) ! orig9al ,greek1 consi/5t ) itself1 & n contradict$ by any?+ :i* is kn[n f o!r s\rces4 ,x is q evid5t t m ?an "o k9d ( wid[ is spok5 (3 & "o ( ! que/ions :i* ! passage raises is--,h[ _m classes ( wid[s are indicat$8 ,we c di/+ui% f\r k9ds2 & x seems probable t ! ,apo/le means to give u f\r k9ds4 #a4 ,!re is ! wid[ inde$ 7h onts *ra74 ,h] *>act]i/ic is t %e is desolate1 i4e41 q alone 9 ! _w4 ,%e has n only lo/ h] husb&1 b %e has nei!r *ildr5 nor any o!r ne> relation to m9i/] to h] necessities4 ,h] hope is set on ,god1 to ,:om h] pray]s asc5d night & day4 ,%e is contra/$ ) two o!r classes ( wid[1 bo? ( :om are 9 worldly position bett] (f ?an %e is1 = !y are n desolate or de/itute2 yet "o ( ^! is f> m mis]able ?an ! wid[ inde$1 because ! mann] ( life :i* %e adopts is s unwor?y ( h]4 #b4 ,!re is ! wid[ :o ha? *ildr5 or gr&*ildr54 ,natural affection w cause ^! to take c>e t _! wid[$ p>5t does n come to want4 ,if x does n1 !n !y mu/ le>n t to %[ piety t[>ds _! own family & to requite _! p>5ts is a p>am\nt duty1 & t ! congregation mu/ n be burd5$ ) ! ma9t5ance ( _! "m until !y h fir/ done all !y c = h]4 ,to ignore ?is pla9 duty is to d5y ! fir/ pr9ciples ( ,*ri/ianity1 :i* is ! ,gospel ( love & duty1 & to fall bel[ ! level ( ! unbeliev]s1 mo/ ( :om recogniz$ ! duty ( provid+ = helpless p>5ts4 ,no?+ is said ( ! "* ( ! wid[ :o has *ildr5 or gr&*ildr5 to support h]2 b1 l ! wid[ inde$1 %e is contra/$ ) ! ?ird class ( wid[1 & !re=e we inf] t h] "* is free f reproa*4 #c4 ,!re is ! wid[ :o give? h]self to pleasure4 ,in/ead ( cont9u+ 9 pray]s & supplications night & day1 %e cont9ues 9 frivolity & luxury1 or worse4 ,( h]1 z ( ! ,*ur* ( ,s>dis1 x may be said1 ,?\ ha/ a "n t ?\ live/1 & ?\ art dead 7,rev4 iii4 #a74 #d4 ,!re is ! enroll$ wid[2 i4e41 "o ^: "n has be5 ent]$ on ! ,*ur* rolls z su*4 ,%e is a wid[ inde$ & some?+ m4 ,%e is n only a p]son :o ne$s & des]ves ! support ( ! congregation1 b has special rights & duties4 ,%e holds an (fice1 & has a function to dis*>ge4 ,%e is a wid[1 n m]ely z hav+ lo/ h] husb&1 b z hav+ be5 admitt$ to ! company ( ^? b]eav$ wom5 :om ! ,*ur* has entru/$ ) a def9ite portion ( ,*ur* "w4 ,?is be+ s1 some?+ m mu/ be look$ to ?an ! m]e fact ( h] be+ alone 9 ! _w4 ,%e mu/ be sixty ye>s ( age1 mu/ h _h only "o husb&1 h _h exp]i5ce 9 ! br++ up ( *ildr51 & be well kn[n z devot$ to good works4 ,if %e has ^! qualifications1 %e may be enroll$ z a ,*ur* wid[2 b x does n foll[ t because %e has !m %e w be appo9t$4 ,! "w to :i* ^! eld]ly wom5 _h to devote !mselves 0 tw(old3 7#a7 ,pray]1 especially int]cession = ^? 9 tr\ble2 7#b7 ,works ( m]cy1 especially m9i/]+ to ! sick1 guid+ y\ng] ,*ri/ian wom5 9 lives ( hol9ess1 & w9n+ ov] hea!n wom5 to ! fai?4 ,^! facts we le>n f ! frequ5t regulations respect+ wid[s dur+ ! second1 ?ird1 & f\r?1 c5turies4 ,x 0 app>5tly dur+ ! second c5tury t ! ord] ( wid[s fl\ri%$ mo/4 ,?is primitive ord] ( ,*ur* wid[s mu/ be di/+ui%$ f ! equally primitive ord] ( deaconesses1 & f a lat] ord] ( wid[s1 :i* grew up side by side ) ! e>li] ord]1 & cont9u$ long aft] ! e>li] ord] _h ceas$ to exi/4 ,b x w\ld be contr>y to all probability1 & to all t we "k ab\t ,*ur* (fices 9 ! ,apo/olic & sub-,apo/olic age1 to suppose t ! di/9ctions betwe5 diff]5t ord]s ( wom5 7 z m>k$ 9 ! e>lie/ p]iods z !y aft]w>ds became1 or t !y 7 precisely ! same 9 all bran*es ( ! ,*ur*4 ,x has be5 sometimes ma9ta9$ t ! ,*ur* wid[ treat$ ( 9 ! passage be=e u is id5tical ) ! deaconess4 ,! evid5ce t ! two ord]s 7 di/9ct is s /rong z almo/ to am\nt to demon/ration4 #a4 ,x is q possible t ?is v ,epi/le supplies en\gh evid5ce to make ! id5tification v improbable4 ,if ! wom5 m5tion$ 9 ! section ab\t deacons 7iii4 #aa7 are deaconesses1 !n ! qualifications = ?is (fice are q diff]5t f ! qualifications = t ( a wid[1 & are treat$ ( 9 q diff]5t sections ( ! lett]4 ,b ev5 if deaconesses are n treat$ ( at all 9 t passage1 ! limit ( age seems q out ( place1 if !y are id5tical ) ! wid[s4#eh ,9 ! case ( ! wid[s x 0 important to enrol = ?is special ,*ur* "w none :o 7 likely to wi% to m>ry aga94 ,& z _! duties consi/$ 9 a l>ge measure 9 pray]1 advanc$ age 0 no imp$im5t1 b r ! contr>y4 ,b ! "w ( ! deaconess 0 = ! mo/ "p active "w1 & x w\ld be unreasonable to admit no "o to ! (fice until ! be/ "p ( h] work+ life 0 q ov]4 #b4 ,! diff]5ce 9 ! "w assign$ to !m po9ts 9 ! same direction4 ,z already /at$1 ! special "w ( ! wid[ 0 int]cessory pray] & m9i/]+ to ! sick4 ,! special "w ( ! deaconess 0 gu>d+ ! wom5's door 9 ! *ur*es1 seat+ ! wom5 9 ! congregation1 & att5d+ wom5 at baptisms4#ei ,baptism be+ usually adm9i/]$ by imm]sion1 & adult baptism be+ v frequ5t1 !re 0 mu* ne$ ( female att5dants4 #c4 ,at h] appo9tm5t ! deaconess receiv$ ! imposition ( h&s1 ! wid[ did n4 ,! =m ( pray] = ! ord9ation ( a deaconess is giv5 9 ! ,apo/olical ,con/itutions 7viii4 #ai1 #bj71 & is wor?y ( quotation4 ,conc]n+ a deaconess1 ,i ,b>?olomew make ?is con/itution3 ,o ,bi%op1 ?\ %alt lay ?y h&s ^u h] 9 ! pres5ce ( ! presbyt]y & ( ! deacons & deaconesses1 & %alt say2 ,o ,et]nal ,god1 ! ,fa!r ( our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/1 ! ,creator ( man & ( woman2 ,:o did/ repl5i% ) ! ,_s ,miriam1 ,deborah1 ,anna1 & ,huldah2 ,:o did/ n disda9 t ,?y ,only begott5 ,son %\ld be born ( a woman2 ,:o also 9 ! tab]nacle ( ! te/imony & 9 ! temple did/ orda9 wom5 to be keep]s ( ,?y holy gates2--look d[n n[ also ^u ?is ,?y s]vant1 :o is to be orda9$ to ! (fice ( a deaconess4 ,grant h] ,?y ,holy ,_s & cleanse h] f all defilem5t ( fle% & _s1#fj t %e may wor?ily dis*>ge ! "w :i* is committ$ to h]1 to ,?y glory & ! praise ( ,?y ,*ri/1 ) ,:om be glory & adoration to ,!e & to ! ,holy ,_s = ev] & ev]4 ,am54 ,no?+ ( ! k9d is f\nd = ! appo9tm5t ( a ,*ur* wid[4 #d4 ,x is q 9 h>mony ) ! fact t ! deaconesses 7 orda9$1 :ile ! wid[s 7 n1 t ! wid[s are plac$ "u ! deaconesses4 ,! wid[s ought to be grave1 ob$i5t to _! bi%ops1 _! presbyt]s1 & _! deacons2 & besides ^! to ! deaconesses1 ) piety1 rev]5ce1 & fe>4#fa #e4 ,! deaconess might be ei!r an unm>ri$ woman or a wid[1 & app>5tly ! =m] 0 pref]r$4 ,let ! deaconess be a pure virg92 or at lea/ a wid[ :o has be5 b once m>ri$4#fb ,b1 al?\gh su* ?+s did occur1 ,t]tullian prote/s t x is a mon/r\s irregul>ity to admit an unm>ri$ woman to ! ord] ( wid[s4#fc ,n[1 if wid[s & deaconesses 7 id5tical1 unm>ri$ wid[s w\ld h be5 q common1 = unm>ri$ deaconesses 7 q common4 ,yet he speaks ( ! "o case ( a virg9 wid[ :i* _h come "u 8 notice z a m>vel1 & a mon/rosity1 & a contradiction 9 t]ms4 ,x is true t ,ignatius 9 8 lett] to ! ,*ur* ( ,smyrna uses language :i* has be5 ?\ght to support ! id5tification3 ,i salute ! h\seholds ( my bre?r5 ) _! wives & *ildr51 & ! virg9s :o are call$ wid[s4#fd ,b x is incr$ible t at ,smyrna all ! ,*ur* wid[s 7 unm>ri$2 & x is equally improbable t ,ignatius %\ld s5d a salutation to ! unm>ri$ wid[s 7if su* !re 771 & ignore ! re/4 ,8 language1 h[ev]1 may be q easily expla9$ )\t any su* /range hypo!sis4 ,he may mean ,i salute ^? :o are call$ wid[s1 b :om "o might really reg>d z virg9s4 ,& 9 support ( ?is int]pretation ,bi%op ,lightfoot quotes ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 :o says t ! cont95t man1 l ! cont95t wid[1 becomes aga9 a virg92 & ,t]tullian1 :o speaks ( cont95t wid[s z be+ 9 ,god's sight maid5s 7,deo sunt puellae71 & z = a second "t virg9s4#fe ,b1 :atev] ,ignatius may h meant by ! virg9s :o are call$ wid[s1 we may safely conclude t nei!r 9 8 "t1 any m ?an t ( ,/4 ,paul1 7 ! wid[s id5tical ) ! deaconesses4 ,! lat] ord] ( wid[s1 :i* grew up side by side ) ! ,apo/olic ord]1 & 9 ! end supplant$1 or at any rate surviv$1 ! old] ord]1 came into exi/5ce ab\t ! ?ird c5tury4 ,x consi/$ ( p]sons :o _h lo/ _! husb&s & made a v[ nev] to m>ry aga94 ,f ! middle ( ! second c5tury or a little lat] we f9d a /rong feel+ aga9/ second m>riages spr++ up1 & ?is feel+ 0 v possibly int5sifi$ :5 ! ,gospel came 9 contact ) ! ,g]man tribes1 among :om ! feel+ already exi/$ indep5d5tly ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,9 ?is new ord] ( wid[s :o _h tak5 ! v[ ( cont95ce !re 0 no re/riction ( age1 nor 0 x necess>y t !y %\ld be p]sons 9 ne$ ( ! alms ( ! congregation4 ,9 ! ,apo/olic ord] ! fundam5tal idea seems to h be5 t de/itute wid[s ought to be support$ by ! ,*ur*1 & t 9 return = ?is1 ^? ( !m :o 7 qualifi$ %\ld d "s special ,*ur* "w4 ,9 ! lat] ord] ! fundam5tal idea 0 t x 0 a good ?+ = a wid[ to rema9 unm>ri$1 & t a v[ to d s w\ld help h] to p]sev]e4 ,9 comm&+ ,timo?y to hon\r wid[s t are wid[s inde$ ! ,apo/le /ates a pr9ciple :i* has _h a wide & p]man5t influ5ce n only on ecclesia/ical discipl9e b ^u ,european legislation4 ,speak+ ( ! gr[? ( ! mod]n idea ( a w1 by :i* a man c regulate ! desc5t ( 8 prop]ty inside & outside 8 family1 ,sir ,h5ry ,ma9e rem>ks1 t ! ex]cise ( ! ,te/am5t>y p[] 0 seldom all[$ to int]f]e ) ! "r ( ! wid[ to a def9ite %>e1 & ( ! *ildr5 to c]ta9 fix$ proportions1 ( ! devolv+ inh]itance4 ,! %>es ( ! *ildr51 z _! am\nt %[s1 7 det]m9$ by ! au?ority ( ,roman law4 ,! provision = ! wid[ 0 attributable to ! ex]tions ( ! ,*ur*1 :i* nev] relax$ its solicitude = ! int]e/ ( wives surviv+ _! husb&s--w9n+1 p]haps1 "o ( ! mo/ ardu\s ( its triumphs :51 aft] exact+ = two or ?ree c5turies an express promise f ! husb& at m>riage to end[ 8 wife1 x at l5g? succe$$ 9 engraft+ ! pr9ciple ( ,d[] on ! ,cu/om>y ,law ( all ,we/]n ,europe4#ff ,?is is "o ( ! num]\s in/ances 9 :i* ! ,gospel1 by insi/+ ^u ! importance ( "s humane pr9ciple1 has contribut$ to ! progress & security ( ! be/ elem5ts 9 civilization4 ,n only ! humanity1 b ! tact & common s5se ( ! ,apo/le is conspicu\s ?r\gh\t ! :ole passage1 :e!r we reg>d ! g5]al directions respect+ ! be>+ ( ! "y pa/or t[>ds ! diff]5t sections ( 8 flock1 old & "y1 male & female1 or ! special rules respect+ wid[s4 ,! sum & sub/ance ( x appe>s to be t ! pa/or is to h abundance ( zeal & to enc\rage x 9 o!rs1 b he is to take great c>e t1 nei!r 9 himself nor 9 ^? :om he has to guide1 zeal outruns discretion4 ,well-des]v$ rebukes may d f> m h>m ?an good1 if !y are adm9i/]$ )\t respect to ! position ( ^? :o ne$ !m4 ,& 9 all 8 m9i/rations ! spiritual ov]se] mu/ bew>e ( giv+ a h&le to damag+ criticism4 ,he mu/ n let 8 good be evil spok5 (4 ,s also ) reg>d to ! wid[s4 ,no h>d & fa/ rule c be safely laid d[n4 ,almo/ ev]y?+ dep5ds ^u circum/ances4 ,on ! :ole1 ! case ( wid[s is analog\s to t ( unm>ri$ wom54 ,= ^? :o h /r5g? to =ego ! m>ri$ /ate1 9 ord] to devote m "t & en]gy to ! direct s]vice ( ,god1 x is bett] to rema9 unm>ri$1 if s+le1 & if wid[s1 n to m>ry aga94 ,b !re is no peculi> bless$ness 9 ! unm>ri$ /ate1 if ! motive = avoid+ matrimony is a selfi% "o1 e4g41 to avoid dome/ic c>es & duties & h leisure = p]sonal enjoym5t4 ,among y\ng] wom5 ! high] motive is less likely to be pres5t1 or at any rate to be p]man5t4 ,!y are s likely soon] or lat] to desire to m>ry1 t x w be wise/ n to disc\rage !m to d s4 ,on ! contr>y1 let x be reg>d$ z ! normal ?+ t a "y woman %\ld m>ry1 & t a "y wid[ %\ld m>ry aga94 ,x is n ! be/ ?+ = !m1 b x is ! safe/4 ,al?\gh ! highe/ "w = ,*ri/ c be/ be done by ^? :o by rema9+ s+le h kept _! dome/ic ties at a m9imum1 yet "y wom5 are m likely to d useful "w 9 society1 & are less likely to come to h>m1 if !y m>ry & h *ildr54 ,( old] wom5 ?is is n true4 ,age itself is a consid]able gu>antee3 & a woman ( sixty1 :o is will+ to give su* a pl$ge1 may be enc\rag$ to ent] ^u a life ( p]petual wid[hood4 ,b !re mu/ be o!r qualifications z well1 if %e wi%es to be enroll$ among ^?1 :o n only are entitl$ by _! de/itute condition to receive ma9t5ance f ! ,*ur*1 b by reason ( _! fitness are commission$ to und]take ,*ur* "w4 ,& ^! qualifications mu/ be c>efully inve/igat$4 ,x w\ld be f> bett] to reject "s1 :o might aft] all h be5 useful1 ?an to run ! risk ( admitt+ any :o w\ld exhibit ! sc&al ( hav+ be5 support$ by ! ,*ur* & specially devot$ to ,*ri/ian works ( m]cy1 & ( hav+ aft] all return$ to society z m>ri$ wom5 ) ord9>y pleasures & c>es4 ,"o object ?r\gh\t ^! directions is ! economy ( ,*ri/ian res\rces4 ,! ,*ur* accepts ! duty :i* x inculcates ( provid+ = its own4 ,b x ought n to be burd5$ ) ! support ( any b ^? :o are really de/itute4 ,! ne> relations ( necessit\s p]sons mu/ be taught to leave ! ,*ur* free to relieve ^? :o h no ne> relations to support !m4 ,secondly1 s f> z is possible1 ^? :o are reliev$ by ! alms ( ! congregation mu/ be enc\rag$ to make "s return 9 und]tak+ ,*ur* "w t is suitable to !m4 ,/4 ,paul has no idea ( paup]iz+ p4 ,s long z !y c1 !y mu/ ma9ta9 !mselves4 ,:5 !y h ceas$ to be able to d ?is1 !y mu/ be support$ by _! *ildr5 or gr&*ildr54 ,if !y h no "o to help !m1 ! ,*ur* mu/ und]take _! support2 b bo? = _! sake z well z = ! int]e/s ( ! community1 x mu/1 if possible1 make ! support grant$ to be a return = "w done r ?an m]e alms4 ,wid[hood mu/ n be made a plea = be+ ma9ta9$ 9 h>mful idl5ess4 ,b ! po9t :i* ! ,apo/le insi/s on mo/ emphatically1 /at+ x 9 diff]5t ways no less ?an ?ree times 9 ?is %ort section 7vv4 #d1 #h1 #af7 is ?is1--t wid[s z a rule ought to be support$ by _! own relations2 only 9 exceptional cases1 :]e !re are no relations :o c help1 ought ! ,*ur* to h to und]take ?is duty4 ,we h "h a w>n+ aga9/ ! mi/ake s (t5 made at ! pres5t day ( free+ p f _! responsibilities by und]tak+ = !m 9 mi/ak5 *>ity ! duties :i* !y ought to dis*>ge1 & are capable ( dis*>g+1 !mselves4 ,we may1 !re=e1 sum up ! pr9ciples laid d[n ?us3-- ,discretion & tact are ne$$ 9 deal+ ) ! diff]5t sections ( ! congregation1 & especially 9 reliev+ ! wid[s4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 n to enc\rage ei!r a rig\r n likely to be ma9ta9$1 or opportunities ( idl5ess c]ta9 to lead to mis*ief4 ,help is to be g5]\sly af=d$ to ! de/itute2 b ! res\rces ( ! ,*ur* mu/ be jeal\sly gu>d$4 ,!y mu/ n be wa/$ on ! unwor?y1 or on ^? :o h o!r means ( help4 ,&1 s f> z possible1 ! indep5d5ce ( ^? :o are reliev$ mu/ be protect$ by employ+ !m 9 ! s]vice ( ! ,*ur*4 ,9 conclusion x may be wor? :ile to po9t out t ?is m5tion ( an ord] ( wid[s is no argum5t aga9/ ! ,paul9e au?or%ip ( ^! ,epi/les1 z if no su* ?+ exi/$ 9 8 "t4 ,9 ,acts vi4 #a ! wid[s appe> z a di/9ct body 9 ! ,*ur* at ,j]usalem4 ,9 ,acts ix4 #ci1 #da1 !y appe> almo/ z an ord] 9 ! ,*ur* at ,joppa4 ,!y %[ ! coats & g>m5ts :i* ,dorcas made 9 a way :i* seems to imply t x 0 _! bus9ess to di/ribute su* ?+s among ! ne$y4 ,ev5 if x means no m ?an t ,dorcas made !m = ! relief ( ! wid[s !mselves1 /ill ! /ep f a body ( wid[s set ap>t = ! reception ( alms to an ord] ( wid[s set ap>t = ! duty ( int]cessory pray] & m9i/]+ to ! sick is n a long "o1 & may easily h be5 made 9 ,/4 ,paul's lifetime4 ,,footnotes3 #eh ,! ,c\ncil 9 ,trullo 7,a4,d4 #fia71 ! great au?ority = discipl9e 9 ! ,greek ,*ur*1 fix$ ! age ( =ty = admission to ! (fice ( a deaconess & sixty = t ( a wid[4 #ei ,9 ! middle rec5sion ( ! ,ignatian ,epi/les we read ,i salute ! keep]s ( ! holy doors1 ! deaconesses 9 ,*ri/ 7,ant4 xii474 ,let ! deaconesses /& at ! entries ( ! wom5 7,apo/4 ,con/4 ii4 #eg1 #eh74 ,= we /& 9 ne$ ( a woman1 a deaconess1 = _m necessities1 & fir/ 9 ! baptism ( wom51 etc4--7,ib4 iii4 #ae47 #fj #a ,cor4 vii4 #a4 #fa ,apo/4 ,con/41 iii4 #g4 #fb ,apo/4 ,con/41 vi4 #ag4 #fc ,de ,virg4 ,vel41 ix4 #fd ,smyrn4 xiii4 #fe ,/rom41 vii4 #ab2 ,ad ,uxor41 ,i4 iv42 ,de ,exh4 ,ca/41 #a4 #ff ,anci5t ,law1 p4 #bbd4 ,,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,! ,,pa/or',s ,,responsibilities ,,9 ,,orda9+ ,,& ,,judg+ ,,presbyt]s4--,,! ,,works ,,t ,,g ,,be=e ,,& ,,t ,,foll[ ,,u4 ,lay h&s ha/ily on no man1 nei!r be p>tak] ( o!r m5's s9s3 keep ?yself pure4 ,be no long] a dr9k] ( wat]1 b use a little w9e = ?y /oma*'s sake & ?9e (t5 infirmities4 ,"s m5's s9s are evid5t1 go+ be=e unto judgm5t2 & "s m5 also !y foll[ aft]4 ,9 l mann] also !re are good works t are evid5t2 & su* z are o!rwise _c be hid--#a ,,tim4 v4 #bb-be4 ,! section ( :i* ^! v]ses =m ! conclusion1 l ! prec$+ section ab\t behavi\r t[>ds ! diff]5t classes ( p]sons 9 ! congregation1 supplies u ) evid5ce t we are deal+ ) a real lett]1 writt5 to give necess>y advice to a real p]son1 & n a !ological or controv]sial treatise1 dress$ up 9 ! =m ( a lett]1 9 ord] to obta9 ! au?ority ( ,/4 ,paul's "n = its cont5ts4 ,"h1 z be=e1 ! ?\ghts foll[ "o ano!r 9 an ord] :i* is q natural1 b :i* has little plan or arrangem5t4 ,an e>ne/ & affectionate fri5d1 ) c]ta9 po9ts 9 8 m9d on :i* he 0 anxi\s to say some?+1 might easily treat ( !m 9 ?is in=mal way j z !y occurr$ to him1 "o ?+ sugge/+ ano!r4 ,b a =g]1 b5t on gett+ 8 own views repres5t$ 9 ! docum5t1 w\ld n /r+ !m toge!r 9 ?is loosely connect$ way3 he w\ld disclose m arrangem5t ?an we c f9d "h4 ,:at =g] aga91 w\ld ?9k ( ins]t+ t advice ab\t ceas+ to be a wat]-dr9k] into a mo/ solemn *>ge respect+ ! election & ord9ation ( presbyt]s8 ,& yet h[ ?or\ghly natural x is f\nd to be 9 ?is v context :5 consid]$ z com+ f ,/4 ,paul to ,timo?y6 ,we %all g s]i\sly a/ray if we />t ) ! conviction t ! ^w eld] has ! same mean+ ?r\gh\t ?is *apt]4 ,:5 9 ! fir/ "p ( x ,/4 ,paul says ,rebuke n an eld]1 b exhort him z a fa!r1 x is q cle> t he is speak+ simply ( eld]ly m51 & n ( p]sons hold+ ! (fice ( an eld]3 = he goes on at once to speak ( ! treatm5t ( y\ng] m51 & also ( old] & y\ng] wom54 ,b :5 9 ! second half ( ! *apt] he says ,let ! eld]s t rule well be c\nt$ wor?y ( d\ble hon\r1 & ,aga9/ an eld] receive n an accusation1 except at ! m\? ( two or ?ree witnesses1 x is equally cle> t he is speak+ ( (ficial p]sons1 & n m]ely ( p]sons :o are advanc$ 9 ye>s4 ,! way 9 :i* ! ?\ghts sugge/$ "o ano!r ?r\gh\t ?is portion ( ! lett] is n difficult to trace4 ,let no man despise ?y y\? sugge/$ advice z to h[ ! "y ov]se] 0 to behave t[>ds "y & old ( bo? sexes4 ,?is l$ to ! treatm5t ( wid[s1 & ?is aga9 to ! mann] ( appo9t+ (ficial wid[s4 ,wom5 hold+ an (ficial position sugge/s ! subject ( m5 hold+ an (ficial position 9 ! ,*ur*4 ,if ! treatm5t ( ! "o class ne$s wisdom & circumspection1 n less does ! treatm5t ( ! o!r4 ,& !re=e1 ) ev5 m solemnity ?an 9 ! previ\s section ab\t ! wid[s1 ! ,apo/le gives 8 directions on ?is important subject also4 ,i *>ge !e 9 ! sight ( ,god1 & ,*ri/ ,jesus1 & ! elect angels1 t ?\ obs]ve ^! ?+s )\t prejudice1 do+ no?+ by p>tiality4 ,& !n he passes on to ! words :i* =m our text4 ,x has be5 s]i\sly d\bt$ :e!r ! words ,lay h&s ha/ily on no man d ref] to ! ord9ation ( ! (ficial eld]s or presbyt]s4 ,x is urg$ t ! prec$+ w>n+s ab\t ! treatm5t ( *>ges made aga9/ presbyt]s1 & ( p]sons :o are guilty ( habitual s91 po9t to discipl9>y functions ( "s k9d r ?an to ord9ation4 ,accord+ly "s few comm5tators 9 mod]n times h treat$ ! passage z ref]r+ to ! lay+ on ( h&s at ! readmission ( p5it5ts to communion4 ,b ( any su* cu/om 9 ! ,apo/olic age !re is no trace4 ,!re is no?+ improbable 9 ! hypo!sis1 imposition ( h&s be+ a common symbolical act4 ,b x is a m]e hypo!sis unsupport$ by evid5ce4 ,eusebius1 9 speak+ ( ! controv]sy betwe5 ,/eph5 ( ,rome & ,cyprian ( ,c>?age ab\t ! re-baptiz+ ( h]etics1 tells u t ! admission ( h]etics to ! ,*ur* by imposition ( h&s ) pray]1 b )\t second baptism1 0 ! old cu/om4 ,b ! admission ( h]etics is n q ! same z ! readmission ( p5it5ts3 & a cu/om might be old 7palaion ?os7 9 ! "t ( ,eusebius1 or ev5 ( ,cyprian1 )\t be+ ,apo/olic or coeval ) ! ,apo/les4 ,!re=e ?is /atem5t ( ,eusebius gives little support to ! propos$ int]pretation ( ! passage2 & we may confid5tly pref] ! explanation ( x :i* has prevail$ at any rate s9ce ,*ryso/om's "t1 t x ref]s to ord9ation4#fg ,( ! lay+ on ( h&s at ! appo9tm5t ( m9i/]s we h suffici5t evid5ce 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 n only 9 ^! ,epi/les 7#a ,tim4 iv4 #ad2 #b ,tim4 i4 #f71 b 9 ! ,acts 7xiii4 #c74 ,moreov] ?is explanation fits ! context at lea/ z well z ! suppos$ improvem5t4 #a4 ,! ,apo/le is speak+ ( ! treatm5t ( presbyt]s1 n ( ! :ole congregation4 ,imposition ( h&s at ! admission ( a h]etic or re-admission ( a p5it5t w\ld apply to any p]son1 & n to presbyt]s 9 p>ticul>4 ,!re=e x is m reasonable to assume t ! lay+ on ( h&s :i* accompani$ ord9ation is meant4 #b4 ,he has j be5 w>n+ ,timo?y aga9/ prejudice or p>tiality 9 deal+ ) ! eld]s4 ,:ile prejudice might lead him to be ha/y 9 condemn+ an accus$ presbyt]1 be=e he _h satisfi$ himself t ! evid5ce 0 adequate1 p>tiality might lead him to be ha/y 9 acquitt+ him4 ,b !re is a m s]i\s p>tiality ?an ?is1 & x is "o ( ! ma9 causes ( su* sc&als z unwor?y presbyt]s4 ,!re is ! p>tiality :i* leads to a ha/y ord9ation1 be=e suffici5t c>e has be5 tak5 to ensure t ! qualifications s c>efully laid d[n 9 *apt] iii4 are pres5t 9 ! p]son select$4 ,prev5tion is bett] ?an cure4 ,prop] precautions tak5 be=eh& w r$uce ! risk ( true *>ges aga9/ an eld] to a m9imum4 ,"h aga9 ! traditional explanation fits ! context admirably4 ,nei!r be p>tak] ( o!r m5's s9s4 ,x is usual to und]/& ?is w>n+ z ref]r+ to ! responsibility ( ^? :o orda94 ,if1 ?r\gh ha/e or c>elessness y orda9 an unfit p]son1 y mu/ %>e ! guilt ( ! s9s :i* he aft]w>ds commits z an eld]4 ,! pr9ciple is a j "o1 b x may be d\bt$ :e!r ?is is ,/4 ,paul's mean+4 ,! p>ticul> =m ( negative us$ seems to be aga9/ x4 ,he says ,nor yet 7mde7 be p>tak] ( o!r m5's s9s1 imply+ t ?is is some?+ diff]5t f ha/9ess 9 ord9>y4 ,he seems to be return+ to ! w>n+s ab\t p>tiality to eld]s :o are liv+ 9 s94 ,! mean+1 !re=e1 is--,bew>e ( a ha/e 9 orda9+ :i* may lead to ! admission ( unwor?y m5 to ! m9i/ry4 ,& if1 9 spite ( all y\r c>e1 unwor?y m9i/]s come "u y\r notice1 bew>e ( an indiff]5ce or p>tiality t[>ds !m :i* w make y a p>tak] 9 _! s9s4 ,?is int]pretation fits on well to :at foll[s4 ,keep ?yself pure--) a /rong emphasis on ! pron\n4 ,/rictness 9 enquir+ into ! antec$5ts ( c&idates = ord9ation & 9 deal+ ) m9i/]ial depravity w h a v poor effect1 unless y\r own life is free f reproa*4 ,&1 if we omit ! p>5!tical advice ab\t tak+ w9e1 ! ?\ght is cont9u$ ?us3 ,z a rule x is n difficult to arrive at a wise decision respect+ ! fitness ( c&idates1 or ! guilt ( accus$ presbyt]s4 ,m5's *>act]s bo? = evil & good are commonly notori\s4 ,! vices ( ! wick$ & ! virtues ( ! good outrun any =mal judgm5t ab\t !m1 & are q manife/ be=e an enquiry is held4 ,no d\bt !re are exceptions1 & !n ! consequ5ces ( m5's lives mu/ be look$ to be=e a j op9ion c be =m$4 ,b1 soon] or lat] 7& g5]ally soon] r ?an lat]7 m51 & especially m9i/]s1 w be kn[n = :at !y are4 ,x rema9s to asc]ta9 ! mean+ ( ! curi\s p>5!sis ,be no long] a dr9k] ( wat]1 & its connexion ) ! re/ ( ! passage4 ,x 0 probably sugge/$ to ,/4 ,paul by ! prec$+ words1 ,bew>e ( mak+ y\rself responsible = ! s9s ( o!rs4 ,keep y\r own life above suspicion4 ,?is *>ge rem9ds ! ,apo/le t 8 belov$ disciple has be5 us+ ill-advis$ means to d ?is v ?+4 ,ei!r 9 ord] to m>k 8 abhorr5ce ( ! drunk5ness1 :i* 0 "o ( ! mo/ conspicu\s vices ( ! age1 or 9 ord] to br+ 8 own body m easily into subjection1 ,timo?y _h ab&on$ ! use ( w9e altoge!r1 9 spite ( 8 weak heal?4 ,/4 ,paul1 !re=e1 ) *>act]i/ic affection1 takes c>e t 8 *>ge is n misund]/ood4 ,9 urg+ 8 repres5tative to be /rictly c>eful ( 8 own conduct1 he does n wi% to be und]/ood z enc\rag+ him to give up :atev] might be abus$ or made ! basis ( a sl&]1 nor yet z approv+ 8 rig\r 9 giv+ up ! use ( w9e4 ,on ! contr>y1 he ?9ks x a mi/ake2 & he takes ?is opportunity ( tell+ him s1 :ile x is 9 8 m9d4 ,*ri/'s m9i/]s h important duties to p]=m1 & h no "r to play tricks ) _! heal?4 ,we may "h repeat1 ) r5ew$ confid5ce1 t a t\* ( ?is k9d w\ld nev] h occurr$ to a =g]4 ,h5ce1 9 ord] to acc\nt = su* natural t\*es z ^!1 ^? :o ma9ta9 t ^! ,epi/les are a fabrication n[ resort to ! hypo!sis t ! =g] _h "s g5u9e lett]s ( ,/4 ,paul & work$ p>ts ( !m into 8 own productions4 ,x seems to be f> m reasonable to believe t ,/4 ,paul wrote ! :ole ( !m4 7,see above1 pp4 #h & #i1 & bel[1 pp4 #djg1 ff474 ,let u return to ! /atem5t ) :i* ! ,apo/le closes ?is section ( 8 lett]4 ,"s m5's s9s are evid5t1 go+ be=e unto judgm5t2 & "s m5 also !y foll[ aft]4 ,9 l mann] also !re are good works t are evid5t2 & su* z are o!rwise _c be hid4 ,we h se5 already :at relation ^! words h to ! context4 ,!y ref] to ! disc]nm5t betwe5 good & bad c&idates = ! m9i/ry1 & betwe5 good & bad m9i/]s1 po9t+ out t 9 mo/ cases su* disc]nm5t is n difficult1 because m5's own conduct acts z a h]ald to _! "*1 proclaim+ x to all ! _w4 ,! /atem5t1 ?\gh made ) special ref]5ce to ,timo?y's responsibilities t[>ds eld]s & ^? :o wi% to become su*1 is a g5]al "o1 & is equally true ( all mank9d4 ,conduct 9 mo/ cases is q a cle> index ( "*1 & !re is no ne$ to h a =mal inve/igation 9 ord] to asc]ta9 :e!r a man is lead+ a wick$ life or n4 ,b ! words h a /ill deep] significance--"o :i* is q =eign to ! context1 & !re=e c h>dly h be5 9 ,/4 ,paul's m9d :5 he wrote !m1 b :i* z be+ true & ( importance1 ought n to be pass$ ov]4 ,= a =mal inve/igation into m5's conduct be=e an ecclesia/ical or o!r (ficial1 let u sub/itute ! judgm5t-seat ( ,*ri/4 ,let ! "q be1 n ! wor?9ess ( c]ta9 p]sons to be admitt$ to "s (fice1 b _! wor?9ess to be admitt$ to et]nal life4 ,! g5]al /atem5t made by ! ,apo/le rema9s z true z ev]4 ,!re are "s m5 :o /&1 z be=e ,god1 s also be=e ! _w1 z op51 self-proclaim$ s9n]s4 ,:]ev] !y g1 _! s9s g be=e !m1 flagrant1 cry+1 notori\s4 ,& :5 !y are summon$ h5ce1 _! s9s aga9 prec$e !m1 wait+ = !m z accus]s & witnesses be=e ! ,judge4 ,! :ole c>e] ( an op5 & delib]ate s9n] is ! procession ( a crim9al to 8 doom4#fh ,8 s9s g be=e1 & _! consequ5ces foll[ aft]1 & he moves on 9 ! mid/1 c>eless ( ! "o & ignorant ( ! o!r4 ,he has laugh$ at 8 s9s & *as$ remorse = !m away4 ,he has by turns *]i%$ & driv5 out ! remembrance ( !m2 dwelt on !m1 :5 to ?9k ( !m 0 a pleasant repetition ( !m2 /ifl$ ! ?\ght ( !m1 :5 to ?9k ( !m might h br\ght ?\ghts ( p5it5ce2 & has behav$ t[>ds !m z if he c\ld n only br+ !m into be+ )\t guilt1 b control !m or annihilate !m )\t difficulty4 ,he has n controll$1 he has n de/roy$1 he has n ev5 evad$1 "o ( !m4 ,ea* ( !m1 :5 br\ght into exi/5ce1 became 8 ma/]1 go+ on be=e him to h]ald 8 guilt9ess1 & saddl+ him ) consequ5ces f :i* he c\ld n escape4 ,& :5 he w5t to 8 own place1 x 0 8 s9s t _h gone be=e him & prep>$ ! place = him4 ,& "s m5 also !y foll[ aft]4 ,!re are cases 9 :i* m5's s9s1 ?\gh ( c\rse n less manife/ to ! ,almighty1 are mu* less manife/ to ! _w1 & ev5 to !mselves1 ?an 9 ! case ( flagrant1 op5 s9n]s4 ,! consequ5ces ( _! s9s are less conspicu\s1 less easily dis5tangl$ f ! mass ( unexpla9$ mis]y ( :i* ! _w is s full4 ,cause & effect _c be put toge!r ) any precision2 = sometimes ! "o1 sometimes ! o!r1 sometimes ev5 bo?1 are out ( sight4 ,!re is no anticipation ( ! f9al aw>d to be giv5 at ! judgm5t-seat ( ,*ri/4 ,n until ! guilty "o is plac$ be=e ! ?rone = trial1 is x at all kn[n :e!r ! s5t5ce w be unfav\rable or n4 ,ev5 ! man himself has liv$ & di$ )\t be+ at all fully aw>e :at ! /ate ( ! case is4 ,he has n habitually exam9$ himself1 to see :e!r he has be5 liv+ 9 s9 or n4 ,he has tak5 no pa9s to rememb]1 & rep5t (1 & conqu]1 ^? s9s ( :i* he has be5 consci\s4 ,! consequ5ces ( 8 s9s h seldom come s swiftly z to />tle him & conv9ce him ( _! enormity4 ,:5 !y h at la/ ov]tak5 him1 x has be5 possible to d\bt or to =get t x 0 8 s9s :i* caus$ !m4 ,& consequ5tly he has d\bt$1 & he has =gott54 ,b = all t1 !y foll[ aft]4 ,!y are nev] elud$1 nev] %ak5 (f4 ,a cause mu/ h its effect2 & a s9 mu/ h its puni%m5t1 if n 9 ?is _w1 !n c]ta9ly 9 ! next4 ,be sure y\r s9 w f9d y out--probably 9 ?is life1 b at any rate at ! day ( judgm5t4 ,z surely z dea? foll[s on a pi]c$ he>t or on a sev]$ neck1 s surely does puni%m5t foll[ ^u s94 ,h[ is x t 9 ! mat]ial _w we nev] dream t cause & effect c be sep>at$1 & yet easily believe t 9 ! moral _w s9 may rema9 = ev] unpuni%$8 ,our relation to ! mat]ial univ]se has be5 comp>$ to a game ( *ess4 ,! *ess-bo>d is ! _w1 ! pieces are ! ph5om5a ( ! univ]se1 ! rules ( ! game are :at we call ! laws ( nature4 ,! play] on ! o!r side is hidd5 f u4 ,we "k t 8 play is always fair1 j1 & pati5t4 ,b also we "k1 to our co/1 t he nev] ov]looks a mi/ake1 or makes ! smalle/ all[ance = ignorance4 ,to ! man :o plays well1 ! highe/ /akes are paid1 ) t sort ( ov]-fl[+ g5]osity ) :i* ! /rong %[s delight 9 /r5g?4 ,& "o :o plays ill is *eckmat$--)\t ha/e1 b )\t remorse4#fi ,we believe ?is implicitly ( ! mat]ial laws ( ! univ]se2 t !y _c be evad$1 _c be transgress$ ) impunity1 _c be obey$ )\t pr(it4 ,moral laws are n "o :it less sure4 ,:e!r we believe x or n 7& x w b be ! worse = u if we refuse to believe x71 s91 bo? rep5t$ & unrep5t$1 mu/ h its p5alty4 ,we might z well fl+ a /one1 or %oot a cannon-ball1 or s5d a balloon into ! air1 & say ,y %all n come d[n aga91 z s91 & say ,i %all nev] suff] = x4 ,rep5tance does n deprive s9 ( its natural effect4 ,we greatly err 9 suppos+ t1 if we rep5t 9 "t1 we escape ! p5alty4 ,to refuse to rep5t is a second & a worse s91 :i*1 add$ to ! fir/ s91 increases ! p5alty incalculably4 ,to rep5t is to escape ?is t]rible augm5tation ( ! orig9al puni%m5t2 b x is no escape f ! puni%m5t itself4 ,b !re is a bright side to ?is inexorable law4 ,if s9 mu/ h its own puni%m5t1 virtue mu/ h its own rew>d4 ,! "o is z sure z ! o!r2 & 9 ! long run ! fact ( virtue & ! rew>d ( virtue w be made cle> to all ! _w1 & especially to ! virtu\s man himself4 ,! works t are good are evid5t2 & su* z are n evid5t _c be hid4 ,no sa9t kn[s 8 own hol9ess2 & _m a humble seek] aft] hol9ess does good de$s )\t kn[+ h[ good !y are4 ,/ill less are all sa9ts kn[n z su* to ! _w1 or all good de$s recogniz$ z good by ^? :o witness !m4 ,b1 nev]!less1 good works z a rule are evid5t1 &1 if !y are n s1 !y w become s h]eaft]4 ,if n 9 ?is _w1 at any rate be=e ,*ri/'s judgm5t-seat1 !y w be apprais$ at _! true value4 ,x is z true ( ! righte\s z ( ! wick$1 t _! works d foll[ !m4 ,&1 if !re is no m t]rible fate ?an to be confront$ at ! la/ day by a multitude ( unkn[n & =gott5 s9s1 s !re c h>dly be any lot m bless$ ?an to be welcom$ !n by a multitude ( unkn[n & =gott5 de$s ( love & piety4 ,inasmu* z ye did x unto "o ( ^! ,my bre?r51 ev5 ^! lea/1 ye did x unto ,me4 ,come1 ye bless$ ( ,my ,fa!r1 inh]it ! k+dom prep>$ = y f ! f\ndation ( ! _w4 ,,footnotes3 #fg ,t]tullian 7,de ,bapt41 xviii47 seems to und]/& ,/4 ,paul to be speak+ ( ! imposition ( h&s aft] ,baptism 7,acts viii4 #ag1 xix4 #f71 :i* c h>dly be correct4 #fh ,mann+'s ,s]mons1 vol4 iii41 p4 #gd1 ,burns1 #ahdg4 #fi ,huxley's ,lay ,s]mons1 ,essay ,i4 ,macmillan4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,roman ,,slav]y ,,& ,,! ,,apo/le',s ,,attitude ,,t[>ds ,,x4--,a ,,mod]n ,,p>allel4 ,let z _m z are bond-s]vants "u ! yoke c\nt _! own ma/]s wor?y ( all hon\r1 t ! "n ( ,god & ! doctr9e be n blasphem$4 ,& !y t h believ+ ma/]s1 let !m n despise !m1 because !y are bre?r52 b let !m s]ve !m ! r1 because !y t p>take ( ! b5efit are believ+ & belov$4 ,^! ?+s tea* & exhort4--#a ,,tim4 vi4 #a1 #b4 ,!re are f\r passages 9 :i* ,/4 ,paul deals directly ) ! relations betwe5 slaves & _! ma/]s3--9 ! ,epi/les to ! ,ephesians 7vi4 #e-i71 to ! ,colossians 7iii4 #bb-;iv4 #a71 to ,philemon 7#h-ba71 & ! passage be=e u4 ,"h he looks at ! "q f ! slave's po9t ( view2 9 ! lett] to ,philemon f t ( ! ma/]3 9 ! ,epi/les to ! ,colossians & to ! ,ephesians he addresses bo?4 ,9 all f\r places 8 attitude t[>ds ?is mon/] abom9ation is "o & ! same2 & x is a v rem>kable "o4 ,he n[h]e d5\nces slav]y4 ,he does n /ate t su* an intol]able iniquity z man possess+ 8 fell[-man mu/ be done away z spe$ily z may be4 ,he gives no enc\ragem5t to slaves to rebel or to run away4 ,he gives no h9t to ma/]s t !y ought to let _! slaves g free4 ,no?+ ( ! k9d4 ,he n only accepts slav]y z a fact2 he seems to treat x z a necess>y fact1 a fact likely to be z p]man5t z m>riage & p>5tage1 pov]ty & weal?4 ,?is attitude becomes all ! m m>vell\s1 :5 we rememb]1 n only :at slav]y necess>ily is :]ev] x exi/s1 b :at slav]y 0 bo? by cu/om & by law among ! great slave-own]s ?r\gh\t ! ,roman ,empire4 ,slav]y is at all times degrad+ to bo? ! p>ties 9 t unnatural relation%ip1 h[ev] excell5t may be ! regulations by :i* x is protect$1 & h[ev] noble may be ! *>act]s ( bo? ma/] & slave4 ,x is impossible = "o human be+ to be absolute own] ( ano!r's p]son )\t bo? possessor & possess$ be+ morally ! worse = x4 ,violations ( nature's laws are nev] p]petrat$ ) impunity2 & :5 ! laws violat$ are ^? :i* are conc]n$1 n ) unconsci\s =ces & atoms1 b ) human s\ls & *>act]s1 ! p5alties ( ! violation are none ! less sure or sev]e4 ,b ^! evils1 :i* are ! inevitable consequ5ces ( ! exi/5ce ( slav]y 9 any %ape :atev]1 may be increas$ a hundr$fold1 if ! slav]y exi/s "u no regulations1 or "u bad regulations1 or aga9 :]e bo? ma/] & slave are1 to />t )1 base & brutaliz$ 9 "*4 ,& all ?is 0 ! case 9 ! e>ly days ( ! ,roman ,empire4 ,slav]y 0 to a great ext5t "u no *eck at all1 & ! laws :i* did exi/ = regulat+ ! relation%ip betwe5 own] & slave 7 = ! mo/ "p ( a "* to int5sify ! evil2 :ile ! conditions "u :i* bo? ma/] & slave 7 educat$ 7 su* z to r5d] ea* ( !m ready to increase ! moral degradation ( ! o!r4 ,we are accu/om$ to reg>d ) well-m]it$ abhorr5ce & abom9ation ! horrors ( mod]n slav]y z practis$ until rec5tly 9 ,am]ica1 & z /ill practis$ 9 ,egypt1 ,p]sia1 ,turkey1 & ,arabia4 ,b x may be d\bt$ :e!r all ! horrors ( mod]n slav]y are to be comp>$ ) ! horrors ( ! slav]y ( anci5t ,rome4 ,f a political po9t ( view x may be admitt$ t ! in/itution ( slav]y has 9 pa/ ages play$ a useful "p 9 ! hi/ory ( mank9d4 ,x has mitigat$ ! cruelties ( b>b>ic w>f>e4 ,x 0 m m]ciful to enslave a prison] ?an to sacrifice him to ! gods1 or to torture him to dea?1 or to eat him4 ,& ! enslav$ prison] & ! w>rior :o _h captur$ him1 at once became mutually useful to "o ano!r4 ,! w>rior protect$ 8 slave f attack1 & ! slave by 8 lab\r left ! w>rior free to protect him4 ,?us ea* did some?+ = ! b5efit ( ! o!r & ( ! society 9 :i* !y liv$4 ,b :5 we look at ! in/itution f a moral po9t ( view1 x is difficult to avoid ! conclusion t its effects h be5 :olly evil4 7#a7 ,x has be5 fatal to "o ( ! mo/ :olesome ( human beliefs1 ! belief 9 ! dignity ( lab\r4 ,lab\r 0 irksome1 & !re=e assign$ to ! slave1 & consequ5tly came to be reg>d$ z degrad+4 ,?us ! freeman lo/ ! ennobl+ discipl9e ( toil2 & to ! slave toil 0 n ennobl+1 because e "o treat$ x z a degradation4 7#b7 ,x has be5 disa/r\s to ! p]sonal "* ( ! ma/]4 ,! possession ( absolute p[] is always dang]\s to our nature4 ,greek writ]s are nev] tir$ ( insi/+ ^u ?is 9 connexion ) ! rule ( despots ov] citiz5s4 ,/rangely en\gh !y did n see t ! pr9ciple rema9$ ! same :e!r ! autocrat 0 rul] ( a /ate or ( a h\sehold4 ,9 ei!r case he almo/ inevitably became a tyrant1 incapable ( self-control1 & ! con/ant victim ( flatt]y4 ,& 9 "s ways ! dome/ic tyrant 0 ! worse ( ! two4 ,!re 0 no public op9ion to keep him 9 *eck1 & 8 tyranny c\ld ex]cise itself 9 e detail ( daily life4 7#c7 ,x has be5 disa/r\s to ! p]sonal "* ( ! slave4 ,accu/om$ to be look$ ^u z an inf]ior & sc>cely human be+1 always at ! beck & call ( ano!r1 & t = ! mo/ m5ial s]vices1 ! slave lo/ all self-respect4 ,8 natural weapon 0 deceit2 & 8 *ief1 if n 8 only pleasure1 0 ! gratification ( 8 l[e/ appetites4 ,! h\sehold slave n unfrequ5tly divid$ 8 "t betwe5 p&]+ to 8 ma/]'s passions & gratify+ 8 own4 7#d7 ,x has be5 ru9\s to family life4 ,if x did n tr\ble ! relation betwe5 husb& & wife1 x poison$ ! atmosph]e 9 :i* !y liv$ & 9 :i* _! *ildr5 7 re>$4 ,! y\ng] g5]ation inevitably suff]$4 ,ev5 if !y did n le>n cruelty f _! p>5ts1 & deceit & s5suality f ! slaves1 !y lo/ delicacy ( feel+ by see+ human be+s treat$ l brute bea/s1 & by be+ con/antly 9 ! society ( ^? :om !y 7 taught to despise4 ,ev5 ,plato1 9 recomm5d+ t slaves %\ld be treat$ ju/ly & ) a view to _! moral improvem5t1 says t !y mu/ always be puni%$ = _! faults1 & n reprov$ l freem51 :i* only makes !m conceit$2 & "o %\ld use no language to !m b t ( comm&4#gj ,^! evils1 :i* are inh]5t 9 ! v nature ( slav]y1 7 int5sifi$ a hundr$fold by ,roman legislation1 & by ! condition ( ,roman society 9 ! fir/ c5tury ( ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,slav]y1 :i* began by be+ a mitigation ( ! b>b>ities ( w>f>e1 end$ 9 becom+ an augm5tation ( !m4 ,al?\gh a s+le campaign w\ld sometimes br+ 9 _m ?\s&s ( captives :o 7 sold into slav]y1 yet w> did n procure slaves fa/ en\gh = ! dem&1 & 0 supplem5t$ by sy/ematic manhunts4 ,x has be5 e/imat$ t 9 ! ,roman _w ( ,/4 ,paul's day ! proportion ( slaves to freem5 0 9 ! ratio ( two1 or ev5 ?ree1 to "o4 ,x 0 ! imm5se numb] ( ! slaves :i* l$ to "s ( ! cruel cu/oms & laws respect+ !m4 ,9 ! c\ntry !y (t5 work$1 & sometimes slept1 9 *a9s4 ,ev5 9 ,rome "u ,augu/us ! h\se-port] 0 sometimes *a9$4 ,& by a decree ( ! ,s5ate1 if ! ma/] 0 murd]$ by a slave1 all ! slaves ( ! h\sehold 7 put to dea?4 ,! f\r hundr$ slaves ( ,p$anius ,secundus 7 execut$ "u ?is enactm5t 9 ,a4,d4 #fa1 9 :i* ye> ,/4 ,paul 0 probably 9 ,rome4 ,public prote/ 0 made2 b ! ,s5ate decid$ t ! law mu/ take its c\rse4 ,! rabble ( slaves c\ld only be kept 9 *eck by fe>4 ,aga91 if ! ma/] 0 accus$ ( a crime1 he c\ld surr5d] 8 slaves to be tortur$ 9 ord] to prove 8 innoc5ce4#ga ,b x w\ld be a vile task to rehe>se all ! horrors & abom9ations to :i* ! cruelty & lu/ ( weal?y ,roman m5 & wom5 subject$ _! slaves4 ,! bloody sports ( ! gladiatorial %[s & ! indec5t products ( ! ,roman /age 7 p>tly ! effect & p>tly ! cause ( ! frightful "* ( ,roman slav]y4 ,! gladiators & ! actors 7 slaves especially tra9$ = ^! debas+ exhibitions2 & ,roman nobles & ,roman ladies1 brutaliz$ & pollut$ by witness+ !m1 w5t home to give v5t among ! slaves ( _! own h\seholds to ! passions :i* ! circus & ! !atre _h r\s$4 ,& ?is 0 ! sy/em :i* ,/4 ,paul left unattack$ & und5\nc$4 ,he nev] 9 s _m words expresses any au?oritative condemnation or p]sonal abhorr5ce ( x4 ,?is is all ! m rem>kable :5 we rememb] ,/4 ,paul's en?usia/ic & sympa!tic temp]am5t2 & ! fact is "o m pro( ( ! ,div9e inspiration ( ,scripture4 ,t slav]y1 z he saw x1 mu/ (t5 h excit$ ! mo/ int5se indignation & di/ress 9 8 he>t we _c d\bt2 & yet he 0 guid$ n to give 8 sanction to rem$ies :i* w\ld c]ta9ly h be5 viol5t & possibly ineffectual4 ,to h prea*$ t ! ,*ri/ian ma/] mu/ let 8 slaves g free1 w\ld h be5 to prea* t slaves _h a "r to fre$om2 & ! slave w\ld und]/& t to mean t1 if fre$om 0 n grant$1 he might take ?is "r ( 8 by =ce4 ,( all w>s1 a s]vile w> is p]haps ! mo/ frightful2 & we may be ?ankful t none ( ^? :o fir/ prea*$ ! ,gospel1 gave _! sanction to any su* movem5t4 ,! sudd5 abolition ( slav]y 9 ! fir/ c5tury w\ld h meant ! %ipwreck ( society4 ,nei!r ma/] nor slave 0 fit = any su* *ange4 ,a long c\rse ( education 0 ne$$ be=e s radical a re=m c\ld be successfully accompli%$4 ,x has be5 po9t$ out z "o ( ! *ief m>ks ( ! ,div9e "* ( ! ,gospel1 t x nev] appeals to ! _s ( political revolution4 ,x does n d5\nce abuses2 b x insi/s ^u pr9ciples :i* w necess>ily lead to _! abolition4 ,?is 0 precisely :at ,/4 ,paul did 9 deal+ ) ! gigantic canc] :i* 0 dra9+ ! =ces1 economical1 political1 & moral1 ( ,roman society4 ,he did n tell ! slave t he 0 oppress$ & outrag$4 ,he did n tell ! ma/] t to buy & sell human be+s 0 a violation ( ! rights ( man4 ,b he inspir$ bo? ( !m ) s5tim5ts :i* r5d]$ ! p]man5ce ( ! unrighte\s relation betwe5 !m impossible4 ,to _m a ,roman x w\ld h seem$ no?+ less ?an robb]y & revolution to tell him ,y h no "r to own ^! p]sons2 y mu/ free y\r slaves4 ,/4 ,paul1 )\t attack+ ! rights ( prop]ty or exi/+ laws & cu/oms1 spoke a f> high] ^w1 & "o :i* soon] or lat] mu/ c>ry ! fre$om ) x1 :5 he said1 ,y mu/ love y\r slaves4 ,all ! moral abom9ations :i* _h clu/]$ r\nd slav]y1--idl5ess1 deceit1 cruelty1 & lu/1--he d5\nc$ unsp>+ly2 b = _! own sake1 n because ( _! connexion ) ?is iniquit\s in/itution4 ,! social arrangem5ts1 :i* all[$ & enc\rag$ slav]y1 he did n d5\nce4 ,he left x to ! pr9ciples :i* he prea*$ gradually to re=m !m4 ,slav]y _c cont9ue :5 ! bro!rhood ( all mank9d1 & ! equality ( all m5 9 ,*ri/1 h be5 realiz$4 ,& long be=e slav]y is aboli%$1 x is made m humane1 :]ev] ,*ri/ian pr9ciples are br\ght to be> ^u x4 ,ev5 be=e ,*ri/ianity 9 ! p]son ( ,con/ant9e asc5d$ ! imp]ial ?rone1 x _h influ5c$ public op9ion 9 ! "r direction4 ,s5eca & ,plut>* are mu* m humane 9 _! views ( slav]y ?an e>li] writ]s are2 & "u ! ,anton9es ! p[] ( life & dea? ov] slaves 0 transf]r$ f _! ma/]s to ! magi/rates4 ,con/ant9e w5t mu* fur!r1 & ,ju/9ian fur!r /ill1 9 ameliorat+ ! condition ( slaves & enc\rag+ emancipation4 ,?us sl[ly1 b surely1 ?is mon/r\s evil is be+ eradicat$ f society2 & x is "o ( ! _m beauties ( ! ,gospel 9 comp>ison ) ,islam1 t :]eas ,mahometanism has consecrat$ slav]y & giv5 x a p]man5t religi\s sanction1 ,*ri/ianity has /eadfa/ly aboli%$ x4 ,x is among ! *ief glories ( ! pres5t c5tury t x has se5 ! abolition ( slav]y 9 ! ,briti% empire1 ! emancipation ( ! s]fs 9 ,russia1 & ! emancipation ( ! negroes 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,& we may safely ass]t t ^! t>dy removals ( a great social evil w\ld nev] h be5 accompli%$ b = ! pr9ciples :i* ,/4 ,paul prea*$1 at ! v "t t he 0 all[+ ,*ri/ian ma/]s to reta9 _! slaves1 & bidd+ ,*ri/ian slaves to hon\r & obey _! hea!n ma/]s4 ,! ,apo/le's injunctions to slaves :o h ,*ri/ian ma/]s is wor?y ( special att5tion3 x indicates "o ( ! evils :i* w\ld c]ta9ly h become s]i\s1 _h ! ,apo/les set to "w to prea* emancipation4 ,! slaves be+ 9 almo/ all cases q unfitt$ = a life ( fre$om1 :olesale emancipation w\ld h flood$ society ) cr[ds ( p]sons q unable to make a dec5t use ( _! newly acquir$ lib]ty4 ,! sudd5 *ange 9 _! condition w\ld h be5 too great = _! self-control4 ,inde$ we ga!r f :at ,/4 ,paul says "h1 t ! acceptance ( ! pr9ciples ( ,*ri/ianity 9 "s cases ?rew !m (f _! balance4 ,he *>ges ,*ri/ian slaves :o h ,*ri/ian ma/]s n to despise !m4 ,evid5tly ?is 0 a temptation :i* he =esaw1 ev5 if x 0 n a fault :i* he _h sometimes obs]v$4 ,to be told t he & 8 ma/] 7 bre?r51 & to f9d t 8 ma/] accept$ ?is view ( _! relation%ip1 0 m ?an ! poor slave 9 "s in/ances c\ld be>4 ,he _h be5 educat$ to believe t he 0 an inf]ior ord] ( be+1 hav+ sc>cely any?+ 9 common1 except+ a human =m & passions1 ) 8 ma/]4 ,&1 :e!r he accept$ ?is belief or n1 he _h f\nd himself sy/ematically treat$ z if x 7 indisputable4 ,:51 !re=e1 he 0 assur$1 z "o ( ! fir/ pr9ciples ( 8 new fai?1 t he 0 n only human1 l 8 ma/]1 b 9 ,god's family 0 8 ma/]'s equal & bro!r2 above all1 :5 he _h a ,*ri/ian ma/] :o n only %>$ ?is new fai?1 b act$ ^u x & treat$ him z a bro!r1 !n 8 head 0 9 dang] ( be+ turn$4 ,! reb\nd f grovell+ fe> to t]ms ( equality & affection 0 too mu* = him2 & ! old attitude ( cr++ t]ror 0 ex*ang$ n = respectful loyalty1 b = contempt4 ,he began to despise ! ma/] :o _h ceas$ to make himself t]rible4 ,all ?is %[s h[ dang]\s sudd5 *anges ( social relation%ips are2 & h[ w>ily we ne$ to g to "w 9 ord] to br+ ab\t a re=m ( ^? :i* mo/ pla9ly ne$ readju/m5t2 & x adds greatly to our admiration ( ! wisdom ( ! ,apo/le & our gratitude to ,him ,:o inspir$ him ) su* wisdom1 to see t 9 deal+ ) ?is difficult problem he does n all[ 8 sympa?ies to outrun 8 judgm5t1 & does n attempt to cure a long-/&+ evil1 :i* _h entw9$ its roots r\nd ! v f\ndations ( society1 by any rapid or viol5t process4 ,all m5 are by natural "r free4 ,grant$4 ,all m5 are by creation *ildr5 ( ,god1 & by r$emption bre?r5 9 ,*ri/4 ,grant$4 ,b x is worse ?an useless to give fre$om sudd5ly to ^? :o f _! bir? h be5 depriv$ ( x1 & d n yet "k :at use to make ( x2 & to give ! position ( *ildr5 & bre?r5 all at once to outca/s :o _c und]/& :at su* privileges mean4 ,/4 ,paul tells ! slave t fre$om is a ?+ to be desir$2 b /ill m t x is a ?+ to be des]v$4 ,:ile y are /ill "u ! yoke prove y\rselves wor?y ( x & capable ( be>+ x4 ,9 becom+ ,*ri/ians y h become ,*ri/'s freeman4 ,%[ t y c enjoy t lib]ty )\t abus+ x4 ,if x leads y to treat a hea!n ma/] ) disda91 because he has x n1 !n y give him an opportunity ( blasphem+ ,god & y\r holy religion2 = he c say1 ',:at a vile cre$ ?is mu/ be1 :i* makes s]vants haughty & disrespectful6' ,if x leads y to treat a ,*ri/ian ma/] ) contemptu\s famili>ity1 because he recognizes y z a bro!r :om he mu/ love1 !n y are turn+ upside d[n ! obligation :i* a common fai? imposes on y4 ,t he is a fell[-,*ri/ian is a reason :y y %\ld treat him ) m rev]5ce1 n less4 ,?is is ev] ! burd5 ( 8 exhortation to slaves4 ,he bids ,timo?y to insi/ ^u x4 ,he tells ,titus to d ! same 7ii4 #i1 #aj74 ,slaves 7 9 special dang] ( misund]/&+ :at ! lib]ty ( ! ,gospel meant4 ,x is n = a mom5t to be suppos$ t x cancels any exi/+ obligations ( a slave to 8 ma/]4 ,no h9t is to be giv5 !m t !y h a "r to dem& emancipation1 or w\ld be ju/ifi$ 9 runn+ away4 ,let !m le>n to behave z ! ,"l's freeman4 ,let _! ma/]s le>n to behave z ! ,"l's bond-s]vants4 ,:5 ^! pr9ciples h work$ !mselves out1 slav]y w h ceas$ to be4 ,t day has n yet come1 b ! progress already made1 especially dur+ ! pres5t c5tury1 leads u to hope t x may be ne>4 ,b ! ext9ction ( slav]y w n deprive ,/4 ,paul's treatm5t ( x ( its practical int]e/ & value4 ,8 inspir$ wisdom 9 deal+ ) ?is problem ought to be our guide 9 deal+ ) ! sc>cely less mom5t\s problems :i* confront u at ! pres5t day4 ,we h social difficulties to deal )1 ^: magnitude & "* make !m n unlike t ( slav]y 9 ! fir/ ages ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,!re are ! relations betwe5 capital & lab\r1 ! prodigi\s inequalities 9 ! di/ribution ( weal?1 ! degradation :i* is involv$ 9 ! cr[d+ ( population 9 ! great c5tres ( indu/ry4 ,9 attempt+ to rem$y su* ?+s1 let u1 :ile we cat* en?usiasm f ,/4 ,paul's sympa!tic zeal1 n =get 8 pati5ce & discretion4 ,mon/r\s evils are n1 l giants 9 ! old romances1 to be sla9 at a bl[4 ,!y are deeply root$2 & if we attempt to te> !m up1 we may pull up ! f\ndations ( society along ) !m4 ,we mu/ be cont5t to "w sl[ly & )\t viol5ce4 ,we h no "r to prea* revolution & plund] to ^? :o are suff]+ f undes]v$ pov]ty1 any m ?an ,/4 ,paul _h to prea* revolt to ! slaves4 ,dra/ic rem$ies ( t k9d w cause mu* enmity1 & p]haps blood%$1 9 ! c>ry+ out1 & w "w no p]man5t cure 9 ! end4 ,x is incr$ible t ! well-be+ ( mank9d c be promot$ by /irr+ up ill-w & hatr$ betwe5 a suff]+ class & ^? :o seem to h x 9 _! p[] to relieve !m4 ,*>ity1 we "k1 nev] faile?2 b nei!r ,scripture nor exp]i5ce has taught u t viol5ce is a sure road to success4 ,we ne$ m fai? 9 ! pr9ciples ( ,*ri/ianity & 9 _! p[] to promote happ9ess z well z godl9ess4 ,:at is requir$1 is n a sudd5 r$i/ribution ( weal?1 or laws to prev5t its accumulation1 b a prop] appreciation ( its value4 ,ri* & poor alike h yet to le>n :at is really wor? hav+ 9 ?is _w4 ,x is n weal?1 b happ9ess4 ,& happ9ess is to be f\nd nei!r 9 ga9+1 nor 9 possess+1 nor 9 sp5d+ money1 b 9 be+ useful4 ,to s]ve o!rs1 to sp5d & be sp5t = !m1--t is ! ideal to place be=e mank9d2 & j 9 proportion z x is rea*$1 w ! frightful inequalities betwe5 class & class1 & betwe5 man & man1 cease to be4 ,x is a lesson t takes mu* tea*+ & mu* le>n+4 ,mean:ile x seems a t]rible ?+ to leave :ole g5]ations suff]+ f de/itution1 j z x 0 a t]rible ?+ to leave :ole g5]ations groan+ 9 slav]y4 ,b a g5]al manumission w\ld n h help$ matt]s !n2 & a g5]al di/ribution to ! indig5t w\ld n help matt]s n[4 ,! rem$y adopt$ !n 0 a sl[ "o1 b x has be5 efficaci\s4 ,! ma/] 0 n told to emancipate 8 slave1 & ! slave 0 n told to run away f 8 ma/]2 b ea* 0 *>g$ to behave to ! o!r1 ! ma/] 9 comm&+ & ! slave 9 obey+1 z ,*ri/ian to ,*ri/ian 9 ! sight ( ,god4 ,let u n d\bt t ! same rem$y n[1 if fai?fully appli$1 w be n less effectual4 ,d n tell ! ri* man t he mu/ %>e 8 weal? ) ^? :o h no?+4 ,d n tell ! poor man t he has a "r to a %>e1 & may seize x1 if x is n giv54 ,b by precept & example %[ to bo? alike t ! "o ?+ wor? liv+ = is to promote ! well-be+ ( o!rs4 ,& let ! exp]i5ce ( ! pa/ conv9ce u t any rem$y :i* involves a viol5t recon/ruction ( society is sure to be dang]\s & may easily prove futile4 ,,footnotes3 #gj ,laws1 #ggg ,d4 #ga ,tacitus1 ,ann4 xiv4 #db-de2 iii4 #ad2 comp4 ii4 #cj & iii4 #fg4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii4 ,,! ,,ga9 ,,( ,a ,,love ,,( ,,godl9ess1 ,,& ,,! ,,ungodl9ess ,,( ,a ,,love ,,( ,,ga94 ,wrangl+s ( m5 corrupt$ 9 m9d & b]eft ( ! tru?1 suppos+ t godl9ess is a way ( ga94 ,b godl9ess ) cont5tm5t is great ga93 = we br\ght no?+ into ! _w1 = nei!r c we c>ry any?+ out4444 ,*>ge !m t are ri* 9 ?is pres5t _w1 t !y be n high m9d$1 nor h _! hope set on ! unc]ta9ty ( ri*es1 b on ,god1 ,:o gives u ri*ly all ?+s to enjoy2 t !y d good1 t !y be ri* 9 good works1 t !y be ready to di/ribute1 will+ to communicate2 lay+ up 9 /ore = !mselves a good f\ndation aga9/ ! "t to come1 t !y may lay hold on ! life :i* is life inde$4--#a ,,tim4 vi4 #e-g1 #ag-ai4 ,x is evid5t t ! subject ( av>ice is mu* 9 ! ,apo/le's m9d dur+ ! writ+ ( ! la/ portion ( ?is ,epi/le4 ,he comes ^u x "h 9 connexion ) ! tea*]s ( false doctr9e1 & speaks /rongly on ! subject4 ,!n he writes :at appe>s to be a solemn conclusion to ! lett] 7vv4 #aa-af74 ,& !n1 z if he 0 oppress$ by ! dang] ( l>ge possessions z promot+ an av>ici\s _s1 he *>ges ,timo?y to w>n ! weal?y aga9/ ! folly & wick$ness ( selfi% ho>d+4 ,he1 z x 71 re-op5s 8 lett] 9 ord] to add ?is *>ge1 & !n writes a second conclusion4 ,he _c feel happy until he has driv5 home ?is lesson ab\t ! "r way ( mak+ ga91 & ! "r way ( lay+ up treasure4 ,x is su* a common h]esy1 & su* a fatal "o1 to believe t gold is weal?1 & t weal? is ! *ief good4 ,wrangl+s ( m5 corrupt$ 9 m9d & b]eft ( ! tru?4 ,t is h[ ,/4 ,paul describes ! dissid5ce ( diss5t1 z x 0 kn[n to him by griev\s exp]i5ce4 ,!re 7 m5 :o _h once be5 9 possession ( a s\nd m9d1 :]eby to recognize & grasp ! tru?2 & !y _h grasp$ ! tru?1 & = a "t reta9$ x4 ,b !y _h giv5 he$ to s$uc+ spirits1 & _h all[$ !mselves to be robb$ ( bo? ^! treasures1--n only ! tru?1 b ! m5tal p[] ( appreciat+ ! tru?4 ,& :at _h !y 9 ! place ( :at !y _h lo/8 ,incessant cont5tions among !mselves4 ,hav+ lo/ ! tru?1 !y _h no long] any c5tre ( agreem5t4 ,error is manifold & its pa?s are labyr9?9e4 ,:5 two m9ds des]t ! tru?1 !re is no reason :y !y %\ld rema9 9 h>mony any m2 & ea* has a "r to believe t 8 own sub/itute = ! tru? is ! only "o wor? consid]+4 ,z pro( t _! s\ndness ( m9d is gone1 & t !y are f> away f ! tru?1 ,/4 ,paul /ates ! fact t !y suppose t godl9ess is a way ( ga94 ,x is well kn[n t ! s*ol>s ^: lab\rs dur+ ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies produc$ at la/ ! ,au?oriz$ ,v]sion1 7 n ma/]s ( ! =ce ( ! ,greek article4 ,its uses _h n yet be5 analys$ 9 ! ?or\gh way 9 :i* !y h be5 analys$ 9 ! pres5t c5tury4 ,p]haps ! text be=e u is ! mo/ rem>kable among ! num]\s errors :i* are ! result ( ?is imp]fect k4 ,x seems s /range t ^? :o p]petrat$ x 7 n puzzl$ by _! own mi/ake1 & t _! p]plexity did n put !m "r4 ,:at k9d ( p c\ld !y h be5 :o suppos$ t ga9 0 godl9ess8 ,did su* an idea ev] be=e ent] into ! head ( any p]son8 ,& if x did1 c\ld he h reta9$ x8 ,p h devot$ _! :ole s\ls to ga91 & h wor%ipp$ x z if x 7 ,div9e4 ,b no man ev] yet believ$1 or act$ z if he believ$1 t ga9 0 godl9ess4 ,to make money-gett+ a sub/itute = religion1 9 all[+ x to become ! "o absorb+ occupation ( m9d & body1 is "o ?+3 to believe x to be religion is q ano!r4 ,b :at ,/4 ,paul says ( ! op9ions ( ^! p]v]t$ m5 is exactly ! conv]se ( ?is3 n t !y suppos$ ga9 to be godl9ess1 b t !y suppos$ godl9ess to be a means ( ga94 ,!y consid]$ godl9ess1 or r ! =m ( godl9ess :i* 0 all t !y really possess$1 to be a pr(itable inve/m5t4 ,*ri/ianity to !m 0 a pr(ession 9 ! m]cantile s5se1 & a pr(ession t paid3 & !y emb>k$ ^u x1 j z !y w\ld ^u any o!r speculation :i* (f]$ equally good hopes ( be+ remun]ative4 ,! ,apo/le takes up ?is p]v]t$ & mean view ( religion1 & %[s t 9 a high] s5se x is p]fectly true4 ,j z ,caiaphas1 :ile mean+ to express a base & cold-blood$ policy ( exp$i5cy1 _h giv5 utt]ance to a pr(\nd tru? ab\t ,*ri/1 s ^! false tea*]s _h got hold ( pr9ciples :i* c\ld be =mulat$ s z to express a pr(\nd tru? ab\t ,*ri/'s religion4 ,!re is a v real s5se 9 :i* godl9ess 7g5u9e godl9ess & n ! m]e ext]nals ( x7 is ev5 9 ?is _w a fruitful s\rce ( ga94 ,hone/y1 s long z x be n practis$ m]ely z a policy1 is ! be/ policy4 ,righte\sness exalte? a nation3 x inv>iably pays 9 ! long run4 ,& s ,godl9ess ) cont5tm5t is great ga94 ,!y suppose t godl9ess is a good inve/m5t3--9 q a diff]5t s5se f t :i* !y h 9 _! m9ds1 x really is s4 ,& ! reason ( ?is is manife/4 ,x has already be5 %[n t godl9ess is pr(itable = all ?+s4 ,x makes a man a bett] ma/]1 a bett] s]vant1 a bett] citiz51 & bo? 9 m9d & body a heal?i] & !re=e a /rong] man4 ,above all x makes him a happi] man2 = x gives him t :i* is ! f\ndation ( all happ9ess 9 ?is life1 & ! =eta/e ( happ9ess 9 ! _w to come1--a good consci5ce4 ,a possession ( su* value z ?is _c be o!rwise ?an great ga93 especially if x be unit$1 z x probably w be unit$1 ) cont5tm5t4 ,x is 9 ! nature ( ! godly man to be cont5t ) :at ,god has giv5 him4 ,b godl9ess & cont5tm5t are n id5tical2 & !re=e1 9 ord] to make 8 mean+ q cle>1 ! ,apo/le says n m]ely godl9ess1 b godl9ess ) cont5tm5t4 ,ei!r ( ^! qualities f> exce$s 9 value ! pr(itable inve/m5t :i* ! false tea*]s saw 9 ! pr(ession ( godl9ess4 ,!y f\nd t x paid2 t x _h a t5d5cy to advance _! worldly int]e/s4 ,b aft] all ev5 m]e worldly weal? does n consi/ 9 ! abundance ( ! ?+s :i* a man possesses4 ,t man is well (f1 :o has z mu* z he wants2 & t man is ri*1 :o has m ?an he wants4 ,weal? _c be measur$ by any absolute /&>d4 ,we _c "n an income to rise above :i* is ri*es1 & to fall bel[ :i* is pov]ty4 ,nor is x en\gh to take into acc\nt ! unavoidable calls :i* are made ^u ! man's purse1 9 ord] to "k :e!r he is well (f or n3 we mu/ also "k some?+ ( 8 desires4 ,:5 all legitimate claims h be5 dis*>g$1 is he satisfi$ ) :at rema9s = 8 own use8 ,is he cont5t$8 ,if he is1 !n he is inde$ well-to-d4 ,if he is n1 !n ! *ief elem5t ( weal? is /ill lack+ to him4 ,! ,apo/le goes on to en=ce ! tru? ( ! /atem5t t ev5 9 ?is _w godl9ess ) cont5tm5t is a mo/ valuable possession1 f> sup]ior to a l>ge income2 & to urge t1 ev5 f ! po9t ( view ( e>?ly prosp]ity & happ9ess1 ^? p make a fatal mi/ake :o devote !mselves to ! accumulation ( weal?1 )\t plac+ any *eck ^u _! gr[+ & torm5t+ desires1 & )\t kn[+ h[ to make a good use ( ! weal? :i* !y are accumulat+4 ,) a view to en=ce all ?is he repeats two well-kn[n & indisputable propositions3 ,we br\ght no?+ into ! _w & ,we c c>ry no?+ out4 ,z to ! words :i* connect ^! two propositions 9 ! orig9al ,greek1 !re seems to be "s primitive error :i* we _c n[ correct ) any c]ta9ty4 ,we are n sure :e!r "o proposition is giv5 z a reason = accept+ ! o!r1 &1 if s1 :i* is premise & :i* is conclusion4 ,b ?is is ( no mom5t4 ,ea* /atem5t s+ly has be5 abundantly prov$ by ! exp]i5ce ( mank9d1 & no "o w\ld be likely to dispute ei!r4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ books 9 human lit]ature has !m z its op5+ moral4 ,nak$ came ,i out ( my "m's womb1 & nak$ %all ,i return ?i!r1 are ,job's words 9 ! day ( 8 utt] ru92 & !y h be5 ass5t$ to by millions ( he>ts ev] s9ce4 ,we br\ght no?+ into ! _w4 ,:at "r !n h we to be discont5t$ ) :at has s9ce be5 giv5 to u8 ,we c take no?+ out4 ,:at folly1 !re=e1 to sp5d all our "t 9 amass+ weal?1 :i* at ! "t ( our dep>ture we %all be oblig$ to leave beh9d u6 ,!re is ! case aga9/ av>ice 9 a nut%ell4 ,nev] cont5t$4 ,nev] kn[+ :at x is to re/ & be ?ankful4 ,always n]v\sly anxi\s ab\t ! pres]vation ( :at has be5 ga9$1 & labori\sly toil+ 9 ord] to augm5t x4 ,:at a contra/ to ! godly man1 :o has f\nd true indep5d5ce 9 a tru/ful dep5d5ce ^u ! ,god ,:om he s]ves6 ,godl9ess ) cont5tm5t is inde$ great ga94 ,!re is p]haps no m /rik+ example ( ! incorrigible p]v]sity ( human nature ?an ! fact t1 9 spite ( all exp]i5ce to ! contr>y1 g5]ation aft] g5]ation cont9ues to look ^u m]e weal? z ! ?+ be/ wor? /riv+ aft]4 ,c5tury aft] c5tury we f9d m5 tell+ u1 (t5 ) mu* emphasis & bitt]ness1 t great possessions are an impo/ure1 t !y promise happ9ess & nev] give x4 ,& yet ^? v m5 cont9ue to devote _! :ole en]gies to ! ret5tion & increase ( _! possessions3 or1 if !y d n1 !y h>dly ev] succe$ 9 conv9c+ o!rs t happ9ess is n to be f\nd 9 su* ?+s4 ,if !y c\ld succe$1 !re w\ld be f> m cont5t$1 & !re=e f> m happy p 9 ! _w ?an c be f\nd at pres5t4 ,x is *iefly ! desire = great] temporal advantages ?an we h at pres5t t makes u discont5t$4 ,we %\ld be a long way on ! road to cont5tm5t1 if we c\ld ?or\ghly conv9ce ourselves t :at are commonly call$ temporal advantages--su* z l>ge possessions1 rank1 p[]1 hon\rs1 & ! l--are on ! :ole n advantages2 t !y m (t5 detract f ?is _w's joys ?an augm5t !m1 :ile !y are always a s]i\s dang]1 & sometimes a griev\s imp$im5t1 9 ref]5ce to ! joys ( ! _w to come4 ,:at man ( weal? & position does n feel day by day ! worries & anxieties & obligations1 :i* 8 ri*es & rank impose ^u him4 ,does he n (t5 wi% t he c\ld retire to "s cottage & !re live quietly on a few hundr$s a ye>1 & sometimes ev5 s]i\sly ?9k ( do+ x8 ,b at o!r times he fancies t 8 unre/ & disquiet is ow+ to 8 n hav+ en\gh4 ,if he c\ld only h "s ?\s&s a ye> add$ to 8 pres5t income1 !n he w\ld cease to be anxi\s ab\t ! future2 he c\ld af=d to lose "s & /ill h suffici5t4 ,if he c\ld only atta9 to a high] position 9 society1 !n he w\ld feel secure f detraction or s]i\s d[nfall2 he w\ld be able to treat ) unconc]n$ neglect ! criticisms :i* are n[ su* a s\rce ( annoyance to him4 ,& 9 mo/ cases ?is latt] view prevails4 ,:at det]m9es 8 conduct is n ! well-gr\nd$ suspicion t he already has m ?an is good = him2 t x is 8 abundance :i* is de/roy+ 8 peace ( m9d2 b ! baseless conviction t an increase ( ! gifts ( ?is _w w w9 = him ! happ9ess t he has fail$ to secure4 ,! exp]i5ce ( ! pa/ r>ely de/roys ?is fallacy4 ,he kn[s t 8 enjoym5t ( life has n increas$ ) 8 =tune4 ,p]haps he c see cle>ly t he 0 a happi] man :5 he possess$ mu* less4 ,b1 nev]!less1 he /ill *]i%es ! belief t ) a few ?+s m he w\ld be cont5t$1 & = ^? few ?+s m he cont9ues to slave4 ,!re is no man 9 ?is _w t has n f\nd out ov] & ov] aga9 t success1 ev5 ! mo/ complete success1 9 ! atta9m5t ( any worldly desire1 h[ev] innoc5t or laudable1 does n br+ ! p]man5t satisfaction :i* 0 anticipat$4 ,soon] or lat] ! feel+ ( satiety1 & !re=e ( disappo9tm5t1 mu/ set 94 ,& ( all ! c\ntless ?\s&s :o h _h ?is exp]i5ce1 h[ few !re are t h be5 able to draw ! "r conclusion1 & to act ^u x6 ,& :5 we take into acc\nt ! difficulties & dang]s :i* a l>ge increase 9 ! ?+s ( ?is _w places 9 ! way ( our advance t[>ds moral & spiritual p]fection1 we h a /ill /rong] case aga9/ ! fallacy t increase ( weal? br+s an increase 9 well-be+4 ,! c>e ( ! ?+s :i* we possess takes up ?\ght & "t1 :i* c\ld be f> m happily employ$ on nobl] objects2 & x leads u gradually into ! practical conviction t ^! nobl] objects1 :i* h s cont9ually to be neglect$ 9 ord] to make room = o!r c>es1 are really ( less importance4 ,x is impossible to g on ignor+ ! claims :i* intellectual & spiritual ex]cises h ^u our att5tion )\t becom+ less alive to ^? claims4 ,we become1 n cont5t$1 b self-suffici5t 9 ! wor/ s5se4 ,we acquiesce 9 ! l[ & n>r[ aims :i* a devotion to worldly advancem5t has impos$ ^u u4 ,we habitually act z if !re 7 no o!r life b ?is "o2 & consequ5tly we cease to take mu* int]e/ 9 ! o!r life beyond ! grave2 :ile ev5 z reg>ds ! ?+s ( ?is _w our int]e/s become conf9$ to ^? objects :i* c gratify our absorb+ desire = f9ancial prosp]ity4 ,nor does ! mis*ief done to our be/ moral & spiritual int]e/s end "h2 especially if we are :at ! _w calls successful4 ,! man :o /eadily devotes himself to ! advancem5t ( 8 worldly position1 & :o succe$s 9 a v m>k$ way 9 rais+ himself1 is likely to acquire 9 ! process a k9d ( brutal self-confid5ce1 v detrim5tal to 8 "*4 ,he />t$ ) no?+1 & he n[ has a =tune4 ,he 0 once a %op-boy1 & he is n[ a c\ntry g5tleman4 ,& he has done x all by 8 own %rewdness1 en]gy1 & p]sev]ance4 ,! result is t he makes no acc\nt ( ,provid5ce1 & v little ( ! f> great] m]its ( less conspicu\sly successful m54 ,a contempt = m5 & ?+s t w\ld h giv5 him a high] view ( ?is life1 & "s idea ( a bett] life1 is ! p5alty :i* he pays = 8 disa/r\s prosp]ity4 ,b 8 case is "o ( ! mo/ hopeless1 ^: desire = worldly advantages has settl$ d[n into a m]e love ( money4 ,! worldly man1 ^: lead+ ambition is to rise to a m prom95t place 9 society1 to out%9e 8 neighb\rs 9 ! appo9tm5ts ( 8 h\se & 9 ! spl5d\r ( 8 ent]ta9m5ts1 to be ( importance on all public occasions1 & ! l1 is morally 9 a f> less desp]ate condition ?an ! mis]4 ,!re is no vice m dead5+ to e noble & t5d] feel+ ?an av>ice4 ,x is capable ( ext+ui%+ all m]cy1 all pity1 all natural affection4 ,x c make ! claims ( ! suff]+ & sorr[ful1 ev5 :5 !y are comb9$ ) ^? ( an old fri5d1 or a wife1 or a *ild1 fall on deaf e>s4 ,x c bani% f ! he>t n only all love1 b all %ame & self-respect4 ,:at does ! mis] c>e = ! execrations ( outrag$ society1 s long z he c keep 8 gold8 ,!re is no he>tless or mean act1 & v (t5 no de$ ( fraud or viol5ce1 f :i* he w %r9k 9 ord] to augm5t or pres]ve 8 ho>ds4 ,assur$ly ! ,apo/le is "r :5 he calls ! love ( money a root ( all k9ds ( evil4 ,!re is no iniquity to :i* x does n =m "o ( ! ne>e/ roads4 ,e crim9al :o wants an accomplice c h ! av>ici\s man z 8 help]1 if he only bids high en\gh4 ,& note t1 unlike almo/ e o!r vice1 x nev] loses its hold3 its deadly grip is nev] = an in/ant relax$4 ,! selfi% man c at a crisis become self-sacrific+1 at any rate = a "t4 ,! s5suali/ has 8 mom5ts :5 8 nobl] nature gets ! bett] ( 8 passions1 & he sp>es ^? :om he ?\ght to make 8 victims4 ,! drunk>d c sometimes be lur$ by affection or innoc5t enjoym5ts to =ego ! gratification ( 8 crav+4 ,& !re are times :5 ev5 pride1 t wat*ful & subtle foe1 sleeps at its po/ & suff]s humble ?\ghts to ent]4 ,b ! demon av>ice nev] slumb]s1 & is nev] (f its gu>d4 ,:5 x has once tak5 full possession ( a man's he>t1 nei!r love1 nor pity1 nor %ame1 c ev] surprise x into an act ( g5]osity4 ,we all ( u h our impulses2 &1 h[ev] little we may act ^u !m1 we are consci\s t "s ( our impulses are g5]\s4 ,"s ( ! wor/ ( u c\ld lay claim to z mu* z t4 ,b ! mis]'s nature is poison$ at its v s\rce4 ,ev5 8 impulses are ta9t$4 ,sights & s\nds :i* make o!r h>d5$ s9n]s at lea/ wi% to help1 if only to relieve _! own di/ress at su* pitiful ?+s1 make him in/9ctively tight5 8 purse-/r+s4 ,gold is 8 god2 & !re is no god :o exacts f 8 wor%ipp]s su* undivid$ & unceas+ devotion4 ,family1 fri5ds1 c\ntry1 com=t1 heal?1 & hon\r mu/ all be sacrific$ at its %r9e4 ,c]ta9ly ! lu/ = gold is "o ( ^? fooli% & hurtful lu/s1 su* z dr[n m5 9 de/ruction & p]dition4 ,9 weal?y ,ephesus1 ) its abundant comm]ce1 ! desire to be ri* 0 a common passion2 & ,/4 ,paul fe>$--p]haps he knew--t 9 ! ,*ur* 9 ,ephesus ! mis*ief 0 pres5t & increas+4 ,h5ce ?is e>ne/ reit]ation ( /rong w>n+s aga9/ x4 ,h5ce ! reop5+ ( ! lett] 9 ord] to tell ,timo?y to *>ge ! ri* n to be self-confid5t & arrogant1 n to tru/ 9 ! weal? :i* may fail !m1 b 9 ! ,god ,:o _c d s2 & to rem9d !m t ! only way to make ri*es secure is to give !m to ,god & to ,8 "w4 ,! weal?y hea!n 9 ,ephesus 7 accu/om$ to deposit _! treasures ) ! great goddess ,diana1 ^: temple 0 bo? a sanctu>y & a bank4 ,let ,*ri/ian m]*ants deposit !irs ) ,god by be+ ri* 9 good works2 s t1 :5 ,he call$ !m to ,himself1 !y might receive _! own ) usury1 & lay hold on ! life :i* is life inde$4 ,,! ,,epi/le ,,to ,,titus4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,,! ,,epi/le ,,to ,,titus4--,,8 ,,life ,,& ,,"*4 ,paul1 a s]vant ( ,god1 & an apo/le ( ,jesus ,*ri/ 444 to ,titus1 my true *ild aft] a common fai?3 ,grace & peace f ,god ! ,fa!r1 & ,*ri/ ,jesus our ,savi\r--,,titus i4 #a1 #d4 ,! title ,pa/oral ,epi/le is z appropriate to ! ,epi/le to ,titus z to ! ,fir/ ,epi/le to ,timo?y4 ,al?\gh !re is a good deal 9 ! lett] t is p]sonal r ?an pa/oral1 yet ! pa/oral elem5t is ! ma9 "o4 ,! bulk ( ! lett] is tak5 up ) que/ions ( ,*ur* doctr9e & gov]nm5t1 ! treatm5t ( ! fai?ful memb]s ( ! congregation & ( ! unruly & err+4 ,! lett] is address$ to ,titus1 n z a private individual1 b z ! delegate ( ! ,apo/le hold+ (fice 9 ,crete4 ,h5ce1 z 9 ! ,fir/ ,epi/le to ,timo?y1 ,/4 ,paul /yles himself an ,apo/le3 & ! (ficial "* ( ?is lett] is /ill fur!r m>k$ by ! long & solemn sup]scription4 ,x is evid5tly int5d$ to be read by o!r p]sons besides ! m9i/] to :om x is address$4 ,! "q ( ! au!nticity ( ! ,epi/le to ,titus1 has already be5 9 a great measure discuss$ 9 ! fir/ ( ^! expositions4 ,x 0 po9t$ out !re t ! ext]nal evid5ce = ! g5u95ess 9 all ?ree cases is v /rong1 beg9n+ almo/ c]ta9ly ) ,clem5t ( ,rome1 ,ignatius1 & ,polyc>p1 becom+ cle> & c]ta9 9 ,ir5aeus1 & be+ abundant 9 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria & ,t]tullian4 ,( ! v few p :o reject$ !m1 ,tatian seems to h be5 almo/ alone 9 mak+ a di/9ction betwe5 !m4 ,he accept$ ! ,epi/le to ,titus1 :ile reject+ ! two to ,timo?y4 ,we may rejoice t ,tatian1 ,m>cion1 & o!rs rais$ ! "q4 ,x _c be said t ! ,*ur*es accept$ ?is ,epi/le )\t consid]ation4 ,^? :o possess$ evid5ce n[ no long] extant 7 conv9c$1 9 spite ( ! objections urg$1 t 9 ?is lett] & its two companions we h g5u9e writ+s ( ,/4 ,paul4 ,) reg>d to mod]n objections1 x may be freely admitt$ t !re is no room 9 ,/4 ,paul's life1 z giv5 9 ! ,acts1 = ! j\rney to ,crete1 & ! w9t] at ,nicopolis requir$ by ! ,epi/le to ,titus4 ,b !re is pl5ty ( room = bo? ( ^! outside ! ,acts1 viz41 betwe5 ! fir/ & second imprisonm5t ( ! ,apo/le4 ,&1 z we h already se5 good reason = believ+ 9 ! case ( #a ,timo?y1 ! condition ( ! ,*ur* indicat$ 9 ?is lett] is su* z 0 already 9 exi/5ce 9 ,/4 ,paul's "t2 & ! language us$ 9 treat+ ( x resembles t ( ! ,apo/le 9 a way :i* helps u to believe t we are read+ 8 own words & n ^? ( a skilful imitator4 ,= ?is imitator mu/ h be5 a /range p]son2 v skilful 9 "s ?+s1 v ecc5tric 9 o!rs4 ,:y does he give ,/4 ,paul & ,titus a "w 9 ,crete ( :i* !re is no m5tion 9 ! ,acts8 ,:y does he make ! ,apo/le ask ,titus to meet him 9 ,nicopolis1 a place nev] nam$ 9 connexion ) ,/4 ,paul8 ,:y bracket a well-kn[n p]son1 l ,apollos1 ) an utt]ly unkn[n p]son1 su* z ,z5as8 ,x is n easy to believe 9 ?is imitator4 ,yet ano!r po9t ( resemblance %\ld be not$4 ,"h1 z 9 #a ,timo?y1 !re is no c>eful arrangem5t ( ! mat]ial4 ,! subjects are n put toge!r 9 a /udi$ ord]1 z 9 a treatise ) a di/9ct !ological or controv]sial purpose4 ,!y foll[ "o ano!r 9 a natural mann]1 j z !y occur to ! writ]4 ,p]sons ) _! he>ts & heads full ( ?+s :i* !y wi% to say to a fri5d1 d n sit d[n ) an analysis be=e !m to secure an ord]ly arrangem5t ( :at !y wi% to write4 ,!y />t ) "o ( ! ma9 topics1 & !n ! treatm5t ( ?is sugge/s some?+ else3 & !y are n di/ress$ if !y repeat !mselves1 or if !y h to return to a subject :i* has be5 t\*$ ^u be=e & !n dropp$4 ,?is is j ! k9d ( writ+ :i* meets u once m 9 ! lett] to ,titus4 ,x is ?or\ghly natural4 ,x is n easy to believe t a =g] 9 ! second c5tury c\ld h ?r[n himself ) su* simplicity into ! attitude :i* ! lett] pre-supposes4 ,x is n possible to det]m9e :e!r ?is lett] 0 writt5 be=e or aft] ! ,fir/ to ,timo?y4 ,b x 0 c]ta9ly writt5 be=e ! ,second to ,timo?y4 ,!re=e1 :ile "o has no suffici5t reason = tak+ x be=e ! "o1 "o has excell5t reason = tak+ x be=e ! o!r4 ,! precise ye> & ! precise place 9 :i* x 0 writt51 we mu/ be cont5t to leave unsettl$4 ,x may be d\bt$ :e!r ei!r ! "o or ! o!r w\ld ?r[ mu* light on ! cont5ts ( ! lett]4 ,^! are det]m9$ by :at ! ,apo/le rememb]s & expects conc]n+ affairs 9 ,crete1 & n by 8 own surr\nd+s4 ,x is ! (ficial position ( ,titus 9 ,crete :i* is *iefly be=e 8 m9d4 ,titus1 z we le>n f ! op5+ words ( ! lett]1 01 l ,timo?y1 conv]t$ to ,*ri/ianity by ,/4 ,paul4 ,! ,apo/le calls him 8 true *ild aft] a common fai?4 ,z reg>ds 8 antec$5ts he 0 a m>k$ contra/ to ,timo?y4 ,:]eas ,timo?y _h be5 br\ght up z a ,jew "u ! c>e ( 8 ,jewi% "m ,eunice1 & _h be5 circumcis$ by ,/4 ,paul's desire1 ,titus 0 :olly a ,g5tile1 & 0 n compell$ to be circumcis$1 z ,/4 ,paul /ates 9 ! passage 9 :i* he tells ! ,galatians 7ii4 #a--c7 t he took ,titus ) him to ,j]usalem on ! occasion :5 he & ,b>nabas w5t ?i!r sev5te5 ye>s aft] ,/4 ,paul's conv]sion4 ,paul & ,b>nabas w5t up to ,j]usalem on t occasion to protect ,g5tile conv]ts f ! ,judaiz]s1 :o want$ to make all su* conv]ts submit to circumcision4 ,titus & o!rs w5t ) !m z repres5tatives ( ! ,g5tile conv]ts1 & 9 _! p]sons a =mal prote/ 0 made aga9/ ?is imposition4 ,x is q possible t ,titus 0 ) ,/4 ,paul :5 he wrote to ! ,galatians2 & if s ?is m5tion ( him becomes all ! m natural4 ,we may fancy ! ,apo/le say+ to ,titus1 z he wrote ! lett]1 ,i %all rem9d !m ( y\r case1 :i* is v mu* to ! po9t4 ,:e!r ,titus 0 p]sonally kn[n to ! ,galatian ,*ur* is n c]ta92 b he is spok5 ( z "o ( :om !y h at any rate he>d4 ,titus 0 almo/ c]ta9ly "o ( ^? :o c>ri$ ! ,fir/ ,epi/le to ! ,cor9?ian ,*ur*1 i4e41 ! fir/ ( ! two t h come d[n to u2 & ,/4 ,paul await$ 8 report ( ! reception :i* ! lett] _h met ) at ,cor9? ) ! utmo/ anxiety4 ,& he 0 q c]ta9ly "o ( ^? :o 7 entru/$ ) ! ,second ,epi/le to ! ,cor9?ians4 ,/4 ,paul wrote ! fir/ lett] at ,ephesus ab\t ,ea/]1 probably 9 ! ye> #eg4 ,he left ,ephesus ab\t ,p5teco/1 & w5t to ,troas1 :]e he hop$ to meet ,titus ) news f ,cor9?4 ,aft] wait+ 9 va9 he w5t on to ,mac$onia 9 griev\s anxiety2 & !re ,titus met him4 ,he at once began ! second lett]1 :i* app>5tly 0 writt5 piece-meal dur+ ! j\rney2 & :5 x 0 complet$ he s5t ,titus back to ,cor9? ) x4 ,t ,titus %\ld twice h be5 s5t z ! mess5g] & repres5tative ( ,/4 ,paul to a ,*ur* 9 :i* difficulties ( ! grave/ k9d _h aris51 gives u a cle> indication ( ! ,apo/le's e/imate ( 8 "*4 ,he mu/ h be5 a p]son ( firmness1 discretion1 & tact4 ,!re 0 ! mon/r\s case ( ince/1 ! disputes betwe5 ! rival factions1 cont5tions 9 public wor%ip & ev5 at ! ,eu*>i/1 litigation be=e ! hea!n1 & wild ideas ab\t ! resurrection1 n to m5tion o!r matt]s :i* 7 difficult en\gh1 al?\gh ( a less burn+ "*4 ,& 9 all ^! que/ions x 0 ! va91 fitful1 vivaci\s1 & s5sitive ,cor9?ians :o _h to be manag$ & induc$ to take ! ,apo/le's words 7:i* sometimes 7 v %>p & sev]e7 pati5tly4 ,nor 0 ?is all4 ,besides ! difficulties 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,cor9? !re 0 ! collection = ! poor ,*ri/ians 9 ,judaea1 ab\t :i* ,/4 ,paul 0 deeply int]e/$1 & :i* _h n be5 progress+ 9 ,cor9? z he wi%$4 ,/4 ,paul 0 d\bly anxi\s t x %\ld be a success2 fir/1 because x prov$ to ! ,jewi% conv]ts t 8 int]e/ 9 !m 0 sub/antial1 9 spite ( 8 opposition to "s ( _! views2 secondly1 because x s]v$ to c\nt]act ! t5d5cy to "p asund]1 :i* 0 manife/+ itself betwe5 ! ,jewi% & ,g5tile ,*ri/ians4 ,& 9 c>ry+ out ,/4 ,paul's in/ructions ab\t ^! matt]s ,titus evid5tly _h to suff] a good deal ( opposition2 & h5ce ! ,apo/le writes a /rong comm5dation ( him1 c\pl+ him ) himself 9 8 mission & zeal4 ,:e!r any inquire ab\t ,titus1 he is my p>tn] & my fell[-work] to y-w>d4 ,?anks be to ,god1 :i* putte? ! same e>ne/ c>e = y into ! he>t ( ,titus4 ,= inde$ he accept$ our exhortation2 b be+ himself v e>ne/1 he w5t =? unto y ( 8 own accord4 ,) great delicacy ! ,apo/le takes c>e t1 9 mak+ x cle> to ! ,cor9?ians t ,titus has 8 full au?ority = :at he does1 no slight is ca/ ^u ,titus's own zeal & int]e/ 9 ! ,cor9?ians4 ,he is my repres5tative2 b he comes ( 8 own free w out ( love to y4 ,8 visit to y is 8 own do+2 b he has my entire sanction4 ,he is nei!r a me*anical delegate1 nor an unau?oriz$ volunte]4 ,a curta9 falls on ! c>e] ( ?is valu$ help-mate ( ! great ,apo/le1 f ! "t :5 he c>ri$ ! second lett] to ,cor9? to ! "t :5 ! lett] to himself 0 writt54 ,! int]val 0 probably "s eight or t5 ye>s1 ab\t :i* we "k only "o ?+1 t dur+ x1 & probably 9 ! second half ( x1 ! ,apo/le & ,titus _h be5 toge!r 9 ,crete1 & ,titus _h be5 left beh9d to consolidate ! ,*ur* !re4 ,! ,acts tell u no?+4 ,probably ,titus is n m5tion$ 9 ! book at all4 ,! read+ ,titus ,ju/us 9 xviii4 #g1 is possibly correct1 b x is f> f c]ta93 & ev5 if x 7 c]ta91 we %\ld /ill rema9 9 d\bt :e!r ,titus & ,titus ,ju/us are ! same p]son4 ,& ! attempts :i* h be5 made to id5tify ,titus ) o!r p]sons 9 ! ,acts1 su* z ,silvanus or ,timo?y1 are sc>cely wor? consid]+4 ,nor has ! conjecture t ,titus is ! au?or ( ! ,acts 7z ,kr5kel1 ,jacobs51 & rec5tly ,hooykaas 9 ! ,bible = ,"y ,p h sugge/$7 v mu* to recomm5d x4 ,! hypo!sis has two facts to support x3 7#a7 ! sil5ce ( ! ,acts respect+ ,titus1 & 7#b7 ! fact t ! writ] mu/ h be5 a companion ( ,/4 ,paul4 ,b ^! two facts are equally fav\rable to ! tradition t ,/4 ,luke 0 ! au?or1 a tradition = :i* ! evid5ce is bo? v e>ly & v abundant4 ,:y %\ld su* a tradition yield to a m]e conjecture8 ,"o ?+1 h[ev]1 we may accept z c]ta93--t ! "t :5 ,/4 ,paul 0 be+ c>ri$ a prison] to ,rome 9 an ,alex&rian corn-%ip :i* t\*$ at ,crete1 0 n ! "t :5 ! ,*ur* 9 ,crete 0 f\nd$4 ,:at opportunity w\ld a prison] h ( do+ any su* "w dur+ s %ort a /ay8 ,cretans 7 among ^? :o he>d ! ,apo/les at ,p5teco/ prea*+ 9 _! own tongue ! wond]ful works ( ,god4 ,"s ( ^! may h return$ home & =m$ ! fir/ beg9n+s ( a ,*ri/ian congregation3 & among imp]fect conv]ts ( ?is k9d we might expect to f9d ! errors ( :i* ,/4 ,paul treats 9 ?is ,epi/le4 ,b we c h>dly suppose t !re 0 mu* ( ,*ri/ian organization until ,/4 ,paul & ,titus came to ! isl& aft] ! ,apo/le's fir/ ,roman imprisonm5t4 ,& ! necessity ( hav+ "s "o ) a calm head & a firm h& on ! spot1 =c$ ! ,apo/le to leave 8 companion beh9d him4 ,! man :o _h be5 s successful 9 aid+ him respect+ ! difficulties at ,cor9? 0 j ! man to be entru/$ ) a some:at simil> b r m p]man5t po/ 9 ,crete4 ,! ,cretans 7 less civiliz$1 b 9 _! own way sc>cely less immoral1 ?an ! ,cor9?ians2 & 9 bo? cases ! national fail+s caus$ s]i\s tr\ble 9 ! ,*ur*4 ,9 bo? cases ecclesia/ical au?ority has to be firmly upheld aga9/ ^? :o "q & oppose x4 ,9 bo? cases social turbul5ce has to be kept 9 *eck4 ,9 bo? cases !re is a t5d5cy to wild !ological & philosophical speculations1 & 7on ! "p ( "s7 to a bigot$ ma9t5ance ( ,jewi% ord9ances & sup]/itions4 ,aga9/ all ^! ,titus w h to cont5d ) decision1 & if ne$ be ) sev]ity4 ,! lett]1 9 :i* directions are giv5 = ! c>ry+ out ( all ?is1 is evid5ce ( ! great confid5ce :i* ! ,apo/le repos$ 9 him4 ,"o ( ^? :o _h work$ also 9 ,cor9?1 is ei!r already ) him 9 ,crete1 or may soon be expect$1--,apollos1 & ) him ,z5as4 ,s t ! ,cor9?ian exp]i5ce is d\bly repres5t$4 ,o!r help]s are com+1 viz41 ,artemas & ,ty*icus2 &1 :5 !y arrive1 ,titus w be free to rejo9 ! ,apo/le1 & is to lose no "t 9 do+ s at ,nicopolis4 ,"o commission ,titus has 9 ,crete :i* v naturally 0 n giv5 to him at ,cor9?4 ,he is to p]fect ! organization ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* 9 ! isl& by appo9t+ eld]s 9 e city4 ,& x is ?is *>ge among o!rs :i* connects ?is lett] s closely ) ! fir/ to ,timo?y1 :i* v likely 0 writt5 ab\t ! same "t4 ,:e!r ,titus 0 set free f 8 heavy *>ge 9 ,crete 9 "t to jo9 ,/4 ,paul at ,nicopolis1 we h no means ( kn[+4 ,at ! "t :5 ! second lett] to ,timo?y 0 writt51 ,titus _h gone to ,dalmatia2 b we are left 9 d\bt z to :e!r he _h gone ?i!r by ,/4 ,paul's desire1 or 7l ,demas 9 go+ to ,!ssalonica7 aga9/ x4 ,nor does x appe> :e!r ,titus _h gone to ,dalmatia f ,nicopolis1 :i* is n f> di/ant1 or _h foll[$ ! ,apo/le f ,nicopolis to ,rome1 & !nce gone to ,illyria4 ,) ! j\rney to ,dalmatia our k ( him ends4 ,tradition takes him back to ,crete z p]man5t bi%op2 & 9 ! ,middle ,ages ! ,cretans seem to h reg>d$ him z _! patron sa9t4 ,! impression left ^u our m9d by ! ,acts is t ,/4 ,luke knew ,timo?y & did n "k ,titus3 & h5ce frequ5tly m5tions ! "o & says no?+ ab\t ! o!r4 ,! impression left ^u our m9d by ! m5tion ( bo? 9 ,paul's ,epi/les1 & by ! lett]s address$ to ea*1 is t ,titus1 ?\gh less t5d]ly belov$ by ! ,apo/le1 0 ! /rong] man ( ! two4 ,/4 ,paul seems to be less anxi\s ab\t ! conduct ( ,titus & ab\t ! way 9 :i* o!rs w treat him4 ,! directions z to 8 p]sonal behavi\r are mu* slight] ?an 9 ! case ( ,timo?y4 ,he seems to cr$it him ) less s5sitiv5ess & m decision & tact2 p]haps also ) less liability to be c>ri$ away by fanatical views & practices ?an ! o!r4 ,titus %>es ) ,timo?y ! glory ( hav+ giv5 up ev]y?+ 9 ord] to ?r[ 9 8 lot ) ,/4 ,paul1 & ( be+ "o ( 8 mo/ tru/$ & effici5t help]s4 ,:at t meant ! ,epi/les ( ,/4 ,paul tell u3--ceaseless toil & anxiety1 mu* %ame & reproa*1 & n a little p]il to life itself4 ,he also %>es ) ,timo?y ! glory ( be+ will+1 :5 ! cause requir$ su* sacrifice1 to sep>ate f ! ma/] to :om he _h surr5d]$ himself1 & to "w on by himself 9 isolation & difficulty4 ,! latt] 0 possibly ! m try+ sacrifice ( ! two4 ,to give up all 8 e>?ly prospects & all ! sweetness ( home life1 9 ord] to "w = ! spread ( ! ,gospel side by side ) ,/4 ,paul1 0 no d\bt a sacrifice t mu/ h co/ ^? :o made x a great deal4 ,b x _h its attractive side4 ,q indep5d5tly ( ! beauty & maje/y ( ! cause itself1 !re 0 ! delight ( be+ associat$ ) a lead] s able1 s sagaci\s1 s invigorat+1 & s affectionate z ! ,apo/le :o became all ?+s to all m5 t he might by all means save "s4 ,h>d "w became light1 & difficulties became smoo?1 "u ! inspirit+ sympa?y ( su* a colleague4 ,b x 0 q ano!r ?+ to h giv5 up ev]y?+ = ! sake ( su* companion%ip & support1 or at lea/ 9 ! full expectation ( enjoy+ x1 & !n to h to und]go ! h>d "w & confront ! difficulties )\t x4 ,! new disp5sation 9 ?is respect repeats ! old4 ,eli%a leaves 8 home & 8 inh]itance to foll[ ,elijah1 & !n ,elijah is tak5 f him4 ,timo?y & ,titus leave _! homes & possessions to foll[ ,/4 ,paul1 & !n ,/4 ,paul s5ds !m away f him4 ,& to ?is arrangem5t !y cons5t$1 ,timo?y 7z we "k7 ) te>s1 ,titus 7we may be sure7 ) mu* regret4 ,& :at x co/ ! lov+ ,apo/le ?us to "p ) !m & to pa9 !m we see f ! tone ( affectionate long+ :i* p]vades ^! lett]s4 ,! example set by bo? ma/] & disciples is "o :i* ,*ri/ians1 & especially ,*ri/ian m9i/]s1 mu/ f "t to "t ne$4 ,*ri/ s5t =? bo? ! ,twelve & ! ,sev5ty two & two2 & :at is true ( mank9d g5]ally is true also ( ! m9i/ry--,x is n good = man to be alone4 ,b cases (t5 arise 9 :i* n m ?an "o man c be sp>$ = ea* po/2 & !n ^? :o h be5 all 9 all to "o ano!r1 9 sympa?y & c\nsel & co-op]ation1 h to "p4 ,& x is "o ( ! greate/ sacrifices t c be requir$ ( !m4 ,paul & ,timo?y & ,titus 7 will+ to make ?is sacrifice2 & x is "o :i* ,*ri/'s s]vants ?r\gh\t all ages are call$ ^u at times to make4 ,_m m5 are will+ to face1 especially 9 a good cause1 :at is repulsive to !m1 if !y h ! company ( o!rs 9 ! trial1 especially if !y h ! pres5ce & support ( ^? ^: pres5ce is 9 itself a refre%m5t1 & _! support a r$\bl+ ( /r5g?4 ,b to ent] ^u a long & try+ task ) ! full expectation ( su* advantages1 & !n to be call$ ^u to surr5d] !m1--?is is1 inde$1 a trial :i* might well make ! weak-he>t$ turn back4 ,b _! devotion to _! ,"l's "w1 & _! confid5ce 9 ,8 su/a9+ p[]1 enabl$ ! ,apo/le & 8 two *ief disciples to make ! v5ture2 & ! m>vell\s success ( ! ,*ur* 9 ! age :i* imm$iately succe$$ !m1 %[s h[ _! sacrifice 0 bless$4 ,& we may be sure t ev5 9 ?is _w !y _h _! rew>d4 ,v]ily ,i say unto y1 ,!re is no man t ha? left h\se1 or bre?r51 or si/]s1 or "m1 or fa!r1 or *ildr51 or l&s1 = ,my sake1 & = ! ,gospel's sake1 b he %all receive a hundr$fold n[ 9 ?is "t1 h\ses1 & bre?r51 & si/]s1 & mo!rs1 & *ildr51 & l&s1 ) p]secutions2 & 9 ! _w to come et]nal life4 ,,*apt] ,,xix4 ,,! ,,*ur* ,,9 ,,crete ,,& ,,its ,,organization4--,,! ,,apo/le',s ,,directions ,,= ,,appo9t+ ,,eld]s4 ,= ?is cause left ,i !e 9 ,crete1 t ?\ %\lde/ set 9 ord] ! ?+s t 7 want+1 & appo9t eld]s 9 e city1 z ,i gave !e *>ge2 if any man is blameless1 ! husb& ( "o wife1 hav+ *ildr5 t believe1 :o are n accus$ ( riot or unruly4 ,= ! bi%op mu/ be blameless1 z ,god's /ew>d4--,,titus i4 #e-g4 ,?is passage tells u a great deal ab\t ! circum/ances :i* l$ to ! writ+ ( ! lett]4 ,!y h be5 t\*$ ^u 9 ! previ\s *apt]1 b may be treat$ m compreh5sively "h4 ,x is q evid5t3 7#a7 t ! ,gospel _h be5 e/abli%$ 9 ,crete = a consid]able "t :5 ,/4 ,paul wrote ?is to 8 delegate1 ,titus2 7#b7 t dur+ ! ,apo/le's /ay 9 ! isl& he _h be5 unable to complete ! "w :i* he _h 9 view ) reg>d to ! full e/abli%m5t ( ! ,*ur* !re2 & 7#c7 t "o ( ! *ief ?+s :i* rema9$ undone1 & :i* ,/4 ,paul _h be5 compell$ to leave to ,titus to accompli%1 0 a prop]ly organiz$ m9i/ry4 ,!re 0 a l>ge & scatt]$ flock2 b = ! mo/ "p x 0 )\t %eph]ds4 ,x is q possible t ! ,gospel ( ,*ri/ 0 at lea/ kn[n1 if n by any "o believ$1 9 ,crete be=e ,/4 ,paul visit$ ! isl&s4 ,cretans 7 among ^? :o he>d ! miracul\s prea*+ ( ! ,apo/les on ! day ( ,p5teco/2 & "s ( ^! may h return$ to _! c\ntry1 if n conv]ts to ,*ri/ianity1 at any rate full ( :at !y _h se5 & he>d ( ! mighty works ( ,god1 z %[n =? 9 ! words spok5 on t day1 & 9 _! consequ5ces4 ,c]ta9ly !re 7 _m ,jews 9 ! isl&2 & ^!1 ?\gh (t5 ! bitt]e/ oppon5ts ( ! ,gospel1 7 nev]!less ! readie/ & be/ conv]ts1 :5 !y did n oppose2 = !y already knew & wor%ipp$ ! true ,god1 & !y 7 acqua9t$ ) ! prophecies respect+ ! ,messiah4 ,we may !re=e conclude t ! way 0 already prep>$ = ! prea*+ ( ,*ri/1 ev5 if ,he z yet _h no wor%ipp]s 9 ,crete1 be=e ,/4 ,paul began to tea* !re4 ,!re are ?ree ?+s :i* t5d to %[ t ,*ri/ianity _h be5 spread+ 9 ,crete = at lea/ "s ye>s :5 ! ,apo/le wrote ?is lett] to ,titus4 ,fir/1 ! latt] is *>g$ to appo9t eld]s 9 e city1 or city by city1 z we might r5d] ! orig9al expression 7kata pol974 ,?is implies t among ! multitude ( cities1 = :i* ,crete ev5 9 ,hom]'s day _h be5 fam\s1 n a few _h a ,*ri/ian congregation 9 ne$ ( sup]vision2 & x is n improbable t ! congregation 9 "s cases 0 a l>ge "o4 ,= ! int]pretation is c]ta9ly an unt5able "o :i* =ces into ! ,apo/le's words a re/riction :i* !y d n conta91 t ea* city is to h j "o presbyt] & no m4 ,/4 ,paul tells ,titus to take c>e t no city is left )\t a presbyt]4 ,ea* ,*ri/ian community is to h its prop] m9i/ry2 x is n to be left to its own guidance4 ,b h[ _m eld]s ea* congregation is to h1 is a po9t to be decid$ by ,titus accord+ to ! pr9ciples laid d[n = him by ,/4 ,paul4 ,= we mu/ n limit ! z ,i gave !e *>ge to ! m]e fact ( appo9t+ eld]s4 ,! ,apo/le _h told him1 n m]ely t eld]s mu/ be appo9t$1 b t !y mu/ be appo9t$ 9 a p>ticul> way1 & accord+ to a prescrib$ sy/em4 ,! passage1 !re=e1 tells u t !re 7 a good _m cities 9 :i* !re 7 ,*ri/ian congregations1 & leaves u q free to believe t "s ( ^! congregations 7 l>ge en\gh to require sev]al eld]s to m9i/] to !m & gov]n !m4 ,secondly1 ! k9d ( p]son to be select$ z ov]se] seems to imply t ,*ri/ianity has be5 e/abli%$ = a consid]able "t among ! ,cretans4 ,! eld] or bi%op 7= 9 ?is passage1 at any rate1 ! two names indicate "o & ! same (fic]7 is to be ! fa!r ( a family1 ) *ildr5 :o are believ]s & ord]ly p]sons4 ,! injunction implies t !re are cases 9 :i* ! fa!r is a good ,*ri/ian1 b he has n succe$$ 9 mak+ 8 *ildr5 good ,*ri/ians4 ,ei!r !y h n become believ]s at all2 or1 al?\gh nom9al ,*ri/ians1 !y d n conduct !mselves z su*4 ,!y are pr(ligate1 riot\s1 & disob$i5t4 ,?is implies t ! *ildr5 are old en\gh to ?9k = !mselves & reject ! ,gospel 9 spite ( _! p>5t's conv]sion2 or t !y are old en\gh to rebel aga9/ its au?ority4 ,& "o does n use su* /rong words z pr(ligacy or riot\s liv+ ( q "y *ildr54 ,! prodigal son1 ( :om ! same expression is us$1 0 no m]e *ild4 ,cases ( ?is k9d1 !re=e1 9 :i* ! fa!r _h be5 conv]t$ to ,*ri/ianity1 b _h be5 unable to make ! influ5ces ( ,*ri/ianity tell ^u 8 own *ildr51 7 common en\gh to make x wor? ,/4 ,paul's :ile to give injunctions ab\t !m4 ,& ?is implies a condition ( ?+s 9 :i* ,*ri/ianity 0 no newly plant$ religion4 ,! injunctions are intelligible en\gh4 ,su* fa!rs are n to be select$ by ,titus z eld]s4 ,a man :o has s conspicu\sly fail$ 9 br++ 8 own h\sehold into h>mony ) ! ,gospel1 is n ! man to be promot$ to rule ! h\sehold ( ! ,*ur*4 ,ev5 if 8 failure is 8 mis=tune r ?an 8 fault1 ! condition ( 8 own family _c fail to be a grave imp$im5t to 8 usefulness z an ov]se] ( ! congregation4#gb ,?irdly1 !re is ! fact t h]esies already exi/ among ! ,cretan ,*ri/ians4 ,titus1 l ,timo?y1 has to cont5d ) tea*+ ( a s]i\sly errone\s k9d4 ,f ?is also we inf] t ! fai? has long s9ce be5 introduc$ into ! isl&4 ,! misbeliefs ( ! newly conv]t$ w\ld be spok5 ( 9 f> g5tl] t]ms4 ,!y are errors ( ignorance1 :i* w disappe> z full] in/ruction 9 ! tru? is receiv$4 ,!y are n errone\s doctr9es held & propagat$ 9 opposition to ! tru?4 ,^! latt] require "t = _! developm5t4 ,f all ^! consid]ations1 !re=e1 we conclude t ,/4 ,paul is writ+ to ,titus z 8 delegate 9 a c\ntry 9 :i* ! ,gospel is no new ?+4 ,we are n to suppose t ! ,apo/le left ,titus 9 *>ge ( ,*ri/ians :o _h be5 conv]t$ a v %ort "t be=e to ! fai?4 ,! incomplet5ess ( ! ,apo/le's own "w 9 ! isl& is spok5 ( 9 pla9 t]ms4 ,ev5 9 ,*ur*es 9 :i* he 0 able to rema9 = two or ?ree ye>s1 he 0 oblig$ to leave v mu* unf9i%$2 & we ne$ n be surpris$ t su* 0 ! case 9 ,crete1 :]e he c h>dly h /ay$ s long4 ,x 0 ?is incomplet5ess 9 all 8 "w1 a defect q unavoidable 9 "w ( su* magnitude1 t weigh$ s heavily ^u ! ,apo/le's m9d4 ,x 0 t :i* press$ ^u him daily1--anxiety = all ! ,*ur*es4 ,!re 0 s mu* t _h nev] be5 done at all2 s mu* t requir$ to be secur$ & e/abli%$2 s mu* t already ne$$ correction4 ,& :ile he 0 att5d+ to ! wants ( "o ,*ur*1 ano!r n less important1 n less de> to him1 0 equally 9 ne$ ( 8 help & guidance4 ,& "h 0 ! com=t ( hav+ su* disciples z1 ,timo?y & ,titus1 :o1 l true fri5ds1 c\ld be inde$ a second self to him4 ,!y c\ld be c>ry+ on 8 "w 9 places :]e he himself c\ld n be4 ,& ?us !re 0 no small consolation = ! sorr[ ( p>t+ f !m & ! loss ( _! helpful pres5ce4 ,!y c\ld be /ill m helpful else:]e4 ,= ?is cause left ,i !e 9 ,crete1 t ?\ %\lde/ set 9 ord] ! ?+s t 7 want+4 ,!re 7 _m ?+s t 7 want+ 9 ,crete2 b "o ( ! *ief ?+s :i* press$ ^u ! ,apo/le's m9d 0 ! lack ( a prop]ly organiz$ m9i/ry1 )\t :i* ev]y?+ mu/ soon fall into confusion & decay4 ,h5ce1 z soon z he has conclud$ 8 salutation1 ! fulness & solemnity ( :i* is "o ( ! _m evid5ces ( ! g5u95ess ( ! lett]1 he at once repeats to ,titus ! *>ge :i* he _h previ\sly giv5 to him by ^w ( m\? respect+ ?is press+ ne$4 ,a due supply ( eld]s or ov]se]s is ( ! fir/ importance = sett+ 9 ord] ^? ?+s :i* at pres5t are 9 s unsatisfactory a /ate4 ,!re are sev]al po9ts ( int]e/ 9 connexion ) ,/4 ,paul's directions to ,titus respect+ ?is ne$ & ! be/ way ( meet+ x4 ,fir/4 ,x is ,titus himself :o is to appo9t ^! eld]s ?r\gh\t ! cities 9 :i* congregations exi/4 ,x is n ! congregations t are to elect ! ov]se]s1 subject to ! approval ( ! ,apo/le's delegate2 /ill less t he is to orda9 any "o :om !y may elect4 ,! full responsibility ( ea* appo9tm5t re/s ) him4 ,any?+ l popul> election ( ! m9i/]s is n only n sugge/$1 x is by implication entirely exclud$4 ,b1 secondly1 9 mak+ ea* appo9tm5t ,titus is to consid] ! congregation4 ,he is to look c>efully to ! reputation :i* ! man ( 8 *oice be>s among 8 fell[-,*ri/ians3--if any man is blameless 444 hav+ *ildr5 :o are n accus$ ( riot4444 ,= ! bi%op mu/ be blameless4 ,a man 9 :om ! congregation h no confid5ce1 because ( ! bad repute :i* atta*es to himself or 8 family1 is n to be appo9t$4 ,9 ?is way ! congregation h an indirect veto2 = ! man to :om !y _c give a good "* may n be tak5 to be set ov] !m4 ,?irdly1 ! appo9tm5t ( ,*ur* (fic]s is reg>d$ z imp]ative3 x is on no acc\nt to be omitt$4 ,& x is n m]ely an arrangem5t t is z a rule desirable3 x is to be univ]sal4 ,titus is to appo9t eld]s 9 e city4 ,he is to g ?r\gh ! congregations city by city1 & take c>e t ea* has its eld] or body ( eld]s4 ,f\r?ly1 z ! "n itself indicates1 ^! eld]s are to be tak5 f ! old] m5 among ! believ]s4 ,z a rule !y are to be heads ( families1 :o h _h exp]i5ce ( life 9 its manifold relations1 & especially :o h _h exp]i5ce ( rul+ a ,*ri/ian h\sehold4 ,t w be "s gu>antee = _! capacity = rul+ a ,*ri/ian congregation4 ,la/ly1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t !y are n m]ely delegates1 ei!r ( ,titus1 or ( ! congregation4 ,! ess5ce ( _! au?ority is n t !y are ! repres5tatives ( ! body ( ,*ri/ian m5 & wom5 ov] :om !y are plac$4 ,x has a f> high] orig94 ,!y are ,god's /ew>ds4 ,x is ,8 h\sehold t !y direct & adm9i/]1 & x is f ,him t _! p[]s are d]iv$4 ,!y are ,8 m9i/]s1 solemnly appo9t$ to act 9 ,8 ,"n4 ,x is on ,8 behalf t !y h to speak1 z ,8 ag5ts & ambassadors1 lab\r+ to advance ! int]e/s ( ,8 k+dom4 ,!y are /ew>ds ( ,8 my/]ies1 br++ out ( :at is committ$ to !m ?+s new & old4 ,z ,god's ag5ts !y h a "w to d among _! fell[-m51 ?r\gh !mselves1 = ,him4 ,z ,god's ambassadors !y h a message to deliv]1 good tid+s to proclaim1 ev] ! same1 & yet ev] new4 ,z ,god's /ew>ds !y h treasures to gu>d ) rev]5t c>e1 treasures to augm5t by dilig5t cultivation1 treasures to di/ribute ) prud5t lib]ality4 ,!re is ! flock1 sorely ne$+1 b x may be n greatly crav+1 ,god's spiritual gifts4 ,! long+ has to be awak5$3 ! long+1 :5 awak5$1 has to be *]i%$ & direct$3 ! gifts :i* w satisfy x h to be disp5s$4 ,!re is a dem&2 & !re is a supply2 a human dem& & a ,div9e supply4 ,x is ! bus9ess ( ,god's /ew>ds to see t ! "o meets ! o!r4 ,god's /ew>d is ! key to all t foll[s respect+ ! qualities to be look$ = 9 an eld] or ov]se] ( ! ,*ur*3 &1 z ! ord] ( ! words 9 ! ,greek %[s1 ! emphasis is on ,god's r ?an on /ew>d4 ,! po9t acc5tuat$ is1 n t 9 ! ,*ur* z 9 8 own home he has a h\sehold to adm9i/]1 b t ! h\sehold to :i* he has to m9i/] is ,god's4 ,t be+ s1 he z ,god's /ew>d mu/ prove himself wor?y ( ! ,commission :i* he holds3 n self-will$1 n soon angry1 no brawl]1 no /rik]1 n gre$y ( fil?y lucre2 b giv5 to hospitality1 a lov] ( good1 sob]-m9d$1 j1 holy1 temp]ate2 hold+ to ! fai?ful ^w :i* is accord+ to ! tea*+1 t he may be able bo? to exhort 9 ! s\nd doctr9e1 & to convict ! ga9say]s4 ,su* m51 :]ev] he c f9d !m1--& if any man is blameless is n meant to h9t t among ,cretans x may be impossible to f9d su*1--,titus is to appo9t z eld]s 9 e city4 ,9 ! ,a4,v4 ! phrase runs orda9 eld]s 9 e city4 ,z we h se5 already 7,*ap4 ,v471 !re are sev]al passages 9 :i* ! ,revis]s h *ang$ orda9 into appo9t4 ,?us 9 ,m>k iii4 #ad1 ,he orda9$ twelve becomes ,he appo9t$ twelve4 ,9 ,john xv4 #af1 ,i h *os5 y & orda9$ y becomes1 ,i *ose y & appo9t$ y4 ,9 #a ,tim4 ii4 #g1 ,:]eunto ,i am orda9$ a prea*]1 & an apo/le becomes :]eunto ,i 0 appo9t$ a prea*] & an apo/le4 ,9 ,heb4 v4 #a1 & viii4 #c1 ,e high prie/ is orda9$ becomes e high prie/ is appo9t$4 ,9 ^! passages ?ree diff]5t ,greek words 7poie1 ti?mi1 ka?i/mi7 are us$ 9 ! orig9al2 b n "o ( !m has ! special ecclesia/ical mean+ :i* we s frequ5tly associate ) ! ^w orda92 n "o ( !m implies1 z orda9 9 su* context almo/ ( necessity implies1 a rite ( ord9ation1 a special c]emonial1 su* z ! lay+ on ( h&s4 ,:5 9 ,engli% we say1 ,he orda9$ twelve1 ,i am orda9$ an apo/le1 ,e high prie/ is orda9$1 ! m9d almo/ inevitably ?9ks ( ord9ation 9 ! common s5se ( ! ^w2 & ?is is foi/+ ^u ! language ( ! ,new ,te/am5t a mean+ :i* ! words !re us$ d n rightly be>4 ,!y all ?ree ( !m ref] to ! appo9tm5t to ! (fice1 & n to rite or c]emony by :i* ! p]son appo9t$ is admitt$ to ! (fice4 ,! ,revis]s1 !re=e1 h done wisely 9 bani%+ f all su* texts a ^w :i* to ,engli% read]s _c fail to sugge/ ideas :i* are n conta9$ at all 9 ! orig9al ,greek4 ,if we ask 9 :at way ,titus admitt$ ! m5 :om he select$ to s]ve z presbyt]s to _! (fice1 ! answ] is sc>cely a d\btful "o4 ,almo/ c]ta9ly he w\ld admit !m1 z ,timo?y himself 0 admitt$1 & z he is in/ruct$ to admit o!rs1 by ! lay+ on ( h&s4 ,b ?is is nei!r express$ nor impli$ 9 ! injunction to appo9t eld]s 9 e city4 ,! appo9tm5t is "o ?+1 ! ord9ation ano!r2 & ev5 9 cases 9 :i* we are sure t ! appo9tm5t involv$ ord9ation1 we are n ju/ifi$ 9 say+ orda9 :]e ! ,greek says appo9t4 ,! ,greek words us$ 9 ! passages quot$ might equally well be us$ ( ! appo9tm5t ( a magi/rate or a /ew>d4 ,& z we %\ld avoid speak+ ( orda9+ a magi/rate or a /ew>d1 we ought to avoid us+ orda9 to translate words :i* w\ld be ?or\ghly 9 place 9 su* a connexion4 ,! ,greek words = orda9 & ord9ation1 9 ! s5se ( imposition ( h&s 9 ord] to admit to an ecclesia/ical (fice 7*eiro!tei1 *eiro!sia71 d n occur 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t at all4 ,x is wor?y ( note t !re is n a trace "h1 any m ?an !re is 9 ! simil> passage 9 #a ,timo?y1 ( ! p>allel betwe5 ! ?reefold m9i/ry 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t & a ?reefold m9i/ry 9 ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 high-prie/1 prie/s1 & ,levites be+ comp>$ ) bi%op1 presbyt]s1 & deacons4 ,?is p>allel 0 a fav\rite "o & x 0 made e>ly4 ,! fact !re=e t we d n f9d x 9 any ( ^! ,epi/les1 nor ev5 any mat]ial out ( :i* x c\ld be con/ruct$1 confirms u 9 ! belief t ^! lett]s belong to ! fir/ c5tury & n to ! second4 ,9 giv+ ?is injunction to ,titus1 ,/4 ,paul assumes t 8 disciple & delegate is z free z he himself is f all feel+s ( jeal\sy1 or envy4 ,art ?\ jeal\s = my sake8 w\ld ,god t all ! ,"l's p 7 prophets1 is ! _s 9 :i* ^! in/ructions are giv51 & no d\bt 7 accept$4 ,!re is no grasp+ aft] p[] 9 ! great ,apo/le ( ! ,g5tiles2 no desire to keep ev]y?+ 9 8 own h&s1 t he might h ! cr$it ( all t 0 done4 ,s long z ,*ri/ is rightly prea*$1 s long z ! ,"l's "w is fai?fully done1 he c>es n :o w9s ! glory4 ,he is m ?an will+ t ,timo?y & ,titus %\ld %>e 9 8 "w & its rew>d2 & he )\t hesitation applies to !m to admit o!rs 9 l mann] to %>e ) !m 9 _! "w & its rew>d4 ,?is g5]\s will+ness to admit o!rs to co-op]ate is n always f\nd1 especially 9 m5 ( /rong "* & great en]gy & decision4 ,!y w admit subord9ates z a necess>y evil to "w out details1 because !y _c !mselves af=d "t = all ^!4 ,b !y object to any?+ l colleagues4 ,:atev] ( any s]i\s importance is done mu/ be 9 _! own h&s & mu/ be recogniz$ z _! "w4 ,!re is no?+ ( ?is _s 9 ,/4 ,paul4 ,he c\ld rejoice :5 "s prea*$ ,*ri/ ev5 ( envy & /rife1 n s9c]ely1 ?9k+ to raise up affliction = him 9 8 bonds4 ,he rejoic$1 n because ( _! evil temp]1 b because t at any rate ,*ri/ 0 prea*$4 ,h[ mu* m1 !re=e1 did he rejoice :5 ,*ri/ 0 prea*$ ( good w by disciples devot$ to himself & 8 ,ma/]4 ,!y all _h ! same end 9 view2 n _! own glory1 b ! glory ( ,god4 ,& ?is is ! end :i* all ,*ri/ian m9i/]s h to keep 9 view1 & :i* !y too (t5 ex*ange = ends t are f> l[]1 & f> remov$ 7x may be7 f ! cause ) :i* we *oose to id5tify !m4 ,& z "t goes on1 & we look less & less ) a s+le eye at ! w ( ,god1 & h less & less ( ! s+le purpose ( seek+ ,8 glory1 our aims become n>r[] & our ends m selfi%4 ,at fir/ x is ! triumph ( a sy/em1 !n x is ! advancem5t ( a p>ty4 ,!n x becomes ! propagation ( our own views1 & ! ext5sion ( our own influ5ce4 ,until at la/ we f9d ourselves work+1 no long] = ,god's glory1 b simply = our own4 ,:ile pr(ess+ to "w 9 ,8 ,"n & = ,8 hon\r1 we h /eadily sub/itut$ our own wills = ,84 ,b x is only by =gett+ ourselves t we f9d ourselves2 only by los+ our life t we f9d x4 ,god's /ew>d mu/ be ready to s9k e p]sonal int]e/ 9 ! int]e/s ( ! great ,employ]4 ,he has no?+ ( 8 own4 ,he deals ) 8 ,ma/]'s goods1 & mu/ deal ) !m 9 8 ,ma/]'s way4 ,he :o lab\rs 9 ?is _s w "o day be rew>d$ by ! ,div9e voice ( welcome3 ,well done1 good & fai?ful s]vant3 ?\ ha/ be5 fai?ful ov] a few ?+s2 ,i w set !e ov] _m ?+s2 ent] ?\ into ! joy ( ?y ,"l4 ,,footnotes3 #gb ,x is wor? :ile "h to repeat ! caution t ! ,apo/le's language by no means implies t ! eld] or bi%op mu/ be a m>ri$ man ) *ildr54 ,b x implies t he w g5]ally be su*2 & 9 appo9t+ him1 ! "* ( 8 family mu/ be c>efully consid]$4 ,,*apt] ,,xx4 ,,*ri/ianity ,,& ,,un*ri/ian ,,lit]ature4 ,"o ( !mselves1 a prophet ( _! own1 said1 ,cretans are always li>s1 evil bea/s1 idle gluttons4 ,?is te/imony is true4 ,= :i* cause reprove !m %>ply1 t !y may be s\nd 9 ! fai?4--,,titus i4 #ab1 #ac4 ,! hexamet] v]se :i* ,/4 ,paul "h cites f ! ,cretan poet ,epim5ides is "o ( ?ree quotations f pr(ane lit]ature :i* are made by ,/4 ,paul4 ,( ! o!r two1 "o occurs 9 #a ,cor4 xv4 #cc1 ,evil communications corrupt good mann]s2 & ! o!r 9 ! ,apo/le's spee* on ! ,areopagus at ,a!ns1 z record$ 9 ! ,acts 7xvii4 #bh73 ,= we are also 8 (fspr+4 ,!y _c be reli$ ^u z suffici5t to prove t ,/4 ,paul 0 well read 9 classical lit]ature1 any m ?an ! quot+ ( a hackney$ l9e f ,%akespe>e1 f ,byron1 & f ,t5nyson1 w\ld prove t an ,engli% writ] 0 well acqua9t$ ) ,engli% lit]ature4 ,x may h be5 ! case t ,/4 ,paul knew a great deal ( ,greek classical lit]ature1 b ^! ?ree quotations1 f ,epim5ides1 f "s ,greek trag$ian1 & f ,clean!s or ,aratus1 d n at all prove ! po9t4 ,9 all ?ree cases ! s\rce ( ! quotation is n c]ta94 ,9 ! "o be=e u ! ,apo/le no d\bt tells u t he is quot+ a ,cretan prophet1 & !re=e quotes ! l9e z com+ f ,epim5ides4 ,b a man may "k t ,fri5ds1 ,romans1 c\ntrym51 l5d me y\r e>s is ,%akespe>e1 )\t hav+ read a s+le play4 ,& we are q unc]ta9 :e!r ,/4 ,paul _h ev5 se5 ! poem ( ,epim5ides on ,oracles 9 :i* ! l9e :i* he "h quotes occurs4 ,! iambic :i* he quotes 9 ! lett] to ! ,cor9?ians1 al?\gh orig9ally 9 "s ,greek play 7p]haps ( ,euripides or ,m5&]71 _h pass$ into a prov]b1 & proves ev5 less ?an ! l9e f ,epim5ides t ,/4 ,paul knew ! "w 9 :i* x occurr$4 ,! half-l9e :i* is giv5 9 8 spee* at ,a!ns1 /at+ ! ,div9e p>5tage ( mank9d1 may h come f a v>iety ( s\rces3 b x is n improbable t ! ,apo/le _h read x 9 ! ,pha5om5a ( ,aratus1 9 :i* x occurs 9 ! =m 9 :i* x is reproduc$ 9 ! ,acts4 ,?is a/ronomical poem 0 popul> 9 ,/4 ,paul's day1 & he 0 ! m likely to h come across x1 z ,aratus is said to h be5 a native ( ,t>sus1 or at any rate ( ,cilicia4 ,b ev5 :5 we h admitt$ t ! ,apo/le _h read ! ,pha5om5a ( ,aratus or ,clean!s' ,hymn to ,zeus1 we h n made mu* way t[>ds prov+ t he 0 well read 9 ,greek lit]ature4 ,inde$ ! contr>y has be5 argu$ f ! fact t1 accord+ to ! read+ ( ! be/ au?orities1 ! iambic l9e 9 ! ,cor9?ians is quot$ 9 su* a way z to spoil ! scann+2 :i* w\ld seem to %[ t ,/4 ,paul 0 n famili> ) ! iambic metre4#gc ,if t 0 ! case1 he c sc>cely h read ev5 a s+le ,greek play4 ,b ! "q is n "o ( great importance1 al?\gh d\btless ( "s int]e/4 ,we d n ne$ ?is evid5ce to prove t ! ,apo/le 0 a p]son1 n only ( great en]gy & ability1 b ( culture4 ,!re are passages 9 8 writ+s1 su* z *apt]s xiii4 & xv4 9 #a ,cor9?ians1 :i* are equal = beauty & eloqu5ce to any?+ 9 lit]ature4 ,ev5 among inspir$ writ]s few h kn[n bett] ?an ,/4 ,paul h[ to clo! l(ty ?\ghts 9 noble language4 ,& ( 8 g5]al acqua9tance ) ! moral philosophy ( 8 age1 especially ( ! ,/oic s*ool1 :i* 0 v influ5tial 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,t>sus1 !re c be no d\bt4 ,j z ,/4 ,john laid ! ?\ghts & language ( ,alex&rian philosophy "u contribution1 & gave !m full] =ce & mean+ to express ! dogmatic tru?s ( ! ,gospel1 s ,/4 ,paul laid ! ?\ghts & language ( ,/oicism "u contribution1 & transfigur$ !m to express ! moral tea*+ ( ! ,gospel4 ,clean!s or ,aratus1 f "o or bo? ( :om "o ( ! ?ree quotations comes 7& ,/4 ,paul seems to "k bo? s\rces1 = he says z c]ta9 ev5 ( y\r own poets h said71 7 bo? ( !m ,/oics3 & ! spee* 9 :i* ! quotation occurs1 %ort z x is 9 ! ,acts1 ab\nds 9 p>allels to ! tea*+ ( ,/4 ,paul's ,/oic contempor>y ,s5eca4 ,if ,/4 ,paul tells u t ! ,god t made ! _w & all ?+s !re9 444 dwelle? n 9 temples made ) h&s1 ,s5eca tea*es t temples mu/ n be built to ,god ( /ones pil$ on high3 ,he mu/ be consecrat$ 9 ! he>t ( man4 ,:ile ,/4 ,paul rem9ds u t ,god is n f> f ea* "o ( u1 ,s5eca says ,god is ne> !e3 ,he is ) !e2 ,he is )94 ,aga91 ,/4 ,paul w>ns 8 he>]s t we ought n to ?9k t ! ,god-head is l unto gold1 or silv]1 or /one1 grav5 by art & device ( man2 & ,s5eca decl>es ,?\ %alt n =m ,him ( silv] & gold3 a true lik5ess ( ,god _c be m\ld$ ( ?is mat]ial4#gd ,b ! quotations are ( o!r int]e/ ?an _! be>+ ^u ! "q z to ! ,greek elem5ts 9 ! education & tea*+ ( ,/4 ,paul4 ,!y h a be>+ also on ! "q ( ,*ri/ian use ( pr(ane au?ors1 & on ! duty ( self-culture 9 g5]al4 ,! lead+ tea*]s ( ! e>ly ,*ur* diff]$ widely 9 _! e/imate ( ! value ( hea!n lit]ature1 & especially ( hea!n philosophy4 ,on ! :ole1 ) "s consid]able exceptions1 ! ,greek ,fa!rs valu$ x highly1 z conta9+ preci\s elem5ts ( tru?1 :i* 7 p>tly ! result ( direct inspiration1 p>tly e*oes ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,! ,lat9 ,fa!rs1 on ! o!r h&1 = ! mo/ "p treat$ all pagan tea*+ ) suspicion & contempt4 ,x 0 9 no s5se useful4 ,x 0 utt]ly false1 & simply /ood 9 ! way ( ! tru?4 ,x 0 rubbi%1 :i* mu/ be swept on "o side 9 ord] to make room = ! ,gospel4 ,t]tullian ?9ks t hea!n philosoph]s are blockheads :5 !y knock at ! doors ( tru?1 & t !y h contribut$ no?+ :atev] t a ,*ri/ian c accept4 ,arnobius & ,lactantius write 9 a simil> /ra9 ( contemptu\s disapproval4 ,t]tullian ?9ks x out ( ! "q t a "r-m9d$ ,*ri/ian %\ld tea* 9 pagan s*ools4 ,b ev5 he %r9ks f tell+ ,*ri/ian p>5ts t !y mu/ all[ _! *ildr5 to rema9 un$ucat$ r ?an s5d !m to su* s*ools4 ,! policy ( p]mitt+ ,*ri/ian *ildr5 to att5d hea!n s*ools1 :ile =bidd+ ,*ri/ian adults f tea*+ 9 !m1 appe>s s+ul>ly unreasonable4 ,e ,*ri/ian tea*] 9 a s*ool r5d]$ t s*ool less objectionable = ,*ri/ian *ildr54 ,b ,t]tullian urges t "o :o tea*es pagan lit]ature seems to give 8 sanction to x3 "o :o m]ely le>ns x does no?+ ( ! k9d4 ,! "y mu/ be educat$3 adults ne$ n become s*ool-ma/]s4 ,"o c plead necessity 9 ! "o case2 n 9 ! o!r 7,de ,idol41 x74 ,b ! necessity ( s5d+ a *ild to a pagan s*ool1 because o!rwise x c\ld n be prop]ly educat$1 did n settle ! "q :e!r x 0 prud5t1 or ev5 "r1 = a ,*ri/ian 9 aft]life to /udy pagan lit]ature2 & x requir$ ! ?\ght & exp]i5ce ( sev]al c5turies to arrive at any?+ l a cons5sus ( op9ion & practice on ! subject4 ,b dur+ ! fir/ f\r or five c5turies ! m lib]al view1 ev5 9 ! ,we/1 on ! :ole prevail$4 ,f ,ir5aeus1 ,tatian1 & ,h]mias1 among ,greek writ]s1 & f v>i\s ,lat9 ,fa!rs1 disapprov+ op9ions proce$$4 ,b ! influ5ce ( ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria & ,orig5 9 ! ,ea/1 & ( ,augu/9e & ,j]ome 9 ! ,we/1 0 too /rong = su* op9ions4 ,clem5t puts x on ! broad gr\nd t all wisdom is a ,div9e gift2 & ma9ta9s t ! philosophy ( ! ,greeks1 limit$ & p>ticul> z x is1 conta9s ! rudim5ts ( t really p]fect k1 :i* is beyond ?is _w4 ,orig51 9 rebutt+ ! reproa* ( ,celsus1 t ! ,gospel repell$ ! educat$ & gave a welcome only to ! ignorant1 quotes ! ,epi/le to ,titus1 po9t+ out t ,paul1 9 describ+ :at k9d ( man ! bi%op ought to be1 lays d[n z a qualification t he mu/ be a tea*]1 say+ t he ought to be able to conv9ce ! ga9say]s1 t by ! wisdom :i* is 9 him he may /op ! m\?s ( fooli% talk]s & deceiv]s4 ,! ,gospel gives a welcome to ! le>n$ & unle>n$ alike3 to ! le>n$1 t !y may become tea*]s2 to ! unle>n$1 n because x pref]s su*1 b because x wi%es to in/ruct !m4 ,& he po9ts out t 9 enum]at+ ! gifts ( ! ,_s ,/4 ,paul places wisdom & k be=e fai?1 gifts ( heal+1 & miracles 7#a ,cor4 xii4 #h-aj74 ,b ,orig5 does n po9t out t ,/4 ,paul himself makes use ( hea!n lit]ature2 al?\gh imm$iately be=e deal+ ) ! accusation ( ,celsus1 t ,*ri/ians hate culture & promote ignorance1 he quotes f ,callima*us half ( ! say+ ( ,epim5ides1 ,cretans are alway li>s 7,con4 ,cels41 ,,iii4 xliii74 ,:at ,orig5's own practice 0 we le>n f ! ,panegyric ( 8 en?usia/ic pupil1 ,gregory ,?aumaturgus 7xiii474 ,) ! exception ( a!i/ic philosophy1 :i* 0 n wor? ! risk1 ,orig5 enc\rag$ 8 s*ol>s to /udy ev]y?+2 & he gave !m a regul> c\rse ( dialectics1 physics1 & moral philosophy1 z a prep>ation = !ology4 ,augu/9e1 :o ascribes 8 fir/ conv]sion f a vici\s life to ! ,hort5sius ( ,cic]o 7,conf41 ,,iii4 iv4 ,i71 0 n likely to take an extreme l9e 9 condemn+ classical lit]ature1 f :i* he himself frequ5tly quotes4 ,( ,cic]o's ,hort5sius he says1 ,?is book 9 tru? *ang$ my affections1 & turn$ my pray]s to ,?yself1 ,o ,"l1 & made me h o!r hopes & desires4 ,he quotes1 among o!r classical au?ors1 n only ,virgil1 ,livy1 ,lucan1 ,sallu/1 ,horace1 ,pl9y & ,qu9tillian1 b ,t]5ce1 ,p]sius1 & ,juv5al1 & ( ! la/ f ^? ,satires :i* are sometimes omitt$ by editors on acc\nt ( _! grossness4 ,9 8 treatise ,on ,*ri/ian ,doctr9e 7,,ii4 xl471 he cont5ds t we mu/ n %r9k f mak+ use ( all t is good & true 9 hea!n writ+s & in/itutions4 ,we mu/ spoil ! ,egyptians4 ,! writ+s ( 8 in/ructor ,ambrose %[ t he also 0 well acqua9t$ ) ! be/ ,lat9 classics4 ,9 ,j]ome we h :at may be call$ an essay on ! subject4 ,ruff9us _h sugge/$ to ,magnus1 a ,roman rhetorician1 t he %\ld ask ,j]ome :y he fill$ 8 writ+s ) s _m allusions & quotations tak5 f pagan lit]ature1 & ,j]ome 9 reply1 aft] quot+ ! op5+ v]ses ( ! ,book ( ,prov]bs1 ref]s him to ! example ( ,/4 ,paul 9 ! ,epi/les to ,titus & ! ,cor9?ians1 & 9 ! spee* 9 ! ,acts4 ,!n he po9ts to ,cyprian1 ,orig51 ,eusebius1 & ,apoll9>is3 read !m1 & y w f9d t 9 comp>ison ) !m we h little skill 79 quotation74 ,besides ^! he appeals to ! examples1 among ,greek writ]s1 ( ,quadratus1 ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 ,dionysius1 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 ,basil1 ,gregory ,nazianz51 etc42 & among ,lat9s1 ,t]tullian1 ,m9ucius ,felix1 ,arnobius1 ,hil>y1 & ,juv5cus4 ,& he po9ts out t quotations f pr(ane au?ors occur 9 ne>ly all ! works ( ^! writ]s1 & n m]ely 9 ^? :i* are address$ to hea!n4 ,b :ile ,j]ome def5ds ! /udy ( classical au?ors z a necess>y "p ( education1 he sev]ely condemns ^? cl]gy :o amus$ !mselves ) su* writ]s z ,plautus 7( :om he himself _h be5 v fond71 ,t]5ce1 & ,catullus1 :5 !y ought to h be5 /udy+ ! ,scriptures4 ,lat] 9 life 8 views appe> to h become m rigid2 & we f9d him rejoic+ t ! works ( ,plato & ,ari/otle are becom+ neglect$4 ,x 0 ! %ort reign ( ,julian1 commonly call$ ! ,apo/ate 7,a4,d4 #cfa-cfc71 :i* _h br\ght ! "q v mu* to ! front4 ,8 policy & legislation probably influ5c$ ,augu/9e & ,j]ome 9 tak+ a m lib]al l9e 9 ! matt]1 9 spite ( ,lat9 dislike ( ,greek philosophy & _! own ascetic t5d5cies4 ,julian1 jeal\s ( ! gr[+ influ5ce ( ,*ri/ian tea*]s1 tri$ to prev5t !m f lectur+ on classical au?ors4 ,f ?is he hop$ to ga9 two advantages4 7#a7 ,secul> education w\ld to a l>ge ext5t be tak5 out ( ,*ri/ian h&s4 7#b7 ,! ,*ri/ian tea*]s !mselves w\ld become less well educat$1 & less able to cont5d ) hea!n controv]siali/s4 ,he s>ca/ically po9t$ out ! inconv5i5ce ( a tea*] exp\nd+ ,hom] & d5\nc+ ,hom]'s gods3 ,*ri/ians _h bett] conf9e !mselves to exp\nd+ ,mat!w & ,luke 9 ! ,*ur*es ( ! ,galileans1 & leave ! int]pretation ( ! ma/]pieces ( antiquity to o!rs4 ,& he seems n to h cont5t$ himself ) cynical advice1 b to h pass$ a law t no ,*ri/ian 0 to tea* 9 ! public s*ools4 ,?is law 0 at once cancell$ by 8 successor ,val5t9ian2 b x provok$ a /rong feel+ ( res5tm5t1 & /irr$ up ,*ri/ians to recognize & hold fa/ ! advantages ( a classical education4 ,b :ile ! influ5ce ( ! fir/ ?ree ( ! f\r great ,lat9 ,fa!rs 0 9 fav\r ( a wise use ( ! products ( pagan g5ius1 ! influ5ce ( ! la/ ( ! f\r 0 disa/r\sly 9 ! opposite direction4 ,9 ! p]iod betwe5 ,j]ome & ,gregory ! ,great two facts _h _h a calamit\s effect ^u ! cause ( lib]al education4 7#a7 ,! inroads ( ! b>b>ians almo/ de/roy$ ! imp]ial s*ools 9 ,gaul & ,italy4 7#b7 ,! mis]able controv]sies ab\t ,orig5 produc$ an uneasy suspicion t secul> /udy 0 prejudical to or?odoxy4 ,x is p]haps to ?is latt] influ5ce t we may attribute two ecclesia/ical canons ( unkn[n date & orig94 ,9 ! ,apo/olical ,con/itutions 7,i4 vi47 we read1 ,ab/a9 f all hea!n books4 ,= :at ha/ ?\ to d ) su* =eign disc\rses1 or laws1 or false prophets1 :i* subv]t ! fai? ( ! un/able8 ,= :at defect do/ ?\ f9d 9 ! law ( ,god1 t ?\ %\lde/ h rec\rse to ^? hea!ni% fables8 etc41 etc4 ,aga9 9 a collection ( canons1 :i* is sometimes assign$ to a synod at ,c>?age ,a4,d4 #cih1 ! #af? canon 9 ! collection runs ?us3 ,a bi%op %all read no hea!n books1 & h]etical books only :5 necess>y4 ,! ,c>?ag9ian synod ( #cih is a fiction1 & "s ( ! canons 9 ! collection deal ) controv]sies ( a mu* lat] date3 b we ne$ n d\bt t all ! canons 7 enact$ 9 "s ,*ur* or o!r 9 ! c\rse ( ! fir/ six c5turies4 ,! _s ( ?is "o is v mu* 9 h>mony ) ! kn[n t5d5cies ( ! six? c5tury2 & we f9d ,gregory ! ,great 7,a4,d4 #edd-fjd7 mak+ precisely ! same regulation4 ,he =bad bi%ops to /udy hea!n lit]ature1 & 9 "o ( 8 lett]s 7,epp41 ix4 #dh7 he rebukes ,desid]ius1 ,bi%op ( ,vi5ne1 = giv+ 8 cl]gy in/ruction 9 gramm>1 :i* involv$ ! read+ ( ! hea!n poets4 ,! praises ( ,*ri/ d n admit ( be+ jo9$ 9 ! same m\? ) ! praises ( ,jupit]2 & x is a grave & execrable ?+ = bi%ops to s+ :at ev5 = a religi\s layman is unbecom+4 ,! /ory t he purposely burnt ! ,palat9e libr>y is n trac$ e>li] ?an ! twelf? c5tury1 & is probably untrue2 b x indicates ! traditional belief respect+ 8 attitude t[>ds classical lit]ature4 ,& x is c]ta9ly true t he 0 twice 9 ,con/ant9ople1 & on ! second occasion rema9$ !re ?ree ye>s 7,a4,d4 #egi-ehb71 & yet nev] le>nt ,greek4 ,9 8 "t1 z we le>n bo? f himself & 8 contempor>y1 ,gregory ( ,t\rs1 ! belief 0 v preval5t t ! end ( ! _w 0 at h&2 & x 0 argu$ t mank9d _h m s]i\s ?+s to att5d to ?an ! /udy ( pagan lit]ature--or inde$ any lit]ature t 0 n connect$ ) ! ,scriptures or ! ,*ur*4 ,h5ce=w>d1 9 ! words ( ,gregory ( ,t\rs1 ! /udy ( lit]ature p]i%$3 &1 al?\gh !re 7 "s bright spots at ,j>r[ & else:]e1 yet on ! :ole ! *ief s]vices :i* ,*ri/ianity r5d]$ to classical le>n+ dur+ ! next few c5turies1 7 ! pres]vation ( classical au?ors 9 ! libr>ies ( mona/]ies & ! pres]vation ( ! classical languages 9 ! liturgies ( ! ,*ur*4 ,! "q w p]haps nev] cease to be argu$1 al?\gh x is h>dly probable t s extreme a view z t ( ,gregory ! ,great w ev] aga9 become preval5t4 ,let u take a /atem5t ( ! "q f ! utt]ances ( "o :o w n be suspect$ ( want ( capacity or ( exp]i5ce 9 ! matt]1 or ( want ( sympa?y ) /]n & s]i\s views respect+ education & life4 ,"s "o w say to me p]haps1 wrote ,john ,h5ry ,newman 9 #ahei1 our y\? %all n be corrupt$4 ,we w disp5se ) all g5]al or national lit]ature :atev]1 if x be s exceptional2 we w h a ,*ri/ian ,lit]ature ( our own1 z pure1 z true z ! ,jewi%4 ,y _c h x4444 ,f ! nature ( ! case1 if ,lit]ature is to be made a /udy ( human nature1 y _c h a ,*ri/ian ,lit]ature4 ,x is a contradiction 9 t]ms to attempt a s9less ,lit]ature ( s9ful man4 ,y may ga!r toge!r some?+ v great & high1 some?+ high] ?an any lit]ature ev] 02 & :5 y h done s1 y w f9d t x is n ,lit]ature at all4 ,y w simply h left ! del9eation ( man1 z su*1 & h sub/itut$ = x1 z f> z y h _h any?+ to sub/itute1 t ( man1 z he is or might be1 "u c]ta9 special advantages4 ,give up ! /udy ( man1 z su*1 if s x mu/ be2 b say y d s4 ,d n say y are /udy+ him1 8 hi/ory1 8 m9d & 8 he>t1 :5 y are /udy+ some?+ else4 ,man is a be+ ( g5ius1 passion1 intellect1 consci5ce1 p[]4 ,he ex]cises 8 great gifts 9 v>i\s ways1 9 great de$s1 9 great ?\ghts1 9 h]oic acts1 9 hateful crimes4444 ,lit]ature records !m all to ! life4444 ,we %\ld be %r9k+ f a pla9 duty1 did we leave out ,lit]ature f ,education4 ,= :y d we educate except to prep>e = ! _w8 ,:y d we cultivate ! intellect ( ! _m beyond ! fir/ elem5ts ( k1 except 444 to fit m5 ( ! _w = ! _w8 ,we _c possibly keep !m f plung+ into ! _w1 ) all its ways & pr9ciples & maxims1 :5 _! "t comes2 b we c prep>e !m aga9/ :at is inevitable2 & x is n ! way to le>n to swim 9 tr\bl$ wat]s1 nev] to h gone into !m4 ,proscribe 7,i d n say p>ticul> au?ors1 p>ticul> works1 p>ticul> passages7 b ,secul> ,lit]ature z su*3 cut out f y\r class books all broad manife/ations ( ! natural man2 & ^? manife/ations are wait+1 = y\r pupil's b5efit1 at ! v doors ( y\r lecture room 9 liv+ & brea?+ sub/ance4 ,!y w meet him !re 9 all ! *>m ( novelty1 & all ! fasc9ation ( g5ius or ( amiabl5ess4 ,to-day a pupil1 to-morr[ a memb] ( ! great _w3 to-day conf9$ to ! ,lives ( ! ,sa9ts1 to-morr[ ?r[n ^u ,babel2--?r[n on ,babel1 )\t ! hone/ indulg5ce ( wit & hum\r & imag9ation ev] p]mitt$ to him1 )\t any fa/idi\sness ( ta/e wr\ght into him1 )\t any rule giv5 him = discrim9at+ '! preci\s f ! vile1' beauty f s91 ! tru? f ! sophi/ry ( nature1 :at is innoc5t f :at is poison4#ge ,_m ,*ri/ians are apt to =get t all tru? is ( ,god2 & t e "o :o 9 an e>ne/ _s endeav\rs to asc]ta9 & to tea* :at is true 9 any dep>tm5t ( human k1 is do+ ,god's "w4 ,! ,_s1 we are promis$ by ,*ri/ ,himself1 %all lead y into all ! ,tru?1 & ! ,tru? %all make y free4 ,our bus9ess is to see t no?+ claims ! "n ( tru? unlawfully4 ,x is n our bus9ess to prohibit any?+ t c make good its claim to be acc\nt$ true4 ,^? :o enjoy l>ge opportunities ( /udy1 & especially ^? :o h ! responsibility n only ( le>n+ b ( tea*+1 mu/ bew>e ( sett+ _! own n>r[ limits to ! doma9 ( :at is useful & true4 ,x has a f> wid] range ?an ! wants :i* we feel 9 ourselves or :i* we c trace 9 o!rs4 ,ev5 ! :ole exp]i5ce ( mank9d w\ld n suffice to give ! measure ( x4 ,we di%on\r r ?an rev]5ce ! ,bible1 :5 we attempt to conf9e ourselves & o!rs to ! /udy ( x4 ,mu* ( its secret & inexhau/ible /ore ( treasure w rema9 undiscov]$ by u1 until our he>ts are w>m$1 our intellects quick5$1 & our exp]i5ce enl>g$1 by ! ma/]pieces ( human g5ius4 ,to ! pure all ?+s are pure4 ,9 ! fir/ c5tury1 9 :i* ! p]ils ( hea!nism to ,*ri/ianity 7 t5fold :at !y are at pres5t1 ,/4 ,paul 9 pla9 t]ms told 8 conv]ts t if !y lik$ to accept ! invitations ( _! hea!n fri5ds & acqua9tances1 !y ne$ n scruple to d s 7#a ,cor4 x4 #bg72 & by 8 own example1 he %[s !m t !y may enjoy & use :at is beautiful & true 9 hea!n lit]ature4 ,let u bew>e ( n>r[+ ! lib]ty wisely all[$ by him4 ,ea* "o ( u c readily f9d out :at is dang]\s = himself4 ,!re is pl5ty t is n dang]\s3 let him freely enjoy t4 ,b ! limits t are wise = ourselves are n to b9d o!rs4 ,_! lib]ty is n to be circumscrib$ by our consci5ce4 ,! e>? is ! ,"l's & ! fulness !re(4 ,,footnotes3 #gc *r/a homiliai in/ead ( *r/h' homiliai4 #gd ,lightfoot on ,s5eca & ,/4 ,paul1 9 ,philippians1 pp4 #bhh1 #cjj4 #ge ,j4 ,h4 ,newman1 ,! ,scope & ,nature ( ,univ]sity ,education1 pp4 #ccf-cdb4 ,! :ole disc\rse1 ,! ,*ur* & ,lib]al ,education1 is an eloqu5t & noble v9dication ( ! claims ( lit]ature4 ,,*apt] ,,xxi4 ,,! ,,mean+ ,,& ,,value ,,( ,,sob]m9d$ness4--,,! ,,use ,,& ,,abuse ,,( ,,religi\s ,,emotion4 ,b speak ?\ ! ?+s :i* befit ! s\nd doctr9e3 t ag$ m5 be temp]ate1 grave1 sob]m9d$1 s\nd 9 fai?1 9 love1 9 pati5ce1 t ag$ wom5 likewise be rev]5t 9 demean\r1 n sl&]]s nor enslav$ to mu* w9e1 tea*]s ( t :i* is good2 t !y may tra9 ! "y wom5 to love _! husb&s1 to love _! *ildr51 to be sob]m9d$1 *a/e1 work]s at home1 k9d1 be+ 9 subjection to _! own husb&s1 t ! ^w ( ,god be n blasphem$3 ! y\ng] m5 likewise exhort to be sob]m9d$4--,,titus ii4 #a-f4 ,9 m>k$ contra/ to ! s$uc+ tea*]s :o are describ$ 9 ! conclud+ v]ses ( ! fir/ *apt]1 ,titus is *>g$ to tea* t :i* is "r4 ,b speak ?\ ! ?+s :i* befit ! s\nd doctr9e4 ,:at !y taught 0 to ! la/ degree un:olesome1 full ( s5seless frivolities & baseless di/9ctions respect+ meats & dr9ks1 times & seasons4 ,su* ?+s 7 fatal alike to s\nd & robu/ fai? & to all moral e>ne/ness4 ,belief 0 fritt]$ away 9 a cr$ul\s att5tion to ,jewi% fables1 & "* 0 deprav$ by a weak punctili\sness ab\t fanciful details4 ,z 9 ! ,ph>isees1 :om ,jesus ,*ri/ d5\nc$1 scrupulosity ab\t trifles l$ to neglect ( ! weighti] matt]s ( ! law4 ,b 9 ^! va9 talk]s & deceiv]s1 :om ,titus _h to oppose1 ! trifles by :i* !y di/ract$ _! he>]s f matt]s ( ! highe/ importance 7 n ev5 ! m9or duties enjo9$ by ! ,law or ! ,gospel3 !y 7 m]e comm&m5ts ( m54 ,9 opposition to calamit\s tea*+ ( ?is k9d1 ,titus is to insi/ ^u :at is heal?y & s\nd4 ,all classes are to be att5d$ to1 & ! exhortations specially ne$$ are to be giv5 to ea*3 to ! old] m5 & old] wom51 ! y\ng] wom5 & ! y\ng] m51 to :om ,titus is to %[ himself an example3 & f9ally to slaves1 = salvation is (f]$ to all m51 & is = no privileg$ class4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ! s\nd tea*+ :i* ,titus is *>g$ to give to ! diff]5t sections ( 8 flock relates almo/ exclusively to conduct4 ,!re is sc>cely a h9t 9 ! :ole ( ?is *apt] t c be suppos$ to h ref]5ce to errors ( doctr9e4 ,9 q a g5]al way ! old m5 are to be exhort$ to be s\nd 9 fai? z well z 9 love & pati5ce3 b o!rwise all ! in/ruction to be giv5 to old & "y1 male & female1 bond & free1 relates to conduct 9 ?\ght1 ^w1 & de$4#gf ,nor is !re any h9t t ! va9 talk]s & deceiv]s contradict$ 7o!rwise ?an by an unholy life7 ! moral precepts :i* ! ,apo/le "h tells 8 delegate to communicate abundantly to 8 flock4 ,we are n to suppose t ^! mis*iev\s tea*]s taught p t !re 0 no h>m 9 intemp]ance1 or sl&]1 or un*a/ity1 or !ft4 ,! mis*ief :i* !y did consi/$ 9 _! tell+ p to devote _! att5tion to ?+s t 7 morally unpr(itable1 :ile no c>e 0 tak5 to secure att5tion to ^? ?+s1 ! obs]vance ( :i* 0 vital4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! emphasis laid ^u silly sup]/itions l$ p to suppose t1 :5 ^! _h be5 att5d$ to1 all duties _h be5 fulfill$2 & a c>eless1 godless life 0 ! result4 ,?us :ole h\seholds 7 subv]t$ by m5 :o made religion a trade4 ,?is disa/r\s /ate ( ?+s is to be rem$i$ by po9t+ out & insi/+ ^u ! obs]vances :i* are ( real importance = ! spiritual life4 ,! fatal l[]+ ( moral tone1 :i* ! morbid & fanciful tea*+ ( ^! s$uc]s produc$1 is to be c\nt]act$ by ! brac+ effects ( :olesome moral tea*+4 ,no "o c read ?r\gh ! indications :i* ! ,apo/le gives ( :at he means by :olesome tea*+1 )\t p]ceiv+ ! key-note :i* r+s ?r\gh x all2--sobriety or sob]m9d$ness4 ,! ag$ m5 are to be taught to be temp]ate1 grave1 sob]m9d$4 ,! ag$ wom5 to be rev]5t 9 demean\r1 t !y may s*ool ! "y wom5 444 to be sob]m9d$4 ,! y\ng] m5 are to be exhort$ to be sob]m9d$4 ,& 9 giv+ ! reason = all ?is he po9ts out ,god's purpose 9 ,8 revelation to mank9d2 to ! int5t t1 d5y+ ungodl9ess & worldly lu/s1 we %\ld live sob]ly4 ,n[1 :at is ! precise mean+ ( ?is sobriety or sob]m9d$ness1 on :i* ,/4 ,paul insi/s s /rongly z a duty to be impress$ ^u m5 & wom5 bo? old & "y8 ,! words us$ 9 ! orig9al ,greek 7sphrn1 sphronize91 sphrone97 signify1 accord+ to _! d]ivation1#gg ( s\nd m9d1 to make ( s\nd m9d1 & to be ( s\nd m9d2 & ! quality :i* !y indicate is t m5s sana or heal?9ess ( m5tal con/itution :i* %[s itself 9 discreet & prud5t conduct1 & especially 9 self-control4 ,?is latt] mean+ is specially pr$om9ant 9 ,attic writ]s4 ,?us ,plato def9es x z a k9d ( ord] & a controll+ ( c]ta9 pleasures & desires1 z is %[n by ! say+ t a man is 'ma/] ( himself' 444 an expression :i* seems to mean t 9 ! man's s\l !re are two elem5ts1 a bett] & a worse1 & :5 ! bett] controls ! worse1 !n he is said to be ma/] ( himself 7,rep41 ,,iv4 p4 #dca74 ,simil>ly1 ,ari/otle tells u t ! l[e/ bodily pleasures are ! sph]e 9 :i* ?is virtue ( self-control is specially display$2 t is1 ^? bodily pleasures :i* ! o!r animals %>e ) man1 & :i* are consequ5tly %[n to be slavi% & be/ial1 viz41 ! pleasures ( t\* & ta/e 7,e?4 ,n41 ,,iii4 x4 #d1 #i2 ,rhet41 ,i4 ix4 #i74 ,& ?r\gh\t ! be/ ,attic writ]s ! vices to :i* self-control is oppos$ are ^? :i* imply immod]ate indulg5ce 9 s5sual pleasures4 ,x is a virtue :i* has a v prom95t place 9 hea!n moral philosophy4 ,x is "o ( ! mo/ obvi\s ( virtues4 ,x is manife/ t 9 ord] to be a virtu\s man at all "o mu/ at lea/ h control ov] "o's l[e/ appetites4 ,& to a hea!n x is "o ( ! mo/ impressive ( virtues4 ,all ( u h exp]i5ce ( ! difficulty ( regulat+ our passions2 & to ^? :o "k no?+ ( ,*ri/ian tea*+ or ( ! grace ( ,god ! difficulty is increas$ t5fold4 ,h5ce to ! savage ! ascetic seems to be almo/ sup]human2 & ev5 9 ! cultivat$ pagan ab/95ce f bodily pleasure & /eadfa/ resi/ance ( s5sual temptation excite wond] & admiration4 ,! beautiful panegyric ( ,socrates put into ! m\? ( ,alcibiades 9 ! ,symposium ( ,plato illu/rates ?is feel+3 & ,euripides /yles su* virtue z ! noble/ gift ( ! gods4 ,b :5 ?is virtue becomes illum9at$ by ! ,gospel its mean+ is int5sifi$4 ,! sob]m9d$ness or sobriety ( ! ,new ,te/am5t is some?+ m ?an ! self-control or temp]ance ( ,plato & ,ari/otle4 ,its sph]e is n conf9$ to ! l[e/ s5sual enjoym5ts4 ,self-ma/]y ) reg>d to su* ?+s is /ill includ$2 b o!r ?+s are includ$ also4 ,x is t p[] ov] ourselves :i* keeps "u control1 n only bodily impulses1 b spiritual impulses also4 ,!re is a spiritual fr5zy analog\s to physical madness1 & !re are spiritual self-indulg5ces analog\s to bodily intemp]ance4 ,= ^! ?+s also self-ma/]y is ne$$4 ,/4 ,paul 9 writ+ to ! ,cor9?ians sums up 8 own life "u ! two conditions ( be+ out ( 8 m9d & 9 8 "r m9d4 ,8 oppon5ts at ,cor9?1 l ,fe/us 7,acts xxvi4 #bd71 accus$ him ( be+ mad4 ,he is q ready to admit t at times he has be5 9 a condition :i*1 if !y l1 !y may call madness4 ,b t is no affair ( !irs4 ,( 8 sanity & sobriety at o!r times !re c be no "q2 & 8 conduct dur+ ^! times ( sobriety is ( importance to !m4 ,= :e!r we w5t out ( our m9d 7exe/m571 x 0 = ,god1 or are 9 our "r m9d 7sphron\m51 are ( sob] m9d1 ,r4,v471 x is = y 7#b ,cor4 v4 #ac74 ,! ,apo/le w5t out ( 8 m9d1 z 8 enemies *ose to say1 at 8 conv]sion on ! road to ,damascus1 :5 a special revelation ( ,jesus ,*ri/ 0 grant$ to him3 & to ?is phase ( 8 exi/5ce belong$ 8 visions 7,acts xvi4 #i2 xxvii4 #bc71 ec/asies & revelations 7#b ,cor4 xii4 #a-g71 & 8 speak+ ) tongues 7#a ,cor4 xiv4 #ah74 ,& he 0 9 8 "r m9d 9 all ! great tact1 & sagacity1 & self-d5ial1 :i* he exhibit$ = ! well-be+ ( 8 conv]ts4 ,x 0 absolutely necess>y t ! latt] condition ( m9d %\ld be ! pr$om9ant "o1 & %\ld control ! o!r2 t ! ec/asy %\ld be exceptional & ! sob]m9d$ness habitual1 & t ! sob]m9d$ness %\ld n be turn$ into self-exaltation by ! remembrance ( ! ec/asy4 ,!re 0 s mu* dang] ( ?is evil 9 ,/4 ,paul's case1 ow+ to ! exce$+ greatness ( ! revelations grant$ to him1 t ! special discipl9e ( ! /ake = ! fle% 0 giv5 to him to c\nt]act ! temptation2 = x 0 9 ! fle%1 t is ! s9ful pr9ciple ( 8 nature1 t ! t5d5cy to pride himself on 8 extraord9>y spiritual exp]i5ces 0 f\nd4 ,/4 ,paul's case 01 no d\bt1 highly exceptional2 b 9 degree1 r ?an 9 k9d4 ,v _m ( 8 conv]ts _h simil>1 al?\gh less sublime1 & p]haps less frequ5t1 exp]i5ces4 ,spiritual gifts ( a sup]natural k9d _h be5 be/[$ 9 great abundance ^u _m ( ! memb]s ( ! ,*ur* ( ,cor9? 7#a ,cor4 xii4 #g-aj71 & 7 ! occasion ( "s ( ! griev\s disord]s :i* 7 f\nd !re1 because !y 7 n always accompani$ by sobriety1 b 7 all[$ to become incitem5ts to lic5ce & spiritual pride4 ,few ?+s %[ m pla9ly ! necessity = self-control & sob]m9d$ness1 :5 m5 are "u ! influ5ce ( /rong religi\s emotion1 ?an ! /ate ( ?+s exi/+ among ! ,cor9?ian conv]ts1 z indicat$ 9 ,/4 ,paul's two lett]s to !m4 ,!y _h be5 guilty ( two errors4 ,fir/1 !y _h =m$ an exagg]at$ e/imate ( "s ( ! gifts be/[$ ^u !m1 especially ( ! my/]i\s p[] ( speak+ ) tongues4 ,&1 secondly1 !y _h suppos$ t p]sons s highly gift$ z !mselves 7 above1 n only ord9>y precautions1 b ord9>y pr9ciples4 ,in/ead ( see+ t su* special privileges requir$ !m to be specially on _! gu>d1 !y consid]$ t !y /ood 9 no ne$ ( vigilance1 & might safely disreg>d cu/om1 & common dec5cy1 & ev5 pr9ciples ( morality4 ,previ\s to _! conv]sion !y _h be5 idolat]s1 & !re=e _h _h no exp]i5ce ( spiritual gifts & manife/ations4 ,consequ5tly1 :5 ! exp]i5ce came1 !y 7 ?r[n (f _! balance1 & knew nei!r h[ to e/imate ^! gifts1 nor h[ to prev5t :at %\ld h be5 to _! weal?1 becom+ to !m an occasion ( fall+4 ,x might be ?\ght t ! conditions ( ! ,*ri/ian life ( ,/4 ,paul & ( 8 conv]ts 7 too unlike our own to yield any cle> lesson 9 ?is respect4 ,we h n be5 conv]t$ to ,*ri/ianity f ei!r ,judaism or paganism2 & we h receiv$ no special revelations or extraord9>y spiritual gifts4 ,b ?is is n s4 ,our religi\s life1 l !irs1 has its two diff]5t phases2 its times ( excitem5t1 & its times ( fre$om f excitem5t4 ,we no long] "w miracles1 or speak ) tongues2 b we h our exceptional mom5ts ( impassion$ feel+s1 & high-/rung aspirations1 & sublime ?\ghts2 & we are j z liable z ! ,cor9?ians 7 to plume ourselves ^u !m1 to re/ 9 !m1 & to ?9k t1 because we h !m1 all mu/ necess>ily be well ) u4 ,we _c too (t5 rem9d ourselves t su* ?+s are n religion1 & are n ev5 ! mat]ial out ( :i* religion is made4 ,!y are ! scaffold+ & appliances1 r ?an ! =m$ edifice or ! un=m$ /ones & timb]4 ,!y supply helps & motive p[]4 ,!y are int5d$ to c>ry u ov] difficulties & drudg]y2 & h5ce are m common 9 ! e>li] /ages ( a ,*ri/ian's c>e] ?an 9 ! "t ( maturity1 & at crises :5 ! c>e] has be5 int]rupt$1 ?an :5 x is progress+ ) /eadfa/ regul>ity4 ,conv]sion to ,*ri/ianity 9 ! case ( a pagan1 & ! realization ( :at ,*ri/ianity really means 9 ! case ( a nom9al ,*ri/ian1 involve pa9 & depression3 & ! attempt to turn aga9 & rep5t aft] griev\s s9 involves pa9 & depression4 ,/rong religi\s emotion helps u to get ! bett] ( ^!1 & may1 if we use x aright1 give u an impetus 9 ! "r direction4 ,b1 f ! v nature ( ?+s1 x _c cont9ue1 & x is n desirable t x %\ld4 ,x w soon run its c\rse1 & we %all be left to g on our way ) our ord9>y res\rces4 ,& our duty !n is tw(old2--fir/1 n to rep9e at its )drawal2 ! ,"l gave1 & ! ,"l ha? tak5 away1 bless$ be ! ,"n ( ! ,"l3 &1 secondly1 to take c>e t x does n evaporate 9 empty self-complac5cy1 b is translat$ into action4 ,impassion$ feel+1 t leads on to conduct1 /r5g!ns "*2 impassion$ feel+1 t ends ) itself1 weak5s x4 ,if religi\s excitem5t is n to d u m h>m ?an good1 by leav+ u m ins5sible to spiritual influ5ces ?an we 7 be=e1 x mu/ be accompani$ by ! sobriety :i* refuses to be exalt$ by su* an exp]i5ce1 & :i*1 9 mak+ use ( x1 controls x4 ,&1 moreov]1 ^! w>m feel+s & en?usia/ic aspirations aft] :at is good mu/ lead on to calm & /eadfa/ p]=mance ( :at is good4 ,"o act ( real self-d5ial1 "o g5u9e sacrifice ( pleasure to duty1 is wor? h\rs ( religi\s emotion & ?\s&s ( pi\s ?\ghts4 ,b sob]m9d$ness w n only keep u f be+ pleas$ ) ourselves = our impassion$ feel+s ab\t spiritual ?+s1 & help u to turn !m to good acc\nt2 x w also pres]ve u f :at is ev5 worse ?an all[+ !m to pass away )\t result1 viz41 talk+ ab\t !m4 ,to feel w>mly & to d no?+ is to wa/e motive p[]3 x leads to h>d5+ ( ! he>t aga9/ good influ5ces 9 ! future4 ,to feel w>mly & talk ab\t x is to abuse motive p[]3 x leads to puff+ up ( ! he>t 9 spiritual pride & to bl9d+ ! inw>d eye ) self-complac5cy4 ,& ?is is ! fatal mi/ake :i* is made by "s religi\s tea*]s at ! pres5t day4 ,/rong feel+s are excit$ 9 ^? :om !y wi% to lead f a life ( s9 to a life ( hol9ess4 ,sorr[ = ! pa/ & a desire = bett] ?+s are ar\s$1 & ! s9n] is ?r[n into a condition ( viol5t di/ress & expectation4 ,& !n1 in/ead ( be+ g5tly l$ on to "w out 8 salvation 9 fe> & trembl+1 ! p5it5t is enc\rag$ to seek excitem5t aga9 & aga91 & to attempt to produce x 9 o!rs1 by con/ant rehe>s+ ( 8 own religi\s exp]i5ces4 ,:at %\ld h be5 a secret betwe5 himself & 8 ,savi\r1 or at mo/ %>$ only ) "s wise advis]1 is ?r[n out publicly to ! :ole _w1 to ! degradation bo? ( :at is told & ( ! "* ( him :o tells x4 ,! error ( mi/ak+ religi\s feel+ = hol9ess1 & good ?\ghts = good conduct1 is a v common "o2 & x is conf9$ to nei!r sex1 & to no p]iod ( life4 ,m5 z well z wom51 & ! old z well z ! "y1 ne$ to be on _! gu>d aga9/ x4 ,& !re=e ! ,apo/le urges ,titus to exhort all alike to be sob]m9d$4 ,!re are times :5 to be agitat$ ab\t religion1 & h w>m feel+s ei!r ( sorr[ or joy1 is natural & "r4 ,:5 "o is fir/ r\s$ to desire a life ( hol9ess2 :5 "o is consci5ce-/rick5 at hav+ fall5 into "s griev\s s92 :5 "o is b[$ d[n "u ! weight ( "s great private or public calamity1 or elat$ by ! vivid appreciation ( "s great private or public bless+4 ,at all su* seasons x is reasonable & prop] t we %\ld exp]i5ce /rong religi\s emotion4 ,n to d s w\ld be a sign ( ins5sibility & deadness ( he>t4 ,b d n let u suppose t ! pres5ce ( su* feel+s m>k u out z specially religi\s or spiritually gift$ p4 ,!y d no?+ ( ! k9d4 ,!y m]ely prove t we are n utt]ly dead to spiritual influ5ces4 ,:e!r we are ! bett] or ! worse = su* feel+s1 dep5ds ^u ! use t we make ( !m4 ,& d n let u expect t ^! emotions w be p]man5t1 :i* w c]ta9ly n be ! case1 or t !y w frequ5tly return1 :i* w probably n be ! case4 ,above all1 let u n be disc\rag$ if !y become m & m r>e1 z "t goes on4 ,!y ought to become m r>e2 = !y are sure to become less frequ5t z we advance 9 hol9ess4 ,9 ! /eady gr[? & natural developm5t ( ! spiritual life !re is n mu* ne$ ( !m or room = !m4 ,!y h done _! "w :5 !y h c>ri$ u ov] ! break]s1 :i* tr\bl$ our e>ly ef=ts1 into ! less excit$ wat]s ( consi/5t ob$i5ce4 ,& to be able to progress )\t !m is a sur] tok5 ( ,god's grace ?an to h !m4 ,to cont9ue /eadfa/ 9 our ob$i5ce1 )\t ! luxury ( w>m feel+s & impassion$ devotion1 is m pleas+ 9 ,8 sight ?an all ! int5se long+s to be fre$ f s91 & all ! passionate supplications = increas$ hol9ess t we h ev] felt & (f]$4 ,! te/ ( fell[%ip ) ,god is n w>m? ( devotion b hol9ess ( life4 ,h]eby "k we t we "k ,him1 if we keep ,8 comm&m5ts4 ,,footnotes3 #gf ,?is makes "o aga9 incl9$ to regret t ! ,revis]s "h & else:]e h left doctr9e z ! translation ( didaskalia1 :ile !y h 9 mo/ cases sub/itut$ tea*+ = doctr9e z ! translation ( dida*4 ,x w\ld h>dly be possible to conf9e ei!r ,engli% ^w to ei!r ,greek ^w z its inv>iable r5d]+3 b :]e bo? ,engli% words are admissible1 x seems bett] to keep tea*+ 7:i* is close to tea*]7 = didaskalia 7:i* is close to didaskalos7 & res]ve doctr9e = dida* 7see p4 #dg74 #gg ,f ss1 safe & s\nd1 & phrn1 m9d4 ,! associations ( ! ^w are se5 9 ,ari/otle's errone\s d]ivation 7,e?4 ,n41 ,,vi4 v4 #e72 ,en!n kai tn sphrosynn t\t prosagoreuom5 t onomati1 hs sz\san tn phrons94 ,,*apt] ,,xxii4 ,,! ,,moral ,,condition ,,( ,,slaves4--,,_! ,,adornm5t ,,( ,,! ,,doctr9e ,,( ,,god4 ,exhort s]vants to be 9 subjection to _! own ma/]s1 & to be well-pleas+ to !m 9 all ?+s2 n ga9say+2 n purlo9+1 b %[+ all good fidelity2 t !y may adorn ! doctr9e ( ,god our ,savi\r 9 all ?+s4--,,titus ii4 #i1 #aj4 ,some?+ has already be5 said 9 a previ\s disc\rse 7on #a ,tim4 vi4 #a1 #b7 respect+ ! in/itution ( slav]y 9 ! ,roman ,empire 9 ! fir/ age ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,x 0 n only un*ri/ian b inhuman2 & x 0 s widespread t ! slaves outnumb]$ ! freem54 ,nev]!less ! ,apo/les & _! successors taught nei!r to ! slaves t !y ought to resi/ a dom9ion :i* 0 immoral bo? 9 effect & 9 orig91 nor to ! ma/]s t z ,*ri/ians !y 7 b\nd to set _! s]vants free4#gh ,*ri/ianity did inde$ lab\r = ! abolition ( slav]y1 b by q o!r me?ods4 ,x taught ma/]s & slaves alike t all m5 h a common ,div9e p>5tage & a common ,div9e r$emption1 & consequ5tly are equally b\nd to %[ bro!rly love & equally end[$ ) spiritual fre$om4 ,x %[$ t ! slave & 8 ma/] are alike *ildr5 ( ,god1 & z su* free2 & alike s]vants ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 & z su* bondm51--bondm5 9 t s]vice :i* is ! only true fre$om4 ,& ?us v sl[ly1 b surely1 ,*ri/ianity dis9tegrat$ & disp]s$ ^? un:olesome conditions & false ideas1 :i* made slav]y to be ev]y:]e possible1 & to seem to mo/ m5 to be necess>y4 ,& :]ev] ^! conditions & ideas 7 swept away1 slav]y gradually di$ out or 0 =mally aboli%$4#gi ,z ! numb] ( slaves 9 ! fir/ c5tury 0 s enorm\s1 x 0 only 9 accordance ) human probability t _m ( ! fir/ conv]ts to ,*ri/ianity belong$ to ?is class2 all ! m s1 z ,*ri/ianity1 l mo/ great movem5ts1 began ) ! l[] ord]s & !nce spread upw>ds4 ,among ! bett] class ( slaves1 t is ^? :o 7 n s degrad$ z to be ins5sible ( _! own degradation1 ! ,gospel spread freely4 ,x (f]$ !m j :at !y ne$$1 & ! lack ( :i* _h turn$ _! life into "o great despair4 ,x gave !m some?+ to hope = & some?+ to live =4 ,_! condition 9 ! _w 0 bo? socially & morally deplorable4 ,socially !y _h no rights beyond :at _! "l *ose to all[ !m4 ,!y 7 rank$ ) ! brutes1 & 7 9 a worse condition ?an any brutes1 = !y 7 capable ( wrongs & suff]+s ( :i* ! brutes are incapable or ins5sible4 ,& ,/4 ,*ryso/om 9 comm5t+ on ?is passage po9ts out h[ inevitable x 0 t ! moral "* ( slaves %\ld z a rule be bad4 ,!y h no motive = try+ to be good1 & v little opportunity ( le>n+ :at is "r4 ,e "o1 slaves includ$1 admits t z a race !y are passionate1 intractable1 & indispos$ to virtue1 n because ,god has made !m s1 b f bad education & ! neglect ( _! ma/]s4 ,! ma/]s c>e no?+ ab\t _! slaves' morals1 except s f> z _! vices are likely to int]f]e ) _! ma/]s' pleasures or int]e/s4 ,h5ce ! slaves1 hav+ no "o to c>e = !m1 naturally s9k into an abyss ( wick$ness4 ,_! *ief aim is to avoid1 n crime1 b be+ f\nd out4 ,= if free m51 able to select _! own society1 & ) _m o!r advantages ( education & home life1 f9d x difficult to avoid ! contact & contam9at+ influ5ce ( ! vici\s1 :at c "o expect f ^? :o h none ( ^! advantages1 & h no possibility ( escape f degrad+ surr\nd+s8 ,!y are nev] taught to respect !mselves2 !y h no exp]i5ce ( p]sons :o d respect !mselves2 & !y nev] receive any respect f ei!r _! sup]iors or _! fell[s4 ,h[ c virtue or self-respect be le>nt 9 su* a s*ool8 ,= all ^! reasons x is a difficult & surpris+ ?+ t !re %\ld ev] be a good slave4 ,& yet ?is is ! class :i* ,/4 ,paul s+les out z be+ able 9 a peculi> way to adorn ! doctr9e ( ,god our ,savi\r 9 all ?+s4 ,to adorn ! doctr9e ( ,god4 ,h[ is ! doctr9e ( ,god to be adorn$8 ,& h[ are slaves capable ( adorn+ x8 ,! doctr9e ( ,god is t :i* ,he tea*es1 :i* ,he has reveal$ = our in/ruction4 ,x is ,8 revelation ( ,himself4 ,he is ! au?or ( x1 ! giv] ( x1 & ! subject ( x4 ,he is also its end or purpose4 ,x is grant$ 9 ord] t m5 may "k ,him1 & love ,him1 & be br\ght home to ,him4 ,all ^! facts are a gu>antee to u ( its importance & its security4 ,x comes f ,"o ,:o is inf9itely great & inf9itely true4 ,& yet x is capable ( be+ adorn$ by ^? to :om x is giv54 ,!re is no?+ p>adoxical 9 ?is4 ,x is precisely ^? ?+s :i* 9 !mselves are good & beautiful t we consid] capable ( adornm5t & wor?y ( x4 ,to add ornam5t to an object t is intr9sically vile or hide\s1 does b augm5t ! exi/+ bad qualities by add+ to !m a gl>+ incongruity4 ,bas5ess1 :i* might o!rwise h escap$ notice1 becomes conspicu\s & grotesque4 ,no p]son ( good ta/e & good s5se w\ld wa/e & degrade ornam5t by be/[+ x ^u an unwor?y object4 ,! v fact1 !re=e1 t adornm5t is attempt$ proves t ^? :o make ! attempt consid] ! object to be adorn$ an object wor?y ( hon\r & capable ( receiv+ x4 ,?us adornm5t is a =m ( homage3 x is ! tribute :i* ! disc]n+ pay to beauty4 ,b adornm5t has its relations n only to ^? :o be/[1 b to ^? also :o receive x4 ,x is a reflexion ( ! m9d ( ! giv]2 b x has also an influ5ce on ! recipi5t4 ,&1 fir/1 x makes t :i* is adorn$ m conspicu\s & bett] kn[n4 ,a picture 9 a frame is m likely to be look$ at ?an "o t is unfram$4 ,an ornam5t$ build+ attracts m att5tion ?an a pla9 "o4 ,a k+ 9 8 royal robes is m easily recogniz$ z su* ?an "o 9 ord9>y clo?+4 ,adornm5t1 !re=e1 is an adv]tisem5t ( m]it3 x makes ! adorn$ object m readily p]ceiv$ & m widely appreciat$4 ,&1 secondly1 if x is well *os5 & well be/[$1 x augm5ts ! m]it ( t :i* x adorns4 ,t :i* 0 fair be=e is made /ill fair] by suitable ornam5t4 ,! beautiful pa9t+ is /ill m beautiful 9 a wor?y frame4 ,noble ornam5t increases ! dignity ( a noble /ructure4 ,& a p]son ( royal pres5ce becomes /ill m regal :5 royally array$4 ,adornm5t1 !re=e1 is n only an adv]tisem5t ( beauty1 x is also a real enhancem5t ( x4 ,all ^! p>ticul>s hold good ) reg>d to ! adornm5t ( ! doctr9e ( ,god4 ,by try+ to adorn x & make x m beautiful & m attractive1 we %[ our respect = x2 we pay our tribute ( homage & admiration4 ,we %[ to all ! _w t we ?9k x e/imable1 & wor?y ( att5tion & hon\r4 ,& by s do+ we make ! doctr9e ( ,god bett] kn[n3 we br+ x "u ! notice ( o!rs :o might o!rwise h ov]look$ x3 we =ce x ^u _! att5tion4 ,?us1 )\t consci\sly int5d+ to be any?+ ( ! k9d1 we become evangeli/s3 we proclaim to ^? among :om we live t we h receiv$ a ,gospel t satisfies u4 ,moreov]1 ! doctr9e :i* we ?us adorn becomes really m beautiful 9 consequ5ce4 ,tea*+ :i* nobody admires1 :i* nobody accepts--tea*+ :i* tea*es nobody1 is a poor ?+4 ,x may be true1 x may h great capabilities2 b = ! pres5t x is z useless z a book 9 ! h&s ( an illit]ate savage1 & z valueless z treasures ly+ at ! bottom ( ! sea4 ,our acceptance ( ! doctr9e ( ,god1 & our ef=ts to adorn x1 br+ out its inh]5t life & develop its natural value1 & e additional p]son :o jo9s u 9 do+ ?is is an augm5tation ( its p[]s4 ,x is )9 our p[] n only to hon\r & make bett] kn[n1 b also to enhance1 ! beauty ( ! doctr9e ( ,god4 ,b slaves1--& su* slaves z 7 f\nd ?r\gh\t ! ,roman ,empire 9 ,/4 ,paul's day1--:at h !y to d ) ! adornm5t ( ! doctr9e ( ,god8 ,:y is ?is duty ( mak+ ! ,gospel m beautiful specially m5tion$ 9 connexion ) !m8 ,t ! ari/ocracy ( ! ,empire1 its magi/rates1 its s5ators1 its comm&]s1--suppos+ t any ( !m c\ld be induc$ to embrace ! fai? ( ,jesus ,*ri/1--%\ld be *>g$ to adorn ! doctr9es :i* !y _h accept$1 w\ld be intelligible4 ,_! acceptance ( x w\ld be a tribute to its dignity4 ,_! loyalty to x w\ld be a proclamation ( its m]its4 ,_! accession to its ranks w\ld be a real augm5tation ( its p[]s ( attraction4 ,b almo/ ! rev]se ( all ?is w\ld seem to be ! tru? 9 ! case ( slaves4 ,_! ta/es 7 s l[1 _! moral judgm5t s debas$1 t = a religion to h f\nd a welcome among slaves w\ld h>dly be a recomm5dation ( x to respectable p4 ,& :at opportunities _h slaves1 reg>d$ z !y 7 z ! v outca/s ( society1 ( mak+ ! ,gospel bett] kn[n or m attractive8 ,s _m a p]son1 & especially _m a slave1 might h argu$ 9 ,/4 ,paul's he>+2 & n altoge!r )\t reason & support f exp]i5ce4 ,! fact t ,*ri/ianity 0 a religion acceptable to slaves & ! associates ( slaves 0 f v e>ly times "o ( ! objections made aga9/ x by ! hea!n1 & "o ( ! circum/ances :i* prejudic$ m5 ( culture & ref9em5t aga9/ x4 ,x 0 "o ( ! _m bitt] reproa*es t ,celsus br\ght aga9/ ,*ri/ianity1 t x laid itself out to cat* slaves1 wom51 & *ildr51 9 %ort ! immoral1 ! un9tellectual1 & ! ignorant classes4 ,& we ne$ n suppose t ?is 0 m]ely a spiteful taunt3 x repres5t$ a deep-seat$ & n altoge!r unreasonable prejudice4 ,see+ h[ _m religions !re 7 at t "t :i* ow$ mu* ( _! success to ! fact t !y p&]$ to ! vices1 :ile !y presum$ ^u ! folly & ignorance ( mank9d1 x 0 n an unju/ifiable presumption t a new fai? :i* won _m adh]5ts 9 ! mo/ degrad$ & vici\s class ( society1 0 itself a degrad+ & corrupt+ sup]/ition4 ,yet ,/4 ,paul knew :at he 0 ab\t :5 he urg$ ,titus to commit ! adorn+ ( ! doctr9e ( ,god 9 a special mann] to slaves3 & exp]i5ce has prov$ ! s\ndness ( 8 judgm5t4 ,if ! m]e fact t _m slaves accept$ ! fai? c\ld n d a great deal to recomm5d ! p[] & beauty ( ! ,gospel1 ! ,*ri/ian lives1 :i* !y !nce-=w>d l$1 c\ld4 ,x 0 a /rong argum5t =tiori4 ,! worse ! unconv]t$ s9n]1 ! m m>vell\s 8 ?or\gh conv]sion4 ,!re mu/ be some?+ 9 a religion :i* out ( su* unpromis+ mat]ial z slaves c\ld make ob$i5t1 g5tle1 hone/1 sob]1 & *a/e m5 & wom54 ,z ,*ryso/om puts x1 :5 x 0 se5 t ,*ri/ianity1 by giv+ a settl$ pr9ciple ( suffici5t p[] to c\nt]balance ! pleasures ( s91 0 able to impose a re/ra9t ^u a class s self-will$1 & r5d] !m s+ul>ly well-behav$1 !n _! ma/]s1 h[ev] unreasonable !y might be1 7 likely to =m a high op9ion ( ! doctr9es :i* accompli%$ ?is4 ,s t x is nei!r by *ance1 nor )\t reason1 t ! ,apo/le s+les out ?is class ( m53 s9ce1 ! m wick$ !y are1 ! m admirable is ! p[] ( t prea*+ :i* re=ms !m4 ,& ,/4 ,*ryso/om goes on to po9t out t ! way 9 :i* slaves are to endeav\r to adorn ! doctr9e ( ,god is by cultivat+ precisely ^? virtues :i* contribute mo/ to _! ma/]s' com=t & int]e/1--submissiv5ess1 g5tl5ess1 meekness1 hone/y1 tru?fulness1 & a fai?ful dis*>ge ( all duties4 ,:at a te/imony conduct ( ?is k9d w\ld be to ! p[] & beauty ( ! ,gospel2 & a te/imony all ! m p[]ful 9 ! eyes ( ^? ma/]s :o became consci\s t ^! despis$ ,*ri/ian slaves 7 liv+ bett] lives ?an _! own]s6 ,! passionate man1 :o f\nd 8 slave always g5tle & submissive2 ! inhuman & f]oci\s man1 :o f\nd 8 slave always meek & respectful2 ! fraudul5t man ( bus9ess1 :o notic$ t 8 slave nev] pilf]$ or told lies2 ! s5suali/1 :o obs]v$ t 8 slave 0 nev] intemp]ate & always %ock$ at immode/y2--all ^!1 ev5 if !y 7 n induc$ to become conv]ts to ! new fai?1 or ev5 to take mu* tr\ble to und]/& x1 w\ld at lea/ at times feel some?+ ( respect1 if n ( awe & rev]5ce1 = a cre$ :i* produc$ su* results4 ,:]e did _! slaves le>n ^! l(ty pr9ciples8 ,:5ce did !y d]ive ! p[] to live up to !m8 ,! cases 9 :i* ma/]s & mi/resses 7 conv]t$ ?r\gh ! conduct ( _! own slaves 7 probably by no means r>e4 ,x 0 by ! gradual influ5ce ( num]\s ,*ri/ian lives1 r ?an by organiz$ mission>y ef=t1 t ! ,gospel spread dur+ ! fir/ ages ( ! ,*ur*2 & n[h]e w\ld ?is gradual influ5ce make itself m /rongly & p]man5tly felt ?an 9 ! family & h\sehold4 ,"s slaves !n1 l "s dome/ic s]vants n[1 /ood 9 v close relations ) _! ma/]s & mi/resses2 & ! opportunities ( adorn+ ! doctr9e ( ,god w\ld 9 su* cases be frequ5t & great4 ,orig5 implies t x 0 no uncommon ?+ = families to be conv]t$ ?r\gh ! in/rum5tality ( ! slaves 7,migne1 ,s]ies ,graeca1 xi4 #dgf1 #dhc74 ,"o ( ! griev\s moral defects ( t mo/ immoral age 0 ! l[ view tak5 ( ! position ( wom5 9 society4 ,ev5 m>ri$ wom5 7 treat$ ) b scant respect4 ,& z ! m>riage-tie 0 v commonly reg>d$ z an irksome re/ra9t1 ! condition ( mo/ wom51 ev5 among ! free-born1 0 degrad$ 9 ! extreme4 ,!y 7 sc>cely ev] look$ ^u z ! social equals & ! necess>y complem5t ( ! o!r sex2 &1 :5 n requir$ to m9i/] to ! com=ts & pleasures ( ! m51 7 (t5 left to ! society ( slaves4 ,untold evil 0 ! natural result2 b1 z ,*ri/ianity spread1 mu* good came out ( ! evil4 ,*ri/ian slaves sometimes made use ( ?is /ate ( ?+s to int]e/ _! mi/resses 9 ! tea*+ ( ! ,gospel2 & :5 ! mi/ress 0 conv]t$1 o!r conv]sions 9 ! h\sehold became mu* m probable4 ,ano!r griev\s blot on ! dome/ic life ( ! "t 0 ! want ( p>5tal affection4 ,fa!rs _h sc>cely any s5se ( responsibility t[>ds _! *ildr51 especially z reg>ds _! moral tra9+4 ,_! education g5]ally 0 left almo/ entirely to slaves1 f :om !y le>nt "s accompli%m5ts & _m vices4 ,!y too (t5 became adepts 9 wick$ness be=e !y _h ceas$ to be *ildr54 ,b "h aga9 ?r\gh ! in/rum5tality ( ! ,gospel good 0 br\ght out ( ?is evil also4 ,:5 ! slaves1 :o _h ! c>e & ! tra9+ ( ! *ildr51 7 ,*ri/ians1 ! morals ( ! *ildr5 7 c>efully gu>d$2 & 9 _m cases ! *ildr51 :5 !y came to ye>s ( discretion1 embrac$ ,*ri/ianity4 ,nor 7 ^! ! only ways 9 :i* ! mo/ degrad$ & despis$ class 9 ! society ( t age 7 able to adorn ! doctr9e ( ,god4 ,slaves 7 n only an ornam5t to ! fai? by _! lives2 !y adorn$ x also by _! dea?s4 ,n a few slaves won ! m>tyr's cr[n4 ,^? :o h read t mo/ preci\s relic ( e>ly ,*ri/ian lit]ature1 ! lett] ( ! ,*ur*es ( ,lyons & ,vi5ne to ! ,*ur*es ( ,asia ,m9or & ,phrygia1 w n ne$ to be rem9d$ ( ! m>tyrdom ( ! slave ,bl&9a ) h] mi/ress 9 ! t]rible p]secution 9 ,gaul "u ,m>cus ,aurelius 9 ! ye> #agg4 ,eusebius has pres]v$ ! great] portion ( ! lett] at ! beg9n+ ( ! fif? book ( 8 ,ecclesia/ical ,hi/ory4 ,let all :o c d s read x1 if n 9 ! orig9al ,greek1 at lea/ 9 a translation4 ,x is an au!ntic & priceless acc\nt ( ,*ri/ian =titude4 ,:at slaves c\ld d !n we all ( u c d n[4 ,we c prove to all = :om & ) :om we "w t we really d believe & endeav\r to live up to ! fai? t we pr(ess4 ,by ! lives we lead we c %[ to all :o "k any?+ ( u t we are loyal to ,*ri/4 ,by avoid+ (f5ce 9 ^w or 9 de$1 & by welcom+ opportunities ( do+ good to o!rs1 we c make ,8 pr9ciples bett] kn[n4 ,& by do+ all ?is brightly & *e]fully1 )\t o/5tation or affectation or moros5ess1 we c make ,8 pr9ciples attractive4 ,?us we also c adorn ! doctr9e ( ,god 9 all ?+s4 ,9 all ?+s4 ,t all-embrac+ addition to ! ,apo/olic injunction mu/ n be lo/ sight (4 ,!re is no duty s humble1 no occupation s trifl+1 t x _c be made into an opportunity = adorn+ our religion4 ,:e!r ye eat1 or dr9k1 or :atsoev] ye d1 d all to ! glory ( ,god 7#a ,cor4 x4 #ca74 ,,footnotes3 #gh ,! /ories told 9 ,boll&us ( ,roman conv]ts "u ,trajan & ,diocletian1 :o at _! baptism manumitt$ _! slaves1 are n v cr$ible4 ,su* ?+s1 if !y happ5$ at all1 7 v exceptional4 #gi ,pagan inscriptions c>efully di/+ui% betwe5 freem5 & slaves2 ,*ri/ian inscriptions seldom or nev]4 ,!re seems to be no well-asc]ta9$ in/ance 9 ! ,roman catacombs4 ,dict4 ( ,*ri/ ,ant41 ,vol4 ii4 p4 #aijd4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiii4 ,,hope ,,z ,a ,,motive ,,p[]4--,,! ,,pres5t ,,hopes ,,( ,,*ri/ians4 ,= ! grace ( ,god ha? appe>$1 br++ salvation to all m51 in/ruct+ u1 to ! int5t t1 d5y+ ungodl9ess & worldly lu/s1 we %\ld live sob]ly & righte\sly & godly 9 ?is pres5t _w2 look+ = ! bless$ hope & appe>+ ( ! glory ( our great ,god & ,savi\r ,jesus ,*ri/2 :o gave ,himself = u1 t ,he might r$eem u f all iniquity1 & purify unto ,himself a p = ,8 own possession1 zeal\s ( good works4 ,^! ?+s speak & exhort & reprove ) all au?ority4 ,let no man despise !e4--,,titus ii4 #aa-ae4 ,!re are n _m passages 9 ! ,pa/oral ,epi/les :i* treat s pla9ly z ?is does ( doctr9e4 ,z a rule ,/4 ,paul assumes t 8 delegates1 ,timo?y & ,titus1 are well in/ruct$ 7z he knew !y 77 9 ! details ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?1 & he does n /ay ev5 to rem9d !m ( :at he _h frequ5tly taught to !m & to o!rs 9 _! pres5ce4 ,! purpose ( ! ,epi/les is to give practical r ?an doctr9al in/ruction2 to tea* ,timo?y & ,titus h[ to %ape _! own conduct1 & :at k9d ( conduct !y are *iefly to insi/ ^u 9 ! diff]5t classes ( ,*ri/ians committ$ to _! *>ge4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 & 9 ! next *apt]1 we h m>k$ exceptions to ?is me?od4 ,yet ev5 "h ! exception is m app>5t ?an real2 = ! doctr9al /atem5ts are introduc$1 n z tru?s to be recogniz$ & believ$ 7x is tak5 = grant$ t !y are recogniz$ & believ$71 b z ! basis ( ! practical exhortations :i* h j be5 giv54 ,x is because ^! great tru?s h be5 reveal$1 because life is s real & s important1 & because et]nity is s c]ta91 t ,titus is to ex]t all 8 influ5ce to produce ! be/ k9d ( conduct 9 8 flock1 :e!r m5 or wom51 old or "y1 bond or free4 ,! passage be=e u might almo/ s]ve z a summ>y ( ,/4 ,paul's tea*+4 ,9 x he once m insi/s ^u ! insep>able connexion betwe5 cre$ & "*1 doctr9e & life1 & intimates ! close relations betwe5 ! pa/1 ! pres5t1 & ! future1 9 ! ,*ri/ian s*eme ( salvation4 ,!re are c]ta9 facts 9 ! pa/1 :i* mu/ be believ$2 & !re is a k9d ( life 9 ! pres5t1 :i* mu/ be liv$2 & !re are ?+s 9 /ore = u 9 ! future1 :i* mu/ be look$ =4 ,?us ! ?ree great virtues ( fai?1 *>ity1 & hope are inculcat$4 ,two ,epiphanies or appe>ances ( ,jesus ,*ri/ 9 ?is _w are /at$ z ! two great limits ( ! ,*ri/ian disp5sation4 ,!re is ! ,epiphany ( grace1 :5 ! ,*ri/ appe>$ 9 humility1 br++ salvation & in/ruction to all m52 & !re is ! ,epiphany ( glory1 :5 ,he w appe> aga9 9 p[]1 t ,he may claim z ,8 own possession ! p :om ,he has r$eem$4 ,& betwe5 ^! two !re is ! ,*ri/ian life ) its bless$ hope1 ! hope ( ! ,"l's return 9 glory to complete ! k+dom :i* ,8 fir/ ,adv5t began4 ,mo/ ( u make f> too little ( ?is bless$ hope4 ,x is ( incalculable value2 fir/1 z a te/ ( our own s9c]ity & reality2 & secondly1 z a s\rce ( /r5g? to c>ry u ov] ! difficulties & disappo9tm5ts :i* beset our daily c\rse4 ,!re is p]haps no m c]ta9 te/ ( a ,*ri/ian's e>ne/ness ?an ! "q :e!r he does1 or does n1 look =w>d ) hope & long+ = ,*ri/'s return4 ,"s m5 h s]i\sly p]suad$ !mselves t !re is no su* ?+ ei!r to hope = or to dread4 ,o!rs pref] n to ?9k ab\t x2 !y "k t d\bts h be5 ent]ta9$ on ! subject1 & z ! topic is n a pleasant "o to !m1 !y dismiss x z mu* z possible f _! m9ds1 ) ! wi% t ! d\bts ab\t !re be+ any return ( ,*ri/ to judgm5t may be well-f\nd$2 = _! own lives are su* t !y h e reason to desire t !re may be no judgm5t4 ,o!rs aga91 :o on ! :ole are try+ to lead ,*ri/ian lives1 nev]!less s f> %>e ! feel+s ( ! godless1 9 t ! ?\ght ( ,*ri/'s return 7( ! c]ta9ty ( :i* !y are fully p]suad$7 inspires !m ) fe> r ?an ) joy4 ,?is is especially ! case ) ^? :o are kept 9 ! "r way mu* m by ! fe> ( hell ?an by ! love ( ,god1 or ev5 ! hope ( heav54 ,!y believe & tremble4 ,!y believe 9 ,god's tru? & ju/ice mu* m ?an 9 ,8 love & m]cy4 ,he is to !m a ,ma/] & ,"l to be obey$ & fe>$1 mu* m ?an a ,god & ,fa!r to be ador$ & lov$4 ,consequ5tly _! "w is half-he>t$1 & _! life s]vile1 z mu/ always be ! case ) ^? ^: *ief motive is fe> ( puni%m5t4 ,h5ce !y %>e ! t]rors ( ! wick$1 :ile !y lose _! %>e ( ! joys ( ! righte\s4 ,!y are too mu* afraid to f9d any real pleasure ei!r 9 s9 or 9 good works4 ,to h s9n$ fills !m ) t]ror at ! ?\ght ( inevitable puni%m5t2 & to h done :at is "r fills !m ) no joy1 because !y h s little love & s little hope4 ,^? :o f9d f exp]i5ce t ! ?\ght ( ,*ri/'s return 9 glory is "o on :i* !y seldom dwell1 ev5 if x be n positively unwelcome1 may be sure t !re is some?+ defective 9 _! life4 ,ei!r !y are consci\s ( %ortcom+s :i* !y make little or no attempt to correct1 ! recollection ( :i* becomes intol]able :5 confront$ ) ! ?\ght ( ! day ( judgm5t 7& ?is %[s t !re is a great lack ( e>ne/ness 9 _! religi\s life72 or !y are be+ cont5t ) l[ motives = avoid+ iniquity & /riv+ aft] righte\sness1 & ?us are los+ a real s\rce ( /r5g? to help !m 9 _! ef=ts4 ,no d\bt !re are p]sons ov] :om high motives h little influ5ce1 & c h b little influ5ce1 because !y are z yet unable to appreciate !m4 ,b no "o 9 wat*+ ov] ei!r 8 own s\l or ! s\ls ( o!rs c af=d to be cont5t ) su* a /ate ( ?+s4 ,*ildi% ?+s mu/ be put away1 :5 !y cease to be appropriate4 ,z ! "* develops "u ! influ5ce ( l[] motives1 high] motives beg9 at times to make !mselves felt2 & ^! mu/ gradually be sub/itut$ = ! o!rs4 ,& :5 !y d make !mselves felt1 high motives are mu* m p[]ful ?an l[ ones2 :i* is a fur!r reason = appeal+ to !m r ?an to ! o!rs4 ,n only is a man1 :o is capable ( be+ mov$ bo? by ! fe> ( hell & by ! love ( ,god1 m influ5c$ by ! love ?an by ! fe>2 b love has m p[] ov] 8 w ?an fe> has ov] ! w ( "o :o _c be influ5c$ by love4 ,all ?is t5ds to %[ h[ mu* is lo/ by ^? :o make no ef=t to cultivate 9 _! m9ds a feel+ ( joy at ! ?\ght ( ! appe>+ ( ! glory ( our great ,god & ,savi\r ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,!y lose a great s\rce ( /r5g? by neglect+ to cultivate :at w\ld be a p[]ful motive to help !m on ! "r way4 ,nor does ! loss end "h4 ,) x !y lose mu* ( ! int]e/ :i* !y w\ld o!rwise take 9 all t helps to accompli% ! numb] ( ,god's elect & to ha/5 ,8 k+dom4 ,*ri/ians pray daily1 & p]haps _m times daily1 ,?y k+dom come4 ,b h[ few realize :at !y are pray+ =6 ,h[ few really long t _! pray] may be spe$ily grant$6 ,h[ few take a ke5 & untir+ int]e/ 9 all t promotes ! com+ ( ! k+dom6 ,& ?us aga9 motive p[] is lo/2 = if we _h b ! eyes to see1 & ! he>t to appreciate1 all t is go+ on r\nd ab\t u1 we %\ld feel t we live1 z comp>$ ) our =efa!rs1 9 v enc\rag+ times4 ,we are (t5 en\gh told t ,*ri/ianity 9 g5]al1 & ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& 9 p>ticul>1 is at ! pres5t "t pass+ ?r\gh a great crisis2 t ?is is an age ( peculi> dang]s & difficulties2 t we live 9 times ( unblu%+ vice & uncompromis+ scepticism2 & t ! imm5sity ( our social1 comm]cial1 & political corruption is only ! natural outcome ( ! imm5sity ( our irreligion & unbelief4 ,^! ?+s may be true2 & !re is no e>ne/ ,*ri/ian :o has n at times be5 p]plex$ & sadd5$ by !m4 ,b1 ?ank ,god1 !re are o!r ?+s :i* are equally true1 & :i* ought to be equally recogniz$ & rememb]$4 ,if ! pres5t is an age ( peculi> dang]s & b\ndless irreligion1 x is also an age ( peculi> enc\ragem5ts & b\ndless hope4 ,!re are ,*ri/ians :o love to look back to "s p]iod 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,*ur*1 :i* !y h come to reg>d z a sort ( gold5 age2 an age 9 :i* communities ( sa9tly m5 & wom5 7 m9i/]$ to by a /ill m sa9tly cl]gy1 & 9 :i* ! ,*ur* w5t beautifully on its way1 n altoge!r free f p]secutions1 :i* 7 p]haps necess>y = its p]fection1 b untr\bl$ by d\bts1 or diss5sions1 or h]esies1 & un/a9$ by worldl9ess1 apo/asy1 or slo?4 ,s f> z ! exp]i5ce ( ! pres5t writ] has c>ri$ him1 no su* gold5 age c be f\nd 9 ! actual hi/ory ( ! ,*ur*4 ,x is n to be f\nd 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 ei!r be=e or aft] ,p5teco/4 ,we d n f9d x1 :]e we might h expect$ to f9d x1 9 ! p]iod :5 ,*ri/ 0 /ill pres5t 9 ! fle% z ! ,rul] & ,in/ructor ( ,8 ,*ur*4 ,t p]iod is m>k$ by ! ignorance & unbelief ( ! ,apo/les1 by _! qu>rels1 _! ambition = ! fir/ places 9 an e>?ly k+dom1 _! intol]ant _s1 by ! flight ( all ( !m 9 ! h\r ( ,*ri/'s dang]1 by ! d5ials ( ,/4 ,pet]1 by ! trea*]y & suicide ( ,judas4 ,nor d we f9d x1 :]e aga9 we might h expect$ to f9d x1 9 ! age imm$iately succe$+ ! completion ( ,*ri/'s "w1 :5 ! ,apo/les1 newly ano9t$ ) ! ,_s1 7 /ill alive to direct & fo/] ! ,*ur* :i* ,he _h f\nd$4 ,t p]iod also is m>r$ by _m disfigur+ m>ks4 ,apo/les c /ill be times]v+1 c /ill qu>rel among !mselves2 & !y also exp]i5ce :at x is to be =sak5 & oppos$ by _! own disciples4 ,_! conv]ts1 z soon z ! ,apo/le :o e/abli%$ !m 9 ! fai? is )drawn1 & sometimes ev5 :ile he is /ill ) !m1 become guilty ( ! grave/ errors 9 conduct & belief4 ,witness ! mon/r\s disord]s 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,cor9?1 ! fickl5ess ( ! ,galatian conv]ts1 ! un*ri/ian asceticism ( ! ,colossian h]etics1 ! /udi$ immorality ( ^? ( ,ephesus4 ,! ,*ur* :i* 0 presid$ ov] by ,/4 ,timo?y 0 ! ,*ur* ( ,alex&]1 ,hym5aeus1 & ,philetus1 :o remov$ ! v corn]-/one ( ! fai? by d5y+ ! ,resurrection2 & ! ,*ur*es :i* 7 presid$ ov] by ,/4 ,john conta9$ ! ,nicolaitans1 condemn$ z hateful by ,jesus ,*ri/1 & ,diotrephes1 :o repudiat$ ! ,apo/le & excommunicat$ ^? :o receiv$ ! ,apo/le's mess5g]s4 ,& !re is mu* m ( ! same sort1 z ! ,pa/oral ,epi/les %[ u1 prov+ t :at comes to u at fir/ z a sad surprise is ( /ill sadd] frequ5cy1 & t ! ,apo/olic age _h defects & /a9s at at lea/ z s]i\s z ^? :i* deface our own4 ,! failure to f9d any gold5 age 9 ei!r ( ^! two divisions ( ! p]iod cov]$ by ! ,new ,te/am5t ought to put u on our gu>d aga9/ expect+ to f9d x 9 any subsequ5t p]iod4 ,& x w\ld n be difficult to take ea* ( ! epo*s 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,*ur* :i* h be5 select$ z specially bright & p]fect1 & %[ t 9 e case1 directly we pass ?r\gh ! hazy gl[1 :i* ! imag9ation ( lat] writ]s has ?r[n ar\nd su* p]iods1 & get d[n to solid facts1 !n1 ei!r ! brightness & p]fection are f\nd to be illusory1 or !y are c\nt]-balanc$ by _m d>k spots & disord]s4 ,! age ( ! m>tyrs is ! age ( ! laps$2 ! ages ( fai? are ! ages ( fraud2 & ! ages ( great success are ! ages ( great corruption4 ,9 ! fir/ c5turies increase ( numb]s 0 m>k$ by increase ( h]esies & s*isms2 9 ! middle ages1 increase ( p[] by increase ( pride4 ,a fair comp>ison ( ! p]iod 9 :i* our own lot has be5 ca/ ) any previ\s p]iod 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,*ur* w nev] lead to any j feel+ ( disc\ragem5t4 ,inde$ x may reasonably be cont5d$ t at no era s9ce ,*ri/ianity 0 fir/ f\nd$ h its prospects be5 s bright z at ! pres5t "t4 ,let u look at ! conte/ betwe5 ! ,gospel & hea!nism1--t great conte/ :i* has be5 go+ on s9ce ! grace ( ,god appe>$ br++ salvation to all m51 & :i* is to cont9ue until ! appe>+ ( ! glory ( our great ,god & ,savi\r4 ,0 !re ev] a "t :5 missions 7 m num]\s or bett] organiz$1 & :5 mission>ies 7 z a rule bett] in/ruct$1 bett] equipp$1 or m devot$8 ,& al?\gh x is impossible to =m a correct e/imate on su* a subject1 because "s ( ! mo/ important data are beyond our rea*1 yet x may be d\bt$ :e!r !re ev] 0 a "t :5 missions a*iev$ m solid success4 ,! enorm\s gr[? ( ! colonial & mission>y episcopate dur+ ! la/ hundr$ ye>s is at any rate "o great fact :i* repres5ts & gu>antees a great deal4 ,until #aghg !re 0 n a s+le episcopal see ( ! ,anglican communion 9 any ( ! colonies or settlem5ts ( ! ,briti% ,empire2 /ill less 0 !re a s+le mission>y bi%op4 ,& n[1 z ! ,lambe? ,conf]5ces rem9d u1 ^! colonial & mission>y bi%ops are n f> %ort ( a hundr$1 & are always increas+4#hj ,or let u look at ! relations betwe5 ! great ,*ur*es into :i* ,*ri/5dom is unhappily divid$4 ,0 !re ev] a p]iod at :i* !re 0 less bitt]ness1 or m e>ne/ & wide-spread desire = ! re/oration ( unity8 ,& ! increas$ desire = reunion comes h& 9 h& ) an increase ( ! conditions :i* w\ld r5d] reunion possible4 ,two ?+s are absolutely indisp5sable = a successful attempt 9 ?is direction4 ,fir/1 a l>ge measure ( culture & le>n+1 especially among ! cl]gy ( ! divid$ ,*ur*es2 & secondly1 intellig5t religi\s zeal4 ,ignorant controv]siali/s _c di/+ui% betwe5 important & unimportant diff]5ces1 & ?us aggravate r ?an smoo? difficulties4 ,& )\t religi\s e>ne/ness ! attempt to heal diff]5ces ends 9 indiff]5tism4 ,bo? ^! indisp5sable elem5ts are increas+1 at any rate 9 ! ,anglican & 9 ! ,ea/]n ,*ur*es3 & ?us reunion1 :i* mu/ be possible1 because x is a duty1 is becom+ n only a desire b a hope4 ,let u look aga9 at our own ,*ur*2 at its abundant ma*9]y = e k9d ( b5efic5t object2 at ! beautiful "w :i* is be+ done 9 a quiet & simple way by numb]s ( ,*ri/ian m5 & wom5 9 ?\s&s ( p>i%es2 at ! increase 9 s]vices1 9 confirmations1 9 communions2 at ! pr9cely (f]+s ( _m ( ! weal?y laity2 at ! humble (f]+s--equally pr9cely 9 ,god's sight--( _m ( ! poor4 ,c we po9t to a "t :5 p>ty feel+ 7bad z x /ill is7 0 less rancor\s1 :5 p>i%es 7 bett] work$1 :5 ! cl]gy 7 bett] educat$ or m self-sacrific+1 :5 ! p 7 m responsive to :at is be+ done = !m8 ,! v possibility ( s]i\sly rais+ su* que/ions z ^! is 9 itself a reason = tak+ c\rage1 ev5 if we _c answ] all ( !m 9 ! way t w\ld please u mo/4 ,!re are at any rate good gr\nds = hop+ t mu* is be+ done = ! advancem5t ( ,*ri/'s dom9ion1 & t ! pray] ,?y k+dom come is be+ answ]$ day by day4 ,if we c\ld b conv9ce ourselves m ?or\ghly ( ! tru? ( all ?is1 we %\ld "w m hopefully & m e>ne/ly4 ,m hopefully1 because we %\ld be work+ ) a consci\sness ( be+ successful & mak+ progress1 ) a conviction t we are on ! w9n+ side4 ,& m e>ne/ly1 n m]ely because hope makes "w m e>ne/ & ?or\gh1 b also because we %\ld h an increas$ s5se ( responsibility3 we %\ld fe> le/ ?r\gh any slo? or neglig5ce on our "p su* bright prospects %\ld be m>r$4 ,! expectation ( defeat makes "s m5 /rive all ! m h]oically2 b mo/ m5 x p>alyses4 ,9 our ,*ri/ian w>f>e we c]ta9ly ne$ hope to c>ry u onw>d to victory4 ,! appe>+ ( ! glory ( our great ,god & ,savi\r ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,among ! fooli% *>ges :i* h be5 br\ght aga9/ ! ,revis]s is t ( fav\r+ ,arian t5d5cies by blurr+ ^? texts :i* tea* ! ,div9ity ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,! pres5t passage w\ld be a suffici5t answ] to su* a *>ge4 ,9 ! ,a4,v4 we h ! glori\s appe>+ ( ! great ,god1 & our ,savi\r ,jesus ,*ri/1 :]e bo? ! word+ & ! comma make x cle> t ! great ,god means ! ,fa!r & n our ,savi\r4 ,! ,revis]s1 by omitt+ ! comma1 = :i* !re is no au?ority 9 ! orig9al1 & by plac+ ! our be=e bo? sub/antives1 h giv5 _! au?ority to ! view t ,/4 ,paul means bo? great ,god & ,savi\r to apply to ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,x is n any ,epiphany ( ! ,fa!r :i* is 9 8 m9d1 b ! ,epiphany ( ! glory ( our great ,god & ,savi\r ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,! word+ ( ! ,greek is su* t absolute c]ta9ty is n atta9able2 b ! context1 ! collocation ( ! words1 ! use ( ! ^w ,epiphany1 & ! omission ( ! article be=e ,savi\r 7epiphaneian ts doxs t\ megal\ ,!\ kai stros hmn ,i4 ,*471 all seem to fav\r ! ,revis]s' r5d]+4 ,&1 if x be adopt$1 we h "h "o ( ! pla9e/ & mo/ direct /atem5ts ( ! ,div9ity ( ,*ri/ to be f\nd 9 ,scripture4 ,z su* x 0 employ$ 9 ! ,arian controv]sy1 al?\gh ,ambrose seems to h und]/ood ! passage z ref]r+ to ! ,fa!r & ,*ri/1 & n to ,*ri/ alone4 ,! =ce ( :at foll[s is enhanc$1 if ! ,revis]s' r5d]+1 :i* is ! /rictly grammatical r5d]+1 is ma9ta9$4 ,x is z be+ our great ,god t ,he gave ,himself = u1 t ,he might r$eem u f all iniquity2 & x 0 because ,he 0 ,god z well z man1 t :at 0 utt]$ z a bitt] taunt 0 really a glori\s tru?2--,he sav$ o!rs2 ,himself ,he _c save4 ,x 0 morally impossible t ! ,div9e ,son %\ld turn back f mak+ u a p = ,8 own possession4 ,let u /r5g!n ourselves 9 ! hope t our ef=ts to fulfil ?is graci\s purpose are nev] ?r[n away4 ,,footnotes3 #hj ,includ+ ! ,engli% & ,am]ican bi%ops1 invitations to two hundr$ & n9e prelates 7 issu$ = ! ,lambe? ,conf]5ce 9 #ahhh4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiv4 ,,! ,,duty ,,( ,,ob$i5ce ,,to ,,au?ority1 ,,) ,,its ,,limits2 ,,! ,,duty ,,( ,,c\rtesy ,,)\t ,,limits4 ,put !m 9 m9d to be 9 subjection to rul]s1 to au?orities1 to be ob$i5t1 to be ready unto e good "w1 to speak evil ( no man1 n to be cont5ti\s1 to be g5tle1 %[+ all meekness t[>d all m54 ,= we also 7 a=etime fooli%1 disob$i5t1 deceiv$1 s]v+ div]s lu/s & pleasures1 liv+ 9 malice & envy1 hateful1 hat+ "o ano!r--,,titus iii4 #a-c4 ,/4 ,paul1 hav+ 9 ! previ\s *apt] sket*$ ! special duties :i* ,titus is to inculcate ^u diff]5t classes ( ,*ri/ians1--ag$ m5 & ag$ wom51 "y wom51 "y m51 & slaves1--n[ passes on to po9t out :at mu/ be impress$ ^u all ,*ri/ians alike1 especially z reg>ds _! conduct t[>ds ^? :o are 9 au?ority & :o are n ,*ri/ians4 ,"h he is on delicate gr\nd4 ,! ,cretans are said to h be5 a turbul5t race1 or r a gr\p ( turbul5t races2 nei!r peaceable among !mselves1 nor v pati5t ( =eign dom9ion3 & ! ,roman rule _h be5 e/abli%$ !re = less ?an a c5tury & a half4 ,previ\s to _! conque/ by ,metellus 9 ,b4,c4 #fg1 !y _h be5 accu/om$ to democratic =ms ( gov]nm5t1 & !re=e w\ld be likely to feel ! *ange to ! ,roman yoke all ! m acutely4 ,z our own exp]i5ces 9 a neighb\r+ isl& h taught u1 p :o h be5 all[$ to misgov]n !mselves1 & to fight among !mselves1 = _m g5]ations1 d n readily give a welcome to a p[] :i* deprives !m ( ^! lib]ties1 ev5 :5 x (f]s 9 ex*ange = !m ! solid b prosaic advantages ( peace & security4 ,besides ?is1 !re 0 9 ,crete a /rong mixture ( ,jews1 ^: rebelli\s prop5sities seem$ to be unqu5*able4 ,nor 0 ?is all4 ,)9 ! ,*ur* itself ! _s ( an>*y _h display$ itself3 p>tly because1 z 9 ! ,*ur*es ( ,cor9? & ,galatia1 ! *>act]i/ic faults ( ! p /ill cont9u$ to %[ !mselves aft] ! acceptance ( ,*ri/ianity2 p>tly because1 z ev]y:]e 9 ! ,*ur*es ( t age1 ! conte/s betwe5 ,jewi% & ,g5tile conv]ts 7 always produc+ disord]4 ,?is appe>s 9 ! fir/ *apt] ( our ,epi/le1 9 :i* ! ,apo/le /ates t !re are _m unruly m51 444 specially !y ( ! circumcision1 & 9 :i* he f9ds x necess>y to make x a qualification = ! (fice ( bi%op or ov]se]1 t ! p]sons appo9t$ %\ld be su* z are n accus$ ( riot or are unruly4 ,besides :i*1 z we le>n f num]\s s\rces 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 !re 0 9 v>i\s qu>t]s a t5d5cy to gross misconceptions respect+ ,*ri/ian lib]ty4 ,?r\gh ,gno/ic & o!r ant9omian influ5ces !re 0 a disposition 9 _m m9ds to translate lib]ty into lic5se1 & to suppose t ! ,*ri/ian 0 above ! di/9ctions ( ! moral law1 :i* = him _h no mean+4 ,la/ly1 !re 7 probably "s e>ne/ ,*ri/ians1 :o1 )\t go+ to any ( ^! disa/r\s extremes1 or sympa?iz+ ) ! facti\s & s$iti\s _s ( _! fell[-c\ntrym51 nev]!less _h s]i\s d\bts z to :e!r ,*ri/ians 7 "u any obligation to obey a pagan magi/rate1 & p]haps 7 incl9$ to believe t x 0 _! duty to disobey him4 ,= all ^! reasons ,/4 ,paul mu/ h kn[n t he 0 *>g+ ,titus to give in/ructions1 :i* w\ld be v unwelcome to a l>ge numb] ( ,cretan conv]ts1 :5 he told him to put !m 9 m9d to be 9 subjection to rul]s & au?orities1 & to be ob$i5t4 ,b x 0 ! v fact t ! in/ructions w\ld be unwelcome to _m1 t made x s necess>y t !y %\ld be giv54 ,bo? = ! int]nal well-be+ ( ! ,*ur*1 & = ! ma9t5ance ( "r relations ) ! ,/ate1 x 0 imp]ative t ! pr9ciple ( ob$i5ce to au?ority1 :e!r ecclesia/ical or civil1 %\ld be upheld4 ,!re mu/ be peace1 & !re mu/ be lib]ty3 b !re c\ld be nei!r ! "o nor ! o!r )\t a respect = law & = ^? :o h to adm9i/] x4 ,! ,apo/le does n "h argue ! case4 ,he lays d[n c]ta9 positions z indisputable4 ,! loyal ,*ri/ian mu/ submit himself to ^? :o are plac$ ov] him2 he mu/ r5d] ob$i5ce to exi/+ au?orities4 ,!re is "o obvi\s limit to ?is :i* he indicates by a s+le ^w to be notic$ h]eaft]1 b ) t "o qualification ! duty ( ob$i5ce is imp]ative & absolute4 ,jew & ,g5tile ,*ri/ian alike mu/ obey ! laws1 n only ( ! ,*ur*1 z adm9i/]$ by its ov]se]s1 b also ( ! ,/ate1 z adm9i/]$ by ! magi/rates1 ev5 ?\gh ! ,/ate be a hea!n p[] & ! magi/rate an idolat]4 ,! reason :y ,/4 ,paul does n argue ! matt] is obvi\s4 ,he is n writ+ to ^? :o are likely to dispute or disobey ^! injunctions1 b to "o :o has to see t !y are obey$4 ,8 object is n to prove ! excell5ce ( ! rules :i* he lays d[n1 b to advise ,titus z to :at rules are to be mo/ insi/$ ^u4 ,titus 0 well aw>e ( ! pr9ciples ^u :i* ^! rules 7 bas$ & ( ! argum5ts by :i* ! ,apo/le 0 accu/om$ to def5d !m4 ,he does n ne$ in=mation on t po9t4 ,:at ! ,apo/le ?9ks may be necess>y = 8 guidance is a cle> intimation ( ^? practical lessons ( :i* ! ,cretans ne$$ mo/ to be rem9d$4 ,x 0 q possible t ,titus might h tak5 ! view t ! "q ab\t ob$i5ce to exi/+ au?orities 0 a burn+ "o1 & t x w\ld be bett] = ! pres5t to say z little ab\t x z possible4 ,to object1 !re=e1 t ^! directions 9 ! second & ?ird *apt]s ( ?is ,epi/le are unwor?y ( ,/4 ,paul1 & consequ5tly n writt5 by him1 because !y conta9 no?+ :i* might s]ve z a suffici5t refutation ( ! adv]s>ies1 is to beat ! air )\t effect4 ,!y conta9 no?+ calculat$ to s]ve z a refutation ( ! adv]s>ies1 because ! ,apo/le writes ) no int5tion ( refut+ oppon5ts1 b 9 ord] to give practical in/ructions to 8 delegate4 ,b al?\gh ! ,apo/le does n "h argue ! case1 we are n left 9 ignorance z to ! pr9ciples ^u :i* he bas$ ! rules "h laid d[n s emphatically4 ,! ?irte5? *apt] ( ! ,epi/le to ! ,romans is q cle> on t po9t4 ,!re is no p[] b ( ,god2 & ! p[]s t be are orda9$ ( ,god4 ,!re=e he t resi/e? ! p[]1 )/&e? ! ord9ance ( ,god4 ,t is ! k]nel ( ! :ole matt]4 ,! fact t a few rule ov] ! _m is n to be trac$ to a _w-wide usurpation ( ! rights ( ! simple & ! weak by ! selfi%ness ( ! crafty & ! /rong4 ,t !ory may expla9 ! t]rorism ( a bully1 or ( a b& ( brig&s1 or ( a secret society2 x is no explanation ( ! univ]sal relations betwe5 gov]nors & ! gov]n$4 ,nor is x ! result ( a primeval social compact1 9 :i* ! weak volunt>ily surr5d]$ "s ( _! rights 9 ord] to h ! advantage ( ! protection ( ! /rong3 t !ory is pure fiction1 & f9ds no support ei!r 9 ! facts ( man's nature1 or 9 ! relics ( primitive society1 or 9 ! records ( ! pa/4 ,! "o explanation :i* is at once bo? adequate & true1 is1 t all au?ority is ( ,div9e orig94 ,?is 0 ! decl>ation ( ! ,=]unn]1 :5 8 disciples compla9$ to him ( ! influ5ce :i* ,jesus ex]cis$ ov] ^? :o came 9 contact ) ,8 tea*+3 ,a man c receive no?+1 except x h be5 giv5 him f heav5 7,john iii4 #bg74 ,?is 0 ! decl>ation ( ! ,*ri/1 :5 ! ,roman ,procurator po9t$ out to ,him t he _h p[] ( life & dea? ov] ,him3 ,?\ w\lde/ h no p[] aga9/ ,me1 except x 7 giv5 !e f above 7,john xix4 #aa74 ,! p[] ( ! ,r$eem] ov] ! m9ds ( m5 & ! p[] ( a hea!n gov]nor ov] ! bodies ( m5 h "o & ! same s\rce1--,almighty ,god4 ,*ri/ decl>$ ,8 innoc5ce & ass]t$ ,8 claims2 b ,he made no prote/ aga9/ be+ tri$ by a pagan (ficial1 :o repres5t$ ! p[] t _h depriv$ ! ,jewi% nation ( its lib]ties1 because he also repres5t$ ! pr9ciple ( law & ord]1 & z su* 0 ! repres5tative ( ,god ,himself4 ,/ ,paul1 !re=e1 is do+ no m ?an re/at+ :at ! ,"l _h already taught bo? by ^w & example4 ,*ri/ians mu/ %[ submission to rul]s & con/itut$ au?orities1 & mu/ yield ready ob$i5ce to magi/rates1 ev5 :5 !y are hea!n4 ,z hea!n !y 7 no d\bt rebels aga9/ ,god1 h[ev] little !y might be aw>e ( ! fact4 ,b z magi/rates !y 7 ,8 delegates1 h[ev] little !y 7 aw>e ( ! fact4 ,! ,*ri/ian is aw>e ( bo? facts2 & he mu/ n suppose t ! "o cancels ! o!r4 ,! magi/rate /ill rema9s ,god's delegate1 h[ev] inconsi/5t 8 own life may be ) su* a position4 ,!re=e x is n only all[able = ,*ri/ians to obey him2 !y mu/ make x a matt] ( consci5ce to d s3 & ! hi/ory ( ! ,*ur* ?r\gh\t ! eras ( p]secution %[s h[ greatly su* tea*+ 0 ne$$4 ,:atev] may h be5 ! case :5 ,/4 ,paul wrote ! ,epi/le to ! ,romans1 we may safely ma9ta9 t p]secution _h already tak5 place :5 he wrote ^! in/ructions to ,titus4 ,n t he seems to h a p]secut+ p[] 9 8 m9d1 :5 he enjo9s simple ob$i5ce to exi/+ au?ority2 b he writes ) full k ( ! extreme cases t might occur4 ,a morali/ :o c\ld insi/ ^u ! duty ( submission to rul]s1 :5 a ,n]o _h be5 on ! ?rone = twelve or f\rte5 ye>s1 0 c]ta9ly n "o :o c\ld be ignorant ( :at 8 pr9ciples involv$4 ,nor c\ld x be said t ! evils ( ,n]o's insol5t despotism 7 c\nt]act$ by ! excell5ce ( 8 subord9ates4 ,! infam\s ,tigell9us 0 ,praetorian ,prefect & ! ,emp]or's *ief advis]4 ,helius1 :o act$ z gov]nor ( ,italy dur+ ! ,emp]or's abs5ce 9 ,greece1 0 9 "* a second ,n]o4 ,& ,gessius ,florus1 "o ( ,pilate's successors z ,procurator ( ,judaea1 0 s %ameless 9 8 enormities1 t ! ,jews regrett$ ! dep>ture ( 8 pr$ecessor ,alb9us1 al?\gh he also _h m]cilessly oppress$ !m4 ,b all ^! facts1 toge!r ) _m m ( ! same k9d1 & "s also ( an opposite "*1 7 beside ! "q4 ,*ri/ians 7 n to conc]n !mselves ) discuss+ :e!r rul]s gov]n$ well or ill1 or :e!r _! private lives 7 good or bad4 ,! "o fact :i* conc]n$ !m 0 t ! rul]s 7 !re to adm9i/] ! law1 & z su* mu/ be respect$ & obey$4 ,! consci5ce ( ,*ri/ians & ! exp]i5ces ( politicians1 :e!r rul]s or rul$1 ?r\gh\t all ! subsequ5t ages h ratifi$ ! wisdom ( ,/4 ,paul's injunctions2 & n only _! wisdom b _! pr(\nd morality4 ,r5an says ) tru?1 b ) a great deal less ?an ! :ole tru?1 t ,paul _h too mu* tact to be a prea*] ( s$ition3 he wi%$ t ! "n ( ,*ri/ian %\ld /& well1 & t a ,*ri/ian %\ld be a man ( ord]1 on good t]ms ) ! police1 & ( good repute 9 ! eyes ( ! pagans 7,/4 ,paul1 p4 #dgg74 ,! criticism :i* resolves a pr(\nd moral pr9ciple into a m]e "q ( tact is wor?y ( ! critic :o makes x4 ,c]ta9ly ,/4 ,paul 0 f>-sight$ en\gh to see t frequ5t collisions betwe5 ,*ri/ians & ! recogniz$ adm9i/rators ( ! law w\ld be no good ?+ = ,*ri/ianity3 b x 0 n because he believ$ ob$i5ce to be ! be/ policy t he *>g$ ,titus to insi/ ^u x4 ,x is ( ! v ess5ce ( a rul] t he is n a t]ror to ! good "w1 b to ! evil3 444 = he is a m9i/] ( ,god to !e = good1 444 an av5g] = wra? to him t doe? evil4 ,x is q possible t ! law :i* he adm9i/]s is unju/1 or t he adm9i/]s x 9 su* a way z to make x "w inju/ice1 s t good de$s are puni%$ & evil de$s are rew>d$4 ,b n[h]e is good puni%$ z good1 or evil rew>d$ z evil4 ,:5 ,nabo? 0 judicially murd]$ to gratify ,jezebel1 x 0 on ! assumption t he 0 a blasphem] & a rebel2 & :5 ,jesus ( ,naz>e? 0 condemn$ to dea? by ! ,sanh$r9 & by ! ,procurator1 x 0 on ! assumption t he 0 guilty ( simil> crimes4 ,s also ) all ! mon/r\s & iniquit\s laws :i* h be5 made aga9/ ,*ri/ianity & ,*ri/ians4 ,! p]secut+ edict ca/ out _! "n z evil4 ,x 0 because m5 believ$1 or pr(ess$ to believe1 t ,*ri/ians 7 griev\s (f5d]s or dang]\s citiz5s1 t !y br\ght !m be=e ! magi/rates4 ,& ! same holds good ( ! religi\s p]secutions ( :i* ,*ri/ians h be5 guilty aga9/ o!r ,*ri/ians4 ,n[h]e c we po9t to a case 9 :i* a p]son has be5 condemn$ = hav+ be5 virtu\s1 or = hav+ fail$ to commit a crime4 ,_m h be5 condemn$ = :at 0 really m]itori\s1 or = refus+ to d :at 0 really wick$2 b 9 all su* cases ! m]itori\s conduct & ! wick$ conduct 7 held to be ( exactly ! opposite "* by ! repres5tatives ( ! law4 ,legally con/itut$ au?ority1 !re=e1 is always by pr(ession1 & g5]ally 9 fact also1 a t]ror to ! evil & a support] ( ! good4 ,x is *>g$ ) ! all-important duty ( uphold+ "r & puni%+ wrong 9 human conduct1 a duty :i* x nev] dis[ns4 ,= ev5 :5 ?r\gh bl9dness or p]v]sity x upholds :at is wrong or puni%es :at is "r1 x pr(esses to be do+ ! opposite4 ,!re=e to rebel aga9/ x is to rebel aga9/ ! pr9ciple ( moral gov]nm5t2 x is a revolt aga9/ t pr9ciple :i* reflects & repres5ts1 & t by ,8 ord9ance1 ! moral gov]nm5t ( ,almighty ,god4 ,/4 ,paul assumes t rul]s aim at :at is j & "r4 ,! ,*ri/ian is to be ready unto e good "w3 &1 al?\gh ! words are no d\bt int5d$ to h a g5]al mean+ z well1 yet ! context sugge/s t _! prim>y mean+ 9 ?is place is t ,*ri/ians are always1 n only to be ob$i5t to rul]s & magi/rates1 b to be ready to support & assi/ !m 9 any good "w3 ! presumption be+ t :at ! au?orities direct is good4 ,b1 )\t p]haps hav+ ?is object 9 view1 ! ,apo/le "h indirectly intimates ! limits to a ,*ri/ian's ob$i5ce & support4 ,!y are to be giv5 to fur!r e good "w3 !y _c ( c\rse be giv5 to fur!r :at is evil4 ,:at !n mu/ a ,*ri/ian d :5 lawful au?ority requires him to d :at he kn[s to be wrong8 ,is he to rebel8 to /ir up a revolt aga9/ ^? :o make ?is dem&8 ,no1 he is /ill to be 9 subjection to rul]s3 t is1 he mu/ disobey & quietly take ! consequ5ces4 ,he owes x to 8 consci5ce to refuse to d :at x condemns3 b he also owes x to ! repres5tative ( ,div9e law & ord] to ab/a9 f %ak+ its au?ority4 ,x has ! p[] to give comm&s & ! "r to puni% disob$i5ce1 & he has no "r to refuse bo? ob$i5ce & puni%m5t4 ,to disobey & submissively take ! consequ5ces ( disob$i5ce is 8 pla9 duty 9 s pa9ful a case4 ,9 ?is way1 & 9 ?is way only1 w loyalty to consci5ce & loyalty to au?ority bo? alike be pres]v$4 ,9 ?is way1 & 9 ?is way be/ 7z hi/ory has aga9 & aga9 %[n71 is ! re=mation ( unju/ laws effect$4 ,! moral s5se ( society is f> m impress$ by ! man :o disobeys = consci5ce' sake & unresi/+ly goes to prison or m\nts ! scaffold = 8 disob$i5ce1 ?an by him :o viol5tly resi/s all attempts to puni% him & /irs up rebellion aga9/ ! au?ority :i* he _c consci5ti\sly obey4 ,rebellion may succe$ 9 r$ress+ inju/ice1 b at a co/ :i* is likely to be m griev\s ?an ! inju/ice :i* x r$resses4 ,consci5ti\s disob$i5ce1 accompani$ by loyal submission to ! p5alty ( disob$i5ce1 is sure to succe$ 9 re=m+ unju/ laws1 & t )\t any co/ to c\nt]balance ! good ?us ga9$4 ,hav+ ?us tr5*antly det]m9$ ! duty ( believ]s t[>ds rul]s & magi/rates1 ,/4 ,paul passes on to sket* _! prop] attitude t[>ds o!r memb]s ( society4 ,& j z 9 speak+ ( conduct t[>ds au?orities he evid5tly has 9 8 m9d ! fact t mo/ au?orities are unbeliev]s1 s 9 speak+ ( conduct 9 society he evid5tly is ?9k+ ( a /ate ( society 9 :i* _m ( its memb]s are unbeliev]s4 ,:at k9d ( conduct w ,titus h to insi/ ^u z befitt+ a ,*ri/ian8 ,to speak evil ( no man1 n to be cont5ti\s1 to be g5tle1 %[+ all meekness t[>ds all m54 ,x w\ld be difficult to po9t to a precept :i* is m habitually violat$ by ,*ri/ians at ! pres5t day1 & !re=e m wor?y ( be+ con/antly br\ght to ! front & urg$ ^u _! consid]ation4 ,!re are pl5ty ( precepts bo? ( ! ,old & ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 :i* are habitually violat$ by ! godless & irreligi\s1 by ^? :o1 :ile be>+ ! "n ( ,*ri/ian1 sc>cely make ev5 a pret5ce ( endeav\r+ to live ,*ri/ian lives4 ,b "h we h a gr\p ( precepts1 :i* a l>ge numb]1 n only ( ^? :o pr(ess to live sob]ly & righte\sly1 b ( ^? :o d inde$ 9 o!r respects live z ,*ri/ians %\ld1 cons5t to =get or ignore4 ,to speak evil ( no man2 n to be cont5ti\s2 to be g5tle1 %[+ all meekness t[>ds all m54 ,let u consid] calmly :at su* words z ^! really mean2 & !n let u consid] :at we con/antly meet ) 9 ! controv]sial writ+1 & /ill m 9 ! controv]sial speak+1 ( ! pres5t day4 ,consid] ! tone ( our p>ty newspap]s1 & especially ( our religi\s newspap]s1 on ! burn+ que/ions ( ! h\r & on ! m5 :o take a lead+ "p 9 !m4 ,read :at a ,high ,*ur* pap] says ( a ,l[ ,*ur* ,bi%op1 or :at a ,l[ ,*ur* pap] says ( a ,high ,*ur* ,bi%op1 & measure x by ! injunction to speak evil ( no man4 ,or aga91 read :at "s ( ! organs ( ,diss5t all[ !mselves to say respect+ ! cl]gy ( ! ,e/abli%$ ,*ur*1 or :at "s ,*ur* ,def5ce orators h all[$ !mselves to say respect+ ,lib]ationi/s1 & measure x by ! injunctions n to be cont5ti\s1 to be g5tle1 %[+ all meekness t[>ds all m54 ,x is sometimes necess>y to speak out & call att5tion to real or suspect$ evils2 al?\gh n ne>ly s frequ5tly z we l to ?9k4 ,b x is nev] necess>y to ?r[ mud & deal 9 p]sonal abuse4 ,moreov]1 x is v unbecom+ to d s4 ,x is d\bly unbecom+1 z ,/4 ,paul rem9ds u4 ,fir/1 su* conduct is utt]ly un-,*ri/ian4 ,secondly1 x is v mu* out ( place 9 ^? :o be=e n[ h be5 guilty ( q z grave faults z ^? = :i* we n[ abuse o!rs4 ,we are j ! p]sons :o ought to rememb]1 because we "k f p]sonal exp]i5ce1 h[ mu* ! grace ( ,god c effect4 ,if we h by ,8 m]cy be5 br\ght out ( ! s9s :i* we n[ condemn 9 o!r p1 :at may we n hope = 9 _! case1 provid$ we d n disgu/ !m ) virtue by our acrimoni\s & un*>itable fault-f9d+8 ,abuse is ! wrong weapon to use aga9/ unrighte\s conduct1 j z rebellion is ! wrong weapon to use aga9/ unrighte\s laws4 ,,*apt] ,,xxv4 ,,! ,,co-,,op]ation ,,( ,,! ,,div9e ,,p]sons ,,9 ,,effect+ ,,! ,,new ,,bir?4--,,! ,,lav] ,,( ,,reg5]ation4 ,b :5 ! k9dness ( ,god our ,savi\r1 & ,8 love t[>d man1 appe>$1 n by works done 9 righte\sness1 :i* we did ourselves1 b accord+ to ,8 m]cy ,he sav$ u1 ?r\gh ! wa%+ ( reg5]ation & r5ew+ ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 :i* ,he p\r$ out ^u u ri*ly1 ?r\gh ,jesus ,*ri/ our ,savi\r2 t1 be+ ju/ifi$ by ,8 grace1 we might be made heirs accord+ to ! hope ( et]nal life4--,,titus iii4 #d-g4 ,= ! second "t 9 ?is %ort lett] we h "o ( ^? /atem5ts ( doctr9e :i* are n common among ! practical in/ructions :i* =m ! ma9 portion ( ! ,pa/oral ,epi/les4 ,! o!r doctr9al /atem5t 0 notic$ 9 a previ\s disc\rse on *ap4 ii4 #aa-ad4 ,x is wor? :ile to comp>e ! two4 ,?\gh simil>1 !y are n id5tical 9 import1 & !y are introduc$ = q diff]5t purposes4 ,9 ! e>li] passage1 9 ord] to %[ :y diff]5t classes ( ,*ri/ians %\ld be taught to exhibit ! virtues :i* specially befit !m1 ! ,apo/le /ates ! purpose ( ,*ri/'s "w ( r$emption1 a purpose :i* all ,*ri/ians are b\nd to help 9 realiz+1 /imulat$ by :at has be5 done = !m 9 ! pa/ & by ! hope :i* lies be=e !m 9 ! future4 ,9 ! passage :i* we h n[ to consid]1 ,/4 ,paul contra/s ) ! manifold wick$ness ( unbeliev]s ! undes]v$ m]cies ( ,god t[>ds !m1 9 ord] to %[ :at gratitude ^? :o h be5 br\ght out ( _! unbelief ought to feel = ?is une>n$ bless+1 a gratitude :i* !y ought to exhibit 9 g5tle =be>ance & goodwill t[>ds ^? :o are /ill 9 ! d>kness ( unbelief z well z to o!rs4 ,! passage be=e u =ms ! ma9 "p ( ! ,second ,lesson = ! ev5+ ( ,*ri/mas ,day 9 bo? ! old & ! new lection>ies4 ,its appropriat5ess 9 sett+ =? s explicitly ! ,div9e b\nty 9 ! "w ( reg5]ation is manife/4 ,b x w\ld h be5 equally appropriate z a lesson = ,tr9ity ,sunday1 = ! "p :i* ea* ,p]son ( ! ,bless$ ,tr9ity takes 9 ! "w ( reg5]ation is pla9ly indicat$4 ,! passage is 9 ?is respect /rik+ly p>allel to :at ,/4 ,pet] _h writt5 9 ! op5+ ( 8 ,epi/le3 ,accord+ to ! =ekn[l$ge ( ,god ! ,fa!r1 9 sanctification ( ! ,_s1 unto ob$i5ce & spr9kl+ ( ! blood ( ,jesus ,*ri/ 7#a ,pet4 i4 #b74 ,! goodness & love ( ,god ! ,fa!r t[>ds mank9d is ! s\rce ( man's r$emption4 ,f all et]nity ,he saw man's fall2 & f all et]nity ,he devis$ ! means ( man's recov]y4 ,he appo9t$ ,8 ,son to be our repres5tative2 & ,he accept$ ,him on our behalf4 ,9 ?is way ! ,fa!r is our ,savi\r1 by giv+ & accept+ ,"o ,:o c\ld save u4 ,! ,fa!r sav$ u 444 ?r\gh ,jesus ,*ri/ our ,savi\r4 ,?us ! ,fa!r & ! ,son co-op]ate to effect man's salvation1 & ea* 9 a v real & prop] s5se is call$ our ,savi\r4 ,b x is n 9 man's own p[] to accept ! salvation ?us wr\ght = him & (f]$ to him4 ,= p[] to d ?is he ne$s ,div9e assi/ance2 :i*1 h[ev]1 is abundantly grant$ to him4 ,by means ( ! outw>d lav] ( baptism ! inw>d reg5]ation & r5ewal by ! ,_s is grant$ to him ?r\gh ! m]its ( ,*ri/2 & !n ! "w ( 8 salvation on ! ,div9e side is complete4 ,?r\gh ! inf9ite m]cy ( ! ,bless$ ,tr9ity1 & n ?r\gh 8 own m]its1 ! baptiz$ ,*ri/ian is 9 a /ate ( salvation1 & is become an heir ( et]nal life4 ,x rema9s to be se5 :e!r ! ,*ri/ian1 ?us ri*ly end[$1 w cont9ue 9 ?is bless$ /ate1 & g on1 by ! daily r5ewal ( ! ,holy ,_s1 f grace to grace2 or w ?r\gh 8 own weakness & wilfulness1 fall away4 ,b1 s f> z ,god's %>e 9 ! transaction is conc]n$1 8 salvation is secur$2 s t1 z ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& affirms 9 ! note add$ to ! s]vice = ! ,public ,baptism ( ,infants3 ,x is c]ta9 by ,god's ,^w1 t *ildr5 :i* are baptiz$1 dy+ be=e !y commit actual s91 are und\bt$ly sav$4 ,& ! sev]al p>ts :i* ! ,p]sons ( ! ,bless$ ,tr9ity take 9 ! "w ( salvation are cle>ly indicat$ 9 "o ( ! pray]s be=e ! baptismal act1 z 9 ! pres5t passage by ,/4 ,paul4 ,pray] is (f]$ to ! heav5ly ,fa!r1 t ,he w give ,8 ,holy ,_s to ?is ,infant1 t he may be born aga91 & be made an heir ( ev]la/+ salvation2 ?r\gh our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,?us1 z at ! baptism ( ! ,*ri/1 s also at t ( e ,*ri/ian1 ! pres5ce & co-op]ation ( ,fa!r1 ,son1 & ,holy ,_s is indicat$4 ,x is ! ,apo/le's object 9 ?is cond5s$ doctr9al /atem5t to emphasize ! fact t x 0 n by works 9 righte\sness :i* we ourselves did1 b by ! "w ( ! ,bless$ ,tr9ity1 t we 7 plac$ 9 a /ate ( salvation4 ,he does n /op to make ! qualifications1 :i*1 h[ev] true & necess>y1 d n alt] ?is fact4 ,9 ! case ( adults1 :o are conv]t$ to ,*ri/ianity1--& x is ( su* t he is ?9k+1--x is necess>y t !y %\ld be duly prep>$ = baptism by rep5tance & fai?4 ,& 9 ! case ( all 7:e!r adults1 or infants1 :o live to become responsible = _! actions71 x is necess>y t !y %\ld appropriate & use ! graces be/[$ ^u !m2 9 o!r words1 t !y %\ld gr[ 9 hol9ess4 ,all ?is is true2 b x does n affect ! position4 ,= al?\gh man's co-op]ation is indisp5sable--= ,god saves no man aga9/ 8 w--yet )\t ,god's assi/ance man _c ei!r rep5t or believe be=e baptism1 nor c he cont9ue 9 hol9ess aft] baptism4 ,?is passage expressly d5ies t we effect our own salvation1 or t ,god effect$ x 9 return = our m]its4 ,b x gives no enc\ragem5t to ! belief t we h no?+ to d ) work+ out our own salvation1 b h m]ely to sit /ill & accept :at has be5 done = u4 ,t ! wa%+ ( reg5]ation1 or 7z ! m>g9 ( ! ,r4,v4 m exactly has x7 ! lav] ( reg5]ation1#ha signifies ! ,*ri/ian rite ( baptism1 ought to be reg>d$ z beyond dispute4 ,?is is c]ta9ly "o ( ^? cases to :i* ,hook]'s fam\s canon ( int]pretation mo/ ?or\ghly applies1 t :]e a lit]al con/ruction w /&1 ! f>!/ f ! lett] is commonly ! wor/ 7,eccl4 ,pol41 v4 lix4 #b74 ,?is ,hook] holds to be a mo/ infallible rule 9 expositions ( sacr$ ,scripture2 & al?\gh "s p]sons may ?9k t ass]tion some:at too /rong1 ( ! s\ndness ( ! rule no reasonable /ud5t ( ,scripture c d\bt4 ,& x is wor? our :ile to notice t x is 9 connexion ) ?is v subject ( baptismal reg5]ation t ,hook] lays d[n ?is rule4 ,he is answ]+ ^? :o p]v]sely int]pret$ our ,"l's words to ,nicodemus1 ,except a man be born ( wat] & ! ,_s 7,john iii4 #e71 z mean+ no m ?an ,except a man be born ( ! ,_s1 wat] be+ 7z !y imag9$7 only a metaphor1 ( :i* ! ,_s is ! int]pretation4 ,on :i* ,hook] rem>ks3 ,:5 ! lett] ( ! law ha? two ?+s pla9ly & expressly specifi$1 ,wat]1 & ! ,_s2 ,wat] z a duty requir$ on our p>ts1 ! ,_s z a gift :i* ,god be/[e?2 !re is dang] 9 presum+ s to int]pret x1 z if ! clause :i* conc]ne? ourselves 7 m ?an ne$e?4 ,we may by su* r>e expositions atta9 p]haps 9 ! end to be ?\ght witty1 b ) ill advice4 ,all :i* may be fitly appli$ to ! passage be=e u1 9 :i* x is q arbitr>y & aga9/ all probability to cont5d t ! ba? ( reg5]ation is a m]e metaphor = reg5]ation )\t any ba?1 or = ! ,holy ,_s1 or = ! unmeasur$ b\nty ) :i* ! ,holy ,_s is p\r$ ^u ! believ]4 ,?is might be t5able1 if !re _h be5 no su* rite z baptism by wat] enjo9$ by ,*ri/ & practis$ by ! ,apo/les z ! necess>y & univ]sal me?od ( admission to ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,9 ,eph4 v4 #bf 7! only o!r passage 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t 9 :i* ! ^w = lav] or ba? or wa%+ occurs7 ! ref]5ce to baptism by wat] is indisputable1 = ! wat] is expressly m5tion$4 ,*ri/ also lov$ ! ,*ur*1 & gave ,himself up = x2 t ,he might sanctify x1 hav+ cleans$ x by ! wa%+ ( wat] ) ! ^w4 ,& 9 ! passage 9 ! ,fir/ ,epi/le to ! ,cor9?ians :i*1 l ! "o be=e u1 contra/s ! appall+ wick$ness ( unbeliev]s ) ! spiritual condition ( ,*ri/ians1 ! ref]5ce to baptism is sc>cely less cle>4 ,& su* 7 "s ( y3 b ye 7 wa%$ 7lit4 'ye wa%$ away'#hb y\r s9s71 b ye 7 sanctifi$1 b ye 7 ju/ifi$ 9 ! ,"n ( ! ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/1 & 9 ! ,_s ( our ,god 7#a ,cor4 vi4 #aa74 ,9 :i* passage1 z "h1 ! ?ree ,p]sons ( ! ,tr9ity are nam$ 9 connexion ) ! baptismal act4 ,& 9 speak+ to ! ,jews at ,j]usalem ( 8 own admission to ! ,*ur*1 ,/4 ,paul uses ! same =ms ( ! same ^w z he uses to ! ,cor9?ians ( _! admission4 ,! exhortation ( ,ananias to him1 z he lay at ,damascus1 0 ,& n[ :y t>rie/ ?\8 ,arise1 & be baptiz$1 & wa% away ?y s9s 7apol\sai tas ham>tias s\71 call+ on ,8 ,"n 7,acts xxii4 #af73 words :i* are v p>allel to ! exhortation ( ,/4 ,pet] on ! day ( ,p5teco/3 ,rep5t ye1 & be baptiz$1 e "o ( y 9 ! ,"n ( ,jesus ,*ri/ unto ! remission ( y\r s9s2 & ye %all receive ! gift ( ! ,holy ,gho/ 7,acts ii4 #ch2 comp4 ,heb4 x4 #bc74 ,9 ^! passages we h a sacr$ rite describ$ 9 :i* ! human & ! ,div9e elem5ts are cle>ly m>k$4 ,on man's side !re is ! wa%+ ) wat]2 & on ,god's side !re is ! wa%+ away ( s9 & p\r+ out ( ! ,_s4 ,! body is purifi$1 ! s\l is purifi$1 & ! s\l is hall[$4 ,! man is wa%$1 is ju/ifi$1 is sanctifi$4 ,he is reg5]at$3 he is a new creature4 ,! old ?+s1 8 old pr9ciples1 motives1 & aims1 !n & !re pass$ away 7aori/ t5se1 p>l!n73 behold1 !y are become new 7#b ,cor4 v4 #ag74 ,c any "o1 ) ^! passages be=e him1 reasonably d\bt1 t1 :5 ! ,apo/le speaks ( ! wa%+ ( reg5]ation he means ! ,*ri/ian rite ( baptism1 9 :i*1 & by means ( :i*1 ! reg5]ation takes place8 ,we are fully ju/ifi$ by 8 language "h 9 ass]t+ t x is by means ( ! baptismal wa%+ t ! reg5]ation takes place2 = he ass]ts t ,god sav$ u ?r\gh ! wa%+ ( reg5]ation4 ,! lav] or ba? ( reg5]ation is ! in/rum5t or means by :i* ,god sav$ u4 ,su* is ! natural1 & almo/ ! necess>y mean+ ( ! ,greek con/ruction 7dia ) ! g5itive74 ,nor is ?is an audaci\s erection ( a compreh5sive & mom5t\s doctr9e ^u ! n>r[ basis ( a s+le preposition4 ,ev5 if ?is passage /ood alone1 x w\ld /ill be our duty to f9d a reasonable mean+ = ! ,apo/le's ,greek3 & x may be s]i\sly d\bt$ :e!r any m reasonable mean+ ?an t :i* is "h put =w>d c be f\nd4 ,b ! passage does n /& alone1 z has j be5 %[n4 ,& !re are num]\s analogies :i* ?r[ light ^u ! "q1 prov+ to u t !re is no?+ exceptional 9 ,god 7,:o ( c\rse does n ne$ any means or in/rum5ts7 be+ will+ to use !m1 d\btless because x is bett] = u t ,he %\ld use !m4 ,9 illu/ration ( ! ,greek con/ruction we may comp>e t us$ by ,/4 ,pet] ( ! ev5t :i* he takes 7& ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& 9 h] baptismal s]vice has foll[$ him7 z a type ( ,*ri/ian baptism4 ,:5 ! long-suff]+ ( ,god wait$ 9 ! days ( ,noah1 :ile ! ark 0 a prep>+1 :]e9 few1 t is1 eight s\ls1 7 sav$ ?r\gh wat]3 :i* also aft] a true lik5ess do? n[ save y1 ev5 baptism4 ,/4 ,pet] says t ,noah & 8 family 7 sav$ by means ( wat] 7di' hydatos71 j z ,/4 ,paul says t ,god sav$ u by means ( ! lav] ( reg5]ation 7dia l\tr\ pal+5esias74 ,9 ea* case ! wat] is ! in/rum5t ( salvation4 ,& ! analogy does n end ) ! id5tity ( ! in/rum5t2 t is ! m]e ext]nal resemblance betwe5 ! flood & baptism4 ,! ma9 "p ( ! lik5ess lies 9 ?is1 t 9 bo? cases "o ( ! same in/rum5t bo? de/roys & saves4 ,! ,flood de/roy$ ! disob$i5t by dr[n+ !m1 & sav$ ,noah & 8 family by float+ !m into a new home4 ,baptism de/roys ! old corrupt elem5t 9 man's nature by wa%+ x away1 & saves ! reg5]at$ s\l by br++ x into a new life4 ,& ! o!r ev5t :i* f ! e>lie/ days has be5 tak5 z a figure ( baptism is ( ! same k9d4 ,at ! cross+ ( ! ,r$ ,sea1 ! wat] :i* de/roy$ ! ,egyptians sav$ ! ,israelites4 ,9 all ^! cases ,god 0 n ti$ to use wat]1 or any o!r in/rum5t4 ,he c\ld h sav$ ,noah & ! ,israelites1 & de/roy$ ! disob$i5t & ! ,egyptians1 j z ,he c\ld h heal$ ,naaman & ! man born bl9d1 )\t employ+ any means :atev]4 ,b = our edification ,he condesc5ds to employ means1 su* z we c p]ceive & und]/&4 ,9 :at way is ! employm5t ( p]ceptible means a help to u8 ,9 two at lea/4 ,x s]ves ! d\ble purpose ( be+ bo? a te/ ( fai? & an aid to fai?4 #a4 ,! acceptance ( ,div9ely appo9t$ means is necess>ily a te/ ( fai?4 ,human intellect is apt to assume t ,omnipot5ce is above us+ in/rum5ts4 ,is x likely1 we ask1 t ! ,almighty w\ld employ ^! means8 ,are !y n altoge!r b5ea? ! dignity ( ! ,div9e ,nature8 ,man ne$s tools & mat]ials3 b ,god ne$s nei!r4 ,x is n cr$ible t ,he has orda9$ ^! ?+s z conditions ( ,8 own op]ation4 ,all :i* is ! old cry ( ! capta9 ( ! ho/ ( ,syria4 ,behold1 ,i ?\ght1 he w surely come out to me1 & /& & call on ! "n ( ! ,"l 8 ,god1 & wave 8 h& ov] ! place1 & recov] ! lep]4 ,t is1 :y ne$ he enjo9 any in/rum5t at all8 ,b if he mu/1 he might h enjo9$ some?+ m suitable4 ,are n ,abanah & ,ph>p>1 ! riv]s ( ,damascus1 bett] ?an all ! wat]s ( ,israel8 may ,i n wa% 9 !m1 & be clean8 ,9 precisely ! same _s we ask /ill1 ,h[ c wat] wa% away s98 ,h[ c bread & w9e be ,*ri/'s body & blood8 ,h[ c ! lay+ on ( a man's h& conf] ! gift ( ! ,holy ,_s8 ,d n all su* assumptions sav\r ( magic r ?an ( ,div9e ,provid5ce8 ,!re=e humbly to accept ! means :i* ,god has reveal$ z ! appo9t$ *annels ( ,8 spiritual bless+s is a real te/ ( ! recipi5t's fai?4 ,he is ?us enabl$ to p]ceive = himself :e!r he does s9c]ely believe or n2 :e!r he has ! indisp5sable qualification = receiv+ ! promis$ bless+4 #b4 ,! employm5t ( visible means is a real aid to fai?4 ,x is easi] to believe t an effect w be produc$1 :5 "o c p]ceive some?+ :i* might contribute to produce ! effect4 ,x is easi] to believe :5 "o sees means ?an :5 none are visible2 & x is /ill easi] to believe :5 ! means seem to be appropriate4 ,! man :o 0 born bl9d w\ld m readily believe t ,*ri/ w\ld give him sight1 :5 he p]ceiv$ t ,*ri/ 0 us+ spittle & clay = ! purpose2 = at t "t ^! ?+s 7 suppos$ to be good = ! eyes4 ,& :at elem5t 9 nature is m frequ5tly ! in/rum5t bo? ( life & ( dea? ?an wat]8 ,:at c\ld m aptly signify purification f defilem5t8 ,:at act c\ld m simply express a dea? to s9 & a ris+ aga9 to righte\sness ?an a plunge b5ea? ! surface ( ! wat] & a re-issu+ f x8 ,z ,/4 ,paul says 9 ! ,epi/le to ! ,romans3 ,we 7 buri$ !re=e ) ,him ?r\gh baptism 7dia t\ baptismatos7 into dea?2 t l z ,*ri/ 0 rais$ f ! dead ?r\gh ! glory ( ! ,fa!r1 s we also might walk 9 newness ( life 7vi4 #d74 ,& aga9 to ! ,colossians3 ,hav+ be5 buri$ ) ,him 9 baptism1 :]e9 ye 7 also rais$ ) ,him ?r\gh fai? 9 ! work+ ( ,god1 ,:o rais$ ,him f ! dead 7ii4 #ab74 ,fai? 9 ! inw>d gift1 promis$ by ,god to ^? :o believe & are baptiz$1 becomes m easy1 :5 ! outw>d means ( conf]r+ ! gift1 n only are readily p]ceiv$1 b are recogniz$ z suitable4 ,9 ?is way our fai? is aid$ by ,god's employm5t ( means4 ,is ! r5ew+ ( ! ,holy ,gho/ ! same ?+ z ! wa%+ ( reg5]ation8 ,9 ?is passage ! two expressions ref] to ! same fact1 b 9 _! respective mean+s !y are n co-ext5sive4 ,! ,greek con/ruction is ambigu\s l ! ,engli%2 & we _c be sure :e!r ,/4 ,paul means t ,god sav$ u by means ( ! wa%+ & by means ( ! r5ew+1 or t ,god sav$ u by means ( a lav]1 :i* is bo? a lav] ( reg5]ation & a lav] ( r5ewal4 ,! latt] is m probable3 b 9 ei!r case ! ref]5ce is to "o & ! same ev5t 9 ! ,*ri/ian's life4 ,! lav] & ! r5ew+ ref] to baptism2 & ! reg5]ation & ! r5ew+ ref] to baptism2 viz41 to ! new bir? :i* is !n effect$4 ,b1 nev]!less1 ! two expressions are n co-ext5sive 9 mean+4 ,! lav] & ! reg5]ation ref] to "o fact1 & to "o fact only2 a fact :i* takes place once = all & c nev] be repeat$4 ,a man _c h ! new bir? a second "t1 any m ?an he c be born a second "t3 & h5ce no "o may be baptiz$ twice4 ,b ! r5ew+ ( ! ,holy ,_s may take place daily4 ,x prec$es baptism 9 ! case ( adults2 = x is only ?r\gh a r5ewal :i* is ! "w ( ! ,_s t !y c prep>e !mselves by rep5tance & fai? = baptism4 ,x takes place at baptism1 z ! ,apo/le cle>ly indicates "h4 ,& x cont9ues aft] baptism2 = x is by repeat$ quick5+ ( ! inw>d life ?r\gh ! action ( ! ,_s t ! ,*ri/ian gr[s 9 grace day by day4 ,9 ! case ( ! adult1 :o unwor?ily receives baptism )\t rep5tance & fai?1 !re is no spiritual r5ewal4 ,n t ! sacr$ rite rema9s )\t effect3 b ! r5ew+ ( ! ,_s is susp5d$ until ! baptiz$ p]son rep5ts & believes4 ,mean:ile ! my/]i\s gift be/[$ 9 baptism becomes a curse r ?an a bless+2 or at lea/ a curse z well z a bless+4 ,x may p]haps increase ! possibilities ( rep5tance3 x c]ta9ly int5sifies ! guilt ( all 8 s9s4 ,su* a p]son has ?ru/ himself into a society )\t be+ qualifi$ = memb]%ip4 ,he has incurr$ ! responsibilities ( memb]%ip3 if he desires ! privileges1 he mu/ obta9 ! qualifications4#hc ,x is ,god's graci\s purpose t all %\ld h ! privileges 9 full4 ,9 baptism ,he wa%$ u f our s9s1 ,he gave u a new bir?1 ,he p\r$ out ,8 ,holy ,_s ^u u ri*ly1 ?r\gh ,jesus ,*ri/2 9 ord] t1 be+ ju/ifi$ by ,8 grace1 we might be made heirs accord+ to hope ( et]nal life4 ,,footnotes3 #ha l\tron pal+5esias4 ,comp4 ,eph4 v4 #bf4 #hb ,middle ,voice1 apel\sa/he1 on :i* see ,pr(essor ,evans 9 ! ,speak]'s ,comm5t>y iii41 p4 #bhb4 ,& x is wor? notic+ t 9 bo? passages ! pr9cipal v]bs are 9 ! t5se :i* 9 ,greek commonly indicates "s "o p>ticul> occasion1 ,ye 7 wa%$1 7 sanctifi$1 7 ju/ifi$1 are all 9 ! aori/4 ,s also "h3 ,he sav$ u1 & ,he p\r$ out ^u u are bo? 9 ! aori/4 ,& 9 bo? cases ! natural ref]5ce is to ! p>ticul> occasion ( baptism 9 :i* we 7 wa%$1 sanctifi$1 & ju/ifi$1 because ,god sav$ u by ! lav] ( reg5]ation & r5ew+ ( ! ,holy ,_s :i* ,he p\r$ out ^u u ri*ly4 #hc ,see ,wat]l&1 ,reg5]ation ,/at$ & ,expla9$3 ,works1 ,vol4 vi4 pp4 #cei--cfb4 ,! :ole tract may be comm5d$ = cle>ness & mod]ation4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvi4 ,,! ,,mean+ ,,( ,,h]esy ,,9 ,,! ,,new ,,te/am5t1 ,,& ,,! ,,apo/le',s ,,directions ,,respect+ ,,! ,,treatm5t ,,( ,,h]etical ,,p]sons4 ,a man t is h]etical aft] a fir/ & second admonition refuse2 kn[+ t su* a "o is p]v]t$1 & s9ne?1 be+ self-condemn$--,,titus iii4 #aj1 #aa4 ,x is 9 connexion ) ?is in/ruction respect+ ! treatm5t ( h]etical p]sons t we h "s ( ! e>lie/ te/imonies to ! g5u95ess ( ! ,epi/le to ,titus4 ,?us ,ir5aeus ab\t ,a4,d4 #ahj writes3 ,b z _m z fall away f 7aphi/antai1 #a ,tim4 iv4 #a7 ! ,*ur* & give he$ to ^! old wives' fables 7gradesi my?ois1 #a ,tim4 iv4 #g71 are truly self-condemn$ 7autokatakritoi1 ,tit4 iii4 #a73 :om ,paul *>ges u aft] a fir/ & second admonition to refuse 7,adv4 ,ha]41 ,i4 xvi4 #c74 ,x w be obs]v$ t 9 ?is passage ,ir5aeus makes an obvi\s allusion to ! ,fir/ ,epi/le to ,timo?y1 & !n quotes ! v words ( our text1 attribut+ !m expressly to ,/4 ,paul4 ,& ab\t t5 or twelve ye>s lat]1 ,t]tullian1 aft] comm5t+ on ,/4 ,paul's words to ! ,cor9?ians1 ,= !re mu/ be also h]esies among y1 t !y :i* are approv$ may be made manife/ among y 7#a ,cor4 xi4 #ai71 cont9ues z foll[s3 ,b no m ab\t t1 see+ t x is ! same ,paul :o else:]e also 9 writ+ to ! ,galatians reckons h]esies among s9s ( ! fle% 7,gal4 v4 #bj71 & :o intimates to ,titus t a man :o is h]etical mu/ aft] a fir/#hd admonition be refus$1 because he t is su* is p]v]t$ & s9ne? z be+ self-condemn$4 ,b 9 almo/ e ,epi/le1 :5 insi/+ on ! duty ( avoid+ false doctr9es1 he c5sures h]esies ( :i* ! practical results are false doctr9es1 call$ 9 ,greek h]esies1 ) ref]5ce to ! *oice :i* a man ex]cises1 :e!r 9 in/itut+ or 9 adopt+ !m4 ,= ?is reason he says t ! h]etical p]son is also self-condemn$1 because he has *os5 = himself t 9 :i* he is condemn$4 ,we1 h[ev]1 may n all[ ourselves any?+ aft] our own w2 nor yet *oose :at any "o has introduc$ ( 8 own w4 ,! ,apo/les ( ! ,"l are our au?orities3 & ev5 !y did n *oose to introduce any?+ ( _! own w1 b fai?fully consign$ to ! nations ! in/ruction :i* !y receiv$ f ,*ri/4 ,& s1 ev5 if an angel f heav5 7 to prea* any o!r gospel1 he w\ld be call$ accurs$ by u 7,de ,praes4 ,ha]41 vi74 ,9 ?is passage1 :i* conta9s a valuable comm5t on ! mean+ ( ! ^w h]esy1 x w be notic$ t ,t]tullian n only quotes ! text be=e u z com+ f ! ,epi/le to ,titus1 b1 l ,ir5aeus1 8 e>li] contempor>y1 says expressly t ! words are ^? ( ,/4 ,paul4 ,?us1 f bo? sides ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 m5 :o _h v l>ge opportunities ( kn[+ :at books 7 accept$ z ,apo/olic & :at n1 attribute our ,epi/le )\t hesitation to ,/4 ,paul4 ,& 9 bo? cases ?is is done 9 treatises direct$ aga9/ h]etics1 :o might be expect$ to reply ) v tell+ effect1 if x c\ld be %[n t :at 0 quot$ aga9/ !m z ! writ+ ( an ,apo/le 0 ( q d\btful orig9 & au?ority4 ,b ! te/imony :i* ^! passages be> to ! au!nticity ( ?is ,epi/le is n ! ma9 reason = _! be+ quot$ "h4 ,_! int]e/ = u n[ consi/s 9 ! light :i* !y ?r[ ^u ! hi/ory ( ! ^w h]esy1 & ^u ! attitude ( ! primitive ,*ur* t[>ds h]etics4 ,h]esy1 z ,t]tullian po9ts out1 is a ^w ( ,greek orig91 & ! idea :i* lies at ! root ( x is *oice4#he ,*oos+ = oneself :at pleases oneself1 indep5d5tly ( o!r consid]ations2--t is ! fundam5tal notion on :i* lat] mean+s ( ! t]m are bas$4 ,?us 9 ! ,septuag9t x is us$ ( a free-w (f]+1 z di/9ct f :at a man is b\nd to (f] 7,lev4 xxii4 #ah2 comp4 #a ,macc4 viii4 #cj74 ,!n comes ! notion ( *oice 9 ref]5ce to matt]s ( op9ion1 )\t1 h[ev]1 necess>ily imply+ t ! *os5 op9ion is a bad "o4 ,& 9 ?is s5se x is us$ q z (t5 = ! p>ty or s*ool ( ?\ght :i* holds ! p>ticul> op9ion z = ! body ( op9ion :i* is held4 ,9 ?is s5se x is sev]al times us$ 9 ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les2 z ! sect ( ! ,sadducees 7v4 #ag71 ! sect ( ! ,ph>isees 7xv4 #e2 xxvi4 #e73 & 9 ?is way ,*ri/ianity itself 0 spok5 ( z a h]esy or sect2 t is1 a p>ty ) *os5 op9ions 7xxiv4 #e1 #ad2 xxviii4 #bb74 ,& 9 pr(ane lit]ature we f9d ,diog5es ,la]tius 9 ! second or ?ird c5tury speak+ ( t5 h]esies or s*ools 9 moral philosophy 7i4 #ai74 ,b x w be se5 f ! passages 9 ! ,acts t ! ^w is already acquir+ some:at ( a bad mean+2 & inde$ ?is 0 almo/ inevitable1 unless ! orig9al signification 0 entirely ab&on$4 ,9 all sph]es ( ?\ght & action1 & especially 9 matt]s ( belief1 a t5d5cy to *oose = oneself1 & to pursue "o's own way indep5d5tly1 almo/ ( necessity leads to sep>ation f o!rs1 to divisions & factions4 ,& factions 9 ! ,*ur* readily wid5 into s*isms & h>d5 into h]esies4 ,outside ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les ! ^w h]esy is f\nd 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t only 9 ?ree passages3 #a ,cor4 xi4 #ai2 ,gal4 v4 #bj2 & #b ,pet4 ii4 #a4 ,9 ! la/ ( ^! x is us$ ( ! errone\s op9ions !mselves2 9 ! o!r two ! p>ties :o hold !m may be indicat$4 ,b 9 all cases ! ^w is us$ ( divisions inside ! ,*ur*1 n ( sep>ations f x or ( positions antagoni/ic to x4 ,?us 9 #b ,pet4 ii4 #a we h ! prophecy t !re %all be false tea*]s1 :o %all privily br+ 9 de/ructive h]esies1 d5y+ ev5 ! ,ma/] t b\ght !m4 ,"h ! false tea*]s are evid5tly inside ! ,*ur*1 corrupt+ its memb]s2 n outside1 induc+ its memb]s to leave x4 ,= ! prophecy cont9ues3 ,& _m %all foll[ _! lascivi\s do+s2 by reason ( :om ! way ( ! tru? %all be evil spok5 (4 ,!y c\ld n cause ! way ( ! tru? to be evil spok5 (1 if !y 7 complete outsid]s1 pr(ess+ to h no connexion ) x4 ,9 ,gal4 v4 #bj h]esies are among ! works ( ! fle% aga9/ :i* ,/4 ,paul w>ns 8 fickle conv]ts1 & h]esies are !re c\pl$ ) factions & divisions4 ,9 #a ,cor4 xi4 #ai ! ,apo/le gives z a reason = believ+ ! report t !re are divisions 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,cor9? ! fact t 7man's t5d5cy to diff] be+ :at x is7 divisions are inevitable1 & h _! use1 = 9 ?is way ^? :i* are approv$ among ,*ri/ians are made manife/4 ,x is possible 9 bo? ^! passages to und]/& ,/4 ,paul z mean+ ! self-*os5 views1 z 9 ! passage 9 #b ,pet41 r ?an ! s*ools or p>ties :i* h adopt$ ! views4 ,b ?is is n ( mu* mom5t4 ,! important ?+ to notice is1 t 9 all ?ree cases ! h]esies h caus$ or are t5d+ to cause splits inside ! ,*ur*3 !y d n indicate ho/ile positions outside x4 ,?is use ( ! ^w is analog\s to t 9 ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les1 :]e x repres5ts ! ,ph>isees & ,sadducees1 & ev5 ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* itself1 z p>ties or s*ools inside ,judaism1 n z revolts aga9/ x4 ,we %all be s]i\sly misl$1 if we all[ ! lat] mean+ ( h]esy1 ) all its m$ieval associations1 to col\r our int]pretation ( ! t]m z we f9d x 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,ano!r important ?+ to rememb] 9 ref]5ce to ! /rong language :i* ,/4 ,paul & o!r writ]s 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t use ) reg>d to h]esies & errone\s doctr9e1 & ! /ill /rong] language us$ by e>ly ,*ri/ian writ]s 9 comm5t+ on ^! texts1 is ! d[nright wick$ness ( a good _m ( ! self-*os5 views :i* _h begun to appe> 9 ! ,*ur* 9 ! fir/ c5tury1 & :i* became rampant dur+ ! second4 ,! p]il1 n only to fai?1 b to morals1 0 imm5se1 & x ext5d$ to ! v f\ndations ( bo?4 ,:5 ,*ri/ians 7 told t !re 7 two ,creators1 ( :om "o 0 good & "o 0 evil2 t ! ,inc>nation 0 an impossibility2 t man's body 0 s vile t x 0 a duty to abuse x2 t 8 _s 0 s pure t x 0 impossible to defile x2 t to acquire k ?r\gh crime 0 e/imable1 = k 0 good1 & crime 0 ( no moral significance to ! enlight5$2--!n x 0 necess>y to speak out1 & tell m5 9 pla9 t]ms :at ! p]sons :o 7 inculcat+ su* views 7 really do+1 & :at /rong measures w\ld be necess>y1 if !y p]si/$ 9 su* tea*+4 ,unless we keep a firm grasp ^u ^! two facts2--7#a7 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! mean+ ( ! ^w h]esy z we f9d x 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t & its usual mean+ at ! pres5t "t2 & 7#b7 ! mon/r\s "* ( "s ( ! views :i* _m p]sons 9 ! fir/ c5tury1 & _m m 9 ! second1 claim$ to hold z "p & p>cel ( ! ,*ri/ian religion2--we %all be liable to g griev\sly a/ray 9 draw+ conclusions z to our own practice f :at is said on ! subject 9 ,scripture4 ,woe unto ! _w1 said our bless$ ,"l1 because ( occasions ( /umbl+6 ,= x mu/ ne$s be t ! occasions come2 b woe to t man ?r\gh :om ! occasion come? 7,matt4 xviii4 #g74 ,human nature be+ :at x is1 x is morally impossible t no "o %\ld ev] lead ano!r into s94 ,b t fact does n de/roy ! responsibility ( ! individual :o leads 8 fell[s into s94 ,/4 ,paul takes up ! pr9ciple ?us laid d[n by ,*ri/ & applies x 9 a p>ticul> sph]e4 ,he tells 8 ,cor9?ian conv]ts t !re mu/ be h]esies among !m1 & t !y s]ve ! good purpose ( sift+ ! *aff f ! :eat4 ,:]ev] ! light comes1 x provokes opposition2 !re is at once antagonism betwe5 light & d>kness4 ,?is is z true 9 ! sph]e ( fai? & morals z 9 t ( ! mat]ial _w4 ,soon] or lat]1 & g5]ally soon] r ?an lat]1 tru? & innoc5ce are met & oppos$ by falsehood & s92 & x is falsehood1 wilfully ma9ta9$ 9 opposition to reveal$ & g5]ally held tru?1 t con/itutes ! ess5ce ( h]esy4 ,!re are _m false op9ions outside :at ,god has reveal$ to mank9d1 outside ! scope ( ! ,gospel4 ,h[ev] s]i\s ^! may be1 !y are n h]esies4 ,a man may be fatally at fault 9 matt]s ( belief2 b1 unless 9 "s s5se he accepts ,*ri/ianity z true1 he is no h]etic4 ,z ,t]tullian says1 ,9 all cases tru? prec$es its copy2 aft] ! reality ! lik5ess foll[s 7,de ,praes4 ,ha]41 xxix74 ,t is1 h]esy1 :i* is ! c>icature ( ,*ri/ian tru?1 mu/ be subsequ5t to x4 ,x is a di/ortion ( ! orig9al tru?1 :i* "s "o has arrogantly *os5 z pref]able to t ( :i* x is ! di/ortion4 ,error :i* has n yet come 9 contact ) revelation1 & :i* has _h no opportunity ( ei!r submitt+ to x or rebell+ aga9/ x1 is n h]etical4 ,! h]etical _s is se5 9 t cold critical temp]1 t self-confid5t & self-will$ attitude1 :i* accepts & rejects op9ions on pr9ciples ( its own1 q indep5d5tly ( ! pr9ciples :i* are ! gu>ante$ & hi/orical guides ( ! ,*ur*4 ,b x _c accept or reject :at has nev] be5 pres5t$ to x2 nor1 until ! ,*ri/ian fai? has to "s ext5t be5 accept$1 c ! rejection ( ! rema9d] ( x be acc\nt$ h]esy4 ,h]esy is a disease ( ,*ri/ian k4 ,! disease may h come f )\t1 or may h develop$ entirely f )92 & 9 ! =m] case ! s\rce ( ! malady may be f> old] ?an ,*ri/ianity itself4 ,b until ! noxi\s elem5ts h ent]$ ! ,*ri/ian organism & claim$ a home )9 ! sy/em1 x is a misuse ( language to t]m !m h]etical4 ,we h n exhau/$ ! tea*+ ( ! ,apo/les respect+ ?is plague ( self-ass]tion & indep5d5t tea*+1 :i* ev5 9 _! "t began to afflict ! infant ,*ur*1 :5 we h consid]$ all ! passages 9 :i* ! words h]esy & h]etical occur4 ,!re are o!r passages1 9 :i* ! ?+ is pla9ly m5tion$1 al?\gh ?is "n = x is n us$4 ,x has be5 said t ! ,apo/les1 ?\gh !y claim$ discipl9>y au?ority1 _h evid5tly no ?\ght ( claim+ infallibility = any utt]ances ( !irs4#hf ,b !y c]ta9ly treat$ opposition to _! tea*+1 or deviations f x1 z a v s]i\s matt]4 ,/4 ,paul speaks ( ^? :o oppos$ him 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,cor9? z false apo/les1 deceitful work]s & m9i/]s ( ,satan 7#b ,cor4 xi4 #ac-ae74 ,he speaks ( ! ,galatians z bewit*$ by ^? :o w\ld p]v]t ! ,gospel ( ,*ri/1 & pron\nces an ana!ma on ^? :o %\ld prea* any gospel o!r ?an t :i* he prea*$ 7,gal4 i4 #g1 #h2 iii4 #a74 ,( ! same class ( tea*]s at ,philippi he writes3 ,bew>e ( ! dogs1 bew>e ( ! evil work]s1 bew>e ( ! concision 7iii4 #b74 ,he w>ns ! ,colossians aga9/ any "o :o may make spoil ( !m ?r\gh 8 philosophy & va9 deceit1 aft] ! tradition ( m51 aft] ! rudim5ts ( ! _w1 & n aft] ,*ri/ 7ii4 #h72 j z he w>n$ ! eld]s ( ! ,*ur* at ,ephesus t aft] 8 dep>ture griev\s wolves w\ld ent] 9 among !m1 n sp>+ ! flock2 & t f among !mselves m5 w\ld arise1 speak+ p]v]se ?+s1 to draw away ! disciples aft] !m 7,acts xx4 #bi1 #cj74 ,& 9 ! ,pa/oral ,epi/les we h sev]al utt]ances ( ! same k9d1 includ+ ! "o be=e u 7#a ,tim4 i4 #c-g1 #ai1 #bj2 iv4 #a-c2 vi4 #c1 #d1 #bj1 #ba2 ,tit4 i4 #aj-af2 iii4 #h-aa2 #b ,tim4 ii4 #af-ah2 iii4 #h1 #ac74 ,nor is ,/4 ,paul ! only writ] 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t :o feels b\nd to write 9 ?is /ra94 ,! same k9d ( language fills no inconsid]able portion ( ! ,second ,epi/le ( ,pet] & ! ,epi/le ( ,jude 7#b ,pet4 ii42 ,jude #h-af74 ,m rem>kable /ill1 we f9d ev5 ! ,apo/le ( ,love speak+ 9 tones n less sev]e4 ,! ,epi/les to ! ,sev5 ,*ur*es ( ,asia ab\nd 9 su* ?+s 7,rev4 ii42 iii74 ,9 8 ,g5]al ,epi/le he asks1 ,:o is ! li> b he t d5ie? t ,jesus is ! ,*ri/8 ,?is is ! anti*ri/1 ev5 he t d5ie? ! ,fa!r & ! ,son 7#a ,john ii4 #bb3 comp4 ii4 #bf2 iv4 #a1 #c74 ,9 8 lett] to ! elect lady & h] *ildr5 he speaks ( ! _m deceiv]s :o confess n t ,jesus ,*ri/ come? 9 ! fle%4 ,&1 9 a passage n unlike ! direction to ,titus :i* we are n[ consid]+1 he says3 ,if any "o come? unto y1 & br+e? n ?is tea*+1 receive him n into y\r h\se1 & give him no greet+3 = he t give? him greet+ p>take? 9 8 evil works4 ,! impression :i* ^! passages produce on our m9ds is at lea/ ?is2--t1 :e!r or no ! ,apo/les 7 consci\s ( be+ protect$ by ! ,holy ,_s f tea*+ any?+ t 0 doctr9ally false1 !y 7 at any rate v /]n 9 _! condemnation ( ^? ,*ri/ians :o delib]ately contrav5$ :at an ,apo/le _h taught4 ,& ?is /]nness is n conf9$ to ^? :o resi/$ ! in/ructions ( ,apo/les 9 matt]s ( discipl9e4 ,x is q z cle>ly manife/$ aga9/ ^? :o contradict$ ,apo/olic tea*+ 9 matt]s ( fai?4 ,! context ( ! passage be=e u %[s t by a man t is h]etical is meant "o :o wilfully takes 8 own l9e & !reby causes divisions 9 doctr9e q z mu* z "o :o does s z reg>ds ! ord] & discipl9e ( ! ,*ur*4 ,:at1 !n1 does ,/4 ,paul mean :5 he directs ,titus to refuse su* a p]son aft] once or twice admoni%+ him8 ,c]ta9ly n t he is to excommunicate him2 ! passage has no?+ to d ) =mal excommunication4 ,x is possible to ma9ta9 t ! direction "h giv5 may imply excommunication2 b x is also possible to ma9ta9 t x ne$ n imply any?+ ( ! k9d2 & !re=e t su* an int]pretation sub/itutes an unc]ta9 inf]5ce = :at is c]ta9ly express$4 ,! ^w translat$ 9 ! ,r4,v4 refuse1 & 9 ! ,a4,v4 reject1 is ! same z t :i* is us$ 9 #a ,tim4 v4 #aa 9 ! text1 ,y\ng] wid[s refuse 7p>ait\74 ,x means1 avoid1 %un1 excuse y\rself f hav+ any?+ to d ) 7comp4 ,heb4 xii4 #be74 ,x is also us$ ( ?+s z well z ( p]sons1 & 9 mu* ! same s5se3 ,refuse pr(ane & old wives' fables 7#a ,tim4 iv4 #g71 & ,fooli% & ignorant que/ions refuse 7#b ,tim4 ii4 #bc74 ,! mean+1 !n1 "h seems to be t1 aft] a few attempts to induce ! h]etical p]son to desi/ f 8 p]v]se & self-will$ conduct1 ,titus is to wa/e no m "t on him1 because n[ he kn[s t 8 ef=ts w be useless4 ,at fir/ he did n "k ?is2 b aft] hav+ fail$ once or twice1 he w see t x is va9 to repeat :at produces no effect4 ,! man's self-w is incorrigible2 & n only t1 b inexcusable2 = he /&s self-condemn$4 ,he delib]ately *ose :at 0 oppos$ to ! receiv$ tea*+2 & he delib]ately p]si/s 9 x aft] its errone\s "* has be5 po9t$ out to him4 ,he is p]v]t$1 & s9ne?3 t is1 he n only has s9n$1 b goes on s9n+3 he cont9ues 9 8 s91 9 spite ( entreaty1 exhortation1 & repro(4 ,9 :at way are ! directions "h giv5 to ,titus to be us$ = our own guidance at ! pres5t "t8 ,c]ta9 limitations z to _! application h be5 already po9t$ out4 ,!y d n apply to p]sons :o h always be51 or :o h end$ 9 plac+ !mselves1 outside ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,!y ref] to p]sons :o cont5d t _! self-*os5 views are "p & p>cel ( ! ,gospel1 & :o claim to hold & tea* su* views z memb]s or ev5 m9i/]s ( ! ,*ur*4 ,secondly1 !y ref] to grave & fundam5tal errors ) reg>d to fir/ pr9ciples2 n to ecc5tric views respect+ matt]s ( detail4 ,& 9 det]m9+ ?is second po9t mu* caution w be ne$$2 especially :5 inf]5ces are drawn f a man's tea*+4 ,we %\ld be on our gu>d ) reg>d to ass]tions t a p>ticul> tea*] virtually d5ies ! ,div9ity ( ,*ri/1 or ! ,tr9ity1 or ! p]sonality ( ,god4 ,b :5 bo? ^! po9ts are q cle>1 t ! p]son contradicts "s ( ! prim>y tru?s ( ! ,gospel1 & t he claims to d s z a ,*ri/ian1 :at is a m9i/] to d to su* a memb] ( 8 flock8 ,he is to make "o or two ef=ts to reclaim him1 & !n to h z little to d ) him z possible4 ,9 all su* cases !re are ?ree sets ( p]sons to be consid]$3--! h]etic himself1 ^? :o h to deal ) him1 & ! ,*ur* at l>ge4 ,:at conduct on ! "p ( ^? :o h to deal ) him w be lea/ prejudicial to !mselves & to ! ,*ur*1 & mo/ b5eficial to ! man himself8 ,! supreme law ( *>ity mu/ be ! guid+ pr9ciple4 ,b t is no true *>ity :i* %[s t5d]ness to "o p]son 9 su* a way z to d griev\s h>m to o!rs1 or to d m h>m ?an good to ! p]son :o receives x4 ,love ( :at is good is n only consi/5t ) hatr$ ( :at is evil2 x _c exi/ )\t su* hatr$4 ,:at we h to consid]1 !re=e1 is ?is4 ,w fri5dl9ess confirm him 9 8 error8 ,w\ld he be m impress$ by sev]ity8 ,is int]c\rse ) him likely to lead to our be+ l$ a/ray8 ,w x increase 8 influ5ce & 8 opportunities ( do+ h>m8 ,is sev]ity likely to excite sympa?y 9 o!r p1 fir/ = him1 & !n = 8 tea*+8 ,x is impossible to lay d[n a h>d & fa/ rule t w\ld cov] all cases2 & :ile we rememb] ! /]n in/ructions :i* ,/4 ,paul gives to ,titus1 & ,/4 ,john to ! elect lady1 let u n =get ! way 9 :i* ,jesus ,*ri/ treat$ publicans & s9n]s4 ,9 our own day !re is dang] ( mi/ak+ lazy or weak indiff]5tism = ,*ri/ian *>ity4 ,x is a conv5i5t doctr9e t ! beliefs ( our fell[-,*ri/ians are no conc]n ( ours1 ev5 :5 !y try to propagate :at contradicts ! cre$4 ,&1 :ile emphasis is laid ^u ! responsibility ( accept+ articles ( fai?1 x is assum$ t !re is little or no responsibility 9 refus+ to accept1 or 9 tea*+ o!rs to refuse also4 ,to plead = t5d]ness1 :]e sev]ity is ne$$1 is n *>ity1 b ,laodicean lukew>mness2 & mi/ak5 t5d]ness may easily end 9 mak+ u p>tak]s 9 evil works4 ,to be sev]e1 :5 sev]ity is imp]atively call$ =1 is n only *>ity to ! (f5d]s1 x is also *>ity t[>ds all m5 besides4 ,x is *>ity t[>ds ! ignorant z c>ry+ in/ruction along ) x2 *>ity t[>ds ! unw>y1 z giv+ !m w>n+ to /& (f f infection2 *>ity t[>ds ! confirm$ ,*ri/ians1 z enc\rag+ !m /ill m1 & pres]v+ !m f insults2 *>ity t[>ds ! :ole ,*ur*1 z support+ bo? _! unity & purity2 *>ity t[>ds all mank9d1 t[>ds !m t are )\t1 z x is recomm5d+ pure religion to !m 9 ! mo/ advantage\s light1 obviat+ _! mo/ plausible calumnies1 & giv+ !m less occasion to blaspheme4#hg ,,footnotes3 #hd ,x is wor? not+ t ,t]tullian1 ) sev]al o!r ,lat9 writ]s1 omits ! second admonition3 hom9em ha]eticum po/ primam correptionem recus&um4 ,simil>ly ,cyprian3 ha]eticum hom9em po/ unam correptionem devita 7,te/41 ,,iii4 #gh74 #he hairesis1 f haire91 hairei/hai1 to *oose3 n f ha]]e1 to /ick fa/1 z has be5 ignorantly ass]t$4 #hf ,t4 ,ll4 ,davies 9 a rem>kable pap] on ,! ,high] ,life1 9 ! ,=tnightly ,review1 ,janu>y1 #ahhh4 #hg ,wat]l&1 ,! ,importance ( ! ,doctr9e ( ! ,holy ,tr9ity ,,iv4 ii4 #b2 ,works1 vol4 v4 p4 #if4 ,ox=d1 #ahbc4 ,,! ,,second ,,epi/le ,,to ,,timo?y4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvii4 ,,! ,,"* ,,& ,,cont5ts ,,( ,,! ,,la/ ,,epi/le ,,( ,,/4 ,,paul4--,,! ,,nemesis ,,( ,,neglect$ ,,gifts4 ,= ! :i* cause ,i put !e 9 remembrance t ?\ /ir up ! gift ( ,god1 :i* is 9 !e ?r\gh ! lay+ on ( my h&s4 ,= ,god gave u n a _s ( fe>fulness2 b ( p[] & love & discipl9e4--#b ,,tim4 i4 #f1 #g4 ,9 ! ,second ,epi/le to ,timo?y we h ! la/ kn[n words ( ,/4 ,paul4 ,x is 8 la/ w & te/am5t2 8 la/ in/ructions to 8 fav\rite disciple & ?r\gh him to ! ,*ur*4 ,x is writt5 ) full consci\sness t ! end is at h&4 ,8 c\rse 9 ?is _w is all b ov]2 & x w be clos$ by a viol5t1 x may be by a cruel dea?4 ,! lett] is1 !re=e1 a /rik+ b ?or\ghly natural mixture ( gloom & brightness4 ,on ! "o h&1 dea? ?r[s its d>k %ad[ across ! page4 ,on ! o!r1 !re is ! joy\s ?\ght t ! realization ( 8 brighte/ hopes is close at h&4 ,dea? w come ) its pa9 & ignom9y1 to cut %ort ! ,apo/le's /ill unf9i%$ "w1 to take him away f ! ,*ur*es :i* he has f\nd$ & :i* /ill sorely ne$ 8 guidance1 & f ! fri5ds :om he loves1 & :o /ill ne$ 8 c\nsel & support4 ,b dea?1 :ile x takes him away f mu* to :i* he cl+s & :i* cl+s to him1 w free him f toil1 & anxiety1 & neglect1 & w take him to be ) ,*ri/ until t day :5 he %all receive ! cr[n ( righte\sness :i* is laid up = him4 ,if ! %ad[ ( imp5d+ dea? 7 ! only s\rce ( gloom1 ! lett] w\ld be f> m joy\s ?an x is4 ,x w\ld be f> m cont9u\sly a /ra9 ( ?anksgiv+ & triumph4 ,b ! prospect ( end+ 8 life "u ! h& ( ! public execution] is n ! ?\ght :i* dom9ates ! m sorr[ful portion ( ! ,epi/le4 ,!re is ! fact t he is almo/ alone2 n because 8 fri5ds are prev5t$ f com+ to him1 b because !y h =sak5 him2 "s1 x may be1 = press+ "w else:]e2 o!rs because ! attractions ( ! _w 7 too /rong = !m2 b ! majority ( !m1 because !y 7 afraid to /& by him :5 he 0 plac$ at ! b> be=e ,n]o4 ,! ,apo/le is heavy-he>t$ ab\t ?is des]tion ( him1 n m]ely because ( ! w\nd :i* x inflicts on 8 own affectionate _s1 b because ( ! responsibility :i* ^? :o are guilty ( x h !reby incurr$4 ,he prays t x may n be laid to _! acc\nt4 ,yet ! ?\ght :i* specially oppresses him is anxiety ab\t all ! ,*ur*es--& ab\t ,timo?y himself4 ,d>k days are com+4 ,false doctr9e w be op5ly prea*$ & w n lack he>]s2 & utt]ly un-,*ri/ian conduct & conv]sation w become griev\sly preval5t4 ,&1 :ile ! godly are p]secut$1 evil m5 w wax worse & worse4 ,?is sad /ate ( ?+s has already begun2 & ! ,apo/le seems to fe> t 8 belov$ disciple is n altoge!r unaffect$ by x4 ,sep>ation f ,/4 ,paul & ! difficulties ( 8 position may h told on 8 ov]-s5sitive temp]am5t1 & h caus$ him to be remiss 9 8 "w1 ?r\gh indulg5ce 9 futile despond5cy4 ,! words ( ! text /rike ! dom9ant *ord ( ! ,epi/le & reveal to u ! motive t prompts x4 ,! ,apo/le puts ,timo?y 9 remembrance t he /ir up ! gift ( ,god :i* is 9 him4 ,aga9 & aga9 he insi/s on ?is & simil> c\nsels4 ,be n a%am$ ( ! te/imony ( our ,"l1 nor ( me ,8 prison]2 b suff] h>d%ips4 ,t good ?+ :i* 0 committ$ to !e gu>d ?r\gh ! ,holy ,gho/ 7vv4 #h1 #ac74 ,suff] h>d%ip ) me1 z a good soldi] ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,give dilig5ce to pres5t ?yself approv$ unto ,god1 a workman t ne$e? n to be a%am$ 7ii4 #c1 #ae74 ,b abide ?\ 9 ! ?+s :i* ?\ ha/ le>n$ & ha/ be5 assur$ (1 kn[+ ( :om ?\ ha/ le>n$ !m 7iii4 #ad74 ,& !n1 z ! lett] draws to a close1 he speaks 9 /ill m solemn tones ( w>n+3 ,i *>ge !e 9 ! sight ( ,god1 & ( ,*ri/ ,jesus1 ,:o %all judge ! quick & ! dead1 & by ,8 appe>+ & ,8 k+dom3 be in/ant 9 season1 out ( season2 reprove1 rebuke1 exhort1 ) all longsuff]+ & tea*+4 ,be ?\ sob] 9 all ?+s1 suff] h>d%ips1 d ! "w ( an evangeli/1 fulfil ?y m9i/ry 7iv4 #a1 #b1 #e74 ,evid5tly ! ,apo/le is anxi\s le/ ev5 ! ri* gifts ) :i* ,timo?y is end[$ %\ld be all[$ to ru/ ?r\gh want ( use4 ,timidity & weakness may prove fatal to him & 8 "w1 9 spite ( ! spiritual advantages :i* he has enjoy$4 ,! ,apo/le's anxiety ab\t ! future ( ! ,*ur*es is int]wov5 ) anxiety ab\t ! pres5t & future conduct ( 8 belov$ delegate & successor4 ,! ,second ,epi/le to ,timo?y is m p]sonal ?an ei!r ( ! o!r ,pa/oral ,epi/les4 ,x is less (ficial 9 tone & cont5ts1 & is address$ m directly to ! recipi5t himself1 ?an ?r\gh him to o!rs4 ,?ree ma9 subjects are treat$ 9 ! lett]2 & fir/ & =emo/ ( ^! is ! conduct ( ,timo?y himself4 ,?is subject occupies ab\t a ?ird ( ! ,epi/le4 ,! next & longe/ section treats ( ! pres5t & future prospects ( ! ,*ur* 7ii4 #ad-;iv4 #e74 ,& la/ly ! ,apo/le speaks ( himself4 ,x is n difficult to und]/& h[ ev5 ^? :o condemn ! ,pa/oral ,epi/les z ! product ( a lat] writ]1 feel almo/ oblig$ to admit t at lea/ "s ( ?is t\*+ lett] mu/ be g5u9e4 ,:oev] wrote x mu/ h _h "s g5u9e lett]s ( ,/4 ,paul to use z mat]ial4 ,x may be d\bt$ :e!r any ( ! writ+s ( t age :i* h come d[n to u are m ?or\ghly *>act]i/ic ( ! p]son ^: "n !y be>1 or are m full ( t\*es :i* a fabricator w\ld nev] h ?\ght ( introduc+4 ,! p]son :o =g$ ! ,second ,epi/le to ,timo?y 9 ! "n ( ,/4 ,paul mu/ inde$ h be5 a g5ius4 ,no?+ t has come d[n to u ( ! lit]ature ( ! second c5tury leads u to suppose t any su* lit]>y p[] exi/$4 ,:e!r we reg>d ! writ]1 or ! circum/ances 9 :i* he is plac$1 or ! p]son to :om he writes1 all is ?or\ghly *>act]i/ic1 h>moni\s1 & 9 keep+4 ,we h ,/4 ,paul ) 8 exquisite sympa?y1 s5sitiv5ess1 & affection1 8 int5se anxiety1 8 unfl9*+ c\rage4 ,we h ! solemnity & importunity ( "o :o kn[s t 8 days are numb]$4 ,& we h ! urg5cy & t5d]ness ( "o :o writes to a fri5d :o has 8 faults & weaknesses1 b :o is tru/$ & lov$ 9 spite ( !m4 ,9 enc\rag+ ,timo?y to /ir up ! gift t is 9 him1 & n suff] himself to be a%am$ ( ! ignom9y1 or afraid ( ! h>d%ips1 :i* ! s]vice ( ,*ri/ entails1 ! ,apo/le puts be=e him five consid]ations4 ,!re are ! beautiful traditions ( 8 family1 :i* are n[ 9 8 keep+4 ,!re is ! sublime "* ( ! ,gospel :i* has be5 entru/$ to him4 ,!re is ! tea*+ ( ,/4 ,paul himself1 :o has s (t5 giv5 him a patt]n ( s\nd words & a patt]n ( /eadfa/ endurance4 ,!re is ! example ( ,onesiphorus ) 8 c\rage\s devotion4 ,& !re is ! sure hope ( ! salvation :i* is 9 ,*ri/ ,jesus ) et]nal glory4 ,any "o ( ^! ?+s might suffice to influ5ce him3 ,timo?y _c be pro( aga9/ !m all4 ,/4 ,paul is p]suad$ t he is pres]v+ ! h]itage ( undissembl$ fai? :i* 8 "m & 8 gr&mo!r possess$ be=e him4 ,:5 he consid]s ! "* ( ! ,gospel1 ( :i* he has become a m9i/]1 & ! gifts ( :i* he has !reby become a recipi5t1 he _c n[ become a%am$ ( be>+ te/imony = x4 ,& has ! tea*+ ( 8 old ma/]1 sep>ation f :om us$ once to make him weep1 lo/ its hold ^u him8 ,( ! o!r disciples & fri5ds ( ! ma/]1 "s h turn$ away f him1 %[+ coldness or dislike in/ead ( sympa?y & self-sacrifice2 :ile o!rs1 at great p]sonal inconv5i5ce1 & 7x may be also7 great p]sonal dang]1 s\ght him out all ! m dilig5tly on acc\nt ( 8 imprisonm5t1 & m9i/]$ to him4 ,w ,timo?y take 8 /& ) ,phygelus & ,h]mog5es1 or ) ,onesiphorus8 ,& ov] & above all ^! consid]ations1 :i* are connect$ ) ?is _w1 !re are ! ?\ghts ( ! _w to come4 ,?is is no m]e "q ( exp$i5cy & opportun5ess1 or ( p]sonal loyalty & affection to a human tea*] & fri5d4 ,!re is ! :ole ( et]nity at /ake4 ,to h %>$ ,*ri/'s m>tyr-dea? is to %>e ,8 endless life4 ,to %>e ,8 endurance & s]vice is to %>e ,8 royalty4 ,b to reject ,him1 is to ensure be+ reject$ by ,him4 ,7 ,he to receive fai?less foll[]s among ! fai?ful1 ,he w\ld be fai?less to ,8 promises & to ,himself4 ,= all ^! reasons1 !re=e1 ! ,apo/le *>ges 8 disciple to /ir up ! gift ( ,god :i* is 9 him ?r\gh ! lay+ on ( ! ,apo/le's h&s4 ,& ! fact t he uses s mu* argum5t & entreaty is evid5ce t he _h grave anxiety ab\t ,timo?y4 ,timo?y's natural s5sitiv5ess & t5d]ness ( he>t made him specially liable to despond5cy & timidity1 especially :5 sep>at$ f fri5ds & confront$ by /urdy opposition4 ,t ?\ /ir up ! gift ( ,god :i* is 9 !e4 ,lit]ally t ?\ k9dle up & fan into a flame4 ,x does n necess>ily imply t !re has once be5 a bright flame1 :i* has be5 all[$ to die d[n1 leav+ only sm\ld]+ emb]s4 ,b ?is is ! natural mean+ ( ! figure1 & is possibly :at ,/4 ,paul implies "h4 ,he does n expla9 :at precise gift ( ,god x is t ,timo?y is to k9dle into a w>m] gl[2 b1 z x is "o ( ^? :i* 7 conf]r$ ^u him by ! lay+ on ( h&s at ! "t ( 8 ord9ation1 we may reasonably suppose t x is ! au?ority & p[] to be a m9i/] ( ,*ri/4 ,9 ! ,fir/ ,epi/le ,/4 ,paul _h giv5 ,timo?y a simil> *>ge 7iv4 #ad72 & by comb9+ t passage ) ?is we le>n t bo? ! ,apo/le & ! eld]s laid _! h&s on ! "y evangeli/3 ,neglect n ! gift t is 9 !e1 :i* 0 giv5 !e by prophecy1 ) ! lay+ on ( ! h&s ( ! presbyt]y4#hh ,?is tal5t committ$ to 8 *>ge = use 9 ,god's s]vice mu/ n be all[$ to lie idle2 x mu/ be us$ ) vig\r1 & tru/1 & c\rage4 ,! v "* ( ! gift be/[$ proves t x is to be us$1 & us$ freely4 ,= ,god gave u n a _s ( fe>fulness2 b ( p[] & love & discipl9e4 ,/4 ,paul includes himself 9 ! /atem5t4 ,he1 l 8 disciple1 has receiv$ ?is gift f ,god1 & he kn[s f long exp]i5ce :at its nature is4 ,x is no _s ( fe>fulness2 no _s ( bondage lead+ to fe> 7,rom4 viii4 #ae74 ,x 0 nev] meant to produce 9 u a slavi% fe> ( ,god1 or a c[>dly fe> ( m54 ,to feel awe & rev]5ce :5 deal+ ) ,god1--to feel responsibility :5 deal+ ) m51--is "o ?+4 ,to ab/a9 f action = fe> ( (f5d+ ei!r1 is q ano!r4 ,x is sometimes possible to avoid criticism by refus+ to commit oneself to any?+2 b su* refusal may be a s9ful neglect ( opportunities3 & no error ( judgm5t 9 us+ ! gifts committ$ to u c be worse ?an t ( n us+ !m at all4 ,^? are n necess>ily ! mo/ useful s]vants :o make ! fewe/ conspicu\s mi/akes4 ,! _s ) :i* we are end[$ is a _s ( p[]1 :]eas a _s ( fe>fulness is weak4 ,fa9!>t$ness _c be /rong4 ,! fa9!>t$ mi/ru/ !mselves & o!rs2 & !y disc\rage !mselves & o!rs4 ,!y anticipate dang]s & difficulties1 & !reby sometimes create !m2 & !y anticipate failure1 & !reby (t5 br+ x ab\t4 ,x is only by act+1 & by act+ vigor\sly & c\rage\sly1 t we f9d out ! full p[] ( ! _s ) :i* we h be5 bless$4 ,aga91 ! gift :i* ,god has be/[$ ^u u is a _s ( love3 & m ?an any?+ else p]fect love ca/s out ! _s ( fe>4 ,fe> is ! *ild ( bondage2 love is ! *ild ( fre$om4 ,if we love ,god1 we %all n live 9 t]ror ( ,8 judgm5ts3 & if we love m51 we %all n live 9 t]ror ( _! criticisms4 ,moreov]1 ! _s ( love tea*es u ! nature ( ! gift ( p[]4 ,x is n =ce or viol5ce2 n an impos+ ( our own w on o!rs4 ,x is an affectionate /riv+ to w9 o!rs ov] to ob$i5ce to ! w ( ,god4 ,x is ! _s ( self-sacrifice2 n ( self-ass]tion4 ,la/ly1 ! _s ) :i* we are end[$ by ,god is a _s ( discipl9e4 ,by discipl9e t c[>dly indol5ce1 :i* ! _s ( fe>fulness eng5d]s1 c be kept d[n & expell$4 ,if x be ask$1 :e!r ! discipl9e be t :i* ,timo?y is to en=ce 9 rul+ o!rs1 or t :i* he is to practise 9 s*ool+ himself1 we may answ]1 ,bo?4 ,! t]m9ation ( ! ^w :i* is "h us$ 7sphronismos7 seems to require ! transitive mean+2 & slackness 9 correct+ o!rs may easily h be5 "o ( ! ways 9 :i* ! despond5cy ( ,timo?y %[$ itself4 ,on ! o!r h& ! :ole context "h speaks ( ,timo?y's treatm5t ( himself4 ,to take a m lively int]e/ 9 ! conduct ( o!rs w\ld be discipl9e = himself & = !m also4 ,!re may be z mu* pride z humility 9 indulg+ ! ?\ght t ! lives ( o!r p are s utt]ly bad1 t x is q out ( ! p[] ( su* p]sons z ourselves to effect a re=mation4 ,?is is a subtle way ( %irk+ responsibility4 ,/rong 9 ! _s ( p[]1 gl[+ ) ! _s ( love1 we c turn ! faults ( o!rs1 toge!r ) all ! tr\bles :i* may befall u 9 ?is life1 into in/rum5ts ( discipl9e4 ,! words ( ! ,apo/le1 ?\gh prim>ily address$ to m9i/]s1 9 ref]5ce to ! spiritual gifts be/[$ on !m at _! ord9ation1 mu/ n be conf9$ to !m4 ,!y apply to ! gifts be/[$ by ,god ^u e ,*ri/ian1 & inde$ ^u e human be+4 ,!re is a t]rible p5alty atta*$ to ! neglect ( ! high] faculties1 :e!r intellectual or moral2 a p5alty :i* works surely & un]r+ly by a natural law4 ,we all ( u h imag9ation1 intellect1 w4 ,^! wond]ful p[]s mu/ h an object1 mu/ h employm5t4 ,if we d n give !m _! true object1 viz41 ! glory ( ,god1 !y w f9d an object = !mselves4 ,in/ead ( so>+ upw>ds on ! w+s suppli$ by ! glories ( creation & ! m]cies ( r$emption1 !y w s9k d[nw>ds into ! mire4 ,!y w fa/5 ^u ! fle%2 & 9 an atmosph]e poison$ by debas+ associations !y w become debas$ also4 ,in/ead ( rais+ ! man :o possesses !m into t high] life1 :i* is a =eta/e ( heav51 !y w hurry him d[nw>ds ) ! accumulat$ pressure ( an undiscipl9$ intellect1 a pollut$ imag9ation1 & a lawless w4 ,t :i* %\ld h be5 = weal?1 becomes an occasion ( fall+4 ,angels ( light become angels ( d>kness4 ,& p[]s :i* ought to be z prie/s1 consecrat+ ! :ole ( our nature to ,god1 become z demons1 %ameless & ru?less 9 devot+ u to ! evil "o4 ,n only e m9i/] ( ,*ri/1 b e ?9k+ man1 has ne$ f "t to "t to /ir up ! gift ( ,god t is 9 him1 to k9dle x into a flame1 & see t x is direct$ to holy ends & ex]cis$ 9 noble s]vice4 ,god's royal gifts ( intellect & w _c be flung away1 _c be left unus$1 _c be ext+ui%$4 ,= good or = evil !y are ours2 & !y are dea?less4 ,b1 ?\gh !y _c be de/roy$ !y c be neglect$4 ,!y c be buri$ 9 ! e>?1 till !y bre$ worms & /9k4 ,!y c be all[$ to run riot1 until !y become z wild bea/s1 & turn aga9 & r5d u4 ,or 9 ! _s ( p[]1 or love1 & ( discipl9e1 !y may be *a/5$ by l(ty ex]cise & sanctifi$ to heav5ly uses1 till !y become m & m fit to be ! equipm5t ( "o1 :o is = ev] to /& be=e ! ?rone ( ,god1 & praise ,him day & night 9 ,8 temple4 ,,footnotes3 #hh ,! ass]tion t ?is lay+ on ( h&s is a m>k ( an age subsequ5t to ! ,apo/les1 ignores ! pla9 /atem5ts 9 ,acts vi4 #f xiii4 #c2 comp4 viii4 #ag2 ix4 #ag2 xix4 #f2 & ,heb4 vi4 #b4 ,,*apt] ,,xxviii4 ,,! ,,he>tlessness ,,( ,,phygelus ,,& ,,h]mog5es4--,,! ,,devotion ,,( ,,onesiphorus4--,,pray]s ,,= ,,! ,,dead4 ,?is ?\ kn[e/1 t all t are 9 ,asia turn$ away f me2 ( :om are ,phygelus & ,h]mog5es4 ,! ,"l grant m]cy unto ! h\se ( ,onesiphorus3 = he (t refre%$ me1 & 0 n a%am$ ( my *a92 b1 :5 he 0 9 ,rome1 he s\ght me dilig5tly & f\nd me 7! ,"l grant unto him to f9d m]cy ( ! ,"l 9 t day72 & 9 h[ _m ?+s he m9i/]$ at ,ephesus1 ?\ kn[e/ v well4--#b ,,tim4 i4 #ae-ah4 ,we h "h "o ( ! argum5ts :i* ,/4 ,paul makes use ( 9 urg+ 8 belov$ disciple to /ir up ! gift ( ,god t is 9 him ?r\gh ! lay+ on ( h&s1 & n all[ himself to be afraid ( ! ignom9y & ! suff]+s1 :i* ! s]vice ( ,jesus ,*ri/ involves4 ,aft] rem9d+ him ( ! holy traditions ( 8 family1 ( ! glori\s "* ( ! ,gospel :i* has be5 committ$ to him1 & ( ! "* ( ! ,apo/le's own tea*+1 ,/4 ,paul n[ goes on to po9t out1 z a w>n+1 ! conduct ( ^? 9 ,asia :o _h des]t$ him 9 8 h\r ( ne$2 &1 z an example1 9 m>k$ contra/ to !m1 ! affectionate c\rage & p]si/5t devotion ( ,onesiphorus4 ,timo?y is n likely to foll[ ^? 9 ,asia 9 _! c[>dly des]tion ( ! ,apo/le4 ,he w surely be/ir himself to foll[ an example1 ! details ( :i* are s well kn[n to him & s v mu* to ! po9t4 ,timo?y's special k ( bo? cases1 s f> z ! conduct ref]r$ to lay n 9 ,rome b 9 ,asia1 is emphatically insi/$ ^u by ,/4 ,paul4 ,he beg9s by say+1 ,?is ?\ kn[e/1 t all t are 9 ,asia turn$ away f me3 & he concludes ) ! rem>k1 ,9 h[ _m ?+s he m9i/]$ at ,ephesus1 ?\ kn[e/ v well2 or1 z ! ,greek comp>ative probably means1 ?\ kn[e/ bett] ?an ,i d4 ,& x is wor? notic+ t ,/4 ,paul uses a diff]5t ^w = "k 9 ! two cases4 ,( 8 des]tion by ^? 9 ,asia he uses a ^w ( g5]al mean+ 7oidas71 :i* implies k ab\t ! ?+s or p]sons 9 "q1 b ne$ n imply m ?an he>say k ( :at is notori\s4 ,( ! devot$ s]vice ( ,onesiphorus at ,ephesus he uses a ^w 7g9skeis71 :i* implies progressive p]sonal exp]i5ce4 ,timo?y _h ( c\rse he>d all ab\t ! refusal ( ,phygelus & ,h]mog5es & o!rs to recognize ! claim :i* ,/4 ,paul _h ^u _! s]vices2 :at he saw & exp]i5c$ cont9ually gave him intimate acqua9tance ) ! conduct ( ,onesiphorus 9 ! ,*ur* ( :i* ,timo?y _h ! *ief c>e4 ,!re has be5 a great deal ( discussion ab\t ! mean+ ( ,/4 ,paul's /atem5ts respect+ ^! two contra/$ cases1 ,phygelus & ^? l him on ! "o side1 & ,onesiphorus on ! o!r3 & ) reg>d to bo? ( !m a v>iety ( sugge/ions h be5 made1 :i* are sc>cely compatible ) ! language us$1 & :i* d n aft] all make ! situation m intelligible4 ,x mu/ be admitt$ t ! brevity ( ! /atem5ts does leave room = a c]ta9 am\nt ( conjecture2 b1 nev]!less1 !y are cle> en\gh to enable u to conjecture ) a fair am\nt ( c]ta9ty4 ,& fir/ ) reg>d to ! case ( ^? 9 ,asia4 ,!y are 9 ,asia at ! "t :5 ?is lett] is be+ writt54 ,x is q inadmissible to twi/ ?is pla9 language & =ce x to mean ^? f ,asia :o are n[ 9 ,rome4 ,hoi en t ,asia _c be equival5t to hoi ek ts ,asias4 ,if ,/4 ,paul meant ! latt]1 :y did he n write x8 ,secondly1 x is ! proconsul> prov9ce ( ,asia t is meant1 t is ! we/]n portion ( ,asia ,m9or1 & n ! cont95t ( ,asia4 ,?irdly1 ! turn+ away ( ^! ,*ri/ians 9 ,asia ,m9or does n mean _! apo/asy f ! fai?1 ( :i* !re is no h9t ei!r 9 ! ^w or 9 ! context4 ,/4 ,paul w\ld h>dly h spok5 ( _! ab&onm5t ( ,*ri/ianity z turn+ away f him4 ,x means t !y turn$ _! faces away f him1 & refus$ to h any?+ to say to him4 ,:5 he s\ght _! sympa?y & assi/ance1 !y r5\nc$ 8 acqua9tance1 or at any rate refus$ to admit 8 claim ^u !m4 ,x is ! v expression us$ by ,*ri/ 9 ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt2 ,f him t w\ld borr[ ( !e1 turn n ?\ away 7,matt4 v4 #db74 ,?is 0 exactly :at ^! ,asiatic disciples _h done3 ! ,apo/le _h ask$ !m to l5d him _! help & support2 & !y _h turn$ away f him4 ,b :at is ! mean+ ( ! all8 ,he says t all t are 9 ,asia turn$ away f him4 ,obvi\sly !re is "s qualification to be und]/ood4 ,he _c mean t ,timo?y is well aw>e t e believ] 9 ,asia ,m9or _h repudiat$ ,/4 ,paul4 ,"s h suppos$ t ! necess>y qualification is to be f\nd 9 :at foll[s2 viz41 ( :om are ,phygelus & ,h]mog5es4 ,! mean+ w\ld !n be t ! :ole ( ! p>ty to :i* ,phygelus & ,h]mog5es belong reject$ ! ,apo/le4 ,b ! arrangem5t ( ! s5t5ce is q aga9/ ?is supposition2 & !re is no?+ ei!r said or impli$ ab\t ^! two m5 be+ ! lead]s or repres5tatives ( a p>ty4 ,! expression respect+ !m is exactly p>allel to t 9 ! ,fir/ ,epi/le respect+ ^? :o made %ipwreck conc]n+ ! fai?3 ( :om is ,hym5aeus & ,alex&] 7i4 #ai1 #bj74 ,9 ea* case1 out ( a class ( p]sons :o are spok5 ( 9 g5]al t]ms1 two are m5tion$ by "n4 ,:at !n is ! qualification ( ! all1 :i* common s5se requires8 ,x means simply1 all :om ,i ask$1 all to :om ,i made an appeal = assi/ance4#hi ,at ! "t :5 ?is lett] 0 writt51 !re 7 sev]al ,*ri/ians 9 ,asia ,m9or1--"s ( !m kn[n to ,timo?y1--to :om ,/4 ,paul _h appli$ = help 9 8 imprisonm5t2 &1 z ,timo?y 0 v well aw>e1 !y e "o ( !m refus$ to give x4 ,& ?is refusal took place 9 ,asia ,m9or1 n 9 ,rome4 ,"s h suppos$ t1 al?\gh ^! unfri5dly ,*ri/ians 7 9 ,asia :5 ,/4 ,paul wrote ab\t !m1 yet x 0 9 ,rome t !y turn$ away f him4 ,!y _h be5 9 ,rome1 & in/ead ( rema9+ !re to com=t ! prison]1 !y _h gone away to ,asia ,m9or4 ,on ?is supposition a difficulty has be5 rais$1 & x has be5 press$ z if x told aga9/ ! g5u95ess ( ! ,epi/le4 ,h[1 x is ask$1 c\ld ,timo?y1 :o 0 9 ,ephesus1 be suppos$ to be well aw>e ( :at took place 9 ,rome8 ,& to meet ?is objection x has be5 conjectur$1 t %ortly be=e ?is lett] 0 writt5 "s "o _h gone ) news f ,rome to ,ephesus4 ,b ?is is to meet an imag9>y difficulty ) an imag9>y fact4 ,let u imag9e no?+1 & !n all runs smoo?ly4 ,e "o 9 ,asia ,m9or1 to :om application 0 made on behalf ( ,/4 ,paul1 turn$ away f him & refus$ to d :at 0 ask$4 ,( su* a fact z ?is ! ov]se] ( ! ,*ur* ( ,ephesus c\ld n fail to h k2 &1 di/ress+ z x 01 x ought n to make him s9k d[n into indol5t despond5cy1 b /ir him up to r$\bl$ ex]tion4 ,:at ! precise reque/ 0 t ,phygelus & ,h]mog5es & ! re/ _h refus$1 we d n "k2 b v possibly x 0 to g to ,rome & ex]t !mselves on ! ,apo/le's behalf4 ,( ! two p]sons nam$ no?+ fur!r is kn[n4 ,!y are m5tion$ z be+ kn[n to ,timo?y1 & v possibly z be+ resid5ts 9 ,ephesus4 ,n[ let u turn to ! case ( ,onesiphorus1 ^: conduct is su* a m>k$ contra/ to ^! o!rs4 ,9 ! mo/ natural way ,/4 ,paul fir/ ( all tells ,timo?y :at he exp]i5c$ f ,onesiphorus 9 ,rome2 & !n appeals to ,timo?y's own exp]i5ce ( him 9 ,ephesus4 ,9 betwe5 ^! two passages !re is a s5t5ce1 ins]t$ p>5!tically1 :i* has be5 ! subject ( a good deal ( controv]sy4 ,! ,"l grant unto him to f9d m]cy ( ! ,"l 9 t day4 ,on ! "o side x is argu$ t ! context %[s t ,onesiphorus is dead1 & t !re=e we h ,scriptural au?ority = pray]s = ! dead3 on ! o!r t x is by no means c]ta9 t ,onesiphorus 0 dead at ! "t :5 ,/4 ,paul wrote2 & t1 ev5 if he 01 ?is p>5!sis is m ( ! nature ( a pi\s wi%1 or expression ( hope1 ?an a pray]4 ,x ne$ sc>cely be said t on ! :ole ! latt] is ! view tak5 by ,prote/ant comm5tators1 al?\gh by no means univ]sally2 :ile ! =m] is ! int]pretation :i* f9ds fav\r ) ,roman ,ca?olics4 ,scripture else:]e is almo/ entirely sil5t on ! subject2 & h5ce ?is passage is reg>d$ z ( special importance4 ,b x ought to be possible to approa* ! discussion ( x )\t heat or prejudice4 ,c]ta9ly ! balance ( probability is decid$ly 9 fav\r ( ! view t ,onesiphorus 0 already dead :5 ,/4 ,paul wrote ^! words4 ,!re is n only ! fact t he "h speaks ( ! h\se ( ,onesiphorus 9 connexion ) ! pres5t1 & ( ,onesiphorus himself only 9 connexion ) ! pa/3 !re is also ! /ill m m>k$ fact t 9 ! f9al salutations1 :ile greet+s are s5t to ,prisca & ,aquila1 & f ,eubulus1 ,pud5s1 ,l9us1 & ,claudia1 yet x is once m ! h\se ( ,onesiphorus & n ,onesiphorus himself :o is salut$4 ,?is language is ?or\ghly intelligible1 if ,onesiphorus 0 no long] alive1 b _h a wife & *ildr5 :o 7 /ill liv+ at ,ephesus2 b x is n easy to expla9 ?is ref]5ce 9 two places to ! h\sehold ( ,onesiphorus1 if he himself 0 /ill alive4 ,9 all ! o!r cases ! individual & n ! h\sehold is m5tion$4 ,nor is ?is tw(old ref]5ce to 8 family r ?an to himself ! only fact :i* po9ts 9 ?is direction4 ,!re is also ! "* ( ! ,apo/le's pray]4 ,:y does he conf9e 8 desires respect+ ! requital ( ,onesiphorus' k9dness to ! day ( judgm5t8 ,:y does he n also pray t he may be requit$ 9 ?is life8 t he may prosp] & be 9 heal?1 ev5 z 8 s\l prosp]e?1 z ,/4 ,john prays = ,gaius 7#c ,john #b78 ,?is aga9 is ?or\ghly intelligible1 if ,onesiphorus is already dead4 ,x is mu* less intelligible if he is /ill alive4 ,x seems1 !re=e1 to be sc>cely too mu* to say t !re is no s]i\s reason = que/ion+ ! n[ widely accept$ view t at ! "t :5 ,/4 ,paul wrote ^! words ,onesiphorus 0 among ! dep>t$4 ,) reg>d to ! second po9t !re seems to be equal abs5ce ( s]i\s reason = d\bt+ t ! words 9 "q con/itute a pray]4 ,x is difficult to f9d a t]m :i* bett] describes !m ?an ! ^w pray]3 & 9 discuss+ !m "o w\ld h to be specially c>eful 9 ord] to avoid ! words pray & pray] 9 connexion ) !m4 ,x does n mu* matt] :at mean+ we give to ! ,"l 9 ea* case2 :e!r bo? ref] to ,*ri/1 or bo? to ! ,fa!r1 or "o to ,*ri/ & ! o!r to ! ,fa!r4 ,9 any case we h a pray] t ! ,judge at ! la/ day w rememb] ^? good de$s ( ,onesiphorus1 :i* ! ,apo/le has be5 unable to repay1 & w place !m to 8 acc\nt4 ,paul _c requite !m1 b he prays t ,god w d s by %[+ m]cy ^u him at ! la/ day4#ij ,hav+ ?us conclud$ t1 accord+ to ! m probable & reasonable view1 ! passage be=e u conta9s a pray] (f]$ up by ! ,apo/le on behalf ( "o :o is dead1 we seem to h obta9$ 8 sanction1 & !re=e ! sanction ( ,scripture1 = us+ simil> pray]s ourselves4 ,b :at is a simil> pray]8 ,!re are _m k9ds ( int]cessions :i* may be made on behalf ( ^? :o h gone be=e u into ! o!r _w3 & x does n foll[ t1 because "o k9d ( int]cession has ,scriptural au?ority1 !re=e any k9d ( int]cession is all[able4 ,?is passage may be quot$ z reasonable evid5ce t ! dea? ( a p]son does n ext+ui% our "r or our duty to pray = him3 b x ought n to be quot$ z au?ority = su* pray]s on behalf ( ! dead z are v diff]5t 9 k9d f ! "o ( :i* we h an example "h4 ,_m o!r k9ds ( int]cession = ! dead may be reasonable & all[able2 b ?is passage proves no m ?an t "s k9ds ( int]cession = ! dead are all[able1 viz41 ^? 9 :i* we pray t ,god w h m]cy at ! day ( judgm5t on ^? :o h done good to u & o!rs dur+ _! life ^u e>?4 ,b is ! "r1 :i* is also ! duty1 ( pray+ = ! dep>t$ limit$ by ! am\nt ( sanction :i* x is possible to obta9 f ?is solit>y passage ( ,scripture8 ,assur$ly n4 ,two o!r au?orities h to be consult$1--reason & tradition4 ,i4 ,?is pi\s practice1 s full ( com=t to affectionate s\ls1 is reasonable 9 itself4 ,scripture1 :i* is m]cifully retic5t respect+ a subject s liable to provoke unheal?y curiosity & excitem5t1 nev]!less does tell u pla9ly "s facts respect+ ! unse5 _w4 7#b7 ,^? :om we call ! dead are /ill alive4 ,god is /ill ! ,god ( ,abraham1 ( ,isaac1 & ( ,jacob3 & ,he is n ! ,god ( ! dead1 b ( ! liv+ 7,matt4 xxii4 #cb74 ,^? :o believe t dea? is annihilation1 & t !re c be no resurrection1 d greatly err 7,m>k xii4 #bg74 ,& 7#b7 ! liv+ s\ls ( ! dep>t$ are /ill consci\s3 _! bodies are asleep 9 ?is _w1 b _! spirits are awake 9 ! o!r4 ,= ?is tru? we are n dep5d5t ^u ! disputable mean+ ( ! p>able ( ,dives & ,laz>us2 al?\gh we c h>dly suppose t t p>able w\ld ev] h be5 spok51 unless ! cont9u$ consci\sness ( ! dead & _! int]e/ 9 ! liv+ 7 a fact4 ,*ri/'s p>ables are nev] m]e fables1 9 :i* nature is di/ort$ 9 ord] to po9t a moral3 ,8 lessons are ev] drawn f ,god's univ]se z x is4 ,b besides ! p>able 7,luke xvi4 #ai-ca71 !re is ,8 decl>ation t ,abraham n only exult$ 9 anticipation ( ! com+ ( ! ,messiah1 b he saw t com+ & 0 glad !reat 7,john viii4 #ef74 ,& !re is ,8 promise to ! p5it5t ?ief3 ,v]ily ,i say unto !e1 ,to-day %alt ?\ be ) me 9 ,p>adise 7,luke xxiii4 #dc74 ,c we believe t ?is promise1 giv5 at s awful a mom5t ) su* solemn assurance 7,v]ily ,i say unto !e71 w\ld h be5 made1 if ! robb]'s s\l1 :5 9 ,p>adise1 w\ld be unconsci\s ( ,*ri/'s companion%ip8 ,c\ld ,*ri/ !n h prea*$ unto ! spirits 9 prison 7#a ,pet iii4 #ai71 if ! spirits ( ^? :o _h di$ 9 ! ,flood 7 depriv$ ( consci\sness8 ,& :at c be ! mean+ ( ! s\ls ( !m t _h be5 sla9 = ! ^w ( ,god cry+ ,h[ long1 ,o ,ma/] ! holy & true1 do/ ,?\ n judge & av5ge our blood8 7,rev4 vi4 #aj71 if ! s\ls ( ! sla9 slumb] 9 ! unse5 _w8 ,x is n necess>y to quote ,scripture to prove t ! dep>t$ are n yet p]fect4 ,_! f9al consummation w n be rea*$ until ! com+ ( ,*ri/ at ! la/ great day 7,heb4 xi4 #dj74 ,if1 !n1 ! dead are consci\s1 & are n yet p]fect$1 !y are capable ( progress4 ,!y may increase 9 happ9ess1 & possibly 9 hol9ess4 ,may we n g f>!r & say1 t !y mu/ be gr[+1 mu/ be progress+ t[>ds a bett] /ate2 =1 s f> z we h exp]i5ce1 !re is no su* ?+ z consci\s life 9 a /ate ( /agnation8 ,consci\s life is always ei!r gr[+ or decay+3 & decay is incipi5t dea?4 ,= consci\s creatures1 :o are incapable ( decay & dea?1 gr[? seems to be a necess>y attribute4 ,we conclude1 !re=e1 on gr\nds p>tly ( ,scripture & p>tly ( reason1 t ! fai?ful dep>t$ are consci\sly progress+ t[>ds a condition ( high] p]fection4 ,b ?is conclusion mu/ necess>ily c>ry u /ill f>!r4 ,^! consci\sly develop+ s\ls are ,god's *ildr5 & our bre?r52 !y are1 l ourselves1 memb]s ( ,*ri/ & jo9t-heirs ) u ( ,8 k+dom2 !y are insep>ably unit$ ) u 9 ! ,communion ( ,sa9ts4 ,may we n pray = !m to aid !m 9 _! progress8 ,& if1 ) ,/4 ,paul's pray] = ,onesiphorus be=e u1 we are conv9c$ t we may pray = !m1 does x n become our b\nd5 duty to d s8 ,on :at gr\nds c we accept ! obligation ( pray+ = ! spiritual advancem5t ( ^? :o are ) u 9 ! fle%1 & yet refuse to help by our pray]s ! spiritual advancem5t ( ^? :o h jo9$ t great cl\d ( witnesses 9 ! unse5 _w1 by :i* we are p]petually encompass$ 7,heb4 xii4 #a78 ,! v fact t !y witness our pray]s = !m may be to !m an increase ( /r5g? & joy4 ,,ii4 ,tradition amply confirms u 9 ! belief t ?is pi\s practice is lawful1 & b9d+ ^u all :o recognize its lawfulness4 ,! rem>kable n>rative 9 #b ,maccabees xii4 %[s t ?is belief 9 a v extreme =m 0 common among ! ,jews1 & publicly act$ ^u1 be=e ! com+ ( ,*ri/4 ,x is highly improbable t pray]s = ! dead 7 omitt$ f ! public wor%ip ( ! synagogue1 9 :i* ,jesus ,*ri/ s frequ5tly took "p4 ,x is q c]ta9 t su* pray]s are f\nd 9 e e>ly ,*ri/ian liturgy1 & to ?is day =m "p ( ! liturgies 9 use ?r\gh\t ! great] portion ( ,*ri/5dom4 ,&1 al?\gh ! m$ieval abuses connect$ ) su* pray]s induc$ ! re=m]s ( our own liturgy almo/1 if n q1 entirely to omit !m1 yet ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& has nev] set any b\nds to ! lib]ty ( its memb]s 9 ?is respect4 ,ea* "o ( u is free 9 ?is matt]1 & !re=e has ! responsibility ( us+ or neglect+ :at ! :ole ( ! primitive ,*ur*1 & ! l>ge majority ( ,*ri/ians ?r\gh\t all ^! c5turies1 h believ$ to be a means ( advanc+ ! peace & glory ( ,*ri/'s k+dom4 ,ab\t ! practice ( ! primitive ,*ur* !re c be no "q4 ,d\bt has be5 ?r[n ^u ! liturgies1 because x has be5 said t "s portions are c]ta9ly ( mu* lat] orig9 ?an ! re/1 & !re=e ^! pray]s may be lat] ins]tions & corruptions4 ,b t _c be s2 = liturgies d n /& alone4 ,9 ?is matt] !y h ! support ( a *a9 ( ,*ri/ian writ]s beg9n+ ) ,t]tullian 9 ! second c5tury1 & also ( e>ly inscriptions 9 ! catacombs4 ,ab\t ! meagre allusions to ! dep>t$ 9 our own liturgy !re is m room = d\bt3 b p]haps ! mo/ t c safely be ass]t$ is ?is2--t "h & !re s5t5ces h be5 word$ 9 su* a way t x is possible = ^?1 :o wi% to d s1 to include ! fai?ful dep>t$ 9 ! pray] z well z ! liv+4 ,bi%op ,cos9 has giv5 8 au?ority to ?is int]pretation ( ! pray] t we & all ,?y :ole ,*ur* may obta9 remission ( our s9s & all o!r b5efits ( ,8 passion4 ,by ?is1 he says1 is to be und]/ood1 z well ^? t h be5 "h be=e1 & ^? t %all be h]eaft]1 z ^? t are n[ memb]s ( x3 & z "o ( ! revis]s 8 au?ority is great4 ,& ! pray] 9 ! ,burial ,s]vice1 t we1 ) all ^? t are dep>t$ 9 ! true fai? ( ,?y holy "n1 may h our p]fect consummation & bliss1 bo? 9 body & s\l1 is equally pati5t ( ?is mean+1 ev5 if x does n fairly dem& x4 ,= we d n pray t we may h our consummation & bliss ) ! dep>t$2 :i* might imply t !y are enjoy+ ^! ?+s n[1 & t we desire to jo9 !m2 b we pray t we ) ! dep>t$ may h our consummation & bliss2 :i* includes !m 9 ! pray]4 ,& ! petition 9 ! ,litany1 rememb] n1 ,"l1 our (f5ces1 nor ! (f5ces ( our =efa!rs1 may1 or may n1 be a pray] = our =efa!rs1 accord+ to ! way 9 :i* we und]/& x4 ,all ?is seems to %[ t nei!r ,scripture nor ! ,engli% ,*ur* =bids pray] = ! dep>t$2 t1 on ! contr>y1 bo? ( !m appe> to give a c]ta9 am\nt ( sanction to x3 & t :at !y all[1 reason comm5ds1 & tradition recomm5ds mo/ /rongly4 ,x is = ea* "o ( u to decide = himself :e!r or no he w take "p 9 ! *>itable "w ?us plac$ be=e him4#ia ,,footnotes3 #hi ,see bel[ on ,all =sook me1 9 ,no4 ,,xxxvii1 p4 #dbj4 #ij ,) ! d\ble use ( ,"l "h1 comp>e ,exod4 xxxiv4 #i1 :]e ,moses prays1 ,o ,"l1 let ! ,"l1 ,i pray ,!e1 g 9 ! mid/ ( u4 ,comp4 also ,g54 xix4 #bd4 #ia ,sec ,j4 ,m4 ,neale1 ,liturgies ( ,/4 ,m>k1 ,/4 ,james1 ,/4 ,clem5t1 ,/4 ,*ryso/om1 etc41 #ahei1 pp4 #baf-bbd2 ,c4 ,e4 ,hammond1 ,liturgies ,ea/]n & ,we/]n1 #ahgh1 pp4 #de1 #ge1 #aac1 #aef1 #ahc1 #bag1 etc42 ,e4 ,burbridge1 ,liturgies & ,(fices ( ! ,*ur*1 #ahhe1 pp4 #cd1 #bbb1 #bdi2 ,m4 ,plumm]1 ,obs]vations on ! ,book ( ,common ,pray]1 #ahdg1 pp4 #abe-abg2 ,*ur* ,qu>t]ly ,review1 ,april #ahhj1 pp4 #a-be2 ,h4 ,m4 ,luckock1 ,aft] ,dea?1 #ahgi3 also v>i\s articles 9 ! ,dict4 ( ,*ri/4 ,antiquities1 #ahge1 #ahhj4 ,,*apt] ,,xxix4 ,,! ,,ne$ ,,( ,,ma*9]y ,,= ,,! ,,pres]vation ,,& ,,transmission ,,( ,,! ,,fai?4--,,! ,,ma*9]y ,,( ,,! ,,primitive ,,*ur*4 ,?\ !re=e1 my *ild1 be /r5g!n$ 9 ! grace t is 9 ,*ri/ ,jesus4 ,& ! ?+s :i* ?\ ha/ he>d f me among _m witnesses1 ! same commit ?\ to fai?ful m51 :o %all be able to tea* o!rs also--#b ,,tim4 ii4 #a1 #b4 ,9 ?is t5d]ly affectionate address we h a v e>ly indication ( ! beg9n+s ( ,*ri/ian tradition & ,*ri/ian s*ools1 two subjects intimately connect$ ) "o ano!r4 ,/4 ,paul hav+ po9t$ out z a w>n+ to 8 *ild ,timo?y ! cold or c[>dly behavi\r ( ^? 9 ,asia :o _h turn$ away f him1 & z an example ! affectionate c\rage ( ,onesiphorus1 returns to ! *>ge ( :i* ?is lett] is s full1 t ,timo?y is n to be a%am$ ( ! te/imony ( our ,"l1 b be will+ to suff] h>d%ip ) ! gospel accord+ to ! p[] ( ,god 7i4 #h74 ,?\ !re=e1 my *ild1 ) ^! in/ances 9 m9d on ! "o h& & on ! o!r1 be inw>dly /r5g!n$ 9 ! grace t is 9 ,*ri/ ,jesus4 ,9 8 own /r5g? he w be able to d no?+2 b 9 ! grace :i* ,*ri/ freely be/[s on all believ]s :o ask x ( ,him1 ,timo?y w be able to f9d all t he ne$s = ! /r5g!n+ ( 8 own "* & = ! in/ruction ( o!rs4 ,& "h ,/4 ,paul1 9 a way ?or\ghly natural 9 "o :o is writ+ a lett] :i* is p]sonal r ?an (ficial1 div]ges = a mom5t to give utt]ance to ! idea :i* passes ?r\gh 8 m9d ( secur+ p]man5ce 9 ! in/ruction ( ! fai?ful4 ,possibly x 0 9 ref]5ce to ?is duty t he fe>$ ! natural despond5cy & s5sitiv5ess ( ,timo?y4 ,timo?y w\ld be likely to %r9k f su* "w1 or to d x 9 a half-he>t$ way4 ,or aga9 ! ?\ght t ?is lett] is to summon ,timo?y to come to him is 9 8 m9d 7iv4 #i1 #ba71 & he =?) exhorts him to make prop] provision = cont9uity ( s\nd tea*+ 9 ! ,*ur* committ$ to 8 c>e4 ,! ?+s :i* ?\ ha/ he>d f me among _m witnesses1 ! same commit ?\ to fai?ful m51 :o %all be able to tea* o!rs also4 ,9 o!r words1 be=e leav+ 8 flock 9 ord] to visit 8 spiritual fa!r & fri5d1 he is to secure ! e/abli%m5t ( apo/olic tradition4 ,& 9 ord] to d ?is he is to e/abli% a s*ool1--a s*ool ( pick$ s*ol>s1 intellig5t en\gh to appreciate1 & tru/wor?y en\gh to pres]ve1 all t has be5 h&$ d[n f ,*ri/ & ,8 ,apo/les respect+ ! ess5tials ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?4 ,!re is only "o ,gospel1--t :i* ! ,apo/les h prea*$ ev] s9ce ! ,asc5sion4 ,x is s well kn[n1 s well au!nticat$ bo? by intr9sic sublimity & ext]nal te/imony1 t no "o w\ld be ju/ifi$ 9 accept+ a diff]5t ,gospel1 ev5 ^u ! au?ority ( an angel f heav54 ,a second ,gospel is an impossibility4 ,t :i* is n id5tical ) ! ,gospel :i* ,/4 ,paul & ! o!r ,apo/les h prea*$ w\ld be no ,gospel at all 7,gal4 i4 #f-i74 ,& ?is ,div9e & ,apo/olic ,gospel is ! ,gospel :i* has be5 committ$ to ,timo?y's *>ge4 ,let him take all reasonable c>e = its pres]vation4 ,= 9 ! fir/ place1 su* c>e 0 comm&$ f ! outset4 ,*ri/ has promis$ t ,8 tru? %all cont9ue & %all prevail4 ,b ,he has n exempt$ ,*ri/ians f ! duty ( pres]v+ & propagat+ x4 ,he1 ,:o is ! ,tru?1 has decl>$ t ,he is ev] ) ,8 ,*ur*1 ev5 unto ! end ( ! _w 7,matt4 xxviii4 #bj72 & 9 fulfilm5t ( ?is promise ,he has be/[$ ! ,_s ( tru? ^u x4 ,b ,he has n[h]e h9t$ t ,8 ,*ur* is to leave ! cause ( ,8 ,gospel to take c>e ( itself4 ,on ! contr>y1 at ! v "t t ,he promis$ to be alway ) ,8 disciples1 ,he prefac$ ?is promise ) ! comm&1 ,g ye !re=e1 & make disciples ( all ! nations1 444 tea*+ !m to obs]ve all ?+s :atsoev] ,i comm&$ y2 z if ,8 promise 7 cont+5t ^u _! fulfilm5t ( ?is *>ge4 ,at ! v mom5t :5 ! ,*ur* receiv$ ! tru?1 x 0 told t x _h ! responsibility ( safegu>d+ x & mak+ x kn[n4 ,&1 secondly1 exp]i5ce has prov$ h[ entirely necess>y su* c>e is4 ,! ,gospel _c be sup]s$$ by any ann\ncem5t possess+ a l>g] measure ( tru? & au?ority4 ,s f> z ! pres5t disp5sation goes1 its claims are absolute & f9al4 ,b x may be s]i\sly misund]/ood2 x may be corrupt$ by l>ge admixture ( error2 x may be p>tially or ev5 totally =gott52 x may be supplant$ by "s m]etrici\s c\nt]feit4 ,!re 7 ,!ssalonians :o _h suppos$ t ! ,gospel exempt$ !m f ! obligation ( work+ to e>n _! bread4 ,!re 7 ,*ri/ians at ,cor9? & ,ephesus :o _h conf\nd$ ! lib]ty ( ! ,gospel ) ant9omian lic5se4 ,!re 0 ! ,*ur* ( ,s>dis :i* _h s completely =gott5 :at x _h receiv$1 t no works ( its do+ 7 f\nd fulfill$ be=e ,god1 & ! remnant ( tru? & life :i* surviv$ 0 ready to p]i%4 ,& ! ,*ur*es ( ,galatia _h be5 9 dang] ( ca/+ on "o side ! glories ( ! ,gospel & return+ to ! bondage ( ! ,law4 ,?r\gh ignorance1 ?r\gh neglect1 ?r\gh wilful misrepres5tation or int]e/$ opposition1 ! tru? might be obscur$1 or deprav$1 or defeat$2 & !re 7 few places :]e su* disa/r\s results 7 m possible ?an at ,ephesus4 ,its re/less activity 9 comm]ce & speculation2 its worldl9ess2 ! s$uctiv5ess ( its =ms ( paganism2--all ^! con/itut$ an atmosph]e 9 :i* ,*ri/ian tru?1 unless c>efully protect$1 w\ld be likely to become ta9t$ or be ignor$4 ,ev5 )\t tak+ into acc\nt ! proposal t ,timo?y %\ld leave ,ephesus = a:ile & visit ! ,apo/le 9 8 imprisonm5t at ,rome1 x 0 no m ?an necess>y precaution t he %\ld endeav\r to secure ! e/abli%m5t ( a p]man5t c5tre = pres]v+ & h&+ on 9 its integrity ! fai? once = all committ$ to ! sa9ts4 ,! ?+s :i* ?\ ha/ he>d f me among _m witnesses4 ,! la/ ?ree words are rem>kable2 & !y are /ill m rem>kable 9 ! orig9al ,greek4 ,/4 ,paul does n say simply 9 ! pres5ce ( _m witnesses 7enpion or p>ontn polln m>tyrn7 b by means ( _m witnesses 7dia polln m>tyrn74 ,9 ! ,fir/ ,epi/le 7vi4 #ab7 he _h appeal$ to ! good confession :i* ,timo?y _h made 9 ! sight ( _m witnesses4 ,z reg>ds ,timo?y's confession ^! 7 witnesses & no m4 ,!y 7 able = ev] aft]w>ds to te/ify t he _h made x2 b !y did n help him to make x4 ,! confession 0 81 n !irs1 al?\gh no d\bt !y ass5t$ to x & approv$ x2 & _! pres5ce 9 no way affect$ its goodness4 ,b "h ^? :o 7 pres5t 7 some?+ m ?an m]e witnesses ( :at ! ,apo/le said to ,timo?y2 !y 7 an integral "p ( ! proce$+4 ,_! pres5ce 0 an elem5t )\t :i* ! ,apo/le's tea*+ w\ld h assum$ a diff]5t "*4 ,!y 7 n a m]e audi5ce1 able to te/ify z to :at 0 said2 !y 7 gu>antees ( ! in/ruction :i* 0 giv54 ,! s5tim5ts & op9ions :i* ,/ ,paul might express 9 private to 8 disciple1 & ! au?oritative tea*+ :i* he deliv]$ to him 9 public "u ! sanction ( _m witnesses1 7 two diff]5t ?+s & /ood on diff]5t gr\nds4 ,timo?y _h (t5 he>d f 8 fri5d 8 p]sonal views on a v>iety ( subjects2 & he _h (t5 he>d f ! ,apo/le 8 (ficial te/imony1 deliv]$ solemnly 9 ! congregation1 z to ! tru?s ( ! ,gospel4 ,x is ?is latt] body ( in/ruction1 ?us amply gu>ante$1 ( :i* ,timo?y is to take su* c>e4 ,he is to treat x z a treasure committ$ to 8 *>ge1 a preci\s legacy :i* he holds 9 tru/4 ,& 9 8 turn he is to commit x to ! keep+ ( tru/wor?y p]sons1 :o w "k its value1 & be capable ( pres]v+ x intact & ( h&+ x on to o!rs z tru/wor?y z !mselves4 ,"s expositors int]pret ! passage z ref]r+1 n to ! ,apo/le's public tea*+ z a :ole1 b to ! in/ructions :i* he gave to ,timo?y at 8 ord9ation respect+ ! prop] dis*>ge ( 8 (fice2 & ! aori/ t5se k\sas fav\rs ! view t "s def9ite occasion is int5d$ 7comp4 #a ,tim4 iv4 #ad2 #b ,tim4 i4 #f74 ,9 t case ! ,apo/le is "h %[+ anxiety = ! e/abli%m5t ( a s\nd tradition respect+ ! duties ( m9i/]s1--a v important portion1 b by no means ! ma9 portion ( ! tea*+ :i* he _h imp>t$4 ,b ! aori/ does n compel u to conf9e ! allusion to "s "o ev5t1 su* z ,timo?y's ord9ation or baptism2 & x seems m reasonable to und]/& ! *>ge "h giv5 z a cont9uation ( t :i* occurs t[>ds ! close ( ! fir/ *apt]4 ,!re he says1 ,hold ! patt]n ( s\nd words :i* ?\ ha/ he>d 7k\sas7 f me2 & "h he *>ges ,timo?y n m]ely to hold ?is patt]n ( s\nd words fa/ himself1 b to take c>e t x does n p]i% ) him4 ,?is1 !n1 may be consid]$ z ! e>lie/ trace ( ! =mation ( a !ological s*ool1--a s*ool :i* has = its object n m]ely ! in/ruction ( ! ignorant1 b ! protection & ma9t5ance ( a def9ite body ( doctr9e3 ,t :i* ! ,apo/le1 :5 he 0 9 ,ephesus1 publicly taught1 "u ! sanction ( a multitude ( witnesses1 is to be pres]v$ & h&$ on )\t compromise or corruption z a patt]n ( :olesome doctr9e4 ,!re are unheal?y & ev5 deadly di/ortions ( ! tru? 9 ! air1 & unless c>e is tak5 to pres]ve ! tru?1 x may easily become possible to confuse weak & ignorant m9ds z to :at are ! ess5tials ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?4 ,! "q z to ! e>lie/ me?ods ( ,*ri/ian in/ruction & ! precautions tak5 = ! pres]vation ( ,apo/olic tradition is "o ( ! _m p>ticul>s 9 :i* our k ( ! primitive ,*ur* is s tantaliz+ly meagre4 ,a small am\nt ( in=mation is giv5 u 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 = ! mo/ "p q incid5tally1 z "h2 & !n ! hi/ory runs und]gr\nd1 & does n reappe> = a c5tury or m4 ,! fir/ few g5]ations ( ,*ri/ians did n conta9 a l>ge numb] ( p]sons :o 7 capable ( produc+ any?+ v consid]able 9 ! way ( lit]ature4 ,( ^? :o _h ! ability1 n _m _h ! leisure or ! incl9ation to write4 ,x 0 m important to tea* by ^w ( m\? ?an ) ! p52 & :]e 0 ! use ( leav+ records ( :at 0 be+ done1 :5 7z 0 g5]ally believ$7 ,*ri/ w\ld almo/ imm$iately appe> to put an end to ! exi/+ disp5sation8 ,out ( :at 0 writt5 mu*1 z we "k1 has p]i%$1 includ+ ev5 docum5ts ( ,apo/olic orig9 7,luke i4 #a1 #b2 #a ,cor4 v4 #i2 #c ,john #i74 ,!re=e1 mu* z we lam5t ! scant9ess ( ! evid5ce t has come d[n to u1 !re is no?+ surpris+ ab\t x4 ,! m>vel is1 n t s little contempor>y hi/ory has rea*$ u1 b t s mu* has done s4 ,& :at x behoves u to d is to make a sob] use ( su* te/imony z we possess4 ,we %all be do+ no m ?an draw+ a reasonable conclusion f ! passage be=e u if we inf]1 t :at ,/4 ,paul enjo9s ,timo?y to d at ,ephesus 0 done 9 _m o!r ,*ur*es also1 p>tly 9 consequ5ce ( ?is ,apo/olic injunction1 & p>tly because :at he enjo9s w\ld be sugge/$ 9 _m cases by necessity & common s5se4 ,?is inf]5ce is confirm$ by ! fact t x is precisely to ! cont9uity ( doctr9e secur$ by a regul> succession ( au?oriz$ & (ficial tea*]s 9 ! diff]5t ,*ur*es t appeal is cont9ually made by "s ( ! e>lie/ ,*ri/ian writ]s ^: works h come d[n to u4 ,?us ,hegesippus 7c4 ,a4,d4 #agj7 gives z ! result ( c>eful p]sonal inve/igations at ,cor9?1 ,rome1 & else:]e1 ,b 9 e succession 7( bi%ops7 & 9 e city !re prevails j :at ! ,law & ! ,prophets & ! ,"l proclaim 7,eus41 ,h4,e41 ,,iv4 xxii4 #c74 ,ir5aeus1 9 8 great "w aga9/ h]esies1 :i* 0 complet$ ab\t ,a4,d4 #ahe1 says1 ,we c enum]ate ^? :o 7 appo9t$ bi%ops by ! ,apo/les !mselves 9 ! diff]5t ,*ur*es1 & _! successors d[n to our own day2 & !y nei!r taught nor ackn[l$g$ any su* /uff z is rav$ by ^! m54444 ,b s9ce x w\ld be a long bus9ess 9 a "w ( ?is k9d to enum]ate ! successions 9 all ! ,*ur*es1 he selects z a prim>y example t ( ! v great & anci5t ,*ur*1 well kn[n to all m51 f\nd$ & e/abli%$ by ! two mo/ glori\s ,apo/les ,pet] & ,paul4 ,aft] giv+ ! succession ( ,roman bi%ops f ,l9us to ,eleu!rus1 he glances at ,smyrna1 presid$ ov] by ,/4 ,john's disciple1 ,polyc>p1 ^: lett] to ! ,philippian ,*ur* %[s :at he believ$1 & at ,ephesus1 f\nd$ z a ,*ur* by ,/4 ,paul & presid$ ov] by ,/4 ,john1 until ! times ( ,trajan 7,,iii4 iii4 #a-c74 ,aga9 he says1 t1 al?\gh !re may be diff]5t op9ions respect+ s+le passages ( ,scripture1 yet !re c be none z to ! sum total ( its cont5ts1 viz4 t :i* ! ,apo/les h deposit$ 9 ! ,*ur* z ! fulness ( tru?1 & :i* has be5 pres]v$ 9 ! ,*ur* by ! succession ( bi%ops4 ,& aga91 /ill m def9itely1 ,! ,*ur*1 ?\gh disp]s$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole _w ev5 to ! ends ( ! e>?1 has receiv$ f ! ,apo/les & _! disciples ! belief 9 "o ,god1 ,fa!r ,almighty1 etc4444 ,hav+ receiv$ ?is prea*+ & ?is belief1 ! ,*ur*1 z we said be=e1 al?\gh disp]s$ ab\t ! :ole _w1 c>efully gu>ds x1 z if dwell+ 9 "o h\se2 & %e believes ^! ?+s1 z if %e _h b "o s\l & "o & ! same he>t1 & ) p]fect concord %e prea*es !m & tea*es !m & h&s !m d[n1 z if %e possess$ b "o m\?4 ,= al?\gh ! languages up & d[n ! _w are diff]5t1 yet ! import ( ! tradition is "o & ! same4 ,= nei!r ! ,*ur*es :i* are e/abli%$ 9 ,g]many believe any?+ diff]5t or h& d[n any?+ diff]5t1 nor 9 ,spa91 nor 9 ,gaul1 nor ?r\gh\t ! ,ea/1 nor 9 ,egypt1 nor 9 ,libya1 nor ^? e/abli%$ ab\t ! c5tral regions ( ! e>?4444 ,& nei!r w he :o is v mighty 9 ^w among ^? :o preside 9 ! ,*ur*es utt] diff]5t doctr9es f ^! 7= no "o is above ! ,ma/]71 nor w he :o is weak 9 speak+ less5 ! tradition 7,i4 x4 #a1 #b74 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria 7c4 ,a4,d4 #bjj7 tells u t he _h /udi$ 9 ,greece1 ,italy1 & ! ,ea/1 "u tea*]s f ,ionia1 ,coelesyria1 ,assyria1 & ,pale/9e2 & he writes ( 8 tea*]s ?us3 ,^! m51 pres]v+ ! true tradition ( ! bless$ tea*+ directly f ,pet] & ,james1 f ,john & ,paul1 ! holy ,apo/les1 son receiv+ x f fa!r 7b few are !y :o are l _! fa!rs71 came by ,god's provid5ce ev5 to u1 to deposit among u ^? se$s :i* are ance/ral & apo/olic 7,/rom41 ,i4 p4 #cbb1 ed4 ,pott]74 ,t]tullian 9 l mann] appeals to ! unbrok5 tradition1 rea*+ back to ! ,apo/les1 9 a v>iety ( ,*ur*es3 ,run ov] ! ,apo/olic ,*ur*es1 9 :i* ! v *airs ( ! ,apo/les /ill preside 9 _! places1 9 :i* _! own au!ntic writ+s are read1 utt]+ ! voice & repres5t+ ! face ( ea* ( !m2 & he m5tions 9 p>ticul> ,cor9?1 ,philippi1 ,!ssalonica1 ,ephesus1 & ,rome4 ,is x likely t ,*ur*es ( su* numb] & weight %\ld h /ray$ into "o & ! same fai?8 7,de ,praes4 ,ha]41 xxviii41 xxxvi474 ,?is evid5ce is q suffici5t to prove t :at ,/4 ,paul *>g$ ,timo?y to d at ,ephesus 0 done n only !re b at all ! *ief c5tres ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*3 viz41 t ev]y:]e great c>e 0 tak5 to provide cont9uity ( au?oritative tea*+ respect+ ! articles ( ! fai?4 ,x indicates also t z a rule ! bi%op 9 ea* place 0 reg>d$ z ! cu/odian ( ! deposit1 :o 0 to be *iefly responsible = its pres]vation4 ,b ! precise me?od or me?ods 7= !re 0 probably diff]5t ma*9]y 9 diff]5t places7 by :i* ?is 0 accompli%$1 _c n[ be asc]ta9$4 ,x is n until ne> ! end ( ! second c5tury t we beg9 to get any?+ l precise in=mation z to ! way 9 :i* ,*ri/ian in/ruction 0 giv51 :e!r to believ]s or hea!n1 9 "o or two ( ! pr9cipal c5tres ( ,*ri/5dom2 e4g41 ,alex&ria1 ,caes>ea1 & ,j]usalem4 ,/ ,paul himself _h rul$ t a bi%op mu/ be apt to tea* 7#a ,tim4 iii4 #b2 comp4 ,tit4 i4 #i72 & al?\gh we h no reason to suppose t z a rule ! bi%op 0 ! only or ev5 ! *ief in/ructor1 yet he probably select$ ! tea*]s1 z ,timo?y is direct$ to d "h4 ,9 ! great ,cate*etical ,s*ool ( ,alex&ria ! appo9tm5t ( :at we %\ld n[ call ! ,rector or s5ior pr(essor 0 9 ! h&s ( ! bi%op4 ,&1 z we might expect1 bi%ops select$ cl]gy = ?is mo/ important (fice4 ,x =ms "o ( ! _m contra/s betwe5 primitive ,*ri/ianity & hea!nism1 t ,*ri/ians did1 & pagans did n1 reg>d x z "o ( ! functions ( ! prie/hood to give in/ruction 9 ! traditional fai?4 ,! hea!n cl]gy1 if consult$1 w\ld give in=mation respect+ ! due p]=mance ( rites & c]emonies1 & ! import ( om5s & dreams2 b ( _! giv+ sy/ematic tea*+ z to :at 0 to be believ$ respect+ ! gods1 !re is no trace4 ,x is m ?an probable t a great deal ( ! in/ruction bo? to c&idates = baptism & c&idates = ! m9i/ry 0 f v e>ly times r$uc$ to some?+ l a =mula2 ev5 be=e ! dang]s ( corruption aris+ f ,gno/icism r5d]$ ?is necess>y1 we may believe t x took place4 ,we "k t ! ,gospel hi/ory 0 9 ! fir/ in/ance taught orally2 & ! oral in/ruction v soon fell into some?+ t approa*$ to a /]eotyp$ =m4 ,?is w\ld probably be ! case ) reg>d to /atem5ts ( ! ess5tials ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?4 ,9 ,ignatius 7,philad41 viii471 ,ju/9 ,m>tyr 7,apol41 ,i4 #fa1 #ff71 & 9 ,ir5aeus 7,ha]41 ,i4 x4 #a7 we c trace :at may well h be5 =mulas 9 common use4 ,b x is n until ! middle ( ! f\r? c5tury t we get a complete example ( ! sy/ematic in/ruction giv5 by a ,*ri/ian tea*]1 9 ! ,cate*etical ,lectures ( ,/4 ,cyril1 ,bi%op ( ,j]usalem1 deliv]$1 h[ev]1 be=e 8 episcopate4 ,b :at is c]ta9 respect+ ! e>lie/ ages ( ! ,*ur* is ?is2 t 9 e ,*ur* regul> in/ruction 9 ! fai? 0 giv5 by p]sons 9 au?ority specially select$ = ?is "w1 & t frequ5t int]c\rse betwe5 ! ,*ur*es %[$ t ! sub/ance ( ! in/ruction giv5 0 9 all cases ! same1 :e!r ! =m ( words 0 id5tical or n4 ,^! facts1 :i* d n by any means /& alone1 are conclusive aga9/ ! hypo!sis1 t betwe5 ! ,crucifixion & ! middle ( ! second c5tury1 a complete revolution 9 ! cre$ 0 effect$2 & t ! traditional belief ( ,*ri/ians is n t :i* ,jesus ( ,naz>e? taught1 b a p]v]sion ( x :i* owes its orig9 ma9ly to ! ov]:elm+ influ5ce ( ,8 pr(ess$ foll[]1 b virtual supplant]1 ,saul ( ,t>sus4 ,,*apt] ,,xxx4 ,,! ,,*ri/ian',s ,,life ,,z ,,milit>y ,,s]vice2 ,,z ,,an ,,a?letic ,,conte/2 ,,z ,,husb&ry4 ,suff] h>d%ips ) me1 z a good soldi] ( ,*ri/ ,jesus4 ,no soldi] on s]vice entangle? himself 9 ! affairs ( ?is life2 t he may please him :o enroll$ him z a soldi]4 ,& if also a man cont5d 9 ! games1 he is n cr[n$1 except he h cont5d$ lawfully4 ,! husb&man t lab\re? mu/ be ! fir/ to p>take ( ! fruits4 ,consid] :at ,i say2 = ! ,"l %all give !e und]/&+ 9 all ?+s4--#b ,,tim4 ii4 #c-g4 ,/4 ,paul repres5ts ! ,*ri/ian life & ! ,*ri/ian m9i/ry "u a v>iety ( figures4 ,sometimes z husb&ry2 z :5 he tells ! ,galatians t :atsoev] a man s[e?1 t %all he also reap2 & t 9 due season we %all reap1 if we fa9t n 7,gal4 vi4 #g1 #i72 or :5 he rem9ds ! ,cor9?ians t he t pl[e? ought to pl[ 9 hope1 & he t ?re%e?1 to ?re% 9 hope ( p>tak+ 7#a ,cor4 ix4 #aj74 ,sometimes z an a?letic conte/2 z :5 he tells ! ,cor9?ians t e man :o /rive? 9 ! games is temp]ate 9 all ?+s 7#a ,cor ix4 #be72 or ! ,ephesians t our wre/l+ is n aga9/ fle% & blood1 b aga9/ ! pr9cipalities1 aga9/ ! p[]s1 aga9/ ! _w-rul]s ( ?is d>kness1 aga9/ ! spiritual ho/s ( wick$ness 9 ! heav5ly places 7,eph4 vi4 #ab74 ,sometimes1 & mo/ frequ5tly1 z milit>y s]vice2 z :5 he *>ges ! ,!ssalonians to put on ! brea/plate ( fai? & love1 & = a helmet ! hope ( salvation 7#a ,!ss4 v4 #h72 or :5 he writes to ! ,philippians ( ,epaphroditus z 8 fell[-soldi] 7,phil4 ii4 #be74 ,9 ! passage be=e u he makes use ( all ?ree figures3 b ! "o ( :i* he seems to h be5 mo/ fond is ! "o :i* he places fir/1--t ( milit>y s]vice4 ,suff] h>d%ips ) me1 or take ?y %>e 9 suff]+1 z a good soldi] ( ,*ri/ ,jesus4 ,no soldi] on s]vice entangle? himself 9 ! affairs ( ?is life2 t he may please him :o enroll$ him z a soldi]4 ,he _h us$ ! same k9d ( language 9 ! ,fir/ ,epi/le1 urg+ ,timo?y to w> ! good w>f>e & to fight ! good fight ( fai? 7i4 #ah2 vi4 #ab74 ,e ,*ri/ian1 & especially e ,*ri/ian m9i/]1 may be reg>d$ z a soldi]1 z an a?lete1 z a husb&man2 b ( ! ?ree similitudes ! "o :i* fits him be/ is t ( a soldi]4 ,ev5 if ?is 7 n s1 ,/4 ,paul's fondness = ! metaphor w\ld be v intelligible4 #a4 ,milit>y s]vice 0 v famili> to him1 especially 9 8 imprisonm5ts4 ,he _h be5 arre/$ by soldi]s at ,j]usalem1 escort$ by troops to ,caes>ea1 s5t "u ! *>ge ( a c5turion & a b& ( soldi]s to ,rome1 & _h be5 kept !re "u milit>y surveillance = _m mon?s 9 ! fir/ ,roman imprisonm5t1 & = we "k n h[ long 9 ! second4 ,& we may assume x z almo/ c]ta9 t ! place ( 8 imprisonm5t 0 ne> ! praetorian camp4 ,?is w\ld probably be s ord]$ = ! conv5i5ce ( ! soldi]s :o _h *>ge ( him4 ,he !re=e _h v l>ge opportunities ( obs]v+ v closely all ! details ( ord9>y milit>y life4 ,he mu/ frequ5tly h se5 soldi]s "u drill1 on p>ade1 on gu>d1 on ! m>*2 mu/ h wat*$ !m clean+1 m5d+1 & %>p5+ _! weapons2 putt+ _! arm\r on1 putt+ x (f4 ,(t5 dur+ h\rs ( en=c$ inactivity he mu/ h comp>$ ^! details ) ! details ( ! ,*ri/ian life1 & notic$ h[ admirably !y correspond$ ) "o ano!r4 #b4 ,milit>y s]vice 0 n only v famili> to himself2 x 0 also q suffici5tly famili> to ^? :om he address$4 ,roman troops 7 ev]y:]e to be se5 ?r\gh\t ! l5g? & bread? ( ! ,empire1 & ne>ly e memb] ( society knew some?+ ( ! k9d ( life :i* a soldi] ( ! ,empire _h to lead4 #c4 ,! ,roman army 0 ! "o great organization ( :i* x 0 /ill possible1 9 t age ( b\ndless social corruption1 to ?9k & speak ) "r-m9d$ admiration & respect4 ,no d\bt x 0 (t5 ! in/rum5t ( :olesale cruelties z x pu%$ =w>d its conque/s1 or /r5g!n$ its hold1 ov] resi/+ or rebell+ nations4 ,b x promot$ discipl9e & esprit de corps4 ,ev5 dur+ active w>f>e x *eck$ individual lic5se2 & :5 ! conque/ 0 ov] x 0 ! repres5tative & ma9/ay ( ord] & ju/ice aga9/ high-h&$ an>*y & wrong4 ,its (fic]s sev]al times appe> 9 ! n>rative portions ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 & !y make a fav\rable impression ^u u4 ,if !y are fair specim5s ( ! milit>y m5 9 ! ,roman ,empire at t p]iod1 !n ! ,roman army mu/ h be5 inde$ a f9e s]vice4 ,!re is ! c5turion ^: fai? excit$ ev5 ,*ri/'s admiration2 ! c5turion :o confess$ ,*ri/'s righte\sness & ,div9e orig9 at ! crucifixion2 ,cornelius1 ( ! ,italian cohort1 to :om ,/4 ,pet] 0 s5t2 ,c4 ,lysias1 ! *ief capta9 or tribune :o rescu$ ,/4 ,paul1 fir/ f ! mob1 & !n f ! conspiracy to assass9ate him2 & ,julius1 :o out ( consid]ation = ,/4 ,paul prev5t$ ! soldi]s f kill+ ! prison]s 9 ! %ipwreck4 ,b ! reasons = ! ,apo/le's pref]5ce = ?is similitude g deep] ?an all ?is4 #d4 ,milit>y s]vice involves self-sacrifice1 endurance1 discipl9e1 vigilance1 ob$i5ce1 ready co-op]ation ) o!rs1 sympa?y1 en?usiasm1 loyalty4 ,t]tullian 9 8 ,address to ,m>tyrs draws ) *>act]i/ic incisiv5ess ! /]n p>allel betwe5 ! sev]ity ( ! soldi]'s life & t ( ! ,*ri/ian4 ,be x s1 t ev5 to ,*ri/ians a prison is di/a/eful4 ,we 7 call$ to active s]vice "u ! ,liv+ ,god f ! v mom5t ( our response to ! baptismal =mula4 ,no soldi] comes to ! w> surr\nd$ by luxuries1 nor goes into action f a com=table b$-room1 b f ! make-%ift & n>r[ t5t1 :]e e k9d ( h>dness & sev]ity & unpleasantness is to be f\nd4 ,ev5 9 peace soldi]s le>n betimes to suff] w>f>e by toil & discom=ts1 by m>*+ 9 arms1 runn+ ov] ! drill-gr\nd1 work+ at tr5*-mak+1 con/ruct+ ! tortoise1 till ! sweat runs aga94 ,9 ! sweat ( ! br[ all ?+s are done1 le/ body & m9d %\ld %r9k at *anges f %ade to sun%9e1 & f sun%9e to fro/1 f ! dress ( ease to ! coat ( mail1 f /illness to %\t+1 f quiet to ! d9 ( w>4 ,9 l mann] d ye1 ,o bless$ ones1 acc\nt :atev] is h>d 9 ?is y\r lot z discipl9e ( ! p[]s ( y\r m9d & body4 ,ye are ab\t to ent] = ! good fight1 9 :i* ! ,liv+ ,god gives ! prizes1 & ! ,holy ,_s prep>es ! combatants1 & ! cr[n is ! et]nal prize ( an angel's nature1 citiz5%ip 9 heav51 glory = ev] & ev]4 ,!re=e y\r tra9]1 ,jesus ,*ri/1 ,:o has ano9t$ y ) ! ,_s & l$ y =? to ?is ar5a1 has se5 good to sep>ate y f a /ate ( fre$om = r\gh] treatm5t1 t p[] may be made /rong 9 y4 ,= ! a?letes also are set ap>t = /rict] discipl9e1 t !y may h "t to build up _! /r5g?4 ,!y are kept f luxury1 f da9ti] meats1 f too pleasant dr9k2 !y are driv51 torm5t$1 di/ress$4 ,! h>d] _! lab\rs 9 tra9+1 ! great] _! hopes ( victory4 ,& !y d x1 says ! ,apo/le1 t !y may obta9 a corruptible cr[n4 ,we1 ) an et]nal cr[n to obta91 look ^u ! prison z our tra9+-gr\nd1 t we may be l$ to ! ar5a ( ! judgm5t-seat well discipl9$ by e k9d ( discom=t3 because virtue is built up by h>dness1 b by s(tness is ov]?r[n 7,ad ,m>t41 iii74 ,x w be obs]v$ t ,t]tullian passes by an easy transition f tra9+ = milit>y s]vice to tra9+ = a?letic conte/s4 ,! :ole passage is little m ?an a graphic amplification ( :at ,/4 ,paul writes to ,timo?y4 #e4 ,b milit>y s]vice implies1 :at a?letic conte/s d n1 vigilant1 unwe>y+1 & organiz$ opposition to a vigilant1 unwe>y+1 & organiz$ foe4 ,9 _m a?letic conte/s "o's oppon5t is a rival r ?an an enemy4 ,he may defeat u2 b he inflicts no injury4 ,he may w9 ! prizes2 b he takes no?+ ( ours4 ,& ev5 9 ! m deadly conflicts ( ! amphi!atre ! enemy is v diff]5t f an enemy 9 w>4 ,! combat is betwe5 individuals1 n armies2 x is ! exception & n ! rule2 x is /rictly limit$ 9 "t & place1 n = all times & all places2 x is a duel & n a campaign1--/ill less a prolong$ w>4 ,milit>y s]vice is ei!r p]petual w>f>e or p]petual prep>ation = x4 ,& j su* is ! ,*ri/ian life3 x is ei!r a conflict1 or a prep>ation = "o4 ,! soldi]1 s long z he rema9s 9 ! s]vice1 c nev] say1 ,i may lay aside my arms & my drill3 all enemies are conqu]$3 !re w nev] be ano!r w>4 ,& ! ,*ri/ian1 s long z he rema9s 9 ?is _w1 c nev] ?9k t he may cease to wat* & to pray1 because ! victory is won1 & he w nev] be tempt$ any m4 ,x is = ?is reason t he _c all[ himself to be entangl$ 9 ! affairs ( ?is life4 ,! soldi] on s]vice avoids ?is error3 he kn[s t x w\ld int]f]e ) 8 promotion4 ,! ,*ri/ian mu/ avoid x at lea/ z c>efully2 = he is always on s]vice1 & ! loss ( promotion is ! loss ( et]nal life4 ,obs]ve t ,/4 ,paul does n sugge/ t ,*ri/ians %\ld keep alo( f ! affairs ( ?is life1 :i* w\ld be a flat contradiction ( :at he tea*es else:]e4 ,! ,*ri/ian is to d 8 own bus9ess1 & to "w ) 8 h&s1 t he may walk hone/ly t[>d !m t are )\t1 & may h ne$ ( no?+ 7#a ,!ss4 iv4 #aa1 #ab74 ,he has a duty to p]=m 9 ! affairs ( ?is life1 b 9 do+ x he is n to be entangl$ 9 !m4 ,!y are means1 n ends2 & mu/ be made to help him on1 n suff]$ to keep him back4 ,if !y become entanglem5ts in/ead ( opportunities1 he w soon lose t /ate ( con/ant prep>ation & al]tness1 :i* is ! indisp5sable condition ( success4 ,! same ?\ght is br\ght out 9 ! second metaphor by ! ^w lawfully4 ,! a?lete :o competes 9 ! games does n receive a cr[n1 unless he has cont5d$ lawfully1 i4e41 accord+ to rule 7nomims1 nomos74 ,ev5 if he seems to be victori\s1 he nev]!less is n cr[n$1 because he has violat$ ! well-kn[n conditions4 ,& :at is ! rule1 :at are ! conditions ( ! ,*ri/ian's conte/8 ,if any man w\ld come aft] ,me1 let him d5y himself1 & take up 8 cross1 & foll[ ,me4 ,if we wi% to %>e ,*ri/'s victory1 we mu/ be ready to %>e ,8 suff]+4 ,no cross1 no cr[n4 ,to try to )draw oneself f all h>d%ip & annoyance1 to attempt to avoid all t is pa9ful or disagreeable1 is a violation ( ! rules ( ! ar5a4 ,?is1 x w\ld appe>1 ,timo?y 0 9 "s respects tempt$ to d3 & timidity & despond5cy mu/ n be all[$ to get ! upp] h&4 ,n t :at is pa9ful1 or di/a/eful1 or unpopul>1 is necess>ily "r2 b x is c]ta9ly n necess>ily wrong3 & to try to avoid ev]y?+ t "o dislikes is to ensure be+ fatally wrong4 ,s t1 z ,*ryso/om says1 x behoves !e n to compla91 if ?\ endure/ h>dness2 b to compla91 if ?\ do/ n endure h>dness4 ,*ryso/om & "s mod]n comm5tators make ! /riv+ lawfully include n only ! obs]vance ( ! rules ( ! conte/1 b ! previ\s tra9+ & prep>ation4 ,:at is meant by lawfully8 ,x is n en\gh t he is ano9t$1 & ev5 engages1 unless he complies ) all ! regulations ( tra9+ ) respect to diet1 temp]ance1 & sobriety1 & all ! rules ( ! wre/l+-s*ool4 ,unless1 9 %ort1 he g ?r\gh all t is befitt+ a wre/l]1 he is n cr[n$4 ,?is makes good s5se1 if is n cr[n$ be int]pret$ to mean is n likely to be fir/1 r ?an does n receive ! cr[n1 ev5 if he is fir/4 ,a victori\s a?lete is rightly depriv$ ( ! rew>d1 if he has violat$ ! conditions ( ! conte/3 b no "o ev] yet he>d ( a victor be+ refus$ ! prize because he _h n tra9$ prop]ly4 ,moreov]1 !re are en\gh examples to %[ t lawfully 7nomims7 does sometimes include ! tra9+ z well z ! conte/4 ,b ?is does n seem to be ,/ ,paul's mean+4 ,9 ! fir/ similitude he takes no acc\nt ( ! "t :i* prec$es ! soldi]'s s]vice1 dur+ :i* he may be suppos$ to be prep>+ himself = x4 ,! ,*ri/ian's life & ! soldi]'s s]vice are reg>d$ z co-ext5sive1 & !re is no ?\ght ( any previ\s p]iod4 ,s also 9 ! second similitude4 ,! ,*ri/ian's life & ! a?lete's conte/ are reg>d$ z co-ext5sive1 & no acc\nt is tak5 ( any?+ t may h prec$$4 ,baptism is ent]+ ! li/s1 n ent]+ ! tra9+-s*ool2 & ! only rules "u consid]ation are ! rules ( ! ar5a4 ,no d\bt !re are analogies betwe5 ! tra9+-s*ool & ,*ri/ian discipl9e1 & ,/4 ,paul sometimes makes use ( !m 7#a ,cor4 ix4 #be1 #bg72 b !y d n seem to be includ$ 9 ! pres5t metaphor4 ,b x is ab\t ! ?ird similitude t !re has be5 mo/ discussion4 ,! husb&man t lab\re? mu/ be ! fir/ to p>take ( ! fruits3 n1 z ! ,a4 ,v41 mu/ be fir/ p>tak] ( ! fruits2 :i* seems to imply t he mu/ p>take ( ! fruits be=e he lab\rs4 ,:at is ! mean+ ( fir/8 ,"s comm5tators resort to ! r desp]ate hypo!sis t ?is ^w is misplac$1 z x sometimes is 9 c>eless writ+ & conv]sation3 & !y suppose t :at ,/4 ,paul means is1 t ! husb&man1 :o lab\rs fir/1 mu/ !n p>take ( ! fruits1 or1 m cle>ly1 ! husb&man1 :o wi%es to p>take ( ! fruits1 mu/ fir/ ( all lab\r4 ,! m>g9 ( ! ,a4 ,v4 sugge/s a simil> translation4 ,b ?is is to cr$it ! ,apo/le ) great clums9ess ( expression4 ,& ev5 if ?is transposition ( ! fir/ c\ld be accept$ z probable1 !re /ill rema9s ! fact t we h ! pres5t & n ! aori/ p>ticiple 7kopinta & n kopiasanta74 ,_h ,/4 ,paul meant :at is suppos$1 he w\ld h said ,! husb&man :o has fir/ lab\r$1 n :o lab\rs fir/4 ,b !re is no transposition ( ! fir/4 ,! ord] ( ! ,greek %[s t ! emphatic ^w is lab\rs4 ,x is ! lab\r+ husb&man :o mu/ be ! fir/ to p>take ( ! fruits4 ,x is ! man :o works h>d & ) a w1 & n ! "o :o works li/lessly or looks despond5tly on1 :o1 accord+ to all moral fitness & ! nature ( ?+s1 ought to h ! fir/ %>e 9 ! fruits4 ,?is int]pretation does ju/ice to ! ,greek z x /&s1 )\t resort+ to any manipulation ( ! ,apo/le's language4 ,moreov]1 x br+s ! say+ into p]fect h>mony ) ! context4 ,x is q evid5t t ! ?ree metaphors are p>allel to "o ano!r & are int5d$ to tea* ! same lesson4 ,9 ea* ( !m we h two ?+s plac$ side by side1--a prize & ! me?od to be obs]v$ 9 obta9+ x4 ,d y1 z a ,*ri/ian soldi] on s]vice1 wi% = ! approbation ( ,him :o has enroll$ y8 ,!n y mu/ avoid ! entanglem5ts :i* w\ld int]f]e ) y\r s]vice4 ,d y1 z a ,*ri/ian a?lete1 wi% = ! cr[n ( victory8 ,!n y mu/ n evade ! rules ( ! conte/4 ,d y1 z a ,*ri/ian husb&man1 wi% to be among ! fir/ to enjoy ! h>ve/8 ,!n y mu/ be =emo/ 9 toil4 ,& ! ,apo/le draws att5tion to ! importance ( ! lesson ( self-devotion & endurance1 inculcat$ "u ^! ?ree impressive figures1 by add+1 ,consid] :at ,i say2 = ! ,"l %all give !e und]/&+ 9 all ?+s4 ,t is1 ,he has confid5ce t ,8 disciple w be enabl$ to draw ! "r conclusion f ^! metaphors2 & hav+ done s1 w h grace to apply x to 8 own case4 ,timo?y is n ! only ,*ri/ian1 or ! only m9i/]1 :o is 9 dang] ( be+ disgu/$1 & di%e>t5$1 & dismay$1 by ! coldness & apa?y ( pr(ess+ fri5ds1 & by ! ho/ility & contempt ( secret or op5 enemies4 ,we all ( u ne$ at times to be rem9d$ t "h we h no abid+ city1 b t our citiz5%ip is 9 heav54 ,& we all ( u are at times incl9$ to murmur1 because ! re/ = :i* we s (t5 ye>n1 is n giv5 u "h2--a re/ f toil1 a re/ f temptation1 & a re/ f s94 ,su* a sabba?-re/ is ! prize 9 /ore = u2 b we _c h x "h4 ,& if we desire to h x h]eaft]1 we mu/ keep ! rules ( ! ar5a2 & ! rules are self-control1 self-sacrifice1 & "w4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxi4 ,,! ,,p[] ,,( ,a ,,belief ,,9 ,,! ,,resurrection ,,& ,,! ,,inc>nation4--,,! ,,gospel ,,( ,,/4 ,,paul4 ,rememb] ,jesus ,*ri/1 ris5 f ! dead1 ( ! se$ ( ,david1 accord+ to my gospel3 :]e9 ,i suff] h>d%ip unto bonds1 z a malefactor2 b ! ^w ( ,god is n b\nd4 ,!re=e ,i endure all ?+s = ! elects' sake1 t !y also may obta9 ! salvation :i* is 9 ,*ri/ ,jesus ) et]nal glory4--#b ,,tim4 ii4 #h-aj4 ,^! words are a cont9uation ( ! same subject4 ,!y are additional ?\ghts suppli$ to ! ,apo/le's belov$ disciple to induce him to take c\rage & to be> will+ly & ?ankfully :atev] difficulties & suff]+s ! prea*+ ( ! gospel 9 all its fulness may involve4 ,9 ! ?ree metaphors j prec$+1 ,/4 ,paul has indicat$ t !re is no?+ amaz+1 no?+ t ought to cause p]plexity or despond5cy1 9 ! fact t m9i/]s ( ! ^w h to enc\nt] mu* opposition & dang]4 ,on ! contr>y1 su* ?+s are ! v conditions ( ! situation2 !y are ! v rules ( ! c\rse4 ,"o w\ld h to suspect t !re 0 some?+ s]i\sly amiss1 if !y did n occur2 & )\t !m !re w\ld be no *ance ( rew>d4 ,"h he goes on to po9t out t ?is h>d%ip & suff]+ is v f> f be+ m]e h>d%ip & suff]+2 x has its bright side & its comp5sations1 ev5 9 ?is life4 ,?r\gh\t ?is section x is well wor? :ile to notice ! v consid]able improvem5ts :i* ! ,revis]s h made 9 x4 ,"o or two ( ^! h be5 already notic$2 b = conv5i5ce "s ( ! pr9cipal in/ances are "h collect$ toge!r4 ,suff] h>d%ip ) me1 or ,take ?y "p 9 suff]+ h>d%ip1 is bett] ?an ,?\ !re=e endure h>d%ip1 :i* :ile ins]t+ a spuri\s !re=e1 omits ! important intimation t ! h>d%ip to :i* ,timo?y is invit$ is "o :i* o!rs are endur+1 & :i* he is call$ ^u1 n to be> alone1 b to %>e4 ,no soldi] on s]vice is bett] ?an ,no man t w>re?1 & if also a man cont5d 9 ! games is m def9ite ?an ! vague if a man also /rive = ma/]ies4 ,! ambiguity ( mu/ be fir/ p>tak] ( ! fruits is avoid$ 9 mu/ be ! fir/ to p>take ( ! fruits4 ,b p]haps none ( ^! corrections are s important z ^? 9 ! passage n[ be=e u4 ,rememb] t ,jesus ,*ri/ ( ! se$ ( ,david1 0 rais$ f ! dead1 accord+ to my gospel1 gives q a wrong turn to ,/4 ,paul's language4 ,x puts ! clauses 9 ! wrong ord]1 & gives an errone\s impression z to :at is to be rememb]$4 ,timo?y is *>g$ to rememb] ,jesus ,*ri/2 & 9 rememb]+ ,him he is to ?9k ( ,him z "o ,:o is ris5 f ! dead1 & ,:o is also ( ! se$ ( ,david4 ,^! are c5tral facts ( ! ,gospel :i* ,/4 ,paul has always prea*$2 !y h be5 8 support 9 all 8 suff]+s2 & !y w be ! same support to ! disciple z !y h be5 to ! ma/]4 ,rememb] ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,e ,*ri/ian1 :o has to endure :at seem to him to be h>d%ips1 w soon] or lat] fall back ^u ?is remembrance4 ,he is n ! fir/1 & n ! *ief suff]] 9 ! _w4 ,!re is ,"o ,:o has und]gone h>d%ips1 comp>$ ) :i* ^? ( o!r m5 s9k into no?+ness2 & ,:o has expressly told ^? ,:o wi% to be ,8 disciples1 t !y mu/ foll[ ,him along ! pa? ( suff]+4 ,x is specially 9 ?is respect t ! s]vant is n above 8 ,"l4 ,& j 9 proportion z we are true s]vants w ! remembrance ( ,jesus ,*ri/ help u to welcome :at ,he lays ^u u z pro( t ,he recognizes & accepts our s]vice4 ,b m]ely to rememb] ,jesus ,*ri/ z a ,ma/] ,:o has suff]$1 & ,:o has made suff]+ a condition ( s]vice1 w n be a p]man5tly su/a9+ or com=t+ ?\ght1 if x ends !re4 ,!re=e ,/4 ,paul says to 8 p]plex$ & despond+ delegate1 ,rememb] ,jesus ,*ri/ z "o ris5 f ! dead4 ,jesus ,*ri/ has n only endur$ e k9d ( suff]+1 includ+ its extreme =m1 dea?1 b ,he has conqu]$ x all by ris+ aga94 ,he is n only ! s9less ,suff]]1 b also ! triumphant ,victor ov] dea? & hell4 ,he has set u an example ( h]oic endurance 9 ob$i5ce to ! w ( ,god2 b ,he has also secur$ = u t our endurance 9 imitation ( ,him %all be cr[n$ ) victory4 ,_h ,*ri/'s mission end$ on ,calv>y1 ,he w\ld b h giv5 to ! _w a purifi$ =m ( ,/oicism1 a ref9$ philosophy ( suff]+2 & ,8 tea*+ w\ld h fail$1 z ,/oicism fail$1 because a m]e philosophy ( suff]+ is quickly prov$ by exp]i5ce to be a philosophy ( despair4 ,r5an rem>ks ) tru?1 t ! gospel ( ,m>cus ,aurelius =tifies1 b does n console3 & all tea*+ is doom$ f ! outset1 :i* comes to a groan+ & travail+ humanity )\t any consolations to be/[4 ,:at is ! ?\ght :i* ?r\gh long c5turies has wrung1 & is /ill wr++ millions ( human he>ts ) angui%8 ,x is ! ?\ght ( ! exi/5ce & n only ! exi/5ce b ! app>5t pr$om9ance1 ( evil4 ,ev]y:]e exp]i5ce seems to tea* u t evil ( e k9d1 physical1 intellectual1 & moral1 holds ! field & appe>s likely to hold x4 ,to all[ oneself to be ma/]$ by ?is ?\ght is to be on ! road to d\bt+ ,god's moral gov]nm5t ( ! _w4 ,:at is ! antidote to x8 ,rememb] ,jesus ,*ri/ z "o ris5 f ! dead4 ,:5 has evil ev] be5 s completely triumphant ov] good z :5 x succe$$ 9 gett+ ! ,prophet ( ,naz>e? nail$ to ! tree1 l "s vile & noxi\s animal8 ,t 0 ! h\r ( success = ! malignant ,jewi% hi]>*y & = ! spiritual p[]s ( d>kness4 ,b x 0 an h\r to :i* v /rict limits 7 plac$4 ,v soon ,he ,:o _h be5 dismiss$ to ! grave by a cruel & %ameful dea?1 defeat$ & disgrac$1 rose aga9 f x triumphant1 n only ov] ,jewi% prie/s & ,roman soldi]s1 b ov] dea? & ! cause ( dea?2 t is1 ov] e k9d ( evil--pa91 & ignorance1 & s94 ,x 0 = t v purpose t ,he laid d[n ,8 life1 t ,he might take x aga93 & x 0 = t reason t ,8 ,fa!r lov$ ,him1 because ,he _h receiv$ ! comm&m5t to lay x d[n & take x aga9 f ,8 ,fa!r 7,john x4 #ag1 #ah74 ,b to rememb] ,jesus ,*ri/ z "o ris5 f ! dead does m ?an ?is4 ,x n only %[s u t ! evil aga9/ :i* we h su* a we>y /ruggle 9 ?is life1 bo? 9 o!rs & 9 ourselves1 is n 79 spite ( depress+ appe>ances7 p]man5tly triumphant2 x also assures u t !re is ano!r & a bett] life 9 :i* ! good cause w be supreme1 & supreme )\t ! possibility ( disa/]1 ( ev5 ( conte/4 ,we talk 9 a conv5tional way ( dea? z ! c\ntry f ^: b\rne no travell] returns3 b we are wrong4 ,we d n mean x s2 yet ?is say+1 if press$1 w\ld c>ry ) x a d5ial ( a fact1 :i* is bett] atte/$ ?an any fact 9 anci5t hi/ory4 ,"o ,travell] has return$2 & ,8 return is no extraord9>y accid5t or exceptional & solit>y success4 ,x is a repres5tative return & a typical success4 ,:at ! ,son ( ,man has done1 o!r sons ( m5 c d1 & w d4 ,! solid>ity betwe5 ! human race & ! ,second ,adam1 betwe5 ! ,*ur* & its ,head1 is su*1 t ! victory ( ! ,lead] c>ries ) x ! victory ( ! :ole b&4 ,! brea* made 9 ! gates ( dea? is "o ?r\gh :i* ! :ole army ( ,*ri/'s foll[]s may pass out into et]nal life1 free f dea?'s p[] = ev]more4 ,?is ?\ght is full ( com=t & enc\ragem5t to ^? :o feel !mselves almo/ ov]:elm$ by ! p]plexities1 & contradictions1 & sorr[s ( ?is life4 ,h[ev] griev\s ?is life may be1 x has ?is m]ciful condition atta*$ to x1 t x la/s only = a %ort "t2 & !n ! ris5 ,*ri/ leads u into a life :i* is free f all tr\ble1 & :i* kn[s no end4 ,! mis]ies ( ?is life are less5$ by ! k t !y _c la/ long4 ,! bless$ness ( ! life to come is p]fect$ by ! fact t x is et]nal4 ,once m1 to rememb] ,jesus ,*ri/ z "o ris5 f ! dead1 is to rememb] ,"o ,:o claim$ to be ! promis$ ,savi\r ( ! _w1 & ,:o prov$ ,8 claim4 ,by its c\ntless ne$s1 by _m c5turies ( ye>n+1 by its consci\sness ( failure & ( guilt1 ! :ole human race _h be5 l$ to look =w>d to ! com+ ( "s great ,deliv]]1 ,:o w\ld rescue mank9d f its hopeless desc5t d[n ! pa? ( s9 & retribution1 z a possibility4 ,by ! express promise ( ,almighty ,god1 made to ! fir/ g5]ation ( mank9d1 & r5ew$ aga9 & aga9 to patri>*s & prophets1 ! *os5 p _h be5 taught to look =w>d to ! com+ ( a ,savi\r z a c]ta9ty4 ,& ,jesus ( ,naz>e? _h claim$ to be ?is long$ = & expect$ ,deliv]]1 ! ,desire ( all nations & ! ,savi\r ( ! _w4 ,i t speak unto !e am ,he 7,john iv4 #bf74 ,by ,8 mighty works1 & /ill m by ,8 life-giv+ words1 ,he _h %[n t ,he _h ,div9e cr$5tials 9 support ( ,8 claim3 b n until ,he rose aga9 f ! dead 0 ,8 claim absolutely prov$4 ,x 0 ! pro( :i* ,he ,himself volunte]$4 ,de/roy ?is temple & 9 ?ree days ,i w raise x up 7,john ii4 #ai74 ,!re %all no sign be giv5 b ! sign ( ,jonah ! prophet3 = z ,jonah 0 ?ree days & ?ree nights 9 ! belly ( ! :ale1 s %all ! ,son ( man be ?ree days & ?ree nights 9 ! he>t ( ! e>? 7,matt4 xii4 #ci1 #dj71 & !n return aga9 to ! light ( day z ,jonah did4 ,he _h rais$ o!rs f ! dead2 b s _h ,elijah & ,eli%a done4 ,t prov$ no m ?an t ,he 0 a prophet z mighty z !y4 ,b no "o be=e ,jesus _h ev] rais$ ,himself4 ,if ,8 ,messiah%ip 0 d\btful be=e1 all d\bt vani%$ on ,ea/] morn+4 ,& ?is leads ,/4 ,paul on to ! second po9t :i* 8 d[nca/ disciple is to rememb] 9 connexion ) ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,he is to rememb] ,him z ( ! se$ ( ,david4 ,he is n only truly ,god1 b truly man4 ,he 0 ris5 f ! dead1 & yet ,he 0 born ( fle% & blood1 & born ( t royal l9e ( :i* ,timo?y1 :o f a babe _h kn[n ! sacr$ writ+s1 _h _m times he>d & read4 ,! ,resurrection & ! ,inc>nation2--^? are ! two facts on :i* a falt]+ m9i/] ( ! ,gospel is to hold fa/1 9 ord] to com=t 8 he>t & /r5g!n 8 /eps4 ,x is wor? not+ t ,/4 ,paul places ! ,resurrection be=e ! ,inc>nation1 a fact :i* is q lo/ 9 ! transpos$ ord] ( ! ,a4 ,v4 ,/4 ,paul's ord]1 :i* at fir/ sight seems to be illogical1 0 ! usual ord] ( ! ,apo/les' prea*+4 ,!y began1 n ) ! miracul\s bir? ( ,*ri/1 b ) ,8 resurrection4 ,!y prov$ by abundant te/imony t ,jesus _h ris5 f ! dead1 & !nce argu$ t ,he mu/ h be5 m ?an man4 ,!y did n prea* ,8 bir? ( a virg91 & !nce argue t ,he 0 ,div9e4 ,h[ 0 ,8 miracul\s bir? to be prov$1 to ^? :o 7 unwill+ to accept ,8 "m's ^w = x8 ,b ?\s&s ( p _h se5 ,him dead ^u ! ,cross1 & hundr$s _h se5 ,him alive aga9 aft]w>ds4 ,no matt] ( fact 0 m securely e/abli%$ = all ^? :o c>$ to inve/igate ! evid5ce4 ,) ! ,resurrection prov$1 ! f\ndations ( ! fai? 7 laid4 ,! ,inc>nation foll[$ easily aft] ?is1 especially :5 comb9$ ) ! desc5t f ,david1 a fact :i* help$ to prove ,8 ,messiah%ip4 ,let ,timo?y boldly & pati5tly prea* ^! great tru?s 9 all _! gr& simplicity1 & !y w br+ com=t & /r5g? to him 9 8 di/ress & difficulty1 z !y h done to ! ,apo/le4 ,?is is ! mean+ ( accord+ to my gospel4 ,^! are ! tru?s :i* ,/4 ,paul has habitually prea*$1 & ( ! value ( :i* he c speak f full exp]i5ce4 ,he kn[s :at he is talk+ ab\t1 :5 he affirms1 t ^! ?+s are wor? rememb]+ :5 "o is 9 tr\ble4 ,! ,resurrection & ! ,inc>nation are facts on :i* he has ceaselessly insi/$1 because 9 ! we> & te> ( life he has f\nd out _! wor?4 ,!re is no emphasis on ! my1 z ! ,greek %[s4 ,an enclitic _c be emphatic4 ,! ,apo/le is n contra/+ 8 ,gospel ) t ( o!r prea*]s1 z if he w\ld say1 ,o!rs may tea* :at !y please1 b ?is is ! sub/ance ( my ,gospel4 ,& ,j]ome is c]ta9ly mi/ak51 if :at is quot$ z a rem>k ( 8 is rightly assign$ to him by ,fabricius1 to ! effect t :5ev] ,/4 ,paul says accord+ to my ,gospel he means ! writt5 ,gospel ( 8 companion ,/4 ,luke1 :o _h caught mu* ( 8 _s & some?+ ( 8 language4 ,x w\ld be mu* ne>] ! tru? to say t ,/4 ,paul nev] ref]s to a writt5 ,gospel4 ,9 e "o ( ! passages 9 :i* ! phrase occurs ! context is q aga9/ any su* int]pretation 7,rom4 ii4 #af2 xvi4 #be2 cf ,tim4 #a4 i4 #aa74 ,9 ?is place ! words :i* foll[ are conclusive3 ,:]e9 ,i suff] h>d%ip unto bonds1 z a malefactor4 ,h[ c\ld he be said to suff] h>d%ip unto bonds 9 ! ,gospel ( ,/4 ,luke8 ,a ^w ( prote/ may be add$ aga9/ ! /range & impossible !ory t ! ?ird ,gospel & ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les 7 writt5 by ,/4 ,paul himself4 ,if !re is "o ?+ :i* is c]ta9 ) reg>d to ! au?or%ip ( ! ,books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 x is t ! ,acts 0 writt5 by a companion ( ,/4 ,paul4 ,ev5 de/ructive critics :o sp>e little else1 admit ?is ( portions ( ! ,acts2 & ! ,book mu/ be accept$ or reject$ z a :ole4 ,moreov]1 x is admitt$ by bo? def5d]s & assailants t ! writ] ( ! ,acts did n "k ! ,epi/le to ! ,galatians2 & x is highly probable t :5 he wrote he _h n se5 ! ,epi/les to ! ,romans & to ! ,cor9?ians4#ib ,h[ !n c he h be5 ,/4 ,paul8 ,& :y %\ld ! ,apo/le write sometimes 9 ! ?ird p]son ( :at ,paul said & did1 & sometimes 9 ! fir/ p]son ( :at we did8 ,all ?is is q natural1 if ! writ] is a companion ( ! ,apo/le1 :o 0 sometimes ) him & sometimes n2 x is mo/ extraord9>y if ! ,apo/le himself is ! writ]4 ,& ( c\rse if ! ,acts is n by ,/4 ,paul1 ! ?ird ,gospel _c be2 = x is impossible to assign !m to diff]5t writ]s4 ,moreov]1 n to m5tion o!r difficulties1 x may be d\bt$ :e!r1 m ?an two ye>s 7,acts xxviii4 #cj7 be=e ! dea? ( ,/4 ,paul1 !re w\ld h be5 "t = _m to h tak5 9 h& to draw up a n>rative conc]n+ ^? matt]s :i* h be5 fulfill$ among u 7,luke i4 #a71 & !n = him to h collect$ mat]ial = ! ?ird ,gospel & to h writt5 x1 & !n1 aft] an int]val1 = him to h writt5 ! ,acts4 ,all ! argum5ts 9 fav\r ( ! ,paul9e au?or%ip ( ! ?ird ,gospel & ( ! ,acts are satisfi$ by ! almo/ univ]sally accept$ view1 t ^! two works 7 writt5 by a companion ( ! ,apo/le1 :o 0 ?or\ghly famili> ) 8 modes ( ?\ght & expression4 ,! prea*+ ( ?is ,gospel ( ! ,resurrection & ! ,inc>nation _h caus$ ! ,apo/le 7z he "h tells u7 to suff] mu* evil1 z if he _h done mu* evil1 ev5 to ! ext5t ( a griev\s imprisonm5t4 ,he is b\nd z a malefactor2 b 8 ,gospel is n b\nd1 because x is ! ^w ( ,god4 ,he p]haps *anges ! expression f my ,gospel to ! ^w ( ,god 9 ord] to indicate :y x is t1 al?\gh ! prea*] is 9 prison1 yet 8 ,gospel is free2--because ! ^w :i* he prea*es is n 8 own1 b ,god's4 ,! ^w ( ,god is n b\nd4 ,! ,apo/le is imprison$2 b 8 tongue & 8 companion's p5 are free4 ,he c /ill tea* ^? :o come to him2 c /ill dictate lett]s = o!rs to ,luke & ! fai?ful few :o visit him4 ,he c /ill1 z 9 8 fir/ ,roman imprisonm5t1 see t :at has befall5 him may h fall5 out r unto ! progress ( ! gospel2 s t 8 bonds became manife/ 9 ,*ri/ ?r\gh\t ! :ole praetorian gu>d1 & to all ! re/ 7,phil4 i4 #ab1 #ac74 ,he has be5 able to influ5ce ^? :om1 b = 8 imprisonm5t1 he w\ld nev] h _h an opportunity ( rea*+1--,roman soldi]s1 & w>d]s1 & (ficials1 & all :o h to take cognisance ( 8 trial be=e ! imp]ial tribunal4 ,! ^w ( ,god is n b\nd4 ,:ile he is 9 prison1 ,timo?y1 & ,titus1 & scores ( o!r evangeli/s & prea*]s1 are free4 ,_! action is n hamp]$ because a colleague is %ut up4 ,! loss ( him might h a depress+ & disc\rag+ effect on "s2 b ?is ought n to be s1 & he hopes w n be s4 ,^? :o are left at l>ge ought to lab\r all ! m en]getically & en?usia/ically1 9 ord] to supply :atev] is lo/ by ! ,apo/le's want ( fre$om1 & 9 ord] to conv9ce ! _w t ?is is no conte/ ) a human organization or ) human op9ion1 b ) a ,div9e ^w & a ,div9e ,p]son4 ,! ^w ( ,god is n b\nd1 because ,8 ^w is ! tru?1 & x is ! tru? t makes m5 free4 ,h[ c t ( :i* ! v ess5ce is fre$om1 & ( :i* ! attribute is t x conf]s fre$om1 be itself kept 9 bondage8 ,tru? is fre] ?an air & m incompressible ?an wat]4 ,& j z m5 mu/ h air & mu/ h wat]1 & y _c keep !m long f ei!r2 s y _c long keep !m f ! tru? or ! tru? f !m4 ,y may dilute x1 or obscure x1 or ret>d x1 b y _c bury x or %ut x up4 ,laws :i* are ( ,div9e orig9 w surely & irresi/ibly ass]t !mselves1 & tru? & ! m9d ( man w meet4 ,,footnotes3 #ib ,x is n cr$ible t a writ] :o 0 v famili> ) ! incid5ts & p]sons m5tion$ & allud$ to 9 ,gal4 i4 #ag2 ii4 #a-e1 #aa-ad2 ,rom4 xv4 #ai1 #bh2 xvi4 #a-c1 #bc2 #a ,cor4 i4 #aa-af2 v4 #a2 xi4 #cj2 xvi4 #ae2 #b ,cor4 ii4 #ab2 vii4 #e2 xi4 #bd2 xii4 #c1 #g1 #ah1 %\ld make no m5tion ( !m or ref]5ce to !m4 ,! sil5ce respect+ ,titus w\ld be mo/ extraord9>y if ! ,apo/le himself 7 ! au?or ( ! ,acts4 ,see ,bi%op ,lightfoot's article on ! ,acts 9 ! new edition ( ! ,dict4 ( ! ,bible4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxii4 ,,! ,,ne$ ,,( ,a ,,solemn ,,*>ge ,,aga9/ ,a ,,controv]sial ,,_s1 ,,( ,,dilig5ce ,,free ,,f ,,%ame1 ,,& ,,( ,a ,,hatr$ ,,( ,,! ,,pr(anity ,,:i* ,,wraps ,,up ,,error ,,9 ,,! ,,language ,,( ,,tru?4 ,( ^! ?+s put !m 9 remembrance1 *>g+ !m 9 ! sight ( ! ,"l1 t !y /rive n ab\t words1 to no pr(it1 to ! subv]t+ ( !m t he>4 ,give dilig5ce to pres5t ?yself approv$ unto ,god1 a workman t ne$e? n to be a%am$1 h&l+ aright ! ^w ( tru?4 ,b %un pr(ane babbl+s3 = !y w proce$ fur!r 9 ungodl9ess1 & _! ^w w eat z do? a gangr5e2 ( :om is ,hym5aeus & ,philetus2 m5 :o conc]n+ ! tru? h err$1 say+ t ! resurrection is pass$ already1 & ov]?r[ ! fai? ( "s4--#b ,,tim4 ii4 #ad-ah4 ,we "h ent] ^u a new section ( ! ,epi/le1 :i* cont9ues d[n to ! end ( ! *apt]4 ,x consi/s 9 ! ma9 ( directions z to ,timo?y's own behavi\r 9 ! responsible po/ 9 :i* he has be5 plac$4 ,& ^! are bo? positive & negative2 he is told :at to aim at1 & :at to avoid4 ,z to ! mean+ ( ^! ?+s1 ( :i* he is to put 8 flock 9 remembrance1 x seems mo/ natural to ref] ! expression to ! fai?ful say+ ) :i* ! previ\s section closes4 ,he is to rem9d o!rs 7& !reby /r5g!n 8 own c\rage & fai?71 t to die = ,*ri/ is to live ) ,him1 & to suff] = ,*ri/ is to reign ) ,him1 :ile to d5y ,him is to involve ,8 d5y+ u2 =1 h[ev] fai?less we may be1 ,he mu/ abide by :at ,he has promis$ bo? ( rew>ds & puni%m5ts4 ,! fact t ! ,apo/le uses ! expression put !m 9 remembrance1 imply+ t !y already "k x1 is "s confirmation ( ! view t ! fai?ful say+ is a =mula t 0 (t5 recit$ 9 ! congregation2 a view :i* ! rhy?mical "* ( ! passage r5d]s some:at probable4 ,hav+ rem9d$ !m ( :at !y already "k well1 ,timo?y is to *>ge !m 9 ! sight ( ! ,"l1 t !y /rive n ab\t words4 ,?is phrase *>ge !m 9 ! sight ( ! ,"l is wor?y ( notice4 ,! ,apo/le twice uses x 9 address+ ,timo?y himself4 ,i *>ge !e 9 ! sight ( ,god1 & ,*ri/ ,jesus1 & ! elect angels1 t ?\ obs]ve ^! ?+s )\t prejudice 7#a ,tim4 v4 #ba72 & ,i *>ge !e 9 ! sight ( ,god1 & ( ,*ri/ ,jesus1 ,:o %all judge ! quick & dead1 & by ,8 appe>+ & ,8 k+dom2 prea* ! ^w 7#b ,tim4 iv4 #a74 ,! ^w = *>ge 7diam>ty!/hai7 indicates ! int]position 7dia7 ( two p>ties1 & h5ce comes to mean to call heav5 & e>? to witness2 9 o!r words1 to te/ify solemnly or adjure2 & f ?is latt] mean+ x easily becomes employ$ = a solemn *>ge or exhortation4 ,9 translat+1 x w\ld be q legitimate to ins]t an adv]b to express ?is3 solemnly *>g+ !m 9 ! sight ( ,god4 ,9 deal+ ) ^! pe/il5t disputes & p]il\s op9ions ,timo?y1 bo? = 8 own sake & = t ( 8 he>]s1 is to rememb]1 & to rem9d !m1 9 ,^: pres5ce he is speak+4 ,god's eye is ^u bo? prea*] & congregation2 & 9 plead+ ! cause ( tru? & sobriety ! prea*] is 9 fact plead+ be=e ! ,div9e tribunal4 ,?is w make ! tea*] w>y 9 8 words1 & w lead 8 he>]s to li/5 to !m 9 a _s ( sobriety4 ,x has be5 debat$ :e!r ,/4 ,paul has 9 8 m9d ^? fai?ful m5 to :om ,timo?y is to commit ! sub/ance ( ! ,apo/le's tea*+ 7v]4 #b71 or :e!r he is n n[ tak+ a wid] view & includ+ ! :ole ( ! disciple's flock4 ,x is impossible to det]m9e ?is ) c]ta9ty2 & x is n a "q ( mu* mom5t4 ,"o ?+ is cle>2 viz41 t ! :ole section is applicable to m9i/]s ?r\gh\t ! ,*ur* 9 all ages2 & ! words "u consid]ation seem to be well wor?y ( att5tion at ! pres5t "t1 :5 s _m unwor?y topics & s mu* unwor?y language may be he>d f ! pulpit4 ,"o is incl9$ to ?9k t if m9i/]s always rememb]$ t !y 7 speak+ 9 ! sight ( ,god1 !y w\ld sometimes f9d o!r ?+s to say1 & o!r ways ( say+ !m4 ,we talk glibly en\gh ( ano!r man's words & op9ions1 :5 he is n pres5t4 ,we may be entirely free f ! smalle/ wi% to misrepres5t or exagg]ate2 b at ! same "t we speak ) great fre$om & almo/ )\t re/ra9t4 ,:at a *ange comes ov] u1 if1 9 ! mid/ ( our glib recital ( 8 views & say+s1 ! man himself ent]s ! room6 ,at once we beg9 to measure our words & to speak ) m caution4 ,our tone becomes less positive1 & we h less confid5ce t we are ju/ifi$ 9 mak+ sweep+ /atem5ts on ! subject4 ,ought n some?+ ( ?is circumspection & diffid5ce to be felt by ^? :o take ! responsibility ( tell+ o!rs ab\t ! m9d ( ,god8 ,& if !y rememb]$ con/antly t !y speak 9 ! sight ( ! ,"l1 ?is attitude ( solemn circumspection w\ld become habitual4 ,t !y /rive n ab\t words4 ,! _s ( controv]sy is a bad ?+ 9 itself2 b ! evil is int5sifi$ :5 ! subject ( controv]sy is a "q ( words4 ,controv]sy is necess>y2 b x is a necess>y evil3 & t man has ne$ ( se>*+s ( he>t :o f9ds t he enjoys x1 & sometimes ev5 provokes x1 :5 x might easily h be5 avoid$4 ,b a fondness = /rife ab\t words is "o ( ! l[e/ =ms :i* ! malady c take4 ,pr9ciples are ?+s wor? /riv+ ab\t1 :5 opposition to :at we "k to be "r & true is unavoidable4 ,b disputati\sness ab\t words is some?+ l pro( t love ( self has tak5 ! place ( love ( tru?4 ,! ^w-splitt] wrangles1 n = ! sake ( arriv+ at ! tru?1 b = ! sake ( a dialectical victory4 ,he c>es little z to :at is "r or wrong1 s long z he comes (f triumphant 9 ! argum5t4 ,h5ce ! ,apo/le said 9 ! fir/ ,epi/le1 t ! natural fruit ( ^! disputes ab\t words is envy1 /rife1 & rail+s 7vi4 #d74 ,!y are an exhibition ( dext]ity 9 :i* ! object ( ! disputants is n to inve/igate1 b to baffle2 n to enlight51 b to p]plex4 ,& "h he says t !y are worse ?an wor?less4 ,!y t5d to no pr(it3 on ! contr>y !y t5d to ! subv]t+ ( ^? :o li/5 to !m4 ,?is subv]sion or ov]?r[ 7kata/roph7 is ! exact opposite ( :at ought to be ! result ( ,*ri/ian discussion1 viz41 edification or build+ up 7oikodom74 ,! audi5ce1 in/ead ( be+ built up 9 fai? & pr9ciple1 f9d !mselves bewild]$ & l[]$4 ,!y h a less firm grasp ( tru? & a less loyal affection = x4 ,x is z if "s beautiful object1 :i* !y 7 le>n+ to und]/& & admire1 _h be5 scor$ all ov] ) m>ks by ^? :o _h be5 disput+ z to ! mean+ & relation ( ! details4 ,x has be5 a fav\rite device ( ! h]etics & sceptics ( all ages to endeav\r to provoke a discussion on po9ts ab\t :i* !y hope to place an oppon5t 9 a difficulty4 ,_! object is n to settle1 b to unsettle2 n to cle> up d\bts b to create !m3 & h5ce we f9d ,bi%op ,butl] 9 8 ,durham ,*>ge recomm5d+ 8 cl]gy to avoid religi\s discussions 9 g5]al conv]sation1 because ! clev] prop\nd] ( difficulties w f9d ready he>]s1 :ile ! pati5t answ]] ( !m w n d s4 ,to dispute is to place tru? at an unnecess>y disadvantage4 ,give dilig5ce to pres5t ?yself approv$ unto ,god1 a workman t ne$e? n to be a%am$4 ,9 ! previ\s section ,/4 ,paul exhort$ ,timo?y to be ready to suff] = ,*ri/3 "h he *>ges him to "w = ,him2 & 9 ! language :i* he uses he indicates t su* "w is a s]i\s matt]2--,give dilig5ce4 ,! ^w :i* he uses 7sp\daze97 is "o :i* sc>cely occurs 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t except 9 ! writ+s ( ,/4 ,paul4 ,& ! correspond+ sub/antive 7sp\d7 is also mu* m common 9 8 ,epi/les ?an x is else:]e4 ,x indicates t ceaseless1 s]i\s1 e>ne/ zeal1 :i* 0 "o ( 8 *ief *>act]i/ics4 ,& c]ta9ly if ! propos$ /&>d is to be rea*$1 or ev5 s]i\sly aim$ at abundance ( ?is zeal w be requir$4 ,= ! end propos$ is n ! admiration or affection ( ! congregation1 or ( "o's sup]iors1 nor yet success 9 influ5c+ & w9n+ s\ls2 b t ( pres5t+ oneself to ,god 9 su* a way z to secure ,8 approval1 )\t fe> ( incurr+ ! reproa* ( be+ a workman :o has %irk$ or scamp$ 8 "w4 ,! ,apo/le's *>ge is a mo/ :olesome "o3 & if x is act$ ^u1 x secures dilig5ce )\t fuss9ess1 & en?usiasm )\t fanaticism4 ,! be+ approv$ 7dokimos7 implies be+ tri$ & prov$ z preci\s metals are prov$ be=e !y are accept$ 7de*omai7 z g5u9e4 ,x is ! ^w us$ ( ! pure gold ) :i* ,solomon ov]laid 8 ivory ?rone 7#b ,*ron4 ix4 #ag74 ,9 ! ,new ,te/am5t x is always us$ ( p]sons1 & ) "o exception 7,james i4 #ab7 x is us$ by no "o b ,/4 ,paul4 ,he uses x ( be+ approv$ bo? ( m5 7,rom4 xiv4 #ah7 & ( ,god 7#b ,cor4 x4 #ah74 ,! s+le ^w :i* repres5ts t ne$e? n to be a%am$ 7anepais*yntos7 is a r>e =mation1 :i* occurs n[h]e else 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,its precise mean+ is n q c]ta94 ,! m simple & frequ5t =m 7anais*yntos7 means %ameless1 i4e41 "o :o does n feel %ame :5 he ought to d s4 ,su* a mean+1 if tak5 lit]ally1 w\ld be utt]ly unsuitable "h4 ,& we !n h *oice ( two int]pretations1 ei!r 7#a7 t :i* is adopt$ 9 bo? ,a4 ,v4 & ,r4 ,v41 :o ne$ n feel %ame1 because 8 "w w be> exam9ation1 or 7#b7 :o does n feel %ame1 al?\gh 8 "w is ( a k9d :i* ! _w holds 9 contempt4 ,! latt] is ! int]pretation :i* ,*ryso/om adopts1 & !re is mu* to be said 9 its fav\r4 ,?ree times already 9 ?is lett] has ! ,apo/le spok5 ( n be+ a%am$ ( ! ,gospel4 ,he says ,be n a%am$ ( ! te/imony ( our ,"l1 nor ( me ,8 prison]4 ,aga91 ,i suff] ^! ?+s2 yet ,i am n a%am$4 ,& aga9 ( ,onesiphorus1 ,he (t refre%$ me1 & 0 n a%am$ ( my *a9 7i4 #h1 #ab1 #af74 ,does he n1 !re=e1 mean "h also1 ,pres5t ?yself to ,god z a workman :o is n a%am$ ( be+ 9 ,8 s]vice & ( do+ :atev] "w may be assign$ to him8 ,?is br+s u v close to :at w\ld be ! natural mean+ ( ! ^w1 accord+ to ! analogy ( ! simpl] =m4 ,if y are to "w = ,god1 says ,paul1 y mu/ be 9 a c]ta9 s5se %ameless4 ,!re are "s m5 :o set public op9ion at defiance1 9 ord] t !y may foll[ _! own deprav$ desires4 ,! ,*ri/ian m9i/] mu/ be prep>$ sometimes to set public op9ion at defiance1 9 ord] t he may foll[ ! comm&s ( ,god4 ,! vox populi1 ev5 :5 tak5 9 its mo/ compreh5sive s5se1 is any?+ b an infallible guide4 ,public op9ion is ne>ly always aga9/ ! wor/ =ms ( selfi%ness1 di%one/y1 & s5suality2 & to set x at defiance 9 su* matt]s is to be %ameless 9 ! wor/ s5se4 ,b sometimes public op9ion is v decid$ly aga9/ "s ( ! noble/ types ( hol9ess2 & to be %ameless "u su* circum/ances is a necess>y qualification = do+ "o's duty4 ,x is by no means c]ta9 t ?is is n ,/4 ,paul's mean+4 ,if we translate1 ,a workman t feele? no %ame1 we %all h a phrase t w\ld cov] ei!r int]pretation4 ,h&l+ aright ! ^w ( tru?1 or ,rightly divid+ ! ^w ( tru?4 ,!re is "s d\bt "h also z to ! explanation ( ! ^w r5d]$ h&l+ aright or rightly divid+ 7or?otome974 ,once m we h a ^w :i* occurs n[h]e else 9 ,new ,te/am5t4 ,its radical mean+ is to cut aright or cut /raight1 especially ( driv+ a /raight road ?r\gh a di/rict1 or a /raight furr[ across a field4 ,9 ! ,,lxx4 x is twice us$ ( mak+ /raight or direct+ a p]son's pa?4 ,9 all ?y ways ackn[l$ge ,him1 & ,he %all direct ?y pa?s2 & ,! righte\sness ( ! p]fect %all direct 8 way 7,prov4 iii4 #f2 xi4 #e74 ,! idea ( rightness seems to be ! dom9ant "o2 t ( cutt+ q second>y2 s t ! ,revis]s are q ju/ifi$ 9 foll[+ ! example ( ! ,vulgate 7recte tractantem71 & translat+ simply rightly h&l+4 ,b ?is "r h&l+ may be und]/ood z consi/+ 9 see+ t ! ^w ( tru? moves 9 ! "r direction & progresses 9 ! congregation by a legitimate developm5t4 ,! ^w1 !re=e1 excludes all fanciful & p]il\s deviations & evasions1 su* z ^? 9 :i* ! false tea*]s indulg$1 & all ^? /riv+s ab\t words1 :i* di/ract m5's m9ds & div]t !m f ! sub/ance ( ! ,gospel4 ,x may be d\bt$ :e!r ! ^w conta9s any idea ( di/ribution1 z t ! ^w ( tru? is to be prea*$ accord+ to ! capacity ( ! he>]s1--/rong meat to ! /rong1 & milk to ^? :o are /ill b babes 9 ! fai?4 ,we may feel sure t ! expression has no?+ to d ) ! cutt+ up ( victims 9 sacrifices1 or ) cutt+ /raight to ! he>t ( a ?+1 z if ! ^w ( tru? _h a k]nel :i* mu/ be rea*$ by cleav+ x d[n ! middle4 ,yet bo? ^! explanations h be5 sugge/$4 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria & ,eusebius use ! sub/antive d]iv$ f ,/4 ,paul's v]b 7or?otomia7 9 ! s5se ( or?odoxy2 :i* seems to imply t !y und]/ood ! v]b 9 ! s5se ( h&l+ aright 7,/rom41 ,,vii4 xvi42 ,h4 ,e41 ,,iv4 iii474 ,once m 7#a ,tim4 vi4 #bj7 ! ,apo/le w>ns 8 disciple aga9/ pr(ane babbl+s4 ,he is 7accord+ to ,/4 ,paul's graphic ^w7 to make a circuit 9 ord] to avoid su* ?+s1 to give !m a wide b]? 7p]ii/aso2 comp4 ,tit4 iii4 #i74 ,^! empty pr(anities1 ) _! philosophic pret5ti\sness1 _h done mu* h>m already1 & w\ld d /ill m2 = ! m5 :o propagate !m w\ld c]ta9ly g /ill great] l5g?s 9 impiety2 & !y mu/ receive no enc\ragem5t4 ,_! tea*+ is ( a k9d t w spread rapidly1 & x is deadly 9 its effects4 ,x w eat z do? a gangr5e4 ,! sub/itution ( gangr5e = canc] is an improvem5t1 z giv+ ! exact ^w us$ 9 ! orig9al1 :i* expresses ! mean+ m =cibly ?an canc]4 ,canc] is sometimes v sl[ 9 its ravages1 & may g on = ye>s )\t caus+ s]i\s h>m4 ,gangr5e poisons ! :ole frame & quickly becomes fatal4 ,! ,apo/le =esees t doctr9es1 :i* really ate out ! v he>t ( ,*ri/ianity1 7 likely to become v popul> 9 ,ephesus & w\ld d incalculable mis*ief4 ,! nature ( ^! doctr9es we ga!r f :at foll[s4 ,!y are prea*$ by ! k9d ( p 7hoit9es7 :o miss _! aim z reg>ds ! tru?4 ,!y pr(ess to be aim+ at ! tru?1 b !y g v wide ( ! m>k4 ,= in/ance1 "s ( !m say t x is q a mi/ake to look =w>d to a resurrection ( ! body1 or inde$ to any resurrection at all4 ,! only real resurrection has tak5 place already & _c be repeat$4 ,x is t intellectual & spiritual process :i* is involv$ 9 ris+ f degrad+ ignorance to a recognition & acceptance ( ! tru?4 ,:at is commonly call$ dea?1 viz41 ! sep>ation ( s\l & body1 is n really dea? at all4 ,dea? 9 ! true s5se ( ! ^w means ignorance ( ,god & ( ,div9e ?+s2 to be buri$ is to be buri$ 9 error4 ,consequ5tly ! true resurrection is to be reanimat$ by ! tru? & to escape f ! sepul*re ( spiritual d>kness2 & ?is process is accompli%$ once = all 9 e enlight5$ s\l4 ,we le>n f ! writ+s ( ,ir5aeus 7,ha]41 ,,ii4 xxxi4 #b7 & ( ,t]tullian 7,de ,res4 ,c>n41 xix47 t ?is =m ( error 0 9 exi/5ce 9 _! day3 & ,augu/9e 9 a lett] to ,janu>ius 7lv4 iii4 #d7 %[s h[ su* false notions might h gr[n out ( ,/4 ,paul's own tea*+4 ,! ,apo/le insi/$ s frequ5tly ^u ! fact ( our be+ dead ) ,*ri/ & rais$ toge!r ) ,him1 t "s p]sons jump$ to ! conclusion t ?is 0 ! :ole ( ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e ( ! resurrection4 ,! resurrection ( ! body 0 a great /umbl+-block to ,greeks & ,ori5tals1 ) _! l[ notions ( ! dignity ( ! human body2 & !re=e any int]pretation ( ! resurrection :i* got rid ( ! difficulty ( suppos+ t 9 ! _w to come also m5 w\ld h bodies1 0 welcome4 ,x 0 calamity en\gh to be burd5$ ) a body 9 ?is life3 x 0 appall+ to ?9k ( su* a condition be+ cont9u$ 9 et]nity4 ,h5ce ! obnoxi\s doctr9e 0 expla9$ away & resolv$ into allegory & metaphor4 ,( ,hym5aeus & ,philetus no?+ fur!r is kn[n4 ,hym5aeus is probably ! same p]son z is m5tion$ 9 ! fir/ ,epi/le ) ,alex&]1 z hav+ made %ipwreck ( ! fai?1 & be5 deliv]$ unto ,satan by ! ,apo/le1 to cure him ( 8 blasphemies4 ,we are told "h t mu* mis*ief _h be5 done by su* tea*+3 = a numb] ( p]sons _h be5 s$uc$ f ! fai?4 ,"s1 9 ! ,engli% phrase ov]?r[ ! fai? ( "s1 conveys an impression1 :i* is n conta9$ 9 ! ,greek 7t9n71 t ! numb] ( ^? :o 7 l$ a/ray 0 small4 ,! ,greek indicates nei!r a l>ge nor a small numb]2 b :at is told u leads to ! conclusion t ! numb] 0 n small4 ,x is probably to ?is k9d ( tea*+ t ,/4 ,john alludes1 :5 he writes "s tw5ty or m ye>s lat] ?an ?is1 & says1 ,ev5 n[ !re h aris5 _m anti*ri/s 7#a ,john ii4 #ah74 ,tea*+ ( ?is k9d 0 only too likely to be popul> 9 ,ephesus4 ,x is by no means unkn[n among ourselves4 ,at ! pres5t "t also !re is a t5d5cy to reta9 ! old ,*ri/ian t]ms & to deprive !m ( all ,*ri/ian mean+4 ,n only su* words z miracle1 ,*ur*1 ca?olic1 & sacram5t are evaporat$ & e!realiz$1 until !y lose all def9ite mean+2 b ev5 su* fundam5tal t]ms z atonem5t1 r$emption1 & immortality4 ,nay x is q possible to f9d ev5 ! ^w ,god us$ to express a ,be+ :i* is nei!r p]sonal nor consci\s4 ,& ?us language1 :i* has be5 consecrat$ to ! s]vice ( religion = a long s]ies ( c5turies1 is degrad$ to ! unwor?y purpose ( ins9uat+ pan!ism & agno/icism4 ,?is p]v]sion ( well e/abli%$ phraseology is to be condemn$ on purely lit]>y gr\nds3 & on moral gr\nds x may be /igmatiz$ z di%one/4 ,if ,hym5aeus & ,philetus wi% to d5y ! resurrection1 let !m also surr5d] ! ^w :i* expresses x4 ,!y h abundance ( words :]e) to express m5tal & moral enlight5m5t4 ,let !m n s h&le a ^w ( tru? z to make x sugge/ a lie4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxiii4 ,,! ,,la/ ,,days4--,,! ,,be>+ ,,( ,,! ,,m5tion ,,( ,,jannes ,,& ,,jambres ,,on ,,! ,,"q ,,( ,,inspiration ,,& ,,! ,,errors ,,curr5t ,,9 ,,ephesus4 ,b "k ?is1 t 9 ! la/ days griev\s times %all come4 ,= m5 %all be lov]s ( self1 lov]s ( money1 boa/ful1 haughty1 rail]s1 disob$i5t to p>5ts1 un?ankful1 unholy4444 ,& l z ,jannes & ,jambres )/ood ,moses1 s d ^! also )/& ! tru?2 m5 corrupt$ 9 m9d1 reprobate conc]n+ ! fai?4--#b ,,tim4 iii4 #a1 #b1 #h4 ,9 ! fir/ *apt] ! ,apo/le looks back ov] ! pa/2 9 ! second he gives directions ab\t ! pres5t2 9 ! ?ird he looks =w>d into ! future4 ,^! divisions are n obs]v$ ) rigidity ?r\gh\t1 b !y hold good to a v consid]able ext5t4 ,?us 9 ! fir/ division he rememb]s ,timo?y's affectionate grief at p>t+1 8 fai? & t ( 8 family1 & ! spiritual gift conf]r$ on him at 8 ord9ation4 ,& respect+ himself he rememb]s 8 tea*+ ,timo?y1 8 be+ des]t$ by ^? 9 ,asia1 8 be+ m9i/]$ to by ,onesiphorus4 ,9 ! second *apt] he *>ges ,timo?y to be will+ to suff] h>d%ips ) him1 & in/ructs him h[ to conduct himself 9 ! manifold difficulties ( 8 pres5t position4 ,& n[ he goes on to =ew>n & =e>m him aga9/ dang]s & tr\bles :i* he =esees 9 ! future4 ,!re are sev]al prophecies 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t simil> to ! "o be=e u4 ,!re is t ( ,/4 ,paul to ! ,ephesian ,*ur* "s t5 ye>s be=e1 j be=e 8 f9al dep>ture = ! bonds & afflictions :i* await$ him at ,j]usalem4 ,i "k t aft] my dep>t+ griev\s wolves %all ent] 9 among y1 n sp>+ ! flock2 & f y\r own selves %all m5 arise1 speak+ p]v]se ?+s1 to draw away disciples aft] !m 7,acts xx4 #bi1 #cj74 ,! ,epi/les to ,timo?y %[ t ?is pr$iction 0 already be+ fulfill$ dur+ ! ,apo/le's lifetime4 ,!re is1 secondly1 ! prophecy respect+ ! great fall+ away & ! reveal+ ( ! man ( s91 :i* is some:at p>allel to ! "o be=e u 7#b ,!ss4 ii4 #c-g74 ,?irdly1 !re is ! simil> pr$iction 9 ! ,fir/ ,epi/le to ,timo?y 7iv4 #a-c74 ,& besides ^! ?ree by ,/4 ,paul1 !re are ^? conta9$ 9 #b ,pet] ii4 #a1 #b ab\t ! rise ( false tea*]s1 & 9 ! ,fir/ ,epi/le ( ,/4 ,john 7ii4 #ah & iv4 #c7 ab\t ! com+ ( anti*ri/4 ,^? 9 #b ,!ssalonians & #b ,pet] %\ld be comp>$ ) ! "o be=e u1 z conta9+ a mixture ( pres5t & future4 ,?is mixture has be5 made ! basis ( a some:at frivol\s objection4 ,x has be5 urg$ t ! %ift+ f future to pres5t & back aga9 indicates ! h& ( a writ] :o is contempor>y ) ! ev5ts :i* he pret5ds to =etell4 ,sometimes he adopts ! =m ( prophecy & uses ! future t5se4 ,b at o!r times ! influ5ce ( facts is too /rong = him4 ,he =gets 8 assum$ "p z a prophet1 & writes 9 ! pres5t t5se ( 8 own exp]i5ces4 ,su* an objection cr$its ! feign$ prophet ) a v small am\nt ( intellig5ce4 ,are we s]i\sly to suppose t any "o w\ld be s /upid z to be unable to su/a9 8 "p = half a doz5 v]ses1 or less1 )\t betray+ himself8 ,b1 9 fact1 ! *ange ( t5se indicates no?+ ( ! k9d4 ,x is to be expla9$ 9 "s cases by ! fact t ! g]ms ( ! evils pr$ict$ 7 already 9 exi/5ce1 9 o!rs by ! practice 7especially common 9 prophecy7 ( speak+ ( :at is c]ta9 to happ5 z if x 7 already a fact4 ,! prophet is (t5 a se]1 :o sees z pres5t :at is di/ant or future2 & h5ce he naturally uses ! pres5t t5se1 ev5 :5 he pr$icts4 ,! mean+ ( ! la/ days is unc]ta94 ,! two mo/ important int]pretations are3 7#a7 ! :ole "t betwe5 ,*ri/'s fir/ & second com+1 & 7#b7 ! portion imm$iately be=e ,*ri/'s second com+4 ,probability is greatly 9 fav\r ( ! latt]2 = ! o!r makes ! expression r mean+less4 ,if ^! evils 7 to come at all1 !y mu/ come betwe5 ! two ,adv5ts2 = !re is no o!r "t3 & 9 t case :y speak ( ?is p]iod z ! la/ days8 ,x might be reasonable to call !m ^! la/ days1 b n la/ days )\t su* specification4 ,at ! pres5t "t x w\ld n be natural to speak ( an ev5t z likely to happ5 9 ! la/ days1 :5 we meant t x w\ld happ5 betwe5 our own "t & ! end ( ! _w4 ,! expression us$ 9 #a ,tim4 iv4 #a v probably does mean no m ?an 9 future times2 h]eaft] 7en hy/]ois kairois74 ,b "h & 9 #b ,pet4 iii4 #c ! mean+ r is 9 ! la/ days2 :5 ! ,"l is at h&4 ,x is !n t ! enemy w be all[$ to put =? all 8 p[]1 9 ord] to be m completely ov]?r[n4 ,!n inde$ !re w be p]il\s1 critical1 griev\s times 7kairoi *alepoi74 ,! ,apo/le treats x z possible1 or ev5 probable1 t ,timo?y w live to see ! tr\bles :i* w m>k ! eve ( ,*ri/'s return4 ,! ,apo/les %>$1 & contribut$ to produce1 ! belief t ! ,"l w\ld come aga9 soon1 )9 ! lifetime ( "s :o 7 !n alive4 ,ev5 at ! close ( a long life we f9d ! la/ surviv+ ,apo/le po9t+ out to ! ,*ur* t x is ! la/ h\r 7#a ,john ii4 #ah71 obvi\sly mean+ by t expression1 t x is ! "t imm$iately prec$+ ! return ( ,*ri/ to judge ! _w4 ,& "s tw5ty ye>s lat] we f9d ,ignatius writ+ to ! ,ephesians ,^! are ! la/ times 7es*atoi kairoi74 ,h5ce=? let u be rev]5t2 let u fe> ! longsuff]+ ( ,god1 le/ x turn into a judgm5t aga9/ u4 ,= ei!r let u fe> ! wra? :i* is to come1 or let u love ! grace :i* n[ is 7,eph4 xi474 ,only by ! =ce ( exp]i5ce 0 ! m9d ( ! ,*ur* cle>$ s z to see ! ,k+dom ( ,*ri/ 9 its true p]spective4 ,! w>n+ :i* ,jesus _h giv51 t ( t day or t h\r kn[e? no "o1 n ev5 ! angels 9 heav51 nei!r ! ,son1 b ! ,fa!r1 seems to h be5 und]/ood z mean+ no m ?an ! decl>ation 9 an h\r t ye ?9k n ! ,son ( man come?4 ,t is1 x 0 und]/ood z a w>n+ aga9/ be+ f\nd unprep>$1 & n z a w>n+ aga9/ =m+ conjectures z to h[ ne> ,*ri/'s return 04 ,!re=e we ne$ n be at all surpris$ at ,/4 ,paul writ+ to ,timo?y 9 a way :i* implies t ,timo?y w probably live to see ! evils :i* w imm$iately prec$e ,*ri/'s return1 & mu/ be on 8 gu>d aga9/ be+ amaz$ or ov]:elm$ by !m4 ,he is to turn away f ! int5se wick$ness :i* w !n be manife/$1 & g on undismay$ ) 8 own "w4 ,l z ,jannes & ,jambres )/ood ,moses1 s d ^! also )/& ! tru?4 ,! ,apo/le is obvi\sly ref]r+ to ! ,egyptian magicians m5tion$ 9 ,exodus4 ,b 9 ! ,p5tateu* nei!r _! numb] nor _! names are giv52 s t we mu/ suppose t ,/4 ,paul is ref]r+ to "s ,jewi% tradition on ! subject4 ,! numb] two 0 v possibly sugge/$ by ! numb] ( _! oppon5ts3--,moses & ,a>on on "o side1 & two magicians on ! o!r4 ,& on ea* side x is a pair ( bro!rs2 = ! ,t>gum ( ,jona?an repres5ts ! magicians z sons ( ,balaam1 =m]ly in/ructors ( ,moses1 b aft]w>ds 8 enemies4 ,! names v>y 9 ,jewi% tradition4 ,jannes is sometimes ,johannes1 & ,jambres is sometimes ei!r ,mambres or ,ambrosius4 ,! tradition respect+ !m 0 app>5tly widely spread4 ,x 0 kn[n to ,num5ius1 a ,platonic philosoph] ( ,apameia 9 ,syria1 :o is m5tion$ by ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria 7,/rom41 ,i4 xxii471 & quot$ by ,orig5 & ,eusebius z giv+ an acc\nt ( ,jannes & ,jambres 7,con4 ,cels41 ,,iv4 li42 ,praep4 ,evang41 ,,ix4 viii474 ,9 ,africa we f9d "s k ( ! tradition exhibit$ by ,appuleius1 ! fam\s au?or ( ! ,gold5 ,ass1 :o l ,num5ius fl\ri%$ 9 ! second c5tury4 ,& 9 ! previ\s c5tury ano!r ,lat9 writ]1 ,pl9y ! ,eld]1 %[s a simil> k4 ,bo? ( !m m5tion ,jannes z a magician 9 connexion ) ,moses1 :o is also 9 _! eyes a magician2 b ,pl9y appe>s to ?9k t bo? ,moses & ,jannes 7 ,jews4#ic ,x is highly improbable t any ( ^! writ]s d]iv$ _! k ( ^! names f ! passage be=e u2 9 ! case ( ,pl9y ?is w\ld sc>cely h be5 possible4 ,8 ,natural ,hi/ory 0 publi%$ ab\t ,a4,d4 #gg1 & at t "t ! ,second ,epi/le to ,timo?y mu/ h be5 kn[n to b few1 ev5 among ,*ri/ians4 ,! au?or ( ! apocryphal ,gospel ( ,nicodemus v possibly did d]ive 8 k ( ! names f ,/4 ,paul2 yet he may h _h indep5d5t s\rces ( in=mation4 ,he repres5ts ,nicodemus z plead+ be=e ,pilate t ,jannes & ,jambres work$ miracles be=e ,ph>aoh2 b because !y 7 n f ,god1 :at !y did 0 de/roy$4 ,:]eas ,jesus rais$ up ,laz>us1 & he is alive 7*ap4 v474 ,"o ( ! able/ ( ,engli% comm5tators on ^! ,epi/les rem>ks ^u ?is passage1 ,x is probable t ! ,apo/le d]iv$ ^! names f a curr5t & 7be+ quot$ by him7 true tradition ( ! ,jewi% ,*ur*4 ,& 9 a simil> _s a writ] 9 ! ,diction>y ( ! ,bible ?9ks t x w\ld be inconsi/5t ) ! "* ( an inspir$ record = a baseless or incorrect curr5t tradition to be cit$4 ,let u look at ! ph5om5a ( ! case & see :e!r ! numb] & ! names appe> to be tru/wor?y or o!rwise1 & !n consid] ! "q ( inspiration4 ,to drag 9 ! latt] "q 9 ord] to det]m9e ! =m]1 is to beg9 at ! wrong end4 ,t !re %\ld be a pair ( bro!rs to oppose a pair ( bro!rs1 has be5 po9t$ out already z a suspici\s circum/ance4 ,! j+l+ pair+ ( ! names is also m l fiction ?an fact4 ,?irdly1 ! names appe> to be 9 =mation1 n ,egyptian1 b ,hebrew2 :i* w\ld naturally be ! case if ,jews inv5t$ !m1 b w\ld be extraord9>y if !y 7 g5u9e names ( ,egyptians4 ,la/ly1 ,jannes might come f a ,hebrew root :i* means to s$uce1 & ,jambres f "o :i* means to rebel4 ,if ,jews 7 to inv5t names = ! ,egyptian magicians1 :at names w\ld !y be m likely to fa/5 on !m ?an su* z w\ld sugge/ s$uctive error & rebelli\s opposition8 ,& is x probable t a really tru/wor?y tradition1 on su* an unimportant fact z ! names ( ! en*ant]s :o oppos$ ,moses1 w\ld h surviv$ ?r\gh s _m c5turies8 ,sob] & unbiass$ critics w = ! mo/ "p admit t ! probabilities are v decid$ly aga9/ ! supposition t ^! names are true names1 pres]v$ f oblivion by "s writt5 or unwritt5 tradition outside ,scripture4 ,b is x consi/5t ) ! "* ( an inspir$ writ] to quote an incorrect tradition8 ,only ^? :o hold some:at n>r[ & rigid !ories ( inspiration w hesitate to answ] ?is "q 9 ! affirmative4 ,no "o believes t inspir$ p]sons are 9 possession ( all k on all subjects4 ,& if ^! names 7 commonly accept$ z au!ntic by ! ,jews ( ,/4 ,paul's day1 w\ld 8 inspiration necess>ily keep him f %>+ t belief8 ,ev5 if he 7 well aw>e t ! tradition respect+ ! names 0 untru/wor?y1 !re w\ld be no?+ surpris+ 9 8 speak+ ( ! magicians "u _! commonly accept$ names1 :5 address+ "o to :om ! tradition w\ld be well kn[n4 ,& if 7z is m probable7 he believ$ ! names to be g5u9e1 !re is /ill less to surprise u 9 8 mak+ use ( !m to add vivacity to ! comp>ison4 ,no?+ 9 ,god's deal+s ) mank9d w>rants u 9 believ+ t ,he w\ld grant a special revelation to an ,apo/le1 9 ord] to pres]ve him f s h>mless a proce$+ z illu/rat+ an argum5t by cit+ ! incorrect details :i* tradition _h add$ to hi/orical facts4 ,& x is wor? not+ t no?+ is bas$ ^u ! names2 !y occur 9 :at is m]e illu/ration4 ,& ev5 9 ! illu/ration x is n ! names t h po9t1 b ! p]sons1 :o are suppos$ to h borne !m2 & ! p]sons are real1 al?\gh ! names are probably fictiti\s4 ,/ill less are we w>rant$ 9 believ+1 z ,*ryso/om sugge/s1 t ,/4 ,paul by inspiration _h sup]natural k ( ! names4 ,z we h se51 ! names 7 kn[n ev5 to ,g5tiles :o _c well h d]iv$ _! k f him2 & :y %\ld he h receiv$ a revelation ab\t a trifle :i* 9 no way helps 8 argum5t8 ,su* views ( inspiration1 al?\gh ! product ( a rev]5tial _s1 degrade r ?an exalt our conceptions ( x4 ,! ma9 po9t ( ! comp>ison betwe5 ! two cases appe>s to be opposition to ! tru?4 ,b !re is p]haps m 9 x ?an t4 ,! magicians )/ood ,moses by pr(ess+ to d ! same wond]s t he did2 & ! h]etics )/ood ,timo?y by pr(ess+ to prea* ! same gospel z he did4 ,?is 0 frequ5tly ! l9e tak5 by h]etical tea*]s2 to disclaim all int5tion ( tea*+ any?+ new1 & to pr(ess sub/antial1 if n complete1 agreem5t ) ^? :om !y oppos$4 ,!y affirm$ t _! tea*+ 0 only ! old tru? look$ at f ano!r po9t ( view4 ,!y us$ ! same phraseology z ,apo/les _h us$3 !y m]ely gave x a m compreh5sive 7or1 z w\ld n[ be said1 a m ca?olic7 mean+4 ,9 ?is way ! unw>y 7 m easily s$uc$1 & ! suspicions ( ! simple 7 less easily ar\s$4 ,b su* p]sons betray !mselves be=e long4 ,_! m9d is f\nd to be ta9t$2 & :5 !y are put to ! pro( respect+ ! fai?1 !y _c /& ! te/ 7adokimoi74 ,!re is no?+ improbable 9 ! supposition t ,/4 ,paul m5tions ! magicians :o )/ood ,moses z typical oppon5ts ( ! tru?1 because ! false tea*]s at ,ephesus us$ magic arts2 & ! ^w :i* he uses = impo/ors 7gtes7 9 v]4 #ac fits 9 v well ) su* a supposition1 al?\gh x by no means makes x c]ta94 ,ephesus 0 fam\s = its *>ms & incantations 7,ephesia grammata71 & ar\nd ! /atue ( its goddess ,artemis 7 un9telligible inscriptions1 to :i* a /range efficacy 0 ascrib$4 ,! fir/ body ( ,*ri/ians 9 ,ephesus _h be5 ta9t$ by s5seless wick$ness ( ?is k9d4 ,aft] accept+ ,*ri/ianity !y _h secretly reta9$ _! magic4 ,! sons ( ! ,jew ,sceva _h tri$ to use ! sacr$ "n ( ,jesus z a magical =m ( exorcism2 & ?is br\ght ab\t ! crisis 9 :i* numb]s ( co/ly books ( incantations 7 publicly burn$ 7,acts xix4 #ac-bj74 ,! evil w\ld be pretty sure to break out aga91 especially among new conv]ts2 j z x does among negro conv]ts at ! pres5t day4 ,moreov] we "k t 9 "s cases !re 0 a v close connexion betwe5 "s =ms ( h]esy & magic3 s t ! sugge/ion t ,/4 ,paul has pret5sions to miracul\s p[] 9 8 m9d1 :5 he comp>es ! false tea*]s to ! ,egyptian magicians1 is by no means improbable4 ,! connexion betwe5 h]esy & sup]/ition is a v real & a v close "o4 ,! rejection or surr5d] ( religi\s tru? is frequ5tly accompani$ by ! acceptance ( irrational beliefs4 ,p d5y miracles & believe 9 spiritualism2 !y cavil at ! efficacy ( sacram5ts & accept z cr$ible ! amaz+ prop]ties ( an 'a/ral body4' ,!re is su* a ?+ z ! nemesis ( unbelief4 ,! arrogance :i* rejects z repugnant to reason & morality tru?s :i* h ?r\gh\t long c5turies satisfi$ ! highe/ intellects & ! noble/ he>ts1 is sometimes puni%$ by be+ s$uc$ into delusions :i* satisfy no?+ high] ?an a grovell+ curiosity4 ,,footnotes3 #ic ,e/ et alia ,magices factio a ,moyse1 et ,janne1 et ,jotape ,judaeis p5d5s 7,pl94 ,hi/4 ,nat41 ,,xxx4 ii474 ,si quamlibet emolum5tum probav]itis1 ego ille sim ,c>9ondas1 vel ,damig]on1 vel is ,moses1 vel ,jannes al4 l4 ,johannes1 vel ,apollonius1 vel ipse ,d>danus1 vel quieunque po/ ,zoroa/r5 et ,ho/an5 int] ,magos celebratus e/ 7,appul41 ,apologia1 #edd1 p4 #ehj ed4 ,oud5dorp74 ,,*apt] ,,xxxiv4 ,,! ,,p]ils ,,( ,,rationalism ,,& ,,! ,,responsibilities ,,( ,a ,,lifelong ,,contact ,,) ,,tru?4--,,! ,,prop]ties ,,( ,,inspir$ ,,writ+s4 ,b abide ?\ 9 ! ?+s :i* ?\ ha/ le>n$ & ha/ be5 assur$ (1 kn[+ ( :om ?\ ha/ le>n$ !m2 & t f a babe ?\ ha/ kn[n ! sacr$ writ+s1 :i* are able to make !e wise unto salvation ?r\gh fai? :i* is 9 ,*ri/ ,jesus4 ,e scripture inspir$ ( ,god is also pr(itable = tea*+1 = repro(1 = correction1 = in/ruction :i* is 9 righte\sness3 t ! man ( ,god may be complete1 furni%$ completely unto e good "w4--#b ,,tim4 iii4 #ad-ag4 ,= ! second "t 9 ?is p>agraph ! ,apo/le puts 8 fai?ful disciple 9 m>k$ contra/ to ! h]etical tea*]s4 ,a few l9es be=e1 aft] comp>+ ! latt] to ! ,egyptian magicians1 he cont9ues1 ,b ?\ 7sy de7 did/ foll[ my tea*+4 ,& 9 ! passage be=e u1 aft] say+ t evil m5 & impo/ors %all wax worse & worse1 he cont9ues1 ,b abide ?\ 7sy de m5e7 9 ! ?+s :i* ?\ ha/ le>n$4 ,"h !re is a d\ble contra/2 fir/ betwe5 ,timo?y & ! impo/ors1 & secondly betwe5 8 abid+ 9 ! tru? & _! go+ away f x1 & s f bad to worse1 fir/ z deceiv]s & !n z be+ deceiv$4 ,!y beg9 by be+ s$uc]s & end 9 be+ dupes1 & ! dupes 7v (t57 ( _! own deceptions2 = deceit commonly leads to self-deceit4 ,su* a result may well act z a w>n+ to ,timo?y & ^? committ$ to 8 *>ge ( ! p]il ( trifl+ ) ! fundam5tals ( religi\s tru?4 ,! articles ( ! ,*ri/ian fai? are n l ! commodities 9 a baza> f :i* "o c pick & *oose at pleasure1 & ( :i* "o c take ?ree or f\r )\t 9 any way affect+ "o's relation to ! rema9d]1 or reject ?ree or f\r1 )\t 9 any way affect+ ! security ( "o's hold ^u ^? :i* "o decides to take4 ,) reg>d to ! tru?s ( religion1 our "r to pick & *oose has v /rict limits4 ,:5 ! sy/em z a :ole has pres5t$ its cr$5tials to ! reason & ! consci5ce1 & ^! h decid$ t ! be>] ( su* cr$5tials mu/ be ! repres5tative ( a ,div9e ,be+1 !n ! attempt to pick & *oose among ! details ( ! sy/em becomes p]il\s "w4 ,to reject ?is or t item1 z be+ m]e fr+e & sett+ r ?an a con/itu5t elem5t1 or z be+ at any rate uness5tial1 may be to endang] ! :ole /ructure4 ,we may be leav+ an impregnable position = an expos$ & unt5able "o1 or be ex*ang+ a secure plat=m = an incl9$ plane1 on :i* we %all f9d no la/+ re/+ place until ! bottom is rea*$4 ,& ?is 0 :at ! m51 aga9/ :om ,timo?y is w>n$1 _h done4 ,!y _h left ! sure position1 & 7 sometimes slid+1 sometimes runn+1 fur!r & fur!r away f ! tru?4 ,9 o!r words1 !re is a "r & a wrong use ( reason 9 matt]s ( fai?4 ,! wrong use is sometimes spok5 ( z ,rationalism1 & 7adopt+ t t]m z conv5i5t7 ! foll[+ cle> /atem5t1 borr[$ f ano!r writ]1 w %[ 9 a /rik+ way :]e x 0 t ,/4 ,paul wi%$ ,timo?y to "p company ) ! pr9ciples ( 8 oppon5ts4 ,z reg>ds ,reveal$ ,tru?1 wrote ,j4 ,h4 ,newman 9 #ahce1 x is n ,rationalism to set ab\t to asc]ta91 by ! ex]cise ( reason1 :at ?+s are atta9able by reason1 & :at are n2 nor1 9 ! abs5ce ( an express ,revelation1 to inquire into ! tru?s ( ,religion1 z !y come to u by nature2 nor to det]m9e :at pro(s are necess>y = ! acceptance ( a ,revelation1 if x be giv52 nor to reject a ,revelation on ! plea ( insuffici5t pro(2 nor1 aft] recognis+ x z ,div9e1 to inve/igate ! mean+ ( its decl>ations1 & to int]pret its language2 nor to use its doctr9es1 z f> z !y c be fairly us$1 9 inquir+ into its div9ity2 nor to comp>e & connect !m ) our previ\s k1 ) a view ( mak+ !m p>ts ( a :ole2 nor to br+ !m into dep5d5ce on ea* o!r1 to trace _! mutual relations1 & to pursue !m to _! legitimate issues4 ,?is is n ,rationalism4 ,b x is ,rationalism to accept ! ,revelation1 & !n to expla9 x away2 to speak ( x z ! ,^w ( ,god1 & to treat x z ! ^w ( man2 to refuse to let x speak = itself2 to claim to be told ! :y & ! h[ ( ,god's deal+s ) u1 z !re9 describ$1 & to assign to ,him a motive & a scope ( our own2 to /umble at ! p>tial k :i* ,he may give u ( !m2 to put aside :at is obscure1 z if x _h n be5 said at all2 to accept "o half ( :at has be5 told u1 & n ! o!r half2 to assume t ! cont5ts ( ,revelation are also its pro(2 to frame "s gratuit\s hypo!sis ab\t !m1 & !n to g>ble1 gloss1 & col\r !m1 to trim1 clip1 p>e away & twi/ !m1 9 ord] to br+ !m into con=mity ) ! idea to :i* we h subject$ !m4#id ,timo?y is to abide 9 ^? ?+s :i* he has le>n$ & be5 assur$ (4 ,he has exp]i5c$ ! result :i* ,/4 ,luke wi%$ to produce 9 ,!ophilus :5 he wrote 8 ,gospel3 he has atta9$ to full k ( ! c]ta9ty conc]n+ ! ?+s :]e9 he _h be5 in/ruct$ 7,luke i4 #d74 ,& he is n to all[ ! wild tea*+ ( 8 oppon5ts1 ?or\ghly discr$it$ z x is & w be by equally wild conduct1 to %ake 8 security4 ,n ev]y?+ t is disput$ is disputable1 nor ev]y?+ t is d\bt$ d\btful4 ,& if ! fruits ( ! two k9ds ( tea*+ d n fully conv9ce him ( ! necessity ( abid+ by ! old tru?s r ?an by ! sugge/ions ( ^! innovators1 let him rememb] ^? f :om he fir/ le>nt ! tru?s ( ! ,gospel1--8 gr&mo!r ,lois1 8 "m ,eunice1 & ! ,apo/le himself4 ,:5 x comes to a "q ( ! au?ority ( ! tea*]s1 :i* gr\p w he *oose8 ,^? :o e/abli%$ him 9 ! fai?1 or ^? :o are try+ to s$uce m5 away f x8 ,!re is a little d\bt ab\t ! ^w ( :om ?\ ha/ le>n$ !m4 ,! :om is probably plural 7p>a t9n72 b a read+ :i* makes x s+ul> 7p>a t9os7 is /rongly support$4 ,! plural mu/ include all ,timo?y's *ief in/ructors 9 ! fai?1 especially ! e>lie/1 z is cle> f ! nature ( ! case & f :at foll[s4 ,if ! s+ul> is adopt$1 we mu/ ref] x to ,/4 ,paul1 9 accordance ) ! ?+s :i* ?\ ha/ he>d f me 444 ! same commit ?\ to fai?ful m5 7ii4 #b74 ,x is possible t ! words j quot$ h influ5c$ ! read+ 9 ! passage "u consid]ation1 & h caus$ ! sub/itution ( ! s+ul> = ! plural4 ,b !re is a fur!r consid]ation4 ,!re is n only ! "* ( ! doctr9e on ea* side1 & ! fruits ( ! doctr9e on ea* side1 & ! tea*]s ( :om ,timo?y has _h p]sonal exp]i5ce1 & ab\t ^: k & tru/wor?9ess he c judge2 !re is also ! fact t f 8 t5d]e/ infancy he has _h ! bless+ ( be+ 9 contact ) ! tru?1 fir/ z x is reveal$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & !n z x is /ill fur!r reveal$ 9 ! ,gospel4 ,! responsibilities ( ^? :o f _! e>lie/ days h be5 all[$ to gr[ 9 ! k ( ,god & ( ,8 gov]nm5t ( ! _w1 are f> great] ?an ! responsibilities ( ^? :o h _h no opportunity ( acquir+ ?is k until late 9 life4 ,old habits ( ?\ght & conduct are n ext+ui%$ by baptism2 & ! false op9ion & vici\s behavi\r ( _m ( ^? :o are vex+1 or w h]eaft] vex1 ! ,*ur* 9 ,ephesus1 may be trac$ to influ5ces :i* _h become dom9ant 9 !m long be=e !y came into contact ) ,god's reveal$ law4 ,no su* all[ance c be made = ,timo?y4 ,he has _h ! ine/imable privilege ( kn[+ ! sacr$ writ+s f 8 e>lie/ *ildhood4 ,x w be 8 own fault if !y d n make him wise unto salvation ?r\gh fai? :i* is 9 ,*ri/ ,jesus4 ,! expression sacr$ writ+s 7hi]a grammata7 occurs n[h]e else 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,! usual expression is ! scriptures 7hai graphai72 & once 7,rom4 i4 #b7 we h holy scriptures 7graphai hagiai74 ,"h bo? sub/antive & adjective are unusual4 ,! adjective occurs 9 only "o o!r passage 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 a passage :i* ?r[s light ^u ?is "o4 ,"k ye n t !y :o p]=m ! sacr$ rites1 f ! sacr$ place get _! food8 7,speak]'s ,comm5t>y1 on #a ,cor4 ix4 #ac47 ,& j z 9 t passage ! sacr$ rites are ! ,jewi% sacrifices1 & ! sacr$ place ! ,jewi% ,temple1 s "h ! sacr$ writ+s are ! ,jewi% ,scriptures4 ,x is utt]ly improbable t any ,*ri/ian writ+s are includ$4 ,h[ c\ld ,timo?y h kn[n any ( ^! f infancy8 ,ev5 at ! "t :5 ,/4 ,paul wrote ?is f>ewell lett]1 !re 0 little ,*ri/ian lit]ature1 except+ 8 own ,epi/les2 & he 0 n likely to speak ( !m z sacr$ writ+s1 or to include !m "u "o expression ) ! ,old ,te/am5t ,scriptures4 ,! sugge/ion t ,*ri/ian writ+s are includ$1 or are ma9ly int5d$1 seems to be made ) ! int5tion ( ins9uat+ t ?is lett] _c h be5 writt5 by ! ,apo/le1 b by "s "o ( a lat] age4 ,b w\ld ev5 a writ] ( ! second c5tury h made su* a blund] z to repres5t ,timo?y z kn[+ ,*ri/ian lit]ature f 8 *ildhood8 ,) ! use ( ! sub/antive writ+s 7grammata7 9 ?is passage1 %\ld be comp>$ ! use ( ! same ^w 9 ,*ri/'s disc\rse at ,j]usalem aft] ! miracle at ! pool ( ,be!sda1 :]e he %[s ! ,jews h[ hopeless _! unbelief is1 & h[ va9 _! appeal to ,moses1 :o is really _! accus]4 ,b if ye believe n 8 writ+s 7grammata71 h[ %all ye believe ,my words8 ,! ,jews _h _h two opportunities ( kn[+ & accept+ ! tru?2 ! writ+s ( ,moses1 & ! words ( ,jesus4 ,s also ,timo?y _h _h two sets ( in/ructors2 ! holy wom5 :o _h br\ght him up1 ^: "w _h be5 complet$ by ! ,apo/le1 & ! sacr$ writ+s4 ,if ! au?ority ( ! =m] %\ld seem to be op5 to "q1 !re c\ld be no d\bt ( ! suffici5cy ( ! latt]4 ,!y are able to make him wise unto salvation ?r\gh fai? :i* is 9 ,*ri/ ,jesus4 ,x mu/ be obs]v$ t ! ,apo/le uses ! pres5t t5se & n ! pa/ 7dynam5a7 9 express+ ! p[] ( ! sacr$ writ+s 9 communicat+ a sav+ wisdom to him :o uses !m aright4 ,?is p[] 0 n exhau/$ :5 ! "y ,timo?y 0 br\ght to ! ampl] tru?s ( ! ,gospel4 ,h[ev] f> advanc$ he may be 9 sacr$ k1 he w /ill f9d t !y are able to make him increase 9 ! wisdom :i* enlight5s & saves s\ls4 ,b ,scripture conf]s ?is life-giv+ wisdom 9 no me*anical mann]4 ,x is n a *>m1 :i* has a magical effect ^u e "o :o reads x4 ,! mo/ dilig5t /udy ( ! sacr$ writ+s w d no?+ = ! salvation ( a man :o does n prosecute 8 rese>*es 9 some?+ m ?an ! m]e _s ( curi\s enquiry4 ,!re=e ,/4 ,paul adds1 ?r\gh fai? :i* is 9 ,*ri/ ,jesus4 ,x is :5 ?is is add$ to ! s\l ( ! enquir] t ! sacr$ writ+s ( ! ,old ,cov5ant h _! illum9at+ p[]2 )\t x1 s f> f lead+ to ! salvation won = u by ,*ri/1 !y may keep ^? :o /udy !m away f ! tru?1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,jews to ?is day4 ,! pill> ( fire becomes a pill> ( cl\d1 & :at %\ld h be5 = weal? becomes an occasion ( fall+4 ,e scripture inspir$ ( ,god is also pr(itable = tea*+1 = repro(1 = correction1 = in/ruction :i* is 9 righte\sness4 ,?is is ! ,revis]s' r5d]+4 ,besides "o or two small] *anges1 !y h made two important alt]ations ( ! ,a4 ,v4 7#a7 ,!y h sub/itut$ e scripture = all scripture1 )\t all[+ ! old r5d]+ ev5 a place 9 ! m>g94 7#b7 ,!y h ins]t$ ! is 7:i* mu/ be suppli$ some:]e 9 ! s5t5ce7 aft] in/ead ( be=e inspir$ by ,god2 ?us mak+ inspir$ by ,god an epi!t ( ,scripture & n some?+ /at$ respect+ x4 ,e scripture inspir$ by ,god is also pr(itable1 in/ead ( is inspir$ ( ,god & pr(itable3 b !y all[ ! latt] r5d]+ a place 9 ! m>g94 ,?is treatm5t ( ! passage appe>s to be v satisfactory1 s f> z ! second ( ^! two po9ts are conc]n$4 ,c]ta9ty is n atta9able 9 ei!r4 ,yet1 z reg>ds ! second1 ! probabilities are greatly 9 fav\r ( ! ,apo/le's mean+ t inspir$ scripture is also pr(itable1 r ?an scripture is inspir$ & pr(itable4 ,b1 ) reg>d to ! fir/ po9t1 x may be d\bt$ :e!r ! balance is s decid$ly aga9/ ! translation all scripture z to w>rant its exclusion4 ,no d\bt ! abs5ce ( ! article 9 ! ,greek 7pasa graph1 & n pasa h graph7 is aga9/ ! old r5d]+2 b x is by no means conclusive1 z o!r in/ances bo? 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t & 9 classical ,greek prove4#ie ,nev]!less1 !re is ! fur!r fact t 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t ! scripture g5]ally means a p>ticul> passage ( ,scripture 7,m>k xii4 #aj2 ,luke iv4 #ba2 ,john xix4 #bd1 #bh1 #cf1 #cg2 ,acts viii4 #cb1 #ce74 ,:5 ,scripture z a :ole is meant1 ! ^w1 is commonly us$ 9 ! plural1 ! scriptures 7,matt4 xxi4 #db2 ,m>k xii4 #bd2 ,john v4 #ci74 ,9 ! passage be=e u ! mean+ is n s]i\sly affect$ by ! *ange4 ,x matt]s little :e!r we say ! :ole ( scripture1 or e passage ( scripture4 ,e scripture inspir$ by ,god is also pr(itable = tea*+1 = repro(1 = correction1 = discipl9e 7paideia7 :i* is 9 righte\sness3 i4e41 is ( use bo? = doctr9al & = practical purposes1 = in=m+ bo? fai? & conduct4 ,x is because x is inspir$ by ,god1 because ,god's ,_s brea!s ?r\gh ! :ole ( x1 mak+ e passage ( x to be a portion ( a liv+ :ole1 t ,scripture possesses ?is unique utility4 ,& if ! ,apo/le c say ?is ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 mu* m may we affirm x ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,f ! two toge!r1 ev]y?+ t a ,*ri/ian ought to believe1 ev]y?+ t a ,*ri/ian ought to d1 may be le>n$4 ,b :ile ?is decl>ation ( ! ,apo/le assures u t !re is no passage 9 ,holy ,writ1 :i*1 :5 prop]ly h&l$1 does n yield ,div9e in/ruction = ! guidance ( our m9ds1 & he>ts1 & wills1 yet x gives no enc\ragem5t to h>d & fa/ !ories z to ! mann] 9 :i* ! ,_s ( ,god op]at$ ^u ! au?ors ( ! sacr$ writ+s4 ,inspiration is no me*anical process4 ,x is altoge!r mislead+ to speak ( x z ,div9e dictation1 :i* w\ld r$uce inspir$ writ]s to m]e ma*9es4 ,!re are c]ta9 ?+s :i* x cle>ly does n d4 #a4 ,:ile x gov]ns ! sub/ance ( :at is writt51 x does n gov]n ! language ^w by ^w4 ,we h no reasons = believ+ 9 v]bal inspiration1 & h _m reasons = n believ+ 9 x4 ,= no "o believes t copyi/s & pr9t]s are miracul\sly pres]v$ f mak+ v]bal mi/akes4 ,is x1 !n1 reasonable to suppose t ,god w\ld "w a miracle to produce :at ,he takes no c>e to pres]ve4 ,( ! c\ntless v>i\s read+s1 :i* are ! words :i* are inspir$8 #b4 ,inspiration does n pres]ve ! inspir$ writ]s f e k9d ( mi/ake4 ,t x gu>ds !m f error 9 respect to matt]s ( fai? & morality1 we may well believe2 b :e!r x does m ?an ?is rema9s to be prov$4 ,on ! o!r h& x c be prov$ t x does n pres]ve !m f mi/akes 9 gramm>2 = !re is pl5ty ( unque/ionably bad gramm> 9 ! ,bible4 ,look = in/ance at ! ,greek ( ,m>k vi4 #h1 #i2 ,acts xv4 #bb2 xix4 #cd2 ,eph4 iv4 #b2 ,col4 iii4 #af2 ,rev4 vii4 #i2 etc41 etc4 ,& x may be d\bt$ :e!r inspiration pres]ves ! inspir$ writ] f all possibility ( error z reg>ds matt]s ( fact1 z to :e!r !re 7 two m5 heal$ or only "o2 z to :e!r ! heal+ took place z ,*ri/ ent]$ ! city or z ,he left x2 z to :e!r ! prophecy quot$ comes f ,j]emiah or ,ze*>iah1 & ! l4 ,c !re be any reasonable d\bt t ,/4 ,mat!w has made a slip 9 writ+ ,ze*>iah ! son ( ,b>a*iah in/ead ( ,ze*>iah ! son ( ,jehoiada8 ,& is !re any hone/ me?od ( br++ ,/4 ,/eph5's spee* into complete h>mony ) /atem5ts 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t respect+ all ! facts m5tion$8 ,mu/ we n suppose t !re is error on "o side or ! o!r8 ,if1 z is q c]ta91 inspiration does n make a man a grammatical s*ol>1 or give him a p]fect lit]>y /yle1 ought we to conclude t x w make him a faultless hi/orian or *ronolog]8 ,a ,div9e ,revelation ?r\gh a s]ies ( inspir$ writ]s has be5 grant$ 9 ord] to save our s\ls4 ,we h no "r to assume t x has be5 grant$ 9 ord] to save u tr\ble4 ,^? sav+ tru?s ab\t ,god & our relations to ,him1 :i* we c\ld nev] h discov]$ )\t a revelation1 we may expect to f9d set =? )\t ta9t ( error 9 ! sacr$ writ+s4 ,b facts ( geology1 or hi/ory1 or physiology1 :i* our own intellig5ce & indu/ry c discov]1 we ought n to expect to f9d accurately set =? = u 9 ! ,bible3 & we ought to require v full evid5ce be=e decid+ t 9 su* matt]s inspir$ writ]s may be reg>d$ z infallible4 ,/4 ,luke tells u 9 ! ,preface to 8 ,gospel t he took great pa9s to obta9 ! be/ in=mation4 ,ne$ he h done s1 if inspiration protect$ him f all possibility ( mi/ake8 #c4 ,inspiration does n ov]ride & ov]:elm ! inspir$ writ]'s p]sonal *>act]i/ics4 ,!re appe>s to be no su* ?+ z an inspir$ /yle4 ,! /yle ( ,/4 ,john is z diff]5t f t ( ,/4 ,paul z ! /yle ( ,bi%op ,butl] is f t ( ,j]emy ,taylor4 ,ea* inspir$ writ] uses ! language1 & ! illu/rations1 & ! argum5ts t are natural & famili> to him4 ,if he has an argum5tative m9d1 he argues 8 po9ts2 if he has n1 he /ates !m )\t argum5t4 ,if he has lit]>y skill1 he exhibits x2 if he has none1 inspiration does n give x to him4 ,no inspiration !ory c /& = a mom5t :i* does n leave room = ! p]sonal ag5cy & individual peculi>ities ( ! sacr$ au?ors & ! ex]cise ( _! natural faculties 9 writ+ 7,s*aff1 ,apo/olic ,*ri/ianity1 p4 #fjh74 ,:at inspiration has n done 9 ^! v>i\s p>ticul>s is manife/ to e "o :o /udies ! sacr$ writ+s4 ,:at x has done is sc>cely less manife/1 & is c]ta9ly mu* m g5]ally recogniz$4 ,x has produc$ writ+s :i* are absolutely )\t a p>allel 9 ! lit]ature ( ! _w4 ,ev5 z reg>ds lit]>y m]its !y h few rivals4 ,b x is n 9 _! lit]>y beauty t _! unique "* consi/s4 ,x lies r 9 _! l(ty spirituality2 _! inexhau/ible capacities = in/ruction & consolation2 _! b\ndless adaptability to all ages & circum/ances2 above all1 9 _! ceaseless p[] ( satisfy+ ! noble/ crav+s & aspirations ( ! human he>t4 ,o!r writ+s are pr(itable = k1 = advancem5t1 = amusem5t1 = delight1 = weal?4 ,b ^! make wise unto salvation4 ,!y produce t discipl9e :i* has its sph]e 9 righte\sness4 ,!y h p[] to in/ruct ! ignorant1 to convict ! guilty1 to reclaim ! fall51 to s*ool all 9 hol9ess2 t all may be complete z m5 ( ,god1 furni%$ completely unto e good "w4 ,,footnotes3 #id ,rationalism 9 ,religion1 9 ,tracts = ! ,times1 republi%$ 9 ,essays ,critical & ,hi/orical1 vol4 i4 p4 #cb4 #ie ,see ! quotations giv5 9 ,al=d's note on pasa oikodom 9 ,eph4 ii4 #ba1 :i* might be increas$1 if necess>y3 e4g4 pan sma1 9 ,ari/41 ,nic4 ,e?41 ,i4 xiii4 #g1 :i* mu/ ! :ole body4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxv4 ,,! ,,p>adoxical ,,exultation ,,( ,,! ,,apo/le4--,,8 ,,app>5t ,,failure ,,& ,,! ,,app>5t ,,failure ,,( ,,! ,,*ur*4--,,! ,,great ,,te/ ,,( ,,s9c]ity4 ,b be ?\ sob] 9 all ?+s1 suff] h>d%ip1 d ! "w ( an evangeli/1 fulfil ?y m9i/ry4 ,= ,i am already be+ (f]$1 & ! "t ( my dep>ture is come4 ,i h f\ght ! good fight1 ,i h f9i%$ ! c\rse1 ,i h kept ! fai?3 h5ce=? !re is laid up = me ! cr[n ( righte\sness1 :i* ! ,"l1 ! righte\s judge1 %all give to me at t day3 & n only to me1 b also to all !m t h lov$ ,8 appe>+4--#b ,,tim4 iv4 #e-h4 ,/4 ,*ryso/om tells u t ?is passage 0 = a long "t a s\rce ( p]plexity to him4 ,(t51 he says1 :5 ,i h tak5 ! ,apo/le into my h&s & h consid]$ ?is passage1 ,i h be5 at a loss to und]/& :y ,paul "h speaks s l(tily3 ,i h f\ght ! good fight4 ,b n[ by ! grace ( ,god ,i seem to h f\nd x out4 ,= :at purpose !n does he speak ?us8 ,he writes to console ! despond5cy ( 8 disciple2 & he !re=e bids him be ( good *e]1 s9ce he 0 go+ to 8 cr[n1 hav+ f9i%$ all 8 "w & obta9$ a glori\s end4 ,?\ oughte/ to rejoice1 he says2 n to grieve4 ,& :y8 ,because ,i h f\ght ! good fight4 ,j z a son1 :o 0 sitt+ bewail+ 8 orphan /ate1 might be consol$ by 8 fa!r say+ to him1 ,weep n1 my son4 ,we h liv$ a good life2 we h rea*$ old age2 & n[ we are leav+ !e4 ,our life has be5 free f reproa*2 we are dep>t+ ) glory2 & ?\ maye/ be held 9 hon\r = :at we h done4444 ,& ?is he says n boa/fully2--,god =bid2--b 9 ord] to raise up 8 deject$ son1 & to enc\rage him by 8 praises to be> firmly :at _h come to pass1 to ent]ta9 good hopes1 & n to ?9k x a matt] griev\s to be borne4 ,*ryso/om's explanation is no d\bt "p ( ! reason :y ! ,apo/le "h speaks 9 s exalt$ a key4 ,?is unusual /ra9 is p>tly ! result ( a wi% to *e] 8 belov$ disciple & assure him t !re is no ne$ to grieve = ! dea? :i* n[ _c be v f> (f4 ,:5 x comes1 x w be a glori\s dea? & a happy "o4 ,a glori\s dea?1 = x w cr[n ) ! cr[n ( victory /ruggles 9 a we>y conte/ :i* is n[ end+ triumphantly4 ,& a happy dea?2 = ,paul has = ye>s _h ! long+ to dep>t & be ) ,*ri/1 :i* is f> bett]4 ,! cr[n is "o :i* w n )]2 = x is n made ( olive1 bay1 or laurel4 ,& x is n "o ( :i* ! glory is d\btful1 or dep5d5t ^u ! fickle op9ions ( a prejudic$ cr[d2 = x is n aw>d$ by a human umpire1 nor amid ! applauses ( human spectators4 ,! ,giv] is ,*ri/1 & ! !atre is fill$ ) angels4 ,9 ! conte/s ( ?is _w m5 lab\r _m days & suff] h>d%ips2 & = "o h\r !y receive ! cr[n4 ,& =?) all ! pleasure ( x passes away4 ,9 ! good fight :i* ,/4 ,paul f\ght a cr[n ( righte\sness is won1 :i* cont9ues = ev] 9 brightness & glory4 ,b besides wi%+ to console ,timo?y = ! b]eavem5t :i* 0 imp5d+1 ,/4 ,paul also wi%$ to enc\rage him1 to /imulate him to great] ex]tion & to a l>g] measure ( c\rage4 ,be ?\ sob] 9 all ?+s1 suff] h>d%ip1 d ! "w ( an ,evangeli/1 fulfil ?y m9i/ry4 ,= ,i am already be+ p\r$ out z a dr9k-(f]+1 & ! "t ( my dep>ture is at h&4 ,t is3 ,y mu/ be m vigor\s1 m endur+1 m devot$2 = ,i am go+ away1 & mu/ leave y to c>ry on to p]fection t :i* ,i h begun4 ,my fight+ is ov]2 !re=e d y fight m bravely4 ,my c\rse is f9i%$2 !re=e d y run m p]sev]+ly4 ,! fai? entru/$ to me has be5 pres]v$ ?us f> inviolate3 see to x1 t :at has be5 entru/$ to y be kept safe4 ,! cr[n :i* righte\sness w9s is wait+ n[ = me3 s /rive t su* a cr[n may await y also4 ,= ?is is a conte/ 9 :i* all may h cr[ns1 if only !y w live s z to feel a long+ = ! appe>+ ( ! righte\s ,judge :o gives !m4 ,b !re is m 9 ?is passage ?an ! desire to com=t ,timo?y = ! approa*+ loss ( 8 fri5d & in/ructor1 & ! desire to spur him on to great] usefulness1 n m]ely 9 spite (1 b because (1 t loss4 ,!re is also ! ec/atic joy ( ! great ,apo/le1 z ) ! eye ( fai? he looks back ov] ! "w :i* he has be5 enabl$ to p]=m1 & balances ! co/ ( x aga9/ ! great rew>d4 ,z has be5 already po9t$ out 9 an e>li] passage1 !re is no?+ 9 ?is t\*+ lett] :i* is m conv9c+ly l ,/4 ,paul ?an ! way 9 :i* conflict+ emotions succe$ "o ano!r & come to ! surface 9 p]fectly natural expression4 ,sometimes x is anxiety t is upp]mo/2 sometimes x is confid5ce4 ,"h he is ov]fl[+ ) affection2 !re he is /]n & indignant4 ,"o :ile he is deeply depress$2 & !n aga9 becomes triumphant & exult+4 ,l ! second ,epi/le to ! ,cor9?ians ?is la/ lett] to ! belov$ disciple is full ( int5se p]sonal feel+s1 ( a diff]5t & app>5tly discordant "*4 ,! passage be=e u is *>g$ ) su* emotions1 beg9n+ ) solemn w>n+ & end+ 9 l(ty exultation4 ,b x is ! w>n+1 n ( fe>1 b ( affection2 & x is ! exultation1 n ( sight1 b ( fai?4 ,look$ at ) human eyes ! ,apo/le's life at t mom5t 0 a failure1--a tragic & dismal failure4 ,9 8 own simple b mo/ pregnant language1 he _h be5 ! slave ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,no ,roman slave1 driv5 by :ip & goad1 c\ld h be5 made to "w z ,paul _h work$4 ,he _h tax$ 8 fragile body & s5sitive _s to ! utmo/1 & _h enc\nt]$ lifelong opposition1 d]ision1 & p]secution1 at ! h&s ( ^? :o ought to h be5 8 fri5ds1 & _h be5 8 fri5ds until he ent]$ ! s]vice ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,he _h prea*$ & argu$1 _h entreat$ & rebuk$1 & 9 do+ s _h rung ! *anges on all ! *ief =ms ( human suff]+4 ,& :at _h be5 ! outcome ( x all8 ,! few ,*ur*es :i* he _h f\nd$ 7 b z h&fuls 9 ! cities 9 :i* he _h e/abli%$ !m2 & !re 7 c\ntless cities 9 :i* he _h e/abli%$ no?+4 ,ev5 ! few ,*ur*es :i* he _h succe$$ 9 f\nd+ _h 9 mo/ cases soon fall5 away f _! fir/ fai? & en?usiasm4 ,! ,!ssalonians _h become ta9t$ ) idl5ess & disord]1 ! ,cor9?ians ) cont5ti\sness & s5suality1 ! ,galatians1 ,colossians1 & ,ephesians ) v>i\s =ms ( h]esy2 :ile ! ,roman ,*ur*1 9 ! mid/ ( :i* he 0 suff]+ an imprisonm5t :i* w\ld almo/ c]ta9ly end 9 dea?1 0 treat+ him ) coldness & neglect4 ,at 8 fir/ def5ce no "o took 8 "p1 b all =sook him2 & 9 8 extremity he 0 almo/ des]t$4 ,z ! results ( a life ( int5se en]gy & self-devotion1 all ^! ?+s _h ! appe>ance ( total failure4 ,& c]ta9ly if ! "w ( 8 life seem$ to h be5 a failure ) reg>d to o!rs1 x did n be> any resemblance to success z reg>ds himself4 ,f ! _w's po9t ( view he _h giv5 up mu*1 & ga9$ little1 beyond tr\ble & disgrace4 ,he _h giv5 up a di/+ui%$ position 9 ! ,jewi% ,*ur*1 9 ord] to become ! be/ hat$ man among t p ( passionate hatr$s4 ,:ile 8 ef=ts on behalf ( ! ,g5tiles _h end$ = a ?ird "t 9 conf9em5t 9 a ,g5tile prison1 f :i*1 z he saw cle>ly1 no?+ b dea? 0 likely to release him4 ,& yet1 9 spite ( all ?is1 ,/4 ,paul is exult+ly triumphant4 ,n at all because he does n p]ceive1 or _c feel1 ! difficulties & sorr[s ( 8 position4 ,/ill less because he wi%es to dissemble ei!r to himself or o!rs ! suff]+s :i* he has to endure4 ,he is no ,/oic1 & makes no pr(ession ( be+ above human infirmities & human emotions4 ,he is ke5ly s5sitive to all t affects 8 own aspirations & affections & ! well-be+ ( ^? :om he loves4 ,he is well aw>e ( ! dang]s bo? ( body & s\l :i* beset ^? :o are f> de>] to him ?an life4 ,& he gives /rong expression to 8 tr\ble & anxiety4 ,b he measures ! tr\bles ( "t by ! glories ( et]nity4 ,) ! eye ( fai? he looks across all ?is app>5t failure & neglect to ! cr[n ( righte\sness :i* ! righte\s ,judge has 9 /ore = him1 & = ?\s&s ^u ?\s&s ( o!rs also1--ev5 = all ^? :o h le>n$ to look =w>d ) long+ to ! "t :5 _! ,"l %all appe> aga94 ,9 all ?is we see 9 m9iature ! hi/ory ( ,*ri/5dom s9ce ! ,apo/le's dea?4 ,8 c>e] 0 a =e-%ad[+ ( ! c>e] ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,9 bo? cases !re appe>s to be only a h&ful ( real disciples ) a company ( %all[ & fickle foll[]s1 to set aga9/ ! /olid1 unmov$ mass ( ! unconv]t$ _w4 ,9 bo? cases1 ev5 among ! disciples !mselves1 !re is ! c[>dice ( _m1 & ! des]tions ( "s4 ,9 bo? cases ^? :o rema9 true to ! fai? dispute among !mselves :i* ( !m %all be acc\nt$ ! greate/4 ,/4 ,paul 0 among ! fir/ to lab\r t ,*ri/'s ideal ( "o holy ca?olic ,*ur* might be realiz$4 ,eighte5 c5turies h pass$ away1 & ! life ( ! ,*ur*1 l t ( ,/4 ,paul1 looks l a failure4 ,) m ?an half ! human race /ill n ev5 nom9ally ,*ri/ian2 ) long s]ies ( crimes committ$ n only 9 defiance1 b 9 ! "n1 ( religion2 ) ea* decade ( ye>s produc+ its un:olesome crop ( h]esies & s*isms2--:at has become ( ! ,*ur*'s pr(ession ( be+ ca?olic1 holy1 & unit$8 ,! failure1 z 9 ,/4 ,paul's case1 is m app>5t ?an real4 ,& x mu/ be not$ at ! outset t our means ( gaug+ success 9 spiritual ?+s are altoge!r unc]ta9 & inadequate4 ,any?+ at all l sci5tific accuracy is q out ( our rea*1 because ! data = a tru/wor?y conclusion _c be obta9$4 ,b ! case is f> /rong] ?an ?is4 ,x is impossible to det]m9e ev5 r\ghly :]e ! b5efits conf]r$ by ! ,gospel end2 :at ! av]age hol9ess among pr(ess+ ,*ri/ians really is2 & to :at ext5t ,*ri/5dom1 9 spite ( its manifold divisions1 is really "o4 ,x is m ?an possible t ! savage 9 c5tral ,africa is spiritually ! bett] = ! ,inc>nation ( :i* he kn[s no?+1 & :i* 8 :ole life seems to contradict2 = at lea/ he is "o ( ^? = :om ,*ri/ 0 born & di$4 ,x is probable t among q ord9>y ,*ri/ians !re are _m :om ! _w kn[s z s9n]s1 b :om ,god kn[s z sa9ts4 ,& x is c]ta9 t a belief 9 a ,triune ,god & 9 a common ,r$eem] unites millions f> m closely ?an _! diff]5ces ab\t m9i/]s & sacram5ts keeps !m ap>t4 ,! ,*ur*'s robe is tatt]$ & travel-/a9$2 b %e is /ill ! ,bride ( ,*ri/1 & h] *ildr51 h[ev] mu* !y may qu>rel among !mselves1 are /ill "o 9 ,him4 ,& :]e ! failure ( ,/4 ,paul & ( ^? :o h foll[$ him c be %[n to be unque/ionably real1 x c g5]ally be %[n to be ?or\ghly intelligible4 ,al?\gh ,div9e 9 its orig91 ! ,gospel has f ! fir/ us$ human in/rum5ts ) all ! weaknesses1--physical1 intellectual1 & moral1--:i* *>act]ize humanity4 ,:5 we rememb] :at ?is implies1 & also rememb] ! =ces aga9/ :i* ,*ri/ianity has _h to cont5d1 ! m>vel r is t ! ,gospel has _h s l>ge a measure ( success1 ?an t its success is n yet complete4 ,x has _h to fight aga9/ ! passions & prejudices ( individuals & nations1 debas$ by long c5turies ( immorality & ignorance1 & /r5g!n$ 9 _! opposition to ! tru? by all ! p[]s ( d>kness4 ,x has _h to fight1 moreov]1 ) o!r religions1 _m ( :i* are attractive by _! concessions to human frailty1 & o!rs by ! comp>ative purity ( _! rites & doctr9es4 ,& aga9/ !m all x has won1 & cont9ues to w91 man's approbation & affection1 by its p[] ( satisfy+ 8 highe/ aspirations & 8 deepe/ ne$s4 ,no o!r religion or philosophy has _h success s v>i\s or s f> rea*+4 ,! ,jew & ! ,mahometan1 aft] c5turies ( int]c\rse1 rema9 almo/ )\t influ5ce ^u ,european m9ds2 :ile to ,we/]n civilization ! cre$ ( ! ,buddhi/ rema9s n only )\t influ5ce1 b )\t mean+4 ,b ! nation has n yet be5 f\nd to :i* ,*ri/ianity has be5 prov$ to be un9telligible or unsuitable4 ,to :atev] qu>t] ( ! globe we look1 or to :atev] p]iod ( hi/ory dur+ ! ,*ri/ian era1 ! answ] is /ill ! same4 ,multitudes ( m51 ?r\gh\t eighte5 c5turies1 "u ! utmo/ v>iety ( conditions1 :e!r ( p]sonal equipm5t or ( ext]nal circum/ance1 h made trial ( ,*ri/ianity1 & h f\nd x satisfy+4 ,!y h te/ifi$ z ! result ( _! c\ntless exp]i5ces t x c /& ! we> & te> ( life2 t x c n only =tify b console2 & t x c rob ev5 dea? ( its /+ & ! grave ( its victory by a sure & c]ta9 hope ( ! cr[n ( righte\sness1 :i* ! righte\s ,judge prep>es = all ^? :o love1 & h long lov$1 ,8 appe>+4 ,:o h lov$ & d love ,8 appe>+4#if ,t is ! full =ce ( ! ,greek p]fect 7tois gapkos971 :i* expresses ! pres5t & p]man5t result ( pa/ action2 & !re9 lies ! te/ :]eby to try ! temp] ( our ,*ri/ianity4 ,/4 ,paul1 :o _h long ye>n$ to dep>t & be ) ,*ri/1 c\ld n easily h giv5 a m simple or sure me?od ( f9d+ out :o ^? are :o h a "r to believe t ! ,"l has a cr[n ( righte\sness 9 /ore = !m4 ,are we among ! numb]8 ,9 ord] to answ] ?is "q we mu/ ask ourselves ano!r4 ,are our lives su* t we are long+ = ,*ri/'s return8 ,or are we dread+ x1 because we "k t we are n fit to meet ,him1 & are mak+ no attempt to become s4 ,suppos+ t physicians 7 to tell u1 t we are smitt5 ) a deadly disease1 :i* mu/ end fatally1 & t v soon1--:at w\ld be our feel+8 ,:5 ! fir/ %ock 0 ov]1 & we 7 able to take a calm view ( ! :ole case1 c\ld we welcome ! news z ! unexpect$ fulfilm5t ( a long *]i%$ wi% t ,*ri/ w\ld deliv] u out ( ! mis]ies ( ?is s9ful _w & take u to ,himself8 ,! ,bible sets be=e u ! cr[n ( righte\sness :i* fade? n away1 & ! worm :i* nev] die?4 ,lean+ ^u ,god's unfail+ love let u le>n to long = ! com+ ( ! "o2 & !n we %all h no ne$ to dread1 or ev5 to ask ! mean+ (1 ! o!r4 ,,footnotes3 #if ,! some:at unusual ^w "h us$ = ,*ri/'s second com+ 7epiphaneia7 has be5 condemn$ z un-,paul9e2 b x occurs #b ,!ss4 ii4 #h1 & ! cognate v]b phan]\n is f\nd ,col4 iii4 #d4 ,cf4 #b ,tim4 i4 #aj2 iv4 #a2 ,tit4 ii4 #ac2 #a ,tim4 vi4 #ad4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxvi4 ,,! ,,p]sonal ,,details ,a ,,gu>antee ,,( ,,g5u95ess4 ,d ?y dilig5ce to come %ortly unto me3 ,= ,demas =sook me1 hav+ lov$ ?is pres5t _w1 & w5t to ,!ssalonica2 ,cresc5s to ,galatia1 ,titus unto ,dalmatia4 ,only ,luke is ) me4 ,take ,m>k1 & br+ him ) !e3 = he is useful to me = m9i/]+4 ,b ,ty*icus ,i s5t to ,ephesus4 ,! cloke t ,i left at ,troas ) ,c>pus1 br+ :5 ?\ come/1 & ! books1 especially ! p>*m5ts4 ,alex&] ! copp]smi? did me mu* evil3 ! ,"l w r5d] to him accord+ to 8 works3 ( :om be ?\ w>e also2 = he greatly )/ood our words4--#b ,,tim4 iv4 #i-ae4 ,salute ,prisca & ,aquila1 & ! h\se ( ,onesiphorus4 ,era/us abode at ,cor9?3 b ,trophimus ,i left at ,miletus sick4 ,d ?y dilig5ce to come be=e w9t]4 ,eubulus salute? !e1 & ,pud5s1 & ,l9us1 & ,claudia1 & all ! bre?r54 vv4 #ai-ba4 ,x w\ld sc>cely be exce$+ ! limits ( legitimate hyp]bole to say t ^! two passages prove ! au!nticity & g5u95ess ( ! ,pa/oral ,epi/les2 t !y are suffici5t to %[ t ^! lett]s are an au!ntic acc\nt ( ! matt]s ( :i* !y treat1 & t !y are g5u9e lett]s ( ! ,apo/le ,paul4 ,9 ! fir/ ( ^! expositions x 0 po9t$ out h[ improbable x is t a portion ( "o ( ^! lett]s %\ld be g5u9e1 & n ! rema9d] ( x2 or t "o ( ! ?ree %\ld be g5u9e1 & n ! o!r two2 & a =tiori1 t two ( ! ?ree %\ld be g5u9e1 & n ! rema9+ "o4 ,! passages be=e u are among ^? ( :i* x has be5 truly said t !y cl+ s closely to ,paul t x is only by te>+ ! lett] to pieces t any "p c be dissociat$ f t ,apo/le4#ig ,! int]nal evid5ce is "h too /rong ev5 = ^? critics :o d5y ! ,paul9e au?or%ip ( ! ,pa/oral ,epi/les z a :ole4 ,?us ,r5an & ,weisse are dispos$ to admit t we h "h emb$d$ 9 ! "w ( a lat] writ] portions ( a g5u9e lett] ( ! ,apo/le2 :ile ,ewald1 ,hausra?1 & ,pfleid]] accept n only ^! v]ses1 b ! e>li] passage ab\t ,phygelus1 ,h]mog5es1 & ,onesiphorus z g5u9e also4 ,simil> views are advocat$ by ,hitzig1 ,kr5kel1 & ,imm]1 ( :om ! two fir/ admit t ! ,epi/le to ,titus also conta9s g5u9e fragm5ts4 ,& q rec5tly 7#ahhb7 we h ,lemme cont5d+ t only ! c5tral portion ( #b ,timo?y 7ii4 #aa to iv4 #e7 is an int]polation4 ,^! concessions am\nt to a concession ( ! :ole case4 ,x is impossible to /op !re4 ,ei!r mu* m mu/ be conc$$ or mu* less4 ,=1 7#a7 we _c )\t v /rong evid5ce inde$ accept s improbable a supposition z t a ,*ri/ian long aft] ! ,apo/le's dea? 0 9 possession ( lett]s writt5 by him1 ( :i* no "o else knew any?+1 t he work$ bits ( ^! into writ+s ( 8 own1 :i* he wi%$ to pass (f z ,apo/olic1 & t he !n de/roy$ ! g5u9e lett]s1 or dispos$ ( !m 9 su* a way t no "o knew t !y _h ev] exi/$4 ,su* a /ory is n absolutely impossible1 b x is s unlikely to be true1 t to accept x )\t cle> evid5ce w\ld be mo/ uncritical4 ,& !re is n only no cle> evid5ce2 !re is no evid5ce at all4 ,! hypo!sis is pure imag9ation4 7#b7 ,! portions ( ?is lett] :i* are all[$ by adv]se critics to be g5u9e are precisely ^? 9 :i* a =g] w\ld be pretty sure to be caught tripp+4 ,!y are full ( p]sonal details1 "s ( :i* admit ( be+ te/$1 & all ( :i* c be criticiz$1 z to :e!r !y are natural & consi/5t or n4 ,w\ld a =g] be likely to risk detection by v5tur+ on su* dang]\s gr\nd8 ,he w\ld put into ! lett] ^? doctr9es = :i* he wi%$ to appe> to h ,/4 ,paul's au?ority2 &1 if he add$ any?+ else1 he w\ld take c>e n to g beyond vague g5]alities1 too indef9ite to be caught 9 ! me%es ( criticism4 ,b ! writ] ( ?is lett] has done ! rev]se ( all ?is4 ,he has giv5 an abundance ( p]sonal detail1 su* z c be f\nd 9 only "o o!r place 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 & t 9 ! conclud+ portion ( ! ,epi/le to ! ,romans1 "o ( ! indisputable writ+s ( ,/4 ,paul4 ,& he has n be5 caught tripp+4 ,ho/ile writ]s h subject$ ^! details to ! mo/ se>*+ criticism2 & ! result1 z we h se51 is t _m ( !m are con/ra9$ to admit t ^! portions ( ! lett] are g5u9e productions ( ! ,apo/le4 ,t is1 ^? portions ( ! ,epi/le :i* c be subject$ to a sev]e te/1 are all[$ to be by ,/4 ,paul1 because !y /& ! te/2 :ile ^? :i* d n admit ( be+ ?us te/$ are reject$1 n because !re is any pro( ( _! be+ spuri\s1 b because critics ?9k t ! /yle is n l ! ,apo/le's4 ,w\ld !y n be ! fir/ to d]ide o!rs = su* an op9ion8 ,suppos+ t ^! details _h conta9$ absurdities or contradictions1 :i* c\ld n h be5 writt5 by ,/4 ,paul1 w\ld !y n h ma9ta9$1 & reasonably ma9ta9$1 t x 0 mon/r\s to surr5d] z spuri\s ^? sections ( ! lett] :i* _h be5 te/$ & f\nd want+1 & to def5d z g5u9e ! o!r sections1 :i* did n admit ( be+ te/$8 ,let u look at ! details a little m closely4 ,besides ,/4 ,paul & ,timo?y1 tw5ty-?ree ,*ri/ians ( ! ,apo/olic age are m5tion$ 9 ?is %ort lett]4 ,a consid]able numb] ( ^! are p]sons ( :om we read 9 ! ,acts or 9 ,/4 ,paul's o!r lett]s2 b ! majority are new names1 & 9 mo/ ( ^! cases we "k no?+ ab\t ! be>]s ( ! names beyond :at is told u "h4 ,w\ld a =g] h giv5 u ?is mixture ( kn[n & unkn[n8 ,if he v5tur$ ^u names at all1 w\ld he n ei!r h giv5 u imag9>y p]sons1 ^: names & actions c\ld n be *eck$ by exi/+ records1 or else h kept closely to ! records1 s t ! *eck+ might tell 9 8 fav\r8 ,he has done nei!r4 ,! new names d n look l ^? ( imag9>y p]sons1 & ! m5tion ( kn[n p]sons is by no means a m]e reproduction ( :at is said ( !m else:]e4 ,demas =sook me1 hav+ lov$ ?is pres5t _w4444 ,take ,m>k & br+ him ) !e3 = he is useful to me = m9i/]+4 ,a =g] ) ! ,acts & ! ,epi/les to ! ,colossians & ,philemon be=e him w\ld h made ,m>k =sake ,paul1 & ,demas be comm5d$ z useful to him2 = 9 ! ,acts 7xv4 #ch7 ,paul _h to condemn ,m>k = slackness1 & 9 ! ,epi/les to ! ,colossians 7iv4 #ad7 & to ,philemon 7#bd7 ,demas ) ,luke is wait+ on ! ,apo/le 9 8 imprisonm5t4 ,& yet h[ natural t ! ,apo/le's condemnation %\ld r\se ,m>k to great] e>ne/ness1 & t ! ,apo/le %\ld recognize t e>ne/ness 9 ?is f>ewell lett]8 ,& h[ consi/5t ) human frailty also t ,demas %\ld h c\rage en\gh to /& by ,/4 ,paul dur+ 8 fir/ ,roman imprisonm5t1 & yet %\ld quail be=e ! great] risks ( ! second6 ,t ! ,apo/le's compla9t respect+ him means m ?an ?is1 is unlikely4 ,yet "s h exagg]at$ x into a *>ge ( h]esy1 or ev5 utt] apo/asy4 ,we are simply to und]/& t ,demas pref]r$ com=t & security away f ,rome to ! h>d%ip & dang] ( a ,roman prison2 & !re=e w5t to ,!ssalonica4 ,:y he select$ t t[n we are n told1 b !re be+ a ,*ri/ian community !re w\ld be "o reason4 ,titus to ,dalmatia4 ,:y %\ld a =g] s5d ,titus to ,dalmatia8 ,! ,pa/oral ,epi/les1 :e!r a =g]y or n1 are all by "o h&1 & seem to h be5 writt5 )9 a %ort "t ( "o ano!r4 ,w\ld n a =g] h s5t ,titus ei!r to ,crete 7,tit4 i4 #e71 or to ,nicopolis 7,tit4 iii4 #ab78 ,b if ,titus w5t to ,nicopolis1 & fail$ to f9d ,paul !re1 ow+ to 8 hav+ be5 mean:ile arre/$1 :at m probable ?an t he %\ld g on into ,dalmatia8 ,! =g]1 if he _h ?\ght ( ?is1 w\ld h call$ att5tion to x1 to ensure t 8 +5uity 0 n ov]look$4 ,b ,ty*icus ,i s5t to ,ephesus4 ,! mean+ ( ! b is n q cle>4 ,p]haps ! mo/ probable supposition is t x indicates ! reason :y ! ,apo/le ne$s a useful p]son l ,m>k4 ,i _h su* a p]son 9 ,ty*icus2 b he is gone on a mission = me to ,ephesus4 ,h[ natural all ?is is6 ,& :at c\ld induce a =g] to put x 98 ,we are told 9 ! ,acts t ,ty*icus belong$ to ! ,roman prov9ce ( ,asia 7xx4 #d71 & t he 0 ) ,/4 ,paul at ! close ( 8 ?ird mission>y j\rney ab\t n9e ye>s be=e ! writ+ ( ?is lett] to ,timo?y4 ,?ree or f\r ye>s lat] we f9d ,ty*icus once m ) ,/4 ,paul dur+ ! fir/ ,roman imprisonm5t2 & he is s5t ) ,onesimus z ! be>] ( ! ,epi/le to ! ,colossians 7iv4 #g7 & to ! ,ephesians 7vi4 #ba74 ,& we le>n f ! s5t5ce be=e u1 z well z f ,titus iii4 #ab1 t he /ill enjoys ! confid5ce ( ! ,apo/le1 = he is s5t on missions = him to ,crete & to ,ephesus4 ,all ^! sep>ate notices ( him hang toge!r consi/5tly repres5t+ him z ! belov$ bro!r1 & also z a fai?ful m9i/] & fell[-s]vant 9 ! ,"l1 :om ,/4 ,paul 0 accu/om$ to entru/ ) special commissions4 ,if ! mission to ,ephesus m5tion$ "h is a m]e copy ( ! o!r missions1 w\ld n a =g] h tak5 "s pa9s to ensure t ! simil>ity betwe5 8 fiction & previ\s facts %\ld be obs]v$8 ,! cloke t ,i left at ,troas ) ,c>pus1 br+ :5 ?\ come/1 & ! books1 especially ! p>*m5ts4 ,"h ! argum5ts aga9/ ! probability ( =g]y rea* a climax2 & ?is v]se %\ld be rememb]$ side by side ) ,be no long] a dr9k] ( wat]1 b use a little w9e = ?y /oma*'s sake 9 ! ,fir/ ,epi/le 7v4 #bc74 ,:at writ] ( a fictiti\s lett] w\ld ev] h dream$ ( ins]t+ ei!r passage8 ,to an unbiass$ m9d !y g a long way t[>ds produc+ ! impression t we are deal+ ) real lett]s & n ) inv5tions4 ,& ?is argum5t holds good equally well1 :atev] mean+ we give to ! ^w 7phelon7 :i* is r5d]$ cloke4 ,x probably means a cloke1 & is a ,greek =m ( ! ,lat9 p5ula4 ,x appe>s to h be5 a circul> g>m5t )\t sleeves1 b ) a hole 9 ! middle = ! head4 ,h5ce "s p]sons h made ! a/\nd+ sugge/ion t x 0 a eu*>i/ic ve/m5t analog\s to a *asuble1 & h suppos$ t ! ,apo/le is "h ask+1 n = w>m clo?+ be=e w9t]1 b = a sac]dotal dress = rituali/ic purposes4 ,b s9ce ,*ryso/om's day !re has be5 a m cr$ible sugge/ion t ! ^w means a bag or case = books4 ,if s1 w\ld ! ,apo/le h m5tion$ bo? ! book-bag & ! books1 & w\ld he h put ! bag be=e ! books8 ,he might naturally h writt51 ,br+ ! book-bag1--( c\rse ) ! books 9 x2 or1 ,br+ ! books & ! bag also4 ,b x seems a /range way ( putt+ ! reque/ to say1 ,! book-bag t ,i left at ,troas ) ,c>pus1 br+ :5 ?\ come/2 ! books also1 especially ! p>*m5ts1 z if ! bag 7 ! *ief ?+ t he ?\ght ab\t4 ,x seems bett] to abide by ! old r5d]+ cloke2 &1 if ?is is correct1 !n x fits 9 well ) ,d ?y dilig5ce to come be=e w9t]4 ,yet ! writ] 9 no way draws our att5tion to ! connexion betwe5 ! ne$ ( ! ?ick cloke & ! approa* ( w9t]3 & ! writ] ( a real lett] w\ld h no ne$ to d s4 ,b w\ld a =g] h left ! connexion to *ance8#ih ,:e!r ,alex&] ! copp]smi? is ! p]son ( t "n :o 0 put =w>d by ! ,jews 9 ! riot rais$ by ,demetrius 7,acts xix4 #cc71 is n m ?an a possibility4 ,! "n ,alex&] 0 exce$+ly common2 & we are n told t ! ,jew 9 ! riot at ,ephesus 0 a smi?1 or t ,alex&] ! smi? 0 a ,jew4 ,9 :at way ! copp]smi? %[$ mu* ill-treatm5t to ! ,apo/le1 we are n told4 ,z ,/4 ,paul goes on imm$iately aft]w>ds to speak ( 8 fir/ def5ce1 x seems reasonable to conjecture t ,alex&] _h s]i\sly injur$ ! ,apo/le's cause 9 "s way4 ,b ?is is pure conjecture2 & ! ill-treatm5t may ref] to g5]al p]secution ( ,/4 ,paul & opposition to 8 tea*+4 ,on ! :ole ! latt] hypo!sis appe>s to be saf]4 ,! read+1 ,! ,"l w r5d] to him 7apodsei71 is %[n by an ov]:elm+ balance ( evid5ce to be pref]able to ,! ,"l rew>d him 7apod7 accord+ to 8 works4 ,!re is no mal$iction4 ,j z 9 v]4 #h ! ,apo/le expresses 8 conviction t ! ,"l w r5d] 7apodsei7 a cr[n ( righte\sness to all ^? :o love ,8 appe>+1 s "h he expresses a conviction t ,he w r5d] a j recomp5se to all ^? :o oppose ! "w ( ,8 k+dom4 ,:at foll[s 9 ! next v]se1 may x n be laid to _! acc\nt1 seems to %[ t ! ,apo/le is 9 no curs+ mood4 ,he writes 9 sorr[ r ?an 9 ang]4 ,x is necess>y to put ,timo?y on 8 gu>d aga9/ a dang]\s p]son2 b he leaves ! requital ( ! evil de$s to ,god4 ,salute ,prisca & ,aquila4 ,a =g] ) ! ,apo/le's indisputable writ+s be=e him1 w\ld h>dly h ins]t$ ?is2 = he w\ld h conclud$ f ,rom4 xvi4 #c1 #d1 t ^! two well-kn[n help]s ( ,/4 ,paul 7 9 ,rome at ?is v "t4 ,aquila 0 a ,jew ( ,pontus :o _h migrat$ f ,pontus to ,rome1 b _h _h to leave ! capital aga9 :5 ,claudius expell$ ! ,jews f ! city 7,acts xviii4 #b74 ,he & 8 wife ,prisca or ,priscilla !n settl$ 9 ,cor9?1 :]e ,/4 ,paul took up 8 abode ) !m1 because !y 7 ,jews & t5t-mak]s1 l himself4 ,& 9 _! work%op ! f\ndations ( ! ,cor9?ian ,*ur* 7 laid4 ,!nce=w>d !y became 8 help]s 9 prea*+ ! ,gospel1 & w5t ) him to ,ephesus1 :]e !y help$ =w>d ! conv]sion ( ! eloqu5t ,alex&rian ,jew ,apollos4 ,aft] mu* s]vice to ! ,*ur* !y return$ once m to ,rome1 & 7 !re :5 ,/4 ,paul wrote ! ,epi/le to ! ,romans4 ,ei!r ! p]secution "u ,n]o1 or possibly mission>y ent]prise1 induc$ !m once m to leave ,rome & return to ,asia4 ,! ,apo/le naturally puts su* fai?ful fri5ds1 :o = 8 life laid d[n _! necks 7,rom4 xvi4 #c71 9 ! v fir/ place 9 s5d+ 8 p]sonal greet+s2 & !y are equally naturally c\pl$ ) ! h\sehold ( ,onesiphorus1 :o _h done simil> s]vice 9 c\rage\sly visit+ ,/4 ,paul 9 8 imprisonm5t 7v]4 #af74 ,! d\ble m5tion ( ! h\sehold ( ,onesiphorus 7n ( ,onesiphorus himself7 has be5 comm5t$ ^u 9 a =m] exposition 7see ,no4 ,,xxviii474 ,( ! /atem5ts1 ,era/us abode at ,cor9?3 b ,trophimus ,i left at ,miletus sick1 no m ne$ be said ?an to po9t out h[ lifelike & natural !y are 9 a real lett] f "o fri5d to ano!r :o kn[s ! p]sons m5tion$2 h[ unlikely !y are to h occurr$ to a writ] :o 0 inv5t+ a lett] 9 ord] to advocate 8 own doctr9al views4 ,t ,trophimus is ! same p]son z ! ,ephesian1 :o ) ,ty*icus accompani$ ,/4 ,paul on 8 ?ird mission>y j\rney 7,acts xx4 #d2 xxi4 #bi71 may be safely assum$4 ,:e!r ,era/us is id5tical ) ! treasur] ( ,cor9? 7,rom4 xvi4 #bc71 or ) ! ,era/us :o 0 s5t by ,paul ) ,timo?y to ,mac$onia 7,acts xix4 #bb71 mu/ rema9 unc]ta94 ,eubulus salute? !e1 & ,pud5s1 & ,l9us1 & ,claudia4 ,) ?is gr\p ( names our accumulation ( argum5ts = ! g5u95ess ( ?is portion ( ! lett]1 & !re=e ( ! :ole lett]1 & !re=e ( all ?ree ,pa/oral ,epi/les1 comes to an end4 ,! argum5t is a cumulative "o1 & ?is la/ item ( ! int]nal evid5ce is by no means ! lea/ important or lea/ conv9c+4 ,ab\t ,eubulus1 ,pud5s1 & ,claudia we "k no?+ beyond :at ?is passage implies1 viz41 t !y 7 memb]s ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* 9 ,rome2 = ! v b>e possibility t ,pud5s & ,claudia may be ! p]sons ( t "n :o are m5tion$ by ,m>tial1 is n wor? m ?an a pass+ ref]5ce4 ,b ,l9us is a p]son ab\t :om some?+ is kn[n4 ,x is unlikely t 9 ! ,apo/olic age !re 7 two ,*ri/ians ( ?is "n 9 ! ,roman ,*ur*2 & !re=e we may safely conclude t ! ,l9us :o "h s5ds greet+ is id5tical ) ! ,l9us1 :o1 accord+ to v e>ly te/imony pres]v$ by ,ir5aeus 7,ha]41 ,,iii4 iii4 #c71 0 fir/ among ! e>lie/ bi%ops ( ! ,*ur* ( ,rome4 ,ir5aeus himself expressly id5tifies ! fir/ ,bi%op ( ,rome ) ! ,l9us m5tion$ 9 ! ,epi/les to ,timo?y1 & t 9 a passage 9 :i* 7?anks to ,eusebius7 we h ! orig9al ,greek ( ,ir5aeus z well z ! ,lat9 translation4 ,f 8 "t 7c4 ,a4,d4 #ahj7 to ! pres5t day1 ,l9us1 ,an5cletus or ,anacletus or ,cletus 7all ?ree =ms ( ! "n are us$71 & ,clem5t h be5 commemorat$ z ! ?ree fir/ ,bi%ops ( ,rome4 ,!y mu/ all ( !m h be5 contempor>ies ( ! ,apo/le4 ,( ^! ?ree f> ! mo/ fam\s 0 ,clem5t2 & a writ] at ! end ( ! fir/ c5tury1 or beg9n+ ( ! second1 inv5t+ a lett] = ,/4 ,paul1 w\ld be mu* m likely to put ,clem5t into x ?an ,l9us4 ,aga91 su* a writ] w\ld "k t ,l9us1 aft] ! ,apo/le's dea?1 became ! presid+ presbyt] ( ! ,*ur* ( ,rome1 & w\ld place him be=e ,eubulus & ,pud5s4 ,b "h ,l9us is plac$ aft] ! o!r two4 ,! obvi\s inf]5ce is1 t1 at ! "t :5 ?is lett] 0 writt51 ,l9us 0 n yet 9 any position ( au?ority4 ,l ! o!r p]sons "h nam$1 he 0 a lead+ memb] ( ! ,*ur* 9 ,rome1 o!rwise he w\ld h>dly h be5 m5tion$ at all2 b he has n yet be5 promot$ to ! *ief place1 o!rwise he w\ld at lea/ h be5 m5tion$ fir/1 & probably ) "s epi!t or title4 ,once m "o asks1 :at writ] ( fiction w\ld h ?\ght ( ^! niceties8 ,& :at writ] :o ?\ght ( !m1 & elaborat$ !m ?us skilfully1 w\ld h ab/a9$ f all attempt to prev5t _! be+ ov]look$ & unappreciat$8 ,! result ( ?is inve/igation is greatly to increase our confid5ce 9 ! g5u95ess ( ?is lett] & ( all ?ree ,pa/oral ,epi/les4 ,we began by treat+ !m z v]itable writ+s ( ! great ,apo/le1 & a clos] acqua9tance ) !m has ju/ifi$ ?is treatm5t4 ,d\bts may be rais$ ab\t ev]y?+2 b reasonable d\bts h _! limits4 ,to dispute ! au!nticity ( ! ,epi/les to ! ,cor9?ians1 ,romans1 & ,galatians is n[ consid]$ to be a sure pro( t ! d\bt] _c e/imate evid5ce2 & we may look =w>d to ! "t :5 ! ,second ,epi/le to ,timo?y w be rank$ ) ^? f\r great ,epi/les z indisputable4 ,mean:ile let no /ud5t ( ?is lett] d\bt t 9 x he is read+ ! t\*+ words 9 :i* ! ,apo/le ( ! ,g5tiles gave 8 la/ *>ge to 8 belov$ disciple1 & ?r\gh him to ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,,footnotes3 #ig ,salmon's ,hi/orical ,introduction to ! ,new ,te/am5t1 p4 #dbf1 #crd ed41 to :i* ! writ] ( ?is exposition is "u great obligations4 ,! book %\ld be 9 ! h&s ( e /ud5t ( ! ,n4 ,t4 #ih ,! /rik+ p>allel to ?is reque/ af=d$ by t ( ,william ,tyndale is po9t$ out 9 ,f>r>'s ,/4 ,paul1 ii4 p4 #ega4 ,tyndale writes f 8 prison 9 ! ,ca/le ( ,vilvord5 to ask1 idque p] ,dom9um ,jesum1 = w>m] clo?+1 & above all = 8 ,hebrew ,bible1 gramm>1 & diction>y4 ,,*apt] ,,xxxvii4 ,,! ,,apo/le ,,=sak5 ,,by ,,m5 ,,b ,,/r5g!n$ ,,by ,,! ,,"l4--,,! ,,mission ,,to ,,! ,,g5tiles ,,complet$4--,,! ,,sure ,,hope1 ,,& ,,! ,,f9al ,,hymn ,,( ,,praise4 ,at my fir/ def5ce no man took my "p1 b all =sook me3 may x n be laid to _! acc\nt4 ,b ! ,"l /ood by me & /r5g!n$ me2 t ?r\gh me ! message might be fully proclaim$1 & t all ! ,g5tiles might he>3 & ,i 0 deliv]$ out ( ! m\? ( ! lion4 ,! ,"l w deliv] me f evil "w1 & w save me unto ,8 heav5ly k+dom3 to :om be ! glory = ev] & ev]4 ,am54--#b ,,tim4 iv4 #af-ah4 ,!re is a g5]al agreem5t at ! pres5t "t t ,eusebius is 9 error1 :51 9 a well-kn[n passage 9 8 ,ecclesia/ical ,hi/ory 7,,ii4 xxii4 #b-g71 he ref]s ?is fir/ def5ce & ! deliv]ance out ( ! lion's m\? to ! fir/ ,roman imprisonm5t & ! release :i* put an end to x1 probably ,a4,d4 #fc4 ,! deliv]ance does n mean release f prison foll[+ ^u acquittal1 b tempor>y rescue f imm95t dang]4 ,eusebius makes a second mi/ake 9 ?is *apt] :i* is ! result ( ! fir/ error2 b an avoidance ( ! second w\ld h pres]v$ him f ! fir/4 ,he says t ! ,apo/le %[s 9 ! ,second ,epi/le to ,timo?y t only ,luke 0 ) him :5 he wrote1 b at 8 =m] def5ce n ev5 he4 ,n[ dur+ ! fir/ ,roman imprisonm5t ,/4 ,paul 0 n alone1 & "o ( ! p]sons :o 0 ) him 0 ,timo?y himself1 z we see f ! op5+ ( ! lett] to ! ,philippians4 ,x is1 !re=e1 highly improbable t ! ,apo/le w\ld ?9k x wor? :ile to tell ,timo?y :at took place at ! trial :i* end$ ! fir/ imprisonm5t1 see+ t ,timo?y 0 !n 9 ,rome4 ,& ev5 if ,timo?y _h left ,rome be=e ! trial came on1 :i* is n v likely1 he w\ld long s9ce h he>d :at took place1 bo? f o!rs & f ! ,apo/le himself4 ,x is obvi\s t 9 ! pres5t passage ,/4 ,paul is giv+ 8 disciple in=mation respect+ some?+ :i* has rec5tly tak5 place1 ( :i* ,timo?y is n likely to h he>d4 ,! value ( ! witness ( ,eusebius is n1 h[ev]1 s]i\sly dim9i%$ by ?is tw(old mi/ake4 ,x is cle> t he 0 fully conv9c$ t !re 7 two ,roman imprisonm5ts2 "o e>ly 9 ,n]o's reign1 :5 ! ,emp]or 0 m dispos$ to be m]ciful1 & "o lat]2 & t he 0 conv9c$ ( ?is on indep5d5t gr\nds1 & n because he consid]$ t ! g5u95ess ( ! ,pa/oral ,epi/les w\ld be unt5able )\t ! hypo!sis ( a second imprisonm5t4 ,ano!r confirmation ( ! view ( ,eusebius is f\nd 9 ! /atem5t respect+ ,trophimus1 t ,paul _h left him sick at ,miletus4 ,x is impossible to place ! ,apo/le at ,miletus ) ,trophimus prior to ! fir/ imprisonm5t4 ,consequ5tly "s :o d5y ! second imprisonm5t1 & yet ma9ta9 ! g5u95ess ( ?is lett]1 resort to ! desp]ate me?od ( mak+ ! v]b to be ?ird p]son plural in/ead ( fir/ p]son s+ul> 7apeleipon or apelipon71 & translat+ ,trophimus !y left at ,miletus sick4 ,at my fir/ def5ce no man took my "p1 b all =sook me4 ,he _h no patronus1 no advocatus1 no cli5tela4 ,among all ! ,*ri/ians 9 ,rome !re 0 n "o :o w\ld /& at 8 side 9 c\rt ei!r to speak on 8 behalf1 or to advise him 9 ! conduct ( 8 case1 or to support him by a demon/ration ( sympa?y4 ,! expression = no "o took my "p 7oudeis moi p>eg5eto7 lit]ally means no "o came to my side1 or became pres5t on my behalf4 ,! v]b is specially frequ5t 9 ! writ+s ( ,/4 ,luke4 ,& ! ^w :i* is r5d]$ =sook 7enkatelipon7 is /ill m graphic4 ,x signifies leav+ a p]son 9 a position1 & especially 9 a bad position2 leav+ him 9 /raits4 ,x is almo/ ! exact c\nt]p>t ( our colloquial phrase to leave 9 ! lur*4 ,/4 ,paul uses x else:]e ( ^? :o ) him are pursu$1 b n =sak5 7#b ,cor4 iv4 #i74 ,& bo? ,/4 ,m>k & ,/4 ,luke1 foll[+ ! ,,lxx41 use x 9 translat+ ,*ri/'s cry ^u ! cross3 ,:y ha/ ?\ =sak5 ,me8 ,h5ce x signifies n m]ely des]tion 7kataleipe971 b des]tion at a "t :5 help & support are ne$$4 ,:at is ! mean+ ( ! all8 ,all =sook me4 ,does x include ,luke1 :om he has j m5tion$ z be+ ! only p]son ) him8 ,&1 if s1 is x meant z an indirect reproa*8 ,"s w\ld h x t we h "h an indication ( ! spuri\s "* ( ! lett]4 ,! =g] is unable consi/5tly to ma9ta9 ! "p :i* he has assum$4 ,9 writ+ all =sook me he has already =gott5 :at he has j writt5 ab\t ,luke3 & he =gets bo? /atem5ts :5 a few l9es fur!r on he repres5ts ,eubulus1 ,pud5s1 ,l9us1 ,claudia1 & o!rs z s5d+ greet+s4 ,b1 l s _m ( ^! objections1 ?is criticism turns out1 :5 reasonably exam9$1 to be an argum5t = ! g5u95ess ( ! lett]4 ,^! app>5t inconsi/5cies are j ! ?+s :i* a =g] c\ld & w\ld h avoid$4 ,ev5 a v blund]+ =g] w\ld h avoid$ ?ree gl>+ contradictions 9 ab\t ?irty l9es3 & !y are gl>+ contradictions1 if !y are int]pret$ z !y mu/ be int]pret$ = ! purposes ( ?is criticism4 ,only ,luke is ) me4 ,e "o has =sak5 me4 ,all ! bre?r5 salute !e4 ,any "o ( ^! /atem5ts1 if =c$ to apply to ! same set ( circum/ances1 contradicts ! o!r two4 ,b !n ?is mean+ is =c$ ^u !m1 & is n _! natural mean+3 & ^! are j ! app>5t inconsi/5cies :i* ! writ] ( a real lett] takes no pa9s to avoid1 because !re is n ! smalle/ dang] ( 8 be+ misund]/ood4 ,all =sook me is exactly a p>allel to all t are 9 ,asia turn$ away f me 7see pp4 #cba1 #cbb47 ,! all 9 bo? cases means all :o might h be5 expect$ to help4 ,x ref]s to ^? :o c\ld h be5 ( s]vice1 :o 9 _m cases _h be5 ask$ to r5d] s]vice1 by be+ witnesses 9 ,paul's fav\r & ! l1 & :o ab/a9$ f do+ any?+ = him4 ,! ,apo/le's fir/ def5ce probably took place "s weeks1 or ev5 mon?s1 be=e ! writ+ ( ?is lett]4 ,f our k ( ! delays :i* (t5 took place 9 ,roman legal proce$+s1 !re w\ld be no?+ surpris+ if a :ole ye> _h elaps$ s9ce ! fir/ op5+ ( ! case4 ,x is q possible1 !re=e1 t at ! "t :5 x began ,/4 ,luke 0 n yet 9 ,rome1 & consequ5tly _h no opportunity ( aid+ 8 fri5d4 ,& x is also possible t he 0 n 9 a position to r5d] any assi/ance1 h[ev] anxi\s he may h be5 to d s4 ,!re is no reason :atev] = suppos+ t ! ,apo/le includes him among ^? = :om he prays t ,god w =give !m _! des]tion ( him1 ev5 z he himself =gives x4 ,nor is !re any contradiction betwe5 ,only ,luke is ) me1 & ! salutations s5t by ,eubulus & o!rs4 ,!re 7 v>i\s memb]s ( ! ,*ur* 9 ,rome :o occasionally visit$ ,/4 ,paul 9 8 imprisonm5t1 or at lea/ kept up a c]ta9 am\nt ( communication ) him4 ,b ,luke 0 ! only outsid] :o 0 ) him1 ! only "o :o _h come to him f a di/ance & be5 bo? able & will+ to rema9 ) him4 ,o!rs bo? 9 ,rome & f o!r ,*ur*es _h paid visits to ! prison]2 b !y _h be5 unable or unwill+ to /ay ) him4 ,luke 0 ! only p]son :o _h done t4 ,!re=e ! fact t v>i\s ,roman ,*ri/ians 7 ready to s5d greet+s to ,timo?y is 9 no way inconsi/5t ) ! special comm5dation be/[$ ^u ,/4 ,luke = be+ 8 fri5d's sole companion 9 prison4 ,= ! c[>dly or unk9d ab/5tion ( ! re/ ! ,apo/le has no /rong] ^w ( condemnation ?an may x n be laid to _! acc\nt4 ,no "o knew bett] ?an himself h[ weak-he>t$ _m ( ^! disciples 71 & h[ great 7 ! dang]s ( 8 own position & ( all ^? :o v5tur$ to associate !mselves ) him4 ,x 0 o!rwise 9 8 fir/ imprisonm5t4 ,!n ,n]o 0 n q ! mon/] t he _h s9ce become4 ,at t "t ! burn+ ( ,rome _h n yet tak5 place1 nor _h ! cruel outcry aga9/ ! ,*ri/ians1 ( :i* ! conflagration 0 made ! occasion1 z yet be5 rais$4 ,x 0 q o!rwise n[4 ,to be kn[n z a ,*ri/ian might be dang]\s2 & to av[ oneself z ! associate ( s notori\s a lead] z ,paul c\ld n fail to be s4 ,!re=e1 ,may x n be laid to _! acc\nt 7m autois logi/hei74 ,?is is ! v _s :i* ! ,apo/le himself ye>s be=e _h decl>$ to be a *>act]i/ic ( ,*ri/ian *>ity2 x take? n acc\nt ( evil 7ou logizetai to kakon73 & ( ,god ,himself1 ,:o 9 deal+ ) mank9d1 lays n to _! acc\nt _! trespasses 7m logizom5os autois ta p>aptmata autn74#ii ,b1 9 contra/ to ^! timid fri5ds1 ! ,"l /ood by me & /r5g!n$ me4 ,*ri/ did n des]t ,8 fai?ful s]vant 9 ! h\r ( ne$1 b gave him c\rage & /r5g? to speak out bravely be=e ! c\rt all t x 0 "r t he %\ld say4 ,! contra/ :i* ! ,apo/le "h makes betwe5 ! _m :o =sook him & ! ,"o :o /ood by him rem9ds u ( a simil> contra/ made by ! ,"l ,himself4 ,behold1 ! h\r come?1 yea is come1 t ye %all be scatt]$1 e man to 8 own1 & %all leave ,me alone3 & yet ,i am n alone1 because ! ,fa!r is ) ,me 7,john xvi4 #cb74 ,9 ?is respect also ! say+ rema9s true ,a s]vant is n great] ?an 8 "l 7,john xv4 #bj72 & ,apo/les mu/ expect no bett] treatm5t ?an _! ,ma/] receiv$4 ,if !y are des]t$ by _! disciples & fri5ds 9 ! h\r ( dang]1 s also 0 ,he4 ,b 9 ea* case ^? :o are des]t$ are n alone1 because1 al?\gh human help fails1 ,div9e support is always pres5t4 ,! ,"l 9 ?is passage1 bo? "h & a few l9es fur!r on1 means ,*ri/ r ?an ! ,fa!r4 ,?is is 9 accordance ) ,/4 ,paul's usage4 ,"l "h has ! article 7ho kyrios73 & :5 t is ! case x commonly means ,jesus ,*ri/ 7comp4 ii4 #g1 #ad1 #bb2 iii4 #aa2 iv4 #ad1 #bb2 #a ,tim4 i4 #b1 #ab1 #ad2 vi4 #c1 #ad2 #a ,cor4 iv4 #e2 vi4 #ac2 vii4 #aj1 #ab1 #cd2 etc41 etc4 ,9 ,titus ! ^w does n occur74 ,:]e ,"l has no article 9 ! ,greek 7kyrios7 ,/4 ,paul usually means ,god & n ,*ri/4 ,"s w\ld ass]t t1 except+ :]e he quotes f ! ,old ,te/am5t 7e4g41 #a ,cor4 x4 #bf71 ?is usage is inv>iable2 b t is probably too sweep+ an ass]tion4 ,nev]!less1 !re is no reason = d\bt+ t 9 ?is passage ! ,"l means ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,we may comp>e our own usage1 accord+ to :i* our ,"l almo/ inv>iably means ,*ri/1 :]eas ! ,"l m commonly means ,god ! ,fa!r4 ,! ^w = /r5g!n 7endynam\n7 means lit]ally to infuse p[] into a p]son4 ,x is "o ( :i* ! ,apo/le is r fond2 & outside 8 writ+s x occurs 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t only 9 ! ,acts & 9 ,hebrews1 once 9 ea* 7,rom4 iv4 #bj2 ,eph4 vi4 #aj2 ,phil4 iv4 #ac2 #a ,tim4 i4 #ab2 #b ,tim4 ii4 #a74 ,x is wor? :ile to comp>e ! passage 9 :i* he speaks to ,timo?y ( ,*ri/ hav+ giv5 him p[] to turn to ,him & become ,8 s]vant2 & /ill m ! passage 9 :i*1 dur+ 8 fir/ ,roman imprisonm5t1 he tells ! ,philippians ,i c d all ?+s 9 ,him t /r5g!n$ me4 ,! same ?+ 0 true 9 ! second imprisonm5t4 ,! special purpose = :i* ,*ri/ /ood by ,8 ,apo/le & put /r5g? & p[] into him is /at$4 ,t ?r\gh me ! message might be fully proclaim$1 & t all ! ,g5tiles might he>4 ,^? :o foll[ ,eusebius 9 ! mi/ake ( suppos+ t ! fir/ def5ce ref]s to ! trial :i* end$ 9 ,/4 ,paul's release aft] ! fir/ imprisonm5t1 und]/& ?is proclamation ( ! message to ! ,g5tiles z ref]r+ to ! mission>y "w :i* ,/4 ,paul 0 enabl$ to d dur+ ! few ye>s ( int]val 7c4 ,a4,d4 #fc-ff7 be=e he 0 aga9 arre/$4 ,b if ! proclamation ( ! message took place 9 consequ5ce ( ! ,apo/le's release1 !n x w\ld h be5 plac$ aft]1 & n be=e1 ! m5tion ( deliv]ance out ( ! m\? ( ! lion4 ,x is n said t he 0 deliv]$ 9 ord] t ?r\gh him ! message might be proclaim$1 b t he 0 /r5g!n$ 9 ord] t x might be proclaim$4 ,& ! special /r5g!n+ by ,*ri/ took place 9 ref]5ce to ! fir/ he>+ ( ! case 9 c\rt1 :5 all human fri5ds =sook him1 :ile ,*ri/ /ood by him4 ,x 0 9 c\rt1 !re=e1 t ! proclamation ( ! message 0 made1 & t ?r\gh ! in/rum5tality ( ! ,apo/le ! prea*+ ( ! ,gospel rea*$ its culm9ation 7to krygma plrophor?74 ,?is 0 ! climax2--t 9 ! metropolis ( ! _w1 9 op5 c\rt1 be=e ! imp]ial tribunal1 ! ,gospel proclamation %\ld be made ) all solemnity & p[]4 ,x is q possible t ?is ev5t1 :i* ! ,apo/le ( ! ,g5tiles reg>ds z ! complet+ act ( 8 own mission & m9i/ry1 took place 9 ! =um itself4 ,"h ,tib]ius _h caus$ a tribunal to be erect$ = causes :i* he _h to he> z ,emp]or4 ,b ,claudius sometimes he>d su* cases else:]e2 & 8 successors probably foll[$ 8 example4 ,s t 9 ! reign ( ,n]o we _c be c]ta9 t su* a case z ,/4 ,paul's w\ld be he>d 9 ! =um4 ,b at any rate x w\ld be held 9 a c\rt to :i* ! public _h access2 & ! ,roman public at ?is "t 0 ! mo/ repres5tative 9 ! _w4 ,! ,apo/le is fully ju/ifi$1 !re=e1 9 ! language :i* he uses4 ,?is opportunity & p[] 7 grant$ 9 ord] t ?r\gh me ! message might be fully proclaim$1 & t all ! ,g5tiles might he>4 ,9 t repres5tative city & be=e t repres5tative audi5ce he prea*$ ,*ri/2 & ?r\gh ^? :o 7 pres5t & he>d him ! fact w\ld be made kn[n ?r\gh\t ! civiliz$ _w t 9 ! imp]ial city & be=e ! imp]ial b5* ! ,apo/le ( ,*ri/ _h proclaim$ ! com+ ( ,8 ,k+dom4 ,& ! result ( x 0 t he 0 deliv]$ out ( ! m\? ( ! lion4 ,?is 0 a second consequ5ce ( ! ,"l's /&+ by him & /r5g!n+ him4 ,he 0 enabl$ to speak ) su* effect1 t ! s5t5ce ( condemnation1 :i* _h be5 fe>$1 0 = ! pres5t av]t$4 ,he 0 nei!r acquitt$ nor convict$2 b ! c\rt1 be+ unable to arrive at a satisfactory decision1 grant$ an ext5sion ( "t 7ampliatio72 t is an adj\rnm5t4 ,9 te*nical phraseology ! actio prima end$ 9 a v]dict ( non liquet1 & an actio secunda became necess>y2 & z ?is second trial might h a simil> result1 ! am\nt ( delay t 0 possible 0 almo/ b\ndless4 ,to ask :o is meant by ! lion is a futile "q4 ,:om did ! ,psalmi/ mean by ! lion1 :5 he pray$ ,save me f ! lion's m\?8 7,ps4 xxii4 #ba47 ,he meant no "o by ! lion2 b by ! lion's m\? he meant "s great & imm95t dang]4 ,& t is :at we mu/ und]/& "h4 ,all k9ds ( gratuit\s conjectures h be5 made by ^? :o h insi/$ on id5tify+ ! lion2--! lion ( ! amphi!atre1 to :om ! ,apo/le might h be5 ?r[n1 _h he be5 condemn$2 ! ,emp]or ,n]o1 or1 z he 0 possibly 9 ,greece at ?is "t1 8 prefect & repres5tative ,helius2 or1 ! *ief accus]2 or aga91 ,satan1 :om ,/4 ,pet] describes z a ro>+ lion4 ,all ^! are answ]s to a "q :i* does n arise out ( ! text4 ,! "q is n1 ,:o is ! lion8 b1 ,:at is ! mean+ ( ! lion's m\?8 ,& ! answ] to t is1 a t]rible dang]1 & especially p]il ( dea?4 ,! goodness ( ! ,"l does n end ) ?is welcome1 b tempor>y deliv]ance4 ,! ,"l w deliv] me f e evil "w1 & w save me unto ,8 heav5ly k+dom4 ,paul's enemies are n likely to be idle dur+ ! ext5sion ( "t grant$ by ! c\rt4 ,!y w d _! utmo/ to secure a s5t5ce ( condemnation at ! second he>+ ( ! case1 & ?us get ! man :om !y dete/ remov$ f ! e>?4 ,:e!r !y w succe$ 9 ?is or n1 ! ,apo/le does n "k4 ,b "o ?+ he kn[s2--t :atev] is really evil 9 _! works aga9/ him w be p[]less to h>m him4 ,! ,"l w turn _! evil into good4 ,!y may succe$ 9 compass+ 8 dea?4 ,b1 ev5 if !y d s1 ! ,"l w make _! "w ( dea? a "w ( salvation2 & by ! sev]+ ( ! ?read :i* /ill b9ds ,paul to ?is life w save him unto1 t is1 w translate him safe into1 ,8 heav5ly k+dom4 ,x is utt]ly improbable t by e evil "w1 ,/4 ,paul means any weakness or s9 into :i* he himself might be betray$ ?r\gh want ( c\rage & /eadfa/ness4 ,ev5 if ! lion's m\? c\ld mean ,satan1 ?is w\ld n be probable2 = x w\ld be ,satan's attacks f )\t1 by means ( opposition & p]secution1 & n 8 attempts f )9 by means ( griev\s temptations1 t w\ld be meant4 ,:at is said above ab\t ,alex&] ! copp]smi? %[s :at k9d ( evil & :at k9d ( works is int5d$ 9 e evil "w4 ,! expression evid5tly ref]s to ! ma*9ations ( ,paul's enemies4 ,x is also highly improbable t w save me unto ,8 heav5ly k+dom means w keep me alive until ,he returns 9 glory4 ,!re 0 a "t :5 ! ,apo/le expect$1 l mo/ o!r ,*ri/ians ( t day1 to live to behold ! second com+ ( ,*ri/4 ,b :at we h already se5 9 ?is ,epi/le %[s t 9 ,/4 ,paul's m9d t expectation is ext9ct4 ,he no long] ?9ks t he w be "o ( ^? t are alive1 t are left unto ! com+ ( ! ,"l 7#a ,!ss4 iv4 #ae1 #ag72 t he w be among ! liv+1 :o %all be *ang$1 r ?an among ! dead1 :o %all be rais$ at ! s\nd+ ( ! la/ trump 7#a ,cor4 xv4 #ec74 ,he does n repeat1 :at seems almo/ to h be5 a famili> wat*word among ! ,*ri/ians ( t day1--,m>an a?a2 ! ,"l is at h& 7#a ,cor4 xvi4 #bb2 ,phil4 iv4 #e74 ,on ! contr>y1 x is 8 own h\r t is at h&3 ,i am already be+ (f]$1 & ! "t ( my dep>ture is come4 ,he is fully p]suad$ n[ t he w n live to see ,*ri/'s return 9 glory2 & he does n expect t return to come spe$ily2 =1 z we h se51 "o ( 8 *ief anxieties is t !re %\ld be a p]man5tly organiz$ m9i/ry 9 ! ,*ur*es1 & t provision %\ld be made = h&+ on ! fai? intact f g5]ation to g5]ation 7,tit4 i1 #e2 #b ,tim4 ii4 #b74 ,!re c be little d\bt1 !re=e1 t :5 ! ,apo/le expresses a conviction t ! ,"l w save him unto ,8 heav5ly k+dom1 he is n expect+ to rea* t k+dom )\t fir/ pass+ ?r\gh ! gate ( dea?4 ,:at he is sure ( is ?is1--t ! evil works ( 8 adv]s>ies w nev] be all[$ to prev5t him f rea*+ t bless$ re/+ place4 ,*ri/'s k+dom is tw(old2 ,he has a k+dom on e>? & a k+dom 9 heav54 ,! sa9ts :o are 9 ! k+dom on e>? are /ill expos$ to _m k9ds ( evil works2 & ! ,apo/le is p]suad$ t 9 8 case su* works w be ov]rul$ by ! ,"l to fur!r 8 progress f ! e>?ly to ! heav5ly k+dom4 ,to :om be ! glory = ev] & ev]4 ,am54 ,if :at 0 said above ab\t ! ,"l is correct1 !n "h we h a doxology :i* manife/ly is address$ to ,*ri/4 ,x is possible t 9 ,rom4 ix4 #e & xvi4 #bg we h o!r examples1 z also 9 ,heb4 xiii4 #ba2 b 9 all ^! ?ree cases ! con/ruction is op5 to "q4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 !re c be no d\bt t ! glory = ev] & ev] is ascrib$ to ! ,"l ,:o /ood by ,paul at 8 trial & w deliv] him f all evil works h]eaft]2 & ! ,"l is ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,z ,*ryso/om po9t$ly rem>ks )\t fur!r comm5t3 ,lo1 "h is a doxology to ! ,son4 ,& x is ^w = ^w ! same z t :i* 9 ,gal4 i4 #e is address$ to ! ,fa!r4 ,) ^! words ( praise on 8 lips we take our leave ( ! ,apo/le4 ,he is a we>i$ work]1 a =lorn & all b des]t$ tea*]1 a despis$ & all b condemn$ prison]2 b he kn[s t he has made no mi/ake4 ,! ,ma/]1 ,:o seems to h requit$ ,8 s]vant s ill1 is a royal ,ma/]1 ,:o has royal gifts 9 /ore4 ,he has nev] fail$ ,8 s]vant 9 ?is life1 9 :i* ,8 pres5ce1 ?\gh b dimly reflect$1 has always bright5$ suff]+2 & ,he w n fail 9 ,8 promises respect+ ! life :i* is to come4 ,! ,apo/le has _h to su/a9 him1 n m]ely ,div9e tru? :]e) to enlight5 8 s\l1 & ,div9e rules1 :]e) to direct 8 conduct2 he has _h also a ,div9e ,p]son1 :]e) to %>e 8 life4 ,he has kept ! fai? 9 ! ,div9e tru?2 he has f9i%$ 8 c\rse accord+ to ! ,div9e rules2 yet ^! ?+s he has done1 n 9 8 own /r5g?1 b 9 ,*ri/ ,:o lives 9 him4 ,x is ?is graci\s indwell+ :i* made ! victory t has be5 won possible2 & x is ?is :i* gives x its value4 ,! fai? :i* has be5 kept is fai? 9 ,him ,:o is ! ,tru?4 ,! c\rse :i* has be5 f9i%$ is accord+ to ,him ,:o is ! ,way4 ,& ! life :i* has be5 %>$ has be5 unit$ ) ,him ,:o is ! ,life4 ,t union w nev] end4 ,x began "h2 & x w be cont9u$ ?r\gh\t et]nity 9 ! life :i* is life inde$4 ,& !re=e1 ) a he>t full ( ?ankfulness to ! ,ma/] ,:o has %>$ 8 suff]+s & w %>e 8 bliss1 he leaves u z 8 la/ address to ,*ri/1 ,to ,him be ! glory = ev] & ev]4 ,am54 ,,footnotes3 #ii #a ,cor4 xiii4 #e2 #b ,cor4 v4 #ai4 ,,index4 ,abec$>ians1 #gj4 ,acts ( ! ,apo/les n writt5 by ,titus1 #bjg1 nor by ,/4 ,paul1 #cfj-cfb4 ,adornm5t1 ,! nature (1 #bea1 #beb4 ,alex&]1 #ge1 #gf1 #cgc1 #dac4 ,ambrose1 #bcj4 ,anacletus1 #daf4 ,ananias & ,sapphira1 #gc1 #ge4 ,an>*y 9 ! ,*ur*1 #gc1 #bga4 ,angels1 #ach4 ,ant9omian doctr9e1 #dd1 #di1 #bih1 #bii4 ,apocalypse1 #dh1 #fh4 ,apollos1 #bjc1 #bjh1 #dad4 ,apo/les1 #fi1 #gj4 ,apo/olic ,con/itutions1 #abf1 #aef1 #bcb4 ,appuleius1 #cgi4 ,aquila1 #dac1 #dad4 ,aratus1 #bbe4 ,ari/otle1 #bdj4 ,army1 ,roman1 #cde1 #cdf4 ,artemis1 ,temple (1 #hd1 #aih4 ,article1 ,! ,greek1 #hi1 #ahi1 #cib4 ,asceticism1 #dd1 #adb1 #adc4 ,a!nagoras1 #abe4 ,a?leticism1 #add4 ,aurelius1 ,m41 #hi1 #beg4 ,augu/9e1 #bbi1 #cgc4 ,au!nticity ( ! ,pa/oral ,epi/les1 #d-af1 #cc1 #eb1 #ee1 #afc1 #afi1 #bid1 #bie1 #cab1 #cbb1 #djd1 #djf-dag1 #dba4 ,au?ority1 ,div9e orig9 (1 #bgc-bge4 ,av>ice1 ,dang]s (1 #aif-aih4 ,baptism1 #bhd-bic4 ,basilides1 #h1 #db4 ,bau]1 #h1 #aj1 #ab1 #cc4 ,bl&9a1 #beg4 ,bodily ex]cise pr(itable1 #adc-ade4 ,brets*neid]1 #abe4 ,butl]'s ,durham ,*>ge1 #cfh4 ,c>pus1 #aa1 #daa4 ,ca?>i1 #abf4 ,celsus1 #bbi1 #bec4 ,cell9i1 #ej4 ,c]ta9ty1 ,nature ( hi/orical1 #aje4 ,*ildr51 ,c>e (1 #bef4 ,*ryso/om1 #cd1 #ef1 #ie1 #aja1 #bdi1 #cdi1 #cfi1 #chb1 #cig1 #dbi4 ,circumcision ( ,timo?y1 #bb4 ,claudia1 #dae4 ,claudius1 #dad1 #dbe4 ,clean!s1 #bbe4 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 #f1 #ig1 #ajj1 #bbh1 #cci1 #cgc4 ,clem5t ( ,rome1 #e1 #ad1 #ig1 #aaj1 #daf4 ,cl]gy & laity f ! fir/ di/9ct1 #aji4 ,cloke1 #dab4 ,collection = ,jewi% ,*ri/ians1 #bje4 ,consci5ti\s disob$i5ce1 #bgh4 ,cont5tm5t1 #aib-aif4 ,cont9uity ( doctr9e1 #ccf-cdj4 ,controv]sial _s1 #cfg4 ,controv]sial viol5ce1 #bhj4 ,cor9?1 ,case ( ince/ at1 #gc1 #bfe4 ,cor9?1 ,timo?y at1 #bc1 #bd1 #bi4 ,cor9?1 ,titus at1 #bjd-bjf4 ,cos91 ,bi%op1 #cbh4 ,cr$n]1 #h4 ,crete1 ,! ,*ur* 91 #bab-bae1 #bga4 ,cynicism1 ,evils (1 #bi-ca4 ,cyril ( ,j]usalem1 #cda4 ,davies1 ,t4 ,ll41 #cja4 ,deaconesses1 #aee1 #aeh4 ,dead1 ,pray]s = !1 #cbe-ccj4 ,deliv]+ to ,satan1 #gd4 ,demas1 #dji1 #daj4 ,devil1 ,p]sonality ( !1 #gg-hj4 ,diog5es ,la]tius1 #bif4 ,discipl9e necess>y to ! ,*ur*1 #gb1 #gc4 ,div9ity ( ,*ri/1 #bfh1 #bfi1 #bhc1 #dbi4 ,divorce1 #abj4 ,doctr9al /atem5ts 9 ! ,pa/oral ,epi/les1 #bei1 #bhb4 ,doctr9e1 ,cont9uity (1 #ccf-cdj4 ,doctr9e ( ! ,twelve ,apo/les1 #fi1 #if1 #ajh1 #aae4 ,dll+]1 #h1 #abi4 ,doxology address$ to ,*ri/1 #bdi4 ,dress ( wom51 #aja4 ,ec/asy1 #bda4 ,eld]s or presbyt]s1 #fg1 #aab1 #aae1 #aah1 #afe1 #bac1 #bag4 ,elymas1 #ge4 ,emotion 9 religion1 #bdd-bdg4 ,ephesus1 ,timo?y at1 #be1 #hd1 #aih1 #bfe1 #cbj1 #cbc4 ,epim5ides1 #bbd1 #bbe4 ,epiphanies ( ,*ri/1 #bfj1 #bfi4 ,episcopacy1 #ajg1 #aab1 #aad1 #bba4 ,era/us1 #dad1 #dae4 ,evans1 ,t4 ,s41 #bhg4 ,eunice1 #ba1 #chh4 ,eubulus1 #dae4 ,eusebius1 #f1 #ad1 #bf1 #cg1 #beg1 #cga1 #cgi1 #dae1 #dah1 #dai4 ,ewald1 #i1 #djg4 ,excommunication1 #gd1 #cjc4 ,extempore pray]1 #if4 ,failure1 ,app>5t1 ( ! ,gospel1 #djb4 ,fai?1 ,te/ (1 #bij4 ,f>r>1 ,f4 ,w41 #dab4 ,flood1 ,!1 a type ( baptism1 #bhi4 ,free w1 #dj1 #da1 #eg4 ,fre$om ( ! ,gospel1 #cfb1 #cfc4 ,fri5d%ip ( ,paul & ,timo?y1 #bf-cj4 ,g5ealogies1 #cd1 #ce4 ,g5u95ess ( ! ,pa/oral ,epi/les1 #d-af1 #cc1 #eb1 #ee1 #afc1 #afi1 #bid1 #bie1 #cab1 #cbb1 #djd1 #djf-dag1 #dba4 ,gessius ,florus1 #bgf4 ,gladiatorial %[s1 #agi1 #cdg4 ,gno/icism1 its rapid progress1 #cg2 its problem1 #ch2 its moral tea*+1 #dd1 #ec1 #aea4 ,godet1 #cd4 ,goe!1 #gi4 ,gold5 ages ( ! ,*ur*1 #bfd4 ,grammatical errors 9 ,scripture1 #cid4 ,gregory ! ,great1 #bca1 #bcb4 ,gregory ( ,t\rs1 #bcc4 ,hadrian1 #hi4 ,h&l+ aright1 #cgj4 ,h&s1 ,imposition (1 #fc1 #fd1 #fg1 #aff1 #afg1 #cae4 ,h&s lift$ 9 pray]1 #ig1 #ih4 ,hausra?1 #i1 #djg4 ,hegesippus1 #f1 #ccg4 ,helius1 #bge1 #dbg4 ,h]esy1 ,mean+ ( 9 ,new ,te/am5t1 #bif-bii4 ,h]esy & magic1 #chc4 ,h]etical tea*]s1 #ec1 #chb4 ,h]mas1 #ajh1 #abe4 ,h]mog5es1 #cai-cbc4 ,hippolytus1 #abh4 ,hitzig1 #i1 #djg4 ,hook]1 #bhe1 #bhf4 ,husb& ( "o wife1 #aah4 ,huxley1 #agc4 ,hym5aeus1 ,! puni%m5t (1 #gd-gf1 #cgc4 ,hymns1 ,anci5t ,*ri/ian1 #acd4 ,ideal ,*ur*1 #aaf4 ,ignatius1 #e1 #aj1 #cc1 #fi1 #aac1 #aad1 #cgh4 ,imm]1 #i1 #djg4 ,imposition ( h&s1 #fc1 #fd1 #fg1 #aff1 #afg1 #cae4 ,imprisonm5ts ( ,/4 ,paul1 #ac1 #bd1 #bh1 #cfb1 #dja4 ,imprisonm5t ( ,timo?y1 #bd4 ,inc>nation1 ,!1 #dd1 #ceh1 #cei4 ,inspiration ( ,scripture1 #cha1 #cic-cif4 ,int]cession1 #hc1 #hf1 #cbf4 ,ir5aeus1 #f1 #aab1 #aac1 #bid1 #cch1 #cgc1 #dae4 ,jannes & ,jambres1 #cgi-chc4 ,j]ome1 #bcj1 #cfj4 ,jewi% ,gno/icism1 #cc1 #cd4 ,job1 #gf1 #gg1 #aib4 ,julian ! ,apo/ate1 #bcj1 #bca4 ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 #f1 #if1 #aai4 ,kll+1 #h4 ,kr5kel1 #i1 #bjg1 #djg4 ,lambe? ,conf]5ces1 #bff4 ,la/ days1 #cgg4 ,lat9 ,fa!rs & ,pagan culture1 #bbg1 #bcj1 #bcb4 ,lav] ( reg5]ation1 #bhe-bib4 ,lemme1 #i1 #djg4 ,lightfoot1 ,bi%op1 #aac1 #bbg1 #cfa4 ,l9us1 #aac1 #cch1 #dae1 #daf4 ,lion's m\?1 #dbf4 ,liturgical =ms 9 ,new ,te/am5t1 #hc1 #acd4 ,lois1 #ba1 #chh4 ,"l1 :5 us$ ( ,*ri/1 #dbd4 ,luke1 #bc1 #bg1 #bjg1 #bji1 #dba-dbc4 ,ly/ra1 #ba1 #bb1 #bd4 ,magic1 #chc4 ,mahometanism & slav]y1 #ahb4 ,ma9e1 #aei4 ,manumission ( slaves1 #aha1 #ahd1 #bdh4 ,m>cion's rejection ( ! ,pa/oral ,epi/les1 #d1 #e1 #h1 #aj4 ,m>k1 #dji1 #daj4 ,m>riages1 ,second1 #abb1 #abe4 ,mill1 ,j4 ,s41 #ci4 ,milligan1 #aag4 ,missions1 #bff4 ,money1 ,love (1 #aic-aih4 ,montanus1 #gj1 #aae4 ,m\? ( ! lion1 #dbf4 ,muratorian ,canon1 #f1 #ad4 ,my/]y1 ,mean+ ( 9 ,new ,te/am5t1 #acb1 #ace4 ,n]o1 #ad1 #hi1 #bge1 #dad1 #dai1 #dbb1 #dbf4 ,newman1 ,j4 ,h41 #ci1 #dj1 #bcc-bce1 #chg4 ,nicodemus1 ,gospel (1 #chj4 ,num5ius1 #cgi4 ,ob$i5ce1 ,duty (1 #bgb1 #bge4 ,onesimus1 #daa4 ,onesiphorus1 #cac1 #cai1 #cbj1 #cbc1 #dad4 ,ord9ation1 #fj1 #fc1 #bbj1 #cad4 ,orig51 #abe1 #bbh1 #bbi1 #cgi4 ,orig9 ( ! ,*ri/ian m9i/ry1 #ajd-aag4 ,pa/oral ,epi/les1 ,"* (1 #c1 #d1 #ae1 #af1 #bja1 #cji1 #cab4 ,paul ,,iii41 ,pope1 #ej4 ,p$anius ,secundus1 #agi4 ,p]secution1 #ed1 #bge4 ,pe%itto1 #f4 ,pfleid]]1 #h1 #aj1 #aa1 #djg4 ,philetus1 #cgc4 ,phraseology ( ! ,pa/oral ,epi/les1 #g1 #bf1 #dg1 #eb1 #djd1 #dbd4 ,phygelus1 #cai1 #cbc4 ,plato1 #agh1 #bdj1 #bda4 ,pl9y ! ,eld]1 #cgi1 #chj4 ,pl9y ! ,y\ng]1 #hc1 #acd4 ,polyc>p1 #e1 #cch4 ,polygamy1 #aai4 ,pray]1 ,=ms (1 #if4 ,pray]s = ! dead1 #cbe-ccj4 ,presbyt]s or eld]s1 #fg1 #aab1 #aae1 #aah1 #aff1 #bad1 #bag1 #bba4 ,prie/hood1 ,! idea (1 #aag4 ,prisca1 #dac1 #dad4 ,prophecies on ,timo?y1 #fb-fd4 ,prophet1 ,mean+s ( ! t]m1 #fe4 ,prophets 9 ,new ,te/am5t1 #ff1 #fi2 9 ! ,primitive ,*ur*1 #gj1 #if1 #aae4 ,public wor%ip1 #ie-ajb4 ,pud5s1 #dae4 ,puni%m5t ( ,hym5aeus & ,alex&]1 #gd-gf4 ,rationalism1 #chg4 ,r$ ,sea1 ,passage ( !1 a type ( baptism1 #bhi4 ,reg5]ation1 ,lav] (1 #bhe-bib4 ,religi\s emotion1 ! use (1 #bdd-bdg4 ,r5an1 #h1 #aa1 #gi1 #bgf1 #cee1 #djg4 ,resurrection1 ,belief 9 !1 #cee-cei1 #cgb4 ,reunion ( ,*ri/5dom1 #bfg4 ,reuss1 #aa4 ,revis]s1 ,*anges made by !1 #cb1 #dg1 #ei1 #bai1 #bfh1 #bfi1 #bhe1 #ced1 #cga1 #cia4 ,roman ,*ur*1 ,its neglect ( ,/4 ,paul1 #bh1 #djj1 #dbj1 #dba4 ,salmon1 #h1 #aac1 #djg4 ,satan1 ,deliv]+ unto1 #gd4 ,satan1 ,p]sonality (1 #gg-hj4 ,s*aff1 #cie4 ,s*lei]ma*]1 #gh4 ,second ,adv5t1 ,ne>ness ( !1 #cgh1 #dbh4 ,second ,roman imprisonm5t ( ,/4 ,paul1 #ac1 #bh1 #cfb1 #dja4 ,second m>riages1 #abb1 #abe4 ,%amelessness 9 s]v+ ,god1 #cgj4 ,slav]y1 #age-ahd1 #bdh-bej1 #bec-beg4 ,sobriety 9 religion1 #bda1 #bde4 ,socialism1 #ahe-ahg4 ,solid>ity ( ,*ri/5dom1 #hf4 ,/rauss1 #gi4 ,sup]/ition & h]esy1 #chd4 ,tatian's rejection ( #a & #b ,tim41 #h1 #bjb4 ,t]tullian1 #f1 #aj1 #hi1 #ij1 #ih1 #aja1 #abh1 #aff1 #bbg1 #bid1 #bie1 #cjj1 #cci1 #cdf4 ,?anksgiv+s = all m51 #ib4 ,!ophilus ( ,antio*1 #f4 ,?reefold m9i/ry1 #bba4 ,tib]ius1 #dbe4 ,tigell9us1 #bge4 ,timo?y comp>$ ) ,/4 ,john1 #ai-ba4 ,timo?y at ,cor9?1 #bc1 #bd1 #bi4 ,titus comp>$ ) ,timo?y1 #bji4 ,titus at ,cor9?1 #bjd-bjf4 ,titus 9 ,dalmatia1 #daj4 ,tr9it>ian doctr9e1 #bhc1 #bhd4 ,trophimus1 #dad1 #dae1 #dai4 ,trullo1 ,c\ncil 91 #aee4 ,ty*icus1 #daj1 #daa4 ,tyndale1 #dab1 #dac4 ,v]bal inspiration1 #cic4 ,visible means an aid to fai?1 #bia4 ,wa%+ ( reg5]ation1 #bhe-bib4 ,wat]l&1 #bic1 #cjf4 ,weiss1 #g1 #ae4 ,weisse1 #i1 #djg4 ,wid[s1 #aec-aee1 #aeh1 #afc4 ,w1 ,fre$om ( !1 #dj1 #da1 #eg4 ,wom51 ,social position (1 #bef4 ,wom5's dress1 #aja1 #ajb4 ,wor%ip1 ,public1 #ie1 #ajj4 ,wordswor?1 ,bi%op ,c41 #acd4 ,z5as1 #bjc1 #bjh4 ,zwickau prophets1 #gj4