,speak without being afraid that the    
wind will carry   away your words and   
sow them in fresh soils4                
--,zola4             ,the ,church in    
,politics--                             
,americans1 ,beware6                ,a  
,lecture ,delivered ,before             
the ,independent ,religious             
,society1 ,orchestra ,hall1             
,chicago1 ,sunday at #aa ,a4 ,m4        
,decoration          ,by   ,m4 ,m4      
,,mangasarian                ,the mass  
of the law-abiding and respectable      
citizens is virtually agnostic4 ,where  
its            agnosticism is not       
reasoned out1 it is            habitual 
and unconcerned4 ,the orderly1          
honest1 duty-doing people who never     
think            about religion one way 
or the other form by            far the 
largest class in the community4         
--,david ,christy ,murray4       ,the   
,church in ,politics--                  
,americans1 ,beware6   ,in his letter on
 religion in politics1 ,president       

,roosevelt takes the position1 ,i       
believe1 that we may look forward to the
 day when a ,catholic1 for instance1 may
 be nominated and elected to the        
presidency of the ,united ,states of    
,america4 ,he also intimates that to    
refuse to vote for a ,catholic on       
account of his religion would be        
bigotry6 ,the ,lutheran1 ,baptist and   
,presbyterian bodies have1 if ,i am not 
mistaken1 officially protested against  
the president's pronouncement4 ,these   
,protestant churches declare that it is 
not fair to call them bigots for        
objecting to a ,catholic for president4 
,speaking only in the capacity of a     
private citizen1 it is my opinion that1 
according to the ,constitution1 a       
,catholic is not eligible to be a       
candidate for president4 ,neither is a  
sincere and consistent ,christian of any
 other denomination4 ,nor is a believing
 ,jew4 ,the ,constitution explicitly    
ignores the religious interests of the  
nation2 it does not even so much as     

mention the name of ,god4 ,had the      
document been created by infidels it    
could not have been more indifferent to 
the subject of church or religion4 ,the 
,constitution is a downright secular    
instrument1 having as its end one1 and  
only one1 object--the rights of man4    
,but the supreme end of the church is   
,god1 not man2 or man for ,god4 ,there  
is then1 between the church and the     
,constitution1 an irreconcilable        
difference4 ,it is because of this that 
the ,united ,presbyterians1 for         
instance1 who have a membership of about
 a million1 refuse even to take part in 
elections1 much less to accept office   
under a government that deliberately    
ignores the ,christian religion1 as well
 as every other religion4 ,i submit that
 the ,united ,presbyterians are quite   
consistent1 and that they deserve the   
respect of all who hold that courage and
 sincerity are better than ambiguity and
 inconsistency4 ,a ,christian1          
therefore1 can accept a nomination to   

the presidency1 for instance1 only by   
either stultifying himself and          
belittling his church1 or by            
disregarding the ,constitution1 its     
spirit as well as its letter4  ,nor     
would it be bigotry to contend that a   
,protestant or a ,catholic candidate1 to
 whom ,god is first and country second1 
should under no circumstances be voted  
into presidential power and influence4  
,even as it would not be an act of      
intolerance to deny the presidency of   
this country to a foreign-born citizen1 
it would not be intolerant to deny it to
 ,catholics1 for example4 ,they are     
simply not eligible4 ,both ,protestant  
and ,catholic ought to say1 when invited
 to the office1 that they can not       
conscientiously swear to maintain a     
,constitution which fails in its duties 
to the ,creator1 and that if elected    
they will obey ,god rather than the     
,constitution1 for a ,christian can not 
serve two masters1 neither can he be a  
,christian and not a ,christian at the  

same time4 ,i am going to quote a page  
from the history of modern ,france1 to  
show that that is precisely what the    
,catholic1 at least1 does when he comes 
into power--he obeys ,god1 that is to   
say1 the church1 and forgets all about  
the ,constitution1 that is to say1 the  
rights of man4  ,france has been a      
turbulent country4 ,its political       
weather has been more frequently stormy 
than fair4 ,it makes one nervous1       
almost1 to read the history of          
,france--it is so sensational4 ,its     
pages are lit up with the lightning4 ,it
 is a sad and shocking story of         
intrigues1 plots1 conspiracies1 treason1
 machination1 finesse1--of manoeuvre and
 scandal1 of sudden strokes and         
startling surprises1 which have         
alternately cooled and heated the brain 
of the nation1 and which have cultivated
 in the people the unhealthy craving for
 excitement4  ,let it be admitted that  
the temperament of the people1 its      
irritability or impetuosity1 is in a    

measure responsible for this4 ,but this 
in itself is not enough to explain the  
terrible punishments and misfortunes    
which have fallen upon that nation4 ,you
 are all familiar with the remark of one
 of her great statesmen1 ,gambetta3 ,the
 enemy1 it is clericalism4  ,another    
statesman1 ,paul ,bert1 said3 ,it is not
 our domestic discords2 it is not       
,england2 nor even the trained ,german  
legions1 that constitute the greatest   
menace to ,frenchmen and the prosperity 
of ,france1 still bleeding from her     
wounds1 but the man in black4 ,did these
 statesmen speak the truth8 ,we shall   
ask history to answer the question4     
,this much1 however1 we can say without 
consulting history1 that today the      
,french republic and the ,catholic      
church are at swords' points4 ,after    
trying to pull together1 church and     
state have separated--are completely    
divorced1 and each suspects and fears   
the other4 ,let us try to explain the   
strained relations between ,rome and the

 ,french republic by a reference to the 
events in ,france from the time of the  
second republic to the ,franco-,prussian
 war4  ,in #ahdh1 after many attempts to
 maintain the monarchy1 ,france returned
 to the republican form of government4  
,the ,catholic church1 always powerful  
in the country1 and having great        
interests at stake1 to the surprise of  
the nation1 welcomed the republic with  
enthusiasm4 ,the ,archbishop of         
,cambrai1 the bishops of ,gap1 of       
,chalons1 of ,nancy1 and the ,catholic  
periodicals1 l',univers1 the ,moniteur1 
etc41 declared that the republican form 
of government was of divine origin1 and 
that there were no other three words in 
all the world more sacred than the words
 ,liberty1 ,equality1 ,fraternity4 ,in  
all the churches high mass was          
celebrated1 and a ,te ,deum chanted in  
honor of the new regime4 ,there are no  
more devoted and sincere republicans in 
,france than the ,catholics1 wrote      
,veuillot in l',univers1 the organ of   

the church4 ,in asking you to keep this 
in mind1 ,i also request you to note    
that the ,catholic church in ,america   
seems to be today just as devoted to the
 ,american republic as the ,french      
,catholics professed to be to the       
republic of #ahdh4 ,but let us not      
forget that this same clergy1 during the
 reign of the first ,napoleon1          
introduced the following questions and  
answers into every church catechism in  
use throughout the land3  ,question3    
,why are we under obligations to our    
emperor8  ,answer3 ,because1 in the     
first place1 ,god1 who creates empires  
and distributes them according to his   
pleasure1 in blessing our emperor1 both 
in peace and war1 has set him over us as
 our sovereign1 and has made him the    
image of himself upon the earth4 ,to    
honor and serve the emperor is then to  
honor and serve ,god4  ,question3 ,are  
there not special reasons why we are    
most profoundly indebted to ,napoleon   
the ,first1 our emperor8  ,answer3 ,yes4

 ,for in difficult circumstances1 he is 
the man whom ,god has raised up to      
re-establish the public worship of the  
holy religion of our fathers1 and to be 
our protector4444 ,he has become the    
anointed of the ,lord by the            
consecration of the pope1 the head of   
the ,church ,universal4  ,question3     
,what shall be thought of those who fail
 in their respect to our emperor8       
,answer3 ,according to the ,apostle     
,paul1 those who resist the appointed   
powers shall receive eternal damnation  
to their souls4,a      ,a ,catechisme a 
,l',usage de ,tantes ,les ,eglises de   
,l',empire     ,francais4  ,of course1  
when the first ,napoleon fell1 the      
,catholic church quickly withdrew from  
circulation the catechism from which ,i 
have been quoting4 ,it was after        
considerable effort that ,i was able to 
secure a copy of the work4 ,the         
infallible church1 then1 was for        
,napoleon1 heart and soul1 as long as he
 was in power4 ,without any             

conscientious scruples whatever1 the    
church hailed the tyrant1 whose         
profession was wholesale murder for his 
own glory--as the image of ,god on      
earth6 ,in those days it meant damnation
 not to accept ,napoleon as the anointed
 of heaven4 ,such a guide is the church6
  ,but at last the church professed to  
be converted to liberty4  ,now we are in
 a position to appreciate the sudden and
 complete change of front on the part of
 the ,french clergy4 ,from staunch      
imperialists they had been converted1   
judging by their professions1 to the    
principles of the ,french revolution4   
,an era of peace and brotherhood seemed 
to open before that much troubled       
country4 ,priest and magistrate had both
 buried the hatchet2 church and school  
would now1 after endless disputation1   
co-operate in the work of education1 and
 the vicar of ,christ and the president 
of the republic shall join hands in the 
service of the people4 ,the new republic
 promised all this4 ,the skies were     

serene and clear1 and the church bells  
rang in honor of the era that had just  
dawned4  ,having inaugurated the        
republic1 the next business before the  
country was the election of a president4
 ,the ,catholic church1 having disarmed 
all suspicion and given tangible proofs 
of its conversion to republicanism1     
succeeded in nominating its own         
candidate to the presidency4 ,this was  
,louis ,napoleon1 the nephew of the     
great ,napoleon4 ,to elect its nominee1 
the church engaged in a most active     
campaign2 sermons were delivered in     
every church2 a house to house canvass  
was undertaken1 and even the            
confessional was utilized to secure     
votes for the ,star of ,france1 as they 
called ,napoleon4  ,on election day1    
each priest led his parishioners to the 
voting booth and saw that the ballots   
were properly deposited4 ,the result was
 that ,louis ,napoleon was elected by   
#e1ecd1ebj votes1 out of a total of     
#g1dbf1beb votes cast4 ,that is to say1 

he had a majority of nearly three       
millions4  ,what made ,louis ,napoleon a
 favorite with the church8 ,to answer   
that question we shall have to step onto
 the stage and peep behind the scenes4  
,but to see what was transpiring behind 
the scenes in ,france we shall have to  
go to ,rome4  ,about the time we are now
 speaking of1 the papal states in ,italy
 were up in arms against the pope1 who  
at this time still enjoyed his temporal 
power4 ,he was still both priest and    
king4 ,he had his own soldiers1 his own 
generals1 his cannons1 guns and powder4 
,he went to war2 collected taxes1       
administered the courts1 and possessed  
all the prerogatives of a secular       
sovereign4 ,he was1 of course1 besides  
all this1 also the vicar of ,christ on  
earth4 ,unfortunately1 like any other   
sovereign of those days1 the pope       
oppressed his subjects1 and it was to   
put an end to their grievances that the 
,italian states revolted1 and made an   
attempt to establish a republic in      

,rome4 ,no doubt our own example in this
 country1 as well as that of the        
,french1 encouraged the ,italians in    
their efforts to free themselves from   
oppression4 ,the republican movement    
spread rapidly--like the rushing waters 
of a reservoir that had at last broken  
loose4 ,the whole peninsula was athrill 
with new aspirations4 ,the ,italians    
remembered the days of their pagan      
ancestors and took heart4 ,the charmed  
and charming words1 ,liberty6           
,constitution6 were upon every lip4     
,soon the heavens would beam with the   
radiant star of ,garibaldi4 ,the        
movement was so irresistible that the   
pope1 ,pius ,,ix1 was compelled to make 
terms with the leaders4 ,it was agreed  
that1 henceforth1 the country1 instead  
of being governed exclusively by the    
clergy1 as heretofore1 should be        
governed by two chambers1 the members to
 one of which should be appointed by the
 pope2 the members to the other should  
be elected by the people4 ,the two      

chambers1 however1 as was to be         
expected1 could not get along together4 
,the priests were not used to obeying1  
they were used to commanding4 ,they     
obeyed only ,god4 ,moreover1 the secular
 members undertook to interfere in      
church matters1 which the priests would 
not tolerate1 although they themselves  
never refrained from interfering in     
secular matters4 ,the deliberations     
became anarchic in parliament4 ,the     
priests declared they represented ,god  
and could never be in the wrong4        
,whoever they may have meant by the word
 ,god1 he was invariably on the side of 
the priests4 ,this1 the other members   
declared1 was not fair1 as it tied up   
their hands and made them as helpless as
 the delegates to a ,russian ,douma are 
today4 ,things went from bad to worse2  
murders became daily occurrences4 ,the  
pope1 fearing assassination1 fled from  
,rome4 ,his departure was hailed with   
joy4 ,rome unfurled the republican flag 
from the dome of ,st4 ,peter's4 ,the    

pope was a fugitive4 ,rome was free4    
,to crush this republican movement and  
restore the runaway pope to his throne1 
the church needed an agent4 ,the agent  
must be strong enough to strangle the   
,italian republic and to recover for the
 pope his temporal power4 ,spain was too
 decrepit to be summoned to the task4   
,austria had already too much of ,italy 
in her grip2 the only nation that could 
disinterestedly fight for the pope would
 be ,france4  ,observe now the double   
role which the church was playing3 ,in  
,france she was an ardent republican1 in
 ,italy she anathematized the republic  
as a blasphemy against ,god4 ,in ,france
 she was ringing bells in honor of the  
rights of man1 in ,rome she was firing  
shot and shell into the ,italian        
republicans4 ,in ,france the republic   
was of divine origin1 in ,italy1 it was 
the work of the devil4 ,let us state it 
frankly1 the church was a republican in 
,france1 not from love but from policy4 
,history will confirm our statement4    

,but we have not yet answered why ,louis
 ,napoleon was such a favorite with the 
church4 ,on the eve of the elections in 
,france1 ,napoleon1 who was one of the  
candidates for the presidency1 sent a   
letter to the nuncio of the pope in     
,paris1 in which he expressed his       
personal opinion1 an opinion which at   
the time looked quite harmless1 that1   
for the peace of ,italy and the prestige
 of the ,catholic world1 the temporal   
power of the pope should be maintained4 
,few people were reflective enough to   
suspect that there was in those words a 
pledge on the part of the candidate to  
employ1 if elected to the presidency1   
the resources of ,france in the service 
of ,rome4  ,naturally enough1 not long  
after his election1 the church called   
upon ,napoleon to fulfill his promise4  
,but to make a promise is very much     
easier than to fulfill it4 ,how was the 
president going to persuade the ,french 
to make war upon a sister republic8 ,it 
was clearly to the interest of the      

,french to have the republican form of  
government spread4 ,but it was to the   
interest of the church to overthrow the 
,italian republic and restore the pope  
to the vatican4 ,the ,french must1      
therefore1 prefer the interest of the   
pope to the interest of their own       
country4 ,americans beware6  ,on the    
#cjth of ,march1 #ahdi1 ,louis ,napoleon
 succeeded in getting a favorable vote  
from the assembly upon the following    
proposition3 ,if for the maintenance of 
the integrity of the ,kingdom of        
,piedmont1 and for the preservation of  
the interests and honor of ,france1 the 
executive power shall deem it necessary 
for the enforcement of its negotiations 
to occupy temporarily any given point in
 ,italy1 the national assembly shall    
lend him its cordial and effective      
support4,b ,a short time after1         
,napoleon dispatched to ,rome a force   
under the command of ,oudinat1 with     
secret instructions to reseat the pope  
on his apostolic as well as temporal    

throne4 ,on the #cjth of ,april the     
,french republican army opened fire on  
the ,italian republicans defending      
,rome4 ,the ,french were repulsed4 ,when
 the news of the disaster to the ,french
 forces reached ,paris it threw the     
country into a state of delirium4       
,scarcely anybody not in the conspiracy 
had suspected that the innocent looking 
measure presented to the assembly by the
 president of the republic really       
authorized the declaration of war       
against ,italy2 and no one so much as   
imagined that a given point in ,italy   
meant ,rome1 or that the interests and  
the honor of ,france required the       
restoration of the principle of         
absolutism in ,italy4 ,but it was too   
late2 the assembly had been caught in a 
trap4 ,the disgrace and the defeat were 
matters of fact which could not be      
undone4      ,b ,l',eglise et ,la       
,france4 ,o4 ,jouvin1 page #bb4  ,a     
moment ago ,i called attention to the   
double role of the church4 ,i now ask   

you to see how the church was trying to 
drag the ,french nation into the same   
insincerity and duplicity4 ,think of a  
nation which had created the            
,revolution1 which had overthrown the   
monarchy1 and had inscribed upon its    
banner ,liberty1 ,equality1             
,fraternity--think of such a nation     
going to war against one of its         
neighbors for following its example6    
,the creators of liberty were urged to  
become its assassins4 ,into this        
ludicrous1 absurd1 nay1 infamous role1  
was the ,french republic dragged by     
,napoleon and the power that had made   
him president of the republic4          
,americans beware6  ,on the #bith of    
,june the ,french forces made a second  
attack upon ,rome1 putting the          
republicans to rout and restoring the   
pope to the vatican1 whence a short time
 before he had fled to a place of       
safety4 ,the ,french republic has now   
destroyed the ,italian republic4 ,the   
words1 ,liberty1 ,equality1 ,fraternity1

 shall no longer be heard in ,rome4 ,the
 republican flag has been taken down    
from ,st4 ,peter's4 ,the pope is king   
again4 ,mazzini1 ,armellini1 ,saffi1    
,garibaldi and their colleagues1 become 
exiles4 ,france refuses them an asylum4 
,france1 the country of the ,revolution1
 of the rights of man1 of the republic  
with its glorious motto1 ,liberty1      
,equality1 ,fraternity--refuses to      
shelter the ,italian republicans6 ,it   
was to the interest of ,france to give  
these men the hand of fellowship2 it    
would have been to the honor and glory  
of ,france to have opened her doors to  
these deliverers of an oppressed nation1
 but it was not to the interest of the  
church1 and the church comes first2     
,france must be sacrificed to ,rome4    
,americans beware6  ,the ,italian       
patriots crossed the channel and found  
in ,protestant ,england the asylum which
 the country that had introduced the    
republic into modern ,europe denied     
them4  ,it was then that our great      

friend1 ,george ,jacob ,holyoake1 opened
 his heart and his home to the patriots 
of ,italy4 ,for many years and at       
frequent intervals both ,mazzini and    
,garibaldi were his guests1 and he      
helped to win for them the friendship of
 generous men who raised the funds to   
continue the rebellion1 which was       
ultimately crowned with success4        
,pioneers6 ,o1 ,pioneers6  ,i can not   
think of these brave men and their work 
without recalling ,whitman's bugle call3
                ,pioneers6 ,o1          
,pioneers6       ,till with sound of    
trumpet1 ,far1 far off the daybreak     
call--hark1 how loud and clear ,i hear  
it wind1 ,swift6 to the head of the     
army6--swift6 spring to your places1    
,pioneers6 ,o1 ,pioneers6  ,but let us  
proceed3  ,one day1 somewhere about     
#aheb1 the people of ,france1 when they 
rose in the morning1 found that their   
republic had disappeared4 ,not only was 
the ,italian republic no more1 but the  
,french republic had gone too4 ,the same

 power that had driven the republicans  
out of ,rome had driven them out of     
,france4 ,as if by a sponge1 the free   
institutions of the country and the     
constitution1 were wiped out by one     
sweep of the hand4 ,the first places    
which1 after this coup d'etat1 ,napoleon
 ,,iii visited1 were the churches4 ,he  
walked up to the altar in each church   
which he visited on his triumphal       
journey through ,france1 and knelt down 
for prayer and worship4 ,how did the    
clergy receive him8 ,what did they say  
to this betrayer of the nation1 this    
traitor1 who had violated his solemn    
oath8 ,let me reproduce the words of the
 oath which ,napoleon took on the day of
 his inauguration as president of the   
republic3  ,in the presence of ,god and 
before the people of ,france1 ,i        
solemnly swear to remain faithful to the
 democratic republic1 one and           
indivisible1 and to fulfill all the     
duties which the ,constitution imposes  
upon me4  ,what did the church say to   

this man who had trampled the           
,constitution of the country under his  
feet1 and had commanded ,french soldiers
 to fire upon ,italian republicans in   
the streets of ,rome1 and upon ,french  
republicans in the streets of ,paris8   
,history has preserved the exact words  
of bishops and cardinals addressed to   
,napoleon1 the usurper3 ,you1 sire1 have
 re-established the principle of        
authority1 as indispensable to the      
church as it is to the state4 ,again1   
,how can we worthily express our        
gratitude to a sovereign who has done so
 much for religion6 and the bishop of   
,grenoble proceeds to enumerate the     
services of ,napoleon to the church3    
,the restoration of the ,pantheon to the
 church1 which an impious government had
 converted to secular uses by dedicating
 it to the atheist poets and            
philosophers of ,france2 the creation of
 a national fund for the saying of mass 
for the indigent poor2 the appointment  
of chaplains on all vessels flying the  

imperial flag2 the suggestion of a      
pension for aged priests2 the granting  
of perfect liberty of action to the     
ministers of the church1 which liberty  
of action the church will use to confirm
 the principle of authority and to teach
 the nation submission to the government
 and its laws4 ,behold1 cries the       
bishop1 after enumerating these         
benefits1 our reason for the gratitude  
we feel4 ,the ,cardinal of ,bourges1 the
 bishops of ,marseilles1 of ,frejus1 of 
,aix1 of ,bordeaux1 of ,poitiers1 and1  
in fact1 of every important diocese in  
the country1 in the same way praised    
,napoleon1 the emperor1 and declared he 
was the special messenger of heaven1 and
 the saviour of ,christianity1 whom ,god
 will never forsake1 because in the hour
 when ,god's vicar on earth was in      
trouble1 he saved him from his enemies4 
,they called ,napoleon a ,constantine1 a
 ,charlemagne4 ,and the same clergy who1
 a few years ago1 had pronounced the    
words1 ,liberty1 ,equality1 ,fraternity1

 as the holiest in all the world were   
now busy erasing them from the public   
buildings and monuments of the country4 
,if the republic was after ,god's own   
heart1 if the rights of man were first  
proclaimed from ,calvary1 as the clergy 
declared during the republic1 why did   
they make almost a saint of the man who 
restored oppression and absolutism in   
,france8 ,were they not sincere when    
they published in the papers that there 
were not in all ,france more loyal      
republicans than the ,catholics8 ,the   
interest of the church required the     
overthrow of the ,french republic1 as it
 did of the ,italian1 and the interest  
of the church is first4 ,already in     
,france people were displaying banners  
on which were inscribed the words1 ,god 
save ,rome and ,france4 ,rome first4    
,americans beware6  ,on the #afth of    
,october1 ,napoleon entered the palace  
of the ,tuileries as emperor4 ,the      
cheers and cries of the populace1       
congregated in the gardens and shouting 

,vive l',empereur1 brought him out upon 
the balcony4 ,he stood between ,king    
,jerome upon his left1 and the          
,archbishop of ,paris upon his right4   
,on that same day ,victor ,hugo fled    
from ,paris for his life4 ,the          
archbishop in the palace with ,napoleon2
 ,victor ,hugo in exile6 ,my countrymen1
 beware6  ,under the ,napoleonic regime 
the schools rapidly passed into the     
hands of the clergy4 ,france had labored
 sincerely and made many sacrifices to  
reform the schools and to oust the      
priest--the priest who had declared that
 the brains of young ,frenchmen should  
be pinched1 if necessary1 to make them  
obedient to the authority of the church4
 ,michelet1 the glorious ,michelet1 was 
deposed from his chair in the ,college  
of ,france and a clerical given his     
post4 ,the same fate overtook ,vacherot 
and ,renan4 ,no professors in the       
,sorbonne1 or in any institution1 who   
did not bow to the pope and his creature
 on the throne of ,france1 were         

permitted to teach4 ,secret orders and  
religious schools sprang up everywhere  
like mushrooms over-night4 ,the         
emissaries and the missionaries of the  
faith became exceedingly busy in the    
acquisition of property4 ,in a small    
town1 suddenly1 as it were1 a few       
beggarly monks and nuns make their      
appearance2 they have not where to lay  
their heads2 the community has to       
provide them with the necessaries of    
life4 ,a short time after1 this same    
religious colony is in possession of the
 finest establishments in the town1 with
 long bank accounts to their credit4    
,wealth flows into their coffers from   
rich widows and dying millionaires4     
,every faithful ,catholic leaves his    
estate to the parish priest1 or to some 
religious order4 ,property accumulates  
by leaps and jumps4 ,what happens in one
 town happens in every other2 the       
country is overrun with the agents of a 
foreign power4 ,the church is making hay
 while the sun shines4 ,as some of the  

principles of free government were still
 in force1 even with ,napoleon on the   
throne1 these religious orders were     
asked to obey the law and secure a      
permit before pursuing their vocation4  
,they answered that the church was above
 the state1 and that they must obey ,god
 rather than men4 ,the emperor advised  
them1 from policy1 at least1 to apply   
for a license1 which would certainly be 
given to them1 but it is of no use4 ,we 
are citizens of heaven1 declared the    
monks and priests1 we do not obey laws1 
we make them4 ,what6 ,shall the bride of
 ,christ wait upon the secular powers   
for permission to serve ,god6           
,abomination6 the church that can elect 
a president and afterwards elevate him  
to the throne1 can afford to dispense   
with the laws as it did with the        
constitution4 ,under the republic it was
 ,long live ,france1 with the ,catholics
 in power it is ,long live ,rome and    
,france4  ,encouraged by the flatteries 
of the church1 ,napoleon invited the    

pope to ,paris to place the crown upon  
his head1 even as a former pope had     
crowned his uncle1 the first ,napoleon1 
in the church of ,notre ,dame4 ,the pope
 was beside himself with joy4 ,the      
opportunity had come for the vicar of   
,christ to ask for greater concessions  
from ,france--yes1 from that infidel    
,france1 which had converted the ,church
 of ,st4 ,genevieve into a ,pantheon for
 atheist poets and philosophers4 ,he    
sent word to the emperor that he would  
be glad to go to ,paris to crown the    
faithful son of the church1 but--but1   
the other ,catholic sovereigns would not
 like it4 ,it would make them jealous4  
,could not1 therefore1 ,napoleon come to
 ,rome to be crowned in ,st4 ,peter's   
cathedral8 ,but the emperor realized    
that if he went to ,rome1 he would never
 be thought as big a man as the first   
,napoleon1 who not only brought the     
vicar of ,christ to ,paris1 but who also
 took the crown from his hands and      
placed it himself upon his own head4 ,he

 wrote an autograph letter1 which he    
sent to the pope by a clerical messenger
 of great influence1 urging the pope to 
come to ,paris4 ,then the pope threw    
aside the mask and opened his heart to  
the emperor3 ,yes1 ,i will come2 you    
have done much for the church1 for our  
holy religion1 but ,i will not come     
until you have altogether purged the    
country of every kind of heresy4 ,how   
could the emperor expect the vicar of   
,christ to set his foot upon a soil     
where ,protestant and ,jew enjoyed equal
 freedom of worship with the            
,catholic--listen to that2 how could the
 pope visit a country that allowed      
freedom of thought and speech1 and of   
the press2 that allowed civil marriages2
 that did not legally compel everybody  
to go to mass on ,sundays2 that did not 
punish with pains and penalties all     
those who departed from the ,catholic   
faith8 ,let the emperor exalt           
,catholicism over all the sects1--make  
it the religion of the state1 abolish   

civil marriages1 refuse freedom of      
assembly to heretics2 and then will the 
tiara of the pope lend its eclat to the 
crown of the emperor4 ,and this is the  
church that shortly before had pledged  
its word of honor to the principles of  
the republic--,liberty1 ,equality1      
,fraternity6 ,see what happens to the   
republic when the ,catholics are in     
power4 ,the lamb and the lion shall lie 
down together4 ,yes8 ,but what will     
happen to the lamb8 ,the divine church  
and a merely human ,constitution can    
co-exist in the same country only on one
 condition--the divine shall swallow up 
the human4 ,this is what has happened in
 ,spain2 this is what has happened in   
,italy2 this is what happened in ,france
 under the ,catholic regime1 and this   
is1 in our opinion1 what will happen in 
,america1 should ,rome ever come to be  
installed at the ,white ,house in       
,washington6 ,ah1 you say1 the          
,catholics will never do in ,america the
 things they have done in ,europe4 ,no8 

,are there two kinds of ,catholics8 ,is 
the ,church of ,rome divided8 ,is there 
any reason why they should hesitate to  
sacrifice ,america1 if need be1 to the  
,glory of ,god1 if they did not hesitate
 to sacrifice ,france8 ,at any rate1 all
 one can do is to give warning and to   
point to the lesson of history4 ,more   
than that no one can do1 at present1 at 
least4  ,in this connection1 ,i must    
make an explanation4 ,i respect the     
right of my neighbor to be a ,catholic4 
,i am ready to fight for the protection 
of his liberties as ,i am for my own4   
,it gives me real pleasure to admit also
 that there are sincere1 brave1 noble   
and pure minded men and women in all the
 churches4 ,what ,i am trying to do is  
to prove1 by citing history1 that a     
supernatural order and a merely human   
state can not pull together4 ,the       
attempt has always resulted             
disastrously4 ,the church is            
supernatural1 the state is human4       
,either the one or the other must rule4 

,if the church submits to the state1 it 
ceases to be divine1 for how can a      
divine institution be subject to a      
man-made state8 ,it would be like asking
 ,god to obey man4 ,besides1 a state is 
made up of ,jews1 unbelievers1 heretics1
 ,turks and pagans1 as well as of       
,christians4 ,how can such a state make 
laws for ,christians8  ,if1 on the other
 hand1 the state would be subject to the
 church1 there will only be the church4 
,we will in that event have no further  
use for freedom1 for instance1 as we    
would not know what to do with it1 since
 we can not use it to criticise or      
disagree with the church1 or help to    
build up a new church4 ,when we have    
,god for a teacher1 or his vicar on     
earth to rule us1 what would liberty be 
good for8 ,it follows then1 that the    
,catholic church can not consistently be
 subject to any secular power1 being a  
divine institution4 ,this statement can 
not be successfully controverted1 and if
 so1 we call the attention of the       

president of the ,united ,states to it1 
as well as of all those who believe that
 it is possible to have ,rome in the    
,white ,house and be a republic at the  
same time4  ,nor should people complain 
because ,i am so earnest about this     
matter4 ,if it is a virtue in the       
,catholics to labor night and day to    
convert this country to their faith1 as 
they say they are doing1 why is it      
improper in me to try to protect the    
free institutions of the country8 ,i    
have not said anything against          
,catholicism which ,cardinal ,gibbons   
has not said against what he calls the  
infidels4 ,in one of his recent letters 
he declared that no agnostic or atheist 
should be given office in this country4 
,why may a cardinal stand up for his    
church1 and not ,i for the secular      
state8 ,if the framers of the           
,constitution desired only ,christians1 
or believers in a church of some kind as
 office holders1 they would not have    
left the name of the deity out of the   

nation's charter4 ,according to the     
,constitution1 the only persons really  
eligible to office are the infidels1 or 
at any rate1 those only who are willing 
to place the interests of the country   
above even those of ,god or church4 ,are
 ,catholics willing to do that8 ,we ask 
once more1 are ,catholics willing to do 
that8  ,and we do not have to ask the   
future to answer that question4 ,the    
past has answered it in unmistakable    
fashion4 ,what today is the difference  
between ,austria1 for instance1 and     
,america8 ,in ,catholic or religious    
,austria1 the interest of the church is 
above the rights of man4 ,it is well for
 religion to be free1 but it is not free
 in ,austria2 it is well for thought and
 speech to be free1 but they are not    
free in ,austria4 ,why8 ,because the    
interests of the church come first4 ,in 
secular ,america1 religion is free1     
thought and speech are free4 ,why8 ,the 
rights of man come first in a secular   
state4 ,the church has the power to make

 an ,america out of ,austria4 ,but will 
she do it8 ,yet if she had the power to 
make an ,austria out of ,america would  
she hesitate to do it8 ,americans       
beware6  ,but let us return to ,napoleon
 ,,iii and ,pius ,,ix4 ,encouraged and  
emboldened by his successes1 and his    
increasing power over the emperor1 as   
well as by his command of the resources 
of ,france for his own throne1 ,pius    
,,ix about this time promulgated the    
famous dogma of the infallibility of the
 pope4 ,until then1 the church1 or      
ecclesiastical councils1 shared         
infallibility with the pope1 but        
henceforth the pope alone shall be      
infallible1 and councils and conclaves  
would no longer be needed to decide     
religious questions4 ,thus1 to the      
principle of absolutism was given a new 
endorsement4 ,as soon as he became      
infallible1 the pope announced a new    
dogma--the immaculate conception of the 
virgin4 ,the church had never held that 
,mary herself1 like her divine son1 was 

born of the ,holy ,ghost1 but ,pope     
,pius declared she was1 and his word    
became the belief of the church         
universal4 ,about this time ,mary began 
to appear to shepherds and young girls  
in the fields1 confirming the word of   
the pope that she was born of the ,holy 
,ghost4  ,at the commencement of #ahed  
there appeared a pamphlet by an abbot   
who was not yet ready to accept the     
virgin birth of ,mary4 ,the writer      
charged that a certain woman of         
,grenoble was personating the ,virgin   
,mother of ,god in these reputed        
appearances to shepherds and young      
people4 ,mlle4 de ,lamerliere1 the      
accused woman1 sued the abbot for       
defamation of character4 ,to the        
profound regret of the church1 the young
 lady lost her suit4 ,from that time1   
her name became ,the ,apparition6 ,the  
church gave her a famous advocate1      
,berryer1 to appeal the case2 the abbot 
was defended by ,jules ,favre4 ,the     
higher court of ,grenoble confirmed the 

decision of the lower court1 which under
 ordinary circumstances would have put  
an end to the new dogma4 ,but it did    
not4 ,the church was in politics and had
 therefore many ways of getting over a  
little embarrassment like that4  ,but   
the church did more than promulgate new 
dogmas4 ,about this time1 in ,bologna1  
the little child of a ,jew1 ,martara1   
suddenly disappeared from home4 ,careful
 search by the distracted father proved 
that the priests had carried him off to 
bring him up as a ,roman ,catholic4 ,the
 anti-clerical party poured forth hot   
shot at a church that would steal1 not  
only the goods1 but also the children1  
whenever it had the power to break into 
people's homes4 ,even the emperor       
pleaded with the pope for the return of 
the child to its outraged parents4 ,but 
it was all in vain4 ,the church1 the    
,holy ,catholic church1 was in the      
saddle1 and she would ride the nation to
 please herself4 ,the pope replied that 
as this was a matter pertaining to the  

salvation of the child's soul it was a  
spiritual question1 and therefore beyond
 the jurisdiction of the state4 ,shortly
 after another boy disappeared precisely
 in the same manner1 and was discovered 
in the ,catholic seminary4 ,the ,french 
ambassador pleaded with the pope as     
before1 but the church was a divine     
institution1 and the secular authorities
 were guilty of impertinence in         
attempting to criticise her conduct or  
to give her advice4 ,it was impossible  
to live next door to such a power       
peaceably4 ,in every ,catholic country  
there were two kingdoms1 the one within 
the other2 two sovereigns1 the one the  
rival of the other4 ,and the result was1
 as we said it would be a moment ago1   
the divine church swallowed up the      
secular state whenever it could4  ,in   
#ahfd ,pius ,,ix issued his famous      
encyclical1 in which he boldly condemned
 the pernicious doctrine of the rights  
of man4 ,for the edification of         
,americans who hope some day to see a   

,catholic in the ,white ,house at       
,washington1 let us quote one or two    
passages from this papal bull3  ,we 7the
 pope7 can not pass over in silence the 
audacity of those who teach that except 
in matters pertaining to the church1 the
 decrees of the ,apostolic ,see are not 
binding upon the conscience4 ,which     
means that the pope must be obeyed in   
secular as well as in religious matters4
 ,americans beware6  ,there are also    
those who have the audacity to declare  
that the supreme authority given by     
,jesus ,christ to the ,apostolic ,see is
 subject to the secular authorities1    
which means that the pope is the real   
head of the nation as well as of the    
church and that she will not obey any   
man-made constitutions4  ,our           
predecessor of blessed memory1 ,gregory 
,,xvi1 described as a madness,c the     
doctrine of liberty of conscience and of
 worship1 which means that with the     
,catholic church in power there will be 
only one church4 ,then the encyclical   

proceeds to enumerate the errors which  
all ,catholics condemn3     ,c ,de      
delire4  ,error ,,xviii4 ,to say that   
,protestantism is a branch of the true  
,christian church1 and that a           
,protestant could be as pleasing to ,god
 as a ,catholic4  ,error ,,xxi4 ,that   
the ,catholic church has no right to    
call itself the only true church4       
,error ,,xxiv4 ,that the church has no  
right to resort to force4  ,error       
,,xxvii4 ,that the holy ministers of the
 church have no right to interfere in   
matters temporal 7this proves the charge
 that the ,catholic church is in        
politics74  ,error ,,xxxvi4 ,that there 
can be state churches in any country    
other than the ,catholic church4  ,error
 ,,xlvii4 ,that the schools should be   
independent of the authority of the     
church4  ,error ,,lv4 ,that the state   
ought to be separated from the church4,d
      ,d ,encyclique ,addressee par ,n4 
,s4 ,p4 ,le ,pope ,pie ,,ix4 ,for the   
sake of brevity we have not translated  

the above passages in     their         
entirety1 but their meaning has not been
 sacrificed to     brevity4  ,there is  
much in the passages quoted to make     
every lover of free institutions to     
ponder over seriously and long4  ,but   
let us hasten to the concluding chapter 
of that period in history reaching from 
#ahdh to #ahgj1 with which we have been 
dealing4 ,the third ,napoleon began to  
realize that after all he was a mere    
figure-head in the empire which he had  
created by violating his own oath and   
abrogating the constitution4 ,the real  
sovereign of the ,french was ,pope ,pius
 ,,ix4 ,in other words1 the relation    
between pope and emperor was that which 
the bible suggests should exist between 
husband and wife4 ,the pope was the     
husband1 the emperor was the wife1 and1 
as commanded in the bible1 a wife must  
obey her husband4 ,napoleon more than   
once made attempts to free himself from 
the ever-tightening grip of the pope1   
but only to find that he was helpless4  

,for instance he had written to the pope
 about reforms in the papal states1     
urging the ,holy ,father to curb the    
abuses of the clergy and to introduce   
modern methods in the government of his 
territory4 ,but he was compelled to     
apologize for presuming to give advice  
to the vicar of ,christ4 ,on another    
occasion1 the emperor was foolish enough
 to suggest that ,frenchmen must obey   
the laws of their own country before    
those of a foreign power4 ,did he mean  
,rome1 by a foreign power8 ,he was      
clearly made to understand that the     
,catholics in ,france were first the    
subjects of the pope1 and then the      
subjects of the emperor4 ,despite these 
failures to free himself from the       
authority of the church1 the signs of   
insubordination on the part of the      
emperor increased4 ,napoleon's principal
 weakness was vacillation4 ,he never    
finished an undertaking4 ,his           
resolutions were like fire-rockets1 they
 fell to the ground as soon as they shot

 up in the air4 ,vacillation means      
weakness4 ,napoleon after all was like  
clay in the hands of the pope4 ,the pope
 had made him1 and the pope could unmake
 him4  ,to be just to the emperor1 we   
must also make allowances for the       
influence which the queen1 ,empress     
,eugenie1 exerted over him4 ,she was a  
,spaniard1 very worldly1 and yet very   
pious4 ,she was one of those women to   
whom the priest was ,god in miniature4  
,strange as it may seem1 ,napoleon's    
son1 on the other hand1 the prince and  
presumptive heir to the throne1 at whose
 birth the pope had sent ,eugenie the   
golden rose1 was an avowed free thinker4
 ,napoleon now sided with his queen1 and
 now with his son4 ,he had no mind of   
his own4 ,it was in one of his          
independent moods that he decided to    
make a final effort to shake off ,rome  
from his shoulders4 ,he entered into a  
secret arrangement with ,victor         
,emmanuel of ,italy1 who was then       
seeking to seize ,rome as the capital of

 ,united ,italy1 to help humiliate ,pius
 ,,ix4 ,napoleon promised to let        
,garibaldi march upon ,rome4 ,from the  
moment that the ,catholics discovered   
this plot to rob the pope of the city of
 ,rome1 ,napoleon was doomed4 ,the      
church not only showed its displeasure  
plainly1 but it made it also evident    
that it would not accept any apologies  
this time4 ,napoleon's resolution       
sickened again4 ,he became alarmed for  
his throne4 ,he saw the sword of        
,damocles hanging over his head by a    
single hair4 ,he hastened to explain1   
but the priests who had called him a    
,constantine1 and a ,charlemagne1 now   
called him a ,nero1 and a ,pontius      
,pilate4 ,like ,judas1 he had betrayed  
his master4 ,it was in the vain hope of 
once more swinging around the ,catholic 
world to his support that the emperor   
tapped the resources of his country to  
advance the ,catholic faith4 ,bent upon 
this errand he sent an expedition to    
,syria1 another to ,china1 another to   

,mexico4 ,everywhere ,france must become
 the defender of the ,catholic church4  
,it was not to the interest of ,france  
to waste its substance in a sort of     
,catholic crusade1 tramping from east to
 west1 for the glory of the church1 but 
it was only by sacrificing ,france to   
the vatican that ,napoleon hoped to     
change the frown of the pope into a     
smile4 ,finally it occurred to the      
emperor that a war with ,germany1 the   
rising ,protestant power of the north1  
would restore his popularity with the   
church4 ,he would humiliate ,germany1   
overthrow the iron chancellor1 and      
convert ,berlin into a ,catholic        
capital4  ,such a conquest would give   
,catholicism an immense prestige1 and it
 would make of ,napoleon really another 
,charlemagne4 ,the war was declared4 ,it
 was an act of sheer madness4 ,the whole
 nation was going to be thrown into the 
mouth of the cannon to please ,rome and 
to regain her favor for ,france4 ,but it
 was survive or perish with ,napoleon4  

,he did not have the shadow of a        
foundation for a quarrel with ,germany4 
,that country was willing to withdraw   
the candidacy of a ,hohenzollern for the
 ,spanish throne4 ,but ,napoleon        
demanded more4 ,france had been injured1
 he declared1 and ,germany must be      
punished for it4 ,it must be stated that
 ,napoleon counted on the co-operation  
of the ,king of ,italy in the attack    
upon ,germany4 ,but when the war was    
declared ,victor ,emmanuel demanded that
 before he can send an ,italian army to 
the aid of the ,french1 ,napoleon must  
recall his soldiers from ,rome4 ,the    
,french were still keeping an army in   
,rome to maintain the pope upon his     
throne4 ,victor ,emmanuel asked the     
,french to vacate ,rome4 ,this ,napoleon
 was willing enough to do1 but the      
,catholics in ,france threatened to     
boycott the emperor if he left the pope 
to his fate4 ,it was a critical         
situation4 ,the ,italians would not     
budge unless the ,french soldiers were  

recalled from ,rome1 and the ,french    
would not support the emperor if they   
were4 ,in the meantime1 the victorious  
,germans were before the walls of       
,sedan4 ,anon1 the cannon's roar was    
heard in the streets of ,paris4 ,a wave 
of blood1 red and palpitating1 was      
sweeping onward upon the fair land of   
,france4 ,the nation was upon her knees1
 mangled1 bleeding1 torn1 ruined4 ,the  
faithful were marching the streets with 
,god save ,rome and ,france4 ,it was too
 late4 ,the church in politics cost     
,france the slaughter of her armies1 the
 criminal waste of her savings1 the     
destruction of her cities1 the loss of  
two of her provinces--,alsace and       
,lorraine--and imposed upon her a blood 
tax1 the enormity of which was          
appalling4 ,americans beware6  ,and if  
,france did not go the way of ,spain1 it
 was because1 when she returned to the  
republican form of government once more1
 she put no faith in the professions of 
loyalty to the republic by the priests1 

and refused to consider their candidate 
to the presidency4 ,by ousting the      
church from politics in ,france1 that   
unhappy country has recovered her       
health1 has entered the path of peace   
and progress1 and is today one of the   
freest and foremost nations of the      
world4  ,what can the church do for a   
people8 ,look at ,spain4  ,what can a   
country do without the church8 ,look at 
regenerated ,france4            99      
99       99       99       99           
,transcriber's note3     ,in general    
every effort has been made to replicate 
the original text as   faithfully as    
possible1 which may include some        
instances of no longer   standard or    
incorrect spelling1 grammar1 hyphenation
 and punctuation4   ,the use of accents 
on non-,english words was irregular and 
mostly absent2   this has not been      
altered4 ,italic text is denoted by     
underscores4    ,the following changes  
were made to repair apparently          
typographical   errors3    p4 #d        

irritability or impetuousity            
impetuousity changed to impetuosity   p4
 #aj ,the words1 ,liberty1 ,equality1   
,fraternity1 extra  removed   p4 #ae    
,could not1 therefore1 ,napoelon        
,napoelon changed to ,napoleon   p4 #af 
,if the church submtis  submtis changed 
to submits   p4 #ai the true ,christion 
church ,christion changed to ,christian 
p4 #bj has not been sacrificed to       
brevity4 period inserted