,note3 ,images ( ! orig9al pages are available ?r\gh ,int]net ,ar*ive4 ,see http3_/_/ar*ive4org_/details_/e?icsdew#j j;deweu(t ,transcrib]'s note3 ,text enclos$ by und]scores is 9 italics 7italics74 ,text enclos$ by equal signs is 9 bold face 7bold74 ,to indicate macron above a v[el1 ! v[el has be5 enclos$ )9 squ>e brackets ) equal sign j be=e x4 ,= example1 o is us$ to repres5t lett] o ) macron above x4 ,am]ican ,sci5ce ,s]ies ,,e?ics by ,,john ,,dewey ,pr(essor ( ,philosophy 9 ,columbia ,univ]sity & ,,james ,h4 ,,tufts ,pr(essor ( ,philosophy 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,*icago ,illu/ration ,new ,york ,h5ry ,holt & ,company ,london3 ,george ,bell & ,sons #aiji ,copyright1 #aijh1 by ,h5ry ,holt & ,company ,,preface ,! significance ( ?is text 9 ,e?ics lies 9 its ef=t to awak5 a vital conviction ( ! g5u9e reality ( moral problems & ! value ( reflective ?\ght 9 deal+ ) !m4 ,to ?is purpose are subord9at$ ! pres5tation 9 ,"p ,i4 ( hi/oric mat]ial2 ! discussion 9 ,"p ,,ii4 ( ! diff]5t types ( !oretical int]pretation1 & ! consid]ation1 9 ,"p ,,iii41 ( "s typical social & economic problems :i* *>act]ize ! pres5t4 ,exp]i5ce %[s t ! /ud5t ( morals has difficulty 9 gett+ ! field objectively & def9itely be=e him s t its problems /rike him z real problems4 ,conduct is s intimate t x is n easy to analyze4 ,x is s important t to a l>ge ext5t ! p]spective = reg>d+ x has be5 unconsci\sly fix$ by e>ly tra9+4 ,! hi/orical me?od ( approa* has prov$ 9 ! classroom exp]i5ce ( ! au?ors an effective me?od ( meet+ ^! difficulties4 ,to foll[ ! moral life ?r\gh typical epo*s ( its developm5t enables /ud5ts to realize :at is involv$ 9 _! own habitual /&po9ts2 x also pres5ts a concrete body ( subject-matt] :i* s]ves z mat]ial ( analysis & discussion4 ,! classic conceptions ( moral !ory are ( rem>kable importance 9 illum9at+ ! obscure places ( ! moral life & 9 giv+ ! /ud5t clues :i* w enable him to explore x = himself4 ,b !re is always dang] ( ei!r dogmatism or a s5se ( unreality :5 /ud5ts are introduc$ abruptly to ! !oretical ideas4 ,in/ead ( s]v+ z tools = und]/&+ ! moral facts1 ! ideas are likely to become sub/itutes = ! facts4 ,:5 !y are pr(f]$ ready-made1 _! !oretical acut5ess & clev]ness may be admir$1 b _! practical s\ndness & applicability are suspect$4 ,! hi/orical introduction p]mits ! /ud5t to be pres5t1 z x 71 at ! social situations 9 :i* ! intellectual in/rum5ts 7 =g$4 ,he appreciates _! relevancy to ! conditions :i* provok$ !m1 & he is enc\rag$ to try !m on simple problems be=e attempt+ ! complex problems ( ! pres5t4 ,by assi/+ 9 _! gradual developm5t he ga9s confid5ce 9 ! ideas & 9 8 p[] to use !m4 ,9 ! second "p1 devot$ m specifically to ! analysis & criticism ( ! lead+ conceptions ( moral !ory1 ! aim accord+ly has n be5 to in/ill ! notions ( a s*ool nor to inculcate a ready-made sy/em1 b to %[ ! developm5t ( !ories out ( ! problems & exp]i5ce ( e-day conduct1 & to sugge/ h[ ^! !ories may be fruitfully appli$ 9 practical exig5cies4 ,aspects ( ! moral life h be5 s ?or\ghly exam9$ t x is possible to pres5t c]ta9 pr9ciples 9 ! confid5ce t !y w meet g5]al acceptance4 ,rationalism & h$onism1 = example1 h contribut$ t[>d a sci5tific /atem5t ( ! elem5ts ( conduct1 ev5 ?\gh !y h fail$ z self-inclos$ & f9al sy/ems4 ,aft] ! discussions ( ,kant & ,mill1 ,sidgwick & ,gre51 ,m>t9eau & ,sp5c]1 x is possible to affirm t !re is a place 9 ! moral life = reason & a place = happ9ess1--a place = duty & a place = valuation4 ,!ories are treat$ n z incompatible rival sy/ems :i* mu/ be accept$ or reject$ en bloc1 b z m or less adequate me?ods ( survey+ ! problems ( conduct4 ,?is mode ( approa* facilitates ! sci5tific e/imation & det]m9ation ( ! "p play$ by v>i\s factors 9 ! complexity ( moral life4 ,! /ud5t is put 9 a position to judge ! problems ( conduct = himself4 ,?is emancipation & enlight5m5t ( individual judgm5t is ! *ief aim ( ! !oretical portion4 ,9 a consid]able "p ( ! field1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! political & economic portions ( ,"p ,,iii41 no def9itive treatm5t is z yet possible4 ,nev]!less1 x is highly desirable to introduce ! /ud5t to ! exam9ation ( ^! unsettl$ que/ions4 ,:5 ! :ole civiliz$ _w is giv+ its en]gies to ! mean+ & value ( ju/ice & democracy1 x is intol]ably academic t ^? int]e/$ 9 e?ics %\ld h to be cont5t ) conceptions already work$ out1 :i* !re=e relate to :at is lea/ d\btful 9 conduct r ?an to que/ions n[ urg5t4 ,moreov]1 ! advantages ( consid]+ !ory & practice 9 direct relation to ea* o!r are mutual4 ,on ! "o h&1 z aga9/ ! a priori claims ( bo? individualism & socialism1 ! ne$ ( ! h\r seems to u to be ! application ( me?ods ( m delib]ate analysis & exp]im5t4 ,! extreme cons]vative may deprecate any scrut9y ( ! pres5t ord]2 ! ard5t radical may be impati5t ( ! critical & seem+ly t>dy processes ( ! inve/igator2 b ^? :o h consid]$ well ! conque/ :i* man is mak+ ( ! _w ( nature _c =be> ! conviction t ! crud] me?od ( trial & error & ! "t-honor$ me?od ( prejudice & p>tisan controv]sy ne$ n long] completely dom9ate ! regulation ( ! life ( society4 ,!y hope = a l>g] application ( ! sci5tific me?od to ! problems ( human welf>e & progress4 ,conv]sely1 a sci5ce :i* takes "p 9 ! actual "w ( promot+ moral ord] & moral progress mu/ receive a valuable reflex influ5ce ( /imulus & ( te/4 ,to consid] morality 9 ! mak+ z well z to dwell ^u values already e/abli%$ %\ld make ! sci5ce m vital4 ,& :atev] ! effect ^u ! subject-matt]1 ! /ud5t c h>dly appreciate ! full =ce ( 8 mat]ials & me?ods z long z !y are kept alo( f ! que/ions :i* are occupy+ ! m9ds ( 8 contempor>ies4 ,tea*]s :o are limit$ 9 "t w d\btless pref] to make _! own selections ( mat]ial1 b ! foll[+ sugge/ions pres5t "o possible l9e ( *oice4 ,9 ,"p ,i41 ( ! ?ree *apt]s deal+ ) ! ,hebrew1 ,greek1 & mod]n developm5ts1 any "o may be tak5 z furni%+ an illu/ration ( ! me?od2 & c]ta9 portions ( ,*apt] ,,ix4 may be f\nd m detail$ 9 analysis ?an is necess>y = ! beg9n]4 ,9 ,"p ,,ii41 ,*apt]s ,,xi4-,,xii4 may be omitt$ )\t los+ ! ?read ( ! argum5t4 ,9 ,"p ,,iii41 any "o ( ! specific topics--viz41 ! political /ate1 ! economic ord]1 ! family--may be consid]$ ap>t f ! o!rs4 ,"s tea*]s may pref] to take ,p>ts 9 _! entirety4 ,9 ?is case1 any two may be *os54 ,z to ! respective %>es ( ! "w = :i* ! au?ors are sev]ally responsible1 :ile ea* has contribut$ sugge/ions & criticisms to ! "w ( ! o!r 9 suffici5t degree to make ! book ?r\gh\t a jo9t "w1 ,"p ,i4 has be5 writt5 by ,mr4 ,tufts1 ,"p ,,ii4 by ,mr4 ,dewey1 & 9 ,"p ,,iii41 ,*apt]s ,,xx4 & ,,xxi4 are by ,mr4 ,dewey1 ,*apt]s ,,xxii4-,,xxvi4 by ,mr4 ,tufts4 ,x ne$ sc>cely be said t no attempt has be5 made 9 ! bibliographies to be exhau/ive4 ,:5 ! dates ( publication ( ! "w cit$ are giv51 ! plan has be5 9 g5]al to give1 9 ! case ( curr5t lit]ature1 ! date ( ! late/ edition1 & 9 ! case ( "s classical treatises ! date ( orig9al publication4 ,9 conclusion1 ! au?ors desire to express _! indebt$ness to _! colleagues & fri5ds ,dr4 ,wright1 ,mr4 ,talb]t1 & ,mr4 ,ea/man1 :o h aid$ 9 ! read+ ( ! pro( & ) o!r sugge/ions4 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,,page ,i4 ,,introduction #a ,sec4 #a4 ,def9ition & ,me?od3--,e?ical & moral1 specific problem1 #a2 importance ( g5etic /udy1 #c4 ,sec4 #b4 ,crit]ion ( ! moral3--,! moral 9 cross section1 ! :at & ! h[1 #e2 ! moral z gr[?1 #h4 ,sec4 #c4 ,divisions ( ! treatm5t1 #ac4 ,,"p ,i ,,! ,,beg9n+s ,,& ,,gr[? ,,( ,,morality ,,ii4 ,,e>ly ,,gr\p ,,life #ag ,sec4 #a4 ,typical facts ( gr\p life3--,primitive unity & solid>ity1 #ag4 ,sec4 #b4 ,k9%ip & h\sehold gr\ps3--,! k9%ip gr\p1 #ba2 ! family or h\sehold gr\p1 #bc4 ,sec4 #c4 ,k9%ip & family gr\ps z economic & indu/rial units3--,! l& & ! gr\p1 #bd2 movable goods1 #be4 ,sec4 #d4 ,k9%ip & family gr\ps z political bodies3--,_! control ov] ! individual1 #bf2 rights & responsibility1 #bg4 ,sec4 #e4 ,! k9%ip or h\sehold z a religi\s unit3--,totem gr\ps1 #cj2 ance/ral religion1 #ca4 ,sec4 #f4 ,age & sex gr\ps1 #cb4 ,sec4 #g4 ,moral significance ( ! gr\p1 #cd4 ,,iii4 ,,! ,,rationaliz+ ,,& ,,socializ+ ,,ag5cies ,,9 ,,e>ly ,,society #cg ,sec4 #a4 ,?ree levels ( conduct3--,conduct z in/9ctive & gov]n$ by primal ne$s1 regulat$ by society's /&>ds1 & by p]sonal /&>ds1 #cg4 ,sec4 #b4 ,rationaliz+ ag5cies3 ,"w1 #dj2 arts & crafts1 #da2 w>1 #db4 ,sec4 #c4 ,socializ+ ag5cies3--,coop]ation1 #db2 art1 #de4 ,sec4 #d4 ,family life z idealiz+ & socializ+ ag5cy1 #dg4 ,sec4 #e4 ,moral int]pretation ( ?is fir/ level1 #di4 ,,iv4 ,,gr\p ,,morality--,,cu/oms ,,or ,,mores #ea ,sec4 #a4 ,mean+1 au?ority1 & orig9 ( cu/oms1 #ea4 ,sec4 #b4 ,means ( en=c+ cu/om3--,public approval1 taboos1 rituals1 =ce1 #ed4 ,sec4 #c4 ,conditions :i* r5d] gr\p control consci\s3--,educational cu/oms1 #eg2 law & ju/ice1 #ei2 dang] or crisis1 #fd4 ,sec4 #d4 ,values & defects ( cu/om>y morality3--,/&>ds1 motives1 cont5t1 organization ( "*1 #fh4 ,v4 ,,f ,,cu/om ,,to ,,consci5ce2 ,,f ,,gr\p ,,morality ,,to ,,p]sonal ,,morality #gc ,sec4 #a4 ,contra/ & collision1 #gc4 ,sec4 #b4 ,sociological ag5cies 9 ! transition3--,economic =ces1 #gf2 sci5ce & ! arts1 #gh2 milit>y =ces1 #hj2 religi\s =ces1 #ha4 ,sec4 #c4 ,psy*ological ag5cies3--,sex1 #ha2 private prop]ty1 #hc2 /ruggles = ma/]y & lib]ty1 #hd2 honor & e/eem1 #he4 ,sec4 #d4 ,positive recon/ruction1 #hi4 ,,vi4 ,,! ,,hebrew ,,moral ,,developm5t #ia ,sec4 #a4 ,g5]al "* & det]m9+ pr9ciples3--,! ,hebrew & ! ,greek1 #ia2 ,political & economic factors1 #ib4 ,sec4 #b4 ,religi\s ag5cies3--,cov5ant1 #id2 p]sonal law-giv]1 #ie2 cultus1 #ig2 prophets1 #ii2 ! k+dom1 #ajj4 ,sec4 #c4 ,moral conceptions atta9$3--,righte\sness & s91 #ajb2 responsibility1 #ajd2 purity ( motive1 #aje2 ! ideal ( life1 #ajg2 ! social ideal1 #ajh4 ,,vii4 ,,! ,,moral ,,developm5t ,,( ,,! ,,greeks #aaa ,sec4 #a4 ,! fundam5tal notes3--,conv5tion v]sus nature1 #aaa2 measure1 #aab2 good & j1 #aac4 ,sec4 #b4 ,intellectual =ces ( individualism3--,! sci5tific _s1 #aad4 ,sec4 #c4 ,comm]cial & political individualism3--,class int]e/s1 #aai2 :y obey laws8 #abb4 ,sec4 #d4 ,individualism & e?ical !ory3--,! "q =mulat$1 #abd2 individuali/ic !ories1 #abf4 ,sec4 #e4 ,! deep] view ( nature & ! good1 ( ! individual & ! social ord]3--,ari/otle on ! natural1 #abg2 ,plato's ideal /ate1 #abi2 passion or reason1 #aca2 eudaemonism & ! mean1 #acd2 man & ! cosmos1 #ace4 ,sec4 #f4 ,! conception ( ! ideal3--,contra/ ) ! actual1 #acf2 e?ical significance1 #ach4 ,sec4 #g4 ,! conception ( ! self1 ( "* & responsibility3--,! poets1 #ach2 ,plato & ! ,/oics1 #adj4 ,,viii4 ,,! ,,mod]n ,,p]iod #adb ,sec4 #a4 ,! m$iaeval ideals3--,gr\ps & class ideals1 #adc2 ! *ur* ideal1 #ade4 ,sec4 #b4 ,ma9 l9es ( mod]n developm5t1 #adg4 ,sec4 #c4 ,! old & new 9 ! beg9n+s ( individualism1 #adi4 ,sec4 #d4 ,individualism 9 ! progress ( lib]ty & democracy3--,rights1 #aea4 ,sec4 #e4 ,individualism z affect$ by ! developm5t ( indu/ry1 comm]ce1 & art3--,increas+ p[] & int]e/s1 #aec2 di/ribution ( goods1 #aeg2 indu/rial revolution raises new problems1 #aei4 ,sec4 #f4 ,! individual & ! developm5t ( intellig5ce3--,! ,r5aissance1 #afc2 ! ,enlight5m5t1 #afe2 ! pres5t significance ( sci5tific me?od1 #afg4 ,,ix4 ,a ,,g5]al ,,comp>ison ,,( ,,cu/om>y ,,& ,,reflective ,,morality #aga ,sec4 #a4 ,elem5ts ( agreem5t & cont9uity3--,regime ( cu/om1 #agb2 p]si/5ce ( gr\p morality1 #agc2 orig9 ( e?ical t]ms1 #age4 ,sec4 #b4 ,elem5ts ( contra/3--,diff]5tiation ( ! moral1 #agg2 obs]v+ v]sus reflect+1 #agh2 ! high] law1 #aha2 deep5+ ( mean+1 #ahb4 ,sec4 #c4 ,opposition betwe5 individual & social aims & /&>ds3--,)drawal f ! social ord]1 #ahd2 individual emancipation1 #ahf4 ,sec4 #d4 ,effects ^u ! individual "*3--,increas$ possibilities ( evil z well z ( good1 #ahg4 ,sec4 #e4 ,moral diff]5tiation & ! social ord]3--,effects on ! family1 #aic2 on indu/ry & gov]nm5t1 #aid2 on religion1 #aie2 g5]al relation ( religion to morality1 #aig4 ,,"p ,,ii ,,!ory ,,( ,,! ,,moral ,,life ,x4 ,,! ,,moral ,,situation #bja ,di/+ui%+ m>ks ( ! moral situation1 #bja2 ,traits ( volunt>y activity1 #bjb2 ,! good & bad 9 non-volunt>y behavior1 #bjc2 ,indiff]5t volunt>y conduct1 #bje2 ,! moral is introduc$ :5 ends h conflict+ values1 #bjg2 ,selection !n dep5ds ^u1 & influ5ces1 ! nature ( ! self1 #bji4 ,,xi4 ,,problems ,,( ,,moral ,,!ory #bab ,!ory gr[s f practical problems1 #bab2 ,?ree typical problems ( reflective practice1 #bac2 ,correspond+ problems ( !ory1 #bad2 ,_! hi/orical sequ5ce1 #bae2 ,gr[? ( individualism1 #bbj2 ,! two types ( individualism1 #bba4 ,,xii4 ,,types ,,( ,,moral ,,!ory #bbd ,sec4 #a4 ,typical divisions ( !ories3--,teleological & jural1 #bbd2 individual & in/itutional1 #bbe2 empirical & intuitional1 #bbf4 ,sec4 #b4 ,division ( volunt>y activity into ,inn] & ,out]3--,! h[ & ! :at1 #bbg2 attitude & consequ5ces1 #bbh2 diff]5t types ( ea* !ory1 #bbi2 be>+ ( ea* !ory ^u problems ( k & ( control1 #bca4 ,sec4 #c4 ,g5]al int]pretation ( ^! !ories3--,ord9>y view ( disposition & ( consequ5ces1 #bcb2 advantages claim$ = emphasis ^u consequ5ces1 #bcd2 = emphasis ^u disposition or attitude1 #bcf2 necessity ( reconciliation ( ^! !ories1 #bcg4 ,,xiii4 ,,conduct ,,& ,,"* #bdj ,problem ( _! relation1 #bdj4 ,sec4 #a4 ,! good w ( ,kant3--,emphasis ^u motive1 #bda2 motive ) or )\t consequ5ces1 #bdb2 necessity ( ef=t1 #bdc2 ov]t action requir$ to prove motive1 #bde4 ,sec4 #b4 ,! ,int5tion ( ! ,utilit>ians3--,emphasis ^u consequ5ces1 #bdf2 di/9ction ( int5tion f motive1 #bdg2 !y are really id5tical1 #bdh2 motive z bl9d & z intellig5t1 #bdi2 practical importance ( insi/5ce ^u consequ5ces1 #bea2 =esight ( consequ5ces dep5ds ^u motive1 #beb4 ,sec4 #c4 ,conduct & "*3--,! nature ( disposition1 #bed2 p>tial & complete int5tion1 #bef2 complexity ( motives1 #beg4 ,sec4 #d4 ,morality ( acts & ( ag5ts3--,subjective & objective morality1 #bei2 ! do] & 8 de$1 #bfj2 summ>y1 #bfa4 ,,xiv4 ,,happ9ess ,,& ,,conduct3 ,,! ,,good ,,& ,,desire #bfc ,resid5ce & nature ( goodness1 #bfc2 happ9ess z ! good1 #bfd2 love ( happ9ess z ! evil1 #bfe2 ambiguity 9 conception ( happ9ess1 #bff4 ,sec4 #a4 ,! ,object ( ,desire3--,is x pleasure8 #bfi2 desire presupposes in/9ctive appetites1 #bgj2 & objects ( ?\ght1 #bga2 happ9ess & desire1 #bgb2 ne$ = /&>d1 #bgd4 ,sec4 #b4 ,! ,conception ( ,happ9ess z a ,/&>d3--,utilit>ian me?od1 #bge2 ,difficulty ( measur+ pleasure1 #bgf2 "* det]m9es ! value ( a pleasure1 #bgg2 ,mill's introduction ( quality ( pleasure1 #bgi4 ,sec4 #c4 ,! con/itution ( happ9ess3--,pleasures dep5d ^u objects1 #bha2 !y are qualitative1 #bhb2 !y v>y ) disposition1 #bhc2 happ9ess z ! moral good1 #bhd4 ,,xv4 ,,happ9ess ,,& ,,social ,,ends #bhf ,utilit>ianism aims at social welf>e1 #bhf2 value z a !ory ( social re=m1 #bhg2 its aim conflicts ) its h$oni/ic !ory ( motive1 #bhi2 ,b5?am's me?od ( reconcil+ p]sonal & g5]al happ9ess1 #bia2 ,mill's me?od1 #bic2 sympa?y & ! social self1 #bih2 ! di/9ctively moral int]e/1 #cjj2 equation ( virtue & happ9ess1 #cja2 moral democracy1 #cjc4 ,,xvi4 ,,! ,,place ,,( ,,reason ,,9 ,,! ,,moral ,,life3 ,,moral ,,k #cjf ,sec4 #a4 ,problem ( reason & desire3--,nature ( a reasonable act1 #cjf2 !ories ab\t moral k1 #cjg4 ,sec4 #b4 ,kant's !ory ( practical reason3--,traits ( morality1 #cji2 reason z a priori & =mal1 #caj2 true mean+ ( g5]alization1 #cac2 ! g5]al & ! social1 #cad4 ,sec4 #c4 ,moral s5se intuitionalism3--,function ( reason1 #cag2 habit & s5se1 #cai2 invalid intuitions1 #cba2 delib]ation & intuition1 #cbb2 ! good man's judgm5t1 #cbd4 ,sec4 #d4 ,! place ( g5]al rules3--,_! value1 #cbe2 casui/ry1 #cbf2 & its dang]s1 #cbg2 second>y ends ( utilit>ianism1 #cbi2 empirical rules & cu/oms1 #ccj2 di/9ction ( rules & pr9ciples1 #ccc2 sympa?y & reasonabl5ess1 #ccd4 ,,xvii4 ,,! ,,place ,,( ,,duty ,,9 ,,! ,,moral ,,life3 ,,subjection ,,to ,,au?ority #ccg ,conflict ( ! rational ) ! attractive end1 #ccg4 ,sec4 #a4 ,! subjection ( desire to law1 #cci2 cause ( conflict ( desire & ?\ght1 #cdb2 dem& = trans=mation ( desire1 #cdc2 social "* ( duties1 #cde2 ! social self is ! univ]sal self1 #cdf4 ,sec4 #b4 ,kantian !ory3--,accord ) duty v]sus f duty1 #cdf2 ! two-fold self ( ,kant1 #cdg2 criticism ( ,kant1 #cdh2 emphasis falls practically on political au?ority1 #cea2 ,duty = duty's sake1 #cea4 ,sec4 #c4 ,! ,utilit>ian !ory ( duty3--,! h$oni/ic problem1 #cec2 ,moral sanctions1 #ced2 !y are too ext]nal1 #cee2 ,ba9's acc\nt1 #cef2 ,sp5c]'s acc\nt1 #ceh2 su* views set up a fictiti\s non-social self1 #cfa4 ,sec4 #c4 ,f9al /atem5t3--,gr[? requires disagreeable readju/m5ts1 #cfb4 ,,xviii4 ,,! ,,place ,,( ,,! ,,self ,,9 ,,! ,,moral ,,life #cfd ,problems reg>d+ ! self1 #cfd4 ,sec4 #a4 ,! doctr9e ( self-d5ial3--,explanation ( its orig91 #cfe2 f\r objections to doctr9e1 #cff4 ,sec4 #b4 ,self-ass]tion3--,e?ical dualism1 #cfi2 naturali/ic e?ics1 #cfi2 false biological basis1 #cga2 mis9t]prets nature ( effici5cy1 #cgc4 ,sec4 #c4 ,self-love & b5evol5ce2 or egoism & altruism3--,! crux ( e?ical speculation1 #cge2 are all motives selfi%8 #cgf2 ambiguity ( t]m selfi%1 #cgg2 are results selfi%8 #cgi2 self-pres]vation1 #chj2 rational reg>d = self1 #chb2 reg>d = o!rs1 #chd2 ! exi/5ce ( o!r-reg>d+ impulses1 #che2 altruism may be immoral1 #chg2 social ju/ice necess>y to moral altruism1 #chi4 ,sec4 #d4 ,! good z self-realization3--,self-realization an ambigu\s idea1 #cia2 true & false consid]ation ( ! self1 #cic2 equation ( p]sonal & g5]al happ9ess1 #cie4 ,,xix4 ,,! ,,virtues #cii ,introductory--virtue def9$1 #cii2 natural ability & virtue1 #djj2 evolution ( virtues1 #dja2 responsibility = moral judgm5t1 #djb2 futility ( catalogu+ virtues1 #djb2 _! c>d9al aspects1 #djc4 ,sec4 #a4 ,temp]ance3--,greek1 ,roman1 & ,*ri/ian conceptions1 #dje2 negative & positive aspects1 #djg2 pleasure & excitem5t1 #djh4 ,sec4 #b4 ,c\rage or p]si/5t vigor3--,dislike ( ! disagreeable1 #daj2 dim5sions ( c\rage1 #daa2 optimism & pessimism1 #dab4 ,sec4 #c4 ,ju/ice3--,?ree mean+s (1 #dad2 ju/ice & love1 #dae2 ju/ice & puni%m5t1 #daf4 ,sec4 #d4 ,wisdom or consci5ti\sness3--,importance ( intellig5t int]e/1 #dah2 ,greek & mod]n ideas ( moral wisdom1 #dai2 ideals & ?\ghtfulness1 #dbj2 ideals & progress1 #dbb4 ,,"p ,,iii ,,! ,,_w ,,( ,,action ,,xx4 ,,social ,,organization ,,& ,,! ,,individual #dbg ,object ( discussion1 #dbg4 ,sec4 #a4 ,gr[? ( individuality ?r\gh social organizations3--,emancipation f cu/om1 #dbh2 d\ble movem5t t[>ds individuality & complex associations1 #dbi2 morality & legality1 #dcb2 two-fold contribution ( social environm5t to individual morality1 #dcc2 moral value ( ! /ate1 #dcd4 ,sec4 #b4 ,responsibility & fre$om3--,liability1 #dcf2 fre$om z exemption & z p[]1 #dcg2 legal & moral fre$om1 #dch4 ,sec4 #c4 ,rights & obligations3--,_! def9ition1 #dci2 !y are correlative1 #ddj2 physical rights1 #ddb2 limitations put ^u !m by w> & puni%m5t1 #ddc2 by pov]ty1 #ddd2 m5tal rights1 #dde2 limitations to fre$om ( ?\ght & expression1 #ddf2 education1 #ddh4 ,,xxi4 ,,civil ,,society ,,& ,,! ,,political ,,/ate #dea ,sec4 #a4 ,civil rights & obligations3--,_! def9ition1 #dea2 _! classes1 #deb2 significance ( e/abli%$ rem$ies = wrongs1 #ded4 ,sec4 #b4 ,developm5t ( civil rights3--,contra/ ) savage age ju/ice1 #def2 social h>m v]sus metaphysical evil1 #deg2 recognition ( accid5t & int5t1 #dei2 ( "* & circum/ances1 #dfj2 ( m5tal incapacity1 #dfb2 significance ( neglig5ce & c>elessness1 #dfd2 conflict ( sub/antial & te*nical ju/ice1 #dfe2 relations ( ! legal & moral1 #dfg2 re=m ( crim9al proc$ure necess>y1 #dfh2 also ( punitive me?ods1 #dgj2 & ( civil adm9i/ration1 #dga4 ,sec4 #c4 ,political rights & obligations3--,significance ( ! /ate1 #dgc2 di/ru/ ( gov]nm5t1 #dgd2 indiff]5ce to politics1 #dgf2 political corruption1 #dgg2 re=m ( p>tisan ma*9]y1 #dgh2 ( gov]nm5tal ma*9]y1 #dgi2 con/ructive social legislation1 #dhj2 a f$]at$ humanity1 #dha4 ,sec4 #d4 ,! moral crit]ion ( political activity3--,its /atem5t1 #dhb2 ! individuali/ic =mula1 #dhc2 ! collectivi/ic =mula1 #dhd4 ,,xxii4 ,,! ,,e?ics ,,( ,,! ,,economic ,,life #dhf ,sec4 #a4 ,g5]al analysis3--,! economic 9 relation to happ9ess1 #dhg2 relation to "*1 #dhh2 social aspects1 #dia4 ,sec4 #b4 ,! problem set by ! new economic ord]3--,collective & imp]sonal organizations1 #die2 readju/m5ts requir$1 #dif4 ,sec4 #c4 ,! ag5cies = c>ry+ on comm]ce & indu/ry3--,e>ly ag5cies1 #dig2 ! bus9ess ent]prise1 #dih2 ! labor union1 #dii2 rev]sion to gr\p morality1 #ejj2 memb]s & managem5t1 #ejj2 employ] & employ$1 #eja2 relations to ! public1 #ejb2 to ! law1 #ejc4 ,sec4 #d4 ,! me?ods ( production1 ex*ange1 & valuation3--,! ma*9e1 #ejg2 basis ( valuation1 #ejh4 ,sec4 #e4 ,! factors :i* aid e?ical recon/ruction3--,pr9ciples m easily se51 #eaa4 ,,xxiii4 ,,"s ,,pr9ciples ,,9 ,,! ,,economic ,,ord] #ead #a4 ,weal? subord9ate to p]sonality1 #ead4 #b4 ,weal? & activity1 #ead4 #c4 ,weal? & public s]vice1 #eae4 #d4 ,a *ange dem&$ f individual to collective morality1 #eag4 #e4 ,p]sonal responsibility1 #eai4 #f4 ,publicity & legal control1 #ebj4 #g4 ,democracy & di/ribution1 #eba4 ,,xxiv4 ,,unsettl$ ,,problems ,,9 ,,! ,,economic ,,ord] #ebc ,sec4 #a4 ,individualism & socialism3--,g5]al /atem5t1 #ebc2 equal opportunity1 #ebf4 ,sec4 #b4 ,individualism or free contract analyz$2 its values3--,effici5cy1 #ebg2 initiative1 #ebg2 regulation ( production1 #ebh4 ,sec4 #c4 ,criticisms ^u individualism3--,x does n secure real fre$om1 #ebh2 nor ju/ice1 #ecj2 competition t5ds to de/roy itself1 #eca2 position ( ! ari/ocratic individuali/s1 #ecb4 ,,xxv4 ,,unsettl$ ,,problems ,,9 ,,! ,,economic ,,ord] 7,,cont9u$7 #ecf ,sec4 #d4 ,! !ory ( public ag5cy & control1 #ecf4 ,sec4 #e4 ,society z ag5cy ( production3--,*>ges aga9/ private managem5t1 #ecg2 corruption1 #ech2 conditions ( labor1 #edj2 collective ag5cy n necess>ily social1 #edd4 ,sec4 #f4 ,!ories ( j di/ribution3--,individuali/ic !ory1 #edf2 equal division1 #edg2 a work+ programme1 #edh4 ,sec4 #g4 ,own]%ip & use ( prop]ty3--,defects 9 ! pres5t sy/em1 #eea4 ,sec4 #h4 ,pres5t t5d5cies3--,individuali/ic "* ( ! ,con/itution1 #eed2 increas$ recognition ( public welf>e1 #eee2 social ju/ice ?r\gh economic1 social1 & sci5tific progress1 #eeg4 ,sec4 #i4 ,?ree special problems3--,! op5 v]sus ! clos$ %op1 #eei2 ! capitalization ( corporations1 #efa2 ! une>n$ increm5t1 #efd4 ,app5dix3 ,pr(4 ,seag]'s programme ( social legislation1 #eff4 ,,xxvi4 ,,! ,,family #ega ,sec4 #a4 ,hi/orical antec$5ts ( ! mod]n family3--,mat]nal type1 #egb2 pat]nal type1 #egb2 influ5ce ( ! *ur*1 #egf4 ,sec4 #b4 ,! psy*ological basis ( ! family3--,emotional & in/9ctive basis1 #egh2 common w1 #ehj2 p>5?ood1 #eha2 social & religi\s factors1 #ehb2 ! *ildr51 #ehb4 ,sec4 #c4 ,g5]al elem5ts ( /ra9 9 family relations3--,diff]5ces betwe5 ! sexes 9 temp]am5t & occupation1 #ehd2 9 attitude t[>d ! family1 #ehg2 diff]5ces betwe5 p>5ts & *ildr51 #ehi4 ,sec4 #d4 ,special conditions :i* give rise to pres5t problems3--,! economic factors1 #eij2 cultural & political factors1 #eic4 ,sec4 #e4 ,unsettl$ problems3--,economic problems1 #eid2 ! dilemma betwe5 ! dome/ic life & occupations outside ! home1 #eie2 ! family z consum]1 #eih4 ,sec4 #f4 ,unsettl$ problems3--,political problems1 au?ority )9 ! family1 #eii2 equality or inequality1 #fjj2 isolation n ! solution1 #fjb2 au?ority ov] ! family1 divorce1 #fjc2 g5]al law ( social heal?1 #fje2 conclusion1 #fje4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,e?ics ,,*apt] ,i ,,introduction ,sec4 #a4 ,,def9ition ,,& ,,me?od ,provisional ,def9ition4--,! place = an accurate def9ition ( a subject is at ! end ( an inquiry r ?an at ! beg9n+1 b a brief def9ition w s]ve to m>k out ! field4 ,e?ics is ! sci5ce t deals ) conduct1 9 s f> z ?is is consid]$ z "r or wrong1 good or bad4 ,a s+le t]m = conduct s consid]$ is moral conduct1 or ! moral life4 ,ano!r way ( /at+ ! same ?+ is to say t ,e?ics aims to give a sy/ematic acc\nt ( our judgm5ts ab\t conduct1 9 s f> z ^! e/imate x f ! /&po9t ( "r or wrong1 good or bad4 ,e?ical & ,moral4--,! t]ms e?ics & e?ical are d]iv$ f a ,greek ^w e?os :i* orig9ally meant cu/oms1 usages1 especially ^? belong+ to "s gr\p z di/+ui%$ f ano!r1 & lat] came to mean disposition1 "*4 ,!y are ?us l ! ,lat9 ^w moral1 f mores1 or ! ,g]man sittli*1 f ,sitt54 ,z we %all see1 x 0 9 cu/oms1 e?os1 mores1 t ! moral or e?ical began to appe>4 ,= cu/oms 7 n m]ely habitual ways ( act+2 !y 7 ways approv$ by ! gr\p or society4 ,to act contr>y to ! cu/oms ( ! gr\p br\ght sev]e disapproval4 ,?is might n be =mulat$ 9 precisely our t]ms--"r & wrong1 good & bad1--b ! attitude 0 ! same 9 ess5ce4 ,! t]ms e?ical & moral z appli$ to ! conduct ( to-day imply ( c\rse a f> m complex & advanc$ type ( life ?an ! old words e?os & mores1 j z economics deals ) a m complex problem ?an ! managem5t ( a h\sehold1 b ! t]ms h a di/9ct value if !y sugge/ ! way 9 :i* ! moral life _h its beg9n+4 ,two ,aspects ( ,conduct4--,to give a sci5tific acc\nt ( judgm5ts ab\t conduct1 means to f9d ! pr9ciples :i* are ! basis ( ^! judgm5ts4 ,conduct or ! moral life has two obvi\s aspects4 ,on ! "o h& x is a life ( purpose4 ,x implies ?\ght & feel+1 ideals & motives1 valuation & *oice4 ,^! are processes to be /udi$ by psy*ological me?ods4 ,on ! o!r h&1 conduct has its outw>d side4 ,x has relations to nature1 & especially to human society4 ,moral life is call$ out or /imulat$ by c]ta9 necessities ( individual & social exi/5ce4 ,z ,protagoras put x1 9 my?ical =m1 ! gods gave m5 a s5se ( ju/ice & ( rev]5ce1 9 ord] to enable !m to unite = mutual pres]vation4#a ,& 9 turn ! moral life aims to modify or trans=m bo? natural & social environm5ts1 to build a k+dom ( man :i* %all be also an ideal social ord]--a k+dom ( ,god4 ,^! relations to nature & society are /udi$ by ! biological & social sci5ces4 ,sociology1 economics1 politics1 law1 & jurisprud5ce deal p>ticul>ly ) ?is aspect ( conduct4 ,e?ics mu/ employ _! me?ods & results = ?is aspect ( its problem1 z x employs psy*ology = ! exam9ation ( conduct on its inn] side4 ,! ,specific ,problem ( ,e?ics4--,b e?ics is n m]ely ! sum ( ^! v>i\s sci5ces4 ,x has a problem ( its own :i* is creat$ by j ?is tw(old aspect ( life & conduct4 ,x has to relate ^! two sides4 ,x has to /udy ! inn] process z det]m9$ by ! out] conditions or z *ang+ ^! out] conditions1 & ! outw>d behavior or in/itution z det]m9$ by ! inn] purpose1 or z affect+ ! inn] life4 ,to /udy *oice & purpose is psy*ology2 to /udy *oice z affect$ by ! rights ( o!rs & to judge x z "r or wrong by ?is /&>d is e?ics4 ,or aga91 to /udy a corporation may be economics1 or sociology1 or law2 to /udy its activities z result+ f ! purposes ( p]sons or z affect+ ! welf>e ( p]sons1 & to judge its acts z good or bad f su* a po9t ( view1 is e?ics4 ,g5etic ,/udy4--,:5 we deal ) any process ( life x is f\nd to be a great aid = und]/&+ ! pres5t conditions if we trace ! hi/ory ( ! process & see h[ pres5t conditions h come ab\t4 ,& 9 ! case ( morality !re are f\r reasons 9 p>ticul> = exam9+ e>li] /ages4 ,! fir/ is t we may beg9 our /udy ) a simpl] mat]ial4 ,moral life at pres5t is extremely complex4 ,pr(essional1 civic1 dome/ic1 philan?ropic1 ecclesia/ical1 & social obligations claim adju/m5t4 ,int]e/s 9 weal?1 9 k1 9 p[]1 9 fri5d%ip1 9 social welf>e1 make dem& = recognition 9 fix+ ^u :at is good4 ,x is desirable to consid] fir/ a simpl] problem4 ,9 ! second place1 ?is complex moral life is l ! human body 9 t x conta9s rudim5ts & survivals4 ,"s ( our pres5t /&>ds & ideals 7 =m$ at "o p]iod 9 ! pa/1 & "s at ano!r4 ,"s ( ^! apply to pres5t conditions & "s d n4 ,"s are at v>iance ) o!rs4 ,_m app>5t conflicts 9 moral judgm5ts are expla9$ :5 we discov] h[ ! judgm5ts came to be =m$ 9 ! fir/ in/ance4 ,we _c easily und]/& ! moral life ( to-day except 9 ! light ( e>li] morality4 ,! ?ird reason is t we may get a m objective mat]ial = /udy4 ,our moral life is s intimate a "p ( ourselves t x is h>d to obs]ve imp>tially4 ,its *>act]i/ics escape notice because !y are s famili>4 ,:5 we travel we f9d ! cu/oms1 laws1 & moral /&>ds ( o!r peoples /&+ out z peculi>4 ,until we h be5 l$ by "s su* means to comp>e our own conduct ) t ( o!rs x probably does n occur to u t our own /&>ds are also peculi>1 & h5ce 9 ne$ ( explanation4 ,x is z difficult sci5tifically z x is p]sonally to see ourselves z o!rs see u4 ,x is d\btless true t to see ourselves m]ely z o!rs see u w\ld n be en\gh4 ,complete moral analysis requires u to take into our reckon+ motives & purposes :i* may p]haps be undiscov]able by ! o!rs4 ,b x is a great aid to ?is complet] analysis if we c %>p5 our vision & awak5 our att5tion by a comp>ative /udy4 ,a f\r? reason = a g5etic /udy is t x emphasizes ! dynamic1 progressive "* ( morality4 ,m]ely to exam9e ! pres5t may easily give ! impression t ! moral life is n a life1 a mov+ process1 some?+ /ill 9 ! mak+--b a *angeless /ructure4 ,!re is moral progress z well z a moral ord]4 ,?is may be discov]$ by an analysis ( ! v nature ( moral conduct1 b x /&s out m cle>ly & impressively if we trace ! actual developm5t 9 hi/ory4 ,be=e attempt+ our analysis ( ! pres5t moral consci\sness & its judgm5ts1 we %all !re=e give an outl9e ( ! e>li] /ages & simpl] phases4 ,!ory & ,practice4--,f9ally1 if we c discov] e?ical pr9ciples ^! ought to give "s guidance = ! unsolv$ problems ( life :i* cont9ually pres5t !mselves = decision4 ,:atev] may be true = o!r sci5ces x w\ld seem t e?ics at lea/ ought to h "s practical value4 ,9 ?is !at] ( man's life x is res]v$ = ,god & ! angels to be look]s on4 ,man mu/ act2 & he mu/ act well or ill1 rightly or wrongly4 ,if he has reflect$1 has consid]$ 8 conduct 9 ! light ( ! g5]al pr9ciples ( human ord] & progress1 he ought to be able to act m intellig5tly & freely1 to a*ieve ! satisfaction t always att5ds on sci5tific z comp>$ ) uncritical or rule-(-?umb practice4 ,socrates gave ! classic /atem5t = ! /udy ( conduct :5 he said1 ,a life unexam9$1 uncriticiz$1 is n wor?y ( man4 ,sec4 #b4 ,,crit]ion ,,( ,,! ,,moral ,x is n propos$ to attempt at ?is po9t an accurate or m9ute /atem5t ( :at is impli$ 9 moral conduct1 z ?is is ! task ( ,"p ,,ii4 ,b = ! purposes ( trac+ 9 ,"p ,i4 ! beg9n+s ( morality1 x is desirable to h a sort ( r\gh *>t to indicate to ! /ud5t :at to look = 9 ! e>li] /ages ( 8 exploration1 & to enable him to keep 8 be>+s on ! way4 ,c]ta9 ( ! *>act]i/ics ( ! moral may be se5 9 a cross-section1 a /atem5t ( ! elem5ts 9 moral conduct at a giv5 "t4 ,o!r *>act]i/ics come out m cle>ly by comp>+ lat] ) e>li] /ages4 ,we give fir/ a cross-section4 #a4 ,*>act]i/ics ( ! ,moral ,life 9 ,cross-section4--,9 ?is cross-section ! fir/ ma9 division is sugge/$ by ! fact t we sometimes give our att5tion to :at is done or int5d$1 & sometimes to h[ or :y ! act is done4 ,^! divisions may turn out to be less absolute ?an !y seem1 b common life uses !m & moral !ories h (t5 select$ ! "o or ! o!r z ! important aspect4 ,:5 we are told to seek peace1 tell ! tru?1 or aim at ! greate/ happ9ess ( ! greate/ numb]1 we are *>g$ to d or int5d "s def9ite act4 ,:5 we are urg$ to be consci5ti\s or pure 9 he>t ! emphasis is on a k9d ( attitude t might g ) a v>iety ( acts4 ,a newspap] advocates a good measure4 ,s f>1 s good4 ,b p may ask1 :at is ! motive 9 ?is8 & if ?is is believ$ to be m]ely selfi%1 !y d n cr$it ! newspap] ) hav+ g5u9e int]e/ 9 re=m4 ,on ! o!r h&1 s9c]ity alone is n en\gh4 ,if a man advocates frankly & s9c]ely a s*eme = enri*+ himself at ! public exp5se we condemn him4 ,we say 8 v frankness %[s 8 utt] disreg>d = o!rs4 ,"o ( ! great moral philosoph]s has inde$ said t to act rationally is all t is necess>y1 b he at once goes on to claim t ?is implies treat+ e man z an end & n m]ely a means1 & ?is calls = a p>ticul> k9d ( action4 ,h5ce we may assume = ! pres5t purpose a g5]al agreem5t t our moral judgm5ts take into acc\nt bo? :at is done or int5d$1 & h[ or :y ! act is done4 ,^! two aspects are sometimes call$ ! matt] & ! =m1 or ! cont5t & ! attitude4 ,we %all use ! simpl] t]ms1 ! ,:at & ! ,h[4 ,! ,:at z a ,crit]ion4--,if we neglect = ! mom5t ! ,h[ & ?9k ( ! ,:at1 we f9d two ma9 /&po9ts employ$ 9 judg+3 "o is t ( high] & l[] )9 ! man's own self2 ! o!r is 8 treatm5t ( o!rs4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 a high] & l[] self has _m guises4 ,we speak ( a man z a slave to 8 appetites1 ( ano!r z possess$ by gre$ = money1 ( ano!r z insatiately ambiti\s4 ,ov] aga9/ ^! passions we he> ! praise ( sci5tific pursuits1 ( culture1 ( art1 ( fri5d%ip1 ( m$itation1 or ( religion4 ,we are bidd5 to ?9k ( ?+s ,greek3 semna1 nobly s]i\s4 ,a life ( ! _s is set (f aga9/ ! life ( ! fle%1 ! f9] aga9/ ! co>s]1 ! nobl] aga9/ ! bas]4 ,h[ev] misguid$ ! =ms 9 :i* ?is has be5 int]pret$1 !re is no d\bt z to ! reality ( ! conflict+ impulses :i* give rise to ! dualism4 ,! s\rce is obvi\s4 ,man w\ld n be "h if self-pres]vation & self-ass]tion & sex in/9ct 7 n /rongly root$ 9 8 sy/em4 ,^! may easily become dom9ant passions4 ,b j z c]ta9ly1 man _c be all t he may be unless he controls ^! impulses & passions by o!r motives4 ,he has fir/ to create = himself a new _w ( ideal int]e/s be=e he f9ds 8 be/ life4 ,! appetites & in/9cts may be natural1 9 ! s5se t !y are ! beg9n+2 ! m5tal & spiritual life is natural1 z ,ari/otle puts x1 9 ! s5se t man's full nature is develop$ only 9 su* a life4 ,! o!r aspect ( ! ,:at1 ! treatm5t ( o!rs1 ne$ n deta9 u4 ,ju/ice1 k9dness1 ! conduct ( ! ,gold5 ,rule are ! "r & good4 ,inju/ice1 cruelty1 selfi%ness are ! wrong & ! bad4 ,analysis ( ! ,h[3 ! ,"r & ! ,good4--,we h us$ "r & good z ?\gh !y might be us$ int]*angeably 9 speak+ ( conduct4 ,p]haps ?is may 9 ! end prove to be true4 ,if an act is "r1 !n ! h]o or ! sa9t may believe t x is also good2 if an act is good 9 ! fulle/ s5se1 !n x w comm5d itself z "r4 ,b "r & good evid5tly approa* conduct f two diff]5t po9ts ( view4 ,^! might h be5 not$ :5 speak+ ( ! cont5t or ! ,:at1 b !y are m important 9 consid]+ ! ,h[4 ,x is evid5t t :5 we speak ( conduct z "r we ?9k ( x z be=e a judge4 ,we br+ ! act to a /&>d1 & measure ! act4 ,we ?9k too ( ?is /&>d z a moral law :i* we ought to obey4 ,we respect its au?ority & hold ourselves responsible4 ,! /&>d is conceiv$ z a control ov] our impulses & desires4 ,! man :o recognizes su* a law & is anxi\s to f9d & to d 8 duty1 we call consci5ti\s2 z gov]n+ 8 impulses1 he has self-control2 z squ>+ 8 conduct /rictly by 8 /&>d1 he is upright & reliable4 ,if ,i ?9k ( good1 ,i am approa*+ conduct f ! /&po9t ( value4 ,i am ?9k+ ( :at is desirable4 ,?is too is a /&>d1 b x is a /&>d reg>d$ z an end to be s\ght r ?an z a law4 ,i am to *oose x & id5tify myself ) x1 r ?an to control myself by x4 ,x is an ideal4 ,! consci5ti\s man1 view$ f ?is /&po9t1 w\ld seek to discov] ! true good1 to value 8 ends1 to =m ideals1 in/ead ( foll[+ impulse or accept+ any seem+ good )\t c>eful consid]ation4 ,9 s f> z impulses are direct$ by ideals ! ?or\ghly good man w be /raight=w>d1 s9c]e3 t is1 he w n be mov$ to d ! good act by fe> ( puni%m5t1 or by brib]y1 j z ! upright man w be gov]n$ by a s5se ( duty1 ( respect = pr9ciples4 ,summ>y ( ! ,*>act]i/ics ( ! ,moral4--,to sum up ! ma9 *>act]i/ics ( ! moral life view$ 9 cross-section1 or :5 9 full activity1 we may /ate !m z foll[s3 ,on ! side ( ! :at1 !re are two aspects3 7a7 ,! dom9ance ( high]1 ideal int]e/s ( k1 art1 fre$om1 rights1 & ! life ( ! _s4 7b7 ,reg>d = o!rs1 "u its v>i\s aspects ( ju/ice1 sympa?y1 & b5evol5ce4 ,on ! side ( ! h[ ! important aspects are3 7a7 ,! recognition ( "s /&>d1 :i* may arise ei!r z a control 9 ! guise ( "r & law1 or z measure ( value 9 ! =m ( an ideal to be foll[$ or good to be approv$4 7b7 ,a s5se ( duty & respect = ! law2 s9c]e love ( ! good4 7a7 & 7b7 ( ?is latt] division are bo? includ$ "u ! consci5ti\s attitude4 #b4 ,! ,moral z a ,gr[?4--,! psy*ologi/s di/+ui% ?ree /ages 9 conduct3 7a7 ,in/9ctive activity4 7b7 ,att5tion2 ! /age ( consci\s direction or control ( action by imag]y2 ( delib]ation1 desire1 & *oice4 7c7 ,habit2 ! /age ( unconsci\s activity along l9es set by previ\s action4 ,consci\sness ?us occupies a curi\s middle gr\nd betwe5 h]$it>y reflex & automatic activities ^u ! "o h& & acquir$ habitual activities ^u ! o!r4 ,:]e ! orig9al equipm5t ( in/9cts fails to meet "s new situation1 :5 !re are /imulations = :i* ! sy/em has no ready-made response1 consci\sness appe>s4 ,x selects f ! v>i\s responses ^? :i* suit ! purpose1 & :5 ^! responses h become !mselves automatic1 habitual1 consci\sness betakes itself else:]e to po9ts :]e habitual accommodatory movem5ts are z yet want+ & ne$$4#b ,to apply ?is to ! moral developm5t we ne$ only to add t ?is process repeats itself ov] & ov]4 ,! />t+-po9t = ea* lat] repetition is n ! h]$it>y in/9ct1 b ! habits :i* h be5 =m$4 ,= ! habits =m$ at "o age ( ! individual's life1 or at "o /age ( race developm5t1 prove inadequate = m complex situations4 ,! *ild leaves home1 ! savage tribe *anges to agricultural life1 & ! old habits no long] meet ! ne$4 ,att5tion is aga9 dem&$4 ,!re is delib]ation1 /ruggle1 ef=t4 ,if ! result is successful new habits are =m$1 b ^u a high] level4 ,= ! new habits1 ! new "*1 embody m intellig5ce4 ,! fir/ /age1 purely in/9ctive action1 we d n call moral conduct4 ,x is ( c\rse n immoral2 x is m]ely unmoral4 ,! second /age %[s morality 9 ! mak+4 ,x includes ! process ( transition f impulse1 ?r\gh desire to w4 ,x involves ! /ress ( conflict+ int]e/s1 ! processes ( delib]ation & valuation1 & ! f9al act ( *oice4 ,x w be illu/rat$ 9 our treatm5t ( race developm5t by ! *ange f e>ly gr\p life & cu/oms to ! m consci\s moral life ( high] civilization4 ,! ?ird /age1 well-organiz$ "*1 is ! goal ( ! process4 ,b x is evid5tly only a relative po9t4 ,a good man has built up a set ( habits2 a good society has e/abli%$ c]ta9 laws & moral codes4 ,b unless ! man or society is 9 a *angeless _w ) no new conditions !re w be new problems4 ,& ?is means t h[ev] good ! habit 0 = its "t & purpose !re mu/ be new *oices & new valuations4 ,a "* t w\ld run automatically 9 e case w\ld be pretty ne>ly a me*anism4 ,x is !re=e ! second /age ( ?is process t is ! /age ( active moral consci\sness4 ,x is ^u ?is t we focus our att5tion4 ,moral gr[? f ! fir/ on ?r\gh ! second /age may be describ$ z a process 9 :i* man becomes m rational1 m social1 & f9ally m moral4 ,we exam9e briefly ea* ( ^! aspects4 ,! ,rationaliz+ or ,idealiz+ ,process4--,! fir/ ne$ ( ! organism is to live & gr[4 ,! fir/ in/9cts & impulses are !re=e = food1 self-def5ce1 & o!r imm$iate necessities4 ,primitive m5 eat1 sleep1 fight1 build %elt]s1 & give food & protection to _! (fspr+4 ,! rationaliz+ process w mean at fir/ great] use ( intellig5ce to satisfy ^! same wants4 ,x w %[ itself 9 skill$ occupations1 9 indu/ry & trade1 9 ! utiliz+ ( all res\rces to fur!r man's p[] & happ9ess4 ,b to rationalize conduct is also to introduce new ends4 ,x n only enables man to get :at he wants2 x *anges ! k9d ( objects t he wants4 ,?is %[s itself ext]nally 9 :at man makes & 9 h[ he occupies himself4 ,he mu/ ( c\rse h food & %elt]4 ,b he makes temples & /atues & poems4 ,he makes my?s & !ories ( ! _w4 ,he c>ries on great ent]prises 9 comm]ce or gov]nm5t1 n s mu* to gratify desires = bodily wants z to exp]i5ce ! gr[? ( p[]4 ,he creates a family life :i* is rais$ to a high] level by art & religion4 ,he does n live by bread only1 b builds up gradually a life ( reason4 ,psy*ologically ?is means t :]eas at ! beg9n+ we want :at our body calls =1 we soon come to want ?+s :i* ! m9d takes an int]e/ 94 ,z we =m by memory1 imag9ation1 & reason a m cont9u\s1 p]man5t1 highly-organiz$ self1 we require a f> m p]man5t & ideal k9d ( good to satisfy u4 ,?is gives rise to ! contra/ betwe5 ! mat]ial & ideal selves1 or 9 ano!r =m1 betwe5 ! _w & ! _s4 ,! ,socializ+ ,process4--,! socializ+ side ( ! process ( developm5t /&s = an increas$ capacity to ent] into relations ) o!r human be+s4 ,l ! gr[? ( reason x is bo? a means & an end4 ,x has its roots 9 c]ta9 in/9cts--sex1 greg>i\sness1 p>5tal in/9cts--& 9 ! necessities ( mutual support & protection4 ,b ! associations ?us =m$ imply a great v>iety ( activities :i* call out new p[]s & set up new ends4 ,language is "o ( ! fir/ ( ^! activities & a fir/ /ep t[>d m complete socialization4 ,coop]ation1 9 all k9ds ( ent]prises1 int]*ange ( s]vices & goods1 p>ticipation 9 social arts1 associations = v>i\s purposes1 in/itutions ( blood1 family1 gov]nm5t1 & religion1 all add enorm\sly to ! individual's p[]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 z he ent]s into ^! relations & becomes a memb] ( all ^! bodies he inevitably und]goes a trans=mation 9 8 int]e/s4 ,psy*ologically ! process is "o ( build+ up a social self4 ,imitation & sugge/ion1 sympa?y & affection1 common purpose & common int]e/1 are ! aids 9 build+ su* a self4 ,z ! v>i\s in/9cts1 emotions1 & purposes are m def9itely organiz$ into su* a unit1 x becomes possible to set (f ! int]e/s ( o!rs aga9/ ^? int]e/s t c5t] 9 my m individual good4 ,consci\s egoism & altruism become possible4 ,& 9 a way t w be expla9$1 ! int]e/s ( self & o!rs are rais$ to ! plane ( rights & ju/ice4 ,:at is ,ne$$ to ,make ,conduct ,moral4--,all ?is is n yet moral progress 9 ! fulle/ s5se4 ,! progress to m rational & m social conduct is ! indisp5sable condition ( ! moral1 b n ! :ole /ory4 ,:at is ne$$ is t ! m rational & social conduct %\ld itself be valu$ z good1 & s be *os5 & s\ght2 or 9 t]ms ( control1 t ! law :i* society or reason prescribes %\ld be consci\sly ?\ght ( z "r1 us$ z a /&>d1 & respect$ z b9d+4 ,?is gives ! contra/ betwe5 ! high] & l[]1 z a consci\s aim1 n m]ely z a matt] ( ta/e4 ,x raises ! collision betwe5 self & o!rs to ! basis ( p]sonal rights & ju/ice1 ( delib]ate selfi%ness or b5evol5ce4 ,f9ally x gives ! basis = su* organization ( ! social & rational *oices t ! progress already ga9$ may be p]man5tly secur$1 :ile ! att5tion1 ! /ruggle betwe5 duty & incl9ation1 ! consci\s *oice1 move =w>d to a new issue4 ,ari/otle made ^! po9ts cle>3 ,b ! virtues are n 9 ?is po9t analog\s to ! arts4 ,! products ( art h _! excell5ce 9 !mselves1 & s x is en\gh if :5 produc$ !y are ( a c]ta9 quality2 b 9 ! case ( ! virtues1 a man is n said to act ju/ly or temp]ately 7or l a j or temp]ate man7 if :at he does m]ely be ( a c]ta9 sort--he mu/ also be 9 a c]ta9 /ate ( m9d :5 he does x3 i4e41 fir/ ( all1 he mu/ "k :at he is do+2 secondly1 he mu/ *oose x1 & *oose x = itself2 &1 ?irdly1 8 act mu/ be ! expression ( a =m$ & /able "*4 ,summ>y ( ! ,*>act]i/ics ( ! ,moral z ,gr[?4--,! full cycle has ?ree /ages3 7a7 ,in/9ctive or habitual action4 7b7 ,action "u ! /ress ( att5tion1 ) consci\s int]v5tion & recon/ruction4 7c7 ,organization ( consci\sly direct$ conduct into habits & a self ( a high] ord]3 ,"*4 ,! advance f 7a7 to & ?r\gh 7b7 has ?ree aspects4 7a7 ,x is a rationaliz+ & idealiz+ process4 ,reason is bo? a means to secure o!r ends1 & an elem5t 9 det]m9+ :at %all be s\ght4 7b7 ,x is a socializ+ process4 ,society bo? /r5g!ns & trans=ms ! individual4 7c7 ,x is a process 9 :i* f9ally conduct itself is made ! consci\s object ( reflection1 valuation1 & criticism4 ,9 ?is ! def9itely moral conceptions ( "r & duty1 good & virtue appe>4 ,sec4 #c4 ,,divisions ,,( ,,! ,,treatm5t ,,"p ,i41 aft] a prelim9>y pres5tation ( c]ta9 important aspects ( gr\p life1 w fir/ trace ! process ( moral developm5t 9 its g5]al outl9es1 & !n give specific illu/rations ( ! process tak5 f ! life ( ,israel1 ( ,greece1 & ( mod]n civilization4 ,,"p ,,ii4 w analyze conduct or ! moral life on its inn]1 p]sonal side4 ,aft] di/+ui%+ m c>efully :at is meant by moral action1 & not+ "s typical ways 9 :i* ! moral life has be5 view$ by e?ical !ory1 x w exam9e ! mean+ ( "r & good1 ( duty & virtue1 & seek to discov] ! pr9ciples und]ly+ moral judgm5ts & moral conduct4 ,,"p ,,iii4 w /udy conduct z action 9 society4 ,b in/ead ( a g5]al survey1 att5tion w be c5t]$ ^u ?ree phases ( conduct :i* are ( especial int]e/ & importance4 ,political rights & duties1 ! production1 di/ribution1 & own]%ip ( weal?1 & f9ally ! relations ( dome/ic & family life1 all pres5t unsettl$ problems4 ,^! *all5ge ! /ud5t to make a c>eful exam9ation1 = he mu/ take "s attitude z citiz5 on ! issues involv$4 ,,lit]ature ,! lit]ature on specific topics w be f\nd at ! beg9n+ ( ea* ,"p1 & at ! close ( ! sev]al *apt]s4 ,we indicate "h "s ( ! m useful manuals & rec5t repres5tative works1 & add "s specific ref]5ces on ! scope & me?ods ( e?ics4 ,baldw9's ,diction>y ( ,philosophy & ,psy*ology has select$ li/s 7see especially articles1 ,e?ical ,!ories1 ,e?ics1 ,wor?7 & g5]al li/s 7,vol4 ,,iii474 ,runze1 ,e?ik1 #ahia1 has good bibliographies4 ,,elem5t>y ,,texts3 ,mack5zie1 ,manual ( ,e?ics1 #crd ed41 #aijj2 ,muirhead1 ,elem5ts ( ,e?ics1 #ahib2 ,se?1 ,a ,/udy ( ,e?ical ,pr9ciples1 #f? ed41 #aijb2 ,?illy1 ,introduction to ,e?ics1 #aijj4 ,,repres5tative ,,books ,,& ,,treatises ,,9 ,,engli%3 ,gre51 ,prolegom5a to ,e?ics1 #ahhc 7,idealism72 ,m>t9eau1 ,types ( ,e?ical ,!ory1 #ahhe1 #crd ed41 #ahia 7,intuitionism72 ,sidgwick's ,me?ods ( ,e?ics1 #ahgd1 #f? ed41 #aija 7,union ( ,intuitioni/ & ,utilit>ian ,positions ) c>eful analysis ( common s5se72 ,sp5c]1 ,! ,pr9ciples ( ,e?ics1 #ahib-c 7,evolution72 ,/eph5's ,sci5ce ( ,e?ics1 #ahhb2 ,! compreh5sive "w ( ,pauls5 7,sy/em d] ,e?ik1 #ahhi1 #e? ed41 #aijj7 has be5 translat$ 9 "p by ,?illy1 #ahii2 t ( ,wundt 7,e?ik1 #ahhf1 #crd ed41 #aijc71 by ,tit*5]1 ,gulliv]1 & ,wa%burn1 #ahig-aija4 ,among ! m rec5t contributions1 ei!r to ! :ole field or to specific p>ts1 may be not$3 ,alex&]1 ,moral ,ord] & ,progress1 #ahhi2 #bnd ed41 #ahia2 ,dewey1 ,outl9es ( ,e?ics1 #ahia1 & ,! ,/udy ( ,e?ics1 ,a ,syllabus1 #ahid2 ,fite1 ,an ,introductory ,/udy ( ,e?ics1 #aijc2 ,hoeffd+1 ,e?ik 7,g]man tr471 #ahhg2 ,janet1 ,! ,!ory ( ,morals 7,eng4 tr471 #ahhd2 ,ladd1 ,! ,philosophy ( ,conduct1 #aijb2 ,mezes1 ,e?ics1 ,descriptive & ,explanatory1 #aijj2 ,moore1 ,pr9cipia ,e?ica1 #aijc2 ,palm]1 ,! ,field ( ,e?ics1 #aijb1 ,! ,nature ( ,goodness1 #aijc2 ,taylor1 ,! ,problem ( ,conduct1 #aija2 ,ra%dall1 ,! ,!ory ( ,good & ,evil1 #aijg2 ,b[ne1 ,! ,pr9ciples ( ,e?ics1 #ahib2 ,rickaby1 ,moral ,philosophy1 #ahhh4 ,,hi/ories ,,( ,,e?ics3 ,sidgwick1 ,hi/ory ( ,e?ics1 #crd ed41 #ahib2 ,albee1 ,a ,hi/ory ( ,engli% ,utilit>ianism1 #aijb2 ,/eph51 ,! ,utilit>ians1 #aijj2 ,m>t9eau1 ,types ( ,e?ical ,!ory2 ,:ewell1 ,lectures on ! ,hi/ory ( ,moral ,philosophy 9 ,engl&1 #aheb1 #ahfb2 ,koe/l91 ,ges*i*te d] ,e?ik1 #b vols41 #ahha-ib 7anci5t !ories72 ,jodl1 ,ges*i*te d] ,e?ik1 #b vols41 #ahhb-hi 7mod]n72 ,wundt1 ,e?ik1 ,vol4 ,,ii42 ! hi/ories ( philosophy by ,w9delb&1 ,hoeffd+1 ,erdmann1 ,ueb]weg1 ,falck5b]g4 ,,scope ,,& ,,me?od ,,( ,,e?ics3 ,see ! op5+ *apt]s 9 ne>ly all ! works cit$ above1 especially ,palm] 7,field ( ,e?ics71 ,moore1 ,/eph51 ,sp5c]1 ,pauls51 & ,wundt 7,facts ( ! ,moral ,life72 see also ,rit*ie1 ,philosophical ,/udies1 #aije1 pp4 #bfd-bia2 ,wallace1 ,lectures & ,essays on ,natural ,!ology & ,e?ics1 #ahih1 pp4 #aid ff42 ,dewey1 ,logical ,conditions ( a ,sci5tific ,treatm5t ( ,morality 7,univ]sity ( ,*icago ,dec5nial ,publications1 #aijc72 ,/u>t1 ,! ,logic ( ,self-realization1 9 ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia ,publications3 ,philosophy1 ,i41 #aijd2 ,small1 ,! ,significance ( ,sociology = ,e?ics1 #aijb2 ,hadley1 ,article ,economic ,!ory 9 ,baldw9's ,dict4 ,,relation ,,( ,,!ory ,,to ,,life3 ,gre51 ,prolegom5a1 ,book ,,iv42 ,dewey1 ,int]national ,j\rnal ( ,e?ics1 ,vol4 ,i41 #ahia1 pp4 #ahf-bjc2 ,james1 same j\rnal1 ,vol4 ,i41 #ccj-ced2 ,mack5zie1 same j\rnal1 ,vol4 ,,iv41 #ahid1 pp4 #afj-agc4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,plato1 ,protagoras1 #cbj ff4 #b ,angell1 ,psy*ology1 p4 #ei4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,"p ,i ,,! ,,beg9n+s ,,& ,,gr[? ,,( ,,morality ,,g5]al ,,lit]ature ,,= ,,"p ,i ,hobh\se1 ,morals 9 ,evolution1 #b vols41 #aijf4 ,we/]m>ck1 ,! ,orig9 & ,developm5t ( ,moral ,ideas1 ,vol4 ,i41 #aijf4 ,su!rl&1 ,! ,orig9 & ,gr[? ( ! ,moral ,in/9ct1 #b vols41 #ahih4 ,wundt1 ,facts ( ! ,moral ,life1 #aijb2 also ,e?ik1 #crd ed41 #aijc1 ,vol4 ,i41 pp4 #bhj-ebc4 ,pauls51 ,a ,sy/em ( ,e?ics1 #ahii1 ,book ,i4 ,sumn]1 ,folkways1 #aijg4 ,b]gmann1 ,e?ik als ,kulturphilosophie1 #aijd4 ,mezes1 ,e?ics1 ,descriptive & ,explanatory1 ,"p ,i4 ,dewey1 ,! ,evolution>y ,me?od z ,appli$ to ,morality1 ,philos4 ,review1 ,,xi41 #aijb1 pp4 #ajg-abd1 #cec-cga4 ,adam ,smi?1 ,!ory ( ,moral ,s5tim5ts1 #agei4 ,baldw91 ,social & ,e?ical ,int]pretations1 #aijb4 ,taylor1 ,! ,problem ( ,conduct1 #aija1 *ap4 iii4 ,sp5c]1 ,data ( ,e?ics1 #ahgi2 ,psy*ology1 #ahgb1 ,"p ,,ix41 *s4 v4-viii4 ,ih]+1 ,d] ,zweck im ,re*t1 #crd ed41 #ahic4 ,/e9?al1 ,allgeme9e ,e?ik1 #ahhe4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,e>ly ,,gr\p ,,life ,to und]/& ! orig9 & gr[? ( moral life1 x is ess5tial to und]/& primitive society4 ,& :ile !re is mu* t is unc]ta91 !re is "o fact ( capital importance :i* /&s out cle>ly4 ,?is is ! dom9ant influ5ce ( gr\p life4 ,x is n ass]t$ t all peoples h _h precisely ! same type ( gr\ps1 or ! same degree ( gr\p solid>ity4 ,x is beyond "q t ! ance/ors ( mod]n civiliz$ races liv$ "u ! g5]al types ( gr\p life :i* w be outl9$1 & t ^! types or _! survivals are f\nd among ! great mass ( peoples to-day4 ,sec4 #a4 ,,typical ,,facts ,,( ,,gr\p ,,life ,consid] ! foll[+ incid5t z relat$ by ,dr4 ,gray3 ,a ,*9ese aid$ by 8 wife flogg$ 8 "m4 ,! imp]ial ord] n only comm&$ t ! crim9als %\ld be put to dea?2 x fur!r direct$ t ! head ( ! clan %\ld be put to dea?2 t ! imm$iate neighbors ea* receive eighty bl[s & be s5t into exile2 t ! head or repres5tatives ( ! graduates ( ! fir/ degree 7or ,b4,a47 among :om ! male (f5d] rank$ %\ld be flogg$ & exil$2 t ! gr&uncle1 ! uncle1 & two eld] bro!rs %\ld be put to dea?2 t ! prefect & ! rul]s %\ld = a "t be depriv$ ( _! rank2 t on ! face ( ! "m ( ! female (f5d] f\r ,*9ese *>act]s expressive ( neglect ( duty t[>ds h] daught] %\ld be tattoo$1 & t %e be exil$ to a di/ant prov9ce2 t ! fa!r ( ! female (f5d]1 a ba*elor ( arts1 %\ld n be all[$ to take any high] lit]>y degrees1 & t he be flogg$ & exil$2 t ! son ( ! (f5d]s %\ld receive ano!r "n1 & t ! l&s ( ! (f5d] = a "t rema9 fall[4 7,j4 ,h4 ,,gray1 ,*9a1 ,vol4 ,i41 pp4 #bcg f47 ,put beside ?is ! /ory ( ,a*an3 ,a*an _h tak5 = 8 own possession c]ta9 articles f ! spoil ( ,j]i*o :i* _h be5 set ap>t or devot$ to ,jehovah4 ,israel !n suff]$ a defeat 9 battle4 ,:5 ,a*an's act became kn[n1 ,jo%ua & all ,israel ) him took ,a*an1 ! son ( ,z]ah1 & ! mantle1 & ! w$ge ( gold1 & 8 sons & 8 daught]s1 & 8 ox51 & 8 asses1 & 8 %eep1 & 8 t5t1 & all t he _h4444 ,& all ,israel /on$ him ) /ones2 & !y burn$ !m ) fire & /on$ !m ) /ones4 7,,jo%ua vii3 #bd1 #be47 ,! conv]se ( ^! situations is br\ght out 9 ! regulations ( ! ,kumi1 a ,japanese local in/itution compris+ five or m h\seholds3 ,z memb]s ( a ,kumi we w cultivate fri5dly feel+s ev5 m ?an ) our relatives1 & w promote ea* o!r's happ9ess z well z %>e ea* o!r's grief4 ,if !re is an unpr9cipl$ or lawless p]son 9 a ,kumi1 we %all all %>e ! responsibility = him4 7,,simmons & ,,wigmore1 ,transactions1 ,asiatic ,society ( ,japan1 xix41 #agg f47 ,= ano!r aspect ( ! gr\p take ,caes>'s description ( l&hold+ among ! ,g]mans3 ,no "o possesses privately a def9ite ext5t ( l&2 no "o has limit$ fields ( 8 own2 b e ye> ! magi/rates & *iefs di/ribute ! l& to ! clans & ! k9dr$ gr\ps 7g5tibus cognationibusque hom9um7 & to ^? 7o!r gr\ps7 :o live toge!r4 7,de ,bell4 ,gall41 ,,vi41 #bb47 ,( ! ,greeks1 our intellectual ance/ors1 z well z fell[ ,aryans1 x is /at$ t 9 ,attica1 ev5 to a late p]iod1 ! l& rema9$ to a l>ge degree 9 possession ( ideal p]sons1 gods1 phylae 7tribes7 or phratries1 k9%ips1 political communities4 ,ev5 :5 ! sup]ficies ( ! l& might be reg>d$ z private1 m9es 7 res]v$ z public4#c ,! basis on :i* ^! k9%ip gr\ps re/$ is ?us /at$ by ,grote3#d ,all ^! phratric & g5tile associations1 ! l>g] z well z ! small]1 7 f\nd$ ^u ! same pr9ciples & t5d5cies ( ! ,grecian m9d--a coalesc5ce ( ! idea ( wor%ip ) t ( ance/ry1 or ( communion 9 c]ta9 special religi\s rites ) communion ( blood1 real or suppos$4 ,! god or h]o1 to :om ! assembl$ memb]s (f]$ _! sacrifices1 0 conceiv$ z ! primitive ance/or to :om !y ow$ _! orig94 ,c\langes gives a simil> /atem5t z to ! anci5t family gr\p3#e ,! memb]s ( ! anci5t family 7 unit$ by some?+ m p[]ful ?an bir?1 affection1 or physical /r5g?2 ?is 0 ! religion ( ! sacr$ fire1 & ( dead ance/ors4 ,?is caus$ ! family to =m a s+le body bo? 9 ?is life & 9 ! next4 ,f9ally1 ! foll[+ passage on clan%ip among ! ,kafirs br+s out two po9ts3 7#a7 ,t su* a gr\p life implies feel+s & ideas ( a di/9ctive sort2 & 7#b7 t x has a /r5g? root$ 9 ! v necessities ( life4 ,a ,kafir feels t ! 'frame t b9ds him 9' ext5ds to ! clan4 ,! s5se ( solid>ity ( ! family 9 ,europe is ?9 & feeble comp>$ to ! full-blood$ s5se ( corporate union ( ! ,kafir clan4 ,! claims ( ! clan entirely swamp ! rights ( ! individual4 ,! sy/em ( tribal solid>ity1 :i* has work$ s well 9 its smoo?ness t x might satisfy ! utmo/ dreams ( ! sociali/1 is a /&+ pro( ( ! s5se ( corporate union ( ! clan4 ,9 old5 days a man did n h any feel+ ( p]sonal injury :5 a *ief made him "w = :ite m5 & !n told him to give all1 or ne>ly all ( 8 wages to 8 *ief2 ! money 0 kept )9 ! clan1 & :at 0 ! good ( ! clan 0 ! good ( ! individual & vice v]sa4 ,! /rik+ ?+ ab\t ?is unity ( ! clan is t x 0 n a ?\ght-out plan impos$ f )\t by legislation ^u an unwill+ p1 b x 0 a felt-out plan :i* arose spontane\sly along ! l9e ( lea/ resi/ance4 ,if "o memb] ( ! clan suff]$1 all ! memb]s suff]$1 n 9 s5tim5tal phraseology1 b 9 real fact4 7,,dudley ,,kidd1 ,savage ,*ildhood1 pp4 #gd f47 ,! above passages ref] to ,aryan1 ,semitic1 ,mongolian1 & ,kafir peoples4 ,!y c\ld be mat*$ by simil> /atem5ts conc]n+ ne>ly e p4 ,!y sugge/ a way ( liv+1 & a view ( life v diff]5t f t ( ! ,am]ican or ( mo/ ,europeans4#f ,! ,am]ican or ,european belongs to gr\ps ( v>i\s k9ds1 b he jo9s mo/ ( !m4 ,he ( c\rse is born into a family1 b he does n /ay 9 x all 8 life unless he pleases4 ,& he may *oose 8 own occupation1 resid5ce1 wife1 political p>ty1 religion1 social club1 or ev5 national allegiance4 ,he may own or sell 8 own h\se1 give or bequea? 8 prop]ty1 & is responsible g5]ally speak+ = no "o's acts b 8 own4 ,?is makes him an individual 9 a mu* full] s5se ?an he w\ld be if all ^! relations 7 settl$ = him4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! memb] ( su* gr\ps z are ref]r$ to 9 our examples above1 has all1 or ne>ly all1 8 relations fix$ :5 he is born into a c]ta9 clan or family gr\p4 ,?is settles 8 occupation1 dwell+1 gods1 & politics4 ,if x doesn't decide ^u 8 wife1 x at lea/ usually fixes ! gr\p f :i* %e mu/ be tak54 ,8 conditions1 9 ! words ( ,ma9e1 are ?us ( /atus1 n ( contract4 ,?is makes a va/ diff]5ce 9 8 :ole attitude4 ,x w help to br+ out m cle>ly by contra/ ! "* ( pres5t morality1 z well z to see moral life 9 ! mak+1 if we exam9e m c>efully ?is gr\p life4 ,we %all f9d1 z br\ght out 9 ! passages already quot$1 t ! mo/ important type ( gr\p is at once a k9dr$ or family1 an economic1 a political1 a religi\s1 & a moral unit4 ,fir/1 h[ev]1 we notice briefly ! mo/ important types ( gr\ps4 ,sec4 #b4 ,,k9%ip ,,& ,,h\sehold ,,gr\ps #a4 ,! ,k9%ip ,gr\p4--,! k9%ip gr\p is a body ( p]sons :o conceive ( !mselves z sprung f "o ance/or1 & h5ce z hav+ 9 _! ve9s "o blood4 ,x does n matt] = our /udy :e!r ea* gr\p has actually sprung f a s+le ance/or4 ,x is highly probable t ! cont+5cies ( food-supply or ( w> may h be5 an orig9al cause = ! con/itution ( ! gr\p1 :olly or 9 "p4 ,b ?is is ( no consequ5ce = our purpose4 ,! important po9t is t ! memb]s ( ! gr\p reg>d !mselves z ( "o /ock4 ,9 "s cases ! ance/or is believ$ to h be5 an animal4 ,!n we h ! s-call$ totem gr\p1 :i* is f\nd among ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians1 ,africans1 & ,au/ralians1 & 0 p]haps ! e>ly =m ( ,semitic gr\ps4 ,9 o!r cases1 "s h]o or ev5 "s god is nam$ z ! ance/or4 ,9 any case ! ess5tial "p ( ! !ory rema9s ! same3 namely1 t "o blood circulates 9 all ! memb]s1 & h5ce t ! life ( ea* is a "p ( ! common life ( ! gr\p4 ,!re are !n no degrees ( k9dr$4 ,?is gr\p1 x %\ld be not$1 is n ! same z ! family1 = 9 ! family1 z a rule1 husb& & wife are ( diff]5t k9%ip gr\ps1 & cont9ue _! sev]al k9%ip relations4 ,among "s peoples m>riage c]emonies1 inde$1 symbolize ! admission ( ! wife into ! husb&'s k9%ip1 & 9 ?is case ! family becomes a k9%ip gr\p1 b ?is is by no means univ]sally ! case4 ,! feel+ t "o is fir/ & =emo/ a memb] ( a gr\p1 r ?an an individual1 is fur!r$ among c]ta9 k9 gr\ps by a s*eme ( class relation%ip4 ,accord+ to ?is sy/em1 in/ead ( hav+ "o def9ite p]son :om ,i1 & ,i alone1 reg>d & address z fa!r or "m1 gr&fa!r1 uncle1 bro!r1 si/]1 ,i call any "o ( a giv5 gr\p or class ( p]sons "m1 gr&fa!r1 bro!r1 si/]4 ,& any "o else :o is 9 ! same class ) me calls ! same p]sons1 "m1 gr&fa!r1 bro!r1 or si/]4#g ,! simple/ =m ( su* a class sy/em is t f\nd among ! ,hawaiians4 ,"h !re are five classes bas$ ^u ! g5]ations correspond+ to :at we call gr&p>5ts1 p>5ts1 bro!rs & si/]s1 *ildr51 & gr&*ildr51 b ! words us$ to designate !m d n imply any su* specific p>5tage z d ^! words ) u4 ,be>+ ?is 9 m9d1 we may say t e "o 9 ! fir/ class is equally gr&p>5t to e "o 9 ! ?ird2 e "o 9 ! ?ird is equally bro!r or si/] to e o!r 9 ! ?ird1 equally fa!r or "m to e "o 9 ! f\r?1 & s on4 ,9 ,au/ralia ! classes are m num]\s & ! relation%ips f> m intricate & complicat$1 b ?is does n1 z might be suppos$1 r5d] ! bond relatively unimportant2 on ! contr>y1 8 relation%ip to e o!r class is "o ( ! mo/ important po9ts ) :i* ea* individual mu/ be acqua9t$2 x det]m9es m>ital relations1 food di/ribution1 salutations1 & g5]al conduct to an extraord9>y degree4 ,a k9%ip gr\p 0 kn[n z tribe or family 7,engli% translation7 among ! ,israelites2 z g5os1 phratria1 & phyle among ! ,greeks1 g5s & curia among ! ,romans2 clan 9 ,scotl&2 sept 9 ,irel&2 ,sippe 9 ,g]many4 #b4 ,! ,family or ,h\sehold ,gr\p4--,two k9ds ( families may be not$ z significant = our purpose4 ,9 ! mat]nal family ! woman rema9s among h] own k91 & ! *ildr5 are naturally reckon$ z belong+ to ! "m's k94 ,! husb& & fa!r is m or less a gue/ or outsid]4 ,9 a blood feud he w\ld h to side ) 8 own clan & aga9/ t ( 8 wife if 8 clan qu>rel$ ) h]s4 ,clan & family are ?us se5 to be di/9ct4 ,9 ! pat]nal1 :i* easily becomes ! patri>*al family ! wife leaves h] relatives to live 9 h] husb&'s h\se & among 8 k94 ,%e might !n1 z at ,rome1 abjure h] own k9dr$ & be =mally adopt$ into h] husb&'s g5s or clan4 ,! ,greek my? ( ,ore/es is an illu/ration ( ! cla%+ ( ^! two conceptions ( fa!r k9 & "m k91 & ,hamlet's sp>+ ( 8 "m "u simil> circum/ances1 %[s a m mod]n po9t ( view4 ,x is evid5t t ) ! preval5ce ( ! pat]nal type ( family1 clan & h\sehold ties w mutually /r5g!n ea* o!r4 ,?is w make an important diff]5ce 9 ! fa!r's relation to ! *ildr51 & gives a mu* firm] basis = ance/ral religion4 ,b 9 _m respects ! environ+ atmosph]e1 ! pressure & support1 ! gr\p sympa?y & gr\p tradition1 are ess5tially simil>4 ,! important ?+ is t e p]son is a memb] ( a k9dr$1 & likewise1 ( "s family gr\p1 & t he ?9ks1 feels1 & acts accord+ly4#h ,sec4 #c4 ,,! ,,k9%ip ,,& ,,family ,,gr\ps ,,are ,,also ,,economic ,,& ,,indu/rial ,,units #a4 ,! ,l& & ! ,gr\p4--,9 l&1 z a rule1 no individual own]%ip 9 ! mod]n s5se 0 recogniz$4 ,among hunt+ & pa/oral peoples !re 01 ( c\rse1 no own]%ip by any gr\p 9 ! /rict s5se ( mod]n law4 ,b none ! less1 ! gr\p1 l>ge or small1 _h its fairly well-def9$ t]ritory )9 :i* x hunt$ & fi%$2 9 ! pa/oral life x _h its pa/ure range & its wells ( wat]4 ,) agriculture a m def9ite s5se ( possession arose4 ,b possession 0 by ! tribe or g5s or h\sehold1 n by ! individual3 ,! l& belong$ to ! clan1 & ! clan 0 settl$ ^u ! l&4 ,a man 0 ?us n a memb] ( ! clan1 because he liv$ ^u1 or ev5 own$1 ! l&2 b he liv$ ^u ! l&1 & _h int]e/s 9 x1 because he 0 a memb] ( ! clan4#i ,greek & ,g]man cu/oms 7 quot$ at ! outset4 ,among ! ,celts ! laws ( anci5t ,irel& %[ a transitional /age4 ,! l& ( ! tribe consi/$ ( two di/9ct allotm5ts1 ! 'fe*f9e' or tribel&1 & ! 'orta' or inh]itance l&4 ,?is latt] belong$ z individual prop]ty to ! m5 ( ! *iefta9 gr\ps4#aj ,! ,h9doo jo9t-family & ! h\se-community ( ! ,s\!rn ,slavonians are pres5t examples ( gr\p own]%ip4 ,!y are jo9t 9 food1 wor%ip1 & e/ate4 ,!y h a common home1 a common table4 ,maxims ( ! ,slavs express _! appreciation ( community life3 ,! common h\sehold waxes ri*2 ,! m bees 9 ! hive1 ! heavi] x weighs4 ,"o difficulty 9 ! ,engli% adm9i/ration ( ,irel& has be5 ?is radical diff]5ce betwe5 ! mod]n ,engli%man's individuali/ic conception ( prop]ty & ! ,iri%man's m primitive conception ( gr\p or clan own]%ip4 ,:e!r rightly or n1 ! ,iri% t5ant refuses to reg>d himself z m]ely a t5ant4 ,he consid]s himself z a memb] ( a family or gr\p :i* =m]ly own$ ! l&1 & he does n admit ! ju/ice1 ev5 ?\gh he _c disprove ! legality1 ( an ali5ation ( ! gr\p possession4 ,= su* a clan or h\sehold z we h describ$ is n m]ely equival5t to ! p]sons :o compose x at a giv5 "t4 ,its prop]ty belongs to ! ance/ors & to ! po/]ity z well z to ! pres5t possessors2 & h5ce 9 "s gr\ps :i* admit an individual possession or use dur+ life1 no "r ( devise or inh]itance is p]mitt$4 ,! prop]ty rev]ts at dea? to ! :ole g5s or clan4 ,9 o!r cases a *ild may inh]it1 b 9 default ( su* an heir ! prop]ty passes to ! common possession4 ,! "r to bequea? prop]ty to ! *ur* 0 long a po9t on :i* civil law & canon law 7 at v>iance4 ,! relations ( ! primitive clan or h\sehold gr\p to l& 7 !re=e decid$ly adapt$ to keep ! individual's good b\nd up ) ! good ( ! gr\p4 #b4 ,movable ,goods4--,9 ! case ( movable goods1 su* z tools1 weapons1 cattle1 ! practice is n uni=m4 ,:5 ! goods are ! product ( ! individual's own skill or pr[ess !y are usually 84 ,tools1 weapons1 slaves or wom5 captur$1 products ( "s special craft or skill1 are ?us usually private4 ,b :5 ! gr\p acts z a unit ! product is usually %>$4 ,! buffalo & salmon & l>ge game 7 ?us = ! :ole ,indian gr\p :i* hunt$ or fi%$ toge!r2 & 9 l mann] ! maize :i* 0 t5d$ by ! wom5 belong$ to ! h\sehold 9 common4 ,slavic & ,indian h\se communities at ! pres5t day h a common int]e/ 9 ! h\sehold prop]ty4 ,ev5 wom5 & *ildr5 among "s tribes are reg>d$ z ! prop]ty ( ! gr\p4 ,sec4 #d4 ,,! ,,k9%ip ,,& ,,family ,,gr\ps ,,7 ,,political ,,bodies ,9 a mod]n family ! p>5ts ex]cise a c]ta9 degree ( control ov] ! *ildr51 b ?is is limit$ 9 sev]al respects4 ,no p>5t is all[$ to put a *ild to dea?1 or to p]mit him to gr[ up 9 ignorance4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! p>5t is n all[$ to protect ! *ild f arre/ if a s]i\s injury has be5 done by him4 ,! ,/ate1 ?r\gh its laws & (fic]s1 is reg>d$ by u z ! highe/ au?ority 9 a c]ta9 great sph]e ( action4 ,x mu/ settle conflict+ claims & protect life & prop]ty2 9 ! op9ion ( _m x mu/ organize ! life ( its memb]s :]e ! coop]ation ( e memb] is necess>y = "s common good4 ,9 e>ly gr\p life !re may or may n be "s political body ov] & above ! clan or family1 b 9 any case ! k9 or family is itself a sort ( political ,/ate4 ,n a ,/ate 9 ! s5se t ! political p[]s are delib]ately sep>at$ f p]sonal1 religi\s1 & family ties2 m5 ga9$ a new conception ( au?ority & rose to a high] level ( possibilities :5 !y consci\sly sep>at$ & def9$ gov]nm5t & laws f ! undiff]5tiat$ :ole ( a religi\s & k9dr$ gr\p4 ,b yet ?is primitive gr\p 0 aft] all a ,/ate1 n a mob1 or a volunt>y society1 or a m]e family2 = 7#a7 x 0 a m or less p]man5tly organiz$ body2 7#b7 x ex]cis$ control ov] its memb]s :i* !y reg>d$ z rightful au?ority1 n z m]e =ce2 7#c7 x 0 n limit$ by any high] au?ority1 & act$ m or less effectively = ! int]e/ ( ! :ole4 ,! repres5tatives ( ?is political aspect ( ! gr\p may be *iefs or sa*ems1 a c\ncil ( eld]s1 or1 z 9 ,rome1 ! ,h\se ,fa!r1 ^: patria pote/as m>ks ! extreme developm5t ( ! patri>*al family4 ,! control ex]cis$ by ! gr\p ov] individual memb]s assumes v>i\s =ms among ! diff]5t peoples4 ,! m important aspects are a "r ov] life & bodily fre$om1 9 "s cases ext5d+ to p[] ( putt+ to dea?1 maim+1 *a/is+1 decid+ :e!r newly born *ildr5 %all be pres]v$ or n2 ! "r ( betro?al1 :i* includes control ov] ! m>riage portion receiv$ = its wom52 & ! "r to adm9i/] prop]ty ( ! k9 9 behalf ( ! k9 z a :ole4 ,x is probable t among all ^! v>i\s =ms ( control1 ! control ov] ! m>riage relations ( wom5 has be5 mo/ p]si/5t4 ,"o reason = ?is control may h be5 ! fact t ! gr\p 0 b\nd to res5t injuries ( a memb] ( ! gr\p :o _h be5 m>ri$ to ano!r4 ,h5ce ?is responsibility seem$ naturally to involve ! "r ( decision z to h] m>riage4 ,x is ,memb]%ip 9 ! ,gr\p ,:i* ,gives ! ,individual ,:atev] ,rights ,he ,has4--,accord+ to pres5t conceptions ?is is /ill l>gely true ( legal rights4 ,a ,/ate may all[ a citiz5 ( ano!r c\ntry to own l&1 to sue 9 its c\rts1 & w usually give him a c]ta9 am\nt ( protection1 b ! fir/-nam$ rights are apt to be limit$1 & x is only a few ye>s s9ce ,*ief ,ju/ice ,taney's dictum /at$ ! exi/+ legal !ory ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates to be t ! negro _h no rights :i* ! :ite man 0 b\nd to respect4 ,ev5 :]e legal !ory does n recognize race or o!r di/9ctions1 x is (t5 h>d 9 practice = an ali5 to get ju/ice4 ,9 primitive clan or family gr\ps ?is pr9ciple is 9 full =ce4 ,ju/ice is a privilege :i* falls to a man z belong+ to "s gr\p--n o!rwise4 ,! memb] ( ! clan or ! h\sehold or ! village community has a claim1 b ! /rang] has no /&+4 ,he may be treat$ k9dly1 z a gue/1 b he _c dem& ju/ice at ! h&s ( any gr\p b 8 own4 ,9 ?is conception ( rights )9 ! gr\p we h ! prototype ( mod]n civil law4 ,! deal+ ( clan ) clan is a matt] ( w> or negotiation1 n ( law2 & ! clanless man is an outlaw 9 fact z well z 9 "n4 ,jo9t ,responsibility & mutual support1 z %[n 9 ! blood feud1 0 a natural consequ5ce ( ?is fusion ( political & k9dr$ relations4 ,9 mod]n life ,/ates treat ea* o!r z :oles 9 c]ta9 respects4 ,if "s memb] ( a savage tribe assaults a citiz5 ( "o ( ! civiliz$ nations1 ! injur$ p>ty invokes ! help ( 8 gov]nm5t4 ,a dem& is usually made t ! guilty p>ty be deliv]$ up = trial & puni%m5t4 ,if he is n =?com+ a punitive exp$ition is organiz$ aga9/ ! :ole tribe2 guilty & innoc5t suff] alike4 ,or 9 lieu ( ext]m9at+ ! (f5d+ tribe1 9 "p or completely1 ! nation ( ! injur$ man may accept an indemnity 9 money or l& f ! (f5d]'s tribe4 ,rec5t deal+s betwe5 ,briti% & ,africans1 ,g]mans & ,africans1 ,france & ,morocco1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ! ,filip9os1 ! ,p[]s & ,*9a1 illu/rate ?is4 ,! ,/ate protects its own memb]s aga9/ o!r ,/ates1 & av5ges !m ^u o!r ,/ates4 ,ea* opposes a unit$ body to ! o!r4 ,! same pr9ciple c>ri$ out ?r\gh private citiz5s z public ag5ts1 & appli$ to t[ns1 is se5 9 ! practice :i* prevail$ 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,:5 m]*ants ( "o c\ntry _h be5 defraud$ by ^? ( ano!r1 or f\nd x impossible to collect a debt f !m1 ! =m] c\ntry issu$ lett]s ( m>que & reprisal1 au?oriz+ ! plund] ( any citiz5s ( ! (f5d+ t[n until satisfaction %\ld be obta9$4 ,transf] ! situation to ! e>ly clan or tribe1 & ?is solid>ity is increas$ because ea* memb] is relat$ to ! re/ by blood1 z well z by national unity4 ,! ,arabs d n say ,! blood ( ,m4 or ,n4 has be5 spilt1 nam+ ! man2 !y say1 ,our blood has be5 spilt4#aa ,! :ole gr\p1 !re=e1 feels injur$ & reg>ds e man 9 ! (f5d]'s k9 z m or less responsible4 ,! next ( k91 ! av5g] ( blood1 /&s fir/ 9 duty & privilege1 b ! re/ are all involv$ 9 great] or less degree4 ,)9 ! ,gr\p ea* memb] w be treat$ m or less fully z an individual4 ,if he takes 8 k9sman's wife or 8 k9sman's game he w be dealt ) by ! au?orities or by ! public op9ion ( 8 gr\p4 ,he w n inde$ be put to dea? if he kills 8 k9sman1 b he w be hat$1 & may be driv5 out4 ,s9ce ! liv+ k9 is n kill$ = ! sake ( ! dead k91 ev]ybody w hate to see him4#ab ,:5 n[ a small] gr\p1 l a family1 is at ! same "t a "p ( a l>g] gr\p l a phratry or a tribe1 we h ! phase ( solid>ity :i* is s puzzl+ to ! mod]n4 ,we hold to solid>ity 9 w> or betwe5 nations2 b ) a few exceptions#ac we h replac$ x by individual responsibility ( adults = debts & crimes s f> z ! civil law has jurisdiction4 ,9 e>li] times ! high] gr\p or au?ority treat$ ! small] z a unit4 ,a*an's family all p]i%$ ) him4 ,! ,*9ese s5se ( ju/ice recogniz$ a s]ies ( degrees 9 responsibility dep5d5t on ne>ness ( k9 or ( resid5ce1 or ( occupation4 ,! ,wel% sy/em held k9sm5 z f> z second c\s9s responsible = insult or injury %ort ( homicide1 & z f> z fif? c\s9s 7sev5? degree ( desc5t7 = ! paym5t 9 case ( homicide4 ,! mutual responsibility ( k9sm5 = s>aal & galanas 7! ,w]gild ( ! ,g]mans71 graduat$ accord+ to ne>ness ( k9 to ! murd]$ man & to ! crim9al1 reveals m cle>ly ?an any?+ else ! ext5t to :i* ! individual 0 b\nd by innum]able me%es to 8 fix$ place 9 ! tribal community4#ad ,sec4 #e4 ,,! ,,k9%ip ,,or ,,h\sehold ,,gr\p ,,0 ,a ,,religi\s ,,unit ,! k9%ip or h\sehold gr\p det]m9$ l>gely bo? ! ideas & ! cultus ( primitive religion2 conv]sely religion gave complet5ess1 value1 & sacr$ness to ! gr\p life4 ,k9%ip ) unse5 p[]s or p]sons 0 ! fundam5tal religi\s idea4 ,! k9%ip gr\p z a religi\s body simply ext5d$ ! k9 to include invisible z well z visible memb]s4 ,! ess5tial feature ( religion is n unse5 be+s :o are fe>$1 or cajol$1 or controll$ by magic4 ,x is r k9dr$ unse5 be+s1 :o may be fe>$1 b :o are also rev]5c$ & lov$4 ,! k9%ip may be physical or spiritual1 b h[ev] conceiv$ x makes gods & wor%ipp]s memb]s ( "o gr\p4#ae #a4 ,totem ,gr\ps4--,9 totem gr\ps1 ! prevail+ conception is t "o blood circulates 9 all ! memb]s ( ! gr\p & t ! ance/or ( ! :ole gr\p is "s object ( nature1 su* z sun or moon1 plant or animal4 ,p]haps ! mo/ int]e/+ & intelligible acc\nt ( ! relation betwe5 ! animal ance/or & ! memb]s ( ! gr\p is t :i* has rec5tly be5 discov]$ 9 c]ta9 ,au/ralian tribes :o believe t e *ild1 at its bir?1 is ! re9c>nation ( "s previ\s memb] ( ! gr\p1 & t ^! ance/ors 7 an actual trans=mation ( animals & plants1 or ( wat]1 fire1 w9d1 sun1 moon1 or />s4 ,su* totem gr\ps *]i% t animal :i* !y believe to be _! ance/or & ord9>ily w n kill x or use x = food4 ,! v>i\s c]emonies ( religi\s initiation are int5d$ to impress ^u ! y\ng] memb]s ( ! gr\p ! sacr$ness ( ?is k9dr$ bond :i* units !m to ea* o!r & to _! totem4 ,! beg9n+s ( decorative art frequ5tly express ! importance ( ! symbol1 & ! totem is felt to be z di/9ctly a memb] ( ! gr\p z is any ( ! human memb]s4 #b4 ,ance/ral ,religion4--,at a some:at high] /age ( civilization1 & usually 9 connection ) ! patri>*al h\seholds or gr\ps 9 :i* k9%ip is reckon$ ?r\gh ! male l9e1 ! invisible memb]s ( ! gr\p are ! dep>t$ ance/ors4 ,?is ance/or wor%ip is a p[] to-day 9 ,*9a & ,japan1 & 9 ! tribes ( ! ,caucasus4 ,! anci5t ,semites1 ,romans1 ,teutons1 ,celts1 ,h9doos1 all _h _! k9dr$ gods ( ! h\sehold4 ,! ,roman g5ius1 l>es1 p5ates1 & manes1 p]haps ! ,hebrew t]aphim1--priz$ by ,laban & ,ra*el1 kept by ,david1 valu$ 9 ! "t ( ,hosea1--7 lov$ & honor$ side by side ) o!r deities4 ,sometimes ! nature deities1 su* z ,zeus or ,jupit]1 7 incorporat$ ) ! k9%ip or family gods4 ,! ,greek ,he/ia & ,roman ,ve/a symboliz$ ! sacr$ness ( ! he>?4 ,! k9%ip tie ?us det]m9$ = e memb] ( ! gr\p 8 religion4 ,religion ,completes ! ,gr\p4--,conv]sely1 ?is bond ( union ) unse51 yet ev] pres5t & p[]ful k9dr$ spirits complet$ ! gr\p & gave to x its highe/ au?ority1 its fulle/ value1 its deepe/ sacr$ness4 ,if ! unse5 k9 are nature be+s1 !y symbolize = man 8 dep5d5ce ^u nature & 8 k9%ip 9 "s vague fa%ion ) ! cosmic =ces4 ,if ! gods are ! dep>t$ ance/ors1 !y are !n conceiv$ z /ill pot5t1 l ,fa!r ,an*ises1 to protect & guide ! =tunes ( _! (fspr+4 ,! wisdom1 c\rage1 & affection1 z well z ! p[] ( ! great h]oes ( ! gr\p1 live on4 ,! fact t ! gods are unse5 enhances trem5d\sly _! suppos$ p[]4 ,! visible memb]s ( ! gr\p may be /rong1 b _! /r5g? c be measur$4 ,! liv+ eld]s may be wise1 yet !y are n f> beyond ! re/ ( ! gr\p4 ,b ! invisible be+s _c be measur$4 ,! long-dep>t$ ance/or may h inconceivable age & wisdom4 ,! imag9ation has free scope to magnify 8 p[] & inve/ him ) all ! ideal values x c conceive4 ,! religi\s bond is1 !re=e1 fitt$ to be ! be>]1 z ! religi\s object is ! embodim5t 9 concrete =m1 ( ! high] /&>ds ( ! gr\p1 & to furni% ! sanction = _! en=cem5t or adoption4 ,sec4 #f4 ,,gr\ps ,,or ,,classes ,,on ,,! ,,basis ,,( ,,age ,,& ,,sex ,:ile ! k9dr$ & family gr\ps are by f> ! mo/ important = e>ly morality1 o!r gr\p+s are significant4 ,! division by ages is widespread4 ,! simple/ s*eme gives ?ree classes3 7#a7 *ildr51 7#b7 "y m5 & maid5s1 7#c7 m>ri$ p]sons4 ,pub]ty =ms ! b\nd betwe5 ! fir/ & second2 m>riage t betwe5 ! second & ?ird4 ,di/9ct modes ( dress & ornam5t1 frequ5tly also diff]5t resid5ces & /&>ds ( conduct1 belong to ^! sev]al classes4 ,( gr\ps on ! basis ( sex1 ! m5's clubs are especially wor?y ( note4 ,!y fl\ri% n[ *iefly 9 ! isl&s ( ! ,pacific1 b !re are indications1 su* z ! common meals ( ! ,sp>tans1 ( a wide spread among ,european peoples 9 e>ly times4 ,! fundam5tal idea#af seems to be t ( a common h\se = ! unm>ri$ "y m51 :]e !y eat1 sleep1 & pass _! "t1 :]eas ! wom51 *ildr51 & m>ri$ m5 sleep & eat 9 ! family dwell+4 ,b 9 mo/ cases all ! m5 resort to ! clubh\se by day4 ,/rang]s may be ent]ta9$ !re4 ,x ?us =ms a sort ( g5]al c5t] = ! m5's activities1 & = ! m5's conv]sation4 ,z su*1 x is an important ag5cy = =m+ & express+ public op9ion1 & = impress+ ^u ! "y m5 j ent]+ ! h\se ! /&>ds ( ! old] memb]s4 ,fur!r1 9 "s cases ^! h\ses become ! c5t] ( rites to ! dead1 & ?us add ! impressiv5ess ( religi\s significance to _! o!r activities4 ,f9ally1 secret societies may be m5tion$ z a subdivision ( sex gr\ps1 = among primitive peoples su* societies are conf9$ 9 almo/ all cases to ! m54 ,!y seem 9 _m cases to h gr[n out ( ! age classes already describ$4 ,! transition f *ildhood to manhood1 my/]i\s 9 itself1 0 inve/$ ) fur!r my/]ies by ! old m5 :o conduct$ ! c]emonies ( initiation4 ,masks 7 worn1 or ! skulls ( deceas$ ance/ors 7 employ$1 to give additional my/]y & sanctity4 ,! increas$ p[] ga9$ by secrecy w\ld (t5 be itself suffici5t to =m a motive = su* organization1 especially :]e !y _h "s end 9 view n approv$ by ! dom9ant au?orities4 ,sometimes !y ex]cise /rict au?ority ov] _! memb]s1 & assume judicial & punitive functions1 z 9 ! ,vehm ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,sometimes !y become m]ely leagues ( enemies to society4 ,sec4 #g4 ,,moral ,,significance ,,( ,,! ,,k9dr$ ,,& ,,o!r ,,gr\ps ,! moral 9 ?is e>ly /age is n to be look$ = z some?+ di/9ct f ! political1 religi\s1 k9dr$1 & sympa!tic aspects ( ! clan1 family1 & o!r gr\ps4 ,! "q r is1 ,h[ f> are ^! v political1 religi\s1 & o!r aspects implicitly moral8 ,if by moral we mean a consci\s te/+ ( conduct by an inn] & self-impos$ /&>d1 if we mean a freely *os5 z contra/$ ) a habitual or cu/om>y /&>d1 !n evid5tly we h ! moral only 9 g]m4 ,= ! /&>ds are gr\p /&>ds1 r ?an ^? ( individual consci5ce2 !y op]ate l>gely ?r\gh habit r ?an ?r\gh *oice4 ,nev]!less !y are n set = ! individual by outsid]s4 ,!y are set by a gr\p ( :i* he is a memb]4 ,!y are en=c$ by a gr\p ( :i* he is a memb]4 ,conduct is prais$ or blam$1 puni%$ or rew>d$ by ! gr\p ( :i* he is a memb]4 ,prop]ty is adm9i/]$1 indu/ry is c>ri$ on1 w>s & feuds prosecut$ = ! common good4 ,:at ! gr\p does1 ea* memb] jo9s 9 do+4 ,x is a reciprocal matt]3 ,a helps en=ce a rule or impose a s]vice on ,b2 he _c help feel+ x fair :5 ! same rule is appli$ to himself4 ,he has to play ! game1 & usually he expects to play x z a matt] ( c\rse4 ,ea* memb]1 !re=e1 is practic+ c]ta9 acts1 /&+ 9 c]ta9 relations1 ma9ta9+ c]ta9 attitudes1 j because he is "o ( ! gr\p :i* does ^! ?+s & ma9ta9s ^! /&>ds4 ,& he does n act 9 common ) ! gr\p )\t %>+ 9 ! gr\p emotions4 ,x is a grotesque p]v]sion to conceive ! re/ra9ts ( gods & *iefs z purely ext]nal t]rors4 ,! primitive gr\p c\ld ent] into ! _s impli$ 9 ! words ( ! ,a!nian *orus1 :i* requir$ ( an ali5 ^u adoption ,to loa! :ate'er our /ate does hateful hold1 ,to rev]5ce :at x loves4#ag ,! greg>i\s in/9ct may be ! mo/ elem5tal ( ! impulses :i* b9d ! gr\p toge!r1 b x is re9=c$ by sympa?ies & s5tim5ts gr[+ out ( common life1 common "w1 common dang]1 common religion4 ,! morality is already implicit1 x ne$s only to become consci\s4 ,! /&>ds are embodi$ 9 ! old m5 or ! gods2 ! rational good is 9 ! inh]it$ wisdom2 ! respect = sex1 = prop]ty rights1 & = ! common good1 is embodi$ 9 ! sy/em--b x is !re4 ,nor are ! union & control a :olly objective affair4 ,! corporate union 0 n a pretty religi\s fancy ) :i* to please ! m9d1 b 0 s truly felt t x =m$ an excell5t basis f :i* ! altrui/ic s5tim5t might />t4 ,gross selfi%ness 0 curb$1 & ! turbul5t passions 7 re/ra9$ by an impulse :i* ! man felt well+ up )9 him1 in/9ctive & unbidd54 ,clanni% cam>ad]ie 0 ?us ( imm5se value to ! native races4#ah ,,lit]ature ,! works ( ,hobh\se1 ,sumn]1 ,we/]m>ck conta9 copi\s ref]5ces to ! orig9al s\rces4 ,among ! mo/ valuable are3 ,,= ,,savage ,,p3 ,waitz1 ,an?ropologie d] ,naturvoelk]1 #ahei-gb2 ,tylor1 ,primitive ,culture1 #aijc2 ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,! ,native ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 #ahii1 & ,! ,nor!rn ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 #aijd2 ,h[itt & ,fison1 ,kamil>oi & ,kurnai1 #ahhj2 ,h[itt1 ,! ,native ,tribes ( ,s4 ,e4 ,au/ralia1 #aijd2 ,n4 ,?omas1 ,k9%ip1 ,organization & ,gr\p ,m>riages 9 ,au/ralia1 #aijf2 ,morgan1 ,h\ses & ,h\se-life ( ! ,am]ican ,aborig9es1 #ahha1 ,! ,league ( ! ,iroquois1 #ahea1 ,sy/ems ( ,consangu9ity1 ,smi?sonian ,contributions1 #ahga1 ,anci5t ,society1 #ahgg4 ,_m pap]s 9 ! ,reports ( ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 especially by ,p[ell 9 #a/1 #ahgi-hj2 ,dorsey 9 #crd1 #ahha-hb1 ,m5deleff 9 #ai?1 #ahic-id4 ,,= ,,india1 ,,*9a1 ,,& ,,japan3 ,lyall1 ,asiatic ,/udies1 ,religi\s & ,social1 #ahhb2 ,gray1 ,*9a1 #ahgh2 ,smi?1 ,*9ese ,*>act]i/ics1 #ahid2 ,village ,life 9 ,*9a1 #ahii2 ,nitobe1 ,bu%ido1 #aije2 ,l4 ,he>n1 ,japan1 #aijd4 ,,= ,,semitic ,,& ,,indo-,,g]manic ,,peoples3 ,w4 ,r4 ,smi?1 ,k9%ip & ,m>riage 9 ,e>ly ,arabia1 #ahhe2 ,! ,religion ( ! ,semites1 #ahid2 ,w4 ,he>n1 ,! ,aryan ,h\sehold1 #ahgi2 ,c\langes1 ,! ,anci5t ,city1 #ahgc2 ,seebohm1 ,! ,tribal ,sy/em 9 ,wales1 #ahie1 & ,tribal ,cu/om 9 ,anglo-,saxon ,law1 #aijb2 ,krauss1 ,sitte und ,brau* d] ,su$slav51 #ahhe4 ,,g5]al3 ,grosse1 ,die ,=m5 d] ,familie und die ,=m5 d] ,wir?s*aft1 #ahif2 ,/>ke1 ,! ,primitive ,family1 #ahhi2 ,ma9e1 ,anci5t ,law1 #ahhe2 ,mc,lennan1 ,/udies 9 ,anci5t ,hi/ory1 #ahhf2 ,riv]s1 ,on ! ,orig9 ( ! ,classificatory ,sy/em ( ,relation%ips1 9 ,an?ropological ,essays1 pres5t$ to ,e4 ,b4 ,tylor1 #aijg2 ,ratzel1 ,hi/ory ( ,mank9d1 #ahif-ih2 ,kovalevsky1 ,tableau des orig9es et de l',evolution de la ,famille et de la ,propriete1 #ahij2 ,gidd+s1 ,pr9ciples ( ,sociology1 #ahif1 pp4 #aeg-afh1 #bef-bih2 ,?omas1 ,relation ( ,sex to ,primitive ,social ,control 9 ,sex & ,society1 #aijg2 ,web/]1 ,primitive ,secret ,societies1 #aijh2 ,simmel1 ,! ,sociology ( ,secrecy & ( ,secret ,societies1 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ,sociology1 ,vol4 ,,xi41 #aijf1 pp4 #dda-dih4 ,see also ! ref]5ces at close ( ,*apt]s ,,vi41 ,,vii4 ,,footnotes3 #c ,wilam[itz-,moell5dorf1 ,ari/otle und ,a!n1 ,,ii4 #ic1 #dg4 #d ,hi/ory ( ,greece1 ,,iii41 #ee4 #e ,! ,anci5t ,city1 p4 #ea4 #f ,russian mirs1 ,s\? ,slavonian jo9t families1 ,corsican clans ) _! v5dettas1 & tribes 9 ! ,caucasus /ill h ! gr\p int]e/ /rong1 & ! feuds ( ! m\nta9e]s 9 "s ( ! bord] /ates illu/rate family solid>ity4 #g ,9 all ! tribes ) :om we are acqua9t$ all ! t]ms co9cide )\t any exception 9 ! recognition ( relation%ips1 all ( :i* are dep5d5t on ! exi/5ce ( a classificatory sy/em1 ! fundam5tal idea ( :i* is t ! wom5 ( c]ta9 gr\ps m>ry ! m5 ( o!rs4 ,ea* tribe has "o t]m appli$ indiscrim9ately to ! man or woman :om he actually m>ries & to all :om he might lawfully m>ry1 t is1 :o belong to ! "r gr\p3 ,"o t]m to 8 actual "m & to all ! wom5 :om 8 fa!r might lawfully h m>ri$4--,,sp5c] & ,,gill51 ,native ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 p4 #eg4 #h ,! fact t primitive man is at once an individual & a memb] ( a gr\p--t he has z x 7 two p]sonalities or selves1 an individual self & a clan-self1 or tribal-self1 z ,clif=d call$ x1--is n m]ely a psy*ologi/'s way ( /at+ ?+s4 ,! ,kafir p1 accord+ to _! mo/ rec5t /ud5t1 ,mr4 ,dudley ,kidd1 h two di/9ct words to express ^! two selves4 ,!y call "o ! idhlozi & o!r ! itongo4 ,! idhlozi is ! individual & p]sonal _s born ) ea* *ild--some?+ fre% & unique :i* is nev] %>$ ) any "o else--:ile ! itongo is ! ance/ral & corporate _s :i* is n p]sonal b tribal1 or a ?+ ( ! clan1 ! possession ( :i* is obta9$ n by bir? b by c]ta9 initiatory rites4 ,! idhlozi is p]sonal & inali5able1 = x is wrapp$ up ) ! man's p]sonality1 & at dea? x lives ne> ! grave1 or goes into ! snake or totem ( ! clan2 b ! itongo is ( ! clan1 & haunts ! liv+-hut2 at dea? x returns to ! tribal amatongo 7ance/ral spirits74 ,a man's %>e 9 ?is clan-_s 7itongo7 is lo/ :5 he becomes a ,*ri/ian1 or :5 he is 9 any way unfai?ful to ! int]e/s ( ! clan1 b a man nev] loses 8 idhlozi any m ?an he ev] loses 8 individuality4--,savage ,*ildhood1 pp4 #ad f4 #i ,he>n1 ,! ,aryan ,h\sehold1 p4 #bab4 #aj ,mac,lennan1 ,/udies 9 ,anci5t ,hi/ory1 p4 #cha4 #aa ,rob]tson ,smi?1 ,k9%ip & ,m>riage 9 ,e>ly ,arabia1 p4 #bc4 #ab ,cit$ f ! ,gw5tian ,code4 ,seebohm1 ,! ,tribal ,sy/em 9 ,wales1 p4 #ajd4 #ac ,e4g41 c]ta9 jo9t responsibilities ( husb& & wife4 #ad ,seebohm1 ,! ,tribal ,sy/em 9 ,wales1 pp4 #ajc f4 #ae ,f ! e>lie/ times1 religion1 z di/9ct f magic or sorc]y1 addresses itself to k9dr$ & fri5dly be+s1 :o may inde$ be angry ) _! p = a "t1 b are always placable except to ! enemies ( _! wor%ipp]s or to r5egade memb]s ( ! community4 ,x is n ) a vague fe> ( unkn[n p[]s1 b ) a lov+ rev]5ce = kn[n gods :o are knit to _! wor%ipp]s by /rong bonds ( k9%ip1 t religion 9 ! only true s5se ( ! ^w beg9s4--,,rob]tson ,,smi?1 ,religion ( ! ,semites1 p4 #ed4 #af ,s*urtz1 ,alt]sklass5 und ,ma5n]bu5de4 #ag ,o$ipus at ,colonus1 vv4 #ahf f4 #ah ,dudley ,kidd1 ,savage ,*ildhood1 pp4 #gd f4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,rationaliz+ ,,& ,,socializ+ ,,ag5cies ,,9 ,,e>ly ,,society ,sec4 #a4 ,,?ree ,,levels ,,( ,,conduct ,a "y man may ent] a pr(ession ?9k+ ( x only z a means ( support4 ,b ! "w requires =esight & p]si/5ce2 x broad5s 8 int]e/s2 x develops 8 "*4 ,l ,saul1 he has gone to se>* = asses1 he has f\nd a k+dom4 ,or he may m>ry on ! basis ( emotional attraction4 ,b ! sympa?ies evok$1 ! coop]ation made necess>y1 are ref9+ & enl>g+ 8 life4 ,bo? ^! cases illu/rate ag5cies :i* are moral 9 _! results1 al?\gh n c>ri$ on f a consci\sly moral purpose4 ,suppose1 h[ev]1 t *ildr5 are born into ! family4 ,!n ! p>5t consci\sly sets ab\t controll+ _! conduct1 & 9 ex]cis+ au?ority almo/ inevitably feels ! ne$ ( "s /&>d o!r ?an caprice or selfi%ness4 ,suppose t 9 bus9ess ! p>tn]s diff] z to _! %>es 9 ! pr(its1 !n ! "q ( fairness is rais$2 & if "o p>tn] defaults1 ! "q ( guilt4 ,or suppose ! bus9ess enc\nt]s a law :i* =bids c]ta9 op]ations1 ! problem ( ju/ice w come to consci\sness4 ,su* situations z ^! are evid5tly 9 ! moral sph]e 9 a s5se 9 :i* ^? ( ! prec$+ p>agraph are n4 ,!y dem& "s k9d ( judgm5t1 "s approval or disapproval4 ,z ,ari/otle says1 x is n en\gh to d ! acts2 x is necess>y to d !m 9 a c]ta9 way1--n m]ely to get ! result1 b to int5d x4 ,! result mu/ be ?\ght ( z 9 "s s5se good or "r2 its opposite z 9 "s s5se bad or wrong4 ,b notice t ! judgm5ts 9 ^! cases may foll[ ei!r ( two me?ods3 7#a7 ,! p>5t or bus9ess man may tea* 8 *ild1 or practice 9 bus9ess1 :at tradition or ! accept$ /&>d calls =2 or 7#b7 he may consid] & exam9e ! pr9ciples & motives involv$4 ,action by ! fir/ me?od is und\bt$ly moral1 9 "o s5se4 ,x is judg+ accord+ to a /&>d1 ?\gh x takes ! /&>d = grant$4 ,action by ! second me?od is moral 9 a m complete s5se4 ,x exam9es ! /&>d z well4 ,! "o is ! me?od ( cu/om>y morality1 ! o!r t ( reflective morality1 or ( consci5ce 9 ! prop] s5se4 ,! ,?ree ,levels & ,_! ,motives4--,we may di/+ui% !n ?ree levels ( conduct4 #a4 ,conduct aris+ f in/9cts & fundam5tal ne$s4 ,to satisfy ^! ne$s c]ta9 conduct is necess>y1 & ?is 9 itself involves ways ( act+ :i* are m or less rational & social4 ,! conduct may be 9 accordance ) moral laws1 ?\gh n direct$ by moral judgm5ts4 ,we consid] ?is level 9 ! pres5t *apt]4 #b4 ,conduct regulat$ by /&>ds ( society1 = "s m or less consci\s end involv+ ! social welf>e4 ,! level ( cu/om1 :i* is treat$ 9 ,*apt] ,,iv4 #c4 ,conduct regulat$ by a /&>d :i* is bo? social & rational1 :i* is exam9$ & criticiz$4 ,! level ( consci5ce4 ,progress t[>d ?is level is outl9$ 9 ,*apt]s ,v4 to ,,viii4 ,! motives 9 ^! levels w %[ a simil> scale4 ,9 7#a7 ! motives are ext]nal to ! end ga9$4 ,! man seeks food1 or position1 or glory1 or sex gratification2 he is =c$ to practice sobriety1 indu/ry1 c\rage1 g5tl5ess4 ,9 7#b7 ! motive is to seek "s good :i* is social1 b ! man acts = ! gr\p ma9ly because he is ( ! gr\p1 & does n conceive 8 own good z di/9ct f t ( ! gr\p4 ,8 acts are only 9 "p guid$ by intellig5ce2 !y are 9 "p due to habit or accid5t4 7#c7 ,9 full morality a man n only int5ds 8 acts def9itely1 he also values !m z :at he c d ) all 8 he>t4 ,he does !m because !y are "r & good4 ,he *ooses !m freely & intellig5tly4 ,our /udy ( moral developm5t w consid] successively ^! ?ree levels4 ,!y all exi/ 9 pres5t morality4 ,only ! fir/ two are f\nd 9 savage life4 ,if 7#a7 exi/$ alone x 0 be=e ! gr\p life1 :i* is our />t+-po9t 9 ?is /udy4 ,we return n[ to our consid]ation ( gr\p life1 & note ! actual =ces :i* are at "w4 ,we wi% to discov] ! process by :i* ! fir/ & second levels prep>e ! way = ! ?ird4 ,! ,necess>y ,activities ( ,exi/5ce ,/>t ! ,process4--,! prime necessities1 if ! individual is to survive1 are = food1 %elt]1 def5se aga9/ enemies4 ,if ! /ock is to survive1 !re mu/ be also reproduction & p>5tal c>e4 ,fur!r1 x is an advantage 9 ! /ruggle if ! individual c ma/] & acquire1 c out/rip rivals1 & c jo9 =ces ) o!rs ( 8 k9d = common ends4 ,to satisfy ^! ne$s we f9d m5 9 gr\p life engag$ 9 "w1 9 w> or blood feuds1 9 games & fe/al activities1 9 p>5tal c>e4 ,!y are gett+ food & booty1 mak+ tools & h\ses1 conqu]+ or enslav+ _! enemies1 protect+ ! "y1 w9n+ trophies1 & f9d+ emotional excitem5t 9 conte/s1 dances1 & songs4 ,^! all help 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,b ! workm51 w>riors1 s+]s1 p>5ts1 are gett+ m4 ,!y are =m+ c]ta9 elem5ts ( "* :i*1 if n necess>ily moral 9 !mselves1 are yet indisp5sable requisites = full morality4 ,we may say !re=e t nature is do+ ?is "p ( moral evolution1 )\t ! aid ( consci\s int5tion on man's "p4 ,to use ! t]ms ( ,*apt] ,i41 we may call ?is a rationaliz+ & socializ+ process1 ?\gh n a consci\s moral process4 ,we notice "s ( ! m important ag5cies t are op]ative4 ,sec4 #b4 ,,rationaliz+ ,,ag5cies #a4 ,"w4--,! e>li] =ms ( occupation1 hunt+ & fi%+1 call = active intellig5ce1 al?\gh ! activity is su/a9$ to a great degree by ! imm$iate int]e/ or ?rill ( excitem5t1 :i* makes !m a recreation to ! civiliz$ man4 ,quickness ( p]ception1 al]tness ( m9d & body1 & 9 "s cases1 physical d>+1 are ! qualities mo/ ne$$4 ,b 9 ! pa/oral life1 & /ill m ) ! beg9n+ ( agriculture & comm]ce1 ! man :o succe$s mu/ h =esight & cont9uity ( purpose4 ,he mu/ control impulse by reason4 ,he mu/ organize ^? habits :i* are ! basis ( "*1 in/ead ( yield+ to ! attractions ( v>i\s pleasures :i* might lead him f ! ma9 purpose4 ,to a c]ta9 ext5t ! primitive communism act$ to prev5t ! individual f feel+ ! full =ce ( improvid5ce4 ,ev5 if he does n secure a supply ( game1 or h a l>ge en\gh flock to provide = ! necessities ( himself & 8 imm$iate family1 ! gr\p does n necess>ily p]mit him to />ve4 ,! law ,:atsoev] a man s[e? t %all he also reap does n press ^u him ) su* rel5tless grasp z 9 ! mod]n individuali/ic /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,nev]!less x w\ld be an entirely mi/ak5 view ( primitive gr\p life to suppose t x is entirely a lazy man's p>adise1 or happy-g-lucky exi/5ce4 ,! v>y+ economic conditions are important "h z measur+ ! am\nt ( =e?\ght & c>e requir$4 ,x is ! %eph]d ,jacob ^: craft outwits ,esau ! hunt]2 & :ile ! sympa?y ( ! mod]n may be ) ,esau1 he mu/ rememb] t =e?\ght l o!r valuable weapons may be us$ 9 a social z well z a selfi% fa%ion4 ,! e>ly ,greek appreciation ( craft is probably express$ 9 _! deification ( !ft & deception 9 ,h]mes4 ,agriculture & comm]ce1 /ill m ?an prec$+ types ( occupation1 dem& ?\ghtfulness & ! long look ahead4 ,! diff]5tiation ( labor has be5 a p[]ful influ5ce = increas+ ! range ( m5tal life & /imulat+ its developm5t4 ,if all d ! same ?+1 all are mu* alike1 & inevitably rema9 on a l[ level4 ,b :5 ! ne$s ( m5 induce diff]5t k9ds ( "w1 slumb]+ capacities are ar\s$ & new ones are call$ into be+4 ,! mo/ deeply-root$ diff]5tiation ( labor is t betwe5 ! sexes4 ,! woman p]=ms ! "w )9 or ne> ! dwell+1 ! man hunts or t5ds ! flocks or ranges abroad4 ,?is probably t5ds to acc5tuate fur!r c]ta9 organic diff]5ces4 ,among ! m51 gr\p life 9 its simple/ phases has little diff]5tiation except = c\nsel or = w>4 ,b ) metal work+ & agricultural life ! field wid5s4 ,at fir/ ! specializ+ is l>gely by families r ?an by individual *oice4 ,ca/es ( workm5 may take ! place ( m]e k9%ip ties4 ,lat] on ! rules ( ca/e 9 turn become a h9drance to individuality & mu/ be brok5 d[n if ! individual is to em]ge to full self-direction4 #b4 ,! ,arts & ,crafts4--,aside f _! influ5ce z "w1 ! arts & crafts h a di/9ctly elevat+ & ref9+ effect4 ,! textiles1 pott]y1 & skilfully made tools & weapons2 ! huts or h\ses :5 arti/ically con/ruct$2 ! s-call$ free or f9e arts ( dance & music1 ( color & design--all h ?is common elem5t3 !y give "s visible or audible embodim5t = ord] or =m4 ,! arti/ or craftsman mu/ make def9ite 8 idea 9 ord] to "w x out 9 clo? or clay1 9 wood or /one1 9 dance or song4 ,:5 ?us embodi$1 x is pres]v$1 at lea/ = a "t4 ,x is "p ( ! daily environm5t ( ! society4 ,^? :o see or he> are hav+ con/antly sugge/$ to !m ideas & values :i* br+ m mean+ into life & elevate its int]e/s4 ,moreov]1 ! ord]1 ! rational plan or arrangem5t :i* is embodi$ 9 all well-wr\ght objects1 z well z 9 ! f9e arts 9 ! n>r[ s5se1 des]ves emphasis4 ,plato & ,s*ill] h se5 9 ?is a valuable prep>ation = morality4 ,to gov]n action by law is moral1 b x is too mu* to expect ?is ( ! savage & ! *ild z a consci\s pr9ciple :]e ! law opposes impulse4 ,9 art z 9 play !re is direct int]e/ & pleasure 9 ! act1 b 9 art !re is also ord] or law4 ,9 con=m+ to ?is ord] ! savage1 or ! *ild1 is 9 tra9+ = ! m consci\s control :]e ! law1 in/ead ( favor+1 may ?w>t or oppose impulse & desire4 #c4 ,w>4--,w> & ! conte/s 9 games 7 s]v+ to "w out *>act]i/ics :i* receiv$ also a def9ite social re5=cem5t3 namely1 c\rage & effici5cy1 a s5se ( p[]1 a consci\sness ( a*ievem5t4 ,all ^!1 l craft1 may be us$ = unmoral or ev5 immoral ends1 b !y are also highly important z factors 9 an effective moral p]sonality4 ,sec4 #c4 ,,socializ+ ,,ag5cies ,coop]ation & ,mutual ,aid4#ai--;,aside f _! effects 9 promot+ intellig5ce1 c\rage1 & ideality ( life1 indu/ry1 art1 & w> h a common factor by :i* !y all contribute p[]fully to ! social basis ( morality4 ,!y all require coop]ation4 ,!y are socializ+ z well z rationaliz+ ag5cies4 ,mutual aid is ! f\ndation ( success4 ,woe to him :o /&s alone1 e'en ?\gh 8 platt] be nev] s full1 runs ! ,slav prov]b4 ,he t belongs to no community is l unto "o )\t a h&4 ,^? clans or gr\ps :i* c "w toge!r1 & fight toge!r1 are /rong] 9 ! /ruggle aga9/ nature & o!r m54 ,! common activities ( art h value 9 mak+ ?is community ( action m possible4 ,coop]ation implies a common end4 ,x means t ea* is int]e/$ 9 ! success ( all4 ,?is common end =ms !n a controll+ rule ( action1 & ! mutual int]e/ means sympa?y4 ,coop]ation is !re=e "o ( nature's mo/ effective ag5cies = a social /&>d & a social feel+4 #a4 ,coop]ation 9 ,indu/ry4--,9 indu/ry1 :ile !re 0 n 9 primitive life ! ext5sive ex*ange ( goods :i* expresses ! int]dep5d5ce ( mod]n m51 !re 0 yet mu* conc]t$ "w1 & !re 0 a great degree ( community ( prop]ty4 ,9 gr\ps :i* liv$ by hunt+ or fi%+1 = in/ance1 al?\gh c]ta9 k9ds ( game might be pursu$ by ! individual hunt]1 ! great buffalo & de] hunts 7 organiz$ by ! tribe z a :ole4 ,a hunt+ bonfire 0 k9dl$ e morn+ at daybreak at :i* ea* brave mu/ appe> & report4 ,! man :o fail$ to d ?is be=e ! p>ty set out on ! day's hunt 0 h>ass$ by ridicule4#bj ,salmon fi%]y 0 also conduct$ z a jo9t und]tak+4 ,l>ge game 9 ,africa is hunt$ 9 a simil> fa%ion1 & ! product ( ! *ase is n = ! individual b = ! gr\p4 ,9 ! pa/oral life ! c>e ( ! flocks & h]ds necessitates at lea/ "s sort ( coop]ation to protect ^! flocks f ! attacks ( wild bea/s & f ! m dread$ =ays ( human robb]s4 ,?is requires a consid]able body ( m51 & ! j\rney+ ab\t 9 company1 ! %>+ toge!r ( wat* & w>d1 ! common int]e/ 9 ! increase ( flocks & h]ds1 cont9ually /r5g!ns ! bonds betwe5 ! dwell]s 9 t5ts4 ,9 ! agricultural /age !re are /ill c]ta9 =ces at "w :i* promote ! family or tribal unity1 al?\gh "h we beg9 to f9d ! =ces :i* make = individuality at "w until !y result 9 individual own]%ip & individual prop]ty4 ,j z at ! pa/oral /age1 s 9 ?is1 ! cattle & ! gr[+ gra9 mu/ be protect$ f attacks by man & bea/4 ,x is only ! gr\p :i* c af=d su* protection1 & accord+ly we f9d ! ,l[l& f>m] always at ! m]cy ( ! ,highl& clan4 #b4 ,coop]ation 9 ,w>4--,w> & ! blood feud1 h[ev] divisive betwe5 gr\ps1 7 none ! less pot5t z unit+ factors )9 ! sev]al gr\ps4 ,! memb]s mu/ n only unite or be wip$ out1 :5 ! actual conte/ 0 on1 b ! :ole s*eme ( mutual help 9 def5se or 9 av5g+ injuries & insults made con/ant dem& ^u fell[ feel+1 & sacrifice = ! good ( all4 ,to ga9 m l& = ! gr\p1 to acquire booty = ! gr\p1 to rev5ge a slight done to "s memb] ( ! gr\p1 7 con/ant causes = w>4 ,n[ al?\gh any individual might be ! ga9]1 yet ! *ances 7 t he w\ld himself suff] ev5 ?\gh ! gr\p %\ld w94 ,9 ! case ( blood rev5ge p>ticul>ly1 mo/ ( ! gr\p 7 n individually int]e/$4 ,_! res5tm5t 0 a sympa!tic res5tm5t1 & "o au?or has reg>d$ ?is z p]haps ! mo/ fundam5tal ( ! s\rces ( moral emotion4 ,x 0 because ! tribal blood _h be5 %$1 or ! wom5 ( ! clan insult$1 t ! gr\p z a :ole react$1 & 9 ! cla% ( battle ) oppos+ gr\ps1 0 clos] knit toge!r4 ,ally ?yself ) :om ?\ wilt 9 peace1 yet "k ,9 w> mu/ e man be foe :o is n k94 ,comrades 9 arms by ! v act ( fight+ toge!r h a common cause1 & by ! mutual help & protection giv5 & receiv$ become1 = ! "t at lea/1 "o 9 w & "o 9 he>t4 ,ulysses c\nsels ,agamemnon to m>%al 8 ,greeks1 clan by clan & bro!rhood 7phratry7 by bro!rhood1 t ?us bro!r may support & /imulate bro!r m effectively2 b ! effect is reciprocal1 & x is inde$ v probable t ! unity ( blood :i* is believ$ to be ! tie b9d+ toge!r ! memb]s ( ! gr\p1 is (t5 an aft]?\ght or pi\s fiction design$ to acc\nt = ! unity :i* 0 really due orig9ally to ! /ress ( common /ruggle4 #c4 ,art z ,socializ+ ,ag5cy4--,coop]ation & sympa?y are fo/]$ by ! activities ( art4 ,"s ( ^! activities are spontane\s1 b mo/ ( !m s]ve "s def9ite social end & are frequ5tly organiz$ = ! def9ite purpose ( increas+ ! unity & sympa?y ( ! gr\p4 ,! hunt+ dance or ! w> dance repres5ts1 9 dramatic =m1 all ! processes ( ! hunt or fight1 b x w\ld be a mi/ake to suppose t ?is takes place purely = dramatic purposes4 ,! dance & celebration aft] ! *ase or battle may give to ! :ole tribe ! opportunity to repeat 9 vivid imag9ation ! triumphs ( ! successful hunt] or w>rior1 & ?us to feel ! ?rill ( victory & exult 9 common ov] ! fall5 prey4 ,! dance :i* takes place be=e ! ev5t is design$ to give magical p[] to ! hunt] or w>rior4 ,e detail is p]=m$ ) ! mo/ exact c>e & ! :ole tribe is ?us enabl$ to %>e 9 ! "w ( prep>ation4 ,9 ! act ( song ! same unit+ =ce is pres5t4 ,to s+ ) ano!r involves a contagi\s sympa?y1 9 p]haps a high] degree ?an is ! case ) any o!r art4 ,!re is1 9 ! fir/ place1 z 9 ! dance1 a unity ( rhy?m4 ,rhy?m is bas$ ^u coop]ation &1 9 turn1 imm5sely /r5g!ns ! possibility ( coop]ation4 ,9 ! bas-reliefs ^u ! ,egyptian monum5ts repres5t+ ! "w ( a l>ge numb] ( m5 :o are mov+ a /one1 we f9d ! sculptur$ figure ( a man :o is beat+ ! "t = ! comb9$ ef=ts4 ,:e!r all rhy?m has come f ! necessities ( common action or :e!r x has a physiological basis suffici5t to acc\nt = ! effect :i* rhy?mic action produces1 9 any case :5 a company ( p beg9 to "w or dance or s+ 9 rhy?mic movem5t1 _! effici5cy & _! pleasure are imm5sely increas$4 ,9 addition to ! effect ( rhy?m we h also 9 ! case ( song ! effect ( unity ( pit* & ( melody1 & ! memb]s ( ! tribe or clan1 l ^? :o to-day s+ ! ,m>seillaise or *ant ! great an!ms ( ! *ur*1 feel 9 ! /ronge/ degree _! mutual sympa?y & support4 ,= ?is reason1 ! ,corroborees ( ! ,au/ralian1 ! sacr$ fe/ivals ( ,israel1 ! ,my/]ies & public fe/ivals ( ! ,greeks1 9 %ort1 among all peoples1 ! common ga!r+s ( ! tribe = patriotic or religi\s purposes1 h be5 att5d$ ) dance & song4 ,9 _m cases ^! c>ry ! memb]s on to a pit* ( en?usiasm :]e !y are ready to die = ! common cause4 ,melodic & rhy?mic s\nd is a unify+ =ce simply by reason ( =m1 & "s ( ! simpl] songs seem to h little else to comm5d !m1 b at v e>ly p]iods !re is n m]ely ! song b ! recital1 9 m or less rhy?mic or lit]>y =m1 ( ! hi/ory ( ! tribe & ! de$s ( ! ance/ors4 ,?is adds /ill ano!r to ! unify+ =ces ( ! dance & song4 ,! k9dr$ gr\p1 z !y he> ! recital1 live ov] toge!r ! hi/ory ( ! gr\p1 ?rill ) pride at its glories1 suff] at its defeats2 e memb] feels t ! clan's hi/ory is 8 hi/ory & ! clan's blood 8 blood4 ,sec4 #d4 ,,family ,,life ,,z ,,an ,,idealiz+ ,,& ,,socializ+ ,,ag5cy ,family life1 s f> z x is m]ely on ! basis ( in/9ct1 takes its place ) o!r ag5cies favor$ by natural selection :i* make = m rational & social exi/5ce4 ,v>i\s in/9cts are m or less at "w4 ,! sex in/9ct br+s ! man & ! woman toge!r4 ,! in/9ct ( jeal\sy1 & ! prop]ty or possess+ in/9ct1 may fo/] exclusive & p]man5t relations4 ,! p>5tal in/9ct & affection b9d ! p>5ts toge!r & ?us contribute to ! =mation ( ! social gr\p describ$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]4 ,consid]+ n[ ! m imm$iate relations ( husb& & wife1 p>5ts & *ildr51 r ?an ! m g5]al gr\p relations1 we call att5tion to "s ( ! mo/ obvi\s aspects1 leav+ full] treatm5t = ,"p ,,iii4 ,! idealiz+ influ5ces ( ! sex in/9ct1 :5 ?is is subject to ! g5]al influ5ces f\nd 9 gr\p life1 is famili>4 ,lyric song is a high] =m ( its manife/ation1 b ev5 a mute lov] may be /imulat$ to f9e ?\ghts or brave de$s4 ,c\rt%ip fur!r implies an adaptation1 an ef=t to please1 :i* is a /rong socializ+ =ce4 ,if all ! _w loves a lov]1 x mu/ be because ! lov] is on ! :ole a likable role4 ,b o!r =ces come 94 ,sex love is int5se1 b s f> z x is purely in/9ctive x may be transitory4 ,family life ne$$ m p]man5ce ?an sex attraction c\ld provide1 & be=e ! p[]ful sanctions ( religion1 society1 & morals 7 suffici5t to secure p]man5ce1 x is probable t ! prop]ty int]e/ ( ! husb& 0 l>gely effective 9 build+ up a family life1 requir+ fidelity to ! m>ri$ relation on ! "p ( ! wife4 ,b ! mo/ f>-rea*+ ( ! =ces at "w 9 ! family has be5 ! p>5tal in/9ct & affection ) its consequ5ces ^u bo? p>5ts & *ildr54 ,x contributes probably m ?an any o!r naturally select$ ag5cy to ! developm5t ( ! race 9 sympa?y2 x %>es ) "w 9 ! developm5t ( responsibility4 ,x is inde$ "o ( ! great inc5tives to indu/ry ?r\gh\t ! high] species ( animals z well z 9 human life4 ,! value ( p>5tal c>e 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce is impressively pres5t$ by ,su!rl&4#ba ,:]eas ! fi%es :i* ex]cise no c>e = _! eggs pres]ve _! species only by produc+ ^! 9 enorm\s numb]s1 c]ta9 species :i* c>e = !m ma9ta9 _! exi/5ce by produc+ relatively few4 ,_m species produce hundr$s ( ?\s&s or ev5 millions ( eggs4 ,! /ickleback1 :i* con/ructs a ne/ & gu>ds ! "y = a few days1 is "o ( ! mo/ num]\s ( fi%es1 b x lays only f tw5ty to n9ety eggs4 ,birds & mammals ) increas$ p>5tal c>e produce few "y4 ,n only is p>5tal c>e a valuable asset1 x is an absolute necessity = ! production ( ! high] species4 ,9 ! fi]ce competition ( ! animat$ =ms ( e>?1 ! l(ti] type1 ) its prolong$ n]v\s gr[?1 & consequ5tly augm5t$ p]iod ( helplessness1 c nev] arise b ) concomitant increases ( p>5tal c>e4 ,only z ! emotional t5d5cy has kept pace ) ! n]ve developm5t has ! human race be5 possible4 ,! v ref9em5ts 9 ! organism :i* make ! adult a victor w\ld r5d] ! infant a victim if x 7 )\t an abundance ( lov+ assi/ance4#bb ,:e!r1 z has be5 suppos$ by "s1 ! p>5tal c>e has also be5 ! mo/ effective =ce 9 keep+ ! p>5ts toge!r ?r\gh a l5g!n$ infancy1 or :e!r o!r factors h be5 m effective 9 ?is p>ticul>1 !re is no ne$ to enl>ge ^u ! wide-rea*+ moral values ( p>5tal affection4 ,x is ! atmosph]e 9 :i* ! *ild beg9s 8 exp]i5ce4 ,s f> z any environm5t c affect him1 ?is is a con/ant influ5ce = sympa?y & k9dness4 ,& ^u ! p>5ts !mselves its trans=m+ p[]1 9 mak+ life s]i\s1 9 ov]com+ selfi%ness1 9 project+ ?\ght & hope on into ! future1 _c be measur$4 ,! moral ord] & progress ( ! _w might conceivably sp>e "s ( ! ag5cies :i* man has devis$2 x c\ld n sp>e ?is4 ,sec4 #e4 ,,moral ,,int]pretation ,,( ,,?is ,,fir/ ,,level ,on ?is fir/ level we are evid5tly deal+ ) =ces & conduct1 n z moral 9 purpose1 b z valuable 9 result4 ,!y make a m rational1 ideal1 & social life1 & ?is is ! necess>y basis = m consci\s control & valuation ( conduct4 ,! =ces are biological or sociological or psy*ological4 ,!y are n t p>ticul> k9d ( psy*ological activities :i* we call moral 9 ! prop] s5se1 = ?is implies n only gett+ a good result b aim+ at x4 ,"s ( ! activities1 su* z ^? ( song & dance1 or ! simpl] acts ( mat]nal c>e1 h a l>ge in/9ctive elem5t4 ,we _c call ^! moral 9 s f> z !y are purely in/9ctive4 ,o!rs imply a l>ge am\nt ( intellig5ce1 z1 = example1 ! op]ations ( agriculture & ! v>i\s crafts4 ,^! h purpose1 su* z to satisfy hung]1 or to =ge a weapon aga9/ an enemy4 ,b ! end is "o set up by our physical or in/9ctive nature4 ,s long z ?is is m]ely accept$ z an end1 & n comp>$ ) o!rs1 valu$1 & *os51 x is n prop]ly moral4 ,! same is true ( emotions4 ,!re are c]ta9 emotions on ! in/9ctive level4 ,su* are p>5tal love 9 its mo/ elem5tal =m1 sympa?y z m]e contagi\s feel+1 ang]1 or res5tm5t4 ,s f> z ^! are at ?is l[e/ level1 s f> z !y signify simply a bodily ?rill1 !y h no claim to prop] moral value4 ,!y are trem5d\sly important z ! s\rce f :i* /rong motive =ces ( b5evol5ce1 intellig5t p>5tal c>e1 & an ard5t en]gy aga9/ evil may draw w>m? & fire4 ,f9ally1 ev5 ! coop]ation1 ! mutual aid1 :i* m5 give1 s f> z x is call$ out purely by common dang]1 or common advantage1 is n 9 ! moral sph]e 9 s f> z x is in/9ctive1 or m]ely give & take4 ,to be g5u9ely moral !re mu/ be "s ?\ght ( ! dang] z t\*+ o!rs & !re=e requir+ our aid2 ( ! advantage z be+ common & !re=e enli/+ our help4 ,b ev5 al?\gh ^! processes are n consci\sly moral !y are nev]!less fundam5tal4 ,! activities necess>y = exi/5ce1 & ! emotions s intimately b\nd up ) !m1 are ! cosmic roots ( ! moral life4 ,& (t5 9 ! high] /ages ( culture1 :5 ! codes & in/ruction ( morality & society fail to secure "r conduct1 ^! elem5t>y ag5cies ( "w1 coop]ation1 & family life ass]t _! p[]4 ,society & morality take up ! direction ( ! process & c>ry x fur!r1 b !y mu/ always rely l>gely on ^! prim>y activities to af=d ! basis = intellig5t1 reliable1 & sympa!tic conduct4 ,,lit]ature ,bagehot1 ,physics & ,politics1 #ahij2 ,bue*]1 ,indu/rial ,evolution1 ,eng4 tr41 #aija1 ,arbeit und ,ry?mus1 #crd ed41 #aija2 ,s*urtz1 ,urges*i*te d] ,kultur1 #aijj2 ,fiske1 ,cosmic ,philosophy1 ,vol4 ,,ii41 ,! ,cosmic ,roots ( ,love & ,self-sacrifice 9 ,?r\gh ,nature to ,god1 #ahii2 ,dewey1 ,int]pretation ( ! ,savage ,m9d1 ,psy*ological ,review1 ,vol4 ,,ix41 #ahib1 pp4 #bag-bcj2 ,durkheim1 ,de la ,division du ,travail ,social1 #ahic2 ,p4 ,kropotk91 ,mutual ,aid1 a ,factor 9 ,evolution1 #aijb2 ,,ross1 ,f\ndations ( ,society1 #aije1 ,*ap4 ,,vii42 ,baldw91 ,article ,socionomic ,=ces 9 8 ,diction>y ( ,philosophy & ,psy*ology2 ,gidd+s1 ,inductive ,sociology1 #aija2 ,small1 ,g5]al ,sociology1 #aijf2 ,t>de1 ,les ,lois de l',imitation1 #ahie2 ,w4 ,i4 ,?omas1 ,sex & ,society1 #aijg1 pp4 #ee-agb2 ,gumm]e1 ,! ,beg9n+s ( ,poetry1 #aija2 ,hirn1 ,! ,orig9 ( ,art1 #aijj4 ,,footnotes3 #ai ,p4 ,kropotk91 ,mutual ,aid a ,factor 9 ,evolution2 ,bagehot1 ,physics & ,politics4 #bj ,ea/man1 ,indian ,boyhood4 #ba ,! ,orig9 & ,gr[? ( ! ,moral ,in/9ct1 ,*s4 ,,ii4-,v4 #bb ,ibid41 p4 #ii4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,gr\p ,,morality--,,cu/oms ,,or ,,mores ,we h se5 h[ ! natural =ces ( in/9ct lead to activities :i* elevate m5 & knit !m toge!r4 ,we consid] next ! means :i* society uses = ^! purposes1 & ! k9d ( conduct :i* goes along ) ! e>ly =ms ( society's ag5cies4 ,! organization ( e>ly society is t ( gr\p life1 & s f> z ! individual is m]g$ 9 ! gr\p ! type ( conduct may be call$ gr\p morality4 ,inasmu* z ! ag5cies by :i* ! gr\p controls its memb]s are l>gely ^? ( cu/om1 ! morality may be call$ also cu/om>y morality4 ,su* conduct is :at we call$ at ! op5+ ( ! previ\s *apt] ! second level4 ,x is e?ical or moral 9 ! s5se ( con=m+ to ! e?os or mores ( ! gr\p4 ,sec4 #a4 ,,mean+1 ,,au?ority1 ,,& ,,orig9 ,,( ,,cu/oms ,mean+ ( ,cu/oms or ,mores4--,:]ev] we f9d gr\ps ( m5 liv+ z outl9$ 9 ,*apt] ,,ii41 we f9d t !re are c]ta9 ways ( act+ :i* are common to ! gr\p--folkways4 ,"s ( ^! may be due m]ely to ! fact t ! memb]s are born ( ! same /ock1 j z all ducks swim4 ,b a l>ge "p ( human conduct1 9 savage z truly z 9 civiliz$ life1 is n m]ely in/9ctive4 ,!re are approv$ ways ( act+1 common to a gr\p1 & h&$ d[n f g5]ation to g5]ation4 ,su* approv$ ways ( do+ & act+ are cu/oms1 or to use ! ,lat9 t]m1 :i* ,pr(essor ,sumn] ?9ks br+s out m cle>ly ?is factor ( approval1 !y are mores4#bc ,!y are habits--b !y are m4 ,!y imply ! judgm5t ( ! gr\p t !y are to be foll[$4 ,! welf>e ( ! gr\p is reg>d$ z 9 "s s5se imb$d$ 9 !m4 ,if any "o acts contr>y to !m he is made to feel ! gr\p's disapproval4 ,! "y are c>efully tra9$ to obs]ve !m4 ,at times ( special importance1 !y are rehe>s$ ) special solemnity4 ,au?ority ,beh9d ! ,mores4--,! old m51 or ! prie/s1 or m$ic9e m51 or *iefs1 or old wom51 may be ! especial gu>dians ( ^! cu/oms4 ,!y may modify details1 or add new cu/oms1 or inv5t explanations = old ones4 ,b ! au?ority back ( !m is ! gr\p 9 ! full s5se4 ,n ! gr\p compos$ m]ely ( visible & liv+ memb]s1 b ! l>g] gr\p :i* includes ! dead1 & ! k9dr$ totemic or ance/ral gods4 ,nor is x ! gr\p consid]$ z a collection ( individual p]sons4 ,x is r 9 a vague way ! :ole m5tal & social _w4 ,! fact t mo/ ( ! cu/oms h no kn[n date or orig9 makes !m seem a "p ( ! nature ( ?+s4 ,inde$ !re is m ?an a m]e analogy betwe5 ! primitive reg>d = cu/om & t respect = ,nature :i* f ! ,/oics to ,sp5c] has s\ght a moral /&>d 9 liv+ accord+ to nature4 ,& !re is ?is mu* 9 favor ( tak+ ! _w ( cu/om z ! /&>d3 ! be+s ( ?is sy/em are l ! p]son :o is expect$ to behave l !m2 its rules are ! ways 9 :i* 8 own k9 h liv$ & prosp]$1 & n prim>ily ! laws ( cosmic =ces1 plants1 & animals4 ,orig9 ( ,cu/oms2 ,luck4--,! orig9 ( cu/oms is to be s\ght 9 sev]al concurr5t factors4 ,!re are 9 ! fir/ place ! activities induc$ by ! great primitive ne$s & in/9cts4 ,"s ways ( act+ succe$2 "s fail4 ,man n only e/abli%es habits ( act+ 9 ! successful ways2 he rememb]s 8 failures4 ,he h&s successful ways d[n ) 8 approval2 he condemns ^? t fail4 ,?is attitude is re5=c$ by ! views ab\t good luck & bad luck4 ,primitive man--& civiliz$ man--is n rul$ by a purely rational !ory ( success & failure4 ,"o might use ! be/ kn[n means ) ! greate/ c>e1 yet fail ( ! result4 ,on ! o!r h&1 "o might get a great result ) no ef=t at all4 ,"o might also incur a calamity )\t any fault ( 8 own4#bd ,grimm gives m ?an a ?\s& anci5t ,g]man apo!gms1 dicta1 & prov]bs ab\t 'luck4'#be ,bo? good & bad =tune are attribut$ to ! unse5 p[]s1 h5ce a case ( bad luck is n ?\ght ( z a m]e *ance4 ,if ! %ip t sail$ ,friday meets a /orm1 or "o ( ?irte5 falls sick1 ! inf]5ce is t ?is is sure to happ5 aga94 ,& at ?is po9t ! conception ( ! gr\p welf>e z b\nd up ) ! acts ( e memb]1 comes 9 to make individual con=mity a matt] = gr\p conc]n--to make conduct a matt] ( mores & n m]ely a private affair4 ,"o mo/ important1 if n ! mo/ important1 object ( e>ly legislation 0 ! en=cem5t ( lucky rites to prev5t ! individual f do+ :at might br+ ill luck on all ! tribe4 ,= ! conception always 0 t ! ill luck does n atta* itself simply to ! do]1 b may fall ^u any memb] ( ! gr\p4 ,! act ( "o memb] is conceiv$ to make all ! tribe impi\s1 to (f5d its p>ticul> god1 to expose all ! tribe to p5alties f heav54 ,:5 ! /reet /atues ( ,h]mes 7 mutilat$1 all ! ,a!nians 7 fright5$ & furi\s2 !y ?\ght !y %\ld all be ru9$ because "s "o _h mutilat$ a god's image & s (f5d$ him4#bf ,! *ildr5 7 reprov$ = cutt+ & burn+ emb]s1 on ! gr\nd t ?is might be ! cause = ! accid5tal cutt+ ( "s memb] ( ! family4#bg ,9 ! ?ird place1 besides ^! s\rces ( cu/om1 9 ! usefulness or lucky "* ( c]ta9 acts1 !re is also ! m imm$iate reaction ( individuals or gr\ps to c]ta9 ways ( act+ accord+ z ?+s jump ) ! feel+s or displease !m4#bh ,an act ( d>+ is applaud$1 :e!r useful or n4 ,! individual judgm5t is caught up1 repeat$1 & plays its "p 9 ! =mation ( gr\p op9ion4 ,individual impulse & social tradition are ?us ! two poles betwe5 :i* we move4 ,or !re may ev5 be a m consci\s discussion analog\s to ! action ( legislatures or philosophic discussion4 ,! old m5 among ! ,au/ralians delib]ate c>efully z to ea* /ep ( ! initiation c]emonies4 ,!y make cu/oms to be h&$ d[n4 ,sec4 #b4 ,,means ,,( ,,en=c+ ,,cu/oms ,! mo/ g5]al means = en=c+ cu/oms are public op9ion1 taboos1 ritual or c]emony1 & physical =ce4 ,public ,approval uses bo? language & =m to express its judgm5ts4 ,its praise is likely to be emphasiz$ by "s =m ( art4 ,! songs t greet ! return+ victor1 ! decorations1 co/umes1 & tattoos = ^? :o are honor$1 s]ve to voice ! g5]al s5tim5t4 ,on ! o!r h& ridicule or contempt is a suffici5t p5alty to en=ce compliance ) _m cu/oms t may be p]sonally irksome4 ,x is v l>gely ! ridicule ( ! m5's h\se :i* en=ces c]ta9 cu/oms among ! m5 ( peoples :i* h t in/itution4 ,x is ! ridicule or scorn ( bo? m5 & wom5 :i* =bids ! ,indian to m>ry be=e he has prov$ 8 manhood by "s notable de$ ( pr[ess 9 w> or *ase4 ,taboos4--,taboos are p]haps n s mu* a means = en=c+ cu/om1 z !y are !mselves cu/oms inve/$ ) peculi> & awful sanction4 ,!y prohibit or ban any contact ) c]ta9 p]sons or objects "u p5alty ( dang] f unse5 be+s4 ,any ev5ts suppos$ to indicate ! activity ( spirits1 su* z bir? & dea?1 are likely to be sanctifi$ by taboos4 ,! dang] is contagi\s2 if a ,polynesian *ief is taboo1 ! ord9>y man fe>s ev5 to t\* 8 footpr9ts4 ,b ! taboos are n all bas$ on m]e dread ( ! unse54 ,!y include su* acts z h be5 f\nd by exp]i5ce to produce unwelcome results4--,! primitive taboos correspond to ! fact t ! life ( man is environ$ by p]ils3 ,8 food que/ mu/ be limit$ by %unn+ poison\s plants4 ,8 appetite mu/ be re/ra9$ f excess4 ,8 physical /r5g? & heal? mu/ be gu>d$ f dang]s4 ,! taboos c>ry on ! accumulat$ wisdom ( g5]ations :i* has almo/ always be5 pur*as$ by pa91 loss1 disease1 & dea?4 ,o!r taboos conta9 inhibitions ( :at w be injuri\s to ! gr\p4 ,! laws ab\t ! sexes1 ab\t prop]ty1 ab\t w>1 & ab\t gho/s1 h ?is "*4 ,!y always include "s social philosophy4 7,,sumn]1 ,folkways1 pp4 #cc f47 ,!y may be us$ ) consci\s purpose4 ,9 ord] to h a supply ( cocoanuts = a religi\s fe/ival ! head m5 may place a taboo ^u ! "y cocoanuts to prev5t !m f be+ consum$ be=e !y are fully ripe4 ,! conception works 9 c]ta9 respects to supply ! purpose :i* is lat] subs]v$ by ideas ( prop]ty4 ,b x s]ves also z a p[]ful ag5cy to ma9ta9 respect = ! au?ority ( ! gr\p4 ,ritual4--,z taboo is ! great negative gu>dian ( cu/oms1 ritual is ! great positive ag5t4 ,x works by =m+ habits1 & op]ates ?r\gh associations =m$ by actually do+ c]ta9 acts1 usually "u conditions :i* appeal to ! emotions4 ,! *>m ( music & ( ord]ly movem5t1 ! impressiv5ess ( ord]$ masses 9 processions1 ! awe ( my/]y1 all contribute to /amp 9 ! mean+ & value4 ,praise or blame enc\rages or inhibits2 ritual secures ! actual do+ & at ! same "t gives a value to ! do+4 ,x is employ$ by civiliz$ peoples m 9 ! case ( milit>y or a?letic drill1 or 9 tra9+ *ildr5 to obs]ve =ms ( etiquette1 s t ^! may become second nature4 ,c]ta9 religi\s bodies also use its ag5cy4 ,b 9 primitive life x is widely & effectively us$ to insure = educational1 political1 & dome/ic cu/oms ob$i5ce to ! gr\p /&>ds1 :i* among u x secures to ! codes ( ! army1 or to ^? ( social etiquette4 ,examples ( its elaborate & impressive use w be giv5 bel[ "u educational c]emonies4 ,physical ,=ce4--,:5 nei!r gr\p op9ion1 nor taboo1 nor ritual secures con=mity1 !re is always 9 ! backgr\nd physical =ce4 ,! *iefs are g5]ally m5 ( /r5g? ^: ^w may n be lightly disreg>d$4 ,sometimes1 z among ! ,si\x1 ! old] braves con/itute a sort ( police4 ,betwe5 diff]5t clans ! blood feud is ! accept$ me?od ( en=c+ cu/om1 unless a sub/itute1 ! w]geld1 is provid$4 ,= homicide )9 a clan ! rema9+ memb]s may drive ! slay] out1 & :oev] meets su* a ,ca9 may slay him4 ,if a man murd]$ 8 *ief ( k9dr$ among ! anci5t ,wel% he 0 bani%$ & x 0 requir$ ( e "o ( e sex & age )9 he>+ ( ! horn to foll[ t exile & to keep up ! b>k+ ( dogs1 to ! "t ( 8 putt+ to sea1 until he %all h pass$ ?ree score h\rs out ( sight4#bi ,x %\ld be borne 9 m9d1 h[ev]1 t physical pa9s1 ei!r actual or dread$1 w\ld g b a little way t[>d ma9ta9+ au?ority 9 any su* gr\p z we h reg>d$ z typical4 ,absolutism1 ) all its cruel me?ods ( en=c+ t]ror1 ne$s a m highly organiz$ sy/em4 ,9 primitive gr\ps ! great majority support ! au?ority ( ! gr\p z a matt] ( c\rse1 & uphold x z a sacr$ duty :5 x is *all5g$4 ,physical co]cion is n ! rule b ! exception4 ,sec4 #c4 ,,conditions ,,:i* ,,br+ ,,out ,,! ,,importance ,,( ,,gr\p ,,/&>ds ,,& ,,r5d] ,,gr\p ,,control ,,consci\s ,al?\gh cu/oms or mores h 9 !m an elem5t ( social approval :i* makes !m vehicles ( moral judgm5t1 !y t5d 9 _m cases to s9k to ! level ( m]e habits4 ,! reason--su* z x 0--= _! orig9al =ce--is =gott54 ,!y become1 l _m ( our =ms ( etiquette1 m]e conv5tions4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 c]ta9 conditions :i* c5t] att5tion ^u _! importance & lift !m to ! level ( consci\s ag5cies4 ,^! conditions may be gr\p$ "u ?ree heads4 7#a7 ,! education ( ! y\ng]1 immature memb]s ( ! gr\p & _! prep>ation = full memb]%ip4 7#b7 ,! con/ra9t & re/ra9t ( refractory memb]s & ! adju/m5t ( conflict+ int]e/s4 7#c7 ,occasions :i* involve "s notable dang] or crisis & !re=e call = ! greate/ att5tion to secure ! favor ( ! gods & av]t disa/]4 #a4 ,educational ,cu/oms4--,among ! mo/ /rik+ & significant ( ^! are ! initiation c]emonies :i* are s widely obs]v$ among primitive peoples4 ,!y are held ) ! purpose ( induct+ boys into ! privileges ( manhood & into ! full life ( ! gr\p4 ,!y are calculat$ at e /ep to impress ^u ! initiate 8 own ignorance & helplessness 9 contra/ ) ! wisdom & p[] ( ! gr\p2 & z ! my/]y ) :i* !y are conduct$ imposes rev]5ce = ! eld]s & ! au?orities ( ! gr\p1 s ! recital ( ! traditions & p]=mances ( ! tribe1 ! long s]ies ( ritual acts1 common p>ticipation 9 ! my/ic dance & song & decorations1 s]ve to re5=ce ! ties t b9d ! tribe4 ,initiation into ! full privileges ( manhood among ! tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 = in/ance1 includes ?ree sets ( c]emonies :i* occupy weeks1 & ev5 mon?s1 = _! completion4 ,! fir/ set1 call$ ?r[+ up 9 ! air1 is p]=m$ = ! boy :5 he has rea*$ ! age ( f t5 to twelve4 ,9 connection ) be+ ?r[n up 9 ! air by c]ta9 prescrib$ memb]s ( 8 tribe1 he is decorat$ ) v>i\s totem emblems & aft]w>d ! septum ( 8 nose is bor$ = ! ins]tion ( ! nose-bone4 ,at a p]iod "s ?ree or f\r ye>s lat] a l>g] & m =midable s]ies ( c]emonies is und]tak51 la/+ = t5 days4 ,a scre5 ( bu%es is built1 beh9d :i* ! boy is kept dur+ ! :ole p]iod1 unless he is br\ght out on ! c]emonial gr\nd to witness "s p]=mance4 ,dur+ ?is :ole p]iod ( t5 days1 he is =bidd5 to speak except 9 answ] to que/ions4 ,he is decorat$ ) v>i\s totem emblems1 = :i* e detail is prescrib$ by ! c\ncil ( ! tribal fa!rs & tribal eld] bro!rs4 ,he is *>g$ to obey e comm& & nev] to tell any woman or boy :at he may see4 ,! s5se t some?+ out ( ! ord9>y is to happ5 to him helps to impress him /rongly ) a feel+ ( ! deep importance ( compliance ) ! tribal rules1 & fur!r /ill1 ) a /rong s5se ( ! sup]iority ( ! old] m5 :o "k & are famili> ) ! my/]i\s rites ( :i* he is ab\t to le>n ! mean+ = ! fir/ "t4 ,at int]vals he wat*es symbolic p]=mances ( m5 decorat$ l v>i\s totem animals1 :o repres5t ! do+s ( ! animal ance/ors ( ! clan2 he he>s my/]i\s s\nds ( ! s-call$ bull-ro>]s1 :i* are suppos$ by ! wom5 & un9itiat$ to be due to unse5 spirits2 & ! :ole ends ) ! op]ation :i* symbolizes 8 induction into "y manhood4 ,b ev5 ?is is n all2 :5 ! "y man has rea*$ ! age ( discretion1 :5 x is felt t he c fully compreh5d ! traditions ( ! tribe1 at ! age ( f tw5ty to tw5ty-five1 a /ill m impressive s]ies ( c]emonies is conduct$1 :i* 9 ! in/ance report$ la/$ f ,septemb] to ,janu>y4 ,?is p]iod 0 fill$ up ) dances1 corroborees1 & inspection ( ! *ur+a or sacr$ emblems--/ones or /icks :i* 7 suppos$ to be ! dwell+s ( ance/ral spirits & :i* are c>efully pres]v$ 9 ! tribe1 gu>d$ f ! sight ( wom5 & boys1 b kn[n individually to ! eld]s z ! sacr$ dwell+-place ( fa!r or gr&fa!r4 ,z ^! 7 %[n & pass$ ar\nd1 great solemnity 0 manife/ & ! relatives sometimes wept at ! sight ( ! sacr$ object4 ,c]emonies imitat+ v>i\s totem animals1 frequ5tly ( ! mo/ elaborate sort1 7 also p]=m$4 ,! "y m5 7 told ! traditions ( ! pa/ hi/ory ( ! tribe1 & at ! close ( ! recital !y felt add$ rev]5ce = ! old m5 :o _h be5 _! in/ructors1 a s5se ( pride 9 ! possession ( ?is my/]i\s k1 & a deep] unity because ( :at !y n[ h 9 common4 ,"o is at a loss :e!r to wond] mo/ at ! possibility ( ! :ole tribe devot+ itself = ?ree mon?s to ^! elaborate functions ( initiation1 or at ! m>vel\s adaptability ( su* c]emonies to tra9 ! "y into an attitude ( docility & rev]5ce4 ,a tribe t c en=ce su* a process is n likely to be want+ 9 "o side1 at lea/1 ( ! moral consci\sness1 namely1 rev]5ce = au?ority & reg>d = ! social welf>e4#cj #b4 ,law & ,ju/ice4--,! occasions = "s control ov] refractory memb]s w con/antly arise1 ev5 ?\gh ! conflict betwe5 gr\p & individual may ne$ no physical sanctions to en=ce ! au?ority ( ! gr\p ov] its memb]s4 ,! economic motive frequ5tly prompts an individual to leave ! tribe or ! jo9t family4 ,!re 0 a con/ant t5d5cy1 ,ea/man /ates1 among 8 p1 :5 on a hunt+ exp$ition 9 ! enemy's c\ntry1 to break up into small] p>ties to obta9 food m easily & freely4 ,! police did all !y c\ld to keep 9 *eck ^? p>ties :o 7 int5t on /eal+ away4 ,ano!r illu/ration ( ! same t5d5cy is /at$ by ,ma9e ) ref]5ce to ! jo9t families ( ! ,s\? ,slavonians3 ,! adv5tur\s & en]getic memb] ( ! bro!rhood is always rebell+ aga9/ its natural communism4 ,he goes abroad & makes 8 =tune1 & z /r5u\sly resi/s ! dem&s ( 8 relatives to br+ x into ! common acc\nt4 ,or p]haps he ?9ks t 8 %>e ( ! common /ock w\ld be m pr(itably employ$ by him z capital 9 a m]cantile v5ture4 ,9 ei!r case he becomes a dissatisfi$ memb] or a decl>$ enemy ( ! bro!rhood4#ca ,or covet\sness might lead to violation ( ! ban1 z ) ,a*an4 ,sex impulse may lead a man to seek = 8 wife a woman n 9 ! lawful gr\p4 ,or1 z "o ( ! mo/ dang]\s (f5ses possible1 a memb] ( ! gr\p may be suppos$ to practice wit*craft4 ,?is is to use invisible p[]s 9 a selfi% mann]1 & has be5 fe>$ & puni%$ by almo/ all peoples4 ,9 all ^! cases x is ( c\rse no ab/ract !ory ( crime :i* leads ! community to react2 x is self-pres]vation4 ,! tribe mu/ be kept toge!r = protection aga9/ enemies4 ,a*an's s9 is felt to be ! cause ( defeat4 ,! violation ( sex taboos may ru9 ! clan4 ,! sorc]] may cause disease1 or inflict torture & dea?1 or br+ a pe/il5ce or fam9e ^u ! :ole gr\p4 ,none ! less all su* cases br+ to consci\sness "o aspect ( moral au?ority1 ! social control ov] ! individual4 ,& x is a social control--n an ex]cise ( brute =ce or a m]e t]roriz+ by gho/s4 ,= ! *ief or judge g5]ally w9s 8 au?ority by 8 p[]ful s]vice to 8 tribesm54 ,a ,gideon or ,b>ak or ,ehud or ,jeph?ah judg$ ,israel because he _h deliv]$ !m4 ,?ree ?+s1 if possess$ by a man1 make him fit to be a *ief ( k9dr$3 ,t he %\ld speak on behalf ( 8 k9 & be li/5$ to1 t he %\ld fight on behalf ( 8 k9 & be fe>$1 & t he %\ld be security on behalf ( 8 k9 & be accept$4#cb ,if1 z is (t5 ! case1 ! k+ or judge or *ief reg>ds himself z act+ by div9e "r1 ! au?ority is /ill )9 ! gr\p4 ,x is ! gr\p judg+ itself4 ,9 its /&>ds ?is primitive c\rt is naturally on ! level ( cu/om>y morality1 ( :i* x is an ag5t4 ,!re is usually nei!r ! conception ( a g5]al pr9ciple ( ju/ice 7our ,common ,law71 nor ( a positive law enact$ z ! express w ( ! p4 ,at fir/ ! judge or rul] may n act by any fix$ law except t ( uphold+ ! cu/oms4 ,ea* decision is !n a special case4 ,a /ep 9 advance is f\nd :5 ! heads or eld]s or prie/s ( ! tribe decide cases1 n indep5d5tly ( all o!rs1 b 9 accordance ) c]ta9 prec$5ts or cu/oms4 ,a legal tradition is ?us e/abli%$1 :i*1 h[ev] imp]fect1 is likely to be m imp>tial ?an ! arbitr>y caprice ( ! mom5t1 influ5c$ z su* special decisions are likely to be by ! rank or p[] ( ! p>ties conc]n$4#cc ,a law ( prec$5ts or tradition is ?us ! normal me?od at ?is level4 ,! progress t[>d a m rational /&>d belongs "u ! next *apt]1 b x is int]e/+ to note t ev5 at an e>ly age ! my?s %[ a conception ( a div9e judge :o is righte\s1 & a div9e judgm5t :i* is ideal4 ,rhadaman?us is an embodim5t ( ! dem& = ju/ice :i* human collisions & decisions awak5$4 ,! consci\s au?ority ( ! gr\p is also evok$ 9 ! case ( feuds or disputes betwe5 its memb]s4 ,! case ( ! blood feud1 inde$1 might well be treat$ z belong+ "u w> & int]national law r ?an z a case ( private conflict4 ,= s f> z ! memb]s ( ! victim's clan are conc]n$1 x is a case ( w>4 ,x is a patriotic duty ( e k9sman to av5ge ! %$ blood4 ,! gr\ps conc]n$ 7 small] ?an mod]n nations :i* g to w> = simil> reasons1 b ! pr9ciple is ! same4 ,! *ief diff]5ce 9 favor ( mod]n int]national w>s is t s9ce ! gr\ps are l>g] !y d n fight s (t5 & require a m s]i\s consid]ation ( ! possibility ( peaceable adju/m5t4 ,ore/es & ,hamlet feel x a sacr$ duty to av5ge _! fa!rs' murd]s4 ,b ! case is n simply t ( clan aga9/ clan4 ,= ! small] gr\p ( k91 :o are b\nd to av5ge1 are ne>ly always "p ( a l>g] gr\p4 ,& ! l>g] gr\p may at once recognize ! duty ( v5geance & also ! ne$ ( keep+ x )9 b\nds1 or ( sub/itut+ o!r practices4 ,! l>g] gr\p may see 9 ! murd] a pollution1 dang]\s to all2#cd ! blood :i* cries f ! gr\nd#ce r5d]s ! gr\nd unclean & ! curse ( gods or ! spirits ( ! dead may "w woe ^u ! :ole region4 ,b an un5d+ blood feud is likewise an evil4 ,& if ! injur$ k9 c be appeas$ by less ?an blood 9 return1 s mu* ! bett]4 ,h5ce ! w]geld1 or indemnity1 a cu/om :i* p]si/$ among ! ,iri% until late1 & seem$ to ! ,engli% judges a sc&al\s proc$ure4 ,= less] (f5ses a sort ( regulat$ duel is sometimes all[$4 ,= example1 among ! ,au/ralians ! incid5t is relat$ ( ! treatm5t ( a man :o _h elop$ ) 8 neighbor's wife4 ,:5 ! recreant p>ties return$ ! old m5 consid]$ :at %\ld be done1 & f9ally arrang$ ! foll[+ p5alty4 ,! (f5d] /ood & call$ out to ! injur$ husb&1 ,i /ole y\r woman2 come & gr[l4 ,! husb& !n proce$$ to ?r[ a spe> at him f a di/ance1 & aft]w>ds to attack him ) a knife1 al?\gh he did n attempt to w\nd him 9 a vital "p4 ,! (f5d] 0 all[$ to evade injury1 ?\gh n to res5t ! attack4 ,f9ally ! old m5 said1 ,en\gh4 ,a curi\s =m ( private ag5cies = secur+ ju/ice is also f\nd 9 ! ,japanese cu/om ( h>a-kiri1 accord+ to :i* an injur$ man kills himself be=e ! door ( 8 (f5d]1 9 ord] t he may br+ public odium ^u ! man :o has injur$ him4 ,an ,indian cu/om ( ,dh>na is ( simil> significance1 ?\gh less viol5t4 ,! cr$itor fa/s be=e ! door ( ! debtor until he ei!r is paid1 or dies ( />vation4 ,x may be t he ?9ks t 8 d\ble or _s w haunt ! cruel debtor :o has ?us p]mitt$ him to />ve to dea?1 b x also has ! effect ( br++ public op9ion to be>4 ,9 all ^! cases ( k9dr$ feuds !re is little p]sonal responsibility1 & likewise little di/9ction betwe5 ! accid5tal & int5tional4 ,^! facts are br\ght out 9 ! op5+ quotations 9 ,*apt] ,,ii4 ,! important ?+ = ! /ud5t to obs]ve is t l our pres5t practices 9 int]national affairs !y %[ a grade ( morality1 a limit$ social unity1 :e!r x is call$ k9%ip feel+ or patriotism2 complete morality is n possible s long z !re is no complete way ( settl+ disputes by ju/ice in/ead ( =ce4#cf #c4 ,occasions ,:i* ,involve ,"s ,special ,dang] or ,crisis4--,su* occasions call = ! greate/ att5tion to secure success or avoid disa/]4 ,"u ?is head we note z typical 7a7 ! occasions ( bir?1 m>riage1 dea?2 7b7 se$ "t & h>ve/1 or o!r seasons important = ! ma9t5ance ( ! gr\p2 7c7 w>2 7d7 hospitality4 7a7 ,bir? & ,dea? ,cu/oms4--,! entrance ( a new life into ! _w & ! disappe>ance ( ! animat+ brea? 7spiritus1 anima1 psy*e71 might well impress man ) ! my/]ies ( 8 _w4 ,:e!r ! newborn infant is reg>d$ z a re9c>nation ( an ance/ral _s z ) ! ,au/ralians1 or z a new creation f ! _s _w z ) ! ,kafirs1 x is a "t ( dang]4 ,! "m mu/ be purifi$1#cg ! *ild1 & 9 "s cases ! fa!r1 mu/ be c>efully gu>d$4 ,! elaborate cu/oms %[ ! gr\p judgm5t ( ! importance ( ! occasion4 ,& ! rites = ! dead are yet m impressive4 ,= z a rule ! savage has no ?\ght ( an entire ext9ction ( ! p]son4 ,! dead lives on 9 "s mode1 %ad[y & vague1 p]haps1 b he is /ill pot5t1 /ill a memb] ( ! gr\p1 pres5t at ! tomb or ! he>?4 ,! prep>ation ( ! body = burial or o!r disposition1 ! c]emonies ( int]m5t or ( ! pyre1 ! wail+1 & m\rn+ co/umes1 ! provision ( food & weapons1 or ( ! favorite horse or wife1 to be ) ! dead 9 ! unse5 _w1 ! p]petual homage paid--all ^! are eloqu5t4 ,! ev5t1 z (t5 z x occurs1 appeals by bo? sympa?y & awe to ! common feel+1 & br+s to consci\sness ! unity ( ! gr\p & ! control ex]cis$ by its judgm5ts4 ,! regulations = m>riage are sc>cely less important2 inde$1 !y are (t5 seem+ly ! mo/ important ( ! cu/oms4 ,! phrases m>riage by capture & m>riage by pur*ase1 are q mislead+ if !y give ! impression t 9 e>ly culture any man may h any woman4 ,x is an almo/ univ]sal "p ( ! clan sy/em t ! man mu/ m>ry out ( 8 own clan or totem 7exogamy71 & x is frequ5tly specifi$ exactly into :at o!r clan he mu/ m>ry4 ,among "s ! regulations are m9ute z to :i* ( ! age classes1 z well z to :i* ( ! k9 gr\ps1 a man ( specific gr\p mu/ *oose f4 ,! c\rt%ip may foll[ diff]5t rules f ours1 & ! relation ( ! sexes 9 c]ta9 respects may seem s loose z to %ock ! /ud5t1 b ! regulation is 9 _m respects /rict] ?an ) u1 & puni%m5t ( its violation (t5 sev]]4 ,!re c be no d\bt ( ! mean+ ( ! control1 h[ev] mi/ak5 "s ( its features4 ,:e!r ! regulations = exogamy1 :i* provide s effectually = avoid+ ince/1 are re9=c$ by an in/9ctive elem5t ( av]sion to sex relations ) intimates1 is unc]ta92 9 any case1 !y are en=c$ by ! /ronge/ taboos4 ,nor does primitive society /op ) ! negative side4 ,! actual m>riage is inve/$ ) ! social values & religi\s sanctions :i* raise ! relation to a high] level4 ,art1 9 g>m5ts & ornam5t1 9 dance & epi?alamium1 l5ds ideal values4 ,! sacr$ meal at ! encircl$ he>? secures ! p>ticipation ( ! k9dr$ gods4 7b7 ,c]ta9 ,days or ,seasons ,important = ! ,indu/rial ,life4--,se$ "t & h>ve/1 ! w9t] & summ] sol/ices1 ! return ( spr+1 are ( ! highe/ importance to agricultural & pa/oral peoples1 & are widely obs]v$ ) solemn rites4 ,:]e ! ra9 is ! c5t] ( anxiety1 a :ole ritual may arise 9 connection ) x1 z among ! ,zuni ,indians4 ,c]emonies la/+ days1 involv+ ! prep>ation ( special symbols ( cl\ds & lightn+1 & ! p>ticipation ( num]\s secret frat]nities1 con/ra9 ! att5tion ( all4 ,moreov]1 ?is con/ra9t ( ne$1 work+ ?r\gh ! conception ( :at ! gods require1 en=ces "s v positive moral attitudes3 ,a ,zuni mu/ speak ) "o tongue 7s9c]ely7 9 ord] to h 8 pray]s receiv$ by ! gods1 & unless 8 pray]s are accept$ no ra9s w come1 :i* means />vation4 ,he mu/ be g5tle1 & he mu/ speak & act ) k9dness to all1 = ! gods c>e n = ^? ^: lips speak h>%ly4 ,he mu/ obs]ve cont95ce f\r days previ\s to1 & f\r days foll[+1 ! s5d+ ( brea? pray]s ?r\gh ! spiritual ess5ce ( plume (f]+s1 & ?us _! passions are br\ght "u control4 7,,mrs4 ,m4 ,c4 ,,/ev5son 9 #bc;d ,report1 ,bureau ( ,e?nology47 ,phases ( ! moon give o!r sacr$ days4 ,sabba?s :i* orig9ally are negative--! =bidd+ ( labor--may become lat] ! be>]s ( positive social & spiritual value4 ,9 any case1 all ^! fe/ivals br+ ! gr\p au?ority to consci\sness1 & by _! ritual promote ! intimate gr\p sympa?y & consci\sness ( a common end4 7c7 ,w>4--,w> z a special crisis always br+s out ! significance & importance ( c]ta9 cu/oms4 ,! delib]ations1 ! magic1 ! w> pa9t :i* prec$e1 ! ob$i5ce compell$ by x to *iefs1 ! extraord9>y p[]s ex]cis$ by ! *ief or heads at su* crises1 ! s5se ( dang] :i* /ra9s ! att5tion1 all insure att5tion4 ,no c>elessness is p]mitt$4 ,defeat is int]pret$ z a symbol ( div9e ang] because ( a violat$ law or cu/om4 ,victory br+s all toge!r to celebrate ! glory ( ! clan & to m\rn 9 common ! w>riors sla9 9 ! common cause4 ,excell5ce "h may be s conspicu\s 9 its s]vice1 or 9 ! admiration x calls out1 z to become a g5]al t]m = :at ! gr\p approves4 ,s ! arete ( ! ,greeks became _! g5]al t]m1 & ! ,lat9 virtus1 if n s cle>ly milit>y1 0 yet l>gely milit>y 9 its e>ly color+4 ,! _s ( ,jehovah1 ! symbol ( div9e approval & s ( gr\p approval1 0 believ$ to be ) ,samson & ,jeph?ah 9 _! de$s ( pr[ess 9 ,israel's behalf4 7d7 ,hospitality4--,to ! mod]n man :o travels )\t fe> & receives gue/s z a matt] ( almo/ daily practice1 x may seem /ra9$ to include hospitality along ) unusual or critical ev5ts4 ,b ! c]emonies obs]v$ & ! importance atta*$ to its rites1 %[ t hospitality 0 a matt] ( great significance2 its cu/oms 7 among ! mo/ sacr$4 ,b z = u1 says ,ulysses to ! ,cyclops1 we h light$ "h1 & come to ^! ?y knees1 if p]*ance !y w give u a /rang]'s gift1 or make any pres5t1 z is ! due ( /rang]s4 ,nay1 "l1 h reg>d to ! gods1 = we are ?y suppliants1 & ,zeus is ! av5g] ( suppliants & soj\rn]s1 ,zeus1 ! god ( ! /rang]1 :o f>e? 9 ! company ( rev]5d /rang]s4 ,! duty ( hospitality is "o ( ! mo/ widely recogniz$4 ,we/]m>ck has br\ght toge!r a s]ies ( maxims f a great v>iety ( races :i* %[ ?is =cibly4#ch ,indians1 ,kalmucks1 ,greeks1 ,romans1 ,teutons1 ,arabs1 ,africans1 ,a9os1 & o!r peoples are drawn ^u & tell ! same /ory4 ,! /rang] is to be respect$ sacr$ly4 ,8 p]son mu/ be gu>d$ f insult ev5 if ! honor ( ! daught] ( ! h\se mu/ be sacrific$4#ci ,jehovah pres]ve? ! soj\rn]s1 & !y are gr\p$ ) ! fa!rless & ! wid[ 9 ,israel's law4#dj ,! ,romans _h _! dii hospitales & ! duties t[>d a gue/ 7 ev5 m /r+5t ?an ^? t[>d a relative--primum tutelae1 delude hospiti1 de9de cli5ti1 tum cognato1 po/ea aff9i4#da ,he :o has a sp>k ( caution 9 him1 says ,plato1 w d 8 be/ to pass ?r\gh life )\t s9n+ aga9/ ! /rang]4 ,& !re is no d\bt t ?is sanctity ( ! gue/'s p]son 0 n due to pure k9dness4 ,! :ole conduct ( gr\p life is oppos$ to a g5]al _s ( consid]ation = ^? outside4 ,! ^w gue/ is ak9 to ho/is1 f :i* comes ho/ile4 ,! /rang] or ! gue/ 0 look$ ^u r z a be+ :o 0 specially pot5t4 ,he 0 a live wire4 ,he might be a m$ium ( bless+1 or he might be a m$ium ( hurt4 ,b x 0 highly important to fail 9 no duty t[>d him4 ,! def9ite possibility ( ent]ta9+ angels unaw>es might n be always pres5t to consci\sness1 b !re seems reason to believe t ! possibility ( good luck or bad luck z att5d+ on a visitor 0 g5]ally believ$ 94 ,x is also plausible t ! importance atta*$ to %>+ a meal1 or to bodily contact1 is bas$ on magical ideas ( ! way 9 :i* bless+ or curse may be communicat$4 ,to cross a ?re%old or t\* a t5t-rope or to eat salt1 gives a sacr$ claim4 ,9 ! "r ( asylum1 ! refugee takes advantage ( 8 contact ) ! god4 ,he lays hold ( ! alt> & assumes t ! god w protect him4 ,! :ole practice ( hospitality is ?us ! conv]se ( ! cu/om ( blood rev5ge4 ,!y are alike sacr$--or r ! duty ( hospitality may protect ev5 ! man :om ! ho/ is b\nd to pursue4 ,b1 :]eas ! "o makes = gr\p solid>ity by acts ( exclusive & ho/ile "*1 ! o!r t5ds to set aside tempor>ily ! division betwe5 ! we-gr\p & ! o!rs-gr\p4 ,"u ! sanction ( religion x keeps op5 a way ( communication :i* trade & o!r social int]*ange w wid54 ,x adds to family & ! m5's h\se a p[]ful ag5cy 9 ma9ta9+ at lea/ ! possibility ( human5ess & sympa?y4 ,sec4 #d4 ,,values ,,& ,,defects ,,( ,,cu/om>y ,,morality ,^! h be5 sugge/$1 9 ! ma91 9 ! description ( ! nature ( cu/om & its regulation ( conduct4 ,we may1 h[ev]1 summ>ize !m z a prep>ation = ! next /age ( morality4 #a4 ,! ,=m+ ( ,/&>ds4--,!re is a /&>d1 a good1 a "r1 :i* is to "s degree rational & to "s degree social4 ,we h se5 t cu/om re/s 9 "p on rational conceptions ( welf>e4 ,x is really no?+ aga9/ ?is t a l>ge elem5t ( luck ent]s into ! idea ( welf>e4 ,= ?is means m]ely t ! actual conditions ( welf>e are n und]/ood4 ,! next g5]ation may be able to po9t out z equally absurd our pres5t ignorance ab\t heal? & disease4 ,! memb]s ( ! gr\p embodi$ 9 cu/om :at !y ?\ght to be important2 !y 7 approv+ "s acts & =bidd+ or condemn+ o!rs2 !y 7 us+ ! eld]s1 & ! wisdom ( all ! pa/1 9 ord] to gov]n life4 ,s f>1 !n1 !y 7 act+ morally4 ,!y 7 also1 to a degree1 us+ a rational & social /&>d :5 !y made cu/om b9d+ on all1 & conceiv$ its orig9 z immemorial4 ,:5 fur!r !y conceiv$ x z approv$ by ! gods1 !y gave x all ! value !y knew h[ to put into x4 ,! /&>ds & valuations ( cu/om are1 h[ev]1 only p>tly rational4 ,_m cu/oms are irrational2 "s are injuri\s4 ,b 9 !m all ! habitual is a l>ge1 if n ! l>ge/1 factor4 ,& ?is is (t5 /rong en\gh to resi/ any attempt at rational te/+4 ,dr4 ,ar?ur ,smi? tells u ( ! advantage x w\ld be 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ,*9a to build a door on ! s\? side ( ! h\se 9 ord] to get ! breeze 9 hot wea!r4 ,! simple & suffici5t answ] to su* a sugge/ion is1 ,we don't build doors on ! s\? side4 ,an additional weakness 9 ! "* ( su* irrational1 or p>tly rational /&>ds1 is ! misplac$ en]gy !y involve4 ,:at is m]ely trivial is made z important & impressive z :at has real significance4 ,ti?+ m9t1 anise1 & cumm9 is q likely to involve neglect ( ! weighti] matt]s ( ! law4 ,moral life requires m5 to e/imate ! value ( acts4 ,if ! irrelevant or ! petty is made important1 x n only prev5ts a high level ( value = ! really important act1 x loads up conduct ) burd5s :i* keep x back2 x introduces elem5ts :i* mu/ be got rid ( lat]1 (t5 ) heavy loss ( :at is g5u9ely valuable4 ,:5 !re are s _m ways ( (f5d+ ! gods & :5 ^! turn s (t5 ^u m]e obs]vance ( r\t9e or =mula1 x may require mu* subsequ5t "t & en]gy to make am5ds4 ,! morals get an expiatory "*4 #b4 ,! ,motives4--,9 ! motives to :i* x appeals1 cu/om is able to make a f> bett] %[+ ?an e>li] writ]s1 l ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 gave x cr$it =4 ,x d\btless employs fe> 9 its taboos2 x d\btless enli/s ! passion ( res5tm5t 9 its blood feuds4 ,ev5 ^! are modifi$ by a social environm5t4 ,= ! fe> ( violat+ a taboo is 9 "p ! fe> ( br++ bad luck on ! :ole gr\p1 & n m]ely on ! violator4 ,we h1 !re=e1 a quasi-social fe>1 n a purely in/9ctive reaction4 ,! same is true 9 p]haps a /rong] degree ( ! res5tm5ts4 ,! blood rev5ge is 9 a majority ( cases n a p]sonal b a gr\p affair4 ,x is und]tak5 at p]sonal risk & = o!rs' int]e/--or r = a common int]e/4 ,! res5tm5t is ?us a sympa!tic res5tm5t4#db ,reg>d$ z a m]e reaction = self-pres]vation ?is in/9ctive-emotional process is unmoral4 ,z a m]e desire to produce pa9 x w\ld be immoral4 ,b s f> z x implies an attitude ( react+ f a g5]al po9t ( view & to aid o!rs1 x is moral4 ,aside f ! passions ( fe> & res5tm5t1 h[ev]1 !re is a wide range ( motives enli/$4 ,filial & p>5tal affection1 "s degree ( affection betwe5 ! sexes ov] & above sex passion1 respect = ! ag$ & ! be+s :o embody ideals h[ev] crude1 loyalty to fell[ clansm51--all ^! are n only fo/]$ b actually secur$ by ! primitive gr\p4 ,b ! motives :i* imply reflection--rev]5ce = duty z ! imp]i\s law ( a l>g] life1 s9c]e love ( :at is good = its own sake--_c be br\ght to full consci\sness until !re is a m def9ite conception ( a moral au?ority1 a m def9ite contra/ betwe5 ! "o great good & ! p>tial or tempor>y satisfactions4 ,! developm5t ( ^! conceptions requires a gr[? 9 individuality2 x requires conflicts betwe5 au?ority & lib]ty1 & ^? collisions betwe5 private int]e/s & ! public welf>e :i* a high] civilization af=ds4 #c4 ,! ,cont5t4--,:5 we consid] ! :at ( gr\p & cu/om>y morality we note at once t ! factors :i* make = ! idealiz+ & expansion ( int]e/s are less 9 evid5ce ?an ^? :i* make = a common & social int]e/ & satisfaction4 ,!re is inde$1 z we h not$1 opportunity = memory & fancy4 ,! traditions ( ! pa/1 ! my?s1 ! cultus1 ! folk songs--^! keep up a m5tal life :i* is z g5u9ely valu$ z ! m physical activities4 ,b z ! mode ( life 9 "q does n evoke ! m ab/ractly rational activities--reason+1 select+1 *oos+--9 ! highe/ degree1 ! ideals lack rea* & p[]4 ,x ne$s ! inc5tives describ$ 9 ! foll[+ *apt]s to call out a true life ( ! _s4 ,! social aspects ( ! :at1 on ! o!r h&1 are well root$ 9 gr\p morality4 ,x is unnecess>y to repeat :at has be5 dwelt ^u 9 ! pres5t & prec$+ *apt]s s fully4 ,we po9t out n[ t :ile ! /&>d is social1 x is unconsci\sly r ?an consci\sly social4 ,or p]haps bett]3 x is a /&>d ( society b n a /&>d :i* ea* memb] delib]ately makes 8 own4 ,he takes x z a matt] ( c\rse4 ,he is 9 ! clan1 ) ! gang2 he ?9ks & acts accord+ly4 ,he _c beg9 to be z selfi% z a mod]n individuali/2 he simply hasn't ! imag]y to conceive su* an exclusive good1 nor ! tools ) :i* to c>ry x out4 ,b he _c be z broadly social ei!r4 ,he may n be able to s9k s l[ z ! civiliz$ mis]1 or debau*ee1 or crim9al1 b nei!r c he conceive or build up ! "* :i* implies fac+ opposition4 ,! moral h]o a*ieves full /ature only :5 he pits himself aga9/ o!rs1 :5 he recognizes evil & fights x1 :5 he ov]comes ! _w4 #d4 ,organization ( ,"*4--,9 ! organization ( /able "* ! morality ( cu/om is /rong on "o side4 ,! gr\p tra9s its memb]s to act 9 ! ways x approves & aft]w>ds holds !m by all ! ag5cies 9 its p[]4 ,x =ms habits & en=ces !m4 ,its weakness is t ! elem5t ( habit is s l>ge1 t ( fre$om s small4 ,x holds up ! av]age man2 x holds back ! man :o might =ge ahead4 ,x is an an*or1 & a drag4 ,,lit]ature ,mu* ( ! lit]ature at ! close ( ,*apt]s ,,ii4 & ,,iii41 p>ticul>ly ! works ( ,sp5c] & ,gill5 & ,s*urtz1 belongs "h also4 ,s*oolcraft1 ,indian ,tribes1 #ahea-eg2 ,ea/man1 ,indian ,boyhood1 #aijb4 ,pap]s on v>i\s cults ( ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians 9 reports ( ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology1 by ,/ev5son1 #h?1 #ahhf-hg2 ,dorsey1 #aa?1 #ahhi-ij2 ,fewkes1 #ae?1 #ahic-id1 #ba/1 #ahii-aijj2 ,flet*]1 #bbnd1 #aijj-ja2 ,/ev5son1 #bc;d1 #aija-jb2 ,kidd1 ,savage ,*ildhood1 #aijf2 ,! ,ess5tial ,kaffir1 #aijd2 ,skeat1 ,malay ,magic1 #aijj2 ,n4 ,w4 ,?omas1 g5]al editor ( ,s]ies1 ,! ,native ,races ( ! ,briti% ,empire1 #aijg-2 ,b>ton1 ,a ,sket* ( ,semitic ,orig9s1 #aijb2 ,h>rison1 ,prolegom5a to ! ,/udy ( ,greek ,religion1 #aijc2 ,re9a*1 ,cultes1 ,my!s et ,religions1 #b vols41 #aije2 ,fraz]1 ,! ,gold5 ,b\gh1 #c vols41 #aijj2 ,m>ett1 ,is ,taboo ,negative ,magic8 9 ,an?ropological ,essays1 pres5t$ to ,e4 ,b4 ,tylor1 #aijg2 ,crawley1 ,! ,my/ic ,rose1 #aijb2 ,sp5c]1 ,sociology1 #ahgf-if2 ,clif=d1 ,on ! ,sci5tific ,basis ( ,morals 9 ,lectures & ,essays1 #ahhf2 ,ma9e1 ,e>ly ,hi/ory ( ,in/itutions1 #ahhh2 ,e>ly ,law & ,cu/om1 #ahhf2 ,po/1 ,die ,grundlag5 des ,re*ts und die ,grundzuege se9] ,entwicklungsges*i*te1 #ahhd2 ,e?nologis*e ,jurisprud5z1 #ahid-ie2 ,pollock & ,maitl&1 ,hi/ory ( ,engli% ,law1 #ahii2 ,/e9metz1 ,e?nologis*e ,/udi5 zur er/5 ,entwicklung d] ,/rafe1 #ahid4 ,,footnotes3 #bc ,w4 ,g4 ,sumn]1 ,folkways4 #bd ,sumn]1 ,folkways1 p4 #f4 #be ,ibid41 p4 #aa4 #bf ,bagehot1 ,physics & ,politics1 p4 #ajc4 #bg ,ea/man1 ,indian ,boyhood1 p4 #ca4 #bh ,hobh\se1 ,morals 9 ,evolution1 ,"p ,i41 p4 #af4 ,hume po9t$ out ?is tw(old basis ( approval4 #bi ,seebohm1 ,! ,tribal ,sy/em ( ,wales1 p4 #ei4 #cj ,! acc\nt is bas$ on ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ,! ,native ,tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 *s4 vii4-ix4 #ca ,ma9e's ,e>ly ,law & ,cu/om1 p4 #bfd4 #cb ,wel% ,triads1 cit$ by ,seebohm1 op4 cit41 p4 #gb4 #cc ,po/1 ,grundlag5 des ,re*ts1 pp4 #de ff4 #cd ,deut]onomy #ba3a-i2 ,numb]s #ce3cc1 #cd4 #ce ,g5esis #d3aj-ab2 ,job #af3ah4 #cf ,on ! subject ( e>ly ju/ice ,we/]m>ck1 ,! ,orig9 & ,developm5t ( ,moral ,ideas1 *4 vii4 ff42 ,hobh\se1 ,morals 9 ,evolution1 ,"p ,i41 *4 ii42 ,pollock & ,maitl&1 ,hi/ory ( ,engli% ,law4 #cg ,leviticus1 *4 xii4 #ch ,! ,influ5ce ( ,magic on ,social ,relation%ips 9 ,sociological ,pap]s1 ,,ii41 #aije4 ,cf4 also ,morgan1 ,h\se-life4 #ci ,g5esis #ai3h2 ,judges #ai3bc1 #bd4 #dj ,psalms #adf3i2 ,deut]onomy #bd3ad-bb4 #da ,gellius1 9 ,we/]m>ck1 op4 cit41 p4 #aee4 #db ,we/]m>ck reg>ds ?is z "o ( ! fundam5tal elem5ts 9 ! beg9n+s ( morality4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,f ,,cu/om ,,to ,,consci5ce2 ,,f ,,gr\p ,,morality ,,to ,,p]sonal ,,morality ,sec4 #a4 ,,contra/ ,,& ,,collision #a4 ,:at ! ,?ird ,level ,means4--,complete morality is rea*$ only :5 ! individual recognizes ! "r or *ooses ! good freely1 devotes himself he>tily to its fulfillm5t1 & seeks a progressive social developm5t 9 :i* e memb] ( society %all %>e4 ,! gr\p morality ) its ag5cies ( cu/om set up a /&>d1 b "o t 0 corporate r ?an p]sonal4 ,x approv$ & disapprov$1 t is x _h an idea ( good1 b ?is did n mean a good t 0 p]sonally valu$4 ,x enli/$ its memb]s1 b x 0 by drill1 by pleasure & pa91 & by habit1 r ?an by fully volunt>y action4 ,x secur$ /ead9ess by habit & social pressure1 r ?an by *oices built into "*4 ,x ma9ta9$ community ( feel+ & action1 b ( ! unconsci\s r ?an ! def9itely social type4 ,f9ally x 0 r fitt$ to ma9ta9 a fix$ ord] ?an to promote & safegu>d progress4 ,advance !n mu/ 7#a7 sub/itute "s rational me?od ( sett+ up /&>ds & =m+ values1 9 place ( habitual passive acceptance2 7#b7 secure volunt>y & p]sonal *oice & int]e/1 in/ead ( unconsci\s id5tification ) ! gr\p welf>e1 or in/9ctive & habitual response to gr\p ne$s2 7#c7 enc\rage at ! same "t individual developm5t & ! dem& t all %all %>e 9 ?is developm5t--! wor? & happ9ess ( ! p]son & ( e p]son4 #b4 ,collisions ,involv$4--,su* an advance br+s to consci\sness two collisions4 ,! oppositions 7 !re be=e1 b !y 7 n felt z oppositions4 ,s long z ! man 0 fully ) 8 gr\p1 or satisfi$ ) ! cu/om1 he w\ld make no revolt4 ,:5 ! movem5t beg9s ! collisions are felt4 ,^! collisions are3 7#a7 ,! collision betwe5 ! au?ority & int]e/s ( ! gr\p1 & ! indep5d5ce & private int]e/s ( ! individual4 7#b7 ,! collision betwe5 ord] & progress1 betwe5 habit & recon/ruction or re=mation4 ,x is evid5t t !re is a close connection betwe5 ^! two collisions2 9 fact1 ! second becomes 9 practice a =m ( ! fir/4 ,= we saw 9 ! la/ *apt] t cu/om is really back$ & en=c$ by ! gr\p1 & its m]ely habitual p>ts are z /rongly support$ z ^? p>ts :i* h a m rational basis4 ,x w\ld p]haps be conceivable t a p %\ld move on all toge!r1 work+ out a high] civilization 9 :i* free ?\ght %\ld keep full rev]5ce = social values1 9 :i* political lib]ty %\ld keep ev5 pace ) ! developm5t ( gov]nm5t1 9 :i* self-int]e/ %\ld be accompani$ by reg>d = ! welf>e ( o!rs1 j z x may be possible = a *ild to gr[ into full morality )\t a p]iod ( /orm & /ress4 ,b ?is is n usual4 ,progress has g5]ally co/ /ruggle4 ,& ! fir/ phase ( ?is /ruggle is opposition betwe5 ! individual & ! gr\p4 ,! self-ass]tive in/9cts & impulses 7 pres5t 9 gr\p life1 b !y 7 9 "p undevelop$ because !y _h n en\gh /imulus to call !m out4 ,a man c\ld n develop 8 impulse = possession to its full ext5t if !re 0 little or no?+ = him to possess4 ,9 "p !y 7 n develop$ because ! gr\p held !m back1 & ! conditions ( liv+ & fight+ favor$ ^? gr\ps :i* did keep !m back4 ,nev]!less !y 7 pres5t 9 "s degree1 always cont5d+ aga9/ ! m social =ces4 ,inde$ :at makes ! opposition betwe5 gr\p & individual s /rong & s cont9u\s is t bo? ! social & ! individual are root$ 9 human nature4 ,!y con/itute :at ,kant calls ! unsocial sociabl5ess ( man4 ,man _c get on ) 8 fell[s & he _c d )\t !m4 ,individualism4--,! ass]tion by ! individual ( 8 own op9ions & beliefs1 8 own indep5d5ce & int]e/s1 z ov] aga9/ gr\p /&>ds1 au?ority1 & int]e/s1 is kn[n z individualism4 ,x is evid5t t su* ass]tion w always m>k a new level ( conduct4 ,action mu/ n[ be p]sonal & volunt>y4 ,x is also evid5t t x may be ei!r bett] or worse ?an ! level ( cu/om & gr\p life4 ,! fir/ effect is likely to be1 9 appe>ance at lea/1 a *ange = ! worse4 ,! old re/ra9ts are toss$ aside2 cre$s outworn no long] /eady or direct2 ! /rong or ! crafty individual comes to ! =e & exploits 8 fell[s4 ,e man does :at is "r 9 8 own eyes4 ,! age ( ! ,sophi/s 9 ,greece1 ( ! ,r5aissance 9 ,italy1 ( ! ,enlight5m5t & ,romantic movem5t 9 we/]n ,europe1 & ( ! indu/rial revolution 9 rec5t times illu/rate diff]5t phases ( individualism4 ,a p1 z well z an individual1 may g to pieces 9 its reaction aga9/ social au?ority & cu/om4 ,b su* "o-sid$ individualism is almo/ c]ta9 to call out prophets ( a new ord]2 organic filam5ts ( new /ructures appe>2 family1 indu/ry1 ! /ate1 are organiz$ anew & ^u m volunt>y basis4 ,^? :o accept ! new conditions & assume responsibility ) _! fre$om1 :o direct _! *oices by reason in/ead ( passion1 :o aim at ju/ice & k9dness z well z at happ9ess1 become moral p]sons & ga9 !reby new wor? & dignity4 ,:ile1 !n1 ! g5]al movem5t is on ! :ole a movem5t ( individualism1 x dem&s j z necess>ily1 if !re is to be moral progress1 a recon/ruct$ individual--a p]son :o is individual 9 *oice1 9 feel+1 9 responsibility1 & at ! same "t social 9 :at he reg>ds z good1 9 8 sympa?ies1 & 9 8 purposes4 ,o!rwise individualism means progress t[>d ! immoral4 ,sec4 #b4 ,,sociological ,,ag5cies ,,9 ,,! ,,transition ,! ag5cies :i* br+ ab\t ! *ange f cu/om>y & gr\p morality to consci\s & p]sonal morality are v>i$4 ,j z "* is develop$ 9 ! *ild & "y man by v>i\s means1 sometimes by success1 sometimes by adv]sity or loss ( a p>5t1 sometimes by sl[ increase 9 k1 & sometimes by a sudd5 "r-ab\t-face ) a /rong emotional basis1 s x is ) peoples4 ,"s1 l ! ,japanese at ! pres5t1 are br\ght into sudd5 contact ) ! :ole set ( comm]cial & milit>y =ces f )\t4 ,among o!rs1 z ) ! ,greeks1 a f]m5tation />ts )91 along intellectual1 economic1 political1 & religi\s l9es4 ,or aga91 national calamities may upset all ! old values1 z ) ! ,hebrews4 ,b we may note f\r typical ag5cies :i* are usually m or less active4 #a4 ,economic ,=ces4--,! action ( economic =ces 9 break+ up ! e>ly k9%ip gr\p or jo9t family may be notic$ 9 ! hi/ory ( _m peoples4 ,! clan fl\ri%es 9 su* conditions ( hunt+ life or ( simple agriculture z 7 f\nd among ,au/ralians & ,indians1 or among ! ,celts 9 ,irel& & ! ,scotti% ,highl&s4 ,x _c survive :5 a m advanc$ /ate ( agriculture prevails4 ,a c]ta9 am\nt ( individualism w appe> :]ev] ! advantage = ! individual lies 9 sep>ate indu/ry & private own]%ip4 ,if buffalo 0 to be hunt$ x 0 bett] to pool issues1 b = small] game ! skilful or p]si/5t huntsman or %eph]d w ?9k he c ga9 m by work+ = himself4 ,?is is int5sifi$ :5 agriculture & comm]ce take ! place ( e>li] modes ( life4 ,! f>m] has to "w s h>d & long1 8 goal is s f> 9 ! future1 t diff]5ces ( "* %[ !mselves mu* m /rongly4 ,hunt+ & fi%+ are s excit+1 & ! rew>d is s ne>1 t ev5 a man :o is n v indu/ri\s w d 8 "p4 ,b 9 agriculture only ! h>d & pati5t work] gets a rew>d & he does n l to %>e x ) ! lazy1 or ev5 ) ! weak]4 ,comm]ce1 b>ga9+1 likewise puts a great premium on individual %rewdness4 ,& = a long "t comm]ce 0 conduct$ on a relatively individual basis4 ,c>avans ( trad]s j\rney$ toge!r = mutual protection b !re 0 n any su* organization z lat] obta9$1 & ea* individual c\ld display 8 own cunn+ or ability4 ,moreov] comm]ce leads to ! comp>ison ( cu/om1 to int]*ange ( ideas z well z goods4 ,all ?is t5ds to break d[n ! sanctity ( cu/oms peculi> to a giv5 gr\p4 ,! trad] z well z ! gue/ may ov]/ep ! b>ri]s set up by k94 ,! e>ly ,greek coloni/s1 among :om a great individuali/ic movem5t began1 7 ! trad]s ( _! day4 ,! p>ts ( ,europe :]e mo/ survives ( primitive gr\p life are ^? little t\*$ by mod]n comm]ce4 ,b we get a broad] view ( economic influ5ces if we consid] ! me?ods ( organiz+ indu/ry :i* h successively prevail$4 ,9 e>ly society1 & likewise 9 ! e>li] p]iod ( mod]n civilization1 ! family 0 a great economic unit4 ,_m or mo/ ( ! indu/ries c\ld be advantage\sly c>ri$ on 9 ! h\sehold4 ,z 9 ! cases cit$ above 7p4 #fj7 ! /rong] or adv5tur\s memb] w\ld be con/antly try+ to /rike out = himself4 ,?is process ( con/ant readju/m5t is1 h[ev]1 f> less ?or\ghgo+ 9 its effects on mores ?an ! ?ree great me?ods ( secur+ a broad] organization ( indu/ry4 ,9 primitive society l>ge ent]prises _h to be c>ri$ on by ! co-op]ation ( ! gr\p4 ,=c$ labor z us$ by ! ,ori5tal civilizations sub/itut$ a me?od by :i* great] works l ! pyramids or temples c\ld be built1 b x br\ght ) x ! ov]?r[ ( mu* ( ! old gr\p sympa?ies & mutual aid4 ,9 ,greece & ,rome slav]y did ! drudg]y & left ! citiz5s free to cultivate art1 lett]s1 & gov]nm5t4 ,x gave opportunity & scope = ! few4 ,m5 ( p[] & g5ius arose1 & at ! same "t all ! negative =ces ( individualism ass]t$ !mselves4 ,9 mod]n times capitalism is ! me?od = organiz+ indu/ry & trade4 ,x proves m effective ?an =c$ labor or slav]y 9 secur+ comb9ation ( =ces & 9 exploit+ natural res\rces4 ,x likewise gives extraord9>y opportunities = ! rise ( m5 ( organiz+ g5ius4 ,! c>e]s ( capta9s ( indu/ry are m fasc9at+ ?an ^? ( old-"t conqu]ors because !y involve m complex situations1 & c utilize ! discov]ies & labors ( m m54 ,b mod]n capitalism has be5 z de/ructive to ! morality ( ! ,middle ,ages1 or ev5 ( a hundr$ ye>s ago1 z 0 =c$ labor or slav]y to ! gr\p life & mores :i* !y de/roy$4 #b4 ,! ,progress ( ,sci5ce & ! ,arts4--,! effect ( ! progress ( sci5ce & intellig5ce ^u ! mores is direct4 ,comp>isons ( ! cu/oms ( "o p ) ^? ( ano!r br+ out diff]5ces1 & ar\se que/ions z to ! reasons = su* div]sity4 ,& we h se5 t !re is m or less 9 ! cu/oms = :i* no reason c be giv54 ,ev5 if !re 0 "o orig9ally x has be5 =gott54 ,or aga91 increas+ k ( wea!r & seasons1 ( plants & animals1 ( sickness & disease1 discr$its _m ( ! taboos & c]emonials :i* ! crud] beliefs _h reg>d$ z ess5tial to welf>e4 ,c]ta9 elem5ts ( ritual may survive "u ! protection ( my/]ies1 b ! m enlight5$ portion ( ! community keeps alo(4 ,in/ead ( ! mores ) _! l>ge infusion ( ! accid5tal1 ! habitual1 & ! impulsive1 increas+ intellig5ce dem&s "s rational rule ( life4 ,& sci5ce jo9s ) ! v>i\s indu/rial & f9e arts to create a new set ( int]e/s = ! individual4 ,any good piece ( workman%ip1 any "w ( art h[ev] simple1 is twice ble/4 ,x blesses him t makes & him t uses or enjoys4 ,! division ( labor1 begun 9 gr\p life1 is c>ri$ fur!r4 ,craftsm5 & arti/s develop increas+ individuality z !y con/ruct temples or palaces1 fa%ion /atues or pott]y1 or s+ ( gods & h]oes4 ,_! m9ds gr[ ) :at !y d4 ,side by side ) ! aspect ( art :i* makes x a bond ( society is ! aspect :i* s frequ5tly makes ! skill$ workman ! critic1 & ! arti/ a law to himself4 ,9 ! next place note ! effect on ^? :o c use & enjoy ! products ( ! arts4 ,a new _w ( satisfaction & happ9ess is op5$ :i* ea* p]son c ent] = himself4 ,9 crud] conditions !re 0 n mu* out ( :i* to build up happ9ess4 ,food1 labor1 re/1 ! ?rill ( hunt or conte/1 ! passion ( sex1 ! pride 9 *ildr5--^! made up ! int]e/s ( primitive life4 ,fur!r means ( enjoym5t 7 f\nd *iefly 9 society ( ! k91 or 9 ! m5's h\se4 ,b z ! arts advanc$ ! individual c\ld h made = him a f9e h\se & elaborate clo?+4 ,metal1 wood1 & clay m9i/] to increas+ wants4 ,a p]man5t & /ately tomb makes ! future m def9ite4 ,! ability to h& d[n weal? 9 durable =m places a premium on its acquirem5t4 ,ambition has m /uff to "w )4 ,a m def9ite1 ass]tive self is gradually built up4 ,good comes to h add$ mean+ ) e new want t awakes4 ,! individual is n satisfi$ any long] to take ! gr\p's valuation4 ,he wants to get 8 own good 9 8 own way4 ,& x w (t5 seem to him t he c get 8 own good mo/ easily & surely ei!r by keep+ out ( ! common life or by us+ 8 fell[ m5 to 8 own advantage4 ,m5 ( culture h frequ5tly %[n _! selfi%ness 9 ! fir/ way2 m5 ( weal? 9 ! second4 ,an ari/ocracy ( culture1 or bir?1 or weal? may come to reg>d ! :ole process ( civilization z prop]ly m9i/]+ to ! wants ( ! select few4 ,ne>ly e p :i* has develop$ ! arts & sci5ces has develop$ also an ari/ocracy4 ,9 ! anci5t _w slav]y 0 a "p ( ! process4 ,9 mod]n times o!r =ms ( exploitation may s]ve ! purpose bett]4 ,individualism1 releas$ f ! ties :i* b\nd up ! good ( "o ) ! good ( all1 t5ds to become exclusive & selfi%2 civilization ) all its opportunities = increas+ happ9ess & increas+ life has its moral risks & indirectly1 at lea/1 its moral evils4 ,^! evils may appe> z ! gratification ( s5se & appetite & ?us may be oppos$ to ! high] life ( ! _s1 :i* ne$s no out] objects or luxuries4 ,or !y may appe> z root$ 9 selfi%ness1 9 ! desire = gratify+ ! exclusive self ( mat]ial int]e/s or ambition1 z ov] aga9/ sympa?y1 ju/ice1 & k9dness1 :i* m>k a broadly human & social life4 ,9 bo? cases s]i\s m5 h s\ght to ov]come by "s =m ( self-d5ial ! evils t att5d on civilization1 ev5 if !y are n due to x4 #c4 ,milit>y ,=ces4--,! k9%ip gr\p is a protection s long z x has to cont5d only ) simil> gr\ps4 ,! headlong valor & tribal loyalty ( ,g]man or ,scotti% clans may ev5 w9 conflicts ) m discipl9$ troops ( ,rome or ,engl&4 ,b p]man5t success dem&s high] organization ?an ! old clans & tribes p]mitt$4 ,organization means au?ority1 & a s+le direct+1 controll+ comm&] or k+4 ,z ,egypt1 ,assyria1 ,pho5icia %[ _! /r5g? ! clans ( ,israel cry1 ,nay1 b we w h a k+ ov] u2 t we may also be l all ! nations2 & t our k+ may judge u1 & g out be=e u1 & fight our battles4#dc ,w>s af=d ! opportunity = ! /rong & unscrupul\s lead] to ass]t himself4 ,l comm]ce !y may t5d also to spread culture & ?us break d[n b>ri]s ( anci5t cu/om4 ,! conque/s ( ,babylon & ,alex&]1 ! ,crusades & ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 are in/ances ( ! p[] ( milit>y =ces to de/roy old cu/oms & give individualism new scope4 ,9 mo/ cases1 x is true1 x is only ! lead] or tyrant :o gets ! advantage4 ,he uses ! :ole ma*9]y ( society = 8 own elevation4 ,nev]!less cu/om & gr\p unity are brok5 = all4 ,respect = law mu/ be built new f ! f\ndation4 #d4 ,religi\s ,=ces4--,:ile 9 g5]al religion is a cons]vative ag5cy1 x is also true t a new religion or a new dep>ture 9 religion has (t5 ex]cis$ a p[]ful influ5ce on moral developm5t4 ,! v fact t religion is s intimately b\nd up ) all ! gr\p mores & ideals1 makes a *ange 9 religion be> directly on old /&>ds ( life4 ,! collision betwe5 old & new is likely to be fundam5tal & %>p4 ,a conception ( ,god may c>ry ) x a view ( :at conduct is pleas+ to him4 ,a doctr9e z to ! future may require a c]ta9 mode ( life4 ,a cultus may approve or condemn c]ta9 relations betwe5 ! sexes4 ,conflict+ religions may !n =ce a moral attitude 9 weigh+ _! claims4 ,! conte/s betwe5 ,jehovah & ,baal1 betwe5 ,orphic cults & ! public ,greek religion1 betwe5 ,judaism & ,*ri/ianity1 ,*ri/ianity & ,roman civilization1 ,*ri/ianity & ,g]manic religion1 ,ca?olicism & ,prote/antism1 h br\ght out moral issues4 ,we %all notice ?is factor especially 9 ,*apt]s ,,vi4 & ,,viii4 ,sec4 #c4 ,,! ,,psy*ological ,,ag5cies ,! psy*ological =ces :i* t5d t[>d individualism h be5 already /at$ to be ! self-ass]tive in/9cts & impulses4 ,!y are all v>iations ( ! ef=t ( ! liv+ be+ fir/ to pres]ve itself & !n to rise to m complicat$ life by ent]+ into m complex relations & ma/]+ its environm5t4 ,sp9oza's sui esse cons]v>e1 ,s*op5hau]'s w to live1 ,nietzs*e's w to p[]1 ! ,hebrew's passionate ideal ( life1 & ,t5nyson's ,m life1 & full] express 9 v>y+ degree ! mean+ ( ?is elem5tal b5t & process4 ,gr[+ intellig5ce adds to its /r5g? by giv+ great] capacity to control4 ,/>t+ ) organic ne$s1 ?is develop+ life process may f9d satisfactions 9 ! physical _w 9 ! increas+ p[] & ma/]y ov] nature ga9$ by ! explor] or ! hunt]1 ! discov]]1 ! craftsman1 or ! arti/4 ,x is :5 x ent]s ! _w ( p]sons t x displays a peculi> int5sity t m>ks ! passions ( individualism p> excell5ce4 ,we note f\r ( ^! t5d5cies t[>d self-ass]tion4 #a4 ,sex4--,! sex in/9ct & emotion occupies a peculi> position 9 ?is respect4 ,on ! "o h& x is a p[]ful socializ+ ag5cy4 ,x br+s ! sexes toge!r & is ?us fundam5tal to ! family4 ,b on ! o!r h& x is con/antly rebell+ aga9/ ! limits & conv5tions e/abli%$ by ! social gr\p = its regulation4 ,! /atutes aga9/ illicit relations1 f ! codes ( ,hammurabi & ,moses to ! late/ ef=ts = /rict] divorce1 atte/ ! collision betwe5 ! individual's incl9ation & ! w ( ! gr\p4 ,repeat$ly "s passion ( sex has brok5 ov] all social1 legal1 & religi\s sanctions4 ,x has ?us be5 a favorite !me ( trag$y f ! ,greeks to ,ibs54 ,x f9ds ano!r fitt+ m$ium 9 ! romance4 ,x has call$ into exi/5ce & ma9ta9s 9 e l>ge city an outca/ colony ( wret*$ creatures1 & ! evils :i* att5d are n limit$ 9 _! results to ^? :o kn[+ly take ! risks4 ,x has work$ repeat$ *anges 9 ! /ructure ( ! family au?oriz$ by society4 ,its value & prop] regulation 7 po9ts at issue 9 t wide-rea*+ *ange ( mores att5dant ^u ! ,re=mation1 & app>5tly equilibrium has n yet be5 rea*$4 #b4 ,! ,dem& = ,possession & ,private ,prop]ty4--,9 ! primitive gr\p we h se5 t !re might be private prop]ty 9 tools or weapons1 9 cattle or slaves4 ,!re 0 little private prop]ty 9 l& "u ! mat]nal clan2 & inde$ 9 any case1 s long z ! arts 7 undevelop$1 private prop]ty _h necess>y limits4 ,! dem& = private prop]ty is a natural att5dant ^u individual modes ( indu/ry4 ,z we h said1 x 0 a common pr9ciple t :at ! gr\p produc$ 0 own$ by ! gr\p1 & :at ! individual made or captur$ 0 treat$ z 84 ,:5 individual indu/ry came to c\nt = m1 ! individual claim$ m & m z private possession4 ,! *ange f ! mat]nal clan to ! pat]nal family or h\sehold 0 a re5=cem5t to ! individual control ( prop]ty4 ,! fa!r c\ld h& d[n 8 cattle or 8 h\se to 8 son4 ,! jo9t family ( ,india is inde$ a type ( a pat]nal sy/em4 ,nev]!less ! t5d5cy is mu* /rong] to insi/ on individual prop]ty :]e ! fa!r's goods pass to 8 son ?an :]e !y g to 8 si/]'s *ildr54 ,! *iefs or rul]s 7 likely to ga9 ! "r ( private prop]ty fir/4 ,among c]ta9 families ( ! ,s\? ,slavs to-day1 ! head has 8 individual eat+ ut5sils1 ! re/ %>e4 ,among _m p ! *iefs h cattle :i* !y c dispose ( z !y w2 ! re/ h simply _! %>e ( ! k9's goods4 ,! old ,brehon laws ( ,irel& %[ ?is /age4 ,b h[ev] x comes ab\t1 ! v mean+ ( prop]ty is1 9 ! fir/ place1 exclusion ( o!rs f "s ?+ :i* ,i h4 ,x is !re=e 9 s f> necess>ily oppos$ to gr\p unity1 oppos$ to any su* simple solid>ity ( life z we f9d 9 gr\p morality4 ,z ! ,am]ican ,indian accepts l& 9 sev]alty1 ! old gr\p life1 ! tribal re/ra9ts & supports1 ! gr\p cu/om & moral unity t w5t ) x1 are gone4 ,he mu/ f9d a new basis or g to pieces4 #c4 ,/ruggles = ,ma/]y or ,lib]ty4--,9 mo/ cases ^! _c be sep>at$ f economic /ruggles4 ,ma/]s & slaves 7 9 economic z well z p]sonal relations1 & ne>ly all class conte/s on a l>ge scale h _h at lea/ "o economic root1 :atev] _! o!r s\rces4 ,b ! economic is n _! only root4 ,!re h be5 w>s = glory or = lib]ty z well z = t]ritory or booty or slaves4 ,z ! /ruggle = exi/5ce has br$ into ! race ! in/9ct ( self-def5se ) its emotion ( ang]1 ! in/9ct to rivalry & ma/]y1 & ! correspond+ av]sion to be+ rul$1 s ! progress ( society %[s trials ( /r5g? betwe5 man & man1 k9 & k91 tribe & tribe4 ,& :ile1 z /at$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]1 ! coop]ation made necess>y 9 w> or feud is a unit+ =ce1 !re is ano!r side to ! /ory4 ,conte/s betwe5 individuals %[ :o is ma/]2 conte/s betwe5 gr\ps t5d to br+ =w>d lead]s4 ,& :ile su* ma/]ful m5 may s]ve ! gr\p !y are q z likely to f9d an int]e/ 9 oppos+ gr\p cu/oms4 ,!y ass]t an indep5d5ce ( ! gr\p1 or a ma/]y ov] x1 q incompatible ) ! solid>ity ( ! k9%ip clan1 al?\gh ! patri>*al type ( h\sehold "u a /rong head may be q possible4 ,!re comes to be "o code = ri* & ano!r = poor1 "o = ,patricians & ano!r = ,plebs1 "o = b>on & ano!r = peasant1 "o = g5try & ano!r = ! common folk4 ,= a "t ?is may be accept$ pati5tly4 ,b :5 once ! ri* become arrogant1 ! feudal "l insol5t1 ! bitt] tru? is fac$ t ! cu/oms h become m]e conv5tions4 ,!y no long] hold4 ,all ! old ties are ca/ (f4 ,! dem& = fre$om & equality rises1 & ! collision betwe5 au?ority & lib]ty is on4 ,or ! conte/ may be = intellectual lib]ty--= free ?\ght & free spee*4 ,x is sometimes consid]$ t su* lib]ty meets its /ronge/ oppon5t 9 ! religi\s or ecclesia/ical organization4 ,!re is no d\bt a cons]vative t5d5cy 9 religion4 ,z we h po9t$ out1 religion is ! great cons]vator ( gr\p values & gr\p /&>ds4 ,its ritual is mo/ elaborate1 its taboos mo/ sacr$4 ,intellectual criticism t5ds to und]m9e :at is outgr[n or m]ely habitual "h z else:]e4 ,rationalism or free ?\ght has set itself 9 frequ5t opposition likewise to :at has be5 claim$ to be above reason4 ,nev]!less x w\ld be absurd to attribute all ! individualism to sci5ce & all ! cons]vatism to religion4 ,sci5tific dogmas & idols are h>d to displace4 ,s*ools are ab\t z cons]vative z *ur*es4 ,& on ! o!r h& ! /ruggle = religi\s lib]ty has usually be5 c>ri$ on n by ! irreligi\s b by ! religi\s4 ,! prophet ,amos f\nd himself oppos$ by ! religi\s organization ( 8 day :5 he urg$ social righte\sness1 & ! hi/ory ( ! noble army ( m>tyrs is a record ( appeal to individual consci5ce1 or to an imm$iate p]sonal relation to ,god1 z ov] aga9/ ! =mal1 ! traditional1 ! organiz$ religi\s cu/oms & doctr9es ( _! age4 ,! /ruggle = religi\s tol]ation & religi\s lib]ty takes its place side by side ) ! /ruggles = intellectual & political lib]ty 9 ! *apt]s ( individualism4 #d4 ,! ,desire = ,honor1 or ,social ,e/eem4--,james1 9 8 psy*ology ( ! self1 calls ! recognition :i* a man gets f 8 mates 8 social self4 ,we are n only greg>i\s animals1 lik+ to be 9 sight ( our fell[s1 b we h an innate prop5sity to get ourselves notic$1 & notic$ favorably by our k9d4 ,no m fi5di% puni%m5t c\ld be devis$1 7 su* a ?+ physically possible1 ?an t "o %\ld be turn$ loose 9 society & rema9 absolutely unnotic$ by all ! memb]s !re(4#dd ,f su* a puni%m5t ! cruele/ bodily tortures w\ld be a relief2 = ?is w\ld make u feel t h[ev] bad might be our plight1 we _h n sunk to su* dep? z to be unwor?y ( att5tion at all4#de ,honor or fame is a "n = "o ( ! v>i\s social selves :i* a man may build up4 ,x /&s = :at ^? ( a giv5 gr\p may ?9k or say ( him4 ,x has a place & a l>ge place 9 gr\p life4 ,prec$5ce1 salutations1 decorations 9 co/ume & bodily ornam5t1 praises 9 song = ! brave1 ! /rong1 ! cunn+1 ! p[]ful1 ) ridicule = ! c[>d or ! weakl+ are all at "w4 ,b ) ! primitive gr\p ! diff]5ce betwe5 m5 ( ! gr\p is kept )9 b\nds4 ,:5 m def9ite organization ( gr\ps = milit>y or civil purposes beg9s1 :5 ! feudal *ief ga!rs 8 reta9]s & beg9s to rise above ! re/ ( ! community 9 /r5g?1 f9ally :5 ! progress ( ! arts gives great] means = display1 ! desire = recognition has imm5sely great] scope4 ,x is increas$ by ! in/9ct ( emulation2 x (t5 results 9 envy & jeal\sies4 ,x becomes !n a p[]ful factor 9 /imulat+ individualism4 ,b :ile desires = honor & fame provoke individualism1 !y c>ry ) !m1 l desires = prop]ty & p[]1 elem5ts t make = recon/ruction ( ! social on a high] level4 ,= honor implies "s common s5tim5t to :i* ! individual c make appeal4 ,gr\p memb]s praise or blame :at accords ) _! feel+ or desire1 b !y d n act z individuals m]ely1 prais+ :at pleases !m z individuals4 ,!y react m or less completely f ! gr\p po9t ( view2 !y honor ! man :o embodies ! gr\p-ideal ( c\rage1 or o!r admirable & respect$ qualities4 ,& "h comes ! motive :i* op]ates to =ce a bett] ideal ?an m]e desire ( praise4 ,no gr\p honors ! man :o is def9itely seek+ m]ely its applause r ?an its approval--at lea/ n aft] x has f\nd him out4 ,! =ce ( public op9ion is !re=e calculat$ to elicit a desire to be wor?y ( honor1 z well z to be honor$4 ,?is means a desire to act z a true social individual1 = x is only ! true memb] ( ! gr\p1--true clansman1--true patriot1--true m>tyr1--:o appeals to ! o!r memb]s :5 !y judge z memb]s1 & n selfi%ly4 ,:5 n[ ! gr\p ^: approval is s\ght is small1 we h class /&>ds1 ) all ! prov9cialism1 n>r[ness1 & prejudice t belong to !m4 ,z ! honor-seek] is m]ely aft] ! op9ion ( 8 class1 he is b\nd to be only p>tly social4 ,s long z he is ) 8 k91 or 8 set1 or 8 gang1 or 8 p>ty1 or 8 union1 or 8 c\ntry--reg>dless ( any wid] appeal--he is b\nd to be imp]fectly rational & social 9 8 conduct4 ,! great possibilities ( ! desire = honor1 & ( ! desire to be wor?y ( honor1 lie !n 9 ! con/ant ext5sion ( ! range4 ,! m>tyr1 ! seek] = tru?1 ! re=m]1 ! neglect$ arti/1 looks = honor f po/]ity2 if misjudg$ or neglect$1 he appeals to mank9d4 ,he is ?us =m+ = himself an ideal /&>d4 ,& if he embodies ?is ideal /&>d 9 a p]sonal1 highe/ possible judg+ companion1 8 desire to be wor?y ( approval takes a religi\s =m4 ,he seeks ! honor t is f ,god4 ,?\gh ! inn]mo/ ( ! empirical selves ( a man is a self ( ! social sort1 x yet c f9d its only adequate socius 9 an ideal _w4#df ,! moral value ( ^! ?ree =ces ( individualism 0 f9ely /at$ by ,kant3 ,! means :i* nature uses to br+ ab\t ! developm5t ( all ! capacities %e has giv5 man is _! antagonism 9 society1 9 s f> z ?is antagonism becomes 9 ! end a cause ( social ord]4 ,m5 h an incl9ation to associate !mselves1 = 9 a social /ate !y feel !mselves m completely m53 i4e41 !y are consci\s ( ! developm5t ( _! natural capacities4 ,b !y h also a great prop5sity to isolate !mselves1 = !y f9d 9 !mselves at ! same "t ?is unsocial *>act]i/ic3 ea* wi%es to direct ev]y?+ solely accord+ to 8 own notion1 & h5ce expects resi/ance1 j z he kn[s t he is incl9$ to resi/ o!rs4 ,x is j ?is resi/ance :i* awak5s all man's p[]s2 ?is br+s him to ov]come 8 prop5sity to indol5ce1 & drives him ?r\gh ! lu/ = honor1 p[]1 or weal? to w9 = himself a rank among 8 fell[m54 ,man's w is = concord1 b nature kn[s bett] :at is good = ! species1 & %e wills discord4 ,he w\ld l a life ( com=t & pleasure2 nature wills t he be dragg$ out ( idl5ess & inactive cont5t1 & plung$ into labor & tr\ble 9 ord] t he may f9d out ! means ( extricat+ himself f 8 difficulties4 ,! natural impulses :i* prompt ?is ef=t1 ! s\rces ( unsociabl5ess & ( ! mutual conflict f :i* s _m evils spr+1 are !n spurs to a m complete developm5t ( man's p[]s4#dg ,we h spok5 ( ! =ces :i* t5d to break d[n ! old unity ( ! gr\p & br+ ab\t new organization4 ,b ( c\rse ^! =ces are n imp]sonal4 ,sometimes !y seem to act l ! ocean tide1 pu%+ sil5tly 91 & only n[ & !n s5d+ a wave a little high] ?an its fell[s4 ,frequ5tly1 h[ev]1 "s great p]sonality /&s out preem95t1 ei!r z critic ( ! old or build] ( ! new4 ,! prophets 7 /on$ because !y condemn$ ! pres5t2 ! next g5]ation 0 ready to build _! sepul*]s4 ,socrates is ! classic example ( ! great man :o p]i%es 9 seek+ to f9d a rational basis to replace t ( cu/om4 ,inde$1 ?is conflict--on ! "o h&1 ! rigid sy/em ( tradition & corporate union hall[$ by all ! sanctions ( religion & public op9ion2 ^u ! o!r1 ! individual mak+ appeal to reason1 or to 8 consci5ce1 or to a high] law--is ! trag$y ( hi/ory4 ,sec4 #d4 ,,positive ,,recon/ruction ,x mu/ n be suppos$ t ! moral process /ops at ! po9ts indicat$ "u ! sev]al divisions ( ?is la/ section4 ,z already /at$1 if ! p really works out a high] type ( consci\s & p]sonal morality1 x means n only a m p[]ful individual1 b a recon/ruct$ individual & a recon/ruct$ society4 ,x means n only ! dis9tegration ( ! old k9%ip or family gr\p1 :i* is an economic1 political1 & religi\s unity z well4 ,x means ! con/ruction ( a new basis = ! family2 new moral pr9ciples = bus9ess2 a di/9ct political /ate ) new means = gov]nm5t1 new conceptions ( au?ority & lib]ty2 f9ally1 a national or univ]sal religion4 ,& ! individual mu/ on ?is high] level *oose all ^! volunt>ily4 ,m ?an ?is3 z he *ooses 9 ! pres5ce ( ! new conflict+ ends pres5t$ by individualism1 he sets up or adopts a /&>d = himself4 ,he ?9ks def9itely ( :at is good & "r4 ,z he recognizes its claim1 he is responsible z well z free4 ,z he id5tifies himself he>tily ) x1 he becomes s9c]ely & g5u9ely moral4 ,rev]5ce1 duty1 & love = :at is good become ! quick5+ emotions4 ,?\ghtfulness1 self-control1 aspiration t[>d an ideal1 c\rage\s v5tur+ 9 its a*ievem5t1 k9dness & ju/ice1 become ! dom9ant temp]1 or at lea/ are recogniz$ z ! temp] t %\ld be dom9ant4 ,! conception ( moral "* & moral p]sonality is br\ght to consci\sness4 ,! developm5t ( ! ,hebrews & ,greeks w %[ h[ ^! positive values em]ge4 ,,lit]ature ,kant's ,pr9ciples ( ,politics1 tr4 by ,ha/ie1 #ahia1 especially ! essay ,! ,idea ( a ,univ]sal ,cosmopolitical ,hi/ory2 ,hegel1 ,philosophy ( ,hi/ory1 tr4 by ,sibree1 #ahha2 ,d>w91 ,! ,desc5t ( ,man1 #ahga1 #ahhb-hg2 ,s*urman1 ,! ,e?ical ,import ( ,d>w9ism1 #ahhh2 ,se?1 ,! ,evolution ( ,morality1 ,m9d1 ,,xiv41 #ahhi1 pp4 #bg-di2 ,williams1 ,a ,review ( ,sy/ems ( ,e?ics f\nd$ on ! ,!ory ( ,evolution1 #ahic2 ,h>ris1 ,moral ,evolution1 #ahie2 ,tufts1 ,on ,moral ,evolution1 9 ,/udies 9 ,philosophy & ,psy*ology 7,g>man ,commemorative ,volume71 #aijf2 ,ih]+1 ,d] ,kampf ums ,re*t2 ,simcox1 ,natural ,law1 #ahgg2 ,sorley1 ,e?ics ( ,naturalism1 #ahhe4 ,,footnotes3 #dc #a ,sam4 #h3ai1 #bj4 #dd ,psy*ology1 ,vol4 ,i41 *4 x4 #de ,ibid41 p4 #bic f4 #df ,james1 ,psy*ology1 ,i41 #caf4 #dg ,idea ( a ,univ]sal ,cosmopolitical ,hi/ory4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,! ,,hebrew ,,moral ,,developm5t ,sec4 #a4 ,,g5]al ,,"* ,,& ,,det]m9+ ,,pr9ciples #a4 ,! ,hebrew & ! ,greek4--,! g5]al "* ( ! ,hebrew moral developm5t may be br\ght out by a contra/ ) t ( ! ,greeks4#dh ,:ile _m phases are common1 !re is yet a diff]5ce 9 emphasis & focus4 ,!re 7 political & economic =ces at "w 9 ,israel1 & religi\s =ces 9 ,greece4 ,nev]!less1 ! moral life 9 "o p kept close to ! religi\s1 & 9 ! o!r f\nd indep5d5t *annels4 ,consci5ti\s conduct = ! ,hebrew c5t]$ 9 do+ ! w ( ,god2 = ! ,greek1 9 f9d+ rational /&>ds ( good4 ,= ! ,hebrew1 righte\sness 0 ! typical !me2 = ! ,greek1 ! ideal lay r 9 measure & h>mony4 ,= ! ,greek1 wisdom or insight 0 ! *ief virtue2 = ! ,hebrew1 ! fe> ( ! ,"l 0 ! beg9n+ ( wisdom4 ,! social ideal ( ! ,hebrews 0 ! k+dom ( ,god2 ( ! ,greeks1 a political ,/ate4 ,if we di/+ui% 9 consci5ce two aspects1 ?\ghtfulness 9 discov]+ :at to d & he>ty desire to d ! "r :5 f\nd1 !n ! ,greeks emphasize ! =m]1 ! ,hebrews ! latt]4 ,intellect plays a l>g] "p ) ! ,greek2 emotion & ! volunt>y aspect ( w ) ! ,hebrew4 ,feel+ plays its "p ) ! ,greeks l>gely z an ae/hetic dem& = measure & h>mony2 ) ! ,hebrews x is *iefly prom95t 9 motivation1 :]e x is an elem5t 9 :at is call$ ! he>t1 or x functions 9 appreciation ( acts p]=m$1 z ! joy or sorr[ felt :5 ,god approves or condemns4 ,bo? peoples are int]e/+ = our /udy1 n only z illu/rat+ diff]5t k9ds ( moral developm5t1 b also z contribut+ l>gely to ! moral consci\sness ( we/]n peoples to-day4 #b4 ,! ,e>ly ,morality4--,! acc\nts ( ! tribal life & cu/oms 9 ! e>ly p]iod aft] ! settlem5t 9 ,canaan1 %[ ! ma9 features ( gr\p life :i* are already famili> to u4 ,clan or k9%ip loyalty 0 /rong on bo? its good & its defective sides4 ,!re 7 fidelity1 a jeop>d+ ( lives unto dea?1 honor = gr\p h]oes1 jo9t responsibility1 & blood rev5ge4 ,!re 7 respect = hospitality & regulation ( m>riage1 ?\gh n accord+ to lat] /&>ds4 ,a r\gh measure ( ju/ice 0 recogniz$ 9 z ,i h done1 s ,god ha? requit$ me4 ,b !re 0 no public au?ority to re/ra9 ! wrongdo]1 except :5 a p>ticul>ly revolt+ brutality %ock$ public s5tim5t4 ,fe/ivals & sacrificial meals unit$ ! memb]s ( ! family or clan m closely to ea* o!r & to _! god4 ,v[s mu/ be kept inviolable ev5 if !y involv$ human sacrifice4 ,! int]e/s & ends ( life 7 simple4 ,! satisfaction ( bodily wants1 ! love ( k9 & above all ( *ildr51 ! desire to be 9 "r relation ( favor & h>mony ) ! unse5 deity :o protect$ f enemies & s5t fruitful seasons1--^! made _! *ief good4 ,! l9e ( _! progress f ^! rude beg9n+s to a l(ty moral ideal lay ?r\gh religion4 ,b ! religi\s conceptions 7 directly relat$ to political1 social1 & economic conditions2 h5ce1 bo? aspects mu/ be briefly *>act]iz$4 #c4 ,political ,developm5t4--,! political developm5t 7a7 built up a national unity :i* work$ to break d[n old gr\p units1 7b7 /r5g!n$ milit>y ambition & race pride1 7c7 /imulat$ ! prophets to _! highe/ conceptions ( ! div9e maje/y & univ]sality1 b1 f9ally :5 ! national p[] & hope 7 %att]$1 7d7 compell$ ! mo/ ?or\ghgo+ recon/ruction ( all ! values1 ideals1 & mean+ ( life4 ,x is n possible or necess>y to trace ?is process 9 detail1 b we may po9t out "h ! g5]al effect ( ! political developm5t 9 br++ into cle>] consci\sness ! conceptions ( au?ority & law :i* 7 important factors 9 ,hebrew morality4 ,! e>li] patri>*al head ( ! clan or family ex]cis$ c]ta9 political p[]1 b !re 0 no explicit recognition ( ?is4 ,gov]nm5t by ! eld]s or by ! heads ( ! h\sehold makes no cle> di/9ction betwe5 ! common k9%ip & ! political & legal au?ority ( ! sov]eign4 ,! judges1 ^: rule prec$$ ! k+dom1 7 milit>y deliv]]s :o ow$ _! au?ority to p]sonal p[]s r ?an to a def9ite provision4 ,to e/abli% an organiz$ political community1 a k+dom1 0 !n to br+ into cle>] recognition ?is elem5t ( au?ority :i* 0 m]ely implicit 9 ! tribal organization4 ,x all[$ a m di/9ctly volunt>y relation%ip to be diff]5tiat$ f ! involunt>y relation%ip ( k9%ip1 or ! p]sonal relation%ip ( ! h]o4 ,:ile1 !re=e1 9 ! =mation ( ! k+dom ! e>li] prophets saw only a rejection ( ,god1 ! lat] prophets saw 9 x ! symbol ( a high] type ( relation betwe5 ,god & p4 ,x 0 giv5 religi\s sanction & ! k+ 0 reg>d$ z ! son ( ,jehovah4 ,x 0 ?us ready to s]ve z ! s*eme or sett+ = ! moral unity & ord] ( a p4 #d4 ,! ,economic ,factors4--,! organization & gr[+ prosp]ity ( ! political p[] 7 att5d$ by economic & social *anges4 ,! simple agricultural life ( ! e>ly p]iod _h n caus$ entire loss ( clan organization & cu/oms4 ,b ! gr[? ( trade & comm]ce "u ,solomon & lat] k+s br\ght 9 weal? & %ift$ ! c5t] ( p[] & influ5ce f c\ntry to city4 ,weal? & luxury _h _! usual results4 ,cla%+ int]e/s ass]t$ _! /r5g?4 ,economic & social individualism de/roy$ ! old gr\p solid>ity4 ,at ! times ( ! prophets ,amos1 ,hosea1 ,isaiah1 !re 7 classes ( ri* & poor4 ,gre$ _h ass]t$ itself 9 rul]s1 judges1 prie/s1 & regul> prophets4 ,oppression1 l& monopoly1 brib]y1 extortion1 /irr$ moral indignation4 ,! fact t ^! 7 practic$ by ! mo/ zeal\s obs]v]s ( ritual & gu>dians ( religion r\s$ 9 ! great re=m]s a dem& = a *ange 9 religion itself4 ,n sacrifices b ju/ice is ! ne$ ( ! h\r & ! dem& ( ,god4 ,sec4 #b4 ,,religi\s ,,ag5cies ,! int]action betwe5 ! religi\s & ! moral education ( ! ,hebrews 0 s intimate t x is difficult to di/+ui% ! two1 b we may ab/ract c]ta9 conceptions or motives 9 ,israel's religion :i* 7 especially significant4 ,! g5]al conception 0 t ( ! close p]sonal relation betwe5 god & p4 ,israel %\ld h no o!r god2 ,jehovah--at lea/ ?is 0 ! e>li] ?\ght--w\ld h no o!r p4 ,he _h lov$ & *os5 ,israel2 ,israel 9 gratitude1 z well z 9 hope & fe>1 mu/ love & obey ,jehovah4 ,prie/s ma9ta9$ 8 cultus2 prophets br\ght new comm&s accord+ to ! requirem5ts ( ! h\r2 ! k+ repres5t$ 8 sov]eignty & ju/ice2 ! c\rse ( ev5ts exhibit$ 8 purpose4 ,ea* ( ^! elem5ts s]v$ to provoke or elicit moral reflection or moral conduct4 #a4 ,! ,cov5ant ,relation 0 a ,moral ,conception4--,! usual religi\s conception is t ( "s blood or k9 relation betwe5 p & deity4 ,?is has ! same pot5tial mean+ & value z t ( ! o!r relations ( gr\p life outl9$ 9 ,*apt] ,,ii4 ,b x is r a natural ?an a moral--i4e41 consci\s & volunt>y--tie4 ,to conceive ( ! relation betwe5 god & p z due to volunt>y *oice1 is to introduce a p[]ful ag5cy t[>d mak+ morality consci\s4 ,:atev] ! orig9 ( ! idea1 ! significant fact is t ! religi\s & moral lead]s pres5t ! relation ( ,israel to ,jehovah z bas$ on a cov5ant4 ,on ! "o h&1 ,jehovah protects1 pres]ves1 & prosp]s2 on ! o!r1 ,israel is to obey 8 laws & s]ve no o!r gods4 ,?is conception ( mutual obligation is pres5t$ at ! op5+ ( ! ,t5 ,comm&m5ts1 & to ?is cov5ant relation ! prophets aga9 & aga9 make appeal4 ,! obligation to obey ! law is n ,?is is ! cu/om1 or ,our fa!rs did s2 x is plac$ on ! gr\nd t ! p has volunt>ily accept$ ,jehovah z its god & lawgiv]4 ,! mean+ ( ?is cov5ant & ! symbols by :i* x 0 conceiv$1 *ang$ ) ! advance ( ! social relation%ips ( ! p4 ,at fir/ ,jehovah 0 ,"l ( ,ho/s1 protector 9 w>1 & giv] ( prosp]ity1 & ! e>ly conceptions ( ! duty ( ! p seem$ to include human sacrifice1 at lea/ 9 extreme cases4 ,b ) lat] prophets we f9d ! social & family relation%ip ( husb& & fa!r br\ght increas+ly into use4 ,:e!r by p]sonal exp]i5ce or by m g5]al reflection1 we f9d ,hosea int]pret+ ! relation%ip betwe5 ,god & 8 p 9 bo? ( ^! family conceptions4 ,! disloyalty ( ! p takes on ! m intimate ta9t ( a wife's unfai?fulness1 &1 conv]sely1 9 contra/ to ! concepts ( o!r religions1 ! p may call ,jehovah my husb& & no long] my ma/] 7,baal74 ,! *ange f /atus to contract is ?us1 9 ,israel's religion1 fruitful ) _m moral results4 #b4 ,! ,conception ( a ,p]sonal ,lawgiv]4--,! conception ( a p]sonal lawgiv] raises conduct f ! level ( cu/om to ! level ( consci\s morality4 ,s long z a *ild foll[s c]ta9 ways by imitation or sugge/ion1 he does n necess>ily atta* any moral mean+ to !m4 ,b if ! p>5t expressly comm&s or prohibits1 x becomes a matt] ( ob$i5ce or disob$i5ce4 ,*oice becomes necess>y4 ,"* takes ! place ( innoc5ce4 ,s ,jehovah's law compell$ ob$i5ce or rebellion4 ,cu/oms 7 ei!r =bidd5 or enjo9$4 ,9 ei!r case !y ceas$ to be m]ely cu/oms4 ,9 ! law ( ,israel ! :ole body ( obs]vances 9 private life1 9 c]emonial1 & 9 legal =ms1 is introduc$ ) a ,?us sai? ! ,"l4 ,we "k t o!r ,semitic p obs]v$ ! ,sabba?1 practic$ circumcision1 di/+ui%$ clean f unclean bea/s1 & respect$ ! taboos ( bir? & dea?4 ,:e!r 9 ,israel all ^! obs]vances 7 old cu/oms giv5 new au?ority by /atute1 or 7 cu/oms tak5 f o!r peoples "u ! au?ority ( ! laws ( ,jehovah1 is immat]ial4 ,! e?ical significance ( ! law is t ^! v>i\s obs]vances1 in/ead ( be+ treat$ m]ely z cu/oms1 are reg>d$ z p]sonal comm&s ( a p]sonal deity4 ,?is makes a vital diff]5ce 9 ! view tak5 ( ! violation ( ^! obs]vances4 ,:5 a man violates a cu/om he fails to d ! correct ?+4 ,he misses ! m>k4#di ,b :5 ! obs]vance is a p]sonal comm&1 its violation is a p]sonal disob$i5ce2 x is rebellion2 x is an act ( w4 ,! evil :i* foll[s is no long] bad luck2 x is puni%m5t4 ,n[ puni%m5t mu/ be ei!r "r or wrong1 moral or immoral4 ,x c nev] be m]ely non-moral4 ,h5ce ! v conception ( s9 z a p]sonal (f5se1 & ( ill z a p]sonal puni%m5t1 =ces a moral /&>d4 ,9 its crude/ =m ?is may take ! god's comm&s z "r simply because he utt]s !m1 & assume t ! suff]] is guilty m]ely because he suff]s4 ,we f9d ?is 9 ! p5it5tial psalms ( ! ,babylonians4 ,^! express ! deepe/ conviction ( s9 & ! utmo/ desire to please ! god1 b :5 we try to discov] :at ! p5it5t has done t wak5s su* remorse )9 him1 we f9d t he seems m]ely to feel t 9 "s way he has fail$ to please ,god1 no matt] h[4 ,he exp]i5ces mis=tune1 :e!r ( disease1 or ill-luck1 or defeat1 & is sure t ?is mu/ be due to "s (f5se4 ,he does n "k :at ?is may be4 ,x may h be5 t he has fail$ to repeat a =mula 9 ! "r mann]2 x is all "o4 ,he feels guilty & ev5 exagg]ates 8 own guilt 9 view ( ! puni%m5t :i* has befall5 him4 ,job's ?ree fri5ds apply ! same logic to 8 case4#ej ,b side by side ) ! conception t ! laws ( ,jehovah mu/ be obey$ because !y 7 8 comm&s1 !re 0 ano!r doctr9e :i* 0 b an ext5sion ( ! !ory t ! p _h freely accept$ _! rul]4 ,?is 0 t ,jehovah's comm&s 7 n arbitr>y4 ,!y 7 "r2 !y c\ld be plac$ be=e ! p = _! approval2 !y 7 life2 ! judge ( all ! e>? w\ld d "r4 ,we h "h a /rik+ illu/ration ( ! pr9ciple t moral /&>ds1 at fir/ embodi$ 9 p]sons1 sl[ly "w free1 s t p]sons are judg$ by !m4 #c4 ,! ,cultus z ,morally ,symbolical4--,! elaborate cultus c>ri$ on by ! prie/s1 symboliz$1 h[ev] imp]fectly1 c]ta9 moral ideas4 ,! solicit\s c>e = c]emonial purity might h no direct moral value2 ! contam9ation f contact ) bir? or dea? or c]ta9 animals might be a v ext]nal sort ( uncleanness4 ,nev]!less1 !y emphasiz$ 9 ! mo/ =cible mann] a con/ant control ov] conduct by a /&>d :i* 0 set by a div9e law4 ,! hol9ess ( ! prie/s1 z set ap>t to special s]vice ( ,jehovah1 emphasiz$ ! s]i\sness ( _! "w2 & fur!r1 x contribut$ to t di/9ction betwe5 spiritual & mat]ial1 betwe5 high] & l[]1 :i* is a "p ( moral life4 ,moreov]1 :ile "p ( ?is value inh]es 9 all ritual1 ! contra/ betwe5 ,jehovah's wor%ip & t ( o!r deities *all5g$ moral att5tion4 ,! gods ( ! l&1 ! v>i\s ,baals1 7 wor%ipp$ ^u e high hill & "u e gre5 tree4 ,z gods ( f]tility1 !y 7 symboliz$ by ! emblems ( sex1 & great fre$om prevail$ at _! fe/ivals4 ,at c]ta9 %r9es m5 & wom5 gave !mselves = ! s]vice ( ! god4 ,! fir/ born *ildr5 7 n infrequ5tly sacrific$4#ea ,^! fe/ivals & %r9es seem to h be5 adopt$ m or less fully by ,israel f ! ,canaanites1 b ! prophets h an utt]ly diff]5t idea ( ,jehovah's wor%ip4 ,! god ( ,s9ai rejects utt]ly su* practices4 ,lic5se & drunk5ness are n1 z ! cultus ( ,baal & ,a/>te impli$1 ! prop] symbols ( life & deity4 ,! s5sual _c fitly symbolize ! spiritual4 ,moreov]1 "o "p ( ! cultus1 ! s9 (f]+1 directly impli$ transgression & ! ne$ ( =giv5ess4 ,! s9s might !mselves be c]emonial r ?an moral1 & ! me?od ( remov+ !m might be ext]nal--especially ! process ( putt+ ! s9s ^u a scapegoat :i* %\ld be> ^u him all _! iniquities into a solit>y l&1--nev]!less1 ! solemn confession1 & ! %$d+ ( ! blood :i* 0 ! life1 c\ld n b rem9d ( responsibility & deep5 reflection4 ,! ne$ ( atonem5t & reconciliation1 ?us impress$1 symboliz$ ! moral process ( recon/ruct+1 ( putt+ away a l[] pa/1 & readju/+ life to meet an ideal4 #d4 ,! ,prophets z a ,moral ,=ce4--,! prophets 7 by f> ! mo/ significant moral ag5cy 9 ,israel's religion4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !y came to ! p be>+ a message f a liv+ s\rce ( au?ority1 int5d$ = ! imm$iate situation4 ,!y br\ght a pres5t comm& = a pres5t duty4 ,?\ art ! man1 ( ,na?an to ,david1 ,ha/ ?\ kill$1 & also tak5 possession8 ( ,elijah to ,ahab1 _h p]sonal occasions4 ,b ! great s]mons ( ,amos1 ,isaiah1 ,j]emiah1 7 no less = ! h\r4 ,a lic5ti\s fe/ival1 an ,assyrian invasion1 an ,egyptian embassy1 a plague ( locu/s1 an imp5d+ captivity--^! inspire dem& = rep5tance1 w>n+s ( de/ruction1 promises ( salvation4 ,! prophet 0 ?us ! liv+ f\nta94 ,! div9e w z com+ ?r\gh him 0 /ill1 s to speak1 fluid1 & n congeal$ into in/itutions4 ,9 ! second place1 ! prophets seiz$ ^u ! inw>d purpose & social conduct ( man z ! all-important issues2 cultus1 sacrifice1 are unimportant4 ,i hate1 ,i despise y\r fea/s1 & ,i w take no delight 9 y\r solemn assemblies1 cries ,amos 9 ,jehovah's "n1 ,b let ju/ice roll d[n z wat]s & righte\sness z a mighty /ream4 ,i h _h en\gh ( ! burnt (f]+s ( rams1 & ! fat ( f$ bea/s1 proclaims ,isaiah1 new moons1 & sabba?s1 ! call+ ( assemblies1--,i _c away ) iniquity & ! solemn meet+4 ,y ne$ n c]emonial1 b moral1 purity4 ,wa% y1 make y clean2 put away ! evil ( y\r do+s2--seek ju/ice1 relieve ! oppress$1 judge ! fa!rless1 plead = ! wid[4 ,micah's ,%all ,i give my fir/-born = my transgression1 ! fruit ( my body = ! s9 ( my s\l8 seiz$ ^u ! diff]5ce once = all betwe5 ! physical & ! moral2 a completely e?ical /&po9t is ga9$ 9 8 summ>y ( religi\s duty3 ,:at do? ,god require ( !e1 b to d ju/ly1 & to love m]cy1 & to walk humbly ) ?y ,god8 ,& ! ,new ,te/am5t analogue m>ks ! true e?ical valuation ( all ! ext]nal religi\s manife/ations1 ev5 ( ! crud] =ms ( prophecy itself4 ,gifts1 my/]ies1 k1 or ! body to be burn$--!re is a m excell5t way ?an ^!4 ,= all ^! are 9 "p4 ,_! value is b tempor>y & relative4 ,! values t abide1 t /& criticism1 are t /ak+ ( oneself ^u ! tru? & wor? ( "o's ideal :i* is fai?2 t aspiration & =w>d look :i* is hope2 t sum ( all social *>ity1 sympa?y1 ju/ice1 & active helpfulness1 :i* is love4 ,b ! greate/ ( ^! is love4 #e4 ,! ,religi\s ,view ( ! ,k+dom ,gave ! ,sett+ = a ,social ,ideal4--,jehovah 0 ! k+ ( 8 p4 ,! human rul] 9 ,j]usalem 0 8 repres5tative4 ,! k+dom ( ,israel 0 "u div9e c>e & _h on ! o!r h& a s]i\s purpose4 ,! expansion & glory ( ! k+dom "u ,solomon %[$ ! div9e favor4 ,division & calamity 7 n m]e mis=tunes1 or ! victory ( great] armies2 !y 7 div9e rebukes4 ,only 9 righte\sness & ju/ice c\ld ! nation survive4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! confid5ce 9 ,jehovah's love = ,israel gu>ante$ t he w\ld nev] =sake 8 p4 ,he w\ld purify !m & r$eem !m ev5 f ! grave4 ,he w\ld e/abli% a k+dom ( law & peace1 an ev]la/+ k+dom t %\ld n be de/roy$4 ,politics 9 ,israel _h a moral goal4 #f4 ,religion ,gave ! ,problem ( ,evil a ,moral ,significance4--,! ,greek treatm5t ( ! problem ( evil is f\nd 9 ! great trag$ies4 ,an ance/ral curse foll[s d[n successive g5]ations1 deal+ woe to all ! unhappy h\se4 ,= ! victims !re seems to be no?+ b to suff]4 ,! necessity ( de/9y makes ! cata/rophe sublime1 b also hopeless4 ,ibs5's ,gho/s is conceiv$ 9 a simil> _s4 ,!re is a trem5d\s moral lesson 9 x = ! fa!rs1 b = ! *ildr5 only horror4 ,! ,greek & ! ,sc&9avian are d\btless int]pret+ "o phase ( human life--its cont9uity & dep5d5ce ^u cosmical nature4 ,b ! ,hebrew 0 n cont5t ) ?is4 ,8 confid5ce 9 a div9e gov]nm5t ( ! _w =c$ him to seek "s moral value1 "s purpose 9 ! ev5t4 ,! se>* l$ along "o pa? to a readju/m5t ( values2 x l$ by ano!r pa? to a new view ( social int]dep5d5ce4 ,! book ( ,job gives ! deepe/ /udy ( ! fir/ ( ^! problems4 ,! old view _h be5 t virtue & happ9ess always w5t toge!r4 ,prosp]ity meant div9e favor1 & !re=e x mu/ be ! good4 ,adv]sity meant div9e puni%m5t2 x %[$ wrongdo+ & 0 itself an evil4 ,:5 calamity comes ^u ,job1 8 fri5ds assume x to be a sure pro( ( 8 wick$ness4 ,he _h himself held ! same view1 & s9ce he refuses to admit 8 wick$ness & holds fa/ to 8 integrity1 x conf\nds all 8 philosophy ( life & ( ,god4 ,x compels a rev]sal & revaluation ( all values4 ,if he c\ld only meet ,god face to face & h x out ) him he believes !re w\ld be "s solution4 ,b come :at may1 he w n sell 8 s\l = happ9ess4 ,to rep5t1 z 8 fri5ds urge1 9 ord] t he may be aga9 on good t]ms ) ,god1 w\ld mean = him to call s9 :at he believes to be righte\sness4 ,& he w n lie 9 ?is way4 ,god is d\btless /rong]1 & if he pursues 8 victim rel5tlessly1 may convict him4 ,b be ?is z x may1 ,job w n let g 8 fundam5tal consci\sness ( "r & wrong4 ,8 moral self is ! "o an*or t holds1 is ! supreme value ( life4 ,z ,god live?1 :o ha? tak5 away my "r1 ,& ! ,almighty :o ha? vex$ my s\l2 ,surely my lips %all n speak unrighte\sness4 ,till ,i die1 ,i w n put away my integrity f me1 ,my righte\sness ,i hold fa/1 & w n let x g4#eb ,ano!r sugge/ion ( ! book is t evil comes to prove man's s9c]ity3 ,does ,job s]ve ,god = naught8 & f t /&po9t ! answ] is1 ,yes2 he does4 ,!re is a dis9t]e/$ love ( ,god4#ec ,9 ?is sett+1 also1 ! exp]i5ce ( suff]+ produces a %ift+ ( values f ! extr9sic to ! int]nal4 ,! o!r treatm5t ( ! problem ( suff]+ is f\nd 9 ! latt] half ( ,isaiah4 ,x f9ds an int]pretation ( ! problem by a deep] view ( social int]dep5d5ce1 9 :i* ! old tribal solid>ity is giv51 z x 71 a transfigur$ mean+4 ,! individuali/ic int]pretation ( suff]+ 0 t x meant p]sonal guilt4 ,we did e/eem him /rick5 ( ,god4 ,?is breaks d[n4 ,! suff]+ s]vant is n wick$4 ,he is suff]+ = o!rs--9 "s s5se4 ,he ha? borne our griefs & c>ri$ our sorr[s4 ,! conception "h rea*$ ( an int]relation :i* involves t ! suff]+ ( ! good may be due to ! s9 or ! suff]+ ( o!rs1 & t ! assumption ( ?is burd5 m>ks ! high] type ( e?ical relation1 is "o ( ! f9e/ products ( ,israel's religion4 ,z made c5tral 9 ! ,*ri/ian conception ( ! ,cross1 x has furni%$ "o ( ! great elem5ts 9 ! mod]n social consci\sness4 ,sec4 #c4 ,,! ,,moral ,,conceptions ,,atta9$ ,! moral conceptions :i* 7 ?us work$ out may n[ be br\ght toge!r = conv5i5t summ>y "u ! two heads ( ! ,h[ & ! ,:at indicat$ 9 our introductory *apt]4 ,"u ! fir/ we specify ! conceptions result+ 7#a7 f recognition ( a /&>d ( "r1 & an ideal ( good1 7#b7 f free *oice ( ?is ideal4 ,"u ! ,:at we indicate ! cont5t ( ! ideal on bo? its p]sonal & its social sides4 #a4 ,righte\sness & ,s94--,righte\sness & s9 7 n exact or contradictory opposites4 ,! righte\s man 0 n necess>ily s9less4 ,nev]!less1 ! consci\sness ( s91 l a d>k backgr\nd1 br\ght out m emphatically ! conception ( righte\sness4 ,?is conception _h its two aspects1 d]iv$ f ! civil & ! religi\s sph]es ( life--sph]es :i* 7 n sep>ate = ! ,hebrew4 ,on ! "o h&1 ! j or righte\s respect$ ! moral ord] 9 human society4 ,! unrighte\s 0 unju/1 extortionate1 cruel4 ,he did n respect ! rights ( o!rs4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! righte\s man 0 9 "r relation to ,god4 ,?is "r relation might be te/$ by ! div9e law2 b z ,god 0 conceiv$ z a liv+ p]son1 lov+ 8 p1 =giv+ iniquity1 transgression1 & s91 x might also be measur$ by an ess5tial h>mony ( _s ) ! div9e w4 ,!re 0 ! righte\sness ( ! law1 & ! righte\sness ( fai?4 ,! fir/ implies complete ob$i5ce2 ! second implies t 9 spite ( transgressions !re is room = atonem5t#ed or reconciliation4 ,z ! fir/ means e?ically ! te/+ ( conduct by a moral /&>d1 a moral law1 s ! second /&s = ! ?\ght t "* is r a matt] ( _s & ( con/ant recon/ruction ?an ( exact con=mity once = all to a h>d & fa/ rule4 ,specific acts may fail to con=m1 b ! life is m ?an a s]ies ( specific acts4 ,! measurem5t ( conduct by ! law has its value to quick5 a s5se ( %ortcom+1 b alone x may also lead ei!r to self-righte\s complac5cy or to despair4 ,! possibility ( new adju/m5t1 ( r5ewal1 ( a new bir?1 means lib]ation & life4 ,z su* x may be contra/$ ) ! ,buddhi/ doctr9e ( ,k>ma1 ! causality f :i* !re is no escape b by ! ext9ction ( desire4 ,s9 _h likewise its v>i\s aspects4 ,x /ood = miss+ ! m>k1 = violat+ ! rules ( clean & unclean2 b x /ood also = p]sonal disob$i5ce to ! div9e w1 = violation ( ! moral ord] ( ,israel4 ,9 ?is latt] s5se1 z id5tifi$ by ! prophets ) social unrighte\sness1 x is a significant e?ical conception4 ,x br+s out ! po9t t evil & wrongdo+ are n m]ely individual matt]s1 n m]ely failures2 !y (f5d aga9/ a law :i* is above ! private self1 aga9/ a moral ord] :i* has its rightful dem&s ^u u4 #b4 ,p]sonal ,responsibility4--,! transition f gr\p to individual responsibility 0 ?or\ghly work$ out by ! prophets1 ev5 if !y 7 n able to c>ry full popul> ass5t4 ,9 e>ly days ! :ole k9 0 treat$ z guilty = ! (f5se ( ! k9sman4 ,a*an's case has already be5 cit$2 & 9 ! case ( ,korah1 ,da?an1 & ,abiram1 ,_! wives & _! sons & _! little ones 7 all treat$ alike4#ee ,9 l mann]1 ! family ( ! righte\s man %>$ 9 ! div9e favor4 ,! lat] prophets pron\nc$ a radical *ange4 ,! prov]b1 ,! fa!rs h eat5 s\r grapes & ! *ildr5's tee? are set on edge1 is no m to be us$1 decl>es ,ezekiel1 speak+ = ,jehovah4 ,! s\l t s9ne?1 x %all die2 ! son %all n be> ! iniquity ( ! fa!r1 nei!r %all ! fa!r be> ! iniquity ( ! son2 & x is especially int]e/+ to note t ! ,"l is repres5t$ z plead+ ) ! p t ?is is fair1 :ile ! p say1 ,:]e=e do? n ! son be> ! iniquity ( ! fa!r8 ,! solid>ity ( ! family resi/$ ! individualism ( ! prophetic conception1 & five hundr$ ye>s aft] ,ezekiel ! traces ( ! old] conception /ill l+]$ 9 ! "q1 ,:o did s91 ?is man or 8 p>5ts1 t he 0 born bl9d8#ef ,= ano!r aspect ( responsibility1 viz41 int5t1 z di/9ct f accid5tal action1#eg we h c]ta9 transitional /eps %[n 9 ! int]e/+ cities ( refuge#eh = ! accid5tal homicide 9 :i* he might be safe f ! av5g] ( blood1 provid$ he 0 swift en\gh ( foot to rea* a city ( refuge be=e he 0 caught4 ,b ! fulle/ developm5t 9 ! e?ics ( responsibility along ?is l9e seem$ to take ! =m describ$ "u ! next head4 #c4 ,s9c]ity1 & ,purity ( ,motive4--,! ,hebrew _h a philosophy ( conduct :i* made x *iefly a matt] ( wisdom & folly1 b ! favorite t]m ( prophet & psalmi/ to symbolize ! c5tral pr9ciple 0 r ! he>t4 ,?is t]m /ood = ! volunt>y disposition1 especially 9 its inn] spr+s ( emotions & s5tim5ts1 affections & passions4 ,! ,greek 0 incl9$ to look askance at ?is side ( life1 to reg>d ! emotions z p]turbations ( ! s\l1 & to seek _! control by reason1 or ev5 _! repression or elim9ation4 ,! ,hebrew f\nd a m positive value 9 ! emotional side ( conduct1 & at ! same "t work$ out ! conception ( a s9c]e & ?or\ghgo+ int]e/ z ly+ at ! v root ( all "r life4 ,! religi\s influ5ce 0 z else:]e ! important ag5cy4 ,man looke? on ! outw>d appe>ance1 b ,jehovah looke? on ! he>t1 ,if ,i reg>d iniquity 9 my he>t1 ,jehovah w n he> me1 are *>act]i/ic expressions4 ,a div9e vision1 :i* p5etrates to ! deepe/ spr+s ( purpose & feel+1 w n tol]ate pret5se4 ,nor w x be satisfi$ ) any?+ less ?an entire devotion3 ! ,israelite mu/ s]ve ,jehovah ) all 8 he>t4 ,out] con=mity is n en\gh3 ,r5d y\r he>t & n y\r g>m5ts4 ,x is ! pure 9 he>t :o h ! beatific vision4 ,n ext]nal contacts1 or c]emonial uncleanness1 on :i* e>li] ritual _h insi/$1 defile ! man1 b r :at proce$s f ! he>t4 ,= ! he>t is ! s\rce ( evil ?\ghts & evil de$s4#ei ,& conv]sely1 ! int]e/s1 ! emotions1 & en?usiasms :i* make up ! man's deepe/ self d n spr+ =? 9 a vacuum2 !y g ) ! /eadfa/ purpose & b5t1 ) ! self ( a*ievem5t4 ,:]e y\r treasure is1 !re w y\r he>t be also4 ,purity ( motive 9 a full moral consci\sness means n only 7=mal7 s9c]ity1 b s9c]e love ( good & "r4 ,?is 0 n /at$ by ! ,hebrew 9 ab/ract t]ms1 b 9 ! p]sonal language ( love to ,god4 ,9 e>ly days !re _h be5 m or less ( ext]nal motives 9 ! appeals ( ! law & ! prophets4 ,fe> ( puni%m5t1 hope ( rew>d1 bless+s 9 basket & /ore1 curses 9 l& & field1 7 us$ to induce fidelity4 ,b "s ( ! prophets s\ght a deep] view1 :i* seems to h be5 rea*$ 9 ! bitt]ness ( human exp]i5ce4 ,hosea's wife _h =sak5 him1 & %\ld n ! love ( p to ,jehovah be z p]sonal & s9c]e z t ( wife to husb&8 ,%e _h said1 ,i w g aft] my lov]s t give me my bread & my wat]1 my wood & my flax1 my oil & my dr9k4#fj ,is n s]v+ ,god = hire a =m ( pro/itution8#fa ,! calamities ( ! nation te/$ ! dis9t]e/$ness ( its fidelity4 ,!y 7 ! *all5ge ( ! ,adv]s>y1 ,do? ,job fe> ,god = naught8 ,& a remnant at lea/ atte/$ t fidelity did n dep5d on rew>ds4 ,! moral maxim t virtue is its own rew>d is put 9 p]sonal t]ms by ! prophet aft] ! exile3 ,= ?\gh ! fig tree %all n blossom1 nei!r %all fruit be 9 ! v9es2 ! labor ( ! olive %all fail1 & ! fields %all yield no meat2 ! flock %all be cut (f f ! fold1 & !re %all be no h]d 9 ! /alls3 ,yet ,i w rejoice 9 ! ,"l1 ,i w joy 9 ! ,god ( my salvation4#fb #d4 ,! ,conception ( ,life z an ,ideal4--,! cont5t ( ,israel's moral ideal on its individual side 0 express$ by ! t]m ,life4 ,all ! bless+s t ! lead] ( ,israel c\ld (f] 8 p 7 summ>iz$ 9 ! phrase1 ,i h set be=e y life & dea?2 :]e=e *oose life4 ,! same f9al /&>d ( value appe>s 9 ! "q ( ,jesus1 ,:at %all x pr(it a man to ga9 ! :ole _w & lose 8 own life8 ,:5 we inquire :at life meant1 s f> z ! e>ly s\rces give u data = judgm5t1 we mu/ inf] x to h be5 measur$ l>gely 9 t]ms ( mat]ial com=t & prosp]ity1 accompani$ by ! satisfaction ( /&+ 9 "r relations to ! god & rul]4 ,?is latt] elem5t 0 s closely unit$ ) ! fir/ t x 0 practically id5tical ) x4 ,if ! p 7 prosp]\s !y might assume t !y 7 "r2 if !y suff]$ !y 7 surely wrong4 ,good & evil 71 !re=e1 9 ?is /age1 measur$ l>gely 9 t]ms ( pleasure & pa94 ,! end to be s\ght & ! ideal to be kept 9 m9d 0 t ( long & prosp]\s life--9 h] "r h& l5g? ( days1 9 h] left h& ri*es & honor4 ,intellectual & ae/hetic int]e/s 7 n priz$ z su*4 ,! k :i* 0 valu$ 0 ! wisdom = ! conduct ( life1 ( :i* ! beg9n+ & cr[n 0 ! fe> ( ! ,"l4 ,! art :i* 0 valu$ 0 sacr$ song or poetry4 ,b ! ideal values :i* came to bulk mo/ 9 ! exp&+ conception ( life 7 ^? ( p]sonal relation4 ,family ties1 always /rong among ,ori5tal peoples1 ga9$ 9 purity4 ,love betwe5 ! sexes 0 ref9$ & idealiz$4#fc ,national feel+ took on add$ dignity1 because ( ! consci\sness ( a div9e mission4 ,above all1 p]sonal union ) ,god1 z voic$ 9 ! psalms & prophets1 became ! desire4 ,he1 & n 8 gifts1 0 ! supreme good4 ,he 0 ! f\nta9 ( life4 ,8 lik5ess w\ld satisfy4 ,9 8 light ! fai?ful w\ld see light4 ,b ev5 m significant ?an any specific cont5t put into ! t]m life1 0 :at 0 involv$ 9 ! idea itself4 ,! legali/s _h attempt$ to def9e conduct by a code1 b !re 0 an inh]5t vitality 9 ! ideal ( life1 :i* refus$ to be measur$ or b\nd$4 ,! words ( et]nal life1 :i* began ! new moral movem5t ( ,*ri/ianity1 _h p]haps little def9ite cont5t to ! fi%]m51 & x is n easy to say j :at !y meant 9 moral t]ms to ! writ] ( ! ,f\r? ,gospel :o uses ! phrase s (t54 ,) ,paul1 life z ! realm ( ! _s gets def9ition z x /&s ov] aga9/ ! dea? ( s9 & lu/4 ,b ) all writ]s ( ,old or ,new ,te/am5t1 :atev] cont5t x _h1 life meant above all ! sugge/ion ( some?+ beyond1 ! gleam & dynamic p[] ( a future n yet und]/ood4 ,x meant to ,paul a progress :i* 0 gov]n$ n by law or rudim5ts1 b by fre$om4 ,su* a life w\ld set itself new & high] /&>ds2 ! laws & cu/oms t _h obta9$ 7 felt to be outgr[n4 ,! significance ( e>ly ,*ri/ianity z a moral movem5t1 aside f its elem5ts ( p]sonal devotion & social unity to be notic$ bel[1 0 ! _s ( movem5t1 ! s5se ( newly =m+ horizons beyond ! old1 ! conviction t z sons ( ,god its foll[]s _h b\ndless possibilities1 t !y 7 n ! *ildr5 ( ! bond woman1 b ( ! free4 #e4 ,! ,social ,ideal ( ,ju/ice1 ,love1 & ,peace4--,we h se5 h[ ?is ideal 0 fram$ 9 ! sett+ ( a k+dom ( ,god4 ,at fir/ national1 x became univ]sal1 & ) a frat]nity :i* ! _w is f> f hav+ realiz$1 x 0 to "k nei!r ,jew nor ,greek1 bond nor free4 ,at fir/ milit>y1 x took on ) se] & psalmi/ ! =m ( a reign ( peace & ju/ice4 ,aft] ! fi]ce & crude p[]s typifi$ by ! lion & ! be> & ! leop>d _h pass$1 ! se] saw a k+dom repres5t$ by a human =m4 ,su* a k+dom x 0 t %\ld n pass away4 ,su* 0 ! k+dom n ( ?is _w :i* ,jesus pres5t$ z 8 message4 ,memb]%ip 9 ?is moral k+dom 0 = ! poor 9 _s1 ! pure 9 he>t1 ! m]ciful1 ! peace-mak]s1 ! hung]]s aft] righte\sness4 ,greatness 9 ?is moral community 0 to dep5d on s]vice1 n on p[]4 ,! k+ %\ld n fail till he _h set ju/ice 9 ! e>?4 ,he %\ld deliv] ! ne$y1 & ! poor4 ,c]ta9 features ( ?is ideal ord] h s9ce f\nd embodim5t 9 social & political /ructures2 c]ta9 features rema9 = ! future4 ,c]ta9 p]iods 9 hi/ory h transf]r$ ! ideal entirely to ano!r _w1 reg>d+ human society z hopelessly giv5 ov] to evil4 ,su* !ories f9d a morality possible only by r5\nc+ society4 ,! ,hebrews pres5t$ r ! ideal ( a moral ord] on e>?1 ( a control ( all life by "r1 ( a realization ( good1 & ( a complet5ess ( life4 ,x 0 an ideal n dream$ out 9 ec/atic visions ( pure fancy1 b work$ out 9 /ruggle & suff]+1 9 confid5ce t moral ef=ts are n hopeless or de/9$ to defeat4 ,! ideal ord] is to be made real4 ,! div9e k+dom is to come1 ! div9e w to be done on e>? z x is 9 heav54 ,,lit]ature ,! works ( ,w4 ,r4 ,smi? 7,religion ( ! ,semites7 & ,b>ton 7,a ,sket* ( ,semitic ,orig9s7 already m5tion$4 ,s*ultz1 ,old ,te/am5t ,!ology1 tr4 #ahib2 ,m>ti1 ,religion ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 tr4 #aijg2 ,budde1 ,religion ( ! ,old ,te/am5t to ! ,exile1 #ahii2 ,h4 ,p4 ,smi?1 ,old ,te/am5t ,hi/ory1 #aijc2 ,w4 ,r4 ,smi?1 ,! ,prophets ( ,israel1 #ahie2 ,bruce1 ,e?ics ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 #ahie2 ,peake1 ,problem ( ,suff]+ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t1 #aijd2 ,royce1 ,! ,problem ( ,job 9 ,/udies ( ,good & ,evil1 #ahih2 ,pratt1 ,! ,psy*ology ( ,religi\s ,belief1 #aijg1 *4 v42 ,h>nack1 ,:at is ,*ri/ianity8 tr4 #aija2 ,cone1 ,ri* & ,poor 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 #aijb2 ,pfleid]]1 ,primitive ,*ri/ianity1 tr4 #aijf2 ,mat!ws1 ,! ,social ,tea*+ ( ,jesus1 #ahig2 ,w5dt1 ,! ,tea*+ ( ,jesus1 #ahii2 ,pfleid]]1 ,paul9ism1 #ahia2 ,cone1 ,paul1 ,! ,man1 ! ,mission>y1 & ! ,tea*]1 #ahih2 ,beys*lag1 ,new ,te/am5t ,!ology1 tr4 #ahie2 ,! ,encyclop$ia ,biblica1 ,! ,jewi% ,encyclop$ia1 & ,ha/+s' ,diction>y1 h num]\s valuable articles4 ,,footnotes3 #dh ,m4 ,arnold1 ,hebraism & ,hell5ism1 9 ,culture & ,an>*y1 *4 iv4 #di ,! ,hebrew & ,greek words = s9 bo? mean to miss4 #ej ,! g5]al function ( puni%m5t z br++ home to ! individual ! consci\sness ( guilt & ?us awak5+ ! action ( consci5ce1 has an illu/ration 9 ,%akesp]e's conception ( ! pray] ( ,h5ry ,v? be=e ! battle ( ,ag9c\rt4 ,9 ord9>y life ! bluff ,k+ ,h>ry devotes little "t to m$itation ^u 8 own s9 or t ( 8 fa!r1 b on ! eve ( possible calamity ! old crime rises fre% be=e him4 ,/imulat$ by ! ?\ght ( an actual p5alty to be impos$ by a recogniz$ au?ority1 he cri$3 ,n to-day1 ,o ,"l6 ,oh1 n to-day6 ,?9k n ^u ! fault my fa!r made 9 compass+ ! cr[n4 #ea ,rec5t excavations are held to confirm ! prophets on ?is 7,m>ti1 ,religion ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 pp4 #gh ff474 #eb ,job #bg3a-f4 #ec ,g5ung1 ,job1 ,! ,epic ( ! ,inn] ,life4 #ed ,see ,atonem5t 9 ,lit]ature & 9 ,life1 by ,*>les ,a4 ,d9smore4 ,bo/on1 #aijf4 #ee ,numb]s #af1 ,jo%ua #g4 #ef ,john #i3b4 #eg ,hammurabi's code %[$ a disreg>d ( int5t :i* w\ld make surg]y a dang]\s pr(ession3 ,if a physician op]ate on a man = a sev]e w\nd ) a bronze lancet & cause ! man's dea?2 or op5 an abscess 9 ! eye ( a man ) a bronze lancet & de/roy ! man's eye1 !y %all cut (f 8 f+]s4 ,e>ly ,g]man & ,engli% law is j z naive4 ,if a weapon 0 left to be repair$ at a smi?'s & 0 !n caught up or /ol5 & us$ to d h>m1 ! orig9al own] 0 held responsible4 #eh ,numb]s #ce1 ,deut]onomy #ai1 ,jo%ua #bj4 #ei ,m>k #g3a-bc4 #fj ,hosea #b3e4 #fa ,h4 ,p4 ,smi?1 ,old ,te/am5t ,hi/ory1 p4 #bbb4 #fb ,habakkuk #c3ag1 #ah4 #fc ,! ,song ( ,songs4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,! ,,moral ,,developm5t ,,( ,,! ,,greeks ,sec4 #a4 ,,! ,,fundam5tal ,,notes ,conv5tion v]sus ,nature4--,! ,hebrew moral life 0 develop$ "u ! relation1 fir/ ( ! p1 !n ( ! individuals1 to ,god1--a relation at once ( union & ( conflict4 ,x 0 out ( ! relation ( ! individual to social traditions & political ord] t ! ,greek came to full consci\sness ( moral law on ! "o h&1 & a moral p]sonality on ! o!r4 ,& j z 9 ,jewi% life ! law & ! prophets 7or1 lat]1 ! law & ! gospel7 /ood = ! conflict+ =ces1 s 9 ,greek life ! opposition betwe5 ! au?ority ( ! gr\p1 embodi$ 9 cu/om & in/itutions1 on ! "o h&1 & ! urg+ claims ( develop+ p]sonality1 manife/ 9 bo? intellig5ce & desire1 on ! o!r1 f\nd expression 9 contra/$ t]ms4 ,! au?ority ( ! gr\p embodi$ 9 cu/oms & in/itutions1 came to be reg>d$ by ! radicals z relatively ext]nal1 artificial1 & rigid4 ,x 0 dubb$ conv5tion1 or in/itution 7!sis1 :at is set up74 ,! rapidly develop+ intellig5ce *all5g$ ! m]ely cu/om>y & traditional2 ! increas+ individuality *all5g$ ! sup]ior au?ority ( ! gr\p1 especially :5 ?is manife/$ itself app>5tly 9 a gov]nm5t ( =ce4 ,p]sonal intellig5ce & p]sonal feel+ ass]t$ a m elem5tal claim1 felt !mselves root$ 9 a m orig9al s\rce1 & call$ ?is s\rce nature 7physis74 ,social tradition & au?ority1 individual reason & feel+1 ?us confront$ ea* o!r z conv5tion & nature4 ,x 0 a /ruggle :i* has its analogy 9 ! developm5t ( _m a "y man or "y woman :o is em]g+ f p>5tal control to self-direction4 ,b 9 ,greek life m di/9ctly ?an else:]e we see ! /eps ( ! process z a civic & n m]ely an individual developm5t4 ,aes*ylus1 ,sophocles1 & ,euripides pres5t$ ?is conflict ( ! individual ) law or de/9y z ! great1 (t-repeat$ trag$y ( human life4 ,ari/ophanes mock$ ) bitt] satire ! new views4 ,socrates1 ,plato1 ,ari/otle1 ,cynics1 ,cyr5aics1 ,epicureans1 & ,/oics took "p 9 ! !oretical discussions4 ,measure4--,! fundam5tal note ( all ,greek life1 be=e1 dur+1 & aft] ?is developm5t1 0 ,measure1 ,ord]1 ,proportion4 ,?is note f\nd expression 9 religion1 sci5ce1 art1 & conduct4 ,among _! gods1 ! ,greeks set ,moira1 ,de/9y1 & ,!mis1 ,cu/om1 ,law1 ,"r4 ,!y f\nd ord] 9 ! univ]se1 :i* on ?is acc\nt !y call$ ! cosmos4 ,!y express$ x 9 _! arts1 especially 9 ar*itecture1 sculpture1 ! *oral dance1 & ! m highly develop$ trag$y or lyric3 ,& all life is full ( !m ( =m & measure1 says ,plato1 z well z e con/ructive & creative art4 ,& surely ! art ( ! pa9t] & e o!r creative & con/ructive art are full ( !m1--weav+1 embroid]y1 ar*itecture1 & e k9d ( manufacture2 also nature1 animal & vegetable1--9 all ( !m !re is grace or ! abs5ce ( grace2 & if our y\? are to d _! "w 9 life1 mu/ !y n make ^! graces & h>monies _! p]petual aim8 ,! be/ p1 ! g5tlem51 7 /yl$ kaloika-ga?oi--fair & good4 ,! motto at ! ,delphic %r9e 01 ,no?+ 9 excess4 ,insol5t disreg>d ( propriety1 hybris1 0 ! quality mo/ d5\nc$ by ! e>ly moraliz+ poets4 ,tityus1 ,tantalus1 & ,sisyphus1 ! ?ree special subjects ( div9e puni%m5t1 suff]$ ! p5alty ( insatiate desire1 or limits ov]/epp$4 ,& aft] criticism & individualism _h done _! "w1 ,plato's conception ( ju/ice1 ,ari/otle's doctr9e ( ! mean1 ! ,/oic maxim ( life accord+ to nature1 h b discov]$ a deep] significance = ! fundam5tal law ( ,greek life4 ,! ,good & ! ,j4--,! conceptions ( ! ,good & ! ,j are develop$ f ! two notes j pres5t$4 ,! motive = *all5ge to e/abli%$ in/itutions 0 ! awak5+ desire ( ! individual to seek 8 own good & to live 8 own life4 ,comm]ce 0 br++ a great v>iety ( rew>ds to ! %rewd m]*ant & a great v>iety ( goods to evoke & gratify wants4 ,slav]y set free ! citiz5 f ! ne$ ( manual labor & gave him leisure to cultivate 8 ta/es4 ,! =ces ( individualism1 describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,v41 7 all at "w to br+ ! process & object ( desire to consci\sness4 ,moreov]1 ! t]m good 0 also 9 use to m>k ! popul> ideal4 ,x 0 appli$ to :at we %\ld call ! successful m5 ( ! day4 ,9 pres5t life our t]m good has become s def9itely moral t probably mo/ "y p]sons w\ld hesitate to say t !y h x z _! ideal to become good1 al?\gh few w\ld hesitate to say t !y wi% to be capable & successful4 ,= social & political recognition seems to be bas$ r on a*ievem5t ( /rik+ results ?an ^u :at is te*nically call$ goodness4 ,b 9 ,greece moral goodness 0 n us$ to designate "* z contra/$ ) results4 ,! good man 0 l ! good lawy] or good a?lete or good soldi]1 ! man :o 0 effici5t & conspicu\s4 ,x 0 9 ! process :i* we are to trace t ! ambiguities & deep] mean+s ( ! t]m came to def9ition4 ,! t]ms ,j & ,ju/ice 7 n ( c\rse m]ely synonyms = ord] & measure4 ,!y _h likewise ! social significance com+ f ! c\rts & ! assembly4 ,!y /ood = ! control side ( life1 z ,good /ood = its aspect ( valuation & desire4 ,b z comp>$ ) ! ,hebrew conception ( righte\sness1 !y meant mu* less a con=mity to a law div9e or human :i* _h be5 already set up z /&>d1 & mu* m1 an ord]+1 a regulat+1 a h>moniz+4 ,! rational elem5t ( measure or ord] 0 m prom95t ?an ! p]sonal note ( au?ority4 ,h5ce we %all f9d ,plato pass+ easily back & =? betwe5 ju/ice or ord] 9 ! individual & ju/ice or ord] 9 ! ,/ate4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! radicals ( ! day c\ld seize ^u ! legal usage & decl>e t ,ju/ice or ! ,law 0 purely a matt] ( self-int]e/ or class int]e/4 ,sec4 #b4 ,,intellectual ,,=ces ,,( ,,individualism ,! ,sci5tific ,_s4--,! old] /&>ds 7 embodi$ 9 religi\s & political ideas & in/itutions2 ! ag5cy :i* 0 to dis5tangle & br+ into cle> consci\sness ! /&>ds z su*1 0 ! sci5tific _s1 ! k & reflection ( an intellectual p at a p]iod ( extraord9>ily rapid developm5t4 ,! comm]cial life1 ! free int]c\rse ) o!r peoples & civilizations1 especially 9 ! colonies1 ! abs5ce ( any g5]ally dom9at+ political au?ority1 ! ar*itectural problems sugge/$ by a beauty-lov+ p1--all promot$ al]tness & flexibility ( m9d4 ,9 a concrete =m1 ?is rational "* _h already f\nd expression 9 ! quality ( ,greek art4 ,ref]5ce has already be5 made to ! =mal side ( ,greek art1 ) its embodim5t ( rhy?m & measure2 ! subject-matt] %[s ! same elem5t4 ,! ,greek _w1 z contra/$ ) ! b>b>ian _w1 0 conceiv$ by ! ,greek z ! realm ( light contra/$ ) d>kness2 ! national ,god1 ,apollo1 embodi$ ?is ideal ( light & reason1 & 8 fitt+ symbol 0 ! sun4 ,! great ,pan-,a!naic procession1 z reproduc$ 9 ! ,p>!non frieze1 celebrat$ ! triumph ( ,greek light & intellig5ce ov] b>b>ian d>kness4 ,a!na1 goddess ( wisdom1 0 a fitt+ gu>dian ( ! mo/ ,greek ( all ,greek cities4 ,greek trag$y1 beg9n+ 9 hymns ( wor%ip1 soon pass$ ov] into a portrayal ( ! all-controll+ laws ( life1 z ^! are br\ght into /rong] relief by a tragic collision ) human ag5ts4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 9 ! realm ( sci5ce t ?is intellectual g5ius f\nd field = expression 9 a cle>ly consci\s mann]4 ,almo/ all our sci5ces 7 orig9at$ by ! ,greeks1 & !y 7 p>ticul>ly successful 9 ^? :i* call$ = ab/ract ?9k+ 9 ! highe/ degree4 ,euclid's geometry & ,ari/otle's logic are conspicu\s illu/rations ( ?is ability4 ,! mo/ g5]al conceptions ( natural sci5ce3 e4g41 ! conception ( ! atom & ! :ole mat]iali/ic !ory ( ! univ]se2 ! conception ( evolution1 mean+ by ?is ! process ( *ange accord+ to an all-controll+ law2 ! conception ( natural selection1 accord+ to :i* ^? organisms survive :i* are fitt$ = _! environm5t1--all ^! 7 ! product ( ! ke5 intellig5ce ( ! ,greeks4 ,nor 0 _! sci5tific ability exp5d$ ^u ext]nal nature alone4 ,! conception ( hi/ory z m ?an a s]ies ( ev5ts1 ! comp>ative me?od 9 ! /udy ( political sy/ems1 ! analysis ( lit]>y & arti/ic effects1 atte/ ! same cl>ity ( m9d & ! same eag] se>* = ! mo/ g5]al laws ( e aspect ( exp]i5ce4 ,sci5ce & ,religion4--,:51 n[1 ?is sci5tific m9d began to consid] ! practical guidance ( life1 ! old] political & religi\s controls pres5t$ s]i\s difficulty4 ,! gods 7 suppos$ to rew>d ! good & puni% ! evil1#fd b h[ c\ld ?is be reconcil$ ) _! practices8 ,aes*ylus attempt$ a purify+ & elevat+ ( ! div9e ideal1 simil> to t :i* ,israel's conception und]w5t 9 ! "w ( ! prophets4 ,he magnifi$ ! dignity & provid5tial gov]nm5t ( ,zeus1 :i*1 ?\gh d>k1 is yet j & c]ta94 ,b ! great ob/acle 0 t ! e>li] & crud] conceptions ( ! gods _h be5 fix$ 9 lit]>y =m2 ! tales ( ,cronos's impiety to ,uranos1 ( ,zeus' deceitful mess5g] & m>ital unfai?fulness1 ( ,aphrodite's am\rs1 & ,h]mes' gift ( !ft1 7 all writt5 9 ,hesiod & ,hom]4 ,! crud] conceptions ( ! gods _h ?us become too firmly fix$ 9 ! popul> imag9ation to be capable ( becom+ ! be>]s ( advanc+ e?ical ideals1 & s n m]ely ! irrev]5t sc(f]1 b ! s]i\s trag$ian1 ,euripides1 & ! religi\s ideali/1 ,plato1 d n hesitate to *all5ge boldly ! old] conceptions1 or to dem& a revision ( all ?is lit]ature be=e x comes into ! h&s ( ! "y4 ,social ,/&>ds4--,! social /&>ds ( propriety & honorable conduct 7 likewise br\ght 9 "q by advanc+ intellig5ce4 ,! ^w :i* summ$ up ! e>ly ,greek idea ( ! be/ type 0 ,kalokaga?os4 ,?is ^w 0 v ne>ly ! equival5t ( our ,engli% ^w g5tleman4 ,x comb9$ ! elem5ts ( bir?1 ability1 & ref9em5t1 b 9 ! e>li] usage ! emphasis 0 ^u ! fact ( bir?1 ev5 z our t]ms g5]\s1 noble1 g5tle1 orig9ally ref]r$ to memb]%ip 9 a g5s4 ,socrates inve/igat$ ! curr5t e/imates & f\nd t ! p :o 7 g5]ally reg>d$ z ! respectable1 or1 z we %\ld say1 ! be/ p ( ,a!ns1 7 n necess>ily ei!r f9e or good 9 p]son or "*2 ! t]m _h come to be "o ( conv5tion1 )\t basis 9 reason4 ,plato goes /ill fur!r & ) a direct application ( ! rational /&>d to ! curr5t e/imates1 pokes fun at ! conv5tional judgm5t ( :at con/itutes ! respectable g5tleman4 ,:5 !y s+ ! praises ( family & say t "s "o is a g5tleman because he has _h sev5 g5]ations ( weal?y ance/ors1 he ! philosoph] ?9ks t _! s5tim5ts only betray ! dullness & n>r[ness ( vision ( ^? :o utt] !m1 & :o are n educat$ en\gh to look at ! :ole1 nor to consid] t e man has _h ?\s&s & ?\s&s ( prog5itors1 & among !m h be5 ri* & poor1 k+s & slaves1 ,hell5es & b>b>ians1 _m times ov]4 ,& :5 "s "o boa/s ( a catalogue ( tw5ty-five ance/ors1 & goes back to ,h]acles1 ! son ( ,amphitryon1 he _c und]/& 8 pov]ty ( ideas4 ,:y is he unable to calculate t ,amphitryon _h a tw5ty-fif? ance/or1 :o might h be5 anybody1 & 0 su* z =tune made him1 & he _h a fiftie?1 & s on8 ,he is amus$ at ! notion t he _c d a sum1 & ?9ks t a little ari?metic w\ld h got rid ( 8 s5seless vanity4 ,! type ( life t is really noble or f9e & good is to be f\nd 9 ! seek] = true beauty & goodness4 ,ext]nal beauty ( =m & appe>ance has its value 9 k9dl+ ! desire = ! high] =ms ( beauty1--beauty ( m9d1 ( in/itutions & laws1 ( sci5ce1--until f9ally ! conception ( ! true beauty is rea*$4 ,?is true beauty1 z di/9ct f ! p>ticul> beauties1 & true good1 z di/9ct f seem+ or p>tial good1 are discov]$ only by ! philosoph]1 ! seek] = wisdom4 ,popul> ,morals4--,nor did ! m positively recogniz$ types ( moral excell5ce f>e bett]4 ,z recogniz$ 9 common life1 !y 7 c\rage1 prud5ce or mod]ation1 hol9ess or a c]ta9 respect = ! s]i\s ?+s ( life1 & ju/ice3 b none ( ^!1 ,plato argues1 is really an indep5d5t excell5ce1 ap>t f consci\s & intellig5t action4 ,c\rage1 = example1 is n really c\rage unless "o kn[s & =esees ! dang] 9 all its /r5g?2 o!rwise !re is m]ely reckless brav]y4 ,prud5ce or mod]ation1 to be really excell5t1 mu/ be measur$ by wisdom4 ,ev5 ju/ice _c be reg>d$ z at bottom di/9ct f wisdom1 ! true measure ( all ! relations ( life4 ,sci5ce & ! ,laws4--,! political control 0 likewise involv$ 9 "q by ! same =ces ( intellig5ce :i* _h *all5g$ ! religi\s au?ority4 ,! frequ5t *anges ( gov]nm5t1 & ! m or less arbitr>y measures t 7 (t5times adopt$1 7 adapt$ to awak5 d\bt z to ! absolute "r & au?ority ( ! laws4 ,! despot :o ga9$ control 9 _m a ,greek city 0 n b\nd by ties ( blood to all memb]s ( ! community1 nor did he gov]n 9 accordance ) ! ance/ral traditions ( ! tribe4 ,! political au?ority frequ5tly cla%$ ) ! in/9cts & traditions ( family & k9%ip4 ,"u su* circum/ances1 ! political au?ority 0 likely to be *all5g$ & its con/ra9+ p[] /ret*$ to ! break+ po9t4 ,s 9 ! ,antigone ( ,sophocles1 ! comm& ( ! rul] is oppos$ to ! high] law ( k9%ip & nature4 ,! law ( man is n ! law ( nature or ( ,god4 ,to disobey ?is conv5tional law ( man is to be guilty ( holie/ crime4 ,! old /&>ds1 bo? ( religion & ( political life1 crumbl$ be=e ! analysis ( ! develop+ intellig5ce1 & ! dem& = "s /&>d c\ld be met only by ! intellig5ce itself4 ,to "q ! old mu/ inevitably seem irrev]5t & an>*ical4 ,"s que/ion$ m]ely to d\bt2 o!rs1 & ( ^! ,socrates 0 ! lead]1 que/ion$ 9 ord] to f9d a firm] basis1 a m au?oritative /&>d4 ,b naturally ! popul> m9d did n di/+ui% betwe5 ^! two classes ( que/ion]s1 & s ,socrates p]i%$1 n m]ely z ! victim ( unju/ popul> calumny1 b z ! victim ( ! trag$y ( moral progress1 ( ! *ange f ! e/abli%$ to ! new4 ,sec4 #c4 ,,comm]cial ,,& ,,political ,,individualism ,a fur!r l9e ( developm5t jo9$ =ces ) ?is gr[? ( intellig5ce1 to emphasize ! problem ( moral control1 & to set ! individual ) 8 /&>ds ov] aga9/ ! objective /&>ds ( society4 ,?is 0 ! rapidly gr[+ consci\sness ( individual goods & int]e/s4 ,! comm]cial life1 ) its possibilities ( individual prop]ty1 ! rapid *anges ( political life1 ) ! rise ( individuals to p[] & privilege1 ! increas+ opportunities :i* a high civilization br\ght bo? m5 & wom5 = p]sonal enjoym5t & gratification ( rapidly increas+ wants1 all t5d$ to make ! individual seek 8 own good1 & to %ift ! emphasis ( life f ! "q1 ,:at is prop]1 or honorable8 to ! "q1 ,:at is good--good = me8 ,class ,int]e/s4--,! conviction t ! au?ority ( gov]nm5t & law 0 l>gely dictat$ by ! v consid]ations ( private int]e/s :i* !y 7 suppos$ to ov]rule & elim9ate1 made ! situation m acute4 ,= ! ,greek ,/ates 7 no long] gr\ps ) common int]e/s4 ,! gr[? ( capital1 ! correspond+ eag]ness = ga91 ! =mation ( di/9ct classes1 ea* int5t on its int]e/s1 supplant$ ! old]1 m homog5e\s ,/ate4 ,! :ole developm5t ( ! political life ( ! ,hell5ic republics dep5d$ ultimately on ! decision ( ! "q1 :i* ( ! diff]5t social classes--! capitali/ic m9ority1 ! middle class1 or ! poor--%\ld obta9 ! dom9ant place4 ,ari/otle def9es an olig>*y z a ,/ate gov]n$ 9 ! int]e/ ( ! ri*2 a democracy1 z a ,/ate gov]n$ 9 ! int]e/ ( ! poor4 ,ano!r contempor>y writ] expla9s a democracy z consult+ ! int]e/s ( ! democrats1 ! l[] classes1 & consid]s ?is a matt] ( c\rse1 = if ! ri* _h ! say1 !y w\ld d :at 0 good = !mselves b n = ! multitude4 ,naturally su* dom9ance by classes call$ out vigor\s criticisms ^u ! laws & /&>ds s e/abli%$4 ,! ari/ocratic m9ority inveigh$ aga9/ cu/om or conv5tions :i* w\ld tame ! /rong to ! level ( ! weak4 ,nature dem&s r ! survival ( ! fitte/1 i4e41 ( ! /rong4 ,! enlight5$ spectator ( ! game ( gov]nm5t1 on ! o!r h&1 decl>es t all laws are made 9 ! int]e/ ( rul+ classes4 ,! read] ( curr5t criticisms on laws & c\rts w see h[ close is ! p>allel to pres5t compla9ts4 ,we h to-day ! same two classes3 ,"o inveighs aga9/ gov]nm5tal int]f]5ce ) ! "r to comb9e1 to contract1 & 9 g5]al to get f ! e>? or f m51 wom51 & *ildr5 all t sup]ior p[] & %rewdness c possibly extract4 ,! o!r compla9s t legislatures are own$ by weal?1 t judges are appo9t$ f corporation lawy]s1 t common law is a survival ( anci5t ari/ocratic /atus1 & t = ^! reasons labor c get no ju/ice4 ,let u fir/ he> ! plea = inequality3 ,cu/om & nature are g5]ally at v>iance ) "o ano!r2 444 = by ! rule ( nature1 t only is ! m disgraceful :i* is ! great] evil2 z1 = example1 to suff] inju/ice2 b by ! rule ( cu/om1 to d evil is ! m disgraceful4 ,= ?is suff]+ ( inju/ice is n ! "p ( a man1 b ( a slave1 :o inde$ _h bett] die ?an live2 = :5 he is wrong$ & trampl$ ^u1 he is unable to help himself or any o!r ab\t :om he c>es4 ,! reason1 z ,i conceive1 is t ! mak]s ( laws are ! _m weak2 & !y make laws & di/ribute praises & c5sures ) a view to !mselves & _! own int]e/s2 & !y t]rify ! mighti] sort ( m51 & ^? :o are able to get ! bett] ( !m1 9 ord] t !y may n get ! bett] ( !m2 & !y say t di%one/y is %ameful & unju/2 mean:ile1 :5 !y speak ( inju/ice1 !y desire to h m ?an _! neighbors1 = kn[+ _! own inf]iority1 !y are only too glad ( equality4 ,& !re=e1 ?is seek+ to h m ?an ! _m is conv5tionally said to be %ameful & unju/1 & is call$ inju/ice1 :]eas nature h]self intimates t x is j = ! bett] to h m ?an ! worse1 ! m p[]ful ?an ! weak]2 & 9 _m ways %e %[s1 among m5 z well z among animals1 & inde$ among :ole cities & races1 t ju/ice consi/s 9 ! sup]ior rul+ ov] & hav+ m ?an ! inf]ior4 ,= on :at pr9ciple ( ju/ice did ,x]xes invade ,hellas1 or 8 fa!r ! ,scy?ians8 7n to speak ( numb]less o!r examples74 ,!y1 ,i conceive1 act accord+ to nature2 yes1 & accord+ to ! law ( nature2 n p]haps1 accord+ to t artificial law :i* we frame & fa%ion1 tak+ ! be/ & /ronge/ ( u f _! y\? upw>ds1 & tam+ !m l "y lions1 & *>m+ !m ) ! s\nd ( ! voice1 say+ to !m t ) equality !y mu/ be cont5t1 & t ?is is ! honorable & ! j4 ,b if !re 7 a man :o _h suffici5t =ce1 he w\ld %ake (f & break ?r\gh & escape f all ?is2 he w\ld trample "u foot all our =mulas & spells & *>ms1 & all our laws1 s9n+ aga9/ nature2 ! slave w\ld rise 9 rebellion & be "l ov] u1 & ! light ( natural ju/ice w\ld %9e =?4 ,& ?is ,i take to be ! lesson ( ,p9d>1 9 ! poem 9 :i* he says t ',law is ! ,k+ ( all1 mortals z well z immortals6' ,?is1 z he says3 ',makes might to be "r1 & does viol5ce ) exalt$ h&2 z ,i inf] f ! de$s ( ,h]acles1 = )\t buy+ !m----' ,i d n rememb] ! exact words1 b ! mean+ is1 t he c>ri$ (f ! ox5 ( ,g]yon )\t buy+ !m1 & )\t _! be+ giv5 to him by ,g]yon1 accord+ to ! law ( natural "r1 & t ! ox5 & o!r possessions ( ! weak] & inf]ior prop]ly belong to ! /rong] & sup]ior4 7,,plato1 ,gorgias1 #dhb-d47 ,! ess5ce ( ?is view is1 !re=e1 t might is "r1 & t no legislation or conv5tional code ought to /& 9 ! way ( ! free ass]tion ( g5ius & p[]4 ,x is simil> to ! tea*+ ( ,nietzs*e 9 rec5t times4 ,b ! o!r side _h its compla9t also4 ,! laws are made by ! %eph]ds ( ! p1 z ,hom] call$ !m4 ,b :o is n[ s simple z to suppose t ! %eph]ds fatt5 or t5d ! %eep ) a view to ! good ( ! %eep1 & n to _! own good8 ,all laws & gov]nm5ts really exi/ = ! int]e/ ( ! rul+ class4#fe ,!y re/ ^u conv5tion or in/itution1 n ^u nature4 ,:y ,obey ,laws8--,& if laws & social codes are b class legislation1 conv5tional1 :y obey !m8 ,! old] ,greek life _h felt ! motives describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,,iv41 ?\gh x _h embodi$ !m 9 symbolism & imag]y4 ,! ,nemesis t foll[$ ! guilty1 ! ,er9nys1 or av5g+ goddesses1 7 ! p]sonifi$ wra? ( outrag$ law2 aidos1 respect or rev]5ce1 ais*yne1 reg>d = public op9ion1 7 ! inn] feel+s4 ,b ) ! advanc+ tide ( intellectual criticism & individual int]e/1 ^! sanctions 7 discr$it$2 feel+s ( p]sonal enjoym5t dem&$ recognition1 & ! morali/s at fir/ appeal$ to ?is4 ,p>5ts & tutors are always tell+ _! sons & _! w>ds t !y are to be j2 b only n = ! sake ( ju/ice1 b = ! sake ( "* & reputation4 ,b if ! only reason = ju/ice is reputation1 !re might seem to be no suffici5t reason = tak+ ! ?orny pa?1 if !re be an easi]4 ,w n ! y\? say1 9 ! words ( ,p9d>3 ,c ,i by ju/ice1 or by crook$ ways ( deceit1 asc5d a l(ti] t[] :i* may be a =tress to me all my days8#ff ,& if ,i decide t ! crook$ way is ! easi]1 :y %all ,i n foll[ x8 ,my p>ty1 or my union1 or my lawy] w /& by & see me ?r\gh3 ,b ,i he> "s "o exclaim+ t ! concealm5t ( wick$ness is (t5 difficult2 to :i* ,i answ]1 ,no?+ great is easy4 ,nev]!less1 ! argum5t indicates ?is1 if we w\ld be happy1 to be ! pa? along :i* we %\ld proce$4 ,) a view to concealm5t we w e/abli% secret bro!rhoods & political clubs4 ,& !re are pr(essors ( rhetoric :o tea* ! art ( p]suad+ c\rts & assemblies2 & s1 p>tly by p]suasion & p>tly by =ce1 ,i %all make unlawful ga9s & n be puni%$4 ,/ill ,i he> a voice say+ t ! gods _c be deceiv$1 nei!r c !y be compell$4 ,b :at if !re are no gods8 or1 suppose !m to h no c>e ( human ?+s1 :y 9 ei!r case %\ld we m9d ab\t concealm5t8#fg ,besides1 ! greate/ prizes1 n only 9 mat]ial goods1 b ev5 9 ! l9e ( reputation1 seem$ to fall to ! individuali/ if he c\ld only act on a suffici5tly l>ge scale4 ,he c\ld !n be bo? prosp]\s & respectable4 ,if he c\ld /eal ! gov]nm5t1 or1 9 mod]n phrase1 bribe a legislature to elect him to ,congress1 pass special legislation1 or grant a fran*ise1 he c\ld n m]ely escape puni%m5t1 b be honor$ by 8 fell[s4 ,i am speak+ ( inju/ice on a l>ge scale1 9 :i* ! advantage ( ! unju/ is mo/ app>5t1 & my mean+ w be mo/ cle>ly se5 9 t highe/ =m ( inju/ice1 ! p]petrator ( :i* is ! happie/ ( m51 z ! suff]]s ( ^! :o refuse to d inju/ice are ! mo/ mis]able--,i mean tyranny :i* by fraud & =ce takes away ! prop]ty ( o!rs1 n retail b :olesale2 compreh5d+ 9 "o ?+s sacr$ z well z pr(ane1 private & public1 = any "o ( :i* acts ( wrong1 if he 7 detect$ p]petrat+ !m s+ly1 he w\ld be puni%$ & incur great di%onor2 = !y :o are guilty ( any ( ^! crimes 9 s+le in/ances are call$ robb]s ( temples & man-/eal]s & burgl>s & sw9dl]s & ?ieves4 ,b :5 a man has tak5 away ! money ( ! citiz5s & made slaves ( !m1 !n in/ead ( ^! di%onorable names1 he is call$ happy & bless$1 n only by ! citiz5s b by all :o he> ( 8 hav+ a*iev$ ! consummation ( inju/ice4 ,= inju/ice is c5sur$ because ! c5sur]s are afraid ( suff]+1 & n f any fe> :i* !y h ( do+ inju/ice4 ,& ?us1 z ,i h %[n1 ,socrates1 inju/ice1 :5 on a suffici5t scale1 has m /r5g? & fre$om & ma/]y ?an ju/ice2 &1 z ,i said at fir/1 ju/ice is ! int]e/ ( ! /rong]1 :]eas inju/ice is a man's own pr(it & int]e/4#fh ,sec4 #d4 ,,individualism ,,& ,,e?ical ,,!ory ,! ,"q ,=mulat$4--,! outcome ( ?is fir/ movem5t 0 ?us tw(old3 7a7 ,x =c$ ! que/ions1 ,:at is j8 ,:at is good8 into cle> & def9ite consci\sness4 ,! v necessity ( comp>ison & ( gett+ a g5]al /&>d1 =c$ ! inquir] to dis5tangle ! concepts previ\sly embodi$ 9 cu/oms & laws4 ,b :5 ! ess5ce 0 ?us f\nd & fre$1 or disembodi$1 z x 71 ! cu/om seem$ lifeless1 m]ely conv5tion1 & ! ess5ce (t5 q oppos$ to ! =m4 7b7 ,x emphasiz$ ! p]sonal int]e/1 ! affective or emotional side ( conduct1 & made ! moral problem take ! =m1 ,:at is ! good8 ,fur!rmore1 two positive !ses h be5 e/abli%$ by ! v =ces :i* h be5 active 9 dis9tegrat+ ! old /atus4 ,if cu/om no long] suffices1 !n reason mu/ set ! /&>d2 if society _c prescribe ! good to ! individual1 !n ! individual mu/ f9d "s me?od ( def9+ & seek+ x = himself unless he is to make %ipwreck ( 8 :ole v5ture4 ,we may br+ bo? aspects ( ! problem "u ! conception ( nature1 z oppos$ to conv5tion or in/itution4 ,conv5tion is inde$ outgr[n1 nature is ! imp]i\s au?ority4 ,b grant+ t nature is rightful ma/]1 is nature to be s\ght 9 ! primitive beg9n+s1 or 9 ! fulle/ developm5t8 9 a life ( isolation1 or 9 a life ( society8 9 ! desires & passions1 or 9 reason & a h>moni\s life8 ,or1 /at+ ! same problem o!rwise3 grant+ t reason mu/ fix ! measure1 & ! individual mu/ def9e & seek ! good = himself1 is ! good to be f\nd 9 isolation1 or is x to be s\ght 9 human society ) its bonds ( family1 fri5d%ip1 & ju/ice8 ,is ! end to be pleasure1 f\nd 9 ! gratification ( desires1 irrespective ( _! quality1 & is x ! bus9ess ( reason m]ely to measure "o gratification ) ano!r & get ! mo/8 or is wisdom itself a good1 & is x bett] to satisfy c]ta9 impulses r ?an o!rs8 i4e41 %all reason =m ! /&>d z well z apply x8 ,^! contra/+ solutions ( ! problem ( life may be /at$ !n "u ! two pairs ( anti!ses3 7#a7 ,! ,individual v]sus ! ,social2 7#b7 ,! ,imm$iate ,satisfaction v]sus an ,ideal ,/&>d1 at once high] & m p]man5t4 ,typical ,solutions4--,poets1 radicals1 s5suali/s1 individuali/s ( no philosophic s*ool1 z well z ! hi/oric philosophic s*ools1 contribut$ to ! discussion & solution ( ^! problems4 ,all s\ght ! natural life2 b x is notewor?y t all ! philosophic s*ools claim$ ,socrates z _! ma/]1 & all s\ght to ju/ify _! answ]s by reason1 all made ! wise man ! ideal4 ,! ,cynics & ,cyr5aics1 ,/oics & ,epicureans1 ,plato & ,ari/otle repres5t ! v>i\s philosophic answ]s to ^! alt]natives4 ,cynics & ,cyr5aics bo? answ] 7#a7 by individualism1 b div]ge on 7#b71 ! ,cynics plac+ emphasis on indep5d5ce f wants1 ! ,cyr5aics on gratification ( wants4 ,/oics & ,epicureans repres5t broad] & m social developm5t ( ! same pr9ciples1 ! ,/oics seek+ a cosmopolitan /ate1 ! ,epicureans a community ( fri5ds2 ! ,/oics emphasiz+ reason or wisdom z ! only good2 ! ,epicureans f9d+ = wisdom a field 9 ! selection ( ref9$ pleasures4 ,plato & ,ari/otle1 ) v>y+ emphasis b ess5tial agreem5t1 insi/ 7#a7 t ! good ( man is f\nd 9 fulfill+ completely 8 highe/ possible functions1 :i* is possible only 9 society2 7#b7 t wisdom is n m]ely to apply a /&>d b to =m "o2 t :ile nei!r reason alone nor feel+ alone is en\gh = life1 yet t pleasure is r = life ?an life = pleasure4 ,f9ally1 ,plato1 ,ari/otle & ! ,/oics1 z well z ! tragic poets1 contribute successively to ! =mation ( an ideal ( responsible "*4 ,e>ly ,individuali/ic ,!ories4--,cynics & ,cyr5aics 7 alike individuali/s4 ,society1 !y held1 is artificial4 ,its s-call$ goods1 on ! "o h&1 & its re/rictions on ! o!r1 are to be reject$ unless !y favor ! individual's happ9ess4 ,indep5d5ce 0 ! m>k ( wisdom among ! ,cynics2 ,anti/h5es1 pr\d ( ! holes 9 8 g>m5t2 ,diog5es1 dwell+ 9 8 t5t or sleep+ 9 ! /reet1 sc(f+ at ! curr5t conv5tions ( dec5cy1 ask+ f ,philip only t he w\ld get out ( 8 sun%9e--are ! *>act]i/ic figures4 ,! /ate ( nature 0 oppos$ to ! ,/ate4 ,only ! primitive wants 7 recogniz$ z natural4 ,art & sci5ce1 family & native l&1 7 indiff]5t4 ,weal? & ref9em5t1 fame & honor1 seem$ z sup]flu\s z ^? enjoym5ts ( ! s5ses :i* w5t beyond ! satisfaction ( ! natural wants ( hung] & sex4 ,! ,cyr5aics1 or h$oni/s 7hedone1 pleasure71 gave a diff]5t turn to wisdom4 ,! good is pleasure1 & wisdom is f\nd 9 t prud5ce :i* selects ! pure/ & mo/ int5se4 ,h5ce1 if ?is is ! good1 :y %\ld a man tr\ble himself ab\t social /&>ds or social obligations8 ,! h$oni/s gladly %>$ ! ref9em5t ( enjoym5t :i* civilization br\ght ) x2 !y f\nd x conv5i5t & p]missible t ! intellig5t man %\ld enjoy ! honey :i* o!rs prep>$2 b no feel+ ( duty or ?ankfulness b\nd !m to ! civilization ^: fruits !y enjoy$4 ,sacrifice = o!rs1 patriotism1 & devotion to a g5]al object1 ,!odorus decl>$ to be a =m ( fooli%ness :i* x did n become ! wise man to %>e4#fi ,sec4 #e4 ,,! ,,deep] ,,view ,,( ,,nature ,,& ,,! ,,good2 ,,( ,,! ,,individual ,,& ,,! ,,social ,,ord] ,value ( a ,/ate4--,plato & ,ari/otle take up boldly ! *all5ge ( individualism4 ,x may inde$ be grant$ t exi/+ /ates are too (t5 rul$ by classes4 ,!re are olig>*ies 9 :i* ! soldi] or ! ri* control = _! own int]e/s2 !re are tyrannies 9 :i* ! despot is gre$ & =ce p]sonifi$2 !re are democracies 7,plato 0 an ari/ocrat7 9 :i* ! mob be>s rule1 & ^? :o flatt] & fe$ its passions are 9 au?ority4 ,b all ^! d b s]ve to br+ out m cle>ly ! conception ( a true ,/ate1 9 :i* ! rule is by ! wise/ & be/ & is n = ! int]e/ ( a class1 b = ! welf>e ( all4 ,ev5 z x 01 ! ,/ate ( ,a!ns 9 ,plato's day--except :5 x condemn$ a ,socrates--meant complet5ess & fre$om ( life4 ,x repres5t$ n m]ely a police =ce to protect ! individual1 b /ood = ! complete organization ( all ! life :i* ne$s coop]ation & mutual support4 ,! ,/ate provid$ in/ruction = ! m9d & tra9+ = ! body4 ,x surr\nd$ ! citiz5 ) an atmosph]e ( beauty & provid$ 9 ! trag$y & com$y opportunities = e citiz5 to consid] ! l>g] significance ( life or to jo9 9 ! contagi\s sympa?y ( mir?4 ,9 fe/ivals & solemn processions x br\ght ! citiz5 into unity ( religi\s feel+4 ,to be an ,a!nian citiz5 meant to %>e 9 all ! high] possibilities :i* life af=d$4 ,int]pret+ ?is life1 ,ari/otle proclaims t x is n 9 isolation1 b 9 ! ,/ate1 t ! goal ( full indep5d5ce may be said to be fir/ atta9$4 ,! ,natural4--,ari/otle goes directly to ! he>t ( ! problem z to :at is natural by ass]t+ t nature is n to be f\nd 9 ! crude beg9n+1 b r 9 ! complete developm5t4 ,! nature ( any?+1 e4g41 ( a man1 a horse1 or a h\se1 may be def9$ to be its condition :5 ! process ( production is complete4 ,h5ce ! ,/ate 9 :i* alone complet5ess ( life is atta9$ is 9 ! highe/ s5se natural3 ,! object propos$ or ! complete developm5t ( a ?+ is its highe/ good2 b indep5d5ce :i* is fir/ atta9$ 9 ! ,/ate is a complete developm5t or ! highe/ good & is !re=e natural4 ,= z ! ,/ate 0 =m$ to make life possible1 s x exi/s to make life good4 ,?us we see t ! ,/ate is a natural in/itution1 t man is naturally a political animal & t "o :o is n a citiz5 ( any ,/ate1 if ! cause ( 8 isolation be natural & n accid5tal1 is ei!r a sup]human be+ or l[ 9 ! scale ( human civilization1 z he /&s alone l a 'blot' on ! backgammon bo>d4 ,! 'clanless1 lawless1 he>?less man1' s bitt]ly describ$ by ,hom]1 is a case 9 po9t1 = he is naturally a citiz5 ( no /ate & a lov] ( w>4#gj ,nor does ,ari/otle /op "h4 ,) a pr(\nd insight into ! relation ( man to society1 & ! dep5d5ce ( ! individual ^u ! social body1 a relation :i* mod]n social psy*ology has work$ out 9 great] detail1 ,ari/otle ass]ts t ! ,/ate is n m]ely ! goal ( ! individual's developm5t1 b ! s\rce ( 8 life4 ,aga91 9 ! ord] ( nature ! ,/ate is prior to ! h\sehold or individual4 ,= ! :ole mu/ ne$s be prior to its "p4 ,= in/ance1 if y take away ! body :i* is ! :ole1 !re w n rema9 any su* ?+ z a h& or foot1 unless we use ! same ^w 9 a diff]5t s5se1 z :5 we speak ( a /one h& z a h&4 ,= a h& sep>at$ f ! body w be a disabl$ h&2 :]eas x is ! faculty or function ( a ?+ :i* makes x :at x is1 & !re=e :5 ?+s lose _! function or faculty1 x is n correct to call !m ! same ?+s1 b r homonym\s1 i4e41 diff]5t ?+s hav+ ! same "n4 ,we see1 !n1 ! ,/ate is a natural in/itution1 & also t x is prior to ! individual4 ,= if ! individual z a sep>ate unit is n indep5d5t1 he mu/ be a "p & mu/ be> ! same relation to ! ,/ate z ! o!r p>ts to _! :oles2 & "o :o is incapable ( association ) o!rs or is indep5d5t & has no ne$ ( su* association1 is no memb] ( a ,/ate2 9 o!r words1 he is ei!r a brute or a ,god4#ga ,&1 moreov]1 :5 we look into ! nature ( ! individual1 we d n f9d him a be+ devoid ( ! sympa?ies & qualities :i* f9d _! natural expression n only 9 ! ,/ate1 b 9 v>i\s social & fri5dly relations4 ,!re is an impulse t[>d ! life 9 common 7,greek3 philia7 :i* expresses itself 9 fri5d%ip1 b :i* is also s ess5tial to t recognition ( o!rs call$ ju/ice t we may say x is ! mo/ j ( all j ?+s4 ,!re is also a unity ( disposition & purpose 7,greek3 omonoia7 :i* may be call$ political fri5d%ip4#gb ,plato's ,ideal ,/ate4--,h[ !n is ! ,/ate con/itut$ & gov]n$ :i* is to provide = man's full developm5t1 8 complete good8 ,evid5tly two pr9ciples mu/ control4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x mu/ be s con/itut$ t e man may develop 9 x ! full capacities ( 8 nature1 & !reby s]ve at once ! p]fection ( ! ,/ate & 8 own complet5ess2 & 9 ! second place1 ! ,/ate or social :ole mu/ be rul$ by ^? be/ fitt$ = ?is "w4 ,n ! soldi]1 nor ! plutocrat1 nor ! artisan1 b ! man :o kn[s1 is ! suitable rul] = our ideal community4 ,! soldi] may def5d1 ! artisan may support1 b ! sci5tific or intellig5t man %\ld rule4 ,& x is evid5t t 9 settl+ ?is pr9ciple1 we h also answ]$ our fir/ problem2 = ! soldi] & ! artisan w f9d 8 full developm5t by do+ ! "w :i* he c d well1 n by m$dl+ ) a task 9 :i* he mu/ necess>ily fail4 ,9 ord] to gu>d aga9/ ! gre$ :i* 0 s *>act]i/ic ( ! gov]nm5ts ( 8 day1 ,plato w\ld provide t ! rul]s & w>riors %\ld h no private prop]ty1 & n ev5 private families4 ,_! eye %\ld be s+le to ! good ( ! :ole4 ,:5 ask$ z to ! practicability ( a ,/ate gov]n$ by su* dis9t]e/$ rul]s1 & ) su* wisdom1 he admits inde$ its difficulty1 b he /\tly dem&s its necessity3 ,until philosoph]s are k+s1 or ! k+s & pr9ces ( ?is _w h ! _s & p[] ( philosophy1 & political greatness & wisdom meet 9 "o1 & ^? common] natures :o pursue ei!r to ! exclusion ( ! o!r are compell$ to /& aside1 cities w nev] h re/ f _! evils1--no1 nor ! human race1 z ,i believe1--& !n only w ?is our ,/ate h a possibility ( life & behold ! light ( day4#gc ,& yet ! "q ( ! actual exi/5ce ( a p]fect ,/ate is n ! "q ( supreme importance4 ,= ,plato has grasp$ ! ?\ght t man is controll$ n only by :at he sees1 b by :at he images z desirable4 ,& if a man has once =m$ ! image ( an ideal ,/ate or city ( ?is k9d1 9 :i* ju/ice prevails1 & life rea*es full] & high] possibilities ?an x has yet atta9$1 ?is is ! ma9 ?+3 ,9 heav51 !re is laid up a patt]n ( x1 me?9ks1 :i* he :o desires may behold1 & behold+1 may set 8 own h\se 9 ord]4 ,b :e!r su* an "o exi/s1 or ev] w exi/ 9 fact1 is no matt]3 = he w live aft] ! mann] ( t city1 hav+ no?+ to d ) any o!r4#gd ,! ,social z ,law ( ,nature4--,! social nature ( man1 ?us v9dicat$ by ,plato & ,ari/otle1 rema9$ z ! p]man5t possession ( ,greek ?\ght4 ,ev5 ! ,epicureans1 :o develop$ fur!r ! h$oni/ic !ory ( life1 emphasiz$ ! values ( fri5d%ip z among ! *oice/ & mo/ ref9$ s\rces ( pleasure4 ,! ,/oics1 :o 9 _! indep5d5ce ( wants took up ! tradition ( ! ,cynics1 7 yet f> f int]pret+ ?is z an indep5d5ce ( society4 ,! dis9tegration ( ! ,greek /ates made x impossible to f9d ! social body 9 ! old city-/ate1 & s we f9d ) ! ,/oics a c]ta9 cosmopolitanism4 ,x is ! highe/ glory ( man to be a citiz5 n ( ,a!ns b ( ! univ]se1--n ( ! city ( ,cecrops1 b ( ! city ( ,zeus4 ,& ?r\gh ?is conception ! social nature ( man 0 made ! basis ( a natural law1 :i* f\nd its expression 9 ! pr9ciples ( ,roman & mod]n jurisprud5ce4 ,passion or ,reason4--,9 answ]+ ! "q z to ! true nature ( man1 ,plato & ,ari/otle f\nd ! sugge/ions likewise = ! problem ( individual good4 ,= if ! soldi] z ! seek] = fame & honor1 ! av>ici\s man embody+ ! desire = weal?1 & /ill m1 ! tyrant p]sonify+ ! unbridl$ expression ( e lu/ & passion1 are abhorr5t1 is x n easy to see t an ord]ly & h>moni\s developm5t ( impulses "u ! guidance & control ( reason1 is f> bett] ?an t uncramp$ expression ( desires & crav+s = :i* "s ( ! radical individuali/s & s5suali/s ( ! day 7 clamor+8 ,z repres5tative ( ?is class1 he> ,callicles3 ,i pla9ly ass]t t he :o w\ld truly live ought to all[ 8 desires to wax to ! utt]mo/1 & n to *a/ise !m2 b :5 !y h gr[n to _! greate/1 he %\ld h c\rage & intellig5ce to m9i/] to !m & to satisfy all 8 long+s4 ,& ?is ,i affirm to be natural ju/ice & nobility4 ,! temp]ate man is a fool4 ,x is only 9 hung]+ & eat+1 9 ?ir/+ & dr9k+1 9 hav+ all 8 desires ab\t him1 & gratify+ e possible desire1 t man lives happily4#ge ,b ev5 ,callicles himself admits t !re are c]ta9 m51 ! creatures ( degrad$ desire1 ^: lives are n ideal1 & h5ce t !re mu/ be "s *oice ( pleasure4 ,& c>ry+ out 9 ! individual life ! ?\ght above sugge/$ by ! ,/ate1 ,plato raises ! "q z to :e!r man1 a complex be+1 ) bo? noble & ignoble impulses1 & ) ! capacity ( controll+ reason1 c be said to make a wise *oice if he lets ! passions run riot & *oke out :olly 8 rational nature3 ,is n ! noble t :i* subjects ! bea/ to ! man1 or r to ! god 9 man2 & ! ignoble t :i* subjects ! man to ! bea/8 ,he c h>dly avoid admitt+ ?is1--c he n[8 ,n if he has any reg>d = my op9ion4 ,b1 if he admits ?is1 we may ask him ano!r "q3 ,h[ w\ld a man pr(it if he receiv$ gold & silv] on ! condition t he 0 to enslave ! noble/ "p ( him to ! wor/8 ,:o c imag9e t a man :o sold 8 son or daught] into slav]y = money1 especially if he sold !m into ! h&s ( fi]ce & evil m51 w\ld be ! ga9]1 h[ev] l>ge might be ! sum :i* he receiv$8 ,& w any "o say t he is n a mis]able caitiff :o sells 8 own div9e be+ to t :i* is mo/ a!i/ical & dete/able & has no pity8 ,eriphyle took ! necklace z ! price ( h] husb&'s life1 b he is tak+ a bribe 9 ord] to compass a worse ru94#gf ,necessity ( a ,/&>d = ,pleasure4--,if1 = ! mom5t1 we rule out ! "q ( :at is noble or kalon1 & admit t ! aim ( life is to live pleasantly1 or if1 9 o!r words1 x is urg$ z above t ju/ice is n pr(itable & t h5ce he :o w\ld seek ! highe/ good w seek x by "s o!r ?an ! ?orny pa?1 we mu/ recognize t ! decision z to :i* k9d ( pleasure is pref]able w dep5d on ! "* ( ! man :o judges3 ,!n we may assume t !re are ?ree classes ( m51--lov]s ( wisdom1 lov]s ( ambition1 lov]s ( ga98 ,exactly4 ,& !re are ?ree k9ds ( pleasure1 :i* are _! sev]al objects8 ,v true4 ,n[1 if y exam9e ! ?ree classes & ask ( !m 9 turn :i* ( _! lives is pleasante/1 ea* ( !m w be f\nd prais+ 8 own & deprecat+ t ( o!rs2 ! money-mak] w contra/ ! vanity ( honor or ( le>n+ ) ! solid advantages ( gold & silv]8 ,true1 he said4 ,& ! lov] ( honor1--:at w be 8 op9ion8 ,w he n ?9k t ! pleasure ( ri*es is vulg>1 :ile ! pleasure ( le>n+1 :i* has no ne$ ( honor1 he reg>ds z all smoke & nons5se8 ,true1 he said4 ,b may we n suppose1 ,i said1 t philosophy e/imates o!r pleasures z no?+ 9 comp>ison ) kn[+ ! tru?1 & 9 t abid+1 ev] le>n+1 9 ! pursuit ( tru?1 n f> inde$ f ! heav5 ( pleasure8 ,! o!r pleasures ! philosoph] disp>ages by call+ !m necess>y1 mean+ t if !re 7 no necessity = !m1 he w\ld n h !m4 ,!re ought to be no d\bt ab\t t1 he repli$4 ,s9ce1 !n1 ! pleasure ( ea* class & ! life ( ea* is 9 dispute1 & ! "q is n :i* life is mo/ honorable1 or bett] or worse1 b :i* is ! m pleasant or pa9less1--h[ %all we "k8 ,i _c tell1 he said4 ,well1 b :at ought to be ! crit]ion8 ,is any bett] ?an exp]i5ce & wisdom & reason8 ,!re _c be a bett]1 he said4 ,if weal? & ga9 7 ! crit]ion1 !n :at ! lov] ( ga9 prais$ & blam$ w\ld surely be ! true/8 ,assur$ly4 ,( if honor or victory or c\rage1 9 t case ! ambitions or cont5tm5ts w\ld decide be/8 ,cle>ly4 ,b s9ce exp]i5ce & wisdom & reason are ! judges1 ! inf]5ce ( c\rse is1 t ! true/ pleasures are ^? :i* are approv$ by ! lov] ( wisdom & reason4#gg ,x is ?us evid5t t ev5 if we />t out to f9d ! good 9 pleasure1 we ne$ "s k9d ( measur+ art4 ,we ne$ a /&>d = pleasure1 & ?is /&>d c be f\nd only 9 wisdom4 ,& ?is =ces u to ma9ta9 t wisdom is aft] all ! good4 ,n m]ely intellectual atta9m5t--a life ( intellect )\t feel+ w\ld be j z little a true human life z w\ld ! life ( an oy/]1 :i* has feel+ ) no intellig5ce4 ,a life :i* includes sci5ces & arts1 & ! pure pleasures ( beauty1 presid$ ov] by wisdom & measure & symmetry1--?is is ,plato's vision ( ! life ( ! individual1 view$ f )94 ,eudaemonism4--,ari/otle's conception ( ! good is fundam5tally ! same4 ,x is a full developm5t ( man's capacities1 culm9at+ 9 a rational & h>moni\s life4 ,if1 says ,ari/otle1 we are to f9d ! ultimate good1 we mu/ try to f9d1 if possible1 "s "o end :i* is pursu$ z an end 9 itself1 & nev] z a means to some?+ else1 & ! mo/ g5]al t]m = ?is f9al end is eudaimonia1 or well-be+1 = we also *oose x = itself & nev] = ! sake ( some?+ else4 ,:at is ! ess5ce ( well-be+8 ,?is1 accord+ to ,ari/otle1 is to be f\nd by ask+ :at is ! function ( man4 ,! life ( nutrition & gr[? man has 9 common ) ! plants2 ! life ( s5se 9 common ) ! animal4 ,x is 9 ! life ( 8 rational nature t we mu/ f9d 8 especial function4 ,! good ( man is ex]cise ( 8 faculties 9 accordance ) _! appropriate excell5ce4 ,ext]nal goods are valuable because !y may be in/rum5ts t[>d su* full activity4 ,pleasure is to be valu$ because x p]fects ! activities1 & !re=e p]fects life1 :i* is ! aim ( human desire--r ?an valu$ z an end 9 itself4 ,no "o w\ld *oose to live on condition ( hav+ a *ild's intellect all 8 life1 ?\gh he 7 to enjoy 9 ! highe/ possible degree all ! pleasures ( a *ild4#gh ,! ,mean4--,! cr[n+ importance ( wisdom z ! rational measure ( ! ideal life is also illu/rat$ 9 ,ari/otle's !ory ( excell5ce 7or virtue7 z a mean4 ,?is phrase is some:at ambigu\s1 = "s passages w\ld seem to indicate t x is m]ely /rik+ an av]age betwe5 two k9ds ( excesses1 & f9d+1 z x 71 a mod]ate am\nt ( feel+ or action2 b !re is evid5tly involv$ "h j ! old ?\ght ( measure1 & ! mean is :at "r reason prescribes4 ,x is n e "o :o c f9d ! mean1 b only he :o has ! requisite k4 ,! supreme excell5ce or virtue is1 !re=e1 ! wisdom :i* c f9d ! true /&>d = action4#gi ,! ,wise ,man4--,f9ally ! conception ( virtue z wisdom is illu/rat$ 9 ! ideals ( ! ?ree prom95t s*ools 9 lat] ,greek ?\ght1--! ,sceptics1 ,epicureans1 & ,/oics4 ,! wise man among ,sceptics is he :o susp5ds judgm5t :]e x is impossible to be c]ta94 ,! wise man among ,epicureans is he :o *ooses ! f9e/ & sure/ & mo/ la/+ pleasures4 ,! wise man among ,/oics is he :o ov]comes 8 emotions4 ,b 9 e case ! ideal is express$ 9 ! same phrase1 ! wise man4 ,man & ! ,cosmos4--,we see ?us h[ ,greek ?\ght1 />t+ out to *all5ge all society's laws & /&>ds & br+ !m to ! b> ( k1 has f\nd a deep] value & high] validity 9 ! true social & moral ord]4 ,! appeal 0 to ! ,caes> ( reason1 & reason tak5 9 its full significance c>ries u beyond ! imm$iate & transi5t to ! broad] & m p]man5t good4 ,nor c reason 9 its se>* = good be cont5t1 urges ,plato1 ) ! sup]ficial facts ( life & society4 ,he :o w\ld f9d & a*ieve 8 complete function1 8 full developm5t1 mu/ broad5 8 horizon /ill fur!r4 ,z 8 own p>ticul> life is b a "p ( ! ongo+ ( ! l>g] _w1 ^: =ces act ^u him1 limit him1 & det]m9e 8 possibilities1 x becomes absolutely necess>y to /udy n m]ely 8 own end & purpose1 b ! end & purpose ( ! univ]se4 ,human good requires u to "k ! l>g] good1 ! ,good1 9 ! full & complete s5se4 ,& ?is p]fect ,good :i* is1 9 tru?1 ! v ess5ce ( ! univ]se1 is b ano!r t]m = ,god1 & ,plato (t5 uses ! two z int]*angeable t]ms4 ,s ! ,nature :i* ,greek life 0 seek+ gets its deepe/ significance & re9t]prets ! old religi\s dem& = unity ( ! life ( man ) ! =ces ( ! unse54 ,& ! ,/oic lat]1 9 8 maxim ,foll[ ,nature1 gives m explicit recognition to ! return ( ! circle4 ,= ! great "w ( ,greek sci5ce _h br\ght out into complete cle>ness ! idea ( ,nature z a sy/em ( law4 ,! univ]se is a rational univ]se1 a cosmos1 & man1 z above all else a rational be+1 f9ds ?us 8 k9%ip to ! univ]se4 ,to foll[ ,nature1 !re=e1 means to "k ! all-p]vad+ law ( ,nature & submit to x 9 calm acceptance or resignation4 ,all is h>moni\s to me t is h>moni\s to !e1 ,o univ]se2 all is fruit to me :i* ?y seasons br+4#hj ,sec4 #f4 ,,! ,,conception ,,( ,,! ,,ideal ,contra/ ( ,actual & ,ideal4--,! two /ages ( ,greek ?\ght :i* we h sket*$ did m ?an to readju/ ,greek life to deep] views ( ! ,/ate & ! individual2 ( ! good & ( nature4 ,! v *all5ge & process br\ght into explicit consci\sness a new feature ( ! moral life1 :i* is fundam5tal to true moral consci\sness1 viz41 ! factor ( contra/ betwe5 ! actual & ! ideal4 ,we h se5 t ! cla% ( "o-sid$ int]e/s & political in/itutions &1 9 ! case ( ,plato1 ! tragic execution ( ,socrates1 oblig$ ,plato & ,ari/otle to admit t ! actual ,/ate did n subs]ve ! real purpose :i* !y 7 =c$ to seek 9 social organization4 ,bo? ,plato & ,ari/otle1 !re=e1 draw ! picture ( a ,/ate t %\ld s]ve ! complete purposes ( human developm5t4 ,& aga91 9 ! individual life1 bo? ! conception ( ! developm5t ( man's highe/ possibilities & ! conception ( a measure or /&>d = ! conflict+ desires & purposes lead on to a conception :i* %all embody n m]ely ! exi/+ /atus b ! goal ( yet unrealiz$ purpose4 ,! ,ideal z ! ,true ,reality4--,v>i\s qualities & aspirations are embodi$ by ,plato 9 ?is conception1 & ) *>act]i/ic ,greek g5ius he has giv5 to ?is conception ( ! ideal almo/ z concrete & def9ite a =m z ! ,greek sculptor ( ,apollo gave to 8 ideal ( light & cl>ity1 or ! sculptor ( ,aphrodite to ! conception ( grace4 ,z contra/$ ) ! flux ( transi5t emotions1 or ! unc]ta9 play ( half-compreh5d$ or futile goods1 ?is ideal good is conceiv$ z et]nal1 un*ang+1 ev] ! same4 ,x is sup]human & div9e4 ,z contra/$ ) v>i\s p>ticul> & p>tial goods on :i* ! sons ( m5 fix _! affections1 x is ! "o univ]sal good :i* is valid = all m5 ev]y:]e & =ev]4 ,9 8 ef=t to f9d suitable imag]y = ?is conception1 ,plato 0 aid$ by ! religi\s conceptions ( ! ,orphic & ,py?agorean societies1 :i* _h emphasiz$ ! pre-exi/5ce & future exi/5ce ( ! s\l1 & its di/9ction f ! body4 ,9 its previ\s life1 said ,plato1 ! s\l has _h visions ( a beauty1 a tru?1 & a goodness ( :i* ?is life af=ds no adequate examples4 ,& ) ?is memory )9 x ( :at x has look$ ^u be=e1 x judges ! imp]fect & f9ite goods ( ?is pres5t _w & longs to fly away aga9 & be ) ,god4 ,?is ?\ght ( contra/ betwe5 ideal & actual1 to :i* ,plato 9 "s ( 8 writ+s gave ! turn ( a contra/ betwe5 s\l & body1 pass$ on ) increas$ emphasis into ,/oic & lat] ,platoni/ s*ools1 & furni%$ a philosophic basis = ! dualism & asceticism :i* is f\nd 9 ,hell5i/ic & m$iaeval morality4 ,e?ical ,significance4--,:ile ! true e?ical contra/ betwe5 ! actual & ! ideal 0 ?us %ift$ ov] into a metaphysical contra/ betwe5 s\l & body1 or betwe5 :at is fix$ & :at is *ang+1 ! fundam5tal ?\ght is highly significant1 = x m]ely symbolizes 9 objective =m ! *>act]i/ic ( e moral judgm5t1 viz41 ! te/+ & valu+ ( an act by "s /&>d1 & :at is ev5 m important1 ! =m+ ( a /&>d by :i* to d ! te/+4 ,ev5 ,ari/otle1 :o is frequ5tly reg>d$ z ! m]e describ] ( :at is1 r ?an ! ideali/ic portray] ( :at ought to be1 is no less insi/5t ^u ! significance ( ! ideal4 ,9 fact1 8 isolation ( reflection or !oria f ! civic virtues 0 us$ by ! m$iaeval *ur* 9 its idealization ( ! contemplative life4 ,l ,plato1 he conceives ! ideal z a div9e elem5t 9 human nature3 ,nev]!less1 in/ead ( li/5+ to ^? :o advise u z m5 & mortals n to lift our ?\ghts above :at is human & mortal1 we ought r1 z f> z possible1 to put (f our mortality & make e ef=t to live 9 ! ex]cise ( ! highe/ ( our faculties2 = ?\gh x be b a small "p ( u1 yet 9 p[] & value x f> surpasses all ! re/4#ha ,sec4 #g4 ,,! ,,conception ,,( ,,! ,,self2 ,,( ,,"* ,,& ,,responsibility ,! ,poets4--,out ( ! fi]ce competition ( individual desires1 ! cla%+ ( individual ambitions1 ! conflict betwe5 ! individual & ! /ate1 & ! deep5+ ( ! conception ( ! individual's nature1 em]g$ also ano!r conception ( fundam5tal importance = ! m highly develop$ reflective moral life1 viz41 t ( ! moral p]sonality1 its "* & its responsibility4 ,we may trace ! developm5t ( ?is conception ?r\gh ! poets1 z well z 9 ! philosoph]s4 ,aes*ylus set man ov] aga9/ ! gods1 subject to _! div9e laws1 b gave little play to human "* or consci\s self-direction4 ,) ,sophocles1 ! tragic situation 0 br\ght m directly into ! field ( human "*1 al?\gh ! conception ( de/9y & ! limitations m>k$ !reby 7 /ill ! dom9ant note4 ,) ,euripides1 human emotions & "* are br\ght into ! =egr\nd4 ,/\t-he>t$ness1 ! high _s t c endure 9 suff]+ or triumph 9 dea?1 :i* %[s n m]ely 9 8 h]oes b 9 ! wom51 ,polyx5a & ,m$ea1 ,pha$ra & ,iphig5ia1 ev9ces ! gr[+ consci\sness ( ! self--a consci\sness :i* w f9d fur!r developm5t 9 ! pr\d & self-suffici5t endurance ( ! ,/oic4 ,9 m directly e?ical l9es1 we f9d increas+ recognition ( ! self 9 ! motives :i* are set up = human action1 & 9 ! view :i* is =m$ ( human "*4 ,consci5ce 9 ! e>li] poets & morali/s1 0 l>gely a comp\nd ( ,nemesis1 ! ext]nal mess5g] & symbol ( div9e p5alty1 on ! "o h&1 & ,aidos1 ! s5se ( respect or rev]5ce = public op9ion & = ! high] au?ority ( ! gods1 on ! o!r4 ,b already 9 ! trag$ians we f9d sugge/ions ( a m intimate & p]sonal conception4 ,pa9s s5t by ,zeus 9 dreams may lead ! individual to m$itate1 & ?us to bett] life4 ,neoptolemus1 9 ,sophocles1 says1 ,all ?+s are noisome :5 a man des]ts ,8 own true self & does :at is n meet4 & ,philoctetes replies1 ,h m]cy on me1 boy1 by all ! gods1 ,& d n %ame ?yself by trick+ me4 ,! :ole ,antigone ( ,sophocles is ! /ruggle betwe5 ob$i5ce to ! political rul]s & ob$i5ce to ! high] laws :i* z laws ( rev]5ce become virtually inn] laws ( duty3 ,i "k ,i please ! s\ls ,i ought to please4 ,plato4--,"h1 z 9 ! =mulation ( 8 conception ( ! ideal1 religi\s imag]y help$ ,plato to f9d a m objective /atem5t = ! conception ( a moral judgm5t & a moral "*4 ,9 ! f9al judgm5t ( ! s\l aft] dea?1 ,plato sees ! real self /ripp$ b>e ( all ext]nal adornm5ts ( beauty1 rank1 p[]1 or weal?1 & /&+ z nak$ s\l be=e ! nak$ judge1 to receive 8 j rew>d4 ,& ! v nature ( ?is rew>d or p5alty %[s ! deep5+ conception ( ! self1 & ( ! intr9sic nature ( moral "*4 ,! true p5alty ( inju/ice is n to be f\nd 9 any?+ ext]nal1 b 9 ! v fact t ! evil do]s become base & wick$3 ,!y d n "k ! p5alty ( inju/ice1 :i* above all ?+s !y ought to "k1--n /ripes & dea?1 z !y suppose1 :i* evil do]s (t5 escape1 b a p5alty :i* _c be escap$4 ,,!od4 ,:at is t8 ,,soc4 ,!re are two patt]ns set be=e !m 9 nature2 ! "o bless$ & div9e1 ! o!r godless & wret*$2 & !y d n see1 9 _! utt] folly & infatuation1 t !y are gr[+ l ! "o & unlike ! o!r1 by reason ( _! evil de$s2 & ! p5alty is t !y lead a life answ]+ to ! patt]n :i* !y resemble4#hb ,! ,/oics4--,x is1 h[ev]1 9 ! ,/oics t we f9d ! conception ( inn] reflection rea*+ cle>e/ expression4 ,s5eca & ,epictetus repeat aga9 & aga9 ! ?\ght t ! consci5ce is ( high] importance ?an any ext]nal judgm5t1--t its judgm5t is inevitable4 ,9 ^! v>i\s conceptions1 we see atta9$ ! ?ird /age ( ,adam ,smi?'s description ( ! =mation ( consci5ce4#hc ,man :o read 8 duty at fir/ 9 ! judgm5ts ( 8 fell[s1 9 ! cu/oms & laws & codes ( honor1 & 9 ! religi\s precepts ( ! gods1 has aga9 come to f9d 9 gods & laws1 9 cu/om & au?ority1 ! true rational law ( life2 b x is n[ a law ( self4 ,n a p>ticul> or individual self1 b a self :i* embraces )9 x at once ! human & ! div9e4 ,! individual has become social & has recogniz$ himself z su*4 ,! religi\s1 social1 & political judgm5ts h become ! judgm5ts ( man ^u himself4 ,duty1 :at is b9d+ or necess>y1 takes its place z a def9ite moral conception4 ,,lit]ature ,besides ! writ+s ( ,plato 7especially1 ! ,apology1 ,crito1 ,protagoras1 ,gorgias1 & ,republic71 ,x5ophon 7,memorabilia71 ,ari/otle 7,e?ics1 ,politics71 ,cic]o 7,on ,ends1 ,laws1 ,duties2 ,on ! ,nature ( ! ,gods71 ,epictetus1 ,s5eca1 ,m4 ,aurelius1 ,plut>*1 & ! fragm5ts ( v>i\s ,/oics1 ,epicureans1 & ,sceptics1 ! trag$ies ( ,aes*ylus1 ,sophocles1 & ,euripides1 & ! com$ies ( ,ari/ophanes 7especially ! ,cl\ds7 af=d valuable mat]ial4 ,all ! hi/ories ( philosophy treat ! !oretical side2 among !m may be m5tion$ ,gomp]z 7,greek ,?9k]s1 #aijj-je71 ,zell] 7,socrates2 ,plato2 ,ari/otle2 ,/oics1 ,epicureans1 & ,sceptics71 ,w9delb&1 ,b5n 7,philosophy ( ,greece1 #ahih1 *s4 i41 v474 ,on ! ,moral ,consci\sness3 ,s*midt1 ,e?ik d] alt5 ,grie*51 #ahhb4 ,on ! social conditions & !ories3 ,poehlmann1 ,ges*i*te des antik5 ,kommunismus und ,sozialismus1 #ahic-aija2 ,do]+1 ,die ,lehre des ,sokrates als sociales ,re=msy/em1 #ahie4 ,on ! religion3 ,f>nell1 ,cults ( ! ,greek ,/ates1 #c vols41 #ahif2 ,rohde1 ,psy*e1 #ahid4 ,on ,political ,conditions & ,!ory3 ,newman1 ,introd4 to ,politics ( ,ari/otle1 #ahhg2 ,bradley1 ,ari/otle's ,!ory ( ! ,/ate 9 ,hell5ica2 ,wilamovitz-,moell5dorf1 ,ari/otle und ,a!n1 #aijj4 ,on ,nature & ,law ( ,nature3 ,rit*ie1 ,natural ,rights1 #ahie2 ,burnet1 ,int4 ,j\rnal ( ,e?ics1 vii41 #ahig1 pp4 #cbh-cc2 ,h>dy1 ,begriff d] ,physis1 #ahhd2 ,voigt1 ,die ,lehre vom jus naturale1 #ahef-ge4 ,g5]al3 ,d5is1 ,hi/oire des ,!ories et des ,idees ,morales dans l',antiquite1 #ahgi2 ,taylor1 ,anci5t ,ideals1 #aijj2 ,caird1 ,evolution ( ,!ology 9 ! ,greek ,philosoph]s1 #aijd2 ,janet1 ,hi/oire de la ,sci5ce ,politique dans ses ,rapports avec la ,morale1 #ahhg2 ,grote1 ,hi/ory ( ,greece1 #d? ed41 #ahgb2 ,plato & ! ,o!r ,companions ( ,socrates1 #ahhh4 ,,footnotes3 #fd ,cf4 ,x5ophon's acc\nt ( ! impressive appeal ( ,cle>*us3 ,=1 fir/ & greate/1 ! oa?s :i* we h sworn by ! gods =bid u to be enemies to ea* o!r4 ,:oev] is consci\s ( hav+ transgress$ ^!1--him ,i c\ld nev] deem happy4 ,= if "o 7 at w> ) ! gods1 ,i "k n ) :at swiftness he might flee s z to escape1 or into :at d>kness he might run1 or into :at /ronghold he might retreat & f9d refuge4 ,= all ?+s are ev]y:]e subject to ! gods1 & ! gods rule all ev]y:]e ) equity4--,anabasis1 ,,ii41 v4 #fe ,republic1 ,i41 #cdc4 #ff ,republic1 ,,ii41 #cfe4 #fg ,republic1 ,,ii41 #cfe4 #fh ,republic1 ,i41 #cdc f4 #fi ,w9delb&1 ,hi/ory ( ,philosophy1 p4 #hf4 #gj ,politics1 ,i41 ii4 ,welldon's translation4 #ga ,politics1 ,i41 ii4 ,welldon's translation4 #gb ,e?ics1 ,,viii41 i42 ,,ix41 vi4 #gc ,republic1 ,v41 #dgc4 #gd ,ibid41 ,,ix41 #eib4 #ge ,gorgias1 #dia ff4 #gf ,republic1 ,,ix41 #ehi f4 #gg ,republic1 ,,ix41 #eha f4 #gh ,e?ics1 ,x41 ii4-iv4 #gi ,among ! v>i\s types ( excell5ce :i* ,ari/otle enum]ates z exemplify+ ?is pr9ciple1 ! quality ( high-m9d$ness 7,greek3 megalopsy*ia7 is pre-em95t1 & may be tak5 z embody+ ! trait mo/ priz$ 9 an ,a!nian g5tleman4 ,! high-m9d$ man claims mu* & des]ves mu*2 l(ty 9 8 /&>d ( honor & excell5ce he accepts tributes f good m5 z 8 j des]t1 b despises honor f ord9>y m5 or on trivial gr\nds2 good & evil =tune are alike ( relatively small importance4 ,he nei!r seeks nor fe>s dang]2 he is ready to conf] favors & =get injuries1 sl[ to ask favors or cry = help2 fe>less 9 8 love & hatr$1 9 8 tru? & 8 indep5d5ce ( conduct2 n easily mov$ to admiration1 = no?+ is great to him4 ,he loves to possess beautiful ?+s t br+ no pr(it1 r ?an useful ?+s t pay2 = ?is is *>act]i/ic ( ! man ^: res\rces are 9 himself4 ,fur!r1 ! "* ( ! high-m9d$ man seems to require t 8 gait %\ld be sl[1 8 voice deep1 8 spee* measur$2 = a man is n likely to be 9 a hurry :5 !re are few ?+s 9 :i* he is deeply int]e/$1 nor excit$ :5 he holds no?+ to be ( v great importance2 & ^! are ! causes ( a high voice & rapid movem5ts 7,e?ics1 ,,iv41 vi4-viii474 #hj ,m>cus ,aurelius1 ,?\ghts1 ,,iv41 #bc4 #ha ,e?ics1 ,x41 vii4 #hb ,!aetetus1 #agf4 #hc ,smi? held t we 7#a7 approve or disapprove ! conduct ( o!rs2 7#b7 see ourselves z o!rs see u1 judg+ ourselves f _! /&po9t2 7#c7 f9ally1 =m a true social /&>d1 t ( ! imp>tial spectator4 ,?is is an inn] /&>d--consci5ce4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,! ,,mod]n ,,p]iod ,! moral life ( ! mod]n we/]n _w diff]s f bo? ,hebrew & ,greek morality 9 "o respect4 ,! ,hebrews & ,greeks 7 pione]s4 ,_! lead]s _h to meet new situations & %ape new conceptions ( righte\sness & wisdom4 ,mod]n civilization & morality1 on ! o!r h&1 receiv$ c]ta9 ideals & /&>ds already work$ out & e/abli%$4 ,^! came to x p>tly ?r\gh ! lit]ature ( ,hebrews1 ,greeks1 & ,lat9s1 p>tly ?r\gh ,greek art & ,roman civilization1 b *iefly1 p]haps1 ?r\gh two in/itutions3 7#a7 ,roman gov]nm5t & law embodi$ ,/oic conceptions ( a natural law ( reason & ( a _w /ate1 a univ]sal rational society4 ,?is n only gave ! gr\ndwork ( gov]nm5t & rights to ! mod]n _w2 x 0 a con/ant influ5ce = guid+ & %ap+ ideas ( au?ority & ju/ice4 7#b7 ,! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* 9 its ca!drals1 its cloi/]s1 its c]emonials1 its ord]s1 & its doctr9es _h a mo/ impressive sy/em ( /&>ds1 valuations1 motives1 sanctions1 & prescriptions = action4 ,^! 7 n ( ,hebrew orig9 solely4 ,greek & ,roman philosophy & political conceptions 7 fus$ ) m primitive tea*+ & conduct4 ,:5 ! ,g]mans conqu]$ ! ,empire !y accept$ 9 l>ge measure its in/itutions & its religion4 ,mod]n morality1 l mod]n civilization1 %[s ! m+l$ /reams ( ,hebrew1 ,greek1 ,roman1 & ,g]man or ,celtic life4 ,x conta9s also conceptions due to ! peculi> indu/rial1 sci5tific1 & political developm5t ( mod]n times4 ,?us we h to-day su* inh]it$ /&>ds z t ( ! honor ( a g5tleman side by side ) ! mod]n class /&>d ( bus9ess hone/y1 & ! labor union ideal ( class solid>ity4 ,we h ! ari/ocratic ideals ( *ivalry & *>ity side by side ) m democratic /&>ds ( dome/ic & social ju/ice4 ,we f9d ! ,*ri/ian equal /&>d = ! two sexes side by side ) ano!r :i* sets a high value on woman's *a/ity1 b a trivial value on man's4 ,we f9d a c]ta9 ideal ( self-sacrifice side by side ) an ideal ( success z ! only good4 ,we _c hope to dis5tangle all ! ?reads t ent] ?is v>iegat$ patt]n1 or r collection ( patt]ns1 b we c po9t out c]ta9 features t at ! same "t illu/rate c]ta9 g5]al l9es ( developm5t4 ,we /ate fir/ ! g5]al attitude & ideals ( ! ,middle ,ages1 & !n ! ?ree l9es along :i* individualism has proce$$ to ! moral consci\sness ( to-day4 ,sec4 #a4 ,,! ,,m$iaeval ,,ideals ,! m$iaeval attitude t[>d life 0 det]m9$ 9 "p by ! "* ( ! ,g]manic tribes ) _! bold1 b>b>ic /r5g? & indomitable _s1 _! clan & o!r gr\p organizations1 _! cu/oms or mores belong+ to su* a /ock2 & 9 "p by ! religi\s ideals pres5t$ 9 ! *ur*4 ,! pres5ce ( ^! two factors 0 manife/ 9 ! /rong contra/s ev]y:]e pres5t4 ,associat$ ) mail-clad knights ^: trade is w> & ^: delight is to combat are ! m5 ^: sacr$ vocation =bids ! use ( =ce altoge!r4 ,?r\gh l&s ov]spread ) de$s ( viol5ce1 ! lonely wayf>] ) ! /aff & badge ( a pilgrim passes un>m$ & 9 safety4 ,9 sight ( ca/les1 ab\t ^: walls fi]ce battles rage1 are ! *ur* & ! mona/]y1 )9 ! prec9cts ( :i* quiet reigns & all viol5ce is br&$ z sacrilege4#hd ,! h>% cla%es ( ! ,v5us music ov] aga9/ ! solemn /ra9s f ! ,pilgrim's ,*orus 9 ,tannhaeus] might well symbolize n only ! specific collision ( ! op]a b ! broad] range ( passions oppos$ to ! religi\s controls & values 9 ?is m$iaeval society4 ,! ,gr\p & ,class ,ideal4--,! e>ly ,g]mans & ,celts 9 g5]al _h ! clan sy/em1 ! gr\p ideals1 & gr\p virtues :i* belong$ to o!r ,aryan peoples1 b ! v fact ( ! ,g]manic victories %[s a milit>y _s :i* includ$ bo? p]sonal h]oism & good capacity = organization4 ,gr\p loyalty 0 /rong1 & ! gr\p valuation ( /r5g? & c\rage 0 unb\nd$4 ,a high value 0 also set on woman's *a/ity4 ,^! qualities1 p>ticul>ly ! loyalty to ! clan & its head1 surviv$ longe/ 9 ,celtic peoples l ! ,scots & ,iri% :o 7 n subject$ to ! =ces ( political organization4 ,e read] ( ,scott is famili> ) ! values & defects ( ! type2 & ! problems :i* x causes 9 mod]n democracy h be5 acutely describ$ by ,jane ,addams4#he ,among ! ,g]manic peoples1 :5 ! clan & tribal sy/ems 7 foll[$ by ! m ?or\ghgo+ dem>cation ( classes1 free & s]fs1 lords & villa9s1 *evali] or knight1 & *url1 ! old ,lat9 t]ms g5tle & vulg> f\nd a fitt+ application4 ,! t]m g5tle 0 inde$ giv5 9 "o ( its usages ! =ce ( ! k9dr$ t]m k9d to *>act]ize ! conduct appropriate )9 ! k91 b 9 ! comp\nd g5tleman x =m$ "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ conceptions ( class morality4 ,! honor ( a g5tleman 0 det]m9$ by :at ! class dem&$4 ,above all else ! g5tleman mu/ n %[ fe>4 ,he mu/ be ready to fight at any in/ant to prove 8 c\rage4 ,8 ^w mu/ n be d\bt$4 ,?is seems to h be5 on ! gr\nd t su* d\bt w\ld be a refusal to take ! man at 8 own e/imate1 r ?an because ( any sup]lative love ( tru?1 = ! approv$ way to prove ! po9t at issue 0 by fight+1 n by any inve/igation4 ,b ! class "* appe>s 9 ! provision t no insult f "o ( a l[] class ne$ be notic$4 ,homicide 0 n contr>y to ! "* & honor ( a g5tleman4 ,nor did ?is require any su* /&>d 9 sex relations z a woman's honor requires ( a woman4 ,9 conduct t[>d o!rs1 ! c\rtesy :i* expresses 9 c]emony & mann] respect = p]sonal dignity 0 a f9e trait4 ,x did n always prev5t insol5ce t[>d inf]iors1 al?\gh !re 0 9 _m cases ! feel+1 noblesse oblige4 ,:at 0 ne$$ to make ?is ideal ( g5tleman a moral & n m]ely a class ideal1 0 t x %\ld base treatm5t ( o!rs on p]sonal wor? r ?an on bir?1 or weal?1 or race1 & t x %\ld n rate reputation = c\rage above ! value ( human life4 ,?is has be5 9 "p effect$1 b _m traits ( ! old conception live on to-day4 ,! ,ideal ( ! ,*ur*4--,! ideal ( life :i* ! *ur* pres5t$ conta9$ two /rongly contra/+ elem5ts1 :i* h be5 frequ5tly f\nd 9 religion & are p]haps inevitably pres5t4 ,on ! "o h&1 a spiritual religion implies t man 9 comp>ison ) ,god is f9ite1 weak1 & s9ful2 he %\ld !re=e be ( a humble & contrite he>t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 z a *ild ( ,god he p>takes ( ! div9e & is rais$ to inf9ite wor?4 ,on ! "o h&1 ! spiritual life is n ( ?is _w & mu/ be s\ght 9 r5\nc+ its pleasures & lu/s2 on ! o!r h&1 if ,god is really ! supreme gov]nor ( ! univ]se1 !n ?is _w also ought to be subject to 8 rule4 ,9 ! m$iaeval view ( life1 ! humility & )drawal f ! _w 7 assign$ to ! individual2 ! sublimity & ! rul+ au?ority to ! *ur*4 ,e?ically ?is di/ribution _h some:at ! effect ( gr\p morality 9 t x m9imiz$ ! individual & magnifi$ ! corporate body ( :i* he 0 a "p4 ,asceticism & humility g h& 9 h& ) ! p[] ( ! hi]>*y4 ,individual pov]ty--weal? ( ! *ur*2 individual meekness & submission--unlimit$ p[] & au?ority 9 ! *ur*2 ^! anti!ses reflect ! fact t ! *ur* 0 ! heir bo? ( a k+dom ( ,god & ( a ,roman ,empire4 ,! humility %[$ itself 9 extreme =m 9 ! ascetic type ( mona/icism ) its v[s ( pov]ty1 *a/ity1 & ob$i5ce4 ,x 0 reflect$ 9 ! art :i* took = its subjects ! sa9ts1 conceiv$ n individually1 b typically & accord+ to tradition & au?ority4 ,_! ?9 att5uat$ figures %[$ ! ideal prescrib$4 ,! same humility %[$ itself 9 ! intellectual sph]e 9 ! preem95ce giv5 to fai? z comp>$ ) reason1 :ile ! my/ic los+ himself 9 ,god %[$ yet ano!r phase ( individual r5unciation4 ,ev5 *>ity1 ) :i* ! *ur* s\ght to temp] ! h>d%ip ( ! "t1 took a =m :i* t5d$ to ma9ta9 or ev5 applaud ! dep5d5t attitude ( ! recipi5t4 ,s f> z life = ! individual _h a positive value1 ?is lay n 9 liv+ oneself out1 b r 9 ! calm & ! support af=d$ by ! *ur*3 ,a life 9 ! *ur*1 = ! *ur*1 ?r\gh ! *ur*2 a life :i* %e bless$ 9 mass at morn+ & s5t to peaceful re/ by ! vesp] hymn2 a life :i* %e support$ by ! con/antly recurr+ /imulus ( ! sacram5ts1 reliev+ x by confession1 purify+ x by p5ance1 admoni%+ x by ! pres5tation ( visible objects = contemplation & wor%ip--?is 0 ! life :i* !y ( ! ,middle ,ages conceiv$ ( z ! rightful life ( man2 x 0 ! actual life ( _m1 ! ideal ( all4#hf ,on ! o!r side1 ! *ur* boldly ass]t$ ! "r & duty ( ! div9e to control ! _w1--! religi\s symbol ( ! mod]n proposition t consci5ce %\ld dom9ate political & bus9ess affairs4 ,no in/itution is ap>t f ! au?ority ( ! *ur*1 wrote ,aegidius ,colonna4 ,no "o c legitimately possess field or v9e except "u its au?ority or by x4 ,h]etics are n own]s1 b unju/ly occupy4 ,canossa symboliz$ ! supremacy ( ! spiritual ov] ! temporal p[]1 & !re is a sublime audacity1 moral z well z political1 9 ! fam\s ,bull ( ,boniface ,,viii41 ,we decl>e t e human creature is subject to ! ,roman pontiff4 ,! *ur* z a corporate society express$ also ! community ( its memb]s4 ,x 0 inde$ no m]e collection ( individual believ]s4 ,z a div9e in/itution1 ! body ( ,*ri/ on e>?1 x gave to its memb]s r ?an receiv$ f !m4 ,x inve/$ !m ) new wor?1 in/ead ( gett+ its own wor? f !m4 ,nev]!less1 x 0 n an absolute au?ority2 x repres5t$ ! union ( all 9 a common fell[%ip1 a common de/9y1 & a common cause aga9/ ! p[]s ( evil4 ,! massive ca!drals :i* rema9 z ! monum5ts ( ! ages ( fai?1 are fitt+ symbols ( ^! aspects ( m$iaeval life4 ,!y dom9ate _! cities ar*itecturally1 z ! *ur* dom9at$ ! life ( ! ages :i* built !m4 ,!y inspir$ )9 ! wor%ipp]1 on ! "o h&1 a s5se ( f9it5ess 9 ! pres5ce ( ! sublime2 on ! o!r1 an elevation ( s\l z he became consci\s ( union ) a p[] & pres5ce n 8 own4 ,!y aw$ ! wor%ip+ assembly & unit$ x 9 a common s]vice4 ,sec4 #b4 ,,ma9 ,,l9es ,,( ,,mod]n ,,developm5t ,we h se5 t ! m$iaeval life _h two sets ( /&>ds & values3 "o set by ! tribal codes & ! in/9ct ( a w>like p2 ! o!r set by a *ur* :i* requir$ r5unciation :ile x ass]t$ control4 ,*anges may be trac$ 9 bo? ideals4 ,! gr\p morality becomes ref9$ & broad5$4 ,! *ur* /&>ds are affect$ 9 f\r ways3 7a7 ,! goods ( ! secul> life1 art1 family1 p[]1 weal?1 claim a place 9 ! sy/em ( values4 7b7 ,human au?ority ass]ts itself1 at fir/ 9 sov]eign /ates ) mon>*s1 !n 9 ! gr[? ( civil lib]ty & political democracy4 7c7 ,in/ead ( fai?1 reason ass]ts itself z ! ag5cy = discov]+ ! laws ( nature & ( life4 7d7 ,z ! result ( ! great] dignity & wor? ( ! individual :i* is work$ out 9 all ^! l9es1 social virtue t5ds to lay less value on *>ity & m on social ju/ice4 ,x mu/ n be suppos$ t ! movem5ts to be outl9$ h result$ 9 ! displacem5t or loss ( ! positive values 9 ! religi\s ideal4 ,! morality ( to-day does n ignore spiritual values2 x aims r to use !m to give full] mean+ to all exp]i5ce4 ,x does n ab&on law 9 seek+ fre$om1 or ignore duty because x is discov]$ by reason4 ,above all1 x is seek+ to br+ ab\t 9 m intimate fa%ion t supremacy ( ! moral ord] 9 all human relations = :i* ! *ur* 0 !oretically cont5d+4 ,& 9 rec5t times we are appreciat+ m ?or\ghly t ! individual _c atta9 a full moral life by himself4 ,only z he is a memb] ( a moral society c he f9d scope & support = full developm5t ( w4 ,9 concrete phrase1 x is j z necess>y to improve ! g5]al social environm5t 9 :i* m51 wom51 & *ildr5 are to live1 9 ord] to make bett] individuals1 z x is to improve ! individuals 9 ord] to get a bett] society4 ,?is 0 a tru? :i* ! religi\s conception ( salvation ?r\gh ! *ur* taught 9 o!r t]ms4 ,to foll[ ! developm5t ( ! mod]n moral consci\sness1 we %all rely n s mu* on ! =mal writ+s ( moral philosoph]s z on o!r s\rces4 ,:at m5 value mo/1 & :at !y recognize z "r1 is %[n 9 :at !y "w = & fight = & 9 h[ !y sp5d _! leisure4 ,?is is reflect$ m imm$iately 9 _! laws1 _! art & lit]ature1 _! religion1 & _! educational in/itutions1 al?\gh x f9ds ultimate expression 9 moral !ories4 ,! m concrete aspects are sugge/$ 9 ?is *apt]1 ! !ories 9 ,*apt] ,,xii4 ,sec4 #c4 ,,! ,,old ,,& ,,new ,,9 ,,! ,,beg9n+s ,,( ,,individualism ,an int]e/+ bl5d+ ( ! class ideal ( ! w>rior & g5tleman ) ! religi\s ideals ( devotion to "s spiritual s]vice1 & ( protection to ! weak1 is af=d$ by *ivalry4 ,! knights %[ _! fai? by _! de$s ( h]oism1 n by r5unciation4 ,b !y fight = ! ,holy ,sepul*]1 or = ! weak & oppress$4 ,_! inve/iture is almo/ z solemn z t ( a prie/4 ,honor & love appe> z motives side by side ) ! que/ ( ! ,holy ,grail4 ,*evali] ,bay>d is ! gallant fight] = c\ntry1 b he is also ! passionate admir] ( ju/ice1 ! knight sans peur et sans repro*e4 ,moreov]1 ! lit]ature :i* embodies ! ideal exhibits n only feats ( arms & religi\s symbolism4 ,p>sifal is n a m]e ab/raction2 he has life & "*4 ,& :o w d5y1 writes ,francke1#hg t 9 ?is "* ,wolfram has put be=e u1 )9 ! =ms ( *ivalr\s life1 an immortal symbol ( /ruggl+1 s9n+1 despair+1 b f9ally r$eem$1 humanity8 ,if *ivalry repres5t$ 9 "s degree a moraliz+ ( ! w>rior class1 ! m5dicant ord]s repres5t$ an ef=t to br+ religion into secul> life4 ,! foll[]s ( ,/4 ,dom9ic & ,/4 ,francis 7 inde$ ascetic1 b in/ead ( ma9ta9+ ! sep>ate life ( ! cloi/] !y aim$ to awak5 a p]sonal exp]i5ce among ! :ole p4 ,fur!r1 ! ,dom9icans adopt$ ! me?ods & conceptions ( ,greek philosophy to support ! doctr9es ( ! *ur*1 in/ead ( rely+ solely on fai?4 ,! ,franciscans on _! "p devot$ an ec/atic type ( piety to de$s ( *>ity & b5efic5ce4 ,!y aim$ to ov]come ! _w r ?an to )draw f x4 ,a bold] appeal to ! individual1 /ill )9 ! sph]e ( religion1 0 made :5 ,wyclif ass]t$ ! "r ( e in/ruct$ man to se>* ! ,bible = himself1 & a /rong dem& = social ju/ice f\nd expression 9 ,wyclif's tea*+ z well z 9 ! vision ( ,pi]s ,pl[man4 ,9 ! political _w ! gr[+ /r5g? ( ! empire s\ght likewise a religi\s sanction 9 its claim ( a div9e "r1 indep5d5t ( ! *ur*4 ,! claims ( ! civic life f9d also increas+ recognition ) ! spiritual tea*]s4 ,! ,/ate _h be5 reg>d$ by ,augu/9e z a consequ5ce ( ! fall ( man1 b x n[ comes to claim & receive a moral value3 fir/1 ) ,?omas ,aqu9as1 z ! in/itution 9 :i* man p]fects 8 e>?ly nature & prep>es = 8 high] de/9y 9 ! realm ( grace2 !n1 ) ,dante1 z no long] subord9ate to ! *ur*1 b coord9ate ) x4 ,f9ally1 ! rise ( ! univ]sities %[s a mo/ significant appe>ance ( ! mod]n _s "u ! old sanctions4 ,! range ( secul> /udies 0 limit$ & ! subject-matt] to be /udi$ 0 *iefly ! doctr9e ( ! ,fa!rs4 ,! tea*]s :o drew ?\s&s ( eag] "y m5 ab\t !m 7 cl]ics4 ,b ! v fact t dialectics--! art ( reason+--0 ! focus ( int]e/1 %[s ! dawn ( a _s ( inquiry4 ,su* a book z ,abel>d's ,sic et ,non1 :i* m>%al$ ! oppos+ views ( ! ,fa!rs 9 deadly p>allel1 0 a *all5ge to tradition & an ass]tion ( reason4 ,& x is n )\t significance t ! same bold ?9k] 0 ! fir/ ( ! m$iaeval s*ol>s to treat e?ics aga9 z a field by itself4 ,! title ,"k ,?yself sugge/s its me?od4 ,! ess5ce ( ! moral act is plac$ 9 ! int5t or resolve ( ! w2 ! crit]ion = judgm5t is agreem5t or disagreem5t ) consci5ce4 ,sec4 #d4 ,,individualism ,,9 ,,! ,,progress ,,( ,,lib]ty ,,& ,,democracy ,rights4--,x is n possible or necess>y "h to sket* ! advance ( political & civil lib]ty4 ,f9d+ its ag5ts sometimes 9 k+s1 sometimes 9 cities1 sometimes 9 an ari/ocracy or a ,h\se ( ,commons1 & sometimes 9 a popul> upris+1 x has also _h z its def5d]s ) ! p51 ,*ur*m51 ,prote/ants1 & free?9k]s1 lawy]s1 publici/s1 & philosoph]s4 ,all t c be done "h is to indicate briefly ! moral significance ( ! movem5t4 ,"s ( its protagoni/s h be5 actuat$ by consci\s moral purpose4 ,!y h f\ght ) sword or p5 n only 9 ! conviction t _! cause 0 j1 b because !y believ$ x j4 ,at o!r times1 a k+ has favor$ a city to weak5 ! p[] ( ! nobility1 or ! ,commons h oppos$ ! k+ because !y object$ to taxation4 ,:at makes ! process significant morally is t1 :atev] ! motives actuat+ ^? :o h f\ght its battles ) sword or p51 !y h ne>ly always claim$ to be fight+ = rights4 ,!y h pr(ess$ ! conviction t !y are engag$ 9 a j cause4 ,!y h ?us made appeal to a moral /&>d1 & 9 s f> z !y h s9c]ely s\ght to ass]t rights1 !y h be5 recogniz+ 9 "s s5se a social & rational /&>d2 !y h be5 build+ up a moral p]sonality4 ,sometimes inde$ ! rights h be5 claim$ z a matt] ( possession or ( tradition4 ,?is is to place !m on ! basis ( cu/om>y morality4 ,b 9 su* great crises z ! ,engli% ,revolutions ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 or ! ,fr5* & ,am]ican ,revolutions ( ! eighte5?1 "s deep] basis has be5 s\ght4 ,a ,milton1 a ,locke1 a ,r\sseau1 a ,jeff]son1 has b voic$ ! s5tim5ts ( a p 9 =mulat+ an explicitly moral pr9ciple4 ,sometimes ?is has tak5 ! =m ( an appeal to ,god-giv5 rights4 ,all m5 are equal be=e ,god2 :y %\ld "o man assume to comm& ano!r because ( bir?8 ,9 ?is s5se ! ,puritans /ood = lib]ty & democracy z "p ( _! cre$ ( life4 ,b (t5 ! appeal to a moral pr9ciple borr[$ ! conceptions ( ,greek philosophy & ,roman law1 & spoke ( natural rights or a law ( nature4#hh ,natural ,rights4--,?is conception1 z we h not$1 _h its orig9 9 ,greece 9 ! appeal f cu/om or conv5tion to ,nature4 ,at fir/ an appeal to ! natural impulses & wants1 x became ) ! ,/oics an appeal to ! rational ord] ( ! univ]se4 ,roman juri/s f\nd 9 ! idea ( su* a law ( nature ! rational basis = ! law ( society4 ,cic]o _h ma9ta9$ t e man _h its pr9ciples innate )9 him4 ,x is obvi\s t "h 0 a pr9ciple ) great possibilities4 ,! ,roman law itself 0 mo/ (t5 us$ 9 ! int]e/ ( absolutism1 b ! idea ( a natural law1 & s ( a natural "r m fundam5tal ?an any human dictate1 prov$ a p[]ful in/rum5t 9 ! /ruggle = p]sonal rights & equality4 ,all m5 naturally 7 born free1 wrote ,milton4 ,to und]/& political p[] "r1 wrote ,locke1 & d]ive x f its orig9al1 we mu/ consid] :at /ate all m5 are naturally 91 & t is a /ate ( p]fect fre$om to ord] _! actions & dispose ( _! possessions & p]sons1 z !y ?9k fit1 )9 ! b\nds ( ! law ( nature2 )\t ask+ leave or dep5d+ on ! w ( any o!r man4 ,a /ate also ( equality1 :]e9 all ! p[] & jurisdiction is reciprocal4 ,^! doctr9es f\nd eloqu5t portrayal 9 ,r\sseau1 & appe> 9 ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce ( #aggf4 ,f9ally1 ! ef=t to f9d 9 nature "s basis = indep5d5ce & fre$om is giv5 a new turn by ,h]b]t ,sp5c] :5 he po9ts to ! in/9ct = lib]ty 9 animals z well z 9 human be+s z ! orig9 ( ! law ( fre$om4 ,by "o ( ! p>adoxes ( hi/ory1 ! pr9ciple is n[ mo/ (t5 invok$ 9 favor ( ve/$ int]e/s4 ,natural easily loses ! =ce ( an appeal to reason & to social good1 & becomes m]ely an ass]tion ( anci5t usage1 or prec$5t1 or ev5 a %elt] = m]e selfi% int]e/s4 ,natural rights 9 prop]ty may be invok$ to ?w>t ef=ts to protect life & heal?4 ,individualism has be5 s successful 9 ass]t+ rights t x is n[ apt to =get t !re are no rights morally except su* z express ! w ( a good memb] ( society4 ,b 9 recogniz+ possible excesses we ne$ n =get ! value ( ! idea ( rights z a weapon 9 ! /ruggle 9 :i* ! moral p]sonality has gradually won its way4 ,! o!r side ( ! /ory has be5 ! gr[? ( responsibility4 ,! ga9 9 fre$om has n meant an increase 9 disord]2 x has be5 m>k$ r by ga9 9 peace & security1 by an increas+ respect = law1 & an increas+ /ability ( gov]nm5t4 ,! ext]nal control ( =ce has be5 replac$ by ! moral control ( duty4 ,sec4 #e4 ,,individualism ,,z ,,affect$ ,,by ,,! ,,developm5t ,,( ,,indu/ry1 ,,comm]ce1 ,,& ,,art ,! developm5t ( indu/ry1 comm]ce1 & art affects ! moral life 9 a v>iety ( ways1 ( :i* ?ree are ( especial importance = our purpose4 7#a7 ,x gives new int]e/s1 & new opportunities = individual activity4 7#b7 ,?is raises ! "q ( values4 ,are all ! activities good1 & %all "o satisfy :atev] int]e/ appeals to him1 or are "s bett] ?an o!rs8--! old "q ( k9ds ( happ9ess4 7#c7 ,x raises fur!r ! "q ( %>+ & di/ribution4 ,h[ f> may "o enjoy ! goods ( life 9 an exclusive way & h[ f> is x 8 duty to %>e ) o!rs8 ,d society's pres5t me?ods ( indu/ry1 comm]ce1 art1 & education di/ribute ^! goods 9 a j mann]8 ,! exam9ation ( ^! que/ions w be made 9 ,"p ,,iii4 ,x is our purpose at ?is po9t m]ely to indicate ! tr5d ( ! moral consci\sness ) reg>d to !m4 #a4 ,! ,increas+ ,p[] & ,int]e/s ( ! ,individual4--,p[] = ! m$iaeval man c\ld be s\ght 9 w> or 9 ! *ur*2 int]e/s 7 correspond+ly limit$4 ,! ,crusades1 contact1 ?r\gh !m & lat] ?r\gh comm]ce1 ) ,arabian civilization1 gr[+ acqua9tance ) ! lit]ature & art ( ,greece & ,rome1 7 effective ag5cies 9 /imulat+ ! mod]n developm5t4 ,b :5 once />t$ x ne$$ b ! opportunities ( suffici5t weal? & fre$om to g on4 ,art & lett]s h depict$ a v>iety & ri*ness ( exp]i5ce :i* ! anci5t _w did n feel4 ,%aksp]e1 ,rembr&t1 ,bunyan1 ,bee?ov51 ,goe!1 ,balzac1 ,%elley1 ,byron1 ,hugo1 ,wagn]1 ,ibs51 ,?ack]ay1 ,eliot1 ,tol/oy1 to "n almo/ at r&om1 reflect a weal? ( int]e/s & motives :i* %[ ! range ( ! mod]n man4 ,comm]ce & ! v>i\s l9es ( indu/ry h op5$ new av5ues = p[]4 ,no "o c see ! palaces or dwell+s ( ,v5ice or ! old ,flemi% ports1 or consid] ! enorm\s factories1 %ops1 & (fice build+s ( to-day1 )\t a s5se ( ! accession to human p[] ov] nature & ov] ! activities ( fell[ m5 :i* trade & indu/ry h br\ght ) !m4 ,! use ( money in/ead ( a sy/em ( p]sonal s]vice--slav]y or s]fdom--has n only made x possible to h m5's labor )\t own+ ! m51 x has aid$ 9 a va/ly m effective sy/em ?an ! old] me?od all[$4 ,! indu/rial revolution ( ! pa/ c5tury has _h two causes3 "o ! use ( ma*9]y2 ! o!r ! comb9ation ( human labor :i* ?is makes possible4 ,s f> ?is has greatly increas$ ! p[] ( ! few lead]s1 b n ( ! _m4 ,x is ! pres5t problem to make possible a l>g] opportunity = individual fre$om & p[]4 #b4 ,! ,values ( ,art & ,indu/ry4--,are all ^! wid] int]e/s & full] p[]s good8 ,! *ur* ideal & ! class ideal already describ$ gave diff]5t answ]s4 ,! class ideal ( g5tleman really express$ a =m ( self-ass]tion1 ( liv+ out "o's p[]s fully1 & ?is readily welcom$ ! possibilities :i* art & its enjoym5t af=d$4#hi ,! g5tleman ( ! ,r5aissance1 ! cavali] ( ,engl&1 ! noblesse ( ,france1 7 patrons ( art & lett]s4 ,! ,romantici/ urg$ t su* free & full expression z art af=d$ 0 high] ?an morality ) its control & limitation4 ,! *ur* admitt$ art 9 ! s]vice ( religion1 b 0 *>y ( x z an individual activity4 ,! ,puritans 7 m rigor\s4 ,p>tly because !y associat$ its *ur*ly use ) :at !y reg>d$ z idolatry1 p>tly z a prote/ aga9/ ! lic5se 9 mann]s :i* ! fre$om ( art seem$ to enc\rage1 !y fr[n$ ^u all =ms ( art except sacr$ lit]ature or music4 ,_! condemnation ( ! /age is /ill an elem5t1 ?\gh probably a less5+ elem5t1 & x is n long s9ce fiction 0 by _m reg>d$ ) suspicion4 ,on ! :ole1 ! mod]n moral consci\sness accepts art z hav+ a place 9 ! moral life1 al?\gh x by no means foll[s t art c be exempt f moral criticism z to its s9c]ity1 heal?fulness1 & p]spective4 ,9 ! case ( indu/ry ! *ur* ideal has prevail$4 ,! class ideal ( g5tleman 0 di/9ctly oppos$ to indu/ry1 p>ticul>ly manual labor4 ,arms or ! ,c\rt 0 ! prop] pr(ession4 ,?is 0 m or less b\nd up ) ! fact t 9 primitive conditions labor 0 ma9ly p]=m$ by wom5 or by slaves4 ,x 0 ! bus9ess1 ! virtue ( m5 to fight4 ,s f> z ?is class ideal 0 affect$ by ! models ( anci5t culture1 ! prejudice 0 /r5g!n$4 ,! classic civilization re/$ on slave labor4 ,! ideal ( ! g5tleman ( ,a!ns 0 ! free employm5t ( leisure1 n active ent]prise4 ,! *ur*1 on ! o!r h&1 ma9ta9$ bo? ! dignity & ! moral value ( labor4 ,n only ! example ( ! ,f\nd] ( ,*ri/ianity & 8 e>ly disciples1 :o 7 = ! mo/ "p manual labor]s1 b ! intr9sic moral value ( "w1 already ref]r$ to1 ent]$ into ! appraisal4#ij ,! ,puritans1 :o h _h a wide-rea*+ influ5ce ^u ! /&>ds ( ! middle & l[] classes ( ,engl&1 & ^u ! nor!rn & we/]n portions ( ,am]ica1 7 insi/5t ^u indu/ry1 n m]ely = ! sake ( its products1--!y 7 frugal 9 _! consumption1--b z express+ a type ( "*4 ,idl5ess & %iftlessness 7 n m]ely ineffective1 !y 7 s9ful4 ,if any w n "w1 nei!r let him eat1 comm5d$ itself ?or\ghly to ?is moral ideal4 ,t ! labor] br\ght some?+ to ! common weal1 :ile ! idl] _h to be support$1 0 a re5=cem5t to ! motives drawn f ! relation ( "w to "*4 ,z ! middle & l[] classes became increas+ly influ5tial1 ! v fact t !y 7 labor]s & trad]s /r5g!n$ ! religi\s ideal by a class motive4 ,x 0 natural t a labor+ class %\ld reg>d labor z hone/1 ?\gh f ! hi/ory ( ! ^w su* a collocation ( t]ms z hone/ labor w\ld once h be5 z absurd z hone/ villa94#ia ,a fur!r influ5ce effective 9 ,am]ica has be5 ! fluidity ( class di/9ctions 9 a new c\ntry4 ,! influ5ce ( ! fronti] has be5 all on ! side ( ! value ( "w & ! reprobation ( idl5ess4 ,at lea/ ?is is true = m54 ,a c]ta9 t5d5cy has be5 manife/ to exempt wom5 ( ! well-to-d classes f ! necessity ( labor1 & ev5 by tra9+ & social pressure to exclude !m f ! opportunity ( "w1 & make ( !m a leisure class1 b ?is is n likely to e/abli% itself z a p]man5t moral attitude4 ,! woman w n be cont5t to live 9 ,! ,doll's ,h\se :ile ! man is 9 ! real "w ( ! _w4 #c4 ,! ,di/ribution ( ! ,goods ( ,life4--,m$iaeval society made provision = bo? b5evol5ce & ju/ice4 ,*>ity1 ! highe/ ( ! virtues1 _h come to mean specifically ! giv+ ( goods4 ,! mona/]ies reliev$ ! poor & ! infirm4 ,hospitals 7 e/abli%$4 ,! g5tleman felt x to be n only a religi\s duty1 b a tradition ( 8 class to be lib]al4 ,to secure ju/ice 9 ! di/ribution ( weal?1 v>i\s re/rictions 7 impos$4 ,goods 7 n to be sold = :atev] !y c\ld br+1 nor 0 money to be loan$ at :atev] rate ( int]e/ ! borr[] 0 will+ to pay4 ,society aim$ to f9d out by "s means :at 0 a reasonable price = products4 ,9 ! case ( manufactur$ goods ?is c\ld be fix$ by ! op9ion ( fell[ craftsm54 ,a common e/imation1 :]e buy]s & sell]s met & b>ga9$ 9 an op5 m>ket1 c\ld be tru/$ to give a fair value4 ,a maximum limit 0 set = victuals 9 t[ns4 ,or1 aga91 cu/om prescrib$ :at %\ld be ! money equival5t = paym5ts =m]ly made 9 k9d1 or 9 p]sonal s]vice4#ib ,money-l5d+ 0 "u especial gu>d4 ,to ask int]e/ = ! use ( money1 provid$ ! pr9cipal 0 return$ intact1 seem$ to be tak+ advantage ( ano!r's necessity4 ,x 0 usury4 ,class morality add$ a diff]5t k9d ( re/rictions4 ,z embodi$ 9 ! laws1 x b\nd ! t5ants to ! soil & =bade ! migration ( labor]s4 ,! significant ?+ 9 ! :ole m$iaeval attitude 0 t society attempt$ to control bus9ess & indu/ry by a moral /&>d4 ,x did n tru/ ! individual to make 8 own b>ga9s or to conduct 8 bus9ess z he pleas$4 ,mod]n ,!ory3 ,free ,contract4--,! di/9ctive feature ( ! mod]n developm5t has be5 ! t5d5cy to ab&on moral re/rictions & to sub/itute a wage sy/em1 fre$om ( ex*ange1 & free contract4 ,x 0 ma9ta9$ by ! advocates ( ! new me?od t x 0 bo? m effici5t & at lea/ z j z ! old4 ,x 0 m effici5t because x /imulat$ e "o to make ! be/ possible b>ga94 ,surely e man is ! mo/ int]e/$1 & !re=e ! be/ promot] ( 8 own welf>e4 ,& if ea* is gett+ ! be/ results = himself1 ! good ( ! :ole community w be secur$4 ,=--s ran ! !ory1 :5 individualism _h s f> advanc$--society is simply ! aggregate ( its memb]s2 ! good ( all is ! sum ( ! goods ( ! memb]s4 ,! sy/em also claim$ to provide = ju/ice betwe5 buy] & sell]1 capitali/ & labor]1 by ! ag5cies notic$ 9 ! next p>agraph4 ,competition4--,to prev5t extortionate prices on ! "o h&1 or unduly l[ prices or wages on ! o!r1 ! reliance 0 on competition & ! g5]al pr9ciple ( supply & dem&4 ,if a bak] *>ges too high = 8 bread1 o!rs w set up %ops & sell *eap]4 ,if a money-l5d] asks too high int]e/1 m5 w n borr[ or w f9d a loan else:]e4 ,if a wage is too l[1 labor w g else:]e2 if too high1 capital w n be able to f9d a pr(it & s w n employ labor--s runs ! !ory4 ,)\t analyz+ ! moral value ( ! !ory at ?is po9t1 we notice only t1 s f> z x assumes to secure fair b>ga9s & a j di/ribution1 x assumes ! p>ties to ! free contract to be really free4 ,?is implies t !y are ^u ne>ly equal foot+4 ,9 ! days ( h& "w & small indu/ries ?is 0 at lea/ a plausible assumption4 ,b a new face 0 plac$ ^u ! situation by ! indu/rial revolution4 ,problem ,rais$ by ! ,indu/rial ,revolution4--,! introduction ( ma*9]y on a l>ge scale ne> ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury br\ght ab\t a *ange :i* has _h extraord9>y economic1 social1 & moral effects4 ,! revolution _h two factors3 7#a7 x us$ /eam p[] in/ead ( human muscle2 7#b7 x made possible ! great] subdivision ( labor1 & h5ce x made x pr(itable to organize l>ge bodies ( m5 "u a s+le direction4 ,bo? ^! factors contribut$ to an enorm\s increase 9 productive p[]4 ,b ?is increase made an ov]:elm+ diff]5ce 9 ! /atus ( capitali/ & labor]4 ,)\t discuss+ ! "q z to :e!r capital receiv$ m ?an a fair %>e ( ! increas$ pr(it1 x 0 obvi\s t if "o ,capta9 ( ,indu/ry 7 receiv+ ev5 a small "p ( ! pr(its e>n$ by ea* ( 8 ?\s& workm51 he w\ld be immeasurably bett] (f ?an any "o ( !m4 ,l ! m\nt$ & armor$ knight ( ! ,middle ,ages1 or ! b>on 9 8 ca/le1 he 0 m ?an a mat* = a multitude ( poorly equipp$ footm54 ,!re seem$ to be 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury an enorm\s disproportion betwe5 ! %>es ( weal? :i* fell to capitali/ & to labor]4 ,if ?is 0 ! result ( free contract1 :at fur!r pro( 0 necess>y t fre$om 0 a m]e empty t]m--a "n ) no reality8 ,= c\ld x be suppos$ t a man w\ld freely make an agreem5t to "w h>d] & long] ?an any slave1 receiv+ sc>cely ! b>e necessities ( exi/5ce1 :ile ! o!r p>ty 0 to ga9 enorm\s weal? f ! b>ga98 ,! old class morality 0 n di/urb$ by su* contra/s4 ,ev5 ! religi\s morality 0 apt to consid] ! di/9ction betwe5 ri* & poor z div9ely ord]$1 or else z insignificant comp>$ ) et]nal de/9y ( weal or woe4 ,b ! individuali/ic movem5ts h made x less easy to accept ei!r ! class morality or ! religi\s int]pretation4 ,! latt] l5ds itself equally well to a ju/ification ( disease because x is provid5tially p]mitt$4 ,moreov]1 ! old gr\p morality & religi\s ideal _h ?is 9 _! favor3 !y recogniz$ an obligation ( ! /rong to ! weak1 ( ! gr\p = e memb]1 ( ma/] = s]vant4 ,! ca% basis seem$ to bani% all responsibility1 & to ass]t ! law ( ea* = himself z ! supreme law ( life--except s f> z individuals might mitigate suff]+ by volunt>y k9dness4 ,economic !ory seem$ to %[ t wages mu/ always t5d t[>d a />vation level4 ,sympa?y4--,su* t5d5cies inevitably call$ out response f ! s5tim5ts ( b5evol5ce & sympa?y4 ,= ! spread ( civilization has c]ta9ly made man m s5sitive to pa91 m capable ( sympa?y & ( ent]+ by imag9ation into ! situations ( o!rs4 ,x is notewor?y t ! same ,adam ,smi? :o argu$ s =cibly ! cause ( individualism 9 trade1 made sympa?y ! basis ( 8 moral sy/em4 ,advance 9 sympa?y has %[n itself 9 ! abolition ( judicial torture1 9 prison re=m1 9 ! improv$ c>e ( ! insane & defective2 9 ! increas$ provision = hospitals1 & asylums1 & 9 an innum]able multitude ( organizations = relief ( all sorts & conditions ( m54 ,missions1 aside f _! di/9ctly ecclesia/ical aims1 repres5t devotion ( human life & ( weal? to ! relief ( sickness & wret*$ness1 & to ! education ( *ildr5 9 all l&s4 ,sympa?y has ev5 ext5d$ to ! animal _w4 ,& ! notable fact 9 mod]n sympa?y & k9dness1 z contra/$ ) ! m$iaeval type1 is t ! gr[? 9 individuality has dem&$ & evok$ a high] k9d ( b5evol5ce4 ,in/ead ( fo/]+ dep5d5ce & reliev+ wants1 ! be/ mod]n ag5cies aim to promote indep5d5ce1 to set ! man ^u 8 own feet & enable him to a*ieve self-respect4 ,social settlem5ts h be5 /rong factors 9 br++ ab\t ?is *ange ( attitude4 ,ju/ice4--,v>i\s movem5ts look+ t[>d great] ju/ice 9 di/ribution h likewise be5 call$ out by ! conditions s9ce ! indu/rial revolution4 ,naturally "o reaction 0 to d5\nce ! :ole individuali/ic t5d5cy z repres5t$ 9 ! ca%-paym5t basis4 ,?is f\nd its mo/ eloqu5t expositor 9 ,c>lyle4 ,8 ,pa/ & ,pres5t is a bitt] indictm5t ( a sy/em 9 :i* all work+ horses c\ld be well f$1 & innum]able work+m5 %\ld die />v$2 ( a laissez-faire !ory :i* m]ely says impossible :5 ask$ to rem$y evils suppos$ly due to economic laws2 ( a ,mammon ,gospel :i* trans=ms life into a mutual ho/ility1 ) its laws-(-w> nam$ fair competition4 ,! indictm5t is conv9c+1 b ! rem$y propos$--a return to /rong lead]s ) a ree/abli%m5t ( p]sonal relations--has ralli$ few to its support4 ,ano!r reaction aga9/ individuali/ic selfi%ness has tak5 ! =m ( communism4 ,num]\s exp]im5ts h be5 made by volunt>y associations to e/abli% society on a moral basis by aboli%+ private prop]ty4 ,^! new associations1 said ,ow51 "o ( ! mo/ ard5t & g5]\s ( social re=m]s1 c sc>cely be =m$ be=e x w be discov]$ t by ! mo/ simple & easy regulations all ! natural wants ( human nature may be abundantly suppli$2 & ! pr9ciple ( selfi%ness w cease to exi/ = want ( an adequate motive to produce x4 ,9 contra/ ) ^! plans = a return to e>li] conditions1 ! two mo/ conspicu\s t5d5cies 9 ! ?\ght ( ! pa/ c5tury h claim$ to be advanc+ t[>d fre$om & ju/ice along ! l9es :i* we h j trac$4 ,! "o1 :i* we may call individuali/ic re=m1 has s\ght ju/ice by giv+ free play to individual action4 ,! o!r1 socialism1 has aim$ to use ! p[] ( ! ,/ate to secure m adequate ju/ice &1 z x believes1 a m g5u9e fre$om4 ,! great re=m movem5t 9 ,great ,brita9 dur+ ! n9ete5? c5tury emphasiz$ free trade & free contracts4 ,x s\ght ! causes ( inju/ice 9 ! survival ( "s privilege or ve/$ int]e/ :i* prev5ts ! full work+ ( ! pr9ciples ( free contract & competition4 ,let e man c\nt z "o2 make laws = ! greate/ good ( ! greate/ numb]4 ,! tr\ble is n t !re is too mu* individualism1 b t !re is too little4 ,tax re=m]s l ,h5ry ,george h urg$ ! same pr9ciple4 ,if l& is monopoliz$ by a few :o c levy a toll ^u all ! re/ ( society1 h[ c ju/ice obta98 ,! rem$y = inju/ice is to be f\nd 9 promot+ great] fre$om ( indu/ry & trade4 ,socialism on ! o!r h& claims t individualism defeats itself2 x results 9 tyranny1 n fre$om4 ,! only way to secure fre$om is ?r\gh unit$ action4 ,! m]its ( "s ( ^! programs = social ju/ice w be exam9$ 9 ,"p ,,iii4 ,!y signify t ! age is f9d+ its moral problem set anew by ! collision betwe5 mat]ial int]e/s & social good4 ,greek civilization us$ ! indu/ry ( ! _m to set free ! high] life--art1 gov]nm5t1 sci5ce--( a few4 ,! m$iaeval ideal recogniz$ ! moral value ( indu/ry 9 relation to "*4 ,! mod]n consci5ce1 re/+ back ^u a high] appreciation ( human dignity & wor?1 is seek+ to "w out a social & economic ord] t %all comb9e bo? ! ,greek & ! m$iaeval ideas4 ,x w require "w & secure fre$om4 ,^! are necess>y = ! individual p]son4 ,b x is beg9n+ to be se5 t ^! values _c be divid$ s t "o social class %all p]=m ! labor & ! o!r enjoy ! fre$om4 ,! gr[? ( democracy means t all memb]s ( society %\ld %>e 9 ! value & ! s]vice ( "w4 ,x means t all %\ld %>e accord+ to capacity 9 ! values ( free life1 ( intellig5ce & culture4 ,c mat]ial goods be s produc$ & di/ribut$ z to promote ?is democratic ideal8 ,sec4 #f4 ,,! ,,individual ,,& ,,! ,,developm5t ,,( ,,intellig5ce ,! developm5t ( intellig5ce 9 ! mod]n _w1 z 9 ,greece1 has two sides3 on ! "o h&1 a work+-free f ! re/rictions :i* !ology or ! ,/ate or o!r social au?orities impos$2 on ! o!r h&1 positive progress 9 k ( nature & ( human life4 ,"u its fir/ aspect x is kn[n z ! gr[? ( rationalism2 "u its second aspect1 z ! gr[? ( sci5ce & education4 ,we _c sep>ate ! developm5t into two p]iods1 ! "o negative1 ! o!r positive1 z 0 conv5i5t 9 ! case ( ,greece4 ,! negative & ! positive 9 ! mod]n _w h gone on contemporane\sly1 al?\gh ! emphasis has sometimes be5 on "o side & sometimes ^u ! o!r4 ,we may1 h[ev]1 indicate ?ree p]iods z /&+ out ) cle>ly def9$ *>act]i/ics4 7#a7 ,! ,r5aissance1 9 :i* ! ,greek _s ( sci5tific inquiry f\nd a new bir?2 9 :i* ! discov]y ( new cont95ts /imulat$ ! imag9ation2 & 9 :i* new & m fruitful me?ods ( inve/igation 7 devis$ 9 ma!matics & ! natural sci5ces4 7#b7 ,! p]iod ( ! ,enlight5m5t1 9 :i* ! negative aspect ( ! process rea*$ its %>pe/ def9ition4 ,! doctr9es ( reveal$ religion & natural religion 7 criticis$ f ! /&po9t ( reason4 ,my/]ies & sup]/ition 7 alike reject$4 ,g5]al intellig5ce made rapid progress4 ,x 0 ! ,age ( ,reason4 7#c7 ,! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 9 :i* bo? ! natural & social sci5ces und]w5t an extraord9>y developm5t4 ,! doctr9e ( evolution has br\ght a new po9t ( view = consid]+ ! organic _w & human in/itutions4 ,education has come to be reg>d$ z bo? ! necess>y condition = ! safety ( society & z ! "r ( e human be+2 ,sci5ce1 9 l>ge measure set free f ! ne$ ( fight+ = its "r to exi/1 is becom+ con/ructive2 x is assum+ increas+ly ! duty ( pres]v+ human life & heal?1 ( utiliz+ & pres]v+ natural res\rces1 ( direct+ political & economic affairs4 #a4 ,! ,r5aissance4--,x w\ld be giv+ a wrong impression to imply t !re 0 no inquiry1 no use ( reason 9 ! m$iaeval _w4 ,! problems set by ! inh]itance ( old-_w religion & politics1 =c$ !mselves ^u ! build]s ( ca/les & ca!drals1#ic ( law & ( dogma4 ,z indicat$ above1 ! univ]sities 7 c5t]s ( discussion 9 :i* brilliant m9ds (t5 *all5g$ receiv$ op9ions4 ,m5 l ,rog] ,bacon s\ght to discov] nature's secrets1 & ! great s*ola/ics ma/]$ ,greek philosophy 9 ! int]e/ ( def5d+ ! fai?4 ,b !ological int]e/ limit$ fre$om & *oice ( !me4 ,x 0 n until ! expansion ( ! individual along ! l9es already trac$--9 political fre$om1 9 ! use ( ! arts1 9 ! developm5t ( comm]ce--t ! purely intellectual int]e/ su* z _h once *>act]iz$ ,greece awoke4 ,a new _w ( possibilities seem$ dawn+ ^u ! ,italian ,galileo1 ! ,fr5*man ,desc>tes1 ! ,engli%man ,francis ,bacon4 ,! in/rum5ts ( ?\ght _h be5 %>p5$ by ! dialectics ( ! s*ools2 n[ let !m be us$ to analyze ! _w 9 :i* we live4 ,in/ead ( m]ely obs]v+ nature ,galileo appli$ ! exp]im5tal me?od1 putt+ def9ite que/ions to nature & ?us prep>+ ! way = a progress /ep by /ep t[>d a positive k ( nature's laws4 ,desc>tes f\nd 9 ma!matics a me?od ( analysis :i* _h nev] be5 appreciat$ be=e4 ,:at seem$ ! my/]i\s pa? ( bodies 9 curv$ l9es c\ld be giv5 a simple /atem5t 9 8 analytic geometry4 ,leibniz & ,newton c>ri$ ?is me?od to triumphant results 9 ! analysis ( =ces4 ,reason appe>$ able to discov] & frame ! laws ( ! univ]se--! pr9ciples ( nature4 ,bacon1 ) less ( positive contribution 9 me?od1 s\nd$ ano!r note :i* 0 equally significant4 ,! human m9d is liable to be cl\d$ & h9d]$ 9 its activities by c]ta9 invet]ate s\rces ( error4 ,l deceitful images or obsessions ! idols ( ! tribe1 ( ! cave1 ( ! m>ket1 & ( ! !at]--due to in/9ct or habit1 to language or tradition--prev5t ! reason f do+ its be/ "w4 ,x ne$s vigor\s ef=t to free ! m9d f ^! idols4 ,b ?is c be done4 ,let man turn f metaphysics & !ology to nature & life2 let him foll[ reason in/ead ( in/9ct or prejudice4 ,k is p[]4 ,?r\gh x may rise above ! k+dom ( nature ! k+dom ( man4 ,9 8 ,new ,atlantis1 ,bacon =esees a human society 9 :i* skill & inv5tion & gov]nm5t %all all contribute to human welf>e4 ,^! ?ree notes1 ! exp]im5tal me?od1 ! p[] ( rational analysis ?r\gh ma!matics1 & ! possibility ( controll+ nature 9 ! int]e/s ( man1 7 *>act]i/ic ( ! p]iod4 #b4 ,! ,enlight5m5t4--,a conflict ( reason ) au?ority w5t on side by side ) ! progress ( sci5ce4 ,humani/s & sci5ti/s _h (t5 set !mselves aga9/ dogma & tradition4 ,! ,re=mation 0 n 9 =m an appeal to reason1 b ! cla% ( au?orities /imulat$ m5 to reason+ ^u ! respective claims ( ,ca?olic & ,prote/ant4 ,& 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 "u ! favor+ influ5ce ( a broad tol]ation & a g5]al gr[? ( intellig5ce1 ! conflict ( reason ) dogma rea*$ its culm9ation4 ,! ,fr5* call ! p]iod l',illum9ation--! illum9ation ( life & exp]i5ce by ! light ( reason4 ,! ,g]mans call x ! ,aufkla]ung1 ! cle>+-up4 ,:at 0 to be cle>$ up8 ,fir/1 ignorance1 :i* limits ! range ( man's p[] & infects him ) fe> ( ! unkn[n2 !n sup]/ition1 :i* is ignorance consecrat$ by wont & emotion2 f9ally1 dogma1 :i* usually embodies irrational elem5ts & seeks to =ce !m ^u ! m9d by ! p[] ( au?ority1 n ( tru?4 ,nor 0 x m]ely a "q ( intellectual criticism4 ,voltaire saw t dogma 0 (t5 responsible = cruelty4 ,ignorance meant belief 9 wit*craft & magic4 ,f ! dawn ( civilization ?is _h beset man's progress & qu5*$ _m ( ! brighte/ g5iuses ( ! pa/4 ,x 0 "t to put an end once = all to ! remnants ( primitive cr$ulity2 x 0 "t to be guid$ by ! light ( reason4 ,! movem5t 0 n all negative4 ,us+ ! same appeal to nature1 :i* _h s]v$ s well z a rally+ cry 9 ! developm5t ( political rights1 ! protagoni/s ( ! movem5t spoke ( a natural light :i* ,god _h plac$ 9 man = 8 guidance--! c&le ( ! ,"l set up by himself 9 m5's m9ds1 :i* x is impossible = ! brea? or p[] ( man :olly to ext+ui%4 ,a natural & rational religion %\ld take ! place ( suppos$ revelation4 ,b ! great a*ievem5t ( ! eighte5? c5tury 9 ! intellectual developm5t ( ! individual 0 t ! human m9d came to realize ! "p x 0 itself play+ 9 ! :ole realm ( sci5ce & conduct4 ,man began to look )94 ,:e!r he call$ 8 "w an ,essay conc]n+ ,human ,und]/&+1 or a ,treatise ( ,human ,nature1 or a ,!ory ( ,moral ,s5tim5ts1 or a ,critique ( ,pure ,reason1 ! aim 0 to /udy human exp]i5ce4 ,= ( a sudd5 x 0 dawn+ ^u man t1 if he 0 !n liv+ ^u a high] level ( k & conduct ?an ! animal or ! savage1 ?is mu/ be due to ! activity ( ! m9d4 ,x appe>$ t man1 n satisfi$ ) nature1 _h gone on to build a new _w ) in/itutions & morality1 ) art & sci5ce4 ,?is 0 no creation ( in/9ct or habit2 nor c\ld x be expla9$ 9 t]ms ( s5se1 or feel+1 or impulse alone2 x 0 ! "w ( t m active1 univ]sal1 & creative type ( intellig5ce :i* we call reason4 ,man1 z capable ( su* a*ievem5ts 9 sci5ce & conduct1 mu/ be reg>d$ ) new respect4 ,z hav+ political rights1 fre$om1 & responsibility1 man has ! dignity ( a citiz51 sov]eign z well z subject4 ,z guid+ & controll+ 8 own life & t ( o!rs by ! p[] ( ideas1 n ( =ce1 he has ! dignity ( a moral p]son1 a moral sov]eignty4 ,he does n m]ely take :at nature br+s2 he sets up ends ( 8 own & gives !m wor?4 ,9 ?is1 ,kant saw ! supreme dignity ( ! human _s4 #c4 ,! ,pres5t ,significance & ,task ( ,sci5tific ,me?od4--,9 ! ?\ght t man is able to =m ends :i* h value = all1 to set up /&>ds :i* all respect1 & ?us to a*ieve wor? & dignity 9 ! e/imation ( 8 fell[s1 ! ,individualism ( ! eighte5? c5tury 0 already po9t+ beyond itself4 ,= ?is meant t ! individual atta9s 8 highe/ rea* only z a memb] ( a moral society4 ,b x is "o ?+ to po9t out ! ne$ & mean+ ( a moral society1 x is ano!r ?+ to br+ su* a society into be+4 ,x has become evid5t dur+ ! pa/ c5tury t ?is is ! c5tral problem = human reason to solve4 ,! v>i\s social sci5ces1 economics1 sociology1 political sci5ce1 jurisprud5ce1 social psy*ology1 h ei!r come into be+ = ! fir/ "t1 or h be5 prosecut$ ) new en]gy4 ,psy*ology has assum$ new significance z _! in/rum5t4 ,n t ! sci5tific progress ( ! c5tury has se5 its greate/ triumphs 9 ^! fields4 ,! conspicu\s successes h be5 r 9 su* sci5ces z biology1 or 9 ! applications ( sci5ce to eng9e]+ & m$ic9e4 ,! social sci5ces h be5 occupi$ l>gely 9 gett+ _! problems /at$ & _! me?ods def9$4 ,b ! discov]ies & con/ructions ( ! n9ete5? c5tury are none ! less indisp5sable pr]equisites = a moral society4 ,= ! new conditions ( city life1 ! new s\rces ( disease1 ! new dang]s :i* att5d e successive /ep away f ! life ( ! savage1 dem& all ! res\rces ( ! sci5ces4#id ,& z ! natural sci5ces ov]come ! te*nical difficulties :i* ob/ruct _! "w ( aid+ human welf>e1 ! dem& w be m insi/5t t ! social sci5ces contribute _! %>e t[>d enabl+ man to fulfil 8 moral life4 ,"s ( ! specific dem&s w become m evid5t1 z we /udy 9 subsequ5t *apt]s ! pres5t problems ( political1 economic1 & family life4 ,education4--,! importance = ! moral life ( ! mod]n developm5t ( sci5ce is p>allel$ by ! significance ( mod]n education4 ,! univ]sities date f ! ,middle ,ages4 ,! classical int]e/ ( humanism f\nd its m$ium 9 ! college or gramm> s*ool4 ,! inv5tion ( pr9t+ & ! gr[? ( comm]ce promot$ elem5t>y s*ools4 ,suppos$ necessities ( popul> gov]nm5t /imulat$ a g5]al educational movem5t 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,mod]n trade & indu/ry h call$ out ! te*nical s*ool4 ,g]many has educat$ = national def5se & economic advance2 ,engl& has conc]n$ itself preem95tly = ! education ( /atesm5 & adm9i/rators2 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates = ! education ( vot]s4 ,b1 :atev] ! motive1 education has be5 made s g5]al z to con/itute a new elem5t 9 ! mod]n consci\sness & a new factor to be reckon$ )4 ,! moral "r ( e *ild to h an education1 measur$ n by 8 p>5ts' abilities1 b by 8 own capacity1 is ga9+ recognition4 ,! moral value ( a possession1 :i* is n1 l mat]ial goods1 exclusive1 b common1 w be m appreciat$ :5 we h work$ out a m social & democratic type ( tra9+4#ie ,!oretical ,int]pretation ( ?is ,p]iod 9 ,e?ical ,sy/ems4--,:ile ! !oretical int]pretation ( ?is p]iod is to be treat$ 9 ,"p ,,ii41 we may po9t out "h t ! ma9 l9es ( developm5t :i* we h trac$ f9d expression 9 ! two sy/ems :i* h be5 mo/ influ5tial dur+ ! pa/ c5tury4 ,^! are ! sy/ems ( ,kant & ( ! ,utilit>ians4 ,! political & c]ta9 aspects ( ! intellectual developm5t are reflect$ 9 ! sy/em ( ,kant4 ,he emphasiz$ fre$om1 ! p[] & au?ority ( reason1 human dignity1 ! supreme value ( "*1 & ! significance ( a society 9 :i* e memb] is at once sov]eign & subject4 ,! ,utilit>ians repres5t ! values br\ght out 9 ! developm5t ( indu/ry1 education1 & ! arts4 ,!y claim$ t ! good is happ9ess1 & happ9ess ( ! greate/ numb]4 ,! dem&s = individual satisfaction & = social di/ribution ( goods are voic$ 9 ?is sy/em4 ,,lit]ature ,! hi/ories ( philosophy & ( e?ics give ! !oretical side4 ,9 addition to ^? previ\sly m5tion$ ! works ( ,hoeffd+1 ,falck5b]g1 & ,fis*] may be nam$4 ,/eph51 ,engli% ,?\ght 9 ! ,eighte5? ,c5tury1 & ,! ,utilit>ians2 ,fi*te1 ,*>act]i/ics ( ! ,pres5t ,age 79 ,popul> ,works1 tr4 by ,smi?72 ,/e91 ,die sociale ,frage im ,li*te d] ,philosophie1 #ahig2 ,comte1 ,positive ,philosophy1 tr4 by ,m>t9eau1 #ahge1 ,book ,,vi4 ,tufts & ,?ompson1 ,! ,individual & ,8 ,relation to ,society z ,reflect$ 9 ,briti% ,e?ics1 #ahif1 #aijd2 ,m]z1 ,hi/ory ( ,european ,?\ght 9 ! #ai? ,c5tury1 #aijd2 ,rob]tson1 ,a ,%ort ,hi/ory ( ,free ,?\ght1 #ahii2 ,bon>1 ,philosophy & ,political ,economy 9 ,"s ( ,_! ,hi/orical ,relations1 #ahic4 ,,on ,,! ,,m$iaeval ,,& ,,r5aissance ,,attitude3 ,lecky1 ,hi/ory ( ,european ,morals1 #crd ed41 #ahgg2 ,adams1 ,civilization dur+ ! ,middle ,ages1 #ahie2 ,ra%dall1 ,! ,univ]sities ( ,europe 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 #ahie2 ,eick51 ,ges*i*te und ,sy/em d] mittelalt]li*5 ,weltans*auung1 #ahgg2 ,burckh>dt1 ,! ,civilization ( ! ,r5aissance 9 ,italy1 #ahib2 ,drap]1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,intellectual ,developm5t ( ,europe1 #ahgf4 ,,on ,,! ,,indu/rial ,,& ,,social ,,side3 ,a%ley1 ,engli% ,economic ,hi/ory2 ,cunn+ham1 ,we/]n ,civilization 9 ,its ,economic ,aspects1 #aijj2 & ,gr[? ( ,engli% ,indu/ry & ,comm]ce1 #crd ed41 #ahif-aijc2 ,hobson1 ,! ,evolution ( ,mod]n ,capitalism1 #ahid2 ,traill1 ,social ,engl&1 #ahid2 ,rambaud1 ,hi/oire de ,civilization ,francaise1 #ahig2 ,held1 ,zwei ,bue*] zur social5 ,ges*i*te ,engl&s1 #ahha2 ,c>lyle1 ,pa/ & ,pres5t2 ,ziegl]1 ,die ,gei/ig5 und social5 ,/roemung5 des neunzehnt5 ,jahrhund]ts1 #aija4 ,,on ,,! ,,political ,,& ,,jural ,,developm5t3 ,hadley1 ,fre$om & ,responsibility 9 ! ,evolution ( ,democratic ,gov]nm5t1 #aijc2 ,pollock1 ,! ,expansion ( ! ,common ,law1 #aijd2 ,rit*ie1 ,natural ,rights1 #ahie2 ,d>w9 & ,hegel1 #ahic1 *4 vii42 ,dicey1 ,lectures on ! ,relation ( ,law & ,public ,op9ion 9 ,engl& dur+ ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 #aije4 ,,on ,,! ,,lit]>y ,,side3 ,br&es1 ,! ,ma9 ,curr5ts 9 ! ,lit]ature ( ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 #aije2 ,francke1 ,social ,=ces 9 ,g]man ,lit]ature1 #ahie2 ,c>ri]e1 ,die ,kun/ im ,zusamm5hang d] ,cultur5twicklung und die ,ideale d] ,m5s*heit1 #crd ed41 #ahgg-hf4 ,,footnotes3 #hd ,fi%]1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 p4 #bbg4 #he ,democracy & ,social ,e?ics1 pp4 #bbb-gg2 ,new] ,ideals ( ,peace1 *4 v4 #hf ,bryce1 ,holy ,roman ,empire1 p4 #cfg4 #hg ,social ,=ces 9 ,g]man ,lit]ature1 p4 #ic4 #hh ,pp4 #acj f41 #acf4 #hi ,tol/oy1 ,:at is ,art8 #ij ,p4 #dj4 #ia ,see p4 #agf4 #ib ,cunn+ham1 ,an ,essay on ,we/]n ,civilization1 pp4 #gg ff4 #ic ,! writ] is indebt$ to 8 colleague ,pr(essor ,mead = ! significance ( ?is = ! beg9n+s ( mod]n sci5ce4 #id ,civiliz$ man has proce$$ s f> 9 8 int]f]5ce ) extra-human nature1 has produc$ = himself & ! liv+ organisms associat$ ) him su* a special /ate ( ?+s by 8 rebellion aga9/ natural selection & 8 defiance ( ,nature's prehuman dispositions1 t he mu/ ei!r g on & acquire firm] control ( ! conditions or p]i% mis]ably by ! v5geance c]ta9 to fall on ! half-he>t$ m$dl] 9 great affairs4444 ,we may ?9k ( him z ! heir to a va/ & magnific5t k+dom :o has be5 f9ally educat$ s z to fit him to take possession ( 8 prop]ty1 & is at l5g? left alone to d 8 be/2 he has wilfully abrogat$1 9 _m important respects1 ! laws ( 8 ,"m ,nature by :i* ! k+dom 0 hi!rto gov]n$2 he has ga9$ "s p[] & advantage by s do+1 b is ?reat5$ on e h& by dang]s & disa/]s hi!rto re/ra9$3 no retreat is possible--8 only hope is to control1 z he kn[s t he c1 ! s\rces ( ^! dang]s & disa/]s4 ,!y already make him w9ce3 h[ long w he sit li/5+ to ! fairy-tales ( 8 boyhood & %r9k f manhood's task8--,,ray ,,lanke/]1 ,! ,k+dom ( ,man1 #aijg1 pp4 #ca f4 #ie ,john ,dewey1 ,! ,s*ool & ,society4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,a ,,g5]al ,,comp>ison ,,( ,,cu/om>y ,,& ,,reflective ,,morality ,to eat ( ! fruit ( ! tree ( ! k ( good & evil may result 9 ultimate ga94 ,a m consci\s & individuali/ic attitude may result 9 def9ite conceptions ( duty & rights1 ( values & ideals4 ,at ! same "t1 z humanity's eyes h be5 op5$ & its wisdom increas$1 _m =ms ( nak$ness unkn[n 9 rud] conditions h be5 disclos$4 ,) e increase ( opportunity & effici5cy = good !re is a correspond+ opportunity = evil4 ,an imm5sely m complex environm5t gives scope = correspond+ly m capable & subtle p]sonalities4 ,"s w react to ! situation 9 su* a way z to rise to a high] moral level1 bo? 9 p]sonal integrity & 9 public usefulness4 ,o!rs w f9d 9 facilities = gratify+ "s appetite or passion a temptation too /rong = _! control & w become vici\s1 or w seize ! *ances to exploit o!rs & become unju/ 9 _! acquirem5t & use ( p[] & weal?4 ,!re w be a ,n]o z well z an ,aurelius1 a ,caes> ,borgia z well z a ,savon>ola1 a ,jeffreys z well z a ,sidney1 a ,b5?am1 or a ,h[>d4 ,= an ,eliot or a ,liv+/on or an ,arm/rong1 !re are ! exploit]s ( l[] races2 & = an ,elizabe? ,fry1 ! wom5 :o trade 9 ! wret*$ness ( _! k9d4 ,by ! side ( ^? :o use great abilities & res\rces unselfi%ly are ^? :o view indiff]5tly ! sacrifice ( human heal? or life1 & pay no he$ to human mis]y4 ,su* contra/s %[ t ! evolution ( morality is also an evolution ( weakness1 wret*$ness1 evil1 & crime4 ,!y sugge/ "s g5]al comp>isons betwe5 cu/om & reflective morality4 ,!y require f e age a r5ew$ analysis ( conduct & ! social sy/em4 ,z a prelim9>y to su* an analysis1 we review 9 ?is *apt] "s ( ! g5]al relations betwe5 ! morality ( cu/om & ! morality ( reflection4 ,sec4 #a4 ,,elem5ts ,,( ,,agreem5t ,,& ,,cont9uity ,! moral life %[s its cont9uity 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 ! e>li] type ( gr\p & cu/om>y morality p]si/s 9 "p2 9 ! second place1 :5 ! moral is diff]5tiat$ f ! o!r sph]es ( life 9 :i* x 0 emb$d$1 x does n h to f9d entirely new conceptions4 ,x borr[s its t]ms f ! gr\p life or f ! v>i\s sph]es1 religi\s1 political1 ae/hetic1 economic1 :i* sep>ate out f ! old] gr\p unity4 ,! foll[+ quotation f ,grote w s]ve z a vivid re/atem5t ( ! regime ( cu/om3 ,?is aggregate ( beliefs & pr$ispositions to believe1 ,e?ical1 ,religi\s1 ,ae/hetical1 & ,social1 respect+ :at is true or false1 probable or improbable1 j or unju/1 holy or unholy1 honorable or base1 respectable or contemptible1 pure or impure1 beautiful or ugly1 dec5t or indec5t1 obligatory to d or obligatory to avoid1 respect+ ! /atus & relations ( ea* individual 9 ! society1 respect+ ev5 ! admissible fa%ions ( amusem5t & recreation--?is is an e/abli%$ fact & condition ( ?+s1 ! real orig9 ( :i* is = ! mo/ "p unkn[n1 b :i* ea* new memb] ( ! gr\p is born to & f9ds subsi/+4444 ,x becomes a "p ( ea* p]son's nature1 a /&+ habit ( m9d1 or fix$ set ( m5tal t5d5cies1 accord+ to :i* p>ticul> exp]i5ce is int]pret$ & p>ticul> p]sons appreciat$4444 ,! community hate1 despise or d]ide any individual memb] :o proclaims 8 diss5t f _! social cre$4444 ,_! hatr$ manife/s itself 9 diff]5t ways 444 at ! v lea/ by exclusion f t am\nt ( =be>ance1 good w & e/imation )\t :i* ! life ( an individual becomes insupportable4444 ',nomos 7,law & ,cu/om71 k+ ( all' 7to borr[ ! phrase :i* ,h]odotus cites f ,p9d>7 ex]cises pl5>y p[]1 spiritual & temporal1 ov] individual m9ds2 m\ld+ ! emotions z well z ! intellect1 accord+ to ! local type 444 & reign+ "u ! appe>ance ( habitual1 self-sugge/$ t5d5cies4#if ,! important facts br\ght out are 7#a7 ! exi/5ce 9 a social gr\p ( c]ta9 habits n only ( act+1 b ( feel+ & believ+ ab\t actions1 ( valu+ or approv+ & disapprov+4 7#b7 ,! p]si/5t =c+ ( ^! m5tal habitudes ^u ! att5tion ( ea* new memb] ( ! gr\p4 ,! newcom]1 :e!r by bir? or adoption1 is introduc$ into a social m$ium ^: conditions & regulations he c no m escape ?an he c ^? ( 8 physical environm5t4 7#c7 ,?us ! m5tal & practical habits ( ! newly introduc$ individual are %ap$4 ,! curr5t ways ( e/eem+ & behav+ 9 ! community become a /&+ habit ( 8 own m9d2 !y f9ally reign z habitual1 self-sugge/$ t5d5cies4 ,?us he becomes a full memb] ( ! social gr\p1 int]e/$ 9 ! social fabric to :i* he belongs1 & ready to d 8 "p 9 ma9ta9+ x4 #a4 ,p]si/5ce ( ,gr\p ,morality4--,comp>+ ?is /ate ( affairs ) :at obta9s to-day 9 civiliz$ communities1 we f9d c]ta9 obvi\s po9ts ( agreem5t4 ,! social gr\ps ) :i* an individual comes 9 t\* are n[ m num]\s & m loosely =m$4 ,b ev]y:]e !re are cu/oms n only ( act+1 b ( ?9k+ & feel+ ab\t act+4 ,ea* pr(ession1 ea* in/itution1 has a code ( :i* ! individual has to take acc\nt4 ,! nature ( ?is code1 unexpress$ z well z =mulat$1 is br\ght to ! att5tion ( ! individual 9 c\ntless ways2 by ! approval & disapproval ( its public op9ion2 by 8 own failures & successes2 by 8 own t5d5cy to imitate :at he sees ab\t him1 z well z by delib]ate1 int5tional in/ruction4 ,9 o!r words1 gr\p morality does n vani% 9 ord] t consci\s & p]sonal morality may take its place4 ,gr\p & cu/om>y morality is /ill ! morality ( _m ( u mo/ ( ! "t1 & ( all ( u = a good deal ( ! "t4 ,we d n any ( u ?9k out all ( our /&>ds1 weigh indep5d5tly our values1 make all our *oices 9 a rational mann]1 or =m our *>act]s by foll[+ a cle>ly conceiv$ purpose4 ,z *ildr5 we all />t 9 a family gr\p4 ,we cont9ue 9 a s*ool gr\p & p]haps a *ur* gr\p4 ,we ent] an occupation gr\p1 & lat]1 x may be1 family1 political1 social1 & neighborhood gr\ps4 ,9 e "o ( ^! if we are memb]s1 we mu/ to a c]ta9 degree accept /&>ds t are giv54 ,we h to play accord+ to ! rules ( ! game4 ,z *ildr5 we d ?is unconsci\sly4 ,we imitate1 or foll[ sugge/ions2 we are made to con=m by all ! ag5cies ( gr\p morality--gr\p op9ion1 ritual1 pleasure & pa91 & ev5 by taboos2#ig above all1 we act z ! o!rs act1 & coop]ate m or less to a common end4 ,we =m habits :i* p]si/1 _m ( !m z long z we live4 ,we accept _m ( ! traditions )\t *all5ge4 ,ev5 :5 we pass f ! e>ly family gr\p to ! new situations & surr\nd+s :i* make u repeat m or less ( ! exp]i5ce ( ! race1 a l>ge %>e ( our conduct & ( our judgm5ts ( o!rs is det]m9$ by ! influ5ces ( gr\p & cu/om4 ,& x is =tunate = progress t ?is is true4 ,if e "o _h to />t anew to frame all 8 ideals & make 8 laws1 we %\ld be 9 z melan*oly a plight morally z we %\ld be intellectually if we _h to build ea* sci5ce anew4 ,! fundam5tal safegu>ds :i* ! gr\p provides aga9/ individual impulse & passion1 ! condition ( close association1 int]dep5d5ce & mutual sympa?y :i* ! gr\p af=ds1 ! habituation to c]ta9 l9es ( conduct valu$ by ! gr\p--all ?is is a root on :i* ! /em & fl[] ( p]sonal morality may gr[4 ,individualism & intellectual activity1 h[ev] necess>y to man's progress1 w\ld give no morality did !y n />t out ( ?is deep] level ( common feel+ & common de/9y4 ,! rational & p]sonal ag5cies ( ! ?ird level come n to de/roy1 b to fulfill ! mean+ ( ! =ces & ag5cies ( ! fir/ & second levels describ$ 9 ,*apt]s ,,iii & ,,iv4 #b4 ,! ,moral ,conceptions4--,! conceptions = ! moral are ne>ly all tak5 f ! gr\p relations or f ! jural & religi\s aspects1 z ^! h be5 gradually br\ght to cle>] consci\sness4 ,z already not$1 ! ,greek t]m e?ical1 ! ,lat9 moral1 ! ,g]man sittli*1 sugge/ ?is--e?os meant ! sum ( ! *>act]i/ic usages1 ideas1 /&>ds1 & codes by :i* a gr\p 0 diff]5tiat$ & individualiz$ 9 "* f o!r gr\ps4#ih ,"s specific moral t]ms come directly f gr\p relations4 ,! k9d man acts z "o ( ! k94 ,:5 ! rul+ or privileg$ gr\p is contra/$ ) ! man ( no family or ( inf]ior bir?1 we get a l>ge numb] ( t]ms imply+ sup]iority or inf]iority 9 bir?1 & s ( g5]al value4 ,?is may or may n be due to "s inh]5t sup]iority ( ! upp] class1 b x means at lea/ t ! upp] class has be5 mo/ effectual 9 %ap+ language & /&>ds ( approval4 ,s noble & g5tle ref]r$ to bir? be=e !y _h moral value2 duty 9 mod]n usage seems to h be5 pr9cipally :at 0 due to a sup]ior4 ,_m words = moral disapproval are v significant ( class feel+4 ,! caitiff 0 a captive1 & ! ,italians h _! g5]al t]m = morally bad1 cattivo1 f ! same idea4 ,! villa9 0 a feudal t5ant1 ! blackgu>d look$ aft] ! kettles1 ! rascal 0 "o ( ! common h]d1 ! knave 0 ! s]vant2 ! base & mean 7 oppos$ to ! g5tle & noble4 ,ano!r set ( conceptions reflects ! old gr\p approvals or comb9es ^! ) conceptions ( bir?4 ,we h not$ ! tw(old root ( kalokaga?ia 9 ,greek4 ,honor & hone/y 7 :at ! gr\p admir$1 & conv]sely ais*ros & turpe 9 ,greek & ,lat91 l ! ,engli% disgraceful or %ameful1 7 :at ! gr\p condemn$4 ,virtue 0 ! manly excell5ce :i* call$ out ! praise ( a w>like "t1 :ile "o ( ! ,greek t]ms = morally bad orig9ally meant c[>dly1 & our sc\ndrel has possibly ! same orig94 ,! bad 0 probably ! weak or ! womani%4 ,! economic appe>s 9 m]it1 :at ,i h e>n$1 & likewise 9 duty & ought1 :at is due or ow$--?\gh duty seems to h made itself felt especially1 z not$ above1 t[>d a sup]ior4 ,=e?\ght & skill 9 practical affairs provid$ ! conception ( wisdom1 :i* 0 highe/ ( ! virtues = ! ,greeks1 & z prud5ce /ood high 9 m$iaeval sy/ems4 ,! conception ( valu+ & ?us ( =m+ "s p]man5t /&>d ( a bett] & a worse1 is also aid$1 if n creat$1 by economic ex*ange4 ,x appe>s 9 almo/ id5tical t]ms 9 ,plato & ! ,new ,te/am5t 9 ! *all5ge1 ,:at %all x pr(it a man if he ga9 ! :ole _w & lose 8 own life8#ii ,f ! processes ( f9e or useful arts came probably ! conceptions ( measure1 ord]1 & h>mony4 ,a :ole mode ( consid]+ ! moral life is jural4 ,moral law1 au?ority1 obligation1 responsibility1 ju/ice1 righte\sness1 br+ ) !m ! associations ( gr\p control & ( ! m def9itely organiz$ gov]nm5t & law4 ,f9ally ! la/ nam$ t]ms be> also a religi\s impr9t1 & num]\s conceptions ( ! moral come f t sph]e or get _! specific flavor f religi\s usage4 ,! conceptions ( ! s\l h contribut$ to ! ideal ( a good :i* is p]man5t1 & :i* is made r by p]sonal companion%ip1 ?an by s5su\s gratification4 ,purity began z a magical & religi\s idea2 x came to symbolize n only fre$om f contam9ation b s+l5ess ( purpose4 ,*a/ity l5ds a religi\s sacr$ness to a virtue :i* _h its roots l>gely 9 ! conception ( prop]ty4 ,wick$ is f wit*4 ,we h inde$ c]ta9 conceptions drawn f individual exp]i5ces ( in/9ct1 or reflection4 ,f ! s5se recoil f :at 0 disgu/+ su* conceptions z f\l1 & f k9dr$ imag]y ( :at suits eye or muscul> s5se come /raight=w>d1 upright1 /eady4 ,f ! ?9k+ process itself we h consci5ce4 ,?is ^w 9 ,greek & ,lat9 0 a g5]al t]m = consci\sness & sugge/s "o ( ! di/9ctive1 p]haps ! mo/ di/9ctive *>act]i/ic ( ! moral4 ,= x implies a consci\s ?\ghtful attitude1 :i* op]ates n only 9 =m+ purposes1 b 9 measur+ & valu+ action by ! /&>ds x approves4 ,b x is evid5t t by f> ! l>g] "p ( our e?ical t]ms are d]iv$ f social relations 9 ! broad s5se4 ,sec4 #b4 ,,elem5ts ,,( ,,contra/ ,diff]5tiation ( ! ,moral4--,! mo/ obvi\s diff]5ce betwe5 ! pres5t & ! e>ly attitude is t we n[ make a cle> di/9ction betwe5 ! moral aspect ( behavior & o!r aspects su* z ! conv5tional1 ! political1 ! legal2 :ile 9 cu/om>y morality all activities e/eem$ by society 7 put ^u ! same level & en=c$ ) ! same vigor4 ,matt]s :i* we %\ld reg>d z purely matt]s ( fa%ion or etiquette1 or z modes ( amusem5t1 su* z /yles ( we>+ ! hair1 7 imp]ative4 ,to mutilate ! body 9 a c]ta9 way 0 z exig5t z to obs]ve c]ta9 m>riage cu/oms2 to refra9 f speak+ to ! "m-9-law z b9d+ z to obey ! *iefta92 n to /ep ov] ! %ad[ ( ! *ief 0 ev5 m important ?an n to murd] ! memb] ( ano!r tribe4 ,9 g5]al we make a cle> di/9ction betwe5 mann]s & morals1 :ile 9 cu/om>y morality mann]s are morals1 z ! v words e?ical1 moral /ill te/ify4 ,:5 ,grote speaks ( ,e?ical1 ,religi\s1 ,ae/hetical1 & ,social beliefs1 ! t]m e?ical belongs ) ! o!r t]ms only f a mod]n /&po9t4 ,! *>act]i/ic ?+ ab\t ! condition ( :i* he is speak+ is t ! religi\s1 ae/hetical1 & social beliefs br\ght to be> ^u ! individual con/itute ! e?ical4 ,we make ! di/9ction betwe5 !m z naturally z ! regime ( cu/om fail$ to make x4 ,only by imag9+ a social set 9 :i* failure to obs]ve punctili\sly ! fa%ions ( ! set z to ! prop] /yle ( dress makes ! p]son subject to a disp>agem5t :i* influ5ces 8 feel+s & ideas z ke5ly & 9 ! same way z conviction ( moral del9qu5cy1 c we realize ! frame ( m9d *>act]i/ic ( ! e?ics ( cu/om4 ,obs]v+ v]sus ,reflect+4--,cu/oms may be obs]v$4 ,inde$1 cu/om>y morality made goodness or rightness ( "* practically id5tical ) obs]v+ ! e/abli%$ ord] ( social e/imations 9 all dep>tm5ts4 ,?is ^w obs]ve is significant3 x means to note1 or notice z matt] ( fact1 by p]ception2 & x means to yield allegiance1 to con=m to1 9 action4#ajj ,! elem5t ( intellig5ce1 ( reason1 is ?us r$uc$ to a m9imum4 ,! moral values are !re1 s to speak1 palpably1 tangibly2 & ! individual has only to use 8 m9d en\gh to notice !m4 ,& s9ce !y are =c$ ^u 8 notice by dra/ic & unrelax+ me?ods ( discipl9e1 little initiative is requir$ = ev5 ! attitude ( att5tion4 ,b :5 ! moral is some?+ :i* is 9 cu/oms & habits1 r ?an ^? cu/oms !mselves1 ! good & "r d n /& out 9 s obvi\s & ext]nal fa%ion4 ,recognition n[ dem&s ?\ght1 reflection2 ! p[] ( ab/raction & g5]alization4 ,a *ild may be %[n 9 a pretty direct & physical fa%ion ! diff]5ce betwe5 meum & tuum 9 its be>+ ^u 8 conduct3 a f5ce may be po9t$ at :i* divides 8 y>d f t ( a neighbor & :i* draws z well ! moral l9e betwe5 :at is p]missible & :at is =bidd52 a :ipp+ may int5sify ! obs]vation4 ,b mod]n bus9ess kn[s also ( intangible prop]ty--good w1 reputation1 cr$it4 ,^!1 inde$1 c be b\ght & sold b ! detection ( _! exi/5ce & nature dem&s an intellig5ce :i* is m ?an p]ception4 ,! great] numb] ( duties & rights ( :i* pres5t morality consi/s are ( j ?is type4 ,!y are relations1 n j outw>d habits4 ,_! ackn[l$gm5t requires accord+ly some?+ m ?an j to foll[ & reproduce exi/+ cu/oms4 ,x involves p[] to see :y c]ta9 habits are to be foll[$1 :at makes a ?+ good or bad4 ,consci5ce is ?us sub/itut$ = cu/om2 pr9ciples take ! place ( ext]nal rules4 ,?is is :at we mean by call+ pres5t morality reflective r ?an cu/om>y4 ,x is n t social cu/oms h ceas$ to be1 or ev5 h be5 r$uc$ 9 numb]4 ,! exact contr>y is ! case4 ,x is n t !y h %runk 9 importance1 or t !y h less significance = ! individual's activity1 or claim less ( 8 att5tion4 ,aga91 ! rev]se is ! case4 ,b ! individual has to grasp ! mean+ ( ^! cu/oms ov] & above ! b>e fact ( _! exi/5ce1 & has to guide himself by _! mean+ & n by ! m]e fact not$4#aja ,cu/om is ,/atic4--,?is diff]5ce introduces a second v important diff]5ce4 ,9 cu/om>y morality1 !re is no *oice betwe5 be+ enme%$ 9 ! net ( social rules :i* control activity1 & be+ an outlaw--"o beyond ! pale1 ^: h& is aga9/ e man's1 & e man's aga9/ him4 ,! ext5t to :i* social cu/oms are reg>d$ z ( div9e orig9 & are plac$ "u ! protection ( ! gods1 i4e41 ! t5d5cy ( all sanctions to become religi\s & sup]natural1 is evid5ce ( ! b9d+ =ce ( in/itutions ^u ! individual4 ,to violate !m is impiety1 sacrilege1 & calls d[n ! wra? ( gods1 z well z ( m54 ,! cu/om _c be que/ion$4 ,to inquire means unc]ta9ty1 & h5ce x is immoral1 an attack ^u ! v f\ndations ( ! life ( ! gr\p4 ,! app>5t exception1 :i* aft] all exhibits ! rule1 is ! case ( great re=m+ h]oes :o dem>cate epo*s ( hi/ory ev5 9 cu/om>y societies4 ,su* individuals meet contempor>y opposition & p]secution2 x is only by victory1 by signal success ov] a rival faction at home1 ov] plague & fam9e1 or ov] an enemy abroad1 t ! h]o is ju/ifi$4 ,!reby x is prov$ t ! gods are ) him & sanction 8 *anges--inde$ t he is _! own *os5 in/rum5t4 ,!n ! modifi$ or new cu/oms & in/itutions h all ! b9d+ sacr$ness & sup]natural sanction ( ! old4 ,x is n yet an outgr[n /ory = ! fa!rs to kill ! prophets1 & = ! sons to build & adorn _! tombs1 & make !m into %r9es4 ,reflection ,discov]s a ,high] ,law4--,b 9 s f> z ! individual's activity is direct$ by 8 compreh5sion ( ! mean+ ( cu/oms1 n by 8 appreh5sion ( _! exi/5ce1 s f> ! notion ( moral progress or re=m 9 social affairs becomes e?ically important & great] moral responsibility is put ^u ! individual j z great] practical fre$om is secur$ to him4 ,= 7a7 ! individual may set ! mean+ ( a cu/om aga9/ its pres5t =m2 or 7b7 he may f9d ! mean+ ( "s cu/om mu* m comm&+ 9 value ?an t ( o!rs1 & yet f9d t its realization is h9d]$ by ! exi/5ce ( ^! o!r cu/oms ( less moral importance4 ,on ! basis ( su* discrim9ation1 ! abolition or1 at lea/1 ! modification ( c]ta9 social habits is dem&$4 ,s f> z ?is sort ( situation frequ5tly recurs1 ! individual 7c7 becomes m or less vaguely aw>e t he mu/ n accept ! curr5t /&>d z ju/ification ( 8 own conduct1 unless x also ju/ify itself to 8 own moral intellig5ce4 ,! fact t x exi/s gives x inde$ a c]ta9 prima facie claim1 b no ultimate moral w>rant4 ,p]haps ! cu/om is itself wrong--& ! individual is responsible = be>+ ?is possibility 9 m9d4 ,consequ5t ,trans=mation ( ,cu/om4--,( c\rse ! plane ( cu/om>y morality /ill p]si/s2 no :olesale div]g5ce ( reflective f cu/om>y morality exi/s4 ,practically1 = example1 _m bus9ess m5 d n bo!r !mselves ab\t ! morality ( c]ta9 ways ( do+ bus9ess4 ,su* & su* is ! cu/om ( ! trade1 & if a man is go+ to d bus9ess at all he mu/ foll[ its cu/oms--or get out4 ,law1 m$ic9e1 ! m9i/ry1 j\rnalism1 family life1 pres5t1 9 consid]able ext5t1 ! same ph5om5on4 ,cu/om>y morality p]si/s1 almo/ z ! core ( pres5t morality4 ,b !re is /ill a diff]5ce4 ,a few1 at lea/1 are actively engag$ 9 a moral criticism ( ! cu/om1 9 a dem& = its trans=mation2 & almo/ ev]ybody is suffici5tly affect$ by ! discussions & agitations ?us call$ out to h "s l+]+ & uneasy idea ( responsibility = 8 "p 9 ! ma9t5ance ( a que/ionable cu/om4 ,! duty ( "s ex]cise ( discrim9at+ intellig5ce z to exi/+ cu/oms = ! sake ( improvem5t & progress1 is ?us a m>k ( reflective morality--( ! regime ( consci5ce z ov] aga9/ cu/om4 ,9 ! morally m advanc$ memb]s ( contempor>y society1 ! ne$ ( fo/]+ a habit ( exam9ation & judgm5t1 ( keep+ ! m9d op51 s5sitive1 to ! defects & ! excell5ces ( ! exi/+ social ord] is recogniz$ z obligation4 ,to reflect on "o's own behavior 9 relation to ! exi/+ ord] is a /&+ habit ( m9d4 ,deep5+ ( ,mean+4--,:ile ! mat]ials & conceptions ( m consci\s morality are provid$ by ! e>li] /ages1 & tak5 f o!r sph]es ( life1 we f9d t ^! conceptions naturally und]go a deep5+ ( mean+ :5 !y are us$ to express ! m intimate & p]sonal attitude4 ,take1 = example1 ! conceptions borr[$ f ! jural sph]e4 ,x is 9 ! s*ool ( gov]nm5t & c\rts t man has le>n$ to talk & ?9k ( "r & law1 ( responsibility & ju/ice4 ,to make ^! moral in/ead ( jural t]ms1 ! fir/ ?+ t is ne$$ is t we make ! :ole process an inw>d "o4 ,! p]son mu/ himself set up a /&>d1 recognize x z law1 judge 8 conduct by x1 hold himself responsible to himself1 & seek to d ju/ice4 ,x takes sev]al p]sons to c>ry on ^! processes 9 ! realm ( gov]nm5t4 ,legislators1 judges1 jury1 executive (fic]s1 all repres5t ! ,/ate1 organiz$ society4 ,t a s+le p]son c be himself lawgiv]1 judge1 & jury1 z well z claimant or def5dant1 %[s t he is himself a complex be+4 ,he is a be+ ( passions1 appetites1 & individual int]e/s1 b he is also a be+ :o has a rational & social nature4 ,z a memb] ( society he n only feels 8 individual int]e/ b recognizes social int]e/s4 ,z a rational be+ he n only feels ! ?rill ( passion b responds to ! au?ority ( a law & obeys ! voice ( duty4 ,l a memb] ( a democratic ,/ate he f9ds himself 9 ! sph]e ( conduct1 n only a subject b a sov]eign1 & feels ! dignity ( a p]son4 ,a consci5ti\s p]son is 9 s f> "o :o has made ! law ( ,god or man an inw>d law ( life--a moral law4 ,b ! act ( mak+ ! process inw>d makes possible a deep5+ ( mean+4 ,gov]nm5ts & c\rts are necess>ily limit$ 9 purview & fallible 9 decisions4 ,!y are sometimes too l5i5t1 sometimes too sev]e4 ,consci5ce implies a k ( ! :ole act--purpose1 motive1 & de$4 ,its au?ority makes claim = absolute ob$i5ce4 ,! laws ( ! ,/ate are felt to be b9d+ j because !y are believ$ to be1 on ! :ole1 "r & j z measur$ by ?is moral c\rt ( appeal4 ,:5 !y conflict1 ! p[] may be ) ! political sov]eign1 b ! man ^: consci5ce is cle> believes t he foll[s a high] law4 ,mu* ( ! great lit]ature ( ! _w draws its int]e/ f its portrayal ( ?is fundam5tal fact ( human exp]i5ce4 ,two ?+s fill ! m9d ) ev] new & increas+ admiration & awe1 ! (t5] & ! m /eadily we reflect on !m3 ! />ry heav5s above & ! moral law )94 ,! conceptions tak5 f ! economic sph]e %[ simil> deep5+4 ,9 ! economic _w ?+s are good or h value if p want !m4 ,x is 9 ! exp]i5ce ( satisfy+ wants t man has le>n$ ! language ( good & evil1 & to comp>e "o good ) ano!r2 x is d\btless by ! progress ( sci5ce & ! arts t objective /&>ds ( m p]man5t1 rational1 & social goods are provid$4 ,:5 ?is t]m is tak5 up to a high] level & giv5 moral mean+1 two new factors appe>4 ,fir/ ! individual beg9s to consid] 8 v>i\s goods & values 9 relation to ea* o!r & to 8 life z a :ole4 ,9 ! second place1 9 ?us comp>+ ! v>i\s goods & ! desires !y satisfy1 he beg9s to realize t 9 "s way he is himself m ?an ! m]e sum ( 8 natural in/9cts & appetites4 ,he f9ds t he c take an int]e/ 9 c]ta9 ?+s1 & is n m]ely passive4 ,he gives value z well z measures x4 ,he feels t z su* an active & organiz+ judge & creator ( value1 he himself has a high] wor? ?an any ( ! p>ticul> ?+s t gratify p>ticul> desires4 ,a man's life consi/e? n 9 ! abundance ( ! ?+s t he possesse?4 ,! life is m ?an meat4 ,or1 to use ! phrase :i* w be expla9$ lat]1 moral good implies purpose1 "*1 good w4 ,9 common language1 x implies be+1 & n m]ely hav+4 ,! t]m good :]e us$ 9 our judgm5ts ^u o!rs 7z 9 a good man71 may h a diff]5t hi/ory4 ,z has be5 not$1 x may come f class feel+1 or f ! praise we give to acts z !y imm$iately please4 ,x may be ak9 to noble or f9e or admirable4 ,all su* conceptions und]go a simil> trans=mation z !y pass f ! sph]e ( class or public op9ion to become moral t]ms4 ,z moral !y imply 9 ! fir/ place t we consid] n m]ely outw>d acts1 b inw>d purpose & "*4 ,!y imply 9 ! second place t we :o judge are ourselves act+ n z memb]s ( a class1 n z m]ely emotional be+s1 b z social & rational4 ,our moral judgm5ts 9 ?is s5se are f a g5]al1 a univ]sal /&>d2 ^? ( a class are p>tial4 ,sec4 #c4 ,,opposition ,,betwe5 ,,individual ,,& ,,social ,,aims ,,& ,,/&>ds ,)drawal f ! ,social ,ord]4--,! developm5t ( reflection t5ds to set up a moral opposition betwe5 ! individual & society4 ,sometimes consci5ce goes beyond ! ne$ ( criticiz+1 ( discrim9at+1 ( int]pret+ social cu/oms1 ( foll[+ _! _s r ?an _! lett]2 x takes ! =m ( an ass]tion ( a purely inn]1 p]sonal morality1 s di/9ct f ! conditions ( social life t ! latt] are conceiv$ to be totally lack+ 9 positive moral significance4 ,! prescriptions ( morality are ?\ght to be reveal$ 9 consci5ce1 z a faculty ( pure intuition or revelation1 receiv+ nei!r mat]ial nor w>rant f social conditions4 ,! di/9ction already spok5 ( betwe5 ! moral & ! economic1 legal1 or conv5tional1 is conceiv$ z a complete sep>ation2 cu/oms & in/itutions are ext]nal1 indiff]5t1 irrelevant1 or ev5 ho/ile to ! ideal & p]sonally p]ceiv$ dem&s ( morality4 ,su* a conception ( morality is especially likely to arise 9 a p]iod :5 ?r\gh ! cla% ( ways & /&>ds ( liv+1 all cu/oms1 except ^? ma9ta9$ by =ce & au?ority1 are dis9tegrat+ or relax+4 ,su* a /ate exi/$ 9 ! e>ly ye>s ( ! ,roman empire :51 = ! fir/ "t 9 hi/ory1 local b\nd>ies 7 sy/ematically ov]/epp$2 :5 ! empire 0 a see?+ mixture ( ali5 & unlike gods1 beliefs1 ideals1 /&>ds1 practices4 ,9 ! almo/ univ]sal flux & confusion1 ext]nal ord] 0 ma9ta9$ by ! cry/alliz$ legislation & adm9i/ration ( ,rome2 b p]sonal aims & modes ( behavior _h to be asc]ta9$ by ! individual ?r[n back ^u himself4 ,*ri/ian1 ,/oic1 ,epicurean1 alike f\nd ! political ord] :olly ext]nal to ! moral1 or 9 *ronic opposition to x4 ,!re 0 a )drawal into ! region ( p]sonal consci\sness4 ,9 "s cases ! )drawal 0 pu%$ to ! po9t :]e m5 felt t !y c\ld be truly righte\s only by go+ by !mselves into ! des]t1 to live z h]mits2 or by =m+ sep>ate communities ( ^? :o agre$ 9 _! conceptions ( life2 m5tal & moral alo(ness f prevail+ social /&>ds & habitudes 0 prea*$ by all4 ,individual ,emancipation4--,9 o!r cases1 :at takes place is a consci\sness ( lib]ation2 ( ass]tion ( p]sonal rights & privileges1 claims = new modes ( activity & new k9ds ( enjoym5t4 ,! individual feels t he is 8 own end2 t ! impulses & capacities :i* he f9ds 9 himself are sacr$1 & af=d ! only g5u9e law = 8 behavior2 t :atev] re/ricts ! full ex]cise ( ^! p]sonal p[]s & hamp]s ! satisfaction ( p]sonal desires is co]cive & morally abnormal4 ,exi/+ social in/itutions may be practically necess>y1 b !y are morally undesirable2 !y are to be us$1 or got ar\nd 9 ! int]e/s ( p]sonal gratifications4 ,z "s feel t social conditions are ho/ile to ! realization ( ! highe/ moral obligations1 s o!rs feel t !y are ho/ile to ! full possession ( _! rights1 ( t to :i* !y are prop]ly entitl$4 ,ev5tual ,trans=mation ( ,social ,values & ,aims4--,9 extreme cases1 ! individual may come to believe t1 ei!r on ! basis ( 8 true obligations or 8 true rights1 ! v pr9ciple ( society is morally indiff]5t or ev5 unwor?y2 t ! moral life is ev5tually or intr9sically an individual matt]1 al?\gh x happ5s to be outw>dly l$ "u social conditions4 ,b 9 ! ma9 ! opposition is n to ! social relations z su*1 b to exi/+ in/itutions & cu/oms z inadequate4 ,!n ! reaction ( ! individual aga9/ ! exi/+ social s*eme1 :e!r on ! gr\nd ( ideals too high to be support$ by x or on ! gr\nd ( p]sonal claims to :i* x does n af=d free play1 becomes a means to ! recon/ruction & trans=mation ( social habits4 ,9 ?is way1 reflective morality is a m>k ( a progressive society1 j z cu/om>y morality is ( a /ation>y society4 ,reflection on values is ! me?od ( _! modification4 ,! mona/ic ,*ri/ian 9 8 outw>d )drawal f social life1 /ill ma9ta9$ ! conception ( a p]fect$ society1 ( a k+dom ( ,god or ,heav5 to be e/abli%$4 ,?is ideal became to "s ext5t ! work+ me?od = *ang+ ! exi/+ ord]4 ,! ,/oics1 :o held 9 light e/eem exi/+ community ties1 _h ! conception ( a univ]sal community1 a cosmopolis1 rul$ by univ]sal law1 ( :i* e rational be+ 0 a memb] & subject4 ,?is notion became op]ative to "s ext5t 9 ! developm5t ( judicial & adm9i/rative sy/ems mu* m g5]aliz$ & equitable ?an ! purely local cu/oms1 laws1 & /&>ds :i* x swept away4 ,! ,epicurean _h ! ideal ( fri5d%ip on ! basis ( :i* 7 =m$ gr\ps ( cong5ial associates held toge!r nei!r by legal ties1 nor by univ]sal laws ( reason1 nor by unity ( religi\s aspiration & belief1 b by fri5d%ip & companionable int]c\rse4 ,?us 7 af=d$ o!r c5t]s ( social recon/ruction4 ,sec4 #d4 ,,effects ,,^u ,,! ,,individual ,,"* ,g5]al ,effects4--,! *>act]i/ic diff]5ces :i* h be5 po9t$ out 9 ! prec$+ section1 :5 tak5 toge!r ) ! specific conditions ( *ange--lib]ty ( action & ?\ght1 inc5tives to private acquisition1 facilities = p[] & pleasure--enable u to und]/& ! contra/s ref]r$ to at ! op5+ ( ! *apt]4 ,we h1 on ! "o h&1 ! inbr$ crav+ = p[]1 = acquisition1 = excitem5t1 = gratification ( s5se & appetite1 enhanc$ by :at x fe$s on4 ,we h1 on ! o!r h&1 ! progressive diff]5tiation ( ! moral1 te>+ ! individual loose f ! bonds ( ! ext]nal moral ord] & =c+ him to /& on 8 own feet--or fall4 ,note h[ ea* ( ! po9ts br\ght out 9 ! prec$+ section op]ates4 7#a7 ,to sep>ate out ! moral z a di/9ct elem5t f c]ta9 sph]es ( life1 all[s ! less s]i\sly m9d$ & ! less sympa!tic individuals to live complac5tly a trivial or unscrupul\s life4 ,fa%ion1 social duties1 amusem5ts1 culture empti$ ( all e>ne/ mean+1 bus9ess & politics divorc$ f any humane or public consid]ations1 may be reg>d$ z ju/ifiable vocations4 ,a g5tleman :o no long] has ! occupation ( 8 fight+ pr$ecessors z an excuse = a di/9ct type ( life1 may f9d ! support ( a l>ge leisure class 9 decl9+ any useful s]vice to ! community & devot+ himself to sport2 a lady may be s engag$ by ! multif>i\s dem&s ( society z nev] to notice :at an utt]ly wor?less r\nd %e foll[s4 7#b7 ,! fact t ! morality ( consci5ce requires reflection1 progress1 & a deep] mean+ = its conception1 makes x obvi\s :y _m fail to grasp any moral mean+ at all4 ,!y fail to put =? ! ef=t1 or to break ) habit4 ,"u cu/om>y morality x 0 en\gh to obs]ve & to cont9ue 9 ! mores4 ,x requires a high] degree ( insight & a great] initiative to get any moral attitude at all :5 ! =ms h become m]e =ms & ! habits m]e habits4 ,h5ce :5 a *ange 9 p]sonal environm5t or 9 g5]al social & economic conditions comes1 _m fail to see ! pr9ciples involv$4 ,!y rema9 completely satisfi$ ) ! old-fa%ion$ virtues or intr5* !mselves 9 ! righte\sness & hone/y ( a pa/ g5]ation4 ,?is habitual & pa9less morality w (t5 mean a virtue or righte\sness :i* involves no conflict ) pres5t conditions4 ,a man :o feels hone/ because he does n break contracts or defraud 9 old-fa%ion$ ways1 may be q at ease ab\t wat]+ /ock or adult]at+ goods4 ,a society :i* abhors murd] ) iron & explosives 9 ! =m ( dagg]s & bombs1 may feel q unconc]n$ ab\t ! prev5table homicides by iron ma*9]y1 or by explosives us$ 9 coal m9es4 7#c7 ,! conflict ) society :i* reflective morality requires1 works to ?ru/ "s bel[ ! g5]al level1 :ile x raises o!rs above x4 ,to criticize ! g5]al moral ord] may make a man a prophet1 b x may also make him a ,ph>isee4 ,practical reaction may make re=m]s1 b x is likely to make ano!r set ( m5 dissolute2 to make !m feel sup]ior to ! morality ( ,phili/9es & !re=e exempt f social re/ra9ts4 ,vices ,incid5t to ,reflective ,/age4--,! vices increase ) civilization1 p>tly because ( increas$ opportunity1 p>tly because ( increas$ loos5ess 9 social re/ra9t4 ,!re is a fur!r elem5t4 ,:5 any activity ( man is cut (f f its orig9al & natural relations & made ! object ( special att5tion & pursuit1 ! :ole adju/m5t is ?r[n out ( balance4 ,:at 0 be=e a useful function becomes pa?ological4 ,! crav+ = excitem5t or /imulation is normal )9 c]ta9 limits4 ,9 ! *ase or ! battle1 9 ! v5ture ( ! explor] or ! m]*ant1 x functions z a heal?y inc5tive4 ,:5 isolat$ z an end 9 itself1 tak5 out ( ! objective social situation1 x becomes ! spr+ ( gambl+ or drunk5ness4 ,! in/9cts & emotions ( sex1 possess+ p[] & int]e/ necessitat$ by _! place 9 ! cont9uance ( ! race1 become :5 isolat$ ! spr+ ( passion or ( obsc5ity or lubricity4 ,av>ice & gluttony illu/rate ! same law4 ,! gladiatorial %[s at ,rome became base & c[>dly :5 ! ,romans 7 !mselves no long] fight]s4#ajb ,ev5 ! aspiration = :at is high] & bett] may become an o!rworldl9ess :i* leaves ?is _w to its mis]y & evil4 ,su* a s]ies ( pictures z ,balzac has giv5 9 8 ,com$ie ,huma9e1 %[s bett] ?an any labor$ description ! possibilities ( mod]n civilization4 ,!re is1 moreov]1 9 civiliz$ society a fur!r mo/ demoraliz+ ag5cy unkn[n to e>li] life4 ,z ! vices are specializ$ & pursu$ !y become economic & political int]e/s4 ,va/ capital is inve/$ 9 ! bus9ess ( m9i/]+ to ! vici\s appetites4 ,x is pecuni>ily desirable t ^! appetites %\ld be /imulat$ z greatly z possible4 ,x makes bus9ess4 ,! tribute levi$ by public (ficials ^u ! illegal pursuits =ms a va/ fund = c>ry+ elections4 ,! multitude engag$ 9 ! traffic or dep5d5t ^u x = favors1 c be reli$ ^u to ca/ _! votes z a unit = m5 :o w gu>antee protection4 ,relations to ,fell[ ,m54--,! motives & occasions = selfi%ness & inju/ice h be5 indicat$ suffici5tly p]haps 9 prec$+ *apt]s4 ,z ! g5]al process ( increas+ individuality & reflection goes on1 x is an increas+ly easy matt] to be indiff]5t or ev5 unju/4 ,:5 all lead a common life x is easy to ent] into ! situation ( ano!r1 to appreciate 8 motives1 8 ne$s1 & 9 g5]al to put y\rself 9 8 place4 ,! ext]nal nature ( ! conduct makes x easy to hold all to a common /&>d4 ,! game mu/ be %>$2 ! prop]ty--s f> z !re is prop]ty--respect$2 ! religi\s rites obs]v$4 ,b :5 /&>ds becomes m inw>d ! m intellig5t or rigor\s may f9d sympa?y less easy4 ,:5 !y attempt to be *>itable !y may easily become condesc5d+4 ,! pure w n soil _! skirts by contact ) ! fall54 ,! high-m9d$ citiz5 refuses to mix 9 politics4 ,! s*ol> ?9ks ! bus9ess man mat]iali/ic4 ,! man ( bre$+1 weal?1 & education f9ds ! un$ucat$ labor] lack+ 9 c\rtesy & ref9em5t & argues t x is useless to wa/e sympa?y ^u ! masses4 ,! class t]ms :i* h become moral t]ms are illu/rations ( ?is attitude4 ,f9ally1 ! moral process ( build+ up fre$om & "r easily leads to a disposition to /& on rights & let o!r p]sons look out = !mselves4 ,kant's doctr9e1 t s9ce all morality is p]sonal ,i c d no?+ to promote my neighbor's p]fection1 is a laissez faire 9 e?ics :i* he did n c>ry out1 b x is a n unnatural coroll>y ( reflective morality4 ,am ,i my bro!r's keep]8 is mu* m likely to be ! language ( reflective1 ?an ( cu/om>y & gr\p life4 ,recon/ructive ,=ces4--,we h dwelt at l5g? ^u ! dis9tegrat+ =ces1 n because civilization necess>ily gr[s worse1 b because1 hav+ po9t$ out 9 e>li] *apt]s ! positive advances1 x becomes necess>y to allude also to ! o!r aspect ( ! process4 ,o!rwise x might appe> t !re is no problem4 ,if ! evolution 7 suppos$ to be all 9 "o direction !re w\ld be no s]i\sness 9 life4 ,x is only 9 ! pressure ( con/antly new difficulties & evils t moral "* adds new fib]1 & moral progress em]ges4 ,individualism1 self-seek+1 & desire = prop]ty =ce ! e/abli%m5t ( gov]nm5ts & c\rts :i* protect poor z well z ri*4 ,luxury & o/5tation h n only call$ out ! asceticism :i* r5\nces ! _w & sees 9 all gratification ( appetite an evil2 !y h br\ght into ! =e ! s]i\s mean+ ( life2 !y h s]v$ to emphasize ! dem& = social ju/ice4 ,! c\ntless volunt>y associations = ! relief ( sickness1 mis=tune1 & pov]ty2 = aid+ ! defective1 dep5d5t1 & crim9al2 = promot+ numb]less good causes--enli/ a multitude 9 fri5dly co-op]ation4 ,! ris+ dem& = legislation to embody ! new s5tim5ts ( ju/ice is "p ( ! process ( recon/ruction4 ,& n[ :5 all ! arts & goods ( civilization are becom+ m & m fully ! "w1 n ( any individual's labor or skill1 b r ( ! comb9$ labor & intellig5ce ( _m1 :5 life 9 cities is necessitat+ great] int]dep5d5ce1 f9ally :5 contra/s 9 conditions are br\ght m =cibly to notice by ! v progress ( k & ! means ( k1--! m ?or\ghly social use ( all t civilization produces becomes m insi/5t & compell+4 ,x is n a matt] ( s5tim5t b ( necessity4 ,if any "o is dispos$ to d5y ! claim1 x becomes increas+ly c]ta9 t ,c>lyle's ,iri% wid[ w prove h] si/]hood by infect+ ! d5i] ) fev]2#ajc t ! ignorant1 or crim9al1 or mis]able w jeop>dize 8 happ9ess4 ,sec4 #e4 ,,moral ,,diff]5tiation ,,& ,,! ,,social ,,ord] ,two processes w5t on side by side 9 ! movem5t we h trac$4 7#a7 ,! primitive gr\p1 :i* 0 at once a k9%ip or family1 an economic1 a political1 a religi\s1 an educational1 & a moral unit1 0 brok5 d[n & replac$ by sev]al di/9ct in/itutions1 ea* ) its own special "*4 7#b7 ,! moral1 :i* 0 s l>gely unreflective t x c\ld be embodi$ 9 e cu/om & obs]vance1 became m p]sonal & subjective4 ,! result ( ?is 0 ei!r t ! moral 0 n[ m consci\sly & volunt>ily put into ! social relations1 !reby rais+ !m all to a high] moral level1 or t1 fail+ su* a leav5+ ( ! di/9ct sph]es ( ! social ord]1 ! latt] 7 empti$ ( moral value & lo/ moral re/ra9ts4 ,we notice v briefly c]ta9 illu/rations ( ?is1 leav+ a full] treatm5t = ,"p ,,iii4 ,! ,family4--,:5 ! family 0 l>gely det]m9$ by /atus1 :5 x 0 an economic1 a political1 & a religi\s unit1 x _h a /rong support4 ,b ! support 0 l>gely ext]nal to ! true purpose & mean+ ( ! family4 ,only z ^! o!r elem5ts 7 sep>at$1 & ! family plac$ on a volunt>y basis1 c\ld its true significance em]ge4 ,affection & mutual supplem5tation ( husb& & wife1 love & devotion to (fspr+1 mu/ /& ! /ra9s =m]ly di/ribut$ ov] sev]al ties4 ,! be/ types ( family life :i* h result$ f ?is m moral basis are unque/ionably f> sup]ior to ! old] =m4 ,at ! same "t ! difficulties & p]v]sion or subv]sion ( ! m volunt>y type are manife/4 ,:5 no p]sonal atta*m5t 0 s\ght or pr(ess$1 or :5 m>riage by pur*ase 0 ! approv$ cu/om1 ! m>riage contract$ "u ^! conditions might h all ! value :i* ! g5]al /ate ( intellig5ce & civilization all[$4 ,:5 ! ess5tial feature :i* hall[s ! union has come to be recogniz$ z a union ( w & affection1 !n m>riage )\t ^!1 h[ev] solemniz$1 almo/ inevitably means moral degradation4 ,& if ! cons5t ( ! p>ties is reg>d$ z ! basis ( ! tie1 !n x is difficult to make sure t ?is cons5t has )9 x en\gh ( /eadfa/1 well-consid]$ purpose & ( emotional dep? to take ! place ( all ! old] sanctions & to secure p]man5t unions4 ,! m complete responsibility = ! *ildr5 :i* has be5 ga9$ by ! sep>ation ( ! family1 has also prov$ susceptible ( abuse z well z ( s]vice4 ,= :ile savages h (t5 practic$ infanticide = economic reasons1 x is d\btful if any savage family ev] equal$ ! m ref9$ selfi%ness & cruelty ( ! *ild labor :i* mod]n families h furni%$ & mod]n society has p]mitt$4 ,! ,economic & ,indu/rial4--,! economic lo/ p[]ful re/ra9ts :5 x became a sep>ate activity divorc$ f family1 religi\s1 &1 9 ! view ( "s1 f moral consid]ations4 ,x has work$ out c]ta9 important moral necessities ( its own4 ,hone/y1 ! keep+ ( contracts1 ! /ead9ess & cont9uity ( "* fo/]$ by economic relations1 are important contributions4 ,mod]n bus9ess1 = example1 is ! mo/ effective ag5cy 9 secur+ sobriety4 ,x is f> m effici5t ?an temp]ance societies4 ,o!r values ( ! economic & indu/rial process--! increase ( production1 ! int]*ange ( s]vices & goods1 ! new means ( happ9ess af=d$ by ! increase ( weal?--are obvi\s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! hone/y requir$ by bus9ess is a mo/ te*nical & peculi>ly limit$ sort4 ,x does n int]f]e ) adult]ation ( goods "u c]ta9 conditions1 nor ) corrupt b>ga9s ) public (ficials4 ,! measurem5t ( values on a purely pecuni>y basis t5ds to release a l>ge sph]e ( activity f any moral re/ra9ts4 ,! maxim ,bus9ess is bus9ess may be made ! sanction = any k9d ( conduct n exclud$ by comm]cial /&>ds4 ,unless !re is a con/ant injection ( moral valuation & control1 !re is a t5d5cy to subv]t all o!r ends & /&>ds to ! purely economic4 ,law & ,gov]nm5t4--,to remove ^! functions f ! k9%ip gr\p z su*1 is at once to br+ ! important pr9ciples ( au?ority & duty1 & gradually ( rights & fre$om1 to consci\sness4 ,only by su* sep>ation c\ld ! univ]sality & imp>tiality ( law be e/abli%$4 ,& only by univ]sality c ! judgm5t ( ! society z a :ole be gu>ante$ its execution z ov] aga9/ ! v>iations 9 intellig5ce & "r purpose ( individual rul]s & judges4 ,moreov]1 ! sep>ation ( law f morality has likewise its ga9 or loss4 ,on ! "o h&1 to sep>ate (f a def9ite sph]e ( ext]nal acts to :i* alone physical con/ra9ts or p5alties may atta*1 is at once to free a great sph]e ( inn] ?\ght & purpose & to enable purely psy*ical values & re/ra9ts to atta9 f> great] p[] 9 conduct4 ,lib]ty ( ?\ght & religi\s belief1 s9c]ity & ?or\gh responsibility1 require su* a sep>ation4 ,x is also to make possible a g5]al law :i* rises above ! consci5ce ( ! l[] ev5 if x does n always rea* ! level ( ! mo/ enlight5$ & j4 ,to make a comm& a univ]sal law is itself a /eady+ & elevat+ influ5ce1 & x is only by a measure ( ab/raction f ! individual1 inn] aspect ( conduct t ?is c be a*iev$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! n infrequ5t contra/ betwe5 law & ju/ice1 ! sub/itution ( te*nicality = sub/antials1 ! cons]vatism :i* made ,voltaire *>act]ize lawy]s z ! cons]vators ( anci5t b>b>\s usages1 above all ! success ) :i* law has be5 us$ to sanction or ev5 facilitate ne>ly e =m ( oppression1 extortion1 class advantage1 or ev5 judicial murd]1 is a con/ant atte/ation ( ! tw(old possibilities inh]5t 9 all in/itutions4 ,gov]nm5t 9 o!r functions exhibits simil> possibilities4 ,at fir/ x 0 tyranny aga9/ :i* ! subject _h to def5d himself4 ,n[ x is r ! use ( political ma*9]y = private ga94 ,et]nal vigilance is ! price n only ( fre$om1 b ( e moral value4 ,! ,religi\s ,life4--,:5 fre$ f int]dep5d5ce ) k9%ip1 economic1 & political association1 religion has an opportunity to become m p]sonal & m univ]sal4 ,:5 a man's religi\s attitude is n fix$ by bir?1 :5 wor%ip is n s closely b\nd up ) economic int]e/s1 :5 !re is n only religi\s tol]ation1 b religi\s lib]ty1 ! significance ( religion z a p]sonal1 spiritual relation comes to view4 ,! k9%ip tie is sublimat$ into a conception ( div9e fa!rhood4 ,x becomes cr$ible t ,job does s]ve ,god = naught4 ,fai? & purity ( he>t are n secur$ by magi/rates or laws4 ,& ! univ]sality ( religion is no less a ga94 ,s f> z religion 0 ( ! gr\p x t5d$ to emphasize ! b\nd>y betwe5 ,jew & ,g5tile1 ,greek & ,b>b>ian1 betwe5 ! we-gr\p & ! o!rs-gr\p4 ,b :5 ?is gr\p religion gave place to a m univ]sal religion1 ! k+dom ( ,israel c\ld give place to ! k+dom ( ,god2 bro!rhood c\ld transc5d family or national l9es4 ,9 ! fi]ce /ruggles ( ! ,middle ,ages ! *ur* 0 a p[]ful ag5cy = re/ra9+ ! p[]ful & s(t5+ ! feuds ( ho/ile clans & peoples4 ,! peace ( ,god 0 n only a symbol ( a f>-(f ideal1 b an actual relief4 ,! univ]sality might inde$ be s\ght by =ce 9 a crusade ( ,*ri/ian aga9/ ,moslem1 or 9 ! horror ( a ?irty ye>s' w> betwe5 ,ca?olic & ,prote/ant4 ,b z ! conception ( religion z a spiritual relation becomes cle>]1 ! t5d5cy mu/ inevitably be to disclose religion z ess5tially a unify+ r ?an a divisive & discordant =ce4 ,if any religion becomes univ]sal x w be because ( its univ]sal appeal4 ,& s f> z x does make univ]sal appeal1 l sci5ce1 l art1 x invites its foll[]s4 ,! diff]5tiation ( ! moral f ! religi\s is (t5 difficult to trace4 ,= ! religi\s has (t5 be5 ! ag5cy ?r\gh :i* c]ta9 ( ! *>act]i/ics ( ! moral h be5 br\ght ab\t4 ,! inw>d & volunt>y aspect ( ! moral1 z comp>$ ) ! v]dicts ( law or public op9ion1 has be5 emphasiz$4 ,b ?is is (t5 develop$ by ! religi\s conceptions ( an all-see+ ,god1 an all-wise judge4 ,man looke? on ! out] appe>ance1 b ! ,"l looke? ^u ! he>t has its lit]>y p>allels 9 ,x5ophon & ,plato & ,%aksp]e4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 high] & l[] values has receiv$ its mo/ impressive symbol 9 ! conception ( ano!r _w1 9 :i* !re is nei!r pa9 nor s91 b et]nal bless$ness & et]nal life4 ,ideals ( "*1 :5 embodi$ 9 div9e p]sons1 comm& love1 rev]5ce1 & devotion 9 supreme degree4 ,a society 9 :i* love & ju/ice are ! law ( life has seem$ m possible1 m pot5t to inspire sacrifice & en?usiasm1 :5 envisag$ z ! ,k+dom ( ,god4 ,b 9 all ^! illu/rations we h1 n ! religi\s z di/9ct f ! moral1 b ! religi\s z modifi$ by ! moral & embody+ ! moral 9 concrete examples & imag]y4 ,we c see ! two possible types ( developm5t1 h[ev]1 9 ! concrete in/ances ( ! ,hebrews & ! ,greeks4 ,9 ,israel religion 0 able to take up ! moral ideals & become itself m completely e?ical4 ,! prophets ( religion 7 at ! same "t ! moral re=m]s4 ,b 9 ,greece1 9 spite ( ! ef=ts ( "s ( ! great poets1 ! religi\s conceptions = ! mo/ "p rema9$ set & h5ce became sup]/ition1 or emotional orgy1 or ec/asy1 :ile ! moral f\nd a di/9ct pa? ( its own4 ,religion at pres5t is confront+ ! problem ( :e!r x w be able to take up into itself ! new] e?ical values--! sci5tific _s :i* seeks tru?1 ! enhanc$ value ( human wor? :i* dem&s high] types ( social ju/ice4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a brief *>act]ization ( ! respective /&po9ts ( religion & morality may be add$1 z !y bo? aim to control & give value to human conduct4 ,! religi\s has always impli$ "s relation ( man's life to unse5 p[]s or to ! cosmos4 ,! relation may be ! social relation ( k9 or fri5d or companion1 ! political ( subject to a sov]eign1 ! cosmic relation ( dep5d5ce1 or t ( seek+ 9 ! div9e complet] mean+ or m p]fect fulfillm5t = :at is fragm5t>y & imp]fect4 ,9 its aspect ( fai? x holds all ^! ideals ( p[]1 wisdom1 goodness1 ju/ice1 to be real & effective4 ,! moral1 on ! o!r h&1 conc]ns itself1 n ) unse5 be+s or cosmic reality1 b ) human purposes & ! relations ( a man to 8 fell[s4 ,= religion1 consci5ce may be ! voice ( ,god2 = morality1 x mu/ be /at$ 9 t]ms ( ?\ght & feel+4 ,! moral law mu/ be view$ z a law :i* is capable ( be+ approv$1 at lea/--& ?is implies t x may also be criticiz$--by ! m9d4 ,! diff]5ce :i* religion /ates z a *oice betwe5 ,god & mammon1 betwe5 heav5 & e>?1 morality mu/ /ate 9 t]ms ( good & evil1 "r & wrong1 ideal int]e/s & natural appetites4 ,in/ead ( reg>d+ its /&>ds z laws e/abli%$ once = all by a div9e au?ority1 morality seeks to rea* pr9ciples4 ,in/ead ( embody+ its ideals 9 p]sons1 ! moral seeks to re%ape !m cont9ually4 ,x is = religion to hold t ,god reigns1 & !re=e ,all's "r ) ! _w4 ,! moral z su* mu/ be cont9ually ov]com+ evil1 cont9ually work+ out ideals into conduct1 & *ang+ ! natural ord] into a m rational & social ord]4 ,,footnotes3 #if ,grote1 ,plato & ! ,o!r ,companions ( ,sokrates1 ,vol4 ,i41 p4 #bdi4 #ig ,ne>ly e railway j\rney or o!r occasion = obs]v+ family discipl9e discloses ! preval5ce ( ?is ag5cy ( savage morality4 ,if y are n quiet ,i'll give y to ! conductor1 ! black man w get y1 ,santa ,claus w n give pres5ts to naughty *ildr54 ,t p]sons :o 9 _m respects are k9dly & dec5t %\ld aim to cultivate morality by a sy/em ( delib]ate ly+ & m or less brutal cruelty is "o ( ! int]e/+ ph5om5a ( education4 ,! savages :o us$ taboos believ$ :at !y said4 #ih ,sumn]1 ,folkways1 p4 #cf4 #ii ,plato's word+ is giv5 on p4 #acb4 #ajj ,recognition has ! same d\ble s5se4 ,s has ackn[l$gm5t1 ) great] emphasis ^u r5d]+ allegiance 9 action4 #aja ,logically1 ?is means t intellig5ce works conceptually1 n p]ceptually alone4 #ajb ,sumn]1 ,folkways1 p4 #egj4 #ajc ,"o ( ,dr4 ,alison's ,scot* facts /ruck u mu*4 ,a poor ,iri% ,wid[1 h] husb& hav+ di$ 9 "o ( ! ,lanes ( ,ed9burgh1 w5t =? ) h] ?ree *ildr51 b>e ( all res\rces1 to solicit help f ! ,*>itable ,e/abli%m5ts ( t ,city4 ,at ?is ,*>itable ,e/abli%m5t & !n at t %e 0 refus$2 ref]r$ f "o to ! o!r1 help$ by none2 till %e _h exhau/$ !m all2 till h] /r5g? & he>t fail$ h]2 %e sank d[n 9 typhus-fev]2 di$1 & infect$ h] ,lane ) fev]1 s t 'sev5te5 o!r p]sons' di$ ( fev] !re 9 consequ5ce4444 ,! =lorn ,iri% ,wid[ applies to h] fell[ creatures1 z if say+1 ',behold ,i am s9k+1 b>e ( help2 ye mu/ help me6 ,i am y\r si/]1 bone ( y\r bone2 "o ,god made u2 ye mu/ help me4' ,!y answ]1 ',no1 impossible2 ?\ art no si/] ( ours4' ,b %e proves h] si/]hood2 h] typhus fev] kills !m3 7,pa/ & ,pres5t1 ,book ,,iii41 *4 ii47 99 99 99 99 99 ,,"p ,,ii ,,!ory ,,( ,,! ,,moral ,,life ,,g5]al ,,lit]ature ,,= ,,"p ,,ii ,among ! works :i* h _h ! mo/ influ5ce ^u ! developm5t ( ! !ory ( morals are3 ,plato1 dialogues entitl$ ,republic1 ,laws1 ,protagoras & ,gorgias2 ,ari/otle1 ,e?ics2 ,cic]o1 ,de ,f9ibus & ,de ,(ficiis2 ,m>cus ,aurelius1 ,m$itations2 ,epictetus1 ,conv]sations2 ,lucretius1 ,de ,r]um ,natura2 ,/4 ,?omas ,aqu9as 7select$ & translat$ by ,rickaby "u title ( ,aqu9as ,e?icus72 ,hobbes1 ,levia?an2 ,sp9oza1 ,e?ics2 ,%aftesbury1 ,*>act]i/ics1 & ,inquiry conc]n+ ,virtue2 ,hut*eson1 ,sy/em ( ,moral ,philosophy2 ,butl]1 ,s]mons2 ,hume1 ,essays1 ,pr9ciples ( ,morals2 ,adam ,smi?1 ,!ory ( ,moral ,s5tim5ts2 ,b5?am1 ,pr9ciples ( ,morals & ,legislation2 ,kant1 ,critique ( ,practical ,reason1 & ,f\ndations ( ! ,metaphysics ( ,e?ics2 ,comte1 ,social ,physics 79 8 ,c\rse ( ,positive ,philosophy72 ,mill1 ,utilit>ianism2 ,sp5c]1 ,pr9ciples ( ,e?ics2 ,gre51 ,prolegom5a to ,e?ics2 ,sidgwick1 ,me?ods ( ,e?ics2 ,selby-,bigge1 ,briti% ,morali/s1 #b vols4 7a conv5i5t collection ( selections74 ,= contempor>y treatises1 & hi/ories consult ! lit]ature ref]r$ to 9 *4 i4 ( ,"p ,i4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,! ,,moral ,,situation ,object ( ,"p ,two & ( ,pres5t ,*apt]4--,f ! hi/ory ( morals1 we turn to ! !oretical analysis ( reflective morality4 ,we are conc]n$ to discov] 7#a7 j :at 9 conduct x is t we judge good & evil1 "r & wrong 7conduct be+ a complicat$ ?+72 7#b7 :at we mean by good & evil1 "r & wrong2 7#c7 on :at basis we apply ^! conceptions to _! appropriate objects 9 conduct4 ,b be=e we attempt ^! que/ions1 we mu/ detect & id5tify ! moral situation1 ! situation 9 :i* consid]ations ( good & evil1 "r & wrong1 pres5t !mselves & are employ$4 ,= "s situations we employ ! ideas ( true & false2 ( beautiful & ugly2 ( skilful & awkw>d2 ( economical & wa/eful1 etc4 ,we may inde$ apply ! t]ms "r & wrong to ^! same situations2 b if s1 x is to !m 9 "s o!r light4 ,:at !n are ! diff]5tiat+ traits1 ! special e>m>ks1 pres5t$ by ! situation :i* we id5tify z di/9ctively moral8 ,= we use ! t]m moral 9 a broad s5se to designate t :i* is ei!r moral or immoral3 i4e41 "r or wrong 9 ! n>r[] s5se4 ,x is ! moral situation 9 ! broad s5se z di/9ct f ! non-moral1 n f ! immoral1 t we are n[ conc]n$ )4 ,! ,moral ,situation ,involves ,volunt>y ,activity4--,x w be admitt$ on all h&s t ! moral situation is "o :i*1 :atev] else x may or may n be1 involves a volunt>y factor4 ,"s ( ! *ief traits ( volunt>y activity we h already become acqua9t$ )1 z 9 ! acc\nt by ,ari/otle1 already not$ 7ante1 p4 #ab74 ,! ag5t mu/ "k :at he is ab\t2 he mu/ h "s idea ( :at he is do+2 he mu/ n be a somnambuli/1 or an imbecile1 or insane1 or an infant s immature z to h no idea ( :at he is do+4 ,he mu/ also h "s wi%1 "s desire1 "s pref]5ce 9 ! matt]4 ,a man ov]p[]$ by sup]ior =ce might be physically compell$ by "s +5i\s device to %oot a gun at ano!r1 kn[+ :at he 0 do+1 b 8 act w\ld n be volunt>y because he _h no *oice 9 ! matt]1 or r because 8 pref]5ce 0 n to d ! act :i* he is aw>e he is do+4 ,b if he is ord]$ to kill ano!r & told if he does n he w himself be kill$1 he has "s w 9 ! matt]4 ,he may d ! de$1 n because he likes x or wi%es x 9 itself1 b because he wi%es to save 8 own life4 ,! att5dant circum/ances may affect our judgm5t ( ! k9d & degree ( morality atta*+ to ! act2 b !y d n take x entirely out ( ! moral sph]e4#ajd ,ari/otle says ! act mu/ also be ! expression ( a disposition 7a habit or ,greek3 hexis71 a m or less settl$ t5d5cy on ! "p ( ! p]son4 ,x mu/ be> "s relation to 8 "*4 ,"* is n1 we may say1 a ?ird factor1 ,x is mak+ cle> :at is impli$ 9 delib]ation & wi%4 ,!re may be little delib]ation 9 a *ild's act & little 9 an adult's1 & yet we may reg>d ! latt] z mu* m volunt>y ?an ! *ild's4 ,) ! *ild1 ! ?\ght is sup]ficial & casual1 because ( ! re/rict$ /age ( organization or gr[? rea*$ 7see p4 #aj73 8 act fl[s f organic in/9ct or f accid5tal circum/ances--:im1 caprice1 & *ance sugge/ion1 or fancy4 ,! adult's act may fl[ f habitual t5d5cies & be accompani$ by an equally small am\nt ( consci\s reflection4 ,b ! t5d5cies !mselves are ! outcome ( prior delib]ations & *oices :i* h f9ally got fund$ into m or less automatic habits4 ,! *ild's act is to a slight ext5t ! expression ( "*2 ! adult's to a l>ge ext5t4 ,9 %ort1 we mean by "* :atev] lies beh9d an act 9 ! way ( delib]ation & desire1 :e!r ^! processes be ne>-by or remote4 ,n ,ev]y?+ ,volunt>y is ,morally ,judg$4--,a volunt>y act may !n be def9$ z "o :i* manife/s "*1 ! te/ ( its pres5ce be+ ! pres5ce ( desire & delib]ation2 ^! sometimes be+ pres5t directly & imm$iately1 sometimes indirectly & remotely ?r\gh _! effects ^u ! ag5t's /&+ habits4 ,b we d n judge all volunt>y activity f ! moral /&po9t4 ,"s acts we judge f ! /&po9t ( skill or awkw>dness2 o!rs z amus+ or bor+2 o!rs z /upid or highly intellig5t1 & s on4 ,we d n br+ to be> ! conceptions ( "r & wrong4 ,& on ! o!r h&1 !re are _m ?+s call$ good & bad :i* are n volunt>y4 ,s9ce :at we are 9 se>* ( mu/ lie some:]e betwe5 ^! two limits1 we may beg9 ) cases ( ! latt] sort4 7#a7 ,n ,ev]y?+ ,judg$ ,good or ,"r is ,moral4--,we speak1 = example1 ( an ill-w9d2 ( a good eng9e2 ( a wat* be+ wrong2 or ( a screw be+ set "r4 ,we speak ( good & bad bread1 money1 or soil4 ,t is1 f ! /&po9t ( value1 we judge ?+s z means to c]ta9 results 9 !mselves desirable or undesirable4 ,a good ma*9e does effici5tly ! "w = :i* x is design$2 bad money does n subs]ve ! ends :i* money is meant to promote2 ! wat* t is wrong comes %ort ( tell+ u "t correctly4 ,we h to use ! notion ( value & ( contribution to value2 t is a positive factor4 ,b ?is contribution to valuable result is n1 9 inanimate objects1 some?+ meant or int5d$ by ! ?+s !mselves4 ,if we ?\ght ! ill-w9d _h an idea ( its own de/ructive effect & took pleasure 9 t idea1 we %\ld attribute moral quality to x--j z m5 did 9 e>ly times1 & s tri$ to influ5ce its behavior 9 ord] to make x good4 ,among ?+s t promote favorable or unfavorable results a l9e is drawn betwe5 ^? :i* j d s z matt] ( fact1 & ^? 9 :i* mean+ s to d1 or int5tion1 plays a "p4 7#b7 ,good 9 ,animal ,conduct4--,let u n[ consid] ! case ( good & bad animal conduct4 ,we speak ( a good wat*-dog2 ( a bad saddle-horse1 & ! l4 ,moreov]1 we tra9 ! dog & ! horse to ! "r or desir$ k9d ( action4 ,we make1 we repair ! wat*2 b we d n tra9 x4 ,tra9+ involves a new factor3 enli/m5t ( ! animal's t5d5cies2 ( its own consci\s attitudes & reactions4 ,we pet1 we rew>d by fe$+1 we puni% & ?reat54 ,by ^! means we induce animals to ex]cise 9 ways t =m ! habits we want4 ,we modify ! animal's behavior by modify+ its own impulses4 ,b we d n give moral significance to ! good & bad1 = we are /ill ?9k+ ( means to ends4 ,we d n suppose t we h succe$$ 9 supply+ ! hunt+ dog1 = example1 ) ideas t c]ta9 results are m excell5t ?an o!rs1 s t h5ce=? he acts on ! basis ( 8 own discrim9ation ( ! less & ! m valuable4 ,we j induce c]ta9 habits by manag+ to make c]ta9 ways ( act+ feel m agreeable ?an d o!rs4 ,?us ,james says3 ,:e!r ! dog has ! notion ( y\r be+ angry or ( y\r prop]ty be+ valuable 9 any su* ab/ract way z we h ^! notions1 is m ?an d\btful4 ,! conduct is m likely an impulsive result ( a conspiracy ( outw>d /imuli2 ! bea/ feels l act+ s :5 ^! /imuli are pres5t1 ?\gh consci\s ( no def9ite reason :y#aje 7,psy*ology1 ,vol4 ,,ii41 p4 #cej1 note74 ,or putt+ x ! o!r way3 if ! dog has an idea ( ! results ( gu>d+ ! h\se1 & is controll$ 9 :at he does by loyalty to ?is idea1 by ! satisfaction :i* he takes 9 x1 !n 9 call+ ! dog good we mean t 9 be+ good = a c]ta9 result1 he is also morally good4 7#c7 ,non-moral ,human ,acts4--,!re are also acts evok$ by an idea ( value 9 ! results to be rea*$1 :i* are n judg$ z com+ )9 ! moral sph]e4 ,conduct is ?ree-f\r?s ( life1 b 9 "s s5se x is m3 x is f\r-f\r?s4 ,all consci\s human life is conc]n$ ) ends1 & ) select+1 arrang+1 & employ+ ! means1 intellectual1 emotional1 & practical1 involv$ 9 ^! ends4 ,?is makes conduct4 ,b x does n foll[ t all conduct has moral import4 ,z curr5tly conceiv$1 /irr+ ! fire1 read+ a newspap]1 or eat+ a meal1 are acts ) :i* morality has no conc]n4 ,op5+ ! w9d[ to air ! room1 putt+ on an ov]coat :5 ! wea!r is cold1 are ?\ght ( z hav+ no e?ical significance4 ,^!1 h[ev]1 are all portions ( conduct 7,sp5c]1 ,pr9ciples ( ,e?ics1 ,vol4 ,i41 p4 #e74 ,!y all involve ! idea ( "s result wor? rea*+1 & ! putt+ =? ( en]gy to rea* ! result--( intellig5tly select$ & adapt$ means4 ,b ?is may leave ! act morally indiff]5t--innoc5t4 ,introduction ( ,moral ,factor4--,a fur!r quotation f ,sp5c] may introduce discussion ( ! ne$$ moral qualification3 ,z already said1 a l>ge "p ( ! ord9>y conduct is indiff]5t4 ,%all ,i walk to ! wat] fall today8 or1 %all ,i ramble along ! sea %ore8 ,"h ! ends are e?ically indiff]5t4 ,if ,i g to ! wat] fall1 %all ,i g ov] ! moor or take ! pa? ?r\gh ! wood8 ,"h ! means are e?ically indiff]5t4444 ,b if a fri5d :o is ) me has explor$ ! sea %ore1 b has n se5 ! wat] fall1 ! *oice ( "o or o!r end is no long] e?ically indiff]5t4 ,aga91 if a probable result ( mak+ ! "o excursion r ?an ! o!r1 is t ,i %all n be back 9 "t to keep an appo9tm5t1 or if tak+ ! long] r\te entails ?is risk :ile ! %ort] does n1 ! decision 9 favor ( "o end or means acquires 9 ano!r way an e?ical "* 7,sp5c]1 ,pr9ciples ( ,e?ics1 pp4 #e-f74 ,?is illu/ration sugge/s two diff]+ types ( conduct2 two diff]+ ways 9 :i* activity is induc$ & guid$ by ideas ( valuable results4 ,9 "o case ! end pres5ts itself directly z desirable1 & ! "q is only z to ! /eps or means ( a*iev+ ?is end4 ,"h we h conduct :i*1 al?\gh excit$ & direct$ by consid]ations ( value1 is /ill morally indiff]5t4 ,su* is ! condition ( ?+s :]ev] "o end is tak5 = grant$ by itself )\t any consid]ation ( its relation%ip to o!r ends4 ,x is !n a te*nical r ?an a moral affair4 ,x is a "q ( ta/e & ( skill--( p]sonal pref]5ce & ( practical wisdom1 or ( economy1 exp$i5cy4 ,!re are _m diff]5t roads to mo/ results1 & ! selection ( ?is pa? r ?an t1 on ! assumption t ei!r pa? actually leads to ! end1 is an intellectual1 ae/hetic1 or executive1 r ?an an e?ical matt]4 ,i may happ5 to pref] a m>9e view to t ( ! upl&s--t is an ae/hetic int]e/4 ,i may wi% to utilize ! "t ( ! walk = ?9k+1 & may f9d ! moor pa? less di/ract+2 "h is a matt] ( intellectual economy4 ,or ,i may conclude t ,i %all be/ get ! ex]cise ,i want by go+ to ! wat] fall4 ,"h x is a "q ( prud5ce1 ( exp$i5cy1 or practical wisdom4 ,let any "o ( ! ends1 ae/hetic1 intellectual1 hygi5ic1 /& alone & x is a fit & prop] consid]ation4 ,! moral issue does n arise4 ,or ! v>i\s ends may be reg>d$ z means to a fur!r unque/ion$ end--say a walk ) ! maximum ( comb9$ ae/hetic int]e/ & physical ex]cise4 7#d7 ,crit]ion = ,moral ,factor4--,b let ! value ( "o propos$ end be felt to be really incompatible ) t ( ano!r1 let x be felt to be s oppos$ z to appeal to a diff]5t k9d ( int]e/ & *oice1 9 o!r words1 to diff]5t k9ds ( disposition & ag5cy1 & we h a moral situation4 ,?is is :at occurs :5 "o way ( travel+ means self-indulg5ce2 ano!r1 k9dl9ess or keep+ an engagem5t4 ,!re is no long] "o end1 nor two ends s homog5e\s t !y may be reconcil$ by bo? be+ us$ z means to "s m g5]al end ( undisput$ wor?4 ,we h alt]native ends s het]og5e\s t *oice has to be made2 an end has to be develop$ out ( conflict4 ,! problem n[ becomes :at is really valuable4 ,x is ! nature ( ! valuable1 ( ! desirable1 t ! individual has to pass ^u4#ajf ,suppose a p]son has unhesitat+ly accept$ an end1 has acquiesc$ 9 "s sugge/$ purpose4 ,!n1 />t+ to realize x1 he f9ds ! affair n s simple4 ,he is l$ to review ! matt] & to consid] :at really con/itutes wor? = him4 ,! process ( atta9m5t calls = toil :i* is disagreeable1 & imposes re/ra9ts & ab&onm5ts ( accu/om$ enjoym5ts4 ,an ,indian boy1 = example1 ?9ks x desirable to be a good rid]1 a skilful %ot1 a sagaci\s sc\t4 ,!n he naturally1 z we say1 disposes ( 8 "t & en]gy s z to realize 8 purpose4 ,b 9 try+ to become a brave1 he f9ds t he has to submit to deprivation & h>d%ip1 to =ego o!r enjoym5ts & und]go ardu\s toil4 ,he f9ds t ! end does n mean 9 actual realization :at x meant 9 orig9al contemplation--some?+ t (t5 happ5s1 =1 z ,goldsmi? said3 ,9 ! fir/ place1 we cook ! di% to our own appetite2 9 ! latt]1 nature cooks x = u4 ,?is *ange 9 app>5t wor? raises a new "q3 ,is ! aim fir/ set up ( ! value x seem$ to be8 ,is x1 aft] all1 s important1 s desirable8 ,are n o!r results1 play+ ) o!r boys1 convivial companion%ip1 :i* are rea*$ m easily & pleasantly1 really m valuable8 ,! labors & pa9s connect$ ) ! means employ$ to rea* an end1 h ?r[n ano!r & incompatible end into consci\sness4 ,! individual no long] naturally1 b morally1 foll[s ! select$ end1 :i*ev] ( ! two x be1 because x has be5 *os5 aft] consci\s valuation ( compet+ aims4 ,su* competitions ( values = ! position ( control ( action are inevitable accompanim5ts ( individual conduct1 :e!r 9 civiliz$ or 9 tribal life4 ,a *ild1 = example1 f9ds t ! fulfillm5t ( an appetite ( hung] is n only possible1 b t x is desirable--t fulfillm5t br+s1 or is1 satisfaction1 n m]e satiety4 ,lat] on1 mov$ by ! idea ( ?is sort ( value1 he snat*es at food4 ,!n he is made aw>e ( o!r sorts ( values involv$ 9 ! act p]=m$--values incompatible ) j ! value at :i* he aim$4 ,he br+s d[n ^u himself social disapproval & reproa*4 ,he is t]m$ rude1 unmann]ly1 gre$y1 selfi%4 ,he act$ 9 accordance ) an unhesitat+ly accept$ idea ( value4 ,b :ile rea*+ "o result he accompli%$ also c]ta9 o!r results :i* he did n int5d1 results 9 ! way ( be+ ?\ght ill (1 results :i* are disagreeable3 negative values4 ,he is taught to raise ! "q ( :at1 aft] all1 9 su* cases is ! really desirable or valuable4 ,be=e he is free to delib]ate ^u means1 he has to =m an e/imate ( ! relative wor? ( v>i\s possible ends1 & to be will+ to =ego "o & select ! o!r4 ,! *apt]s on ,hebrew & ,greek moral developm5t h %[n ?is same process at "w 9 ! life ( a p4 ,summ>y & ,def9ition4--,if we sum up ! ?ree classes ( in/ances ?us f> consid]$1 we get ! foll[+ def9+ traits ( a moral situation1 t is1 ( "o :i* is an appropriate subject ( det]m9ations ( "r & wrong3 ,moral exp]i5ce is 7#a7 a matt] ( conduct1 behavior2 t is1 ( activities :i* are call$ out by ideas ( ! wor?1 ! desirability ( results4 ,?is evocation by an idea discrim9ates x f ! s-call$ behavior ( a pump1 :]e !re is no recognition ( results2 & f conduct attribut$ to ! l[] animals1 :]e !re are probably feel+s & ev5 dim imag]y1 b h>dly ideas ( ! comp>ative desirability or value ( v>i\s ends4 ,moral exp]i5ce is 7#b7 t k9d ( conduct 9 :i* !re are ends s discrepant1 s incompatible1 z to require selection ( "o & rejection ( ! o!r4 ,?is p]ception (1 & selection f1 incompatible alt]natives1 discrim9ates moral exp]i5ce f ^? cases ( conduct :i* are call$ out & direct$ by ideas ( value1 b :i* d n necessitate pass+ ^u ! real wor?1 z we say1 ( ! value select$4 ,x is incompatibility ( ends :i* necessitates consid]ation ( ! true wor? ( a giv5 end2 & su* consid]ation x is :i* br+s ! exp]i5ce into ! moral sph]e4 ,conduct z moral may ?us be def9$ z activity call$ =? & direct$ by ideas ( value or wor?1 :]e ! values conc]n$ are s mutually incompatible z to require consid]ation & selection be=e an ov]t action is ent]$ ^u4 ,end ,f9ally at ,issue4--,_m que/ions ab\t ends are 9 reality que/ions ab\t means3 ! arti/ consid]s :e!r he w pa9t a l&scape or a figure2 ?is or t l&scape1 & s on4 ,! g5]al "* ( ! end is un*ang$3 x is to pa9t4 ,b let ?is end p]si/ & be felt z desirable1 z valuable2 let at ! same "t an alt]native end pres5ts itself z also desirable 7say keep+ an engagem5t71 s t ! individual does n f9d any way ( adju/+ & arrang+ !m into a common s*eme 7l do+ fir/ "o & !n ! o!r71 & ! p]son has a moral problem on 8 h&s4 ,:i* %all he decide =1 & :y8 ,! appeal is to himself2 :at does he really ?9k ! desirable end8 ,:at makes ! supreme appeal to him8 ,:at sort ( an ag5t1 ( a p]son1 %all he be8 ,?is is ! "q f9ally at /ake 9 any g5u9ely moral situation3 ,:at %all ! ag5t be8 ,:at sort ( a "* %all he assume8 ,on its face1 ! "q is :at he %all d1 %all he act = ?is or t end4 ,b ! incompatibility ( ! ends =ces ! issue back into ! "q ( ! k9ds ( selfhood1 ( ag5cy1 involv$ 9 ! respective ends4 ,! di/9ctively moral situation is !n "o 9 :i* elem5ts ( value & control are b\nd up ) ! processes ( delib]ation & desire2 & are b\nd up 9 a peculi> way3 viz41 !y decide :at k9d ( a "* %all control fur!r desires & delib]ations4 ,:5 ends are g5u9ely incompatible1 no common d5om9ator c be f\nd except by decid+ :at sort ( "* is mo/ highly priz$ & %all be giv5 supremacy4 ,! ,moral & ,indiff]5t ,situations4--,?is crit]ion ?r[s lights ^u our e>li] discussion ( morally indiff]5t acts4 ,p]sons p]=m ! great] bulk ( _! activities )\t any consci\s ref]5ce to consid]ations ( "r & wrong1 z any "o may v]ify = himself by recollect+ ! g5]al c\rse ( 8 activity on any ord9>y day f ! "t he arises 9 ! morn+ to ! "t he goes to b$ at night4 ,8 delib]ations & wants are mo/ly conc]n$ ) ! ends involv$ 9 8 regul> vocation & recreations4 ,b at any "t ! "q ( 8 "* z conc]n$ ) :at he is do+ may arise = judgm5t4 ,! p]son may lat] on realize t ! type or k9d ( "* :i* is to prevail 9 8 fur!r activity 0 involv$ 9 de$s :i* 7 p]=m$ )\t any su* ?\ght4 ,he !n judges !m morally1 approv+ or disapprov+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a c\rse ( action :i* at ! "t pres5t$ a moral crisis ev51 may aft]w>ds come to be foll[$ z a matt] ( c\rse4 ,!re is !n no fix$ l9e betwe5 ! morally indiff]5t & ! morally significant4 ,e act is pot5tial subject-matt] ( moral judgm5t1 = x /r5g!ns or weak5s "s habit :i* influ5ces :ole classes ( judgm5ts4 ,,lit]ature ,!re are comp>atively few di/9ct analyses ( ! moral situation1 ! topic g5]ally be+ treat$ z a runn+ "p ( ! !ory ( ! au?or1 or 9 connection ) an acc\nt ( "* or conduct 7see ref]5ces at end ( *4 xiii474 ,see1 h[ev]1 ,mezes1 ,e?ics1 ,descriptive & ,explanatory1 *4 ii42 ,m>t9eau1 ,types ( ,e?ical ,!ory1 ,vol4 ,,ii41 pp4 #ag-ed2 ,sp5c]1 ,pr9ciples ( ,e?ics1 ,vol4 ,i42 ,/udies 9 ,logical ,!ory1 ,/u>t1 essay on ,valuation z a ,logical ,process1 pp4 #bcg-bda1 #beg-beh1 #bgc-bge1 #bhi-bic2 ,dewey1 ,logical ,conditions ( a ,sci5tific ,treatm5t ( ,morality2 ,mead1 ,philosophical ,basis ( ,e?ics1 ,int]national ,j\rnal ( ,e?ics1 ,april1 #aijh2 ,fite1 ,introductory ,/udy ( ,e?ics1 *s4 ii41 xviii41 & xix4 ,,footnotes3 #ajd ,ari/otle illu/rates by a man :o ?r[s 8 goods ov]bo>d 9 a /orm at sea4 ,he does n wi% absolutely to lose 8 goods1 b he pref]s los+ !m to los+ ! %ip or 8 own life3 he wi%es x "u ! circum/ances & 8 act is s f> volunt>y4 #aje ,( c\rse1 ?is is also true ( a l>ge "p ( human activity4 ,b ^! are also ! cases 9 :i* we d n ascribe moral value2 or at lea/ we d n except :5 we want to make ! ag5t consci\s ( "s reason :y4 #ajf ,:ile we h employ$ ,sp5c]'s example1 x %\ld be not$ t incompatibility ( ends is n ! crit]ion ( ! di/9ctively moral situation :i* ,sp5c] himself employs4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,problems ,,( ,,moral ,,!ory ,we h id5tifi$ 9 its framework & ma9 outl9es ! sort ( volunt>y activity 9 :i* ! problem ( good & evil appe>s & 9 :i* ! ideas ( "r & wrong are employ$4 ,?is task1 h[ev]1 is only prelim9>y to !oretical analysis4 ,= x ?r[s no light ^u j :at we mean by good & bad2 j :at elem5ts ( complex volunt>y behavior are t]m$ "r or wrong2 or :y !y are s t]m$4 ,x does n ev5 indicate :at mu/ be discov]$ be=e su* que/ions c be answ]$4 ,x only sets =? ! limits ( ! subject-matt] )9 :i* su* que/ions arise & 9 ref]5ce to :i* !y mu/ be answ]$4 ,:at are ! di/9ctive problems :i* mu/ be dealt ) 9 ! c\rse ( su* a discussion8 ,gr[? ( ,!ory f ,practical ,problems4--,( "o ?+ we may be sure4 ,if inquiries are to h any sub/antial basis1 if !y are n to be :olly up 9 ! air1 ! !ori/ mu/ take 8 dep>ture f ! problems :i* m5 actually meet 9 _! own conduct4 ,he may def9e & ref9e ^!2 he may divide & sy/ematize2 he may ab/ract ! problems f _! concrete contexts 9 individual lives2 he may classify !m :5 he has ?us deta*$ !m2 b if he gets away f !m he is talk+ ab\t some?+ :i* 8 own bra9 has inv5t$1 n ab\t moral realities4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! p]plexities & unc]ta9ties ( direct & p]sonal behavior invite a m ab/ract & sy/ematic imp]sonal treatm5t ?an t :i* !y receive 9 ! exig5cies ( _! occurr5ce4 ,! recognition ( any end or au?ority go+ beyond :at is embodi$ 9 exi/+ cu/oms1 involves "s appeal to ?\ght1 & moral !ory makes ?is appeal m explicit & m complete4 ,if a *ild asks :y he %\ld tell ! tru?1 & is answ]$1 because y ought to & t is reason en\gh2 or1 because x w prove pr(itable = y to d s2 or1 because tru?-tell+ is a condition ( mutual communication & common aims1 ! answ] implies a pr9ciple :i* requires only to be made explicit to be full-fl$g$ !ory4 ,& :5 ?is pr9ciple is comp>$ ) ^? employ$ 9 o!r cases to see if !y are mutually consi/5t2 & if n1 to f9d a /ill m fundam5tal reconcil+ pr9ciple1 we h pass$ ov] ! bord] into e?ical sy/em4 ,types ( ,!oretical ,problems4--,! practical problems :i* a ?\ghtful & progressive individual mu/ consid] 9 8 own conduct w1 !n1 give ! clue to ! g5u9e problems ( moral !ory4 ,! framework ( "o is an outl9e ( ! o!r4 ,! man :o does n satisfy himself ) %e] conv5tional con=mity to ! cu/oms1 ! e?os1 ( 8 class w f9d su* problems z ! foll[+ =c$ ^u 8 att5tion3--7#a7 ,he mu/ consid] ! mean+ ( habits :i* h be5 =m$ m or less unreflectively--by imitation1 sugge/ion1 & inculcation f o!rs--& he mu/ consid] ! mean+ ( ^? cu/oms ab\t him to :i* he is invit$ to con=m till !y h become p]sonal habits4 ,?is problem ( discov]+ ! mean+ ( ^! habits & cu/oms is ! problem ( /at+ :at1 aft] all1 is really good1 or wor? :ile 9 conduct4 7#b7 ,! "o ^: morality is ( ! reflective sort w be fac$ by ! problem ( moral advance1 ( progress beyond ! level :i* has be5 rea*$ by ?is m or less unreflective tak+ on ( ! habits & ideas ( ^? ab\t him1 progress up to ! level ( 8 own reflective insight4 ,o!rwise put1 he has to face ! problem ( :at is to be ! place & role 9 8 own conduct ( ideals & pr9ciples g5]at$ n by cu/om b by delib]ation & insight4 7#c7 ,! individual mu/ consid] m consci\sly ! relation betwe5 :at is curr5tly reg>d$ z good by ! social gr\ps 9 :i* he is plac$ & 9 :i* he has to act1 & t reg>d$ z good by himself4 ,! mom5t he ceases to accept con=mity to cu/om z an adequate sanction ( behavior1 he is met by discrepancy betwe5 8 p]sonally conceiv$ goods & ^? reign+ 9 ! cu/oms ab\t him4 ,n[ :ile ?is deta*m5t makes possible ! bir? ( high] & m ideal types ( morality1 & h5ce ( sy/ematic ef=t = social re=m & advance2 x also makes possible 7z we h se5 on ! hi/orical side1 p4 #ahi7 a m g5]aliz$ & delib]ate selfi%ness2 a less in/9ctive & m int5tional pursuit ( :at ! individual judges to be good = himself aga9/ :at society exacts z good = itself4 ,! same reflective attitude :i* g5]ates ! consci5ti\s moral re=m] may g5]ate also a m delib]ate & resolute anti-social egoism4 ,9 any case1 ! individual :o has acquir$ ! habit ( moral reflection1 is consci\s ( a new problem--! relation ( public good to individual good4 ,9 %ort1 ! individual :o is ?\ghtfully s]i\s & :o aims to br+ 8 habit ( reflection to be> on 8 conduct1 w h occasion 7#a7 to se>* = ! elem5ts ( good & bad1 ( positive & negative1 value 9 ! situations t confront him2 7#b7 to consid] ! me?ods & pr9ciples by :i* he %all rea* conclusions1 & 7#c7 to consid] ! relations betwe5 himself1 8 own capacities & satisfactions1 & ! ends & dem&s ( ! social situations 9 :i* he is plac$4 ,! ,correspond+ ,problems ( ,!ory4--,!ory w !n h simil> problems to deal )4 7#a7 ,:at is ! ,good1 ! end 9 any volunt>y act8 7#b7 ,h[ is ?is good kn[n8 ,is x directly p]ceiv$1 & if s1 h[8 ,or is x work$ out ?r\gh inquiry & reflection8 ,& if s1 h[8 7#c7 ,:5 ! good is kn[n1 h[ is x ackn[l$g$2 h[ does x acquire au?ority8 ,:at is ! place ( law1 ( control1 9 ! moral life8 ,:y is x t "s ends are attractive ( !mselves1 :ile o!rs pres5t !mselves z duties1 z involv+ subord9ation ( :at is naturally attractive8 7#d7 ,:at is ! place ( selfhood 9 ! moral process8 ,& ?is "q assumes two =ms3 7a7 ,:at is ! relation ( ! good ( ! self to ! good ( o!rs8 7b7 ,:at is ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! morally good & ! morally bad 9 ! self8 ,:at are virtues & vices z dispositions ( ! self8 ,^! ab/ract & =mal que/ions w become m concrete if we consid] !m briefly 9 ! ord] ( _! developm5t 9 ! hi/ory ( ! moral !ory4 ,problem ( ,k ( ,good ,comes ,fir/ 9 ,!ory4--,! cla% & ov]lapp+ ( cu/oms once s local z to be isolat$1 br\ght to ,a!nian moral philosoph]s ! problem ( discov]+ ! und]ly+ & f9al good to :i* all ! conflict+ values ( cu/oms might be ref]r$ = judgm5t4 ,! movem5t initiat$ by ,socrates 0 precisely ! ef=t to f9d out :at is ! real good1 ! true end1 ( all ! v>i\s in/itutions1 cu/oms1 & proc$ures curr5t among m54 ,! explanation ( conflict among m5's int]e/s1 & ( lack ( consi/5cy & unity 9 any giv5 p]son's behavior1 ( ! division ( classes 9 ! /ate1 ( ! div]se recomm5dations ( diff]5t w\ld-be moral tea*]s1 0 t !y 7 ignorant ( _! own ends4 ,h5ce ! fundam5tal precept is ,"k ?yself1 "o's own end1 "o's good & "o's prop] function4 ,diff]5t foll[]s ( ,socrates gave v diff]5t acc\nts ( k1 & h5ce propos$ v diff]5t f9al aims4 ,b !y all agre$ t ! problem ( kn[+ ! good 0 ! c5tral problem1 & t if ?is 7 settl$1 action 9 accord ) good w\ld foll[ ( itself4 ,c\ld x be imag9$ t man c\ld "k 8 own good & yet n seek x8 ,ignorance ( good is evil & ! s\rce ( evil2 insight into ! real good w cle> up ! confusion & p>tiality :i* makes m5 pursue false ends & ?us /raight5 out & put 9 ord] conduct4 ,control w\ld foll[ z a matt] ( c\rse f k ( ! end4 ,su* control w\ld be no matt] ( co]cion or ext]nal re/riction1 b ( subord9ation & organization ( m9or ends ) ref]5ce to ! f9al end4 ,problem ( ,motive ,=ce4#ajg--,! problem ( atta9+ ?is k 0 se5 to be att5d$1 h[ev]1 by peculi> ob/ructions & difficulties1 ! gr[+ recognition ( :i* l$ to a %ift+ ( ! problem itself4 ,! dilemma1 9 brief1 0 ?is3 ,! man :o is already good w h no difficulty 9 kn[+ ! good bo? 9 g5]al & 9 ! specific clo?+ "u :i* x pres5ts itself 9 p>ticul> cases4 ,b ! "o :o does n yet "k ! good1 does n "k h[ to "k x4 ,8 ignorance1 moreov]1 puts positive ob/acles 9 8 way1 = x leads him to delight 9 sup]ficial & transitory ends4 ,?is delight increases ! hold ( ^! ends ^u ! ag5t2 & ?us x builds up an habitual int]e/ 9 !m :i* r5d]s x impossible = ! individual to get a glimpse ( ! f9al end1 to say no?+ ( a cle> & p]si/+ view4 ,only if ! individual is habituat$1 ex]cis$1 practic$ 9 good ends s z to take delight 9 !m1 :ile he is /ill s immature z to be incapable ( really kn[+ h[ & :y !y are good1 w he be capable ( kn[+ ! good :5 he is mature4 ,pleasure 9 "r ends & pa9 9 wrong mu/ op]ate z a motive =ce 9 ord] to give exp]i5ce ( ! good1 be=e k c be atta9$ & op]ate z ! motor =ce4 ,division ( ,problem4--,b ! ex]cise & tra9+ requisite to =m ! habits :i* make ! individual rejoice 9 "r activity be=e he kn[s h[ & :y x is "r1 presuppose adults :o already h k ( ! good4 ,!y presuppose a social ord] capable n m]ely ( giv+ !oretic in/ruction1 b ( habituat+ ! "y to "r practices4 ,b :]e %all su* adults be f\nd1 & :]e is ! social ord] s good t x is capable ( "r tra9+ ( its own immature memb]s8 ,h5ce ! problem aga9 %ifts1 break+ up into two p>ts4 ,on ! "o h&1 att5tion is fix$ ^u ! irrational appetites1 desires1 & impulses1 :i* h9d] appreh5sion ( ! good2 on ! o!r1 x is direct$ to ! political laws & in/itutions :i* are capable ( tra9+ ! memb]s ( ! ,/ate into a "r mann] ( liv+4 ,= ! mo/ "p1 ^! two problems w5t _! own way indep5d5tly ( ea* o!r1 a fact :i* result$ 9 ! mom5t\s brea* betwe5 ! inn] & spiritual1 & ! out] & physical aspects ( behavior4 ,problem ( ,control ( ,affections & ,desires4--,if x is ! lively movem5ts ( natural appetites & desires :i* make ! individual appreh5d false goods z true ones1 & :i* pres5t ob/acles to k ( ! true good1 ! s]i\s problem is evid5tly to *eck & s f> z possible to aboli% ! p[] ( desire to move ! m9d4 ,s9ce x is ang]1 fe>1 hope1 despair1 sexual desire :i* make m5 reg>d p>ticul> ?+s in/ead ( ! f9al end z good1 ! great ?+ is :olly to free att5tion & judgm5t f ! influ5ce ( su* passions4 ,x may be impossible to prev5t ! passions2 !y are natural p]turbations4 ,b man c at lea/ prev5t 8 judgm5t ( :at is good or bad f be+ modifi$ by !m4 ,! ,/oic moral philosoph]s mo/ emphasiz$ ! mislead+ influ5ce ( desire & passion1 & set up ! ideal ( apa?y 7lack ( passion7 & at>axy 7abs5ce ( be+ /irr$ up74 ,! o!r moral s*ools1 ! ,sceptics & ,epicureans1 also made indep5d5ce ( m9d f influ5ce ( passion ! imm$iate & work+ end2 ! ,sceptics because !y emphasiz$ ! condition ( m5tal deta*m5t & non-committal1 :i* is ! /ate appropriate to d\bt & unc]ta9ty2 ! ,epicureans because ! pleasures ( ! m9d are ! only ones n at ! m]cy ( ext]nal circum/ances4 ,m5tal pleasures are equable1 & h5ce are ! only ones :i* d n br+ reactions ( depression1 exhau/ion1 & subsequ5t pa94 ,! problem ( moral !ory is n[ 9 effect1 if n 9 "n1 t ( control1 ( au?ority & subord9ation1 ( *eck+ & re/ra9+ desire & passion4 ,problem ( ,control ( ,private ,int]e/s by ,law4--,su* views c\ld at ! be/1 h[ev]1 affect only a comp>atively small numb]1 ! philosoph]s4 ,= ! great masses ( m5 9 ! ,roman ,empire1 ! problem exi/$ on ! o!r l9e3 by :at laws & :at adm9i/ration ( laws to direct ! outw>d acts ( m5 into "r c\rses1 c\rses at lea/ suffici5tly "r s z to ma9ta9 outw>d peace & unity ?r\gh ! va/ empire4 ,9 ! ,greek city-/ate1 ) its small numb] ( free citiz5s all directly p>ticipat+ 9 public affairs1 x 0 possible to conceive an ideal ( a common good :i* %\ld b9d all toge!r4 ,b 9 an ,empire cov]+ _m languages1 religions1 local cu/oms1 v>i$ & isolat$ occupations1 a s+le sy/em ( adm9i/ration & law ex]cis$ f a s+le c5tral s\rce c\ld alone ma9ta9 ! requisite h>mony4 ,! problems ( legislations1 codification1 & adm9i/ration 7 cong5ial to ! ,lat9 m9d1 & 7 =c$ by ! actual circum/ances4 ,f ! ext]nal side1 !n1 z well z f ! int]nal1 ! problem ( control became dom9ant ov] t ( value & ! good4 ,problem ( ,unification4--,x 0 ! prov9ce ( ! moral philosoph]s1 ( ! !ologians1 ( ! *ur* to attempt a fusion ( ^! elem5ts ( inn] & out] control4 ,x 0 _! aim to connect1 to syn!size ^! factors into "o comm&+ & compreh5sive view ( life4 ,b ! *>act]i/ic ( _! me?od 0 to suppose t ! comb9ation c\ld be br\ght ab\t1 :e!r intellectually or practically1 only ^u a sup]natural basis1 & by sup]natural res\rces4 ,f ! side ( ! natural con/itution ( bo? man & ! ,/ate1 ! v>i\s elem5ts ( behavior are s hopelessly at w> ) "o ano!r t !re is no heal? 9 !m nor help f !m4 ,! appetites & desires are direct$ only ^u c>nal goods & =m ! dom9ant elem5t 9 ! p]son4 ,ev5 :5 reason gets glimpses ( ! good1 ! good se5 is n>r[ 9 scope & temporal 9 duration2 & ev5 !n reason is p[]less z an adequate motive4 ,we p]ceive ! bett] & we foll[ ! worse4 ,moreov]1 x is useless to seek aid f ! habituation1 ! education1 ! discipl9e & re/ra9t ( human in/itutions4 ,!y !mselves are corrupt4 ,! product ( man's l[] nature _c be capable ( enlight5+ & improv+ t nature2 at mo/ x c only re/ra9 out] action by appeal+ to fe>4 ,only a div9e revelation c make kn[n man's true end2 & only div9e assi/ance1 embodi$ 9 ! ord9ances & sacram5ts ( ! sup]naturally f\nd$ & direct$ *ur*1 c br+ ?is k home to err+ individuals s z to make x effectual4 ,9 !ory ! conception ( ! end1 ! good1 0 supreme2 b man's true good is sup]natural & h5ce c be a*iev$ only by sup]natural assi/ance & 9 ! next _w4 ,9 practice1 !re=e1 ! important ?+ = man 9 8 pres5t condition is implicit reliance ^u & ob$i5ce to ! requirem5ts ( ! *ur*4 ,?is repres5ts on e>? ! div9e sov]eign1 ultimate s\rce ( all moral law4 ,9 effect1 ! moral law became a net-"w ( ord9ances1 prescriptions1 comm&s1 rew>ds1 p5alties1 p5ances1 & remissions4 ,! jural po9t ( view 0 completely en?ron$4#ajh ,!re 0 no problem2 !re 0 a f9al1 because a sup]natural solution4 ,! ,problems ( ,individuality & ,citiz5%ip4--,) ! ,r5aissance began ! revolt aga9/ ! jural view ( life4 ,a s5se ( ! joys & delights :i* att5d ! free & v>i$ ex]cise ( human capacities 9 ?is _w 0 reborn4 ,! fir/ results 7 a dem& = natural satisfaction2 ! next a pr(\nd reawak5+ ( ! antique civic & political consci\sness4 ,! fir/ 9 its reaction aga9/ ! ,middle ,ages 0 m individuali/ic ?an ! ,greek ideal1 to :i* x 0 9 "s respects alli$4 ,! ,greek _h emphasiz$ ! notion ( value1 b _h conceiv$ ?is z g5]ic1 z ! fulfillm5t ( ! ess5tial nature ( man z man4 ,b ) ! mod]ns1 satisfaction1 ! good1 meant some?+ direct1 specific1 p]sonal2 some?+ ! individual z an individual c\ld lay hold ( & possess4 ,x 0 an individual "r2 x 0 f9al & inali5able4 ,no?+ _h a "r to int]v5e or deprive ! individual ( x4 ,?is extreme individuali/ic t5d5cy 0 contemporane\s ) a transf] ( int]e/ f ! sup]natural *ur*-/ate ov] to ! comm]cial1 social1 & political bodies ) :i* ! mod]n man f\nd himself id5tifi$4 ,! rise ( ! free cities1 & m especially ! developm5t ( national /ates1 ) ! gr[? ( comm]ce & ex*ange1 op5$ to ! individual a natural social :ole4 ,) ?is 8 connections 7 direct1 9 ?is he ga9$ new outlets & joys1 & yet x impos$ ^u him def9ite responsibilities & exact$ ( him specific burd5s4 ,if ! individual _h ga9$ a new s5se ( himself z an individual1 he also f\nd himself enme%$ 9 national /ates ( a p[] con/antly increas+ 9 range & int5sity4 ,! problem ( ! moral !ori/s 0 to reconcile ^! two t5d5cies1 ! individuali/ic & t ( political c5tralization4 ,= a "t1 ! individual felt ! social organization 9 :i* he 0 set to be1 ) :atev] incid5tal inconv5i5ces1 ^u ! :ole an outlet & re5=cem5t ( priz$ p]sonal p[]s4 ,h5ce 9 obs]v+ its conditions1 he 0 secur+ ! conditions ( 8 own peace & tranquillity or ev5 ( 8 own fre$om & a*ievem5t4 ,b ! balance 0 easily upset1 & ! problem ( ! relation ( ! individual & ! social1 ! private & ! public1 0 soon =c$ into prom95ce2 a problem :i* 9 "o =m or o!r has be5 ! c5tral problem ( mod]n e?ical !ory4 ,individuali/ic ,problem4--,only = a %ort "t1 dur+ ! fir/ flu% ( new a*ievem5t & ( hopeful adv5ture1 did extreme individualism & social int]e/s rema9 naively comb9$4 ,! individuali/ic t5d5cy f\nd a conv5i5t intellectual tool 9 a psy*ology :i* resolv$ ! individual into an association or s]ies ( p>ticul> /ates ( feel+ & s5sations2 & ! good into a l collection ( pleasures also reg>d$ z p>ticul> m5tal /ates4 ,?is psy*ological atomism made individuals z sep>ate & disconnect$ z ! s5sations :i* con/itut$ _! selves 7 isolat$ & mutually exclusive4 ,social arrangem5ts & in/itutions 71 9 !ory1 ju/ifiable only z !y c\ld be %[n to augm5t ! sum ( pleasurable /ates ( feel+ ( individuals4 ,& z1 q indep5d5t ( any su* prec>i\s !ory1 ! dem& = re=m ( in/itutions became m & m imp]ative1 ! situation 0 pack$ by ,r\sseau into a =mula t man 0 naturally bo? free & good1 & t in/itutional life _h enslav$ & !reby deprav$ him4 ,at ! same "t1 !re grew up an en?usia/ic & optimi/ic fai? 9 ,nature1 9 h] k9dly int5tions = ! happ9ess ( humanity1 & 9 h] pot5cy to draw x to p]fection :5 artificial re/rictions 7 once out ( ! way4 ,individuals1 sep>ate 9 !mselves & 9 _! respective goods1 7 !reby br\ght into a complete co9cid5ce & h>mony ( int]e/s4 ,nature's laws 7 su* t if ! individual obey$ !m 9 seek+ 8 own good he c\ld n fail to fur!r ! happ9ess ( o!rs4 ,:ile !re develop$ 9 ,france 7) orig9al initiative f ,engl&7 ?is view ( ! int]nal isolation & ext]nal h>mony ( m51 a c\nt]p>t movem5t took place 9 ,g]many4 ,! ,rationali/ic ,problem4--,g]man ?\ght inh]it$ ?r\gh bo? ,roman law & ! natural !ology & e?ics ( ! *ur*1 ! conception t man's rational nature makes him sociable4 ,/oicism1 ) its mat]iali/ic idealism1 _h taught t all true laws are natural1 :ile all laws ( nature are diffusions & pot5cies ( reason4 ,z !y b9d ?+s toge!r 9 ! _w1 s !y b9d m5 toge!r 9 societies4 ,moral !ory is ,natural ,law conceiv$ 9 ?is s5se4 ,f ! laws ( reason1 reg>d$ z ! laws ( man's g5]ic & h5ce sociable nature1 all ! pr9ciples ( jurisprud5ce & ( individual morals may be d$uc$4 ,b man has also a s5su\s nature1 an appetitive nature :i* is purely private & exclusive4 ,s9ce reason is high] ?an s5se1 ! au?ority ( ! ,/ate is magnifi$4 ,! juri/ic po9t ( view 0 re9/at$1 b ) ! important *ange t ! law 0 t ( a social ord] :i* is ! realization ( man's own rational be+4#aji ,if ! laws ( ! ,/ate 7 criticiz$1 ! reply 0 t h[ev] unwor?y ! civic regulations & h[ev] desirable _! em5dation1 /ill ! ,/ate is ! expression ( ! idea ( reason1 t is ( man 9 8 true g5]ic nature4 ,h5ce to attempt to ov]?r[ ! gov]nm5t is to attack ! fundam5tal & objective conditions ( moral or rational life4 ,)\t ! ,/ate1 ! p>ticul>i/ic1 private side ( man's nature w\ld h free sway to express itself4 ,man's true moral nature is )94 ,we are !n left1 f bo? ! ,engli%-,fr5* & ! ,g]man sides1 ) ! problem ( ! relation ( ! individual & ! social2 ( ! relation ( ! inn] & out]1 ( ! psy*ological /ructure ( ! p]son & ! social conditions & results ( 8 behavior4 ,,lit]ature ,see ! ref]5ces on ! scope & me?ods ( e?ics at ! end ( *4 i4 ( ,"p ,i41 & also1 ,sorley1 ,e?ics ( ,naturalism1 *4 i41 & 8 ,rec5t ,t5d5cies 9 ,e?ics2 ,fite1 ,an ,introductory ,/udy ( ,e?ics1 *4 ii42 ,b[ne1 ,pr9ciples ( ,e?ics1 *4 i42 ,se?1 ,e?ical ,pr9ciples1 *4 i42 ,m>t9eau1 ,types ( ,e?ical ,!ory1 ,vol4 ,i41 ,introduction2 ,h5sel1 ,problems ( ,e?ics1 9 ,vol4 ,i4 ( ,/4 ,l\is ,congress ( ,arts & ,sci5ce4 ,,footnotes3 #ajg ,on ! practical side1 ?is 0 always1 z we h se51 ! prom95t problem ( ,hebrew ?\ght4 ,b we are conc]n$ "h ) ! /atem5t ( ! problem by ,plato & ,ari/otle f ! !oretical side4 #ajh ,! ,t5 ,comm&m5ts1 divid$ & subdivid$ into all _! conceivable applications1 & br\ght home ?r\gh ! confessional1 7 ! specific basis4 #aji ,! ideali/ic philosophic movem5t beg9n+ ) ,kant is 9 _m important respects ! outgr[? ( ! e>li] ,naturre*t ( ! moral philosoph]s f ,grotius on4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,types ,,( ,,moral ,,!ory ,sec4 #a4 ,,typical ,,divisions ,,( ,,!ories ,problems & ,!ories4--,we 7 conc]n$ 9 ! la/ *apt] ) ! typical problems ( moral !ory4 ,b x 0 evid5t t !ories !mselves develop$ & alt]$ z n[ ?is1 n[ t1 problem 0 upp]mo/4 ,to reg>d ! "q ( h[ to "k ! good z ! c5tral problem ( moral inquiry is already to h "o type ( !ory2 to consid] ! fundam5tal problem to be ei!r ! subord9ation or ! satisfaction ( desire is to h o!r types4 ,a classification ( types ( !ory is r5d]$ difficult1 a ?or\ghly satisfactory classification almo/ impossible1 by ! fact t ! problems arrange !mselves ab\t sep>ate pr9ciples lead+ to cross-divisions4 ,all t we may expect to d is some:at arbitr>ily to select t pr9ciple :i* seems mo/ likely to be useful 9 conduct+ inquiry4 7#a7 ,teleological & ,jural4--,"o ( ! fundam5tal divisions arises f tak+ ei!r ,value or ,duty1 ,good or ,"r1 z ! fundam5tal idea4 ,e?ics ( ! fir/ type is conc]n$ above all ) ends2 h5ce x is frequ5tly call$ teleological !ory 7,greek ,greek3 telos1 end74 ,to ! o!r type ( !ory1 obligations1 imp]atives1 comm&s1 law1 & au?ority1 are ! controll+ ideas4 ,by ?is emphasis1 arise ! jural !ories 7,lat91 jus1 law74 ,at "s po9t1 ( c\rse1 ea* !ory has to deal ) ! factor emphasiz$ by its rival4 ,if we />t ) ,law z c5tral1 ! good resides 9 ^! acts :i* con=m to its obligations4 ,! good is ob$i5ce to law1 submission to its moral au?ority4 ,if we />t f ! ,good1 laws1 rules1 are conc]n$ ) ! means ( def9+ or a*iev+ x4 7#b7 ,individual & ,in/itutional4--,?is fundam5tal division is at once cut across by ano!r1 aris+ f emphasiz+ ! problem ( ! individual & ! social4 ,?is problem may become s urg5t z to =ce into ! backgr\nd ! conflict betwe5 teleological & jural !ories1 :ile 9 any case x complicates & subdivides !m4 ,we h individuali/ic & in/itutional types ( !ory4 ,consid]1 = example1 ! foll[+ repres5tative quotations3 ,no s*ool c avoid tak+ = ! ultimate moral aim a desirable /ate ( feel+ call$ by :atev] "n--gratification1 enjoym5t1 happ9ess4 ,pleasure some:]e1 at "s "t1 to "s be+ or be+s1 is an elem5t ( ! conception2#aaj & aga91#aaj ! good is univ]sally ! pleasurable4 ,& :ile ! emphasis is "h ^u ! good1 ! desirable1 ! same type ( /atem5t1 z respects emphasis ^u ! individual1 may be made f ! side ( duty4 ,= example1 x is ! v ess5ce ( moral duty to be impos$ by a man on himself4#aaa ,contra/ bo? ( ^! /atem5ts ) ! foll[+3 ,:at a man ought to d1 or :at duties he %\ld fulfill 9 ord] to be virtu\s1 is 9 an e?ical community n h>d to say4 ,he has to d no?+ except :at is pres5t$1 express$1 & recogniz$ 9 8 e/abli%$ relations4#aab ,! individual has 8 tru?1 real exi/5ce1 & e?ical /atus only 9 be+ a memb] ( ! ,/ate4 ,8 p>ticul> satisfactions1 activities1 & way ( life h 9 ?is au!nticat$1 sub/antive pr9ciple1 _! orig9 & result4#aac ,& 9 ano!r connection3 ,! /riv+ = a morality ( "o's own is futile & by its v nature impossible ( atta9m5t4 ,9 respect to morality ! say+ ( "o ( ! wise/ m5 ( antiquity is ! true "o4 ,to be moral is to live 9 accord ) ! moral tradition ( "o's c\ntry4#aad ,"h bo? ! good & ! law ( ! individual are plac$ on a /rictly in/itutional basis4 7#c7 ,empirical & ,intuitional4--,ano!r cross-division arises f consid]ation ( ! me?od ( asc]ta9+ & det]m9+ ! nature ( moral di/9ctions3 ! me?od ( k4 ,f ?is /&po9t1 ! di/9ction ( e?ical !ories into ! empirical 7,greek3 empeirikos7 & ! intuitional 7,lat91 intueor1 to look at or ^u7 repres5ts _! mo/ fundam5tal cleavage4 ,"o view makes k ( ! good & ! "r dep5d5t ^u recollection ( prior exp]i5ces & _! conditions & effects4 ,! o!r view makes x an imm$iate appreh5sion ( ! quality ( an act or motive1 a trait s intr9sic & *>act]i/ic x _c escape be+ se54 ,:ile 9 g5]al ! empirical s*ool has laid /ress ^u ! consequ5ces1 ! consequ5ces to be se>*$ = 7 consid]$ z ei!r individual or social4 ,"s1 l ,hobbes1 h held t x 0 direct$ ^u law2 to k ( ! comm&s ( ! /ate4 ,& simil>ly ! direct p]ception or intuition ( moral quality 0 by "s ?\ght to apply to recognition ( diff]5ces ( value1 & by o!rs to ackn[l$gm5t ( law & au?ority1 :i* aga9 might be div9e1 social1 or p]sonal4 ,?is division cleaves /raight across our o!r bases ( classification4 ,to describe a !ory def9itely1 x w\ld !n be necess>y to /ate j :]e x /ood ) ref]5ce to ea* possible comb9ation or p]mutation ( elem5ts ( all ?ree divisions4 ,moreov]1 !re are !ories :i* attempt to f9d a deep] pr9ciple :i* w bridge ! gulf betwe5 ! two opposites4 ,complexity ( ,subject-matt] & ,volunt>y ,activity4--,?is brief survey %\ld at lea/ w>n u ( ! complexity ( ! attempt to discrim9ate types ( !ory1 & put u on our gu>d aga9/ undue simplification4 ,x may also s]ve to rem9d u t v>i\s types ( !ory are n arbitr>y p]sonal devices & con/ructions1 b arise because1 9 ! complexity ( ! subject-matt]1 "o elem5t or ano!r is especially emphasiz$1 & ! o!r elem5ts arrang$ 9 diff]5t p]spectives4 ,z a rule1 all ! elem5ts are recogniz$ 9 "s =m or o!r by all !ories2 b !y are diff]5tly plac$ & acc\nt$ =4 ,9 any case1 x is volunt>y activity ) :i* we are conc]n$4 ,! problem ( analyz+ volunt>y activity into its prop] elem5ts1 & rightly arrang+ !m1 mu/ co9cide f9ally ) ! problem ( ! relation ( good & law ( control to ea* o!r1 ) ! problem ( ! nature ( moral k1 & ) t ( ! relation ( ! individual & social aspects ( conduct4 ,sec4 #b4 ,,division ,,( ,,volunt>y ,,activity ,,into ,,inn] ,,& ,,out] ,! ,:at & ,h[ ( ,activity4--,/>t+ f ! side ( ! volunt>y act1 we f9d 9 x "o di/9ction :i* :5 =c$ into an extreme sep>ation ?r[s light ^u all ?ree divisions 9 !ory :i* h be5 not$4 ,?is is ! relation betwe5 desire & delib]ation z m5tal or private1 & ! de$1 ! do+1 z ov]t & public4 ,is !re any intr9sic moral connection betwe5 ! m5tal & ! ov]t 9 activity8 ,we may analyze an act :i* has be5 accompli%$ into two factors1 "o ( :i* is said to exi/ )9 ! ag5t's own consci\sness2 :ile ! o!r1 ! ext]nal execution1 c>ries ! m5tal into op]ation1 affects ! _w1 & is appreciable by o!rs4 ,n[ on ! face ( ! matt]1 ^! two ?+s1 :ile capable ( intellectual discrim9ation1 are incapable ( real sep>ation4 ,! m5tal side1 ! desire & ! delib]ation1 is = ! sake ( det]m9+ :at %all be done2 ! ov]t side is = ! sake ( mak+ real c]ta9 prec$5t m5tal processes1 :i* are p>tial & inadequate till c>ri$ into effect1 & :i* occur = ! sake ( t effect4 ,! inn] & out] are really only ! h[ & ! :at ( activity1 nei!r be+ real or significant ap>t f ! o!r4 7,see ante1 p4 #f74 ,sep>ation into ,attitude & ,consequ5ces4--,b "u ! /ra9 ( v>i\s !ories1 ?is organic unity has be5 d5i$2 ! inn] & ! out] side ( activity h be5 sev]$ f "o ano!r4 ,:5 ?us divid$1 ! inn] side is connect$ exclusively ) ! w1 ! disposition1 ! "* ( ! p]son2 ! out] side is connect$ :olly ) ! consequ5ces :i* fl[ f x1 ! *anges x br+s ab\t4 ,!ories w !n v>y radically accord+ z ! s-call$ inn] or ! s-call$ out] is select$ z ! be>] & c>ri] ( moral di/9ctions4 ,"o !ory w locate ! moral quality ( an act 9 t f :i* x issues2 ! o!r 9 t into :i* x issues4 ,! foll[+ quotations put ! contra/ 9 a nut%ell1 ?\gh un=tunately ! exact mean+ ( ! second is n v app>5t ap>t f its context4 ,a motive is sub/antially no?+ m ?an pleasure or pa9 op]at+ 9 a c]ta9 mann]4 ,n[ pleasure is 9 itself a good2 nay1 ev5 sett+ aside immunity f pa91 ! only good4444 ,x foll[s1 !re=e1 imm$iately & inconte/ably t !re is no su* ?+ z any sort ( motive t is 9 itself a bad "o4 ,if motives are good or bad1 x is only on acc\nt ( _! effects 7,b5?am1 ,pr9ciples ( ,morals & ,legislation1 *4 x41 ,sec4 #b74 ,ov] aga9/ ?is1 place ! foll[+ f ,kant3 ,pure reason is practical ( itself alone1 & gives to man a univ]sal law :i* we call ! ,moral ,law4444 ,if ?is law det]m9es ! w directly )\t any ref]5ce to objects & to pleasure or pa9 ! action con=m$ to x is good 9 itself2 a w ^: pr9ciple always con=ms to ?is law is good absolutely 9 e respect & is ! supreme condition ( all good4 ,if n[ we recur to ! di/9ction betwe5 ! :at & ! h[ ( action 9 ! light ( ^! quotations1 we get a /rik+ result4 ,:at "o does is to pay money1 or speak words1 or /rike bl[s1 & s on4 ,! h[ ( ?is action is ! _s1 ! temp] 9 :i* x is done4 ,"o pays money ) a hope ( gett+ x back1 or to avoid arre/ = fraud1 or because "o wi%es to dis*>ge an obligation2 "o /rikes 9 ang]1 or 9 self-def5se1 or 9 love ( c\ntry1 & s on4 ,n[ ! view ( ,b5?am says 9 effect t ! :at is significant1 & t ! :at consi/s ultimately only ( ! pleasures x produces2 ! h[ is unimportant save z x incid5tally affects result+ feel+s4 ,! view ( ,kant is t ! moral core ( e act is 9 its h[1 t is 9 its _s1 its actuat+ motive2 & t ! law ( reason is ! only "r motive4 ,:at is aim$ at is a second>y & 7except z det]m9$ by ! inn] _s1 ! h[ ( ! action7 an irrelevant matt]4 ,9 %ort ! sep>ation ( ! m5tal & ! ov]t aspects ( an act has l$ to an equally complete sep>ation ( its initial _s & motive f its f9al cont5t & consequ5ce4 ,& 9 ?is sep>ation1 "o type ( !ory1 illu/rat$ by ,kant1 takes its /& on ! actuat+ s\rce ( ! act2 ! o!r1 t ( ,b5?am1 on its outcome4 ,= conv5i5ce1 we %all frequ5tly ref] to ^! types ( !ories z respectively ! attitude & ! cont5t2 ! =mal & ! mat]ial2 ! disposition & ! consequ5ces !ory4 ,! fundam5tal ?+ is t bo? !ories sep>ate "* & conduct1 disposition & behavior2 :i* ( ! two is mo/ emphasiz$ be+ a second>y matt]4 ,diff]5t ,ways ( ,emphasiz+ ,results4--,!re are1 h[ev]1 diff]5t =ms ( ! consequ5ces or cont5t !ory--z we %all1 = conv5i5ce1 t]m x4 ,"s writ]s1 l ,sp5c] z quot$1 say ! only consequ5ces t are good are simply pleasures1 & t pleasures diff] only 9 int5sity1 be+ alike 9 ev]y?+ b degree4 ,o!rs say1 pleasure is ! good1 b pleasures diff] 9 quality z well z int5sity & t a c]ta9 k9d ( pleasure is ! morally good4 ,o!rs say t natural satisfaction is n f\nd 9 any "o pleasure1 or 9 any numb] ( !m1 b 9 a m p]man5t mood ( exp]i5ce1 :i* is t]m$ happ9ess4 ,happ9ess is diff]5t f a pleasure or f a collection ( pleasures1 9 be+ an abid+ consequ5ce or result1 :i* is n de/roy$ ev5 by ! pres5ce ( pa9s 7:ile a pa9 ejects a pleasure74 ,! pleasure view is call$ ,h$onism2 ! happ9ess view1 ,eudaimonism4#aae ,diff]5t ,=ms ( ! ,attitude ,!ory4--,! opposite s*ool ( !ory holds t ! peculi> "* ( moral good is precisely t x is n f\nd 9 consequ5ces ( action4 ,9 ?is negative feature ( ! def9ition _m diff]5t writ]s agree2 !re is less h>mony 9 ! positive /atem5t ( j :at ! moral good is4 ,x is an attribute or disposition ( "*1 or ! self1 n a trait ( results exp]i5c$1 & 9 g5]al su* an attribute is call$ ,virtue4 ,b !re are z _m diff]5ces ( op9ion z to :at con/itutes virtue z !re are on ! o!r side z to :at pleasure & happ9ess are4 ,9 "o view1 x m]ges1 9 its outcome at lea/1 v closely ) "o =m ( eudaimonism4 ,if happ9ess be def9$ z ! fulfillm5t ( satisfaction ( ! *>act]i/ic functions ( a human be+1 :ile a c]ta9 function1 t ( reason1 is reg>d$ z ! *>act]i/ic human trait ^: ex]cise is ! virtue or supreme excell5ce1 x becomes impossible to ma9ta9 any %>p l9e ( di/9ction4 ,kant1 h[ev]1 attempt$ to cut "u ?is union ( happ9ess & virtue1 :i* "u ! =m ( p]fectionism has be5 attempt$ by _m writ]s1 by rais+ ! "q ( motivation4 ,:y does ! p]son aim at p]fection8 ,is x = ! sake ( ! result+ happ9ess8 ,!n we h only ,h$onism4 ,is x because ! moral law1 ! law ( reason1 requires x8 ,!n we h law morally deep] ?an ! end aim$ at4 ,we may n[ consid] ! be>+ ( ?is discussion ^u !ories ( moral k & 7#b7 ( moral au?ority4#aaf ,i4 ,*>act]i/ic ,!ories ( ,moral ,k4--7#a7 ,^? :o set *ief /ore by ! goods naturally exp]i5c$1 f9d t pa/ exp]i5ces supply all ! data requir$ = moral k4 ,pleasures & pa9s1 satisfactions & mis]ies1 are recurr5t famili> exp]i5ces4 ,all we h to d is to note !m & _! occasions 7or1 put ! o!r way1 to obs]ve ! t5d5cy ( "s ( our impulses & acts to br+ pleasure z a consequ5ce1 ( o!rs to effect mis]y71 & to make up our ends & aims accord+ly4 ,z a !ory ( moral k1 ,h$onism is ?us almo/ always alli$ ) empiricism1 und]/&+ by empiricism ! !ory t p>ticul> pa/ exp]i5ces furni% ! me?od ( all ideas & beliefs4 7#b7 ,! !ory t ! good is "s type ( virtu\s "* requires a special organ to give moral k4 ,virtue is none ! less ! ,good1 ev5 :5 x is n atta9$1 :5 x is n exp]i5c$1 t is1 z we exp]i5ce a pleasure4 ,9 any case1 x is n good because x is exp]i5c$1 b because x is virtue4 ,?us ! attitude !ory t5ds to connect itself ) "s =m ( ,intuitionalism1 ,rationalism1 or ,transc5d5talism1 all ( ^! t]ms mean+ t !re is some?+ 9 k go+ beyond ! p>ticul> exp]i5ces4 ,intuitionalism holds !re is a c]ta9 special faculty :i* reveals tru?s beyond ! scope ( exp]i5ce2 ,rationalism1 t beside ! p>ticul> elem5ts ( exp]i5ce !re are univ]sal & necess>y conceptions :i* regulate x2 ,transc5d5talism1 t )9 exp]i5ce !re is a factor d]iv$ f a s\rce transc5d+ exp]i5ce4#aag ,,ii4 ,*>act]i/ic ,!ories ( ,moral ,control4--,! result s*ool t5ds to view au?ority1 control1 law1 obligation f ! /&po9t ( means to an end2 ! morali/ic1 or virtue1 s*ool to reg>d ! idea ( law z m fundam5tal ?an t ( ! good4 ,f ! fir/ /&po9t1 ! au?ority ( a giv5 rule lies 9 its p[] to regulate desires s t aft] all pleasures--or a maximum ( !m1 & a m9imum ( pa9s--may be _h4 ,at bottom1 x is a pr9ciple ( exp$i5cy1 ( practical wisdom1 ( adju/m5t ( means to end4 ,?us ,hume said3 ,reason is1 & ought only to be1 ! slave ( ! passions--t is1 ! pr9ciples & rules made kn[n by reason are1 at la/1 only in/rum5ts = secur+ ! fulle/ satisfaction ( desires4 ,b accord+ to ! po9t ( view ( ! o!r s*ool1 no satisfaction is really 7i4e41 morally7 good unless x is acquir$ 9 accordance ) a law exi/+ indep5d5tly ( pleasurable satisfaction4 ,?us ! good dep5ds ^u ! law1 n ! law ^u ! desirable end4 ,sec4 #c4 ,,g5]al ,,int]pretation ,,( ,,^! ,,!ories ,! ,opposition 9 ,ord9>y ,life4--,to "s ext5t1 simil> oppositions are lat5t 9 our ord9>y moral convictions1 )\t reg>d to !ory4 ,inde$1 we t5d1 at diff]5t times1 to pass f "o po9t ( view to ! o!r1 )\t be+ aw>e ( x4 ,?us1 z aga9/ ! id5tification ( goodness ) a m]e attitude ( w2 we say1 ,x is n en\gh = a man to be good2 he mu/ be good = some?+4 ,x is n en\gh to mean well2 "o mu/ mean to d well2 to excuse a man by say+ he means well1 conveys a %ade ( depreciation4 ,hell is pav$ ) good int5tions4 ,good resolutions1 9 g5]al1 are ridicul$ z n modify+ ov]t action4 ,a tree is to be judg$ by its fruits4 ,fai? )\t works is dead4 ,a man is said to be too good = ?is _w :5 8 motives are n effective4 ,sometimes we say1 ,s & s is a good man1 mean+ to say t t is ab\t all t c be said = him--he does n c\nt1 or am\nt to any?+1 practically4 ,! objection to id5tify+ goodness ) ineffici5cy also t5ds to r5d] suspect$ a !ory :i* seems to lead logically to su* id5tification4 ,m positively we dwell ^u goodness z involv+ s]vice2 love is ! fulfill+ ( ! law1 & :ile love is a trait ( "*1 x is "o :i* takes imm$iate action 9 ord] to br+ ab\t c]ta9 def9ite consequ5ces4 ,we call a man ,ph>isaical :o *]i%es 8 own good "* z an end di/9ct f ! common good = :i* x may be s]viceable4 ,on ! o!r h&1 indicat+ ! supremacy ( ! volunt>y attitude ov] consequ5ces1 we h1 ,:at %all a man give 9 ex*ange = 8 s\l8 ,:at %all x pr(it a man if he %all ga9 ! :ole _w & lose 8 own life8 ,let u d evil t good may come1 ^: damnation is j4 ,! deep-seat$ objection to ! maxim t ! end ju/ifies ! means is h>d to acc\nt =1 except ^u ! basis t x is possible to atta9 ends o!rwise wor?y & desirable at ! exp5se ( conduct :i* is immoral4 ,aga91 comp>e ,%aksp]e's ,!re's no?+ "r or wrong1 b ?9k+ makes x s ) ! ,biblical ,z a man ?9ke? 9 8 he>t1 s is he4 ,& f9ally we h su* say+s z1 ,take ! w = ! de$2 ,8 he>t is 9 ! "r place2 ,p]eat mundus1 fiat ju/itia4 ,pass+ f ?is popul> aspect ( ! matt]1 we f9d ! foll[+ gr\nds = ! cont5t !ory3 #a4 ,x ,makes ,morality ,really ,important4--,w\ld !re be any use or s5se 9 moral acts if !y did n t5d to promote welf>e1 individual & social8 ,if !ft uni=mly result$ 9 great happ9ess & security ( life1 if tru?-tell+ introduc$ confusion & ineffici5cy into m5's relations1 w\ld we n consid] ! fir/ a virtue1 & ! latt] a vice8#aah ,s f> z ! id5tification ( goodness ) m]e motive 7ap>t f results effect$ by acts7 r$uces morality to nullity1 !re seems to be furni%$ a r$uctio ad absurdum ( ! !ory t results are n ! decisive ?+4 7#b7 ,x ,makes ,morality a ,def9ite1 ,concrete ,?+4--,morality is f\nd 9 consequ5ces2 & consequ5ces are def9ite1 obs]vable facts :i* ! individual c be made responsible = not+ & = employ+ 9 ! direction ( 8 fur!r behavior4 ,! !ory gives morality an objective1 a tangible gu>antee & sanction4 ,moreov]1 results are some?+ objective1 common to diff]5t individuals because outside !m all4 ,b ! doctr9e t goodness consi/s 9 motives =m$ by & )9 ! individual )\t ref]5ce to obvi\s1 ov]t results1 makes goodness some?+ vague or else :imsical & arbitr>y4 ,! latt] view makes virtue ei!r some?+ unatta9able1 or else atta9$ by m]ely cultivat+ c]ta9 int]nal /ates hav+ no outw>d results at all1 or ev5 results t are socially h>mful4 ,x enc\rages fanaticism1 moral crank9ess1 moral isolation or pride2 ob/9ate p]si/5ce 9 a bad c\rse 9 spite ( its demon/rable evil results4 ,x makes morality non-progressive1 s9ce by its assumption no am\nt ( exp]i5ce ( consequ5ces c ?r[ any light ^u ess5tial moral elem5ts4 7#c7 ,! ,cont5t ,!ory ,n ,only ,puts ,morality ,itself ^u a ,basis ( ,facts1 b ,also ,puts ! ,!ory ( ,morality ^u a ,solid ,basis4--,we "k :at we mean by goodness & evil :5 we discuss !m 9 t]ms ( results a*iev$ or miss$1 & c !re=e discuss !m intelligibly4 ,we c =mulate concrete ends & lay d[n rules = _! atta9m5t4 ,?us !re c be a sci5ce ( morals j z !re c be a sci5ce ( any body ( obs]vable facts hav+ a common pr9ciple4 ,b if morality dep5ds ^u purely subjective1 p]sonal motives1 no objective obs]vation & common int]pretation are possible4 ,we are ?r[n back ^u ! caprici\s individual ipse dixit1 :i* by ?is !ory is made f9al4 ,e?ical !ory is r5d]$ impossible4 ,?us ,b5?am1 :o br+s ^! *>ges 7& o!rs7 aga9/ ! virtue !ory ( goodness1 says at ! close ( ! preface to 8 ,pr9ciples ( ,morals & ,legislation 7ed4 ( #ahbc73 ,tru?s t =m ! basis ( political & moral sci5ce are n to be discov]$ b by inve/igations z sev]e z ma!matical ones1 & beyond all comp>ison m intricate & ext5sive4444 ,!y are n to be =c$ into deta*$ & g5]al propositions1 un9cumb]$ ) explanations & exceptions4 ,!y w n compress !mselves into epigrams4 ,!y recoil f ! tongue & ! p5 ( ! declaim]4 ,!y fl\ri% n 9 ! same soil ) s5tim5t4 ,!y gr[ among ?orns2 & are n to be pluck$1 l daisies1 by infants z !y run4444 ,!re is no ,k+'s ,road 444 to legislative1 any m ?an to ma!matical sci5ce4#aai ,argum5ts n unlike1 h[ev]1 may be adduc$ 9 favor ( ! attitude !ory4 #a4 ,x1 & ,x ,alone1 ,places ,morality 9 ! ,high & ,au?oritative ,place ,:i* by ,"r ,*>act]izes ,x4--,morality is n j a means ( rea*+ o!r ends2 x is an end 9 itself4 ,to r$uce virtue to a tool or in/rum5tality = secur+ pleasure is to pro/itute & de/roy x4 ,unsophi/icat$ common s5se is %ock$ at putt+ morality ^u ! same level ) prud5ce1 policy1 & exp$i5cy4 ,morality is morality1 j because x possesses an absolute au?oritativ5ess :i* !y lack4 #b4 ,! ,morally ,good ,mu/ be ,)9 ! ,p[] ( ! ,individual to ,a*ieve4--,! am\nt ( pleasure & pa9 ! individual exp]i5ces1 8 %>e ( satisfaction1 dep5ds ^u outw>d circum/ances :i* are beyond 8 control1 & :i* accord+ly h no moral significance4 ,only ! beg9n+1 ! will+1 ( an act lies ) ! man2 its conclusion1 its outcome 9 ! way ( consequ5ces1 lies ) ! gods4 ,accid5t1 mis=tune1 unfavorable circum/ance1 may %ut ! individual )9 a life ( sickness1 mis]y1 & discom=t4 ,!y may deprive him ( ext]nal goods2 b !y _c modify ! moral good1 = t resides 9 ! attitude ) :i* "o faces ^! conditions & results4 ,conditions ho/ile to prosp]ity may be only ! means ( call+ =? virtues ( brav]y1 pati5ce1 & amiability4 ,only consequ5ces )9 "* itself1 ! t5d5cy ( an act to =m a habit or to cultivate a disposition1 are really ( moral significance4 #c4 ,motives ,furni% a ,settl$ & ,workable ,crit]ion by ,:i* to ,measure ! ,rightness or ,wrongness ( ,specific ,acts4--,consequ5ces are indef9itely v>i$2 !y are too mu* at ! m]cy ( ! un=ese5 to s]ve z basis ( measurem5t4 ,"o & ! same act may turn out 9 a hundr$ diff]5t ways accord+ to accid5tal circum/ances4 ,if ! individual _h to calculate consequ5ces be=e ent]+ ^u action1 he w\ld engage 9 try+ to solve a problem :]e ea* new t]m introduc$ m factors4 ,no conclusion w\ld ev] be rea*$2 or1 if rea*$1 w\ld be s unc]ta9 t ! ag5t w\ld be p>alyz$ by d\bt4 ,b s9ce ! motives are )9 ! p]son's own brea/1 ! problem ( kn[+ ! "r is comp>atively simple3 ! data = ! judgm5t are always at h& & always accessible to ! "o :o s9c]ely wi%es to "k ! "r4 ,conclusion4--,! fact t common life recognizes1 "u c]ta9 conditions1 bo? !ories z correct1 & t sub/antially ! same claims may be made = bo?1 sugge/s t ! controv]sy dep5ds ^u "s und]ly+ misappreh5sion4 ,_! common error1 z we %all attempt to %[ 9 ! sequel1 lies 9 try+ to split a volunt>y act :i* is s+le & entire into two unrelat$ p>ts1 ! "o t]m$ inn]1 ! o!r1 out]2 ! "o call$ motive1 ! o!r1 end4 ,a volunt>y act is always a disposition1 or habit ( ! ag5t pass+ into an ov]t act1 :i*1 s f> z x c1 produces c]ta9 consequ5ces4 ,a m]e motive :i* does n d any?+1 :i* makes no?+ diff]5t1 is n a g5u9e motive at all1 & h5ce is n a volunt>y act4 ,on ! o!r h&1 consequ5ces :i* are n int5d$1 :i* are n p]sonally want$ & *os5 & /riv5 =1 are no "p ( a volunt>y act4 ,nei!r ! inn] ap>t f ! out]1 nor ! out] ap>t f ! inn]1 has any volunt>y or moral quality at all4 ,! =m] is m]e pass+ s5tim5tality or rev]ie2 ! latt] is m]e accid5t or luck4 ,t5d5cy ( ,ea* ,!ory to ,pass into ! ,o!r4--,h5ce ea* !ory1 realiz+ its own onesid$ness1 t5ds inevitably to make concessions1 & to borr[ factors f its competitor1 & ?us ins5sibly to bridge ! gap betwe5 !m4 ,consequ5ces are emphasiz$1 b only =ese5 consequ5ces2 :ile to =esee is a m5tal act ^: ex]cise dep5ds ^u "*4 ,x is disposition1 int]e/1 :i* leads an ag5t to e/imate ! consequ5ces at _! true wor?2 ?us an uphold] ( ! cont5t !ory ends by fall+ back ^u ! attitude tak5 9 =eca/+ & weigh+ results4 ,9 l fa%ion1 ! repres5tative ( ! motive !ory dwells ^u ! t5d5cy ( ! motive to br+ ab\t c]ta9 effects4 ,! man ) a truly b5evol5t disposition is n ! "o :o indulges 9 indiscrim9ate *>ity1 b ! "o :o consid]s ! effect ( 8 gift ^u its recipi5t & ^u society4 ,:ile laud+ ! motive z ! sole be>] ( moral wor?1 ! motive is reg>d$ z a =ce work+ t[>ds ! production ( c]ta9 results4 ,:5 ! cont5t !ory recognizes disposition z an inh]5t factor 9 br++ ab\t consequ5ces1 & ! attitude !ory views motives z =ces t5d+ to effect consequ5ces1 an approximation ( ea* to ! o!r has tak5 place :i* almo/ cancels ! orig9al opposition4 ,x is realiz$ t a complete view ( ! place ( motive 9 a volunt>y act w conceive motive z a motor =ce2 z inspir+ to action :i* w inevitably produce c]ta9 results unless ?is is prev5t$ by sup]ior ext]nal =ce4 ,x is also realiz$ t only ^? consequ5ces are any "p ( volunt>y behavior :i* are s cong5ial to "* z to appeal to x z good & /ir x to ef=t to realize !m4 ,we may beg9 ! analysis ( a volunt>y act at :i*ev] end we please1 b we are always c>ri$ to ! o!r end 9 ord] to complete ! analysis4 ,! s-call$ di/9ction betwe5 ! inn] & out] p>ts ( an act is 9 reality a di/9ction betwe5 ! e>li] & ! lat] p]iod ( its developm5t4 ,9 ! foll[+ *apt] we %all ent] ^u a direct discussion ( ! relation ( conduct & "* to "o ano!r2 we %all !n apply ! results ( ! discussion1 9 successive *apt]s1 to ! problems already rais$3 ,! ,nature ( ,good2 ( ,k2 ( ,moral ,au?ority2 ,! ,relation ( ! ,self to ,o!rs & ,society2 ,! ,*>act]i/ics ( ! ,virtu\s ,self4 ,,lit]ature ,_m ( ! ref]5ces 9 *4 xi4 tr5* ^u ?is gr\nd4 ,comp>e1 also1 ,lecky1 ,hi/ory ( ,european ,morals1 ,vol4 ,i41 pp4 #a-b1 & #abb-acj2 ,sidgwick1 ,me?ods ( ,e?ics1 pp4 #f-aa1 #gg-hh & #did-ejg2 ,wundt1 ,e?ics1 ,vol4 ,,ii41 *4 iv42 ,mack5zie1 ,manual ( ,e?ics1 ,book ,,ii41 *4 ii42 ,murray1 ,introduction to ,e?ics1 p4 #adc2 ,pauls51 ,sy/em ( ,e?ics1 ,introduction1 & ,book ,,ii41 *4 i4 ,,footnotes3 #aaj ,sp5c]1 ,pr9ciples ( ,e?ics1 ,vol4 ,i41 p4 #df1 & p4 #cj4 7,italics n 9 orig9al47 #aaa ,gre51 ,prolegom5a to ,e?ics1 p4 #ced4 #aab ,hegel's ,philosophy ( ,"r1 translat$ by ,dyde1 ,"p ,,iii41 #aej 7p4 #aei74 #aac ,hegel's ,philosophy ( ,"r1 translat$ by ,dyde1 ,"p ,,iii41 #beh 7p4 #bda74 #aad ,w]ke1 ,book ,i41 #chi4 #aae ,! ,greek words ,greek3 edone1 pleasure1 & ,greek3 eudaimonia1 happ9ess4 ,! latt] conception is due *iefly to ,ari/otle4 ,happ9ess is1 h[ev]1 a good translation only :5 tak5 v vaguely4 ,! ,greek t]m has a peculi> orig9 :i* influ5c$ its mean+4 #aaf ,! diff]5ces z reg>ds self & society w be consid]$ 9 lat] *apt]s4 #aag ,= simil> reasons1 ! cont5t !ories t5d to ally !mselves ) ! positive sci5ces2 ! attitude !ories ) philosophy z di/9ct f sci5ces4 #aah ,suppose t pick+ a man's pocket excit$ 9 him joyful emotions1 by bright5+ 8 prospects1 w\ld !ft be c\nt$ among crimes8--,,sp5c]4 #aai ,mill 9 8 ,autobiography has giv5 a /rik+ acc\nt ( h[ ?is phase ( ,utilit>ianism appeal$ to him4 7,see pp4 #fe-fg ( ,london edition ( #ahgd2 see also 8 ,diss]tations & ,discussions1 ,vol4 ,i41 ,essay on ,b5?am1 especially pp4 #cci & ff47 ,b5?am introduc$ into morals & politics ^? habits ( ?\ght1 & modes ( inve/igation1 :i* are ess5tial to ! idea ( sci5ce2 & ! abs5ce ( :i* made ^! dep>tm5ts ( inquiry1 z physics _h be5 be=e ,bacon1 a field ( int]m9able discussion1 lead+ to no result4 ,x 0 n 8 op9ions1 9 %ort1 b 8 me?od1 t con/itut$ ! novelty & value ( :at he did4444 ,b5?am's me?od may be %ortly describ$ z ! me?od ( detail4444 ,error lurks 9 g5]alities4 ,mill f9ally says3 ,he has ?us1 x is n too mu* to say1 = ! fir/ "t introduc$ precision ( ?\ght 9 moral & political philosophy4 ,in/ead ( tak+ up _! op9ions by intuition1 or by ratioc9ation f premises adopt$ on a m]e r\gh view1 & c\*$ 9 language s vague t x is impossible to say exactly :e!r !y are true or false1 philosoph]s are n[ =c$ to und]/& "o ano!r1 to break d[n ! g5]ality ( _! propositions1 & jo9 a precise issue 9 e dispute4 ,?is is no?+ less ?an a revolution 9 philosophy4 ,9 view ( ! "* ( ! l>g] am\nt ( discussions 9 moral & political philosophy /ill curr5t1 ,mill p]haps took a too optimi/ic view ( ! ext5t to :i* ?is revolution _h be5 accompli%$4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,conduct ,,& ,,"* ,problem ( ,*apt]4--,we h endeavor$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]s 7#a7 to id5tify ! sort ( situation 9 :i* ! ideas ( good & evil1 "r & wrong1 9 _! moral s5se1 are employ$2 7#b7 to set =? ! typical problems t arise 9 ! analysis ( ?is situation2 & 7#c7 to "n & describe briefly ! types ( !ory :i* h develop$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! hi/ory ( ! problems4 ,we h n[ to return to ! moral situation z describ$1 & ent] ^u an indep5d5t analysis ( x4 ,we %all comm5ce ?is analysis1 z 0 indicat$ 9 ! la/ *apt]1 by consid]+ ! "q ( ! relation ( attitude & consequ5ces to ea* o!r 9 volunt>y activity1--n t ?is is ! only way to approa* ! problem1 b t x is ! way :i* br+s out mo/ cle>ly ! po9ts at issue among types ( moral !ory :i* s9ce ! e>ly "p ( ! n9ete5? c5tury h _h ! *ief curr5cy & influ5ce4 ,accord+ly ! discussion w be introduc$ by a /atem5t ( ! two mo/ extreme doctr9es t sep>ate ! inn] & ! out]1 ! psy*ical & ! ov]t aspects ( activity3 viz41 ! ,kantian1 exclusively emphasiz+ ! h[1 ! _s1 & motive ( conduct2 ! ,utilit>ian1 dwell+ exclusively ^u its :at1 its effects & consequ5ces4 ,our positive problem is1 ( c\rse1 by means ( array+ ^! two extreme views aga9/ ea* o!r1 to arrive at a /atem5t ( ! mutual relations ( attitude & act1 motive & consequ5ce1 "* & conduct4 ,we %all beg9 ) ,kant z a repres5tative ( ! attitude !ory4 ,sec4 #a4 ,,! ,,good ,,w ,,( ,,kant ,kant says3 ,no?+ c possibly be conceiv$1 9 ! _w or out ( x1 :i* c be call$ ,good )\t qualification1 except a ,good ,w4 ,intellig5ce1 wit1 judgm5t1 & ! o!r tal5ts ( ! m9d1 h[ev] !y may be nam$1 or c\rage1 resolution1 p]sev]ance z qualities ( temp]am5t are individually good & desirable 9 _m respects2 b ^! gifts ( nature may also become extremely bad & mis*iev\s1 if ! w :i* is to make use ( !m & :i*1 !re=e1 con/itutes :at is call$ "*1 is n good4 ,x is ! same ) ! gifts ( =tune4 ,p[]1 ri*es1 honor1 ev5 heal? 444 inspire pride & (t5 presumption if !re is n a ,good ,w to correct ! influ5ce ( ^! on ! m9d4 ,mod]ation ( ! affections & passions1 self-control & calm delib]ation are n only good 9 _m respects1 b ev5 seem to con/itute "p ( ! intr9sic wor? ( ! p]son2 b !y are f> f des]v+ to be call$ good )\t qualification 444 = )\t ! pr9ciples ( a good w !y may become extremely bad4 ,! coolness ( a villa9 makes him bo? m dang]\s & m abom9able 7,kant3 ,!ory ( ,e?ics1 tr4 by ,abbott1 pp4 #i-aj74 ,elem5t ( ,tru? 9 ,/atem5t4--,!re c be no d\bt t 9 "s respects ^! ideas ( ,kant meet a welcome 9 our ord9>y convictions4 ,gifts ( =tune1 tal5ts ( m9d1 qualities ( temp]am5t1 are reg>d$ z desirable1 z good1 b we qualify ! concession4 ,we say !y are good1 if a good use is made ( !m2 b t1 adm9i/]$ by a bad "*1 !y add to p[] = evil4 ,moreov]1 ,kant's /atem5t ( ! intr9sic goodness ( ! ,good ,w1 ,a jewel :i* %9es by its own light 7,ibid41 p4 #aj71 awak5s ready response 9 u4 ,"s goods we reg>d z means & conditions--heal?1 weal?1 bus9ess1 & pr(essional success4 ,!y af=d moral opportunities & ag5cies1 b ne$ n possess moral value 9 & ( !mselves2 :5 !y become p>ts1 z !y may1 ( a moral good1 x is because ( _! place & context4 ,p]sonality1 "*1 has a dignity ( its own1 :i* =bids t x be consid]$ a simple means = ! acquisition ( o!r goods4 ,! man :o makes 8 good "* a simple tool = secur+ political pref]m5t1 is1 we %\ld say1 pro/itut+ & s de/roy+ 8 own goodness4 ,ambiguity ( ,/atem5t4--,! /atem5t made by ,kant1 h[ev]1 is ambigu\s & op5 to oppos$ int]pretations4 ,! notion t ! ,good ,w is good 9 & ( itself may be int]pret$ 9 two diff]5t ways3 7i7 ,we may hold1 = example1 t hone/y is good z a trait ( w because x t5ds inevitably to secure a desirable relation%ip among m52 x removes ob/ructions betwe5 p]sons & keeps ! ways ( action cle> & op54 ,e man c c\nt ^u /raight=w>d action :5 all act f hone/y2 x secures = ea* s+l5ess ( aim & conc5tration ( en]gy4 7ii7 ,b we may also mean t hone/y is absolutely good z a trait ( "* j 9 & by itself1 q ap>t f any influ5ce ?is trait ( "* has 9 secur+ & promot+ desirable ends4 ,9 "o case1 we emphasize its goodness because x arranges = & t5ds t[>ds c]ta9 results2 9 ! o!r case1 we ignore ! factor ( t5d5cy t[>d results4 ,kant's ,int]pretation ( ,goodness ( ,w is ,=mal4--,kant's fur!r treatm5t leaves u 9 no d\bt 9 :i* ( ^! two s5ses he uses ! t]m ,good ,w4 ,he goes on 7,ibid41 p4 #aj73 ,a ,good ,w is good1 n because ( :at x p]=ms or effects1 n by its aptness = ! atta9m5t ( "s propos$ end1 b simply by virtue ( ! volition2 t is1 x is good 9 itself4444 ,ev5 if x %\ld happ5 t1 ow+ to ! special disfavor ( =tune1 or ! nigg>dly provision ( a /epmo!rly nature1 ?is w %\ld :olly lack p[] to accompli% its purpose1 if ) its greate/ ef=ts x %\ld yet a*ieve no?+1 & !re %\ld rema9 only ! ,good ,w 7n1 to be sure1 a m]e wi%1 b ! assum+ ( all means 9 our p[]71 !n1 l a jewel1 x w\ld /ill %9e by its own light z a ?+ :i* has its :ole value 9 itself4 ,its fruitfulness or fruitlessness c nei!r add nor take away any?+ f ?is value4 ,& aga9 he says3 ,an action 444 d]ives its moral wor? n f ! purpose :i* is to be atta9$ by x1 b f ! maxim by :i* x is det]m9$ & !re=e dep5ds 444 m]ely on ! pr9ciple ( volition by :i* ! action has tak5 place1 )\t reg>d to any object ( desire4444 ,! purposes :i* we may h 9 view 9 our actions or _! effect reg>d$ z ends & spr+s ( w _c give ! actions an unconditional or moral wor?4444 ,x _c lie any:]e b 9 ! pr9ciple ( ! ,w1 )\t reg>d to ! ends :i* c be atta9$ by ! action 7,ibid41 p4 #af74 ,relation ( ,endeavor & ,a*ievem5t to ,w4--,"h1 also1 we f9d a c]ta9 agreem5t ) our e-day moral exp]i5ce4 ,x is und\bt$ly true t 9 _m cases we ascribe moral wor? or goodness to acts )\t ref]5ce to ! results actually atta9$ by !m2 a man :o tries to rescue a dr[n+ *ild is n judg$ only on ! basis ( success4 ,if he is prev5t$1 because he is crippl$1 or because ! curr5t is too rapid = him1 we d n refuse he>ty moral approbation4 ,we d n judge ! goodness ( ! act or ( ! ag5t f ! /&po9t ( its atta9$ result1 :i* "h is failure4 ,we reg>d ! man z good because he propos$ to himself a wor?y end or aim1 ! rescue ( ano!r1 ev5 at ! risk ( h>m to himself4 ,we %\ld agree ) ,kant 9 say+ t ! moral wor? does n dep5d on ! realization ( ! object ( desire4 ,b we %\ld reg>d ! wor? ( ! man to consi/ precisely 9 ! fact t1 s f> z he 0 conc]n$1 he aim$ at a good result4 ,we d n rule out purpose1 b we approve because ! purpose 0 good4 ,by w we mean t5d5cies1 desires1 & habits op]at+ to realize results reg>d$ z desirable4 ,w is n ! sole condition ( rea*+ a result--t is1 ( mak+ ! aim an actual fact4 ,circum/ances ne$ to coop]ate to insure a successful issue2 & if ^! fail1 ! be/ w 9 ! _w _c secure ! trans=mation ( desire = an end into t end4 ,we "k t sometimes x is only by accid5t t ! desirable end is n effect$1 b we also "k t )\t ! prop] disposition x is only by accid5t t ! results are a*iev$4 ,moreov]1 we "k t our own attitude is n only an important condition ( secur+ ! results1 b t x is ! only condition con/antly "u our control4 ,:at we mean by call+ x ours is precisely t x is t condition ^: op]ation lies ) u4 ,accord+ly1 x is ! key & clue to ! results1 s f> z !y conc]n u4 ,s f>1 giv5 desire & endeavor1 a*ievem5t is n necess>y to volition4 ,mean+ ,well4--,on ! o!r h&1 c a man ju/ify himself on ! gr\nd t he means well1 if ! mean+ well does n regulate ! ov]t acts t he p]=ms1 & h5ce ! consequ5ces t proce$ f !m8 ,are we n ju/ifi$ 9 suspect+ a p]son's good fai? :5 8 good int5tions uni=mly br+ suff]+ to o!rs8 ,if we d n "q 8 good fai?1 d we n reg>d him z ne$+ moral enlight5m5t1 & a *ange ( disposition8 ,we di/+ui% 9 our judgm5ts ( good betwe5 ! fanatic & ! ?or\ghly selfi% man1 b we d n c>ry ?is di/9ction to ! po9t ( approv+ ! fanatic2 ( say+1 ,let him alone2 he means well1 he has a good w1 he is actuat$ by a s5se ( duty4 ,on ! contr>y1 we condemn 8 aims2 & 9 s f> we c5sure him = will+ly ent]ta9+ ans approv+ !m4 ,we may1 inde$1 approve ( 8 "* ) respect to its s9c]ity1 s+l5ess ( aim1 & its ?or\ghness ( ef=t1 = su* ?+s1 tak5 by !mselves1 or 9 ! ab/ract1 are good traits ( "*4 ,we e/eem !m highly1 h[ev]1 j because !y h s mu* to d ) results2 !y are1 p> excell5ce1 executive traits4 ,b we d n approve ( ! man's :ole "* 9 approv+ ^! traits4 ,!re is some?+ ! matt] ) ! man 9 :om good traits are put to a bad use4 ,x is n true 9 su* cases t we approve ! ag5t b condemn 8 acts4 ,we approve c]ta9 phases ( conduct1 & 9 s f> reg>d ! do] z praisewor?y2 we condemn o!r features ( acts1 & 9 s f> disapprove him4#abj ,ov]t ,action ,proves ,w4--,aga91 "u :at circum/ances d we actually take ! w = ! de$8 ,:5 d we assume t s f> z ! w 0 conc]n$ x did aim at ! result & aim$ at x ?or\ghly1 )\t evasion & )\t res]vation8 ,only :5 !re is "s action :i* te/ifies to ! real pres5ce ( ! motive & aim4#aba ,! man1 9 our e>li] in/ance1 mu/ h made "s ef=t to save ! dr[n+ *ild to ju/ify ei!r u or himself 9 believ+ t he meant to d x2 t he _h ! "r int5t4 ,! individual :o habitually ju/ifies himself 7ei!r to o!rs or to himself7 by insi/+ ^u ! rightness ( 8 motives1 lays himself op5 to a *>ge ( self-deception1 if n ( delib]ate hypocrisy1 if !re are no outw>d evid5ces ( ef=t t[>ds ! realization ( 8 pret5d$ motive4 ,a habitually c>eless *ild1 :5 blam$ = "s disord] or di/urbance1 seeks to excuse himself by say+ he didn't mean to3 i4e41 he _h no int5tion or aim2 ! results did n fl[ morally f him4 ,we (t5 reply1 9 effect1 t is j ! tr\ble2 y didn't mean at all2 y ought to h meant n to d ?is4 ,9 o!r words1 if y _h ?\ght ab\t :at y 7 do+ y w\ld n h done ?is & w\ld n h br\ght ab\t ! undesirable results4 ,) adults !re is su* a ?+ z culpable c>elessness & blamewor?y neglig5ce4 ,s f> z ! individual's consci\s w 0 conc]n$1 ev]y?+ he delib]ately int5d$ may h be5 entirely praisewor?y2 b we blame him because 8 "* 0 su* t ! end appropriate to ! circum/ances did n occur to him4 ,we d n disapprove :5 ! failure to ?9k ( ! "r purpose is due to inexp]i5ce or to lack ( intellectual developm5t2 b we d blame :5 ! man does n employ 8 atta9$ exp]i5ce & intellectual capacity4 ,giv5 ^! factors1 if ! "r end is n ?\ght ( or is quickly dismiss$1 indisposition is ! only rema9+ explanation4 ,^! two facts1 t we require ef=t or evid5ce ( s9c]ity ( good w & t ! "* is disapprov$ = n ent]ta9+ c]ta9 aims1 are suffici5t to prove t we d n id5tify w & motive ) some?+ :i* has no?+ to d ) aptness = atta9+ ends4 ,w or "* means intellig5t =e?\ght ( ends & resolute endeavor to a*ieve !m4 ,x _c be conceiv$ ap>t f ends purpos$ & desir$4 ,sec4 #b4 ,,! ,,int5tion ,,( ,,! ,,utilit>ians ,emphasis ( ,utilit>ians ^u ,ends4--,we are br\ght to ! opposite type ( moral !ory1 ! utilit>ian1 :i* f9ds moral quality to reside 9 consequ5ces1 t is to say1 9 ! ends a*iev$4 ,to ! utilit>ians1 motive means simply c]ta9 /ates ( consci\sness :i* happ5 to be upp]mo/ 9 a man's m9d z he acts4 ,n ?is subjective feel+ exi/+ only 9 ! inn] consci\sness1 b ! ext]nal outcome1 ! objective *ange :i* is made 9 ! common _w1 is :at c\nts4 ,if we c get ! act done :i* produces ! "r sort ( *anges1 :i* br+s ! "r k9d ( result to ! v>i\s p]sons conc]n$1 x is irrelevant & mislead+ to bo!r ) ! private emotional /ate ( ! do]'s m9d4 ,murd] w\ld be none ! less murd] ev5 if ! consci\sness ( ! kill] 7 fill$ ) ! mo/ maudl9 s5tim5ts ( g5]al philan?ropy2 ! rescue ( a dr[n+ man w\ld be none ! less approvable ev5 if we happ5$ to "k t ! consci\sness ( ! rescu] 7 irritable & grumpy :ile he 0 p]=m+ ! de$4 ,acts1 n feel+s1 c\nt1 & acts mean *anges actually effect$4#abb ,di/9ction ( ,int5tion f ,motive4--,! utilit>ians make _! po9t by di/+ui%+ betwe5 int5tion & motive1 attribut+ moral value exclusively to ! =m]4 ,accord+ to !m1 int5tion is :at a man means to d2 motive is ! p]sonal frame ( m9d :i* indicates :y he means to d x4 ,int5tion is ! concrete aim1 or purpose2 ! results :i* are =ese5 & want$4 ,motive is ! /ate ( m9d :i* r5d]s ^! consequ5ces1 r ?an o!rs1 int]e/+ & attractive4 ,! foll[+ quotations are typical4 ,b5?am says conc]n+ motives3 ,if !y are good or bad1 x is only on acc\nt ( _! effects3 good1 on acc\nt ( _! t5d5cy to produce pleasure1 or av]t pa93 bad1 on acc\nt ( _! t5d5cy to produce pa91 or av]t pleasure4 ,n[ ! case is1 t f "o & ! same motive1 & f e k9d ( motive1 may proce$ actions t are good1 o!rs t are bad1 & o!rs t are indiff]5t4 ,consequ5tly ! "q ( motive is totally irrelevant4 ,he goes on to give a long s]ies ( illu/rations1 f :i* we select "o3 #a4 ,a boy1 9 ord] to div]t himself1 reads an inspir+ book2 ! motive is acc\nt$1 p]haps1 a good "o3 at any rate1 n a bad "o4 #b4 ,he sets 8 top a-sp9n+3 ! motive is deem$ at any rate n a bad "o4 #c4 ,he sets loose a mad ox among a cr[d3 8 motive is n[1 p]haps1 t]m$ an abom9able "o4 ,yet 9 all ?ree cases ! motive may be ! v same3 x may be nei!r m nor less ?an curiosity4#abc ,mill writes to ! foll[+ effect3 ,! morality ( ! action dep5ds entirely ^u ! int5tion----t is1 ^u :at ! ag5t wills to d4 ,b ! motive1 t is1 ! feel+ :i* made him w s to d1 :5 x makes no diff]5ce 9 ! act1 makes none 9 ! morality4#abd ,n[ if motives 7 m]ely in]t feel+s or b>e /ates ( consci\sness happ5+ to fill a p]son's m9d ap>t f 8 desires & 8 ideas1 !y c]ta9ly w\ld n modify 8 acts1 & we %\ld be compell$ to admit ! correctness ( ?is position4 ,b ,mill gives ! :ole case away :5 he says t ! motive :i* makes a man w some?+1 :5 x makes no diff]5ce 9 ! act1 makes none 9 its morality4 ,e motive does make a diff]5ce 9 ! act2 x makes precisely ! diff]5ce betwe5 "o act & ano!r4 ,x is a contradiction 9 t]ms to speak ( ! motive z t :i* makes a man w to d an act or int5d to effect c]ta9 consequ5ces1 & !n speak ( ! motive mak+ no diff]5ce to ! act6 ,h[ c t :i* makes an int5tion make no diff]5ce to x1 & to ! act :i* proce$s f x8 ,concrete ,id5tity ( ,motive & ,int5tion4--,ord9>y spee* uses motive & int5tion int]*angeably4 ,x says1 indiff]5tly1 t a man's motive 9 writ+ a lett] 0 to w>n ! p]son address$ or 0 fri5dl9ess4 ,accord+ to ,b5?am & ,mill1 only s-call$ /ates ( consci\sness 9 :i* "o feels fri5dly c be call$ motive2 ! object aim$ at1 ! w>n+ ( ! p]son1 is int5tion1 n motive4 ,aga9 ord9>y spee* says ei!r t a doctor's int5tion 0 to relieve 8 pati5t1 or t x 0 k9d & prop]1 al?\gh ! act turn$ out badly4 ,b ! utilit>ians w\ld insi/ t only ! fir/ usage is correct1 ! latt] conf\nd+ int5t ) motive4 ,9 g5]al1 su* l>ge t]ms z ambition1 rev5ge1 b5evol5ce1 patriotism1 ju/ice1 av>ice1 are us$ to signify bo? motives & aims2 bo? dispositions f :i* "o acts & results = :i* "o acts4 ,x is ! gi/ ( ! foll[+ discussion t common spee* is ess5tially correct 9 ?is int]*angeable use ( int5tion & motive4 ,! same set ( real facts1 ! entire volunt>y act1 is po9t$ to by bo? t]ms4 ,ambiguity 9 ,t]m ,feel+s4--,!re is a c]ta9 ambiguity 9 ! t]m feel+s z employ$ by ,mill & ,b5?am4 ,x may mean feel+s ap>t f ideas1 bl9d & vague m5tal /ates un5light5$ by ?\ght1 propell+ & impell+ t5d5cies undirect$ by ei!r memory or anticipation4 ,feel+s !n mean %e] in/9cts or impulses4 ,9 ?is s5se1 !y are1 z ,b5?am claims1 )\t moral quality4 ,b also 9 ?is s5se !re are no int5tions ) :i* motives may be contra/$4 ,s f> z an infant or an insane p]son is impell$ by "s bl9d impulsive t5d5cy1 he =esees no?+1 has no object 9 view1 means no?+1 9 8 act2 he acts )\t prem$itation & int5tion4 ,curiosity ( ?is sort may be ! s\rce ( acts :i* are h>mful or useful or indiff]5t4 ,b no consequ5ces 7 intellig5tly =ese5 or delib]ately wi%$ =1 & h5ce ! acts 9 "q lie :olly outside ! scope ( morals1 ev5 accord+ to ! utilit>ian po9t ( view4 ,morality is a matt] ( int5t1 & int5t !re 0 none4 ,motive z ,intellig5t4--,9 "s cases1 !n1 motives h no moral quality :atsoev]1 &1 9 ^! cases1 x is true t int5tion has no moral quality ei!r1 because !re is none4 ,int5tion & motive are morally on ! same level1 n oppos$ to "o ano!r4 ,b motive means n only bl9d feel+1 t is1 impulse )\t ?\ght2 x also means a t5d5cy :i* is aw>e ( its own probable outcome :5 c>ri$ into effect1 & :i* is int]e/$ 9 ! result+ effect4 ,x is p]haps conceivable t a *ild %\ld let loose a bull 9 a cr[d f %e] innoc5t curiosity to see :at w\ld happ5--j z he might p\r acid on a /one4 ,b if he 7 a normal *ild1 ! next "t ! impulse pres5t$ itself he w\ld recall ! previ\s result3 ! fright1 ! damage1 ! injury to life & limb1 & w\ld =esee t simil> consequ5ces are likely to happ5 if he aga9 p]=ms a l act4 ,he n[ has :at ,b5?am & ,mill call an int5tion4 ,suppose he aga9 lets loose ! bull4 ,only v]bally is motive n[ ! same t x 0 be=e4 ,9 fact1 curiosity is a v diff]5t ?+4 ,if ! *ild is /ill immature & inexp]i5c$ & unimag9ative1 we might cont5t ourselves ) say+ t 8 motive is egoi/ic amusem5t2 b we may also say x is d[nright malevol5ce *>act]i/ic ( a crim9al4 ,9 no case %\ld we call x curiosity4 ,:5 =esight ent]s1 int5t1 purpose ent]s also1 & ) x a *ange ( motive f innoc5t1 because bl9d1 impulse1 to delib]ate1 & h5ce to virtu\s or blamewor?y int]e/ 9 effect+ a c]ta9 result4 ,int5tion & motive are ^u ! same moral level4 ,int5tion is ! outcome =ese5 & want$2 motive1 ?is outcome z =ese5 & want$4 ,b ! volunt>y act1 z su*1 is an outcome1 =e?\ght & desir$1 & h5ce attempt$4 ,?is discussion br+s out ! positive tru? = :i* ,b5?am & ,mill /&3 viz41 t ! moral quality ( any impulse or active t5d5cy c be told only by obs]v+ ! sort ( consequ5ces to :i* x leads 9 actual practice4 ,z aga9/ ^? :o insi/ t !re are c]ta9 feel+s 9 human nature s sacr$ t !y d n ne$ to be measur$ or te/$ by not+ ! consequ5ces :i* fl[ f !m1 s sacr$ t !y ju/ify an act no matt] :at its results1 ! utilit>ians are "r4 ,x is true1 z ,b5?am says1 t if motives are good or bad x is on acc\nt ( _! effects4 ,h5ce we mu/ be con/antly consid]+ ! effects ( our v>i\s half-impulsive1 half-bl9d1 half-consci\s1 half-unconsci\s motives1 9 ord] to f9d out :at sort ( ?+s !y are--:e!r to be approv$ & enc\rag$1 or disapprov$ & *eck$4 ,practical ,importance ( ,def9+ ,spr+s to ,action by ,results4--,?is tru? is ( practical z well z ( !oretical significance4 ,_m h be5 taught t c]ta9 emotions are inh]5tly s good t !y are absolutely ! ju/ification ( c]ta9 acts1 s t ! individual is absolv$ f any att5tion :atsoev] to results4 ,in/ance *>ity1 or b5evol5ce4 ,! belief is engra9$ t ! emotion ( pity1 ( desire to relieve ! suff]+s ( o!rs1 is intr9sically noble & elevat+4 ,h5ce x has requir$ mu* discussion & tea*+ to br+ home1 ev5 p>tially1 ! evils ( indiscrim9ate giv+4 ,! fact is t pity1 sympa?y1 ap>t f =eca/ ( specific results to be rea*$ by act+ ^u x1 is a m]e psy*ological reaction1 z mu* s z is %r9k+ f suff]+1 or z is a t5d5cy to run away f dang]2 9 ?is bl9d =m x is devoid ( any moral quality :atsoev]4 ,h5ce to tea* t ! feel+ is good 9 itself is to make its m]e dis*>ge an end 9 itself4 ,?is is to ov]look ! evil consequ5ces 9 ! way ( fraud1 laz9ess1 ineffici5cy1 p>asitism produc$ 9 o!rs1 & ( s5tim5tality1 pride1 self-complac5cy produc$ 9 ! self4 ,!re is no d\bt t ! effect ( "s types ( moral tra9+ is to induce ! belief t an individual may develop goodness ( "* simply by cultivat+ & keep+ upp]mo/ 9 8 consci\sness c]ta9 types ( feel+s1 irrespective ( ! objective results ( ! acts !y lead to--"o ( ! mo/ dang]\s =ms ( hypocrisy & ( weak5$ moral fib]4 ,! insi/5ce ( utilit>ianism t we mu/ become aw>e ( ! moral quality ( our impulses & /ates ( m9d on ! basis ( ! results !y effect1 & mu/ control !m--no matt] h[ good !y feel--by _! results1 is a fundam5tal tru? ( morals4 ,exi/5ce & ,influ5ce ( ,idea ( ,consequ5ces ,dep5ds ^u ,disposition4--,b ! conv]se is equally true4 ,beh9d e concrete purpose or aim1 z idea or ?\ght ( results1 lies some?+1 "s passion1 in/9ct1 impulse1 habit1 int]e/1 :i* gives x a hold on ! p]son1 :i* gives x motor & impell+ =ce2 & :i* conf]s ^u x ! capacity to op]ate z motive1 z spr+ to action4 ,o!rwise1 =ese5 consequ5ces w\ld rema9 m]e intellectual entities :i* ?\ght might speculatively contemplate f af>1 b :i* w\ld nev] possess weight1 influ5ce1 p[] to /ir ef=t4 ,b we mu/ g fur!r4 ,n only is "s active t5d5cy 9 ! con/itution ( ! man responsible = ! motive p[]1 :e!r attractive or o!rwise1 :i* =ese5 consequ5ces possess1 b x is responsible = ! fact t ?is r ?an t consequ5ce is sugge/$4 ,a man ( consi/5tly amiable "* w n be likely to h ?\ghts ( cruelty to weigh & to dismiss2 a man ( gre$ w be likely to h ?\ghts ( p]sonal ga9 & acquisition con/antly pres5t to him4 ,:at an individual is int]e/$ 9 occurs to him2 :at he is indiff]5t to does n pres5t itself 9 imag9ation or lightly slips away4 ,active t5d5cies1 p]sonal attitudes1 are ?us 9 ! end ! det]m9+ causes ( our hav+ c]ta9 int5tions 9 m9d1 z well z ! causes ( _! active or mov+ influ5ce4 ,z ,b5?am says1 motives make int5tions4 ,influ5ce ( ,int]e/ on ,ideas4--,purpose is b ! slave ( memory4 ,we c anticipate ?is or t only z f pa/ exp]i5ce we c con/ruct x4 ,b recall1 re-memb]+ 7re>ticulation7 is selective4 ,we pick out c]ta9 pa/ results1 c]ta9 =m]ly exp]i5c$ results1 & we ignore o!rs4 ,:y8 ,because ( our pres5t int]e/s4 ,we are int]e/$ 9 ?is or t1 & accord+ly x comes to m9d & dwells !re2 or x fails to appe> 9 recollection1 or if appe>+1 is quickly dismiss$4 ,x is important t ! ?+s f ! pa/1 :i* are relevant to our pres5t activity1 %\ld come promptly to m9d & f9d f]tile lodgm5t1 & "* decides h[ ?is happ5s4 ,says ,james3#abe ,:at con/itutes ! difficulty = a man labor+ "u an unwise passion act+ z if ! passion 7 unwise8444 ,! difficulty is m5tal2 x is t ( gett+ ! idea ( ! wise action to /ay be=e our m9d at all4 ,:5 any /rong emotional /ate :atev] is ^u u ! t5d5cy is = no images b su* z are congru\s ) x to come up4 ,if o!rs by *ance (f] !mselves1 !y are in/antly smo!r$ & cr[d$ out4444 ,by a sort ( self-pres]v+ in/9ct :i* our passion has1 x feels t ^! *ill objects ! ?\ghts ( :at is disagreeable to ! passion if !y once b ga9 a lodgm5t1 w "w & "w until !y h froz5 ! v vital sp>k f out ( all our mood4444 ,passion's cue accord+ly is always & ev]y:]e to prev5t _! /ill small voice f be+ he>d at all4 ,?is quotation ref]s to a /rong passion4 ,x is important to note t e int]e/1 e emotion1 ( :atev] nature or /r5g?1 works 9 precisely ! same way4 ,^u ?is hangs ! ent]ta9+ ( memories & ideas ab\t ?+s4 ,h5ce int]e/ is ! c5tral factor 9 ! developm5t ( any concrete int5tion1 bo? z to :at x is & z to :at x is n--t is1 :at ! aim w\ld h be5 if ! emotional attitude _h be5 diff]5t4 ,giv5 a c]ta9 emotional attitude1 & ! consequ5ces :i* are p]t95t to x are ?\ght (1 :ile o!r & equally probable consequ5ces are ignor$4 ,a man ( a truly k9dly disposition is s5sitive to1 aw>e (1 probable results on o!r p's welf>e2 a cauti\s p]son sees consequ5ces ) ref]5ce to 8 own /&+2 an av>ici\s man feels results 9 t]ms ( ! probable increase or decrease ( 8 possessions2 & s on4 ,! intimate relation ( int]e/ & att5tion =ms ! insep>able tie ( int5tion1 :at "o w1 to motive1 :y he s wills4 ,:5 ,b5?am says t ,motives are ! causes ( int5tions1 he /ates ! fact1 & also reveals motive z ! prop] f9al object ( moral judgm5t4 ,sec4 #c4 ,,conduct ,,& ,,"* ,! discussion enables u to place conduct & "* 9 relation to ea* o!r4 ,mill1 aft] ! passage already quot$ 7see above1 p4 #bdh71 to ! effect t motive makes no diff]5ce to ! morality ( ! act1 says x makes a great diff]5ce 9 our moral e/imation ( ! ag5t1 especially if x indicates a good or a bad habitual disposition--a b5t ( "* f :i* useful1 or f :i* hurtful1 actions are likely to arise4 ,to l effect ,b5?am3 ,is !re no?+1 !n1 he asks1#abf ab\t a man :i* c be t]m$ good or bad1 :5 on su* or su* an occasion1 he suff]s himself to be gov]n$ by su* & su* a motive8 ,yes1 c]ta9ly1 8 disposition4 ,n[ disposition is a k9d ( fictiti\s entity1#abg feign$ = ! conv5i5ce ( disc\rse1 9 ord] to express :at !re is suppos$ to be p]man5t 9 a man's frame ( m9d1 :]e1 on su* or su* an occasion1 he has be5 influ5c$ by su* or su* a motive1 to engage 9 an act1 :i*1 z x appe>$ to him1 0 ( su* or su* a t5d5cy4 ,he !n goes on to say t disposition is good or bad accord+ to its effects4 ,a man is said to be ( a mis*iev\s#abh disposition1 :5 by ! influ5ce ( no matt] :at motives1 he is presum$ to be m apt to engage1 or =m int5tions ( engag+1 9 acts :i* are app>5tly ( a p]nici\s t5d5cy ?an 9 su* z are app>5tly ( a b5eficial t5d5cy3 ( a m]itori\s or b5efic5t disposition 9 ! opposite case4#abi ,& aga93 ,x is evid5t t ! nature ( a man's disposition mu/ dep5d ^u ! nature ( ! motives he is apt to be influ5c$ by2 9 o!r words1 ^u ! degree ( 8 s5sibility to ! =ce ( su* & su* motives4 ,= 8 disposition is1 z x 71 ! sum ( 8 int5tions4444 ,n[1 int5tions1 l ev]y?+ else1 are produc$ by ! ?+s t are _! causes3 & ! causes ( int5tions are motives4 ,if1 on any occasion1 a man =ms ei!r a good or a bad int5tion1 x mu/ be by ! influ5ce ( "s motive4#acj ,role ( ,"*4--,"h we h an explicit recognition ( ! fundam5tal role ( "* 9 ! moral life2 & also ( :y x is important4 ,"* is t body ( active t5d5cies & int]e/s 9 ! individual :i* make him op51 ready1 w>m to c]ta9 aims1 & call\s1 cold1 bl9d to o!rs1 & :i* accord+ly habitually t5d to make him acutely aw>e ( & favorable to c]ta9 sorts ( consequ5ces1 & ignorant ( or ho/ile to o!r consequ5ces4 ,a selfi% man ne$ n consci\sly ?9k a great deal ( himself1 nor ne$ he be "o :o1 aft] delib]ately weigh+ 8 own claims & o!rs' claims1 consci\sly & p]si/5tly *ooses ! =m]4 ,! numb] ( p]sons :o aft] fac+ ! entire situation1 w\ld /ill be anti-social en\gh delib]ately to sacrifice ! welf>e ( o!rs is probably small4 ,b a man w h a selfi% & egoi/ic "* :o1 irrespective ( any su* consci\s balanc+ ( 8 own & o!rs' welf>e1 is habitually m accessible to ! ?\ght ( ^? consequ5ces :i* affect himself ?an he is to ^? :i* be> ^u o!rs4 ,x is n s mu* t aft] ?9k+ ( ! effect ^u o!rs he decl9es to give ^! ?\ghts any weight1 z t he habitually fails to ?9k at all1 or to ?9k 9 a vivid & complete way1 ( ! int]e/s ( o!rs4 ,z we say1 he does n c>e2 he does n consid]1 or reg>d1 o!rs4#aca ,p>tial & ,complete ,int5t4--,to ,mill's /atem5t t morality dep5ds on int5tion n ^u motive1 a critic object$ t on ?is basis a tyrant's act 9 sav+ a man f dr[n+ w\ld be good--! int5t be+ rescue ( life--al?\gh 8 motive 0 abom9able1 namely cruelty1 = x 0 ! res]vation ( ! man = dea? by torture4 ,mill's reply is significant4 ,n s1 he answ]$2 !re is 9 ?is case a diff]5ce ( int5tion1 n m]ely ( motive4 ,! rescue 0 n ! :ole act1 b only ! necess>y fir/ /ep ( an act4 ,?is answ] w be f\nd to apply to e act 9 :i* a sup]ficial analysis w\ld seem to make int5t diff]5t 9 its moral significance f motive4 ,take into acc\nt ! remote consequ5ces 9 view z well z ! ne>1 & ! seem+ discrepancy disappe>s4 ,! int5t ( rescu+ a man & ! motive ( cruelty are bo? descriptions ( ! same act1 ! same moral reality2 ! diff]5ce ly+ n 9 ! fact1 b 9 ! po9t ( view f :i* x is nam$4 ,n[ !re is 9 e "o a t5d5cy to fix 9 8 m9d only a "p ( ! probable consequ5ces ( 8 de$2 ! "p :i* is mo/ innoc5t1 ^u :i* a favorable con/ruction may mo/ easily be put1 or :i* is tempor>ily mo/ agreeable to contemplate4 ,?us ! p]son conc5trates 8 ?\ght1 8 =eca/ ( consequ5ces ^u ext]nal & indiff]5t matt]s1 ^u di/ribution ( commodities1 increase ( money or mat]ial res\rces1 & ^u positively valuable results1 at ! exp5se ( o!r *anges----*anges = ! worse 9 8 disposition & 9 ! well-be+ & fre$om ( o!rs4 ,?us he causes to /& out 9 /rong light all ( ^? consequ5ces ( 8 activity :i* are b5eficial & "r1 & dismisses ^? ( ano!r nature to ! dim recesses ( consci\sness1 s !y w n tr\ble him ) scruples ab\t ! prop] "* ( 8 act4 ,s9ce consequ5ces are usually m or less mix$1 su* half-consci\s1 half-unconsci\s1 half-volunt>y1 half-in/9ctive selection easily becomes a habit4 ,!n ! individual excuses himself ) ref]5ce to ! actual bad results ( 8 behavior on ! gr\nd t he meant well1 8 int5tion 0 good6 ,common s5se disposes ( ?is evasion by recogniz+ ! reality ( will+4 ,we say a man is will+ to h ?+s happ5 :51 9 spite ( ! fact t 9 & ( !mselves !y are objectionable & h5ce w\ld n be will$ 9 _! isolation1 !y are cons5t$ to1 because !y are b\nd up ) some?+ else ! p]son wants4 ,& to be will+ to h ! h>m foll[ is really to w x4 ,! ag5t int5ds or wills all ^? consequ5ces :i* 8 prevail+ motive or "* makes him will+ "u ! circum/ances to accept or tol]ate4 ,exactly ! same po9t comes out f ! side ( motive4 ,motives are complex & mix$2 ultimately ! motive to an act is t entire "* ( an ag5t on acc\nt ( :i* "o alt]native set ( possible results appeal to him & /ir him4 ,su* motives z pure b5evol5ce1 av>ice1 gratitude1 rev5ge1 are ab/ractions2 we "n ! motive f ! g5]al tr5d ( ! issue1 ignor+ contribut+ & indirect causes4 ,all assign$ motives are m or less po/-mortem affairs4 ,no actuat+ motive is ev] z simple z reflection aft]w>ds makes x4 ,b ! ju/ification ( ! simplification is t x br+s to light "s factor :i* ne$s fur!r att5tion4 ,no "o c read 8 own motives1 mu* less ^? ( ano!r1 ) p]fect accuracy2--?\gh ! m s9c]e & transp>5t ! "* ! m feasible is ! read+4 ,motives :i* are active 9 ! dep?s ( "* pres5t !mselves only obscurely & subconsci\sly4 ,n[ if "o has be5 tra9$ to ?9k t motive ap>t f int5tion1 ap>t f view ( consequ5ces fl[+ f an act1 is ! s\rce & ju/ification ( its morality1 a false & p]v]se turn is almo/ sure to be giv5 to 8 judgm5t4 ,su* a p]son fo/]s & keeps upp]mo/ 9 ! focus ( 8 p]ceptions c]ta9 /ates ( feel+1 c]ta9 emotions :i* he has be5 taught are good2 & !n excuses 8 act1 9 face ( bad consequ5ces1 on ! gr\nd t x sprang f a good motive4 ,selfi% p]sons are always be+ misund]/ood4 ,?us a man ( naturally buoyant & amiable disposition may unconsci\sly le>n to cultivate sup]ficially c]ta9 emotions ( good-feel+ to o!rs1 & yet act 9 ways :i*1 judg$ by consequ5ces t ! man might h =ese5 if he _h *os5 to1 are utt]ly ho/ile to ! int]e/s ( o!rs4 ,su* a man may feel indignant :5 accus$ ( unju/ or ung5]\s behavior1 & call+ o!rs to acc\nt = un*>itabl5ess1 be> witness 9 8 own behalf t he nev] ent]ta9$ any feel+s ( unk9dness1 or any feel+s except ^? ( b5evol5ce1 t[>ds ! individual 9 "q4#acb ,only ! habit ( read+ motives 9 ! light ( p]si/5t1 ?or\gh1 & m9ute att5tion to ! consequ5ces :i* fl[ f !m c save a man f su* moral error4 ,sec4 #d4 ,,morality ,,( ,,acts ,,& ,,( ,,ag5ts ,subjective & ,objective ,morality4--,f9ally we may discuss ! po9t at issue ) ref]5ce to ! suppos$ di/9ction betwe5 subjective & objective morality--an ag5t may be good & 8 act bad or vice-v]sa4 ,bo? ( ! s*ools :i* place moral quality ei!r 9 attitude or 9 cont5t1 9 motive or int5t indep5d5tly ( ea* o!r1 agree 9 mak+ a di/9ction betwe5 ! morality ( an act & ! morality ( ! ag5t--betwe5 objective & subjective morality4#acc ,?us1 z we h se51 ,mill says ! motive makes a diff]5ce 9 our moral e/imate ( its do]1 ev5 :5 x makes none 9 our judgm5t ( 8 action4 ,x is a common idea t c]ta9 acts are "r no matt] :at ! motive ( ! do]1 ev5 :5 done by "o ) a bad disposition 9 do+ !m4 ,!re c be no d\bt t !re is a s]i\s difficulty 9 ! facts !mselves4 ,m5 actuat$ by a h>% & n>r[ desire = indu/rial p[] or = weal? produce social b5efits1 /imulate inv5tion & progress1 & raise ! level ( social life4 ,napoleon 0 d\btless mov$ by vanity & va+lory to an ext5t involv+ imm5se disreg>d ( o!rs' rights4 ,& yet 9 jurisprud5ce1 civil arrangem5ts1 & education he r5d]$ imm5se social s]vice4 ,aga91 ! consci5ti\s man is (t5 guilty ( br++ great evils ^u society4 ,8 v conviction ( 8 own rightness may only add to ! int5se vigor :i* he puts into 8 p]nici\s acts4 ,surely1 we _c approve ! conduct1 al?\gh we are n entitl$ morally to condemn ! consci5ti\s do]1 :o does ! be/ he kn[s--or believes4 ,moral ,quality ( ,do] & ,de$ ,proportionate4--,if we rule out irrelevant consid]ations1 we f9d t we nev]1 )\t qualification1 inv]t our moral judgm5ts ( do] & de$4 ,s f> z we reg>d ,napoleon's actions z morally good 7n m]ely z happ5+ to effect c]ta9 desirable results7 we give ,napoleon cr$it = int]e/ 9 br++ ab\t ^? results1 & 9 s f> =?1 call him good4 ,"*1 l conduct1 is a highly complex ?+4 ,no human be+ is all good or all bad4 ,ev5 if we 7 sure t ,napoleon 0 an evil-m9d$ man1 our judgm5t is ( him z evil ^u ! :ole4 ,only if we suppose him to be bad & only bad all ! "t is !re ! opposition ( evil "* & good actions4 ,we may believe t ev5 9 :at ,napoleon did 9 ! way ( legal & civic re=m he 0 actuat$ by mix$ motives--by vanity1 love ( great]1 because m c5traliz$1 p[]1 etc4 ,b ^! int]e/s 9 & ( !mselves c\ld n h effect$ ! results he accompli%$4 ,he mu/ h _h "s insight into a bett] condition ( affairs1 & ?is insight evid5ces an int]e/ 9 s f> good4 ,moreov]1 s f> z we judge ,napoleon bad z to 8 "* & motive 9 ^! acts1 we are entitl$ to hold t ! actions & also ! outw>d results 7 also p>tially evil4 ,t is1 :ile to "s ext5t1 socially b5eficial1 !y w\ld h be5 /ill m s if ,napoleon _h be5 actuat$ by less self-c5tr$ consid]ations4 ,if 8 "* _h be5 simpl]1 m s9c]e1 m /raight=w>d1 !n c]ta9 evil results1 c]ta9 (fsets to ! good he accompli%$1 w\ld n h occurr$4 ,! mixture ( good & evil 9 ! results & ! mixture ( good & evil 9 ! motives are proportionate to ea* o!r4 ,su* is ! conclusion :5 we recognize ! complexities ( "* & conduct1 & d n all[ ourselves to be impos$ ^u by a fictiti\s simplicity ( analysis4 ,summ>y4--,! fir/ quality :i* is ! object ( judgm5t prim>ily resides !n 9 int5tion3 9 ! consequ5ces :i* are =ese5 & desir$4 ,ultimately x resides 9 t disposition or *>act]i/ics ( a p]son :i* are responsible = 8 =esee+ & desir+ j su* consequ5ces r ?an o!rs4 ,! gr\nd = judg+ an act on ! basis ( consequ5ces n =ese5 is t ! p[]s ( a man are n fix$1 b capable ( modification & r$irection4 ,x is only ?r\gh tak+ into acc\nt 9 subsequ5t acts consequ5ces ( prior acts n int5d$ 9 ^? prior acts t ! ag5t le>ns ! full] significance ( 8 own p[] & ?us ( himself4 ,e build] builds o!r ?an he kn[s1 :e!r bett] or worse4 ,9 no case1 c he =esee all ! consequ5ces ( 8 acts4 ,9 subsequ5t exp]i5ce ^! results1 m]e by-products ( ! orig9al volition1 ent] 94 ,out] & non-moral = ! orig9al act1 !y are )9 subsequ5t volunt>y activity1 because !y influ5ce desire & make =esight m accurate 9 detail & m ext5sive 9 range4 ,?is translation ( consequ5ces once :olly un=eseeable into consequ5ces :i* h to be tak5 9 acc\nt is at its maximum 9 ! *ange ( impulsive into intellig5t action4 ,b !re is no act s intellig5t t its actual consequ5ces d n run beyond its =ese5 ones1 & ?us necessitate a subsequ5t revision ( int5tion4 ,?us ! di/9ction ( inn] & out] is "o involv$ 9 ! gr[? ( "* & conduct4 ,only if "* 7 n 9 process ( *ange1 only if conduct 7 a fix$ because isolat$ ?+1 %\ld we h t sep>ation ( ! inn] & ! out] :i* und]lies alike ! ,kantian & ! utilit>ian !ories4 ,9 tru?1 !re is no sep>ation1 b only a contra/ ( ! diff]5t levels ( desire & =e?\ght ( e>li] & lat] activities4 ,! great ne$ ( ! moral ag5t is ?us a "* :i* w make him z op51 z accessible z possible1 to ! recognition ( ! consequ5ces ( 8 behavior4 ,,lit]ature ,on ,,conduct ,,& ,,"* 9 g5]al1 see ,pauls51 ,sy/em ( ,e?ics1 pp4 #dfh-dgb2 ,mack5zie1 ,manual ( ,e?ics1 ,book ,i41 *4 iii42 ,sp5c]1 ,pr9ciples ( ,e?ics1 ,"p ,i41 *s4 i4-viii42 ,gre51 ,prolegom5a to ,e?ics1 pp4 #aaj-aag1 #aeb-aei2 ,alex&]1 ,moral ,ord] & ,progress1 pp4 #dh-eb2 ,/eph51 ,sci5ce ( ,e?ics1 *4 ii42 ,mezes1 ,e?ics1 *4 iv42 ,se?1 ,e?ical ,pr9ciples1 *4 iii4 ,^u ,,motive ,,& ,,int5tion consult ,b5?am1 ,pr9ciples ( ,morals & ,legislation1 *s4 viii4 & x42 ,james ,mill1 ,analysis ( ,human ,m9d1 ,vol4 ,,ii41 *s4 xxii4 & xxv42 ,au/91 ,jurisprud5ce1 ,vol4 ,i41 *s4 xviii4-xx42 ,gre51 ,prolegom5a1 pp4 #cae-cbe2 ,alex&]1 ,moral ,ord] & ,progress1 pp4 #cf-dg2 ,we/]m>ck1 ,orig9 & ,developm5t ( ! ,moral ,ideas1 *s4 viii41 xi41 & xiii42 ,rit*ie1 ,int]national ,j\rnal ( ,e?ics1 ,vol4 ,,iv41 pp4 #hi-id1 & #bbi-bch1 :]e f>!r ref]5ces are giv54 ,^u ,,=mal ,,& ,,mat]ial 7or subjective & objective7 ,,rightness see ,sidgwick1 ,hi/ory ( ,e?ics1 p4 #bjj2 ,rickaby1 ,moral ,philosophy1 p4 #c1 pp4 #cc-dj2 ,b[ne1 ,pr9ciples ( ,e?ics1 pp4 #ci-dj2 ,br[n1 ,philosophy ( ,m9d1 ,vol4 ,,iii41 p4 #dhi & pp4 #dii-ejj2 ,pauls51 ,sy/em ( ,e?ics1 pp4 #bbg-bcc2 ,gre51 ,prolegom5a1 pp4 #cag-cbc2 ,sidgwick1 ,me?ods ( ,e?ics1 pp4 #bjf-bjg4 ,,footnotes3 #abj ,:5 ,kant says t ! coolness ( a villa9 makes him m dang]\s & m abom9able1 x is sugge/$ t x is m abom9able because x is m dang]\s--surely a /atem5t ( ! value ( w 9 t]ms ( ! results x t5ds to effect4 #aba ,kant's di/9ction betwe5 a m]e wi%1 & assum+ all ! means 9 our p[]1 appe>s to recognize ?is fact1 b he does n apply ! fact 9 8 !ory4 #abb ,b1 z we %all see1 ! utilit>ians make f9ally a di/9ction betwe5 ends a*iev$ & ends attempt$4 #abc ,b5?am1 ,pr9ciples ( ,morals & ,legislation1 *4 x41 ,sec4 #c4 #abd ,mill1 ,utilit>ianism4 #abe ,psy*ology1 ,vol4 ,,ii41 pp4 #efb-efc4 ,! :ole passage1 pp4 #efa-efi1 %\ld be ?or\ghly famili> to e e?ical /ud5t2 & %\ld be comp>$ ) :at is said 9 ,vol4 ,i41 pp4 #bhd-bij1 ab\t ! selective t5d5cy ( feel+s2 & ,vol4 ,i41 *4 xi41 ^u att5tion1 & ,vol4 ,i41 pp4 #eae-ebb1 ^u discrim9ation4 ,hoeffd+1 ,psy*ology 7translat$71 is also cle> & explicit ) ref]5ce to ! influ5ce ( our emotions ^u our ideas4 7,see especially pp4 #bih-cjg47 ,! developm5t ( ?is fact 9 "s ( its aspects is "o ( ! *ief traits ( ! ,e?ics ( ,sp9oza4 #abf ,pr9ciples ( ,morals & ,legislation1 *4 xi41 ,sec4 #a4 #abg ,b5?am does n mean unreal by a fictiti\s entity4 ,accord+ to 8 logic1 all g5]al & ab/ract t]ms1 all words designat+ relations r ?an elem5ts1 are fictiti\s entities4 #abh ,by mis*iev\s he means p]nici\s1 bad1 vici\s1 or ev5 deprav$ 9 extreme cases4 #abi ,ibid41 *4 xi41 ,sec4 #c4 #acj ,ibid41 ,secs4 #bg & #bh4 #aca ,! fact t common moral exp]i5ce1 z embodi$ 9 common spee*1 uses su* t]ms z ?9k (1 consid]1 reg>d1 pay att5tion to 79 su* expressions z he is ?\ghtful (1 consid]ate (1 reg>dful (1 m9dful (1 att5tive to1 ! int]e/s ( o!rs7 9 a way imply+ bo? ! action ( intellig5ce & ( ! affections1 is ! exact c\nt]p>t ( ! int]*angeable use1 already m5tion$1 ( ! t]ms int5tion & motive4 #acb ,9 %ort1 ! way an individual favors himself 9 read+ 8 own motives is z mu* an evid5ce ( 8 egoism z ! way he favors himself 9 outw>d action4 ,crim9als c almo/ always assign good motives4 #acc ,=mally & mat]ially good or bad are t]ms also employ$ to d5ote ! same di/9ction4 7,see ,sidgwick1 ,hi/ory ( ,e?ics1 pp4 #aii-bjj2 s ,b[ne1 ,pr9ciples ( ,e?ics1 pp4 #ci-dj47 ,! famili> di/9ction betwe5 ! =mal & ! mat]ial rightness ( action3 ,! =m] dep5ds ^u ! attitude ( ! ag5t's w t[>ds 8 ideal ( "r2 ! latt] dep5ds ^u ! h>mony ( ! act ) ! laws ( reality & its result+ t5d5cy to produce & promote well-be+4 ,b[ne holds t bo? are necess>y1 :ile =mal rightness is e?ically m important1 ?\gh n all important4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,happ9ess ,,& ,,conduct3 ,,! ,,good ,,& ,,desire ,we h rea*$ a conclusion z to our fir/ inquiry 7p4 #bja71 & h decid$ t ! appropriate subject-matt] ( moral judgm5t is ! disposition ( ! p]son z manife/$ 9 ! t5d5cies :i* cause c]ta9 consequ5ces1 r ?an o!rs1 to be consid]$ & e/eem$--=ese5 & desir$4 ,disposition1 motive1 int5t are !n judg$ good or bad accord+ to ! consequ5ces !y t5d to produce4 ,b :at are ! consequ5ces by :i* we det]m9e any?+ to be good or bad8 ,we turn f ! locus or resid5ce ( ! di/9ctions ( good & bad to ! nature ( ! di/9ctions !mselves4 ,:at d good & bad mean z t]ms ( volunt>y behavior8 ,happ9ess & ,mis]y z ! ,good & ,bad4--,!re is "o answ] to ?is "q :i* is at once s simple & s compreh5sive t x has always be5 pr(ess$ by "s repres5tative e?ical !ory3 ! good is happ9ess1 well-be+1 pleasure2 ! bad is mis]y1 woe1 pa94#acd ,! agreeabl5ess or disagreeabl5ess att5d+ consequ5ces diff]5tiates !m into good & bad2 & x is because "s de$s are f\nd to lead to pleasure1 :ile o!rs lead to pa91 t !y are adjudg$ virtu\s or vici\s4 ,9 its mod]n =m1 ?is !ory is kn[n z utilit>ianism4 ,b5?am has giv5 x a sweep+ & cle> =mulation4 ,nature has plac$ mank9d "u ! gov]nance ( two sov]eign ma/]s1 pa9 & pleasure4 ,x is = !m alone to po9t out :at we ought to d z well z to det]m9e :at we %all d4 ,on ! "o h&1 ! /&>d ( "r & wrong1 on ! o!r *a9 ( causes & effects1 are fa/5$ to _! ?rone4 ,/rictly speak+ no?+ c be said to be good or bad b ei!r 9 itself1 :i* is ! case only ) pa9 or pleasure2 or on acc\nt ( its effects1 :i* is ! case only ) ?+s t are ! cause or prev5tive ( pa9 or pleasure4 ,aga93 ,by ! pr9ciple ( utility is meant t pr9ciple :i* approves or disapproves ( e action :atev] accord+ to ! t5d5cy x appe>s to h to augm5t or dim9i% ! happ9ess ( ! p>ty ^: int]e/s are 9 "q4#ace ,once m3 ,! greate/ happ9ess ( all ^? ^: int]e/ is 9 "q is ! "r & prop]1 & ! only "r & prop] & univ]sally desirable end ( human action4 ,only on ! basis ( ?is pr9ciple d ! words '"r & wrong' & 'ought' h an intellig5t mean+ z appli$ to actions2 o!rwise !y h n4 ,?is la/ /atem5t ne$ n mean1 h[ev]1 t all judgm5ts ( "r & wrong are z matt] ( fact d]iv$ f a consid]ation ( ! results ( action 9 ! way ( pa9 & pleasure1 b t ^u ?is gr\nd alone %\ld our judgm5ts be =m$1 s9ce ^u ?is basis alone c !y be ju/ifi$4#acf ,axiomatic ,id5tification ( ,good ) ,happ9ess4--,! pr9ciple t happ9ess is ! ultimate aim ( human action & ! ultimate /&>d ( ! moral value ( t action is g5]ally reg>d$ by ! utilit>ians z axiomatic & n susceptible ( pro(4 ,z ,b5?am says1 t :i* is us$ to prove ev]y?+ else _c itself be prov$4 ,a *a9 ( pro(s mu/ h _! comm5cem5t some:]e4 ,s ,ba9 says 7,moral ,sci5ce1 p4 #bg71 ,n[ !re c be no pro( (f]$ = ! position t happ9ess is ! prop] end ( all human proc$ures1 ! crit]ion ( all "r conduct4 ,x is an ultimate or f9al assumption to be te/$ by ref]5ce to ! individual judgm5ts ( mank9d4 ,?us also ,mill 7,utilit>ianism73 ,! only pro( capable ( be+ giv5 t an object is visible is t p actually see x4 ,9 l mann] ! sole pro( t x is possible to produce t any?+ is desirable is t p d actually desire x4#acg ,extreme ,opposition to ,happ9ess ,!ory4--,9 /rik+ contra/ to ?is view ( ! self-evid5t "* ( happ9ess z ! all-desirable1 is ! view ( ^? to :om x is equally self-evid5t t to make pleasure ! end ( action is de/ructive ( all morality4 ,c>lyle is an int]e/+ illu/ration ( a viol5t reaction aga9/ utilit>ianism4 ,8 m mod]ate *>act]ization ( x is me*anical pr(it & loss !ory4 ,x is an uphol/]y & cook]y conception ( morals4 ,x nev] gets above ! level ( consid]ations ( com=t & exp$i5cy4 ,m vehem5tly1 x is a pig philosophy :i* reg>ds ! univ]se z a sw9e tr\gh 9 :i* virtue is ?\ght ( z ! atta9m5t ( ! maximum possible quantity ( pig's wa%4 ,aga91 apo/rophiz+ man1 he says3 ,art ?\ no?+ else ?an a ,vulture t flies ?r\gh ! ,univ]se seek+ aft] ,some:at to eat2 %riek+ dolefully because ,c>rion en\gh is n giv5 !e8 ,( ! attempt to make g5]al happ9ess ! end1 he says x proposes ! problem ( ,giv5 a _w ( ,knaves1 to produce hone/y f _! unit$ action1 ! t]m knave ref]r+ to ! individuali/ic self-seek+ "* ( pleasure & hone/y to ! social outcome desir$4 ,z a political !ory1 he ?\ght t utilit>ianism subord9at$ ju/ice to b5evol5ce1 & 9 t light he ref]r$ to x z a univ]sal syllabub ( philan?rophic twaddle4 ,ambiguity 9 ,notion ( ,happ9ess4--,if to "s x is self-evid5t t happ9ess is ! aim ( action1 & success 9 a*iev+ x ! te/ bo? ( ! act & ! disposition f :i* x proce$s2 :ile to o!rs x is equally obvi\s t su* a view means immorality or at lea/ a base & sordid morality1 x is reasonable to suppose t ! happ9ess does n mean ! same to bo? p>ties2 t !re is "s fundam5tal ambiguity 9 ! notion4 ,s\rce ( ,ambiguity4--,! nature ( ?is ambiguity may be inf]r$ f ! fact t ,b5?am himself--& 9 ?is he is typical ( all ! utilit>ians--comb9es 9 8 /atem5t two aspects ( happ9ess1 or two views ( pleasure4 ,he says x is = pleasure & pa9 alone to po9t out :at we ought to d1 t !y are ! only basis ^u :i* our judgm5ts ( "r & wrong ought to be =m$1 or ^u :i* !y c be ju/ifi$4 ,o!r ?+s may be tak5 z po9t+ out :at we ought to d2 o!r /&>ds ( judgm5t--caprice1 sympa?y1 dogma--are employ$4 ,b !y are n ! "r & prop] ones4 ,consid]ation ( consequ5ces ( ! act 9 ! way ( effect ^u ! happ9ess & mis]y ( all conc]n$1 furni%es ! only prop] way ( regulat+ ! =mation ( "r ends4 ,a c]ta9 happ9ess1 t ( results1 is ! /&>d4 ,b ?is presupposes t1 9 any case !re is "s end1 & "o :i* may be improp] because n 9 accord ) ! /&>d4 ,yet ?is end also mu/ be pleasure4 ,pleasure & pa9 det]m9e :at we %all d1 :e!r we act = ! maximum ( pleasures or n4 ,! *a9 ( causes z well z ! /&>d ( "r is fa/5$ to !m4 ,we act = pleasure1 ev5 :5 we d n act = ! pleasures = :i* we ought to act4 ,pleasure or happ9ess ?us appe>s 9 a d\ble role4 ,only 9 ! case ( "r ends1 is x ! same happ9ess :i* s]ves z a mov+ spr+ & z /&>d ( judgm5t4 ,9 o!r cases1 x is "o pleasure :i* is ! end 9 view1 & ano!r pleasure1 "o n 9 view1 or at lea/ n influ5c+ action1 :i* measures rightness4 ,! ess5ce1 s to speak1 ( a wrong act is precisely t ! pleasures :i* produce x are n ^! pleasures :i* measure its goodness2 ! ag5t is n mov$ to act by ^? pleasures & pa9s :i* z consequ5ces settle its moral value1 b by "s pleasure or pa9 :i* happ5s to be /rongly felt at ! mom5t ( action4 ,two ,sorts ( ,good4--,?us1 ev5 f ,b5?am's po9t ( view1 !re is a diff]5ce betwe5 real & app>5t happ9ess1 betwe5 ! good :i* moves to action & t :i*1 be+ ! /&>d1 %\ld move4 ,if ! end ( all acts is happ9ess & yet we require a consid]ation ( results to %[ u :at happ9ess we are ju/ifi$ 9 seek+1 !n happ9ess is 9 a highly ambigu\s position4 ,:ile f "o /&po9t1 x furni%es ! /&>d ( "r & wrong2 f ano!r1 x furni%es ! mov+ spr+ ( all wrong action2 x is t :i* s solicits & tempts u t we fail to employ ! "r /&>d = ! regulation ( our action1 & h5ce g a/ray4 ,x seems to "s 7z to ,c>lyle7 t ?is di/9ction is s fundam5tal t x is absurd to say t "o & ! same ?+ c be ! /&>d ( all "r action & ! mov+ spr+ ( all wrong action4 ,h5ce !y insi/ ^u ! fundam5tal opposition ( virtue & happ9ess4 ,moreov]1 f ,b5?am's own po9t ( view1 !re is a diff]5ce betwe5 ! good :i* fir/ pres5ts itself1 :i* fir/ /irs desire & solicits to action1 & ! good :i* be+ =m$ aft] & ^u ! basis ( consid]ation ( consequ5ces1 is ! "r good4 ,9 call+ ! latt] ! "r1 we mean t x has au?ority ov] ! end :i* fir/ appe>s2 & h5ce has supreme claim ov] action4 ,s x is aga9 evid5t t we are us+ happ9ess 9 two q diff]5t s5ses2 s t if we call ! fir/ end t pres5ts itself happ9ess1 ! "r end w be some?+ else2 or if we call ! consequ5ces :i* measure ! wor? ( ! act happ9ess1 !n ! fir/ end ought to be call$ some?+ else4 ,if happ9ess is ! natural end ( all desire & endeavor1 x is absurd to say t ! same happ9ess ought to be ! end4 ,if all objects fall to ! gr\nd any way1 we d n say !y ought to fall4 ,if all our acts are mov$ any way by pleasure & pa91 ?is fact1 j because x applies equally to all acts1 ?r[s no lights ^u ! rightness or wrongness ( any "o ( !m4 ,or1 on ! o!r h&1 if t = :i* we %\ld act is a k9d ( happ9ess :i* involves full consid]ation ( consequ5ces1 x is mislead+ to call t happ9ess f :i* we act bl9dly or )\t prop] =e?\ght4 ,if happ9ess is to be ! same z ! moral good1 x mu/ be aft] ! "r k9d ( happ9ess has be5 di/+ui%$2 namely1 t :i* comm5ds itself aft] adequate reflection4 ,our criticism ( ,b5?am w be direct$ to %[+ t1 s f> z he conceives ( happ9ess z simply a sum ( pleasures alike 9 quality1 b diff]+ only 9 quantity1 he _c make ?is di/9ction4 ,z an e>ly critic 7,hazlitt7 ( ,b5?am said3 ,pleasure is t :i* is s 9 itself4 ,good is t :i* approves itself on reflection1 or ! idea ( :i* is a s\rce ( satisfaction4 ,all pleasure is n1 !re=e 7morally speak+71 equally a good2 = all pleasure does n equally be> reflect+ ^u4 ,we %all fur!r try to %[ t ! reason = ,b5?am's conceiv+ happ9ess z simply a sum ( pleasures is t he falls into ! error already discuss$1 ( sep>at+ consequ5ces f ! disposition & capacities or active t5d5cies ( ! ag5t4 ,& t1 :5 we correct ?is error1 ! prop] mean+ ( happ9ess turns out to be ! satisfaction1 realization1 or fulfillm5t ( "s purpose & p[] ( ! ag5t4 ,?us we c di/+ui% betwe5 ! false & unsatisfactory happ9ess f\nd 9 ! expression ( a m or less isolat$ & sup]ficial t5d5cy ( ! self1 & ! true or g5u9e good f\nd 9 ! adequate fulfillm5t ( a fundam5tal & fully relat$ capacity4 ,we %all fir/ take up ! discussion "u ! heads j br\ght out3 ,i4 ,happ9ess z ! ,natural ,end or ,object ( ,desire2 ,,ii4 ,happ9ess z ,/&>d ( ,judgm5t4 ,sec4 #a4 ,,! ,,object ,,( ,,desire ,h$oni/ic ,!ory ( ,desire4--,t phase ( utilit>ianism :i* holds t ! object ( desire is pleasure1 is t]m$ h$onism1 or sometimes psy*ological h$onism to di/+ui% x f e?ical h$onism1 ! !ory t pleasure is ! /&>d = judg+ acts4 ,! fundam5tal fallacy ( psy*ological h$onism has be5 well /at$ by ,gre5 to be suppos+ t a desire c be ar\s$ or creat$ by ! anticipation ( its own satisfaction--i4e41 9 suppos+ t ! idea ( ! pleasure ( ex]cise ar\ses desire = x1 :5 9 fact ! idea ( ex]cise is pleasant only if !re be already "s desire = x 7,gre51 ,prolegom5a to ,e?ics1 p4 #afh74 ,giv5 a desire already 9 exi/5ce1 ! idea ( an object :i* is ?\ght ( z satisfy+ t desire w always ar\se pleasure1 or be ?\ght ( z pleasurable4 ,b h$onism fails to consid] ! radical diff]5ce betwe5 an object's ar\s+ pleasure1 because x is reg>d$ z satisfy+ desire1 & ! ?\ght ( a pleasure ar\s+ a desire3--al?\gh ! feel+ ( agreeabl5ess may int5sify ! movem5t t[>ds ! object4 ,a hungry man ?9ks ( a beef/eak z t :i* w\ld satisfy 8 appetite2 8 ?\ght is at once clo!d ) an agreeable tone & ! consci\s =ce ( ! appetite is correspond+ly int5sifi$2 ! mis] ?9ks ( gold 9 a simil> way2 ! b5evol5t ( an act ( *>ity1 etc4 ,b 9 ea* case ! pres5ce ( ! pleasurable elem5t is dep5d5t ^u ! ?\ght ( an object :i* is n pleasure--! beef/eak1 ! gold4 ,! ?\ght ( ! object prec$es ! pleasure & excites x because x is felt to promise ! satisfaction ( a desire4 ,pleasure is ! ,felt ,concomitant ( ,imag9+ a ,desire ,realiz$ 9 ,its ,appropriate ,object4--,! object ( desire is n pleasure1 b "s object is pleasurable because x is ! cong5ial t]m9us ( desire4 ,! pleasure felt is a pres5t pleasure1 ! pleasure :i* n[ accompanies ! idea ( ! satisfi$ desire4 ,x int5sifies ! desire 9 its pres5t "*1 ?r\gh opposition to ! disagreeable tone ( ! exp]i5c$ lack & want4 #a4 ,pleasures & ,orig9al ,appetites4--,biological in/9cts & appetites exi/ n = ! sake ( furni%+ pleasure1 b z activities ne$$ to ma9ta9 life--! life ( ! individual & ! species4 ,_! adequate fulfillm5t is att5d$ ) pleasure4 ,su* is ! und\bt$ biological fact4 ,n[ if ! animal be gift$ ) memory & anticipation1 ?is complicates ! process1 b does n *ange its nature4 ,! animal 9 feel+ hungry may n[ consci\sly anticipate ! gett+ ( food & may feel pleasure 9 ! idea ( food4 ,! pleasure h5ce=? att5ds n m]ely ^u atta9$ satisfaction ( appetite1 b also ^u appetite prior to satisfaction1 s f> z t anticipates its future satisfaction4 ,b desire is /ill = ! object1 = ! food4 ,if ! desire is heal?y1 x w n dep5d = its orig9 ^u ! recollection ( a prior pleasure2 ! animal does n happ5 to recall t x got pleasure f food & ?us ar\se a desire = m food4 ,! desire spr+s up naturally f ! /ate ( ! organism4 ,only a jad$ & unheal?y appetite has to :ip itself up by recall+ previ\s pleasures4 ,b if !re are _m ob/acles & disc\ragem5ts 9 ! way ( gett+ ! object :i* satisfies want1 ! anticipation ( pleasure 9 its fulfillm5t may normally int5sify ! putt+ =? ( en]gy1 may give an extra re5=cem5t to flagg+ ef=t4 ,9 ?is way1 ! anticipation ( pleasure has a normal place 9 ! effective direction ( activities4 ,b 9 any case1 ! desire & its own object are prim>y2 ! pleasure is second>y4 #b4 ,pleasure & ,acquir$ ,desires4--,! same po9t comes out ev5 m cle>ly :5 we take into acc\nt ! s-call$ high] desires & s5tim5ts--^? :i* usually ent] into di/9ctively moral que/ions4 ,9 ^! cases x is no long] a matt] ( ! orig9al in/9cts & appetites ( ! organism4 ,_! place is tak5 by acquir$ habits & dispositions4 ,! object ( a b5evol5t desire is ! supply+ ( ano!r's lack1 or ! increase ( 8 good4 ,! pleasure :i* accompanies ! do+ ( a k9dness to o!rs is n ! object1 = ! individual ?9ks ( ! k9dly act z pleasure-giv+ only because he already has a b5evol5t "* :i* naturally expresses itself 9 amiable desires4 ,s f> z he is n b5evol5t1 ! act w appe> repulsive r ?an attractive to him2 & if x is done1 x w be n f a b5evol5t desire1 b f a c[>dly or an av>ici\s desire1 ! pleasure 9 t case att5d+ ! ?\ght ( "s o!r objective consequ5ce1 su* z escap+ unpopul>ity4 ,9 l mann]1 ! aim to behave hone/ly1 or to obey ! civil law1 or to love "o's c\ntry1 leads to dwell+ ^u ! acts & objects 9 :i* ^! desires & int5ts may be fulfill$2 & ^? objects :i* are ?\ght ( z af=d+ fulfillm5t are necess>ily put 9 a favorable & attractive light--!y are reg>d$ z s\rces ( happ9ess4 ,to a patriot ! ?\ght ev5 ( possible dea? may ar\se a gl[ ( satisfaction z he ?9ks ( ?is act z /r5g!n+ 8 c\ntry's exi/5ce4 ,b to suppose t ?is att5dant pleasure is ! aim & object ( desire is to put ! c>t be=e ! horse4 #c4 ,happ9ess & ,desire4--,all m51 !n1 may be said to desire happ9ess4 ,b ?is happ9ess is n dep5d5t ^u prior exp]i5ces ( pleasure1 :i*1 com+ up 9 memory1 ar\se desire & rivet att5tion ^u !mselves4 ,to say t ! desire ( a man is = happ9ess is only to say t happ9ess comes 9 ! fulfillm5t ( desire1 ! desires aris+ on _! own acc\nt z expressions ( a /ate ( lack or incompletion 9 :i* ! p]son f9ds himself4 ,happ9ess ?us conceiv$ is dep5d5t ^u ! nature ( desire & v>ies ) x1 :ile desire v>ies ) ! type ( "*4 ,if ! desire is ! desire ( an hone/ man1 !n ! prosp]\s execution ( "s honorable int5t1 ! paym5t ( a debt1 ! adequate t]m9ation ( a tru/1 is conceiv$ z happ9ess1 z good4 ,if x be ! desire ( a pr(ligate1 !n ent]+ ^u ! riot\s c\rse ( liv+ n[ made possible by inh]itance ( prop]ty is tak5 z happ9ess--! "o consummation greatly to be wi%$4 ,if we "k :at any p]son really f9ds desirable1 :at he /akes 8 happ9ess ^u1 we c read 8 nature4 ,9 happ9ess1 z ! anticipation ( ! satisfaction ( desire1 !re is1 !re=e1 no sure or unambigu\s quality2 = x may be a tok5 ( good or ( bad "*1 accord+ to ! sort ( object :i* appeals to ! p]son4 ,! pres5t joy f\nd 9 ! idea ( ! completion ( a purpose _c be ! object ( desire1 = we desire only ?+s abs5t4 ,b ! joy is a m>k ( ! congruity or h>mony ( ! ?\ght ( ! object1 :atev] x be--heal?1 dissipation1 mis]l9ess1 prodigality1 conque/1 helpfulness--) ! "* ( ! ag5t4 ,x is an evid5ce ( ! mov+ =ce1 ! influ5ce1 ! weight1 ( ! conceiv$ end2 x regi/]s ! ext5t 9 :i* ! end is n a m]e intellectual ab/raction1 b is a motive 7see p4 #beb74 ,b ! moral wor? ( ?is motive dep5ds ^u ! "* ( ! end 9 :i* ! p]son f9ds 8 satisfaction4 #d4 ,confusion ( ,future & ,pres5t ,pleasure4--,x is ! confusion ( pres5t pleasure1 att5dant ^u ! ?\ght ( an object z satisfy+ desire1 ) ! pleasure t w come :5 ! desire is satisfi$1 t acc\nts = ! p]si/5ce ( ! idea t pleasure is ! object ( desire4 ,! fact t ! object ( desire is n[ pleasurable is di/ort$ into ! /atem5t t we seek = an abs5t pleasure4#ach ,a good illu/ration ( ! confusion is se5 9 ! foll[+ quotation3 ,! love ( happ9ess mu/ express ! sole possible motive ( ,judas ,isc>iot & ( 8 ,ma/]2 x mu/ expla9 ! conduct ( ,/ylites on 8 pill> or ,tib]ius at ,caprae or a ,kempis 9 8 cell or ( ,nelson 9 ! cockpit ( ! ,victory4 ,x mu/ be equally good = sa9ts & m>tyrs1 h]oes1 c[>ds1 debau*es1 ascetics1 my/ics1 mis]s1 prodigals1 m51 wom5 & babes 9 arms 7,leslie ,/eph51 ,sci5ce ( ,e?ics1 p4 #dd74 ,?is /atem5t is true1 z we h j se51 9 ! s5se t diff]5t p]sons f9d diff]5t ?+s good 9 accordance ) _! diff]5t *>act]s or habitually dom9ant purposes2 t ea* f9ds 8 happ9ess 9 :atev] he mo/ sets 8 affections ^u4 ,:]e a man's he>t is1 !re w 8 treasure be also1 & :]e t is :i* a man reg>ds z treasure1 !re also is ! he>t4 ,a man's "* is reveal$ by ! objects :i* make him happy1 :e!r anticipat$ or realiz$4 ,our ,ends are ,our ,happ9ess1 ,n a ,means to ,x4--,b ! fallacy is 9 ! words love ( happ9ess4 ,!y sugge/ t all alike are seek+ = "s "o & ! same ?+1 "s "o ?+ label$ happ9ess1 id5tical 9 all cases1 diff]+ 9 ! way !y look = x--t sa9ts & m>tyrs1 h]oes & c[>ds1 all h j ! same objective goal 9 view--if !y only knew x6 ,9 s f> z x is true t !re are c]ta9 fundam5tal conditions ( ! self :i* h to be satisfi$ 9 ord] t !re %all be a true self & a true satisfaction1 happ9ess is ! same = all1 & is ! ultimate good ( all4 ,b ?is holds only ( ! /&>d ( happ9ess :i* makes any p>ticul> conception ( happ9ess "r or wrong1 n to ! conceptions actually ent]ta9$4 ,to say t all are consci\sly & delib]ately aft] ! same happ9ess is to p]v]t ! facts4 ,happ9ess z /&>d means ! g5u9e fulfillm5t ( :atev] is necess>y to ! developm5t & integrity ( ! self4 ,9 ?is s5se1 x is :at m5 ought to desire2 x is :at !y d desire s f> z !y und]/& !mselves & ! conditions ( _! satisfaction4 ,b z natural or psy*ological end1 x means t 9 :i* a man happ5s at a giv5 "t to f9d delectation1 dep5d+ ^u 8 upp]mo/ wi%es & /ronge/ habits4 ,h5ce ! objection :i* almo/ e "o1 includ+ ! h$oni/s1 feels to ! /atem5t t happ9ess is ! consci\s aim ( conduct4 ,x sugge/s t ! objects at :i* we ord9>ily aim are n s\ght = !mselves1 b = "s ult]ior gratification to ourselves4 ,9 reality ^! ends1 s f> z !y correspond to our capacity & int5tion1 are our happ9ess4 ,all m5 love happ9ess--yes1 9 ! s5se t1 hav+ desires1 !y are int]e/$ 9 ! objects 9 :i* ! desires may be realiz$1 no matt] :e!r !y are wor?y or degrad$4 ,no2 if by ?is be meant t happ9ess is some?+ o!r ?an & beyond ! conditions 9 :i* ! p[]s ( ! p]son are br\ght out1 & made effective2 no1 or if x means t all love t :i* really w br+ happ9ess4 ,necessity = ,/&>d4--,z _m sorts ( "*1 s _m sorts ( ?+s reg>d$ z satisfactory1 z con/itutive ( good4 ,n all anticipations :5 realiz$ are :at !y 7 expect$ to be4 ,! good 9 prospect may be apples ( ,sodom1 du/ & a%es1 9 atta9m5t4 ,h5ce "s ends1 "s =ms ( happ9ess1 are reg>d$ z unwor?y1 n z real or true4 ,:ile !y appe>$ to be happ9ess dur+ ! expectancy ( desire1 !y are n approv$ z su* 9 lat] reflection4 ,h5ce ! dem& = "s /&>d good or happ9ess by :i* ! individual may regulate ! =mation ( 8 desires & purposes s t ! pres5t & ! p]man5t good1 ! good 9 desire & 9 reflection1 w co9cide--s t ! individual w f9d t to be satisfactory 9 8 pres5t view :i* w also p]man5tly satisfy him4 ,f happ9ess z a conceiv$ good we turn to happ9ess z rightly conceiv$ good2 f happ9ess z result to happ9ess z /&>d4 ,z be=e1 we beg9 ) ! n>r[] utilit>ian conception4 ,sec4 #b4 ,,! ,,conception ,,( ,,happ9ess ,,z ,a ,,/&>d ,utilit>ian ,me?od4--,h$onism means t pleasure is ! end ( human action1 because ! end ( desire4 ,utilit>ianism or univ]sali/ic h$onism holds t ! pleasure ( all affect$ is ! /&>d = judg+ ! wor? ( action1--n t conduciv5ess to happ9ess is ! sole measure actually employ$ by mank9d = judg+ moral wor?1 b t x is ! sole /&>d t %\ld be employ$4 ,_m o!r te/s may actually be us$1 sympa?y1 prejudice1 conv5tion1 caprice1 etc41 b utility is ! "o :i* w enable a p]son to judge truly :at is "r or wrong 9 any propos$ c\rse ( action4 ,! me?od laid d[n by ,b5?am is z foll[s3 ,e propos$ act is to be view$ ) ref]5ce to its probable consequ5ces 9 7a7 int5sity ( pleasure & pa9s2 7b7 _! duration2 7c7 _! c]ta9ty or unc]ta9ty2 7d7 _! ne>ness or remot5ess2 7e7 _! fecundity--i4e41 ! t5d5cy ( a pleasure to be foll[$ by o!rs1 or a pa9 by o!r pa9s2 7f7 _! purity--i4e41 ! t5d5cy ( a pleasure to be foll[$ by pa9s & vice v]sa2 7g7 _! ext5t1 t is1 ! numb] or range ( p]sons ^: happ9ess is affect$--) ref]5ce to ^: pleasures & pa9s ea* "o ( ! fir/ six items ought also 9 /rictness to be calculat$6 ,!n sum up all ! pleasures :i* /& to ! cr$it side ( ! acc\nt2 add ! pa9s :i* are ! debit items1 or liabilities1 on ! o!r2 !n take _! algebraic sum1 & ! balance ( x on ! side ( pleasure w be ! good t5d5cy ( ! act ^u ! :ole4 ,circle 9 ,me?od4--,b5?am's argum5t dep5ds :olly ^u ! possibility ( bo? =esee+ & accurately measur+ ! am\nt ( future pleasures & pa9s t w foll[ f ! int5tion if x is c>ri$ into effect1 & ( be+ able to f9d _! algebraic sum4 ,our exam9ation w be direct$ to %[+ t we h "h ! same fallacy t we h j discuss$2 & t ,b5?am argues 9 a circle4 ,= ! argum5t purports to measure pres5t disposition or int5t by summ+ up future units ( pleasure or pa92 b !re is no way ( e/imat+ am\nts ( future satisfaction1 ! relative int5sity & weight ( future possible pa9 & pleasure exp]i5ces1 except ^u ! basis ( pres5t t5d5cies1 ! habitual aims & int]e/s1 ( ! p]son4 7#a7 ,! only way to e/imate ! relative am\nt 7bulk1 int5sity1 etc47 ( a future lot ( pleasure or pa91 is by see+ h[ agreeable to pres5t disposition are c]ta9 anticipat$ consequ5ces1 !mselves n pleasures or pa9s at all4 7#b7 ,! only basis ^u :i* we c be sure t !re is a "r e/imate ( future satisfactions1 is t we already h a good "* z a basis & organ = =m+ judgm5t4 7#a7 ,h[ ,pleasures & ,pa9s are ,measur$4--,if we keep /rictly to ,b5?am's own conception ( pleasures z isolat$ entities1 all j alike 9 quality1 b diff]+ 9 quantity--9 ! two dim5sions ( int5sity & duration--! s*eme he recomm5ds is simply impossible4 ,:at does x mean to say t "o pleasure1 z an ext]nal & future fact1 is equal to ano!r8 ,:at practical s5se is !re 9 ! notion t a pa9 may be f\nd :i* is exactly equal to a pleasure1 s t x may j (fset x or r$uce x to z]o8 ,h[ c "o weigh ! am\nt ( pa9 9 a jump+ & long-cont9u$ too?a*e aga9/1 say1 ! pleasure ( "s *>itable de$ p]=m$ "u conditions :i* may br+ on ! too?a*e8 ,:at relevancy has ! quantitative comp>ison to a judgm5t ( moral wor?8 ,h[ _m units ( pleasure are conta9$ 9 ! fulfillm5t ( ! int5tion to g to w> = "o's c\ntry8 ,h[ _m 9 ! fulfillm5t ( ! int5tion to rema9 at home ) "o's family & secure pr(itable contracts f ! gov]nm5t8 ,h[ %all ! pa9s involv$ 9 ea* set be detect$ & h _! exact num]ical =ce assign$ !m8 ,h[ %all "o set be measur$ ov] aga9/ ! o!r8 ,if a man is already a patriot1 "o set ( consequ5ces comes into view & has weight2 if "o is already a c[>d & a money-grubb]1 ano!r set ( consequ5ces looms up & its value is measur$ on a rule ( v diff]5t scale4 ,pres5t ,cong5iality to ,"* ,measures ,importance4--,:5 we analyze :at occurs1 we f9d t ?is process ( comp>+ future possible satisfactions1 to see :i* is ! great]1 takes place on exactly ! opposite basis f t set =? by ,b5?am4 ,we d n comp>e results 9 ! way ( fix$ am\nts ( pleasures & pa9s1 b we comp>e objective results1 *anges to be effect$ 9 ourselves1 9 o!rs1 9 ! :ole social situation2 dur+ ?is comp>ison desires & av]sions take m def9ite =m & /r5g?1 s t we f9d ! idea ( "o result m agreeable1 m h>moni\s1 to our pres5t "* ?an ano!r4 ,!n we say x is m satisfy+1 x af=ds m pleasure ?an ano!r4 ,! satisfaction n[ ar\s$ 9 ! m9d at ! ?\ght ( gett+ ev5 ) an enemy may be /rong] ?an ! pa9fulness ( ! ?\ght ( ! h>m or loss t w come to him or ?an ! ?\ght ( dang] itself1--!n ! pleasures to foll[ f v5geance are e/eem$ m num]\s1 /rong]1 m la/+1 etc41 ?an ^? :i* w\ld foll[ f ab/95ce4 ,or1 to say t satisfactions are ab\t equal means t we are n[ at a loss to *oose betwe5 !m4 ,b we are n at a loss to *oose because c]ta9 future pa9s & pleasures pres5t !mselves 9 & ( !mselves z fix$ am\nts irrespective ( our own wi%es1 habits1 & plans ( life4 ,simil>ly we may speak ( satisfactions be+ add$ to "o ano!r & ! total sum increas$2 or ( dissatisfaction com+ 9 z (fsets & r$uc+ ! am\nt ( satisfaction4 ,b ?is does n mean t pa9s & pleasures :i* we expect to arrive 9 ! future are add$ & subtract$--:at intelligible mean+ c su* a phrase possess8 ,x means t z we ?9k fir/ ( ?is result & !n ( ano!r1 ! pres5t happ9ess f\nd 9 ! anticipation ( "o is increas$ by ! anticipation ( ! o!r2 or t ! results are s incompatible t ! pres5t satisfaction1 in/ead ( swell+ & exp&+ z f "o ?\ght to ano!r1 is *ill$ & less5$4 ,?us we might f9d ! ?\ght ( rev5ge sweet 7& ?us give a high valuation to ! units ( pleasure to result f x71 b be *eck$ by ! ?\ght ( ! meanness ( ! act1 or ( h[ we w\ld feel if "s "o else1 ^: good op9ion we highly e/eem1 %\ld he> ( x4 7#b7 ,cong5iality to a ,good ,"* ! ,"r ,measure4--,! net outcome ( ?is discussion is t ! practical value ( our acts is def9$ to u at any giv5 "t by ! satisfaction1 or displeasure1 we take 9 ! ideas ( *anges we =esee 9 case ! act takes place4 ,! pres5t happ9ess or di/a/e1 dep5d+ ^u ! h>mony betwe5 ! idea 9 "q & ! "*1 def9es = u ! value ( ! future consequ5ces3 :i* is ! rev]se ( say+ t a calculation ( future pa9s & pleasures det]m9es = u ! value ( ! act & "*4 ,b ?is applies to any end z x happ5s to arise1 n to ! end z we ought to =m x2 we are /ill )\t a /&>d4 ,:at has be5 said applies to ! crim9al z well z to ! sa9t2 to ! mis] & ! prodigal & ! wisely g5]\s alike4 ,! idea ( a c]ta9 result w>ms ! he>t ( ea*1 8 he>t be+ :at x is4 ,! assass9 w\ld n be "o if ! ?\ght ( a murd] _h n be5 ent]ta9$ by him & if ! ?\ght _h n be5 lik$ & welcom$--made at home4 ,only ^u ! supposition t "* is already good c we tru/ judgm5t1 fir/1 to =esee all ! consequ5ces t %\ld be =ese52 &1 secondly1 to respond to ea* =ese5 consequ5ce ) ! "r emotional /amp ( l & dislike1 pleasure & pa94 ,! ,greeks said x is ! object ( a moral education to see t ! individual f9ds 8 pleasure 9 ! ?\ght ( noble ends & f9ds 8 pa9 9 ! contemplation ( base ends4 ,aga91 z ,ari/otle said3 ,! good man wills ! real object ( int5t1 b :at ! bad man desires may be any?+2 j z physically ^? 9 good condition want ?+s t are :olesome1 :ile ! diseas$ may take any?+ to be heal?ful2 = ! good man judges correctly 7,e?ics1 ,book ,,iii41 #d1 #d74 ,& aga93 ,! good man is apt to g "r ab\t pleasure1 & ! bad man is apt to g wrong 7,book ,,ii41 #c1 #g71 &1 f9ally1 ,x is only to ! good man t ! good pres5ts itself z good1 = vice p]v]ts u & causes u to err ab\t ! pr9ciple ( action 7,book ,,iii41 #ab1 #aj74 ,pr9ciple ( ,quality ( ,pleasure z ,crit]ion4--,mill1 /ill call+ himself a utilit>ian1 rea*es sub/antially ! same result by 7a7 mak+ ! quality ( pleasure1 n its bulk or int5sity1 ! /&>d2 & 7b7 ref]r+ diff]5ces 9 quality to diff]5ces 9 ! *>act]s :i* exp]i5ce !m4 ,x is1 he says1 q compatible ) ! pr9ciple ( utility to recognize ! fact t "s k9ds ( pleasure are m desirable & m valuable ?an o!rs4 ,human be+s h faculties m elevat$ ?an ! animal appetites1 &1 :5 once made consci\s ( !m1 d n reg>d any?+ z happ9ess t does n include _! gratification4 ,! high] ! capacity or faculty1 ! high] 9 quality ! pleasure ( its ex]cise & fulfillm5t1 irrespective ( bulk4 ,b h[ d we "k :i* faculty is high]1 & h5ce :at satisfaction is m valuable8 ,by ref]5ce to ! exp]i5ce ( ! man :o has _h ! be/ opportunity to ex]cise all ! p[]s 9 "q4 ,few human creatures w\ld cons5t to be *ang$ into any ( ! l[] animals1 = a promise ( ! fulle/ all[ance ( a bea/'s pleasure2 no intellig5t human be+ w\ld cons5t to be a fool1 no in/ruct$ p]son w\ld be an ignoramus1 no p]son ( feel+ & consci5ce w\ld be selfi% & base1 ev5 ?\gh !y %\ld be p]suad$ t ! fool1 ! dunce or ! rascal is bett] satisfi$ ) 8 lot ?an !y are ) !irs4 ,& aga91 ,x is indisputable t ! be+ ^: capacities ( enjoym5t are l[ has ! greate/ *ance ( hav+ !m fully satisfi$2 & a highly end[$ be+ w always feel t any happ9ess :i* he c look =1 z ! _w is con/itut$1 is imp]fect4444 ,x is bett] to be a human be+ dissatisfi$ ?an a pig satisfi$2 bett] to be a ,socrates dissatisfi$ ?an a fool satisfi$4 ,& if ! fool or ! pig is ( a diff]5t op9ion1 x is because he only kn[s 8 own side ( ! "q4 ,! o!r p>ty to ! comp>ison kn[s bo? sides4 ,! net result ( our discussion is1 !n1 7#a7 t happ9ess consi/s 9 ! fulfillm5t 9 _! appropriate objects 7or ! anticipation ( su* fulfillm5t7 ( ! p[]s ( ! self manife/$ 9 desires1 purposes1 ef=ts2 7#b7 true happ9ess consi/s 9 ! satisfaction ( ^? p[]s ( ! self :i* are ( high] quality2 7#c7 t ! man ( good "*1 ! "o 9 :om ^! high p[]s are already active1 is ! judge1 9 ! concrete1 ( happ9ess & mis]y4 ,we %all n[ discuss ,sec4 #c4 ,,! ,,con/itution ,,( ,,happ9ess ,happ9ess consi/s 9 ! agreem5t1 :e!r anticipat$ or realiz$1 ( ! objective conditions br\ght ab\t by our endeavors ) our desires & purposes4 ,?is conception ( happ9ess is contra/$ ) ! notion t x is a sum or collection ( sep>ate /ates ( s5sation or feel+4 #a4 ,"o ,view ,sep>ates1 :ile ! ,o!r ,connects1 ,pleasure & ,objective ,conditions4--,9 "o case1 ! agreeable feel+ is a k9d ( psy*ical entity1 suppos$ to be capable ( exi/5ce by itself & capable ( ab/raction f ! objective end ( action4 ,! pleasant ?+ is "o ?+2 ! pleasure1 ano!r2 or1 r1 ! pleasant ?+ mu/ be analyz$ into two indep5d5t elem5ts1 ! pleasure z feel+ & ! ?+ ) :i* x happ5s to be associat$4 ,x is ! pleasure alone1 :5 dissociat$1 :i* is ! real end ( conduct1 an object be+ at be/ an ext]nal means ( secur+ x4 ,x is ! pleasurable feel+ :i* happ5s to be associat$ ) food1 ) music1 ) a l&scape1 t makes x good2 heal?1 art1 are n good 9 !mselves4 ,! o!r view holds t pleasure has no su* exi/5ce by itself2 t x is only a "n = ! pleasant object2 t by pleasure is meant ! agreem5t or congruity :i* exi/s betwe5 "s capacity ( ! ag5t & "s objective fact 9 :i* ?is capacity is realiz$4 ,x expresses ! way "s object meets1 fits into1 responds to1 an activity ( ! ag5t4 ,to say t food is agreeable1 means t food satisfies an organic function4 ,music is pleasant because by x c]ta9 capacities or dem&s ( ! p]son ) respect to rhy?m ( he>+ are fulfill$2 a l&scape is beautiful because x c>ries to fulfillm5t ! visual possibilities ( ! spectator4 #b4 ,qualities ( ,pleasure ,v>y ) ,objects1 & ) ,spr+s to ,action4--,:5 happ9ess is conceiv$ z an aggregate ( /ates ( feel+1 ^! are reg>d$ z homog5e\s 9 quality1 diff]+ f "o ano!r only 9 int5sity & duration4 ,_! qualitative diff]5ces are n intr9sic1 b are due to ! diff]5t objects ) :i* !y are associat$ 7z pleasures ( he>+1 or vision74 ,h5ce !y disappe> :5 ! pleasure is tak5 by itself z an end4 ,b if agreeabl5ess is precisely ! agreeabl5ess or congru\sness ( "s objective condition ) "s impulse1 habit1 or t5d5cy ( ! ag5t1 !n1 ( c\rse1 pure pleasure is a my?4 ,any pleasure is qualitatively unique1 be+ precisely ! h>mony ( "o set ( conditions ) its appropriate activity4 ,! pleasure ( eat+ is "o ?+2 ! pleasure ( he>+ music1 ano!r2 ! pleasure ( an amiable act1 ano!r2 ! pleasure ( drunk5ness or ( ang] is /ill ano!r4 ,h5ce ! possibility ( absolutely diff]5t moral values atta*+ to pleasures1 accord+ to ! type or aspect ( "* :i* !y express4 ,b if ! good is only a sum ( pleasures1 any pleasure1 s f> z x goes1 is z good z any o!r--! pleasure ( malignity z good z ! pleasure ( k9dl9ess1 simply z pleasure4 ,accord+ly ,b5?am said1 ! pleasure ( pu%-p9 7a game7 is z good z t ( poetry4 ,& z he said aga91 s9ce pleasure is ! motive ( e act1 !re is no motive :i* 9 itself1 & z f> z x goes1 is n good--x is bad only if x turns out 9 ! end to produce m pa9 ?an pleasure4 ,! pleasure ( malignant gossip is s f> z x is pleasure a mitigation ( ! badness ( ! act4 ,n s1 if happ9ess is ! exp]i5ce into :i* pleasures ent] s f> z ! t5d5cies ( "* t produce !m are approv$ (4 ,an act may br+ a pleasure & yet t pleasure be no "p ( happ9ess1 b r a blot & blemi%4 ,su* w\ld be ! case1 = example1 ) ! pleasure :i* "o might take 9 an act ( *>ity because "o _h !reby put himself 9 a position sup]ior to t ( ! recipi5t4 ,a good man :o caught himself feel+ pleasure f ?is phase ( ! act w\ld n reg>d ?is pleasure z a fur!r elem5t ( good atta9$1 b z detract+ f 8 happ9ess4 ,a pleasure may be accept$ or react$ aga9/4 ,s f> z n acquiesc$ 9 x is1 f ! /&po9t ( happ9ess1 positively disagreeable4 ,surr5d] to a pleasure1 tak+ x to be "o's happ9ess1 is "o ( ! sure/ ways ( reveal+ or discov]+ :at sort ( a man "o is4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! pa9 :i* a mis]ly man feels 9 8 fir/ acts ( g5]osity may be welcom$ by him z1 "u ! circum/ances1 an elem5t 9 8 good1 s9ce x is a sign ( & factor 9 ! improvem5t ( "*4 #c4 ,! ,unification ( ,"*4--,happ9ess z a sum ( pleasures does n af=d a basis = unify+ or organiz+ ! v>i\s t5d5cies & capacities ( ! self4 ,x makes possible at be/ only a me*anical compromise or ext]nal adju/m5t4 ,take1 = example1 ! satisfaction att5dant ^u act+ f a b5evol5t or a malici\s impulse4 ,!re c be no "q t "s pleasure is f\nd 9 giv+ way to ei!r impulse :5 x is /rongly felt4 ,n[ if we reg>d ! pleasure z a fix$ /ate 9 itself1 & good or happ9ess z a sum ( su* /ates1 ! only moral sup]iority t c atta* to act+ b5evol5tly is t1 ^u ! :ole1 m units ( pleasure come f x ?an f giv+ way to ! opposite spr+ ( action4 ,x is simply a "q ( great] or less quantity 9 ! long run4 ,ea* trait ( "*1 ea* act1 rema9s morally indep5d5t1 cut (f f o!rs4 ,its only relation to o!rs is t :i* arises :5 its results 9 ! way ( units ( agreeable or pa9ful feel+ are comp>$1 z to bulk1 ) analog\s consequ5ces fl[+ f "s o!r trait1 or act4 ,b if ! fundam5tal ?+ 9 happ9ess is ! relation ( ! desire & int5tion ( ! ag5t to its own successful outlet1 !re is an inh]5t connection betwe5 our diff]5t t5d5cies4 ,! satisfaction ( "o t5d5cy /r5g!ns itself1 & /r5g!ns alli$ t5d5cies1 :ile x weak5s o!rs4 ,a man :o gives way easily to ang] 7& f9ds gratification 9 x7 aga9/ ! acts ( ^? :om he reg>ds z enemies1 n\ri%es unaw>es a t5d5cy to irritability 9 all directions & ?us modifies ! s\rces & nature ( all satisfaction4 ,! man :o *]i%es ! satisfaction he d]ives f a l&scape may increase 8 susceptibility to enjoym5t f poetry & pictures4 ,! ,f9al ,"q4--,! f9al "q ( happ9ess1 ! "q :i* m>ks (f true & "r happ9ess f false & wrong gratification1 comes to ?is3 ,c !re be f\nd ends ( action1 desirable 9 !mselves1 :i* re5=ce & exp& n only ! motives f :i* !y directly spr+1 b also ! o!r t5d5cies & attitudes :i* are s\rces ( happ9ess8 ,c !re be f\nd p[]s ^: ex]cise confirms ends :i* are /able & weak5s & removes objects :i* occasion only re/less1 peevi%1 or transitory satisfaction1 & ultimately ?w>t & /unt ! gr[? ( happ9ess8 ,h>mony1 re5=cem5t1 expansion are ! signs ( a true or moral satisfaction4 ,:at is ! good :i* :ile good 9 direct enjoym5t also br+s ) x full] & m cont9u\s life8 ,,lit]ature ,= pleasure z ! object ( desire & ! psy*ology ( h$onism1 see ,ba91 ,emotions & ,w1 ,"p ,,ii41 *4 viii42 ,rickaby1 ,moral ,philosophy1 pp4 #ed-fa1 & ,aqu9as ,e?icus1 ,vol4 ,i41 pp4 #ajd-aba2 ,sidgwick1 ,me?ods ( ,e?ics1 pp4 #cd-dg1 & ! :ole ( ,book ,,ii41 & ,book ,,iii41 *s4 xiii4 & xiv42 ,mack5zie1 ,manual ( ,e?ics1 ,book ,,ii41 *4 iv42 ,muirhead1 ,elem5ts ( ,e?ics1 ,book ,,iii41 *4 i42 ,gizyeki1 ,a ,/ud5t's ,manual ( ,e?ical ,philosophy2 ,gre51 ,prolegom5a to ,e?ics1 pp4 #afc-agg1 #bbf-bdj1 #cgd-chh2 ,james1 ,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology1 ,vol4 ,,ii41 pp4 #edi-eei2 ,m>t9eau1 ,types ( ,e?ical ,!ory1 ,vol4 ,,ii41 ,"p ,,ii41 ,book ,,ii41 ,bran* iv4 ,= ! hi/ory ( h$onism1 see ,wallace1 ,epicureanism2 ,pat]1 ,m>ius ! ,epicurean2 ,sidgwick1 ,hi/ory ( ,e?ics1 *4 ii41 passim & *4 iv41 ,sec4 #ad-ag2 ,hume1 ,treatise ( ,human ,nature1 ,book ,,iii41 & ! ref]5ces to ,b5?am & ,mill 9 ! text2 ,watson1 ,h$oni/ic ,!ories f ,ari/ippus to ,sp5c]4 ,= ! utilit>ian /&>d1 see ,lecky1 ,hi/ory ( ,european ,morals1 ,vol4 ,i41 *4 i42 ,/eph51 ,sci5ce ( ,e?ics1 *s4 iv4 & v42 ,sp5c]1 ,pr9ciples ( ,e?ics1 ,"p ,i42 ,hoeffd+1 ,e?ik1 *4 vii41 & ,moni/1 ,vol4 ,i41 p4 #ebi2 ,pauls51 ,sy/em ( ,e?ics1 pp4 #bbb-bhf1 & #djd-dad2 ,grote1 ,exam9ation ( ! ,utilit>ian ,philosophy2 ,wilson & ,f[l]1 ,pr9ciples ( ,morals1 ,vol4 ,i41 pp4 #ih-aab2 ,vol4 ,,ii41 pp4 #bfb-bgc2 ,gre51 ,prolegom5a1 pp4 #bdj-bee1 #cii-dae2 ,m>t9eau1 ,types1 pp4 #cjh-ccd2 ,alex&]1 ,moral ,ord] & ,progress1 pp4 #bjd-baa2 ,se?1 ,pr9ciples ( ,e?ics1 pp4 #id-aaa2 ,sidgwick1 ,! ,e?ics ( ,t4 ,h4 ,gre51 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] & ,j4 ,m>t9eau1 ,lectures ,i4-,,iv4 ( ! ,criticism ( ,sp5c]4 ,comp>e ! ref]5ces sub voce ,happ9ess1 #hii-ijc1 9 ,r&'s ,bibliography1 ,vol4 ,,iii4 ( ,baldw9's ,diction>y ( ,philosophy & ,psy*ology4 ,,footnotes3 #acd ,lat] we %all see reasons = discrim9at+ betwe5 happ9ess & pleasure4 ,b "h we accept ! /&po9t ( ^? :o id5tify !m4 #ace ,! context %[s t ?is p>ty may be ei!r ! individual1 or a limit$ social gr\p or ! entire community4 ,ev5 ! pleasures & pa9s ( animals1 ( ! s5ti5t creation g5]ally1 may come into ! acc\nt4 #acf ,^! quotations are all tak5 f ,b5?am's ,pr9ciples ( ,morals & ,legislation2 ! fir/1 ?ird1 & f\r? f *4 i42 ! second f *4 xiii42 & ! la/ f *4 ii4 #acg ,) ^! /atem5ts may he comp>$ ,sp5c]1 ,pr9ciples ( ,e?ics1 pp4 #cj-cb3 ,/eph51 ,sci5ce ( ,e?ics1 pp4 #db4 ,sidgwick1 9 8 ,me?ods ( ,e?ics1 holds t ! axiomatic "* ( happ9ess z an end proves t ! position is n empirical b intuitional or a priori4 ,only z we base ourselves on c]ta9 ultimate deliv]ances ( consci5ce c we he said to "k t happ9ess is ! desirable end & t ! happ9ess ( "o is j z intr9sically desirable z ! happ9ess ( ano!r4 7,see 8 ,me?ods ( ,e?ics1 ,book ,,iii41 *s4 xiii4 & xiv47 #ach ,?is ambiguity affects ! /atem5t quot$ f ,b5?am t pleasure & pa9 det]m9e :at we %all d4 ,8 implication is t pleasure z object ( desire moves u2 ! fact is t pres5t pleasure1 ar\s$ by ! idea ( "s object1 influ5ces u4 ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,happ9ess ,,& ,,social ,,ends#aci ,9 =m1 ! true good is ?us an inclusive or exp&+ end4 ,9 sub/ance1 ! only end :i* fulfills ^! conditions is ! social good4 ,! utilit>ian /&>d is social consequ5ces4 ,to repeat our e>li] quotation f ,b5?am 7above1 p4 #bfd73 ,! greate/ happ9ess ( all ^? ^: int]e/ is 9 "q is ! "r & prop]1 & ! only "r & prop] & univ]sally desirable end ( human action4 ,mill says1 ,to d z y w\ld be done by1 & to love y\r neighbor z y\rself1 con/itute ! ideal p]fection ( utilit>ian morality4 ,& aga93 ,! happ9ess :i* is ! ,utilit>ian /&>d ( :at is "r 9 conduct is n ! ag5t's own happ9ess1 b t ( all conc]n$2 z betwe5 8 own happ9ess & t ( o!rs1 ,utilit>ianism requires him to be z /rictly imp>tial z a dis9t]e/$ & b5evol5t spectator4 ,s ,sidgwick 7,me?ods ( ,e?ics1 p4 #cgi73 ,by ,utilit>ianism is "h meant ! e?ical !ory1 fir/ di/9ctly =mulat$ by ,b5?am1 t ! conduct :i* "u any giv5 circum/ances is ext]nally or objectively "r is t :i* produces ! greate/ am\nt ( happ9ess on ! :ole2 t is tak+ into acc\nt all ^: happ9ess is affect$ by ! conduct4 ,x w\ld t5d to cle>ness if we might call ?is pr9ciple1 & ! me?od bas$ ^u x1 by "s su* "n z ,univ]sali/ic h$onism4 ,& f9ally1 ,ba9 7,emotions & ,w1 p4 #cjc73 ,utility is oppos$ to ! selfi% pr9ciple1 =1 z prop\nd$1 x always implies ! good ( society g5]ally & ! subord9ation ( individual int]e/s to ! g5]al good4 ,social ,purpose ( ,utilit>ianism4--,its aim1 !n1 0 ! greate/ possible happ9ess ( ! greate/ possible numb]1 a democratic1 frat]nal aim4 ,9 ! computation ( ! elem5ts ( ?is aim1 x insi/$ ^u ! pr9ciple ( social & moral equality3 e "o to c\nt = "o1 & only = "o4 ,! /&>d 0 ! well-be+ ( ! community conceiv$ z a community ( individuals1 all ( :om _h equal rights & none ( :om _h special privileges or exclusive av5ues ( access to happ9ess4 ,9 a p]iod 9 :i* ! democratic _s 9 ,engl& 0 ass]t+ itself aga9/ ve/$ int]e/s & class-di/9ctions1 aga9/ legaliz$ inequalities ( all sorts1 ! utilit>ian philosophy became ! natural & p]haps indisp5sable adjunct ( ! lib]al & re=m+ _s 9 law1 education1 & politics4 ,e cu/om1 e in/itution1 0 cross-que/ion$2 x 0 n all[$ to plead prec$5t & prior exi/5ce z a basis = cont9u$ exi/5ce4 ,x _h to prove t x conduc$ to ! happ9ess ( ! community z a :ole1 or be legislat$ out ( exi/5ce or into re=m4 ,b5?am's fundam5tal objection to o!r types ( moral !ories ?an 8 own 0 n s mu* philosophic or !oretic z x 0 practical4 ,he felt t e intuitional !ory t5d$ to dignify prejudice1 conv5tion1 & fix$ cu/oms1 & s to consecrate ve/$ int]e/s & inequitable in/itutions4 ,recognition by an ,oppon5t4--,! foll[+ rem>ks by ,t4 ,h4 ,gre5 are ! m notewor?y because com+ f a consi/5t oppon5t ( ! !ory3 ,! *ief !ory ( conduct :i* 9 ,mod]n ,europe has af=d$ ! consci5ti\s citiz5 a vantage gr\nd = judg+ ( ! compet+ claims on 8 ob$i5ce1 & enabl$ him to sub/itute a critical & intellig5t = a bl9d & unque/ion+ con=mity1 has no d\bt be5 ! ,utilit>ian4 444 ,:atev] ! errors aris+ f its h$oni/ic psy*ology1 no o!r !ory has be5 available = ! social or political re=m]1 comb9+ s mu* tru? ) su* ready applicability4 ,no o!r has (f]$ s comm&+ a po9t ( view f :i* to criticize ! precepts & in/itutions pres5t$ z au?oritative4#adj ,& aga91 speak+ ( ! possibility ( practical s]vice f !ory1 he says3 ,! =m ( philosophy :i* 9 ! mod]n _w has mo/ conspicu\sly r5d]$ ?is s]vice has be5 ! ,utilit>ian1 because x has mo/ def9itely ann\nc$ ! int]e/ ( humanity )\t di/9ction ( p]sons or classes1 z ! end by ref]5ce to :i* all claims ^u ob$i5ce are ultimately to be measur$4444 ,imp>tiality ( ref]5ce to human well-be+ has be5 ! great lesson :i* ! ,utilit>ian has _h to tea*4#ada ,irreconcilable ,conflict ( ,motive & ,end4--,b un=tunately ! ass]tion t ! happ9ess ( all conc]n$ is ! univ]sally desirable end1 is mix$ up by e>ly utilit>ianism ) an h$oni/ic psy*ology1 accord+ to :i* ! desir$ object is private & p]sonal pleasure4 ,:at is desirable is ?us s diff]5t f :at is desir$ z to create an uncrossable *asm betwe5 ! true end ( action--! happ9ess ( all1--& ! mov+ spr+ ( desire & action--private pleasure4 ,t !re is a diff]5ce betwe5 :at is naturally desir$ 7mean+ by naturally :at fir/ ar\ses int]e/ & excites endeavor7 & :at is morally desirable 7und]/&+ by ?is ! consequ5ces :i* pres5t !mselves 9 adequate delib]ation71 is c]ta9 en\gh4 ,b ! desirable mu/ be capable ( becom+ desir$1 or else !re is su* a contradiction t morality is impossible4 ,if1 n[1 ! object ( desire is always private pleasure1 h[ c ! recognition ( ! consequ5ces ^u ! happ9ess or mis]y ( o!rs ev] become an effective competitor ) consid]ations ( p]sonal well-be+1 :5 ! two conflict8#adb ,lack ( ,h>mony among ,pleasurable ,ends4--,if x s happ5s t ! activities :i* secure ! p]sonal pleasure also manage to affect o!rs favorably1 s mu* ! bett]2 b s9ce1 by ! !ory1 ! individual mu/ be mov$ exclusively by desire = 8 own pleasure1 woe betide o!rs if _! happ9ess happ5s to /& 9 ! way4#adc ,x c\ld only be by accid5t t activities ( a l>ge numb] ( individuals all seek+ _! own private pleasures %\ld co9cide 9 effect+ ! desirable end ( ! common happ9ess4 ,! outcome w\ld1 m likely1 be a competitive w> ( all aga9/ all4 ,x is ( su* a situation t ,kant says3 ,!re results a h>mony l t :i* a c]ta9 satirical poem depicts z exi/+ betwe5 a m>ri$ c\ple b5t on go+ to ru91 ',oh1 m>vel\s h>mony6 :at he wi%es1 %e wi%es too'2 or l :at is said ( ! pl$ge ( ,francis ,i4 to ! ,emp]or ,*>les ,v41 ',:at my bro!r wants1 t ,i want too' 7namely ,milan74#add ,! exi/5ce already not$ ( an unp]ceiv$ & unreconcilable division betwe5 happ9ess 9 ! =m ( future consequ5ces1 & pleasure z object ( desire & pres5t mov+ spr+1 ?us becomes ( crucial &1 = h$oni/ic utilit>ianism1 ( cata/rophic importance4 ,we %all fir/ discuss ! ef=ts ( utilit>ianism to deal ) ! problem4 ,mill's ,=mal ,me?od4--,we m5tion fir/ a purely logical or =mal sugge/ion ( ,mill's1 n because x is ( v mu* significance "o way or ! o!r1 b because x helps to br+ out ! problem4 ,no reason c be giv5 :y ! g5]al happ9ess is desirable1 except t ea* p]son1 s f> z he believes x to be obta9able1 desires 8 own happ9ess4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 be+ a fact1 we h n only all ! pro( :i* ! case admits (1 b all :i* x is possible to require1 t happ9ess is a good2 t ea* p]son's happ9ess is a good to t p]son2 & ! g5]al happ9ess1 !re=e1 a good to ! aggregate ( all p]sons4#ade ,x cle>ly does n foll[ t because ! good ( ,a & ,b & ,c1 etc41 is collectively1 or aggregately1 a good to ,a & ,b & ,c1 etc41 t !re=e ! good ( ,a & ,b & ,c1 etc41 or ( anybody beyond ,a himself1 is reg>d$ z a good by ,a--especially :5 ! orig9al premise is t ,a seeks 8 own good4 ,because all m5 want to be happy !mselves1 x h>dly foll[s t ea* wants all to be s4 ,x does foll[1 p]haps1 t t w\ld be ! reasonable ?+ to want4 ,if ea* man desires happ9ess = himself1 to an outside spectator look+ at ! matt] 9 ! cold light ( intellig5ce1 !re might be no reason :y ! happ9ess ( "o %\ld be any m preci\s or desirable ?an t ( ano!r4 ,f a ma!matical /&po9t1 ! m]e fact t ! individual kn[s he wants happ9ess1 & kn[s t o!rs are l himself1 t !y too are individuals :o want happ9ess1 might commit ea* individual1 !oretically1 to ! necessity ( reg>d+ ! happ9ess ( e o!r z equally sacr$ ) 8 own4 ,b ! difficulty is t !re is no *ance1 ^u ! h$oni/ic psy*ology ( desire1 = ?is rational conviction to get 9 its "w1 ev5 if x be intellectually ent]ta9$4 ,! intellectual p]ception & ! me*anism ( human motivation rema9 oppos$4 ,mill's /atem5t1 9 o!r words1 puts ! problem :i* h$oni/ic utilit>ianism has to solve4 ,mat]ially1 z di/9ct f ?is =mal /atem5t1 utilit>ianism has two in/rum5talities ^u :i* x relies3 "o1 int]nal1 f\nd 9 ! nature ( ! individual2 ! o!r1 ext]nal1 or 9 social arrangem5ts4 ,i4 ,b5?am's ,view ( ,sympa!tic ,pleasures4--,9 ! long li/ ( pleasures mov+ m5 to action :i* ,b5?am drew up1 he includ$ :at he call$ ! social & ! semi-social4 ,! social are ! pleasures ( b5evol5ce2 ! semi-social1 ! pleasures ( amity 7peace ) "o's fell[s7 & ( reputation4 ,! pleasures ( b5evol5ce are ! pleasures result+ f ! view ( any pleasures suppos$ to be possess$ by ! be+s :o may be ! objects ( b5evol5ce 7,pr9ciples ( ,morals & ,legislation74 ,& if x be ask$ :at motives ly+ )9 a man's self he has to consult ! happ9ess ( o!rs1 9 answ] to ?is1 x _c b be admitt$ t ! only int]e/s :i* a man at all times & ^u all occasions is sure to f9d adequate motives = consult+ are 8 own4 ,not)/&+ ?is !re are no occasions on :i* a man has n "s motives = consult+ ! happ9ess ( o!r m54 ,9 ! fir/ place1 he has1 on all occasions1 ! purely social motive ( sympa?y & b5evol5ce2 9 ! next place1 he has1 on mo/ occasions1 ! semi-social motives ( amity & love ( reputation 7,ibid41 *4 xix41 ,sec4 #a74 ,s important f9ally are ! sympa!tic motives t he says ,! ,dictates ( ,utility are nei!r m nor less ?an ! dictates ( ! mo/ ext5sive & enlight5$ 7t is1 well advis$7#adf b5evol5ce 7,ibid41 *4 x41 ,sec4 #d74 ,9 %ort1 we are s con/itut$ t ! happ9ess ( o!rs gives u happ9ess1 _! mis]y creates di/ress 9 u4 ,we are also s con/itut$ t1 ev5 aside f direct p5alties impos$ ^u u by o!rs1 we are made to suff] m or less by ! k t !y h a l[ op9ion ( u1 or t we are n popul> ) !m4 ,! m enlight5$ our activity1 ! m we %all see h[ by sympa?y our pleasures are directly b\nd up ) o!rs1 s t we %all get m pleasure by enc\rag+ t ( o!rs4 ,! same c\rse w also indirectly increase our own1 because o!rs w be likely to e/eem & honor u j 9 ! degree 9 :i* our acts conduce to _! pleasure4 ,a wise or enlight5$ desire = our own pleasure w ?us lead u to reg>d ! pleasures ( o!rs 9 our activities4 ,limitations ( ,doctr9e4--,to /ate ! doctr9e is almo/ to criticize x4 ,x comes practically to say+ t a s5sible & prud5t self-love w make u pay due he$ to ! effect ( our activities ^u ! welf>e ( o!rs4 ,we are to be b5evol5t1 b ! reason is t we get m pleasure1 or get pleasure m surely & easily1 t way ?an 9 any o!r4 ,we are to be k9d1 because ^u ! :ole ! net return ( pleasure is great] t way4 ,?is does n mean t ,b5?am d5i$ ! exi/5ce ( dis9t]e/$ motives 9 man's make-up2 or t he held t all sympa?y is coldly calculat+4 ,on ! contr>y1 he held t sympa!tic reactions to ! well-be+ & suff]+ ( o!rs are involv$ 9 our make-up4 ,b z x relates to motives = action he holds t ! sympa!tic affections influ5ce u only "u ! =m ( desire = our own pleasure3 !y make u rejoice 9 ! rejoic+ ( o!rs1 & move u to act t o!rs may rejoice s t we may !reby rejoice ! m4 ,!y d n move u to act z direct int]e/s 9 ! welf>e ( o!rs = _! own sake4#adg ,we %all f9d t j z ,mill trans=m$ ! utilit>ian !ory ( motives by sub/itut+ quality ( happ9ess = quantity ( pleasures1 s he also trans=m$ ! e>li] ,b5?amite conception ( bo? ! int]nal & ! ext]nal me?ods = relat+ ! happ9ess ( ! individual & ! welf>e ( society4 ,,ii4 ,mill's ,criticism4--,mill *>ges ,b5?am ) ov]look+ ! motive 9 man :i* makes him love excell5ce = its own sake4 ,ev5 "u ! head ( sympa?y1 he says3 8 recognition does n ext5d to ! m complex =ms ( ! feel+--! love ( lov+1 ! ne$ ( a sympa?iz+ support1 or ( an object ( admiration & rev]5ce4#adh ,self culture1 ! tra9+ by ! human be+ himself ( 8 affections & w 444 is a blank 9 ,b5?am's sy/em4 ,! o!r & co-equal "p1 ! regulation ( 8 outw>d actions1 mu/ be altoge!r halt+ & imp]fect )\t ! fir/2 = h[ c we judge 9 :at mann] _m an action w affect ! worldly int]e/s ( ourselves or o!rs unless we take 91 z "p ( ! "q1 its influ5ce on ! regulation ( our or _! affections & desires8#adi ,9 o!r words1 ,mill saw t ! weakness ( ,b5?am's !ory lay 9 8 supposition t ! factors ( "*1 ! p[]s & desires :i* make up disposition1 are ( value only z mov+ u to seek pleasure2 to ,mill !y h a wor? ( _! own or are direct s\rces & +r$i5ts ( happ9ess4 ,s ,mill says3 ,i reg>d any consid]able increase ( human happ9ess1 ?r\gh m]e *anges 9 outw>d circum/ances1 unaccompani$ by *anges 9 ! /ate ( desires1 z hopeless4#aej ,& 9 8 ,autobiography speak+ ( 8 fir/ reaction aga9/ ,b5?amism1 he says3 ,i1 = ! fir/ "t1 gave its prop] place1 among ! prime necessities ( human well-be+1 to ! int]nal culture ( ! individual4 ,i ceas$ to atta* almo/ exclusive importance to ! ord]+ ( outw>d circum/ances4444 ,! cultivation ( ! feel+s became "o ( ! c>d9al po9ts 9 my e?ical & philosophical cre$4#aea ,! ,social ,affections z ,direct ,int]e/ 9 ,o!rs4--,! importance ( ?is *ang$ view lies 9 ! fact t x compels u to reg>d c]ta9 desires1 affections1 & motives z inh]5tly wor?y1 because intr9sic con/itu5t factors ( happ9ess4 ,?us x enables u to id5tify our happ9ess ) ! happ9ess ( o!rs1 to f9d our good 9 _! good1 n j to seek _! happ9ess z1 ^u ! :ole1 ! mo/ effective way ( secur+ our own4 ,our social affections are direct int]e/s 9 ! well-be+ ( o!rs2 _! cultivation & expression is at "o & ! same "t a s\rce ( good to ourselves1 &1 intellig5tly guid$1 to o!rs4 ,tak5 9 ?is light1 x is sympa!tic emotion & imag9ation :i* make ! /&>d ( g5]al happ9ess n m]ely ! desirable end1 b ! desir$ end1 ! effectively work+ object ( endeavor4 ,intr9sic ,motivation ( ,reg>d = ,o!rs4--,if x is ask$ :y ! individual %\ld ?us reg>d ! well-be+ ( o!rs z an inh]5t object ( desire1 !re is1 accord+ to ,mill1 b "o answ]3 ,we _c ?9k ( ourselves save z to "s ext5t social be+s4 ,h5ce we _c sep>ate ! idea ( ourselves & ( our own good f our idea ( o!rs & ( _! good4 ,! natural s5tim5t :i* is ! basis ( ! utilit>ian morality1 :i* gives ! idea ( ! social good weight ) u1 is ! desire to be 9 unity ) our fell[ creatures4444 ,! social /ate is at once s natural1 s necess>y1 & s habitual to man1 t except 9 "s unusual circum/ances or by an ef=t ( volunt>y ab/raction1 he nev] conceives himself o!rwise ?an z a memb] ( a body4444 ,any condition1 !re=e1 :i* is ess5tial to a /ate ( society becomes m & m an insep>able "p ( e p]son's conception ( ! /ate ( ?+s he is born into & :i* is ! de/9y ( a human be+4 ,?is /r5g!n+ ( social ties leads ! individual to id5tify 8 feel+s m & m ) ! good ( o!rs4 ,he comes1 z ?\gh in/9ctively1 to be consci\s ( himself z a be+1 :o1 ( c\rse1 pays reg>d to o!rs4 ,! good ( o!rs becomes to him a ?+ naturally & necess>ily to be att5d$ to1 l any ( ! physical conditions ( our exi/5ce4 ,?is social feel+1 f9ally1 h[ev] weak1 does n pres5t itself z a sup]/ition ( education1 or a law despotically impos$ f )\t1 b z an attribute :i* x w\ld n be well to be )\t4444 ,few b ^? ^: m9d is a moral blank c\ld be> to lay out _! c\rse ( life on ! l9e ( pay+ no reg>d to o!rs except s f> z _! own private int]e/ compels4#aeb ,! trans=mation is trem5d\s4 ,x is no long] a "q ( act+ = ! g5]al int]e/ because t br+s mo/ pleasure or br+s x m surely & easily4 ,x is a "q ( f9d+ "o's good 9 ! good ( o!rs4 ,,iii4 ,! ,b5?amite ,ext]nal ,ties ( ,private & ,g5]al ,int]e/s4--,aside f sympa?y & love ( peaceful relations & good repute1 ,b5?am reli$ ^u law1 *anges 9 political arrangem5ts1 & ! play ( economic int]e/s :i* make x wor? :ile = ! individual to seek 8 own pleasure 9 ways t w\ld also conduce to ! pleasure ( o!rs4 ,p5al law c at lea/ make x pa9ful = ! individual to try to get 8 own good 9 ways :i* br+ suff]+ to o!rs4 ,civil legislation c at lea/ aboli% ^? ve/$ int]e/s & class privileges :i* inevitably favor "o at ! exp5se ( o!rs1 & :i* make x cu/om>y & natural to seek & get happ9ess 9 ways :i* disreg>d ! happ9ess ( o!rs4 ,9 ! indu/rial life ea* individual seeks 8 own advantage "u su* conditions t he c a*ieve 8 end only by r5d]+ s]vice to o!rs1 t is1 ?r\gh ex*ange ( commodities or s]vices4 ,! prop] end ( legislation is !n to make political & economic conditions su* t ! individual :ile seek+ 8 own good w at lea/ n inflict suff]+ ^u o!rs1 & positively1 s f> z possible1 w promote _! good4#aec ,,iv4 ,mill's ,criticism4--,mill's criticism does n turn ^u ! importance ( legislation & ( social economic arrangem5ts 9 promot+ ! id5tity ( individual & g5]al good4 ,on ! contr>y1 aft] id5tify+ 79 a passage already quot$1 ante1 p4 #bhf7 ! ideal ( utilit>ian morality ) love ( neighbor1 he goes on3 ,z ! means ( mak+ ! ne>e/ approa* to ?is ideal utility w\ld enjo91 fir/1 t laws & social arrangem5ts %\ld place ! happ9ess ( e individual z ne>ly z possible 9 h>mony ) ! int]e/ ( ! :ole2 &1 secondly1 t education & op9ion1 :i* h s va/ a p[] ov] human "*1 %\ld s use t p[] z to e/abli% 9 ! m9d ( e individual an indissoluble association betwe5 8 own happ9ess & ! good ( ! :ole4 ,! criticism turns ^u ! fact t unless ! intr9sic social idea1 already discuss$1 be emphasiz$1 any association ( private & g5]al happ9ess :i* law & social arrangem5ts c effect w be ext]nal1 m or less artificial & arbitr>y1 & h5ce dissoluble ei!r by intellectual analysis1 or by ! int5se prepot5cy ( egoi/ic desire4 ,mill's ,trans=mation4--,if1 h[ev]1 ?is idea ( inh]5t social ties & ( oneself z a social be+ is presuppos$1 ! v>i\s ext]nal ag5cies h some?+ int]nal to "w ^u2 & _! effect is int]nal1 n ext]nal4 ,_! effect is n to e/abli% a m]e co9cid5ce 7z ) ,b5?am7 betwe5 pleasure to oneself & pleasure to o!rs1 b to protect1 /r5g!n1 & fo/] ! s5se1 o!rwise int]mitt5t & feeble1 ( ! social aspects & relations ( "o's own be+4 ,x is = ?is reason t ,mill lays m /ress on education ?an on m]e ext]nal in/itutional *anges1 &1 inde$1 conceives ( ! ultimate moral value ( ! in/itutional arrangem5ts z itself educative4 ,_! value to him is n t !y are contrivances or pieces ( ma*9]y = mak+ ! behavior ( "o conduce m or less automatically to ! happ9ess ( o!rs1 b t !y tra9 & ex]cise ! individual 9 ! recognition ( ! social elem5ts ( 8 own "*4 ,summ>y ( ,previ\s ,discussion4--,we h c>ri$ on our discussion ( ! relation betwe5 ! common good z ! /&>d = measur+ rightness1 & pleasure z ! end & spr+ ( ! individual's activity1 9 t]ms ( ,mill's developm5t ( ,b5?am's utilit>ianism4 ,b ( c\rse our results are g5]al1 & !y may be deta*$ n only f ?is p>ticul> discussion1 b f ! tru? or falsity ( utilit>ianism z a te*nical !ory4 ,put positively1 our results are ^!3 7#a7 ,moral quality is an attribute ( "*1 ( dispositions & attitudes :i* express !mselves 9 desires & ef=ts4 7#b7 ,^? attitudes & dispositions are morally good :i* aim at ! production1 ! ma9t5ance1 & developm5t ( ends 9 :i* ! ag5t & o!rs affect$ alike f9d satisfaction4 ,!re is no diff]5ce 7su* z e>ly utilit>ianism made7 betwe5 good z /&>d & z aim1 because only a volunt>y pref]5ce = & int]e/ 9 a social good is capable1 o!rwise ?an by co9cid5ce or accid5t1 ( produc+ acts :i* h common good z _! result4 ,acts :i* are n motivat$ by x z aim _c be tru/$ to secure x z result2 acts :i* are motiv$ by x z a liv+ & habitual int]e/ are ! gu>antee1 s f> z conditions all[1 ( its realization4 ,^? :o c>e = ! g5]al good = its own sake are ^? :o are sure/ ( promot+ x4 ,! ,good ,moral ,"*4--,! g5u9ely moral p]son is "o1 !n1 9 :om ! habit ( reg>d+ all capacities & habits ( self f ! social /&po9t is =m$ & active4 ,su* an "o =ms 8 plans1 regulates 8 desires1 & h5ce p]=ms 8 acts ) ref]5ce to ! effect !y h ^u ! social gr\ps ( :i* he is a "p4 ,he is "o ^: dom9ant attitudes & int]e/s are b\nd up ) associat$ activities4 ,accord+ly he w f9d 8 happ9ess or satisfaction 9 ! promotion ( ^! activities irrespective ( ! p>ticul> pa9s & pleasures t accrue4 ,social ,int]e/s & ,sympa?y4--,a g5u9e social int]e/ is !n some?+ mu* broad] & deep] ?an an in/9ctive sympa!tic reaction4 ,sympa?y is a g5u9e natural in/9ct1 v>y+ 9 int5sity 9 diff]5t individuals4 ,x is a preci\s in/rum5tality = ! developm5t ( social insight & socializ$ affection2 b 9 & ( itself x is ^u ! same plane z any natural end[m5t4 ,x may lead to s5tim5tality or to selfi%ness2 ! individual may %r9k f sc5es ( mis]y j because ( ! pa9 !y cause him1 or may seek jovial companions because ( ! sympa!tic pleasures he gets4 ,or he may be mov$ by sympa?y to labor = ! good ( o!rs1 b1 because ( lack ( delib]ation & ?\ghtfulness1 be q ignorant ( :at _! good really is1 & d a great deal ( h>m4 ,"o may wi% to d unto o!rs z he w\ld !y %\ld d unto him1 b may err egregi\sly because 8 conception ( :at is desirable = himself is radically false2 or because he assumes arbitr>ily t :atev] he likes is good = o!rs1 & may ?us tyrannically impose 8 own /&>ds ^u !m4 ,aga9 in/9ctive sympa?y is p>tial2 x may atta* itself vehem5tly to ^? ( blood k9 or to imm$iate associates 9 su* a way z to favor !m at ! exp5se ( o!rs1 & lead to positive inju/ice t[>d ^? beyond ! *>m$ circle4#aed ,trans=mation ( ,in/9ctive ,sympa?ies4--,x /ill rema9s true t ! in/9ctive affectionate reactions 9 _! v>i\s =ms 7p>5tal1 filial1 sexual1 compassionate1 sympa!tic7 are ! sole portions ( ! psy*ological /ructure or me*anism ( a man :i* c be reli$ ^u to "w ! id5tification ( o!r's ends ) "o's own int]e/s4 ,:at is requir$ is a bl5d+1 a fus+ ( ! sympa!tic t5d5cies ) all ! o!r impulsive & habitual traits ( ! self4 ,:5 int]e/ 9 p[] is p]meat$ ) an affectionate impulse1 x is protect$ f be+ a t5d5cy to dom9ate & tyrannize2 x becomes an int]e/ 9 effectiv5ess ( reg>d = common ends4 ,:5 an int]e/ 9 arti/ic or sci5tific objects is simil>ly fus$1 x loses ! indiff]5t & coldly imp]sonal "* :i* m>ks ! speciali/ z su*1 & becomes an int]e/ 9 ! adequate ae/hetic & intellectual developm5t ( ! conditions ( a common life4 ,sympa?y does n m]ely associate "o ( ^! t5d5cies ) ano!r2 /ill less does x make "o a means to ! o!r's end4 ,x s intimately p]meates !m z to trans=m !m bo? into a s+le new & moral int]e/4 ,?is same fusion protects sympa?y f s5tim5tality & n>r[ness4 ,bl5d$ ) int]e/ 9 p[]1 9 sci5ce1 9 art1 x is lib]aliz$ 9 quality & broad5$ 9 range4 ,9 %ort1 ! fusion ( affectionate reactions ) ! o!r dispositions ( ! self illum9ates1 gives p]spective & body to ! =m]1 :ile x gives social quality & direction to ! latt]4 ,! result ( ?is reciprocal absorption is ! disappe>ance ( ! natural t5d5cies 9 _! orig9al =m & ! g5]ation ( moral1 i4e41 socializ$ int]e/s4 ,x is sympa?y trans=m$ into a habitual /&po9t :i* satisfies ! dem& = a /&po9t :i* w r5d] ! p]son int]e/$ 9 =esight ( all obscure consequ5ces 7ante1 p4 #bfb74 #a4 ,social ,int]e/ & ! ,happ9ess ( ! ,ag5t4--,we n[ see :at is meant by a di/9ctively moral happ9ess1 & h[ ?is happ9ess is supreme 9 quality z comp>$ ) o!r satisfactions1 irrespective ( sup]ior int5sity & duration on ! "p ( ! latt]4 ,x is impossible to draw any fix$ l9e betwe5 ! cont5t ( ! moral good & ( natural satisfaction4 ,! end1 ! "r & only "r end1 ( man1 lies 9 ! fulle/ & free/ realization ( p[]s 9 _! appropriate objects4 ,! good consi/s ( fri5d%ip1 family & political relations1 economic utilization ( me*anical res\rces1 sci5ce1 art1 9 all _! complex & v>iegat$ =ms & elem5ts4 ,!re is no sep>ate & rival moral good2 no sep>ate empty & rival good w4 ,nature ( ,moral ,int]e/ & ,motivation4--,yet ! int]e/ 9 ! social or ! common & progressive realization ( ^! int]e/s may prop]ly be call$ a di/9ctive moral int]e/4 ,! degree ( actual objective realization or a*ievem5t ( ^! ends1 dep5ds ^u circum/ances & accid5ts ov] :i* ! ag5t has little or no control4 ,! m happily situat$ individual :o succe$s 9 realiz+ ^! ends m l>gely we may call m =tunate2 we _c call him morally bett]4 ,! int]e/ 9 all o!r int]e/s1 ! volunt>y desire to discov] & promote !m )9 ! range ( "o's own capacities1 "o's own mat]ial res\rces1 & ! limits ( "o's own surr\nd+s1 is1 h[ev]1 "u "o's control3 x is "o's moral self4 ,! nature & ex]cise ( ?is int]e/ con/itutes !n ! di/9ctively moral quality 9 all good purposes4 ,!y are morally good n s f> z objectively accompli%$ & possess$1 b s f> z *]i%$ 9 ! dom9ant affections ( ! p]son4 ,! ,moral ,int]e/ z ,f9al ,happ9ess4--,consequ5tly ! true or f9al happ9ess ( an individual1 ! happ9ess :i* is n at ! m]cy ( circum/ance & *ange ( circum/ance1 lies n 9 objective a*ievem5t ( results1 b 9 ! supremacy )9 "* ( an al]t1 s9c]e1 & p]si/5t int]e/ 9 ^? habits & in/itutions :i* =w>d common ends among m54 ,mill insi/$ t quality ( happ9ess 0 morally important1 n quantity4 ,well1 t quality :i* is mo/ important is ! peace & joy ( m9d t accompanies ! abid+ & equable ma9t5ance ( socializ$ int]e/s z c5tral spr+s ( action4 ,to "o 9 :om ^! int]e/s live 7& !y live to "s ext5t 9 e individual n completely pa?ological7 _! ex]cise br+s happ9ess because x fulfills 8 life4 ,to ^? 9 :om x is ! supreme int]e/ x br+s supreme or f9al happ9ess4 ,x is n pref]r$ because x is ! great] happ9ess1 b 9 be+ pref]r$ z express+ ! only k9d ( self :i* ! ag5t fundam5tally wi%es himself to be1 x con/itutes a k9d ( happ9ess ) :i* o!rs _c be comp>$4 ,x is unique1 f9al1 invaluable4#aee ,id5tity ( ! ,individual & ,g5]al ,happ9ess4--,no algebraic summ+ up ( sympa!tic pleasures1 utilities ( fri5d%ip1 advantages ( popul>ity & e/eem1 pr(its ( economic ex*ange among equals1 ov] aga9/ pa9s f legal p5alties & disapprov+ public op9ion1 & lack ( sympa!tic support by o!rs1 c ev] make x ev5 approximately c]ta9 t an individual's own int]e/1 9 t]ms ( quantity ( pleasures & pa9s1 is to reg>d ! int]e/ ( o!rs4#aef ,su* a demon/ration1 moreov]1 if possible1 w\ld n support b w\ld weak5 ! moral life4 ,x w\ld r$uce ! manife/ation ( "* to select+ great] r ?an less am\nts ( homog5e\s ends4 ,x w\ld degrade reflection & consid]ation to +5uity 9 detect+ :]e l>g] quantities ( pleasures lie1 & to skill 9 p]=m+ sums ( addition & subtraction4 ,ev5 if su* a s*eme c\ld be demon/rat$1 e "o except ! mo/ languid & phlegmatic ( pleasure-seek]s w\ld reject a life built ^u x4 ,n only ! good1 b ! m vigor\s & he>ty ( ! bad1 w\ld scorn a life 9 :i* "*1 selfhood1 _h no significance1 & :]e ! exp]im5tal discov]y & te/+ ( de/9y _h no place4 ,! id5tity ( individual & g5]al happ9ess is a moral matt]2 x dep5ds1 t is1 ^u ! reflective & int5tional developm5t ( t type ( "* :i* id5tifies itself ) common ends1 & :i* is happy 9 ^! ends j because x has made !m its own4 #b4 ,social ,ends & ! ,happ9ess ( ,o!rs4--,! same pr9ciple holds ( ! happ9ess ( o!rs4 ,happ9ess means ! expression ( ! active t5d5cies ( a self 9 _! appropriate objects4 ,moral happ9ess means ! satisfaction :i* comes :5 ! dom9ant active t5d5cies are made int]e/s 9 ! ma9t5ance & propagation ( ! ?+s t make life wor? liv+4 ,o!rs1 also1 c be happy & %\ld be happy only ^u ! same t]ms4 ,reg>d = ! happ9ess ( o!rs means reg>d = ^? conditions & objects :i* p]mit o!rs freely to ex]cise _! own p[]s f _! own initiative1 reflection1 & *oice4 ,reg>d = _! f9al happ9ess 7i4e41 = a happ9ess ^: quality is su* t x _c be ext]nally add$ to or subtract$ f7 dem&s t ^! o!rs %all f9d ! controll+ objects ( pref]5ce1 resolution1 & endeavor 9 ! ?+s t are wor? :ile4 #c4 ,happ9ess & ,common ,ends4--,= all alike1 9 %ort1 ! *ief ?+ is ! discov]y & promotion ( ^? activities & active relation%ips 9 :i* ! capacities ( all conc]n$ are effectively evok$1 ex]cis$1 & put to ! te/4 ,x is difficult = a man to atta9 a po9t ( view f :i* /eadily to appreh5d h[ 8 own activities affect & modify ^? ( o!rs4 ,x is h>d1 t is1 to le>n to accommodate "o's ends to ^? ( o!rs2 to adju/1 to give way "h1 & fit 9 !re ) respect to our aims4 ,b difficult z ?is is1 x is easy comp>$ ) ! difficulty ( act+ 9 su* a way = ends :i* are helpful to o!rs z w call out & make effective _! activities4 ,moral ,democracy4--,if ! vice ( ! crim9al1 & ( ! co>sely selfi% man is to di/urb ! aims & ! good ( o!rs2 if ! vice ( ! ord9>y egoi/1 & ( e man1 ^u 8 egoi/ic side1 is to neglect ! int]e/s ( o!rs2 ! vice ( ! social lead]1 ( ! re=m]1 ( ! philan?ropi/ & ! speciali/ 9 e wor?y cause ( sci5ce1 or art1 or politics1 is to seek ends :i* promote ! social welf>e 9 ways :i* fail to engage ! active int]e/ & coop]ation ( o!rs4#aeg ,! conception ( conf]r+ ! good ^u o!rs1 or at lea/ ( atta9+ x = !m1 :i* is our inh]itance f ! ari/ocratic civilization ( ! pa/1 is s deeply embodi$ 9 religi\s1 political1 & *>itable in/itutions & 9 moral tea*+s1 t x dies h>d4 ,_m a man1 feel+ himself ju/ifi$ by ! social "* ( 8 ultimate aim 7x may be economic1 or educational1 or political71 is g5u9ely confus$ or exasp]at$ by ! increas+ antagonism & res5tm5t :i* he evokes1 because he has n enli/$ 9 8 pursuit ( ! common end ! freely coop]ative activities ( o!rs4 ,?is coop]ation mu/ be ! root pr9ciple ( ! morals ( democracy4 ,x mu/ be confess$1 h[ev]1 t x has z yet made little progress4 ,our traditional conceptions ( ! morally great man1 ! moral h]o & lead]1 ! exceptionally good social & political "*1 all "w aga9/ ! recognition ( ?is pr9ciple ei!r 9 practice or !ory4 ,!y fo/] ! notion t x is somebody's p>ticul> bus9ess to rea* by 8 m or less isolat$ ef=ts 7) foll[+1 or ob$i5ce1 or unreflective subord9ation on ! "p ( o!rs7 a ne$$ social good4 ,"s g5ius is to lead ! way2 o!rs are to adopt & imitate4 ,moreov]1 ! me?od ( awak5+ & enli/+ ! activities ( all conc]n$ 9 pursuit ( ! end seems sl[2 x seems to po/pone accompli%m5t indef9itely4 ,b 9 tru? a common end :i* is n made su* by common1 free volunt>y coop]ation 9 process ( a*ievem5t is common 9 "n only4 ,x has no support & gu>antee 9 ! activities :i* x is suppos$ to b5efit1 because x is n ! fruit ( ^? activities4 ,h5ce1 x does n /ay put4 ,x has to be cont9ually buttress$ by appeal to ext]nal1 n volunt>y1 consid]ations2 bribes ( pleasure1 ?reats ( h>m1 use ( =ce4 ,x has to be undone & done ov]4 ,!re is no way to escape or evade ?is law ( happ9ess1 t x resides 9 ! ex]cise ( ! active capacities ( a volunt>y ag5t2 & h5ce no way to escape or evade ! law ( a common happ9ess1 t x mu/ reside 9 ! congru\s ex]cise ( ! volunt>y activities ( all conc]n$4 ,! inh]5t irony & trag$y ( mu* t passes = a high k9d ( socializ$ activity is precisely t x seeks a common good by me?ods :i* =bid its be+ ei!r common or a good4 ,,lit]ature ,see ref]5ces ^u utilit>ianism at end ( *4 xiv4 ,= happ9ess1 see ,ari/otle1 ,e?ics1 ,book ,i41 & ,book ,x41 *s4 vi4-ix42 ,dick9son1 ,! ,mean+ ( ,good2 ,pauls51 ,sy/em ( ,e?ics1 pp4 #bfh-bhf2 ,rickaby1 ,aqu9as ,e?icus1 ,vol4 ,i41 pp4 #f-ci2 ,mezes1 ,e?ics1 *4 xv42 ,santayana1 ,! ,life ( ,reason2 ,ra%dall1 ,! ,!ory ( ,good & ,evil4 ,! foll[+ hi/ories ( utilit>ianism br+ out ! social side ( ! utilit>ian !ory3 ,albee1 ,hi/ory ( ,utilit>ianism2 ,/eph51 ,! ,engli% ,utilit>ians2 ,halevy1 ,la ,=mation du ,radicalisme ,philosophique1 especially ,vols4 ,i4 & ,,ii4 ,,footnotes3 #aci ,! discussion ( altruism & egoism 9 *4 xviii4 on ! ,self1 consid]s "s aspects ( ?is "q f ano!r po9t ( view4 #adj ,prolegom5a to ,e?ics1 p4 #cfa4 #ada ,ibid41 pp4 #cfe-ff4 ,gre5 !n goes on to argue t ?is s]vice has be5 9 spite ( its h$oni/ic factor1 & t if ! !ory 7 g5]ally appli$ ) all ! h$oni/ic implications to p]sonal behavior 9 private life1 x w\ld put imp$im5ts 9 ! way ( moral progress4 #adb ,x w be not$ t we h "h ! same d\ble role ( pleasure t met u at ! outset 7see ante1 p4 #bfg73 "o sort ( happ9ess is ! mov+ spr+ ( action1 because object ( desire2 ano!r & incompatible sort is ! /&>d1 & h5ce prop] or "r end4 #adc ,x is ?is h$oni/ic elem5t ( ! object ( desire & mov+ spr+ :i* calls =? su* d5unciations z ,c>lyle's2 on ! o!r h&1 x is ! ass]tion ( ! common happ9ess z ! /&>d :i* calls out ! indignant d5ial ( ! utilit>ians2 :i*1 = example1 leads ,sp5c] to retort ^u ,c>lyle's epi!t ( pig-philosophy ) a c\nt] *>ge t ,c>lyle's epi!t is a survival ( devil-wor%ip1 s9ce x assumes pa9 to be a bless+4 7,pr9ciples ( ,e?ics1 ,vol4 ,i41 pp4 #dj-da74 #add ,abbott's ,kant's ,!ory ( ,e?ics1 p4 #aaf4 #ade ,utilit>ianism1 ?ird p>agraph ( *4 iv4 #adf ,by ?is phrase ,b5?am ref]s to ! necessity ( controll+ ?is spr+ to activity j z any o!r is regulat$1 by ref]5ce to its consequ5ces4 #adg ,b5?am himself 0 n a psy*ologi/1 & he does n /ate ! doctr9e 9 ?is extreme =m4 ,b ^? ( ! ,b5?amites :o 7 psy*ologi/s1 be+ h$oni/ic 9 _! psy*ology1 gave ! doctr9e ?is =m4 #adh ,e>ly ,essays1 p4 #ced4 7,repr9t by ,gibbs1 ,london1 #ahig47 #adi ,ibid41 p4 #ceg4 #aej ,ibid41 p4 #djd4 #aea ,autobiography1 ,london1 #ahhd1 p4 #adc4 #aeb ,utilit>ianism1 *4 iii41 passim4 #aec ,"s phases ( ?is view z respects legislation1 etc41 are t\*$ ^u lat] 9 *4 xviii4 #aed ,mill 9 8 article on ,b5?am says ( him3 ,p]sonal affection1 he well knew1 is z liable to op]ate to ! injury ( ?ird p>ties1 & requires z mu* to be kept 9 *eck1 z any o!r feel+ :atev]3 & g5]al philan?ropy 444 he e/imat$ at its true value :5 divorc$ f ! feel+ ( duty1 z ! v weake/ & mo/ un/eady ( all feel+s 7,op4 cit41 p4 #cef74 #aee ,x is only a poor sort ( happ9ess t c\ld ev] come by c>+ v mu* ab\t our own n>r[ pleasures4 ,we c only h ! highe/ happ9ess1 su* z goes along ) be+ a great man1 by hav+ wide ?\ght & mu* feel+ = ! re/ ( ! _w z well z ourselves2 & ?is sort ( happ9ess (t5 br+s s mu* pa9 ) x1 t we c only tell x f pa9 by its be+ :at we w\ld *oose be=e ev]y?+ else1 because our s\ls see x is good4--,,george ,,eliot 9 ,romola4 #aef ,! recognition ( ?is by _m utilit>ian h$oni/s has caus$ !m to h rec\rse to ! sup]naturally inflict$ p5alties & conf]r$ delights ( a future life to make sure ( balanc+ up ! acc\nt ( virtue z self-sacrific+ action ) happ9ess1 its prop] end4 #aeg ,! recognition ( ?is type ( spiritual selfi%ness is mod]n4 ,x is ! pivot ^u :i* ! lat] 7especially7 ( ,ibs5's trag$ies turn4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,! ,,place ,,( ,,reason ,,9 ,,! ,,moral ,,life2 ,,moral ,,k ,sec4 #a4 ,,problem ,,( ,,reason ,,& ,,desire ,intellig5ce & ,reason 9 a ,moral ,act4--,a volunt>y act is "o :i* involves int5tion1 purpose1 & ?us "s degree ( delib]at5ess4 ,x is ?is trait :i* m>ks (f ! volunt>y act f a purely unconsci\s "o 7l t ( a ma*9e7 & f "o :i* yields to ! sup]ior urg5cy ( pres5t feel+1 "o :i* is pu%$ on f beh9d1 z an in/9ctive or impulsive act1 in/ead ( be+ call$ out by "s possibility ahead4 ,?is factor ( =e?\ght & ( pref]5ce aft] comp>ison = "s "o ( ! ends consid]$1 is ! factor ( intellig5ce involv$ 9 e volunt>y act4 ,to be intellig5t 9 action is1 h[ev]1 a f>-rea*+ affair4 ,to "k :at "o is really ab\t is a l>ge & difficult ord] to fill2 s l>ge & difficult t x is ! he>t ( morality4#aeh ,! relevant be>+s ( any act are subtl] & l>g] ?an ^? :i* c be =ese5 & ?an ^? :i* w be unless special c>e is tak54 ,! t5d5cies :i* /rongly move "o to a c]ta9 act are (t5 exactly ^? :i* t5d to prev5t "o's see+ ! effect ( ! act ^u 8 own habits & ^u ! well-be+ ( o!rs4 ,! int]nal =ces & ! ext]nal circum/ance :i* evoke ! idea ( an end & ( ! means ( atta9+ x are frequ5tly also ^? :i* deflect intellig5ce to a n>r[ & p>tial view4 ,! dem& = a /&>d by :i* to regulate judgm5t ( ends is ?us ! dem& n only = intellig5ce1 b = a c]ta9 k9d ( intellig5ce4 ,9 %ort1 a truly moral 7or "r7 act is "o :i* is intellig5t 9 an emphatic & peculi> s5se2 x is a reasonable act4 ,x is n m]ely "o :i* is ?\ght (1 & ?\ght ( z good1 at ! mom5t ( action1 b "o :i* w cont9ue to be ?\ght ( z good 9 ! mo/ al]t & p]si/5t reflection4#aei ,= by reasonable action we mean su* action z recognizes & obs]ves all ! necess>y conditions2 action 9 :i* impulse1 in/9ct1 incl9ation1 habit1 op9ion1 prejudice 7z ! case may be7 are mod]at$1 guid$1 & det]m9$ by consid]ations :i* lie outside ( & beyond !m4 ,n m]ely to =m ends & select means1 b to judge ! wor? ( ^! means & ends by a /&>d1 is !n ! di/9ctive prov9ce ( reason 9 morals4 ,its outcome is moral k2 t is judgm5ts ( "r & wrong1 bo? 9 g5]al1 & 9 ! p>ticul> & p]plex+ cases z !y arise4 ,?is is ! topic ( ! pres5t *apt]4 ,typical ,problems4--,! problem ( moral k is 9 its g5]al =m3 ,is !re a di/9ct & sep>ate faculty ( moral reason & k1 or is !re b "o p[] ( judgm5t :i* v>ies ) its object8 ,! =m] view is ! intuitional 7f ,lat91 intueor3 to look at72 x is associat$ ) !ories1 :i*1 l ! ,kantian1 emphasize attitudes1 n results & int5tions2 :ile ! view :i* holds t !re is b "o =m ( ?\ght :i*1 9 morals1 conc]ns itself ) results1 & ) _! association ) ! pres5t aim1 is ! empirical4 ,!re are two especial difficulties :i* lead to ! uphold+ ( ! intuitional po9t ( view1 difficulties :i* any !ory ( moral k has to meet4 ,!y are 7,i7 ,! ,relation ( ,desire & ,reason1 & 7,,ii7 ! ,k ( ,private & ,g5]al ,good4 #a4 ,desire & ,reason4--,ord9>y k 9 practical matt]s foll[s ! l9e set by desire4 ,hung] makes u ?9k ( food & ( h[ to get x2 sociable desire1 ( fri5ds1 & h[ to secure _! companion%ip1 & s on4 ,n[ a surg+ mass ( desires1 vehem5t & bulky1 may conc5trate itself ^u ! idea ( any end2 & z soon z x does s1 x t5ds to %ut out wid] consid]ations4 ,z we h j se51 x is ! object ( reason to give u a calm1 objective1 broad1 & g5]al survey ( ! field4 ,desires "w aga9/ ?is1 & unless 7s runs ! argum5t7 !re is a faculty :i* works :olly indep5d5t ( desires1 z our ord9>y practical k does n1 x is absurd to suppose !re c be a rational pr9ciple :i* w correct & curb desire4 #b4 ,private & ,g5]al ,good4--,s9ce ! wide & p]man5t good is social1 x is urg$ t unless we h an indep5d5t faculty ( moral k1 our judgm5t w be subs]vi5t to ! ends ( private desire1 & h5ce w n place itself at ! public po9t ( view4 ,or1 if x does s1 x w be simply z a matt] ( exp$i5cy to calculate bett] ! means = gett+ our own pleasure4 ,9 g5]al1 x is urg$ t only a faculty ( k completely indep5d5t ( p]sonal wi%es1 habits1 purposes c secure judgm5ts possess+ inh]5t dignity & au?oritativ5ess2 s9ce ^! require an elevat$1 imp>tial1 univ]sal1 & necess>y po9t ( view4 ,we %all 9 ! sequel attempt to %[ t ?is view ( k results f ! false conception ( desire z hav+ pleasure = its object1 & f a false conception ( ! relation ( int5t & motive4 ,:5 ^! errors are correct$1 !re is no gr\nd to assume any special faculty ( moral intellig5ce1 save z ! "o capacity ( ?\ght is specializ$ into a p>ticul> m5tal habit by be+ con/antly occupi$ 9 judg+ values4 ,we %all try to %[ t ! broad & public po9t ( view is secur$ by fusion ( impulses ) sympa!tic affections4 ,we %all beg9 ) /at+ & criticiz+ ! views ( ,kant1 :o upholds ! doctr9e ( a sep>ate indep5d5t ,moral ,reason 9 its mo/ extreme =m4 ,sec4 #b4 ,,kant',s ,,!ory ,,( ,,practical ,,reason ,kant is at "o ) ! h$oni/ z reg>ds ! natural object ( desire2 x is pleasure4 ,all purposes & ends t spr+ f incl9ation & natural t5d5cy come "u "o head3 self-love4 ,h5ce1 ! ord9>y use ( intellig5ce is conf9$ to ! matt] ( pass+ ^u :at con/itutes ! individual's private happ9ess & h[ he %all secure x4 ,!re are !n fundam5tal contra/s betwe5 ord9>y practical activity & g5u9ely moral activity1 contra/s :i* reflect !mselves 9 ! !ory ( ! nature & function ( moral k4 7#a7 ,! moral end is unqualifi$1 absolute1 categorical4 ,x is n some?+ :i* we c pick or leave at our option4 ,morality is ! region ( f9al ends1 ends n to be disput$ or que/ion$2 & reason mu/ set =? su* f9al ends4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 happ9ess is n a morally necess>y end1 intellig5ce 9 its behalf c only give hypo!tical c\nsel & advice3 if y w\ld be happy1 or happy 9 ?is1 or t way1 !n take su* & su* measures4 ,reason :i* promulgates ends mu/ be ( a diff]5t sort f ! intellig5ce :i* simply se>*es = means4 7#b7 ,morality is n qualifi$1 b c]ta9 9 its requirem5ts4 ,! mo/ inexp]i5c$1 ! humble/1 ! "o mo/ re/rict$ 9 8 circum/ances & opportunities1 mu/ "k :at is morally requir$ z surely z ! wise/ & mo/ educat$4 ,h5ce moral reason mu/ utt] its precepts cle>ly & unambigu\sly4 ,b no "o c be sure :at happ9ess is1 or :e!r a giv5 act w br+ joy or sorr[4 ,! problem ( det]m9+ c]ta9ly :at action w\ld promote ! happ9ess ( a rational be+ is insoluble4 7,abbott's ,kant1 p4 #cf47 ,! dem& = c]ta9ty ( precepts 9 moral matt]s also requires a special faculty4 7#c7 ,morality1 :i* is inexorable & c]ta9 9 its dem&s1 is also univ]sal 9 its requirem5ts4 ,its laws are ! same ye/]day1 to-day1 & =ev]1 ! same = "o z = ano!r4 ,n[ happ9ess notori\sly v>ies ) ! condition & circum/ances ( a p]son1 z well z ) ! conditions ( diff]5t peoples & epo*s4 ,intellig5ce ) ref]5ce to happ9ess c only give c\nsel1 n ev5 rules1 s v>iable is happ9ess4 ,x c only advise t ^u ! av]age1 "u c]ta9 conditions1 a giv5 c\rse ( action has usually promot$ happ9ess4 ,:5 we add t ! comm&s ( morality are also univ]sal ) respect to ! diff]5t incl9ations ( diff]5t individuals1 we are made emphatically aw>e ( ! necessity ( a rational /&po9t1 :i* 9 its imp>tiality totally transc5ds ! ends & plans t gr[ out ( ! ord9>y exp]i5ce ( an individual4 ,an ,a ,priori ,reason ,kant's ,solution4--,! net outcome is t only a reason :i* is sep>ate & indep5d5t ( all exp]i5ce is capable ( meet+ ! requirem5ts ( morality4 ,:at smacks 9 its orig9 & aim ( exp]i5ce is ta9t$ ) self-love2 is p>tial1 tempor>y1 unc]ta91 & relative or dep5d5t4 ,! moral law is unqualifi$1 necess>y1 & univ]sal4 ,h5ce we h to recognize 9 man z a moral be+ a faculty ( reason :i* expresses itself 9 ! law ( conduct a priori to all exp]i5ce ( desire1 pleasure1 & pa94 ,besides 8 s5su\s nature 7) respect to :i* k is b\nd up ) appetite7 man has a purely rational nature1 :i* manife/s itself 9 ! consci\sness ( ! absolute au?ority ( univ]sal law4#afj ,=mal ,"* ( ,su* ,reason4--,?is extreme sep>ation ( reason f exp]i5ce br+s ) x1 h[ev]1 a s]i\s problem4 ,we %all fir/ /ate ?is problem2 & !n %[ t its artificial & insoluble "* s]ves z a refutation ( ,kant's !ory ( a transc5d5tal1 or :olly non-natural & non-empirical1 mode ( k4 ,reason :i* is :olly indep5d5t ( exp]i5ce ( desires & _! results is1 z ,kant expressly decl>es1 purely =mal4 7,abbott's ,kant1 p4 #cc2 p4 #aad47 ,t is to say1 x is empty2 x does n po9t out or indicate any?+ p>ticul> to be done4 ,x _c say be indu/ri\s1 or prud5t1 g5]\s2 give1 or refra9 f giv+1 s mu* money to ?is p>ticul> man at ?is p>ticul> "t "u j ^! circum/ances4 ,all x says is t morality is rational & requires man to foll[ ! law ( reason4 ,b ! law ( reason is j t a man %\ld foll[ ! law ( reason4 ,& to ! inevitable inquiry ,:at !n is ! law ( reason8 ! answ] /ill is3 ,to foll[ ! law ( reason4 ,h[ d we break out ( ?is empty circle into specific k ( ! specific "r ?+s to be done8 ,kant has an answ]1 :i* we %all n[ consid]4 ,kant's ,me?od4--,he proce$s z foll[s3 ,! law is inde$ purely =mal or empty 7s9ce1 once m1 all specific ends are empirical & *angeable71 b x is s because x is univ]sal4 ,n[ no?+ :i* is univ]sal c contradict itself4 ,all we ne$ to d is to take any propos$ pr9ciple ( any act & ask ourselves :e!r x c be univ]saliz$ )\t self-inconsi/5cy4 ,if x _c be1 ! act is wrong4 ,if x c be1 ! act is "r4 ,= example3 ,may ,i1 :5 9 di/ress1 make a promise ) ! int5tion n to keep x8444 ,! %orte/ way1 & an un]r+ "o to discov] ! answ] to ! "q :e!r a ly+ promise is consi/5t ) duty1 is to ask myself1 ,%\ld ,i be cont5t t my maxim 7to extricate myself f tr\ble by a false promise7 %\ld hold good z a univ]sal law1 = myself z well z = o!rs8 ,& %\ld ,i be able to say to myself1 e "o may make a deceitful promise :5 he f9ds himself 9 a difficulty f :i* he _c o!rwise extricate himself8 ,!n ,i p]sonally become aw>e t :ile ,i c w ! lie1 ,i c by no means w t ly+ %\ld be a univ]sal law4 ,= ) su* a law !re w\ld be no su* ?+ z a promise4 ,no "o %\ld h any fai? 9 ! pr(f]$ int5tion1 or1 if !y d s ov] ha/ily1 w\ld pay "o back 9 "o's own co9 at ! fir/ opportunity 7,op4 cit41 p4 #ai74 ,! pr9ciple if made univ]sal simply contradicts itself1 & ?us reveals t x is no pr9ciple at all1 n rational4 ,summ+ ?is up 9 a =mula1 we get z our /&>d ( "r action ! pr9ciple3 ,act z if ! maxim ( ?y action 7 to become by ?y w a univ]sal law ( nature 7,op4 cit41 p4 #ci74 ,! proc$ure ?us indicat$ seems simple4 ,z long z an individual consid]s ! purpose or motive ( 8 action z if x 7 m]ely a matt] ( t "o de$2 z if x 7 an isolat$ ?+1 !re is no rationality1 no consci\sness ( moral law or pr9ciple4 ,b let ! individual imag9e himself gift$ ) su* p[] t1 if he acts1 ! motive ( 8 act w become a fix$1 a regul> law 9 ! con/itution ( ?+s4 ,w\ld he1 z a rational be+1 be will+ to br+ ab\t su* a univ]salization1--c he1 ) equanimity z a reasonable be+1 contemplate su* an outcome8 ,if he c1 ! act is "r2 if n 7z 9 ! case ( mak+ a ly+ promise71 wrong4 ,no s5sible p]son w\ld "q ! in/ructiv5ess ( ?is s*eme 9 ! concrete4 ,x indicates t ! value ( reason--( ab/raction & g5]alization--9 conduct is to help u escape f ! p>tiality t fl[s f desire & emotion 9 _! fir/ & sup]ficial manife/ations1 & to atta9 a m unifi$ & p]man5t end4 ,z a me?od 7?\gh n ! only "o7 ( realiz+ ! full mean+ ( a propos$ c\rse ( action1 no?+ c\ld be bett] ?an ask+ ourselves h[ we %\ld l to be committ$ =ev] to its pr9ciple2 h[ we %\ld l to h o!rs committ$ to x & to treat u accord+ to x8 ,su* a me?od is well calculat$ to make u face our propos$ end 9 its imp>tial consequ5ces2 to tea* ! dang] ( *]i%+ m]ely ^? results :i* are mo/ cong5ial to our pass+ :im & our n>r[ conception ( p]sonal pr(it4 ,9 %ort1 by g5]aliz+ a purpose we make its g5]al "* evid5t4 ,b ?is me?od does n proce$ 7z ,kant w\ld h x7 f a m]e consid]ation ( moral law ap>t f a concrete end1 b f an end 9 s f> z x p]si/5tly approves itself to reflection aft] an adequate survey ( x 9 all its be>+s4 ,x is ! possibility ( g5]aliz+ ! concrete end t ,kant falls back ^u4 ,o!r illu/rations :i* ,kant (f]s en=ce ! same lesson4 ,he sugge/s ! foll[+3 7#a7 ,a man 9 despair f mis=tune consid]s suicide4 ,n[ he inquires :e!r ! maxim ( 8 action c\ld become a univ]sal law ( nature4 ,we see at once t a sy/em ( nature by :i* x %\ld be a law to de/roy life by means ( ! v feel+--self-love--^: nature x is to impel to ! ma9t5ance ( life1 w\ld contradict itself & !re=e c\ld n exi/4 7#b7 ,a man :o has a c]ta9 tal5t is tempt$ f sluggi%ness & love ( amusem5t n to cultivate x4 ,b if he applies ! pr9ciple he sees t1 :ile a sy/em ( nature might subsi/ if 8 motive became a law 7s t all p devot$ _! lives to idl5ess & amusem5t71 yet he _c w t su* a sy/em %\ld receive absolute realization4 ,z a rational be+ he necess>ily also wills t faculties be develop$ s9ce !y s]ve = all sorts ( possible purposes4 7#c7 ,a prosp]\s man1 :o sees "s "o else to be wret*$1 is tempt$ to pay no att5tion to x1 alleg+ t x is no conc]n ( 84 ,n[1 if ?is attitude 7 made a univ]sal law ( nature1 ! human race might subsi/ & ev5 get on aft] a fa%ion2 b x is impossible to w t su* a pr9ciple %\ld h ! validity ( a law ( nature4 ,su* a w w\ld contradict itself1 = _m cases w\ld occur 9 :i* ! "o will+ w\ld ne$ ! love & sympa?y ( o!rs2 he c\ld n !n )\t contradict+ himself wi% t selfi% disreg>d %\ld become a regul>1 a fix$ uni=mity4 ,! ,social ,end is ! ,rational ,end4--,^! illu/rations make x cle> t ! contradiction ,kant really dep5ds ^u to reveal ! wrongness ( acts1 is ! introduction ( friction & disord] among ! v>i\s concrete ends ( ! individual4 ,he insi/s especially t ! social relations ( an act br+ out its g5]al purport4 ,a "r end is "o :i* c be project$ h>moni\sly into ! wide/ & broade/ survey ( life :i* ! individual c make4 ,a sy/em ( nature or ( conduct 9 :i* love ( life %\ld lead to its own de/ruction c]ta9ly contradicts itself4 ,a c\rse ( action :i* %\ld include all ! t5d5cies t make = amusem5t & sluggi%ness w\ld be inconsi/5t ) a s*eme ( life :i* w\ld take acc\nt ( o!r t5d5cies--su* z int]e/ 9 sci5ce1 9 music1 9 fri5d%ip1 9 bus9ess a*ievem5t1 :i* are j z real con/itu5ts ( ! individual1 al?\gh p]haps n s /rongly felt at ! mom5t4 ,a totally call\s & cruel mode ( proc$ure c]ta9ly contradicts a c\rse ( life 9 :i* e individual is s plac$ z to be dep5d5t ^u ! sympa?y & ^u ! help ( o!rs4 ,x is ! prov9ce ( reason to call up a suffici5tly wide view ( ! consequ5ces ( an int5tion z to enable u to realize su* inconsi/5cies & contradictions if !y exi/2 to put be=e u1 n ?r\gh any logical manipulation ( ! pr9ciple ( contradiction1 b ?r\gh memory & imag9ation a p>ticul> act1 proposal1 or sugge/ion z a portion ( a connect$ :ole ( life2 to make real to u t no man1 no act1 & no satisfaction ( any man1 falls or /&s to itself1 b t x affects & is affect$ by o!rs4 ,our conclusion is3 ! "r z ! rational good means t :i* is h>moni\s ) all ! capacities & desires ( ! self1 t :i* exp&s !m into a coop]ative :ole4 ,kant's ,introduction ( ,social ,factors4--,! fur!r developm5t :i* ,kant gives ! =mula already quot$ 7p4 #cab7 goes f> to remove ! appe>ance ( opposition betwe5 ! utilit>ian social /&>d & 8 own ab/ract rationalism4 ,kant po9ts out t accord+ to 8 view ! moral or rational w is its own end4 ,h5ce e rational p]son is always an end1 nev] a means3--?is1 inde$1 is :at we mean by a p]son4 ,b e normal human be+ is a rational p]son4 ,consequ5tly ano!r =mula = 8 maxim is3 ,s act z to treat humanity1 :e!r 9 ?9e own p]son or 9 t ( any o!r1 z an end1 nev] z a means m]ely4 ,! man :o contemplates suicide uses a p]son m]ely z a means to ma9ta9+ a tol]able condition ( life4 ,he :o w\ld make a ly+ promise to ano!r makes t o!r "o m]ely a means to 8 pr(it1 etc4 ,moreov]1 s9ce all p]sons are equally ends 9 !mselves & are to be equally reg>d$ 9 behavior1 we may say ! /&>d ( "r is ! notion ( a ,k+dom ( ,ends--! idea ( ! union ( diff]5t rational be+s 9 a sy/em by common laws4#afa ,^! propositions are r =mal1 b ! mom5t we put def9ite mean+ into !m1 !y sugge/ t ! good = any man is t 9 :i* ! welf>e ( o!rs c\nts z mu* z 8 own4 ,! "r is t action :i*1 s f> z 9 x lies1 comb9es into a :ole ( common int]e/s & purposes ! o!rwise conflict+ aims & int]e/s ( diff]5t p]sons4 ,s int]pret$1 ! ,kantian =mula diff]s 9 words1 r ?an 9 idea1 f ,b5?am's happ9ess ( all conc]n$ ea* c\nt+ = "o & only "o2 f ,mill's /atem5t t ! deeply root$ conception :i* e individual ev5 n[ has ( himself z a social be+ t5ds to make him feel x z "o ( 8 natural wants1 t !re %\ld be h>mony betwe5 8 feel+s & aims & ^? ( 8 fell[ creatures4 ,9 all ( ^! =mulae we f9d re-/atem5ts ( our conception t ! good is ! activities 9 :i* all m5 p>ticipate s t ! p[]s ( ea* are call$ out1 put to use1 & re5=c$4 ,consequ5t ,trans=mation ( ,!ory ( ,reason4--,n[ if ! common good1 9 ! =m ( a society ( individuals1 z a k+dom ( ends1 is ! object ) ref]5ce to :i* ! ends ( desire h to be rationaliz$1 ,kant's !ory ( an a priori & empty ,reason is completely made ov]4 ,9 /rict logic ,kant contradicts himself :5 he says t we are to g5]alize ! end ( desire1 s z to see :e!r x c\ld become a univ]sal law4 ,= accord+ to him no end ( desire 7s9ce x is private & a =m ( self-love7 c possibly be g5]aliz$4 ,he is sett+ up z a me?od ( enlight5m5t precisely ! v impossibility 7impossible1 t is1 on 8 own !ory t private happ9ess is ! end ( desire7 :i* made him fir/ resort to 8 a priori & transc5d5tal reason4 ,no m complete contradiction c be imag9$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if we neglect ! concrete1 empirical conditions & consequ5ces ( ! object ( desire1 !re is no motive :atsoev] t may n be g5]aliz$4 ,!re is no =mal contradiction 9 act+ always on a motive ( !ft1 un*a/ity1 or insol5ce4 ,all t ,kant's me?od c require1 9 /rict logic1 is t ! individual always1 "u simil> circum/ances1 act f ! same motive4 ,be will+ to be always di%one/1 or impure1 or pr\d 9 y\r int5t2 a*ieve consi/5cy 9 ! badness ( y\r motives1 & y w be good6 ,d\btless no "o1 n ev5 ! wor/ man1 w\ld be will+ to be univ]sally consi/5t 9 8 badness4 ,b ?is is n 9 ! lea/ a matt] ( a purely =mal1 logical inconsi/5cy ( ! motive ) itself2#afb x is due r to t conflict among div]se desires1 & diff]5t objects = :i* "o /rives1 :i* makes him aw>e t at "s "t he %\ld want to act k9dly & fairly4 ,organization ( ,desires f ! ,social ,/&po9t4--,:at ,kant is really insi/+ ^u at bottom is1 !n1 ! dem& = su* a revision ( desire z x casually & unreflectively pres5ts itself z w\ld make ! desire a consi/5t expression ( ! :ole body ( ! purposes ( ! self4 ,:at he dem&s is t a desire %all n be accept$ z an adequate motive till x has be5 organiz$ into desire = an end :i* w be compatible ) ! :ole sy/em ( ends involv$ 9 ! capacities & t5d5cies ( ! ag5t4 ,?is is true rationalization4 ,& he fur!r w>ns u t only :5 a p>ticul> desire has 9 view a good :i* is social w x meet ?is requirem5t4 ,?is br+s u to our next problem4 ,j :at is ! process by :i* we judge ( ! wor? ( p>ticul> proposals1 plans1 c\rses ( actions1 desires8 ,grant$ t a g5]aliz$ good1 a socializ$ happ9ess1 is ! po9t ( view at :i* we mu/ place ourselves to secure ! reasonable po9t ( view1 h[ does ?is po9t ( view become an op]ative me?od8 ,sec4 #c4 ,,moral ,,s5se ,,intuitionalism ,s f>1 our conclusions are 7#a7 t ! prov9ce ( reason is to enable u to g5]alize our concrete ends2 to =m su* ends z are consi/5t ) "o ano!r1 & re5=ce "o ano!r1 introduc+ cont9uity & =ce1 :]e o!rwise !re w\ld be division & weakness2 & 7#b7 t only social ends are ultimately reasonable1 s9ce !y alone p]mit u to organize our acts into consi/5t :oles4 ,we h n[1 h[ev]1 to consid] h[ ?is conception takes effect 9 detail2 h[ x is employ$ to det]m9e ! "r or ! reasonable 9 a giv5 situation4 ,we %all approa* ?is problem by consid]+ a =m ( intuitionalism hi/orically prior to t ( ,kant4 ,?is emphasizes ! direct "* ( moral k 9 p>ticul> cases1 & assimilates moral k to ! analogy ( s5se p]ception1 :i* also deals directly ) specific objects2 x insi/s1 h[ev]1 t a diff]5t k9d ( faculty ( k op]ates 9 ! k ( acts f t :i* op]ates 9 ! k ( ?+s4 ,our und]ly+ aim "h is to br+ out ! relation ( imm$iate appreciation to delib]ate reflection1 ) a view to %[+ t ! reasonable /&po9t1 t ( ! common good1 becomes effective ?r\gh ! socializ$ attitudes & emotions ( a p]son's own "*4 ,moral ,s5se4--,?is !ory holds t rightness is an intr9sic1 absolute quality ( special acts1 & z su* is imm$iately kn[n or recogniz$ = :at x is4 ,j z a :ite color is kn[n z :ite1 a high tone z high1 a h>d body z exi/5t1 etc41 s an act :i* is "r is kn[n z "r4 ,9 ea* case1 ! quality & ! fact are s intimately & inh]5tly b\nd toge!r t x is absurd to ?9k ( "o & n "k ! o!r4 ,z a !ory ( moral judgm5t1 intuitionalism is ?us oppos$ to utilit>ianism1 :i* holds t rightness is n an inh]5t quality b "o relative to & borr[$ f ext]nal & m or less remote consequ5ces4 ,:ile "s =ms ( intuitionalism hold t ?is moral quality belongs to g5]al rules or to classes ( ends1 ! =m we are n[ to consid] holds t ! moral quality ( an individual act _c be borr[$ ev5 f a moral law1 b %9es =? z an absolute & inde/ructible "p ( ! motive ( ! act itself4 ,because ! !ory 9 "q /icks to ! direct p]ception ( ! imm$iately pres5t quality ( acts1 x is usually call$1 9 analogy ) ! direct p]ception ( eye or e>1 ! moral s5se !ory4 ,objections to ,!ory4--,! objections to ?is !ory 9 ! extreme =m j /at$ may be br\ght "u two heads3 7#a7 ,!re is no evid5ce to prove t all acts are directly *>act]iz$ by ! possession ( absolute & self-evid5t rightness & wrongness2 !re is mu* evid5ce to %[ t ?is quality :5 pres5t$ by acts c1 z a rule1 be trac$ to e>li] in/ruction1 to ! pressure ( correction & puni%m5t1 & to association ) o!r exp]i5ces4 7#b7 ,:ile 9 ?is way _m acts1 p]haps almo/ all1 ( ! av]age mature p]son ( a good moral environm5t1 h acquir$ a direct moral color+1 mak+ unnecess>y elaborate calculation or ref]5ce to g5]al pr9ciples1 yet !re is no?+ infallible 9 su* intuitively pres5t$ prop]ties4 ,an act may pres5t itself z ?or\ghly "r & yet may be1 9 reality1 wrong4 ,! function ( consci\s delib]ation & reason+ is precisely to detect ! exi/5ce ( & to correct su* intuitive cases4#afc ,i4 ,direct ,p]ception z ,effect ( ,habits4--,x mu/ be admitt$1 z a result ( any unprejudic$ exam9ation1 t a l>ge "p ( ! acts1 motives1 & plans ( ! adult :o has _h favorable moral surr\nd+s seem to possess directly1 & 9 _! own intr9sic make-up1 rightness or wrongness or moral indiff]5ce4 ,to ?9k ( ly+ or /eal+ is "o ) ?9k+ ( x z wrong2 to recall or sugge/ an act ( k9dness is ! same z ?9k+ ( x z "r2 to ?9k ( go+ aft] mail is to ?9k ( an act free f ei!r rightness or wrongness4 ,) ! av]age p]son x is probably r>e = mu* "t to be sp5t 9 figur+ out :e!r an act is "r or wrong1 aft] ! idea ( t act has once def9itely pres5t$ itself4 ,s f> z ! facts ( moral exp]i5ce 9 su* cases are conc]n$1 ! moral s5se !ory appe>s to give a correct description4 7#a7 ,b ! conclusion t1 !re=e1 moral goodness or badness is & always has be5 an inh]5t1 absolute prop]ty ( ! act itself1 ov]looks well-kn[n psy*ological pr9ciples4 ,9 all p]ception1 9 all recognition1 !re is a fund+ or capitaliz+ ( ! results ( pa/ exp]i5ce by :i* ! results are r5d]$ available 9 new exp]i5ces4 ,ev5 a "y *ild recognizes a table1 a *air1 a glass ( milk1 a dog1 z soon z he sees x2 !re is no analysis1 no consci\s int]pretation4 ,di/ance1 direction1 size1 "u normal circum/ances1 are p]ceiv$ ) ! same assurance & ease4 ,b !re 0 a "t :5 all ^! ?+s 7 le>n+2 :5 consci\s exp]im5tation involv+ int]pretation took place4 ,su* p]ceptions1 moreov]1 take place "u ! guidance ( o!rs2 pa9s are tak5 indelibly to /amp moral impressions by associat+ !m ) int5se1 vivid1 & my/]i\s or awful emotional accompanim5ts4#afd ,an?ropological & hi/orical acc\nts ( diff]5t races & peoples tell ! same /ory4 ,acts once entirely innoc5t ( moral di/9ctions h acquir$1 "u diff]+ circum/ances & sometimes = trivial & absurd reasons1 diff]5t moral values3--"o & ! same sort ( act be+ /amp$ "h z absolute guilt1 !re z an act ( sup]ior & h]oic virtue4 ,n[ x w\ld be fallaci\s to argue 7z "s d7 t because di/9ctions ( moral quality h be5 acquir$ & are n innate1 !y are !re=e unreal :5 !y are acquir$4 ,yet ! fact ( gradual developm5t proves t no fix$ l9e exi/s :]e x c be said ! case is clos$2 t j ?is is h5ce=? =ev] "r or wrong2 t !re %all be no fur!r obs]vation ( consequ5ces1 no fur!r correction & revision ( pres5t intuitions4 7#b7 ,our imm$iate moral recognitions take place1 moreov]1 only "u usual circum/ances4 ,!re is aft] all no su* ?+ z complete moral maturity2 all p]sons are /ill m or less *ildr5--9 process ( le>n+ moral di/9ctions4 ,! m int5se _! moral int]e/s1 ! m *ildlike1 ! m op51 flexible1 & gr[+ are _! m9ds4 ,x is only ! call\s & indiff]5t1 or at lea/ ! conv5tional1 :o f9d all acts & projects s def9itely "r & wrong z to r5d] reflection unnecess>y4 ,new occasions tea* new duties1 b !y tea* !m only to ^? :o recognize t !y are n already 9 possession ( adequate moral judgm5ts4 ,any o!r view de/roys ! :ole mean+ ( reflective morality & m>ks a relapse to ! plane ( %e] cu/om4 ,extreme intuitionalism & extreme moral cons]vatism2 dislike to calculation & reflection1 = fe> ( innovations ) att5dant tr\ble & discom=t1 are usually f\nd to g toge!r4 ,,ii4 ,direct ,p]ception ,no ,gu>antee ( ,validity4--,?is sugge/s our second objection4 ,! exi/5ce ( imm$iate moral quality1 ! direct & seem+ly f9al possession ( rightness1 z matt] ( fact1 is n adequate pro( ( validity4 ,at be/1 x furni%es a presumption ( correctness1 9 ! abs5ce ( gr\nds = que/ion+ x1 9 fairly famili> situations4 7a7 ,!re is no?+ m direct1 m seem+ly self-evid5t1 ?an invet]ate prejudice4 ,:5 class or ve/$ int]e/ is enli/$ 9 ! ma9t5ance ( ! cu/om or in/itution :i* is express$ 9 a prejudice1 ! mo/ vici\s moral judgm5ts assume ! guise ( self-consci\s sanctity4 7b7 ,a judgm5t :i* is correct "u usual circum/ances may become q unfit1 & !re=e wrong1 if p]si/$ 9 "u new conditions4 ,life1 individual & social1 is 9 con/ant process ( *ange2 & !re is always dang] ( error 9 cl++ to judgm5ts adju/$ to old] circum/ances4 ,! good is ! enemy ( ! bett]4 ,x is n m]ely false ideas ( ! values ( life t h to be re-=m$1 b ideas once true4 ,:5 economic1 political1 & sci5tific conditions are modify+ !mselves z rapidly & ext5sively z !y are 9 our day1 x is recon/ruction ( moral judgm5t t ne$s emphasis1 r ?an ! exi/5ce ( a lot ( ready-made intuitions4 ,:5 readju/m5t is requir$1 delib]ate inquiry is ! only alt]native to inconsid]ate1 undirect$1 & h5ce probably viol5t *anges3--*anges involv+ undue relaxation ( moral ties on "o side & arbitr>y reactions on ! o!r4 ,delib]ation & ,intuition4--,x is inde$ absurd to set imm$iate recognition ( quality & indirect calculation ( m or less remote consequ5ces1 intuition & ?\ght1 ov] aga9/ ea* o!r z if !y 7 rivals4 ,= !y are mutually supplem5t>y4 ,z we saw 9 a previ\s *apt]1 ! =esight ( future results calls out an imm$iate reaction ( satisfaction & dissatisfaction1 ( happ9ess or dislike4 7,see p4 #bgb47 ,x is j z false to say t we calculate only future pa9s & pleasures 7in/ead ( *anges 9 ! _w ( ?+s & p]sons7 z x is to say t anticipations ( ! *anges to be wr\ght 9 ! _w by our act are n accompani$ by an imm$iate emotional appreciation ( _! value4 ,! notion t delib]ation ^u ! v>i\s alt]natives op5 to u is simply a cold-blood$ sett+ d[n ( v>i\s items to our advantage1 & v>i\s o!r items to our disadvantage 7z ,rob9son ,crusoe wrote d[n 9 bookkeep+ fa%ion 8 mis]ies & bless+s71 & !n /rik+ an algebraic balance1 implies some?+ t nev] did & nev] c\ld happ54 ,delib]ation is a process ( active1 suppress$1 rehe>sal2 ( imag9ative dramatic p]=mance ( v>i\s de$s c>ry+ to _! appropriate issues ! v>i\s t5d5cies :i* we feel /irr+ )9 u4 ,:5 we see 9 imag9ation ?is or t *ange br\ght ab\t1 !re is a direct s5se ( ! am\nt & k9d ( wor? :i* atta*es to x1 z real & z direct1 if n z /rong1 z if ! act 7 really p]=m$ & its consequ5ce really br\ght home to u4 ,delib]ation z ,dramatic ,rehe>sal4--,we1 inde$1 e/imate ! import or significance ( any pres5t desire or impulse by =eca/+ :at x w\ld come or am\nt to if c>ri$ out2 lit]ally its consequ5ces def9e its consequ5ce1 its mean+ & importance4 ,b if ^! consequ5ces 7 conceiv$ m]ely z remote1 if _! pictur+ did n at once ar\se a pres5t s5se ( peace1 ( fulfillm5t1 or ( dissatisfaction1 ( incompletion & irritation1 ! process ( ?9k+ out consequ5ces w\ld rema9 purely intellectual4 ,x w\ld be z b>r5 ( influ5ce ^u behavior z ! ma!matical speculations ( a disembodi$ angel4 ,any actual exp]i5ce ( reflection ^u conduct w %[ t e =ese5 result at once /irs our pres5t affections1 our likes & dislikes1 our desires & av]sions4 ,!re is develop$ a runn+ comm5t>y :i* /amps values at once z good or evil4 ,x is ?is direct s5se ( value1 n ! consci\sness ( g5]al rules or ultimate goals1 :i* f9ally det]m9es ! wor? ( ! act to ! ag5t4 ,"h is ! inexpugnable elem5t ( tru? 9 ! intuitional !ory4 ,its error lies 9 conceiv+ ?is imm$iate response ( appreciation z if x exclud$ reflection in/ead ( foll[+ directly ^u its heels4 ,delib]ation is actually an imag9ative rehe>sal ( v>i\s c\rses ( conduct4 ,we give way1 9 our m9d1 to "s impulse2 we try1 9 our m9d1 "s plan4 ,foll[+ its c>e] ?r\gh v>i\s /eps1 we f9d ourselves 9 imag9ation 9 ! pres5ce ( ! consequ5ces t w\ld foll[3 & z we !n l & approve1 or dislike & disapprove1 ^! consequ5ces1 we f9d ! orig9al impulse or plan good or bad4 ,delib]ation is dramatic & active1 n ma!matical & imp]sonal2 & h5ce x has ! intuitive1 ! direct factor 9 x4 ,! advantage ( a m5tal trial1 prior to ! ov]t trial 7= ! act aft] all is itself also a trial1 a prov+ ( ! idea t lies back ( x71 is t x is retrievable1 :]eas ov]t consequ5ces rema94 ,!y _c be recall$4 ,moreov]1 _m trials may m5tally be made 9 a %ort "t4 ,! imag9+ ( v>i\s plans c>ri$ out furni%es an opportunity = _m impulses :i* at fir/ are n 9 evid5ce at all1 to get "u way4 ,_m & v>i$ direct s5s+s1 appreciations1 take place4 ,:5 _m t5d5cies are br\ght into play1 !re is cle>ly mu* great] probability t ! capacity ( self :i* is really ne$$ & appropriate w be br\ght into action1 & ?us a truly reasonable happ9ess result4 ,! t5d5cy ( delib]ation to pol>ize ! v>i\s l9es ( activity into oppos$ alt]natives1 into incompatible ei!r ?is or t1 is a way ( =c+ into cle> recognition ! importance ( ! issue4 ,! ,good ,man's ,judgm5ts z ,/&>d4--,?is expla9s ! idea ( ,ari/otle t only ! good man is a good judge ( :at is really good4 ,su* an "o w take satisfaction 9 ! ?\ght ( noble ends & w recoil at ! idea ( base results4 ,because ( 8 =m$ capacities1 8 organiz$ habits & t5d5cies1 he w respond to a sugge/$ end ) an emotion :i* conf]s its appropriate k9d & %ade ( value4 ,! brave man is s5sitive to all acts & plans s f> z !y involve en]gy & endurance 9 ov]com+ pa9ful ob/acles2 ! k9dly man responds at once to ! elem5ts t affect ! well-be+ ( o!rs4 ,! moral s5se or direct appreciations ( ! good man may ?us be said to furni% ! /&>d ( "r & wrong4 ,!re are few p]sons :o1 :5 9 d\bt reg>d+ a difficult matt] ( conduct1 d n ?9k ( "s o!r p]son 9 ^: goodness !y believe1 & endeavor to direct & cl9* _! own judgm5t by imag9+ h[ su* an "o w\ld react 9 a simil> situation--:at he w\ld f9d cong5ial & :at disagreeable4 ,or else !y imag9e :at t o!r p]son w\ld ?9k ( !m if he knew ( _! do+ su* & su* an act4 ,& :ile ?is me?od _c supply ! /&>d ( _! own judgm5t1 _c det]m9e ! "r or wrong = _! own situations1 x helps emancipate judgm5t f selfi% p>tialities1 & x facilitates a fre] & m flexible play ( imag9ation 9 con/ru+ & appreciat+ ! situation4 ,sec4 #d4 ,,! ,,place ,,( ,,g5]al ,,rules ,betwe5 su* a highly g5]aliz$ & =mal pr9ciple z t ( ,kant1 & ! judgm5t ( p>ticul> cases1 we h int]m$iate g5]alizations2 rules :i* are broad z comp>$ ) individual de$s1 b n>r[ z comp>$ ) "s "o f9al pr9ciple4 ,:at are _! rational orig91 place1 & function8 ,we h "h aga9 bo? ! empirical & ! intuitional !ories ( k1 hav+ to deal ) ! same fundam5tal difficulty3 ,:at is ! relation ( ! special rule to ! g5]al pr9ciple on "o side & to ! special case on ! o!r8 ,! m g5]al1 ! m ab/ractly rational ! rule1 ! vagu] & less applicable x is4 ,! m def9ite & fix$ x is1 ! great] ! dang] t x w be a ,procru/ean b$1 mutilat+ ! ri* fullness ( ! individual act1 or de/roy+ its grace & fre$om by mak+ x con=m s]vilely to a h>d & fa/ rule4 ,our analysis w accord+ly be devot$ to br++ to light ! conditions "u :i* a rule may be rational & yet be ( specific help4 ,i4 ,intuitionalism & ,casui/ry4--,utilit>ianism at lea/ holds t rules are d]iv$ f actual cases ( conduct2 h5ce !re mu/ be po9ts ( lik5ess betwe5 ! cases to be judg$ & ! rules = judg+ !m4 ,b rules :i* d n orig9ate f a consid]ation ( special cases1 :i* simply desc5d out ( ! blue sky1 h only ! mo/ me*anical & ext]nal relation to ! individual acts to be judg$4 ,suppose "o is conv9c$ t ! rule ( hone/y 0 made kn[n j 9 & ( itself by a special faculty1 & _h absolutely no?+ to d ) ! recollection ( pa/ cases or ! =eca/ ( possible future circum/ances4 ,h[ w\ld su* a rule apply itself to any p>ticul> case :i* ne$$ to be judg$8 ,:at bell w\ld r+1 :at signal w\ld be giv51 to indicate t j ?is case is ! appropriate case = ! application ( ! rule ( hone/ deal+8 ,& if by "s miracle ?is "q 7 answ]$ s "o kn[s t "h is a case = ! rule ( hone/y1 h[ w\ld we "k j :at c\rse 9 detail ! rule calls =8 ,= ! rule1 to be applicable to all cases1 mu/ omit ! conditions :i* diff]5tiate "o case f ano!r2 x mu/ conta9 only ! v few simil> elem5ts :i* are to be f\nd 9 all hone/ de$s4 ,r$uc$ to ?is skeleton1 n mu* w\ld be left save ! b>e injunction to be hone/ :atev] happ5s1 leav+ x to *ance1 ! ord9>y judgm5t ( ! individual1 or to ext]nal au?ority to f9d out j :at hone/y specifically means 9 ! giv5 case4 ,?is difficulty is s s]i\s t all sy/ems :i* h committ$ !mselves to belief 9 a numb] ( h>d & fa/ rules hav+ _! orig9 9 consci5ce1 or 9 ! ^w ( ,god impress$ ^u ! human s\l or ext]nally reveal$1 always h _h to resort to a m & m complicat$ proc$ure to cov]1 if possible1 all ! cases4 ,! moral life is f9ally r$uc$ by !m to an elaborate =malism & legalism4 ,illu/ration 9 ,casui/ry4--,suppose1 = example1 we take ! ,t5 ,comm&m5ts z a />t+-po9t4 ,!y are only t51 & naturally conf9e !mselves to g5]al ideas1 & ideas /at$ ma9ly 9 negative =m4 ,moreov]1 ! same act may be br\ght "u m ?an "o rule4 ,9 ord] to resolve ! practical p]plexities & unc]ta9ties :i* inevitably arise "u su* circum/ances1 ,casui/ry is built up 7f ! ,lat9 casus1 case74 ,! attempt is made to =esee all ! diff]5t cases ( action :i* may conceivably occur1 & provide 9 advance ! exact rule = ea* case4 ,= example1 ) ref]5ce to ! rule d n kill1 a li/ w be made ( all ! diff]5t situations 9 :i* kill+ might occur3--accid5t1 w>1 fulfillm5t ( comm& ( political sup]ior 7z by a hangman71 self-def5se 7def5se ( "o's own life1 ( o!rs1 ( prop]ty71 delib]ate or prem$itat$ kill+ ) its diff]5t motives 7jeal\sy1 av>ice1 rev5ge1 etc471 kill+ ) slight prem$itation1 f sudd5 impulse1 f diff]5t sorts & degrees ( provocation4 ,to ea* "o ( ^! possible cases is assign$ its exact moral quality1 its exact degree ( turpitude & innoc5cy4 ,nor c ?is process end ) ov]t acts2 all ! inn] spr+s ( action :i* affect reg>d = life mu/ be simil>ly classifi$3 envy1 animosity1 sudd5 rage1 sull5ness1 *]i%+ ( s5se ( injury1 love ( tyrannical p[]1 h>dness or ho/ility1 call\sness--all ^! mu/ be specifi$ into _! diff]5t k9ds & ! exact moral wor? ( ea* det]m9$4 ,:at is done = ?is "o k9d ( case mu/ be done = e "p & phase ( ! entire moral life until x is all inv5tori$1 catalogu$1 & di/ribut$ into pigeon-holes def9itely labell$4 ,dang]s ( ,casui/ry4--,n[ dang]s & evils att5d ?is way ( conceiv+ ! moral life1 7a7 ,x t5ds to magnify ! lett] ( morality at ! exp5se ( its _s4 ,x fixes att5tion n ^u ! positive good 9 an act1 n ^u ! und]ly+ ag5t's disposition :i* =ms its _s1 nor ^u ! unique occasion & context :i* =m its atmosph]e1 b ^u its lit]al con=mity ) ,rule ,a1 ,class ,i41 ,species #a1 sub-head 7#a71 etc4 ,! effect ( ?is is inevitably to n>r[ ! scope & less5 ! dep? ( conduct4 7i47 ,x tempts "s to hunt = t classification ( _! act :i* w make x ! mo/ conv5i5t or pr(itable = !mselves4 ,9 popul> spee*1 casui/ical has come to mean a way ( judg+ acts :i* splits hairs 9 ! ef=t to f9d a way ( act+ t conduces to p]sonal int]e/ & pr(it1 & :i* yet may be ju/ifi$ by "s moral pr9ciple4 7ii47 ,) o!rs1 ?is reg>d = ! lett] makes conduct =mal & p$antic4 ,x gives rise to a rigid & h>d type ( "* illu/rat$ among ! ,ph>isees ( old5 & ! ,puritans ( mod]n "t--! moral s*emes ( bo? classes be+ /rongly impregnat$ ) ! notion ( fix$ moral rules4 7b7 ,?is e?ical sy/em also t5ds 9 practice to a legal view ( conduct4--,hi/orically x always has sprung f c>ry+ ov] legal ideas into morality4 ,9 ! legal view1 liability to blame & to puni%m5t inflict$ f )\t by "s sup]ior au?ority1 is necess>ily prom95t4 ,conduct is regulat$ ?r\gh specific injunctions & prohibitions3 ,d ?is1 ,d n d t4 ,exactly ! sort ( analysis ( :i* we h spok5 above 7p4 #cbg7 9 ! case ( kill+ is necess>y1 s t !re may be def9ite & regul> me?ods ( measur+ guilt & assign+ blame4 ,n[ ! ideas ( liability & puni%m5t & rew>d are1 z we %all see 9 our fur!r discussion 7*s4 xvii4 & xxi471 important factors 9 ! conduct ( life1 b any s*eme ( morals is defective :i* puts ! "q ( avoid+ puni%m5t 9 ! =egr\nd ( att5tion1 & :i* t5ds to create a ,ph>isaical complac5cy 9 ! m]e fact ( hav+ con=m$ to comm& or rule4 7c7 ,probably ! wor/ evil ( ?is moral sy/em is t x t5ds to deprive moral life ( fre$om & spontaneity & to r$uce x 7especially = ! consci5ti\s :o take x s]i\sly7 to a m or less anxi\s & s]vile con=mity to ext]nally impos$ rules4 ,ob$i5ce z loyalty to pr9ciple is a good1 b ?is s*eme practically makes x ! only good & conceives x n z loyalty to ideals1 b z con=mity to comm&s4 ,moral rules exi/ j z indep5d5t deliv]ances on _! own acc\nt1 & ! "r ?+ is m]ely to foll[ !m4 ,?is puts ! c5t] ( moral gravity outside ! concrete processes ( liv+4 ,all sy/ems :i* emphasize ! lett] m ?an ! _s1 legal consequ5ces m ?an vital motives1 put ! individual "u ! weight ( ext]nal au?ority4 ,!y lead to ! k9d ( conduct describ$ by ,/4 ,paul z "u ! law1 n 9 ! _s1 ) its con/ant att5dant weight ( anxiety1 unc]ta9 /ruggle1 & imp5d+ doom4 ,all ,fix$ ,rules ,h ,same ,t5d5cies4--,_m :o /r5u\sly object to all ( ^! s*emes ( conduct1 to ev]y?+ :i* h>d5s x into =ms by emphasiz+ ext]nal comm&s1 au?ority & puni%m5ts & rew>ds1 fail to see t su* evils are logically connect$ ) any acceptance ( ! f9ality ( fix$ rules4 ,!y hold c]ta9 bodies ( p1 religi\s (fic]s1 political or legal au?orities1 responsible = :at !y object to 9 ! s*eme2 :ile !y /ill cl+ to ! idea t morality is an ef=t to apply to p>ticul> de$s & projects a c]ta9 numb] ( absolute un*ang+ moral rules4 ,!y fail to see t1 if ?is 7 its nature1 ^? :o attempt to provide ! ma*9]y :i* w\ld r5d] x practically workable des]ve praise r ?an blame4 ,9 fact1 ! notion ( absolute rules or precepts _c be made workable except ?r\gh c]ta9 sup]ior au?orities :o decl>e & en=ce !m4 ,said ,locke3 ,x is no small p[] x gives "o man ov] ano!r to be ! dictator ( pr9ciples & tea*] ( unque/ionable tru?s4 ,,ii4 ,utilit>ian ,view ( ,g5]al ,rules4--,! utilit>ians escape ! difficulties inh]5t 9 ! application to p>ticul> cases ( a rule :i* has no?+ to d ) p>ticul> cases4 ,_! pr9ciples = judg+ "r & wrong 9 p>ticul> cases are !mselves g5]alizations f p>ticul> obs]vations ( ! effect ( c]ta9 acts ^u happ9ess & mis]y4 ,b if we take happ9ess 9 ! te*nical s5se ( ,b5?am 7z mean+1 t is1 an aggregate ( isolat$ pleasures7 x is impossible = g5]al rules to exi/--!re is no?+ to g5]alize4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we take happ9ess 9 its common-s5se =m1 z welf>e1 a /ate ( successful a*ievem5t1 satisfactory realization ( purpose1 !re c be no d\bt ( ! exi/5ce ( maxims & =mulae 9 :i* mank9d has regi/]$ its exp]i5ce4 ,! foll[+ quotations f ,mill br+ out ! ess5tial po9ts3 ,we ?9k utility or happ9ess mu* too complex & indef9ite an end to be s\ght except ?r\gh ! m$ium ( v>i\s second>y ends conc]n+ :i* !re may be1 & (t5 is1 agreem5t among p]sons :o diff] 9 _! ultimate /&>d2 & ab\t :i* !re does 9 fact prevail a mu* great] unanimity among ?9k+ p]sons1 ?an might be suppos$ f _! diametrical div]g5ce on ! great que/ions ( moral metaphysics 7,essay on ,b5?am74 ,^! second>y ends or pr9ciples are su* matt]s z reg>d = heal?1 hone/y1 *a/ity1 k9dness1 & ! l4 ,conc]n+ !m he says 9 8 ,utilit>ianism 7*4 ii473 ,mank9d mu/ by ?is "t h acquir$ positive beliefs z to ! effects ( "s actions on _! happ9ess2 & ! beliefs :i* h ?us come d[n are rules ( morality = ! multitude & = ! philosoph] until he has succe$$ 9 f9d+ bett]4444 ,to consid] ! rules ( morality z improvable is "o ?+2 to pass ov] ! int]m$iate g5]alizations entirely & endeavor to te/ ea* individual action directly by ! fir/ pr9ciple1 is ano!r4444 ,nobody argues t ! act ( navigation is n f\nd$ on a/ronomy1 because sailors _c wait to calculate ! nautical almanac4 ,be+ rational creatures1 !y g to sea ) x already calculat$2 & all rational creatures g out ^u ! sea ( life ) _! m9ds made up on ! common que/ions ( "r & wrong1 z well z on _m ( ! f> m difficult que/ions ( wise & fooli%4 ,empirical ,rules ,run into ,fix$ ,cu/oms4--,x _c be d5i$ t ,mill "h /ates consid]ations :i* are ( great value 9 aid+ pres5t judgm5ts on "r & wrong4 ,! /ud5t ( hi/ory w h little d\bt t ! rules ( conduct :i* ! intuitionali/ takes z ultimate deliv]ances ( a moral faculty are 9 tru? g5]alizations ( ! sort indicat$ by ,mill4 ,b ! tru? br\ght out by ,mill does n cov] ! gr\nd :i* ne$s to be cov]$4 ,su* rules at be/ cov] cu/om>y elem5ts2 !y are bas$ ^u pa/ habits ( life1 pa/ natural economic & political environm5ts4 ,&1 z ! /ud5t ( cu/oms kn[s1 great] /ore is (t5 set ^u trivial1 fooli%1 & ev5 h>mful ?+s ?an ^u s]i\s ones--^u fa%ions ( hair-dress+1 ablutions1 wor%ip ( idols4 ,com+ ne>] our own conditions1 pa/ cu/oms c]ta9ly tol]ate & sanction _m practices1 su* z w>1 cruel bus9ess competition1 economic exploitation ( ! weak1 & abs5ce ( coop]ative intellig5t =esight1 :i* ! m s5sitive consci5ces ( ! day w n approve4 ,h5ce are ,unsatisfactory4--,yet su* ?+s h be5 s id5tifi$ ) happ9ess t to =ego !m means mis]y1 to alt] !m pa9ful di/urbance4 ,to take ! rules ( ! pa/ ) any lit]alness z crit]ia ( judgm5t 9 ! pres5t1 w\ld be to return to ! unprogressive morality ( ! regime ( cu/om--to surr5d] ! advance m>k$ by reflective morality4 ,s9ce ,b5?am & ,mill 7 bo? utilit>ians1 x is wor? not+ t ,b5?am insi/$ ^u ! utilit>ian /&>d j because he 0 s conv9c$ ( ! unsatisfactory "* ( ! k9d ( rules ^u :i* ,mill is dwell+4 ,! ,nautical ,almanac has be5 sci5tifically calculat$2 x is adapt$ rationally to its end2 b ! rules :i* sum up cu/om are a confus$ mixture ( class int]e/1 irrational s5tim5t1 au?oritative pronunciam5to1 & g5u9e consid]ation ( welf>e4 ,empirical ,rules ,also ,diff] ,widely4--,! fact is1 moreov]1 t x is only :5 ! int]m$iate g5]alizations are tak5 vaguely & ab/ractly t !re is z mu* agreem5t z ,mill claims4 ,all educat$ & virtu\s p]sons 9 ! same c\ntry practically agree ^u ! rules ( ju/ice1 b5evol5ce1 & reg>d = life1 s long z !y are tak5 9 su* a vague way t !y mean any?+ 9 g5]al & no?+ 9 p>ticul>4 ,e "o is 9 favor ( ju/ice 9 ! ab/ract2 b exi/+ political & economic discussions reg>d+ t>iff1 sumptu>y laws1 monet>y /&>ds1 trades unions1 tru/s1 ! relation ( capital & labor1 ! regulation or own]%ip ( public utilities1 ! nationalization ( l& & indu/ry1 %[ t l>ge bodies ( intellig5t & equally well-dispos$ p are q capable ( f9d+ t ! pr9ciple ( ju/ice requires exactly opposite ?+s4 ,cu/om /ill =ms ! backgr\nd ( all moral life1 nor c we imag9e a /ate ( affairs 9 :i* x %\ld n4 ,cu/oms are n ext]nal to individuals' c\rses ( action2 !y are embodi$ 9 ! habits & purposes ( individuals2 9 ! words ( ,grote 7quot$ above1 p4 #agc71 !y reign "u ! appe>ance ( habitual1 self-sugge/$ t5d5cies4 ,laws1 =mulat$ & un=mulat$1 social conv5tions1 rules ( mann]s1 ! g5]al expectations ( public op9ion1 are all ( !m s\rces ( in/ruction reg>d+ conduct4 ,)\t !m ! individual w\ld be practically helpless 9 det]m9+ ! "r c\rses ( action 9 ! v>i\s situations 9 :i* he f9ds himself4 ,?r\gh !m he has provid$ himself 9 advance ) a li/ ( que/ions1 an organiz$ s]ies ( po9ts-(-view1 by :i* to approa* & e/imate ea* /ate ( affairs requir+ action4 ,mo/ ( ! moral judgm5ts ( e individual are fram$ 9 ?is way4 ,= ,cu/oms ,conflict4--,if social cu/oms1 or individual habits1 nev] conflict$ ) "o ano!r1 ?is sort ( guidance w\ld suffice = ! det]m9ation ( "r & wrong4 ,b reflection is necessitat$ because opposite habits set up incompatible ends1 =ms ( happ9ess betwe5 :i* *oice has to be made4 ,h5ce ! ne$ ( pr9ciples 9 judg+4 ,pr9ciples ( judgm5t _c simply re9/ate pa/ rules ( behavior1 = ! simple reason t z long z ^! rules suffice !re is no reflection & no dem& = pr9ciples4 ,good & evil1 "r & wrong1 are embodi$ 9 ! injunctions & prohibitions ( cu/oms & in/itutions & are n ?\ght ab\t4 ,moral ,import ( ,pr9ciples is ,intellectual1 ,n ,imp]ative4--,?is br+s u to ! ess5tial po9t 9 ! consid]ation ( ! value ( g5]al pr9ciples4 ,rules are practical2 !y are habitual ways ( do+ ?+s4 ,b pr9ciples are intellectual2 !y are useful me?ods ( judg+ ?+s4 ,! fundam5tal error ( ! intuitionali/ & ( ! utilit>ian 7repres5t$ 9 ! quotation f ,mill7 is t !y are on ! look\t = rules :i* w ( !mselves tell ag5ts j :at c\rse ( action to pursue2 :]eas ! object ( moral pr9ciples is to supply /&po9ts & me?ods :i* w enable ! individual to make = himself an analysis ( ! elem5ts ( good & evil 9 ! p>ticul> situation 9 :i* he f9ds himself4 ,no g5u9e moral pr9ciple prescribes a specific c\rse ( action2 rules#afe l cook+ recipes1 may tell j :at to d & h[ to d x4 ,a moral pr9ciple1 su* z t ( *a/ity1 ( ju/ice1 ( ! gold5 rule1 gives ! ag5t a basis = look+ at & exam9+ a p>ticul> "q t comes up4 ,x holds be=e him c]ta9 possible aspects ( ! act2 x w>ns him aga9/ tak+ a %ort or p>tial view ( ! act4 ,x economizes 8 ?9k+ by supply+ him ) ! ma9 heads by ref]5ce to :i* to consid] ! be>+s ( 8 desires & purposes2 x guides him 9 8 ?9k+ by sugge/+ to him ! important consid]ations = :i* he %\ld be on ! look\t4 ,gold5 ,rule z a ,tool ( ,analysis4--,a moral pr9ciple1 !n1 is n a comm& to act or =be> act+ 9 a giv5 way3 x is a tool = analyz+ a special situation1 ! "r or wrong be+ det]m9$ by ! situation 9 its entirety1 & n by ! rule z su*4 ,we sometimes he> x /at$1 = example1 t ! univ]sal adoption ( ! ,gold5 ,rule w\ld at once settle all indu/rial disputes & difficulties4 ,b suppos+ t ! pr9ciple 7 accept$ 9 good fai? by ev]ybody2 x w\ld n at once tell ev]ybody j :at to d 9 all ! complexities ( 8 relations to o!rs4 ,:5 individuals are /ill unc]ta9 ( :at _! real good may be1 x does n f9ally decide matt]s to tell !m to reg>d ! good ( o!rs z !y w\ld _! own4 ,nor does x mean t :atev] 9 detail we want = ourselves we %\ld /rive to give to o!rs4 ,because ,i am fond ( classical music x does n foll[ t ,i %\ld ?ru/ z mu* ( x z possible ^u my neighbors4 ,b ! ,gold5 ,rule does furni% u a po9t ( view f :i* to consid] acts2 x sugge/s ! necessity ( consid]+ h[ our acts affect ! int]e/s ( o!rs z well z our own2 x t5ds to prev5t p>tiality ( reg>d2 x w>ns aga9/ sett+ an undue e/imate ^u a p>ticul> consequ5ce ( pa9 or pleasure1 simply because x happ5s to affect u4 ,9 %ort1 ! ,gold5 ,rule does n issue special ord]s or comm&s2 b x does simplify judgm5t ( ! situations requir+ intellig5t delib]ation4 ,sympa?y z ,actuat+ ,pr9ciple ( a ,reasonable ,judgm5t4--,we h _h repeat$ occasion 7z 9 ! discussion ( int5t & motive1 ( intuition & delib]ate calculation7 to see h[ artificial is ! sep>ation ( emotion & ?\ght f "o ano!r4 ,z ! only effective ?\ght is "o fus$ by emotion into a dom9ant int]e/1 s ! only truly g5]al1 ! reasonable z di/9ct f ! m]ely %rewd or clev] ?\ght1 is ! g5]\s ?\ght4 ,sympa?y wid5s our int]e/ 9 consequ5ces & leads u to take into acc\nt su* results z affect ! welf>e ( o!rs2 x aids u to c\nt & weigh ^! consequ5ces z c\nt+ = z mu* z ^? :i* t\* our own honor1 purse1 or p[]4 ,to put ourselves 9 ! place ( ano!r1 to see f ! /&po9t ( 8 purposes & values1 to humble our e/imate ( our own claims & pret5sions to ! level !y w\ld assume 9 ! eyes ( a sympa!tic & imp>tial obs]v]1 is ! sure/ way to atta9 univ]sality & objectivity ( moral k4 ,sympa?y1 9 %ort1 is ! g5]al pr9ciple ( moral k1 n because its comm&s take prec$5ce ( o!rs 7:i* !y d n necess>ily71 b because x furni%es ! mo/ reliable & efficaci\s intellectual /&po9t4 ,x supplies ! tool1 p> excell5ce1 = analyz+ & resolv+ complex cases4 ,z 0 said 9 our la/ *apt]1 x is ! fusion ( ! sympa!tic impulses ) o!rs t is ne$$2 :at we n[ add is t 9 ?is fusion1 sympa?y supplies ! p\ /o = an effective1 broad1 & objective survey ( desires1 projects1 resolves1 & de$s4 ,x translates ! =mal & empty reason ( ,kant out ( its ab/ract & !oretic "*1 j z x c>ries ! cold calculations ( utilit>ianism into recognition ( ! common good4 ,,lit]ature ,= criticisms ( ,kant's view ( reason1 see ,caird1 ,philosophy ( ,kant1 ,vol4 ,,ii41 ,book ,,ii41 *4 ii42 ,pauls51 ,sy/em ( ,e?ics1 pp4 #aid-bjc & #cee-cfc2 ,fite1 ,introductory ,/udy1 pp4 #agc-ahh2 ,muirhead1 ,elem5ts ( ,e?ics1 pp4 #aab-abd4 ,= intuitionalism1 see ,cald]wood1 ,h&book ( ,moral ,philosophy2 ,maurice1 ,consci5ce2 ,:ewell1 ,! ,elem5ts ( ,morality2 ,m>t9eau1 ,types ( ,e?ical ,!ory1 ,vol4 ,,ii41 pp4 #if-aae2 ,mezes1 ,e?ics1 *4 iii42 ,sidgwick1 ,me?ods ( ,e?ics1 ,book ,i41 *s4 viii4-ix41 & ,book ,,iii4 entire1 b especially *4 i42 ,hi/ory ( ,e?ics1 #agj-bjd1 & #bbd-bcf1 & ,lectures on ,e?ics ( ,gre51 ,sp5c]1 & ,m>t9eau1 #cfa-cgd4 ,= ! moral s5se !ory1 see ,sidgwick1 ,hi/ory ( ,e?ics1 p4 #ahi2 ,%aftesbury1 ,*>act]i/ics2 ,hut*eson1 ,sy/em ( ,moral ,philosophy4 ,= casui/ry1 see ref]5ces 9 ,r&'s ,bibliography1 ,vol4 ,,iii41 ,"p ,,ii41 p4 #hhj4 ,= ! v>iability ( moral rules1 see ,locke1 ,essay on ! ,human ,und]/&+1 ,book ,i42 ,ba91 ,moral ,sci5ce1 ,"p ,i41 *4 iii42 ,sp5c]1 ,pr9ciples ( ,e?ics1 ,vol4 ,i41 ,"p ,,ii42 ,williams1 ,review ( ,evolutional ,e?ics1 pp4 #dbc-dfe2 ,b[ne1 ,pr9ciples ( ,e?ics1 *4 v42 ,s*urman1 ,! ,e?ical ,import ( ,d>w9ism2 ! writ+s ( ,we/]m>ck & ,hobh\se else:]e ref]r$ to1 & ,d>w91 ,desc5t ( ,man1 ,"p ,i41 *s4 iv4-v4 ,= ! nature ( moral judgm5t & ! function ( reason 9 conduct1 see ,ari/otle1 ,book ,,iii41 *s4 ii4-iii41 & ,book ,,vi42 ,ladd1 ,philosophy ( ,conduct1 *4 vii42 ,%>p1 ,essay on ,analysis ( ! ,moral ,judgm5t1 9 ,/udies 9 ,philosophy & ,psy*ology 7,g>man ,commemorative ,volume72 ,santayana1 ,life ( ,reason1 ,vol4 ,i41 *s4 x4-xii42 ,bryant1 ,/udies 9 ,"*1 ,"p ,,ii41 *s4 iv4-v4 ,= ! social "* ( consci5ce1 see ,cooley1 ,human ,nature & ! ,social ,ord]1 *4 x4 ,= sympa?y & consci5ce1 see ,adam ,smi?1 ,!ory ( ,moral ,s5tim5ts1 especially ,"p ,,iii41 *s4 i4 & iv41 & ,"p ,,iv41 *s4 i4-iii42 ,/eph51 ,sci5ce ( ,e?ics1 pp4 #bbh-bch4 ,,footnotes3 #aeh ,any "o c be angry3 t is q easy4 ,any "o c give money away or sp5d x4 ,b to d ^! ?+s to ! "r p]son1 to ! "r am\nt1 at ! "r "t1 ) ! "r aim & 9 ! "r mann]--?is is n :at any "o c easily d4--,,ari/otle1 ,e?ics1 ,book ,,ii41 *4 ix4 #aei ,comp>e ! s5t5ce quot$ on p4 #bfh f ,hazlitt4 #afj ,?is means ,duty4 ,?is phase w be discuss$ 9 ! next *apt]4 #afa ,kant's ,!ory ( ,e?ics1 trans4 by ,abbott1 pp4 #dg-ea4 #afb ,9 la/ analysis ,kant is try+ to d]ive moral enlight5m5t f ! mo/ ab/ract pr9ciple ( =mal logic1 ! pr9ciple ( ,id5tity1 t ,a is ,a6 #afc ,a /ud5t 9 an e?ics class once made ?is rem>k3 ,consci5ce is infallible1 b we %\ld n always foll[ x4 ,sometimes we %\ld use our reason4 #afd ,comp>e ,locke1 ,essay on ! ,human ,und]/&+1 ,book ,i41 *4 iii4 #afe ,( c\rse1 ! ^w rule is (t5 us$ to designate a pr9ciple--z 9 ! case ( ! phrase gold5-rule4 ,we are speak+ n ( ! words1 b ( _! und]ly+ ideas4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii ,,! ,,place ,,( ,,duty ,,9 ,,! ,,moral ,,life3 ,,subjection ,,to ,,au?ority ,conflict ( ,ends z ,attractive & z ,reasonable4--,! previ\s discussion has br\ght out ! contra/ betwe5 a ,good or ,satisfaction :i* is su* directly1 imm$iately1 by appeal+ attractively to desire2 & "o :i* is su* indirectly1 ?r\gh consid]ations :i* reflection br+s up4 ,z we h se51 ! latt] mu/1 if ent]ta9$ at all1 ar\se "s direct emotional response1 mu/ be felt to be 9 "s way satisfactory4 ,b ! way may be q unlike t ( ! end :i* attracts & holds a man irrespective ( ! pr9ciple br\ght to light by reflection4 ,! "o may be int5se1 vivid1 absorb+1 pass+ at once into ov]t action1 unless *eck$ by a contr>y reason4 ,! good ^: claim to be good dep5ds ma9ly on projection ( remote consid]ations1 may be !oretically recogniz$ & yet ! direct appeal to ! p>ticul> ag5t at ! p>ticul> "t be feeble & pallid4 ,! law ( ! m9d may ass]t itself less urg5tly ?an ! law ( ! memb]s :i* w>s aga9/ x4 ,two ,s5ses ( ,t]m ,duty4--,?is contra/ gives rise to ! fact ( ,duty4 ,on "o side is ! rightful supremacy ( ! reasonable b remote good2 on ! o!r side is ! av]sion ( ^? spr+s to action :i* are imm$iately mo/ urg5t4 ,betwe5 !m exi/s ! necessity ( secur+ = ! reasonable good efficacy 9 op]ation2 or ! necessity ( r$irect+ ! play ( naturally dom9ant desires4 ,duty is also us$1 to be sure1 9 a loos] & m ext]nal s5se4 ,to id5tify ! dutiful ) ! "r ap>t f conflict1 to say t a man did 8 duty1 may mean t he did "r1 irrespective ( ! prior /ate ( 8 incl9ations4 ,x frequ5tly happ5s t ! wid] & l>g] good :i* is develop$ ?r\gh reflective memory & =esight is welcom$1 is directly appreciat$ z good1 s9ce x is ?or\ghly attractive4 ,)\t /ress & /ra91 )\t /ruggle1 x j displaces ! object :i* unreflective impulse _h sugge/$4 ,x is ! fit & prop]1 ! only s5sible & wise ?+1 "u ! circum/ances4 ,! man does 8 duty1 b is glad to d x1 & w\ld be tr\bl$ by ! ?\ght ( ano!r l9e ( action4 ,s f> z call+ ! act duty br+s 9 any new mean+1 x means t ! "r act is "o :i* is f\nd to meet ! dem&s1 ! necessities1 ( ! situation 9 :i* x takes place4 ,! ,romans ?us spoke ( duties z (fices1 ! p]=mance ( ^? functions :i* are appropriate to ! /atus :i* e p]son occupies because ( 8 social relations4 ,consci\s ,conflict4--,b !re are o!r cases 9 :i* ! "r end is di/9ctly appreh5d$ by ! p]son z /&+ 9 opposition to 8 natural incl9ations1 z a pr9ciple or law :i* ought to be foll[$1 b :i* c be foll[$ only by con/ra9+ ! incl9ations1 by snubb+ & co]c+ !m4 ,?is /ate ( affairs is well repres5t$ by ! foll[+ quotation f ,mat!w ,arnold1 if we take x z m]ely describ+ ! facts1 n z imply+ a !ory z to _! explanation3 ,all exp]i5ce ) conduct br+s u at la/ to ! fact ( two selves1 or in/9cts1 or =ces--"n !m1 h[ev] we may & h[ev] we may suppose !m to h aris5--cont5d+ = ! ma/]y ov] m53 "o1 a movem5t ( fir/ impulse & m involunt>y1 lead+ u to gratify any incl9ation t may solicit u & call$ g5]ally a movem5t ( man's ord9>y or pass+ self1 ( s5se1 appetite1 desire2 ! o!r a movem5t ( reflection & m volunt>y1 lead+ u to submit incl9ation to "s rule1 & call$ g5]ally a movem5t ( man's high] or endur+ self1 ( reason1 _s1 w4#aff ,we %all 7,i47 pres5t :at we consid] ! true acc\nt ( ?is situation ( conflict 9 :i* ! s5se ( duty is f\nd2 7,,ii47 turn to explanations :i* are "o-sid$1 tak+ up 7#a7 ! intuitive1 7#b7 ! utilit>ian !ory2 & f9ally 7,,iii47 return ) ! results ( ?is criticism to a re/atem5t ( our own !ory4 ,sec4 #a4 ,,! ,,subjection ,,( ,,desire ,,to ,,law ,ord9>y language sets be=e u "s ma9 facts3 duty sugge/s :at is due1 a debt to be paid2 ought is connect$ ) owe2 obligation implies be+ b\nd to some?+--z we speak ( b\nd5 duty4 ,we speak naturally ( meet+ obligations2 ( duties be+ impos$1 laid ^u "o4 ,! p]son :o is habitually c>eless ab\t 8 duties is unruly or lawless2 "o :o evades or refuses !m is unpr9cipl$4 ,^! ideas sugge/ !re is some?+ requir$1 exact$1 hav+ ! sanction ( law1 or a regul> & regulative pr9ciple2 & imply natural av]sion to ! requirem5ts exact$1 a pref]5ce = some?+ else4 ,h5ce duty z a consci\s factor means con/ra9t ( incl9ation2 an unwill+ness or reluctance :i* %\ld be ov]come b :i* x is difficult to surm\nt1 requir+ an ef=t :i* only adequate recognition ( ! rightful supremacy ( ! dutiful end w enable "o to put =?4 ,?us we speak ( int]e/ conflict+ ) pr9ciple1 & desire ) duty4 ,:ile !y are inevitably b\nd toge!r1 x w be conv5i5t to discuss sep>ately 7#a7 ,incl9ation & impulse z av]se to duty1 & 7#b7 ,duty z hav+ au?ority1 z express+ law4 #a4 ,incl9ation ,av]se to ,duty4--,directly & indirectly1 all desires root 9 c]ta9 fundam5tal organic wants & appetites4 ,conduct1 behavior1 implies a liv+ organism4 ,if ?is organism 7 n equipp$ ) an int5se in/9ctive t5d5cy to keep itself go+1 to su/a9 itself1 x w\ld soon cease to be amid ! m5aces1 difficulties1 rebuffs1 & failures ( life4 ,life means appetites1 l hung]1 ?ir/1 sex2 in/9cts l ang]1 fe>1 & hope1 :i* are almo/ imp]i\s 9 _! /ruggles = satisfaction4 ,!y d n arise f reflection1 b ant$ate x2 _! exi/5ce does n dep5d ^u consid]ation ( consequ5ces1 b _! exi/5ce x is :i* t5ds to call out reflection4 ,_! v pres5ce 9 a heal?y organism means a c]ta9 res]voir ( en]gy :i* ov]fl[s almo/ spontane\sly4 ,!y are impulsive4 ,su* t5d5cies1 !n1 con/itute an ess5tial & fundam5tal "p ( ! capacities ( a p]son2 _! realization is involv$ 9 "o's happ9ess4 ,9 all ?is !re is no?+ abnormal nor immoral4 ,b a human be+ is some?+ m ?an a m]e dem& = ! satisfaction ( in/9cts ( food1 sex1 & protection4 ,if we admit 7z ! !ory ( organic evolution requires7 t all o!r desires & purposes are ultimately d]iv$ f ^! t5d5cies ( ! organism1 /ill x is true t ! ref9$ & highly develop$ =ms exi/ side by side ) crude1 organic =ms1 & t ! simultane\s satisfaction ( ! two types1 j z !y /&1 is impossible4 ,organic & ,reflectively ,=m$ ,t5d5cies ,conflict4--,ev5 if x be true1 z x may well be1 t ! desires & purposes connect$ ) prop]ty 7 develop$ out ( in/9cts hav+ to d ) food = self & (fspr+1 x is /ill true t ! develop$ desires d n :olly displace ^? out ( :i* !y develop$4 ,! pres5ce ( ! purposes elaborat$ by ?\ght side by side ) ! m organic dem&s causes /rife & ! ne$ ( resolution4 ,! accumulation ( prop]ty may involve subord9at+ ! imm$iate urg5cy ( hung]2 prop]ty z an in/itution implies t "o is n free to satisfy 8 appetite j z he pleases1 b may h to po/pone or =ego satisfaction1 because ! food supply belongs to ano!r2 or t he c satisfy hung] only ?r\gh "s labor :i* 9 itself is disagreeable to him4 ,simil>ly ! family spr+s orig9ally out ( ! in/9ct ( reproduction4 ,b ! purposes & plans :i* g ) family life are totally inconsi/5t ) ! m]e gratification ( sexual desire 9 its casual & spontane\s appe>ance4 ,! ref9$1 highly develop$1 & complex purposes exact a *eck+1 a regulation & subord9ation ( incl9ations z !y fir/ spr+ up--a control to :i* ! incl9ations are n ( !mselves prone & aga9/ :i* !y may rebelli\sly ass]t !mselves4 ,duty ,may ,reside on ! ,m ,impulsive ,side4--,x w\ld be a great mi/ake1 h[ev]1 to limit ! ne$ ( subord9ation simply to ! unruly ag5cies ( appetite4 ,habits :i* h be5 consci\sly or reflectively =m$1 ev5 :5 9 _! orig9al =mation ^! habits _h ! sanction & approval ( reason1 require control4 ,! habits ( a pr(essional man1 ( an inve/igator1 or a lawy]1 = example1 h be5 =m$ ?r\gh c>eful & p]si/5t reflection direct$ ^u ends adjudg$ "r4 ,virtues ( pa9/ak+ indu/ry1 ( p]sev]ance1 h be5 =m$2 untimely & unseemly desires h be5 *eck$4 ,b z an outcome ^! habits1 & ! desires & purposes t express !m1 h p]haps become all-engross+4 ,occupation is preoccupation4 ,x encroa*es ^u ! att5tion ne$$ = o!r conc]ns4 ,! skill ga9$ t5ds to %ut ! individual up to n>r[ matt]s & to %ut out o!r univ]ses ( good :i* %\ld be desir$4 ,dome/ic & civic responsibilities are p]haps felt to be insignificant details or irritat+ burd5s unwor?y ( att5tion4 ,?us a reflective habit1 legitimate 9 itself1 "r 9 its "r place1 may give rise to desires & ends :i* involve a corrosive selfi%ness4 ,moreov]1 t ! insubord9ation does n reside 9 appetites or impulses j z appetites & impulses1 is se5 9 ! fact t duty may lie on ! side ( a purpose connect$ ) !m1 & be ass]t$ aga9/ ! =ce ( a habit =m$ "u ! sup]vision ( ?\ght4 ,! /ud5t or arti/ may f9d 8 pursuit makes him av]se to satisfy+ ! ne$ful claims ( hung] & heal?y ex]cise4 ,! prud5t bus9ess man may f9d himself undutifully cold to ! prompt+ ( an impulse ( pity2 ! /ud5t ( books or special intellectual or arti/ic ends may f9d duty on ! side ( "s direct human impulse4 ,/atem5t ( ,problem4--,su* consid]ations %[ t we _c attribute ! conflict ( duty & incl9ation simply to ! exi/5ce ( appetites & unreflective impulses1 z if ^! 7 9 & ( !mselves oppos$ to regulation by any pr9ciple4 ,we mu/ seek = an explanation :i* w apply equally to appetites & to habits ( ?\ght4 ,:at is !re common to ! situations ( him :o feels x 8 duty to *eck ! satisfaction ( /rong hung] until o!rs h be5 prop]ly s]v$1 & ( ! sci5tific inve/igator :o f9ds x 8 duty to *eck ! ex]cise ( 8 habit ( ?9k+ 9 ord] t he may satisfy ! dem&s ( 8 body8 ,/atem5t ( ,explanation4--,any habit1 l any appetite or in/9ct1 repres5ts some?+ =m$1 set2 :e!r ?is has occurr$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ! race or ( ! individual makes little diff]5ce to its e/abli%$ urg5cy4 ,habit is second1 if n fir/1 nature4 7#a7 ,habit repres5ts facilities2 :at is set1 organiz$1 is relatively easy4 ,x m>ks ! l9e ( lea/ resi/ance4 ,a habit ( reflection1 s f> z x is a specializ$ habit1 is z easy & natural to foll[ z an organic appetite4 7#b7 ,moreov]1 ! ex]cise ( any easy1 frictionless habit is pleasurable4 ,x is a commonplace t use & wont deprive situations ( orig9ally disagreeable features4 7#c7 ,f9ally1 a =m$ habit is an active t5d5cy4 ,x only ne$s an appropriate /imulus to set x go+2 frequ5tly ! m]e abs5ce ( any /rong ob/acle s]ves to release its p5t-up en]gy4 ,x is a prop5sity to act 9 a c]ta9 way :5ev] opportunity pres5ts4 ,failure to function is uncom=table & ar\ses feel+s ( irritation or lack4 ,reluctance to ! "r end1 an av]sion requir+ to be ov]come1 if at all1 by recognition ( ! sup]ior value ( ! "r end1 is !n to be acc\nt$ = on ! gr\nd ( ! in]tia or mom5tum ( any organiz$1 e/abli%$ t5d5cy4 ,?is mom5tum gives ! common gr\nd to in/9ctive impulses & delib]ately =m$ habits4 ,! mom5tum repres5ts ! old1 an adaptation to famili>1 cu/om>y conditions4 ,s f> z simil> conditions recur1 ! =m$ p[] functions economically & effectively1 supply+ ease1 promptness1 c]ta9ty1 & agreeabl5ess to ! execution ( an act4 ,b if new1 *ang$ conditions require a s]i\s readju/m5t ( ! old habit or appetite1 ! natural t5d5cy w be to resi/ ?is dem&4 ,?us we h precisely ! traits ( reluctance & con/ra9t :i* m>k ! consci\sness ( duty4 ,a self )\t habits1 "o loose & fluid1 9 :i* *ange 9 "o direction is j z easy z 9 ano!r1 w\ld n h ! s5se ( duty4 ,a self ) no new possibilities1 rigidly set 9 conditions & p]fectly accommodat$ to !m1 w\ld n h x4 ,b def9ite1 p]si/5t1 urg5t t5d5cies to act 9 a giv5 way1 occurr+ at ! same "t ) o!r incompatible t5d5cies :i* repres5t ! self m adequately & yet are n organiz$ into habits1 af=d ! conditions ( ! s5se ( re/ra9t4 ,if = any reason ! unorganiz$ t5d5cy is judg$ to be ! tru] expression ( self1 we h also ! s5se ( lawful con/ra9t4 ,! con/ra9t ( appetite & desire is a ph5om5on ( practical readju/m5t1 )9 ! /ructure ( "*1 due to conflict ( t5d5cies s irreconcilable 9 _! exi/+ =ms z to dem& radical r$irection4 ,:5 an appetite is 9 accord ) ^? habits ( an individual :i* enable him to p]=m 8 social functions1 or :i* naturally accrue f 8 social relations1 x is legitimate & good2 :5 x conflicts1 x is illicit1 x is lu/2 we call x by h>d names & we dem& t x be curb$2 we reg>d its =ce z a m5ace to ! integrity ( ! ag5t & a ?reat to social ord]4 ,:5 ! reflective habits ( an individual come into conflict ) natural appetites & impulses1 ! manife/ation ( :i* w\ld enl>ge or make m c]ta9 ! p[]s ( ! individual 9 8 full relations to o!rs1 x is ! reflective habits :i* h to be held 9 & r$irect$ at ! co/ ( :atev] disagreeabl5ess4 7#b7 ,! ,au?ority ( ,duty4--,a duty1 9 ,kant's words1 is a categorical imp]ative--x claims ! absolute "r ( way z aga9/ imm$iate incl9ation4 ,t :i*1 on "o side1 is ! con/ra9t ( natural desire1 is1 on ! o!r1 ! au?oritative claim ( ! "r end to regulate4 ,ov] aga9/ ! c\rse ( action mo/ imm$iately urg5t1 mo/ easy & com=table1 s cong5ial z at once to motivate action unless *eck$1 /&s ano!r c\rse1 repres5t+ a wid] & m f>-rea*+ po9t ( view1 & h5ce furni%+ ! rational end ( ! situation4 ,h[ev] lack+ 9 int5sity1 h[ev] au/]e ?is end1 x /&s = ! :ole self1 & is !re=e felt to be rightly supreme ov] any p>tial t5d5cy4 ,b s9ce x looks to realization 9 an unc]ta9 future1 r ?an p]mission j to let g :at is mo/ urg5t at ! mom5t1 x requires ef=t1 h>d "w1 "w ( att5tion m or less repulsive & uncong5ial4 ,h5ce t s5se ( /ress & /ra91 ( be+ pull$ "o way by incl9ation & ano!r by ! claims ( "r1 s *>act]i/ic ( an exp]i5ce ( obligation4 ,social ,"* ( ,duties4--,b ?is /atem5t describes ! exp]i5ce only on its =mal side4 ,9 ! concrete1 t end :i* possesses claim to regulate desire is ! "o :i* gr[s out ( ! social position or function ( ! ag5t1 out ( a c\rse ( action to :i* he is committ$ by a regul>1 socially e/abli%$ connection betwe5 himself & o!rs4 ,! man :o has assum$ ! position ( a husb& & a p>5t has by t v fact ent]$ ^u a l9e ( action1 some?+ cont9u\s1 runn+ f> into ! future2 some?+ s fundam5tal t x modifies & p]vades 8 o!r activities1 requir+ !m to be coord9at$ or re>rang$ f its po9t ( view4 ,! same ?+ holds1 ( c\rse1 ( ! call+ ( a doctor1 a lawy]1 a m]*ant1 a bank]1 a judge1 or o!r (fic] ( ! ,/ate4 ,ea* social call+ implies a cont9u\s1 regul> mode ( action1 b9d+ toge!r into a :ole a multitude ( acts occurr+ at diff]5t times1 & giv+ rise to def9ite expectations & dem&s on ! "p ( o!rs4 ,e relation%ip 9 life1 is1 z x 71 a tacit or express$ contract ) o!rs1 committ+ "o1 by ! simple fact t he occupies t relation%ip1 to a correspond+ mode ( action4 ,e "o1 willy-nilly1 occupies a social position2 if n a p>5t1 he is a *ild2 if n an (fic]1 !n a citiz5 ( ! ,/ate2 if n pursu+ an occupation1 he is 9 prep>ation = an occupation1 or else is liv+ ^u ! results ( ! labors ( o!rs4 ,connection ) ,selfhood4--,e "o1 9 %ort1 is 9 g5]al relations to o!rs1--relation%ips :i* ent] s int]nally & s intimately into ! v make-up ( 8 be+ t he is n morally free to pick & *oose1 say+1 ?is good is really my affair1 t o!r "o n4 ,! mode ( action :i* is requir$ by ! fact t ! p]son is a memb] ( a complex social network is a m f9al expression ( 8 own nature ?an is ! tempor>ily int5se in/9ctive appetite1 or ! habit :i* has become second nature4 ,x is n = ! individual to say1 ! latt] is attractive & !re=e really m9e1 :ile ! =m] is repellant & !re=e an ali5 intrud]1 to be surr5d]$ to only if x _c be evad$4 ,f ?is po9t ( view1 ! conflict ( desire & duty1 ( int]e/ & pr9ciple1 expresses itself z a conflict betwe5 t5d5cies :i* h got organiz$ into "o's fix$ "* & :i* !re=e appeal to him j z he is2 & ^? t5d5cies :i* relate to ! developm5t ( a l>g] self1 a self :i* %\ld take full] acc\nt ( social relations4 ,! ,kantian !ory emphasizes ! fact br\ght out above3 viz41 t duty repres5ts ! au?ority ( an act express+ ! reasonable & univ]sal self ov] a casual & p>tial self2 :ile ! utilit>ian !ory emphasizes ! "p play$ by social in/itutions & dem&s 9 creat+ & en=c+ bo? special duties & ! s5se ( duty 9 g5]al4 ,sec4 #b4 ,,kantian ,,!ory ,accord ) ,duty v]sus f ,duty4--,kant po9ts out t acts may be 9 accordance ) duty & yet n be done f duty4 ,x is always1 = example1 a matt] ( duty t a deal] %\ld n ov]*>ge an inexp]i5c$ pur*as]1 & :]ev] !re is mu* comm]ce ! prud5t tradesman does n ov]*>ge4444 ,m5 are ?us hone/ly s]v$2 b ?is is n en\gh to prove t ! tradesman s act$ f duty & f pr9ciples ( hone/y2 8 own advantage requir$ x 7,kant's ,!ory ( ,e?ics1 ,abbott's translation1 p4 #ac74 ,9 su* a case ! act ext]nally view$ is 9 accordance ) duty2 morally view$1 x proce$s f selfi% calculation ( p]sonal pr(it1 n f duty4 ,?is is true 9 g5]al ( all acts :i*1 ?\gh outw>dly "r1 spr+ f consid]ations ( exp$i5cy1 & are bas$ on ! consid]ation t hone/y 7or :atev]7 is ! be/ policy4 ,p]sons are naturally incl9$ to take c>e ( _! heal?1 _! prop]ty1 _! *ildr51 or :atev] belongs to !m4 ,su* acts1 no matt] h[ mu* !y accord ) duty1 are n done f duty1 b f incl9ation4 ,if a man is suff]+1 un=tunate1 desir\s ( dea?1 & yet *]i%es 8 life ) no love = x1 b f ! duty to d s1 8 motive has truly moral value4 ,s if a "m c>es = h] *ild1 because %e recognizes t x is h] duty1 ! act is truly moral4 ,f ,duty alone ,moral4--,accord+ to ,kant1 !n1 acts alone h moral import t are consci\sly p]=m$ f duty1 t is1 ) recognition ( its au?ority z _! animat+ spr+4 ,! idea ( good & evil 79 _! moral s5se7 mu/ n be det]m9$ be=e ! moral law1 b only aft] x & by means ( x 7,ibid41 p4 #aed74 ,all our desires & incl9ations seek naturally = an end :i* is good--= happ9ess1 success1 a*ievem5t4 ,no "o ( !m nor all ( !m put toge!r1 !n1 c possibly supply ! motive ( act+ f duty4 ,h5ce duty & its au?ority mu/ spr+ f ano!r s\rce1 f reason itself1 :i* supplies ! consci\sness ( a law :i* ought to be ! motive ( e act1 :e!r x is or n4 ,! utilit>ians completely rev]se ! tru? ( morals :5 !y say t ! idea ( ! good end comes fir/ & ! "r is t :i* realizes ! good end4 ,dual ,con/itution ( ,man4--,we are all famili> ) ! notion t man has a dual con/itution2 t he is a creature bo? ( s5se & _s2 t he has a c>nal & an ideal nature2 a l[] & a high] self1 a self ( appetite & ( reason4 ,n[ ,kant's !ory ( duty is a peculi> v]sion ( ?is common notion4 ,man's special ends & purposes all spr+ f desires & incl9ations4 ,^! are all = p]sonal happ9ess & h5ce )\t moral wor?4 ,!y =m man's s5su\s1 appetitive nature1 :i* if n base 9 itself easily becomes s1 because x /ruggles ) pr9ciple = ! (fice ( supply+ motives = action4 ,! pr9ciple ( a law absolutely b9d+1 requires ! complete expulsion ( ! claim ( desires to motivate action4 7,see ,kant's ,!ory1 pp4 #gj-gi2 #acb-acf2 #aei-afc47 ,if a man 7 an animal1 he w\ld h only appetite to foll[2 if he 7 a god or angel1 he w\ld h only reason4 ,be+ man1 be+ a peculi> comp\nd ( s5se & reason1 he has put ^u him ! problem ( resi/+ ! natural prompt+ ( incl9ation & ( accept+ ! duty ( act+ f rev]5ce = duty4 ,criticism ( ,kant's ,!ory4--,!re is an und\bt$ fact back ( ,kant's conception :i* gives x :atev] plausibility x has--! fact t incl9ations :i* are n necess>ily evil t5d to claim a controll+ position1 a claim :i* has to be resi/$4 ,! peculi>ity ( ,kant's int]pretation lies 9 its complete & f9al sep>ation ( ! two aspects1 high] & l[]1 ! appetitive & rational1 ( man's nature1 & x is ^u ?is sep>ation1 accord+ly1 t our discussion w be direct$4 ,i4 ,duty & ! ,affections4--,9 ! fir/ place1 ,kant's absolute sep>ation ( s5se or appetite f reason & duty1 because ( its necess>y disp>agem5t ( ! affections leads to a =mal & p$antic view ( morality4 ,x is "o ?+ to say t desire z x fir/ %[s itself sometimes prompts to a morally inadequate end2 x is q ano!r ?+ to say t any acceptance ( an end ( desire z a motive is morally wrong--t ! act to be "r mu/ be fir/ br\ght "u a consci\s ackn[l$gm5t ( "s law or pr9ciple4 ,only ! exig5cies ( a ready-made !ory w\ld lead any "o to ?9k t habitual purposes t express ! habitually dom9ant t5d5cies & p[]s ( ! ag5t1 may n suffice to keep morally s\nd ! ma9 t5or ( behavior2 t x is impossible = reg>d = "r ends to become organiz$ into "* & to be fus$ into work+ unity ) natural impulses4 ,only a metaphysical !ory reg>d+ ! sep>ation ( s5se & reason 9 man leads to ! d5ial ( ?is fact4 ,betwe5 ! m]*ant :o is hone/ 9 8 weights & fix$ 9 8 prices m]ely because he calculates t su* a c\rse is to 8 own advantage1 & ! m]*ant 7if su* a p]son c\ld exi/7 :o %\ld nev] sell a spool ( ?read or a pap] ( p9s )\t hav+ fir/ rem9d$ himself t 8 ultimate motive = s do+ 0 respect = ! law ( duty1 !re is ! ord9>y m]*ant :o is hone/ because he has ! desires *>act]i/ic ( an hone/ man4 ,s*ill] has made fun ( ! artificial /r+5cy ( ,kant's !ory 9 "s v]ses :i* repres5t a disciple com+ to ,kant ) 8 p]plexity3 ,will+ly s]ve ,i my fri5ds1 b ,i d x1 alas ) affection4 ,h5ce ,i am plagu$ ) ?is d\bt1 virtue ,i h n atta9$6 to :i* he receiv$ ! reply3 ,?is is y\r only res\rce1 y mu/ /ubbornly seek to abhor !m2 ,!n y c d ) disgu/ t :i* ! law may enjo94 ,^! v]ses are a c>icature ( ,kant's position2 he does n require t affections %\ld be cru%$1 b t !y %\ld be /amp$ ) ackn[l$gm5t ( law be=e be+ accept$ z motives4 ,b ! v]ses br+ out ! absurd elem5t 9 ! notion t ! affections & incl9ations may n ( !mselves be morally adequate spr+s to action1--z if a man c\ld n eat 8 d9n] simply because he 0 hungry1 or be amiable to a companion because he want$ to be1 or relieve di/ress because 8 compassionate nature urg$ him to x4 ,x is wor? :ile not+ t "s morali/s h gone to ! opposite extreme & h held t an act is n "r unless x expresses ! ov]fl[+ spontaneity ( ! affections2 t a man's act is only imp]fectly "r :5 he p]=ms x n f affection1 b f co]cion by duty4 ,?us ,em]son speaks ( m5 :o d by k :at ! /ones d by /ructure4 ,& aga91 ,we love *>act]s 9 proportion z !y are impulsive & spontane\s4 ,:5 we see a s\l ^: acts are all regal1 graceful1 & pleasant z roses1 we mu/ ?ank ,god t su* ?+s c be & are1 & n turn s\rly on ! angel & say1 ',crump is a bett] man ) 8 grunt+ resi/ance to all 8 native devils4' ,! facts seem to be t :ile1 9 a good man1 natural impulses & =m$ habits are adequate motive p[]s "u ord9>y conditions1 !re are times :5 an end1 some:at weak 9 its motive =ce because x does n express an habitually dom9ant p[] ( ! self1 ne$s to be re5=c$ by associations :i* h ga!r$ at all p]iods ( 8 pa/ ar\nd ! exp]i5ce ( good4 ,!re is a c]ta9 res]voir ( emotional =ce :i*1 :ile f> f fluid1 is capable ( transf] & application1 especially 9 a consci5ti\s p]son4 ,kant criticizes ! moral s5se !ory on ! gr\nd t 9 ord] to imag9e ! vici\s man torm5t$ ) a s5se ( 8 transgressions1 x mu/ fir/ repres5t him z morally good 9 ! ma9 tr5d ( 8 "* 7,abbott1 p4 #abh74 ,well1 a man :o is capable ( mak+ appeal to ! s5se ( duty 9 g5]al1 is ! "o 9 :om love ( good is already dom9ant4 ,,ii4 ,t5d5cy to ,fanaticism & ,idealization ( ,au?ority4--,kant's !ory ( fix$ & f9al sep>ation betwe5 desire & reason leads u into a fatal dilemma2 ei!r a "r end is impossible1 or any end is "r provid$ we fall back on a belief t x is our duty to p]=m x4 ,kant holds t e concrete end1 e def9ite purpose :i* we ent]ta91 comes f desire4 ,law utt]s no specific comm& except d y\r duty2 x /amps an end ( desire z "r only :5 x is pursu$1 n because x is an end ( desire1 b f duty4 ,! actual end :i* is be=e u is1 9 any case1 suppli$ ?r\gh incl9ation & desire4 ,reason furni%es pr9ciple z a motive4 ,we h "h1 9 ano!r =m1 ! sep>ation ( end & motive :i* has already occupi$ u 7p4 #bdh74 ,end & motive are s disconnect$1 s irrelevant to "o ano!r1 t we h no alt]native except ei!r to condemn e end1 because1 be+ prompt$ by desire1 x falls s f> %ort ( ! maje/y ( duty2 or else fanatically to p]si/ 9 any c\rse :5 once we h =mally br\ght x "u ! notion ( duty4 ,! latt] alt]native w\ld be ! "o *os5 by a truly ,kantian ag5t because x is alone possible 9 practice4 ,b ! moral fanatic does ab\t z mu* evil 9 ! _w z ! man ( no moral pr9ciple4 ,religi\s w>s1 p]secutions1 intol]ance1 h>% judgm5t ( o!rs1 ob/9ate p]si/5ce 9 a c\rse ( action once ent]$ ^u 9 spite ( ! te/imony ( exp]i5ce to ! h>m t results2 bl9d devotion to n>r[ & "o-sid$ aims2 delib]ate opposition to art1 culture1 social am5ities1 recreations1 or :atev] ! man ( pr9ciple happ5s to f9d obnoxi\s3 ph>isaical conviction ( sup]iority1 ( be+ ! peculi>1 *os5 in/rum5t ( ! moral law2--^! & ! c\ntless ills t foll[ 9 _! wake1 are inevitable effects ( erect+ ! isolat$ conviction ( duty into a suffici5t motive ( action4 ,s f> z ^! evils d n actually fl[ f an acceptance ( ! ,kantian pr9ciple1 x is because t has be5 promulgat$ & = ! mo/ "p adopt$1 :]e rev]5ce = au?ority & law is /rong4 ,9 ,g]many ! ,kantian philosophy has1 ^u ! :ole1 s]v$ z a help 9 criticiz+ law & proc$ure on ! basis ( _! rationality1 :ile x has also s]v$ z a conv5i5t /amp ( rational sanction ^u a politically au?oritative regime1 already fairly reasonable1 z su* matt]s g1 9 ! cont5t ( its legislation & adm9i/ration4 ,,iii4 ,mean+ ( ,duty = ,duty's ,sake4--,x is a s\nd pr9ciple to d our duty z our duty1 & n = ! sake ( some?+ else4 ,duty = duty's sake means1 9 tru?1 an act = ! act's own sake2 ! gift ( cold wat]1 ! ^w ( enc\ragem5t1 ! sweep+ ( ! room1 ! le>n+ ( ! lesson1 ! sell+ ( ! goods1 ! pa9t+ ( ! picture1 because !y are ! ?+s really call$ = at a giv5 "t1 & h5ce _! own excuses = be+4 ,no moral act is a means to any?+ beyond itself1--n ev5 to morality4 ,b1 ^u ,kant's !ory1 duty = duty's sake means a special act n = its own sake1 b = ! sake ( ab/ract pr9ciple4 ,j z ! h$oni/s reg>d a special act z a m]e means to happ9ess1 s ,kant makes ! concrete act a m]e means to virtue4 ,z !re is a h$oni/ic p>adox1 namely t ! way to get happ9ess is to =get x1 to devote ourselves to ?+s & p]sons ab\t u2 s !re is a morali/ic p>adox1 t ! way to get goodness is to cease to ?9k ( x--z some?+ sep>ate--& to devote ourselves to ! realization ( ! full value ( ! practical situations 9 :i* we f9d ourselves4 ,m5 c really ?9k ( _! duty only :5 !y are ?9k+ ( specific ?+s to be done2 to ?9k ( ,duty at l>ge or 9 ! ab/ract is "o ( ! be/ ways ( avoid+ do+ x1 or ( do+ x 9 a p>tial & p]v]t$ way4 ,summ>y ( ,criticism ( ,kant4--,to sum up1 ! !ory :i* reg>ds duty z hav+ its s\rce 9 a rational self :i* is indep5d5t ( & above ! self ( incl9ation & affection 7#a7 deprives ! habitual desires & affections1 :i* make ! diff]5ce betwe5 "o concrete "* & ano!r1 ( moral significance2 7#b7 commits u to an un5light5$ p]=mance ( :at is call$ duty irrespective ( its real goodness2 & 7#c7 makes moral pr9ciple a remote ab/raction1 in/ead ( ! vivify+ s\l ( a concrete de$4 ,its /ronge/ po9t1 its insi/5ce ^u ! autonom\s "* ( duty1 or t duty is organically connect$ ) ! self 9 "s ( its phases or functions1 w appe> m cle>ly z we contra/ x ) ! utilit>ian !ory4 ,sec4 #c4 ,,! ,,utilit>ian ,,!ory ,,( ,,duty ,problem ( ,duty on ,h$oni/ic ,basis4--,! utilit>ians' explanation ( ! con/ra9t ( desire by ! au?ority ( "r is fram$ to meet ! peculi> difficulty 9 :i* _! h$oni/ic !ory places !m4 ,if pleasure is ! good1 & if all desire is naturally = ! good1 :y %\ld desire h to be con/ra9$8 ,h[ c su* a ?+ z duty exi/ at all8 ,= to say t a man is oblig$ or b\nd to seek t :i* he j c't help seek+ is absurd4 ,!re is1 accord+ to ! utilit>ian1 a diff]5ce1 h[ev]1 betwe5 ! pleasure :i* is ! object ( desire & t :i* is ! /&>d ( judgm5t4 ,! =m] is ! p]son's own pleasure2 x is private4 ,! happ9ess :i* measures ! rightness ( ! act is t ( all p]sons :o are affect$ by x4 ,9 view ( ?is div]g5ce1 !re mu/1 if "r action is to occur1 be ag5cies :i* op]ate ^u ! individual s z to make him f9d 8 p]sonal pleasure 9 t :i* conduces to ! g5]al welf>e4 ,^! influ5ces are ! expectations & dem&s ( o!rs s f> z !y atta* consequ5ces 9 ! way ( puni%m5t1 ( suff]+1 & ( rew>d & pleasure1 to ! de$s ( an individual4 ,9 ?is way ! natural incl9ation ( an individual t[>ds a c]ta9 pleasure1 or 8 natural revulsion f a c]ta9 pa91 may be *eck$ & trans=m$ by recognition t if he seeks ! pleasure1 o!rs w inflict m ?an an equival5t pa91 or if he be>s ! pa91 o!rs w rew>d him ) m ?an comp5sat+ pleasures4 ,9 su* cases1 we h ! fact ( duty or obligation4 ,!re is con/ra9t ( fir/ incl9ation ?r\gh recognition ( sup]ior p[]1 ?is p[] be+ ass]t$ 9 its expressly decl>$ int5tion ( rew>d+ & p5aliz+ accord+ z its prescriptions are or are n foll[$4 ,^! are ! factors3 7#a7 dem&s1 expectations1 rules ext]nally impos$2 7#b7 consequ5ces 9 ! way ( pr(f]$ rew>d ( pleasure1 & p5alty ( pa92 7#c7 result+ con/ra9t ( ! natural manife/ation ( desires4 ,9 ! ma91 ! !ory is bas$ on ! analogy ( legal obligations4#afg 7a7 ,b5?am's ,acc\nt4--,b5?am dislikes ! v ^w duty2 & speaks pref]ably ( ! sanctions ( an act4 ,! foll[+ quotations w s]ve to confirm ! =ego+ /atem5ts4 ,! happ9ess ( ! individuals ( :om a community is compos$ is 444 ! sole /&>d1 9 con=mity to :i* ea* individual ought to be made to fa%ion 8 behavior4 ,b :e!r x be ?is1 or any?+ else t is to be done1 !re is no?+ by :i* a man c ultimately be made to d x1 b ei!r pa9 or pleasure4 ,a k9d ( pa9 or pleasure :i* t5ds to make an individual f9d 8 own good 9 ! good ( ! community is a sanction4 ,( ^! ,b5?am m5tions f\r k9ds1 ( :i* ! fir/ alone is n due to ! w ( o!rs1 b is physical4 ,?us ! individual may *eck 8 incl9ation to dr9k by a ?\ght ( ! ills t fl[ f drunk5ness4 ,metaphorically1 !n1 he may be said to h a duty n to dr9k2 /rictly speak+1 h[ev]1 ?is is 8 own obvi\s int]e/4 ,! sanctions prop] are 7a7 political1 consequ5ces 9 ! way ( pleasure & pa9 7especially pa97 atta*$ to injunctions & prohibitions by a legal sup]ior2 7b7 popul>1 ! consequ5ces foll[+ f ! m indef9ite influ5ce ( public op9ion--su* z be+ s5t to ,cov5try1 be+ %unn$1 r5d]$ unpopul>1 los+ reputation1 or honor1 etc42 & 7#c7 religi\s1 p5alties ( hell & rew>ds ( heav5 atta*$ to action by a div9e be+1 or simil> p5ances & rew>ds by ! repres5tatives on e>? 7*ur*1 prie/s1 etc47 ( ?is div9e be+4#afh ,value & ,defici5cies ( ,?is ,view4--,! /rong po9t ( ?is explanation ( duty is obvi\sly t x recognizes ! l>ge1 ! v l>ge1 role play$ by social in/itutions1 regulations1 & dem&s 9 br++ home to a p]son ! fact t c]ta9 acts1 :e!r he is naturally s incl9$ or n1 %\ld be p]=m$4 ,b its weak po9t is t x t5ds to id5tify duty ) co]cion2 to *ange ! ought if n into a physical mu/1 at lea/ into ! psy*ological mu/ ( fe> ( pa9 & hope ( pleasure4 ,hope ( rew>d & fe> ( p5alty are real en\gh motives 9 human life2 b acts p]=m$ ma9ly or solely on _! acc\nt d n1 9 ! unprejudic$ judgm5t ( mank9d1 rank v high morally4 ,habitually to appeal to su* motives is r to weak5 ?an to /r5g!n ! t5d5cies 9 ! individual :i* make = "r action4 ,! difficulty lies cle>ly 9 ! purely ext]nal "* ( ! sanctions1 & ?is 9 turn is due to ! fact t ! obligations impos$ by ! dem&s & expectancies ( o!rs d n h any intr9sic connection ) ! "* ( ! individual ( :om !y are exact$4 ,!y are :olly ext]nal burd5s & impositions4 ,! individual1 ) 8 desires & 8 pleasures1 be+ made up out ( p>ticul> /ates ( feel+1 is complete 9 himself4 ,social relation%ips mu/ !n be ali5 & ext]nal2 if !y modify 9 any way ! exi/+ body ( feel+s !y are artificial con/ra9ts4 ,"o individual m]ely happ5s to live side by side ) o!r individuals1 :o are 9 !mselves isolat$1 & are complete 9 _! isolation4 ,if _! ext]nal acts conflict1 x may be necess>y to invade & *ange ! body ( feel+s :i* make up ! self f :i* ! act fl[s4 ,h5ce duty4 ,! lat] developm5t ( utilit>ianism t5d$ to get away f ?is psy*ical & atomic individualism2 & to conceive ! good ( an individual z includ+ )9 himself relations to o!rs4 ,s f> z ?is 0 done1 ! dem&s ( o!rs1 public op9ion1 laws1 etc41 became factors 9 ! developm5t ( ! individual1 & 9 ar\s+ him to an adequate s5se ( :at 8 good is1 & ( int]e/ 9 effect+ x4 ,lat] utilit>ianism dwells less ?an ,b5?am ^u ext]nal sanctions1 & m ^u an unconsci\s %ap+ ( ! individual's "* & motives ?r\gh imitation1 education1 & all ! ag5cies :i* m\ld ! individual's desires into natural agreem5t ) ! social type4 ,:ile x is ,john ,/u>t ,mill :o insi/s mo/ ^u ! int]nal & qualitative *ange ( disposition t ?us takes place1#afi x is ,ba9 & ,sp5c] :o give ! mo/ detail$ acc\nt ( ! me?ods by :i* x is br\ght ab\t4 7b7 ,ba9's ,acc\nt4--,8 basis agrees ) ,b5?am's3 ,! prop] mean+1 or import1 ( ! t]ms 7duty1 obligation7 ref]s to t class ( action :i* is en=c$ by ! sanction ( puni%m5t 7,ba91 ,emotions & ,w1 p4 #bhf74 ,b he sets less /ore by political legislation & ! =ce ( vague public op9ion1 & m by ! gradual & subtle processes ( family education4 ,! lesson ( ob$i5ce1 t !re are ?+s to be done :e!r "o wi%es or no1 is impress$ ^u ! *ild almo/ unremitt+ly f ! v fir/ mom5t ( life4 ,!re are ?ree /ages 9 ! complete evolution ( ! s5se ( duty4 ,! fir/1 ! l[e/ & t beyond :i* "s p]sons nev] g1 is t 9 :i* susceptibility to pleasure & pa9 is made use ( to br+ ab\t ob$i5ce1 & a m5tal association is rapidly =m$ betwe5 ! ob$i5ce & appreh5d$ pa91 m or less magnifi$ by fe>4 ,! fact t puni%m5t may be kept up until ! *ild desi/s f ! act leaves on 8 m9d a c]ta9 dread & awful impression z connect$ ) =bidd5 actions4 ,"h we h 9 its g]m consci5ce1 ackn[l$gm5t ( duty1 9 its mo/ ext]nal =m4 ,a *ild 9 a good home 7& a citiz5 9 a good /ate7 soon adds o!r associations4 ,! comm& is utt]$1 ! p5alty ?reat5$1 by ^? :om he admires1 respects1 & loves4 ,?is elem5t br+s 9 a new dread--! fe> ( giv+ pa9 to ! belov$ object4 ,su* dread is m dis9t]e/$4 ,x c5t]s r ab\t ! po9t ( view f :i* ! act is held wrong ?an ab\t ! ?\ght ( h>m to self4 ,z intellig5ce develops1 ! p]son appreh5ds ! positive ends1 ! goods1 :i* are protect$ by ! comm& put on him2 he sees ! use & reason ( ! prohibition to :i* he is subject1 & approv+ ( :at x safegu>ds1 approves ! re/riction itself4 ,a new motive is add$ on & begirds ! action ) a ?reefold fe>4444 ,if ! duty prescrib$ has be5 approv$ ( by ! m9d z protective ( ! g5]al int]e/s ( p]sons engag+ our sympa?ies1 ! violation ( ?is on our "p affects u ) all ! pa9 t we feel f inflict+ an injury ^u ^? int]e/s4 ,trans=mation into an ,int]nal ,p[]4--,:5 ! *ild appreciates ! reasons = ! comm&1 ! "* ( consci5ce is entirely trans=m$4 ,! fe> :i* began z fe> ( ! p5alty t a sup]ior p[] may inflict1 adds to itself ! fe> ( displeas+ a belov$ p]son2 & is f9ally trans=m$ into ! dread ( injur+ int]e/s ! wor? ( :i* ! individual appreciates & 9 :i* he %>es4 ,! s5se ( duty n[ /&s ^u an indep5d5t f\ndation4 ,x is an int]nal ideal resemblance ( public au?ority1 an imitation 7or facsimile7 )9 ourselves ( ! gov]nm5t )\t u4 ,reg>d is n[ _h to ! int5t & mean+ ( ! law & n to ! m]e fact ( its be+ prescrib$ by "s p[]4 ,?us !re is develop$ a s5se ( obligation 9 g5]al1 :i* may be deta*$ f ! p>ticul> de$s :i* 7 orig9ally impos$ "u ! sanction ( p5alty1 & transf]r$ to new ends :i* h nev] ev5 be5 socially impos$1 :i* ! individual has p]haps = ! fir/ "t conceiv$ )9 himself4 ,! feel+ & habit ( obligation :i* 0 g5]at$ f social pressure rema9s1 b z a di/9ct individually *]i%$ ?+ 7,ba91 ,emotions & ,w1 p4 #cai n474 ,?is view ( ! f9al s5se ( obligation ?us approximates ,kant's view ( ! autonom\s "* ( duty4 7c7 ,sp5c]'s ,acc\nt4--,h]b]t ,sp5c] 7l ,b5?am7 lays emphasis ^u ! re/ra9+ influ5ce ( v>i\s social influ5ces1 b lays /ress1 z ,b5?am does n1 ^u ! int]nal *anges effect$ by long-cont9u$1 unremitt+ pressure ex]cis$ ?r\gh ! entire p]iod ( human evolution4 ,tak5 9 itself1 ! consci\sness ( duty--! di/9ctively moral consci\sness--is ! control ( proximate ends by remote ones1 ( simple by complex aims1 ( ! s5sory or pres5tative by ! ideal or repres5tative4 ,an undevelop$ individual or race lives & acts 9 ! pres5t2 ! mature is controll$ by =esight ( an indef9itely di/ant future4 ,! ?ief :o /eals is actuat$ by a simple feel+1 ! m]e impulse ( acquisition2 ! bus9ess man conducts 8 acquisition 9 view ( highly complex consid]ations ( prop]ty & own]%ip4 ,a l[-grade intellig5ce acts only ^u s5sory /imulus1 imm$iately pres5t2 a develop$ m9d is mov$ by elaborate intellectual con/ructions1 by imag9ations & ideas :i* f> outrun ! obs]v$ or obs]vable sc5e4 ,ea* /ep ( ! developm5t ( intellig5ce1 ( culture1 :e!r 9 ! individual or ! race1 is dep5d5t ^u ability to subord9ate ! imm$iate simple1 physically pres5t t5d5cy & aim to ! remote1 comp\nd1 & only ideally pres5t int5tion 7,sp5c]1 ,pr9ciples ( ,e?ics1 ,vol4 ,i41 ,"p ,i1 *4 vii474 ,subord9ation ( ,ne> to ,remote ,good ,dep5d5t on ,social ,influ5ces4--,! consci\s rel9qui%m5t ( imm$iate & special good to ga9 di/ant & g5]al good 444 is a c>d9al trait ( ! self-re/ra9t call$ moral4 ,b ?is develops out ( =ms ( re/ra9t :i* are n moral2 :]e ! rel9qui%m5t & subord9ation ( ! pres5t & tempor>y good is n consci\sly will$ by ! individual 9 view ( a consci\s appreciation ( a di/ant & inclusive good2 b :]e action 9 view ( ! latt] is =c$ ^u ! individual by outside au?ority1 op]at+ by m5ace1 & hav+ ! sanction ( fe>4 ,^! outside controls are ?ree 9 numb]3 political or legal2 sup]natural1 prie/ly1 or religi\s2 & popul>4 ,all ^! ext]nal controls1 work+ ?r\gh dread ( pa9 & promise ( rew>d1 br+ ab\t1 h[ev]1 9 ! individual a habit ( look+ to ! remote1 r ?an to ! proximate1 end4 ,at fir/ ! ?\ght ( ^! extr9sic consequ5ces1 ^? :i* d n fl[ f ! act b f ! reaction ( o!rs to x1 is mix$ up ) ! ?\ght ( its own prop] consequ5ces4 ,b ?is association causes att5tion at lea/ to be fix$ ^u intr9sic consequ5ces t1 because ( _! remot5ess & complexity1 might o!rwise escape att5tion4 ,gradually ! ?\ght ( !m gr[s 9 cle>ness & efficacy & dissociates itself z a motive f ! ext]nally impos$ consequ5ces1 & !re is a control :i* alone is truly moral4 ,! ,int]nal ,sanction4-- ,! truly moral det]r5t f murd]1 is n con/itut$ by a repres5tation ( hang+ z a consequ5ce1 or by a repres5tation ( tortures 9 hell z a consequ5ce1 or by a repres5tation ( ! horror & hatr$ excit$ 9 fell[-m52 b by a repres5tation ( ! necess>y natural results--! infliction ( dea? agony on ! victim1 ! de/ruction ( all 8 possibilities ( happ9ess1 ! entail$ suff]+s to 8 belong+s 7,sp5c]1 ,ibid41 p4 #abj74 ,! ext]nal con/ra9ts ?us s]ve z a s*oolma/] to br+ ! race & ! individual to int]nal re/ra9t4 ,gradually ! ab/ract s5se ( co]civ5ess1 au?oritativ5ess1 ! ne$ ( controll+ ! pres5t by ! future good is dis5tangl$1 & !re arises ! s5se ( duty 9 g5]al4 ,b ev5 ?is is transitory & w dim9i% z fa/ z moralization increases 7,ibid41 p4 #abg74 ,p]si/5ce 9 p]=mance ( a duty makes x a pleasure2 an habitually ex]cis$ obligation is naturally agreeable4 ,9 ! pres5t /ate ( evolution>y developm5t1 obligation1 or ! dem&s made by ! ext]nal environm5t1 & spontane\s incl9ation1 or ! dem& ( ! organism1 _c co9cide4 ,b at ! goal ( evolution1 ! organism & environm5t w be 9 p]fect adju/m5t4 ,actions cong5ial to ! =m] & appropriate to ! latt] w completely co9cide4 ,9 _! prop] times & places1 & proportions1 ! moral s5tim5ts w guide m5 j z spontane\sly & adequately z n[ d ! s5sations 7,ibid41 p4 #abi74 ,criticism ( ,utilit>ianism4--,! utilit>ian acc\nt ( ! developm5t ( ! consci\sness ( duty or its emphasis ^u concrete facts ( social arrangem5ts & education af=ds a mu*-ne$$ supplem5t to ! empty & ab/ract =malism ( ,kant4 7i47 ,! individual is c]ta9ly br\ght to 8 actual recognition ( specific duties & to 8 consci\sness ( obligation or moral law 9 g5]al ?r\gh social influ5ces4 ,ba9 insi/s m ^u ! family tra9+ & discipl9e ( its immature memb]s2 ,b5?am & ,sp5c] m ^u ! g5]al in/itutional conditions1 or ! organization ( gov]nm5t1 law1 judicial proc$ure1 cry/alliz$ cu/om1 & public op9ion4 ,9 reality1 ^! two conditions imply & re5=ce ea* o!r4 ,x is ?r\gh ! s*ool ( ! family1 = ! mo/ "p1 t ! mean+ ( ! requirem5ts ( ! l>g] & m p]man5t in/itutions are br\ght home to ! individual2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 ! family d]ives ! aims & values :i* x en=ces ^u ! att5tion ( its individual memb]s ma9ly f ! l>g] society 9 :i* x f9ds its own sett+4 7ii47 ,! lat] utilit>ianism1 9 its insi/5ce ^u an int]nal sanction1 ^u ! ideal p]sonal1 or free facsimile ( public au?ority1 ^u reg>d = intr9sic consequ5ces1 corrects ! weak po9t 9 ,b5?am 7:o relies s unduly ^u m]e ?reat ( puni%m5t & m]e fe> ( pa97 & approximates 9 practical effect1 ?\gh n 9 !ory1 ,kant's doctr9e ( ! connection ( duty ) ! rational or l>g] self :i* is social1 ev5 if individual4 ,ev5 9 its revis$ v]sion utilit>ianism did n :olly escape f ! rigid unreal sep>ation betwe5 ! selfhood ( ! ag5t & 8 social surr\nd+s =c$ ^u x by its h$oni/ic psy*ology4 ,fictiti\s ,!ory ( ,nature ( ,self4--,! supposition t ! individual />ts ) m]e love ( private pleasure1 & t1 if he ev] gets beyond to consid]ation ( ! good ( o!rs1 x is because o!rs h =c$ _! good ^u him by int]f]+ ) 8 private pleasures1 is pure fiction4 ,! requirem5ts1 enc\ragem5ts1 & approbations ( o!rs react n prim>ily ^u ! pleasures & calculations ( ! individual1 b ^u 8 activities1 ^u 8 incl9ations1 desires1 habits4 ,!re is a common defect 9 ! utilit>ian & ,kantian psy*ology4 ,bo? neglect ! importance ( ! active1 ! organically spontane\s & direct t5d5cies :i* ent] into ! individual4 ,bo? assume unreal /ates ( consci\sness1 passive s5sations1 & feel+s4 ,active t5d5cies may be int]nally modifi$ & r$irect$ by ! v conditions & consequ5ces ( _! own ex]cise4 ,family discipl9e1 jural influ5ces1 public op9ion1 may d little1 or !y may d mu*4 ,b _! educative influ5ce is z f> f ! m]e association ( feel+s ( pleasure & pa9 z x is f ,kant's purely ab/ract law4 ,social influ5ces enable an individual to realize ! weight & import ( ! socially available & helpful manife/ations ( ! t5d5cies ( 8 own nature & to discrim9ate !m f ^? :i* are socially h>mful or useless4 ,:5 ! two conflict1 ! p]ception ( ! =m] is ! recognition ( duties z di/9ct f m]e incl9ations4 ,sec4 #c4 ,,f9al ,,/atem5t ,duty & a ,gr[+ ,"*4--,duty is :at is ow$ by a p>tial isolat$ self embodi$ 9 e/abli%$1 facile1 & urg5t t5d5cies1 to t ideal self :i* is pres5t$ 9 aspirations :i*1 s9ce !y are n yet =m$ into habits1 h no organiz$ hold ^u ! self & :i* c get organiz$ into habitual t5d5cies & int]e/s only by a m or less pa9ful & difficult recon/ruction ( ! habitual self4 ,= ,kant's fix$ & absolute sep>ation betwe5 ! self ( incl9ation & ! self ( reason1 we sub/itute ! relative & %ift+ di/9ction betwe5 ^? factors ( self :i* h become s def9itely organiz$ into set habits t !y take c>e ( !mselves1 & ^? o!r factors :i* are m prec>i\s1 less cry/alliz$1 & :i* dep5d !re=e ^u consci\s ackn[l$gm5t & int5tionally direct$ affection4 ,! consci\sness ( duty gr[s out ( ! complex "* ( ! self2 ! fact t at any giv5 "t1 x has t5d5cies relatively set1 +ra9$1 & embodi$ 9 fix$ habits1 :ile x also has t5d5cies 9 process ( mak+1 look+ to ! future1 tak+ acc\nt ( una*iev$ possibilities4 ,! =m] give ! solid relatively =m$ elem5ts ( "*2 ! latt]1 its ideal or unrealiz$ possibilities4 ,ea* mu/ play into ! o!r2 ea* mu/ help ! o!r out4 ,! conflict ( duty & desire is ?us an accompanim5t ( a gr[+ self4 ,sp5c]'s complete disappe>ance ( obligation w\ld mean an exhau/$ & fossiliz$ self2 :]ev] !re is progress1 t5sion arises betwe5 :at is already accompli%$ & :at is possible4 ,9 a be+ ^: rea* %\ld exce$ 8 grasp1 a conflict )9 ! self mak+ = ! readju/m5t ( ! direction ( p[]s mu/ always be f\nd4 ,! value ( cont9ually hav+ to meet ! expectations & requirem5ts ( o!rs is 9 keep+ ! ag5t f re/+ on 8 o>s1 f fall+ back on habits already =m$ z if !y 7 f9al4 ,! ph5om5a ( duty 9 all _! =ms are ?us ph5om5a att5dant ^u ! expansion ( ends & ! recon/ruction ( "*4 ,s f>1 accord+ly1 z ! recognition ( duty is capable ( op]at+ z a di/9ct re5=c+ motive1 x op]ates mo/ effectively1 n z an int]e/ 9 duty1 or law 9 ! ab/ract1 b z an int]e/ 9 progress 9 ! face ( ! ob/acles f\nd )9 "* itself4 ,,lit]ature ,! mo/ important ref]5ces on ! subject ( duty are giv5 9 ! text4 ,to ^! may be add$3 ,ladd1 ,philosophy ( ,conduct1 *s4 v4 & xv42 ,mack5zie1 ,manual1 ,"p ,i41 *4 iv42 ,gre51 ,prolegom5a1 pp4 #cae-cbj1 #cec-ced & #cha-chh2 ,%>p1 ,int]national ,j\rnal ( ,e?ics1 ,vol4 ,,ii41 pp4 #ejj-eac2 ,muirhead1 ,elem5ts ( ,e?ics1 ,book ,,ii41 *4 ii42 ,mc,gilvary1 ,philosophical ,review1 ,vol4 ,,xi41 pp4 #ccc-ceb2 ,/eph51 ,sci5ce ( ,e?ics1 pp4 #afa-aga2 ,/urt1 ,int]national ,j\rnal ( ,e?ics1 ,vol4 ,,vii41 #ccd-cde2 ,s*urman1 ,philosophical ,review1 ,vol4 ,,iii41 pp4 #fda-fed2 ,guyau1 ,sket* ( ,morals1 )\t ,obligation or ,sanction4 ,,footnotes3 #aff ,la/ ,essays on ,*ur* & ,religion1 preface4 #afg ,hi/orically x has (t5 tak5 !ological =m4 ,?us ,paley def9$ virtue z do+ good to mank9d 9 ob$i5ce to ! w ( ,god1 & = ! sake ( ev]la/+ happ9ess4 ,( obligation he said1 ,a man is said to be oblig$1 :5 he is urg$ by a viol5t motive result+ f ! comm& ( ano!r4 #afh ,! e>li] ,engli% utilit>ians 7?\gh n call$ by t "n71 su* z ,tuck] & ,paley1 ass]t t ^u ?is e>? !re is no exact co9cid5ce ( ! "r & ! pleasure-giv+2 t x is future rew>ds & puni%m5ts :i* make ! equilibrium4 ,sidgwick1 among rec5t writ]s1 has also held t no complete id5tification ( virtue & happ9ess c be f\nd ap>t f religi\s consid]ations4 7,see ,me?ods ( ,e?ics1 p4 #eje4 ,= !ological utilit>ianism see ,albee1 ,hi/ory47 #afi ,see 8 ,utilit>ianism1 *4 iii4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii ,,! ,,place ,,( ,,! ,,self ,,9 ,,! ,,moral ,,life ,we h rea*$ ! conclusion t disposition z manife/ 9 endeavor is ! seat ( moral wor?1 & t ?is wor? itself consi/s 9 a read9ess to reg>d ! g5]al happ9ess ev5 aga9/ contr>y prompt+s ( p]sonal com=t & ga94 ,?is br+s u to ! problems connect$ ) ! nature & functions ( ! self4 ,we %all1 9 our se>* = ! moral self1 pass 9 review ! conceptions :i* f9d morality 9 7#a7 ,self-,d5ial or ,self-,sacrifice1 7#b7 ,self-,ass]tion1 7#c7 ,comb9ation ( ,reg>d = ,self & = ,o!rs1 7#d7 ,self-,realization4 ,sec4 #a4 ,,! ,,doctr9e ,,( ,,self-,,d5ial ,widespread ,curr5cy ( ! ,doctr9e4--,! notion t real goodness1 or virtue1 consi/s ess5tially 9 abnegation ( ! self1 9 d5y+ &1 s f> z may be1 elim9at+ ev]y?+ t is ( ! nature ( ! self1 is "o ( ! olde/ & mo/ frequ5tly recurr+ notions ( moral endeavor & religion1 z well z ( moral !ory4 ,x describes ,buddhism &1 9 l>ge measure1 ! mona/ic ideal ( ,*ri/ianity1 :ile1 9 ,prote/antism1 ,puritanism is p]meat$ ) its _s4 ,x *>act]iz$ ,cynicism & ,/oicism4 ,kant goes z f> z to say t e rational be+ mu/ wi% to be :olly free f incl9ations4 ,popul> morality1 :ile n go+ s f> z to hold t all moral goodness is self-d5ial1 yet m or less def9itely assumes t self-d5ial on its own acc\nt1 irrespective ( :at comes out ( x1 is morally praisewor?y4 ,a notion s deeply root$ & widely fl\ri%+ mu/ h /rong motives 9 its favor1 all ! m s because its practical vogue is always /rong] ?an any reasons :i* are !oretically set =?4 ,orig9 ( ! ,doctr9e4--,! notion arises f ! t5d5cy to id5tify ! self ) "o ( its own factors4 ,x is "o & ! same self :i* conceives & is int]e/$ 9 "s g5]\s & ideal good t is also tempt$ by "s ne>1 n>r[1 & exclusive good4 ,! =ce ( ! latt] resides 9 ! habitual self1 9 purposes :i* h got !mselves inwr\ght into ! texture ( ord9>y "*4 ,h5ce !re is a disposition to ov]look ! complexity ( selfhood1 & to id5tify x ) ^? factors 9 ! self :i* resi/ ideal aspiration1 & :i* are recalcitrant to ! ?\ght ( duty2 to id5tify ! self ) impulses t are incl9$ to :at is frivol\s1 s5su\s & s5sual1 pleasure-seek+4 ,all vice be+1 !n1 egoism1 selfi%ness1 self-seek+1 ! rem$y is to *eck x at its roots2 to keep ! self d[n 9 its prop] place1 d5y+ x1 *a/5+ x1 mortify+ x1 refus+ to li/5 to its prompt+s4 ,ignor+ ! v>iety & subtlety ( ! factors t make up ! self1 all ! diff]5t elem5ts ( "r & ( wrong are ga!r$ toge!r & set ov] aga9/ ea* o!r4 ,all ! good is plac$ once = all 9 "s outside s\rce1 "s high] law or ideal2 & ! s\rce ( all evil is plac$ )9 ! corrupt$ & vile self4 ,:5 "o has become consci\s ( ! s]i\s nature ( ! moral /ruggle2 has f\nd t vice is easy1 & to err natural1 ne$+ only to give way to "s habitual impulse or desire2 t virtue is ardu\s1 requir+ resi/ance & /r5u\s ef=t1 "o is apt to ov]look ! habitual t5d5cies :i* are ! m9i/]s ( ! high] goods4 ,"o =gets t unless ideal ends 7 also root$ 9 "s natural t5d5cies ( ! self1 !y c\ld nei!r occur to ! self nor appeal to ! self4 ,h5ce ev]y?+ is swept into ! idea t ! self is inh]5tly s evil t x mu/ be d5i$1 snubb$1 sacrific$1 mortifi$4 ,9 g5]al1 to po9t out ! tru? :i* ?is !ory p]v]ts1 to emphasize ! dem& = con/ant recon/ruction & re>rangem5t ( ! habitual p[]s ( ! self--is suffici5t criticism ( x4 ,b 9 detail ! !ory ex]cises su* p]vasive influ5ce t x is wor? :ile to m5tion specifically "s ( ! evils t accrue f x4 #a4 ,x s ,maims & ,di/orts ,human ,nature z to ,n>r[ ! ,conception ( ! ,good4--,9 its legitimate antagonism to pleasure-seek+1 x becomes a foe to happ9ess1 & an implacable enemy ( all its elem5ts4 ,art is suspect$1 = beauty appeals to ! lu/ ( ! eye4 ,family life roots 9 sexual impulses1 & prop]ty 9 love ( p[]1 gratification1 & luxury4 ,sci5ce spr+s f ! pride ( ! intellect2 ! ,/ate f ! pride ( w4 ,asceticism is ! logical result2 a purely negative conception ( virtue4 ,b x surely does di%onor1 n honor1 to ! moral life to conceive x z m]e negative subjection ( ! fle%1 m]e hold+ "u control ! lu/ ( desire & ! temptations ( appetite4 ,all positive cont5t1 all lib]al a*ievem5t1 is cut out & morality is r$uc$ to a m]e /ruggle aga9/ solicitations to s94 ,:ile asceticism is 9 no dang] ( becom+ a popul> doctr9e1 !re is a common t5d5cy to conceive self-control 9 ?is negative fa%ion2 to fail to see t ! important ?+ is "s positive good = :i* a desire is controll$4 ,9 g5]al we ov]emphasize t side ( morality :i* consi/s 9 ab/95ce & n do+ wrong4 #b4 ,to ,make s ,mu* ( ,conflict ) ! ,fle%1 is to ,honor ! ,latt] too ,mu*4--,x is to fix too mu* att5tion on x4 ,x is an op5 lesson ( psy*ology t to oppose do+ an act by m]e injunction n to d x1 is to increase ! p[] ( ! ?+ n to be done1 & to weak5 ! spr+ & effectiv5ess ( ! o!r motives1 :i*1 if positively att5d$ to1 might keep ! obnoxi\s motive f ga9+ supremacy4 ,! expulsive p[] ( a g5]\s affection is m to be reli$ ^u ?an ef=t to suppress1 :i* keeps alive ! v ?+ to be suppress$4 ,! hi/ory ( monks & ,puritan sa9ts alike is full ( te/imony to ! fact t )drawal f positive g5]\s & :olesome aims re5=ces ! vitality ( ! l[] appetites & /imulates ! imag9ation to play ab\t !m4 ,flagellation & fa/+ "w z long z ! body is exhau/$2 b ! brave organism reass]ts itself1 & its capacities = sci5ce1 art1 ! life ( ! family & ! ,/ate n hav+ be5 cultivat$1 %e] in]adicable physical in/9ct is mo/ likely to come to ! front4 #c4 ,we ,judge ,o!rs by ,ourselves ,because ,we ,h ,no ,o!r ,way to ,judge4--,x is impossible = a man :o conceives 8 own good to be 9 go+ )\t1 9 j re/rict+ himself1 to h any l>ge or adequate idea ( ! good ( o!rs4 ,unconsci\sly & inevitably a h>d5+ & n>r[+ ( ! conditions ( ! lives ( o!rs accompanies ! reign ( ! ,puritanic ideal4 ,! man :o takes a high view ( ! capacities ( human nature 9 itself1 :o rev]5ces its possibilities & is jeal\s = _! high ma9t5ance 9 himself1 is ! "o mo/ likely to h ke5 & s5sitive appreciation ( ! ne$s ( o!rs4 ,!re is1 moreov]1 no selfi%ness1 no neglect ( o!rs m ?or\ghgo+1 m effectively cruel ?an t :i* comes f preoccupation ) ! atta9m5t ( p]sonal goodness1 & ?is int]e/ is an almo/ inevitable effect ( devotion to ! negative ideal ( self-d5ial4 #d4 ,! ,pr9ciple ,radically ,violates ,human ,nature4--,?is inde$ is its claim--t human nature1 j z human nature1 requires to h viol5ce done x4 ,b ! capacities :i* con/itute ! self dem& fulfillm5t4 ,! place1 ! "t1 ! mann]1 ! degree1 & ! proportion ( _! fulfillm5t1 require inf9ite c>e & pa9s1 & to secure ?is att5tion is ! bus9ess ( morals4 ,morals is a matt] ( direction1 n ( suppression4 ,! urg5cy ( desires & capacities = expression _c be got rid (2 nature _c be expell$4 ,if ! ne$ ( happ9ess1 ( satisfaction ( capacity1 is *eck$ 9 "o direction1 x w manife/ itself 9 ano!r4 ,if ! direction :i* is *eck$ is an unconsci\s & :olesome "o1 t :i* is tak5 w be likely to be morbid & p]v]se4 ,! "o :o is consci\s ( cont9ually d5y+ himself _c rid himself ( ! idea t x ought to be made up to him2 t a comp5sat+ happ9ess is due him = :at he has sacrific$1 some:at increas$1 if any?+1 on acc\nt ( ! unnatural virtue he has display$4#agj ,to be self-sacrific+ is to lay up m]it1 & ?is a*ievem5t mu/ surely be rew>d$ ) happ9ess--if n n[1 !n lat]4 ,^? :o habitually live on ! basis ( consci\s self-d5ial are likely to be exorbitant 9 ! dem&s :i* !y make on "s "o ne> !m1 "s memb] ( _! family or "s fri5d2 likely to blame o!rs if _! own virtue does n secure = itself an exact+ att5tion :i* r$uces o!rs to ! plane ( s]vility4 ,(t5 ! doctr9e ( self-sacrifice leads to an inv]t$ h$onism3 we are to be good--t is1 to =ego pleasure--n[1 t we may h a great] measure ( enjoym5t 9 "s future p>adise ( bliss4 ,or1 ! individual :o has tak5 v[s ( r5unciation is entitl$ by t v fact to repres5t spiritual au?ority on e>? & to "l x ov] o!rs4 ,sec4 #b4 ,,self-,,ass]tion ,! idea t morality consi/s 9 an unbridl$ ass]tion ( self1 9 its =ceful aggressive manife/ation1 r>ely receives consi/5t !oretical =mulation--possibly because mo/ m5 are s ready to act ^u x practically t explicit ackn[l$gm5t w\ld be a h9drance r ?an a help to ! idea4 ,b x is a doctr9e :i* t5ds to be invok$ m or less explicitly z a reaction f ! impot5cy ( ! self-d5ial dogma4 ,9 ref]5ce to "s sup]ior individual or class1 "s lead] or gr\p ( ari/ocratically orda9$ lead]s1 x is always a m or less consci\s pr9ciple4 ,conc]n+ ^! x is held t ord9>y morality holds ev5tually only = ! common h]d1 ! activities ( ! lead] be+ am5able to a high] law ?an t ( common morality4#aga ,moreov]1 s9ce ! self-sacrifice morality is almo/ nev] c>ri$ out consi/5tly--t is1 to ! po9t ( mona/ic asceticism1--mu* popul> morality is an unbalanc$ comb9ation ( self-sacrifice 9 "s reg>ds & ru?less self-ass]tion 9 o!rs4 ,x is n practicable to c>ry out ! pr9ciple ( self-d5ial ev]y:]e2 x is res]v$ = ! family life1 = special religi\s duties2 9 bus9ess 7:i* is bus9ess1 n morals71 ! prop] ?+ is aggressive & unremitt+ self-ass]tion4 ,9 bus9ess1 ! end is success1 to make good2 weakness is failure1 & failure is disgrace1 di%onor4 ,?us 9 practice ! two conceptions ( self-d5ial 9 "o region & self-ass]tion 9 ano!r mutually support ea* o!r4 ,!y give occasion = ! m or less un=mulat$1 yet preval5t1 idea t moral consid]ations 7^? ( self-d5ial7 apply to a limit$ phase ( life1 b h no?+ to d ) o!r regions 9 :i* accord+ly ! pr9ciple ( effici5cy 7t is1 p]sonal success1 weal?1 p[] obta9$ 9 competitive victory7 holds supreme sway4 ,rec5tly1 h[ev]1 !re has sprung up a s-call$ naturali/ic s*ool ( e?ics :i* has =mulat$ explicitly ! pr9ciple ( self-ass]tion1 & :i* claims to f9d sci5tific sanction = x 9 ! evolution>y doctr9e ( ,d>w94 ,evolution1 x says1 is ! great ?+1 & evolution means ! survival ( ! fit 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,nature's me?od ( progress is precisely1 s x is said1 ru?less self-ass]tion--to ! /rong ! victory1 to ! victori\s ! spoils1 & to ! defeat$1 woe4 ,nature af=ds a sc5e ( egoi/ic endeavor or pressure1 suff] :o may1 ( /ruggle to get ahead1 t is1 ahead ( o!rs1 ev5 by ?ru/+ !m d[n & out4 ,b ! ju/ification ( ?is sc5e ( rap9e & slaught] is t out ( x comes progress1 advance1 ev]y?+ t we reg>d z noble & fair4 ,excell5ce is ! sign ( excell+2 ! goal means outrunn+ o!rs4 ,! morals ( humility1 ( ob$i5ce to law1 ( pity1 sympa?y1 are m]ely a self-protective device on ! "p ( ! weak :o try to safegu>d _! weakness by sett+ fa/ limitations to ! activities ( ! truly /rong 7comp>e :at 0 said ( ! n dissimil> doctr9e among ! ,greeks1 pp4 #abj-bb74 ,b ! truly moral man1 9 :om ! pr9ciple ( progress is embodi$1 w break reg>dlessly ?r\gh ^! me%es & traps4 ,he w c>ry 8 own plans ?r\gh to victori\s a*ievem5t4 ,he is ! sup]-man4 ,! mass ( m5 are simply food = 8 s*emes1 valuable z furni%+ ne$$ mat]ial & tools4#agb ,practical ,vogue ( ! ,und]ly+ ,idea4--,su* a !ory1 9 & ( itself1 is a lit]>y div]sion = ^? :o1 n be+ compet5t 9 ! fields ( out] a*ievem5t1 amuse !mselves by idealiz+ x 9 writ+4 ,l mo/ lit]>y v]sions ( sci5ce1 x re/s ^u a pseudo-sci5ce1 a p>ody ( ! real facts4 ,b at a "t :5 economic conditions are putt+ an extraord9>y emphasis ^u outw>d a*ievem5t1 ^u success 9 manipulat+ natural & social res\rces1 ^u effici5cy 9 exploit+ bo? inanimate en]gies & ! m9ds & bodies ( o!r p]sons1 ! und]ly+ pr9ciple ( ?is !ory has a sanction & vogue :i* is out ( all proportion to ! numb] ( ^? :o consci\sly ent]ta9 x z a !ory4 ,= a heal?y m9d1 ! frank /atem5t & fac+ ( ! !ory is its be/ criticism4 ,its bald brutalism fl\ri%es freely only :5 cov]$ & disguis$4 ,b 9 view ( ! =ces at pres5t1 & especially 9 ,am]ica1 mak+ = a m or less unconsci\s acceptance ( its pr9ciple 9 practice1 x may be advisable to say some?+ 7#a7 reg>d+ its alleg$ sci5tific f\ndation1 & 7#b7 ! inadequacy ( its conception ( effici5cy4 #a4 ,! ,!ory ,exagg]ates ! ,role ( ,antagoni/ic ,competitive ,/ruggle 9 ! ,d>w9ian ,!ory4--7a7 ,! initial /ep 9 any progress is v>iation2 ?is is n s mu* /ruggle aga9/ o!r organisms1 z x is inv5tion or discov]y ( "s new way ( act+1 involv+ bett] adaptation ( hi!rto m]ely lat5t natural res\rces1 use ( "s possible food or %elt] n previ\sly utiliz$4 ,! /ruggle aga9/ o!r organisms at "w pres]ves f elim9ation a species already fix$--q a diff]5t ?+ f ! v>iation :i* occasions ! introduction ( a high] or m complex species4 7b7 ,moreov]1 s f> z ! ,d>w9ian !ory is conc]n$1 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce may take any conceivable =m2 rivalry 9 g5]osity1 9 mutual aid & support1 may be ! k9d ( competition be/ fitt$ to enable a species to survive4 ,x n only may be s1 b x is s )9 c]ta9 limits4 ,! rage = survival1 = p[]1 mu/ n be ass]t$ indiscrim9ately2 ! mate ( ! o!r sex1 ! "y1 to "s ext5t o!r individuals ( ! same k91 are sp>$1 or1 9 _m cases1 protect$ & n\ri%$4#agc 7c7 ,! high] ! =m ( life1 ! m effective ! two me?ods j sugge/$3 namely1 ! me?od ( intellig5ce 9 discov]+ & utiliz+ new me?ods1 tools1 & res\rces z sub/itut$ = ! direct me?od ( brute conflict2 & ! me?od ( mutual protection & c>e sub/itut$ = mutual attack & combat4 ,x is among ! l[] =ms ( life1 n z ! !ory w\ld require among ! high] types1 t conditions approximate its picture ( ! gladiatorial %[4 ,! high] species among ! v]tebrates1 z among insects 7l ants & bees71 are ! sociable k9ds4 ,x is sometimes argu$ t ,d>w9ism c>ri$ into morals w\ld aboli% *>ity3 all c>e ( ! hopelessly invalid1 ( ! economically dep5d5t1 & 9 g5]al ( all ! weak & helpless except heal?y infants4 ,x is argu$ t our curr5t /&>ds are s5tim5tal & artificial1 aim+ to make survive ^? :o are unfit1 & ?us t5d+ to de/roy ! conditions t make = advance1 & to introduce su* z make t[>ds deg5]ation4 ,b ?is argum5t 7#a7 :olly ignores ! reflex effect ( int]e/ 9 ^? :o are ill & defective 9 /r5g!n+ social solid>ity--9 promot+ ^? ties & reciprocal int]e/s :i* are z mu* ! pr]equisites ( /rong individual *>act]s z !y are ( a /rong social gr\p4 ,& 7#b7 x fails to take into acc\nt ! /imulus to =esight1 to sci5tific discov]y1 & practical inv5tion1 :i* has proce$$ f int]e/ 9 ! helpless1 ! weak1 ! sick1 ! disabl$1 bl9d1 deaf1 & insane4 ,tak+ ! mo/ coldly sci5tific view1 ! ga9s 9 ^! two respects h1 ?r\gh ! gr[? ( social pity1 ( c>e = ! un=tunate1 be5 pur*as$ m *eaply ?an we c imag9e _! be+ b\ght 9 any o!r way4 ,9 o!r words1 ! *ief objection to ?is naturali/ic e?ics is t x ov]looks ! fact t1 ev5 f ! ,d>w9ian po9t ( view1 ! human animal is a human animal4 ,x =gets t ! sympa!tic & social in/9cts1 ^? :i* cause ! individual to take ! int]e/s ( o!rs = 8 own & !reby to re/ra9 8 %e] brute self-ass]tiv5ess1 are ! highe/ a*ievem5ts1 ! high-wat] m>k ( evolution4 ,! !ory urges a sy/ematic relapse to l[] & =egone /ages ( biological developm5t4 #b4 ,its ,conception ( ,p[]1 ,effici5cy1 ,a*ievem5t is ,p]v]se4--,comp>$ ) ! gospel ( ab/95ce1 ( ineffici5cy1 prea*$ by ! self-d5ial s*ool1 !re is an elem5t ( heal?y reaction 9 any e?ical sy/em :i* /resses positive p[]1 positive success1 positive atta9m5t4 ,goodness has be5 too mu* id5tifi$ ) practical feebl5ess & ineptitude2 /r5g? & solidity ( accompli%m5t1 ) unscrupul\sness4 ,b p[] = ! sake ( p[] is z unreal an ab/raction z self-d5ial = ! sake ( sacrifice1 or self-re/ra9t = ! sake ( ! m]e re/ra9t4 ,erect$ into a c5tral pr9ciple1 x takes means = end--! fallacy ( all mat]ialism4 ,x makes little ( _m ( ! mo/ important & excell5t inh]5t +r$i5ts ( happ9ess 9 its eag]ness to ma/] ext]nal conditions ( happ9ess4 ,s5sitive discrim9ation ( complex & ref9$ di/9ctions ( wor?1 su* z good ta/e1 ! res\rces ( poetry & hi/ory1 frank & v>i$ social conv]se among intellectual equals1 ! humor ( sympa!tic contemplation ( ! spectacle ( life1 ! capacity to extract happ9ess f solitude & society1 f nature & f art3--all ( ^!1 z well z ! m obvi\s virtues ( sympa?y & b5evol5ce1 are swept aside = "o co>se undiscrim9at+ ideal ( ext]nal activity1 measur$ by %e] quantity ( ext]nal *anges made & ext]nal results accumulat$4 ,( su* an ideal we may say1 z ,mill said1 t ! judge ( good1 ( happ9ess1 is ! "o :o has exp]i5c$ its v>i\s =ms2 & t z no intellig5t p]son w\ld cons5t to be a fool on acc\nt ( ! pleasures ( ! fool1 s no man ( cultivat$ _s w\ld cons5t to be a lov] ( effici5cy & p[] = ! sake ( brute comm& ( ! ext]nal commodities ( nature & man4 ,pres5t ,curr5cy ( ,?is ,ideal4--,9 spite ( ! extraord9>y curr5cy ( ?is ideal at pres5t1 !re is little fe> t x w be p]man5tly e/abli%$4 ,human nature is too ri* & v>i$ 9 its capacities & dem&s2 ! _w ( nature & society is too fruitful 9 s\rces ( /imulus & int]e/ = man to rema9 indef9itely cont5t ) ! idea ( p[] = p[]'s sake1 comm& ( means = ! m]e sake ( ! means4 ,humanity has long liv$ a prec>i\s & a /unt$ life because ( its p>tial & easily %ak5 hold on natural res\rces4 ,/>v$ by c5turies ( ab/95ce en=c$ ?r\gh lack ( control ( ! =ces & me?ods ( nature1 taught ! gospel ( ! m]it ( ab/5tion1 x is n surpris+ t x %\ld be intoxicat$ :5 sci5tific discov]y be>s its fruit ( p[] 9 utilization ( natural =ces1 or t1 tempor>ily unbalanc$1 x %\ld take ! ext]nal conditions ( happ9ess = happ9ess itself4 ,b :5 ! values ( mat]ial acquisition & a*ievem5t become famili> !y w lose ! contra/ value !y n[ possess2 & human endeavor w conc]n itself ma9ly ) ! problem ( r5d]+ its conque/s 9 p[] & effici5cy tribut>y to ! life ( intellig5ce & art & ( social communication4#agd ,su* a moral idealism w re/ ^u a m secure & ext5sive natural f\ndation ?an t ( ! pa/1 & w be m equitable 9 application & san] 9 cont5t ?an t ) :i* ari/ocracies h made u famili>4 ,x w be a democratic ideal1 a good = all1 n = a noble class2 & x w include1 n exclude1 ^? physical & physiological factors :i* ari/ocratic idealisms h exclud$ z common & unclean4 ,sec4 #c4 ,,self-,,love ,,& ,,b5evol5ce2 ,,or1 ,,egoism ,,& ,,altruism ,= ! la/ ?ree c5turies1 ! mo/ discuss$ po9t 9 ,engli% e?ical lit]ature 7save p]haps :e!r moral k is intuitive or d]iv$ f exp]i5ce7 has be5 ! relation ( reg>d = "o's own self & = o!r selves z motives ( action--! crux ( all e?ical speculation1 ,sp5c] t]ms x4 ,all views h be5 repres5t$3 7a7 t man naturally acts f purely selfi% motives & t morality consi/s 9 an en=c$ subjection ( self-love to ! laws ( a common social ord]1 7b7 ,t man is naturally selfi%1 :ile morality is an enlight5$ selfi%ness1 or a reg>d = self bas$ ^u recognition ( ! ext5t to :i* its happ9ess requires consid]ation ( o!rs4 7c7 ,t ! t5d5cies ( ! ag5t are naturally selfi%1 b t morality is ! subjection ( ^! t5d5cies to ! law ( duty4 7d7 ,t man's int]e/s are naturally p>tly egoi/ic & p>tly sympa!tic1 :ile morality is a compromise or adju/m5t ( ^! t5d5cies4 7e7 ,t man's int]e/s are naturally bo?1 & morality a subjection ( bo? to consci5ce z umpire4 7f7 ,t !y are bo?1 :ile morality is a subjection ( egoi/ic to b5evol5t s5tim5ts4 7g7 ,t ! individual's int]e/s are naturally 9 objective ends :i* prim>ily are nei!r egoi/ic nor altrui/ic2 & ^! ends become ei!r selfi% or b5evol5t at special crises1 at :i* times morality consi/s 9 ref]r+ !m1 equally & imp>tially = judgm5t1 to a situation 9 :i* ! int]e/s ( ! self & ( o!rs conc]n$ are involv$3 to a common good4 ,?ree ,und]ly+ ,psy*ological ,pr9ciples4--,we %all make no attempt to discuss ^! v>i\s views 9 detail2 b w br+ into relief "s ( ! factors 9 ! discussion :i* sub/antiate ! view 7g7 /at$ la/4 ,x w be not$ t ! !ories rank !mselves "u ?ree heads ) ref]5ce to ! con/itution ( man's t5d5cies3 hold+ !y 7#a7 naturally h 9 view p]sonal ends exclusively or all fall "u ! pr9ciple ( self-love or self-reg>d2 t 7#b7 "s ( !m contemplate "o's own happ9ess & "s ( !m t ( o!rs2 t 7#c7 prim>ily !y are n consci\sly conc]n$ ) ei!r "o's own happ9ess or t ( o!rs4 ,memory & reflection may %[ 7j z x %[s o!r ?+s7 t _! consequ5ces affect bo? ! self & o!rs1 :5 ! recognition ( ?is fact becomes an additional elem5t1 ei!r = good or = evil1 9 ! motivation ( ! act4 ,we %all consid]1 fir/1 ! v>i\s s5ses 9 :i* action occurs1 or is said to occur1 9 behalf ( ! p]son's own self2 & !n take up1 9 simil> fa%ion1 its ref]5ce to ! int]e/s ( o!rs4 ,i4 ,action 9 ,behalf ( ,self4--#a4 ,motives z ,selfi%3 ,! ,natural ,selfi%ness ( ,man is ma9ta9$ f su* diff]5t /&po9ts & ) su* diff]5t objects 9 view t x is difficult to /ate ! doctr9e 9 any "o g5]aliz$ =m4 ,by "s !ologians1 x has be5 associat$ ) an innate corruption or depravity ( human nature & be5 made ! basis ( a dem& = sup]natural assi/ance to lead a truly j & b5evol5t life4 ,by ,hobbes 7#aehh-afgi7 x 0 associat$ ) ! anti-social nature ( individuals & made ! basis = a plea = a /rong & c5traliz$ political au?ority#age to control ! natural w> ( all aga9/ all :i* fl[s inevitably f ! psy*ological egoism4 ,by ,kant1 x 0 connect$ ) ! purely s5se orig9 ( desires1 & made ! basis = a dem& = ! complete subord9ation ( desire to duty z a motive = action4 ,morals1 l politics1 make /range b$fell[s6 ,! common factor 9 ^! div]se notions1 h[ev]1 is t e act ( a self mu/1 :5 left to its natural or psy*ological c\rse1 h ! int]e/ ( ! self 9 view2 o!rwise !re w\ld be no motive = ! de$ & x w\ld n be done4 ,?is !oretical & a priori view is fur!r support$ by po9t+ out1 sometimes 9 reprobation ( man's s9ful nature1 sometimes 9 a m or less cynical ve91 ! lurk+ pres5ce ( "s subtle reg>d = self 9 acts t app>5tly are mo/ g5]\s & dis9t]e/$4#agf ,ambiguity ( ! ,psy*ological ,basis4--,! notion t all action is = ! self is infect$ ) ! same ambiguity z ! 7analog\s7 doctr9e t all desire is = happ9ess4 ,l t doctr9e1 9 "o s5se x is a truism1 9 ano!r a falsity--?is latt] be+ ! s5se 9 :i* its uphold]s ma9ta9 x4 ,psy*ologically1 any object t moves u1 any object 9 :i* we imag9e our impulses to re/ satisfi$ or to f9d fulfillm5t1 becomes1 9 virtue ( t fact1 a factor 9 ! self4 ,if ,i am en\gh int]e/$ 9 collect+ po/age /amps1 a collection ( po/age /amps becomes a "p ( my ego1 :i* is incomplete & re/less till fill$ out 9 t way4 ,if my habits are su* t ,i am n cont5t :5 ,i "k my neighbor is suff]+ f a lack ( food until ,i h reliev$ him1 !n relief ( 8 suff]+ becomes a "p ( my selfhood4 ,if my desires are su* t ,i h no re/ ( m9d until ,i h beat5 my competitor 9 bus9ess1 or h demon/rat$ my sup]iority 9 social gifts by putt+ my fell[ at "s emb>rass+ disadvantage1 !n t sort ( ?+ con/itutes my self4 ,our in/9cts1 impulses1 & habits all dem& appropriate objects 9 ord] to secure ex]cise & expression2 & ^! ends 9 _! (fice ( furni%+ outlet & satisfaction to our p[]s =m a *]i%$ "p ( ! me4 ,9 ?is s5se x is true1 & a truism1 t all action involves ! int]e/ ( self4 ,true & ,false ,int]pretation4--,b ?is doctr9e is ! exact opposite ( t int5d$ by ^? :o claim t all action is f self-love4 ,! true doctr9e says1 ! self is con/itut$ & develop$ ?r\gh in/9cts & int]e/s :i* are direct$ ^u _! own objects ) no consci\s reg>d necess>ily = any?+ except ^? objects !mselves4 ,! false doctr9e implies t ! self exi/s by itself ap>t f ^! objective ends1 & t !y are m]ely means = secur+ x a c]ta9 pr(it or pleasure4 ,suppose1 = example1 x is a case ( be+ s di/urb$ 9 m9d by ! ?\ght ( ano!r 9 pa9 t "o is mov$ to d some?+ to relieve him4 ,?is means t c]ta9 native in/9cts or c]ta9 acquir$ habits dem& relief ( o!rs z "p ( !mselves4 ,! well-be+ ( ! o!r is an int]e/ ( ! self3 is a "p ( ! self4 ,?is is precisely :at is meant ord9>ily by unselfi%ness3 n lack or abs5ce ( a self1 b su* a self z id5tifies itself 9 action ) o!rs' int]e/s & h5ce is satisfi$ only :5 !y are satisfi$4 ,to f9d pa9 9 ! ?\ght ( o!rs pa9$ & to take pleasure 9 ! ?\ght ( _! relief1 is to h & to be mov$ by p]sonal motives1 by /ates :i* are selfi% 9 ! s5se ( mak+ up ! self2 b :i* are ! exact opposite ( selfi% 9 ! s5se ( be+ ! ?\ght ( "s private advantage to self4#agg ,putt+ x r\ndly1 !n1 ! fallacy ( ! selfi% motive !ory is t x fails to see t in/9cts & habits direct$ ^u objects are prim>y1 & t !y come be=e any consci\s ?\ght ( self z end1 s9ce !y are necess>y to ! con/itution ( t ?\ght4 ,! foll[+ quotation f ,james#agh /ates ! true doctr9e3 ,:5 ,i am l$ by selflove to keep my seat :il/ ladies /&1 or to grab some?+ fir/ & cut out my neighbor1 :at ,i really love is ! com=table seat2 x is ! ?+ itself :i* ,i grab4 ,i love !m prim>ily1 z ! "m loves h] babe1 or a g5]\s man an h]oic de$4 ,:]ev]1 z "h1 selfseek+ is ! outcome ( simple in/9ctive prop5sity1 x is b a "n = c]ta9 reflex acts4 ,some?+ rivets my att5tion fatally & fatally provokes ! 'selfi%' response4444 ,x is true ,i am no automaton1 b a ?9k]4 ,b my ?\ghts1 l my acts1 are "h conc]n$ only ) ! outw>d ?+s4444 ,9 fact ! m utt]ly selfi% ,i am 9 ?is primitive way1 ! m bl9dly absorb$ my ?\ght w be 9 ! objects & impulses ( my lu/ & ! m devoid ( any inw>d look+ glance4 #b4 ,results z ,selfi%3 ,ambiguity 9 ! ,notion4--,we mu/ !n give up ! notion t motives are inh]5tly self-seek+1 9 ! s5se t !re is 9 volunt>y acts a ?\ght ( ! self z ! end = ! sake ( :i* ! act is p]=m$4 ,! self-seek+ doctr9e may1 h[ev]1 be re/at$ 9 ^! t]ms3 ,al?\gh !re is no ?\ght ( self or its advantage consci\sly ent]ta9$1 yet our orig9al in/9cts are su* t _! objects d z matt] ( result conduce prim>ily to ! well-be+ & advantage ( ! self4 ,9 ?is s5se1 ang]1 fe>1 hung]1 & ?ir/1 etc41 are said to be egoi/ic or self-seek+--n t _! consci\s object is ! self1 b t _! inevitable effect is to pres]ve & protect ! self4 ,! fact t an in/9ct secures self-pres]vation or self-developm5t does n1 h[ev]1 make x egoi/ic or selfi% 9 ! moral s5se2 nor does x ?r[ any light ^u ! moral /atus ( ! in/9ct4 ,ev]y?+ dep5ds ^u ! sort ( self :i* is ma9ta9$4 ,!re is1 inde$1 "s presumption 7see ante1 p4 #bid7 t ! act su/a9s a social self1 t is1 a self ^: ma9t5ance is ( social value4 ,if ! individual organism did n /ruggle = food2 /rive aggressively aga9/ ob/acles & int]f]5ces2 evade or %elt] itself aga9/ m5ac+ sup]ior =ce1 :at w\ld become ( *ildr51 fa!rs & mo!rs1 lawy]s1 doctors & cl]gym51 citiz5s & patriots--9 %ort1 ( society8 ,if we avoid sett+ up a purely ab/ract self1 if we keep 9 m9d t e actual self is a self :i* includes social relations & (fices1 bo? actual & pot5tial1 we %all h no difficulty 9 see+ t self-pres]vative in/9cts may be1 & tak5 by & l>ge1 mu/ be1 socially cons]vative4 ,moreov]1 :ile x is n true t if a man does n look aft] 8 own int]e/s no "o else w 7if t means t 8 int]e/s are no "o else's affair 9 any way71 x is true t no "o has a "r to neglect 8 own int]e/s 9 ! hope t "s "o else w c>e = !m4 ,8 own int]e/s1 prop]ly speak+1 are precisely ! ends :i* conc]n him m directly ?an !y conc]n any "o else4 ,ea* man is1 s to say1 ne>] himself ?an is any "o else1 &1 !re=e1 has c]ta9 duties to & ab\t himself :i* _c be p]=m$ by any o!r "o4 ,o!rs may pres5t food or ! conditions ( education1 b ! individual alone c dige/ ! food or educate himself4 ,x is pr(itable = society1 n m]ely = an individual1 t ea* ( u %\ld in/9ctively h 8 p[]s mo/ actively & int5sely call$ out by ! ?+s t di/9ctively affect him & 8 own welf>e4 ,any o!r arrangem5t w\ld mean wa/e ( social en]gy1 ineffici5cy 9 secur+ social results4 ,! quotation f ,james also makes x cle>1 h[ev]1 t "u c]ta9 circum/ances ! m]e absorption 9 a ?+1 ev5 )\t consci\s ?\ght ( self1 is morally (f5sive4 ,! pig 9 mann]s is n necess>ily ?9k+ ( himself2 all t is requir$ to make him a pig is t he %\ld h too n>r[ & exclusive an object ( reg>d4 ,! man sees simply ! seat1 n ! seat & ! lady4 ,! boor 9 mann]s is unconsci\s ( _m ( ! objects 9 ! situation :i* %\ld op]ate z /imuli4 ,"o impulse or habit is op]at+ at ! exp5se ( o!rs2 ! self 9 play is too petty or n>r[4 ,view$ f ! /&po9t ( results1 ! fact :i* con/itutes selfi%ness 9 ! moral s5se is n t c]ta9 impulses & habits secure ! well-be+ ( ! self1 b t ! well-be+ secur$ is a n>r[ & exclusive "o4 ,! =ms ( co>se egoism :i* (f5d u mo/ 9 ord9>y life are n usually due to a delib]ate or self-consci\s seek+ ( advantage = self1 b to su* preoccupation ) c]ta9 ends z bl9ds ! ag5t to ! ?\ght ( ! int]e/s ( o!rs4 ,_m ^: behavior seems to o!rs mo/ selfi% w\ld d5y indignantly 7&1 f ! /&po9t ( _! def9ite consci\sness1 hone/ly7 any self-seek+ motives3 !y w\ld po9t to c]ta9 objective results1 :i* 9 ! ab/ract are desirable1 z ! true ends ( _! activities4 ,b none ! less1 !y are selfi%1 because ! limitations ( _! int]e/s make !m ov]look ! consequ5ces :i* affect ! fre$om & happ9ess ( o!rs4 #c4 ,!re are also ,cases 9 ,:i* ! ,?\ght ( ! ,result+ ,consequ5ce to ! ,self ,consci\sly ,ent]s 9 & ,modifies ! ,motive ( ! ,act4--,) increas+ memory & =esight1 "o c no m ignore ! lesson ( ! pa/ z to ! consequ5ces ( an act ^u himself ?an he c ignore o!r consequ5ces4 ,a man :o has le>n$ t a c]ta9 act has pa9ful consequ5ces to himself1 :e!r to 8 body1 8 reputation1 8 com=t1 or 8 "*1 is q likely to h ! ?\ght ( himself pres5t itself z "p ( ! =ese5 consequ5ces :5 ! "q ( a simil> act recurs4 ,9 & ( itself1 once m1 ?is fact ?r[s no light ^u ! moral /atus ( ! act4 ,ev]y?+ dep5ds ^u :at sort ( a self moves & h[ x moves4 ,a man :o hesitat$ to ru% into a burn+ build+ to rescue a suit ( clo!s because he ?\ght ( ! dang] to himself1 w\ld be s5sible2 a man :o ru%$ out ( ! build+ j because he ?\ght ( sav+ himself :5 !re 7 o!rs he might h assi/$1 w\ld be contemptible4 ,! "o :o began tak+ ex]cise because he ?\ght ( 8 own heal?1 w\ld be comm5d$2 b a man :o ?\ght s cont9ually ( 8 own heal? z to %ut out o!r objects1 w\ld become an object ( ridicule or worse4 ,!re is a moral presumption t a man %\ld make consid]ation ( himself a "p ( 8 aim & int5t4 ,a c]ta9 c>e ( heal?1 ( body1 ( prop]ty1 ( m5tal faculty1 because !y are "o's own is n only p]missible1 b obligatory4 ,?is is :at ! old] moral writ]s spoke ( z prud5ce1 or z reasonable self-love4 7i47 ,x is a /ock argum5t ( ! univ]sal selfi%ness !ory to po9t out t a man's ackn[l$gm5t ( "s public ne$ or b5efit is q likely to co9cide ) 8 recognition ( "s private advantage4 ,a /atesman's recognition ( "s measure ( public policy happ5s to co9cide ) p]ceiv+ t by press+ x he c br+ himself into prom95ce or ga9 (fice4 ,a man is m likely to see ! ne$ ( improv$ conditions ( sanitation or transportation 9 a giv5 locality if he has prop]ty !re4 ,a man's indignation at "s preval5t public ill may sleep till he has _h a private ta/e ( x4 ,we may admit t ^! in/ances describe a usual1 ?\gh n univ]sal1 /ate ( affairs4 ,b does x foll[ t su* m5 are mov$ m]ely by ! ?\ght ( ga9 to !mselves8 ,possibly ?is sometimes happ5s2 !n ! act is selfi% 9 ! obnoxi\s s5se4 ,! man has isolat$ 8 ?\ght ( himself z an end & made ! ?\ght ( ! improvem5t or re=m m]ely an ext]nal means4 ,! latt] is n truly 8 end at all2 he has n id5tifi$ x ) himself4 ,9 o!r cases1 :ile ! individual w\ld n h recogniz$ ! end if ! ?\ght ( himself _h n be5 implicat$1 yet aft] he has recogniz$ x1 ! two--! ?\ght ( himself & ( ! public advantage--may bl5d4 ,8 ?\ght ( himself may l5d w>m? & intimacy to an object :i* o!rwise w\ld h be5 cold1 :ile1 at ! same "t1 ! self is broad5$ & deep5$ by tak+ 9 ! new object ( reg>d4 7ii47 ,take ! case ( amusem5t or recreation4 ,to an adult usually engag$ 9 /r5u\s pursuits1 ! ?\ght ( a pleasure = ! m]e sake ( pleasure1 ( enjoym5t1 ( hav+ a good "t1 may appeal z an end4 ,& if ! pleasure is itself innoc5t1 only ! requirem5ts ( a preconceiv$ !ory 7l ! ,kantian7 w\ld "q its legitimacy4 ,ev5 its moral necessity is cle> :5 relaxation is conducive to *e]fulness & effici5cy 9 m s]i\s pursuits4 ,b if a man discrim9ates m5tally betwe5 himself & ! play or ex]cise 9 :i* he f9ds enjoym5t & relief1 ?9k+ ( himself z a di/9ct end to :i* ! latt] is m]ely means1 he is n likely to get ! recreation4 ,x is by =gett+ ! self1 t is by tak+ ! light & easy activity z ! self ( ! situation1 t ! b5efit comes4 ,to be a lov] ( pleasure 9 ! bad s5se is precisely to seek amusem5ts z excitem5ts = a self :i* someh[ rema9s outside !m z _! fix$ & ult]ior end4 7iii47 ,exactly ! same analysis applies to ! idea ( ! moral culture ( ! self1 ( its moral p]fect+4 ,e s]i\s-m9d$ p]son has1 f "t to "t1 to take /ock ( 8 /atus & progress 9 moral matt]s--to take ?\ght ( ! moral self j z at o!r times he takes ?\ght ( ! heal? ( ! bodily self4 ,b woe betides t man :o1 hav+ ent]$ ^u a c\rse ( reflection :i* leads to a cle>] conception ( 8 own moral capacities & weaknesses1 ma9ta9s t ?\ght z a di/9ct m5tal end1 & !reby makes 8 subsequ5t acts simply means to improv+ or p]fect+ 8 moral nature4 ,su* a c\rse defeats itself4 ,at ! lea/1 x leads to priggi%ness1 & its t5d5cy is t[>ds "o ( ! wor/ =ms ( selfi%ness3 a habit ( ?9k+ & feel+ t p]sons1 t concrete situations & relations1 exi/ simply to r5d] contributions to "o's own preci\s moral "*4 ,! wor/ ( su* selfi%ness is t hav+ protect$ itself ) ! mantle ( int]e/ 9 moral goodness1 x is pro( aga9/ t attrition ( exp]i5ce :i* may always recall a man to himself 9 ! case ( gross] & m unconsci\s absorption4 ,a s5tim5tally ref9$ egoism is always m hopeless ?an a brutal & naive "o--?\gh a brutal "o n infrequ5tly protects itself by adoption & proclamation ( ! language ( ! =m]4 ,,ii4 ,b5evol5ce or ,reg>d = ,o!rs4--,ambiguity 9 ,conception3 ,!re is ! same ambiguity 9 ! idea ( sympa!tic or altrui/ic spr+s to action t !re is 9 t ( egoi/ic & self-reg>d+4 ,does ! phrase ref] to _! consci\s & express int5t8 or to _! objective results :5 put into op]ation1 irrespective ( explicit desire & aim8 ,&1 if ! latt]1 are we to believe contribution to ! welf>e ( o!rs to be ! sole & exclusive "* ( "s spr+s ( action1 or simply t1 "u c]ta9 circum/ances1 ! emphasis falls m ^u ! good result+ to o!rs ?an ^u o!r consequ5ces8 ,! discussion w %[ t ! same g5]al pr9ciples hold = b5evol5t z = self-reg>d+ impulses3 namely 7#a7 t !re are none :i* f ! />t are consci\sly su*2 7#b7 t :ile reflection may br+ to light _! be>+ ^u ! welf>e ( o!rs s t x becomes an elem5t 9 ! consci\s desire1 ?is is a matt] ( relative prepond]ance1 n ( absolute nature2 & 7#c7 t j z consci\s reg>d = self is n necess>ily bad or selfi%1 s consci\s reg>d = o!rs is n necess>ily good3 ! crit]ion is ! :ole situation 9 :i* ! desire takes effect4 #a4 ,! ,exi/5ce ( ,o!r-,reg>d+ ,spr+s to ,action4--,only ! preconceptions ( h$oni/ic psy*ology w\ld ev] lead "o to d5y ! exi/5ce ( reactions & impulses call$ out by ! sight ( o!rs' mis]y & joy & :i* t5d to increase ! latt] & to relieve ! =m]4 ,rec5t psy*ologi/s 7writ+1 ( c\rse1 q indep5d5tly ( e?ical controv]sies7 (f] li/s ( native in/9ctive t5d5cies su* z ! foll[+3 ,ang]1 jeal\sy1 rivalry1 secretiv5ess1 acquisitiv5ess1 fe>1 %yness1 sympa?y1 affection1 pity1 sexual love1 curiosity1 imitation1 play1 con/ructiv5ess4#agi ,9 ?is inv5tory1 ! fir/ sev5 may be said to be ar\s$ specially by situations hav+ to d ) ! pres]vation ( ! self2 ! next f\r are responses to /imuli proce$+ especially f o!rs & t5d+ to consequ5ces favorable to !m1 :ile ! la/ f\r are ma9ly imp]sonal4 ,b ! division into self-reg>d+ & o!r-reg>d+ is n exclusive & absolute4 ,ang] may be :olly o!r-reg>d+1 z 9 ! case ( he>ty indignation at wrongs suff]$ by o!rs2 rivalry may be g5]\s emulation or be direct$ t[>d surpass+ "o's own pa/ record4 ,love betwe5 ! sexes1 :i* %\ld be ! s\rce ( /eady1 f>-rea*+ int]e/ 9 o!rs1 & :i* at times expresses itself 9 supreme abnegation ( devotion1 easily becomes ! cause ( brutal & p]si/5t egoism4 ,9 %ort1 ! division into egoi/ic & altrui/ic holds only o!r ?+s be+ equal4 ,conf9+ ourselves = ! mom5t to ! native psy*ological equipm5t1 we may say t man is end[$ ) in/9ctive prompt+s :i* naturally 7t is1 )\t ! int]v5tion ( delib]ation or calculation7 t5d to pres]ve ! self 7by aggressive attack z 9 ang]1 or 9 protective retreat z 9 fe>72 & to develop 8 p[]s 7z 9 acquisitiv5ess1 con/ructiv5ess1 & play72 & :i* equally1 )\t consid]ation ( result+ ult]ior b5efit ei!r to self or to o!rs1 t5d to b9d ! self clos] to o!rs & to advance ! int]e/s ( o!rs--z pity1 affectionat5ess1 or aga91 con/ructiv5ess & play4 ,any giv5 individual is naturally an erratic mixture ( fi]ce insi/5ce ^u 8 own welf>e & ( pr(\nd susceptibility to ! happ9ess ( o!rs--diff]5t individuals v>y+ mu* 9 ! respective int5sities & proportions ( ! two t5d5cies4 #b4 ,! ,moral ,/atus ( ,altrui/ic ,t5d5cies4--,we h expressly devot$ consid]able space 7*4 xiii47 to %[+ t !re are no motives :i* 9 & ( !mselves are "r2 t any t5d5cy1 :e!r orig9al in/9ct or acquir$ habit1 requires sanction f ! special consequ5ces :i*1 9 ! special situation1 are likely to fl[ f x4 ,! m]e fact t pity 9 g5]al t5ds to cons]ve ! welf>e ( o!rs does n gu>antee ! rightness ( giv+ way to an impulse ( pity1 j z x happ5s to spr+ up4 ,?is might mean s5tim5talism = ! ag5t1 & weak5+ ( ! spr+s ( pati5ce1 c\rage1 self-help1 & self-respect 9 o!rs4 ,! p]si/5ce ) :i* ! doctr9e ( ! evils ( indiscrim9ate *>ity has to be taught is suffici5t evid5ce t ! s-call$ o!r-reg>d+ impulses require ! same control by reason z d ! egoi/ic ones4 ,!y h no inh]5t sacr$ness :i* exempts !m f ! application ( ! /&>d ( ! common & reasonable happ9ess4 ,evils ( ,unregulat$ ,altruism4--,s mu* foll[s f ! g5]al pr9ciples already discuss$4 ,b !re are special dang]s & evils att5dant ^u an exagg]ation ( ! altrui/ic idea4 7i47 ,x t5ds to r5d] o!rs dep5d5t1 & ?us contradicts its own pr(ess$ aim3 ! help+ ( o!rs4 ,almo/ e "o kn[s "s *ild :o is s cont9u\sly help$ by o!rs1 t he loses 8 initiative & res\rcefulness4 ,_m an invalid is confirm$ 9 a /ate ( helplessness by ! devot$ att5tion ( o!rs4 ,9 l>ge social matt]s !re is always dang] ( ! sub/itution ( an ideal ( consci\s b5evol5ce = ju/ice3 x is 9 ari/ocratic & feudal p]iods t ! idea fl\ri%es t *>ity 7conceiv$ z conf]r+ b5efits ^u o!rs1 do+ ?+s = !m7 is inh]5tly & absolutely a good4 ,! idea assumes ! cont9u$ & necess>y exi/5ce ( a dep5d5t l[] class to be ! recipi5ts ( ! k9dness ( _! sup]iors2 a class :i* s]ves z passive mat]ial = ! cultivation 9 o!rs ( ! virtue ( *>ity1 ! high] class acquir+ m]it at exp5se ( ! l[]1 :ile ! l[] has gratitude & respect = au?ority z its *ief virtues4 7ii47 ,! erection ( ! b5evol5t impulse into a virtue 9 & ( itself t5ds to build up egoism 9 o!rs4 ,! *ild :o f9ds himself unremitt+ly ! object ( att5tion f o!rs is likely to develop an exagg]at$ s5se ( ! relative importance ( 8 own ego4 ,! *ronic invalid1 conspicu\sly ! recipi5t ( ! consci\s altruism ( o!rs1 is happy 9 nature :o avoids ! sl[ gr[? ( an insidi\s egoism4 ,m5 :o are ! con/ant subjects ( abnegation on ! "p ( _! wives & female relatives r>ely fail to develop a self-absorb$ complac5cy & unconsci\s conceit4 7iii47 ,undue emphasis ^u altruism z a motive is q likely to react to =m a peculi>ly subtle egoism 9 ! p]son :o cultivates x4 ,o!rs cease to be natural objects ( int]e/ & reg>d1 & are conv]t$ into excuses = ! manife/ation & nurture ( "o's own g5]\s goodness4 ,und]ly+ complac5cy ) respect to social ills gr[s up because !y af=d an opportunity = develop+ & display+ ?is f9e/ ( virtues4 ,9 our int]e/ 9 ! ma9t5ance ( our own b5ign altruism we cease to be prop]ly di/urb$ by conditions :i* are intr9sically unju/ & hateful4#ahj 7iv47 ,z pres5t circum/ances amply demon/rate1 !re is ! dang] t ! erection ( b5evol5ce into a consci\s pr9ciple 9 "s ?+s w s]ve to supply ri* p]sons ) a cloak = selfi%ness 9 o!r directions4 ,philan?ropy is made an (fset & comp5sation = brutal exploitation4 ,a man :o pu%es to ! break+-po9t ( legality aggressively selfi% ef=ts to get ahead ( o!rs 9 bus9ess1 squ>es x 9 8 own self-respect & 9 ! e/eem ( ^? classes ( ! community :o ent]ta9 l conceptions1 by gifts ( hospitals1 colleges1 missions1 & libr>ies4 ,g5u9e & ,false ,altruism4--,^! consid]ations may be met by ! obvi\s retort t x is n true altruism1 g5u9e b5evol5ce1 s9c]e *>ity1 :i* we are conc]n$ ) 9 su* cases4 ,?is is a true rem>k4 ,we are n ( c\rse criticiz+ true b spuri\s int]e/ 9 o!rs4 ,b :y is x c\nt]feit8 ,:at is ! nature ( ! g5u9e article8 ,! dang] is n 9 b5evol5ce or altruism1 b 9 t conception ( !m :i* makes !m equival5t to reg>d = o!rs z o!rs1 irrespective ( a social situation to :i* all alike belong4 ,!re is no?+ 9 ! selfhood ( o!rs1 because !y are o!rs1 :i* gives x any supremacy ov] selfhood 9 oneself4 ,j z x is exclusiv5ess ( objective ends1 ! ignor+ ( relations1 :i* is objectionable 9 selfi%ness1 s x is tak+ ! "p = ! :ole :i* is obnoxi\s 9 s-call$ altruism4 ,to include 9 our view ( consequ5ces ! ne$s & possibilities ( o!rs on ! same basis z our own1 is to take ! only c\rse :i* w give an adequate view ( ! situation4 ,!re is no situation into :i* ^! factors d n ent]4 ,to h a g5]\s view ( o!rs is to h a l>g] _w 9 :i* to act4 ,to rememb] t !y1 l ourselves1 are p]sons1 are individuals :o are c5t]s ( joy & suff]+1 ( lack & ( pot5tiality1 is alone to h a j view ( ! conditions & issues ( behavior4 ,quick5$ sympa?y means lib]ality ( intellig5ce & enlight5$ und]/&+4 ,! ,social ,s5se v]sus ,altruism4--,!re is a great diff]5ce 9 pr9ciple betwe5 mod]n philan?ropy & ! *>ity :i* assumes a sup]ior & an inf]ior class4 ,! latt] pr9ciple tries to acquire m]it by employ+ "o's sup]ior res\rces to less51 or to mitigate1 ! mis]y ( ^? :o are fix$ 9 a dep5d5t /atus4 ,its pr9ciple1 s f> z o!rs are conc]n$1 is negative & palliative m]ely4 ,! motive ( :at is vital 9 mod]n philan?ropy is con/ructive & expansive because x looks to ! well-be+ ( society z a :ole1 n to soo?+ or r5d]+ m tol]able ! conditions ( a class4 ,x realizes ! int]dep5d5ce ( int]e/s3 t complex & v>iegat$ int]action ( conditions :i* makes x impossible = any "o individual or class really to secure1 to assure1 its own good z a sep>ate ?+4 ,its aim is g5]al social advance1 con/ructive social re=m1 n m]ely do+ some?+ k9d = individuals :o are r5d]$ helpless f sickness or pov]ty4 ,its aim is ! equity ( ju/ice1 n ! inequality ( conf]r+ b5efits4 ,t ! sight ( ! mis]y t comes f sickness1 f insanity1 f defective organic /ructure 7z among ! bl9d & deaf71 f pov]ty t de/roys hope & dulls initiative1 f bad nutrition1 %\ld /imulate ?is g5]al quick5+ ( ! social s5se is natural4 ,b j z ! activities ( ! p>5t ) ref]5ce to ! welf>e ( a helpless infant are wisely direct$ 9 ! degree 9 :i* att5tion is ma9ly fix$ n ^u weakness1 b ^u positive opportunities = gr[?1 s ! ef=ts ( ^? ^: activities1 by ! nature ( circum/ances1 h to be especially rem$ial & palliative are mo/ effective :5 c5t]$ on ! social rights & possibilities ( ! un=tunate individuals1 in/ead ( treat+ !m z sep>ate individuals to :om1 9 _! sep>at5ess1 good is to be done4 ,! be/ k9d ( help to o!rs1 :5ev] possible1 is indirect1 & consi/s 9 su* modifications ( ! conditions ( life1 ( ! g5]al level ( subsi/5ce1 z enables !m indep5d5tly to help !mselves4#aha ,:5ev] conditions require purely direct & p]sonal aid1 x is be/ giv5 :5 x proce$s f a natural social relation%ip1 & n f a motive ( b5evol5ce z a sep>ate =ce4#ahb ,! gift t paup]izes :5 proce$+ f a philan?ropi/ 9 8 special capacity1 is a b5efic5t ackn[l$gm5t ( ! relation%ips ( ! case :5 x comes f a neighbor or f "o :o has o!r int]e/s 9 common ) ! "o assi/$4 ,! ,private & ! ,social ,self4--,! contra/ betwe5 ! n>r[ or re/rictive & ! g5]al or expansive good expla9s :y evil pres5ts itself z a selfi% end 9 contra/ ) an au?oritative1 b fa9t1 good ( o!rs4 ,?is is n1 z we h se51 because reg>d = ! good ( self is inh]5tly bad & reg>d = t ( o!rs intr9sically "r2 b because we are apt to id5tify ! self ) ! habitual1 ) t to :i* we are be/ adju/$ & :i* repres5ts ! cu/om>y occupation4 ,any moral crisis is ?us fairly pictur$ z a /ruggle to ov]come selfi%ness4 ,! t5d5cy "u su* circum/ances is to contract1 to secrete1 to hang on to :at is already a*iev$ & possess$4 ,! habitual self ne$s to g out ( ! n>r[ness ( its accu/om$ grooves into ! spaci\s air ( m g5]\s behavior4 ,sec4 #d4 ,,! ,,good ,,z ,,self-,,realization ,we n[ come to ! !ory :i* attempts to d ju/ice to ! "o-sid$ tru?s we h be5 engag$ )1 viz41 ! idea t ! moral end is self-realization4 ,l self-ass]tion 9 "s respects1 x diff]s 9 conceiv+ ! self to be realiz$ z univ]sal & ultimate1 involv+ ! fulfillm5t ( all capacities & ! obs]vance ( all relations4 ,su* a compreh5sive self-realization includes also1 x is urg$1 ! tru? ( altruism1 s9ce ! univ]sal self is realiz$ only :5 ! relations t b9d "o to o!rs are fulfill$4 ,x avoids also ! inconsi/5cies & defects ( ! notion ( self-sacrifice = its own sake1 :ile emphasiz+ t ! pres5t incomplete self mu/ be d5i$ = ! sake ( atta9m5t ( a m complete & f9al self4 ,a discussion ( ?is !ory accord+ly furni%es ! means ( ga!r+ toge!r & summ>iz+ v>i\s po9ts reg>d+ ! role ( ! self 9 ! moral life4 ,ambiguity 9 ! ,conception4--,is self-realization ! end8 ,z we h _h su* frequ5t occasion to obs]ve1 end means ei!r ! consequ5ces actually effect$1 ! clos+ & complet+ phase ( an act1 or ! aim held delib]ately 9 view4 ,n[ realization ( self is an end 7?\gh n ! only end7 9 ! =m] s5se4 ,e moral act 9 its outcome m>ks a developm5t or fulfillm5t ( selfhood4 ,b ! v nature ( "r action =bids t ! self %\ld be ! end 9 ! s5se ( be+ ! consci\s aim ( moral activity4 ,= !re is no way ( discov]+ ! nature ( ! self except 9 t]ms ( objective ends :i* fulfill its capacities1 & !re is no way ( realiz+ ! self except z x is =gott5 9 devotion to ^! objective ends4 #a4 ,self-,realization z ,consequ5ce ( ,moral ,action4--,e good act realizes ! selfhood ( ! ag5t :o p]=ms x2 e bad act t5ds to ! l[]+ or de/ruction ( selfhood4 ,?is tru? is express$ 9 ,kant's maxim t e p]sonality %\ld be reg>d$ z always an end1 nev] z a means1 ) its implication t a wrong int5t always r$uces selfhood to ! /atus ( a m]e tool or device = secur+ "s end beyond itself--! self-indulg5t man treat+ 8 p]sonal p[]s z m]e means to secur+ ease1 com=t1 or pleasure4 ,x is express$ by ord9>y moral judgm5t 9 its view t all immoral action is a sort ( pro/itution1 a l[]+ ( ! dignity ( ! self to base ends4 ,! de/ructive t5d5cy ( evil de$s is witness$ also by our common language 9 its conception ( wrong z dissipation1 dissolut5ess1 duplicity4 ,! bad "* is "o :i* is %aky1 empty1 naughty1 un/able1 gone to pieces1 j z ! good man is /raight1 solid1 f\r-squ>e1 s\nd1 sub/antial4 ,?is conviction t at bottom & 9 ! end1 9 spite ( all tempor>y appe>ance to ! contr>y1 ! "r act effects a realization ( ! self1 is also evid5c$ 9 ! common belief t virtue br+s its own bliss4 ,no matt] h[ mu* suff]+ f physical loss or f mat]ial & m5tal inconv5i5ce or loss ( social repute virtue may br+ ) x1 ! quality ( happ9ess t accompanies devotion to ! "r end is s unique1 s invaluable1 t pa9s & discom=ts d n weigh 9 ! balance4 ,x is inde$ possible to /ate ?is tru? 9 su* an exagg]at$ p]spective t x becomes false2 b tak5 j = :at x is1 x ackn[l$ges t :atev] h>m or loss a "r act may br+ to ! self 9 "s ( its aspects1--ev5 ext5d+ to de/ruction ( ! bodily self1--! inmo/ moral self f9ds fulfillm5t & consequ5t happ9ess 9 ! good4 #b4 ,self-,realization z ,aim ( ,moral ,action4--,?is realization ( selfhood 9 ! "r c\rse ( action is1 h[ev]1 n ! end ( a moral act--t is1 x is n ! only end4 ,! moral act is "o :i* su/a9s a :ole complex sy/em ( social values2 "o :i* keeps vital & progressive ! indu/rial ord]1 sci5ce1 art1 & ! ,/ate4 ,! patriot :o dies = 8 c\ntry may f9d 9 t devotion 8 own supreme realization1 b none ! less ! aim ( 8 act is precisely t = :i* he p]=ms x3 ! cons]vation ( 8 nation4 ,he dies = 8 c\ntry1 n = himself4 ,he is :at he w\ld be 9 dy+ = 8 c\ntry1 n 9 dy+ = himself4 ,to say t 8 consci\s aim is self-realization is to put ! c>t be=e ! horse4 ,t 8 will+ness to die = 8 c\ntry proves t 8 c\ntry's good is tak5 by him to con/itute himself & 8 own good is true2 b 8 aim is 8 c\ntry's good z con/itut+ 8 self-realization1 n ! self-realization4 ,x is impossible t g5u9e arti/ic creation or execution %\ld n be accompani$ ) ! joy ( an exp&+ selfhood1 b ! arti/ :o ?9ks ( himself & all[s a view ( himself to int]v5e betwe5 8 p]=mance & its result1 has ! emb>rassm5t & awkw>dness ( self-consci\sness1 :i* affects = ! worse 8 arti/ic product4 ,& x makes little diff]5ce :e!r x is ! ?\ght ( himself z mat]ially pr(it+1 or z fam\s1 or z te*nical p]=m]1 or z b5efit+ ! public1 or z secur+ 8 own complete arti/ic culture1 t comes 9 betwe54 ,9 any case1 !re is loss to ! "w1 & loss 9 ! v ?+ tak5 z end1 namely1 developm5t ( 8 own p[]s4 ,! problem ( morality1 ^u ! intellectual side1 is ! discov]y (1 ! f9d+ (1 ! self1 9 ! objective end to be /riv5 =2 & !n ^u ! ov]t practical side1 x is ! los+ ( ! self 9 ! endeavor = ! objective realization4 ,?is is ! la/+ tru? 9 ! conception ( self-abnegation1 self-=getfulness1 dis9t]e/$ int]e/4 ,! ,?\ght ( ,self-,realization4--,s9ce1 h[ev]1 ! realization ( selfhood1 ! /r5g!n+ & p]fect+ ( capacity1 is z matt] ( fact "o phase ( ! objective end1 x may1 at times1 be def9itely pres5t 9 ?\ght z "p ( ! =ese5 consequ5ces2 & ev51 at times1 may be ! mo/ prom95t feature ( ! conceiv$ results4 ,! arti/1 = example a musician or pa9t]1 may practice = ! sake ( acquir+ skill1 t is1 ( develop+ capacity4 ,9 ?is case1 ! usual relation%ip ( objective "w & p]sonal p[] is rev]s$2 ! product or p]=mance be+ subord9at$ to ! p]fect+ ( p[]1 in/ead ( p[] be+ realiz$ 9 ! use x is put to4 ,b ! developm5t ( p[] is n conceiv$ z a f9al end1 b z desirable because ( an ev5tual m lib]al & effective use4 ,x is matt] ( tempor>y emphasis4 ,some?+ ( l nature occurs 9 ! moral life--n t "o def9itely rehe>ses or practices moral de$s = ! sake ( acquir+ m skill & p[]4 ,at times ! effect ^u ! self ( a de$ becomes ! conspicu\sly controll+ elem5t 9 ! =eca/ ( consequ5ces4 7,see p4 #chb47 ,= example1 a p]son may realize t a c]ta9 act is trivial 9 its effects ^u o!rs & 9 ! *anges x impresses ^u ! _w2 & yet he may hesitate to p]=m x because he realizes x w\ld int5sify "s t5d5cy ( 8 own 9 su* a way z1 9 ! delicate economy ( "*1 to di/urb ! prop] balance ( ! spr+s to action4 ,or1 on ! o!r h&1 ! ag5t may appreh5d t "s consequ5ces t are legitimate & important 9 !mselves involve1 9 _! atta9m5t1 an improp] sacrifice ( p]sonal capacity4 ,9 su* cases1 ! consid]ation ( ! effect ^u self-realization is n only p]missible1 b imp]ative z a "p or phase ( ! total end4 ,! ,problem ( ,equat+ ,p]sonal & ,g5]al ,happ9ess4--,mu* moral speculation has be5 devot$ to ! problem ( equat+ p]sonal happ9ess & reg>d = ! g5]al good4 ,"r moral action1 x is assum$1 consi/s especially ( ju/ice & b5evol5ce1--attitudes :i* aim at ! good ( o!rs4 ,b1 x is also assum$1 a j & righte\s ord] ( ! univ]se requires t ! man :o seeks ! happ9ess ( o!rs %\ld also himself be a happy man4 ,mu* +5uity has be5 direct$ to expla9+ away & acc\nt+ = ! seem+ discrepancies3 ! cases :]e m5 n conspicu\s = reg>d = o!rs or = ma9ta9+ a s]i\s & noble view ( life seem to ma9ta9 a bank+-cr$it on ! side ( happ9ess2 :ile m5 devot$ to o!rs1 m5 conspicu\s = range ( sympa!tic affections1 seem to h a debit balance4 ,! problem is ! m s]i\s because ! respective good & ill =tunes d n seem to be entirely accid5tal & ext]nal1 b to come z results f ! moral factors 9 behavior4 ,x w\ld n be difficult to build up an argum5t to %[ t :ile extreme vici\sness or isolat$ egoism is unfavorable to happ9ess1 s also are ke5ness & bread? ( affections4 ,! argum5t w\ld claim t ! mo/ com=table c\rse ( life is "o 9 :i* ! man cultivates en\gh intimacies ) en\gh p]sons to secure = himself _! support & aid1 b avoids engag+ 8 sympa?ies too closely 9 _! affairs & entangl+ himself 9 any associations :i* w\ld require self-sacrifice or exposure to ! suff]+s ( o!rs3 a c\rse ( life 9 :i* ! individual %uns ^? excesses ( vice :i* injure heal?1 weal?1 & less5 ! dec5t e/eem ( o!rs1 b also %uns ent]prises ( prec>i\s virtue & devotion to high & difficult ends4 ,real & ,artificial ,aspects ( ! ,problem4--,! problem ?us put seems insoluble1 or soluble only ^u ! supposition ( "s prolongation ( life "u conditions v diff]5t f ^? ( ! pres5t1 9 :i* ! pres5t lack ( balance betwe5 happ9ess & goodness w be r$ress$4 ,b ! problem is insoluble because x is artificial4#ahc ,x assumes a ready-made self & h5ce a ready-made type ( satisfaction ( happ9ess4 ,x is n ! bus9ess ( moral !ory to demon/rate ! exi/5ce ( ma!matical equations1 9 ?is life or ano!r "o1 betwe5 goodness & virtue4 ,x is ! bus9ess ( m5 to develop su* capacities & desires1 su* selves z r5d] !m capable ( f9d+ _! own satisfaction1 _! invaluable value1 9 fulfill+ ! dem&s :i* gr[ out ( _! associat$ life4 ,su* happ9ess may be %ort 9 duration & slight 9 bulk3 b t x outweighs 9 quality all accompany+ discom=ts z well z all enjoym5ts :i* may h be5 miss$ by n do+ some?+ else1 is atte/$ by ! simple fact t m5 d consci\sly *oose x4 ,su* a p]son has f\nd himself1 & has solv$ ! problem 9 ! only place & 9 ! only way 9 :i* x c be solv$3 9 action4 ,to dem& 9 advance ( volunt>y desire & delib]ate *oice t x be demon/rat$ t an individual %all get happ9ess 9 ! measure ( ! rightness ( 8 act1 is to dem& ! oblit]ation ( ! ess5tial factor 9 morality3 ! con/ant discov]y1 =mation1 & re=mation ( ! self 9 ! ends :i* an individual is call$ ^u to su/a9 & develop 9 virtue ( 8 memb]%ip 9 a social :ole4 ,! solution ( ! problem ?r\gh ! individual's volunt>y id5tification ( himself ) social relations & aims is nei!r r>e nor utopian4 ,x is a*iev$ n only by conspicu\s social figures1 b by multitudes ( obscure figures :o are fai?ful to ! call+s ( _! social relation%ips & (fices4 ,t ! conditions ( life = all %\ld be enl>g$1 t wid] opportunities & ri*] fields ( activity %\ld be op5$1 9 ord] t happ9ess may be ( a m noble & v>iegat$ sort1 t ^? inequalities ( /atus :i* lead m5 to f9d _! advantage 9 disreg>d ( o!rs %\ld be de/roy$--^! ?+s are inde$ necess>y4 ,b "u ! mo/ ideal conditions :i* c be imag9$1 if !re rema9 any moral elem5t :atsoev]1 x w be only ?r\gh p]sonal delib]ation & p]sonal pref]5ce z to objective & social ends t ! individual w discov] & con/itute himself1 & h5ce discov] ! sort ( happ9ess requir$ z 8 good4 ,our f9al ^w ab\t ! place ( ! self 9 ! moral life is1 !n1 t ! problem ( morality is ! =mation1 out ( ! body ( orig9al in/9ctive impulses :i* compose ! natural self1 ( a volunt>y self 9 :i* socializ$ desires & affections are dom9ant1 & 9 :i* ! la/ & controll+ pr9ciple ( delib]ation is ! love ( ! objects :i* w make ?is trans=mation possible4 ,if we id5tify1 z we mu/ d1 ! int]e/s ( su* a "* ) ! virtues1 we may say ) ,sp9oza t happ9ess is n ! rew>d ( virtue1 b is virtue itself4 ,:at1 !n1 are ! virtues8 ,,lit]ature ,= asceticism1 see ,lecky1 ,hi/ory ( ,european ,morals4 ,= self-d5ial1 ,mack5zie1 ,int]national ,j\rnal ( ,e?ics1 ,vol4 ,v41 pp4 #bgc-bie4 ,= egoism & altruism3 ,comte1 ,sy/em ( ,positive ,politics1 ,introduction1 *4 iii41 & ,"p ,,ii41 *4 ii42 ,sp5c]1 ,pr9ciples ( ,e?ics1 ,vol4 ,i41 ,"p ,i41 *s4 xi4-xiv42 ,/eph51 ,sci5ce ( ,e?ics1 *4 vi42 ,pauls51 ,sy/em ( ,e?ics1 pp4 #cgi-cii2 ,sorley1 ,rec5t ,t5d5cies 9 ,e?ics2 ,sidgwick1 ,me?ods ( ,e?ics1 pp4 #did-ejg4 ,= ! doctr9e ( self-int]e/1 see ,m&eville1 ,fable ( ,bees2 ,sidgwick1 ,me?ods ( ,e?ics1 ,book ,i41 *4 vii41 & ,book ,,ii41 *4 v42 ,/eph51 ,sci5ce ( ,e?ics1 *4 x42 ,m>t9eau1 ,types ( ,e?ical ,!ory1 ,"p ,,ii41 ,book ,,ii41 ,bran* ,i41 *4 i42 ,fite1 ,introductory ,/udy1 *4 ii4 ,= hi/oric developm5t ( sympa?y1 see ,su!rl&1 ,orig9 & ,gr[? ( ! ,moral ,in/9ct4 ,= ! doctr9e ( self-realization1 see ,ari/otle1 ,e?ics2 ,gre51 ,prolegom5a to ,e?ics2 ,se?1 ,pr9ciples ( ,e?ics1 ,"p ,i41 *4 iii42 ,bradley1 ,e?ical ,/udies1 ,essay ,,ii42 ,fite1 ,introductory ,/udy1 *4 xi42 ,pauls51 ,sy/em ( ,e?ics1 ,book ,,ii41 *4 i42 ,taylor1 ,int]national ,j\rnal ( ,e?ics1 ,vol4 ,,vi41 pp4 #cef-cga2 ,palm]1 ,! ,he>t ( ,e?ics1 & ,! ,nature ( ,goodness2 ,cald]wood1 ,philosophical ,review1 ,vol4 ,v41 pp4 #ccg-cea2 ,dewey1 ,philosophical ,review1 ,vol4 ,,ii41 pp4 #feb-ffd2 ,bryant1 ,/udies 9 ,"*1 pp4 #ig-aag4 ,= ! e?ics ( success1 besides ! writ+s ( ,nietzs*e1 see ,plato1 ,gorgias & ,republic1 ,book ,i41 & ,sumn]1 ,folkways1 *4 xx4 ,= ! social self3 ,cooley1 ,human ,nature & ! ,social ,ord]1 *s4 v4 & vi42 = ! antagoni/ic self1 *s4 vii4-ix4 ,= a g5]al discussion ( ! ,moral ,self1 see ,bosanquet1 ,psy*ology ( ! ,moral ,self2 ,ladd1 ,philosophy ( ,conduct1 *4 ix4 7see also *4 xviii4 on ! ,good ,man74 ,,footnotes3 #agj ,comp>e ! op5+ words ( ,em]son's ,essay on ,comp5sation4 #aga ,! pr9ciple ( a high] law = ! few :o are lead]s 0 fir/ explicitly ass]t$ 9 mod]n ?\ght by ,ma*iavelli4 #agb ,"s phases ( ! writ+s ( ,nietzs*e supply relevant mat]ial = ?is sket*4 ,see especially 8 ,w = ,p[]1 ,beyond ,good & ,evil1 & su* /atem5ts z3 ,! loss ( =ce :i* suff]+ has already br\ght ^u life is /ill fur!r increas$ & multipli$ by sympa?y4 ,suff]+ itself becomes contagi\s ?r\gh sympa?y 7ov]look+ ! reaction ( sympa?y to aboli% ! s\rce ( suff]+ & ?us increase =ce74 ,sympa?y ?w>ts1 on ! :ole1 9 g5]al1 ! law ( developm5t1 :i* is ! law ( selection4--,works1 ,vol4 ,,xi41 p4 #bdb4 #agc ,?is phase ( ! matt] has be5 br\ght out 7possibly ) "s c\nt]-exagg]ation7 by ,kropotk9 9 8 ,mutual ,aid4 #agd ,sp5c] puts ! matt] truly1 if pond]\sly1 9 ! foll[+3 ,! citiz5s ( a l>ge nation indu/rially organiz$1 h rea*$ _! possible ideal ( happ9ess :5 ! produc+1 di/ribut+ & o!r activities1 are su* 9 _! k9ds & am\nts1 t ea* individual f9ds 9 !m a place = all 8 en]gies & aptitudes1 :ile he obta9s ! means ( satisfy+ all 8 desires4 ,once m we may recognize z n only possible1 b probable1 ! ev5tual exi/5ce ( a community1 also indu/rial1 ! memb]s ( :i*1 hav+ natures simil>ly respond+ to ^! requirem5ts1 are also *>act]iz$ by dom9ant ae/hetic faculties1 & a*ieve complete happ9ess only :5 a l>ge "p ( life is fill$ ) ae/hetic activities 7,pr9ciples ( ,e?ics1 ,vol4 ,i41 p4 #afi74 #age ,ma*iavelli1 transf]r+ f !ology to /atecraft ! notion ( ! corruption & selfi%ness ( all m51 0 ! fir/ mod]n to prea* ?is doctr9e4 #agf ,see1 = example1 ,hobbes1 ,levia?an2 ,m&eville1 ,fable ( ! ,bees2 & ,ro*ef\cauld1 ,maxims4 #agg ,comp>e :at 0 said above1 p4 #bgc1 on ! confusion ( pleasure z end1 & z motive4 ,comp>e also ! foll[+ f ,leslie ,/eph51 ,sci5ce ( ,e?ics1 p4 #bda4 ,x is (t5 ins9uat$ t ,i dislike y\r pa9 because x is pa9ful to me 9 "s special relation4 ,i d n dislike x z y\r pa91 b 9 virtue ( "s p>ticul> consequ5ce1 su*1 = example1 z its mak+ y less able to r5d] me a s]vice4 ,9 t case ,i d n really object to y\r pa9 z y\r pa9 at all1 b only to "s removable & accid5tal consequ5ces4 ,! entire discussion ( sympa?y 7pp4 #bcj-bde71 :i* is admirable1 %\ld be consult$4 #agh ,psy*ology1 ,vol4 ,i41 p4 #cbj4 ,! :ole discussion1 pp4 #cag-cbi1 is v important4 #agi ,see1 = example1 ,james1 ,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology1 ,vol4 ,,ii41 *4 xxiv4 #ahj ,measures ( public or /ate activity 9 ! ext5sion1 = example1 ( education 7furni%+ free text-books1 adequate m$ical inspection1 & rem$y ( defects71 are oppos$ by good p because !re are *>itable ag5cies = do+ ^! ?+s4 #aha ,comp>e ,sp5c]'s criticisms ( ,b5?am's view ( happ9ess z a social /&>d 9 contra/ ) 8 own ideal ( fre$om4 ,see ,e?ics1 ,vol4 ,i41 pp4 #afb-afh4 #ahb ,see ,addams1 ,democracy & ,social ,e?ics1 *4 ii4 #ahc ,comp>e ! foll[+ extreme words ( ,sumn] 7,folkways1 p4 #i73 ,! great "q ( _w philosophy always has be51 :at is ! real relation betwe5 happ9ess & goodness8 ,x is only )9 a few g5]ations t m5 h f\nd c\rage to say !re is none4 ,b :5 ,sumn]1 9 ! next s5t5ce1 says1 ,! :ole /r5g? ( ! notion t !y are correlat$ is 9 ! opposite exp]i5ce :i* proves t no evil ?+ br+s happ9ess1 "o may well ask :at m relation any reasonable man w\ld want4 ,= x indicates t goodness consi/s 9 active int]e/ 9 ^? ?+s :i* really br+ happ9ess2 & :ile x by no means foll[s t ?is int]e/ w br+ ev5 a prepond]ance ( pleasure ov] pa9 to ! p]son1 x is always op5 to him to f9d & take 8 dom9ant happ9ess 9 mak+ ?is int]e/ dom9ant 9 8 life4 ,,*apt] ,,xix ,,! ,,virtues ,,introductory ,def9ition ( ,virtue4--,x is ^u ! self1 ^u ! ag5t1 t ultimately falls ! burd5 ( ma9ta9+ & ( ext5d+ ! values :i* make life reasonable & good4 ,! wor? ( sci5ce1 ( art1 ( indu/ry1 ( relation%ip ( man & wife1 p>5t & *ild1 tea*] & pupil1 fri5d & fri5d1 citiz5 & ,/ate1 exi/s only z !re are *>act]s consi/5tly int]e/$ 9 su* goods4 ,h5ce any trait ( "* :i* makes = ^! goods is e/eem$2 x is giv5 positive value2 :ile any disposition ( selfhood f\nd to h a contr>y t5d5cy is condemn$--has negative value4 ,! habits ( "* ^: effect is to su/a9 & spread ! rational or common good are virtues2 ! traits ( "* :i* h ! opposite effect are vices4 ,virtue & ,approbation2 ,vice & ,condemnation4--,! approbation & disapprobation visit$ ^u conduct are nev] purely intellectual4 ,!y are also emotional & practical4 ,we are /irr$ to ho/ility at :atev] di/urbs ! ord] ( society2 we are mov$ to admir+ sympa?y ( :atev] makes = its welf>e4 ,& ^! emotions express !mselves 9 appropriate conduct4 ,to disapprove & dislike is to reprove1 blame1 & puni%4 ,to approve is to enc\rage1 to aid1 & support4 ,h5ce ! judgm5ts express ! "* ( ! "o :o utt]s !m--!y are traits ( 8 conduct & "*2 & !y react into ! "* ( ! ag5t ^u :om !y are direct$4 ,!y are "p ( ! process ( =m+ "*4 ,! comm5dation is ( ! nature ( a rew>d calculat$ to confirm ! p]son 9 ! "r c\rse ( action4 ,! reprobation is ( ! nature ( puni%m5t1 fitt$ to dissuade ! ag5t f ! wrong c\rse4 ,?is enc\ragem5t & blame are n necess>ily ( an ext]nal sort2 ! rew>d & ! puni%m5t may n be 9 mat]ial ?+s4 ,x is n f ult]ior design t society e/eems & respects ^? attributes ( an ag5t :i* t5d to its own peace & welf>e2 x is f natural1 in/9ctive response to ackn[l$ge :atev] makes = its good4 ,none ! less1 ! social e/eem1 ! honor :i* att5d c]ta9 acts inevitably educate ! individual :o p]=ms ^! acts1 & !y /r5g!n1 emotionally & practically1 8 int]e/ 9 ! "r4 ,simil>ly1 !re is an in/9ctive reaction ( society aga9/ an infr+em5t ( its cu/oms & ideals2 x naturally makes x hot = any "o :o di/urbs its values4 ,& ?is disagreeable att5tion in/ructs ! individual z to ! consequ5ces ( 8 act1 & works to h9d] ! =mation ( dispositions ( ! socially dislik$ k9d4 ,natural ,ability & ,virtue4--,!re is a t5d5cy to use ! t]m virtue 9 an ab/ract morali/ic s5se--a way :i* makes x almo/ ,ph>isaic 9 "*4 ,h>d & fa/ l9es are drawn betwe5 c]ta9 traits ( "* label$ virtues & o!rs call$ tal5ts1 natural abilities1 or gifts ( nature4 ,ap>t f delib]ate or reflective nurture1 mode/y or g5]osity is no less & no m a purely natural ability ?an is good-humor1 a turn = me*anics1 or pres5ce ( m9d4 ,e natural capacity1 e tal5t or ability1 :e!r ( inquir+ m9d1 ( g5tle affection or ( executive skill1 becomes a virtue :5 x is turn$ to acc\nt 9 support+ or ext5d+ ! fabric ( social values2 & x turns1 if n to vice at lea/ to del9qu5cy1 :5 n ?us utiliz$4 ,! important habits conv5tionally reckon$ virtues are b>r5 unless !y are ! cumulative assemblage ( a multitude ( anonym\s int]e/s & capacities4 ,su* natural aptitudes v>y widely 9 diff]5t individuals4 ,_! end[m5ts & circum/ances occasion & exact diff]5t virtues1 & yet "o p]son is n m or less virtu\s ?an ano!r because 8 virtues take a diff]5t =m4 ,*anges 9 ,virtues4--,x foll[s also t ! mean+1 or cont5t1 ( virtues *anges f "t to "t4 ,_! ab/ract =m1 ! man's attitude t[>ds ! good1 rema9s ! same4 ,b :5 in/itutions & cu/oms *ange & natural abilities are diff]5tly /imulat$ & evok$1 ends v>y1 & habits ( "* are diff]5tly e/eem$ bo? by ! individual ag5t & by o!rs :o judge4 ,no social gr\p c\ld be ma9ta9$ )\t patriotism & *a/ity1 b ! actual mean+ ( *a/ity & patriotism is widely diff]5t 9 contempor>y society f :at x 0 9 savage tribes or f :at we may expect x to be five hundr$ ye>s f n[4 ,c\rage 9 "o society may consi/ almo/ :olly 9 will+ness to face physical dang] & dea? 9 volunt>y devotion to "o's community2 9 ano!r1 x may be will+ness to support an unpopul> cause 9 ! face ( ridicule4 ,conv5tional & ,g5u9e ,virtue4--,:5 we take ^! social *anges on a broad scale1 9 ! gross1 ! po9t j made is probably cle> )\t emphasis4 ,b we are apt to =get t m9or *anges are go+ on all ! :ile4 ,! community's =mulat$ code ( e/eem & reg>d & praise at any giv5 "t is likely to lag some:at beh9d its practical level ( a*ievem5t & possibility4 ,x is m or less traditional1 describ+ :at us$ to be1 r ?an :at are1 virtues4 ,! respectable comes to mean tol]able1 passable1 conv5tional4 ,accord+ly ! prevail+ s*eme ( assign+ m]it & blame1 :ile on ! :ole a ma9/ay ( moral guidance & in/ruction1 is also a m5ace to moral gr[?4 ,h5ce m5 mu/ look beh9d ! curr5t valuation to ! real value4 ,o!rwise1 m]e con=mity to cu/om is conceiv$ to be virtue2#ahd & ! individual :o deviates f cu/om 9 ! int]e/ ( wid] & deep] good is c5sur$4 ,moral ,responsibility = ,praise & ,blame4--,! practical assign+ ( value1 ( blame & praise1 is a measure & expon5t ( ! "* ( ! "o f :om x issues4 ,9 judg+ o!rs1 9 comm5d+ & condemn+1 we judge ourselves4 ,:at we f9d to be praisewor?y & blamewor?y is a revelation ( our own affections4 ,v lit]ally ! measure we mete to o!rs is met$ to u4 ,to be free 9 our attributions ( blame is to be c5sori\s & un*>itable2 to be unres5tful to evil is to be indiff]5t1 or int]e/$ p]haps *iefly 9 "o's own popul>ity1 s t "o avoids giv+ (f5se to o!rs4 ,to engage pr(usely 9 blame & approbation 9 spee* )\t acts :i* back up or attack ! ends v]bally honor$ or condemn$1 is to h a p]functory morality4 ,to cultivate complac5cy & remorse ap>t f ef=t to improve is to indulge 9 s5tim5tality4 ,9 %ort1 to approve or to condemn is itself a moral act = :i* we are z mu* responsible z we are = any o!r de$4 ,impossibility ( ,catalogu+ ,virtues4--,^! la/ ?ree consid]ations3 7#a7 ! intimate connection ( virtues ) all sorts ( individual capacities & end[m5ts1 7#b7 ! *ange 9 types ( habit requir$ ) *ange ( social cu/oms & in/itutions1 7#c7 ! dep5d5ce ( judgm5t ( vice & virtue ^u ! "* ( ! "o judg+1#ahe make undesirable & impossible a catalogu$ li/ ( virtues ) an exact def9ition ( ea*4 ,virtues are numb]less4 ,e situation1 n ( a r\t9e ord]1 br+s 9 "s special %ad+1 "s unique adaptation1 ( disposition4 ,tw(old ,classification4--,we may1 h[ev]1 classify ! *ief in/itutions ( social life--language1 sci5tific inve/igation1 arti/ic production1 indu/rial effici5cy1 family1 local community1 nation1 humanity--& specify ! types ( m5tal disposition & int]e/ :i* are fitt$ to ma9ta9 !m fl\ri%+ly2 or1 />t+ f typical impulsive & in/9ctive t5d5cies1 we may consid] ! =m !y assume :5 !y become intellig5tly ex]cis$ habits4 ,a virtue may be def9$1 accord+ly1 ei!r z ! settl$ intellig5t id5tification ( an ag5t's capacity ) "s aspect ( ! reasonable or common happ9ess2 or1 z a social cu/om or t5d5cy organiz$ into a p]sonal habit ( valuation4 ,f ! latt] /&po9t1 tru?fulness is ! social in/itution ( language ma9ta9$ at its be/ pit* ( effici5cy ?r\gh ! habitual purposes ( individuals2 f ! =m]1 x is an in/9ctive capacity & t5d5cy to communicate emotions & ideas direct$ s z to ma9ta9 social peace & prosp]ity4 ,9 l fa%ion1 "o might catalogue all =ms ( social cu/om & in/itution on "o h&2 & all ! species & v>ieties ( individual equipm5t on ! o!r1 & enum]ate a virtue = ea*4 ,b ! p]=mance is s =mal z n to am\nt to mu*4 ,aspects ( ,virtue4--,any virtu\s disposition ( "* exhibits1 h[ev]1 c]ta9 ma9 traits1 a consid]ation ( :i* w s]ve to review & summ>ize our analysis ( ! moral life4 ,i4 ,! ,int]e/ ,mu/ be ,entire or ,:ole-he>t$4--,! :ole self1 )\t division or res]vation1 mu/ g out into ! propos$ object & f9d !re9 its own satisfaction4 ,virtue is integrity2 vice duplicity4 ,goodness is /raight1 "r2 badness is crook$1 indirect4 ,int]e/ t is incomplete is n int]e/1 b 7s f> z incomplete7 indiff]5ce & disreg>d4 ,?is totality ( int]e/ we call affection1 love2 & love is ! fulfill+ ( ! law4 ,a grudg+ virtue is next to no virtue at all2 ?or\gh he>t9ess 9 ev5 a bad cause /irs admiration1 & lukew>mness 9 e direction is always despis$ z mean+ lack ( "*4 ,surr5d]1 ab&onm5t1 is ( ! ess5ce ( id5tification ( self ) an object4 ,,ii4 ,! ,int]e/ ,mu/ be ,en]getic & ,h5ce ,p]si/5t4--,"o swall[ does n make a summ] nor a sporadic "r act a virtu\s habit4 ,fair-wea!r "* has a prov]bially bad "n4 ,endurance ?r\gh disc\ragem5t1 ?r\gh good repute & ill1 weal & woe1 te/s ! vigor ( int]e/ 9 ! good1 & bo? builds up & expresses a =m$ "*4 ,,iii4 ,! ,int]e/ ,mu/ be ,pure or ,s9c]e4--,hone/y is1 d\btless1 ! be/ policy1 & x is bett] a man %\ld be hone/ f policy ?an n hone/ at all4 ,if g5u9ely hone/ f consid]ations ( prud5ce1 he is on ! road to le>n bett] reasons = hone/y4 ,none ! less1 we are suspici\s ( a man if we believe t motives ( p]sonal pr(it are ! only /ay ( 8 hone/y4 ,= circum/ances might arise 9 :i*1 9 ! exceptional case1 x w\ld be cle> t p]sonal advantage lay 9 di%one/y4 ,! motive = hone/y w\ld hold 9 mo/ cases1 9 ord9>y & r\t9e circum/ances & 9 ! gl>e ( publicity1 b n 9 ! d>k ( secrecy1 or 9 ! turmoil ( di/urb$ circum/ance4 ,! eye s+le to ! good1 ! dis9t]e/$ int]e/ ( morali/s1 is requir$4 ,! motive t has to be coax$ or co]c$ to its "w by "s promise or ?reat is imp]fect4 ,c>d9al or ,indisp5sable ,aspects ( ,virtue4--,be>+ 9 m9d t we are n attempt+ to classify v>i\s acts or habits1 b only to /ate traits ess5tial to all morality1 we h ! c>d9al virtues ( moral !ory4 ,z :ole-he>t$1 z complete int]e/1 any habit or attitude ( "* involves ju/ice & love2 z p]si/5tly active1 x is c\rage1 =titude1 or vigor2 z unmix$ & s+le1 x is temp]ance--9 its classic s5se4 ,& s9ce no habitual int]e/ c be integral1 endur+1 or s9c]e1 save z x is reasonable1 save1 t is1 z x is root$ 9 ! delib]ate habit ( view+ ! "p 9 ! light ( ! :ole1 ! pres5t 9 ! light ( ! pa/ & future1 int]e/ 9 ! good is also wisdom or consci5ti\sness3--int]e/ 9 ! discov]y ( ! true good ( ! situation4 ,)\t ?is int]e/1 all our int]e/ is likely to be p]v]t$ & mislead+--requir+ to be rep5t$ (4 ,wisdom1 or 79 mod]n phrase7 consci5ti\sness1 is ! nurse ( all ! virtues4 ,our mo/ devot$ c\rage is 9 ! w to "k ! good & ! fair by unfl9*+ att5tion to ! pa9ful & disagreeable4 ,our sev]e/ discipl9e 9 self-control is t :i* *ecks ! exorbitant pret5sions ( an appetite by insi/+ ^u kn[+ x 9 its true proportions4 ,! mo/ exact+ ju/ice is t ( an intellig5ce :i* gives due weight to ea* desire & dem& 9 delib]ation be=e x is all[$ to pass into ov]t action4 ,t affection & wisdom lie close to ea* o!r is evid5c$ by our language2 ?\ghtfulness1 reg>d1 consid]ation = o!rs1 recognition ( o!rs1 att5tion to o!rs4 ,sec4 #a4 ,,temp]ance ,! ,engli% ^w temp]ance 7p>ticul>ly 9 its local association ) agitation reg>d+ use ( intoxicat+ liquors7 is a poor sub/itute = ! ,greek sophrosyne :i*1 ?r\gh ! ,lat9 temp]antia1 x repres5ts4 ,! ,a!nian ,greek 0 impress$ ) ! fact t j z !re are lawless1 despotically rul$1 & self-gov]n$ communities1 s !re are lawless1 & s]vile1 & self-rul$ individuals4 ,:5ev] !re is a self-gov]n$ s\l1 !re is a happy bl5d+ ( ! au?ority ( reason ) ! =ce ( appetite4 ,! individual's div]se nature is temp]$ into a liv+ h>mony ( desire & intellig5ce4 ,reason gov]ns n z a tyrant f )\t1 b z a guide to :i* ! impulses & emotions are gladly responsive4 ,su* a well-attun$ nature1 z f> f asceticism on "o side z f r&om indulg5ce on ! o!r1 repres5t$ ! ideal ( :at 0 fair & graceful 9 "*1 an ideal embodi$ 9 ! notion ( sophrosyne4 ,?is 0 a :ole-m9d$ness :i* result$ f ! happy fur!rance ( all ! elem5ts ( human nature "u ! self-accept$ direction ( intellig5ce4 ,x impli$ an ae/hetic view ( "*2 ( h>mony 9 /ructure & rhy?m 9 action4 ,x 0 ! virtue ( judgm5t ex]cis$ 9 ! e/imate ( pleasures3--s9ce x is ! agreeable1 ! pleasant1 :i* gives an end excessive hold ^u u4 ,roman ,temp]antia4--,! ,roman conceiv$ ?is virtue "u ! t]m temp]antia1 :i* conveys ! same idea1 b accommodat$ to ! ,roman g5ius4 ,x is connect$ ) ! ^w tempus1 "t1 :i* is connect$ also ) a root mean+ divide1 di/ribute2 x sugge/s a consecutive ord]l9ess ( behavior1 a fre$om f excessive & reckless action1 fir/ ?is way1 & !n t4 ,x means seeml9ess1 decorum1 dec5cy4 ,x 0 mod]ation1 n z quantity ( indulg5ce1 b z a mod]at+ ( ea* act 9 a s]ies by ! ?\ght ( o!r & succe$+ acts--keep+ ea* 9 sequ5ce ) o!rs 9 a :ole4 ,! idea ( "t involves "t to ?9k2 ! sob]+ second ?\ght express$ 9 s]i\sness & gravity4 ,! negative side1 ! side ( re/ra9t1 ( inhibition1 is /rong1 & functions = ! consi/5t calm & gravity ( life4 ,*ri/ian ,purity4--,?r\gh ! ,*ri/ian influ5ce1 ! connotation :i* is m>k$ 9 ! notion ( control ( sexual appetite1 became mo/ obvi\s--purity4 ,passion is n s mu* some?+ :i* di/urbs ! h>mony ( man's nature1 or :i* int]rupts its ord]l9ess1 z x is some?+ :i* defiles ! purity ( spiritual nature4 ,x is ! grossness1 ! contam9ation ( appetite :i* is insi/$ ^u1 & temp]ance is ! ma9t5ance ( ! s\l spotless & unsulli$4 ,negative ,phase3--,self-control4 ,a negative aspect ( self-control1 re/ra9t1 inhibition is ev]y:]e involv$4#ahf ,x is n1 h[ev]1 desire1 or appetite1 or passion1 or impulse1 :i* has to be *eck$ 7mu* less elim9at$72 x is r t t5d5cy ( desire & passion s to engross att5tion z to de/roy our s5se ( ! o!r ends :i* h a claim ^u u4 ,?is mod]ation ( pret5sion is indisp5sable = e desire4 ,9 "o direction1 x is mode/y1 humility2 ! re/ra9t ( ! t5d5cy ( self-conceit to di/ort ! relative importance ( ! ag5t's & o!rs' conc]ns2 9 ano!r direction1 x is *a/ity2 9 ano!r1 temp]ance 9 ! n>r[] s5se ( t ^w--keep+ ! indulg5ce ( hung] & ?ir/ f pass+ reasonable b\nds2 9 ano!r1 x is calmness1 self-possession--mod]ation ( ! transport+ p[] ( excitem5t2 9 yet ano!r1 x is discretion1 impos+ limits ^u ! use ( ! h&1 eye1 or tongue4 ,9 matt]s ( weal?1 x is dec5t regulation ( display & o/5tation4 ,9 g5]al1 x is prud5ce1 control ( ! pres5t impulse & desire by a view ( ! long run1 ( proximate by remote consequ5ces4#ahg ,positive ,phase3 ,rev]5ce4--,! t5d5cy ( dom9ant passion is to ru% u along1 to prev5t our ?9k+4 ,! "o ?+ t desire emphasizes is1 = ! "t be+1 ! mo/ important ?+ 9 ! univ]se4 ,?is is necess>y to he>t9ess & effectiv5ess ( int]e/ & behavior4 ,b x is important t ! ?+ :i* ?us absorbs desire %\ld be an end capable ( ju/ify+ its p[] to absorb4 ,?is is possible only if x expresses ! entire self4 ,o!rwise capacities & desires :i* w occur lat] w be inconsi/5t & antagoni/ic1 & conduct w be unregulat$ & un/able4 ,! und]ly+ idea 9 temp]ance is !n a c>e ( details = ! sake ( ! :ole c\rse ( behavior ( :i* !y are p>ts2 he$fulness1 pa9/ak+ devotion4 ,laxness 9 conduct means c>elessness2 lack ( reg>d = ! :ole life p]mits tempor>y incl9ations to get a sway t ! outcome w n ju/ify4 ,9 its m /rik+ =ms1 we call ?is c>e & respect rev]5ce2 recognition ( ! unique1 invaluable wor? embodi$ 9 any situation or act ( life1 a recognition :i* *ecks t flippancy ( surr5d] to mom5t>y excitem5t com+ f a sup]ficial view ( behavior4 ,a s5se ( mom5t\s issues at /ake means a sob]+ & deep5+ ( ! m5tal attitude4 ,! consci\sness t e de$ ( life has an import cle> beyond its imm$iate1 or fir/ significance1 atta*es dignity to e act4 ,to live 9 ! s5se ( ! l>g] values atta*+ to our pass+ desires & de$s is to be possess$ by ! virtue ( temp]ance4 ,control ( ,excitem5t4--,:at h9d]s su* liv+ is1 z we h se51 ! exagg]at$ int5sity1 ! lack ( proportion & p]spective1 ) :i* any appetite or desire is likely to pres5t itself4 ,x is ?is :i* morali/s ( all ages h attack$ "u ! "n ( pleasure--! allur+ & di/ract+ p[] ( ! mom5t>ily agreeable4 ,see+ 9 ?is ! enemy :i* prev5ts ! rational survey ( ! :ole field & ! calm1 /eady insight into ! true good1 x is h>dly surpris+ t morali/s h attack$ pleasure z ! s\rce ( e temptation to /ray f ! /raight pa? ( reason4 ,b x is n pleasure1 x is "o =m ( pleasure1 ! pleasure ( excitem5t1 :i* is ! ob/acle & dang]4#ahh ,e impulse & desire m>ks a c]ta9 di/urbance 9 ! ord] ( life1 an exaltation above ! exi/+ level1 a pressure beyond its exi/+ limit4 ,to give way to desire1 to let x gr[1 to ta/e to ! full its increas+ & int5sify+ excitem5t1 is ! temptation4 ,! bodily appetites ( hung] & ?ir/ & sex1 ) :i* we associate ! grosse/ =ms ( indulg5ce & laxity1 exemplify ! pr9ciple ( exp&+ waves ( organic /imulation4 ,b s also d _m ( ! subtl] =ms ( unre/ra9t or intemp]ate action4 ,! "o ) a clev] & lively tongue is tempt$ to let x run away ) him2 ! va9 man fe$s ^u ! excitem5t ( a p]sonality height5$ by display & ! notice ( o!rs2 ! angry man1 ev5 ?\gh he kn[s he w lat] regret 8 surr5d]1 gives away to ! s5se ( exp&+ p[] co9cid5t ) 8 dis*>ge ( rage4 ,! %iftless p]son f9ds x easi] to take *ances & let consequ5ces take c>e ( !mselves1 :ile he enjoys local & casual /imulations4 ,trivialities & sup]ficialities entangle u 9 a flippant life1 because ea* "o z x comes promises to be ?rill+1 :ile ! v fe> t ?is promise w n be kept hurries u on to new exp]i5ces4 ,to ?9k ( alt]natives & consequ5ces is n ?rill+1 b s]i\s4 ,necessity ( ,sup]ior ,int]e/4--,n[ calculation ( ! utilit>ian type is n adequate to deal ) ?is temptation4 ,^? :o are prone to reflection ^u results are j ^? :o are lea/ likely to be c>ri$ away by excitem5t--unless1 z is ! case ) "s speciali/s1 ?9k+ is itself ! mode ( indulg5ce 9 excitem5t4#ahi ,) ^? :o are c>ri$ away habitually by "s mode ( excitem5t1 ! disease & ! incapacity to take ! pr(f]$ rem$y ( reflection are ! same ?+4 ,only "s o!r passion w accompli% ! desir$ control4 ,) ! ,greeks1 x 0 ae/hetic passion1 love ( ! grace & beauty1 ! rhy?m & h>mony1 ( a self-controll$ life4 ,) ! ,romans1 x 0 ! passion = dignity1 p[]1 honor ( p]sonality1 evid5c$ 9 rule ( appetite4 ,bo? ( ^! motives rema9 among ! /rong allies ( ord]$ conduct4 ,b ! passion = purity1 ! s5se ( some?+ degrad+ & f\l 9 surr5d] to ! base1 an int]e/ 9 some?+ spotless1 free f adult]ation1 are1 9 "s =m or o!r1 ! *ief res\rce 9 ov]com+ ! t5d5cy ( excitem5t to usurp ! gov]nance ( ! self4#aij ,sec4 #b4 ,,c\rage#aia ,,or ,,p]si/5t ,,vigor ,:ile love ( excitem5t allures man f ! pa? ( reason1 fe> ( pa91 dislike to h>d%ip1 & labori\s ef=t1 hold him back f ent]+ x4 ,dislike ( ! disagreeable inhibits or contracts ! putt+ =? ( en]gy1 j z lik+ = agreeable /imulation dis*>ges & exhau/s x4 ,int5sity ( active int]e/ 9 ! good alone subdues t in/9ctive %r9k+ f ! unpleasant & h>d :i* slack5s en]gy or turns x aside4 ,su* en]gy ( devotion is c\rage4 ,its etymological connection ) ! ,lat9 ^w = he>t1 sugge/s a c]ta9 abundant spontaneity1 a c]ta9 ov]fl[ ( positive en]gy2 ! ^w 0 appli$ to ?is aspect ( virtue :5 ! he>t 0 reg>d$ z lit]ally 7n metaphorically7 ! seat ( vital impulse & abundant =cefulness4 ,c\rage & ! ,common ,good4--,"o ( ! problems ( e>ly ,greek ?\ght 0 t ( discrim9at+ c\rage z virtu\s f a sort ( animal ke5ness & alacrity1 easily runn+ into recklessness & bravado4 ,x 0 uni=mly diff]5tiat$ f m]e ov]fl[ ( physical en]gy by ! fact t x 0 exhibit$ 9 support ( "s common or social good4 ,x bore witness to its volunt>y "* by abid+ 9 ! face ( ?reat5$ evil4 ,its simple/ =m 0 patriotism--will+ness to brave ! dang] ( dea? 9 fac+ ! c\ntry's enemy f love ( c\ntry4 ,& ?is basic l>g5ess ( _s 9 :i* ! individual s9ks consid]ations ( p]sonal loss & h>m 9 allegiance to an objective good rema9s a c>d9al aspect ( all "r disposition4 ,c\rage is ,preem95tly ! ,executive ,side ( ,e ,virtue4--,! good w1 z we saw1 means endeavor1 ef=t1 t[>ds c]ta9 ends2 unless ! end /irs to /r5u\s ex]tion1 x is a s5tim5tal1 n a moral or practical end4 ,& endeavor implies ob/acles to ov]come1 resi/ance to :at div]ts1 pa9ful labor4 ,x is ! degree ( ?reat5$ h>m--9 spite ( :i* "o does n sw]ve--:i* measures ?is dep? & s9c]ity ( int]e/ 9 ! good4 ,aspects ( ,int]e/ 9 ,execution4--,c]ta9 =mal traits ( c\rage foll[ at once f ?is g5]al def9ition4 ,9 its onset1 will+ness 9 behalf ( ! common good to endure att5dant private evils is alacrity1 promptness4 ,9 its abid+ & unsw]v+ devotion1 x is con/ancy1 loyalty1 & fai?fulness4 ,9 its cont9ual resi/ance to evil1 x is =titude1 pati5ce1 p]sev]ance1 will+ness to abide = ju/ification an ultimate issue4 ,! totality ( commitm5t ( self to ! good is decision & firmness4 ,conviction & resolution accompany all true moral endeavor4 ,^! v>i\s dim5sions 7int5sity1 duration1 ext5t1 & fullness7 are1 h[ev]1 only diff]+ expressions ( "o & ! same attitude ( vigor\s1 en]getic id5tification ( ag5cy ) ! object4 ,goodness & ,effectiv5ess4--,x is ! failure to give due weight to ?is factor ( morality 7! works ( !ological discussion7 :i* is responsible = ! n uncommon idea t moral goodness means loss ( practical efficacy4 ,:5 inn] disposition is sev]$ f out] action1 wi%+ divorc$ f executive will+1 morality is r$uc$ to m]e h>mlessness2 outw>dly speak+1 ! be/ t c !n be said ( virtue is t x is innoc5t & innocu\s4 ,unscrupul\sness is id5tifi$ ) en]gy ( execution2 & a m9ute & p>alyz+ scrupulosity ) goodness4 ,x is 9 reaction f su* futile morality t ! gospel ( =ce & ( %rewdness ( select+ & adapt+ means to ! desir$ end1 is prea*$ & ga9s he>]s--z 9 ! ,italy ( ! ,r5aissance#aib 9 reaction aga9/ m$iaeval piety1 & aga9 9 our own day 7see ante1 p4 #cgd74 ,moral ,c\rage & ,optimism4--,a *>act]i/ic mod]n developm5t ( c\rage\sness is impli$ 9 ! phrase moral c\rage1--z if all g5u9e c\rage 7 n moral4 ,x means devotion to ! good 9 ! face ( ! cu/oms ( "o's fri5ds & associates1 r ?an aga9/ ! attacks ( "o's enemies4 ,x is will+ness to brave = sake ( a new idea ( ! good ! unpopul>ity t att5ds brea* ( cu/om & conv5tion4 ,x is ?is type ( h]oism1 manife/$ 9 integrity ( memory & =esight1 :i* w9s ! *>act]i/ic admiration ( to-day1 r ?an ! outw>d h]oism ( be>+ w\nds & und]go+ physical dang]s4 ,x is att5tion ^u :i* ! /ress falls4#aic ,?is supplies1 p]haps1 ! be/ vantage po9t f :i* to survey optimism & pessimism 9 _! direct moral be>+s4 ,! individual ^: pursuit ( ! good is color$ by hone/ recognition ( exi/+ & ?reat5+ evils is almo/ always *>g$ ) be+ a pessimi/2 ) cynical delight 9 dwell+ ^u :at is morbid1 base1 or sordid2 & he is urg$ to be an optimi/1 mean+ 9 effect to conceal f himself & o!rs evils t obta94 ,optimism1 ?us conceiv$1 is a comb9ation ( build+ rosy-color$ ca/les 9 ! air & hid+1 o/ri*-l1 f actual facts4 ,z a g5]al ?+1 x w be ^? :o h "s int]e/ at /ake 9 evils rema9+ unp]ceiv$1 & h5ce unrem$i$1 :o mo/ clamor 9 ! cause ( su* optimism4 ,hope & aspiration1 belief 9 ! supremacy ( good 9 spite ( all evil1 belief 9 ! realizability ( good 9 spite ( all ob/acles1 are necess>y inspirations 9 ! life ( virtue4 ,! good c nev] be demon/rat$ to ! s5ses1 nor be prov$ by calculations ( p]sonal pr(it4 ,x involves a radical v5ture ( ! w 9 ! int]e/ ( :at is unse5 & prud5tially incalculable4 ,b su* optimism ( w1 su* det]m9ation ( ! man t1 s f> z 8 *oice is conc]n$1 only ! good %all be recogniz$ z real1 is v diff]5t f a s5tim5tal refusal to look at ! realities ( ! situation j z !y are4 ,9 fact a c]ta9 intellectual pessimism1 9 ! s5se ( a /eadfa/ will+ness to uncov] sore po9ts1 to ackn[l$ge & se>* = abuses1 to note h[ presum$ good (t5 s]ves z a cloak = actual bad1 is a necess>y "p ( ! moral optimism :i* actively devotes itself to mak+ ! "r prevail4 ,any o!r view r$uces ! aspiration & hope1 :i* are ! ess5ce ( moral c\rage1 to a *e]ful animal buoyancy2 &1 9 its failure to see ! evil done to o!rs 9 its ?\ghtless pursuit ( :at x calls good1 is nextdoor to brutality1 to a brutality ba!d 9 ! atmosph]e ( s5tim5tality & fl\ri%+ ! cat*words ( idealism4 ,sec4 #c4 ,,ju/ice ,9 ,e?ical ,lit]ature ,ju/ice ,has ,borne at ,lea/ ,?ree ,diff]5t ,s5ses4#aid--;,9 its wide/ s5se1 x means righte\sness1 uprightness1 rectitude4 ,x sums up morality4 ,x is n a virtue1 b x is virtue4 ,! j act is ! due act2 ju/ice is fulfillm5t ( obligation4 7#b7 ,?is passes ov] into fairness1 equity1 imp>tiality1 hone/y 9 all "o's deal+ ) o!rs4 7#c7 ,! n>r[e/ mean+ is t ( v9dication ( "r ?r\gh ! adm9i/ration ( law4#aid ,s9ce ,ari/otle's "t 7& foll[+ 8 treatm5t7 ?is has be5 divid$ into 7i47 ! di/ributive1 hav+ to d ) ! assignm5t ( honor1 weal?1 etc41 9 proportion to des]t1 & 7ii47 ! corrective1 v9dicat+ ! law aga9/ ! transgressor by effect+ a requital1 r$ress1 :i* re/ores ! supremacy ( law4 ,a ,?read ( ,common ,significance ,runs ?r\gh ,^! ,v>i\s ,mean+s4--,! rational good means a compreh5sive or complete end1 9 :i* are h>moni\sly includ$ a v>iety ( special aims & values4 ,! j man is ! man :o takes 9 ! :ole ( a situation & reacts to x 9 its :ol5ess1 n be+ misl$ by undue respect to "s p>ticul> factor4 ,s9ce ! g5]al or inclusive good is a common or social good1 reconcil+ & comb9+ ! ends ( a multitude ( private or p>ticul> p]sons1 ju/ice is ! preem95tly social virtue3 t :i* ma9ta9s ! due ord] ( individuals 9 ! int]e/ ( ! compreh5sive or social unity4 ,ju/ice1 z equity1 fairness1 imp>tiality1 hone/y1 c>ries ! recognition ( ! :ole ov] into ! "q ( "r di/ribution & apportionm5t among its p>ts4 ,! equitable judge or adm9i/rator is ! "o :o makes no unju/ifiable di/9ctions among ^? dealt )4 ,a fair price is "o :i* recognizes ! rights ( bo? buy] & sell]4 ,an hone/ man is ! "o :o1 ) respect to :atev] he has to di/ribute to o!rs & to receive f !m1 is desir\s ( giv+ & tak+ j :at belongs to ea* p>ty conc]n$4 ,! fair-m9d$ man is n brib$ by pleasure into giv+ undue importance to "s elem5t ( good nor co]c$ by fe> ( pa9 into ignor+ "s o!r4 ,he di/ributes 8 att5tion1 reg>d1 & atta*m5t accord+ to ! reasonable or objective claims ( ea* factor4 ,ju/ice & ,sympa?y or ,love4--,! mo/ significant que/ions reg>d+ ju/ice are z to its connection ) love & ) condemnation & puni%m5t4 ,x is a common notion t ju/ice is h>% or h>d 9 its work+s & t x requires to be supplem5t$1 if n replac$1 by m]cy4 ,tak5 lit]ally ?is w\ld mean t ju/ice is n j 9 its work+s4 ,! tru? conta9$ is t :at is frequ5tly reg>d$ z ju/ice is n ju/ice1 b an imp]fect sub/itute = x4 ,:5 a legal type ( morality is curr5t1 ju/ice is reg>d$ z ! work+ ( "s fix$ & ab/ract law2 x is ! law z law :i* is to be rev]5c$2 x is law z law ^: maje/y is to be v9dicat$4 ,x is =gott5 t ! nobility & dignity ( law are due to ! place ( law 9 secur+ ! ord] involv$ 9 ! realization ( human happ9ess4 ,!n ! law in/ead ( be+ a s]vant ( ! good is put arbitr>ily above x1 z if man 0 made = law1 n law = man4 ,! result is inevitably h>%ness2 indisp5sable factors ( happ9ess are ru?lessly slight$1 or rul$ out2 ! lovel9ess & grace ( behavior respond+ freely & flexibly to ! requirem5ts ( unique situations are /iff5$ into uni=mity4 ,! =mula summum jus summa injuria expresses ! outcome :5 ab/ract law is insi/$ ^u )\t ref]5ce to ! ne$s ( concrete cases4 ,"u su* conditions1 !re arises a dem& = temp]+ ! /]nness ( ju/ice ) m]cy1 & supplem5t+ ! sev]ity ( law ) grace4 ,?is dem& means t ! neglect$ human values %all be re/or$ into ! idea ( :at is j4 ,social ,ju/ice4--,our own "t has se5 a g5]\s quick5+ ( ! idea ( social ju/ice due to ! gr[? ( love1 or philan?ropy1 z a work+ social motive4 ,9 ! old] s*eme ( morals1 ju/ice 0 suppos$ to meet all ! necess>y requirem5ts ( virtue2 *>ity 0 do+ good 9 ways n obligatory or /rictly exact$4 ,h5ce x 0 a s\rce ( peculi> m]it 9 ! do]1 a means ( /or+ up a surplus ( virtue to (fset vice4 ,b a m g5]\s s5se ( inh]5t social relation%ips b9d+ ! aims ( all into "o compreh5sive good1 :i* is ! result ( increase ( human int]c\rse1 democratic in/itutions1 & biological sci5ce1 has made m5 recognize t ! great] "p ( ! suff]+s & mis]ies :i* af=d on ! "p ( a few ! opportunity = *>ity 7& h5ce sup]ior m]it71 are really social inequities1 due to causes :i* may be rem$i$4 ,t ju/ice requires radical improvem5t ( ^! conditions displaces ! notion t _! effects may be "h & !re palliat$ by ! volunt>y m]it ( morally sup]ior individuals4 ,! *ange illu/rates1 on a wide scale1 ! trans=mation ( ! conception ( ju/ice s t x jo9s h&s ) love & sympa?y4 ,t human nature %\ld h ju/ice done x "u all circum/ances is an inf9itely complicat$ & difficult requirem5t1 & only a vision ( ! capacities & accompli%m5ts ( human be+s root$ 9 affection & sympa?y c p]ceive & execute ju/ly4 ,trans=mation ( ,punitive ,ju/ice4--,! conception ( punitive or corrective ju/ice is und]go+ ! same trans=mation4 ,ari/otle /at$ ! rule ( equity 9 ! case ( wrongdo+ z an ari?metical requital3 ! individual 0 to suff] accord+ to 8 de$4 ,lat]1 ?r\gh conjunction ) ! idea ( a div9e judge inflict+ retribution ^u ! s9n]1 ?is notion pass$ into ! belief t puni%m5t is a =m ( ju/ice re/or+ ! balance ( di/urb$ law by inflict+ suff]+ ^u ! "o :o has done wrong4 ,! end & aim ( puni%m5t 0 retribution1 br++ back to ! ag5t ! evil consequ5ces ( 8 own de$4 ,t puni%m5t is suff]+1 t x inevitably involves pa9 to ! guilty "o1 !re c be no "q2 ?is1 :e!r ! puni%m5t is ext]nally inflict$ or is 9 ! pangs ( consci5ce1 & :e!r adm9i/]$ by p>5t1 tea*]1 or civil au?ority4 ,b t suff]+ is = ! sake ( suff]+1 or t suff]+ c 9 any way re/ore or affect ! violat$ maje/y ( law1 is a diff]5t matt]4 ,:at err+ human nature des]ves or m]its1 x is j x %\ld h4 ,b 9 ! end1 a moral ag5t des]ves to be a moral ag5t2 & h5ce des]ves t puni%m5ts inflict$ %\ld be corrective1 n m]ely retributive4 ,e wrongdo] %\ld h 8 due4 ,b :at is 8 due8 ,c we measure x by 8 pa/ alone2 or is x due e "o to reg>d him z a man ) a future z well8 z hav+ possibilities = good z well z a*ievem5ts 9 bad8 ,^? :o are responsible = ! infliction ( puni%m5t h1 z well z ^? puni%$1 to meet ! requirem5ts ( ju/ice2 & failure to employ ! means & in/rum5talities ( puni%m5t 9 a way to lead1 s f> z possible1 ! wrongdo] to reconsid]ation ( conduct & re-=mation ( disposition1 _c %elt] itself "u ! plea t x v9dicates law4 ,su* failure comes r f ?\ghtless cu/om2 f a lazy unwill+ness to f9d bett] means2 f an admixture ( pride ) lack ( sympa?y = o!rs2 f a desire to ma9ta9 ?+s z !y are r ?an g to ! causes :i* g5]ate crim9als4 ,sec4 #d4 ,,wisdom ,,or ,,consci5ti\sness ,z we h repeat$ly not$1 ! he>t ( a volunt>y act is its intellig5t or delib]ate "*4 ,! individual's intellig5t conc]n = ! good is impli$ 9 8 s9c]ity1 8 fai?fulness1 & 8 integrity4 ,( all ! habits :i* con/itute ! "* ( an individual1 ! habit ( judg+ moral situations is ! mo/ important1 = ?is is ! key to ! direction & to ! remak+ ( all o!r habits4 ,:5 an act is ov]t1 x is irretrievably laun*$4 ,! ag5t has no m control4 ,! moral life has its c5t] 9 ! p]iods ( susp5d$ & po/pon$ action1 :5 ! en]gy ( ! individual is sp5t 9 recollection & =esight1 9 sev]e inquiry & s]i\s consid]ation ( alt]native aims4 ,only ?r\gh reflection c habits1 h[ev] good 9 _! orig9 & pa/ ex]cise1 be readapt$ to ! ne$s ( ! pres5t2 only ?r\gh reflection c impulses1 n yet hav+ f\nd direction1 be guid$ into ! hav5 ( a reasonable happ9ess4 ,greek ,emphasis ^u ,insight or ,wisdom4--,x is n surpris+ t ! ,greeks1 ! fir/ s]i\sly to inquire into ! nature ( behavior & its end or good1 %\ld h eulogiz$ wisdom1 insight1 z ! supreme virtue & ! s\rce ( all ! virtues4 ,n[1 inde$1 x seems p>adoxical to say ) ,socrates t ignorance is ! only vice2 t man is bad n volunt>ily1 f delib]ate *oice1 b only f ignorance4 ,b ?is is l>gely because we discrim9ate betwe5 diff]5t k9ds ( k z ! ,greek did n1 & z !y _h no occasion = do+4 ,we h a second-h& k1 a k f books1 newspap]s1 etc41 :i* 0 practically non-exi/5t ev5 9 ! be/ days ( ,a!ns4 ,k meant to !m some?+ m p]sonal2 some?+ l :at we call a realiz+ s5se2 an intimate & well-f\nd$ conviction4 ,to u k sugge/s in=mation ab\t :at o!rs h f\nd out1 & h5ce is m remote 9 its mean+4 ,greek k 0 mo/ly directly connect$ ) ! affairs ( _! common associat$ life4 ,! v words = k & art1 und]/&+ & skill1 7 h>dly sep>at$4 ,k 0 k ab\t ! city1 its traditions1 lit]ature1 hi/ory1 cu/oms1 purposes1 etc4 ,_! a/ronomy 0 connect$ ) _! civic religion2 _! geography ) _! own topography2 _! ma!matics ) _! civil & milit>y pursuits4 ,n[ we h imm5se bodies ( imp]sonal k1 remote f direct be>+ ^u affairs4 ,k has accord+ly subdivid$ itself into !oretical or sci5tific & practical or moral4 ,we use ! t]m k usually only = ! fir/ k9d2 h5ce ! ,socratic position seems gratuit\sly p>adoxical4 ,b "u ! titles ( consci5ce & consci5ti\sness we pres]ve ! mean+ :i* 0 atta*$ to ! t]m k4 ,x is n p>adoxical to say t unconsci5ti\sness is ! fundam5tal vice1 & g5u9e consci5ti\sness is gu>antee ( all virtue4 ,consci5ti\sness4--,9 ?is *ange f ,greek wisdom to mod]n consci5ti\sness !re h be5 "s loss & "s ga94 ,! loss lies 9 a c]ta9 h>d5+ ( ! idea ( insight & delib]ation1 due to ! isolation ( ! moral good f ! o!r goods ( life4 ,! good man & ! bad man h be5 end[$ ) ! same faculty2 & ?is faculty has be5 treat$ z automatically deliv]+ correct conclusions4 ,on ! o!r h&1 mod]n consci5ti\sness conta9s less ( ! idea ( intellectual accompli%m5t1 & m ( ! idea ( int]e/ 9 f9d+ out ! good 9 conduct4 ,wisdom t5d$ to emphasize a*iev$ insight2 k :i* 0 prov$1 gu>ante$1 & un*angeable4 ,consci5ti\sness t5ds r to fix att5tion ^u t volunt>y attitude :i* is int]e/$ 9 discov]y4 ,?is implies a pretty radical *ange 9 wisdom z virtue4 ,9 ! old] s5se x is an atta9m5t2 some?+ possess$4 ,9 ! mod]n1 x resides 9 ! active desire & ef=t1 9 pursuit r ?an 9 possession4 ,! atta9m5t ( k v>ies ) orig9al intellectual end[m5t2 ) opportunity = leisurely reflection2 ) all sorts ( ext]nal conditions4 ,possession is a class idea & t5ds to m>k (f a moral ari/ocracy f a common h]d4 ,s9ce ! activities ( ! latt] mu/ be direct$1 on ?is assumption1 by atta9$ k1 its practical outcome is ! necessity ( ! regulation ( _! conduct by ! wisdom possess$ by ! sup]ior class4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! morally important ?+ is ! desire & ef=t to discov] ! good1 e "o is on ! same plane1 9 spite ( diff]5ces 9 intellectual end[m5t & 9 le>n+4 ,moral kn[+1 z a fundam5tal or c>d9al aspect ( virtue1 is !n ! complet5ess ( ! int]e/ 9 good exhibit$ 9 ef=t to discov] ! good4 ,s9ce kn[+ involves two factors1 a direct & an indirect1 consci5ti\sness involves bo? s5sitiv5ess & reflectiv5ess4#aie 7#a7 ,moral ,s5sitiv5ess4--,! individual :o is n directly aw>e ( ! pres5ce ( values ne$+ to be p]petuat$ or a*iev$1 9 ! ?+s & p]sons ab\t him1 is h>d & call\s or t\gh4 ,a t5d] consci5ce is "o :i* is imm$iately responsive to ! pres5tation ( good & evil4 ,! mod]n c\nt]p>t to ! ,socratic doctr9e t ignorance is ! root ( vice1 is t be+ morally cold or dead1 be+ indiff]5t to moral di/9ctions1 is ! mo/ hopeless ( all conditions4 ,"o :o c>es1 ev5 if he c>es 9 ! wrong way1 has at lea/ a spr+ t may be t\*$2 ! "o :o is j irresponsive (f]s no lev]age = correction or improvem5t4 7#b7 ,?\ghtfulness4--,:ile ! possession ( su* an imm$iate1 unreflective responsiv5ess to elem5ts ( good & bad mu/ be ! ma9/ay ( moral wisdom1 ! "* :i* lies back ( ^! intuitive appreh5sions mu/ be ?\ghtful & s]i\s-m9d$4 ,!re is no individual :o1 h[ev] morally s5sitive1 c disp5se ) cool1 calm reflection1 or ^: intuitive judgm5ts1 if reliable1 are n l>gely ! fund$ outcome ( prior ?9k+4 ,e volunt>y act is intellig5t3 i4e41 includes an idea ( ! end to be rea*$ or ! consequ5ces to accrue4 ,su* ends are ideal 9 ! s5se t !y are pres5t to ?\ght1 n to s5se4 ,b special ends1 because !y are limit$1 are n :at we mean by ideals4 ,!y are specific4 ,) ! gr[? ( ! habit ( reflection1 ag5ts become consci\s t ! values ( _! p>ticul> ends are n circumscrib$1 b ext5d f> beyond ! special case 9 "q2 s f> inde$ t _! range ( influ5ce _c be =ese5 or def9$4 ,a k9dly act may n only h ! p>ticul> consequ5ce ( reliev+ pres5t suff]+1 b may make a diff]5ce 9 ! entire life ( its recipi5t1 or may set 9 radically diff]5t directions ! int]e/ & att5tion ( ! "o :o p]=ms x4 ,^! l>g] & remot] values 9 any moral act transc5d ! end :i* 0 consci\sly pres5t to its do]4 ,! p]son has always to aim at some?+ def9ite1 b z he becomes aw>e ( ?is p5umbra or atmosph]e ( f>-rea*+ ult]ior values ! mean+ ( 8 special act is !reby deep5$ & wid5$4 ,an act is outw>dly tempor>y & circum/antial1 b its mean+ is p]man5t & expansive4 ,! act passes away2 b its significance abides 9 ! increm5t ( mean+ giv5 to fur!r gr[?4 ,to live 9 ! recognition ( ?is deep] mean+ ( acts is to live 9 ! ideal1 9 ! only s5se 9 :i* x is pr(itable = man to dwell 9 ! ideal4 ,our ideals1 our types ( excell5ce1 are ! v>i\s ways 9 :i* we figure to ourselves ! outrea*+ & ev]-exp&+ values ( our concrete acts4 ,e a*ievem5t ( good deep5s & quick5s our s5se ( ! inexhau/ible value conta9$ 9 e "r act4 ,) a*ievem5t1 our conception ( ! possible goods ( life increases1 & we f9d ourselves call$ to live ^u a /ill deep] & m ?\ghtful plane4 ,an ideal is n "s remote all-exhau/ive goal1 a fix$ summum bonum ) respect to :i* o!r ?+s are only means4 ,x is n some?+ to be plac$ 9 contra/ to ! direct1 local1 & tangible quality ( our actual situations1 s t by contra/ ^! latt] are lightly e/eem$ z insignificant4 ,on ! contr>y1 an ideal is ! conviction t ea* ( ^! special situations c>ries ) x a f9al value1 a mean+ :i* 9 itself is unique & inexhau/ible4 ,to set up ideals ( p]fection :i* are o!r ?an ! s]i\s recognition ( ! possibilities ( developm5t resid5t 9 ea* concrete situation1 is 9 ! end to pay ourselves ) s5tim5talities1 if n ) words1 & mean:ile x is to direct ?\ght & en]gy away f ! situations :i* ne$ & :i* welcome ! p]fect+ c>e ( att5tion & affection4 ,?\ghtfulness & ,progress4--,?is s5se ( wid] values ?an ^? def9itely appreh5d$ or def9itely atta9$ is a con/ant w>n+ to ! individual n to be cont5t ) an accompli%m5t4 ,consci5ti\sness takes m & m ! =m ( int]e/ 9 improvem5t1 9 progress4 ,consci5ti\sness z s5sitiv5ess may re/ ^u ! plane ( already secur$ satisfactions1 ^u discrim9at+ ) accuracy _! quality & degree4 ,z ?\ghtfulness1 x w always be on ! look\t = ! bett]4 ,! good man n only measures 8 acts by a /&>d1 b he is conc]n$ to revise 8 /&>d4 ,8 s5se ( ! ideal1 ( ! undef9able because ev]-exp&+ value ( special de$s1 =bids 8 re/+ satisfi$ ) any =mulat$ /&>d2 = ! v =mulation gives ! /&>d a te*nical quality1 :ile ! good c be ma9ta9$ only 9 enl>g+ excell5ce4 ,! highe/ =m ( consci5ti\sness is int]e/ 9 con/ant progress4 ,love & ,c\rage ,requir$ = ,?\ghtfulness4--,we may close ?is *apt] by repeat+ :at we h already not$1 t g5u9e moral k involves ! affections & ! resolute w z well z ! intellig5ce4 ,we _c "k ! v>i$ elem5ts ( value 9 ! lives ( o!rs & 9 ! possibilities ( our own1 save z our affections are /rong4 ,e n>r[+ ( love1 e encroa*m5t ( egoism1 means j s mu* bl9dness to ! good4 ,! man :o pleads good motives z excuse = acts :i* injure o!rs is always "o ^: absorption 9 himself has wr\ght h>m to 8 p[]s ( p]ception4 ,e wid5+ ( contact ) o!rs1 e deep5+ ( ! level ( sympa!tic acqua9tance1 magnifies 9 s mu* vision ( ! good4 ,f9ally1 ! *ief ally ( moral ?\ghtfulness is ! resolute c\rage ( will+ness to face ! evil = ! sake ( ! good4 ,%r9k+ f appreh5sion ( ! evil to o!rs consequ5t ^u our behavior1 because su* realization w\ld dem& pa9ful ef=t to *ange our own plans & habits1 ma9ta9s habitual dimness & n>r[ness ( moral vision4 ,,lit]ature ,^u ! pr9ciple ( virtue 9 g5]al1 see ,plato1 ,republic1 #dbg-ddc2 ,ari/otle1 ,e?ics1 ,books ,,ii4 & ,,iv42 ,kant1 ,!ory ( ,e?ics 7,abbott's trans471 pp4 #afd-ahb1 #cje1 #caf-cbb2 ,gre51 ,prolegom5a1 pp4 #bef-cad 7& = consci5ti\sness1 #cbc-ccg72 ,pauls51 ,sy/em ( ,e?ics1 pp4 #dge-dhb2 ,alex&]1 ,moral ,ord] & ,progress1 pp4 #bdb-bec2 ,ladd1 ,philosophy ( ,conduct1 *s4 x4 & xiv42 ,/eph51 ,sci5ce ( ,e?ics1 *4 v42 ,sp5c]1 ,pr9ciples ( ,e?ics1 ,vol4 ,,ii41 pp4 #c-cd & #bfc-bgf2 ,sidgwick1 ,me?ods ( ,e?ics1 pp4 #b-e & #i-aj2 ,rickaby1 ,aqu9as ,e?icus1 ,vol4 ,i41 pp4 #aee-aie2 ,mezes1 ,e?ics1 *s4 ix4 & xvi4 ,= natural ability & virtue3 ,hume1 ,treatise1 ,"p ,,ii41 ,book ,,iii41 & ,inquiry1 ,app5dix ,,iv42 ,bon>1 ,intellectual ,virtues4 ,= discussions ( special virtues3 ,ari/otle1 ,e?ics1 ,book ,,iii41 & ,book ,,vii41 *s4 i4-x42 = ju/ice3 ,ari/otle1 ,e?ics1 ,book ,v42 ,rickaby1 ,moral ,philosophy1 pp4 #ajb-ajh1 & ,aqu9as ,e?icus 7see ,index72 ,pauls51 ,sy/em ( ,e?ics1 pp4 #eii-fcg2 ,mezes1 ,e?ics1 *4 xiii42 ,mill1 ,utilit>ianism1 *4 v42 ,sidgwick1 ,me?ods ( ,e?ics1 ,book ,,iii41 *4 v41 & see ,index2 also criticism ( ,sp5c] 9 8 ,lectures on ! ,e?ics ( ,gre51 ,sp5c] & ,m>t9eau1 pp4 #bgb-cjb2 ,sp5c]1 ,pr9ciples ( ,e?ics1 ,vol4 ,,ii42 ,/eph51 ,sci5ce ( ,e?ics1 *4 v4 ,= b5evol5ce1 see ,ari/otle1 ,e?ics1 ,books ,,vii4-,,ix4 7on fri5d%ip72 ,rickaby1 ,moral ,philosophy1 pp4 #bcg-bdd1 & ,aqu9as ,e?icus 7see *>ity & almsgiv+ 9 ,index72 ,pauls51 ,sy/em1 *s4 viii4 & x4 ( ,"p ,,iii42 ,mezes1 ,e?ics1 *4 xii42 ,sidgwick1 ,me?ods ( ,e?ics1 ,book ,,ii41 *4 iv42 ,sp5c]1 ,pr9ciples ( ,e?ics1 ,vol4 ,,ii42 see also ! ref]5ces "u sympa?y & altruism at end ( *4 xviii4 ,c\rage & temp]ance are discuss$ 9 *s4 x4 & xi4 ( ,mezes2 9 pp4 #dhe-ejd ( ,pauls52 pp4 #cbg-ccf ( ,sidgwick2 *4 xi4 ( ,ladd's ,philosophy ( ,conduct4 ,,footnotes3 #ahd ,?is is1 ( c\rse1 ! po9t made 9 *4 iv4 on ,cu/oms or ,mores1 save t !re ! emphasis 0 ^u ! epo* ( cu/om>y z di/9ct f ! reflective morals1 :ile "h x is ^u ! cu/om>y factor 9 ! pres5t4 #ahe ,?is fact might be employ$ to re5=ce our prior conclusion t moral rules1 classifications1 etc41 are n ( f9al importance b are ( value 9 cl>ify+ & judg+ individual acts & situations4 ,n ! rule1 b ! use :i* ! p]son makes ( ! rule 9 approv+ & disapprov+ himself & o!rs1 is ! significant ?+4 #ahf ,less is said on ?is po9t because ?is phase ( ! matt] has be5 cov]$ 9 ! discussion ( self-d5ial 9 ! previ\s *apt]4 ,see pp4 #cfd-fh4 #ahg ,/rict h$onism w\ld t5d to r$uce all virtue to prud5ce--! calculation ( subtl] & remot] consequ5ces & ! control ( pres5t behavior by its outcome4 #ahh ,says ,hazlitt1 ,! *>m ( crim9al life1 l t ( savage life1 consi/s 9 lib]ty1 9 h>d%ip1 9 dang]1 & 9 ! contempt ( dea?3 9 "o ^w1 9 extraord9>y excitem5t 7,essay on ,b5?am74 ,b ?is is equally true 9 pr9ciple 7?\gh n 9 degree7 ( e temptation to turn f ! /raight & n>r[ pa?4 ,virtue seems dull & sob]1 un9t]e/+1 9 comp>ison ) ! increas+ excitation ( "s desire4 ,!re are z _m =ms ( excitem5t z !re are individual m54 #ahi ,!re is some?+ ( ! nature ( gambl+1 ( tak+ *ances on future results = ! sake ( pres5t /imulation1 9 all unre/ra9t or intemp]ate action4 ,& ! reflection ( ! speciali/--t is1 ! "o ^: reflection is n subject$ to responsible te/s 9 social behavior--is a m or less excit+ adv5ture--a speculation4 #aij ,9 ! la/ words ( ,sp9oza's ,e?ics1 ,no "o delights 9 ! good because he curbs 8 appetites1 b because we delight 9 ! good we are able to curb our lu/s4 #aia ,:at has be5 said ab\t ,self-ass]tion1 9 ! la/ *apt]1 anticipates 9 "s measure :at holds ( ?is virtue4 #aib ,see ,sumn]1 ,folkways1 *4 xx4 #aic ,^u ?is po9t see ,james1 ,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology1 ,vol4 ,,ii41 pp4 #efa-efg1 & ,royce1 ,_w & ,individual1 ,vol4 ,,ii41 pp4 #ced-cfj4 #aid ,?is receives m att5tion 9 *4 xxi4 ( ,"p ,,iii4 #aie ,comp>e :at 0 said conc]n+ ! intuitive & ! discursive factors 9 moral k 9 *4 xvi4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,"p ,,iii ,,! ,,_w ,,( ,,action ,,g5]al ,,lit]ature ,,= ,,"p ,,iii ,addams1 ,democracy & ,social ,e?ics1 #aijb1 ,new] ,ideals ( ,peace1 #aijg2 ,santayana1 ,! ,life ( ,reason1 ,vol4 ,,ii41 #aije2 ,b]gmann1 ,e?ik als ,kulturphilosophie1 #aijd1 especially pp4 #aed-cjd2 ,wundt1 ,e?ics1 ,vol4 ,,iii41 ,! ,pr9ciples ( ,morality & ! ,dep>tm5ts ( ! ,moral ,life 7trans4 #aija72 ,sp5c]1 ,pr9ciples ( ,e?ics1 #ahic1 ,vol4 ,,ii41 ,pr9ciples ( ,sociology1 #ahhb1 ,vol4 ,i41 ,"p ,,ii42 ,rit*ie1 ,/udies 9 ,political & ,moral ,philosophy1 #ahhh2 ,bosanquet1 ,philosophical ,!ory ( ! ,/ate1 #ahii2 ,will\ghby1 ,social ,ju/ice1 #aijj2 ,cooley1 ,human ,nature & ! ,social ,ord]1 #aijb2 ,pauls51 ,sy/em d] ,e?ik1 #e? ed41 #aijj1 ,book ,,iv42 ,runze1 ,praktis*e ,e?ik1 #ahia2 ,janet1 ,hi/oire de la ,sci5ce ,politique dans ses ,rapports avec la ,morale1 #c;d ed41 #ahhg2 ,plato1 ,! ,republic2 ,ari/otle1 ,e?ics1 ,book ,v41 & ,politics 7trans4 by ,welldon1 #ahhc72 ,hegel1 ,philosophy ( ,"r 7pub4 #ahbj1 trans4 by ,dyde1 #ahif72 ,mack5zie1 ,an ,introduction to ,social ,philosophy1 #ahij2 ,dunn+1 ,hi/ory ( ,political ,!ories1 ,vol4 ,i41 #aijb1 ,vol4 ,,ii41 #aije2 ,/e91 ,die ,sociale ,frage im ,li*t d] ,philosophie1 #ahig4 ,,*apt] ,,xx ,,social ,,organization ,,& ,,! ,,individual ,object ( ,"p & ,*apt]4--,! hi/ory ( morals manife/s a tw(old movem5t4 ,x reveals1 on "o side1 con/antly increas+ /ress on individual intellig5ce & affection4 ,! trans=mation ( cu/om>y into reflective morals is ! *ange f ,d ^? ?+s :i* our k91 class1 or city d to ,be a p]son ) c]ta9 habits ( desire & delib]ation4 ,! moral hi/ory ( ! race also reveals con/antly gr[+ emphasis ^u ! social nature ( ! objects & ends to :i* p]sonal pref]5ces are to be devot$4 ,:ile ! ag5t has be5 le>n+ t x is 8 p]sonal attitude :i* c\nts 9 8 de$s1 he has also le>nt t !re is no attitude :i* is exclusively private 9 scope1 none :i* does n ne$ to be socially valu$ or judg$4 ,!oretic analysis en=ces ! same lesson z hi/ory4 ,x tells u t moral quality resides 9 ! habitual dispositions ( an ag5t2 & t x consi/s ( ! t5d5cy ( ^! dispositions to secure 7or h9d]7 values :i* are sociably %>$ or %>able4 ,9 ,"p ,"o we sket*$ ! hi/orical c\rse ( ?is developm5t2 9 ,"p ,two we trac$ its !oretic analysis4 ,9 ! pres5t & conclud+ ,"p1 our purpose is to consid] ! di/9ctively social aspects ( morality4 ,we %all consid] h[ social in/itutions & t5d5cies supply value to ! activities ( individuals1 impose ! conditions ( ! =mation & ex]cise ( _! desires & aims2 &1 especially1 h[ !y create ! peculi>ly urg5t problems ( contempor>y moral life4 ,! pres5t *apt] w take up ! g5]al "q1 t ( ! relation ( social organization to individual life4 ,sec4 #a4 ,,gr[? ,,( ,,individuality ,,?r\gh ,,social ,,organizations ,f "o po9t ( view1 hi/oric developm5t repres5ts ! increas+ lib]ation ( individual p[]s f rigid social control4 ,sir ,john ,lubbock rem>ks3 ,no savage is free4 ,all ov] ! _w 8 daily life is regulat$ by a complicat$ & app>5tly mo/ inconv5i5t set ( cu/oms 7z =cible z laws71 ( qua9t prohibitions & privileges4 ,look$ at f ano!r po9t ( view1 emancipation f "o sort ( social organization means initiation into "s o!r social ord]2 ! individual is lib]at$ f a small & fix$ 7cu/om>y7 social gr\p1 to become a memb] ( a l>g] & progressive society4 ,! hi/ory ( sett+ free individual p[] 9 desire1 ?\ght1 & initiative is1 ^u ! :ole1 ! hi/ory ( ! =mation ( m complex & ext5sive social organizations4 ,movem5ts t look l ! dis9tegration ( ! ord] ( society1 :5 view$ ) ref]5ce to :at has prec$$ !m1 are factors 9 ! con/ruction ( a new social ord]1 :i* all[s fre] play to individuals1 & yet increases ! numb] ( social gr\p+s & ! dep? ( social comb9ations4 ,?is fact ( hi/orical developm5t is well summ$ up 9 ! foll[+ words ( ,hobh\se1 set =? z a summ>y ( a compreh5sive survey ( ! hi/oric developm5t ( law & ju/ice1 ( ! family includ+ ! /atus ( wom5 & *ildr51 ( ! relations betwe5 communities1 & betwe5 classes1 ! ri* & ! poor4 ,he says3 ,amid all ! v>iety ( social in/itutions & ! ebb & fl[ ( hi/orical *ange1 x is possible 9 ! end to detect a d\ble movem5t1 m>k+ ! transition f ! l[] to ! high] levels ( civiliz$ law & cu/om4 ,on ! "o h&1 ! social ord] is /r5g!n$ & ext5d$4444 ,on ?is side ! individual human be+ becomes m & m subject to social con/ra9t1 &1 z we h frequ5tly se51 ! *anges mak+ = ! tight5+ ( ! social fabric may dim9i% ! rights :i* ! individual or l>ge classes ( individuals c claim4444 ,9 ?is relation lib]ty & ord] become oppos$4 ,b ! opposition is n ess5tial4 ,f ! fir/ ! individual relies on social =ces to ma9ta9 him 9 8 rights1 & 9 ! high] =m ( social organization we h se5 ord] & lib]ty draw+ toge!r aga94444 ,! be/ ord]$ community is t :i* gives mo/ scope to its compon5t memb]s to make ! be/ ( !mselves1 :ile ! 'be/' 9 human nature is t :i* contributes to ! h>mony & onw>d movem5t ( society4444 ,! responsible human be+1 man or woman1 is ! c5t] ( mod]n e?ics z ( mod]n law1 free s f> z cu/om & law are conc]n$ to make 8 own life4444 ,! social nature ( man is n dim9i%$ ei!r on ! side ( its ne$s or its duties by ! full] recognition ( p]sonal rights4 ,! diff]5ce is t1 s f> z rights & duties are conceiv$ z atta*+ to human be+s z su*1 !y become univ]saliz$1 & are !re=e ! c>e ( society z a :ole r ?an ( any p>tial gr\p organization4#aif ,) ?is /atem5t may be comp>$ ! words ( ,gre5 & ,alex&]4 ,accord+ to ,gre51 moral progress consi/s 9 ! ext5sion ( ! area or range ( p]sons ^: common good is conc]n$1 & 9 ! deep5+ or int5sification 9 ! individual ( 8 social int]e/3 ! settl$ disposition on ea* man's "p to make ! mo/ & be/ ( humanity 9 8 own p]son & 9 ! p]son ( o!rs4#aig ,alex&]'s =mulae = moral gr[? are ! laws ( diff]5tiation & ( compreh5sion4 ,! fir/ means div]sification1 specialization1 diff]5tiat+ ! p[]s ( an individual ) increas$ ref9em5t ( ea*4 ,! law ( compreh5sion means ! /eady enl>gem5t ( ! size & scope ( ! social gr\p 7z f clan to mod]n national /ate7 ) its increas$ complexity ( ways 9 :i* m5 are br\ght into contact ) "o ano!r4#aih ,social ,life ,lib]ates & ,directs ,individual ,en]gies4--,bread? 9 ext5t ( community life goes h& 9 h& ) multiplication ( ! /imuli :i* call out an individual's p[]s4 ,div]sification ( social activities increases opportunities = 8 initiative & endeavor4 ,n>r[ & meag] social life means limitation ( ! scope ( activities 9 :i* its memb]s may engage4 ,x means little occasion = ! ex]cise ( delib]ation & *oice1 )\t :i* "* is bo? immature & fossiliz$2 x means1 9 %ort1 re/rict$ p]sonality4 ,b a ri* & v>i$ society1 "o :i* lib]ates p[]s o!rwise torpid & lat5t1 also exacts t !y be employ$ 9 ways consi/5t ) its own int]e/s4 ,a society :i* is ext5sive & complex w\ld dissolve 9 an>*y & confusion 7 n ! activities ( its v>i\s memb]s ^u ! :ole mutually congru5t4 ,! _w ( action is a _w ( :i* ! individual is "o limit1 & humanity ! o!r2 betwe5 !m lie all sorts ( associative arrangem5ts ( less] & l>g] scope1 families1 fri5d%ips1 s*ools1 clubs1 organizations = mak+ or di/ribut+ goods1 = ga!r+ & supply+ commodities2 activities politically organiz$ by p>i%es1 w>ds1 villages1 cities1 c\ntries1 /ates1 nations4 ,e maladju/m5t 9 relations among ^! in/itutions & associat$ activities means loss & friction 9 ! relations betwe5 individuals2 & !reby introduces defect1 division1 & re/riction into ! v>i\s p[]s :i* con/itute an individual4 ,all h>moni\s coop]ation among !m means a full] life & great] fre$om ( ?\ght & action = ! individual p]son4 ,ord] & ,laws4--,! _w ( action z a sc5e ( organiz$ activities go+ on 9 regul> ways#aii ?us pres5ts a public or common ord] & au?ority1 ) its e/abli%$ modes ( op]ation1 its laws4 ,organiz$ in/itutions1 f ! m p]man5t to ! m casual1 ) _! ord]ly rules ( conduct1 are n1 ( c\rse1 prior to individual activity2 = _! elem5ts are individual activities relat$ 9 c]ta9 ways4 ,b ) respect to any "o individual 9 8 sep>ate or di/ributive capacity1 !re is a g5u9e & important s5se 9 :i* ! in/itution comes fir/4 ,a *ild is born into an already exi/+ family ) habits & beliefs already =m$1 n inde$ rigid beyond readaptation1 b ) _! own ord] 7arrangem5ts74 ,he goes to s*ools :i* h _! e/abli%$ me?ods & aims2 he gradually assumes memb]%ip 9 bus9ess1 civic1 & political organizations1 ) _! own settl$ ways & purposes4 ,only 9 p>ticipat+ 9 already fa%ion$ sy/ems ( conduct does he appreh5d 8 own p[]s1 appreciate _! wor? & realize _! possibilities1 & a*ieve = himself a controll$ & ord]ly body ( physical & m5tal habits4 ,he f9ds ! value & ! pr9ciples ( 8 life1 8 satisfaction & 8 norms ( au?ority1 9 be+ a memb] ( associat$ gr\ps ( p]sons & 9 play+ 8 "p 9 _! ma9t5ance & expansion4 ,! ,social & ! ,moral4--,9 cu/om>y society1 x does n occur to any "o t !re is a diff]5ce betwe5 :at he ought to d1 i4e41 ! moral1 & :at ^? ab\t him cu/om>ily d1 i4e41 ! social4 ,! socially e/abli%$ is ! moral4 ,reflective morality br+s ) x1 z we h se51 a di/9ction4 ,a ?\ghtfully m9d$ p]son reacts aga9/ c]ta9 in/itutions & habits :i* obta9 9 8 social environm5t2 he reg>ds c]ta9 ideas1 :i* he frames himself & :i* are n embodi$ 9 social habits1 z m moral ?an any?+ exi/+ ab\t him4 ,su* reactions aga9/ cu/om & su* projections ( new ideas are necess>y if !re is to be progress 9 society4 ,b un=tunately x has (t5 be5 =gott5 t ?is di/9ctly p]sonal morality1 :i* takes its /& aga9/ "s e/abli%$ usage1 & :i*1 !re=e1 = ! "t be+ has its abode only 9 ! initiative & ef=t ( an individual1 is simply ! means ( social recon/ruction4 ,x is treat$ z if x 7 an end 9 itself1 & z if x 7 some?+ high] ?an any morality :i* is or c be socially embodi$4 ,at "s p]iods1 ?is view has l$ to a mona/ic retreat f all social affairs = ! sake ( cultivat+ p]sonal goodness4 ,at o!r times1 x has l$ to ! political indiff]5ce ( ! ,cynic & ,/oic4 ,= ages1 x l$ to a morality ( o!r worldl9ess2 to ! belief t true goodness c be atta9$ only 9 ano!r k9d ( life & _w--a belief :i* c>ri$ ) x relative contempt & neglect ( concrete social conditions 9 ?is life4 ,social affairs at be/ 7 only secul> & temporal1 &1 9 contra/ ) ! et]nal & spiritual salvation ( ! individual's own s\l1 ( little acc\nt4 ,aft] ! ,r5aissance & ! ,prote/ant ,revolt1 ?is k9d ( moral individualism p]si/$ 9 diff]5t =ms4 ,among ! h$oni/s1 x took ! =m ( assum+ t :ile social arrangem5ts are ( v great importance1 _! importance lies 9 ! fact t !y h9d] or help individuals 9 ! atta9m5t ( _! own private pleasures4 ,! transc5d5tali/s 7su* z ,kant7 ass]t$ t1 s9ce morality is :olly a matt] ( ! inn] motive1 ( ! p]sonal attitude t[>ds ! moral law1 social conditions are :olly ext]nal4 ,good or evil lies :olly inside ! individual's own w4 ,social in/itutions may help or h9d] ! outw>d execution ( moral purpose2 !y may be favorable or ho/ile to ! successful outw>d display ( virtue4 ,b !y h no?+ to d ) orig9at+ or develop+ ! moral purpose1 ! ,good ,w1 & h5ce1 9 !mselves1 are lack+ 9 moral significance4 ,?us ,kant made a %>p & fa/ di/9ction betwe5 morality1 app]ta9+ solely to ! individual's own inn] consci\sness1 & legality1 app]ta9+ to ! social & political conditions ( outw>d behavior4 ,social in/itutions & laws may inde$ regulate m5's out] acts4 ,s f> z m5 ext]nally con=m1 _! conduct is legal4 ,b laws _c regulate or t\* m5's motives1 :i* alone det]m9e ! morality ( _! behavior4 ,we %all n repeat "h our prior criticisms ( h$onism & utilit>ianism 9 ord] to po9t out ! falsity ( ?is division ( moral action into unrelat$ inn] 7or private7 & out] 7or social7 factors4 ,we may recall to memory1 h[ev]1 t ,kant himself virtually pass$ beyond 8 own !ory ( moral individualism 9 insi/+ ^u ! promotion ( a ,k+dom ( ,ends1 9 :i* e p]son is to be treat$ z an end 9 himself4 ,we may recall t ! lat] utilit>ians 7su* z ,mill1 ,leslie ,/eph51 ,ba91 & ,sp5c]7 insi/$ ^u ! educative value ( social in/itutions1 ^u _! importance 9 =m+ c]ta9 int]e/s & habits 9 ! individual4 ,?us social arrangem5ts 7 tak5 out ( ! category ( m]e means to private good1 & made ! necess>y factors & conditions ( ! developm5t ( an individuality :i* %\ld h a reasonable & j conception ( its own nature & ( its own good4 ,we may also enum]ate "s ( ! m fundam5tal ways 9 :i* social in/itutions det]m9e individual morality4 #a4 ,ap>t f ! social m$ium1 ! individual w\ld nev] "k himself2 he w\ld nev] become acqua9t$ ) 8 own ne$s & capacities4 ,he w\ld live ! life ( a brute animal1 satisfy+ z be/ he c\ld 8 mo/ urg5t appetites ( hung]1 ?ir/1 & sex1 b be+1 z reg>ds ev5 t1 h&icapp$ 9 comp>ison ) o!r animals4 ,&1 z we h already se51 ! wid] & ! ri*] ! social relation%ips into :i* an individual ent]s1 ! m fully are 8 p[]s evok$1 & ! m fully is he br\ght to recognize ! possibilities lat5t 9 !m4 ,x is f see+ noble ar*itecture & he>+ h>moni\s music t ! individual le>ns to "k to :at 8 own con/ructive & rhy?mic t5d5cies1 o!rwise bl9d & in*oate1 may come4 ,x is f a*ievem5t 9 indu/rial1 national1 & family life t he is initiat$ into p]ception ( 8 own en]gy1 loyalty1 & affection4 #b4 ,social conditions n only evoke :at is lat5t1 & br+ to consci\s recognition :at is bl9d1 b !y select1 enc\rage1 & confirm c]ta9 t5d5cies at ! exp5se ( o!rs4 ,!y enable ! individual to discrim9ate ! bett] & ! worse among 8 t5d5cies & a*ievem5ts4 ,!re is no limit 9 ! p[] ( society to awak5 & /r5g!n ?is habit ( discrim9ation1 ( *oice aft] comp>ison1 9 its individual memb]s4 ,a small social gr\p ) fix$ habits1 a clan1 a gang1 a n>r[ sect1 a dogmatic p>ty1 w re/rict ! =mation ( critical p[]s--i4e41 ( consci5ti\sness or moral ?\ghtfulness4 ,b an individual :o really becomes a memb] ( mod]n society1 ) its multiple occupations1 its easy int]c\rse1 its free mobility1 its ri* res\rces ( art & sci5ce1 w h only too _m opportunities = reflective judgm5t & p]sonal valuation & pref]5ce4 ,! v habits ( individual moral initiative1 ( p]sonal criticism ( ! exi/5t ord]1 & ( private projection ( a bett] ord]1 to :i* moral individuali/s po9t z pro(s ( ! purely inn] nature ( morality1 are !mselves effects ( a v>iable & complex social ord]4 ,! ,moral ,value ( ! ,/ate4--,if !n we take mod]n social life 9 its broade/ ext5t1 z includ+ n only :at has become in/itutionaliz$ & m or less fossiliz$1 b also :at is /ill gr[+ 7=m+ & re-=m+71 we may ju/ly say t x is z true ( progressive z ( /ation>y society1 t ! moral & ! social are "o4 ,! virtues ( ! individual 9 a progressive society are m reflective1 m critical1 involve m ex]cise ( comp>ison & selection1 ?an 9 cu/om>y society4 ,b !y are j z socially condition$ 9 _! orig9 & z socially direct$ 9 _! manife/ation4 ,9 rudim5t>y societies1 cu/oms furni% ! highe/ ends ( a*ievem5t2 !y supply ! pr9ciples ( social organization & comb9ation2 & !y =m b9d+ laws ^: brea* is puni%$4 ,! moral1 political1 & legal are n diff]5tiat$4 ,b village communities & city-/ates1 to say no?+ ( k+doms & empires & mod]n national ,/ates1 h develop$ special organs & special regulations = ma9ta9+ social unity & public ord]4 ,small gr\ps are usually firmly weld$ toge!r & are exclusive4 ,!y h a n>r[ b int5se social code3--l a patri>*al family1 a gang1 a social set1 !y are clanni%4 ,b :5 a l>ge numb] ( su* gr\ps come toge!r )9 a m inclusive social unity1 "s in/itution gr[s up to repres5t ! int]e/s & activities ( ! :ole z aga9/ ! n>r[ & c5trifugal t5d5cies ( ! con/itu5t factors4 ,a society is !n politically organiz$2 & a true public ord] ) its compreh5sive laws is br\ght into exi/5ce4 ,! moral importance ( ! developm5t ( ?is public po9t ( view1 ) its ext5sive common purposes & ) a g5]al w = ma9ta9+ !m1 c h>dly be ov]e/imat$4 ,)\t su* organization1 society & h5ce morality w\ld rema9 sectional1 jeal\s1 suspici\s1 unfrat]nal4 ,s5tim5ts ( int5se cohesion )9 w\ld h be5 conjo9$ ) equally /rong s5tim5ts ( indiff]5ce1 intol]ance1 & ho/ility to ^? )\t4 ,9 ! wake ( ! =mation ( ,/ates h foll[$ m widely co-op]ative activities1 m compreh5sive & h5ce m reasonable pr9ciples ( judgm5t & outlook4 ,! individual has be5 emancipat$ f 8 relative subm]g5ce 9 ! local & fix$ gr\p1 & set ^u 8 own feet1 ) v>i$ fields ( activity op5 to him 9 :i* to try 8 p[]s1 & furni%$ ) pr9ciples ( judg+ conduct & project+ ideals :i* 9 !ory1 at lea/1 are z broad z ! possibilities ( humanity itself4 ,sec4 #b4 ,,responsibility ,,& ,,fre$om ,! m compreh5sive & div]sifi$ ! social ord]1 ! great] ! responsibility & ! fre$om ( ! individual4 ,8 fre$om is ! great]1 because ! m num]\s are ! effective /imuli to action1 & ! m v>i$ & ! m c]ta9 ! ways 9 :i* he may fulfill 8 p[]s4 ,8 responsibility is great] because !re are m dem&s = consid]+ ! consequ5ces ( 8 acts2 & m ag5cies = br++ home to him ! recognition ( consequ5ces :i* affect n m]ely m p]sons individually1 b :i* also influ5ce ! m remote & hidd5 social ties4 ,liability4--,fre$om & responsibility h a relatively sup]ficial & negative mean+ & a relatively positive c5tral mean+4 ,9 its ext]nal aspect1 responsibility is liability4 ,an ag5t is free to act2 yes1 b--4 ,he mu/ /& ! consequ5ces1 ! disagreeable z well z ! pleasant1 ! social z well z ! physical4 ,he may d a giv5 act1 b if s1 let him look out4 ,8 act is a matt] t conc]ns o!rs z well z himself1 & !y w prove _! conc]n by call+ him to acc\nt2 & if he _c give a satisfactory & cr$ible acc\nt ( 8 int5tion1 subject him to correction4 ,ea* community & organization in=ms its memb]s :at x reg>ds z obnoxi\s1 & s]ves notice ^u !m t !y h to answ] if !y (f5d4 ,! individual !n is 7#a7 likely or liable to h to expla9 & ju/ify 8 behavior1 & is 7#b7 liable or op5 to suff]+ consequ5t ^u inability to make 8 explanation acceptable4 ,positive ,responsibility4--,9 ?is way ! individual is made aw>e ( ! /ake ! community has 9 8 behavior2 & is af=d$ an opportunity to take t int]e/ into acc\nt 9 direct+ 8 desires & mak+ 8 plans4 ,if he does s1 he is a responsible p]son4 ,! ag5t :o does n take to he>t ! conc]n :i* o!rs %[ t !y h 9 8 conduct1 w note 8 liability only z an evil to :i* he is expos$1 & w take x into consid]ation only to see h[ to escape or evade x4 ,b "o ^: po9t ( view is sympa!tic & reasonable w recognize ! ju/ice ( ! community int]e/ 9 8 p]=mances2 & w recognize ! value to him ( ! in/ruction conta9$ 9 its ass]tions ( its int]e/4 ,su* an "o responds1 answ]s1 to ! social dem&s made2 he is n m]ely call$ to answ]4 ,he holds himself responsible = ! consequ5ces ( 8 acts2 he does n wait to be held liable by o!rs4 ,:5 society looks = responsible workm51 tea*]s1 doctors1 x does n mean m]ely ^? :om x may call to acc\nt2 x c d t 9 any case4 ,x wants m5 & wom5 :o habitually =m _! purposes aft] consid]ation ( ! social consequ5ces ( _! execution4 ,dislike ( disapprobation1 fe> ( p5alty1 play a "p 9 g5]at+ ?is responsive habit2 b fe>1 op]at+ directly1 occasions only cunn+ or s]vility4 ,fus$1 ?r\gh reflection1 ) o!r motives :i* prompt to action1 x helps br+ ab\t t appreh5siv5ess1 or susceptibility to ! rights ( o!rs1 :i* is ! ess5ce ( responsibility1 :i* 9 turn is ! sole ultimate gu>antee ( social ord]4 ,! ,two ,s5ses ( ,fre$om4--,9 its ext]nal aspect1 fre$om is negative & =mal4 ,x signifies fre$om f subjection to ! w & control ( o!rs2 exemption f bondage2 release f s]vitude2 capacity to act )\t be+ expos$ to direct ob/ructions or int]f]5ces f o!rs4 ,x means a cle> road1 cle>$ ( imp$im5ts1 = action4 ,x contra/s ) ! limitations ( prison]1 slave1 & s]f1 :o h to c>ry out ! w ( o!rs4 ,effective ,fre$om4--,exemption f re/ra9t & f int]f]5ce ) ov]t action is only a condition1 ?\gh an absolutely indisp5sable "o1 ( effective fre$om4 ,! latt] requires 7#a7 positive control ( ! res\rces necess>y to c>ry purposes into effect1 possession ( ! means to satisfy desires2 & 7#b7 m5tal equipm5t ) ! tra9$ p[]s ( initiative & reflection requisite = free pref]5ce & = circumspect & f>-see+ desires4 ,! fre$om ( an ag5t :o is m]ely releas$ f direct ext]nal ob/ructions is =mal & empty4 ,if he is )\t res\rces ( p]sonal skill1 )\t control ( ! tools ( a*ievem5t1 he mu/ inevitably l5d himself to c>ry+ out ! directions & ideas ( o!rs4 ,if he has n p[]s ( delib]ation & inv5tion1 he mu/ pick up 8 ideas casually & sup]ficially f ! sugge/ions ( 8 environm5t & appropriate ! notions :i* ! int]e/s ( "s class ins9uate into 8 m9d4 ,if he h n p[]s ( intellig5t self-control1 he w be 9 bondage to appetite1 enslav$ to r\t9e1 imprison$ )9 ! monoton\s r\nd ( an imag]y fl[+ f illib]al int]e/s1 brok5 only by wild =ays into ! illicit4 ,legal & ,moral4--,positive responsibility & fre$om may be reg>d$ z moral1 :ile liability & exemption are legal & political4 ,a p>ticul> individual at a giv5 "t is possess$ ( c]ta9 secur$ res\rces 9 execution & c]ta9 =m$ habits ( desire & reflection4 ,9 s f>1 he is positively free4 ,legally1 8 sph]e ( activity may be v mu* wid]4 ,! laws1 ! prevail+ body ( rules :i* def9e exi/+ in/itutions1 w\ld protect him 9 ex]cis+ claims & p[]s f> beyond ^? :i* he c actually put =?4 ,he is exempt f int]f]5ce 9 travel1 9 read+1 9 he>+ music1 9 pursu+ sci5tific rese>*4 ,b if he has nei!r mat]ial means nor m5tal cultivation to enjoy ^! legal possibilities1 m]e exemption means little or no?+4 ,x does1 h[ev]1 create a moral dem& t ! practical limitations :i* hem him 9 %\ld be remov$2 t practical conditions %\ld be af=d$ :i* w enable him effectively to take advantage ( ! opportunities =mally op54 ,simil>ly1 at any giv5 "t1 ! liabilities to :i* an individual is actually held come f> %ort ( ! acc\ntability to :i* ! m consci5ti\s memb]s ( society hold !mselves4 ,! morale ( ! individual is 9 advance ( ! =mulat$ morality1 or legality1 ( ! community4 ,relation ( ,legal to ,moral4--,x is1 h[ev]1 absurd to sep>ate ! legal & ! ideal aspects ( fre$om f "o ano!r4 ,x is only z m5 are held liable t !y become responsible2 ev5 ! consci5ti\s man1 h[ev] mu* 9 "s respects 8 dem&s ^u himself exce$ ^? :i* w\ld be en=c$ aga9/ him by o!rs1 /ill ne$s 9 o!r respects to h 8 unconsci\s p>tiality & presumption /eadi$ by ! requirem5ts ( o!rs4 ,he ne$s to h 8 judgm5t balanc$ aga9/ crank9ess1 n>r[ness1 or fanaticism1 by ref]5ce to ! sanity ( ! common /&>d ( 8 times4 ,x is only z m5 are exempt f ext]nal ob/ruction t !y become aw>e ( possibilities1 & are awak5$ to dem& & /rive to obta9 m positive fre$om4 ,or1 aga91 x is ! possession by ! m favor$ individuals 9 society ( an effectual fre$om to d & to enjoy ?+s ) respect to :i* ! masses h only a =mal & legal fre$om1 t ar\ses a s5se ( inequity1 & t /irs ! social judgm5t & w to su* re=ms ( law1 ( adm9i/ration & economic conditions z w trans=m ! empty fre$om ( ! less favor$ individuals into con/ructive realities4 ,sec4 #c4 ,,rights ,,& ,,obligations ,! ,individual & ,social 9 ,rights & ,obligations4--,t :i*1 tak5 at l>ge or 9 a lump1 is call$ fre$om breaks up 9 detail into a numb] ( specific1 concrete abilities to act 9 p>ticul> ways4 ,^! are t]m$ rights4 ,any "r includes )9 itself 9 intimate unity ! individual & social aspects ( activity ^u :i* we h be5 insi/+4 ,z a capacity = ex]cise ( p[]1 x resides 9 & proce$s f "s special ag5t1 "s individual4 ,z exemption f re/ra9t1 a secur$ release f ob/ruction1 x indicates at lea/ ! p]mission & suff]ance ( society1 a tacit social ass5t & confirmation2 :ile any m positive & en]getic ef=t on ! "p ( ! community to gu>antee & safegu>d x1 indicates an active ackn[l$gm5t on ! "p ( society t ! free ex]cise by individuals ( ! p[] 9 "q is positively 9 its own int]e/4 ,?us a "r1 individual 9 resid5ce1 is social 9 orig9 & int5t4 ,! social factor 9 rights is made explicit 9 ! dem& t ! p[] 9 "q be ex]cis$ 9 c]ta9 ways4 ,a "r is nev] a claim to a :olesale1 indef9ite activity1 b to a def9$ activity2 to "o c>ri$ on1 t is1 "u c]ta9 conditions4 ,?is limitation con/itutes ! obligatory phases ( e "r4 ,! individual is free2 yes1 t is 8 "r4 ,b he is free to act only accord+ to c]ta9 regul> & e/abli%$ conditions4 ,t is ! obligation impos$ ^u him4 ,he has a "r to use public roads1 b he is oblig$ to turn 9 a c]ta9 way4 ,he has a "r to use 8 prop]ty1 b he is oblig$ to pay taxes1 to pay debts1 n to h>m o!rs 9 its use1 & s on4 ,correspond5ce ( ,rights & ,obligations4--,rights & obligations are ?us /rictly correlative4 ,?is is true bo? 9 _! ext]nal employm5t & 9 _! intr9sic natures4 ,ext]nally ! individual is "u obligation to use 8 "r 9 a way :i* does n int]f]e ) ! rights ( o!rs4 ,he is free to drive on ! public highways1 b n to exce$ a c]ta9 spe$1 & on condition t he turns to "r or left z ! public ord] requires4 ,he is entitl$ to ! l& :i* he has b\ght1 b ?is possession is subject to conditions ( public regi/ration & taxation4 ,he may use 8 prop]ty1 b n s t x m5aces o!rs or becomes a nuisance4 ,absolute rights1 if we mean by absolute ^? n relative to any social ord] & h5ce exempt f any social re/riction1 !re are none4 ,b rights correspond ev5 m intr9sically to obligations4 ,! "r is itself a social outcome3 x is ! individual's 9 s f> z he is himself a social memb] n m]ely physically1 b 9 8 habits ( ?\ght & feel+4 ,he is "u obligation to use 8 rights 9 social ways4 ,! m we emphasize ! free "r ( an individual to 8 prop]ty1 ! m we emphasize :at society has done = him3 ! av5ues x has op5$ to him = acquir+2 ! safegu>ds x has put ab\t him = keep+2 ! weal? a*iev$ by o!rs :i* he may acquire by ex*anges !mselves socially buttress$4 ,s f> z an individual's own m]its are conc]n$ ^! opportunities & protections are une>n$ increm5ts1 no matt] :at cr$it he may des]ve = initiative & indu/ry & =esight 9 us+ !m4 ,! only fundam5tal an>*y is t :i* reg>ds rights z private monopolies1 ignor+ _! social orig9 & int5t4 ,classes ( ,rights & ,obligations4--,we may discuss fre$om & responsibility ) respect to ! social organization :i* secures & en=ces !m2 or f ! /&po9t ( ! individual :o ex]cises & ackn[l$ges !m4 ,f ! latt] /&po9t1 rights are conv5i5tly treat$ z physical & m5tal3 n t ! physical & m5tal c be sep>at$1 b t emphasis may fall prim>ily on control ( ! conditions requir$ to execute ideas & int5tions1 or ^u ! control ( ! conditions involv$ 9 _! p]sonal =mation & *oice4 ,f ! /&po9t ( ! public ord]1 rights & duties are civil & political4 ,we %all consid] !m 9 ! next *apt] 9 connection ) ! organization ( society 9 ! ,/ate4 ,"h we consid] rights z inh]+ 9 an individual 9 virtue ( 8 memb]%ip 9 society4 ,i4 ,physical ,rights4--,^! are ! rights to ! free unh>m$ possession ( ! body 7! rights to life & limb71 exemption f homicidal attack1 f assault & batt]y1 & f conditions t ?reat5 heal? 9 m obscure ways2 & positively1 ! "r to free movem5t ( ! body1 to use its memb]s = any legitimate purpose1 & ! "r to unh9d]$ locomotion4 ,)\t ! exemption1 !re is no security 9 life1 no assurance2 only a life ( con/ant fe> & unc]ta9ty1 ( loss ( limb1 ( injury f o!rs1 & ( dea?4 ,)\t "s positive assurance1 !re is no *ance ( c>ry+ ideas into effect4 ,ev5 if s\nd & heal?y & extremely protect$1 a man lives a slave or prison]4 ,"r to ! control & use ( physical conditions ( life takes effect !n 9 prop]ty rights1 comm& ( ! natural tools & mat]ials :i* are requisite to ! ma9t5ance ( ! body 9 a due /ate ( heal? & to an effective & compet5t use ( ! p]son's p[]s4 ,^! physical rights to life1 limb1 & prop]ty are s basic to all a*ievem5t & capability t !y h frequ5tly be5 t]m$ natural rights4 ,!y are s fundam5tal to ! exi/5ce ( p]sonality t _! insecurity or infr+em5t is a direct m5ace to ! social welf>e4 ,! /ruggle = human lib]ty & human responsibility has accord+ly be5 m acute at ?is ?an at any o!r po9t4 ,r\ghly speak+1 ! hi/ory ( p]sonal lib]ty is ! hi/ory ( ! ef=ts :i* h safegu>d$ ! security ( life & prop]ty & :i* h emancipat$ bodily movem5t f subjection to ! w ( o!rs4 ,unsolv$ ,problems3 ,w> & ,puni%m5t4--,:ile hi/ory m>ks great advance1 especially 9 ! la/ f\r or five c5turies1 z to ! negative aspect ( fre$om or release f direct & ov]t tyranny1 mu* rema9s undone on ! positive side4 ,x is at ?is po9t ( free physical control t all conflicts ( rights conc5trate !mselves4 ,:ile ! limitation by w> ( ! "r to life may be cit$ z evid5ce = ! fact t ev5 ?is "r is n absolute b is socially condition$1 yet t k9d ( correspond5ce betwe5 individual activity & social well-be+ :i* exacts exposure to de/ruction z its measure1 is too sugge/ive ( ! tribal morality 9 :i* ! savage %[s 8 social nature by p>ticipation 9 a blood feud1 to be satisfactory4 ,social organization is cle>ly defective :5 its con/itu5t portions are s set at odds ) "o ano!r z to dem& f individuals _! dea? z _! be/ s]vice to ! community4 ,:ile "o may cite capital puni%m5t to en=ce1 z if 9 l>ge type1 ! fact t ! individual holds ev5 8 "r to life subject to ! social welf>e1 ! moral works ! o!r way to und]l9e ! failure ( society to socialize its memb]s1 & its t5d5cy to put undesirable results out ( sight & m9d r ?an to face responsibility = causes4 ,! same limitation is se5 9 me?ods ( imprisonm5t1 :i*1 :ile suppos$ to be protective r ?an v9dictive1 recognize only 9 a few & sporadic cases t ! sole sure protection ( society is ?r\gh education & correction ( individual "*1 n by m]e physical isolation "u h>% conditions4 ,security ( ,life4--,9 civiliz$ c\ntries ! blood feud1 infanticide1 putt+ to dea? ! economically useless & ! ag$1 h be5 aboli%$4 ,legaliz$ slav]y1 s]fdom1 ! subjection ( ! rights ( wife & *ild to ! w ( husb& & fa!r1 h be5 done away )4 ,b _m mod]n indu/ries are conduct$ ) m ref]5ce to f9ancial ga9 ?an to life1 & ! annual roll ( kill$1 injur$1 & diseas$ 9 factory & railway practically equals ! li/ ( dead & w\nd$ 9 a mod]n w>4#bjj ,mo/ ( ^! accid5ts are prev5table4 ,! will+ness ( p>5ts on "o side & ( employ]s on ! o!r1 conjo9$ ) ! indiff]5ce ( ! g5]al public1 makes *ild-labor an effective sub/itute = exposure ( *ildr5 & o!r me?ods ( infanticide practic$ by savage tribes4 ,agitation = old-age p5sions %[s t fai?ful s]vice to society = a lifetime is /ill inadequate to secure a prosp]\s old age4 ,*>ity & ,pov]ty4--,society provides assi/ance & rem$ial measures1 poorh\ses1 asylums1 hospitals4 ,! exce$+ly poor are a public *>ge1 support$ by taxes z well z by alms4 ,individuals are n suppos$ to die f />vation nor to suff] )\t any relief or assi/ance f physical defects & disease4 ,s f>1 !re is gr[? 9 positive provision = ! "r to live4 ,b ! v necessity = su* ext5sive rem$ial measures %[s s]i\s defects f>!r back4 ,x raises ! "q ( social responsibility = ! causes ( su* :olesale pov]ty & widespread mis]y4 ,tak5 9 conjunction ) ! idl5ess & display ( ! conge/$ ri*1 x raises ! "q h[ f> we are advanc$ beyond b>b>ism 9 mak+ organic provision = an effective1 z di/9ct f =mal1 "r to life & movem5t4 ,x is h>d to say :e!r ! heavi] indictm5t lies 9 ! fact t s _m %irk _! %>e ( ! necess>y social labor & toil1 or 9 ! fact t s _m :o are will+ to "w are unable to d s1 )\t meet+ recurr5t crises ( unemploym5t1 & except "u conditions ( h\rs1 hygi5e1 comp5sation1 & home conditions :i* r$uce to a l[ level ! positive rights ( life4 ,! social ord] protects ! prop]ty ( ^? :o h x2 b1 al?\gh hi/oric conditions h put ! control ( ! ma*9]y ( production 9 ! h&s ( a comp>atively few p]sons1 society takes little he$ to see t great masses ( m5 get ev5 t little prop]ty :i* is requisite to secure assur$1 p]man5t1 & prop]ly /imulat+ conditions ( life4 ,until !re is secur$ to & impos$ ^u all memb]s ( society ! "r & ! duty ( "w 9 socially s]viceable occupations1 ) due return 9 social goods1 rights to life & free movem5t w h>dly advance mu* beyond _! pres5t l>gely nom9al /ate4 ,,ii4 ,rights to ,m5tal ,activity4--,^! rights ( c\rse are closely b\nd up ) rights to physical well-be+ & activity4 ,! latt] w\ld h no mean+ 7 x n t !y subs]ve purposes & affections2 :ile ! life ( m9d is torpid or remote1 dull or ab/ract1 save z x gets impact 9 physical conditions & directs !m4 ,^? :o hold t ! limitations ( physical conditions h no moral signification1 & t _! improvem5t br+s at mo/ an increase ( m or less mat]iali/ic com=t1 n a moral advance1 fail to note t ! developm5t ( concrete purposes & desires is dep5d5t ^u s-call$ outw>d conditions4 ,^! conditions affect ! execution ( purposes & wants2 & ?is influ5ce reacts to det]m9e ! fur!r arre/ or gr[? ( ne$s & resolutions4 ,! %>p & unju/ifiable anti!sis ( spiritual & mat]ial 9 ! curr5t conception ( moral action leads _m well-int5tion$ p to be call\s & indiff]5t to ! moral issues involv$ 9 physical & economic progress4 ,long h\rs ( excessive physical labor1 jo9$ ) un:olesome conditions ( resid5ce & "w1 re/rict ! gr[? ( m5tal activity1 :ile idl5ess & excess ( physical possession & control p]v]t m9d1 z surely z ^! causes modify ! out] & ov]t acts4 ,fre$om ( ,?\ght & ,affection4--,! fundam5tal =ms ( ! "r to m5tal life are lib]ty ( judgm5t & sympa?y4 ,! /ruggle = spiritual lib]ty has be5 z prolong$ & ardu\s z t = physical fre$om4 ,di/ru/ ( intellig5ce & ( love z factors 9 concrete individuals has be5 /rong ev5 9 ^? :o h proclaim$ mo/ vigor\sly _! devotion to !m z ab/ract pr9ciples4 ,disbelief 9 ! integrity ( m9d1 ass]tion t ! div9e pr9ciples ( ?\ght & love are p]v]t$ & corrupt 9 ! individual1 h kept spiritual au?ority & pre/ige 9 ! h&s ( ! few1 j z o!r causes h made mat]ial possessions ! monopoly ( a small class4 ,! result+ re/riction ( k & ( ! tools ( inquiry h kept ! masses :]e _! bl9dness & dullness might be employ$ z fur!r evid5ce ( _! natural unfitness = p]sonal illum9ation by ! light ( tru? & = free direction ( ! en]gy ( moral w>m?4#bja ,gradually1 h[ev]1 free spee*1 fre$om ( communication & int]c\rse1 ( public assemblies1 lib]ty ( ! press & circulation ( ideas1 fre$om ( religi\s & intellectual conviction 7commonly call$ fre$om ( consci5ce71 ( wor%ip1 & to "s ext5t ! "r to education1 to spiritual nurture1 h be5 a*iev$4 ,9 ! degree ! individual has won ^! lib]ties1 ! social ord] has obta9$ its *ief safegu>d aga9/ explosive *ange & int]mitt5t bl9d action & reaction1 & has got hold ( ! me?od ( graduat$ & /eady recon/ruction4 ,look$ at z a m]e exp$i5t1 lib]ty ( ?\ght & expression is ! mo/ successful device ev] hit ^u = reconcil+ tranquillity ) progress1 s t peace is n sacrific$ to re=m nor improvem5t to /agnant cons]vatism4#bjb ,"r & ,duty ( ,education4--,x is ?r\gh education 9 its broade/ s5se t ! "r ( ?\ght & sympa?y become effective4 ,! f9al value ( all in/itutions is _! educational influ5ce2 !y are measur$ morally by ! occasions !y af=d & ! guidance !y supply = ! ex]cise ( =esight1 judgm5t1 s]i\sness ( consid]ation1 & dep? ( reg>d4 ,! family1 ! s*ool1 ! *ur*1 art1 especially 7to-day7 lit]ature1 nurture ! affections & imag9ation1 :ile s*ools imp>t in=mation & inculcate skill 9 v>i\s =ms ( intellectual te*nique4 ,9 ! la/ "o hundr$ ye>s1 ! "r ( ea* individual to spiritual self-developm5t & self-possession1 & ! int]e/ ( society z a :ole 9 see+ t ea* ( its memb]s has an opportunity = education1 h be5 recogniz$ 9 publicly ma9ta9$ s*ools ) _! ladd] f k9d]g>t5 ?r\gh ! college to ! eng9e]+ & pr(essional s*ool4 ,m5 & wom5 h _h put at _! disposal ! mat]ials & tools ( judgm5t2 h _h op5$ to !m ! wide av5ues ( sci5ce1 hi/ory1 & art t lead into ! l>g] _w's culture4 ,to "s ext5t negative exemption f arbitr>y re/riction ^u belief & ?\ght has be5 develop$ into positive capacities ( intellig5ce & s5tim5t4 ,re/rictions f ,inadequate ,economic ,conditions4--,fre$om ( ?\ght 9 a develop$ con/ructive =m is1 h[ev]1 next to impossible = ! masses ( m5 s long z _! economic conditions are prec>i\s1 & _! ma9 problem is to keep ! wolf f _! doors4 ,lack ( "t1 h>d5+ ( susceptibility1 bl9d preoccupation ) ! ma*9]y ( highly specializ$ indu/ries1 ! comb9$ apa?y & worry consequ5t ^u a life ma9ta9$ j above ! level ( subsi/5ce1 are unfavorable to intellectual & emotional culture4 ,intellectual c[>dice1 due to apa?y1 laz9ess1 & vague appreh5sion1 takes ! place ( despotism z a limitation ^u fre$om ( ?\ght & spee*4 ,unc]ta9ty z to security ( position1 ! welf>e ( a dep5d5t family1 close m5's m\?s f express+ _! hone/ convictions1 & bl9d _! m9ds to cle> p]ception ( evil conditions4 ,! in/rum5talities ( culture--*ur*es1 newspap]s1 univ]sities1 !atres--!mselves h economic necessities :i* t5d to make !m dep5d5t ^u ^? :o c be/ supply _! ne$s4 ,! conge/ion ( pov]ty on "o side & ( culture on ! o!r is s great t1 9 ! words ( a di/+ui%$ economi/1 we are /ill que/ion+ :e!r x is really impossible t all %\ld />t 9 ! _w ) a fair *ance ( lead+ a cultur$ life free f ! pa9s ( pov]ty & ! /agnat+ influ5ces ( a life ( excessive me*anical toil4#bjc ,we provide free s*ools & pass compulsory education acts1 b actively & passively we enc\rage conditions :i* limit ! mass ( *ildr5 to ! b>e rudim5ts ( spiritual nurture4 ,re/riction ( ,educational ,influ5ces4--,spiritual res\rces are practically z mu* ! possession ( a special class1 9 spite ( educational advance1 z are mat]ial res\rces4 ,?is fact reacts ^u ! *ief educative ag5cies--sci5ce1 art1 & religion4 ,k 9 its ideas1 language1 & appeals is =c$ into corn]s2 x is ov]specializ$1 te*nical1 & esot]ic because ( its isolation4 ,its lack ( intimate connection ) social practice leads to an int5se & elaborate ov]-tra9+ :i* increases its own remot5ess4 ,only :5 sci5ce & philosophy are "o ) lit]ature1 ! art ( successful communication & vivid int]c\rse1 are !y lib]al 9 effect2 & ?is implies a society :i* is already intellectually & emotionally nurtur$ & alive4 ,art itself1 ! embodim5t ( ideas 9 =ms :i* are socially contagi\s1 becomes :at x is s l>gely1 a developm5t ( te*nical skill1 & a badge ( class diff]5ces4 ,religi\s emotion1 ! quick5+ ( ideas & affections by recognition ( _! inexhau/ible signification1 is segregat$ into special cults1 p>ticul> days1 & peculi> ex]cises1 & ! common life is left relatively h>d & b>r54 ,9 %ort1 ! limitations ^u fre$om bo? ( ! physical conditions & ! m5tal values ( life are at bottom expressions ( "o & ! same divorce ( !ory & practice1--:i* makes !ory remote1 /]ile1 & te*nical1 :ile practice rema9s n>r[1 h>%1 & also illib]al4 ,yet !re is m cause = hope 9 t s mu* has be5 accompli%$1 ?an = despond5cy because m5tal p[] & s]vice are /ill s limit$ & undevelop$4 ,! int]mixture & int]action ( classes & nations are v rec5t4 ,h5ce ! opportunities = an effective circulation ( sympa!tic ideas & ( reasonable emotions h only newly come into exi/5ce4 ,education z a public int]e/ & c>e1 applicable to all individuals1 is h>dly m ?an a c5tury old2 :ile a conception ( ! ri*ness & complexity ( ! ways 9 :i* x %\ld t\* any "o individual is h>dly half a c5tury old4 ,z society takes its educative functions m s]i\sly & compreh5sively into acc\nt1 !re is e promise ( m rapid progress 9 ! future ?an 9 ! pa/4 ,= education is mo/ effective :5 deal+ ) ! immature1 ^? :o h n yet acquir$ ! h>d & fix$ direct+ =ms ( adult life2 :ile1 9 ord] to be effectively employ$1 x mu/ select & propagate t :i* is common & h5ce typical 9 ! social values t =m its res\rces1 leav+ ! ecc5tric1 ! p>tial1 & exclusive gradually to dw9dle4 ,^u "s g5]\s s\ls ( ! eighte5? c5tury !re dawn$ ! idea t ! cause ( ! indef9ite improvem5t ( humanity & ! cause ( ! little *ild are insep>ably b\nd toge!r4 ,,lit]ature ,kant1 ,philosophy ( ,law1 #agif 7trans4 by ,ha/ie1 #ahhg72 ,fi*te1 ,! ,sci5ce ( ,rights1 #agih 7trans4 by ,kroeg]1 #ahfi72 ,r\sseau1 ,social ,contract1 #agfb 7trans4 by ,toz]1 #ahic72 ,bon>1 ,philosophy & ,political ,economy1 #ahic2 ,/eph51 ,sci5ce ( ,e?ics1 *4 iii4 7on ,social ,motives72 ,caird1 ,social ,philosophy ( ,comte1 #ahhe2 ,sidgwick1 ,practical ,e?ics1 #ahih1 ,essay on ,public ,morality2 ,sidgwick1 ,elem5ts ( ,politics1 #ahia1 *4 iv4 on ,individualism1 vi4 on ,contract1 x4 on ,sociali/ic ,int]f]5ces1 xiii4 on ,law & ,morality2 ,ma9e1 ,anci5t ,law1 #ahfa1 ,pollock's ed41 #aijf1 *s4 iii4 & iv4 on law ( nature & equity2 ,/eph51 ,essays 9 ,political & ,moral ,philosophy1 #ahhh2 ,rickaby1 ,political & ,moral ,essays1 #aijb2 ,hobh\se1 ,morals 9 ,evolution1 ,vol4 ,,ii41 *4 vii4 7on ! g5]al relation ( ! social & ! moral74 ,on ! developm5t ( rights to life1 limb1 & fre$om ( movem5t1 see ,we/]m>ck1 *s4 xiv4-xxii41 & ,sumn]1 ,folkways1 *s4 vi41 vii41 & viii42 ,hobh\se1 ,vol4 ,i41 *4 vii4 7on slav]y72 ,sp5c]1 ,e?ics1 ,vol4 ,,ii41 ,"p ,,iv4 ,= *>ity1 see ,lo* on ,*>ity & ,*>ities1 ,encyclopa$ia ,britannica2 ,uhlhorn1 ,*ri/ian ,*>ity 9 ! ,anci5t ,*ur*2 ,l',allem&1 ,hi/oire de la ,*>ite2 ,ni*oll1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,engli% ,poor ,law1 #b vols41 #ahih4 ,,footnotes3 #aif ,vol4 ,i41 pp4 #cfg-cfh1 italics n 9 orig9al4 #aig ,p4 #bfb ( ,prolegom5a to ,e?ics2 see *s4 iii4 & iv4 ( ,book ,,iii4 #aih ,alex&]1 ,moral ,ord] & ,progress1 pp4 #chd-hih4 #aii ,?is does n ( c\rse exclude *ange & re=m4 ,x means t1 s f> z a society is organiz$1 ^! *anges !mselves occur 9 regul> & au?oriz$ ways4 #bjj ,x is /at$1 ^u good au?ority1 t a /reet railway sy/em 9 a l>ge ,am]ican city decl9$ to adopt an improv$ f5d]1 :i* made x practically impossible to kill p]sons1 because ! annual co/ w\ld be #e1jjj m ?an ! exi/+ exp5se = damages4 ,?is same sy/em decl9$ to adopt improv$ brakes :i* w\ld r$uce accid5ts to life & limb2 & x 0 discov]$ t "o ( its directors 0 l>gely int]e/$ 9 ! manufacture ( ! old brakes4 #bja ,said ,em]son3 ,if a man is sick1 is unable1 is mean-spirit$ & odi\s1 x is because !re is s mu* ( 8 nature :i* is unlawfully )hold5 f him4 #bjb ,rec5t suppression by ! police 9 ! l>g] ,am]ican cities ( public meet+s call$ to discuss unemploym5t or o!r matt]s deem$ by "s dang]\s to ve/$ int]e/s1 %[s t ! value ( free spee* z a safety-valve has n ev5 yet be5 ?or\ghly le>n$4 ,x also %[s h[ ! victories ( fre$om 9 ! pa/ h to be f\ght & won ov] aga9 "u new conditions1 if !y are to be kept alive4 #bjc ,m>%all1 ,pr9ciples ( ,economics4 ,,*apt] ,,xxi ,,civil ,,society ,,& ,,! ,,political ,,/ate ,we h be5 consid]+ responsible fre$om z x c5t]s 9 & affects individuals 9 _! di/9ctive capacities4 ,x implies a public ord] :i* gu>antees1 def9es1 & en=ces rights & obligations4 ,?is public ord] has a tw(old relation to rights & duties3 7#a7 ,z ! social c\nt]p>t ( _! ex]cise by individuals1 x con/itutes ,civil ,society4 ,x repres5ts ^? =ms ( associat$ life :i* are ord]ly & au?oriz$1 because con/itut$ by individuals 9 ! ex]cise ( _! rights1 toge!r ) ^? special =ms :i* protect & insure !m4 ,families1 clubs1 guilds1 unions1 corporations come "u ! fir/ head2 c\rts & civil adm9i/rative bodies1 l public railway & insurance commissions1 etc41 come "u ! second4 7#b7 ,! public ord] also fixes ! fundam5tal t]ms & conditions on :i* at any giv5 "t rights are ex]cis$ & rem$ies secur$2 x is organiz$ = ! purpose ( def9+ ! basic me?ods ( ex]cis+ ! activities ( its con/itu5t elem5ts1 individual & corporate4 ,9 ?is aspect x is ! ,/ate4 ,sec4 #a4 ,,civil ,,rights ,,& ,,obligations ,e act br+s ! ag5t :o p]=ms x into association ) o!rs1 :e!r he s int5ds or n4 ,8 act takes effect 9 an organiz$ _w ( action2 9 social arrangem5t & in/itutions4 ,s f> z su* comb9ations ( individuals are recurr5t or /able1 _! nature & op]ations are def9itely =mulat$ & def9itely en=ceable4 ,p>tn]%ips1 clubs1 corporations1 guilds1 families are su* /able unions1 ) _! def9ite sph]es ( action4 ,buy+ & sell+1 tea*+ & le>n+1 produc+ & consum+1 are recurr5t activities ^: legitimate me?ods get prescrib$4 ,^! specific prov9ces & me?ods ( action are def9$ 9 ,civil ,rights4 ,!y express ! gu>ante$ & regul> ways 9 :i* an individual1 ?r\gh action1 volunt>ily ent]s into association or comb9ation ) o!rs = ! sake ( a common end4 ,!y diff] f political rights & obligations 9 t ! latt] conc]n modes ( social organization :i* are s fundam5tal t !y are n left to ! volunt>y *oice & purpose ( an individual4 ,z a social be+1 he mu/ h political relation%ips1 mu/ be subject to law1 pay taxes1 etc4 #a4 ,contract ,rights4--,modes ( association are s num]\s & v>iable t we c only select ^? aspects ( civil rights :i* are morally mo/ significant4 ,we %all discrim9ate !m accord+ z !y h to d 7#a7 ) ! m tempor>y & casual comb9ations ( individuals1 = limit$ & explicit purposes2 & 7#b7 ) m p]man5t1 inclusive1 & h5ce less def9able ends2 & 7#c7 ) ! special in/itutions :i* exi/ = gu>antee+ individuals ! enjoym5t ( _! rights & provid+ rem$ies if ^! are infr+$ ^u4 7#a7 ,contract rights4 ,rights ( ! fir/ type are rights result+ f express or impli$ agreem5ts ( c]ta9 ag5ts to d or refra9 f do+ specific acts1 involv+ ex*ange ( s]vices or goods to ! mutual b5efit ( bo? p>ties 9 ! transaction4 ,e b>ga9 ent]$ into1 e loaf ( bread "o buys or pap] ( p9s "o sells1 involves an impli$ & explicit contract4 ,a g5u9ely free agreem5t or contract means 7i47 t ea* p>ty to ! transaction secures ! b5efit he wants2 7ii47 t ! two p>ties are br\ght into coop]ative or mutually helpful relations2 & t 7iii47 ! va/1 vague1 complex bus9ess ( conduct+ social life is brok5 up into a multitude ( specific acts to be p]=m$ & ( specific goods to be deliv]$1 at def9ite times & def9ite places4 ,h5ce x is h>dly surpris+ t "o s*ool ( social morali/s has f\nd 9 ! conception ( free contract its social ideal4 ,e individual conc]n$ assumes obligations :i* x is to 8 int]e/ to p]=m s t ! p]=mance is volunt>y1 n co]c$2 :ile1 at ! same "t1 "s o!r p]son is engag$ to s]ve him 9 "s way4 ,! limitations ( ! contract idea w conc]n u lat]4 #b4 ,! ,p]man5t ,volunt>y ,associations4--,p>tn]%ips1 limit$ liability corporations1 guilds1 trades unions1 *ur*es1 s*ools1 clubs1 are m p]man5t & compreh5sive associations1 involv+ m f>-rea*+ rights & obligations4 ,societies organiz$ = conv]sation & sociability or conviviality1 corporations n = pr(it1 b = mutual enjoym5t or = b5evol5t ends1 come "u ! same head4 ,mo/ significant are ! associations :i*1 :ile ent]$ only volunt>ily & hav+ !re=e a basis 9 contract1 are = g5]ic ends4 ,?us !y are p]man5t1 & cov] mu* m ?an c be writt5 9 ! contract4 ,m>riage1 9 mod]n society1 is ent]$ into by contract2 b m>ri$ life is n n>r[$ to ! ex*ange ( specific s]vices at specific times4 ,x is a union = mutual economic & spiritual goods :i* are coext5sive ) all ! int]e/s ( ! p>ties4 ,9 its connection ) ! g5]ation & re>+ ( *ildr51 x is a fundam5tal means ( gu>d+ all social int]e/s & ( direct+ _! progress4 ,s*ools1 colleges1 *ur*es1 f$]ations ( labor1 organizations ( employ]s1 & ( bo? toge!r1 repres5t o!r =ms ( p]man5t volunt>y organizations :i* may h ! mo/ f>-rea*+ influ5ce bo? ^u ^? directly conc]n$ & ^u society at l>ge4 #c4 ,"r to ,use ( ,c\rts4--,all civil rights get _! f9al application & te/ 9 ! "r to h conflict+ rights def9$ & infr+$ rights rem$i$ by appeal to a public au?ority hav+ g5]al & f9al jurisdiction4 ,! "r to sue & be su$ may seem too legal & ext]nal a matt] to be wor?y ( mu* note 9 an e?ical treatise2 b x repres5ts ! culm9ation ( an age-long exp]im5tation ) ! problem ( reconcil+ individual fre$om & public ord]4 ,no civil "r is effective unless x c>ries ) x a /atem5t ( a me?od ( en=cem5t &1 if necess>y1 ( r$ress & rem$y4 ,o!rwise x is a m]e "n4 ,moreov]1 conflicts ( civil rights are b\nd to occur ev5 :5 !re is good fai? on ! "p ( all conc]n$1 j because new situations arise4 ,unless !re is a way ( def9+ ! respective rights ( ea* p>ty 9 ! new situation1 ea* w arbitr>ily & yet 9 good fai? insi/ ^u ass]t+ 8 rights on ! old basis3 private w> results4 ,a new ord] is n a*iev$ & ! "o already atta9$ is ?reat5$ or disrupt$4 ,! value ( rights to ! use ( c\rts resides1 !n1 to a comp>atively small degree1 9 ! specific cases ( delib]ate wrong :i* are settl$4 ,:at is m important is t m5 get in/ruction z to ! prop] scope & limits ( _! activities1 ?r\gh ! provision ( an effective me*anism = amicable settlem5t ( disputes 9 ^? cases 9 :i* rights are vague & ambigu\s because ! situations are novel4 ,classes ( ,wrongs & ,rem$ies4--,infr+em5ts ^u rights1 su* z murd]1 !ft1 arson1 =g]y1 imply a "* :i* is di/9ctly anti-social 9 its b5t4 ,! wrong1 al?\gh done to "o1 is an expression ( a disposition :i* is dang]\s to all4 ,su* a wrong is a crime2 x is a matt] = ! direct jurisdiction ( public au?ority4 ,x is ! bus9ess ( all to coop]ate 9 giv+ evid5ce1 & x may r5d] "o a crim9al accomplice to conceal or suppress evid5ce1 j z x is comp\nd+ a felony = ! wrong$ individual to settle ! wrong done him by arrang+ privately = comp5sation4 ,! p5alty 9 su* cases is g5]ally p]sonal2 imprisonm5t or at lea/ a heavy f9e4 ,! violation may1 h[ev]1 be ( ! nature ( a wrong or tort1 r ?an ( a crime2 x may indicate a disposition indiff]5t to social int]e/s or neglectful ( !m r ?an "o actively ho/ile to !m4 ,su* acts z libels1 trespasses ^u ! l& ( ano!r1 are illu/rations4 ,9 su* cases1 ! ma*9]y ( ju/ice is put 9 motion by ! injur$ individual1 n by ! commonweal?4 ,?is does n mean t society z a :ole has no int]e/ 9 ! matt]2 b t "u c]ta9 circum/ances enc\rag+ individuals to look out = _! own rights & wrongs is socially m important ?an gett+ c]ta9 wrongs rem$i$ irrespective ( :e!r m5 /& up = _! own rights or n4 ,!n aga91 !re are civil disputes :i* indicate nei!r a crim9al nor a h>mful disposition1 b r unc]ta9ty z to :at ! law really is1 lead+ to disputes ab\t rights--int]pretations ( a contract1 express or impli$4 ,"h ! int]e/ ( society is to provide a me?od ( settlem5t :i* w h9d] ! gr[? ( ill w & private retaliation2 & :i* also w provide prec$5ts & pr9ciples t w less5 unc]ta9ty & conflict 9 l cases 9 ! future4 ,peace & tranquillity are n m]ely ! abs5ce ( op5 friction & disord]4 ,!y mean specific1 easily-kn[n1 & g5]ally recogniz$ pr9ciples :i* det]m9e ! prov9ce & limits ( ! legitimate activity ( e p]son4 ,publicity1 /&>ds1 rules ( proc$ure1 rem$ies ackn[l$g$ 9 common1 are _! ess5ce4 ,res publica1 ! common conc]n1 rema9s vague & lat5t till def9$ by imp>tial1 dis9t]e/$ social organs4 ,!n x is express$ 9 regul> & gu>ante$ modes ( activity4 ,9 ! pregnant phrase ( ,ari/otle1 ! adm9i/ration ( ju/ice is also its det]m9ation3 t is1 its discov]y & promulgation4 ,sec4 #b4 ,,developm5t ,,( ,,civil ,,rights ,contra/ ( ,primitive ) ,pres5t ,ju/ice4--,! significance ( ! accompli%m5ts & ! defects ( ! pres5t adm9i/ration ( law may be br\ght out by a sket* ( its contra/ ) primitive me?ods4 ,9 savage & b>b>ian society1 on acc\nt ( ! solid>ity ( ! k9-gr\p1 any memb] ( ! gr\p is likely to be attack$ = ! (f5se ( any o!r 7see p4 #bh74 ,he may n h p>ticipat$ 9 ! act1 or h _h complicity 9 plann+ x4 ,8 guilt is t ! same blood runs 9 8 ve9s4#bjd ,! punitive attack1 moreov]1 is made directly & promiscu\sly by ! injur$ man & by 8 blood-relatives2 x is made 9 ! heat ( passion or 9 ! v5geance ( /eal? z cu/om may decree4 ,says ,he>n1 ! /ate did n int]f]e 9 ! private qu>rels ( its citiz5s4 ,e man took c>e ( 8 own prop]ty & 8 own h\sehold1 & e h& gu>d$ its own head4 ,if any injury 7 done to any p]son1 he retaliat$1 or made reprisals1 or o!rwise s\ght r$ress1 z cu/om prescrib$4#bje ,! reprisal may itself h call$ = ano!r1 & ! blood-feud 0 on4 ,9 any case1 ! /ate ( affairs 0 "o lit]ally1 n metaphorically1 describ$ z private w>4 ,*anges ,n[ ,effect$4--,?is /ate ( affairs has be5 sup]s$$ by "o 9 :i* a ?ird1 a public & imp>tial au?ority 7#a7 takes cognizance ( (f5ses aga9/ ano!r individual z (f5ses aga9/ ! commonweal?2 7#b7 appreh5ds ! suppos$ (f5d]2 7#c7 det]m9es & applies an objective /&>d ( judgm5t1 ! same = all1 ! law2 7#d7 tries ! suppos$ (f5d] accord+ to rules ( proc$ure1 includ+ rules ( evid5ce or pro(1 :i* are also publicly promulgat$2 & 7#e7 takes ^u itself ! puni%m5t ( ! (f5d]1 if f\nd guilty4 ,! hi/ory ( ?is *ange1 important & int]e/+ z x is1 does n belong "h4 ,we are conc]n$ "h only ) ! relation ( public au?ority1 public law1 & public activity to ! developm5t ( ! fre$om ( ! individual on "o side & ( 8 responsibility on ! o!r4#bjf ,we %all po9t out 9 a numb] ( p>ticul>s t ! evolution ( fre$om & responsibility 9 individuals has co9cid$ ) ! evolution ( a public & imp>tial au?ority4 #a4 ,good & ,evil z ,quasi-,physical4--,!re are two alt]natives 9 ! judgm5t ( good & evil4 7#a7 ,!y may be reg>d$ z hav+ moral significance1 t is1 z hav+ a volunt>y basis & orig94 7#b7 ,or !y may be consid]$ z sub/antial prop]ties ( ?+s1 z a sort ( ess5ce diffus$ ?r\gh !m1 or z a k9d ( =ce resid5t 9 !m1 9 virtue ( :i* p]sons & ?+s are noxi\s or helpful1 malevol5t or k9dly4 ,savage tribes1 = in/ance1 _c conceive ei!r sickness or dea? z natural evils2 !y are attribut$ to ! malici\s magic ( an enemy4 ,simil>ly ! evil :i* foll[s f ! acts ( a man is treat$ z a sign ( "s metaphysical t5d5cy inh]5t 9 him4 ,"s m5 br+ bad luck ^u ev]y?+ & ev]ybody !y h any?+ to d )4 ,a curse is on _! do+s4 ,no di/9ction is made betwe5 su* evils & ^? :i* fl[ f int5tion & "*4 ,! notion ( ! moral or volunt>y nature ( good & evil h>dly obta9s4 ,! quasi-physical view1 bord]+ ^u ! magical1 prevails4 ,! result is t evil is ?\ght ( z a contagi\s matt]1 transmitt$ f g5]ation to g5]ation1 f class or p]son to class or p]son2 & z some?+ to be got rid (1 if at all1 by devices :i* are equally physical4 ,natural evils1 plagues1 defeats1 e>?quakes1 etc41 are treat$ z quasi-moral1 :ile moral evils are treat$ z m ?an half physical4 ,s9s are infecti\s diseases1 & natural diseases are malici\s int]f]5ces ( a human or div9e enemy4 ,morals are mat]ializ$1 & nature is moraliz$ or demoraliz$4#bjg ,n[ x is h>dly necess>y to po9t out ! effect ( su* conceptions 9 re/rict+ ! fre$om & responsibility ( ! individual p]son4 ,man is hemm$ 9 z to ?\ght & action on all sides by all k9ds ( my/]i\s =ces work+ 9 un=eseeable ways4 ,?is is true en\gh 9 8 be/ e/ate4 ,:5 to ?is limitation is add$ a direction ( en]gy into magical *annels1 away f ^? controllable s\rces ( evil :i* reside 9 human disposition1 ! am\nt ( effective fre$om possible is slight4 ,?is same misplac+ ( liability holds m5 acc\ntable = acts !y h n committ$1 because "s magic t5d5cy = evil is imput$ to !m4 ,fam9e1 pe/il5ce1 defeat 9 w> are evils to be rem$i$ by sacrifice ( goods or p]sons or by rituali/ic c]emonies2 :ile ! rem$iable causes ( h>m 9 human ignorance & neglig5ce g )\t att5tion4 #b4 ,accid5t & ,int5tion4--,"u su* circum/ances1 little di/9ction c be made betwe5 ! good & evil :i* an individual meant to d & t :i* he happ5$ to d4 ,! work+ presumption ( society1 up to a comp>atively late /age ( its hi/ory1 0 t e h>mful consequ5ce is an evid5ce ( evil disposition 9 ^? :o 7 9 any way conc]n$4 ,?is limitation ( fre$om 0 accompani$ by a c\nt]p>t limitation ( responsibility4 ,:]e no h>m actually result$1 !re 0 ?\ght to be no h>mful int5t4 ,animals & ev5 inanimate objects :i* d injury are baleful ?+s & come "u disapprobation & p5alty4 ,ev5 9 civiliz$ ,a!ns !re 0 a survival ( ! practice ( hold+ inanimate ?+s liable4 ,if a tree fell on a man & kill$ him1 ! tree 0 to be br\ght to trial1 & aft] condemnation ca/ beyond ! civic bord]s1 i4e41 outlaw$4#bjh ,anyh[1 ! own] ( an (f5d+ article 0 almo/ always p5aliz$4 ,we/]m>ck1#bji ) ref]5ce to ! guilt ( animals1 cites an in/ance1 dat$ 9 #adeg1 :5 a s[ & h] six "y ones 7 tri$ on a *>ge ( _! hav+ murd]$ & p>tly eat5 a *ild2 ! s[1 be+ f\nd guilty1 0 condemn$ to dea?1 ! "y pigs 7 acquitt$ on acc\nt ( _! y\? & ! bad example ( _! "m4 ,:5 /icks1 /ones1 & animals are held acc\ntable = evil results1 !re is little *ance ( discrim9at+ int5t & accid5t or misadv5ture 9 ! case ( p]sonal ag5ts4 ,! devil himself kn[e? n ! int5t1 ! '?\ght' ( man 0 ! m$iaeval maxim2 all t c be c]ta9 is t h>m has come & ! "o :o caus$ x mu/ suff]2 or else no ov]t h>m has come & no "o is to blame4#baj ,h>m has be5 done & any "o conc]n$1 ev5 remotely1 9 ! injuri\s situation1 is ex (ficio guilty2 x w n d to take *ances4 ,! remot5ess ( an implication :i* may involve liability is se5 9 ! condition ( ,engli% law 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury3 ,at y\r reque/ ,i accompany y :5 y are ab\t y\r own affairs3 my enemies fall ^u & kill me3 y mu/ pay = my dea?4 ,y take me to see a wild-bea/ %[1 or t int]e/+ spectacle a madman3 bea/ or madman kills me2 y mu/ pay4 ,y hang up y\r sword2 "s "o else knocks x d[n s t x cuts me2 y mu/ pay4#baa ,only gradually did int5t cle>ly evolve z ! c5tral elem5t 9 an act1 & ?us lead to ! idea ( a volunt>y or free act4 ,t ! limitation ^u ! side ( responsibility 0 equally great is obvi\s4 ,if a man is held liable = :at he did n & c\ld n =esee or desire1 !re is no gr\nd = 8 hold+ himself responsible = anticipat+ ! consequ5ces ( 8 acts1 & =m+ 8 plans accord+ z he =esees4 ,?is comes out cle>ly 9 ! obv]se ( :at has j be5 said4 ,if no h>m results f a willful attempt to d evil1 ! individual is n blam$4 ,he goes scot free4 ,an attempt to commit a crime is no crime4#bab #c4 ,"* & ,circum/ances4--,ev5 9 law1 to say no?+ ( p]sonal moral judgm5ts1 we n[ almo/ z a matt] ( c\rse take into acc\nt1 9 judg+ an ag5t's int5t1 bo? circum/ances1 & "* z inf]r$ f pa/ behavior4 ,we ext5d our view ( consequ5ces1 tak+ into acc\nt 9 judg+ ! moral quality ( a p>ticul> de$1 consequ5ces its do] is habitually f\nd to effect4 ,we blame ! individual less = a de$ if we f9d x contr>y to 8 habitual c\rse4 ,we blame him m1 if we f9d he has a "* giv5 to t sort ( ?+4 ,we take into acc\nt1 9 %ort1 ! p]man5t attitude & disposition ( ! ag5t4 ,we also discrim9ate ! conditions & consequ5ces ( a de$ mu* m c>efully4 ,self-def5se1 protection ( o!rs or ( prop]ty1 come 9 z ext5uat+ circum/ances2 ! degree ( provocation1 ! pres5ce ( imm$iate impulsive fe> or ang]1 z di/9ct f a def9itely =m$1 long-*]i%$ idea1 are consid]$4 ,! que/ions ( fir/ or ( repeat$ (f5se1 ( prior crim9ality or good behavior1 ent] 94 ,que/ions ( h]$ity1 ( e>ly environm5t1 ( e>ly education & opportunity are be+ br\ght to-day into acc\nt4 ,we are /ill v backw>d 9 ?is respect1 bo? 9 p]sonal & 9 public morals2 9 private judgm5t & 9 legal proc$ure & p5alty4 ,only rec5tly h we1 = example1 begun to treat juv5ile del9qu5ts 9 special ways2 & ! ef=t to c>ry appropriate me?ods fur!r meets ) /rong opposition & ! ev5 /rong] in]tia ( indiff]5ce4 ,x is reg>d$ by _m good p z l[]+ ! b>s ( responsibility to consid] e>ly tra9+ & opportunity1 j z 9 its day x 0 s reg>d$ to plead abs5ce ( int5t 9 cases :]e evil _h actually result$4 ,x is n safe to let any "o (f f ! rigor ( ! law4 ,! s]i\s b>ri]1 n[ z e>li]1 is ^u ! sci5tific or intellectual side4 ,!re 0 a "t :5 x did n seem feasible to pass ^u int5t2 x 0 hidd51 kn[n only to ,god4 ,b we h n[ devis$ ways1 adequate 9 pr9ciple1 ?\gh faulty 9 detail1 to judge imm$iate int5t2 simil>ly1 ) ! gr[? ( an?ropology1 psy*ology1 /ati/ics1 & ! res\rces ( publicity 9 social sci5ce1 we %all 9 "t f9d x possible to consid] ! effects ( h]$ity1 e>ly environm5t1 & tra9+ ^u "* & s ^u int5t4 ,we %all !n reg>d pres5t me?ods ( judg+ int5t to be almo/ z b>b>\s z we n[ consid] ! e>li] disreg>d ( accid5t & provocation4 ,above all we %all le>n t increas$1 n relax$ responsibility1 comes ) e increase ( discrim9ation ( causes ly+ 9 "* & conditions4#bac #d4 ,intellectual ,incapacity & ,?\ghtlessness4--,) increas+ recognition ( "* z ! crucial elem5t 9 volunt>y action1 we n[ take into acc\nt su* matt]s z age1 idiocy1 & insanity z factors ( judgm5t4 ,b ?is also has be5 a sl[ gr[?4 ,if we take ! "o "q ( insanity1 = example1 9 #agbd exculpation = h>m result+ f a madman's acts requir$ t ! p]son excus$ be a man t is totally depriv$ ( 8 und]/&+ & memory1 & do? n "k :at he is do+1 no m ?an an infant1 ?an a brute1 or a wild bea/4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 ! excuse 0 no long] t ( be+ su* a rav+ lunatic z is "h impli$2 b ( kn[+ "r & wrong f ea* o!r 9 ! ab/ract4 ,by a celebrat$ case 9 #ahdc1 ! rule 0 *ang$1 9 ,engli% law1 to k ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 "r & wrong 9 ! p>ticul> case4 ,fur!r advance waits ^u progress ( sci5ce :i* w make x m possible to judge ! specific m5tal condition ( ! p]son act+2 & ?us d away ) ! abuses ( ! pres5t sy/em :i* t5d1 on ! "o h&1 to enc\rage ! plead+ ( insanity :]e none may exi/2 &1 on ! o!r h& 7by a rigid application ( a te*nical rule71 to condemn p]sons really irresponsible4#bad ,popul> judgm5t /ill incl9es to impute cle> & def9ite int5tion on ! basis ( results2 & to ignore conditions ( intellectual confusion & bewild]m5t1 & ju/ifies itself 9 its c\rse on ! gr\nd t su* is ! only safe c\rse4#bae ,responsibility = ,?\ghtlessness4--,b ! release f responsibility = de$s 9 :i* ! do] is intellectually incapacitat$1 is met on ! o!r side by hold+ individuals ( normal m5tal con/itution responsible = "s consequ5ces :i* 7 n ?\ght ( at all4 ,we ev5 hold m5 acc\ntable = n ?9k+ to d c]ta9 acts4 ,! =m] are acts ( he$lessness or c>elessness1 z :5 a mason on top ( a build+ ?r[s rubbi% on to a /reet bel[ :i* injures "s "o1 )\t any ?\ght on 8 "p ( ?is result1 mu* less any delib]ate desire to effect x4 ,! latt] are acts ( neglig5ce1 z :51 say1 an eng9e] fails to note a c]ta9 signal4 ,9 su* cases ev5 :5 no h>m results1 we n[ hold ! ag5t morally culpable4 ,simil>ly we blame *ildr5 = n ?9k+ ( ! consequ5ces ( _! acts2 we blame !m = n ?9k+ to d c]ta9 ?+s at a c]ta9 "t--to come home :5 told1 & s on4 ,?is is n m]ely a matt] ( judgm5t by o!rs4 ,! m consci5ti\s a p]son is1 ! m occasions he f9ds to judge himself ) respect to results :i* happ5$ because he did n ?9k or delib]ate or =esee at all--provid$ he has reason to believe he w\ld h ?\ght ( ! h>mful results if he _h be5 ( a diff]5t "*4 ,because we 7 absorb$ 9 some?+ else we did n ?9k1 & :ile1 9 ! ab/ract1 ?is some?+ else may h be5 all "r1 9 ! concrete x may be pro( ( an unwor?y "*4 ,! v fact t we p]mitt$ ourselves to become s absorb$ t ! ?\ght ( an engagem5t1 or ( an opportunity to help "s fri5d :om we knew to be 9 ne$1 did n occur to u1 is evid5ce ( a selfi%1 i4e41 inconsid]ate1 "*4 ,! case seems p>adoxical & is crucial4 ,o!rs hold u responsible because we 7 irresponsible 9 action & 9 ord] t we may become responsible4 ,we blame ourselves precisely because we discov] t an unconsci\s pref]5ce = a private or exclusive good l$ u to be c>eless ( ! good ( o!rs4 ,! effect 7if ! regret is g5u9e1 n simulat$7 is to develop a habit ( great] ?\ghtfulness 9 ! future4 ,less & less d m5 accept = o!rs or = !mselves ignorance z an excuse = bad consequ5ces1 :5 ! ignorance itself fl[s f "*4 ,our *ief moral bus9ess is to become acqua9t$ ) consequ5ces4 ,our moral "* surely does n dep5d 9 ?is case1 !n1 ^u ! fact t we _h alt]natives cle>ly 9 m9d & *ose ! worse2 ! difficulty is t we _h only "o alt]native 9 m9d & did n consci\sly *oose at all4 ,our fre$om lies 9 ! capacity to alt] our mode ( action1 ?r\gh hav+ our ignorance enlight5$ by be+ held = ! neglect$ consequ5ces :5 br\ght to acc\ntability by o!rs1 or by hold+ ourselves acc\ntable 9 subsequ5t reflection4 ,cases ( c>eless acts & ( acts omitt$ ?r\gh neglig5ce are ?us crucial = any !ory ( fre$om & responsibility4 ,ei!r we are all wrong 9 blam+ ourselves or o!rs 9 su* cases1 because !re is no free or volunt>y elem5t 9 !m2 or else !re is responsibility :5 delib]ate comp>ison ( alt]natives & consci\s pref]5ce are abs5t4 ,!re is responsibility = ! abs5ce ( delib]ation4 ,nature does n =be> to atta* consequ5ces to acts because ( ! ignorance ( ! "o :o does ! de$4 ,! evil results t foll[ 9 ! wake ( a ?\ghtless act are precisely ! rem9d]s t make "o take ?\ght ! next "t4 ,simil>ly1 to be held liable by o!rs or to take ourselves to task = =getfulness1 inconsid]at5ess1 & neglig5ce1 is ! way 9 :i* to build up consci5ti\s =esight & delib]ate *oice4 ,! increas$ complexity & dang] ( mod]n indu/rial activity1 ! m5ace ( electric p[]1 ( high explosives1 ( railway tra9s & trolley c>s1 ( p[]ful ma*9es1 h done mu* to quick5 recognition t neglig5ce may be crim9al1 & to reawak5 ! conviction ( ,greek ?\ght t ?\ghtless ignorance1 :]e k is possible1 is ! wor/ ( evils4 ,! increas$ int]dep5d5ce ( m51 ?r\gh travel & transportation1 collective me?ods ( production1 & cr[d+ ( population 9 cities1 has wid5$ ! area ( ! h>m likely to result f inconsid]ate action1 & has /r5g!n$ ! belief t adequate ?\ghtfulness is possible only :]e !re is sympa!tic int]e/ 9 o!rs4 #e4 ,! ,conflict ( ,=m & ,sub/ance4--,! te*nical =ms ( proc$ure conc]n$ 9 e/abli%+ & rem$y+ rights 71 = long ages1 m important ?an ! sub/antial ends by :i* alone ! =ms may be ju/ifi$4 ,any ef=t = a rem$y 0 nullifi$ if ! m9utiae ( complicat$ =mulae 7l>gely magical or rituali/ic 9 _! orig97 7 deviat$ f4 ,almo/ any obligation might be escap$ by "s quirk or turn 9 "s slight phrase or motion1 )\t :i* no agreem5t 0 b9d+1 s sacram5tal 0 ! importance ( ! v words4 ,9 e>ly days ! rigidity ( ^! semi-rituali/ic p]=mances d\btless s]v$ to *eck arbitr>y & reckless acts1 & to impress ! s5se ( ! value ( a /&>d4#baf ,b !y surviv$ z rudim5t>y organs long aft] !y _h done _! "w 9 ?is respect2 & aft] !y _h be5 elim9at$ f legal proc$ure !y surviv$ z habits ( judg+ conduct4 ,survivals ( ,_s ( ,individuali/ic ,litigation4--,! fact t ! proc$ure ( ju/ice orig9at$ z me?ods ( supply+ imp>tial umpires = conflicts wag$ betwe5 individuals1 has _h s]i\s consequ5ces4 ,x has _h inde$ ! desirable consequ5ce ( quick5+ m5 to ! p]ception ( _! rights & to _! obligation z social memb]s to ma9ta9 !m intact4 ,b x has also _h ! undesirable result ( limit+ ! function ( ! public int]e/ to ! some:at negative "o ( secur+ fair play betwe5 cont5ti\s individuals4 ,! battle is n n[ f\ght out ) fi/s or spe>s or oa?s or ordeals3 b x is l>gely a battle ( wits & ( te*nical res\rces betwe5 ! opposite p>ties & _! lawy]s1 ) ! ,/ate act+ ! "p ( a b5evol5tly neutral umpire4 ,! ignorant1 ! poor1 ! =eign1 & ! m]ely hone/ are almo/ inevitably at a disc\nt 9 ?is battle4#bag ,&1 9 any case1 ! te*nical aspect ( ju/ice1 t is1 ! "q ( prop] =ms gets out ( true p]spective4 ,! legally-m9d$ man is likely to be "o ) :om te*nical prec$5ts & rules are m important ?an ! goods to be a*iev$ & ! evils to be avoid$4 ,) increase ( publicity & sci5tific me?ods ( det]m9+ & int]pret+ facts1 & ) a public & pr(essional criticism :i* is imp>tial & wise1 we may anticipate t ! supremacy ( ! g5]al good w be increas+ly recogniz$ 9 cases ( litigation1 & t ! c\rts1 z organs ( public ju/ice1 w take a m active & sub/antial "p 9 ! managem5t ( all legal controv]sies4#bah ,legal & ,moral4--,b1 at ! be/1 def9itions ( rights & ( rem$ial proc$ures only 7#a7 lay d[n g5]al1 n individual conditions1 & 7#b71 s f> z !y are /rict1 regi/] prec$5t & cu/om r ?an anticipate ! novel & v>iable4 ,!y c /ate :at %all n be done4 ,except 9 special cases1 !y _c /ate :at %all be done1 mu* less ! _s & disposition 9 :i* x %all be done4 ,9 _! =mulations1 !y pres5t a sort ( m9imum limit ( morality n to be ov]/epp$ by ^? incl9$ to ill4 ,!y ?r[ little light on ! positive capacities & responsibilities ( ^? :o are socially m9d$4 ,!y h a moral purpose3 !y free en]gy f ! friction att5dant ^u vague1 obscure1 & unc]ta9 situations1 by enlight5+ m5 z to :at !y may d & h[ !y may d x4 ,b ! exagg]ation ( =m at ! exp5se ( ! sub/antial end & good1 leads to misplac$ emphasis & false p]spective4 ,! rules are treat$ z ends2 !y are employ$ n to get insight into consequ5ces1 b z ju/ify+1 ap>t f consequ5ces1 c]ta9 acts4 ,! w\ld-be consci5ti\s ag5t is l$ into consid]+ goodness z a matt] ( obey+ rules1 n ( fulfill+ ends4 ,! av]age individual conceives he has satisfi$ ! requirem5ts ( morality :5 he has con=m$ to ! av]age level ( legal def9ition & prescription4 ,egoi/ic1 self-seek+ m5 reg>d _! actions z sanction$ if !y h n brok5 ! laws2 & decide ?is "q by success 9 evad+ p5alties4 ,! intellig5ce t %\ld g to employ+ ! _s ( laws to enlight5 behavior is sp5t 9 +5i\s inv5tions = obs]v+ _! lett]4 ,! respectable citiz5 ( ?is type is "o ( ! unsocializ$ =ces t social re=m]s f9d among _! mo/ s]i\s ob/acles4 ,?is id5tification ( morality ) ! legal & jural leads to a reaction :i* is equally injuri\s3 ! complete sep>ation ( ! legal & ! moral1 ! =m] conceiv$ z m]ely out]1 conc]n$ entirely ) acts1 n at all ) motive & "*4 ,! effect ( ?is divorce is p]haps m s]i\s ^u ! moral ?an ^u ! legal4 ,! sep>ation makes morals s5tim5tal & :imsical1 or else transc5d5tal & esot]ic4 ,x leads to neglect ( ! social & in/itutional realities :i* =m a _w ( action z surely z natural objects & en]gies =m a physical _w1 & ends 9 ! popul> conception ( morals z j a matt] ( goodness 7! goody-good9ess7 ( individuals4 ,"o ( ! mo/ fundam5tal ( moral duties is t ( mak+ ! legal ord] a m adequate expression ( ! common good4 ,special ,problems4--,civil ,society ?us imposes ^u its memb]s n only specific obligations1 b x also imposes ^u all :o enjoy its b5efits ! supreme obligation ( see+ t ! civic ord] is itself intellig5tly j 9 its me?ods ( proc$ure4 ,! peculi> moral problems :i* m5 h to face z memb]s ( civil society *ange1 ( c\rse1 f "t to "t ) *ange ( conditions2 among ! m urg5t ( pres5t problems1 we may m5tion3 #a4 ,re=m ( ,crim9al ,proc$ure4--,! negative side ( morality is nev] s important z ! positive1 because ! pa?ological _c be z important z ! physiological ( :i* x is a di/urbance & p]v]sion4 ,b no fair survey ( our me?ods1 ei!r ( locat+ crim9ality or ( puni%+ x1 c fail to note t !y conta9 f> too _m survivals ( b>b>ism4 ,comp>$ ) primitive times we h inde$ won a preci\s conque/4 ,ev5 z late z #ahac1 a proposal to *ange ! p5alty = /eal+ five %ill+s f dea? to transportation to a remote colony1 0 defeat$ 9 ,engl&4#bai ,b we are likely 9 flatt]+ ourselves ^u ! progress made to ov]look t :i* x rema9s to make4 ,our trials are te*nical r ?an human3 !y assume t j ab\t s mu* p]si/5t crim9ality mu/ p]si/ 9 any case4 ,!y endeavor1 9 r r\t9e & p]functory ways1 to label ?is & t p]son z crim9al 9 su* & su* degrees1 or1 by te*nical devices & res\rces1 to acquit4 ,9 _m ,am]ican /ates1 di/ru/ ( gov]nm5t1 inh]it$ f days ( tyrannical mon>*y or olig>*y1 protects ! accus$ 9 all sorts ( ways4 ,= fe> ! gov]nm5t w unju/ly infr+e ^u ! lib]ty ( ! individual1 ! latt] is n only--z is j--reg>d$ z innoc5t till prov$ guilty2 b is provid$ ) e possible te*nical advantage 9 rules ( evid5ce1 po/ponem5ts & appeals1 advantages back$ up1 9 _m cities1 by association ) political bosses :i* gives him a corrupt pull4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re is z yet no g5]al recognition ( ! possibility ( an unbias$ sci5tific inve/igation into all ! antec$5ts 7h]$it>y & environm5tal7 ( evildo]s2 an inve/igation :i* w\ld connect ! wrong done ) ! "* ( ! individual committ+ x1 & n m]ely ) "o ( a numb] ( te*nical degrees ( crime1 laid d[n 9 ! /atute books 9 ! ab/ract1 )\t ref]5ce to p>ticul> *>act]s & circum/ances4 ,?us :ile ! evildo] has 9 "o direction altoge!r too mu* ( a *ance to evade ju/ice1 he has 9 ano!r direction a *ance at only te*nical1 r ?an at moral1 ju/ice--ju/ice z an individual human be+4 ,x is n possible to discuss "h v>i\s me?ods :i* h be5 propos$ = rem$y+ ^! defects4 ,b x is cle>ly ! bus9ess ( ! m ?\ghtful memb]s ( society to consid] ! evils s]i\sly & to int]e/ !mselves actively 9 _! re=m4 ,we ne$1 above all1 a *ange 9 two respects3 7a7 recognition ( ! possibilities ( new me?ods ( judgm5t :i* ! sci5ces ( physiology1 psy*ology1 & sociology h br\ght ab\t2 & 7b7 surr5d] ( t feudal conception accord+ to :i* m5 are divid$1 z x 7 ess5tially1 into two classes3 "o ! crim9al & ! o!r ! m]itori\s4 ,we ne$ to consid] ! ways 9 :i* ! pressure & ! opportunities ( environm5t & education1 ( pov]ty & com=table liv+1 ( extrane\s sugge/ion & /imulation1 make ! diff]5ces betwe5 "o man & ano!r2 & to recognize h[ fundam5tally "o human nature is at bottom4 ,juv5ile c\rts1 probation (fic]s1 det5tion (fic]s1 m>k ! beg9n+s ( :at is possible1 b only ! beg9n+s4 ,= ! mo/ "p crime is /ill treat$ sordidly & by r\t9e1 except :51 be+ s5sational1 x is ! occasion = a great battle ( wits betwe5 ke5 prosecut+ attorney & clev] crim9al lawy]1 ) ! _w ?r\gh ! newspap]s wat*+ ! display4 #b4 ,re=m ( ,puni%m5t4--,em]son's bitt] words are /ill too applicable4 ,our di/ru/ is v exp5sive4 ,! money we sp5d = c\rts & prisons is v ill laid out4 ,we make1 by di/ru/1 ! ?ief & burgl> & inc5di>y1 & by our c\rt & jail we keep him s4#bbj ,re=matories1 ^: purpose is *ange ( disposition1 n m]e p5alization1 h be5 f\nd$2 b !re are /ill _m m prisons ?an re=matories4 ,&1 if x be argu$ t mo/ crim9als are s h>d5$ 9 evil-do+ t re=matories are ( no use1 ! answ] is tw(old4 ,we d n "k1 because we h nev] sy/ematically & intellig5tly tri$ to f9d out2 &1 ev5 if x 7 s1 no?+ is m illogical ?an to turn ! unre=m$ crim9al1 at ! end ( a c]ta9 numb] ( mon?s or ye>s1 loose to prey aga9 ^u society4 ,ei!r re=m or else p]man5t segregation is ! logical alt]native4 ,indet]m9ate s5t5ces1 release on probation1 discrim9ation ( classes ( (f5d]s1 sep>ation ( ! fir/ & m or less accid5tal & immature (f5d] f ! old & exp]i5c$ h&1 special matrons = wom5 (f5d]s1 introduction ( education & indu/rial tra9+ into p5it5ti>ies1 ! f9d+ ( employm5t = ^? releas$--all m>k improvem5ts4 ,!y are1 h[ev]1 z yet in*oate4 ,intellig5t memb]s ( society ne$ to recognize _! own responsibility = ! promotion ( su* re=ms & = ! discov]y ( new ones4 #c4 ,increase ( ,adm9i/rative ,effici5cy4--,9 ! la/ "o hundr$ ye>s1 society has rapidly gr[n 9 int]nal complexity4 ,comm]cial *anges h br\ght ab\t an int5se conc5tration ( population 9 cities2 h promot$ migratory travel & int]c\rse1 ) de/ruction ( local ties2 h develop$ _w m>kets & collective b imp]sonal 7corporate7 production & di/ribution4 ,_m new problems h be5 creat$1 :ile at ! same "t _m ( ! old ag5cies = ma9ta9+ ord] h be5 weak5$ or de/roy$1 especially su* z 7 adapt$ to small gr\ps ) fix$ habits4 ,a great /ra9 has ?us be5 put ^u ! in/rum5talities ( ju/ice4 ,pione] conditions ret>d$ 9 ,am]ica ! developm5t ( ! problems incid5t ^u indu/rial recon/ruction4 ,! possibility ( mov+ on1 ( tak+ up new l&1 f9d+ unutiliz$ res\rces ( =e/ & m9e1 ! developm5t ( new pr(essions1 ! gr[? ( population ) new ne$s to be met1 /imulat$ & rew>d$ individual ent]prise4 ,"u su* circum/ances !re c\ld be no g5]al dem& = public ag5cies ( inspection1 sup]vision1 & publicity4 ,b ! pione] days ( ,am]ica are practically end$4 ,am]ican cities & /ates f9d !mselves confront$ ) ! same problems ( public heal?1 pov]ty & unemploym5t1 conge/$ population1 traffic & transportation1 *>itable relief1 tramps & vagabondage1 & s =?1 t h tr\bl$ old] c\ntries4 ,we face ^! problems1 moreov]1 ) traditions :i* are av]se to bureaucratic adm9i/ration & public int]f]5ce4 ,public regulation is reg>d$ z a pat]nali/ic survival1 q unsuit$ to a free & indep5d5t p4 ,x w\ld be fooli%1 inde$1 to ov]look or d5y ! great ga9s t h come f our ,am]ican individuali/ic convictions3 ! quick5+ ( private g5]osity1 ! gr[? ( a g5]aliz$ s5se ( noblesse oblige--( :at e successful individual owes to 8 community2 ( p]sonal initiative1 self-reliance1 & v]satile faculty2 ( int]e/ 9 all ! volunt>y ag5cies :i* by education & o!rwise develop ! individuality ( e "o2 & ( a dem& = equality ( opportunity1 a fair *ance1 & a squ>e deal = all4 ,b x is c]ta9 t ! c\ntry has rea*$ a /ate ( developm5t1 9 :i* ^! individual a*ievem5ts & possibilities require new civic & political ag5cies if !y are to be ma9ta9$ z realities4 ,individualism means inequity1 h>%ness1 & retrogression to b>b>ism 7no matt] "u :at v5e] ( display & luxury71 unless x is a g5]aliz$ individualism3 an individualism :i* takes into acc\nt ! real good & effective--n m]ely =mal--fre$om ( e social memb]4 ,h5ce ! dem& = civic organs--city1 /ate1 & f$]al1--( exp]t inquiry1 inspection1 & sup]vision ) respect to a l>ge numb] ( int]e/s :i* are too widespread & too intricate to be well c>$ = by private or volunt>y initiative4 ,! well-to-d 9 great cities may segregate !mselves 9 ! m heal?ful qu>t]s2 !y may rely ^u _! automobiles = local transportation2 !y may secure pure milk & unadult]at$ foods f p]sonal res\rces2 !y may1 by _! comb9$ pull1 secure good s*ools1 polic+1 light+1 & well-pav$ /reets = _! own localities4 ,b ! great masses are dep5d5t ^u public ag5cies = prop] air1 light1 sanit>y conditions ( "w & resid5ce1 *eap & effective transportation1 pure food1 dec5t educative & recreative facilities 9 s*ools1 libr>ies1 museums1 p>ks4 ,! problems :i* fall to ! lot ( ! prop] organs ( adm9i/rative inspection & sup]vision are ess5tially sci5tific problems1 que/ions = exp]t intellig5ce conjo9$ ) wide sympa?y4 ,9 ! true s5se ( ! ^w political1 !y are political que/ions3 t is1 !y relate to ! welf>e ( society z an organiz$ community ( atta9m5t & endeavor4 ,9 ! cant s5se ( ! t]m political1 ! s5se ( conv5tional p>ty-issues & p>ty-l9es1 !y h no m to d ) politics ?an h ! multiplication table & ! laws ( hygi5e4 ,yet !y are at pres5t almo/ hopelessly entangl$ ) irrelevant political issues1 & are almo/ hopelessly "u ! heel ( p>ty-politicians ^: lea/ k is ( ! sci5tific que/ions involv$1 j z _! lea/ int]e/ is = ! human issues at /ake4 ,s f> civil s]vice re=m has be5 ma9ly negative3 a purg+ away ( "s ( ! gross] causes :i* h influ5c$ appo9tm5ts to (fice4 ,b n[ !re is ne$$ a con/ructive re=m ( civil adm9i/ration :i* w develop ! ag5cies ( inquiry1 ov]sight1 & publicity requir$ by mod]n conditions2 & :i* w necessitate ! selection ( public s]vants ( sci5tifically equipp$ p[]s4 ,sec4 #c4 ,,political ,,rights ,,& ,,obligations ,no h>d & fa/ l9e c be drawn betwe5 civil society & ! ,/ate4 ,by ! ,/ate1 h[ev]1 we d5ote ^? conditions ( social organization & regulation :i* are mo/ fundam5tal & mo/ g5]al3--conditions :i* are summ$ up 9 & express$ ?r\gh ! g5]al w z manife/$ 9 legislation & its execution4 ,z a civil "r is te*nically focus$ 9 ! "r to use ! c\rts1 to sue & be su$1 t is 9 ! "r to h o!r claims adjudicat$ & en=c$ by a public1 imp>tial au?ority1 s a political "r is te*nically summ$ up 9 ! p[] to vote--ei!r to vote directly ^u laws or to vote = ^? :o make & c>ry out laws4 ,to h ! "r 9 a legislative assembly to speak = or aga9/ a c]ta9 measure2 to be able to say yea or nay ^u a roll-call2 to be able to put into a ballot-box a piece ( pap] ) a numb] ( names writt5 !reon1 are n acts :i* ( !mselves possess ! inh]5t value ( _m ( ! mo/ ord9>y transactions ( daily life4 ,b ! repres5tative & pot5tial significance ( political rights exce$s t ( any o!r class ( rights4 ,suffrage /&s = direct & active p>ticipation 9 ! regulation ( ! t]ms ^u :i* associat$ life %all be su/a9$1 & ! pursuit ( ! good c>ri$ on4 ,political fre$om & responsibility express an individual's p[] & obligation to make effective all 8 o!r capacities by fix+ ! social conditions ( _! ex]cise4 ,gr[? ( ,democracy4--,! evolution ( democratically regulat$ ,/ates1 z di/9ct f ^? ord]$ 9 ! int]e/s ( a small gr\p1 or ( a special class1 is ! social c\nt]p>t ( ! developm5t ( a compreh5sive & common good4 ,ext]nally view$1 democracy is a piece ( ma*9]y1 to be ma9ta9$ or ?r[n away1 l any o!r piece ( ma*9]y1 on ! basis ( its economy & effici5cy ( work+4 ,morally1 x is ! effective embodim5t ( ! moral ideal ( a good :i* consi/s 9 ! developm5t ( all ! social capacities ( e individual memb] ( society4 ,pres5t ,problems3 #a4 ,di/ru/ ( ,gov]nm5t4--,pres5t moral problems connect$ ) political affairs h to d ) safegu>d+ ! democratic ideal aga9/ ! influ5ces :i* are always at "w to und]m9e x1 & ) build+ up = x a m complete & ext5sive embodim5t4 ,! hi/oric antec$5t ( our own gov]nm5tal sy/em 0 ! ex]cise ( a monopoly by a privileg$ class4#bba ,x became a democratic in/itution p>tly because ! ,k+1 9 ord] to secure ! monopoly1 _h to conc$e & gu>antee to ! masses ( ! p c]ta9 rights z aga9/ ! olig>*ical int]e/s :i* might rival 8 p[]s2 & p>tly because ! c5tralization ( p[]1 ) ! arbitr>y despotism x creat$1 call$ out prote/s :i* f9ally a*iev$ ! ma9 popul> lib]ties3 safety ( life & prop]ty f arbitr>y =feiture1 arre/1 or seizure by ! sov]eign2 ! rights ( free assembly1 petition1 a free press1 & ( repres5tation 9 ! law-mak+ body4 ,^u its face1 ! /ruggle = individual lib]ty 0 a /ruggle aga9/ ! ov]be>+ m5ace ( despotic rul]s4 ,?is fact has surviv$ 9 an attitude t[>ds gov]nm5t :i* cripples its usefulness z an ag5cy ( ! g5]al w4 ,gov]nm5t1 ev5 9 ! mo/ democratic c\ntries1 is /ill ?\ght ( z an ext]nal rul]1 op]at+ f above1 r ?an z an organ by :i* p associat$ 9 pursuit ( common ends c mo/ effectively coop]ate = ! realization ( _! own aims4 ,di/ru/ ( gov]nm5t 0 "o ( ! *ief traits ( ! situation 9 :i* ! ,am]ican nation 0 born4 ,x is embodi$ n only 9 popul> tradition1 & p>ty cre$s1 b 9 our organic laws1 :i* conta9 _m provisions expressly calculat$ to prev5t ! corporate social body f effect+ its ends freely & easily ?r\gh gov]nm5tal ag5cies4#bbb ,!re c be no d\bt t ! movem5t to re/rict ! functions ( gov]nm5t1 ! laissez-faire movem5t1 0 9 its "t an important /ep 9 human fre$om1 because s mu* ( gov]nm5tal action 0 despotic 9 int5tion & /upid 9 execution4 ,b x is also a mi/ake to cont9ue to ?9k ( a gov]nm5t :i* is only ! p associat$ = ! assur+ ( _! own ends z if x 7 ! same sort ( ?+ z a gov]nm5t :i* repres5t$ ! w ( an irresponsible class4 ,! advance ( means ( publicity1 & ( natural & social sci5ce1 provides n only protection aga9/ ignorant & unwise public action1 b also con/ructive in/rum5talities ( intellig5t adm9i/rative activities4 ,"o ( ! *ief moral problems ( ! pres5t day is1 !n1 t ( mak+ gov]nm5tal ma*9]y su* a prompt & flexible organ = express+ ! common int]e/ & purpose z w d away ) t di/ru/ ( gov]nm5t :i* prop]ly mu/ endure s long z gov]nm5t is some?+ impos$ f above & ex]cis$ f )\t4 #b4 ,indiff]5ce to ,public ,conc]ns4--,! multiplication ( private int]e/s is a measure ( social progress3 x m>ks ! multiplication ( ! s\rces & +r$i5ts ( happ9ess4 ,b x also invites neglect ( ! fundam5tal g5]al conc]ns :i*1 seem+ v remote1 get pu%$ out ( sight by ! pressure ( ! ne>] & m vivid p]sonal int]e/s4 ,! great majority ( m5 h _! ?\ghts & feel+s well occupi$ ) _! family & bus9ess affairs2 ) _! clubs = recreation1 _! *ur* associations1 & s on4 ,politics becomes ! trade ( a class :i* is especially exp]t 9 ! manipulation ( _! fell[s & skill$ 9 ! accel]ation ( public op9ion4 ,politics !n gets a bad "n1 & ! alo(ness f public matt]s ( ^? be/ fitt$1 !oretically1 to p>ticipate 9 !m is fur!r promot$4 ,! say+ ( ,plato1 tw5ty-five hundr$ ye>s ago1 t ! p5alty good m5 pay = n be+ int]e/$ 9 gov]nm5t is t !y are !n rul$ by m5 worse ?an !mselves1 is v]ifi$ 9 mo/ ( our ,am]ican cities4 #c4 ,corruption4--,?is indiff]5ce ( ! _m1 :i* ?r[s ! managem5t ( political affairs into ! h&s ( a few1 leads inevitably to corruption4 ,at ! be/1 gov]nm5t is adm9i/]$ by human be+s possess$ ( ord9>y human frailties & p>tialities2 &1 at ! be/1 !re=e1 its ideal function ( s]v+ imp>tially ! common good mu/ be compromis$ 9 its execution4 ,b ! control ( ! inn] ma*9]y ( gov]nm5tal p[] by a few :o c "w 9 irresponsible secrecy because ( ! indiff]5ce & ev5 contempt ( ! _m1 incites to delib]ate p]v]sion ( public functions into private advantages4 ,z embezzlem5t is appropriation ( tru/ funds to private ends1 s corruption1 graft1 is pro/itution ( public res\rces1 :e!r ( p[] or ( money1 to p]sonal or class int]e/s4 ,t a public (fice is a public tru/ is at once an axiom ( political e?ics & a pr9ciple mo/ difficult to realize4 ,9 our own day1 a special field has be5 op5$ )9 :i* corruption may fl\ri%1 9 ! developm5t ( public utility companies4 ,railways1 city transportation sy/ems1 telegraph & telephone sy/ems1 ! di/ribution ( wat] & light1 require public fran*ises1 = !y ei!r employ public highways or !y call ^u ! ,/ate to ex]cise its p[] ( em95t doma94 ,^! ent]prises c be c>ri$ on effici5tly & economically only z !y are ei!r monopolies1 or quasi-monopolies4 ,all mod]n life1 h[ev]1 is completely b\nd up ) & dep5d5t ^u facilities ( communication1 int]c\rse1 & di/ribution4 ,p[] to control ! v>i\s public-s]vice corporations c>ries ) x1 !re=e1 p[] to control & to tax all indu/ries1 p[] to build up & ca/ d[n communities1 companies1 & individuals1 to an ext5t :i* might well h be5 envi$ by royal h\ses ( ! pa/4 ,x becomes !n a v special object = great corporations to control ! ag5cies ( legislation & adm9i/ration2 & x becomes a v special object = p>ty lead]s & bosses to get control ( p>ty ma*9]y 9 ord] to act z brok]s 9 fran*ises & 9 special favors--sometimes directly = money1 sometimes = ! p]petuation & ext5sion ( _! own p[] & influ5ce1 sometimes = ! success1 ?r\gh influ5tial support & contribution to p>ty funds1 ( ! national p>ty ) :i* !y are id5tifi$4 #d4 ,re=ms 9 ,p>ty ,ma*9]y4--,! la/ decade or s ( our hi/ory has be5 rife ) s*emes to improve political conditions4 ,x has become cle>1 among o!r ?+s1 t our national gr[? has c>ri$ ) x ! developm5t ( second>y political ag5cies1 n contemplat$ by ! fram]s ( our con/itutions1 ag5cies :i* h become prim>y 9 practical matt]s4 ,^! ag5cies are ! ma*9es ( political p>ties1 ) _! hi]>*ical gradation ( bosses f national to w>d rul]s1 bosses :o are 9 close t\* ) great bus9ess int]e/s at "o extreme1 & ) ^? :o p&] to ! vices ( ! community 7gambl+1 dr9k1 & pro/itution7 at ! o!r2 p>ties ) _! committees1 conv5tions1 prim>ies1 caucuses1 p>ty-funds1 societies1 meet+s1 & all sorts ( devices = hold+ toge!r & excit+ masses ( m5 to m or less bl9d acquiesc5ce4 ,x is n necess>y to po9t out ! advantages :i* p>ties h subs]v$ 9 conc5trat+ & def9+ public op9ion & responsibility 9 l>ge issues2 nor to dwell ^u _! value 9 c\nt]act+ t5d5cies :i* break up & divide m5 into a multitude ( small gr\ps hav+ little 9 common ) "o ano!r4 ,b beh9d ^! advantages a va/ numb] ( abuses h %elt]$ !mselves4 ,rec5t legislation & rec5t discussion h %[n a m>k$ t5d5cy =mally to recognize ! "p actually play$ by p>ty ma*9]y 9 ! conduct ( ! ,/ate1 & to take measures to make ?is factor m responsible 9 its ex]cise4 ,s9ce ^! measures directly affect ! conditions "u :i* ! gov]nm5t z ! organ ( ! g5]al w does its "w ( secur+ ! fundam5tal conditions ( equal opportunity = all1 !y h a direct moral import4 ,su* que/ions z ! ,au/ralian ballot1 ! recognition ( p>ty emblems & p>ty gr\p+s ( names2 laws = direct prim>y nom9ations2 ! regi/]+ ( vot]s = prim>y z well z = f9al elections2 legal control ( p>ty committees & p>ty conv5tions2 publicity ( acc\nts z to ! reception & use ( p>ty funds2 =bidd+ ( contributions by corporations1 are ?us z di/9ctly moral que/ions z are brib]y & ballot-box /uff+4 #e4 ,re=ms 9 ,gov]nm5tal ,ma*9]y4--,que/ions t conc]n ! respective advantages ( writt5 v]sus unwritt5 con/itutions are 9 _! pres5t /ate problems ( te*nical political sci5ce r ?an ( morals4 ,b !re are problems1 gr[+ out ( ! fact t = ! mo/ "p ,am]ican con/itutions 7 writt5 & adopt$ "u conditions radically unlike ^? ( ! pres5t1 :i* h a direct e?ical import4 ,z already not$1 our con/itutions are full ( evid5ces ( di/ru/ ( popul> coop]ative action4 ,!y did n & c\ld n =esee ! direction ( indu/rial developm5t1 ! increas$ complexity ( social life1 nor ! expansion ( national t]ritory4 ,_m measures :i* h prov$ indisp5sable h _h !re=e to be z x 7 smuggl$ 92 !y h be5 ju/ifi$ by legal fictions & by int]pretations :i* h /ret*$ ! orig9al text to uses undream$ (4 ,at ! same "t1 ! c\rts1 :i* are ! mo/ te*nical & legal ( our political organs1 are supreme ma/]s ov] ! legislative bran*1 ! mo/ popul> & g5]al4 ,! di/ribution ( functions betwe5 ! /ates & ! nation is curi\sly ill-adapt$ to pres5t conditions 7z ! discussions reg>d+ railway regulation indicate72 & ! di/ribution ( p[]s betwe5 ! /ate & its municipalities is h>dly less s1 re/+ 9 !ory ^u ! idea ( local self-gov]nm5t1 & 9 practice do+ almo/ ev]y?+ possible to disc\rage responsible initiative = ! conduct ( _! own affairs on ! "p ( municipalities4 ,^! conditions h naturally br\ght =? a l>ge crop ( sugge/ions = re=ms4 ,x is n int5d$ to discuss !m "h1 b ! m important ( !m1 s f> z involv+ moral que/ions1 may be briefly not$4 ,! proposals t]m$ ! initiative & ! ref]5dum & ! recall 7?is la/ int5d$ to enable ! p to )draw f (fice any "o ) ^: conduct ( affairs !y are dissatisfi$7 are cle>ly int5d$ to make ! ideal ( democratic control m effective 9 practice4 ,proposals = limit$ or complete woman's suffrage call att5tion to ! fact t "o-half ( ! citiz5%ip does ! political ?9k+ = ! o!r half1 & emphasize ! difficulty "u su* conditions ( gett+ a compreh5sive social /&po9t 7:i*1 z we h already se51 is ! sympa!tic & reasonable /&po9t7 f :i* to judge social issues4 ,_m sporadic propositions f ?is & t qu>t] indicate a desire to revise con/itutions s z to temp] _! ca/-iron quality & increase _! flexible adaptation to ! pres5t popul> w1 & s z to emancipate local communities f subjection to ,/ate legislatures 9 su* a way z to give !m great] autonomy & h5ce great] responsibility1 9 ! managem5t ( _! own corporate affairs4 ,x is n ! argum5ts pro & con t we are "h conc]n$ )2 b we are int]e/$ to po9t out t moral issues are involv$ 9 ! settlem5t ( ^! que/ions4 ,x may1 moreov]1 be not$ t divid+ l9es 9 ! discussion are g5]ally drawn1 consci\sly or unconsci\sly1 on ! basis ( ! degree ( fai? :i* exi/s 9 ! democratic pr9ciple & ideal1 z aga9/ ! class idea 9 "s ( its _m =ms4 #f4 ,con/ructive ,social ,legislation4--,! rapid *ange ( economic me?ods1 ! accumulation & conc5tration ( weal?1 ! aggregation ( capital & labor into di/9ct bodies ( corporations & tru/s1 on "o side1 & f$]at$ labor unions1 on ! o!r2 ! developm5t ( collective ag5cies ( production & di/ribution1 h br\ght to ! focus ( public att5tion a l>ge numb] ( proposals = new legislation1 almo/ all ( :i* h a direct moral import4 ,^! matt]s are discuss$ at l5g? 9 subsequ5t *apt]s 7*s4 xxii4-xxv472 & s are pass$ ov] "h ) ! rem9d] t1 :ile on "o side !y are que/ions ( ! e?ics ( indu/ry1 !y are also que/ions ( ! "r & wrong use ( political p[] & au?ority4 ,we may also note t ! !oretical pr9ciple at issue1 ! ext5sion v]sus ! re/riction ( gov]nm5tal ag5cies1 s f> z x is n simply a "q ( :at is exp$i5t "u ! giv5 circum/ances1 is ess5tially a "q ( a g5]aliz$ v]sus a p>tial individualism4 ,! democratic movem5t ( emancipation ( p]sonal capacities1 ( secur+ to ea* individual an effective "r to c\nt 9 ! ord] & movem5t ( society z a :ole 7t is1 9 ! common good71 has gone f> en\gh to secure to _m1 m favor$ ?an o!rs1 peculi> p[]s & possessions4 ,x is "p ( ! irony ( ! situation t su* n[ oppose ef=ts to secure equality ( opportunity to all on ! gr\nd t ^! ef=ts w\ld effect an invasion ( individual lib]ties & rights3 i4e41 ( privileges bas$ on inequality4 ,x requires p]haps a peculi>ly sympa!tic imag9ation to see t ! "q really involv$ is n "o ( magnify+ ! p[]s ( ! ,/ate aga9/ individuals1 b is "o ( mak+ individual lib]ty a m ext5sive & equitable matt]4 #g4 ,! ,int]national ,problem4--,! developm5t ( national ,/ates m>ks a trem5d\s /ep =w>d 9 ! realization ( ! pr9ciple ( a truly inclusive common good4 ,b x _c be ! f9al /ep4 ,j z clans1 sects1 gangs1 etc41 are int5sely sympa!tic )9 & int5sely exclusive & jeal\s )\t1 s ,/ates are /ill array$ aga9/ ,/ates1 ) patriotism1 loyalty1 z an int]nal virtue1 & ! di/ru/ & hatr$ ( divisive ho/ility z ! c\nt]p>t vice4 ,! idea ( humanity 9 ! ab/ract has be5 atta9$ z a moral ideal4 ,b ! political organization ( ?is conception1 its embodim5t 9 law & adm9i/rative ag5cies1 has n be5 a*iev$4 ,int]national law1 arbitration treaties1 & ev5 a c\rt l ! ,hague tribunal1 ^: p[] is s5tim5tal r ?an political1 m>k /eps =w>d4 ,no?+ c\ld be m absurd1 f ! hi/oric po9t ( view1 ?an to reg>d ! conception ( an int]national ,/ate ( f$]at$ humanity1 ) its own laws & its own c\rts & its own rules = adjudicat+ disputes1 z a m]e dream1 an illusion ( s5tim5tal hope4 ,x is a v slight /ep to take =w>d comp>$ ) t :i* has sub/itut$ ! au?ority ( national ,/ates = ! conflict ( isolat$ clans & local communities2 or ) t :i* has sub/itut$ a publicly adm9i/]$ ju/ice = ! regime ( private w> & retaliation4 ,! argum5t = ! necessity 7%ort ( ! atta9m5t ( a f$]at$ int]national ,/ate ) univ]sal au?ority & polic+ ( ! seas7 ( prep>+ 9 peace by enl>g$ armies & navies = ! possibility ( w>1 mu/ be (fset at lea/ by recognition t ! possession ( irresponsible p[] is always a direct temptation to its irresponsible use4 ,! argum5t t w> is necess>y to prev5t moral deg5]ation ( individuals may1 "u pres5t conditions1 :]e e day br+s its fre% *all5ge to civic initiative1 c\rage1 & vigor1 be dismiss$ z unmitigat$ nons5se4 ,sec4 #d4 ,,! ,,moral ,,crit]ion ,,( ,,political ,,activity ,! moral crit]ion by :i* to try social in/itutions & political measures may be summ$ up z foll[s3 ,! te/ is :e!r a giv5 cu/om or law sets free individual capacities 9 su* a way z to make !m available = ! developm5t ( ! g5]al happ9ess or ! common good4 ,?is =mula /ates ! te/ ) ! emphasis fall+ ^u ! side ( ! individual4 ,x may be /at$ f ! side ( associat$ life z foll[s3 ,! te/ is :e!r ! g5]al1 ! public1 organization & ord] are promot$ 9 su* a way z to equalize opportunity = all4 ,comp>ison ) ! ,individuali/ic ,=mula4--,! =mula ( ! individuali/ic s*ool 79 ! n>r[ s5se ( t t]m--! laissez-faire s*ool7 reads3 ,! moral end ( political in/itutions & measures is ! maximum possible fre$om ( ! individual consi/5t ) 8 n int]f]+ ) l fre$om on ! "p ( o!r individuals4 ,x is q possible to int]pret ?is =mula 9 su* a way z to make x equival5t to t j giv54 ,b x is n employ$ 9 t s5se by ^? :o advance x4 ,an illu/ration w br+ out ! diff]5ce4 ,imag9e "o hundr$ work+m5 b&$ toge!r 9 a desire to improve _! /&>d ( liv+ by secur+ high] wages1 %ort] h\rs1 & m sanit>y conditions ( "w4 ,imag9e "o hundr$ o!r m5 :o1 because !y h no families to support1 no *ildr5 to educate1 or because !y d n c>e ab\t _! /&>d ( life1 are desir\s ( replac+ ! fir/ hundr$ at l[] wages1 & ^u conditions g5]ally m favorable to ! employ] ( labor4 ,x is q cle> t 9 (f]+ !mselves & cr[d+ out ! o!rs1 !y are n int]f]+ ) ! l fre$om on ! "p ( o!rs4 ,! m5 already engag$ are free to "w = l[] wages & long] "t1 if !y want to4 ,b x is equally c]ta9 t !y are int]f]+ ) ! real fre$om ( ! o!rs3 t is1 ) ! effective expression ( _! :ole body ( activities4 ,! =mula ( l fre$om artificially isolates "s "o p[]1 takes t 9 ! ab/ract1 & !n inquires :e!r x is int]f]$ )4 ,! "o truly moral "q is :at relation ?is p>ticul> p[]1 say ! p[] to d a c]ta9 "w = a c]ta9 rew>d1 su/a9s to all ! o!r desires1 purposes1 & int]e/s ( ! individual4 ,h[ are !y affect$ by ! way 9 :i* "s "o activity is ex]cis$8 ,x is 9 !m t ! concrete fre$om ( ! man resides4 ,we d n "k :e!r ! fre$om ( a man is int]f]$ ) or is assi/$ until we h tak5 into acc\nt 8 :ole sy/em ( capacities & activities4 ,! maximum fre$om ( "o individual consi/5t ) equal concrete or total fre$om ( o!rs1 w\ld inde$ repres5t a high moral ideal4 ,b ! individuali/ic =mula is condemn$ by ! fact t x has 9 m9d only an ab/ract1 me*anical1 ext]nal1 & h5ce =mal fre$om4 ,comp>ison ) ! ,collectivi/ic ,=mula4--,!re is a rival =mula :i* may be summ$ up z ! subord9ation ( private or individual good to ! public or g5]al good3 ! subord9ation ( ! good ( ! "p to ! good ( ! :ole4 ,?is notion also may be int]pret$ 9 a way :i* r5d]s x id5tical ) our own crit]ion4 ,b x is usually n s int5d$4 ,x t5ds to emphasize quantitative & me*anical consid]ations4 ,! individuali/ic =mula t5ds 9 practice to emphasize ! fre$om ( ! man :o has p[] at ! exp5se ( 8 neighbor weak] 9 heal?1 9 intellectual ability1 9 worldly goods1 & 9 social influ5ce4 ,! collectivi/ic =mula t5ds to set up a /atic social :ole & to prev5t ! v>iations ( individual initiative :i* are necess>y to progress4 ,an individual v>iation may involve opposition1 n con=mity or subord9ation1 to ! exi/+ social good tak5 /atically2 & yet may be ! sole means by :i* ! exi/+ ,/ate is to progress4 ,m9orities are n always "r2 b e advance 9 "r beg9s 9 a m9ority ( "o1 :5 "s individual conceives a project :i* is at v>iance ) ! social good z x has be5 e/abli%$4 ,a true public or social good w accord+ly n subord9ate individual v>iations1 b w enc\rage individual exp]im5tation 9 new ideas & new projects1 endeavor+ only to see t !y are put into execution "u conditions :i* make = secur+ responsibility = _! consequ5ces4 ,a j social ord] promotes 9 all its memb]s habits ( criticiz+ its atta9$ goods & habits ( project+ s*emes ( new goods4 ,x does n aim at intellectual & moral subord9ation4 ,e =m ( social life conta9s survivals ( ! pa/ :i* ne$ to be reorganiz$4 ,! /ruggle ( "s individuals aga9/ ! exi/+ subord9ation ( _! good to ! good ( ! :ole is ! me?od ( ! reorganization ( ! :ole 9 ! direction ( a m g5]ally di/ribut$ good4 ,n ord]1 b ord]ly progress1 repres5ts ! social ideal4 ,,lit]ature ,gre51 ,pr9ciples ( ,political ,obligation1 #ahhh2 ,rit*ie1 ,pr9ciples ( ,/ate ,int]f]5ce1 #ahia1 ,natural ,rights1 #ahie2 ,lioy1 ,philosophy ( ,"r1 #b vols41 #aija2 ,will\ghby1 ,an ,exam9ation ( ! ,nature ( ! ,/ate1 #ahif2 ,wilson1 ,! ,/ate1 #ahhi2 ,doni/horpe1 ,individualism1 #ahhi2 ,gidd+s1 ,democracy & ,empire1 #aijj2 ,mul=d1 ,! ,nation1 #ahhb2 ,sp5c]1 ,pr9ciples ( ,sociology1 ,vol4 ,,ii41 ,"p ,v41 #ahhb1 on ,political ,in/itutions2 ,b5?am1 ,fragm5t on ,gov]nm5t1 #aggf2 ,mill1 ,consid]ations on ,repres5tative ,gov]nm5t1 #ahfa1 ,on ,lib]ty1 #ahei1 & ,! ,subjection ( ,wom51 #ahei2 ,au/91 ,jurisprud5ce1 #b vols41 #d? ed41 #ahgc2 ,hadley1 ,! ,relations betwe5 ,fre$om & ,responsibility 9 ! ,evolution ( ,democratic ,gov]nm5t1 #aijc2 ,pollock1 ,expansion ( ! ,common ,law1 #aijd2 ,hall1 ,crime 9 ,its ,relations to ,social ,progress1 #aija2 ,philan?ropy & ,social ,progress1 ,sev5 ,essays1 #ahic2 ,/eph5 7,j4 ,f471 ,lib]ty1 ,equality1 ,frat]nity1 #ahgc 7a criticism ( ,mill's ,lib]ty72 ,tufts1 ,"s ,contributions ( ,psy*ology to ! ,conception ( ,ju/ice1 ,philosophical ,review1 ,vol4 ,,xv41 p4 #cfa4 ,,footnotes3 #bjd ,a travel] tells ( ov]he>+ *ildr5 9 ,au/ralia1 :5 "o ( _! k9 _h injur$ "s "o 9 ano!r clan1 discuss :e!r or no !y came )9 ! degree ( ne>ness ( relation%ip :i* made !m liable to suff]4 #bje ,he>n1 ,! ,aryan ,h\sehold1 p4 #dca4 ,he>n is speak+1 moreov]1 ( a lat] & m advanc$ condition ( society1 "o ly+ well )9 civilization4 #bjf ,^? int]e/$ 9 ?is important hi/ory1 z e /ud5t ( morals may well be1 w f9d easily accessible mat]ial 9 ! foll[+ ref]5ces3 ,hobh\se1 ,morals 9 ,evolution1 *4 iii4 ( ,vol4 ,i42 ,he>n1 ,! ,aryan ,h\sehold1 *4 xix42 ,we/]m>ck1 ,! ,orig9 & ,developm5t ( ! ,moral ,ideas1 ,vol4 ,i41 pp4 #abj-ahe1 & p>ts ( *4 xx42 ,su!rl&1 ,orig9 & ,gr[? ( ! ,moral ,in/9ct1 *s4 xx4 & xxi42 ,pollock & ,maitl&1 ,hi/ory ( ( ,engli% ,law1 ,vol4 ,,ii41 pp4 #ddg-dfj & *4 ix42 ,pollock1 ,ox=d ,lectures 7,! ,k+'s ,peace72 ,*]ry1 ,crim9al ,law 9 ,anci5t ,communities2 ,ma9e1 ,anci5t ,law4 ,ref]5ces to an?ropological lit]ature1 deal+ ) savage & b>b>ian cu/oms1 w be f\nd especially 9 ,we/]m>ck & ,hobh\se4 #bjg ,= facts reg>d+ ! importance & nature ( ^! conceptions1 see ,we/]m>ck1 op4 cit41 pp4 #eb-gb2 ,rob]tson ,smi?1 ,! ,religion ( ! ,semites1 pp4 #dbg-dce & #aci-adi2 ,jevons1 ,introduction to ! ,hi/ory ( ,religion2 ,hobh\se1 op4 cit41 ,vol4 ,,ii41 *s4 i4 & ii42 & 9 g5]al facts be>+ on ! relations betwe5 taboos1 hol9ess1 & uncleanness2 ablutions1 purifications by fire1 transf]5ce by scapegoats2 also ! evil p[] ( curses1 & ! e>ly conceptions ( doom & fate4 ,= a sugge/ive int]pretation ( ! und]ly+ facts1 see ,santayana1 ,! ,life ( ,reason1 ,vol4 ,,iii41 *s4 iii4 & iv4 #bjh ,see ,plato1 ,laws1 ,,ix41 #hgc4 ,comp>e ,holmes1 ,common ,law4 ,9 m$iaeval & e>ly mod]n ,europe1 (f5d+ objects 7 deod&1 t is1 devot$ to ,god4 ,!y 7 to be appropriat$ by ! prop] civil or ecclesia/ical au?ority1 & us$ = *>ity4 ,9 !ory1 ?is la/$ 9 ,engl& up to #ahdf4 ,see ,tylor1 ,primitive ,culture1 ,vol4 ,i41 pp4 #bhf-bhg2 & ,pollock & ,maitl&1 op4 cit41 ,,ii41 pp4 #dga-dgb4 #bji ,op4 cit41 p4 #beg4 #baj ,! v words cause & to blame are closely connect$ 9 _! orig94 ,cf4 ! ,greek ,greek3 aitia4 #baa ,pollock & ,maitl&1 op4 cit41 ,,ii41 p4 #dfi2 ,i41 #cj4 ,= ! hi/ory ( ! idea ( accid5t 9 ,engli% law ) ref]5ce to homicide1 see also pp4 #dgg-dhc4 ,also ,/eph51 ,hi/ory ( ! ,crim9al ,law 9 ,engl&1 ,vol4 ,,iii41 pp4 #caf-cgf4 #bab ,pollock & ,maitl&1 ,,ii41 p4 #dgc2 see ,we/]m>ck1 pp4 #bdj-bdg4 #bac ,! sl[ness & indirectness ( *ange ?r[ light ^u ! suppos$ di/9ction ( ju/ice & m]cy 7see ante1 p4 #dae74 ,:5 ! practical inju/ice ( reg>d+ accid5tal homicide or kill+ 9 self-def5se z murd] began to be felt1 ! !ory 0 /ill t ! man 9 ju/ice 0 guilty1 b t he 0 to be recomm5d$ to ! cr[n = m]cy or p>don4 ,?is 0 a mean t]m 9 ! evolution ( our pres5t notion ( ju/ice4 #bad ,= "s ( ! ma9 hi/oric facts on intellectual disability1 see ,we/]m>ck1 pp4 #bfd-bgg4 #bae ,popul> judgm5t1 we may say1 t5ds to be z grossly utilit>ian 9 its practice z x is grossly intuitional 9 its !oretical /&po9t4 ,9 assum+ ! possibility ( an almo/ infallible1 (fh&1 pat p]ception ( "r & wrong1 x commits itself practically to judg+ 9 an (fh&1 analyz$ way1 on ! basis ( ! evils :i* ov]tly result4 #baf ,see ,pollock & ,maitl&1 ,vol4 ,,ii41 p4 #efa1 :o quote f ,ih]+3 ,=mulation is ! sworn enemy ( arbitr>9ess1 ! tw9-si/] ( lib]ty2 & :o add3 ,z "t goes on !re is always a l>g] room = discretion 9 ! law ( proc$ure3 b discretion>y p[]s c only be safely entru/$ to judges ^: imp>tiality is above suspicion & ^: e act is expos$ to public & pr(essional criticism4 #bag ,a lawy]1 ask$ if ! poor 7 n at a disadvantage 9 ! legal ma9t5ance ( _! rights1 repli$3 ,n any m ?an !y are 9 ! o!r relations ( life4 #bah ,! devices ( equity z di/9ct f /rict legality are ( c\rse 9 "p int5d$ to secure ?is result4 #bai ,rob9son & ,be>d1 ,developm5t ( ,mod]n ,europe1 ,vol4 ,,ii41 p4 #bjg4 #bbj ,man ! ,re=m]4 #bba ,! t]m ! ,k+'s ,peace1 z ! equival5t 9 ,engl& = ! peace & ord] ( ! commonweal?1 goes back to a "t :5 lit]ally x meant a private possession4 ,pollock says t ! desire to collect l>g] rev5ues 0 ! *ief motive = pu%+ ! royal jurisdiction aga9/ less] local au?orities4 ,essay on ! ,k+'s ,peace 9 ,ox=d ,essays4 #bbb ,says ,presid5t ,hadley3 ,! fundam5tal division ( p[]s 9 ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is betwe5 vot]s on ! "o h&1 & prop]ty-own]s on ! o!r4 ,! =ces ( democracy on "o side1 divid$ betwe5 ! executive & ! legislature1 are set ov] aga9/ ! =ces ( prop]ty on ! o!r side1 ) ! judici>y z arbit] betwe5 !m4444 ,! vot] c\ld elect :at (fic]s he pleas$1 s long z ^! (fic]s did n try to d c]ta9 duties confid$ by ! ,con/itution to ! prop]ty-hold]s4 ,democracy 0 complete z f> z x w5t1 b con/itutionally x 0 b\nd to /op %ort ( social democracy4 ,,*apt] ,,xxii ,,! ,,e?ics ,,( ,,! ,,economic ,,life ,9 consid]+ ! e?ics ( ! economic life & ( prop]ty1 s f> z ?is latt] topic has n receiv$ treatm5t else:]e1 we give 7#a7 a g5]al analysis ( ! e?ical que/ions involv$1 7#b7 a m specific acc\nt ( ! problems rais$ by ! pres5t t5d5cies ( indu/ry1 bus9ess1 & prop]ty2 we foll[ ^! analyses ) 7#c7 a /atem5t ( pr9ciples1 & 7#d7 a discussion ( unsettl$ problems4 ,sec4 #a4 ,,g5]al ,,analysis ,bo? ! economic process & prop]ty h ?ree di/9ct e?ical aspects correspond+ respectively to ! e?ical /&po9t ( happ9ess1 "*1 & social ju/ice4 7#a7 ,! economic process supplies m5 ) goods = _! bodily wants & ) _m ( ! necess>y means = satisfy+ intellectual1 ae/hetic1 & social ne$s2 prop]ty repres5ts p]man5ce & security 9 ^! same values4 7#b7 ,?r\gh ! difficulties x pres5ts1 ! "w x involves1 & ! incitem5ts x (f]s1 ! economic process has a p[]ful influ5ce 9 evok+ skill1 =esight1 & sci5tific control ( nature1 9 =m+ "*1 & /imulat+ ambition to excel4 ,prop]ty means p[]1 control1 & ! conditions = l>g] fre$om4 7#c7 ,! economic process has an important social function4 ,?r\gh division ( labor1 coop]ation1 & ex*ange ( goods & s]vices1 x af=ds "o ( ! fundam5tal expressions ( ! organic nature ( society 9 :i* memb]s are reciprocally ends to ea* o!r4 ,prop]ty1 likewise1 is n only a possess+1 b a "r1 & ?us1 l all rights1 involves ! que/ions :y & h[ f> society %\ld support ! individual 9 8 int]e/s & claims4 ,let u exam9e ea* ( ^! aspects fur!r4 #a4 ,! ,economic 9 ,relation to ,happ9ess4--,subject to ! important qualifications to be made bel[ "u ?is & ! succe$+ sections1 we note fir/ t ! supply ( ne$s & wants by indu/ry & comm]ce is e?ically a good4 ,a con/ant increase 9 production & consumption is at lea/ a possible factor 9 a full] life4 ,weal? is a possible condition ( weal1 ev5 if x is n to be gratuit\sly id5tifi$ ) x4 ,rome is frequ5tly cit$ z an example ( ! evil effects ( mat]ial weal?4 ,b x 0 n weal? p] se1 b weal? 7a7 ga9$ by conque/1 & exploitation1 r ?an by indu/ry2 7b7 controll$ by a m9ority2 & 7c7 us$ 9 l>gesses or 9 crude spectacles--r ?an democratically di/ribut$ & us$ to m9i/] to high] wants4 ,! pres5t av]age income 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is ab\t two hundr$ doll>s a ye> p] capita1 too small a sum to p]mit com=table liv+1 suffici5t education = *ildr51 & ! satisfaction :i* ev5 a v mod]ate ta/e may seek4 ,f ?is po9t ( view we may !n ask ( any indu/rial process or bus9ess me?od :e!r x is an economical & effici5t me?od ( production1 & :e!r x naturally t5ds to /imulate increas$ production4 ,to d ?is is--s f> z x goes--e?ically z well z economically desirable4 ,if weal? is a good1 x might seem t prop]ty mu/ be judg$ by ! same /&>d1 s9ce x repres5ts security 9 ! satisfactions :i* weal? af=ds4 ,b !re is an important di/9ction4 ,weal? means enjoym5t ( goods & satisfaction ( wants4 ,prop]ty means ! title to ! exclusive use or possession ( goods4 ,h5ce ! increase ( prop]ty may involve increas+ exclusion ( "p ( ! community f weal?1 al?\gh ! own]s ( ! prop]ty may be increas+ _! own enjoym5ts4 ,=1 z po9t$ out v =cibly by ,hadley 9 ! fir/ *apt] ( 8 ,economics1 ! public weal? ( a community is by no means equal to ! sum ( its private prop]ty4 ,if all p>ks 7 divid$ up into private e/ates1 all s*oolh\ses controll$ by private own]s1 all wat] supplies & highways giv5 into private control1 ! sum ( private prop]ty might be v mu* increas$2 b ! public weal? w\ld be decreas$4 ,prop]ty is "o ( ! means ( deal+ ) public weal?4 ,x is important to be> 9 m9d1 h[ev]1 t x is only "o means4 ,weal? may be 7#a7 privately own$ & privately us$2 7#b7 privately own$ & publicly or commonly us$2 7#c7 publicly own$1 b privately us$2 7#d7 publicly own$ & publicly or commonly us$4 ,illu/rations ( ^! f\r me?ods are1 = ! fir/1 among practically all peoples1 clo?+ & tools2 ( ! second1 a private e/ate op5$ to public use--z a p>k2 ( ! ?ird1 public l&s or fran*ises leas$ to individuals2 ( ! f\r?1 public highways1 p>ks1 navigable riv]s1 public libr>ies4 ,:e!r prop]ty 9 any giv5 case is a means to happ9ess w dep5d1 !n1 l>gely ^u :e!r x op]ates *iefly to increase weal? or to dim9i% x4 ,! view has n be5 infrequ5t t ! weal? ( ! community is ! sum ( its private prop]ty4 ,f ?is x is b a /ep to believe t ! acquisition ( prop]ty is ! production ( weal?1 & t he be/ s]ves ! common good :o1 o!r ?+s equal1 div]ts ! l>g] %>e ( ! aggregate weal? to 8 own possession4#bbc ,! e?ical que/ions z to ! relation ( prop]ty to happ9ess involve accord+ly ! problem ( ju/ice & c be m conv5i5tly consid]$ "u t head4 #b4 ,relation to ,"*4--,ev5 9 its aspect ( satisfy+ human wants1 quantity ( production is n ! only consid]ation4 ,z 0 po9t$ out 9 ! *apt]s on ,happ9ess1 ! satisfaction ( any & e want is n necess>ily a moral good4 ,x dep5ds ^u ! nature ( ! wants2 & z ! nature ( ! wants reflects ! nature ( ! man :o wants1 ! moral value ( ! economic process & ( ! weal? x provides mu/ dep5d ^u ! relation ( goods to p]sons4 ,z economi/s we e/imate values 9 t]ms ( ext]nal goods or commodities2 z e?ical /ud5ts we e/imate values 9 t]ms ( a c]ta9 quality ( life4 ,we mu/ ask fir/ h[ ! satisfaction ( wants affects ! consum]s4 ,moral ,co/ ( ,production4--,consid] next ! produc]s4 ,x is desirable to h *eap goods1 b ! price ( goods or s]vice is n measurable solely 9 t]ms ( o!r commodities or s]vice2 ! price ( an article is also1 z ,?oreau has said1 :at x co/s 9 t]ms ( human life4 ,!re is *eap production :i* by ?is /&>d is de>4 ,! introduction ( ma*9]y = sp9n+ & weav+ cotton *eap5$ cotton clo?1 b ! *ild labor :i* 0 suppos$ly necess>y z a factor 9 *eap production1 involv+ disease1 physical /unt+1 ignorance1 & frequ5tly premature exhau/ion or dea?1 made ! product too exp5sive to be tol]at$4 ,at lea/1 x 0 at la/ recogniz$ z too exp5sive 9 ,engl&2 app>5tly ! calculation has to be made ov] aga9 9 e community :]e a new sy/em ( *ild labor is introduc$4 ,:at is true ( *ild labor is true ( _m o!r =ms ( mod]n indu/ry--! price 9 human life makes ! product de>4 ,! m9ute subdivision ( c]ta9 p>ts ( indu/ry ) ! consequ5t monotony & me*anical quality ( ! labor1 ! accid5ts & diseases due to c]ta9 occupations1 ! devices to *eap5 goods by +r$i5ts :i* injure ! heal? ( ! consum]1 ! employm5t ( wom5 "u unsanit>y conditions & = excessive h\rs ) consequ5t risk to ! heal? ( !mselves & _! (fspr+--all ^! are "p ( ! moral price ( ! pres5t processes ( indu/ry & comm]ce4 ,moreov]1 ! relation ( production to physical welf>e is only "o aspect ( its effects ^u life & "*4 ,we may prop]ly ask ( any process or sy/em :e!r x quick5s intellig5ce or dead5s x1 :e!r x necessitates ! degradation ( "w to drudg]y1 & :e!r x promotes fre$om or hamp]s x4 ,to answ] ?is la/ "q we %all h to di/+ui% =mal f real fre$om4 ,x might be t a sy/em favorable to ! utmo/ =mal fre$om--fre$om ( contract--w\ld result 9 ! mo/ entire abs5ce ( t real fre$om :i* implies real alt]natives4 ,if ! only alt]native is1 ?is or />ve1 ! real fre$om is limit$4 ,prop]ty & ,"*4--,view$ on its positive side1 prop]ty means an expansion ( p[] & fre$om4 ,to seize1 ma/]1 & possess is an in/9ct inbr$ by ! biological process4 ,x is necess>y = life2 x is a =m ( ! ,wille zum ,leb5 or ,wille zur ,ma*t :i* ne$ n be despis$4 ,b 9 organiz$ society possession is no long] m]e animal in/9ct2 ?r\gh expression 9 a social m$ium & by a social p]son x becomes a "r ( prop]ty4 ,?is is a f> high] capacity2 l all rights x involves ! ass]tion ( p]sonality & ( a rational claim ^u fell[ memb]s ( society = _! recognition & back+4 ,fi*te's doctr9e1 t prop]ty is ess5tial to ! effective ex]cise ( fre$om1 is a /rong /atem5t ( its moral importance to ! individual4 ,ov] aga9/ ^! positive values ( prop]ty are c]ta9 evils :i* morali/s h always recogniz$1 evils bo? to ! prop]ty own] & to society4 ,av>ice1 covet\sness1 h>dness t[>d o!rs1 seem to be ! natural effects ( ! enorm\s possibilities ( p[] (f]$ by prop]ty1 jo9$ ) its exclusive "*4 ,! prophets ( ,israel d5\nc$ ! ri*1 & ,jesus's image ( ! difficulty f\nd by ! ri* man 9 ent]+ ! k+dom ( ,god--a moral society--has met g5]al acceptance4 ,plato's portrayal ( ! ,/ate 9 :i* ! weal?y rule sket*es ! p]v]sion & disob$i5ce ( laws1 ! jeal\sies & class hatr$1 ! evasion ( taxes = public def5se1 & gives ! moral outcome3-- ,& h5ce=? !y press =w>d on ! pa? ( money-gett+1 los+ _! e/eem = virtue z ! e/eem = weal? gr[s ^u !m4 ,= c y d5y t !re is su* a gulf betwe5 weal? & virtue1 t :5 weigh$ z x 7 9 ! two scales ( a balance "o ( ! two always falls1 z ! o!r rises8#bbd ,ev5 ap>t f que/ions ( j di/ribution1 ! moral "q arises z to :e!r an unlimit$ p[] %\ld be giv5 to individuals 9 ?is =m1 & :e!r !re %\ld be unlimit$ "r ( inh]itance4 ,b all ^! t5d to pass ov] at once into que/ions ( ju/ice4 #c4 ,social ,aspects4--,! v>i\s relations ( man to man1 political1 fri5dly1 k9dr$1 are develop$ =ms ( ! int]dep5d5ce implicit 9 ! e>ly gr\p life4 ,a gr\p ( units1 ea* indep5d5t ( ! o!rs1 w\ld repres5t mass only1 b su* a gr\p z is made up ( m51 wom51 & *ildr51 su/a9+ all ! relations f\nd 9 pres5t human life1 repres5ts some?+ va/ly m ?an a mass ( individuals4 ,e life draws f ! re/4 ,man )\t fri5d%ip1 love1 pity1 sympa?y1 communication1 coop]ation1 ju/ice1 rights1 or duties1 w\ld be depriv$ ( ne>ly all t gives life its value4 ,! necess>y help f o!rs is obta9$ 9 v>i\s ways4 ,p>5tal1 filial1 & o!r k9%ip ties1 fri5d%ip & pity1 give rise to c]ta9 s]vices1 b !y are necess>ily limit$ 9 _! sph]e & exact 9 return a special attitude t w\ld be intol]able if made univ]sal4 ,! mod]n man does n want to be c\s9 to e "o1 to give e "o 8 p]sonal fri5d%ip1 to be 9 a p]petual attitude ( receiv+ favors1 or ( ask+ & n receiv+4 ,=m]ly ! way ( gett+ s]vice f m5 outside ^! means 0 by slav]y4 ,! economic relation provides = ! mutual ex*ange ( goods & s]vices on a basis ( self-respect & equality4 ,?r\gh its sy/em ( contracts x provides = future z well z pres5t s]vice4 ,x enables ea* to obta9 ! s]vices ( all ! re/1 & 9 turn to contribute )\t incurr+ any o!r claims or relations4 ,nor does x at all dim9i% ! moral value ( ^! mutual ex*anges ( goods & s]vices t !y may be paid =4 ,x us$ to be ! !ory t 9 e b>ga9 "o p>ty ga9$ & ! o!r lo/4 ,x is n[ recogniz$ t a normal transaction b5efits bo? p>ties4 ,! ca% paym5t basis1 :i* 0 at fir/ d5\nc$ z sub/itut+ a me*anical nexus = ! old p]sonal tie1 is 9 reality a means = e/abli%+ a great] indep5d5ce in/ead ( ! old] p]sonal relation ( ma/] & s]vant4 ,x enabl$ a man1 z ,toynbee puts x1 to sell 8 labor l any o!r commodity )\t sell+ himself4 ,b :ile ! economic process has ^! moral possibilities1 ! morality ( any giv5 sy/em or practice w dep5d on h[ f> ^! are actually realiz$4 ,fir/ ( all1 we may fairly ask ( a process1 ,does x give to ea* memb] ! k9d ( s]vice ne$$ by him8 ,9 economic t]ms1 ,does x produce ! k9ds ( goods :i* society ne$s & desires8 ,a me?od :i* provides = ?is successfully w 9 s f> be provid+ aga9/ sc>city ( "s goods & ov]supply ( o!rs1 & ?us aga9/ "o ( ! s\rces ( crises1 irregul>ity ( "w & wages1 & ultimately aga9/ suff]+ & want4 ,secondly1 if ! process is an expression ( ! mutual dep5d5ce & s]vice ( memb]s :o z p]sons all h1 z ,kant puts x1 intr9sic wor?1 & :o 9 our political society are recogniz$ z equal1 we may fairly ask h[ x di/ributes ! results ( s]vices r5d]$4 ,does ! process t5d to a broad & g5]al di/ribution ( goods 9 return = s]vices r5d]$1 or to make ! ri* ri*] & ! poor poor]8 ,or1 f ano!r po9t ( view1 we might ask1 ,does ! process t5d to rew>d memb]s on a moral or equitable basis1 or ^u a basis :i* is non-moral if n immoral or unju/4 ,?irdly1 ! problem ( conflict+ s]vices pres5ts itself "u sev]al =ms4 ,!re is1 fir/1 ! ev]-pres5t conflict betwe5 produc] & consum]4 ,high] wages & %ort] h\rs are good = ! c>p5t] or ! weav]1 until he pays 8 r5t or buys clo!s1 :5 he is int]e/$ 9 *eap] goods4 ,:at pr9ciple c be employ$ to adju/ su* a "q8 ,aga91 s]vice to ! consum] may lead a produc] to a price-li/ imply+ a m9imum ( pr(its4 ,"o produc] c af=d ?is because ( 8 l>g] bus9ess1 b x w drive 8 competitor f ! field4 ,%all he agree to a high] price at :i* all c d bus9ess1 or insi/ on ! l[] :i* b5efits ! consum] & also himself8 ,! labor union is a con/ant embodim5t ( ! problem ( conflict+ s]vices4 ,h[ f> %all x s]ve a limit$ gr\p1 ! union1 at ! exp5se ( o!r work]s 9 ! same trade--non-unioni/s8 ,does x make a diff]5ce :e!r ! union is op5 to all1 or :e!r ! dues are fix$ s high z to limit ! memb]%ip8 ,%all ! appr5tices be limit$ to keep up ! wage by limit+ ! supply8 ,if s1 is ?is fair to ! boys or unskill$ labor]s :o w\ld l to ent]8 ,& grant+ t x is a h>d%ip to ^!1 is x h>d] or is x k9d] to !m ?an x w\ld be to leave ! issue to ! natural we$+ out or />v+-out proc$ure ( natural selection 9 case too _m ent] ! trade8 ,%all ! h\rs be r$uc$ & wages rais$ z high z possible1 or is !re a fair /&>d--fair to bo? consum] & labor]8 ,h[ f> may ! union comb9e ) ! capitali/ to raise prices to ! consum]8 ,private ,prop]ty & ,social ,welf>e4--,! social value ( prop]ty is obvi\sly indirect1 j z 9 law1 private rights are reg>d$ z indirectly bas$ on social welf>e4 ,x is society's aim to promote ! wor? ( its memb]s & to favor ! developm5t ( _! p]sonal dignity & fre$om4 ,prop]ty may1 !re=e1 claim social value 9 s f> z x s]ves ^! ends1 unless x int]f]es ) o!r social values4 ,! effect ( private prop]ty has seem$ to "s disa/r\s to community ( int]e/ & feel+4 ,plato1 = example1 9 8 ideal /ate w\ld p]mit 8 gu>dians no private prop]ty4 ,!re w\ld1 !n1 be no qu>rels ov] meum & tuum1 no suits or divisions1 no petty meanness or anxieties1 no plund]+ ( fell[-citiz5s1 no flatt]y ( ri* by poor4 ,! m$iaeval *ur* c>ri$ out 8 !ory4 ,ev5 mod]n society pres]ves a c]ta9 trace ( its _s4 ,= ! classes t ,plato call$ gu>dians--soldi]s1 judges1 cl]gy1 tea*]s--h virtually no prop]ty1 al?\gh !y are giv5 support by society4 ,x w\ld probably be g5]ally agre$ t x is bett] = ! public t ^! classes %\ld n h l>ge possessions4 ,b x is obvi\s t private prop]ty is n ! sole cause ( division betwe5 individuals & classes4 ,:]e !re is a deep-go+ unity ( purpose & feel+1 z 9 ! e>ly ,*ri/ian community1 or 9 v>i\s o!r companies t h attempt$ to practice communism1 common own]%ip ( weal? may be morally valuable z well z practically possible4 ,b )\t su* unity1 m]e abolition ( prop]ty is likely to mean m bitt] divisions1 because !re is no available me?od = giv+ to ea* ! indep5d5ce :i* is necess>y to avoid friction & promote happ9ess4 ,grant+1 h[ev]1 ! g5]al position t "s p>ts ( weal? %\ld be privately own$1 we mu/ recognize t a great numb] ( moral problems rema9 z to ! precise conditions "u :i* society w f9d x wise to entru/ ! control ( weal? to private own]%ip4 ,= x mu/ be cle>ly kept 9 m9d t !re is no absolute "r ( private prop]ty4 ,e "r1 legal or moral1 d]ives f ! social :ole1 :i* 9 turn1 if x is a moral :ole1 mu/ respect ! individuality ( ea* ( its memb]s4 ,on ?is basis moral problems1 su* z ! foll[+1 mu/ be consid]$4 ,:at k9d ( public weal? %\ld be giv5 into absolute control ( private individuals or imp]sonal corporations8 ,does ! in/itution 9 its pres5t =m promote ! good ( ^? :o h no prop]ty z well z ( ^? :o h x1 or only ( ^? :o own8 ,w\ld ! welf>e ( society z a :ole be promot$ by giv+ a l>g] portion ( public weal? into private control1 or by reta9+ a l>g] proportion ?an at pres5t "u public own]%ip8 ,%\ld !re be any limit to ! am\nt ( l& or o!r prop]ty :i* an individual or corporation may own8 ,are !re any cases 9 :i* private own]%ip op]ates r to exclude ! mass ( society f ! b5efits ( civilization ?an to give !m a %>e ( ^? b5efits8 ,%\ld a man be all[$ to transmit all 8 prop]ty to 8 heirs1 or %\ld x be 9 "p res]v$ by society8 ,! prec$+ analysis has aim$ to /ate "s ( ! problems :i* belong necess>ily to ! economic life4 ,at ! pres5t "t1 h[ev]1 ! moral issues assume a new & puzzl+ aspect because ( ! *anges 9 economic conditions4 ,x w be necess>y to consid] briefly ^! *ang$ conditions4 ,sec4 #b4 ,,! ,,problems ,,set ,,by ,,! ,,new ,,economic ,,ord] ,! ,collective & ,imp]sonal ,organizations4--,two *anges h come ov] a l>ge "p ( ! economic & indu/rial field4 ,! fir/ is ! *ange f an individual to a collective basis4 ,! second1 :i* is 9 "p a consequ5ce ( ! fir/1 is a *ange f p]sonal to imp]sonal or corporate relations4 ,corporations are ( c\rse compos$ ( p]sons1 b :5 organiz$ = economic purposes !y t5d to become simply economic purpose incorporate1 ab/ract$ f all o!r human qualities4 ,al?\gh legally !y may be subjects ( rights & duties1 !y h b "o motive1 & are ?us s ab/ract z to be morally imp]sonal4 ,!y t5d to become ma*9es = c>ry+ on bus9ess1 &1 z su*1 may be z p[]ful--& z incapable ( moral consid]ations--z o!r ma*9es4 ,e?ical ,readju/m5t4--,bo? ^! *anges require readju/m5t ( our e?ical conceptions4 ,our conceptions ( hone/y & ju/ice1 ( rights & duties1 got _! pres5t %ap+ l>gely 9 an indu/rial & bus9ess ord] :5 m9e & ?9e c\ld be easily di/+ui%$2 :5 x 0 easy to tell h[ mu* a man produc$2 :5 ! produc] sold to 8 neighbors1 & an employ] _h also ! relations ( neighbor to 8 workm52 :5 responsibility c\ld be p]sonally locat$1 & conv]sely a man c\ld control ! bus9ess he own$ or make individual contracts2 :5 ea* man _h 8 own means ( light+1 heat+1 wat] supply1 & frequ5tly ( transportation1 giv+ no opportunity or necessity = public s]vice corporations4 ,su* conceptions are inadequate = ! pres5t ord]4 ,! old hone/y c\ld assume t goods belong$ to _! mak]s1 & !n consid] ex*anges & contracts4 ,! new hone/y w fir/ h to face a prior "q1 ,:o owns :at is collectively produc$1 & are ! pres5t rules ( ! game di/ribut+ ! returns hone/ly & fairly8 ,! old ju/ice 9 ! economic field consi/$ *iefly 9 secur+ to ea* individual 8 rights 9 prop]ty or contracts4 ,! new ju/ice mu/ consid] h[ x c secure = ea* individual a /&>d ( liv+1 & su* a %>e 9 ! values ( civilization z %all make possible a full moral life4 ,! old virtue all[$ a man to act m z an individual2 ! new virtue requires him to act 9 conc]t$ ef=t if he is to a*ieve results4 ,individuali/ !ories _c int]pret collectivi/ facts4 ,! *anges 9 ! economic & indu/rial processes by :i* n only ! associat$ p[]s ( pres5t human k1 skill1 & endurance1 b also ! comb9$ results ( pa/ & future skill & indu/ry are mass$ & wield$1 dep5d on sev]al concurr5t factors4 ,we %all notice ! social ag5cy1 ! te*nique ( indu/ry1 ! te*nique ( bus9ess1 ! means ( fix+ value1 & ! nature ( prop]ty4 ,sec4 #c4 ,,! ,,ag5cies ,,= ,,c>ry+ ,,on ,,comm]ce ,,& ,,indu/ry ,e>ly ,ag5cies4--,! e>ly ag5cies = c>ry+ on trade & indu/ry 7 n organiz$ purely = economic purposes4 ,! k9dr$ or family gr\p engag$ 9 c]ta9 indu/ries1 b ?is 0 only "p ( its purpose4 ,s 9 ! v>i\s t]ritorial gr\ps4 ,! ,a!nian city-/ate own$ ! m9es2 ! ,g]man village _h its =e/1 mead[1 & wat] z a common possession2 & ! common surviv$ long 9 ,engli% & ,am]ican cu/om1 ?\gh ! cattle pa/ur$ on x might be individually own$4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates c]ta9 l& 0 res]v$ = s*ool purposes1 & if reta9$ w\ld n[ 9 "s cases be yield+ an almo/ incr$ible am\nt = public use2 b x has usually be5 sold to private individuals4 ,! national gov]nm5t /ill reta9s c]ta9 l& = =e/ res]ve1 b until ! rec5t movem5t t[>d municipal own]%ip1 ! civic community _h almo/ ceas$ to be an economic factor 9 ,engl& & ,am]ica1 except 9 ! field ( roads1 canals1 & ! po/(fice4 ,9 bo? family & t]ritorial or community control ( indu/ry1 we h ! economic function ex]cis$ z only "o among sev]al o!rs4 ,! economic help$ to /r5g!n ! o!r bonds ( unity4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! economic motive c\ld n dis5tangle itself & /& out 9 all its nak$ =ce4 ,)9 ei!r family or civic gr\p ! effects ( ! acquisitive in/9cts 7 limit$ by ! fact t individuals 9 _! indu/rial relations 7 also k9 or neighbors4 ,! ,bus9ess ,ent]prise4--,9 ! bus9ess ent]prise--p>tn]%ip1 company1 corporation1 tru/1--on ! o!r h&1 m5 are organiz$ solely = economic purposes4 ,no o!r int]e/s or ends are reg>d$4 ,corporations organiz$ = ?is purpose h no s\ls1 because !y consi/ ( m]ely ! ab/ract economic int]e/s4 ,:ile 9 dome/ic & t]ritorial ag5cies ! acquisitive =ces 7 to "s degree b5eficially controll$1 !y 7 also injuri\sly hamp]$4 ,) ! rise ( bus9ess ent]prise z a di/9ct sph]e ( human action1 ! way 0 op5$ = a new =ce to manife/ itself4 ,?is br\ght ) x bo? advantages & disadvantages = ! moral & social life z a :ole4 ,on ! "o h&1 x increas$ trem5d\sly ! possibilities ( economic & indu/rial effici5cy4 ,! size ( ! ent]prise c\ld be z l>ge or z small z 0 ne$$ = ! mo/ effici5t production1 & 0 n1 z 9 family or community ag5cy1 sometimes too small & sometimes too l>ge4 ,! ent]prise c\ld gr\p m5 accord+ to _! capacity = a p>ticul> task1 & n1 z 9 ! o!r =ms1 be compell$ to take a gr\p already con/itut$ by o!r ?an economic or indu/rial causes4 ,fur!r1 x c\ld )\t difficulty disp5se ) ! ag$ or ^? o!rwise unsuit$ to its purposes4 ,:51 moreov]1 z is com+ to be increas+ly ! case1 great corporations1 ea* controll+ scores or ev5 hundr$s ( millions ( capital1 are l9k$ toge!r 9 common control1 we h a trem5d\s =ce :i* may be wield$ z a unit4 ,x is easy to assume--inde$ x is difficult = manag]s n to assume--t ! int]e/s ( su* colossal organizations are ( supreme importance1 & t diplomacy1 t>iffs1 legislation1 & c\rts %\ld be subord9ate4 ,! moral dang]s atta*+ to su* corporations =m$ solely = economic purposes are obvi\s1 & h f\nd frequ5t illu/ration 9 _! actual work+s4 ,kn[+ few or none ( ! re/ra9ts :i* control an individual1 ! corporation has treat$ competitors1 employees1 & ! public 9 a purely economic fa%ion4 ,?is insures c]ta9 limit$ species ( hone/y1 b does n include motives ( private sympa?y or public duty4 ,! ,labor ,union4--,correlative to ^! corporate comb9ations ( capital are ,labor ,unions ( v>i\s types4 ,!y are usually :5 fir/ organiz$ m complex 9 motive1 includ+ social & educational ends1 & are m emotional1 or ev5 passionate 9 conduct4 ,) age !y t5d to become m purely economic4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates !y h s\ght to secure bett] wages1 to provide b5efits or insurance 9 case ( sickness & dea?1 & to ga9 bett] conditions 9 respect ( h\rs1 ( *ild-labor1 & ( protection aga9/ dang]\s ma*9]y1 explosions1 & occupational diseases4 ,9 ,great ,brita9 !y h also be5 successful 9 apply+ ! coop]ative plan to ! pur*ase ( goods = consumption4 ,! organizations h be5 mo/ successful among ! skill$ trades4 ,= s f> z ! aim is collective b>ga9+1 x is evid5t t ! union w be effective 9 proportion z x controls ! :ole supply ( labor 9 ! giv5 trade4 ,9 ! unskill$ =ms ( labor1 especially ) a con/ant fl[ ( immigration1 x is difficult1 if n impossible1 to ma9ta9 organizations comp>able ) ! organizations ( capital4 ,h5ce 9 conflicts x is natural to expect ! moral situations :i* frequ5tly occur :5 grossly unequal combatants are oppos$4 ,! /rong] has contempt = ! weak] & refuses to recognize 8 exi/5ce4 ,! weak]1 r5d]$ desp]ate by ! hopelessness ( 8 case :5 he cont5ds "u rules & ) weapons prescrib$ by ! /rong]1 refuses to abide by ! rules & resorts to viol5ce--only to f9d t by ?is he has set himself 9 opposition to all ! =ces ( organiz$ society4 ,gr\p ,morality ,aga94--,! /rik+ feature ( ! new conditions is t x means a rev]sion to gr\p morality4 ,t is1 x has meant ?is s f>4 ,society is /ruggl+ to reass]t a g5]al moral /&>d1 b x has n yet f\nd a /&>d1 & has wav]$ betwe5 a rigid insi/5ce ^u outgr[n laws on ! "o h&1 & a m or less emotional & unreason$ sympa?y ) new dem&s1 ^u ! o!r4#bbe ,gr\p morality meant imp]sonal1 collective life4 ,x meant loyalty to "o's own gr\p1 little reg>d = o!rs1 lack ( responsibility1 & lack ( a completely social /&>d4 ,!re is1 ( c\rse1 "o important diff]5ce4 ,! pres5t collective1 imp]sonal ag5cies are n s naive z ! old k9%ip gr\p4 ,!y c be us$ z effective ag5cies to secure def9ite ends1 :ile ! manipulators secure all ! advantages ( ! old solid>ity & irresponsibility4 ,memb]s & ,managem5t4--,! corporation 9 its idea is democratic4 ,= x provides = ! union ( a numb] ( own]s1 "s ( !m x may be small own]s1 "u an elect$ managem5t4 ,x w\ld seem to be an admirable device = ma9ta9+ conc5tration ( p[] ) di/ribution ( own]%ip4 ,b ! v size ( mod]n ent]prises & unions prev5ts direct control by /ockhold]s or memb]s4 ,!y may dislike a giv5 policy1 b !y are individually helpless4 ,if !y attempt to control1 x is almo/ impossible1 except 9 an extraord9>y crisis1 to unite a majority = common action4#bbf ,! directors c c>ry on a policy & at ! same "t claim to be only ag5ts ( ! /ockhold]s1 & !re=e n ultimately responsible4 ,:at influ5ce c ! small %>ehold]s 9 a railway company1 or a great indu/rial corporation1 or labor union1 h8 ,!y unite ) ease ^u "o po9t only3 !y want divid5ds or results4 ,:5 an illegal policy is to be pursu$1 or a legislature or jury is to be brib$1 or a non-union man is to be dealt )1 ! head (ficials likewise seek only results4 ,!y turn ov] ! responsibility to ! op]at+ or legal dep>tm5t1 or to ! educational committee1 & "k no?+ fur!r4 ,^! dep>tm5ts are ag5ts = ! /ockhold]s or union1 & !re=e1 feel q at ease4 ,! /ockhold]s are sure !y nev] au?oriz$ any?+ wrong4 ,"s corporations are manag$ = ! int]e/ ( a l>ge numb] ( own]s2 "s1 on ! o!r h&1 by +5i\s contracts ) side corporations =m$ f an inn] circle1 are manag$ = ! b5efit ( ?is inn] circle4 ,! t5d5cy1 moreov]1 9 ! great corporations is t[>d a situation 9 :i* bo>ds ( directors ( ! great railroad1 bank+1 insurance1 & indu/rial conc]ns are made up ( ! same limit$ gr\p ( m54 ,?is aggregate prop]ty may !n be wield$ z absolutely z ?\gh own$ by ^! individuals4 ,if x is us$ to c>ry a political election ! directors1 accord+ to ,new ,york c\rts1 are n culpable4 ,employ] & ,employ$4--,! same imp]sonal relation (t5 prevails betwe5 employ] & employ$4 ,! ultimate employ] is ! /ockhold]1 b he delegates p[] to ! director1 & he to ! presid5t1 & he to ! =eman4 ,ea* is expect$ to get results4 ,! employ$ may compla9 ab\t conditions to ! presid5t1 & be told t he _c int]f]e ) ! =eman1 & to ! =eman & be told t su* is ! policy ( ! company4 ,! union may s]ve z a simil> buff]4 ,(t5 any individual ( ! s]ies w\ld act humanely or g5]\sly1 if he 7 act+ = himself4 ,he _c be humane or g5]\s ) ! prop]ty ( o!rs1 & h5ce !re is no humanity or g5]osity 9 ! :ole sy/em4 ,?is sy/em seems to h rea*$ its extreme 9 ! creation ( corporations = ! express purpose ( reliev+ employ]s ( any p]sonal responsibility4 ,companies organiz$ to insure employ]s aga9/ claims made by employees on acc\nt ( injuries may be reg>d$ z a device = di/ribut+ ! burd54 ,b z ! company is organiz$1 n prim>ily to pay damages1 z are life insurance companies1 b to avoid su* paym5t1 x has a p[]ful motive 9 conte/+ e claim1 h[ev] j1 & 9 mak+ x s exp5sive to prosecute a claim t ! victims may pref] n to make ! attempt4 ,! law's delay c ne>ly always be c\nt$ ^u z a p[]ful def5se :5 a poor man is pla9tiff & a ri* corporation is def5dant4 ,relations to ! ,public4--,! relations ( corporations to ! public1 & ( ! public to corporations1 are simil>ly imp]sonal & non-moral4 ,a conv5i5t way ( approa* to ?is situation is (f]$ by ! e?ical1 or r non-e?ical1 /atus ( ! v>i\s me*anical devices :i* h come into use 9 rec5t ye>s = p]=m+ _m economic s]vices4 ,! weigh+ ma*9es1 c&y ma*9es1 telephones1 are suppos$ to give a c]ta9 s]vice = a p5ny or a nickel4 ,b if ! ma*9e is out ( ord]1 ! victim has no rec\rse4 ,8 own attitude is correspond+ly me*anical4 ,he reg>ds himself z deal+1 n ) a p]son1 b ) a ?+4 ,if he c exploit x or beat x1 s mu* ! bett]4 ,n[ a corporation1 9 ! attitude :i* x takes & evokes1 is ab\t half-way betwe5 ! pure me*anism ( a ma*9e & ! completely p]sonal attitude ( a moral individual4 ,a man is ov]*>g$1 or has "s o!r difficulty ) an (ficial ( a railroad company4 ,x is z hopeless to look = imm$iate relief z x is 9 ! case ( a slot ma*9e4 ,! conductor is j z mu* limit$ by 8 ord]s z ! ma*9e by its me*anism4 ,! man may lat] correspond ) "s high] (ficial1 & if pati5ce & life bo? p]si/ long en\gh1 he w probably recov]4 ,b to prev5t fraud1 ! company is oblig$ to be m rigor\s ?an a p]son w\ld be :o 0 deal+ ) ! case 9 a p]sonal fa%ion4 ,h5ce ! individual ) a j grievance is likely to ent]ta9 t[>d ! corporation ! feel+ t he is deal+ ) a ma*9e1 n ) an e?ical be+1 ev5 z ! company's s]vants are n p]mitt$ to ex]cise any moral consid]ation 9 deal+ ) ! public4 ,!y m]ely obey ord]s4 ,public s5tim5t1 :i* w\ld hold an individual team/] responsible = runn+ ov] a *ild1 or an individual /age own] responsible = reckless or c>eless conduct 9 c>ry+ 8 pass5g]s1 feels only a bl9d rage 9 ! case ( a railroad accid5t4 ,x _c fix moral responsibility def9itely ^u ei!r /ockhold] or managem5t or employee1 & conv]sely nei!r /ockhold]1 nor manag]1 nor employee#bbg feels ! moral re/ra9t :i* ! individual w\ld feel4 ,he is n :olly responsible1 & 8 %>e 9 ! collective responsibility is s small z (t5 to seem entirely negligible4 ,relations to ! ,law4--,! collective bus9ess ent]prises1 :5 incorporat$1 are reg>d$ z juri/ic p]sons1 & s ga9 ! support ( law z well z become subject to its control4 ,if ! great corporation c ?us ga9 ! "r ( an individual1 x c ent] ! field ( free contract ) great advantage4 ,labor unions h n incorporat$1 fe>+1 p]haps1 to give ! law control ov] _! funds4 ,!y seek a high] /&>d ( liv+1 b private law does n recognize ?is z a "r4 ,x m]ely protects contracts1 b leaves x to ! individual to make ! be/ contract he c4 ,z mo/ wage-e>n]s h no contracts1 b are liable to dismissal at any "t1 ! unions h se5 little to be ga9$ by incorporation4 ,!y h ?us miss$ contact ) ! in/itution 9 :i* society seeks to embody1 h[ev] t>dily1 its moral ideas & h be51 9 a s5se1 outlaws4 ,!y 7 su* at fir/ by no fault ( _! own1 = ! law treat$ su* comb9ations z conspiracies4 ,& !y are /ill at two decid$ disadvantages4 ,fir/1 ! capitali/ic or employ+ corporation act+ z a s+le juri/ic p]son may refuse to buy ! labor ( a union2 inde$1 accord+ to a rec5t decision1 x _c be =bidd5 to dis*>ge its employees because ( _! memb]%ip 9 a union4 ,z ! corporation may employ scores ( ?\s&s1 & be practically ! only employ] ( a p>ticul> k9d ( labor1 x c ?us en=ce a virtual boycott & prev5t ! union f sell+ its labor4 ,x does n ne$ to use a blackli/ because ! employ]s are all comb9$ 9 "o p]son4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! union is adjudg$ to act 9 re/ra9t ( int]/ate comm]ce if x boycotts ! employ+ corporation4 ,! union is "h treat$ z a comb9ation1 n z a s+le p]son4 ,! second po9t 9 :i* ! employ+ body has greatly ! legal advantage appe>s 9 ! case ( a /rike4 ,m5 are all[$ to quit "w1 b ?is is n an effective me?od ( ex]t+ pressure unless ! employ] is anxi\s to keep 8 plant 9 op]ation & c employ no "o else4 ,if he c take advantage ( an op5 labor m>ket & hire o!r workm51 ! only res\rce ( ! /rik]s is to induce ^! to jo9 _! ranks4 ,b !y h be5 enjo9$ by ! c\rts1 n only f intimidat+1 b ev5 f p]suad+#bbh employees to quit "w4 ,! me?od ( proc$ure 9 en=c+ ! injunction1 :i* enables ! judge to fix ! (f5se1 elim9ate trial by jury1 det]m9e ! guilt1 & impose any p5alty he deems fit1 has all ! results ( crim9al process ) none ( its limitations1 & =ms a mo/ effective ag5cy aga9/ ! unions4 ,:]e p]suasion is enjo9$ x is difficult to see h[ a union c ex]t any effective pressure except 9 a highly skill$ trade1 :]e x c control all ! labor supply4 ,9 ! field ( private rights & free contract1 ! labor unions are !n at a disadvantage because !y h no rights :i* are ( any value = _! purposes1 except1 "u c]ta9 conditions1 ! "r to refuse to "w4 ,& s9ce ?is is1 9 mo/ cases1 a weapon t injures its wield] f> m ?an 8 oppon5t1 x is n effective4 ,disappo9t$ 9 ! field ( free contract1 ! labor unions seek to enli/ public ag5cy 9 behalf ( bett] sanit>y conditions & 9 prev5tion ( *ild-labor1 long h\rs = wom51 unfair contracts1 & ! l4 ,capitali/ic corporations frequ5tly resi/ ?is *ange ( v5ue on ! gr\nd t x int]f]es ) free contract or takes away prop]ty )\t due process ( law1 & _m laws h be5 set aside z uncon/itutional on ^! gr\nds1#bbi sev]al ( !m no d\bt because s drawn z to appe> to be 9 ! int]e/ ( a class1 r ?an 9 t ( ! public4 ,! tr5d 9 ! direction ( ass]t+ l>g] public control bo? "u ! police p[] & ov] corporations 9 ^: s]vice ! public has a direct int]e/1 w be not$ lat]4 ,aga9/ o!r corporations ! g5]al public or ! unsuccessful competitor has s\ght legal aid 9 legislation aga9/ tru/s1 b ?is has ma9ly prov$ to be futile4 ,x has m]ely induc$ a *ange 9 =m ( organization4 ,nor has x be5 easy z yet = ! law to ex]cise any effective control ov] ! bus9ess corporation on any ( ! ?ree pr9ciples invok$--namely3 to prev5t monopoly1 to secure ! public int]e/ 9 ! case ( public s]vice corporations1 & to ass]t police p[]4 ,= p5alties by f9e frequ5tly fail to rea* ! guilty p]sons1 & x is difficult to fix any p]sonal responsibility4 ,juries are unwill+ to convict subord9ate (ficials ( acts :i* !y believe to h be5 requir$ by ! policy ( ! high] (ficials1 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 ! high] (ficials are seldom directly cognizant ( crim9al acts4 ,gradually1 h[ev]1 we may believe t ! law w f9d a way to make bo? capital & labor organizations respect ! public welf>e1 & to give !m support 9 _! desirable ends4 ,! coop]ative pr9ciple _c be outlaw$2 x mu/ be m fully socializ$4 ,sec4 #d4 ,,! ,,me?ods ,,( ,,production1 ,,ex*ange1 ,,& ,,valuation ,! ,ma*9e4--,! te*nique ( production has %[n a simil> progress f individual to collective me?od4 ,! e>li] me?od 0 t ( h&icraft4 ,! pres5t me?od 9 mo/ occupations1 aside f agriculture1 is t ( ! ma*9e4 ,b ! great economic advantage ( ! ma*9e is n only 9 ! sub/itution ( me*anical p[] = muscle2 x is also 9 ! sub/itution ( collective = individual "w4 ,x is ! ma*9e :i* makes possible on a trem5d\sly effective basis ! division ( labor & its social organization4 ,! extraord9>y increase 9 weal? dur+ ! pa/ c5tury dep5ds ^u ^! two factors4 ,! ma*9e itself moreov]1 9 its enorm\s expansion1 is n only a social tool1 b a social product4 ,! inv5tion & discov]y :i* gave rise to ! new processes 9 indu/ry ( e sort 7 l>gely ! outcome ( sci5tific rese>*es c>ri$ on at public exp5se to a great ext5t by m5 o!r ?an ^? :o f9ally utilize _! results4 ,!y become 9 turn ! in/rum5ts = ! production ( weal?1 :i* is ?us d\bly social 9 orig94 ,?is ma*9e process has an important be>+ ^u ! factors ( "* m5tion$ 9 our analysis4 ,x /&>dizes effici5cy2 x calls = extraord9>y increase ( spe$2 x requires great specialization ( function & (t5 calls = no k ( ! :ole process4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x gives a c]ta9 s5se ( p[] to control & direct highly complicat$ ma*9]y4 ,9 ! m skill$ trades !re is m "t & res\rce = intellectual1 ae/hetic1 or social satisfactions4 ,! association ( workm5 favors discussion ( common int]e/s1 sympa?y1 & coop]ation2 ?is may evoke a read9ess to sacrifice individual to gr\p welf>e1 :i* is q analog\s to patriotic s5tim5t at its be/1 ev5 if x is liable to su* viol5t expressions z *>act]ize patriotic s5tim5t at its wor/4 ,! association ( workm5 is "o ( ! mo/ significant features ( mod]n indu/ry4 ,capital & ,cr$it4--,! te*nique ( ex*ange ( s]vices & goods has und]gone a trans=mation f an individual & limit$ to a collective & almo/ unlimit$ me?od4 ,! e>li] =m ( ex*ange & b>t] limit$ ! conduct ( bus9ess to a small area1 & ! simpl] =m ( p]sonal s]vice involv$ ei!r slav]y or "s p]sonal control :i* 0 almo/ z direct4 ,) ! use ( money x became possible to make available a f> great] area = ex*ange & to accumulate capital :i* repres5t$ ! pa/ labors ( va/ numb]s ( individuals4 ,) ! fur!r discov]y ( ! possibilities ( a cr$it sy/em :i* bus9ess ent]prise n[ employs1 x is possible to utilize 9 any ent]prise n m]ely ! results ( ! labor ( ! pa/1 b ! anticipat$ income ( ! future4 ,a corporation1 z organiz$ at pres5t1 issues obligations 9 ! =m ( bonds & /ock :i* repres5t no value z yet produc$1 b only ! values ( labor or privilege anticipat$4 ,! :ole te*nique1 !re=e1 ( capital & cr$it means a collective bus9ess ent]prise4 ,x masses ! "w & ! abilities ( ?\s&s & hundr$s ( ?\s&s 9 ! pa/ & ! future1 & wields ! product z an almo/ irresi/ible ag5cy to a*ieve new ent]prises or to drive f ! field rival ent]prises4 ,basis ( ,valuation4--,! :ole basis = value & prices has also be5 *ang$4 ,! old basis1 employ$ = ! mo/ "p ?r\gh ! ,middle ,ages 9 fix+ ! value ( labor or goods1 0 ! am\nt ( labor & mat]ial :i* _h be5 exp5d$4 ,! mod]n basis is t ( supply & dem&4 ,?is proce$s on ! !ory t x is human wants :i* aft] all give value to any product4 ,i may h exp5d$ "t & labor ^u a book or c>v+1 or 9 ! cultivation ( a new vegetable1 or 9 ! manufacture ( an article = app>el1 b if no "o c>es to read ! book or look at ! c>v+1 if ! vegetable is "o t no "o c eat1 or ! g>m5t is "o t no "o w we>1 x has no value4 ,/>t+ !n f ?is1 we c see h[ ! two elem5ts 9 valuation--namely1 dem& & supply--are affect$ by social factors4 ,! dem& = an article dep5ds ^u ! m>ket3 i4e41 ^u h[ _m buy]s !re are1 & :at wants !y h4 ,mod]n me?ods ( communication & transportation h made ! m>ket = goods z l>ge z ! civiliz$ _w4 ,education is con/antly awak5+ new wants4 ,! facilities = communication1 = travel1 & = education are con/antly lead+ "o "p ( ! _w to imitate ! /&>ds or fa%ions set by o!r p>ts4 ,we h1 !re=e1 a social /&>d = valuation :i* is con/antly ext5d+ 9 area & 9 int5sity4 ,! o!r factor 9 valuation1 namely1 ! supply1 is likewise be+ affect$ 9 an increas+ degree by social =ces4 ,) _m1 if n ) mo/1 ( ! commodities :i* are ( greate/ importance1 x has be5 f\nd t !re is less pr(it 9 an unre/rict$ supply ?an 9 a supply regulat$ 9 ! int]e/ ( ! produc]s4 ,! great coal m9es1 ! iron indu/ries1 ! manufactur]s ( clo?+1 f9d x m pr(itable to comb9e & produce a limit$ am\nt4 ,! great corporations & tru/s h usually signaliz$ _! acquisition ( a monopoly or an approximate control ( any great field ( production by %utt+ d[n "p ( ! factories =m]ly engag$4 ,! supply ( labor is likewise limit$ by ! policies ( labor unions 9 limit+ ! numb] ( appr5tices all[$1 or by o!r means ( keep+ ! union small4 ,t>iffs1 :e!r 9 ! int]e/ ( capital or ( labor1 are a social control ( ! supply4 ,fran*ises1 :e!r ( /eam railroads1 /reet transportation1 gas1 electric light+1 or o!r public utilities s-call$1 are all ( !m 9 ! nature ( monopolies grant$ to a c]ta9 gr\p ( individuals4 ,_! value is dep5d5t ^u ! g5]al ne$ ( ^! utilities1 c\pl$ ) ! public limitation ( supply4 ,9 _m cases ! s]vices are s indisp5sable to ! community t ! s]vant does n ne$ to give special c>e or ?\ght to ! r5d]+ ( especially effici5t s]vice4 ,! increase 9 population makes ! fran*ises enorm\sly pr(itable )\t any correspond+ increase ( risk or ef=t on ! "p ( ! utility company4 ,b ! mo/ /rik+ illu/ration ( ! creation ( values by society is se5 9 ! case ( l&4 ,t an acre ( l& 9 "o "p ( ! c\ntry is wor? fifty doll>s1 & 9 ano!r "p two hundr$ ?\s& doll>s1#bcj is n due to any diff]5ce 9 ! soil1 nor = ! mo/ "p to any labor or skill or o!r quality ( ! own]4 ,x is due to ! fact t 9 ! "o case !re is no social dem&1 :]eas1 9 ! o!r1 ! l& is 9 ! he>t ( a city4 ,9 c]ta9 cases1 no d\bt1 ! own] ( city real e/ate may help by 8 ent]prise to build up ! city1 b ev5 if s ?is is incid5tal4 ,! abs5tee own] pr(its z mu* by ! gr[? ( ! city z ! =emo/ contributor to t gr[?4 ,! own] ne$ n ev5 improve ! prop]ty by a build+4 ,?is enorm\s increase 9 l& values has be5 call$ ! une>n$ increm5t4 ,9 ,am]ica x is due v l>gely to features ( natural location & transportation4 ,x has seem$ to "s writ]s1 su* z ,h5ry ,george1 n only a conspicu\s inju/ice1 b ! root ( all economic evil4 ,x is1 no d\bt1 9 _m cases1 a conspicu\s =m ( easy money1 b ! pr9ciple is n diff]5t f t :i* is involv$ 9 ne>ly all dep>tm5ts ( mod]n indu/ry4 ,! weal? ( mod]n society is really a gigantic pool4 ,no individual kn[s h[ mu* he creates2 x is a social product4 ,to e/imate :at any "o %\ld receive by an attempt$ e/imate ( :at he has individually contribut$ is absolutely impossible4 ,sec4 #e4 ,,! ,,factors ,,:i* ,,aid ,,e?ical ,,recon/ruction ,! two di/9ctive features ( ! mod]n economic situation1 its collective "* & its imp]sonal "*1 are !mselves capable ( supply+ valuable aid t[>d und]/&+ ! e?ical problems & 9 mak+ ! recon/ruction requir$4 ,= ! v magnitude ( mod]n op]ations & prop]ties s]ves to br+ out m cle>ly ! pr9ciples involv$4 ,! imp]sonal "* all[s economic =ces pure & simple to be se5 9 _! moral be>+s4 ,publicity becomes a necessity4 ,j z ! factories are compell$ to h bett] light1 air1 & sanitation ?an ! sweat %ops1 s public att5tion is ar\s$ & ! consci5ce /imulat$ by practices ( great corporations1 al?\gh ^! practices may be 9 pr9ciple precisely ! same z ^? ( private p]sons :i* escape moral reprobation4 ,9 "s cases1 no d\bt1 ! v magnitude ( ! op]ation does actually *ange ! pr9ciple4 ,a lift on ! road f an oldtime /age-driv]1 or a special b>ga9 at a c\ntry /ore 0 n likely to di/urb ! balance ( competition z a sy/em ( free passes or secret rebates may 9 mod]n bus9ess4 ,b 9 o!r cases :at ! mod]n organizations h done is simply to exhibit ! work+s ( competition or o!r economic =ces on a l>g] scale4 ,an illu/ration ( ?is is se5 9 ! famili> fact t a law pass$ to correct "s corporate practice is (t5 f\nd to apply to _m practices n contemplat$ by ! mak]s ( ! law4 ,! effect ( gett+ a pr9ciple out into ! op5 & at "w on a l>ge scale is to make public judgm5t cle> & reprobation ( bad practices m effective4 ,! imp]sonal factor likewise contributes p[]fully to make condemnation easy4 ,criticism is unhamp]$ by ! consid]ations :i* complicate ! situation :5 ! conduct ( an individual is 9 "q4 ,! individual may be a good neighbor1 or a good fell[1 or h _h bad luck4 ,b no "o hesitates to express 8 op9ion ( a corporation1 & ! av]age jury is n bias$ 9 its favor1 :atev] may be true ( ! b5*4 ,ev5 ! plea t ! corporation includes wid[s & orphans among its %>ehold]s1 :i* is occasionally put =? to av]t int]f]5ce ) corporate practices1 usually falls on unsympa!tic e>s4 ,a high] /&>d w be dem&$ = bus9ess conduct1 a m rigid reg>d = public s]vice w be exact$1 a m mod]ate return = inve/$ capital 9 public s]vice1 & a m lib]al treatm5t ( employees w be insi/$ ^u f corporations ?an f private individuals4 ,nor does ! organization ( labor escape ! same law4 ,:5 an ag5t ( a union has be5 detect$ 9 call+ a /rike = private ga91 public s5tim5t has be5 z sev]e 9 condemnation z 9 ! case ( corporate (ficials :o h pr(it$ at ! exp5se ( /ockhold]s4 ,summ>y4--,we may summ>ize "s ( ! *ief po9ts br\ght out by our analysis4 ,mod]n te*nique has increas$ enorm\sly ! productivity ( labor1 b has increas$ its dang]s to heal? & life1 & to "s ext5t dim9i%$ its educat+ & moraliz+ values4 ,! imp]sonal ag5cies give va/ p[]1 b make responsibility difficult to locate4 ,! collective ag5cies & ! social contributions make ! economic process a great social pool4 ,m5 put 9 manual labor1 skill1 capital4 ,"s ( x !y h inh]it$ f _! k92 "s !y h inh]it$ f ! inv5tors & sci5ti/s :o h devis$ tools & processes2 "s !y h wr\ght !mselves4 ,?is pool+ ( ef=t is possible because ( good gov]nm5t & in/itutions :i* 7 creat$ by /atesm51 patriots1 & re=m]s1 & are ma9ta9$ by simil> ag5cies4 ,! pool is imm5sely productive4 ,b no "o c say j h[ mu* 8 contribution e>ns4 ,%all e "o keep :at he c get8 ,%all all %>e alike8 ,or %all !re be o!r rules = division--ei!r made & en=c$ by society or made by ! individual & en=c$ by 8 own consci5ce8 ,are our pres5t rules adequate to su* a situation z t ( ! pres5t8 ,^! are "s ( ! difficult que/ions t mod]n conditions are press+ ^u ! man :o ?9ks4 ,,lit]ature ,besides ! classic treatises ( ,adam ,smi?1 ,j4 ,s4 ,mill1 & ,k>l ,m>x1 :i* are important = ! relation ( ! economic to ! :ole social ord] dur+ ! pa/ c5tury1 ! foll[+ rec5t works 9 ! g5]al field give especial prom95ce to ! e?ical problems involv$3 ,m>%all1 ,pr9ciples ( ,economics1 #ahih2 ,hadley1 ,economics1 #ahif2 ,cl>k1 ,ess5tials ( ,economic ,!ory z ,appli$ to ,mod]n ,problems ( ,indu/ry & ,public ,policy1 #aijg2 ,george1 ,progress & ,pov]ty1 #ahgi2 ,s*moll]1 ,grundriss d] allgeme95 ,/aatswirts*aftslehre1 #aijj-jd2 ,bon>1 ,philosophy & ,political ,economy1 #ahic2 ,hobson1 ,! ,social ,problem1 #aija2 ,brooks1 ,! ,social ,unre/1 #aijc4 ,,on ,,mod]n ,,bus9ess ,,& ,,indu/ry3 ,vebl51 ,! ,!ory ( ,bus9ess ,ent]prise1 #aijd2 ,taylor1 ,! ,mod]n ,factory ,sy/em1 #ahia2 ,hobson1 ,evolution ( ,mod]n ,capitalism1 #ahid2 ,toynbee1 ,! ,indu/rial ,revolution1 #ahij2 ,adams & ,sumn]1 ,labor ,problems1 #aije2 ,s4 & ,b4 ,webb1 ,hi/ory ( ,trade ,unionism1 #ahid1 ,problems ( ,mod]n ,indu/ry1 #ahih1 & ,indu/rial ,democracy1 #aijb2 ,mit*ell1 ,organiz$ ,labor1 #aijc2 ,ely1 ,! ,labor ,movem5t 9 ,am]ica1 #ahhf2 ,holl&] & ,b>nett1 ,/udies 9 ,am]ican ,trades ,unionism1 #aijg2 ,h5d]son1 ,social ,elem5ts1 #ahih1 *s4 vii4-x4 ,,footnotes3 #bbc ,vebl51 ,!ory ( ,bus9ess ,ent]prise1 p4 #bia4 #bbd ,republic1 #eej4 ,davies & ,vaughan4 #bbe ,e4g41 9 a /rike !re is sometimes a tol]ation by public s5tim5t ( a c]ta9 am\nt ( viol5ce :]e x is believ$ t !re is no legal rem$y = unfair conditions4 #bbf ,rec5t elections 9 ! great insurance companies h %[n ?is4 #bbg ,j4 ,o4 ,fagan1 9 ! ,atlantic ,mon?ly 7#aijh71 has call$ att5tion to ! influ5ce ( ! union 9 %ield+ individuals f ! p5alties ( c>elessness4 #bbh ,rec5t ,ill9ois decisions 7#baf ,ill41 #ceh f41 & especially #bcb ,ill41 #dca-ddj7 uphold sweep+ injunctions aga9/ p]suasion1 no matt] h[ peaceable4 ,lawful competition1 :i* may injure ! bus9ess ( a p]son1 ev5 ?\gh successfully direct$ to driv+ him out ( bus9ess1 is n actionable4 ,b = a union to hire labor]s away f an employ] by money or transportation is n lawful competition4 ,! object is assum$ by ! c\rt to be malici\s1 i4e41 ! injury ( ! employ]4 ,! c\rt does n ent]ta9 ! possibility t to obta9 an eight-h\r day is z lawful an aim = ! labor union z to acquire prop]ty is = an employ]4 ,! decision %[s cle>ly ! diff]5ce 9 legal attitude t[>d pressure ex]t$ by bus9ess corporations = ! famili> end ( acquisition1 & t ex]t$ by ! union = ! novel end ( a /&>d ( liv+4 ,! c\rt reg>ds ! injury to o!rs z incid5tal 9 ! =m]1 b z prim>y & !re=e z malici\s 9 ! latt]4 ,x may be t future g5]ations w reg>d ?is judicial psy*ology some:at z we reg>d "s ( ! cases cit$ above1 *4 xxi4 ,o!r c\rts h n always tak5 ?is view1 & h p]mitt$ p]suasion unless x is employ$ 9 su* a mann] or "u su* circum/ances z to op]ate on fe>s r ?an ^u _! judgm5ts or _! sympa?ies 7#ag41 ,n4 ,y4 ,supp41 #bfd74 ,= o!r cases1 ,am4 & ,eng4 ,decisions 9 ,equity1 #aije1 p4 #efe f42 also ,eddy on ,comb9ations4 #bbi ,! li/ app5d$ 0 bullet9$ at ! ,*icago ,indu/rial ,exhibit ( #aijf1 & repr9t$ 9 ,*>ities & ,! ,commons4 ,:at ',fre$om ( ,contract' has ,meant to ,labor3 #a4 ,d5ial ( eight-h\r law = wom5 9 ,ill9ois4 #b4 ,d5ial ( eight-h\r law = city labor or = me*anics & ord9>y labor]s4 #c4 ,d5ial ( t5-h\r law = bak]s4 #d4 ,inability to prohibit t5em5t labor4 #e4 ,inability to prev5t by law employ] f requir+ employee z condition ( secur+ "w1 to assume all risk f injury :ile at "w4 #f4 ,inability to prohibit employ] sell+ goods to employees at great] pr(it ?an to non-employees4 #g4 ,inability to prohibit m9e own]s scre5+ coal :i* is m9$ by weight be=e cr$it+ same to employees z basis ( wages4 #h4 ,inability to legislate aga9/ employ] us+ co]cion to prev5t employee becom+ a memb] ( a labor union4 #i4 ,inability to re/rict employ] 9 mak+ d$uctions f wages ( employees4 #aj4 ,inability to compel by law paym5t ( wages at regul> int]vals4 #ab4 ,inability to provide by law t labor]s on public works %all be paid prevail+ rate ( wages4 #ac4 ,inability to compel by law paym5t ( extra comp5sation = ov]time4 #ad4 ,inability to prev5t by law employ] f hold+ back "p ( wages4 #ae4 ,inability to compel paym5t ( wages 9 ca%2 s t employ] may pay 9 truck or scrip n r$eemable 9 lawful money4 #af4 ,inability to =bid ali5 labor on municipal contracts4 #ag4 ,inability to secure by law union label on city pr9t+4 ,labor repres5tatives speak ( ! ironic mann] 9 :i* ! c\rts gu>antee to work]s3 ,! "r to be maim$ & kill$ )\t liability to ! employ]2 ! "r to be dis*>g$ = belong+ to a union2 ! "r to "w z _m h\rs z employ]s please & "u any consid]ations :i* !y may impose4 ,! irony is1 ( c\rse1 n int5d$ by ! c\rts4 ,x is ! irony inh]5t 9 a situation :5 rules design$ to secure ju/ice become futile1 if n a positive cause ( inju/ice1 because ( *ang$ conditions4 #bcj ,9 ,great] ,new ,york4 ,an acre on ,manhattan ,isl& is ( c\rse wor? mu* m4 ,! ,report ( ! ,new ,york ,tax ,dep>tm5t = #aijg is v sugge/ive4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiii ,,"s ,,pr9ciples ,,9 ,,! ,,economic ,,ord] ,c]ta9 problems sugge/$ by ! =ego+ analysis are unsettl$1 = ! issues are s involv$1 & 9 "s cases1 bo? ! facts & _! int]pretations are s mu* 9 controv]sy1 t we _c yet =mulate sure moral judgm5ts4 ,on ! o!r h&1 c]ta9 pr9ciples em]ge ) a good degree ( cle>ness4 ,we /ate "s ( ! m obvi\s4 #a4 ,weal? & ,prop]ty are ,subord9ate 9 ,importance to ,p]sonality4--,! life is m ?an meat4 ,mo/ agree to ?is1 /at$ ab/ractly1 b _m fail to make ! application4 ,!y may sacrifice _! own heal?1 or human sympa?y1 or family life2 or !y may cons5t to ?is actively or passively z employ]s1 or consum]s1 or citiz5s1 9 ! case ( o!rs4 ,a civilization :i* loses life 9 provid+ ! means to live is n highly moral4 ,a society :i* c af=d luxuries = "s _c easily ju/ify unheal?ful conditions ( production1 or lack ( g5]al education4 ,an individual :o gratifies a s+le appetite at ! exp5se ( vitality & effici5cy is immoral4 ,a society :i* consid]s weal? or prop]ty z ultimate1 :e!r "u a conception ( natural rights or o!rwise1 is sett+ ! means above ! end1 & is !re=e unmoral or immoral4 #b4 ,weal? ,%\ld ,dep5d on ,activity4--,! highe/ aspect ( life on its individual side is f\nd 9 active & resolute a*ievem5t1 9 ! embody+ ( purpose 9 action4 ,?\ght1 discov]y1 creation1 m>k a high] value ?an ! satisfaction ( wants1 or ! amass+ ( goods4 ,if ! latt] is to be a help x mu/ /imulate activity1 n dead5 x4 ,inh]it$ weal? )\t any accompany+ incitem5t f education or class feel+ or public op9ion w\ld be a que/ionable in/itution f ?is po9t ( view4 ,vebl5 9 8 ,!ory ( ! ,leisure ,class po9ts out v>i\s =ms ( deg5]ation t may att5d ^u leisure1 :5 leisure means n m]ely release f me*anical labor 9 ! int]e/ ( m intellectual activity1 b a rel9qui%+ ( all s]i\s labor4 ,z ! race has made its asc5t 9 ! pres5ce ( an environm5t :i* has con/antly select$ ! m active p]sons1 society 9 its in/itutions & consci\sly direct$ processes may well plan to keep ?is balance betwe5 activity & rew>d4 ,mod]n *>ity has adopt$ ?is pr9ciple4 ,we fe> to paup]ize by giv+ aid to ! poor unless we c provide "s =m ( self-help4 ,b 9 its treatm5t ( ! ri*1 society is n solicit\s4 ,our provisions = inh]itance ( prop]ty und\bt$ly paup]ize a c]ta9 proportion ( ^? :o inh]it4 ,:e!r ?is c be prev5t$ )\t int]f]+ ) motives to activity on ! "p ( ^? :o acquire ! prop]ty1 or :e!r ! ri* ?us paup]iz$ are n z well wor? sav+ to society z ! poor1 w und\bt$ly become m press+ problems z ! numb] ( inh]itors increases1 & society recognizes t x may h a duty to its idle ri* z well z to its idle poor4 #c4 ,public ,s]vice ,%\ld ,g ,along ) ,weal?4--,note t we d n say1 weal? %\ld be proportionate to public s]vice4 ,?is w\ld take u at once into ! controv]sy betwe5 ! individuali/ & ! sociali/ :i* we %all consid] lat] among ! unsettl$ problems4 ,! individuali/1 z repres5t$1 = example1 by ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 w\ld say t except = ! "y1 ! ag$1 or ! sick1 rew>d %\ld be proportion$ to m]it4 ,! sociali/1 on ! o!r h&1 is m incl9$ to say1 ,f ea* accord+ to 8 ability1 to ea* accord+ to 8 ne$s4 ,9 ei!r case1 x is assum$ t !re %\ld be public s]vice4 ,leav+ = lat] consid]ation ! "q :e!r we c fix any quantitative rule1 let u notice at ?is "t :y "s s]vice is a fundam5tal moral pr9ciple4 ,su* s]vice 9 ! =m ( "s economically useful contribution1 :e!r to ! production & di/ribution ( goods1 to ! public ord]1 to education1 to ! satisfaction ( ae/hetic & religi\s wants1 might be dem&$ z a matt] ( common hone/y4 ,?is w\ld be to treat x z a j claim made by society ^u ea* ( its memb]s4 ,!re is1 ( c\rse1 no legal claim4 ,! law is f> f adopt+ z a univ]sal maxim1 ,if any man w n "w1 nei!r let him eat4 ,vagrancy is n a t]m appli$ to all idl]s4 ,x is suffici5t = ! law if "s ( a man's ance/ors obta9$ possession & title by s]vice1 or =ce1 or gift4 ,mod]n law1 9 its zeal to /r5g!n ! in/itution ( prop]ty1 releases all ! own]'s po/]ity =ev] f ! necessity ( any useful s]vice4 ,! old !ology us$ to c>ry ! conception ( inh]it$ or imput$ s9 & m]it to extremes :i* mod]n individualism rejects4 ,b ! law--at lea/ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates--p]mits a p]petual desc5t ( inh]it$ prop]ty2 i4e41 ( inh]it$ p]mission to receive f society )\t r5d]+ any p]sonal return4 ,!ologically & morally1 h[ev]1 ! man ( to-day repudiates any conception :i* w\ld r$uce him to a %ad[ ( ano!r4 ,he wi%es to /& on 8 own feet1 to be rew>d$ or blam$ accord+ to 8 own acts1 n because ( a de$ ( "s "o else4 ,to foll[ out ?is pr9ciple 9 ! economic sph]e w\ld require t e man :o receives aught f o!rs %\ld feel 9 duty b\nd to r5d] "s s]vice4 ,m]ely to h be5 born is h>dly suffici5t 9 a democratic society1 h[ev] munific5t a contribution to ! social weal ! ,fr5* ari/ocrat may h felt ?is to be4 ,b x is only "o aspect ( ! case to say t society may claim s]vice z a j due4 ,!re is ano!r aspect--:at ?is s]vice means to ! p]son himself4 ,x is 8 opportunity to fulfill 8 function 9 ! social organism4 ,n[ a p]son is z l>ge z 8 purpose & w4 ,! p]son1 !re=e1 :o id5tifies 8 purposes ) ! welf>e ( ! public is !reby id5tify+ himself ) ! :ole social body4 ,he is no long] himself alone2 he is a social p[]4 ,n only ! lead] ( society1 b e effici5t s]vant makes himself an organ ?r\gh :i* society itself acts & moves =w>d4 ,?is is p]haps mo/ conspicu\s 9 ! case ( ! great inv5tors or organiz]s ( indu/ry & society4 ,by s]v+ civilization !y h become its be>]s & h ?us %>$ its highe/ pulses4 ,b x is true ( e labor]4 ,z he is an active contributor he becomes creative1 n m]ely receptive4 #d4 ,! ,*ange f ,individual to ,collective ,me?ods1 ( ,indu/ry & ,bus9ess ,dem&s a ,*ange f ,individual to ,collective ,types ( ,morality4--,moral action is ei!r to accompli% "s positive good or to h9d] "s wrong or evil4 ,b "u pres5t conditions ! individual by himself is practically helpless & useless = ei!r purpose4 ,x 0 =m]ly possible = a man to set a high /&>d & live up to x1 irrespective ( ! practice or coop]ation ( o!rs4 ,:5 a sell]'s m>ket 0 limit$ to 8 acqua9tance or a limit$ t]ritory1 x might well be t hone/y or ev5 fair deal+ 0 ! be/ policy4 ,b ) ! *anges t h come 9 bus9ess conditions ! worse practices1 l a bas] co9age1 t5d to drive out ! morally bett]4 ,?is may n apply s ?or\ghly to ! relations betwe5 sell] & buy]1 b x applies to _m aspects ( trade4 ,a m]*ant may desire to pay 8 wom5 cl]ks wages on :i* !y c support life )\t sell+ _! s\ls4 ,b if 8 rival across ! /reet pays only half ! wage necess>y = subsi/5ce1 x is evid5t ! =m] is 9 s f> at a disadvantage4 ,ext5d ! same policy4 ,let ! =m] h 8 goods made "u good conditions & ! latt] h no scruple aga9/ sweat+2 let ! =m] pay taxes on an hone/ e/imate & ! latt] see ! assessor1 or ?reat5 to move out ( t[n if he is assess$ = m ?an a figure nam$ by himself2 let ! =m] ask only = a fair *ance1 :ile ! latt] secures legislation t favors 8 own int]e/s1 or gets specifications = bids word$ s t !y w exclude 8 oppon5ts1 or 9 sell+ to public bodies fixes ! c\ncils or s*ool committees1 or obta9s illegal favors 9 transportation4 ,let ?is cont9ue1 & h[ long w ! =m] /ay 9 ! field8 ,ev5 z reg>ds quality ( goods1 :]e x w\ld seem m plausible t hone/ deal+ might succe$1 exp]i5ce has %[n t ?is dep5ds on :e!r ! frauds c be easily detect$4 ,9 ! case ( drugs & goods :]e ! adult]ations _c be readily discov]$1 !re is no?+ to (fset ! m economical proc$ure ( ! fraudul5t deal]4 ,! fact t x is s difficult to procure pure drugs & pure food w\ld seem to be mo/ plausibly due to ! fatal competition ( ! adult]at$ article4 ,or1 suppose a p]son has a little prop]ty inve/$ 9 "s "o ( ! v>i\s corporations :i* (f] ! mo/ conv5i5t me?od = plac+ small sums z well z l>ge4 ,?is railroad defies ! gov]nm5t by own+ coal m9es z well z transport+ ! product2 t public s]vice corporation has obta9$ its fran*ise by brib]y2 ?is corporation is an employ] ( *ild labor2 t f9ds x less exp5sive to pay a few damage suits--^? x _c fight successfully--?an to adopt devices :i* w protect employees4 ,does a man1 or ev5 an in/itution1 act morally if he inve/s 9 su* corporations 9 :i* he f9ds himself helpless z an individual /ockhold]8 ,& if he sells 8 /ock at ! m>ket price to inve/ ! money else:]e1 is x n /ill ! price ( fraud or blood8 ,if1 f9ally1 he buys insurance = 8 family's support1 rec5t inve/igation has %[n t he may h be5 contribut+ unaw>es to brib]y ( legislatures1 & to ! support ( political !ories to :i* he may be morally oppos$4 ,! individual _c be moral 9 indep5d5ce4 ,! mod]n bus9ess collectivism =ces a collective morality4 ,j z ! individual _c resi/ ! comb9ation1 s individual morality mu/ give place to a m robu/ or social type4 #e4 ,to ,meet ! ,*ange to ,corporate ,ag5cy & ,own]%ip1 ,ways ,mu/ be ,f\nd to ,re/ore ,p]sonal ,control & ,responsibility4--,fre$om & responsibility mu/ g h& 9 h&4 ,! moral liability limit$ !ory _c be accept$ 9 ! simple =m 9 :i* x n[ obta9s4 ,if society holds /ockhold]s responsible1 !y w soon cease to elect manag]s m]ely on an economic basis & w dem& morality4 ,if directors are held p]sonally responsible = _! legal dep>tm5t1 or union (ficials = _! committees1 directors & (ficials w f9d means to "k :at _! subord9ates are do+4 ,crime is always p]sonal1 & x is n usual = subord9ates to commit crimes = ! corporation aga9/ ! explicit wi%es ( ! high] (ficials4 ,9 c]ta9 l9es ! p>ties conc]n$ h volunt>ily s\ght to re/ore a m p]sonal relation4#bca ,x has be5 f\nd pr(itable to engage =em5 :o c get on smoo?ly ) workm54 ,x has prov$ to be good economy to treat m51 :e!r !y sell labor or buy x1 ) respect & fairness4 ,! manag]s ( "s ( ! great public s]vice corporations h also rec5tly %[n a disposition to recognize "s public obligations1 ) ! naive admission t ?is has be5 neglect$4 ,labor unions are com+ to see ! ne$ ( conciliat+ public op9ion if !y are to ga9 _! conte/s4 #f4 ,to ,meet ! ,imp]sonal ,ag5cies ,society ,mu/ ,require ,great] ,publicity & ,express ,its ,moral ,/&>ds ,m ,fully 9 ,law4--,publicity is n a cure = bad practices1 b x is a p[]ful det]r5t ag5cy s long z ! (f5d]s c>e = public op9ion & n solely = ! approval ( _! own class4 ,pr(essor ,ross#bcb ma9ta9s t 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates classes are /ill s loosely =m$ t g5]al approval is desir$ by ! lead]s4 ,h5ce he urges t x is possible to en=ce moral /&>ds by ! grill+ ( s9n]s4 ,b to make ?is grill+ a moral process society ne$s mu* m accurate in=mation & a m imp>tial basis = select+ its s9n]s ?an pres5t ag5cies af=d4 ,! public press is itself 9 _m respects "o ( ! mo/ conspicu\s examples ( ! purely economic motive4 ,! newspap] or magaz9e mu/ int]e/ read]s & n displease adv]tis]s4 ,! news is select$1 or color$1 or work$ up to suit p>ticul> classes4 ,if a speak] says :at ! report] does n reg>d z int]e/+ he is likely to f9d himself report$ z say+ some?+ m /rik+4 ,publicity bureaus are able to po9t ) pride to ! am\nt ( matt]1 favorable to c]ta9 int]e/s1 :i* !y place be=e ! public z news4 ,! p>ticul> int]e/s s+l$ out = exposure are likely to be det]m9$ m by ! anticipat$ effects on circulation or adv]tis+ ?an by ! m]its ( ! case4 ,x is sc>cely m satisfactory to leave all ! education ( public op9ion to comm]cial control ?an to leave all elem5t>y education to private int]e/s4 ,publicity--sci5tific inve/igation & public discussion--is inde$ indisp5sable1 & its greate/ value is probably n 9 ! exhil>at+ dis*>ge ( righte\s indignation1 b 9 ! positive elevation ( /&>ds1 by giv+ complet] k & %[+ ! fruits ( c]ta9 practices4 ,a l>ge proportion ( ! public w wi% to d ! "r ?+ if !y c see x cle>ly1 & c h public support1 s t "r action w n mean suicide4 ,b ! logical way to meet ! imp]sonal "* ( mod]n economic ag5cies is by ! moral consci\sness embodi$ 9 an imp]sonal ag5cy1 ! law4 ,! law is n to be reg>d$ *iefly z an ag5cy = puni%+ crim9als4 ,x1 9 ! fir/ place1 def9es a /&>d2 &1 9 ! next place1 x helps ! morally dispos$ to ma9ta9 ?is /&>d by free+ him f unscrupul\s competition4 ,x is a g5]al pr9ciple t to resort to ! law is an e?ical ga9 only :5 ! gett+ some?+ done is m important ?an to get x done f ! "r motive4 ,?is evid5tly applies to acts ( corporate bodies4 ,we d n c>e = _! motives4 ,we are n conc]n$ to save _! s\ls4 ,we are conc]n$ only = results--j ! place :]e we h se5 t ! p]sonal responsibility breaks d[n4 ,! value ( good motives & moral purpose is 9 ?is case locat$ 9 ^? :o /rive to secure & execute progressive legislation = ! public good1 & 9 ! p]sonal _s ) :i* ?is is accept$ & c>ri$ out by (ficials4#bcc #g4 ,e ,memb] ( ,society ,%\ld ,%>e 9 ,its ,weal? & 9 ! ,values ,made ,possible by ,x4--,! quantitative basis ( division & ! me?od = giv+ ea* a %>e belong to ! unsettl$ problems4 ,b ! wor? & dignity ( e human be+ ( moral capacity is fundam5tal 9 ne>ly e moral sy/em ( mod]n times4 ,x is implicit 9 ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e ( ! wor? ( ! s\l1 9 ! ,kantian doctr9e ( p]sonality1 9 ! ,b5?amic dictum1 e man to c\nt z "o4 ,x is imb$d$ 9 our democratic !ory & in/itutions4 ,) ! level+ & equaliz+ ( physical & m5tal p[] br\ght ab\t by mod]n inv5tions & ! spread ( intellig5ce1 no ,/ate is p]man5tly safe except on a f\ndation ( ju/ice4 ,& ju/ice _c be fundam5tally 9 contradiction ) ! ess5ce ( democracy4 ,?is means t weal? mu/ be produc$1 di/ribut$1 & own$ ju/ly3 t is1 s z to promote ! individuality ( e memb] ( society1 :ile at ! same "t he mu/ always function z a memb]1 n z an individual4 ,9 def9+ ju/ice "s w place fre$om fir/2 o!rs1 a /&>d ( liv+4 ,"s w seek fairness by di/ribut+ to ea* an actual %>e ( ! goods2 o!rs1 by giv+ to ea* a fair *ance to get 8 %>e ( goods4 ,o!rs aga9 h held t if no moral purpose is propos$ & ea* seeks to get :at he c = himself1 ! result w be a j di/ribution because ( ! b5efic5t effects ( competition4 ,/ill o!rs h consid]$ t if ! economic process has once be5 e/abli%$ on ! basis ( contracts r ?an /atus or slav]y1 ju/ice may be reg>d$ z ! ma9t5ance ( ^! contracts1 :atev] ! effect 9 actual b5efits4 ,^! views w be consid]$ "u ! next topic z unsettl$ problems4 ,,lit]ature ,9 addition to ! works cit$ at ! close ( ! la/ *apt]1 ,gidd+s1 ,! ,co/s ( ,progress1 9 ,democracy & ,empire1 #aija2 ,bosanquet 7,mrs4 ,b471 ,! ,/&>d ( ,life1 #ahih2 ,bosanquet1 ,b41 ,aspects ( ! ,social ,problem1 #ahie2 ,/eph51 ,social ,rights & ,duties1 #ahif2 ,tufts1 ,"s ,contributions ( ,psy*ology t[>d ! ,conception ( ,ju/ice1 ,philosophical ,review1 xv41 #aijf1 pp4 #cfa-gi2 ,woods1 ,democracy1 a ,new ,unfold+ ( ,human ,p[]1 9 ,/udies 9 ,philosophy & ,psy*ology 7,g>man ,commemorative ,volume71 #aijf4 ,,footnotes3 #bca ,hayes ,robb9s 9 ! ,atlantic ,mon?ly = ,june1 #aijg1 ,! ,p]sonal ,factor 9 ! ,labor ,problem4 #bcb ,s9 & ,society4 #bcc ,see ,flor5ce ,kelley1 ,"s ,e?ical ,ga9s ?r\gh ,legislation4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiv ,,unsettl$ ,,problems ,,9 ,,! ,,economic ,,ord] ,"u ?is head we propose to consid] "o g5]al & ?ree special problems on :i* society is at pres5t at "w1 fram+ new moral /&>ds to meet new conditions4 ,_m ( ! que/ions involv$ 9 ! new ord] m>%al !mselves "u a s+le anti!sis4 ,w ! moral values ( weal? be mo/ fully secur$ & ju/ly di/ribut$ by leav+ to individuals ! greate/ possible fre$om & hold+ !m morally responsible1 or by social ag5cy & control8 ,! fir/ !ory is kn[n z individualism4 ,! mo/ conv5i5t t]m = ! second position w\ld be socialism4 ,socialism1 h[ev]1 is1 = _m1 an epi!t r ?an a sci5tific conception4 ,x is suppos$ to mean necess>ily ! abolition ( all private ent]prise or private prop]ty4 ,9 its extreme =m x might mean ?is1 z individualism 9 its extreme =m w\ld mean an>*y4 ,b z a practical e?ical proposition we h be=e u nei!r ! abolition ( public ag5cy & control--extreme individualism--nor ! abolition ( private ag5cy & control4 ,we h ! problem ( gett+ ! prop] am\nt ( ea* 9 ord] t ! highe/ morality may prevail4 ,ea* !ory pr(esses to desire ! fulle/ developm5t & fre$om ( ! individual4 ,! individuali/ seeks x ?r\gh =mal fre$om & w\ld limit public ag5cy to a m9imum4 ,! sociali/ is will+ to p]mit limitations on =mal fre$om 9 ord] to secure ! real fre$om :i* he reg>ds z m important & sub/antial4 ,betwe5 ! extremes1 & borr[+ f ea*1 is a some:at indef9ite programme kn[n z ! dem& = equal opportunity4 ,let u consid] ea* 9 a brief /atem5t & !n 9 a m ?or\gh analysis4 ,sec4 #a4 ,,g5]al ,,/atem5t ,,( ,,! ,,positions ,,( ,,individualism ,,& ,,( ,,public ,,ag5cy ,,& ,,control #a4 ,individualism4--,individualism#bcd believes t ea* man c secure 8 own welf>e bett] ?an any "o else c secure x = him4 ,x fur!r holds t society is made up ( individuals1 & h5ce1 if ea* is provid$ =1 ! welf>e ( ! :ole is secur$4 ,su* goods z are social c be secur$ by volunt>y association4 ,believ+ t ! c\rse ( civilization has be5 f /atus to contract1 x makes free contract its c5tral pr9ciple4 ,x %\ld be ! *ief bus9ess ( organiz$ society to ma9ta9 & safegu>d ?is fre$om4 ,x locates ! important feature ( fre$om precisely 9 ! act ( ass5t1 r ?an 9 any consid]ation ( :e!r ! aft] consequ5ces ( ! ass5t are good or bad2 nor does x ask :at motives 7=ce & fraud aside7 br\ght ab\t ! ass5t1 or :e!r !re 0 any o!r alt]native4 ,9 o!r words1 x reg>ds =mal fre$om z fundam5tal4 ,if n 9 itself all t c be desir$1 x is ! fir/ /ep1 & ! only "o :i* law ne$ recognize4 ,! individual may be tru/$ to take o!r /eps1 if protect$ 9 ?is4 ,! only re/riction ^u individual fre$om %\ld be t x mu/ n int]f]e ) ! equal fre$om ( o!rs4 ,9 ! economic sph]e ?is re/riction w\ld mean1 mu/ n int]f]e by =ce4 ,! !ory does n reg>d economic pressure by competition z int]f]5ce4 ,h5ce x favors free competition4 ,leav+ out ( acc\nt b5evol5ce1 x holds t 9 bus9ess ea* %\ld be all[$1 or ev5 recomm5d$1 to seek 8 own advantage4 ,b :5 ! "q z to ! ju/ice ( ! di/ribution rea*$ by ?is me?od is rais$1 a division appe>s betwe5 ! democratic individuali/s & ! survival ( ! fitte/ individuali/s4 ,! democratic individuali/s--,adam ,smi?1 ,b5?am1 ,mill#bce--;believ$ t individualism w\ld promote ! welf>e ( all memb]s ( society4 ,! survival ( ! fitte/ s*ool ma9ta9s t ! welf>e ( ! race or ( civilization dep5ds on ! sift+ & select+ process kn[n z ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,if ! fitte/ are ?us select$ & survive1 x matt]s n s mu* :at is ! lot ( ! re/4 ,we mu/ *oose betwe5 progress ?r\gh ari/ocratic selection & deg5]ation ?r\gh democratic level+4 #b4 ,!ory ( ,public ,ag5cy & ,control4--,socialism 7us+ ! ^w 9 a broad s5se7 holds t society %\ld secure to all its memb]s ! goods ( life4 ,x holds t an unre/ra9$ lib]ty ( /ruggle = exi/5ce may secure ! survival ( ! /ronge/1 b n necess>ily ( ! morally be/4 ,! individuali/'s !ory emphasizes =mal fre$om4 ,seek fir/ fre$om & all o!r ?+s w be add$4 ,! sociali/ view emphasizes ! cont5t4 ,x w\ld h all memb]s ( society %>e 9 education1 weal?1 & all ! goods ( life4 ,9 ?is x agrees ) democratic individualism4 ,b x consid]s ?is impossible on ! basis ( individual ef=t4 ,to hold t society z a :ole c d no?+ = ! individual ei!r ignores social goods or supposes ! social w1 s p[]ful = democracy 9 ! political sph]e1 to be helpless & futile 9 ! economic _w4 ,to assume t all ! control ( economic di/ribution--! great field ( ju/ice--may be left to individual fre$om & ag5cy1 is z ar*aic z to leave ! collection ( taxes1 ! adm9i/ration ( prov9ces1 & ! education ( citiz5s to private ent]prise4 ,x reg>ds ! unregulat$ /ruggle = exi/5ce z economically wa/eful & morally vici\s1 bo? 9 its inequality ( di/ribution & 9 ! motives ( egoism on :i* x relies4 ,individualism1 on ! o!r h&1 s f> z x is intellig5t & does n lump socialism ) an>*y & all o!r criticisms on ! e/abli%$ ord]1 reg>ds socialism z ignor+ ! supreme importance ( active p]sonal ef=t1 & ! value ( fre$om z ! keynote to progress4 #c4 ,equal ,opportunity4--,an int]m$iate view has = its maxim1 equal opportunity4 ,x holds ) individualism t ! active p]sonality is to be /imulat$ & made a prime end4 ,b because x believes t n m]ely a few b all p]sons %\ld be treat$ z ends1 x f9ds individualism condemn$4 ,= x holds t an unregulat$ /ruggle = exi/5ce does n secure ! end individualism pr(esses to seek4 ,:5 individuals />t 9 ! race h&icapp$ by diff]5ces 9 bir?1 education1 family1 bus9ess1 fri5ds1 & inh]it$ weal?1 !re is no selection ( ability2 !re is selection ( ! privileg$4 ,h5ce x w\ld borr[ s mu* f socialism z to give ea* individual a fair />t4 ,?is w\ld include public s*ools1 & an undef9$ am\nt ( provision = sanitation1 & = gov]nm5tal regulation ( ! /rong]4 ,x is manife/1 h[ev]1 t ?is !ory ( ! squ>e deal is a "n = a g5]al aim r ?an = a def9ite programme4 ,= a squ>e deal1 or equality ( opportunity1 might be int]pret$ to call = a great v>iety ( concrete s*emes1 rang+ all ! way f an elem5t>y education up to public own]%ip ( all ! tools = production1 & to abolition ( ! "r to bequea? or inh]it prop]ty4 ,! peoples ( ,am]ica1 ,europe1 & ,au/ralasia are at pres5t work+ out policies :i* comb9e 9 v>i\s degrees ! individuali/ic & ! sociali/ic views4 ,mo/ h public s*ools4 ,"s h provision = old age & accid5t ?r\gh ei!r mutual or ,/ate sy/ems ( insurance & p5sions4 ,let u analyze ! moral aspects ( ! two oppos+ !ories m ?or\ghly4 ,x is obvi\s t ! ?ird view is only "o ( a numb] ( m$iat+ positions4 ,sec4 #b4 ,,individualism ,,or ,,free ,,contract ,,analyz$3 ,,its ,,values ,effici5cy 9 ,production4--,individualism c make out a /rong case 9 respect to sev]al ( ! e?ical qualities :i* are dem&$3 viz41 effici5cy 9 production ( goods1 /imulation ( active & =ceful "*1 promotion ( fre$om & responsibility1 enc\ragem5t to wide div]sification ( occupation & ?us ( s]vices1 &1 f9ally1 ! supply to society ( ! k9ds ( goods :i* society wants4 ,x w\ld be absurd to cr$it ! enorm\s increase 9 production ( weal? dur+ ! pa/ c5tury to individualism alone1 ignor+ ! contributions ( sci5ce & education :i* h be5 ma9ly made "u social auspices4 ,x w\ld be z absurd to cr$it all ! ga9s ( ! c5tury 9 civilization & fre$om to individualism z x w\ld be to *>ge all ! wret*$ness & iniquity ( ! c5tury to ?is same policy4 ,b1 sett+ aside extravagant claims1 x c sc>cely be d\bt$ t ,adam ,smi?'s cont5tions = great] individual fre$om h be5 ju/ifi$ z reg>ds ! te/s nam$4 ,grant+ t ! great increase 9 am\nt & v>iety ( production1 & 9 means ( communication & di/ribution1 has be5 prim>ily due to two ag5cies1 ! ma*9e & association1 x rema9s true t individualism has p]mitt$ & favor$ association & has /imulat$ inv5tion4 ,initiative & ,responsibility4--,moreov]1 ! g5]al policy ( turn+ ov] to individuals ! p[] & responsibility to regulate _! own acts1 is 9 accord ) "o great feature ( moral developm5t4 ,! evolution ( moral p]sonality1 z trac$ 9 our e>ly *apt]s1 %[s ! individual at fir/ liv+ z a memb] ( a k9%ip gr\p :i* det]m9es 8 economic z well z 8 religi\s & social life1 & p]mits him nei!r to /rike out indep5d5tly1 nor1 on ! o!r h&1 to suff] want s long z ! gr\p has supplies4 ,individual initiative & responsibility h /eadily increas$1 & ! economic developm5t has und\bt$ly /r5g!n$ ! developm5t ( religi\s1 political1 & moral fre$om4 ,x is ! comb9ation ( ^! :i* gives ! p]son ( to-day ! wor? & dignity belong+ to autonomy1 self-gov]nm5t1 & democracy4 ,regulation ( ,production4--,fur!r1 x may be said t supply & dem&1 individualism's me?od ( regulat+ prices & ! k9ds ( goods produc$1 n only accords ) a pr9ciple ( fre$om1 b also gets ^? goods made :i* society mo/ ne$s or wants4 ,if goods ( a c]ta9 k9d are sc>ce1 ! high price /imulates production4 ,:ile x p]mits crises1 panics1 & h>d%ip1 x at lea/ ?r[s ! burd5 ( avoid+ h>d%ip ^u ! =esight ( a great _m3 namely1 all produc]s1 r ?an ^u a few p]sons :o might be designat$ = ! purpose4 ,9 ?us provid+ a me?od to f9d out :at society wants & h[ mu*1 x is p]=m+ a social s]vice1 &1 z we h po9t$ out1 x is none ! less a s]vice because ! goods are to be paid =2 x is all ! m s because !y c be paid =4 ,s f>1 !n1 individualism has a /rong case4 ,sec4 #c4 ,,criticisms ,,^u ,,individualism ,!re is und\bt$ly great wa/e 9 "s ( its me?ods1 e4g41 its adv]tis+ & its competitions1 b ! mo/ s]i\s objections to individualism are n to be f\nd "h2 !y arise 9 connection ) ! o!r e?ical crit]ia ( economic morality4 ,!y fall *iefly "u two heads4 7#a7 ,does individualism provide = real z well z =mal fre$om8 7#b7 ,does x di/ribute ! b5efits widely or to ! few8 ,does x di/ribute !m ju/ly or unju/ly8 ,x ,does ,n ,secure ,real ,fre$om4--,! di/9ction betwe5 real & =mal#bcf fre$om has be5 =c$ into prom95ce by sev]al causes4 ,! division ( labor tra9s a man = a specific k9d ( "w4 ,if !re is no op5+ 9 ?is he is unable to f9d "w4 ,! cont9ual inv5tion ( improv$ ma*9]y is con/antly displac+ p>ticul> sets ( work]s & r5d]+ _! special tra9+ wor?less4 ,a bus9ess panic causes imm$iate dis*>ge ( ?\s&s ( labor]s4 ,a tru/ closes sev]al ( its %ops1 & workm5 :o h pur*as$ homes mu/ lose _! jobs or _! inve/m5ts1 or p]haps bo?4 ,! employ] is no less limit$ 9 8 conduct by ! me?ods ( compet+ firms2 b x is ! wage-work]s :o h felt ?is lack ( real fre$om mo/ ke5ly4 ,!oretically1 no "o is =c$ to labor4 ,e "o is free to *oose :e!r he w "w1 & :at "w he w d4 ,b 9 effect1 fre$om ( *oice dep5ds = its value ^u :at ! alt]native is4 ,if ! *oice is1 d ?is or--/>ve--! fre$om is n wor? mu*4 ,=mal fre$om excludes con/ra9t by ! direct control or w ( o!rs4 ,x excludes viol5ce or fe> ( viol5ce4 ,b subjection to ! /ress or fe> ( want1 or to ! limits impos$ by ignorance1 is j z fatal to fre$om4 ,hung] is z co]cive z viol5ce2 ignorance fett]s z hopelessly z =ce4 ,:e!r a man has any *oice ( occupation1 employm5t1 resid5ce1 or wage1 dep5ds on 8 physical /r5g?1 education1 family ties1 & accumulat$ res\rces1 & on ! pressure ( pres5t ne$4 ,to speak ( free contract :]e !re is gross inequality betwe5 ! p>ties1 is to use a m]e =m ( words4 ,free contract 9 ?is case means simply ! "r ( ! /rong] to exploit ! weak]4 ,individualism & ,ju/ice4--,individuali/s1 z /at$1 belong to two v diff]5t s*ools1 :i* we may call ! democratic & ari/ocratic1 or p]haps m correctly1 if we may co9 a ^w1 oligocratic4 ,democratic individualism w\ld h e man c\nt z "o4 ,x w\ld di/ribute b5efits widely4 ,x holds t s9ce society is made up ( individuals all social goods w be secur$ if ea* individual seeks & f9ds 8 own4 ,ari/ocratic individualism#bcg has be5 re5=c$ by ! ,d>w9ian !ory ( ! /ruggle = exi/5ce z a condition = survival ( ! fitte/1 by race prejudice1 & by imp]ialism4 ,x holds t civilization is = ! few be/1 n necess>ily = ! _m4 ,progress lies ?r\gh ! selection ( ! few effici5t1 ma/]ful1 aggressive individuals1 races1 or nations4 ,individualism is a policy :i* favors ^! few4 ,x is ,nature's me?od ( deal+4 ,x is ( c\rse regrettable t !re %\ld be weak1 backw>d1 ineffective individuals or races1 b _! exploitation s]ves ! advance ( ! re/1 & b5evol5ce or *>ity may mitigate ! mo/ pa9ful results4 ,! old] economi/s ( democratic individualism c\ld prop]ly claim two respects 9 :i* economic ju/ice 0 fur!r$ by economic processes "u free managem5t & ex*ange4 ,! social body is 9 tru? made up ( memb]s1 & ! old policy _h be5 to tie up ! memb]s to make ! body gr[4 ,x did promote ju/ice to remove ne$less & excessive re/rictions4 ,9 ! second place1 x is true1 z ! economi/s insi/$1 t 9 a free ex*ange ea* p>ty pr(its if he gets :at he wants4 ,!re is mutual b5efit1 & s f> z ?is goes !re is an elem5t ( ju/ice4 ,b :ile ! b5efit may be mutual1 ! am\nt ( advantage ea* gets is n necess>ily ! same1 & if ! p>ty :o has great] %rewdness or res\rces takes advantage ( a great ne$ on ! "p ( ! o!r1 ! result may be a v unequal division4 ,ex*anges ( a bir?right = a mess ( pottage w be common4 ,v well1 says ! individuali/1 ,esau w "k bett] next "t--or if he doesn't1 he is an object = *>ity4 ,b ! tr\ble is t ev5 if ,esau does "k bett] he is 9 ev5 poor] condition next "t to make a b>ga9 if 8 bir?right is gone2 besides1 if />vation or mis]y = himself or 8 family is 8 only alt]native1 :at good w x d him to "k bett]8 ,c ! result1 !n1 be j or fair8 ,?is dep5ds on h[ we def9e j & fair4 ,if we take a purely =mal view & make =mal fre$om ( contract ! only crit]ion1 !n any price is fair :i* bo? p>ties agree to4 ,! law = ! mo/ "p takes ?is view1 assum+ abs5ce ( =ce or fraud4 ,b ?is leaves out ( acc\nt ev]y?+ except ! b>e =mal act ( ass5t4 ,x is too ab/ract a conception ( p]sonality on :i* to base a def9ition ( ju/ice4 ,to get ! true organic relation ( mutual s]vice & b5efit by a sy/em ( individualism we mu/ h ! two p>ties to ! b>ga9 equal4 ,b 9 a l>ge "p ( ! ex*ange ( bus9ess & s]vices ! two p>ties are n equal4 ,"o has great] %rewdness1 bett] education1 m k ( ! m>ket1 m accumulat$ res\rces1 &1 !re=e1 less press+ ne$ ?an ! o!r4 ,! moral consci\sness w call prices or contracts unfair :]e ! /rong] takes advantage ( ! weak]'s necessities1 ev5 if ! law does n4 ,competition4--,! fact ( competition is dep5d$ ^u by ! individuali/ to obviate ! disadvantages ( ! weak] p>ty4 ,if ,a is ignorant ( ! m>ket1 ,b may impose ^u him2 b if ,c & ,d are compet+ ) ,b = ,a's goods or s]vices1 ,a w soon f9d out :at !y are wor?4 ,t is1 he w get = !m a social & n a purely individual valuation4 ,!re is d\btless su* a ga9 to ,a4 ,b 9 consid]+ competition z remov+ ! objections to ! unfairness possible 9 b>ga9+1 we mu/ be> 9 m9d two ?+s4 ,fir/1 competition cuts bo? ways4 ,x helps ,a :5 sev]al compete = 8 goods or labor2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 x may ru9 "o ( ! competitors4 ,if ,a is a labor]1 x is a good ?+ if ,x1 ,y1 & ,z1 employ]s1 compete = 8 s]vices4 ,b if ! boot is on ! o!r foot1 if ,b1 ,c1 & ,d also are labor]s & compete ) ,a = a place1 we h ! conditions :i* may lead to ! sweat-%op4 ,:e!r !re is any bett] way to avoid unequal di/ribution w be consid]$ lat]4 ,! second & seem+ly fatal objection to competition z a means to ju/ice1 is t free competition "u an individuali/ic sy/em t5ds to de/roy itself4 ,= ! enorm\s p[]s :i* ! new =ms ( economic ag5cy & te*nique give to ! individual :o c wield !m1 enable him to cru% competitors4 ,! process has be5 repeat$ ov] & ov] )9 ! pa/ few ye>s 9 v>i\s fields4 ,! only way 9 :i* a semblance ( competition has be5 ma9ta9$ 9 railroad bus9ess has be5 by appeal to ! c\rts4 ,?is is an appeal to ma9ta9 individualism by *eck+ individualism1 & z might be expect$ f su* a contradictory proc$ure1 has accompli%$ little4 ,nor c x be ma9ta9$ t ! evils may be obviat$1 z ,sp5c] holds1 by private re/ra9ts on excessive competition4 ,z already po9t$ out1 if "o ( a body ( competitors is unscrupul\s1 ! re/ are necess>ily at a disadvantage4 ,"u pres5t conditions individualism _c gu>antee1 & 9 _m cases _c p]mit1 j di/ribution & a true organic society4 ,! o!r s*ool ( individuali/s is n di/urb$ by inequality ( goods4 ,x frankly acc$es to ! logic ( unre/ra9$ competition4 ,x /akes its case ^u ! importance = social welf>e ( ! exceptionally gift$ few4 ,x is important to h _! s]vices4 ,x c h !m only on t]ms :i* !y set1 z !y w n "w unless !re is suffici5t motive4 ,x is1 on ?is view1 p]fectly j t all ! enorm\s increase ( weal? due to mod]n me?ods %\ld g to ! few lead]s1 = _! ability has produc$ x all4 ,! able m9ority ( m5 :o direct ! labor ( ! majority are ! true produc]s ( t am\nt ( weal? by :i* ! annual total output1 9 any giv5 community1 exce$s :at w\ld h be5 produc$ by ! labor]s if left to _! own devices1 :e!r work+ z isolat$ units or 9 small self-organiz$ gr\ps1 & controll$ by no k or faculties b su* z are possess$ 9 common by any "o :o c h&le a spade or lay "o brick ^u ano!r4#bch ,ei!r f ! /&po9t ( natural rights or f t ( utilit>ianism x is prop]1 accord+ to ?is s*ool1 t all ! increas+ weal? ( society1 n[ & 9 all future "t1 %\ld g to ! few4 ,=1 on ! "o view1 x belongs to ! few s9ce !y h produc$ x2 &1 on ! o!r1 x mu/ be giv5 !m if society is to h _! s]vices4 ,x is possible !y may n claim x all = _! exclusive possession4 ,!y may be pleas$ to di/ribute "s ( x 9 gifts4 ,b ?is is = !m to say4 ,! logical me?od = c>ry+ out ?is programme w\ld require an absolute ab&onm5t by ! p z a :ole1 or by _! repres5tatives1 or ! c\rts1 ( any attempt to control economic conditions4 ,! c\rts w\ld be limit$ to en=c+ contracts & w\ld cease to recognize consid]ations ( public int]e/ except 9 s f> z ^! 7 accept$ by ! able m9ority4 ,all su* legislation z imposes any *eck ^u ! fre$om ( ! individual is mis*iev\s4 ,"u ?is head w\ld presumably come regulation ( *ild labor1 ( h\rs1 ( sanit>y conditions1 ( *>ges by railroads1 gas companies1 & o!r public s]vice corporations4 ,grad$ income or inh]itance taxes are also to be condemn$ f ?is /&po9t4 ,x %\ld 9 fairness be add$ t :ile its uphold]s d n allege z _! ma9 argum5t t individualism is = ! int]e/ ( ! _m1 !y hold1 nev]!less1 t ! _m are really bett] (f "u individualism ?an "u socialism4 ,= s9ce all ! increase 9 weal? is due to ! able few :om individualism produces1 & s9ce "s ( ?is increase1 9 cases :]e ! few compete = ! cu/om or labor ( ! _m1 may fall to ! %>e ( ! _m or else be giv5 !m outright by ! m g5]\s1 x appe>s t ! only hope = ! _m lies ?r\gh ! few4 ,! g5]al naturali/ic !ory has be5 discuss$ 9 ,*apt] ,,xviii4 ,"h x is only necess>y to po9t out t x is a misread+ ( evolution to suppose unregulat$ competition to be its highe/ category ( progress1 & t x is a mis9t]pretation ( e?ics to assume t might is "r4 ,) ! dawn ( high] =ms ( life1 coop]ation & sympa?y prove /rong] =ces = progress ?an ru?less competition4 ,! /ruggle = any exi/5ce t has a claim to moral recognition mu/ be a /ruggle = m ?an physical exi/5ce or survival ( =ce4 ,x mu/ be a /ruggle = a moral exi/5ce1 an exi/5ce ( rational & social be+s on t]ms ( mutual sympa?y & s]vice z well z ( full individuality4 ,any claim = an economic process1 if x is to be a moral claim1 mu/ make its appeal on moral gr\nds & to moral be+s4 ,if x recognizes only a few z hav+ wor?1 !n x c appeal only to ^!4 ,^! few h no moral "r to compla9 if ! _m1 :om !y d n recognize1 refuse to recognize !m4 ,summ>y ( ! ,e?ics ( ,individualism4--,individualism provides well = production ( quantity & k9ds requir$ ( goods & s]vices2 = activity & =mal fre$om4 ,"u pres5t conditions ( organization & mod]n me?ods x _c be made to s]ve a democratic conception ( ju/ice1 b inevitably passes ov] into a /ruggle = preem95ce1 9 :i* ! /rong & less scrupul\s w h ! advantage4 ,x c be treat$ z j only if ju/ice is def9$ z :at is accord+ to contract 7=mal fre$om72 or if ! welf>e ( c]ta9 classes or individual memb]s ( society is reg>d$ z ( subord9ate importance2 or1 f9ally1 if x is held t ?is welf>e is to be obta9$ only incid5tally1 z gift1 n directly ?r\gh social action4 ,! criticism on individualism is !n t "u a collective sy/em l t ( ! pres5t1 x does scant ju/ice to mo/ individuals4 ,x leaves ! _m out f all active p>ticipation 9 progress or morality4#bci ,,lit]ature ,individualism & ,socialism are discuss$ 9 ! works ( ,hadley1 ,vebl51 ,hobson1 ,sp5c]1 ,m>x1 ,george1 already cit$2 cf4 also ,m5g]1 ,! ,"r to ! ,:ole ,produce ( ,labor1 #ahii2 ,ely1 ,socialism & ,social ,re=m1 #ahid2 ,bosanquet1 ,individualism & ,socialism1 9 ,! ,civilization ( ,*ri/5dom1 #ahic2 ,fite1 ,! ,!ory ( ,democracy1 ,int]national ,j\rnal ( ,e?ics1 xxviii4 7#aijg71 pp4 #a-ah2 ,huxley1 ,adm9i/rative ,nihilism1 9 ,essays2 ,godw9's ,political ,ju/ice1 #agic1 rais$ _m ( ! fundam5tal que/ions4 ,rec5t repres5tative ,individuali/ic works are3 ,sp5c]1 ,social ,/atics1 ,! ,man v]sus ! ,/ate1 v>i\s essays 9 ,vol4 ,,iii4 ( ,essays2 ,sumn]1 ,:at ,social ,classes ,owe to ,ea* ,o!r1 #ahhc2 ,doni/horpe1 ,individualism1 #ahhi2 ,h>ris1 ,inequality & ,progress1 #ahig2 ,mallock1 ,socialism1 #aijg4 ,on ,socialism3 ,fabian ,essays 9 ,socialism1 edit$ by ,%aw1 ,london1 #ahij1 ,new ,york1 #ahia2 ,sp>go1 ,socialism1 #aijf2 ,m>x & ,engels1 ,! ,communi/ ,manife/o1 ,eng4 tr42 ,reeve1 ,! ,co/ ( ,competition1 #aijf2 ,rae1 ,contempor>y ,socialism1 #ahia2 ,hunt]1 ,sociali/s at ,"w1 #aijh2 ,wells1 ,new ,worlds = ,old1 #aijg4 ,,footnotes3 #bcd ,see above1 pp4 #dbh f41 #dga-f1 #dhc4 #bce ,9 8 lat] ye>s ,mill _h mu* m confid5ce 9 ! value ( social ag5cy4 #bcf ,see above1 p4 #dcg f4 #bcg ,see above1 pp4 #cfh ff4 #bch ,w4 ,h4 ,mallock1 ,socialism4 #bci ,above1 p4 #dgb4 ,,*apt] ,,xxv ,,unsettl$ ,,problems ,,9 ,,! ,,economic ,,ord] 7,,cont9u$7 ,sec4 #d4 ,,! ,,!ory ,,( ,,public ,,ag5cy ,,& ,,control ,! v>i\s !ories ( public direction1 includ+ socialism 9 ! te*nical s5se1 are prim>ily int]e/$ 9 ! j di/ribution ( goods4 ,x is n s mu* ,h[ _m goods c be produc$8 z ,:o is to get !m8 ,individualism 0 *iefly conc]n$ 9 increas+ public weal?1 assum+ 79 ! case ( ! democratic individuali/s7 t all w\ld get ! b5efit4 ,socialism is m conc]n$ t ! produc+ p]sons %all n be sacrific$1 & t ea* memb] %all b5efit by ! result4 ,public ag5cy & control might ass]t itself 7#a7 z a me?od ( production1 7#b7 z a me?od ( di/ribution ( goods & returns1 7#c7 z a me?od ( prop]ty4 ,x is important to note at ! outset t all civiliz$ peoples h "s degree ( social direction 9 ea* ( ^! fields4 7#a7 ,practically all peoples collect taxes1 co9 money1 c>ry mails1 protect life & prop]ty1 & supply su* elem5t>y dem&s z ^? = wat] & dra9age1 ?r\gh ,/ate or municipal ag5cy in/ead ( leav+ x to private initiative4 ,& 9 e "o ( ! in/ances ! "w 0 =m]ly done privately4 7#b7 ,"u di/ribution1 all progressive peoples give education ?r\gh ! ,/ate4 ,fur!r1 ! b5efits ( ! mail s]vice are di/ribut$ n 9 proportion to receipts1 b on o!r pr9ciples bas$ on social welf>e4 7#c7 ,z a me?od ( prop]ty-hold+1 all civiliz$ peoples hold c]ta9 goods = common use1 & 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 aft] a p]iod 9 :i* x has be5 ! policy to di/ribute = little or no comp5sation public l&s1 public fran*ises1 & public goods ( all k9ds1 ! public policy is n[ n only to reta9 l>ge tracts = =e/ res]ve1 b to con/ruct irrigation plants1 & to provide public p>ks1 playgr\nds1 & o!r =ms ( prop]ty to be us$ = common advantage4 ,j z ! individuali/ does n necess>ily c>ry 8 doctr9e to ! extreme ( disp5s+ ) all social ag5cy1 at lea/ 9 ! matt]s ( public protection & public heal?1 s ! sociali/ does n necess>ily wi% to aboli% private prop]ty or private ent]prise4 ,we h1 !n1 to consid] briefly ! e?ical aspects ( public ag5cy = production1 public control ov] di/ribution1 public hold+ ( weal?4 ,sec4 #e4 ,,society ,,z ,,ag5cy ,,( ,,production ,! advantage claim$ = society z an ag5t ( production is n prim>ily great] effici5cy1 al?\gh x is claim$ t ! pres5t me?od is enorm\sly wa/eful except :]e !re already is private monopoly4 ,nor is x 9 ! social s]vice r5d]$ by provid+ great v>iety ( goods1 & ( ! k9ds mo/ want$4 ,x is r 7#a7 t 9 ! case ( public s]vice ent]prises1 su* z transportation or light+1 fairness to ! v>i\s %ipp]s1 localities1 & o!r us]s c be secur$ only ?r\gh public control or op]ation4 ,^! s]vices are z indisp5sable to mod]n life z air or navigation4 ,only by public ag5cy c discrim9ation be avoid$4 7#b7 ,t ! prizes to be ga9$ are "h s enorm\s t brib]y & corruption are inevitable "u private managem5t4 7#c7 ,t ! pr(its aris+ f ! gr[? ( ! community belong to ! community1 & c only be secur$ if ! community owns & op]ates su* ag5cies ( public s]vice z transportation1 communication1 & 9 cities wat] supply & light+4 7#d7 ,t ! me?od ( individuali/ic production is reckless ( *ild life & 9 g5]al ( ! heal? ( workm54 ,great ,brita9 is already fe>+ a det]ioration 9 physical /ature & capacity4 7#e7 ,! motive ( self-int]e/1 reli$ ^u & fo/]$ by individualism1 is anti-social4 ,h[ c morality be expect$ to improve :5 ! fundam5tal ag5cy & me?od ( bus9ess & indu/ry is contradictory to morality8 7#f7 ,m complete socialism ma9ta9s t1 "u mod]n capitalism1 a disproportionate %>e is sure to fall to ! capitali/1 &1 m ?an ?is1 to ! great capitali/4 ,mod]n production is complex & exp5sive4 ,x requires an enorm\s plant2 ! capitali/1 n ! workman1 has ! tools1 & c !re=e *>ge :at he pleases4 ,! small capitali/ _c und]take competition ) ! great capitali/1 = ! latt] c und]sell him until he drives him f bus9ess1 & c !n rec\p himself by great] ga9s4 ,h5ce ! only way to secure fair di/ribution is ?r\gh social own]%ip ( ! tools & mat]ials = production4 ,private ,int]e/s & ,public ,welf>e4--,t\*+ ^! po9ts x may be said t ! public consci5ce is rapidly com+ to a decision ^u ! fir/ five4 7#a7 ,! public has be5 exploit$1 ! (ficials ( gov]nm5t h be5 brib$1 & individual memb]s ( society discrim9at$ aga9/4 ,! process ( competition always involves vae victis1 b ! p>ticul> factor :i* makes ?is n only h>d b unju/1 is t 9 all ^! cases we h a quasi-public ag5cy 7monopoly1 fran*ise1 ,/ate-aid$ corporation7 us$ to give private advantage4 ,?is mu/ be rem$i$ ei!r by public own]%ip or public control1 unless ! e?ics ( ! /ruggle = exi/5ce is accept$4 ,! corruption :i* has prevail$ "u 7#b7 mu/ be met ei!r by public own]%ip or control1 or by s r$uc+ ! value ( su* fran*ises z to leave no?+ 9 x = ! graft] & 8 co-op]ators4 ,vice--gambl+1 excessive use ( drugs & liquors1 pro/itution--is no d\bt injuri\s to its victims1 & :5 leagu$ ) public (ficials & yield+ enorm\s corruption funds to debau* politics1 x is a public evil z well4 ,b its victims are limit$1 & its appe>ance n attractive to ! great majority4 ,! exploitation & corruption practic$ by ! m g5]ally successful & respectable memb]s ( society1 is f> m insidi\s & wide-rea*+4 ,x demoralizes n individuals only1 b ! /&>ds ( society4 ,z to 7#c7 !re is no d\bt z to ! rights ( ! matt]4 ,ga9s due to social gr[? %\ld be socially %>$1 n appropriat$ by a few4 ,! only "q is z to ! be/ me?od ( secur+ ^! ga9s4 ,european ,/ates & cities h gone mu* f>!r ?an ! ,unit$ ,/ates along ! l9e ( public ag5cy1 &1 :ile !re is /ill dispute z to ! balance ( advantage 9 c]ta9 cases1 !re is a gr[+ s5tim5t t ! m intellig5t & upright ! community1 ! m x c wisely und]take4 ,! moral pr9ciple is t ! public mu/ h its due4 ,:e!r x pays c]ta9 ag5ts a sal>y z its own (ficials1 or a commission 9 ! =m ( a mod]ate divid5d1 is n s important4#bdj ,b to pay a man or a small gr\p ( promot]s a million doll>s to supply wat] or light+ or transportation1 seems no m moral ?an to pay su* a sal>y to a mayor or c\nsel or sup]9t5d5t ( s*ools4 ,taxpay]s w\ld probably d5\nce su* sal>ies z robb]y4 ,su* fran*ises z h = ! mo/ "p be5 giv5 9 ,am]ican cities h be5 lic5ses to collect high taxes f ! citiz5s = ! b5efit ( a few1 & d n diff] 9 pr9ciple f pay+ excessive sal>ies1 except z ! elem5t ( risk ent]s4 ,:at is ne$$ at pres5t 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is a l>g] numb] ( exp]im5ts 9 v>i\s me?ods ( ag5cy to see :i* type results 9 lea/ corruption1 faire/ di/ribution1 & be/ s]vice4 ,conditions ( ,labor4--,on ! f\r? po9t1 ! necessity ( public control to regulate *ild labor1 ! labor ( wom51 sanit>y conditions1 & ! use ( dang]\s ma*9]y1 ! public consci5ce is also awak5+4 ,decisions ( ! c\rts on ! con/itutionality ( regulat+ wom5's labor h be5 some:at at v>iance4 ,b ! rec5tly ann\nc$ decision#bda ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,supreme ,c\rt 9 ! ,oregon case seems likely to be decisive ( ! pr9ciple t wom5 may be treat$ z a class4 ,fre$om ( contract _c be reg>d$ z int]f]+ ) ! "r to e/abli% reasonable precautions = wom5's heal?4 ,woman may be protect$ f ! gre$ z well z f ! passion ( man4 ,! immorality ( *ild labor "u mod]n conditions is also becom+ cle>4 ,= ! public to see *ild life /unt$ physically1 m5tally1 & morally by premature labor "u ! exhau/+1 dead5+1 & (t5 demoraliz+ conditions ( mod]n indu/ry & bus9ess1 is = ! public to cons5t to wick$ness4 ,x _c leave ?is matt] to ! consci5ce ( individual manufactur]s & p>5ts1 = ! consci5ti\s manufactur] is at a disadvantage1 & x might ) z mu* morality cons5t to a p>5t's />v+ or poison+ 8 *ild z to 8 injur+ x 9 less viol5t mann]4 ,= a society pret5d+ to be moral to p]mit little *ildr5 to be us$ up or /unt$ "u any plea ( *eap production or support ( p>5ts1 is n above ! moral level ( ^? peoples :i* practice infanticide to prev5t economic /ress4 ,inde$1 9 ! case ( a c\ntry :i* boa/s ( its weal?1 !re is f> less ju/ification ?an = ! savage4 ,9 ! case ( provision aga9/ accid5t due to dang]\s ma*9]y1 ! e?ical pr9ciple is also cle>4 ,to ?r[ all ! burd5 ( ! accid5ts incid5t to mod]n production ^u ! families ( ! labor]s is entirely unju/4 ,to impose x ^u ! consci5ti\s manufactur] is no bett]1 = x places him at a disadvantage4 ,?is is a necess>y--except s f> z x c be m9imiz$ by safety devices--"p ( ! mod]n ma*9e process4 ,x ought to be paid = ei!r by all manufactur]s1 :o w\ld !n %ift x to ! consum]s 9 ! price ( ! goods1 or by ! public z a :ole 9 "s =m ( insurance4 ,european c\ntries h gone mu* f>!r ?an ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 ?is direction4 ,! !ory t ! employ] is exempt if a fell[ workman contributes 9 any way to ! accid5t has be5 appli$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 su* a way z to free employ]s1 & ?us ! public1 f any %>e 9 ! burd5 ( a l>ge "p ( accid5ts--except z ^! entail pov]ty & br+ ! victim & 8 family into ! dep5d5t class4 ,moreov]1 x is only by public action t fair conditions ( labor c be secur$ 9 _m trades & "u _m employ]s4 ,= ! s+le workman has n ! slighte/ *ance to make conditions1 & ! union has no effective means to support its position unless x repres5ts a highly skill$ trade & controls completely ! supply ( labor4 ,x may g )\t say+ t viol5ce is wrong4 ,b x is (t5 ignor$ t = a prosp]\s society to leave ! labor] no rem$y b viol5ce = an intol]able condition is j z wrong4 ,motives4--7#e7 ,on ! "q ( motives ! collectivi/ !ory is probably ov]-sangu9e z to ! ga9 to be effect$ by ext]nal means4 ,x is difficult to believe t any *ange 9 me?ods w\ld elim9ate selfi%ness4 ,!re is abundant ex]cise ( selfi%ness 9 political democracy1 & ev5 9 families4 ,fur!r1 if x %\ld be settl$ on o!r gr\nds t competition 9 c]ta9 cases p]=ms a social s]vice1 x w\ld !n be possible = a man to compete ) a desire to s]ve ! public1 j z truly z x w\ld be possible to compete = selfi% motives4 ,t a process causes pa9 incid5tally does n necess>ily p]v]t ! motive ( ! surgeon or p>5t4 ,x does1 ( c\rse1 ?r[ ! burd5 ( pro( ^u ! advocate ( ! process4 ,rivalry ne$ n mean enmity if ! rivals are on an equal foot+ & play fair4 ,exploitation ( ,labor4--7#f7 ,! "q :e!r all capitali/ic production fir/ exploits ! labor+ class1 & !n t5ds to absorb or drive out ( bus9ess ! small capitali/1 is n s easy ( decision4 ,x seems to be easy to make a plausible /atem5t = ea* side by /ati/ical evid5ce4 ,!re seems little d\bt t ! g5]al /&>d ( liv+ = labor]s is ris+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! numb] ( enorm\s =tunes seems to rise mu* fa/]1 & !re is an appall+ am\nt ( pov]ty 9 ! great cities4 ,?is is sometimes attribut$ to ?riftlessness or to excessively l>ge families4 ,a c>eful /udy ( an ,engli% agricultural community1 :]e ! conditions seem$ at lea/ z good z ! av]age1 %[$ t a family c\ld n h ov] two *ildr5 )\t s9k+ bel[ ! l9e ( adequate food1 %elt]1 & clo?+1 to say no?+ ( m$ical att5dance or o!r com=ts4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates !re has be5 su* a supply ( l& available t ! /ress has n be5 s int5se4 ,j :at ! situation w be if ! c\ntry becomes ?ickly settl$ _c be =etold4 ,pr(essor ,j4 ,b4 ,cl>k %[s t ! t5d5cy 9 a /atic society w\ld be to give ! labor] m & m ne>ly 8 %>e--provid$ !re is free competition = 8 s]vices4 ,! difficulty is t society is n /atic & t a labor] _c %ift at w f trade to trade & f place to place4 ,t sometimes capital exploits labor is m]ely to say t ! buy] sometimes gets ! advantage4 ,t capital usually has ! advantage 9 its great] res\rces may be admitt$1 b t x inv>iably mu/ seems an unw>rant$ d$uction4 ,! multiplication ( wants wid5s cont9ually ! numb] ( occupations & ?us increases ! competition = ! s]vice ( ! m skill$4 ,9 su* cases "s1 at lea/1 ( ! sell]s %\ld be 9 a position to make a fair b>ga94 ,inde$1 rec5t sociali/s d n advocate any su* complete assumption by society ( all production z is pres5t$ 9 "s ( ! sociali/ic ,utopias4 ,_! pr9ciple is t ! ,/ate mu/ und]take ! production & di/ribution ( social weal? :]ev] private ent]prise is dang]\s or less effici5t ?an public ent]prise4#bdb ,x is = ^? :o d n believe 9 public control to prove t 9 ! great ent]prises = ! production ( ! necess>ies ( life1 = transportation1 bank+1 m9+1 & ! l1 private ent]prise is n dang]\s4 ,! conduct ( _m--n all--( ^! ent]prises 9 rec5t ye>s1 n only 9 _! economic aspects1 b 9 _! recklessness ( human life1 heal?1 & morality1 is :at makes socialism a practical "q4 ,if x is adopt$1 x w n be = any academic or a priori reasons4 ,x w be because private ent]prise fails to s]ve ! public1 & its inju/ice becomes intol]able4 ,if bus9ess ent]prise1 z sometimes ?reat5s1 seeks to subord9ate political & social in/itutions1 includ+ legislatures & c\rts1 to economic int]e/s1 ! *oice mu/ be betwe5 public control & public own]%ip4 ,& if1 :e!r by ! inh]5t nature ( legal doctr9e & proc$ure1 or by ! sup]ior %rewdness ( capital 9 evad+ regulation1 control is made to appe> ineffective1 ! social consci5ce w dem& own]%ip4 ,to subord9ate ! ,/ate to comm]cial int]e/s is z immoral z to make ! economic int]e/ supreme 9 ! individual4 ,z reg>ds ! relations betwe5 capital & labor1 x argues an undevelop$ /ate ( society t we h no ma*9]y = det]m9+ controv]sy z to :at is a fair wage4 ,9 ! long run1 & on ! :ole1 supply & dem& may give an approximately fair adju/m5t1 b our pres5t me?od ( fight+ x out 9 d\btful cases is b>b>ic4 ,! issue is decid$ (t5 by viol5ce or ! no less unmoral motive ( press+ want1 in/ead ( by ! moral te/ ( :at is fair4 ,& ! great ?ird int]e/1 ! consum]1 or ! public at l>ge1 is n repres5t$ at all4 ,new ,zeal&1 ,canada1 & "s ( ! /ates 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates h made beg9n+s4 ,! ,presid5t und\bt$ly comm&$ g5]al support 9 8 position dur+ ! coal /rike1 :5 he ma9ta9$ t ! public 0 morally b\nd to take "s "p 9 ! /ruggle4 ,mu/ n society be lack+ 9 res\rces if its only res\rce is to p]mit exploitation1 on ! "o h&1 or c>ry on all indu/ry & bus9ess itself1 ^u ! o!r8 ,to lose ! flexibility1 v>iety1 & ke5ness ( int]e/ secur$ by individual or associat$ ent]prise1 w\ld c]ta9ly be an evil4 ,e>ly bus9ess 0 conduct$ l>gely by k9%ip organizations4 ,! p5dulum has d\btless rea*$ ! o!r extreme 9 turn+ ov] to gr\ps1 organiz$ on a purely comm]cial basis1 op]ations t c\ld be m equitably manag$ by city or /ate ag5cy4 ,mo/ favor public ag5cy 9 ! case ( s*ools4 ,railroads1 gas companies1 & o!r monopolies are /ill subject to controv]sy4 ,b t an ideally organiz$ society %\ld p]mit associations & gr\p+ ( a great _m k9ds z ag5cies = c>ry+ on its "w seems a plat=m n to be ab&on$ until prov$ hopeless4 ,collective ,ag5cy is ,n ,necess>ily ,social4--,! sociali/ is incl9$ to ?9k t if ! ag5cy ( production 7 ! gov]nm5t or ! :ole organiz$ society ?is w\ld give a g5u9e social ag5cy ( control4 ,?is by no means foll[s4 ,p>ty gov]nm5t & city gov]nm5t 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates h %[n ! fallacy ( ?is4 ,b ev5 ap>t f ! possibility ( a corrupt boss !re is /ill a wide gap betwe5 ! collective & ! socializ$ ag5cy4 ,= until ! memb]s ( society h rea*$ a suffici5tly high level ( intellig5ce & "* to ex]cise volunt>y control1 & to coop]ate wisely & effici5tly1 !re mu/ be "s c5tral direct+ ag5cy4 ,& su* an ag5cy w be morally ext]nal to a l>ge numb]4 ,x doesn't matt] s mu* :at "n ?is ag5t is call$ by--i4e41 :e!r he is capitali/1 or gov]nm5t1--s long z ! control is ext]nal4 ,9 g5]al1 individuals are /ill )\t ! mutual confid5ce & public intellig5ce :i* w\ld enable !m really to socialize ! me*anically collective process4 ,sec4 #f4 ,,!ories ,,( ,,j ,,di/ribution ,socialism z !ory ( di/ribution does n necess>ily imply public op]ation ( production4 ,by grad$ taxation ! proce$s ( production might be tak5 by society & ei!r held1 us$1 or di/ribut$ on "s suppos$ly m equitable basis4 ,to give po9t to any inquiry z to ! ju/ice ( a propos$ di/ribution1 x w\ld be desirable to "k :at is ! pres5t di/ribution4 ,un=tunately1 no figures are accept$ by all /ud5ts4 ,spahr's ,pres5t ,di/ribution ( ,weal? 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates e/imates t sev5-eigh?s ( ! families 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates own only "o-eigh? ( ! weal?1 & t "o p] c5t4 own m ?an ! rema9+ n9ety-n9e p] c5t4 ,?is has be5 *all5g$1 b any e/imate made by ! economi/s %[s su* enorm\s disproportion z to make x incr$ible t ! pres5t di/ribution c be reg>d$ z j on any def9ition ( ju/ice o!r ?an accord+ to ! pr9ciples ( contract & competition4 ,suppose1 !n1 ! "q is rais$1 ,h[ c we make a j di/ribution8 ,crit]ia ,propos$4--,! simple/1 & at ! same "t mo/ me*anical & ab/ract1 me?od w\ld be to divide all goods equally4 ,?is w\ld be to ignore all moral & o!r diff]5ces1 z inde$ is practically done 9 ! suffrage4 ,if all m5 are acc\nt$ equal 9 ! ,/ate1 :y n 9 weal?8 ,x may be admitt$ t1 if society 7 to di/ribute1 x w\ld h to d x on "s sy/em :i* c\ld be objectively adm9i/]$4 ,to divide weal? accord+ to m]it1 or accord+ to ef=ts1 or accord+ to ne$s1 w\ld be a f> m moral me?od4 ,b x is difficult to see h[1 9 ! case ( mat]ial goods or _! money equival5t1 su* a division c\ld be made by any be+ n omnisci5t z well z absolutely j4 ,if we are to consid] di/ribution z adm9i/]$ by society1 we seem r$uc$ to ! alt]native ( ! pres5t sy/em or a sy/em ( equality4 #a4 ,! ,individuali/ic ,!ory4--,x is inde$ suppos$ by "s t ! individuali/ic or competitive sy/em di/ributes on a moral basis3 viz41 accord+ to m]it4 ,?is claim w\ld h to meet ! foll[+ criticisms3 7#a7 ,! fir/ ab/raction :i* ?is individuali/ic pr9ciple ( rew>d usually makes x t x gives a man cr$it = all he a*ieves1 or *>ges him ) all 8 failures1 )\t recogniz+ ! ?reefold orig9 ( ^! a*ievem5ts or failures4 ,h]$ity1 society1 p]sonal *oice1 h ea* _h "s %>e 9 ! result4 ,b1 9 consid]+ ! e?ics ( competition ^u ?is maxim1 !re is evid5tly no attempt to discrim9ate betwe5 ^! sev]al s\rces4 ,! man born ) indu/rial g5ius1 pres5t$ by society ) ! k ( all t has be5 done 9 ! pa/1 & equipp$ by society ) all ! me?ods & tools society c devise1 c]ta9ly has an advantage ov] ! man ( mod]ate tal5ts & no education4 ,to claim t ! fir/ %\ld be ju/ly rew>d$ = 8 sup]iority w\ld imply t ! reception ( "o gift con/itutes a j claim = ano!r4 7#b7 ,secondly1 ! !ory z appli$ to our pres5t sy/em is guilty ( a fur!r ab/raction 9 assum+ t ! *ief1 if n ! only1 way to des]ve rew>d is by individuali/ic %rewdness & en]gy4 7#c7 ,x measures des]t by s]vice r5d]$ )\t tak+ any acc\nt ( motive or ev5 ( int5t4 ,! capta9 ( indu/ry p]=ms an important s]vice to society2 !re=e1 x is argu$1 he %\ld be rew>d$ accord+ly1 q irrespective ( ! "q :e!r he 0 aim+ at social welf>e or at selfi% ga94 ,x may ev5 be plausibly argu$ t to rew>d m5 f9ancially = good motives w\ld be brib+ m5 to be hone/4 ,x is true t f9ancial rew>ds w n make good citiz5s1 b ?is is irrelevant4 ,! po9t is t :atev] o!r reasons1--exp$i5cy1 difficulty ( e/imat+ int5t & motive1--may be urg$ = ab/ract+ f ev]y?+ b ! result1 ! "o reason :i* _c be urg$ is1 su* ab/raction is j4 ,a p]son has rights only because he is a social p]son4 ,b to call a man a social p]son because he incid5tally produces useful results1 is to say t purpose & w are negligible elem5ts ( p]sonality4#bdc #b4 ,equal ,division4--,! sy/em ( equal division is liable to ! foll[+ criticism4 ,9 _! economic s]vices m5 are n equal4 ,!y are unequal n m]ely 9 tal5t & ability2 n m]ely 9 ! value ( _! "w2 !y are unequal 9 _! disposition4 ,to treat idle & indu/ri\s1 useless & useful1 sl[ & quick alike is n equality1 b inequality4 ,x is to be guilty ( z palpable an ab/raction z to say t all m5 are equally free because !y are n subject to physical con/ra9t4 ,real equality w try to treat l conditions alike1 & unlike "*1 ef=ts1 or s]vices diff]5tly4 ,!re is1 moreov]1 a psy*ological objection :i* w\ld weigh aga9/ an equal division ev5 if su* 7 reg>d$ z j4 ,! av]age man p]haps pref]s an economic ord] 9 :i* !re are prizes & blanks to an ord] 9 :i* e man draws out ! same4 ,he pref]s an excit+ game to a sure b tame return ( 8 inve/m5t4 ,he may call = a squ>e deal1 b we mu/ rememb] t a squ>e deal 9 ! great ,am]ican game f :i* ! metaphor is tak5 is n design$ to make ! game less "o ( *ance4 ,x is design$ to give full scope to luck & n]ve4 ,a game 9 :i* e play] 0 sure to w91 b also sure to w9 j :at he _h put 91 w\ld be equitable1 b x w\ld n be a game4 ,an equal di/ribution might rob life ( its excitem5t & its passion4 ,possibly ! v /ra9 ( ! process develops "s elem5ts ( "* :i* x w\ld be un=tunate to lose4 ,is !re no alt]native possible = society except an equality :i* is ext]nal only1 & !re=e unequal1 or an inequality :i* *>ges a man ) all ! accru$ b5efits or evils ( 8 ance/ry8 ,mu/ we ei!r recognize no moral diff]5ces 9 m51 or else be m m]ciless ?an ! old or?odox doctr9e ( h]$it>y or imput$ guilt8 ,! !ological doctr9e m]ely made a man suff] = 8 ance/ors' s9s2 ! doctr9e ( unlimit$ individualism w\ld damn him n only = 8 ance/ors' s9s & defects1 b = ! inju/ice suff]$ by 8 ance/ors at ! h&s ( o!rs4 ,! analysis ( ! s\rces ( a man's ability may give a clue to a ?ird possibility1 & x is along ?is l9e t ! social consci5ce ( to-day is feel+ its way4 #c4 ,a ,work+ ,programme4--,a man's p[] is due 7#a7 to physical h]$ity2 7#b7 to social h]$ity1 includ+ c>e1 education1 & ! /ock ( inv5tions1 in=mation1 & in/itutions :i* enables him to be m effici5t ?an ! savage2 & f9ally 7#c7 to 8 own ef=ts4 ,individualism may prop]ly claim ?is ?ird factor4 ,x is j to treat m5 unequally s f> z _! ef=ts are unequal4 ,x is socially desirable to give z mu* inc5tive z possible to ! full developm5t ( e "o's p[]s4 ,b ! v same reason dem&s t 9 ! fir/ two respects we treat m5 z equally z possible4 ,= x is = ! good ( ! social body to get ! mo/ out ( its memb]s1 & x c get ! mo/ out ( !m only by giv+ !m ! be/ />t possible4 ,9 physical h]$ity ! great] "p is1 z yet1 :olly outside control1 b !re is an important factor :i* is 9 ! sph]e ( moral action1 namely1 ! physical condition ( ! p>5ts1 p>ticul>ly ( ! "m4 ,conditions ( food1 labor1 & h\s+ %\ld be su* t e *ild may be physically well born4 ,9 ! v>i\s elem5ts includ$ "u social h]$ity society has a fre] h&4 ,n a free h&1 = physical & m5tal incapacity limit ! am\nt ( social accumulation :i* c be communicat$1 b we are only beg9n+ to appreciate h[ mu* ( ! defici5cy =m]ly acquiesc$ 9 z hopeless may be prev5t$ or rem$i$ by prop] food1 hygi5e1 & m$ical c>e4 ,completely equal education1 likewise1 _c be giv52 n 9 k9d1 = n all *ildr5 h l int]e/s & society does n want to tra9 all = ! same task2 nor 9 quantity1 = "s w h nei!r ! ability nor ! disposition to d ! m advanc$ "w4 ,b z1 little by little1 labor becomes 9 l>g] degree sci5tific1 ! ratio ( opportunities = bett] tra9$ m5 w increase1 & z education becomes less exclusively academic1 & m an active prep>ation = all k9ds ( "w1 ! int]e/s ( l>g] & l>g] numb]s ( *ildr5 w be awak5$4 ,su* a programme z ?is is "o ( ! mean+s ( ! phrase equal opportunity1 :i* voices ! dem& widely felt = "s l>g] conception ( economic & social ju/ice ?an n[ obta9s4 ,x w\ld make =mal fre$om1 =mal equality be=e ! law1 less an empty mock]y by giv+ to e *ild "s ( ! p[] & k :i* are ! necess>y conditions ( real fre$om4 ,society has already gone a long way along ! l9e ( giv+ an equal %>e 9 education4 ,x is mov+ rapidly t[>d broad] conceptions ( education = all occupations--f>m+1 me*anics1 arts1 trade1 bus9ess--z well z = ! le>n$ pr(essions4 ,x is mak+ a beg9n+ t[>d giv+ *ildr5 7see ! ,report ( ! ,new ,york ,t5em5t ,h\se ,commission7 a *ance to be born & gr[ up ) at lea/ a liv+ m9imum ( light & air4 ,libr>ies & disp5s>ies & public heal? (ficials are br++ ! sci5ce & lit]ature ( ! _w 9 increas+ measure into ! lives ( all4 ,:5 by ! bett] organization ( ! c\rts ! poor man has real1 & n m]ely =mal equality be=e ! law1 & !reby ju/ice itself is made m accessible to all1 ano!r long /ep w be tak5 t[>d a ju/] ord]4 ,h[ f> society c g is yet to be solv$4 ,b is x n at lea/ a work+ hypo!sis = exp]im5t1 t society %\ld try to give to all its memb]s ! ga9s due to ! social progress ( ! pa/8 ,h[ f> ! maxim ( equal opportunity w logically lead x is impossible to say4 ,=tunately1 ! moral problem is to "w out new ideals1 n m]ely to adm9i/] old ones4 ,o!r possibilities ( l>g] ju/ice are notic$ "u ,sec4 #h bel[4 ,sec4 #g4 ,,own]%ip ,,& ,,use ,,( ,,prop]ty ,! public weal? may be controll$ & us$ 9 f\r ways3 ,x may be 7#a7 ,privately own$ & us$2 7#b7 ,privately own$ & publicly us$2 7#c7 ,publicly held1 b privately us$2 7#d7 ,publicly held & commonly us$4 ,! individuali/ w\ld h all weal?1 or z mu* z possible1 "u "o ( ! fir/ two =ms4 ,! t5d5cy 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates until v rec5tly has be5 to dive/ ! public ( all own]%ip4 ,! sociali/1 :ile favor+ private own]%ip & use ( ! m /rictly p]sonal articles1 favors ! public hold+ ( mu* :i* is n[ privately own$--notably ! l&1 or ! in/rum5ts ( production--z v]sus ! hold+ ( ^! by private or corporate p]sons4 ,or1 aga91 x may be ma9ta9$ t :ile individuals %\ld be all[$ to accumulate z mu* prop]ty z !y c1 !y %\ld n be all[$ to transmit x entirely to _! heirs4 ,value ( ,private ,prop]ty4--,! individuali/ may prop]ly po9t to ! psy*ological & hi/orical significance ( private prop]ty1 :i* has be5 /at$ 9 a prec$+ *apt] 7p4 #dij74 ,he may say t ! evils !re m5tion$ z att5dant ^u private prop]ty d n belong to ! prop]ty 9 itself1 b to ! exagg]at$ love ( x4 ,he may admit t ! pres5t emphasis ( att5tion ^u ! own]%ip ( weal?1 r ?an ^u intellectual or ae/hetic or social int]e/s1 is n ! highe/ type ( human endeavor4 ,b he urges t ! positive values ( prop]ty are su* t ! pres5t policy ( plac+ no *eck ^u prop]ty %\ld be ma9ta9$4 ,9 addition to ! indirect social value ?r\gh ! p[] & fre$om giv5 to its own]s1 x may be claim$ t ! c\ntless educational1 *>itable1 & philan?ropic ag5cies su/a9$ by volunt>y gifts f private prop]ty1 are bo? ! be/ me?od ( accompli%+ c]ta9 socially valuable "w1 & h an important reflex value 9 promot+ ! active social int]e/ ( ^? :o c>ry !m on4 ,nor is ! =ce ( ?is entirely brok5 by ! c\nt] claim t ?is w\ld ju/ify keep+ half ! population 9 pov]ty 9 ord] to give ! o!r half ! satisfaction ( *>ity4 ,no sy/em %ort ( absolute communism c aboli% ! ne$ ( fri5dly help4 ,defects & ,dang]s 9 ! ,pres5t ,sy/em4--,! fir/ "q :i* arises is3 ,if prop]ty is s valuable morally1 h[ _m are pr(it+ by x "u ! pres5t sy/em1 & h[ _m are )\t its b5efic5t effects8 ,is ! numb] ( prop]ty-own]s increas+ or dim9i%+8 ,9 "o ( ! morally mo/ valuable =ms ( prop]ty1 ! numb] ( ^? :o pr(it is c]ta9ly decreas+ relatively3 viz41 9 ! own+ ( homes4 ,! build+ ( private resid5ces has practically ceas$ 9 ,new ,york & _m o!r cities except = ! v ri*4 ,) ! increas+ value ( l& ! own+ ( homes is b\nd to become m & m r>e4 ,only ! l>ge capitali/ c put up ! ap>tm5t h\se4 ,9 ! own]%ip ( %ops & indu/ries ! numb] ( own]s has relatively decreas$1 t ( cl]ks has increas$4 ,! wage-work]s 9 cities are l>gely prop]tyless4 ,! managem5t ( indu/ries ?r\gh corporations :ile !oretically af=d+ opportunity = prop]ty has yet1 z ,judge ,grosscup has po9t$ out =cibly1 be5 su* z to disc\rage ! small inve/or1 & to prompt to ! consumption ( wages z fa/ z receiv$4 ,! objection to individualism on ?is gr\nd w\ld !n be z be=e1 t x is n individual en\gh4 ,an objection ( contr>y "* is t ! possession ( prop]ty releases its own] f any necessity ( active ef=t or s]vice to ! public4 ,x may !re=e injure "* on bo? its individual & its social side4 ,probably ! absolute numb] ( ^? :o refra9 f any social s]vice because ( _! prop]ty is n v l>ge1 & x may be que/ion$ :e!r ! p>ticul> p]sons w\ld be socially v valuable "u any sy/em if !y are n[ oblivi\s to all ! moral argum5ts = su* activity & s]vice4 ,a m s]i\s objection to ! individuali/ic policy is ! enorm\s p[] all[$ to ! hold]s ( great prop]ties4 ,x has be5 e/imat$ t a tru/ fund rec5tly creat$ = two gr&*ildr5 w exce$ five billion doll>s :5 h&$ ov]4 ,x is easily possible t "s ( ! private =tunes n[ held may1 if undi/urb$1 am\nt to f> m ?an ! above )9 ano!r g5]ation4 ,moreov]1 ! p[] ( su* a =tune is n limit$ to its own absolute pur*as+ value4 ,by ! pres5ce ( its own]s ^u directorates ( indu/rial1 transportation1 bank+1 & insurance corporations ! res\rces ( _m o!r own]s are controll$4 ,a pressure may be ex]t$ ^u political affairs comp>$ ) :i* actual contributions to campaign funds are ( slight importance4 ,! old] !ory 9 ,am]ica 0 t ! injury to ! private "* ( ! own]s ( weal? w\ld negative ! possible dang]s to ! public1 s9ce possession ( l>ge weal? w\ld lead to relaxation ( en]gy1 or ev5 to dissipation4 ,x 0 assum$ t ! fa!r acquir$ ! =tune1 ! son sp5t x1 & ?us scatt]$ x among ! _m1 & ! gr&son began aga9 at ! bottom ( ! ladd]4 ,n[ t ?is !ory is no long] t5able1 society w be oblig$ to ask h[ mu* p[] may safely be left to any individual4 ,x mu/ be recogniz$ t ! pres5t managem5t ( su* natural res\rces z =e/s "u ! regime ( private prop]ty has be5 extremely wa/eful & ?reat5s s]i\s injury to ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,individual own]s _c be expect$ to consid] ! welf>e ( ! c\ntry at l>ge1 or ( future g5]ations2 h5ce ! wat] p[] is impair$ & ! timb] supply ( ! future ?reat5$4 ,f9ally x mu/ be rememb]$ t _m ( ! pres5t evils & inequities 9 own]%ip are n due necess>ily to a sy/em ( private prop]ty1 b r to special privileges possess$ by classes ( individuals4 ,^! may be survivals ( pa/ conque/s ( arms z 9 ,europe1 or d]iv$ by special legislation1 or due to a p]fectly unconsci\s attitude ( public morals :i* c>ries ov] to a new situation ! cu/oms ( an e>ly day4 ,mill's fam\s indictm5t ( pres5t conditions is n 9 all respects s applicable to ,am]ica z to ! old] c\ntries ( ,europe1 b x has too mu* tru? to be omitt$ 9 any e?ical consid]ation4 ,if ! *oice 7 to be made betwe5 communism ) all its *ances1 & ! pres5t /ate ( society ) all its suff]+s & inju/ices1 if ! in/itution ( private prop]ty necess>ily c>ri$ ) x1 z a consequ5ce1 t ! produce ( labor %\ld be apportion$ z we n[ see x1 almo/ 9 an inv]se ratio to ! labor1--! l>ge/ portions to ^? :o h n work$ at all1 ! next l>ge/ to ^? ^: "w is almo/ nom9al1 & s 9 desc5d+ scale1 ! remun]ation dw9dl+ z ! "w gr[s h>d] & m disagreeable1 until ! mo/ fatigu+ & exhau/+ bodily labor _c c\nt ) c]ta9ty on be+ able to e>n ev5 ! necess>ies ( life1--if ?is1 or communism1 7 ! alt]native1 all ! difficulties1 great or small1 ( communism w\ld be b z du/ 9 ! balance4 ,b to make ! comp>ison applicable1 we mu/ comp>e communism at its be/ ) ! regime ( individual prop]ty1 n z x is1 b z x might be made4 ,! pr9ciple ( private prop]ty has nev] yet _h a fair trial 9 any c\ntry4 7,polit4 ,econ41 ,book ,,ii41 *4 i47 ,sec4 #h4 ,,pres5t ,,t5d5cies ,individuali/ic ,f\ndations4--,! g5]al t5d5cy up to v rec5t "t 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates has be5 decid$ly individuali/ic1 bo? 9 ! policy conc]n+ ! me?od ( hold+ prop]ty1 & 9 ! legal balance betwe5 ve/$ prop]ty rights & ! social welf>e4 ,public l&s 7 grant$ on easy t]ms to home/ead]s2 m9es z well z soil 7 practically free to ! prospector2 s*ool fund l&s 7 9 mo/ cases sold = a song in/ead ( be+ kept = ! public4 ,s g5]al has be5 ! attitude t all weal? ought to be 9 private h&s t x has be5 difficult to convict m5 :o h fraudul5tly obta9$ va/ tracts ( public l&4 ,! magnitude ( ! op]ation has giv5 respectability to ! b5efici>ies4 ,! tax+ p[] has done little to ma9ta9 adju/m5t4 ,9 ?is1 z 9 _m o!r respects1 ! policy ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates has be5 f> m individuali/ic ?an t ( ,great ,brita94 ,! latt] has grad$ income & inh]itance taxes4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 on ! o!r h&1 ! ,f$]al taxation be>s m heavily on ! poor z !y are ! l>ge body ( consum]s1--n1 ( c\rse1 9 ! s5se t ! individual poor man pays m ?an ! individual ri* man1 b 9 ! s5se t a million ( doll>s own$ by a ?\s& m5 pays m ?an a million own$ by "o man4 ,legally1 ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & c]ta9 ( its am5dm5ts gave private rights extraord9>y protection1 especially :5 contracts 7 con/ru$ to mean *>t]s1 z well z private contracts4 ,! public welf>e 0 conceiv$ to reside almo/ solely 9 private rights4#bdd ,increas$ ,recognition ( ,public ,welf>e4--,rec5t policy & legal decisions %[ a decid$ *ange4 ,res]ves ( =e/ l&s h be5 e/abli%$4 ,wat]-supplies1 p>ks1 & _m o!r k9ds ( prop]ty h be5 *ang$ f private to public own]%ip4 ,! "q z to m9es has be5 rais$4 ,grad$ inh]itance taxes h be5 e/abli%$ 9 "s /ates1 & ! "q ( grad$ income taxes is likely to be m g5]ally consid]$ unless "s o!r =m ( taxation bas$ on ! social values giv5 to l&1 or fran*ises1 or o!r =ms ( prop]ty seems m equitable4 ,! ,supreme ,c\rt 9 rec5t decisions has read into ! con/itution two sweep+ exceptions to ! inviolability ( prop]ty rights4#bde ,"o is t ( public use4 ,:5ev] ! own] ( a prop]ty devotes x to a use 9 :i* ! public has an int]e/1 he 9 effect grants to ! public an int]e/ 9 su* use1 & mu/ to ! ext5t ( t use submit to be controll$ by ! public = ! common good s long z he ma9ta9s ! use4 ,! second exception is t ( ! police p[] :i* 9 #aijf 7#bjd ,u4 ,s41 #caa1 #cah7 0 decl>$ to ext5d to s deal+ ) ! conditions :i* exi/ 9 ! /ate z to br+ out ( !m ! greate/ welf>e ( its p4 ,! application ( ?is broad pr9ciple is /ill 9 an unc]ta9 condition1 b !re c be no "q t x recognizes a *ang$ situation4 ,:5 p are liv+ 9 su* int]dep5d5ce z 9 ! collective life ( to-day1 x is no long] possible to locate public welf>e 9 any su* prepond]at+ degree 9 private rights z 0 ju/ifi$ "u ! conditions ( a new c\ntry a c5tury ago4 ,says ,pr(essor ,smi?3 ,on ! fundam5tal "q ( ! relation ( public policy to private prop]ty rights ! ,supreme ,c\rt has ab&on$ ! individuali/ views ) :i* ! f\nd]s ( ! con/itution 7 imbu$2 & 9 its doctr9es ( ! public use & ! police p[] x has di/9ctly accept$ :at may be t]m$1 9 ! lit]al & prop] s5se ( ! ^w1 ! sociali/ view4 ,9 s do+1 x has unque/ionably express$ ! dom9ant op9ion ( ! ,am]ican p4 ,! ,am]ican p does n accept ! collectivi/ !ory2 x believes 9 private prop]ty2 b x recognizes t rights ( prop]ty mu/ yield1 9 cases ( conflict1 to ! sup]ior rights ( society at l>ge4 ,if "s ( ! means set =? above = secur+ ju/] di/ribution 7 adopt$1 ! fir/ /ep t[>d ,mill's dem&#bdf w\ld be met4 ,if ! community %\ld reap ! return = its own gr[?1 if taxation %\ld be s arrang$ z to fall mo/ heavily on ^? be/ able to pay r ?an on ^? :o are mo/ hone/ or lea/ able to evade1 x w\ld seem rational to hold t society w f9d a way to cont9ue ! f\r =ms ( control n[ exi/+1 mak+ su* %ifts z *ang+ conditions require4 ,"s ( ^! %ift+s are already evid5t & give promise ( great] ju/ice )\t loss ( any ( ! b5efits accru+ f private prop]ty4 ,social ,ju/ice ?r\gh ,economic1 ,social1 & ,sci5tific ,progress4--,n all moral advance comes ) obs]vation1 or by political ag5cy4 ,! economic process is provid+ 9 c]ta9 l9es a sub/itute = prop]ty4 ,sci5ce & inv5tion1 :i* are !mselves a f9e illu/ration ( ! balance & int]action betwe5 individual & social intellig5ce1 individual ef=t & social coop]ation1 are mak+ possible 9 _m ways a /ate ( society 9 :i* m5 h at once great] fre$om & great] p[] ?r\gh association1 great] individual developm5t & great] socialization ( int]e/s1 less private prop]ty b great] private use & enjoym5t ( :at is common4 ,! sub/itute = prop]ty provid$ by ! economic process itself is p]man5ce or security ( support4 ,if ! p]son c c\nt def9itely ^u a future1 ?is is equival5t to ! security ( prop]ty4 ,& ?r\gh ! organization ( mod]n indu/ry supplem5t$ by insurance & p5sions1 ei!r /ate1 in/itutional1 or 9 corporations1 or 9 mutual b5efit associations1 !re has be5 on ! :ole1 a great increase ( security1 al?\gh x is /ill un=tunately true t ! wage-work] may 9 mo/ cases be dismiss$ at any mom5t1 & has virtually no contract1 or ev5 any well-assur$ confid5ce ( cont9u$ employm5t4 ,x is a mutual coop]ation ( economic1 social1 & sci5tific factors :i* has br\ght ab\t a great increase ( individual use & enjoym5t ?r\gh public own]%ip4 ,?is has plac$ _m ( ! ?+s :i* make life wor? liv+ )9 ! enjoym5t ( all1 & at ! same "t giv5 a f> bett] s]vice to ! us]s ?an ! old me?od ( private own]%ip4 ,9 ?is *ange lies1 p]haps1 ! greate/ advance ( ju/ice 9 ! economic sph]e1 & a great promise = ! future4 ,!re 0 a "t :5 if a man w\ld sit d[n on a piece ( gr\nd & enjoy a f9e l&scape1 he mu/ own x4 ,if he w\ld h a plot :]e 8 *ildr5 might play1 he mu/ own x4 ,if he w\ld travel1 he mu/ c>ry 8 own lant]n1 & furni% 8 own protection f ?ieves4 ,if he w\ld h wat]1 he mu/ s9k 8 own well4 ,if he w\ld s5d a lett]1 he mu/ own or hire a mess5g]4 ,if he w\ld read a book1 he mu/ n m]ely own ! book1 b own or hire ! au?or or copyi/4 ,if he w\ld educate 8 *ildr51 he mu/ own or hire ! tutor4 ,we h le>n$ t public p>ks1 public light+ & wat] works1 public libr>ies1 & public s*ools1 are bett] ?an private provision4 ,! objection :i* comes f ! individuali/ to ?is programme is t x does too mu* = ! individual4 ,x is bett]1 urges individualism1 to /imulate ! individual's activity & leave 8 wants l>gely unsatisfi$ ?an to satisfy all 8 wants at ! exp5se ( 8 activity4 ,b ?is assumes t :at is done ?r\gh public ag5cies is done = ! p & n by ! p4 ,a democracy may d = itself :at an ari/ocracy may n d = a dep5d5t class4 ,! greate/ demoralization at ! pres5t "t is n to ^? :o h n1 b to ^? :o appropriate ga9s due to associat$ activity1 complac5tly suppos+ t !y h !mselves creat$ all t !y enjoy4 ,ano!r ,great ,advance is ! ,*ange 9 ,:at ,makes ,up ! ,*ief ,values ( ,life4--,9 e>ly times ! values ( life 7 l>gely f\nd 9 food1 clo?+1 p]sonal ornam5ts1 bodily com=t1 sex gratifications4 ,enjoym5t ( ^! involv$ exclusive possession & !re=e prop]ty4 ,b ) ! advance ( civilization an increas+ proportion ( life's values falls 9 ! m5tal realm ( %>able goods4 ,satisfaction 9 k1 9 art1 9 association1 9 fre$om1 is n dim9i%$1 b increas$ :5 x is %>$4 ,! educat$ man may h no m prop]ty ?an ! illit]ate4 ,he has access to a :ole sy/em ( social values4 ,he has fre$om2 he has a m g5u9ely indep5d5t type ( p[] ?an accrues f ! m]e possession ( ?+s4 ,! society ( ! future w f9d a "p ( its ju/ice 9 s adju/+ its economic sy/em t all may ent] z fully z possible into ?is m social _w4 ,me?ods ( ,social ,selection4--,f9ally1 recogniz+ all ! value ( ! competitive process 9 ! pa/ z a me?od ( select+ ability1 x mu/ be reg>d$ z crude & wa/eful4 ,x is l ! me?od ( bl9d trial & error :i* obta9s 9 ! animal _w4 ,! me?od ( ideas1 ( consci\s use ( means to secure ends1 is ! m effective & ! m rational4 ,society n[ is ga9+ ! sci5tific equipm5t :i* may all[ ! sub/itution ( ! m effective & less wa/eful me?od4 ,x %\ld discov] & educate capacity in/ead ( giv+ m]ely a prec>i\s enc\ragem5t to c]ta9 special types4 ,sec4 #i4 ,,?ree ,,special ,,problems ,?ree special problems may be notic$ ab\t :i* moral judgm5t is z yet unc]ta93 ,! op5 v]sus ! clos$ %op1 ! capitalization ( corporations1 & ! une>n$ increm5t4 #a4 ,! ,op5 v]sus ! ,clos$ ,%op4--,9 c]ta9 indu/ries 9 :i* ! workm5 are well organiz$ !y h made contracts ) employ]s :i* provide t only union m5 %all be employ$4 ,su* a %op is call$ a clos$ %op1 9 di/9ction f an op5 %op 9 :i* non-union m5 may be employ$ 9 "p or altoge!r4 ,! psy*ological motive = ! dem& = ! clos$ %op is natural en\gh3 ! union has succe$$ 9 ga9+ c]ta9 advantages 9 h\rs or wages or bo?2 ?is has requir$ "s exp5se & p]haps "s risk4 ,x is natural to feel t ^? :o get ! advantage %\ld %>e ! exp5se & ef=t1 & fail+ ?is1 %\ld n be admitt$ to ! %op4 ,if ! argum5t /opp$ "h x w\ld be insuffici5t = a moral ju/ification = two reasons4 ,fir/1 jo9+ a union involves mu* m ?an paym5t ( dues4 ,x means control by ! union 9 ways :i* may int]f]e ) obligations to family1 or ev5 to ! social ord]4 ,h5ce1 to exclude a fell[ workman f ! opportunity to "w because he--p]haps = consci5ti\s reasons--w\ld n belong to ! union1 c\ld n be ju/ifi$ unless ! union c\ld make x appe> t x 0 ma9ta9+ a social & n m]ely a gr\p int]e/4 ,second1 9 "s cases unions h s\ght to limit output4 ,9 s f> z ?is is done n = reasons ( heal? b to raise prices1 ! union is oppos+ ! int]e/ ( consum]s4 ,"h aga9 ! union mu/ exhibit a social ju/ification if x is to ga9 social approval4 ,on ! o!r h& x may be not$ t ! individuali/ ( ! second sort--:o believes 9 ! competitive /ruggle z a moral process--has no gr\nd on :i* to decl>e = op5 %op4 ,exactly ! same pr9ciple :i* w\ld p]mit comb9ation 9 capital & place no limit on competitive pressure1 provid$ x is all done ?r\gh free contracts1 c raise no objection aga9/ comb9ations ( labor]s mak+ ! be/ contracts possible4 ,:5 a syndicate ( capitali/s has made a highly favorable contract or successfully und]writt5 a l>ge issue ( /ock1 x is n cu/om>y "u ! pr9ciple ( op5 %op to give a %>e 9 ! contract to all :o ask = x1 or to let ! :ole public 9 on ! gr\nd floor4 ,nor are capitali/s accu/om$ to leave a "p ( ! m>ket to be suppli$ by "s competitor = fe> su* competitor may suff] if he does n h bus9ess4 ,:5 ! capitali/ argues = ! op5 %op ^u ! gr\nd ( fre$om & democracy1 x seems l ! case ( ! mote & ! beam4 ,an analogy ) a political problem may aid3 ,has a nation ! "r to exclude 7or tax heavily7 goods or p]sons f o!r c\ntries8 ,may x ma9ta9 a clos$ %op8 ,! policy ( ! ,am]ican coloni/s & ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates has v>i$4 ,! ,puritans ma9ta9$ a clos$ %op on religi\s l9es4 ,!y came to ?is c\ntry to ma9ta9 a c]ta9 religion & polity4 ,!y expell$ sev]al m5 :o did n agree ) !m4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates excludes ,*9ese labor]s1 & imposes a t>iff :i* 9 _m cases is int5d$ to be prohibitive aga9/ ! products ( o!r c\ntries4 ,?is is done av[$ly to protect ! labor]1 & 9 s f> z x is effective x closes ! %op4 ,! maxim ,?is is a :ite man's c\ntry is a simil> clos$ %op utt]ance4 ,on moral gr\nds ! non-union man is 9 ! same category z ! man ( ali5 race or c\ntry4 ,:at1 if any?+1 c ju/ify a nation or small] gr\p f exclud+ o!rs f its b5efits8 ,cle>ly ! only conditions are 7#a7 t ! gr\p or nation is exi/+ = "s morally ju/ifiable end1 :i* 7#b7 w\ld be endang]$ by ! admission ( ! outsid]s4 ,a colony e/abli%$ to "w out religi\s or political lib]ty w\ld be ju/ifi$ 9 exclud+ a multitude :o s\ght to ent] x & !n subv]t ^! pr9ciples4 ,if a union is work+ = a morally valuable end1 e4g41 a c]ta9 /&>d ( liv+ :i* is morally desirable1 & if ?is 7 ?reat5$ by ! admission ( non-union m51 ! clos$ %op w\ld seem to be ju/ifi$4 ,if ! purpose 7 m]ely to secure c]ta9 advantages to a small gr\p1 & if ! op5 %op w\ld n l[] ! /&>d b m]ely ext5d its range ( b5efits1 x is h>d to see :y ! clos$ %op is n a selfi% pr9ciple--?\gh no m selfi% ?an ! gr\nds on :i* ! t>iff is usually advocat$4 #b4 ,! ,capitalization ( ,corporations1 especially ( public s]vice corporations1 is a matt] on :i* !re is a diff]5ce ( policy 9 diff]5t /ates1 ow+ probably to unc]ta9ty z to ! morality ( ! pr9ciples involv$4 ,! two !ories held are3 7a7 ,companies %\ld issue capital /ock only on ! basis ( money paid 92 divid5ds !n repres5t a return on actual inve/m5t4 7b7 ,companies may issue :atev] /ock !y please1 or :atev] !y expect _! income w enable !m to pay divid5ds ^u2 divid5ds w !n repres5t return = valuable privileges1 or = "s utility to be m>ket$4 ,9 behalf ( ?is latt] view x may be claim$ t if ! company pays divid5ds ! inve/ors h no?+ to compla9 (1 & if x sells its products or transportation at m>ket rates1 ! consum] has no?+ to compla9 (4 ,s f> z ! relations betwe5 corporation & inve/or are conc]n$1 ! issues are simple4 ,if ! /ocks are issu$ ) no expectation t !y w give any return1 m]ely to sell1 x is pure di%one/y1 ( ! same type :i* "u crud] conditions sold spav9$ horses or made c\nt]feit money1 & n[ assumes ! m vulg> type ( deal+ 9 gre5 goods4 ,! fact t fictiti\s capital c be publicly adv]tis$1 gives x a f9ancial b n a moral advantage4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 w\ld h su* decid$ limitations1 cr$ul\s z human nature is1 t if fictiti\s capital paid no divid5ds x w\ld soon h no m>ket4 ,h5ce1 = ! f>-see+ promot]1 ! pressure is t[>d mak+ "s at lea/ ( ! fictiti\s capital pay divid5ds4 ,:at is ! pr9ciple 9 ?is case8 ,if we are deal+ ) a new & untri$ mode ( production or public s]vice1 ! case is simply t ( any speculation4 ,if a propos$ product has a possible utility1 b at ! same "t involves s mu* risk t 9 ! long run only half ( su* ent]prises w succe$1 society may consid] x wor? (f]+ a pr(it equal to fifty p] c5t4 9 ord] to pay = ! risk4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! income is to d]ive f valuable public fran*ises1 or f ! gr[? ( ! community & its necessities1 ! case is diff]5t4 ,"h !re is little1 if any1 risk = :i* x is fair = society to pay4 ,! excessive capital beyond ! co/ is design$ to disguise ! rate ( pr(it1 & !re=e conceal f ! community ! co/ ( ! goods or s]vice4 ,if ! public dem&s *eap] rates x is told t ! company is n[ pay+ only a fair divid5d ^u its /ock4#bdg ,! usual me?od ( capitaliz+ _m ent]prises ( a quasi-public sort is to issue bonds to cov] ! co/ ( con/ruction or plant1 & !n "o or m s]ies ( /ocks :i* are kn[n z velvet4 ,9 "p ^! /ocks may repres5t a "w ( organization :i* is a legitimate public s]vice1 b 9 _m cases !y repres5t devices = transf]r+ public weal? to private prop]ty4 ,enorm\s sums h be5 tak5 f ! public 9 ?is mann]4 ,! elem5t :i* makes ?is me?od p>ticul>ly obnoxi\s is t ! quasi-public corporations are giv5 a monopoly by ! community & !n take advantage ( ?is to capitalize indef9itely ! necessities ( a gr[+ community4 ,9 ?is case ! conception ( public s]vice is lo/ sight ( 9 ! dazzl+ possibility ( public exploitation4#bdh ,few me?ods ( extort+ weal? h equal$ ?is4 ,9 "s cases brib]y ( public (ficials has add$ an item ( exp5se to be collect$ lat] f ! public4 ,:5 ! v>i\s =ms ( public s]vice or protect$ indu/ry 7 fir/ project$ !re 0 risk involv$4 ,x 0 necess>y to (f] inducem5ts to capital to engage 9 !m4 ,x 0 desirable to h railroads1 gas1 wat]1 express s]vice4 ,b z ! factor ( risk has be5 elim9at$1 ! public tires ( pay+ d\ble prices1 & a fair return mu/ be e/imat$ on ! basis ( actual r ?an fictiti\s capital4 ,! public has come to h a cle> idea z to ! morality ( su* practices z h be5 employ$ 9 lett+ contracts = public build+s at prices f> above m>ket value4 ,! ,new ,york ,city c\r?\se & ,p5nsylvania capitol (f] famili> examples4 ,does x diff] mat]ially f su* practices :5 a company *>ges ! public an excessive price = transportation or light+1 & :5 ,/ate or municipal au?orities au?orize by fran*ise or monopoly su* excessive *>ges8 ,probably ! consci5ce ( ! next c5tury1 if n ( ! next g5]ation1 w fail to see ! sup]ior moral quality ( ! latt] proc$ure4 #c4 ,! ,une>n$ ,increm5t4--,?is t]m is appli$ mo/ frequ5tly to ! increase 9 l& value or fran*ise value :i* is due1 n to ! own]1 b to ! gr[? ( ! community4 ,a tract ( l& is b\ght at a price fix$ by its value z f>m l&4 ,a city gr[s up4 ,! own] ( ! l& may h be5 active 9 ! build+ up ( indu/ry1 b he may n4 ,an increase ( values foll[s1 :i* is due to ! gr[? ( ! community4 ,%all ! own] h x all1 or %all ! community h x all1 or %all !re be a division8 ,! gr[? 9 value ( a fran*ise = gas1 electric light+1 transportation1 pres5ts ! same problem4 ,x is n usually recogniz$1 h[ev]1 t ! same pr9ciple is f\nd 9 e increase ( value due to increas+ dem&4 ,! logical basis = di/9ction w\ld seem to be t 9 "s cases increase ( dem& calls out competition1 & ! price is l[]$2 ! public ?us receives its %>e 9 l[] co/4 ,9 o!r cases1 notably ^? fir/ m5tion$1 !re c be no competition1 ! price is !re=e n (t5 l[]$ unless by legislative action1 & ! :ole b5efit goes to ! own] ( l& or fran*ise4 ,z reg>ds l&1 ! case is mu* /rong] 9 ,europe1 = l& titles 7 orig9ally ga9$ !re l>gely by seizure1 :]eas 9 ,am]ica private titles h be5 l>gely ?r\gh pur*ase4 ,individualism1 accord+ z x argues f ! plat=m ( natural rights or f t ( social welf>e1 w\ld claim ei!r t individuals %\ld h all ! increase because !y h a "r to all !y c get "u a sy/em ( free contracts1 or t x is = ! social welf>e to all[ !m all !y c get s9ce private prop]ty is public weal?4 ,f ! /&po9t ( natural rights ! reply w\ld seem to be unansw]able3 ! community gives ! increas$ value2 x belongs to ! community4 ,f ! /&po9t ( social welf>e ! answ] is n s simple4 ,x might1 = example1 be socially desirable to enc\rage ! own]s ( f>m+ l& by leav+ to !m ! increase 9 value due to ! gr[? ( ! c\ntry1 :]eas city l&-own]s might ne$ no su* inducem5t4 ,inve/ors 9 a new =m ( public s]vice corporation might ne$ great] inducem5ts ?an w\ld be fair to ^? 9 ent]prises well e/abli%$4 ,b1 al?\gh details are complex1 ! social consci5ce is work+ t[>d ?is g5]al pr9ciple3 ! community %\ld %>e 9 ! values :i* x produces4 ,if x _c d ?is by *eap] goods & bett] s]vice1 x mu/ by grad$ taxation1 by own]%ip1 or by "s o!r means4 ,! ,briti% gov]nm5t has already consid]$ a measure = asc]ta9+ ! l& values 9 ,scotl& z a prelim9>y /ep t[>d adju/m5t ( ?is "q4 ,,footnotes3 #bdj ,bo/on has an +5i\s me?od ( divid+ pr(its4 ,! company :i* supplies gas mu/ l[] ! price ( gas 9 proportion z x increases its rate ( divid5ds4 #bda ,febru>y #bd1 #aijh4 #bdb ,sp>go1 ,socialism1 #bbj-bg4 #bdc ,philosophical ,review1 xiv41 #cgj f4 #bdd ,cf4 ,j4 ,a4 ,smi?1 ,! ,_s ( ,am]ican ,gov]nm5t1 #aijg4 #bde ,i h foll[$ 9 ?is p>agraph ! discussion ( ,pr(essor ,munroe ,smi?1 ,van ,nord5's ,magaz9e1 ,febru>y1 #aijh4 ,= a full hi/ory see ,e4 ,freund1 ,! ,police ,p[]1 #aije4 #bdf ,above1 p4 #eed4 #bdg ,z 9 ! case ( gas 9 ,new ,york ,city1 :]e ! c\rt has decid$ t ! public _c refuse to pay int]e/ on ! value ( ! fran*ise--its own gift4 #bdh ,cf4 ,hadley1 ,economics1 p4 #aei4 ,,app5dix ,,to ,,*apt] ,,xxv ,,pr(essor ,,seag]',s ,,programme ,,( ,,social ,,legislation ,,) ,,special ,,ref]5ce ,,to ,,wage-,,e>n]s ,9 ! conviction t 9 ! field ( social legislation ! ,unit$ ,/ates is beh9d ! m progressive c\ntries ( ,europe1 ,pr(essor ,h5ry ,r4 ,seag]1 ( ,columbia ,univ]sity1 pres5t$ ! foll[+ ,outl9e = discussion at a meet+ ( ! ,am]ican ,association = ,labor ,legislation1 ,decemb] #cj1 #aijg4 ,x is reproduc$ ) 8 cons5t z giv+ concrete expression to sev]al ( ! pr9ciples advocat$ 9 ! =ego+ *apt]s4 ,! ends to be aim$ at 9 any programme ( social legislation are3 ,i4 ,to protect wage-e>n]s 9 ! cont9u$ enjoym5t ( /&>ds ( liv+ to :i* !y are already accu/om$4 ,,ii4 ,to assi/ !m to atta9 to high] /&>ds ( liv+4 ,i4 ,measures to protect prevail+ /&>ds ( liv+4 ,! pr9cipal cont+5cies :i* ?reat5 /&>ds ( liv+ already acquir$ are3 7#a7 indu/rial accid5ts2 7#b7 illness2 7#c7 invalidity & old age2 7#d7 premature dea?2 7#e7 unemploym5t4 ,^! cont+5cies are n 9 practice adequately provid$ aga9/ by wage-e>n]s !mselves4 ,9 consequ5ce ! losses !y entail1 9 ! abs5ce ( any social provision aga9/ !m1 fall ) cru%+ =ce on ! families :i* suff] f !m1 & only too (t5 r$uce su* families f a position ( indep5d5ce & self-respect to "o ( humiliat+ & effici5cy-de/roy+ social dep5d5cy4 ,! foll[+ rem$ies = ! evils result+ f ?is situation are sugge/$4 7#a7 ,employ]s' liability laws fail to provide adequate indemnity to ! victims ( indu/rial accid5ts because 9 a l>ge proportion ( cases no legal blame atta*es to ! employ] & because litigation "u !m is co/ly & unc]ta9 9 its outcome4 ,adequate indemnification mu/ be s\ght along ! l9e ( workm5's comp5sation = all indu/rial accid5ts at ! exp5se ( ! employ] 7! ,briti% sy/em7 or ( compulsory accid5t insurance 7! ,g]man sy/em74 ,! =m] seems to accord bett] ) ,am]ican ideas & traditions4 7#b7 ,! pr9ciple ( workm5's comp5sation may be ext5d$ to include indemnity = loss ( wages due to trade diseases4 ,provision aga9/ illness n directly traceable to ! employm5t mu/ be s\ght ei!r 9 compulsory illness insurance or 9 subsidiz$ & /ate-direct$ sick-insurance clubs4 ,trade unions may assume ! functions ( su* clubs 9 organiz$ trades4 ,! latt] plan seems bett] suit$ to pres5t ,am]ican conditions ?an compulsory illness insurance4 7#c7 ,provision aga9/ invalidity & old age may be ?r\gh compulsory old age insurance1 or ?r\gh /ate old age p5sions4 ,! latt]1 ?\gh m co/ly1 are believ$ to be bett] suit$ to ,am]ican conditions1 :5 h$g$ ab\t by prop] re/rictions1 ?an compulsory old age insurance ) ! elaborate adm9i/rative ma*9]y :i* x entails4 7#d7 ,premature dea? may be provid$ aga9/ by an ext5sion ( ! ma*9]y = c>+ = ! victims ( indu/rial accid5t & ( illness to provide = _! families :5 accid5t or illness results fatally4 7#e7 ,provision aga9/ losses due to unemploym5t is att5d$ ) great difficulties because unemploym5t is s frequ5tly ! consequ5ce ( incapacity or ( dis9cl9ation = cont9u\s labor4 ,! mo/ promis+ plan = provid+ aga9/ ?is evil appe>s to be ?r\gh subsidiz+ & sup]vis+ trade unions :i* pay out-(-"w b5efits to /imulate ?is side ( _! activity4 ,public employm5t bureaus & indu/rial colonies = ! unemploy$ may also help to alleviate ! evil ( unemploym5t4 99 99 99 99 99 ,adequate social provision aga9/ ^! five cont+5cies along ! l9es sugge/$1 w\ld1 x is believ$1 g a long way t[>ds solv+ ! problem ( social dep5d5cy4 ,if ^! concessions 7 made to ! dem&s ( social ju/ice1 a m dra/ic policy t[>ds social dep5d5ts ?an public op9ion w n[ sanction might be inaugurat$ ) good prospect ( conf9+ social dep5d5cy to ! physically1 m5tally1 & morally defective4 ,,ii4 ,measures to elevate /&>ds ( liv+4 ,! prim>y conditions ess5tial to ris+ /&>ds ( liv+ are en]gy & ent]prise on ! "p ( wage-e>n]s & opportunities to make en]gy & ent]prise c\nt 9 ! =m ( high] e>n+s4 ,! pr9cipal contributions :i* social legislation may make to advanc+ /&>ds ( liv+ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates are believ$ to be3 7#a7 measures s]v+ to enc\rage sav+ = future ne$s on ! "p ( wage-e>n]s by provid+ safe inve/m5ts = sav+s2 7#b7 measures protect+ wage-e>n]s f ! debilitat+ effects ( an unregulat$ competition2 7#c7 measures s]v+ to br+ )9 ! rea* ( all opportunities = indu/rial tra9+4 ,/&>ds ( liv+ w also be advanc$1 ( c\rse1 by ne>ly all measures calculat$ to promote ! g5]al well-be+1 su* z tax & t>iff-re=m legislation1 laws safegu>d+ ! national doma91 ! public regulation ( corporations1 especially ^? ) monopoli/ic p[]s1 etc41 b ^! are n usually class$ "u ! head ( social legislation4 7#a7 ,! greate/ pres5t ne$ "u ?is head is = a po/al sav+s bank l ^? ( ,european c\ntries4 ,! advantages ( a po/al sav+s bank ov] privately manag$ banks are ! wid] di/ribution ( places ( deposit1 po/-(fices be+ locat$ 9 e section ( ! c\ntry1 & ! great] confid5ce depositors w\ld feel 9 su* a bank4 ,once e/abli%$ ! po/al sav+s bank might ent] ! insurance field1 z has ! ,briti% po/al sav+s bank1 n z a rival ( privately manag$ insurance companies1 b to br+ to e wage-e>n] ! opportunity to secure safe insurance4 ,next to provid+ itself opportunities = safe inve/m5t & insurance1 ! gov]nm5t has an important duty to p]=m 9 sup]vis+ ! bus9ess ( privately manag$ sav+s banks & insurance companies4 ,not)/&+ ! progress made 9 rec5t ye>s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 ?is field1 !re is /ill some?+ left = social legislation to accompli%4 7#b7 ,if en]gy & ent]prise are to be kept at a maximum1 wage-e>n]s mu/ be protect$ f exhau/+ toil "u unheal?ful conditions4 ,skill$ wage-e>n]s c usually protect !mselves ?r\gh trade unions1 b unskill$ work]s1 wom5 & *ildr51 require legal protection4 ,"u ?is head belong1 !re=e1 ! famili> types ( protective labor laws4 ,! foll[+ may be specifi$3 7a7 ,laws prohibit+ ! employm5t ( *ildr5 bel[ f\rte5 9 all ga9ful pursuits4 ,su* laws %\ld be uni=m ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates & rigidly en=c$ by means ( employm5t c]tificates bas$ on conv9c+ evid5ce ( age & physical exam9ation to det]m9e fitness4 ,z provision = free public education is made m adequate to pres5t ne$s ! m9imum age may be advanc$ p]haps to sixte54 7b7 ,laws limit+ ! h\rs ( labor ( "y p]sons ov] f\rte54 ,protection "h %\ld ext5d to eighte51 at lea/ 9 factory employm5ts1 & employm5t c]tificates %\ld be requir$ ( all "u t age4 7c7 ,laws limit+ ! h\rs ( labor ( wom54 ,9 ! regulation ( wom5's "w 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! pr9cipal ne$s are uni=mity & ma*9]y = effici5t en=cem5t4 ,! la/ is facilitat$ by ! plan ( specify+ 9 ! law ! work+ p]iod = ! protect$ classes1 & ,am]ican c\rts mu/ be br\ght to see ! reasonabl5ess 7adm9i/ratively7 ( su* prescriptions4 ,! n9e-h\r day & prohibition ( night "w set a high en\gh /&>d until great] uni=mity & m effici5t en=cem5t %all h be5 secur$4 7d7 ,prescriptions 9 reg>d to sanitation & safety appliances4 ,g5]al prescriptions 9 reg>d to v5tilation1 etc41 ne$ to be made m exact1 & mu* m att5tion ne$s to be giv5 to ! special regulation ( dang]\s trades1 ! exi/5ce ( :i* has be5 l>gely ignor$ ?us f> 9 ,am]ican legislation4 7#c7 ,! *ief reason = re/rict+ ! labor ( *ildr5 & "y p]sons is to p]mit ! physical & m5tal developm5t ( *ildhood & y\? to proce$ unhamp]$ & to rip5 into /rong1 vigor\s1 & effici5t manhood & womanhood4 ,to atta9 ?is end1 x is necess>y to provide n only = :olesome liv+ conditions & g5]al free public education1 b also = special indu/rial tra9+ = old] *ildr5 sup]ior to ! tra9+ af=d$ 9 mod]n factories & work%ops4 ,! appr5tice%ip sy/em n[ fails z a me?od ( indu/rial tra9+1 ev5 9 ^? few trades :i* reta9 ! =ms ( appr5tice%ip4 ,!re is urg5t social ne$ = compreh5sive provision = indu/rial tra9+ z a "p ( ! public s*ool sy/em1 n to take ! place ( ! tra9+ n[ giv5 to *ildr5 "u f\rte51 b to hold ^? betwe5 f\rte5 & sixte5 9 s*ool4 ,z ?is ne$ is suppli$ ! p]iod ( compulsory s*ool att5dance may gradually be ext5d$ up to ! sixte5? ye>4 ,! guid+ pr9ciple ( su* indu/rial tra9+ %\ld be t x is ! function ( free public education 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates n only to prep>e *ildr5 to lead useful1 well-r\nd$ & happy lives1 b to comm& ! e>n+s )\t :i* su* lives are impossible4 ,! above programme ( social legislation is urg$ z a /ep t[>ds realiz+ t canon ( social ju/ice :i* dem&s = all equal indu/rial opportunities4 ,x is believ$ t x w also help to raise ! /&>d ( citiz5%ip 9 ! c\ntry by mak+ bo? wage-e>n]s & employ]s m intellig5t1 m effici5t1 & m truly democratic4 ,?us x w s]ve to prep>e ! way = su* fur!r indu/rial reorganization z may be f\nd desirable4 ,,*apt] ,,xxvi ,,! ,,family ,! family 9 its moral aspects has "o end1 ! common good ( all its memb]s1 b ?is has ?ree aspects4 7#a7 ,m>riage conv]ts an atta*m5t betwe5 man & woman1 ei!r ( passion or ( fri5d%ip1 into a delib]ate1 intimate1 p]man5t1 responsible union = a common end ( mutual good4 ,x is ?is common end1 a good ( a high]1 broad]1 full] sort ?an ei!r c\ld atta9 9 isolation1 :i* lifts passion f ! impulsive or selfi% to ! moral plane2 x is ! peculi> intimacy & ! peculi> dem&s = common sympa?y & co-op]ation1 :i* give x great] dep? & rea* ?an ord9>y fri5d%ip4 7#b7 ,! family is ! great social ag5cy = ! c>e & tra9+ ( ! race4 7#c7 ,?is function reacts ^u ! "* ( ! p>5ts4 ,t5d]ness1 sympa?y1 self-sacrifice1 /ead9ess ( purpose1 responsibility1 & activity1 are all dem&$ & usually evok$ by ! *ildr54 ,a brief sket* ( ! developm5t ( ! family & ( its psy*ological basis1 w prep>e ! way = a consid]ation ( its pres5t problems4 ,sec4 #a4 ,,hi/orical ,,antec$5ts ,,( ,,! ,,mod]n ,,family ,! division ( ! sexes appeals to ! biologi/ z an ag5cy = secur+ great] v>iability1 & s great] possibility ( adaptation & progress4 ,x has also to ! sociologi/ ! value ( giv+ great] v>iety 9 function1 & s a mu* ri*] society ?an c\ld exi/ )\t x4 ,morally1 ! realization ( ^! values1 & ! fur!r effects ^u "* not$ above1 dep5d greatly ^u ! t]ms "u :i* ! m>riage union is =m$ & ma9ta9$4 ,! numb] ( p>ties to ! union1 ! mode ( =m+ x1 its /ability1 & ! relations ( husb& & wife1 p>5ts & *ildr51 :ile 9 ! family relation1 h %[n 9 we/]n civilization a t5d5cy t[>d c]ta9 l9es ( progress1 al?\gh ! movem5t has be5 irregul> & has be5 int]rupt$ by c]ta9 halts or ev5 rev]sions4 ,! ,mat]nal ,type4--,! e>ly family1 c]ta9ly 9 _m p>ts ( ! _w1 0 =m$ :5 a man left 8 fa!r & "m to cleave unto 8 wife1 t is1 :5 ! woman rema9$ 9 h] own gr\p & ! man came f 8 gr\p to live ) h]4 ,?is t5d$ to give ! woman cont9u$ protection--& also cont9u$ control--by h] own relatives1 & made ! *ildr5 belong to ! "m's clan4 ,z rec5t e?nologi/s seem incl9$ to agree1 ?is does n mean a matri>*al family4 ,! woman's fa!r & bro!rs1 r ?an ! woman1 are 9 ! la/ analysis ! au?ority4 ,at ! same "t1 at a /age :5 physical =ce is s l>ge a factor1 ?is type ( family und\bt$ly favors ! woman's condition z comp>$ ) ! next to be m5tion$4 ,! ,pat]nal ,type4--,:5 ! woman leaves h] own gr\p to live 9 ! h\se ( h] husb&1 x means a possible loss ( back+ & position = h]4 ,b x means a great ga9 = ! influ5ce :i* insures ! wife's fidelity1 ! fa!r's au?ority ov] ! *ildr5 & int]e/ 9 !m1 & f9ally ! p]man5ce ( ! family4 ,! p[] ( ! husb& & fa!r rea*$ its extreme among we/]n peoples 9 ! patri>*ate at ,rome1 :i* all[$ him ! "r ( life & dea?4 ,at its be/ ! patri>*al type ( family fo/]$ ! dignity & p[] ( a rul] & own]1 ! s5se ( honor :i* wat*$ jeal\sly ov] self & wife & *ildr5 to keep ! "n unsulli$2 f9ally ! respective attitudes ( protector & protect$ enhanc$ ! *>m ( ea* = ! o!r4 ,at its wor/ x meant dom9e]+ brutality1 & ei!r ! weakness ( abject submission or ! mis]y ( hopeless inju/ice4 ,along ) ?is build+ up ( fa!r "r came v>iations 9 ! mode ( ga9+ a wife4 ,:5 ! man takes a wife in/ead ( go+ to 8 wife1 he may ei!r capture h]1 or pur*ase h]1 or s]ve = h]4 ,9 any ( ^! cases %e may become to a c]ta9 ext5t 8 prop]ty z well z 8 wife4 ,?is does n necess>ily imply a feel+ ( humiliation4 ,! ,kafir wom5 pr(ess great contempt = a sy/em 9 :i* a woman is n wor? buy+4 ,b x evid5tly favors a comm]cial !ory ( ! :ole relation4 ,! bride's cons5t may sometimes be a necess>y "p ( ! transaction1 b x is n always4 ,effects ( ,fa!r ,"r4--,?is family ( fa!r "r is also likely to enc\rage a !ory t ! man %\ld h great] fre$om 9 m>riage ?an ! woman4 ,9 ! l[e/ types ( civilization we (t5 f9d ! m>ital relations v loose f our po9t ( view1 al?\gh1 z 0 not$ 9 ,*apt] ,,ii41 ^! peoples usually make up = ?is 9 ! rigidity ( ! rules z to :o may m>ry or h m>riage relations4 ,) "s advance 9 civilization & ) ! fa!r "r1 we are v apt to f9d polygamy p]mitt$ to *iefs or ^? :o c af=d x1 ev5 ?\gh ! av]age man may h b "o wife4 ,9 c]ta9 cases ! wives may be an economic advantage r ?an a burd54 ,x goes along ) a family 9 :i* fa!r & *ildr5 are ( fir/ importance t a wife may ev5 be glad to h h] s]vant be> ! *ildr5 if !y may only be reckon$ z h]s4 ,! husb& has ?us great] fre$om--= poly&ry seems to h be5 r>e among civiliz$ peoples except "u /ress ( pov]ty4 ,! great] fre$om ( ! husb& is likely to appe> also 9 ! matt] ( divorce4 ,among _m savage peoples divorce is easy = bo? p>ties if !re is mutual cons5t1 b ) ! families 9 :i* fa!r "r prevails x is almo/ always easi] = ! man4 ,! anci5t ,hebrew might divorce 8 wife = any cause he pleas$1 b !re is no m5tion ( a simil> "r on h] "p1 & x d\btless did n occur to ! lawgiv]4 ,! code ( ,hammurabi all[s ! man to put away ! "m ( 8 *ildr5 by giv+ h] & h] *ildr5 suitable ma9t5ance1 or a *ildless wife by return+ ! bride price1 b a wife :o has act$ fooli%ly or extravagantly may be divorc$ )\t comp5sation or kept z a slave4 ,! woman may also claim a divorce if %e has be5 economical & has no vice & h] husb& has gone out & greatly belittl$ h]4 ,b if %e fails to prove h] claim & appe>s to be a gadd]-ab\t1 !y %all ?r[ t woman into ! wat]4 ,india & ,*9a h ! patri>*al family1 & ! ,brahmans add$ ! obligation ( ! wid[ nev] to rem>ry4 ,great] fre$om ( divorce on ! "p ( ! husb& is also att5d$ by a v diff]5t /&>d = m>ital fai?fulness4 ,= ! unfai?ful husb& !re is frequ5tly no p5alty or a slight "o2 = ! wife x is frequ5tly dea?4 ,! ,roman ,family4--,! mod]n family 9 we/]n civilization is ! product ( ?ree ma9 =ces3 ! ,roman law1 ! ,teutonic cu/om1 & ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,e>ly ,roman law _h recogniz$ ! extreme p[] ( ! husb& & fa!r4 ,wife & *ildr5 7 9 8 h&4 ,all wom5 mu/ be 9 ! tutela ( "s man4 ,! woman1 accord+ to ! ?ree e>ly =ms ( m>riage1 pass$ completely f ! p[] & h& ( h] fa!r into t ( h] husb&4 ,at ! same "t %e 0 ! only wife1 & divorce 0 r>e4 ,b by ! clos+ ye>s ( ! ,republic a new me?od ( m>riage1 p]mitt+ ! woman to rema9 9 ! manus ( h] fa!r1 _h come into vogue1 & ) x an easy !ory ( divorce4 ,satiri/s h *>g$ great deg5]acy 9 morals z a result1 b ,hobh\se ?9ks t ^u ! :ole ! ,roman matron w\ld seem to h reta9$ ! position ( h] husb&'s companion1 c\nselor1 & fri5d1 :i* %e _h held 9 ^? m au/]e times :5 m>riage br\ght h] legally "u 8 dom9ion4#bdi ,! ,g]manic ,family4--,! ,g]manic peoples recogniz$ an almo/ unlimit$ p[] ( ! husb&4 ,! passion = lib]ty1 :i* ,caes> rem>k$ z preval5t among !m1 did n seem to require any l>ge measure ( fre$om = _! wom54 ,9 fact1 !y1 l o!r peoples1 might be said to h satisfi$ ! two pr9ciples ( fre$om & control by allott+ all ! fre$om to ! m5 & all1 or ne>ly all1 ! control to ! wom54 ,hobh\se ?us summ>izes ! conditions3 ,! p[] ( ! husb& 0 /rongly develop$2 he might expose ! infant *ildr51 *a/ise 8 wife1 dispose ( h] p]son4 ,he c\ld n put h] to dea?1 b if %e 0 unfai?ful1 he 01 ) ! cons5t ( ! relations1 judge & execution]4 ,! wife 0 acquir$ by pur*ase f h] own relatives )\t ref]5ce to h] own desires1 & by pur*ase pass$ out ( h] family4 ,%e did n inh]it 9 e>ly times at all1 ?\gh at a lat] p]iod %e acquir$ t "r 9 ! abs5ce ( male heirs4 ,%e 0 9 p]petual w>d1 subject1 9 %ort1 to ! ,*9ese rule ( ! ?ree ob$i5ces1 to :i* mu/ be add$1 z feudal p[]s develop$1 ! rule ( ! k+ or o!r feudal sup]ior4 ,& ! gu>dian%ip or mundium 0 frankly reg>d$ 9 e>ly law r z a s\rce ( pr(it to ! gu>dian ?an z a means ( def5se to ! w>d1 & = ?is reason x fet*$ a price 9 ! m>ket1 & 01 9 fact1 salable f> d[n 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,la/ly1 ! ,g]man wife1 ?\gh respect$1 _h n ! c]ta9ty enjoy$ by ! e>ly ,roman ,matron ( reign+ alone 9 ! h\sehold4 ,x is true t polygamy 0 r>e 9 ! e>ly ,g]man tribes1 b ?is1 z we h se51 is univ]sally ! case :]e ! numb]s ( ! sexes are equal4 ,polygamy 0 all[$1 & 0 practic$ by ! *iefs4 ,two ,l9es ( ,*ur* ,influ5ce4--,! influ5ce ( ! *ur* on m>riage & family life 0 9 two conflict+ l9es4 ,on ! "o h&1 ! homage & adoration giv5 to ,m>y & to ! sa9ts1 t5d$ to exalt & ref9e ! conception ( woman4 ,m>riage 01 moreov]1 treat$ z a sacram5t1 a holy my/]y1 symbolic ( ! relation ( ,*ri/ & ! *ur*4 ,! prie/ly b5$iction gave religi\s sacr$ness f ! beg9n+2 gradually a m>riage liturgy sprang up :i* add$ to ! solemnity ( ! ev5t1 & f9ally ! :ole c]emony 0 made an ecclesia/ical in/ead ( a secul> function4#bej ,! :ole in/itution 0 und\bt$ly rais$ to a m s]i\s & significant position4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 an ascetic /ream ( influ5ce _h pursu$ a simil> c\rse1 deep5+ & wid5+ z x fl[$4 ,al?\gh f ! beg9n+ ^? =bidd+ to m>ry _h be5 d5\nc$1 x _h ne>ly always be5 held t ! celibate life 0 a high] privilege4 ,if m>riage 0 a sacram5t1 x 0 nev]!less held t m>riage made a man unfit to p]=m ! sacram5ts4 ,woman 0 reg>d$ z ! cause ( ! orig9al s94 ,m>riage 0 f ?is /&po9t a concession to human weakness4 ,! g5]ality ( m5 & wom5 mu/ m>ry or !y w d worse2 !re=e1 m>riage mu/ be made easy2 b ! v pure hold alo( f x z f a defilem5t4 ,! law t spr+s f ?is s\rce is n pleasant to read4#bea ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be not$ t1 al?\gh celibacy by a selective process t5d$ to remove cont9ually ! f9]1 m aspir+ m5 & wom51 & prev5t !m f leav+ any desc5dants1 x _h "o important value = woman4 ,! conv5t 0 at once a refuge1 & a door to activity4 ,! c>e] op5 to ! inmates ( conv5ts 0 great] ?an any o!r ev] ?r[n op5 to wom5 9 ! c\rse ( mod]n ,european hi/ory4#beb ,two important contributions to ! ju/ice ( ! m>riage relation1 & !re=e to ! bett] !ory ( ! family1 are 9 any case to be set d[n to ! cr$it ( ! *ur*4 ,! fir/ 0 t ! cons5t ( ! p>ties 0 ! only ?+ necess>y to con/itute a valid m>riage4 ,"h ! *ur* _h n only to combat old tradition & ! au?ority ( ! p>5ts1 b also ! seignorial p[] ( ! feudal "l1 & x mu/ be acc\nt$ to x = righte\sness t x emancipat$ ! woman ( ! s]vile z well z ( ! free classes 9 relation to ! mo/ important ev5t ( h] life4#bec ,! o!r 0 t 9 ma9ta9+ z x did ! indissolubility ( ! sacram5tal m>riage1 x held t its violation 0 z bad = ! husb& z = ! wife4 ,! old] !ories _h look$ at infidelity ei!r z an injury to ! husb&'s prop]ty1 or z introduc+ unc]ta9ty z to ! p>5?ood ( *ildr51 & ?is survives 9 ,dr4 ,johnson's dictum ( a b\ndless diff]5ce4 ,! feel+s ( ! wife1 or ev5 ( ! husb&1 aside f 8 conc]n = 8 prop]ty & *ildr51 d n seem to h be5 consid]$4 ,! *ur* ?us modifi$ ! ,g]manic & ,roman traditions1 b nev] entirely aboli%$ !m1 because %e 0 divid$ )9 h]self z to ! real place ( family life4 ,prote/antism1 9 its revolt f ,rome1 oppos$ bo? its !ories ( m>riage4 ,on ! "o h&1 ! ,re=m]s held t m>riage is n a sacram5t1 b a civil contract1 admitt+ ( divorce4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !y reg>d$ m>riage z ! mo/ desirable /ate1 & aboli%$ ! celibacy ( ! cl]gy4 ,! subjection ( wom51 especially ( m>ri$ wom51 has1 h[ev]1 rema9$ z ! legal !ory until v rec5tly4 ,9 ,engl& x 0 ! !ory 9 ,black/one's "t t ,! v be+ or legal exi/5ce ( ! woman is susp5d$ dur+ ! m>riage1 or at lea/ is incorporat$ & consolidat$ into t ( ! husb&1 "u ^: w+1 protection1 & cov]1 %e p]=ms ev]y?+4 ,accord+ to ! old law1 he might give h] mod]ate correction4 ,b ) u 9 ! polit] reign ( ,*>les ,,ii41 ?is p[] ( correction began to be d\bt$4 ,x 0 n until #ahhb1 h[ev]1 t a m>ri$ woman 9 ,engl& ga9$ control ( h] prop]ty4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! old inju/ice ( ! common law has be5 gradually rem$i$ by /atutes until sub/antial equality 9 relation to prop]ty & *ildr5 has be5 secur$4 ,sec4 #b4 ,,! ,,psy*ological ,,basis ,,( ,,! ,,family ,! psy*ology ( family life may be conv5i5tly consid]$ "u two heads3 t ( ! husb& & wife1 & t ( p>5ts & *ildr51 bro!rs & si/]s4 #a4 ,! complex s5tim5t1 love1 :i* is f\nd 9 ! mo/ p]fect family life1 is on ! "o h& 7#a7 a feel+ or emotion2 on ! o!r 7#b7 a purpose1 a w4 ,bo? ^! are modifi$ & /r5g!n$ by 7#c7 p>5?ood & 7#d7 social & religi\s influ5ces4 7#a7 ,! ,emotional & ,in/9ctive ,basis4--,z feel+ or emotion love may h two roots4 ,a m5tal sympa?y1 bas$ on k9dr$ ta/es & int]e/s1 is sometimes pres5t at ! outset1 b 9 any case x is likely to develop "u ! favor+ conditions ( a common life1 p>ticul>ly if !re are ei!r *ildr5 or a common "w4 ,b x is well kn[n t ?is is n all4 ,a fri5d is "o ?+2 a lov] ano!r4 ,! intimacy involv$ requires n only ! m easily describ$ & sup]ficial attraction ( m9d = m9d2 x dem&s also a deep] cong5iality ( ! :ole p]son1 incapable ( precise =mulation1 manife/+ itself 9 ! subtl] emotional attitudes ( in/9ctive reaction4 ,?is in/9ctive1 z contra/$ ) ! m reflective1 attraction is frequ5tly describ$ z "o ( opposites or contra/+ dispositions & physical *>act]i/ics4 ,b ?is is no?+ t ent]s into ! feel+ z a consci\s factor4 ,! only explanation :i* we c give 9 ! pres5t condition ( sci5ce is ! biological "o4 ,f ! biological po9t ( view x 0 a mo/ successful v5ture :5 ,nature1 by "s happy v>iation1 develop$ two sexes ) slightly diff]5t *>act]s & made _! union necess>y to ! cont9uance ( life 9 c]ta9 species4 ,by unit+ 9 e new individual ! qualities ( two p>5ts1 ! *ances ( v>iation are greatly increas$1 & v>iation is ! me?od ( progress4 ,to keep ! same v>iety ( fruit ! horticulturi/ buds or grafts2 to get new v>ieties he plants se$4 ,! extraord9>y progress comb9$ ) cont9uity ( type1 :i* has be5 exhibit$ 9 ! plant & animal _w1 has be5 effect$1 9 "p at lea/1 ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( sex4 ,?is long process has develop$ c]ta9 pr9ciples ( selection :i* are in/9ctive4 ,:e!r !y are ! be/ possible or n1 !y repres5t a c]ta9 adju/m5t :i* has secur$ su* progress z has be5 atta9$1 & su* adaptation to environm5t z exi/s1 & x w\ld be unwise1 if x 7 n impossible1 to disreg>d !m4 ,m>riages ( conv5i5ce are c]ta9ly que/ionable f ! biological /&po9t4 ,b ! in/9ctive basis is n 9 & ( itself suffici5t to gu>antee a happy family life4 ,if man 7 liv+ :olly a life ( in/9ct1 he might tru/ in/9ct z a guide 9 e/abli%+ 8 family4 ,b s9ce he is liv+ an intellectual & social life z well1 intellectual & social factors mu/ ent]4 ,! in/9ctive basis ( selection 0 fix$ by conditions :i* contemplat$ only a m or less limit$ p]iod ( atta*m5t1 ) c>e ( ! "y = a few ye>s4 ,mod]n society requires ! husb& & wife to contemplate life-long companion%ip1 & a c>e = *ildr5 :i* implies capacity 9 ! fa!r to provide = a great range ( advantages1 & 9 ! "m to be intellectual & moral guide & fri5d until maturity4 ,to tru/ ! security ( ^! increas$ dem&s to in/9ct is to invite failure4 ,in/9ct mu/ be guid$ by reason if p]fect fri5d%ip & mutual supplem5tation 9 ! :ole range ( int]e/s are to be add$ to ! int5s]1 b less c]ta91 attraction4 7#b7 ,! ,common ,w4--,b :e!r bas$ on in/9ct or intellectual sympa?y1 no feel+ or emotion by itself is an adequate moral basis = ! life toge!r ( a man & a woman4 ,:at 0 said on p4 #bdi1 z to ! moral wor?lessness ( any m]e feel+ ab/ract$ f w1 applies "h4 ,love or affection1 9 ! only s5se 9 :i* x makes a moral basis ( ! family1 is n ! affection ( psy*ological language--! pleasant or unpleasant tone ( consci\sness2 x is ! resolute purpose 9 ea* to seek ! o!r's good1 or r to seek a common good :i* c be atta9$ only ?r\gh a common life involv+ mutual self-sacrifice4 ,x is ! good w ( ,kant specifically direct$ t[>d creat+ a common good4 ,x is ! =mation ( a small k+dom ( ends 9 :i* ea* treats ! o!r z end1 nev] z means only2 9 :i* ea* is bo? sov]eign & subject2 9 :i* ! common w1 ?us creat$1 enhances ! p]son ( ea* & gives x high] moral dignity & wor?4 ,&1 z 9 ! case ( all purpose :i* has moral value1 !re is su* a common good z ! actual result4 ,! disposition & "* ( bo? husb& & wife are develop$ & supplem5t$4 ,! male is biologically ! m v>iable & motor4 ,he has usually great] initiative & /r5g?4 ,economic & indu/rial life acc5tuates ^! t5d5cies4 ,b alone he is apt to become r\gh or h>d1 to lack ! feel+ 9 :i* ! *>m & value ( life are exp]i5c$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! woman1 p>tly by in/9ct1 x may be1 b c]ta9ly by vocation1 is l>gely occupi$ ) ! v>iety ( c>es on :i* human heal?1 com=t1 & morality dep5d4 ,%e t5ds to become n>r[1 unless supplem5t$ by man4 ,! value ( emotion & feel+ 9 relation to ?is process ( mutual aid & enl>gem5t1 z 9 g5]al1 is1 z ,ari/otle po9t$ out1 to p]fect ! w4 ,x gives w>m? & vitality to :at w\ld o!rwise be 9 any case p>tial & might easily become ins9c]e4 ,!re 0 a pr(\nd tru? :i* und]lay ! old psy*ology 9 :i* ! he>t meant at once "* & passion4 7#c7 ,! ,influ5ce ( ,p>5?ood4--,nature takes "o /ep at a "t4 ,if all ! possible consequ5ces ( family life _h to be def9itely =eca/$1 valu$1 & *os5 at ! outset1 _m w\ld %r9k4 ,b ?is w\ld be because !re is z yet no capacity to appreciate new values be=e ! actual exp]i5ce ( !m4 ,e promise ( ! s\l has innum]able fulfillm5ts2 ea* ( its joys rip5s into a new want4 ,p>5tal affection is n usually pres5t until !re are real *ildr5 to evoke x4 ,at ! outset ! mutual love ( husb& & wife is en\gh4 ,b z ! fir/1 m in/9ctive & emotional factors lose relatively1 ! deep] union ( w & sympa?y ne$s community ( int]e/ if x is to become p]man5t & complete4 ,su* community ( int]e/ is (t5 f\nd 9 %>+ a bus9ess or a pr(ession1 b "u pres5t indu/rial organization ?is is n possible z a g5]al rule4 ,! mo/ g5]al & effective object ( common int]e/ is ! *ildr5 ( ! family4 ,z po9t$ out by ,john ,fiske1 ! m]e keep+ ( ! p>5ts toge!r by ! prolongation ( infancy 9 ! human species has _h great moral influ5ce4 ,pres5t civilization does n m]ely dem& t ! p>5ts coop]ate eight or t5 ye>s = ! *ild's physical support4 ,!re has be5 a second epo* 9 ! prolongation4 ,! p>5ts n[ mu/ coop]ate until ! *ildr5 are ?r\gh s*ool & college1 & 9 bus9ess or homes ( _! own4 ,& ! sup]iority ( *ildr5 ov] ! o!r common int]e/s is t 9 a diff]5t =m ! p>5ts repeat ! process :i* fir/ took !m out ( _! individual lives to unite = mutual helpfulness4 ,if ! p>5ts treat ! *ildr5 n m]ely z s\rces ( gratification or pride1 b z p]sons1 ) lives ( _! own to live1 ) capacities to develop1 ! p]sonality ( ! p>5t is enl>g$4 ,! affection betwe5 husb& & wife is enri*$ by ! new relation%ip x has creat$4 7#d7 ,social & ,religi\s ,factors4--,! relations ( husb& & wife1 p>5t & *ild1 are ! mo/ intimate ( p]sonal relations1 b !y are none ! less relations ( social int]e/4 ,9 fact1 j because !y are s intimate1 society is ! m deeply conc]n$4 ,or1 to put x f ! individual's /&po9t1 j because ! p>ties are und]tak+ a pr(\ndly p]sonal /ep1 !y mu/ take x z memb]s ( a moral ord]4 ,! act ( e/abli%+ ! family signifies1 inde$1 ! entrance into full] p>ticipation 9 ! social life2 x is ! assum+ ( ties :i* make ! p>ties 9 a new & deep] s5se organic p>ts ( humanity4 ,?is social & cosmic mean+ is appropriately symboliz$ by ! civil & religi\s c]emony4 ,9 its control ov] ! m>riage contract1 & 9 its prescriptions z to ! c>e & education ( ! *ildr51 society cont9ues to %[ its int]e/4 ,all ?is l5ds add$ value & /r5g? to ! emotional & intellectual bases4 #b4 ,p>5t & ,*ild4--,! o!r relation%ips 9 ! family1 ^? ( p>5ts & *ildr51 bro!rs & si/]s1 ne$ no elaborate analysis4 ,! love ( p>5ts = *ildr51 l t ( man & woman1 has an in/9ctive basis4 ,^? species :i* h c>$ = _! (fspr+ h _h a great advantage 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,nature has select$ !m1 & is con/antly dropp+ ! /ra9s ( any race or set :i* c>es m = p[]1 or weal?1 or le>n+ ?an = *ildr54 ,t5d]ness1 c\rage1 responsibility1 activity1 pati5ce1 =e?\ght1 p]sonal virtue--^! are con/antly evok$ n by ! ne$s ( *ildr5 9 g5]al1 b by ! ne$s ( our own *ildr54 ,! in/9ctive response1 h[ev]1 is soon broad5$ 9 outlook & deep5$ 9 mean+4 ,intellectual activity is /imulat$ by ! ne$s ( provid+ = ! physical welf>e1 &1 /ill m1 by ! necessity ( plann+ = ! unfold+ m9d4 ,! int]*ange ( "q & answ] :i* =ces ! p>5t to ?9k 8 :ole _w anew1 & :i* ) ! alli$ int]*ange ( imitation & sugge/ion produces a give & take betwe5 all memb]s ( ! family1 is con/antly mak+ = fluidity & flexibility1 = tol]ance & ca?olicity4 ,9 ! ?\ghtful p>5t ^! educative influ5ces are /ill fur!r enri*$ by ! problem ( moral tra9+4 ,= 9 ea* family1 z 9 ! race1 ! ne$ ( elicit+ & direct+ "r conduct 9 ! "y is "o ( ! mo/ important ag5cies 9 br++ home to ! eld]s ! significance ( cu/om & au?ority1 ( "r & wrong4 ,x is natural en\gh1 f "o /&po9t1 to ?9k ( *ildhood z an imp]fect /ate1 look+ =w>d = its complet5ess & gett+ its value because ( its ri* promise4 ,b ! biologi/ tells u t ! *ild is ne>] ! l9e ( progress ?an ! m develop$1 b also m rigidly set1 man4 ,& ! lov] ( *ildr5 is confid5t t if any age ( humanity exi/s by its own "r1 & pays z x goes1 x is *ildhood4 ,x is n only meet1 b a joy1 t ! fa!rs labor = ! *ildr54 ,_m1 if n mo/1 ( ! objects = :i* m5 & wom5 /rive & drudge seem less satisfactory :5 obta9$2 because we h mean:ile outgr[n ! desire4 ,*ildr5 af=d an object ( affection :i* is con/antly unfold+ new p[]s1 & op5+ new rea*es ( p]sonality4#bed ,conv]sely1 an au?ority :i* is also t5d]1 pati5t1 sympa!tic1 is ! be/ m$ium to develop 9 ! *ild self-control4 ,! necessity ( mutual =be>ance :]e !re are sev]al *ildr51 ( %>+ fairly1 ( le>n+ to give & take1 is ! be/ possible me?od ( tra9+ = memb]%ip 9 ! l>g] society4 ,9 fact1 f ! po9t ( view ( ! social organism z a :ole1 ! family has two functions2 z a small] gr\p1 x af=ds an opportunity = elicit+ ! qualities ( affection & "* :i* _c be display$ at all 9 ! l>g] gr\p2 &1 9 ! second place1 x is a tra9+ = future memb]s ( ! l>g] gr\p 9 ^? qualities ( disposition & "* :i* are ess5tial to citiz5%ip4#bee ,sec4 #c4 ,,g5]al ,,elem5ts ,,( ,,/ra9 ,,9 ,,family ,,relations ,diff]5ce 9 ,temp]am5t4--,:ile !re are intr9sic qualities ( m5 & wom5 t br+ !m toge!r = family life1 &1 :ile !re is 9 mo/ cases a /rong re5=cem5t af=d$ by ! pres5ce ( *ildr51 !re are c]ta9 *>act]i/ics :i* t5d j z inevitably to produce t5sion1 & ^? =ces ( t5sion are /r5g!n$ at ! pres5t "t by c]ta9 economic1 educational1 & cultural conditions4 ,! diff]5ces betwe5 m5 & wom5 may be at ! basis ( _! in/9ctive attraction = ea* o!r2 !y c]ta9ly h possibilities ( friction z well4 ,a fundam5tal diff]5ce already not$ is t ! male is m v>iable1 ! female m true to ! type4 ,biologically at lea/1 ! v>ium et mutabile is appli$ by ! poet to ! wrong sex4 ,appli$ to ! m9d & disposition1 ?is means probably n only a great] v>iation ( capacity & temp] z a :ole1--m g5iuses & also m at ! o!r extreme ?an among wom51--b also a great] av]age mobility4 ,diff]5ces ,acc5tuat$ by ,occupation4--,f ! e>ly occupations ( hunt+ & fi%+1 to ! mod]n great] range ( occupations1 any native mobility 9 man has f\nd /imulation & scope1 z comp>$ ) ! en]gies ( wom5 :i* h less di/9ct diff]5tiation & a m limit$ contact ) ! "w ( o!rs4 ,& !re is ano!r indu/rial diff]5ce closely connect$ ) ?is1 :i* has be5 po9t$ out by ,ellis1#bef & ,?omas4#beg ,primitive man hunt$ & f\ght4 ,mu* ( primitive indu/ry1 ! prototype1 s f> z x exi/$1 ( ! indu/rial activity ( ! mod]n _w1 0 c>ri$ on by woman4 ,indu/rial progress has be5 signaliz$ by ! splitt+ (f ( "o phase ( woman's "w aft] ano!r1 & by ! organization & expansion ( ?is at ! h&s ( man4 ,man's "w has ?us become m specializ$ & sci5tific2 woman's has rema9$ m detail$1 complex1 & diffus$4 ,h] "w 9 ! family ( ord]+ ! h\sehold1 c>+ = ! *ildr51 secur+ ! heal? & com=t ( all its memb]s1 necess>ily involves p]sonal adju/m5t2 h5ce x resi/s sy/em4 ,z a result ( ! diff]5tiation man has ga9$ 9 great] & great] degree a sci5tific & objective /&>d = 8 "w2 woman nei!r has nor c h--at lea/ 9 ! sph]e ( p]sonal relations--! advantage ( a /&>d4 ,bus9ess has its rat+s 9 ! quantity ( sales or ! ratio ( net pr(its4 ,! pr(essions & skill$ trades h _! own te/s ( a*ievem5t4 ,a sci5ti/ makes 8 discov]y1 a lawy] w9s 8 case1 an ar*itect builds 8 bridge1 ! me*anic 8 ma*9e2 he kn[s :e!r he has done a good piece ( "w1 & respects himself accord+ly4 ,he c appeal f ! man next to him to ! judgm5t ( 8 pr(ession4 ,conv]sely1 ! /&>d ( ! trade or pr(ession helps to lift ! individual's "w4 ,x is a con/ant /imulus1 z well z support4 ,a woman's "w 9 ! family has no su* pr(essional /imulus1 or pr(essional v9dication4 ,if ! family is l5i5t1 ! "w is n held up to a high level4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x mu/ make its appeal to ! p]sons imm$iately conc]n$1 & if !y d n respond1 ! woman feels t %e has fail$ to d some?+ really wor? :ile4 ,if h] "w is n valu$1 %e feels t x is n valuable4 ,= !re is no demon/rative pro( ( a successful home any m ?an !re is ( a good "w ( art4 ,x is easy en\gh to po9t out reasons :y ! picture or ! home %\ld please & satisfy1 b if ! "w itself is n conv9c+1 no demon/ration t simil> works h satisfi$ is ( any avail4 ,! way 9 :i* m5 & wom5 come into contact ) o!rs is ano!r elem5t 9 ! case4 ,man comes into contact ) o!rs = ! mo/ "p 9 an ab/ract way4 ,he deals n ) m51 wom51 & *ildr51 b ) employ]s or employ$1 ) cu/om]s or cli5ts1 or pati5ts4 ,he doesn't h to /& !m 9 all _! v>i$ phases1 or ent] into ^? intimate relations :i* involve /ra9 ( adju/m5t 9 its fulle/ ext5t4 ,moreov]1 bus9ess or pr(essional mann] & etiquette come 9 to relieve ! necessity ( p]sonal ef=t4 ,! pr(essional mann] s]ves ! same function 9 deal+ ) o!rs1 :i* habit plays 9 ! individual life2 x takes ! place ( cont9ual readju/m5t ( att5tion4 ,:5 a man is =c$ to lay ?is aside & deal 9 any s]i\s situation z a human be+1 he feels a f> great] /ra94 ,! woman's task is less 9 ext5sion1 b great 9 int5sion4 ,x obliges h] to deal ) ! *ildr51 at any rate1 z :oles1 & a :ole *ild is a good deal ( a /ra94 ,if %e does n see ! :ole ( ! husb&1 x is q likely t ! "p n br\ght home--! pr(essional or bus9ess "p ( him--is ! mo/ al]t1 intellig5t1 & int]e/+ phase4 ,! con/ant close-at-h& p]sonal relations1 unreliev$ by ! ab/ract imp]sonal attitude & ! g5]aliz+ activity :i* x invites1 con/itute an elem5t ( /ra9 :i* few m5 und]/&1 & :i* probably few c\ld endure & possess _! s\ls4 ,! pres5t division ( labor seems1 !re=e1 to make ! man excessively ab/ract1 ! woman excessively p]sonal1 in/ead ( supplem5t+ to "s ext5t ! weak side ( ea*4 ,diff]5ce 9 ,attitude t[>d ! ,family4--,z if ^! diff]5ces 9 attitude bas$ on disposition & occupation 7 n en\gh1 we h a ?or\ghgo+ diff]5ce 9 ! attitude ( m5 & wom5 t[>d ! v in/itution :i* invites !m4 ,! man is ready en\gh to ass5t to ! importance ( ! family = ! race1 b 8 family means n an int]f]5ce ) o!r ambitions1 b usually an aid to _! fulfillm5t4 ,8 family is "o int]e/ among sev]al1 & is v likely subord9ate 9 8 ?\ght to 8 pr(ession or 8 bus9ess4 ,9 e>ly ages to rove or conqu]1 9 mod]n life to ma/] nature & control h] res\rces or 8 fell[m5--?is has be5 ! insi/5t in/9ct :i* urges ev5 ! long-toss$ ,ulysses f ,i?aca & f ,p5elope aga9 ^u ! deep4 ,woman1 on ! o!r h&1 if %e ent]s a family1 usually ab&ons any o!r ambition & =gets any acquir$ art or skill ( h] previ\s occupation4 ,to be ! mi/ress ( a home may be precisely :at %e w\ld *oose z a vocation4 ,b !re is usually no alt]native if %e is to h a home at all4 ,x is n a "q ( a family 9 addition to a vocation1 b ( a family z a vocation4 ,h5ce woman mu/ reg>d family life n m]ely z a good2 x mu/ be ! good1 & usually ! exclusive good4 ,if1 !n1 a woman has accept$ ! family z ! supreme good1 x is naturally h>d to be 9 p]fect sympa?y ) ! man's /&>d ( family life z second>y4 ,( c\rse a complet] vision may f9d t a division ( labor1 a diff]5ce ( function1 may c>ry ) x a diff]5ce 9 /&>ds ( value2 ! ma/]y ( nature & ! ma9t5ance ( ! family may be nei!r an absolute good 9 itself1 b ea* a necessity to life & progress4 ,b nei!r man nor woman is always equal to ?is view1 & to ! full sympa?y = ! relative value ( ! o!r's /&po9t4 ,:]e x cuts close/ is 9 ! attitude t[>d brea* ( fai? 9 ! family tie4 ,m5 h sev]e codes = ! man :o *eats at c>ds or =ges a signature1 b treat mu* m l5i5tly1 or entirely ignore1 ! grave/ (f5ses aga9/ ! family4 ,^! latt] d n seem to =m a b>ri] to political1 bus9ess1 or social success 7among m574 ,wom5 h a sev]e /&>d = family sanctity1 especially = _! own sex4 ,b x w\ld probably be difficult to conv9ce mo/ wom5 t x is a m he9\s (f5se to secrete a c>d1 or ev5 ) ,nora 9 ,! ,doll's ,h\se1 to =ge a "n1 ?an to be unfai?ful4 ,x is n meant t ! av]age man or woman approves ei!r =m ( wrongdo+1 b t !re is a diff]5ce ( emphasis evid5c$ 9 ! public attitude4 ,9 view ( all ^! diff]5ces 9 nature1 occupation1 & social /&>d x may be said t h[ev] well husb& & wife may love ea* o!r1 few und]/& ea* o!r completely4 ,p]haps mo/ m5 d n und]/& wom5 at all4 ,correspond+ to ! psy*ologi/'s fallacy1 ^: evils h be5 depict$ by ,james1 !re is a mascul9e fallacy & a fem99e fallacy4 ,diff]5ce 9 ,age4--,! diff]5ce 9 age betwe5 p>5ts & *ildr5 br+s c]ta9 inevitable h9drances to complete und]/&+4 ,! mo/ ?or\ghgo+ is t p>5t & *ildr5 really /& concretely = ! two factors ( cont9uity & individual v>iation :i* confront ea* o!r 9 s _m =ms4 ,! p>5t has f\nd 8 place 9 ! social sy/em1 & is bo? /eadi$ & to "s ext5t made rigid by ! social tradition4 ,! *ild1 ?\gh to "s ext5t imitat+ & adopt+ ?is tradition1 has z yet little reason$ adh]5ce to x4 ,! impulses & exp&+ life d n f9d full expression 9 ! set ways already op51 & occasionally break out new *annels4 ,! cons]vatism ( ! p>5t may be a wis] & m social1 or m]ely a m h>d5$ & n>r[1 mode ( conduct2 "s ( ! *ild's v>iations may be irrational & p]nici\s to himself & society2 o!rs may promise a l>g] reasonabl5ess1 a m g5]\s social ord]--b mean:ile c]ta9 features ( ! conflict betwe5 reason & impulse1 ord] & *ange1 are con/antly appe>+4 ,diff]5ces 9 valuation are also inevitable & c be bridg$ only by an intellig5t sympa?y4 ,x is easy to consid] ?is or t to be ( slight importance to ! *ild :5 x is really 8 :ole _w = ! "t4 ,ev5 if he does get ov] x1 ! effect on ! disposition may rema91 & affect ! temp] or emotional life1 ev5 ?\gh n consci\sly rememb]$4 ,probably1 also1 mo/ p>5ts d n realize h[ e>ly a crude b sometimes ev5 passionate s5se = fairness develops1 or h[ diff]5t ! relative sett+ ( an act appe>s if judg$ f ! motives actually op]ative ) ! *ild1 & n f ^? :i* might produce su* an act 9 a gr[n-up4 ,mo/ p>5ts & *ildr5 love ea* o!r2 few rea* a complete und]/&+4 ,sec4 #d4 ,,special ,,conditions ,,:i* ,,give ,,rise ,,to ,,pres5t ,,problems ,9 addition to ! m g5]al conditions ( family life1 !re are c]ta9 conditions at pres5t op]ative :i* give rise to special problems1 or r emphasize c]ta9 aspects ( ! p]man5t problems4 ,! family is q analog\s to political society4 ,!re ne$s to be con/ant readju/m5t betwe5 ord] & progress1 betwe5 ! control ( ! society & ! fre$om ( ! individual4 ,! e>li] bonds ( cu/om or =ce h to be ex*ang$ 9 po9t aft] po9t = a m volunt>y & moral ord]4 ,9 ! words ( ,kant1 het]onomy mu/ /eadily give place to autonomy1 subord9ation ( rank or /atus to division ( labor ) equality 9 dignity4 ,! elem5ts ( /ra9 9 ! family life at pres5t may fairly be expect$ to give rise ultimately to a bett] con/itution ( its relations4 ,! special conditions are p>tly economic1 p>tly educational & political1 b ! g5]al process is a "p ( ! l>g] gr[? ( mod]n civilization ) ! increas+ developm5t ( individuality & desire = fre$om4 ,x is sometimes treat$ z if x affect$ only ! woman or ! *ildr52 9 reality x affects ! man z well1 ?\gh 9 less degree1 z 8 0 n ! subord9ate position4 ,! ,economic ,factors4--,! indu/rial revolution transf]r$ production f home to factory4 ,! h\sehold is no long] z a rule an indu/rial unit4 ,sp9n+1 weav+1 tailor+1 %oemak+1 soap-mak+1 iron- & wood-work+1 & o!r trades h gone to factories4 ,m51 "y unm>ri$ wom51 & to "s ext5t m>ri$ wom5 also1 h gone ) !m4 ,*ildr5 h lo/ association ) "o p>5t1 & 9 "s cases ) bo?4 ,! conc5tration ( indu/ry & bus9ess leads to cities4 ,"u pres5t means ( transportation ?is means ap>tm5ts in/ead ( h\ses1 x means less fre$om1 m /ra91 = bo? "m & *ildr51 & possible det]iorat+ effects ^u ! race :i* z yet are q outside any calculation4 ,b leav+ ?is unc]ta9 field ( effects ^u *ild life1 we notice c]ta9 pot5t effects ^u m5 & wom54 ,x might be a difficult "q to decide ! exact ga9s & losses = family life due to ! abs5ce ( ! man f home dur+ ! day4 ,on ! "o h&1 too con/ant association is a s\rce ( friction2 on ! o!r1 !re is likely to result "s loss ( sympa?y1 & :]e ! work+-day is long1 an almo/ absolute loss ( contact ) *ildr54 ,if *ildr5 are ! great natural ag5cies = cultivat+ t5d]ness & affection1 x is c]ta9ly un=tunate t fa!rs %\ld be depriv$ ( ?is education4 ,! effect ( ! indu/rial revolution ^u wom5 has be5 widely not$4 ,fir/ ( all1 ! op5+ ( an increas+ numb] ( occupations to wom5 has r5d]$ !m economically m indep5d5t4 ,!y are n =c$ to ! alt]native ( m>riage or dep5d5ce ^u relatives4 ,if already m>ri$1 ev5 al?\gh !y may h lo/ t\* to "s ext5t ) _! =m] occupation1 !y d n feel ! same compulsion to endure intol]able conditions 9 ! home r ?an aga9 attempt self-support4 ,an incid5tal effect ( ! entrance ( wom5 ^u organiz$ occupations1 ) def9ite h\rs & imp]sonal /&>ds1 is to br+ out m /rongly by contra/ ! belat$ condition ( dome/ic "w4 ,x is difficult to obta9 skill$ work]s = an occupation requir+ ne>ly d\ble ! /&>d numb] ( h\rs1 isolation in/ead ( companion%ip dur+ "w1 close p]sonal contact ) an employ]1 a measure ( control ov] conduct outside ( ! h\rs on duty1 & f9ally ! social inf]iority impli$ by an occupation :i* has 9 x survivals ( ! /atus ( ! old-"t s]vant4 ,inde$1 ! mi/ress ( ! h\se1 if %e does h] own "w1 doesn't altoge!r l h] situation4 ,!re is n[ no "o g5]al occupation :i* all m5 are expect$ to ma/] irrespective ( native ta/es & abilities4 ,if e male 7 oblig$ to make n only 8 own clo?+1 includ+ head- & foot-we>1 b t ( 8 :ole family1 unassi/$1 or ) practically unskill$ labor1 !re w\ld probably be z mu* misfit clo?+ z !re is n[ unsatisfactory home-mak+1 & possibly !re w\ld be an increase ( irritability & n]v\sness on ! "o side & ( criticism or des]tion on ! o!r1 :i* w\ld increase ! pres5t /ra9 ^u ! divorce c\rts4 ,to an increas+ numb] ( wom51 ! position ( be+ jack-at-all-trades & ma/]-(-none is irritat+4 ,! conviction t !re is a great wa/e ( ef=t )\t satisfactory results is m we>+ ?an ! actual do+ ( ! "w4 ,= ! m9ority ( wom5 :o d n keep h\se1 or :o c be reliev$ entirely ( dome/ic "w by exp]ts1 ! indu/rial revolution has a diff]5t s]ies ( possibilities4 ,if !re is a decid$ tal5t :i* has receiv$ adequate cultivation1 !re may be an opportunity = its ex]cise )\t s]i\s int]f]5ce ) family life1 b ! *ances are aga9/ x4 ,if ! woman _c leave h] home = ! entire day1 or if h] husb& reg>ds a ga9ful occupation on h] "p z a reflection ^u 8 ability to support ! family1 %e is practically %ut out f any occupation4 ,if %e has *ildr5 & has an intellig5t z well z an emotional int]e/ 9 _! welf>e1 !re is an unlimit$ field = sci5tific developm5t4 ,b if %e has no regul> useful occupation1 %e is n lead+ a normal life4 ,h] husb& v likely _c und]/& :y %e %\ld n1 9 ! words ( ,vebl51 p]=m vic>i\s leisure = him1 & be satisfi$ !re)4 ,if %e is satisfi$1 s mu* ! worse4 ,:e!r %e is satisfi$ or n1 %e is c]ta9ly n likely to gr[ m5tally or morally 9 su* an exi/5ce1 & ! family life w n be help$ by /agnation or frivolity4 ,9 c]ta9 classes ( society !re is "o economic feature :i* is probably responsible = _m petty annoyances & 9 "s cases = real degradation ( _s4 ,:5 ! family 0 an indu/rial unit1 :5 ex*ange 0 l>gely 9 b>t]1 x 0 natural to ?9k ( ! woman z a jo9t ag5t 9 production4 ,:5 ! production mov$ to factories & ! wage or ! weal? 0 paid to ! man & c\ld be kept 9 8 pocket or 8 *eck-book1 x became easy = him to ?9k ( himself z support+ ! family1 to p]mit himself to be ask$ = money = h\sehold exp5ses or ev5 = ! wife's p]sonal exp5ses1 & to consid] money us$ 9 ^! ways z gifts to 8 wife or *ildr54 ,wom5 h m or less resi/+ly acquiesc$ 9 ?is humiliat+ conception1 :i* is fatal to a real moral relation z well z to happ9ess4 ,x is z absurd a conception z x w\ld be to consid] ! receiv+ tell] 9 a bank z support+ ! bank1 or ! manag] ( a factory z support+ all ! workm54 ,! end ( ! family is n economic pr(it1 b mutual aid1 & ! cont9uance & progress ( ! race4 ,a division ( labor does n give sup]iority & inf]iority4 ,:5 "o consid]s :i* p>ty incurs ! great] risks1 & :i* works ) great] s+l5ess & s9c]ity = ! family1 x mu/ pass z "o ( ! extraord9>y sup]/itions t ! !ory ( economic dep5d5ce %\ld h ga9$ vogue4 ,cultural & ,political ,factors4--,educational1 cultural1 & political movem5ts re5=ce ! gr[+ s5se ( individuality4 ,educational & cultural advance /r5g!ns ! dem& t woman's life %all h z s]i\s a purpose z man's1 & t 9 c>ry+ on h] "w1 :e!r 9 ! family or )\t1 %e may h "s %>e 9 ! grasp ( m9d1 ! discipl9e ( "*1 & ! fre$om ( _s :i* come f ! sci5tific _s1 & f ! intellig5t1 effici5t organization ( "w by sci5tific me?ods4 ,political democracy draws increas+ att5tion to p]sonal dignity1 irrespective ( rank or weal?4 ,increas+ legal rights h be5 grant$ to wom5 until 9 mo/ po9ts !y are n[ equal be=e ! law1 al?\gh ! important exception ( suffrage /ill rema9s = ! mo/ "p4 ,"u ^! conditions x is increas+ly difficult to ma9ta9 a family union on any o!r basis ?an t ( equal fre$om1 equal responsibilities1 equal dignity & au?ority4 ,x w probably be f\nd t mo/ ( ! t5sion n[ especially felt 9 family life--aside f ^? cases ( maladaptation liable to occur "u any sy/em--results ei!r f lack ( recognition ( ?is equality1 or f ! m g5]al economic conditions :i* society z a :ole1 r ?an any p>ticul> family1 mu/ meet & *ange4 ,sec4 #e4 ,,unsettl$ ,,problems3 7#a7 ,,economic ,! family z an economic unit includes ! relation ( its memb]s to society bo? z produc]s & z consum]s4 ,! ,family & ,production4--,we h not$ ! indu/rial *anges :i* h seem$ to draw ! issue %>ply betwe5 ! home & outside occupations4 ,we h se5 t ! pres5t organization ( indu/ry1 bus9ess1 & ! pr(essions has sep>at$ mo/ ( ! occupations f ! family1 s t woman mu/ *oose betwe5 family & a specific occupation1 b _c ord9>ily comb9e ! two4 ,we h said t 9 requir+ all its wom5 to d ! same ?+ ! family seems to exclude !m f individual pursuits adapt$ to _! tal5ts1 & to exclude !m likewise f ! :ole sci5tific & te*nical pr(ici5cy ( mod]n life4 ,is ?is an inevitable dilemma8 ,^? :o ?9k x is divide into two p>ties1 :i* accept respectively ! opposite horns4 ,! "o p>ty inf]s t ! social division ( labor mu/ be3 man to c>ry on all occupations outside ! family1 woman to "w always )9 ! family4 ,! o!r p>ty inf]s t ! family life mu/ give way to ! indu/rial t5d5cy4 7#a7 ,! dome/ic !ory1 or z ,mrs4 ,bosanquet /yles x1 ! pseudo-dome/ic !ory1 is held s9c]ely by _m e>ne/ fri5ds ( ! family 9 bo? sexes4 ,!y feel /rongly ! fundam5tal necessity ( family life4 ,!y believe fur!r t !y are n seek+ to subord9ate woman to ! necessities ( ! race1 b r to give h] a unique position ( dignity & affection4 ,9 outside occupations %e mu/ usually be at a disadvantage 9 competition ) m51 because ( h] physical con/itution :i* ,nature has specializ$ = a diff]5t function4 ,9 ! family %e reigns supreme4 ,) mo/ wom5 life is n satisfi$1 exp]i5ce is n full1 complete consci\sness ( sex & individuality is n atta9$1 until !y h d>$ to ent] ^u ! full family relations4 ,let ^! be pres]v$ n m]ely = ! race1 b especially = woman's own sake4 ,fur!r1 x is urg$1 :5 woman ent]s competitive occupations outside ! home1 %e l[]s ! scale ( wages4 ,?is makes x h>d] = m5 to support families1 & !re=e m reluctant to e/abli% !m4 ,riehl urges t n only %\ld m>ri$ wom5 rema9 at home2 unm>ri$ wom5 %\ld play ! "p ( aunt 9 "s "o's h\sehold--he says alte ,tante1 b x is n necess>y to load ! !ory too heavily ) ! adjective4 7#b7 ,! o!r horn ( ! dilemma is accept$ by _m writ]s1 especially among sociali/s4 ,^! writ]s assume t ! family necess>ily involves n only an exclusively dome/ic life = all wom51 b also _! economic dep5d5ce4 ,!y believe ?is dep5d5ce to be n m]ely a survival ( b>b>ism1 b an actual immorality 9 its ex*ange ( sex attraction = economic support4 ,h5ce !y w\ld ab&on ! family or greatly modify x4 ,x mu/ no long] be co]cive2 x w be co]cive "u pres5t conditions4 ,fallacies 9 ! ,dilemma4--,ea* ( ^! positions involves a fallacy :i* releases u f ! necessity ( *oos+ betwe5 !m4 ,! root ( ! fallacy 9 ea* case is ! conception t ! economic /atus det]m9es ! moral end1 :]eas ! moral end ought to det]m9e ! economic /atus4 ,! fallacy ( ! pseudo-dome/ic !ory lies 9 suppos+ t ! home mu/ cont9ue its old economic =m or be de/roy$4 ,:at is ess5tial to ! family is t man & wife1 p>5ts & *ildr51 %\ld live 9 su* close & intimate relation t !y may be mutually helpful4 ,b x is n ess5tial t pres5t me?ods ( h\se con/ruction1 dome/ic s]vice1 & ! :ole indu/rial side ( home life be ma9ta9$ immutable4 ,!re is "o fundam5tal division ( labor betwe5 m5 & wom54 ,! woman :o takes m>riage at its full scope accepts ?is4 ,! l9es :i* x foll[s are drawn n s mu* by ! woman's inability to "w = h] family 9 ! outside _w--%e con/antly does s :5 ! dea? or illness ( h] husb& ?r[s ! d\ble burd5 ^u h]2 b f ! obvi\s fact t ! man is incapable ( ! m dome/ic duties incid5t ^u ! re>+ ( *ildr54#beh ,b ?is does n involve ! total life ( a woman1 nor does x imply t to be a good wife & "m e woman mu/ "u all possible advances ( indu/ry cont9ue to be cook1 seam/ress1 h\semaid1 & ! re/4 ,true x is t if a woman /eps out ( h] pr(ession or trade = five1 t51 tw5ty ye>s1 x is 9 _m cases difficult to re5t]4 ,b !re are "s occupations :]e total abs5ce is n necess>y4 ,!re are o!rs :]e h] add$ exp]i5ce ought to be an asset in/ead ( a h&icap4 ,a "m :o has be5 well tra9$ ought to be a f> m effective tea*] 9 h] :olesome & intellig5t influ5ce4 ,%e ought to be a m effici5t manag] or work] 9 ! great v>iety ( civic & social ent]prises ( bo? paid & unpaid "*4 ,!re is no d\bt t ! pres5t educational & social ord] is suff]+ because depriv$ ( ! compet5t s]vice :i* _m m>ri$ wom5 might r5d]1 j z wom5 9 _! turn are suff]+ = want ( cong5ial occupation1 suit$ to _! capacities & individual ta/es4 ,a gr[+ fre$om 9 economic pursuit w\ld improve ! home1 n injure x4 ,= no?+ t int]f]es ) normal developm5t is likely to prove b5eficial to ! family's highe/ int]e/4 ,! fallacy ( ^? :o w\ld aboli% ! family to emancipate woman f economic dep5d5ce is 9 suppos+ t because ! woman is n engag$ 9 a ga9ful occupation %e is !re=e be+ support$ by ! man = 8 own pleasure4 ,?is is to adopt ! absurd assumptions ( ! v condition !y d5\nce4 ,?is !ory at mo/1 applies to a m>riage :i* is conceiv$ f an entirely selfi% & comm]cial po9t ( view4 ,if a man m>ries = 8 own pleasure & is will+ to pay a ca% price2 if a woman m>ries = ca% or support & is will+ to pay ! price1 !re is no d\bt z to ! prop] t]m = su* a transaction4 ,! result is n a family 9 ! moral s5se1 & no c]emonies or legal =ms c make x moral4 ,a family 9 ! moral s5se exi/s = a common good1 n = selfi% use ( o!rs4 ,to secure ?is common good ea* memb] contributes a "p4 ,if bo? husb& & wife c>ry on ga9ful occupations1 well2 if "o is occupi$ outside ! home & ! o!r )91 well also4 ,if !re are *ildr51 ! woman is likely to h ! f> m difficult & we>+ half ( ! common labor4 ,:i* plan is foll[$1 i4e41 :e!r ! woman works outside or )9 ! home1 ought to dep5d on :i* plan is bett] on ! :ole = all conc]n$1 & ?is w dep5d l>gely on ! woman's own ability & ta/es1 & ^u ! numb] & age ( ! *ildr54 ,b ! economic relation is n ! ess5tial ?+4 ,! ess5tial ?+ is t ! economic be held entirely subord9ate to ! moral conception1 be=e m>riage & aft]4 ,! ,family z ,consum]4--,! relation ( ! family z consum] to society & to ! economic process at l>ge involves also an important moral problem4 ,= :ile production has be5 tak5 f ! home1 ! selective influ5ce ( ! family ov] production ?r\gh its direction ( consumption has proportionally increas$4 ,& 9 ?is field ! woman ( ! family is & %\ld be ! controll+ factor4 ,z yet only ! int]nal aspects h be5 consid]$4 ,mo/ wom5 reg>d x z _! duty to buy economically1 to secure heal?ful food1 & make _! funds g z f> z possible4 ,b ! moral responsibility does n /op "h4 ,! consum] may h an influ5ce 9 help+ to secure bett] conditions ( production1 su* z sanit>y work%ops1 reasonable h\rs1 dec5t wages1 by a :ite label4 ,b ?is is *iefly valuable 9 =m+ public op9ion to dem& workrooms free f disease & legal abolition ( sweat%ops & *ild labor4 ,! great] field = ! consum]s' control is 9 det]m9+ ! k9d ( goods t %all be produc$4 ,:at foods %all be produc$1 :at books writt51 :at plays pres5t$1 :at clo?+ made1 :at h\ses & :at furni%+ %all be provid$--all ?is may be l>gely det]m9$ by ! consum]s4 ,& ! value ( simplicity1 utility1 & g5u95ess1 is n limit$ to ! effects ^u ! family :i* consumes4 ,! workman :o makes fraudul5t goods c h>dly help be+ injur$4 ,! economic wa/e involv$ 9 ! production ( :at satisfies no p]man5t or real want is a s]i\s indictm5t ( our pres5t civilization4 ,x 0 said1 "u ! subject ( ! economic process1 t x 0 an e?ically desirable end to h increase ( goods1 & ( ! k9d want$4 ,we may n[ add a ?ird end3 x is important t society %\ld le>n to want ! k9ds ( goods :i* give happ9ess & n m]ely crude gratification4 ,m5 (t5 ne$ mo/ :at !y want lea/4 ,n only ! happ9ess ( life b its progress1 its unfold+ ( new capacities & int]e/s1 is det]m9$ l>gely by ! direction ( ! consumption4 ,woman is "h ! influ5tial factor4 ,if !re 7 no o!r reason = ! bett] & wid] education ( woman ?an ! desirability ( m intellig5t consumption1 society w\ld h ample gr\nd to dem& x4 ,sec4 #f4 ,,unsettl$ ,,problems3 7#b7 ,,political ,! family may be reg>d$ z a political unit1 fir/ 9 its implication ( "s control ( ! memb]s by ! common end1 & 9 ! second place 9 its relation to ! au?ority ( ! ,/ate4 #a4 ,au?ority )9 ! ,family4--,if ! political "* ( ! family 7 kept cle>ly 9 m9d1 ! int]nal relations ( ! memb]s ( ! family w\ld be on a f> m moral basis & !re w\ld be less reason = friction or p]sonal cla%es4 ,if !re is a gr\p ( p]sons :i* is to act z a unity1 !re mu/ be "s lead]%ip & control4 ,9 _m cases !re w be a common conviction z to ! fitte/ p]son to lead or direct1 b :]e ! gr\p is a p]man5t "o ) frequ5t occasions = div]g5t int]e/s1 unity has be5 ma9ta9$ ei!r by =ce or by "s ag5cy reg>d$ by ! p z embody+ _! common w4 ,9 ! e>lie/ =ms ( society ?is1 z we h se51 0 n cle>ly di/+ui%$ f p]sonal & individual comm&4 ,b z ! conception ( ! political work$ free f t ( ! p]sonal ag5t1 x c\ld be recogniz$ m & m t ! rul] 0 n ! man--n ,h5ry or ,william1--b ! ,k+ or ! ,p>liam5t1 z repres5t+ ! nation4 ,!n gov]nm5t became a m consci\sly moral act4 ,ob$i5ce 0 n humiliat+1 because ! memb]s 7 sov]eign z well z subject4 ,x 0 n het]onomy b autonomy4 ,9 ! family ! p]sonal relation is s close t ?is easily ov]%ad[s ! fact t !re is also a family relation ( a political sort4 ,! man 9 ! patri>*al family1 & s9ce1 has ex]cis$1 or has _h ! legal "r to ex]cise au?ority4 ,& ) ! legal !ory ( inequality to support him x is n /range t he %\ld (t5 h conceiv$ t ob$i5ce 0 due to him z a p]son1 & n to him z1 9 c]ta9 cases1 be/ repres5t+ ! jo9t purpose ( ! family1 j z 9 o!r cases ! woman be/ repres5ts ?is same purpose4 ,equality or ,inequality4--,b ev5 :5 !re _h be5 recognition ( a m ?an p]sonal attitude ! "q w\ld at once arise1 are ! memb]s ( a family to be consid]$ z ( equal or unequal importance8 ,! answ] until rec5tly has be5 unequivocal4 ,9 spite ( su* app>5t exceptions z *ivalry1 & ! c\rt paid to beauty or wit1 or ! honor accord$ to individual wives & mo!rs1 woman has seldom be5 tak5 s]i\sly 9 ! laws & in/itutions ( society4 ,opportunities = education & full p>ticipation 9 ! ?\ght & life ( civilization are v rec5t4 ,public s*ool education = girls is sc>cely a c5tury old4 ,college education = wom51 9 a g5]al s5se1 is ( ! pres5t g5]ation4 ,b ! conviction has /eadily ga9$ t democracy _c treat half ! race z inf]ior 9 dignity1 or exclude x f ! comrade%ip ( life4 ,"u primitive society a man 0 prim>ily a memb] ( a gr\p or ca/e1 & only second>ily a p]son4 ,a woman has be5 9 ?is situation z reg>ds h] sex4 ,%e is n[ ass]t+ a claim to be consid]$ prim>ily z a p]son1 r ?an z a woman4 ,?is g5]al movem5t1 l ! economic movem5t1 has seem$ to affect ! attitude ( unm>ri$ wom51 & to a less degree1 ( m51 t[>d m>riage1 & to involve an in/ability ( ! family tie4 ,! "q is !n ?is3 does ! family necess>ily involve inequality1 or c x be ma9ta9$ on a basis ( equality8 ,or to put ! same ?+ f ano!r angle3 if ! family & ! mod]n movem5t t[>d equality are at v>iance1 :i* ought to give way8 ,! pseudo-dome/ic !ory on ?is po9t is sugge/$ by its g5]al position on ! economic relations ( ! family z already /at$4 ,x believes t ! family mu/ be ma9ta9$ z a di/9ct sph]e ( life1 coord9ate 9 importance = social welf>e ) ! intellectual1 arti/ic1 & economic sph]es4 ,x holds1 fur!r1 t ! family c be ma9ta9$ 9 ?is position only if x be kept z a unique controll+ influ5ce 9 woman's life1 isolat$ f o!r sph]es4 ,?is ( c\rse involves an exclusion ( woman f a portion ( ! intellectual & political life1 & !re=e an inf]iority ( developm5t1 ev5 if !re is n an inf]iority ( capacity4 ,"s ( ?is s*ool h ma9ta9$ t 9 ,am]ica ! rapid advance 9 education & intellig5ce among wom5 has r5d]$ !m s sup]ior to ! av]age man :o has to leave s*ool = bus9ess at an e>ly age t !y are unwill+ to m>ry4 ,a ,g]man allit]ative def9ition ( woman's sph]e has be5 f\nd 9 ! f\r ,k's--,kir*e1 ,k9d]1 ,kue*e1 und ,kleid]4 ,if ! p]man5ce ( ! family re/s on ! ma9t5ance ( a relation ( inf]iority1 x is inde$ 9 a p]il\s /ate4 ,all ! social & political =ces are mak+ t[>d equality1 & f ! moral /&po9t x is impossible successfully to d5y ,mill's classic /atem5t1 ,! only s*ool ( g5u9e moral s5tim5t is society betwe5 equals4 ,b "s ( ! advocates ( equality h accept$ ! same fallaci\s sep>ation betwe5 ! family & mod]n culture4 ,!y h assum$ t ! family life mu/ cont9ue to be unsci5tific 9 its me?ods1 & meag] 9 its int]e/s4 ,"s wom5--l "s m5--und\bt$ly place a high] value on book le>n+1 musical & dramatic ent]ta9m5t1 & o!r by-products ( mod]n civilization ?an on ! elem5tal human sympa?ies & p[]s :i* ^! %\ld s]ve to enri*4 ,x is too easily grant$ t ! opportunity & duty ( woman z wife & "m are limit$ to a purely unsci5tific provision = physical wants to ! exclusion ( sci5tific me?ods1 intellectual comrade%ip1 & effective grappl+ ) moral problems4 ,isolation ,n ! ,solution4--,! solution = ! pres5t unre/ is !re=e to be f\nd n 9 =c+ ! sep>ation betwe5 ! family on ! "o h& & ! intellectual1 political1 & o!r aspects ( civilization on ! o!r1 b 9 a mutual p]meation4 ,!y ?9k v lightly ( ! elem5tal /r5g? ( sex & p>5tal in/9cts :o suppose t ^! are to be ov]slaugh$ 9 any great portion ( ! race by cultural int]e/s4 ,& x is to ignore ! hi/ory ( political progress to suppose t organic relations f\nd$ on equality & democracy are less /able ?an ^? re/+ on sup]iority & subord9ation4 ,! fact is t !re is no "p ( life s mu* 9 ne$ ( all t mod]n sci5ce c give1 & no field = intellectual p5etration & te*nological organization s great z ! family4 ,correlative ) its control ov] economic processes ?r\gh its position z consum]1 is its influ5ce ov] social1 educational1 & political life1 ?r\gh its relation to ! *ildr5 :o are con/antly r5ew+ ! /ructure4 ,to fulfill ! possibilities & ev5 ! duties ( family life "u mod]n conditions requires bo? sci5tific tra9+ & civic activity4 ,provisions = heal? & in/ruction & prop] social life 9 s*ool1 provisions = p>ks & good municipal h\sekeep+1 = public heal? & public morals1--^! dem& ! intellig5t int]e/ ( ! p>5t & h 9 mo/ cases _! natural motive 9 ! family necessities4 ,a !ory ( ! family :i* w\ld limit ! p>5t1 especially ! "m1 to ! home ne$s fir/ to def9e ! limits ( ! home4 ,to measure its responsibilities by ! limit ( ! /reet door is z absurd z to suppose t ! sph]e ( ju/ice is limit$ by ! walls ( ! c\rtroom4 ,a broad] education = wom5 is c]ta9ly ju/ifi$ by precisely ?is l>g] mean+ ( ! c>e ( *ildr5 & ( ! family int]e/s4 ,! ?+s ( greate/ importance to human life h sc>cely be5 t\*$ z yet by sci5ce4 ,we "k m ab\t a/rophysics ?an ab\t heal? & disease2 m ab\t wa/e 9 /eam p[] ?an ab\t wa/e 9 foods1 or 9 education2 m ab\t classical ar*aeology ?an ab\t ! actual causes ( pov]ty1 alcoholism1 pro/itution1 & *ildlessness1 ! *ief enemies ( home life4 ,9 ! light ( ! actual possibilities & ne$s ( family life two positions seem equally absurd3 ! "o t family life c be pres]v$ be/ by isolat+ x1 & p>ticul>ly its wom51 f culture2 ! o!r1 t x does n af=d an opportunity = a full life4 ,nei!r ( ^! errors c be correct$ ap>t f ! o!r4 ,x is 9 ! mutual p]meation & int]action ( ! respective sph]es ( family & cultural life1 n 9 _! isolation1 t ! family is to be /r5g!n$4 ,"h1 z 9 ! economic field1 no "o family c succe$ entirely by itself4 ,! problem is l>gely a social "o4 ,b e family :i* is free & yet unit$1 :i* %[s comrade%ip z well z mutual devotion1 is =c+ ! issue & prep>+ ! way = ! m p]fect family ( ! future4 #b4 ,au?ority ov] ! ,family3 ,divorce4--,! /ra9s :i* h be5 notic$ 9 ! =ego+ p>agraphs h c5t]$ public att5tion on ! outw>d symptoms ( unre/ & maladaptation4 ,curr5t discussions ( family problems are likely to turn l>gely ^u ! increase ( divorce4 ,= ! reasons :i* h be5 giv5 !re has d\btless be5 increas+ t5d5cy to seek divorce1 & ?is may cont9ue until m /able conditions are rea*$4 ,n[ t ! au?ority ( ! *ur* is less implicitly accept$1 individuals are ?r[n back ^u _! own volunt>y controls1 & :e!r m>riages are arrang$ by p>5ts z 9 ,france1 or =m$ almo/ solely on ! initiative & unguid$ w ( ! p>ties z 9 ,am]ica1 ! result is mu* ! same4 ,two classes ( p]sons seek divorce4 ,^? ( individuali/ic temp]am5t1 :o h =m$ ! m>riage = selfi% ends or 9 frivol\s mom5ts1 are likely to f9d its con/ra9ts irksome :5 ! expect$ happ9ess fails to be realiz$ & ! *>m ( novelty is pa/4 ,?is is simply "o type ( immoral conduct :i* may be some:at *eck$ by public op9ion or legal re/ra9t1 b c be ov]come only by a m s]i\s & social attitude t[>d all life4 ,! o!r class f9ds 9 ! bond itself1 "u c]ta9 conditions1 a seem+ly fatal ob/acle to ! v purpose :i* x 0 design$ to promote3 unfai?fulness1 cruelty1 habitual intoxication1 & o!r less co>se1 b equally effective modes ( behavior may be de/ructive ( ! common life & morally injuri\s to ! *ildr54 ,or ali5ation ( _s may leave ext]nal companion%ip empty ( moral unity & value1 if n positively oppos$ to self-respect4 ,?is class is evid5tly actuat$ by s9c]e motives4 ,h[ f> society may be ju/ifi$ 9 p]mitt+ dissolution ( ! family "u ^! conditions1 & h[ f> x may prop]ly insi/ on "s p]sonal sacrifice = ! sake ( l>g] social ends is simply ano!r =m ( ! problem :i* we consid]$ 9 ! economic field--! anti!sis betwe5 individual rights & public welf>e4 ,! solution 9 ea* case _c be rea*$ by any ext]nal rule4 ,x w be f\nd only 9 ! gradual socializ+ ( ! individual on ! "o h&1 & 9 ! correlative developm5t ( society to ! po9t :]e x respects all its memb]s & makes great] fre$om possible = !m on ! o!r4 ,mean:ile x mu/ n be ov]look$ t ! v conception ( p]man5ce 9 ! union1 upheld by ! /ate1 is itself effective t[>d ?\ghtful & well-consid]$ action aft] z well z be=e m>riage4 ,"s causes ( friction may be remov$1 "s t5d5cies to ali5ation may be suppress$1 if ! situation is resolutely fac$ f ! /&po9t ( a l>g] social int]e/ r ?an f t ( mom5t>y or private conc]n4 ,g5]al ,law ( ,social ,heal?4--,divorce is a symptom r ?an a disease4 ,! ma9 reliance 9 cases ( family pa?ology1 z = ! diseases ( ! indu/rial & economic sy/em1 is along ! l9es :i* mod]n sci5ce is pursu+ 9 ! field ( m$ic9e4 ,x is isolat+ c]ta9 specific organisms :i* invade ! sy/em "u favorable circum/ances & di/urb its equilibrium4 ,b x f9ds t ! be/1 & 9 fact ! only ultimate protection aga9/ disease is 9 ! g5]al resi/+ p[] ( ! liv+ process4 ,?is p[] may be tempor>ily aid$ by /imulation or surg]y1 b ! ultimate s\rce ( its r5ewal is f\nd 9 ! /eady rebuild+ ( new /ructures to replace ! old /agnation2 ! ret5tion ( brok5-d[n tissues means weakness & dang]4 ,! social organism does n escape ?is law4 ,sci5ce w succe$ 9 po9t+ out ! specific causes = _m ( ! moral evils f :i* we suff]4 ,pov]ty1 crime1 social inju/ice1 break+ d[n ( ! family1 political corruption1 are n all to be accept$ simply z evils or wick$ness 9 g5]al4 ,9 _m cases _! am\nt may be greatly r$uc$ :5 we und]/& _! specific causes & apply a specific rem$y4 ,b ! great reliance is ^u ! primal =ces :i* h br\ght mank9d s f> along ! l9e ( advance4 ,! con/ant remak+ ( values 9 ! se>* = ! g5u9ely satisfy+1 ! con/ant =m+1 criticiz+1 & re%ap+ ( ideals1 ! rev]5ce = a l>g] law ( life & a m ?an individual moral ord]1 ! outgo+ ( sympa?y & love1 ! dem& = ju/ice--all ^! are ! =ces :i* h built our pres5t social sy/em1 & ^! mu/ cont9ually re%ape x into m adequate expressions ( g5u9e moral life if x is to cont9ue unimpair$ or 9 great] vigor4 ,we d n "k 9 any full s5se :5ce ! life ( ! _s comes1 & we _c1 :ile /&+ ^u ! plat=m ( e?ics1 pr$ict its future4 ,b if our /udy has %[n any?+1 x is t ! moral is a life1 n a some?+ ready made & complete once = all4 ,x is in/9ct ) movem5t & /ruggle1 & x is precisely ! new & s]i\s situations :i* call out new vigor & lift x to high] levels4 ,e?ical sci5ce trac+ ?is process ( gr[?1 has z its aim n to create life--= ! life is pres5t already1--b to discov] its laws & pr9ciples4 ,& ?is %\ld aid 9 mak+ its fur!r advance /rong]1 fre]1 & m assur$ because m intellig5t4 ,,lit]ature ,on ! e>ly hi/ory ( ! ,family1 see ! works cit$ at close ( *4 ii42 also ,/>cke1 ,! ,primitive ,family1 #ahhi2 ,we/]m>ck1 ,! ,hi/ory ( ,human ,m>riage1 #aija2 ,h[>d1 ,a ,hi/ory ( ,matrimonial ,in/itutions1 #c vols41 #aijd4 ,on pres5t problems3 ,h4 ,bosanquet1 ,! ,family1 #aijf2 ,p>sons1 ,! ,family1 #aijf2 ,bryce1 ,m>riage & ,divorce 9 ,roman & 9 ,engli% ,law1 9 ,/udies 9 ,hi/ory & ,jurisprud5ce1 #aija2 ,ellis1 ,man & ,woman2 ,?omas1 ,sex & ,society1 #aijf2 ,bebel1 ,woman & ,socialism2 ,riehl1 ,die ,familie4 ,,footnotes3 #bdi ,morals 9 ,evolution1 ,"p ,i41 p4 #baf4 #bej ,h[>d1 ,hi/ory ( ,matrimonial ,in/itutions1 ,i41 *4 vii4 #bea ,pollock & ,maitl&1 ,hi/4 ,eng4 ,law1 ,,ii41 #chc1 quot$ 9 ,h[>d1 ,i41 #cbe-bf4 #beb ,eck/e91 ,woman "u ,mona/icism1 p4 #dgh4 #bec ,hobh\se1 op4 cit41 ,i41 #bah4 #bed ,hel5 ,bosanquet1 ,! ,family1 p4 #cac3 ',!y mu/ h9d] y\r "w v mu*1' ,i said to a "m busy ab\t ! kit*51 ) a two-ye>-old cl++ to h] skirt4 ',i'd nev] get ?r\gh my "w )\t !m1' 0 ! in/ant rejo9d]1 & 9 x lay ! answ] to mu* ( our s5tim5tal commis]ation ( h>d-work$ mo!rs4 ,x may be h>d to c>ry on ! drudg]y ( daily life ) ! little ones clamor+ ar\nd2 x is t5 times h>d] )\t1 = %e] lack ( some?+ to make x wor? :ile4 #bee ,bosanquet1 ,"p ,,ii41 *4 x4 #bef ,man & ,woman4 #beg ,sex & ,society4 #beh ,hel5 ,bosanquet1 ,! ,family1 p4 #bgb4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,index ,abel>d1 #aej f4 ,a*an1 #ah1 #bi1 #fj1 #ajd ,addams1 ,jane1 #add ,aes*ylus1 #aab1 #aaf1 #aci ,ae/hetic1 9 ,greek valuation ( conduct1 #ia1 #aab1 #aaf f41 #acc f41 #ace n41 #acg1 #djf1 #daj ,ag5cy1 public1 see ,public ,ag5cy2 rationaliz+1 #dj-b2 socializ+1 #db-h ,altruism1 discussion ( !ories conc]n+1 #chd-ia2 altrui/ic spr+s1 #che2 true & false1 #chg-h2 contra/$ ) social ju/ice1 #chi ,amos1 #he ,approbation1 #cii1 #djb ,angell1 #i ,aqu9as1 ,?omas1 #aej ,ari/ophanes1 #aab ,ari/otle1 on ! crit]ion ( a moral act1 #ab1 #cg1 #bjb2 on nature & ! natural1 #g1 #abg f42 on ! ,/ate1 #abg ff42 ,eudaemonism1 #acd2 ! mean1 #acd2 on highm9d$ness1 #ace2 on ! reflective life1 #ach2 on ! good man1 #bgi1 #cbd2 on ! "r1 #cjf n42 on ju/ice1 #dad2 ref]r$ to1 #bcj1 #dee ,arnold1 ,m41 #ia1 #cch ,art & arts1 z a rationaliz+ ag5cy1 #da f42 z a socializ+ ag5cy1 #de f42 create new int]e/s1 #gi f42 ,hebrew1 #ajg2 ,greek1 #aab1 #aad f42 m$iaeval1 #adg1 #adi2 ,*ur* & mod]n1 #aee2 z a good t is %>able1 #eei ,asceticism1 #ade1 #ahe1 #cff1 #egf ,attitude1 def9$1 #bbi2 emphasiz$ by "o type ( !ory1 #bcf-g1 #bdj2 relation to w1 #bdf2 see ,motive & ,h[ ,augu/9e1 #aej ,aurelius1 ,m>cus1 #acf ,au?ority1 ( gr\p1 #bf f42 beh9d cu/oms1 #eb2 9 ,israel's religion1 #if f42 ( cu/om *all5g$ 9 ,greece1 #aaa ff41 #aai ff42 ( ! *ur*1 #ade-g2 conflict ( reason )1 #afe f42 ( duty1 #cdd2 9 ! family1 #eii f42 see ,duty1 ,control1 ,/&>d ,autonomy1 z ess5ce ( moral duty1 #bbe2 ,kant's conception (1 #afi1 #cdf1 #ceb2 9 lat] utilit>ianism1 #cfa2 9 ,/ate & ! family1 #eii f42 see ,control1 ,duty1 ,law1 ,/ate ,au/ralian cu/oms1 m>riage1 #bb2 initiatory1 #eh f42 regulat$ duel1 #fc ,bacon1 ,francis1 #d1 #afd1 #afe ,bacon1 ,rog]1 #afd ,bagehot1 #ec ,ba91 on happ9ess1 #bfe2 on utilit>ianism1 #bhf2 8 acc\nt ( duty1 #cef-h ,balzac1 #ahi ,bay>d1 ,*evali]1 #adi ,b5evol5ce1 #afj f41 #cge-ia ,b5?am1 on motive1 #bbh1 #bdg-h1 #ced2 on moral sci5ce1 #bce2 on disposition1 #bed-e2 on pleasure & happ9ess1 #bfd1 #bhf2 on utilit>ian calculus1 #bge-f2 d5ial ( quality ( pleasure1 #bhb2 on pleasure ( sympa?y1 #bia2 democratic individualism (1 #ebe ,black/one1 #egh ,blood feud1 #bh1 #fb f41 #gj1 #def ,boniface ,,viii41 ,bull (1 #adg ,bosanquet1 ,hel51 #ehd1 #eie f4 ,bryce1 ,james1 #adf ,caes>1 #ah ,capital & labor1 #dii1 #eja f41 #eje f41 #ecb1 #edb f4 ,capitalism1 z me?od ( indu/ry1 #gh1 #aeh-fj1 #dih f41 #ejh1 #ech1 #ede2 see ,capital1 ,corporation ,c>elessness1 #dfb-d ,c>lyle1 criticism ( individualism1 #afa1 #aib2 ( utilit>ianism1 #bfe1 #bhi n4 ,casui/ry1 #cbe-h ,categorical ,imp]ative1 #cdd ,celts1 clan sy/em (1 #add2 see also ,irel&1 ,wel% ,"*1 =mation (1 #i f42 organization (1 9 gr\p morality1 #gb2 9 ,hebrews1 #ajd-f2 among ,greeks1 #ach-da2 relation to desire & delib]ation1 #bjb2 moral importance (1 #bbi1 #bcc2 relation to w1 #bdf2 relation to conduct1 ,*apt] ,,xiii42 & disposition1 #bed-g2 measures ! pleasant & unpleasant1 #bgg-i2 unification (1 #bhc2 its recon/ruction1 #cdc1 #cfb2 recogniz$ by law1 #dfj f4 ,*>ity1 9 ,middle ,ages1 #adf1 #aeg2 & "r to life1 #ddd2 see ,b5evol5ce ,*a/ity1 #adf1 #agg ,*ief1 au?ority (1 #fa ,*ild-labor1 #aic f41 #ddd1 #dhi1 #ech1 #edj f4 ,*9ese cu/oms1 #ag f41 #fi ,*ivalry1 #adi f4 ,*ri/ian conceptions1 love1 #ajj2 sacrifice1 #ajb2 fai?1 #ajc2 fre$om1 #ajh2 social ord]1 #aji1 #ahg2 asceticism & au?ority1 #ade f41 #cfd2 unity ( memb]s1 #adg2 moral value ( labor1 #aef2 relation to social ord]1 #ahd ff42 see ,*ur*1 ,hebrew ,*ur*1 its contribution to mod]n morality1 #adb2 its ideals1 #ade2 & jural !ory ( morals1 #bah f42 its influ5ce on hi/ory ( ! family1 #egf-h2 see also ,religion ,cic]o1 #aeb ,civil ,society1 ,*apt] ,,xxi42 def9$1 #dea2 re=m ( its adm9i/ration1 #dga-c ,cl>k1 ,j4 ,b41 #edb ,class ideals1 ( ,greeks1 #aaf f42 ( ,g]mans & ,celts1 #add f42 honor &1 #hf f42 z s\rce ( moral t]ms1 #age f4 ,class int]e/s1 #hd1 #id1 #aai-bd1 #abg1 #afb1 #dgd ,clos$ %op1 #eei-fa ,collective ,ag5cies1 see ,corporations1 ,labor ,union1 ,public ,ag5cy1 ,socialism ,collectivism1 its =mula1 #dhd2 contra/$ ) socialism1 #eef ,colonna1 ,aegidius1 #adg ,communism1 #afa ,competition1 mod]n !ory (1 #aeh1 #eca1 #edb2 t5ds to de/roy itself1 #ecb1 #ech2 crude me?od ( select+ ability1 #eei2 ,c>lyle on1 #afa ,conduct1 z subject ( e?ics1 #a2 two aspects (1 #b2 ?ree /ages (1 #h-aj2 ?ree levels (1 #cg-i2 fir/ level1 ,*apt] ,,iii42 second level1 ,*apt] ,,iv42 ?ird level1 ,*apt]s ,v4-,,viii42 nature (1 #bje1 #bcg-h2 relation to "*1 ,*apt] ,,xiii42 place ( happ9ess 91 ,*apt] ,,xiv42 place ( reason 91 ,*apt] ,,xvi4 ,conflict+ s]vices1 problem (1 #dic ,consci5ce1 transition f cu/om to1 #gc f41 #agi2 ,greek symbols (1 #aci f42 ,/oic sugge/ion (1 #adj f42 ) ,abel>d1 #aea2 mean+ (1 #ahc1 #ahh f42 analysis (1 see ,intuitionalism1 ,k1 ,reason ,consci5ti\sness1 #dje1 #dcd ,consequ5ces1 ,*apt] ,,xiii42 importance (1 #bcd-e1 #bch2 d5i$ by ,kant1 #bdb-d2 :5 =ese5 =m int5tion1 #bdg2 practical importance1 #bea2 z moral sanctions1 #ceh-fj2 z self-realization1 #cib2 accid5tal1 #dei-fj2 c>eless1 #dfc ,cont5t1 see ,consequ5ces1 & ,:at ,contracts1 v]sus /atus1 #bj2 !ory & value (1 #aeh1 #deb f41 #dif2 ( little b5efit to wage-e>n]1 #ejc-e1 #ebi f42 z ob/acle to legislation1 #eje f42 analyz$1 #ebg ff4 ,control1 ! "r z1 #g2 9 primitive gr\p1 #bf-i1 #cb1 #cd1 #eb2 primitive means ( en=c+1 #ed ff42 *all5g$ 9 ,greece1 #aah ff42 problem (1 #bag-i2 !ories conc]n+1 #bbe1 #bcb2 ext]nal & int]nal1 #cec-fa2 self-control1 #djg2 see ,jural1 ,law1 ,/&>d1 ,"r ,conv5tion1 9 ,greek morals & e?ics1 #aaa f41 #abd f4 ,coop]ation1 & mutual aid1 #dc2 9 indu/ry1 #dc2 9 w>1 #dd f42 9 art1 #de f42 z organiz$ 9 corporations & unions1 #die-ejg ,corporations1 moral difficulties (1 #dih2 managem5t (1 #ejj f42 relations to employes & public1 #eja ff42 require new types ( morality1 #eag-bb2 capitalization (1 #efa ff4 ,corruption1 political1 #dgg1 #ecg-i ,c\langes1 #ai ,c\rage1 #db1 #aah1 #daj-ac ,c\rts1 primitive1 #fa2 z s*ool ( morality1 #ahb f42 z in/rum5ts ( oppression1 #aie2 civil1 e?ical value (1 #ded2 9 labor disputes1 #ejd f42 on police p[]1 #eje f41 #eee f42 recognition ( public welf>e by1 #eee f4 ,cov5ant1 9 ,hebrew moral developm5t1 #id ff4 ,crim9al ,proc$ure1 re=m (1 #dfh-i ,crit]ion ( ! moral1 #e-ac1 #bjb ff42 ( ! good & "r1 typical !ories (1 #bbd ff42 see ,good1 ,"r1 ,kant1 ,utilit>ianism1 ,plato1 ,ari/otle ,crusades1 #aed ,cunn+ham1 ,w41 #aeg ,cu/om1 & ! t]m e?ics1 #a2 9 e>ly gr\p life1 #ag ff42 z second level ( conduct1 #ch1 #ea2 g5]al discussion (1 #ea ff41 #aga ff42 educational1 #eg ff42 jural1 #ei ff42 bir?1 m>riage1 dea?1 #fd f42 fe/al1 #fe2 hospitality1 #fg f42 values & defects (1 #fh ff42 transition to consci5ce f1 #gc ff42 transition among ,hebrews1 #ie f42 among ,greeks1 #aaj ff42 oppos$ to nature1 #abj f42 ,grote on1 #agb f42 comp>$ ) reflective morality1 #agb ff42 & moral rules1 #ccj-b1 #dca ,cultus1 ( ,hebrew prie/hood1 #ig ff4 ,cynics1 #aab1 #abe f4 ,cyr5aics1 #aab1 #abe f4 ,dante1 #aej ,d>w9ism1 & morals1 #cga f42 see ,naturalism ,delib]ation1 #bjb1 #cai2 & intuition1 #cbb-c2 & consci5ce1 #dba2 ( crucial importance1 #dfd ,democracy1 9 ,greece1 #aai f42 developm5t (1 #aea ff41 #afb f42 moral1 #cjc2 & moral problems1 #dgd-ha2 ! corporation 9 relation to1 #ejj2 & economic problems1 #eba f42 & individualism1 #ecj1 #ece2 z ag5cy1 #eeh2 & ! family1 #eid1 #fjj f4 ,desc>tes1 #afd f4 ,desire1 h$oni/ic !ory (1 #bfi2 relation to pleasure1 #bgj-a2 to happ9ess1 #bgb-c2 & reason1 #cjh2 _! organization1 #cag2 conflict ) duty1 #cci-df2 & temp]ance1 #djf-h ,dh>na1 #fc ,di/ribution1 !ories (1 #ede-ej2 pres5t inequalities 91 #ede2 individualism &1 #edf2 equal division1 #edg2 a work+ programme1 #edh-ej ,divorce1 #egd f41 #egg1 #fjc-e ,dom9icans1 #adi f4 ,duty1 ,*apt] ,,xvii42 ,/oic conception1 #adj f42 orig9 ( ! t]m1 #agf2 /&po9t (1 #bcb2 d\ble mean+ (1 #ccg2 conflict ) desire1 #cdj2 explanation (1 #cdb-d1 #cfb-c2 au?ority (1 #cdd2 social "* (1 #cde2 ,kant's view1 #cdf-eb2 utilit>ian view (1 #cec-fb ,ea/man1 ,*>les1 #dc1 #ed1 #fj ,eck/e91 #egg ,economic conditions & =ces1 9 k9%ip & family gr\ps1 #bd f42 help to effect transition f gr\p morality to consci5ce1 #gf2 among ,hebrews1 #ic f42 among ,greeks1 #aai ff42 mod]n1 #aee-fc2 9 reflective morality1 #aid2 re/rict physical fre$om1 #ddd2 & fre$om ( ?\ght1 #ddg2 legislative re=m (1 #dha2 9 relation to happ9ess & "*1 #dhg ff42 social aspects (1 #dia ff42 require e?ical readju/m5t1 #dif1 #eag-bb2 imp]sonal "*1 #eaa f42 e?ical pr9ciples1 #ead ff42 unsettl$ problems1 #ebc-fe ,education1 moral significance (1 #afh f42 "r to1 #ddf f42 re/rictions ^u1 #ddh f42 z a means ( ju/ice1 #edh f41 #eeg f4 ,egoism1 #bad1 #beh1 #cjc1 #dbc1 #dfg2 h$oni/ic1 #bhh-i 7see ,*apt] ,,xv472 naturali/ic !ory (1 #cfh-gd2 contra/$ ) altruism1 #cge2 explanation (1 #cgg-ha2 reasonable self-love1 #chb2 see ,self1 ,individualism ,ellis1 ,h41 #ehd ,eliot1 ,george1 #aed1 #cja ,em]son1 #cdi1 #cej1 #ddf n41 #dgj1 #eha ,empiricism1 #bbf1 #bca1 #cjf2 discussion (1 #cbi-cb ,ends1 & ,means1 #baj2 relation ( happ9ess to1 #bgc-d2 utilit>ian1 conflicts ) its h$oni/ic motive1 #bhi2 social & rational1 #cad2 k+dom (1 #cae & #dcc ,enlight5m5t1 p]iod (1 #afc1 #afe ff4 ,epictetus1 #adj ,epicureans1 !ory ( life1 #abe1 #ace1 #bah2 on fri5d%ip1 #abe1 #acj1 #ahg ,e?ics1 def9ition1 #a2 d]ivation ( t]m1 #a2 specific problem (1 #b2 me?od (1 #c-ac ,e?os1 mean+1 #a2 ,*apt] ,,iv41 #age ,eudaemonism1 #acd1 #bcj2 see ,happ9ess1 ,self-realization ,euripides1 #aab1 #aaf1 #aci ,evil1 problem (1 9 ,israel1 #ajj ff4 ,excitem5t1 & pleasure1 #djh ,ezekiel1 on p]sonal responsibility1 #ajd ,fagan1 ,j4 ,o41 #ejc ,family1 or ,h\sehold ,gr\p1 #bc-ca2 z an ag5cy 9 e>ly society1 #dg-i2 z affect$ by reflective morality1 #aic2 & contract1 #dec2 hi/ory (1 #ega-h2 psy*ological basis (1 #egh-hd2 /ra9 91 #ehd-i2 pres5t factors ( /ra9 91 #eij-d2 & ! economic ord]1 #eid-i2 au?ority 91 #eii-fjc2 & divorce1 #fjc-e ,feel+s1 ! h$oni/ic ultimate1 #bbe2 an ambigu\s t]m1 #bdi-ea2 ,mill on importance (1 #bid ,feud1 see ,blood ,feud ,fi*te1 #dij ,fi%]1 ,g4 ,p41 #adc ,fiske1 ,john1 #eha ,fran*ises1 abuses (1 #eci ,franciscans1 #adi f4 ,francke1 ,kuno1 #adi ,fre$om1 ,paul9e conception1 #ajh2 =mal & real1 #aeh ff41 #dcg-i1 #dhc f41 #ebe f41 #ebi1 #edi2 see ,rights ,freund1 ,e41 #eee ,galileo1 #afd ,g5etic ,me?od 9 ,e?ics1 #c ,g5tleman1 9 ,greece1 #aaf f42 m$iaeval & class ideal (1 #add f41 #adi1 #aee-g ,g5ung1 ,j4 ,f41 #ajb ,george1 ,h5ry1 #afb1 #eaj f4 ,g]mans1 cu/oms (1 #ah1 #ec2 "* & ideals1 #adc f41 #adi2 family among1 #ege f4 ,gold5 ,rule2 #ccd ,good1 !1 z subject ( e?ics1 #a1 #g f41 #ab1 #bjc-e1 #bae1 #bcf1 #bda2 orig9 ( ! conception ( moral1 #ahc f42 9 gr\p morality1 #fi-gb2 ,hebrew ideals (1 #ajg-i2 significance 9 ,greek ?\ght1 #aac1 #aag1 #aai1 #abd2 ,greek individuali/ic & h$oni/ic !ories (1 #abf2 ,plato on1 #aca-d1 #acf f41 #adj2 ,ari/otle on1 #acd f41 #ach2 & mod]n civilization1 #aed ff41 #eeg f42 z happ9ess1 #afi1 ,*apt] ,,xiv42 private & g5]al1 #bhi-cjj1 #cjh2 ! true1 #bjh1 #bhd1 #cjb2 good m5 z /&>d1 #bgi1 #cbd2 rational & s5su\s1 #ccg2 weal? z1 #dhg2 see ,happ9ess1 ,value ,goodness1 #bcc1 #bea2 =mal & mat]ial1 #bei n42 ( "*1 #bgi2 & happ9ess1 #bhd2 & social int]e/1 #bih2 intr9sic1 #cah-bj2 & progress1 #dbb2 see ,virtue ,gov]nm5t1 di/ru/ (1 #dgd2 re=m (1 #dgi-hj2 see also ,/ate ,gray1 ,j4 ,h41 #ag ,greeks1 e>ly cu/oms1 #ah f41 #df2 comp>$ ) ,hebrews1 #ia f42 moral developm5t (1 #aaa-da1 #aig1 #bae1 #bag f4 ,gre51 on duty1 #bbe2 on h$onism1 #bfi2 on practical value ( utilit>ianism1 #bhg-h2 on moral progress1 #dbi ,grosscup1 ,judge1 #eeb ,grote1 #ai1 #agb f41 #agh ,gr\p ideal1 m$iaeval1 #add f42 see ,class ,ideal ,gr\p ,life1 e>ly1 ,*apt] ,,ii42 necess>y to und]/& moral life1 #ag2 typical facts (1 #ag2 k9%ip1 #ba ff42 family1 #bc ff42 own]%ip ( l& 91 #bd2 o!r economic aspects (1 #be f42 political aspects (1 #bf-cj2 rights & responsibilities ( individual 91 #bg-cj2 religi\s aspects (1 #cj-b2 age & sex gr\ps 91 #cb-d2 moral significance (1 #cd f4 ,gr\p ,morality1 #cd f41 #ea ff42 values & defects (1 #fh-gc2 9 e>ly ,hebrew life1 #ib2 9 ,middle ,ages1 #add f42 p]si/5ce (1 #agc-h2 9 legal progress1 #def2 & int]national relations1 #dha f42 9 indu/rial conflicts1 #ejj ,habit1 & "*1 #i f41 #ab1 #bjb2 effect on k1 #cai2 effect ^u desire1 #cdb-c ,hadley1 ,a4 ,t41 #dge n41 #dhh1 #efc ,hammurabi1 ,code (1 #hb1 #aje1 #egd ,happ9ess1 & pleasure1 #bcj1 #bfc2 ambiguity 9 conception (1 #bff2 relation to desire1 #bgb-d2 z /&>d1 #bge-hj2 elem5ts 9 its con/itution1 #bha-c2 f9al or moral1 #bhd2 g5]al1 #bhf2 & sympa?y1 #cjj-c2 & effici5cy1 #cgc2 private & public1 #cie-g2 see ,eudaemonism1 ,good ,hazlitt1 on ,b5?am1 #bfh2 on excitem5t1 #dji n4 ,he>n1 #bd ,hebrews1 e>ly morality1 #ah2 moral developm5t1 #ia-aaj2 comp>$ ) ,greek1 #ia ,h$onism1 #bcj2 ,hebrew1 #ajf f42 ,greek1 #abf1 #acb f42 criticism (1 #bfi-ge2 univ]sali/ic1 #bhf2 egoi/ic "* (1 #bhi-id2 ,kant's1 #cji2 p>adox (1 #ceb2 its !ory ( duty1 #cec ,hegel1 on in/itutional "* ( morals1 #bbe-f ,high-m9d$ness1 ,ari/otle's description (1 #ace n4 ,hobh\se1 ,l4 ,t41 on =mation ( cu/om1 #ed2 on social ord] & individuality1 #dbh2 on ! family1 #ege f41 #egg ,hoeffd+1 #bec n4 ,hone/y1 #ahh1 #dad1 #dif ,honor1 #he-h1 #add f41 #agf ,hosea1 #ie ,hospitality1 9 gr\p morality1 #fg ,h[1 !1 9 conduct1 #e-h1 #bbh f41 #bdj2 9 gr\p morality1 #fi f42 9 ,hebrew morality1 #ajb ff42 9 ,greek e?ics1 #acf ff42 see ,attitude ,h[>d1 #egf ,ibs51 #hb1 #ajj1 #aeg1 #cjc1 #ehh ,ideal1 vs4 actual 9 ,greek ?\ght1 #acf-h2 mean+ (1 #dba f4 ,india1 cu/oms (1 #bf1 #fc1 #ebd ,indians 7,am]ican71 #be1 #dc1 #ed1 #fj ,indiff]5t ,acts1 #bje-f1 #baj-aa ,individual1 !1 9 e>ly gr\p life1 #bj1 #bb f41 #bg-cj1 #cd1 #ga f42 collision ( ) gr\p1 #gd1 #ge f41 #hb ff41 #hh1 #ahd-g1 #dcb2 among ,hebrews1 #ajd2 developm5t (1 9 mod]n civilization1 #adh-fi2 z affect$ by reflective morality1 #ahg-ib2 & society1 #dbg-cf2 relation to corporations & unions1 #ejj-c2 see ,individualism1 ,self ,individualism1 z factor 9 transition f cu/om to consci5ce1 #ge2 =ces produc+1 #gf-hg2 9 ,israel1 #id1 #ajb1 #ajd2 9 ,greece1 #aad-bd1 #dcb2 9 ,greek e?ical !ory1 #abd-f2 9 mod]n _w1 #adi-fc1 #ahd-f1 #bbj-c1 #dcb f42 9 e?ical !ory1 #bbe f41 #bij2 ,c>lyle's criticism (1 #bfe f42 h$oni/ic1 #bhi ff41 #cja f42 z self-ass]tion1 #cfh-ge2 true & false1 #dha2 political =mula (1 #dhc f42 9 economic !ory1 #ebc-ce2 democratic1 #ebe1 #ecj f42 survival ( ! fitte/1 #ebe1 #ecb-d2 values1 #ebg f41 #edh f42 does n secure real fre$om1 #ebi2 nor ju/ice1 #ecj ff41 #ece1 #edf f42 o!r defects (1 #eea ff42 9 ,u4 ,s4 ,con/itution1 #ecd2 on une>n$ increm5t1 #efd f42 9 family1 #fjd2 see ,individual1 ,self ,indu/ry1 z a rationaliz+ ag5cy1 #ci-db2 diff]5tiation 91 #da2 z a socializ+ ag5cy1 #db f42 factor 9 effect+ transition f cu/om to consci5ce1 #gf-h2 mod]n developm5t (1 #aee-i2 ag5cies (1 #dig ,initiation1 9 primitive tribes1 #eh ,in/itutions1 #aib-e1 #bbb1 #bbe-f2 see ,*apt] ,,xx4 ,int5tion1 & ,motive1 #bdf-ed1 #beg-h1 #bfa2 & accid5t1 #fc1 #ajd1 #dei-fj2 see ,delib]ation ,intuitionalism1 #bbf1 #bcb1 #cjf2 discussion (1 #cag-be2 & casui/ry1 #cbe-h ,irel&1 anci5t law (1 #bd f41 #fb1 #hc ,israel1 moral developm5t (1 #ia-aaj1 #aig ,james1 ,william1 on ! social self1 #he-g2 on animal activity1 #bjd2 on effect ( emotion on ideas1 #bec ,japanese morality1 #ah ,jesus1 #ajf f41 #aji ,job1 moral !ory 91 #ig1 #aja f41 #ajf ,judgm5ts1 moral2 see ,moral ,jural influ5ce1 #g1 #ajc1 #aac f41 #agg1 #bah-i1 #bbd1 #cbh1 #cec-f1 #dci1 #ded-e1 #dfg-h ,ju/ice1 9 primitive society1 #bg f42 z ,hebrew ideal1 #id f41 #ii f41 #ajh f42 9 ,greek !ory1 #aac f42 natural & conv5tional1 #abj f42 z int]e/ ( ! /rong]1 #abb-d2 mod]n dem& =1 #adh1 #afa ff42 & *>ity1 #adh1 #chi f42 virtue (1 #dad-g2 developm5t ( civil1 #def-fc2 =mal & sub/antial1 #dfe f41 #eca2 social1 #afa1 #daj1 #eba1 #eef-h2 ! new1 #dif f42 & individualism1 #ecj-e2 9 di/ribution1 !ories (1 #ede-ej ,kafirs1 clan%ip among1 #ai1 #ce ,kant1 on unsocial sociabl5ess ( man1 #ge2 =ces ( progress1 #hg f42 8 ,critique ( ,pure ,reason1 #aff2 on dignity ( man1 #afg2 g5]al /&po9t1 #afi2 individualism (1 #aia2 & ! law ( nature1 #bbb n42 on moral law1 #bbh-i2 on ! ,good ,w1 #bda-c2 8 !ory ( w discuss$1 #bda-df2 on egoi/ic h$onism1 #bhi2 !ory ( practical reason1 #cji-ag2 !ory ( duty1 #cdd1 #cdf-eb2 on legality & morality1 #dcb2 cf4 also #bca1 #dib1 #ehj ,kidd1 ,dudley1 #ai1 #bc1 #ce ,k9%ip1 #ba ff42 see ,gr\p ,life ,k1 place 9 morals1 #bae2 !ories (1 #bca-b2 close connection ) emotion1 #bef n42 ) "*1 #bgi2 see ,*apt] ,,xvi42 ,kant's !ory (1 #cji-af2 intuitional !ory (1 #cag-bd2 casui/ical view1 #cbe-i2 pr9ciples 91 #ccc-d2 & sympa?y1 #ccd2 & consci5ce1 #dah-bc ,labor1 diff]5tiation (1 9 e>ly society1 #da2 ! g5tleman &1 #aef2 *ur* &1 #aef2 & ! law1 #ejd-g2 conditions (1 #edj f42 ( wom5 & *ildr51 #edj f42 exploitation (1 #edb-d2 ,pr(4 ,seag]'s programme = b5efit (1 #eff ff42 see ,indu/ry1 ,labor ,union1 ,capital ,labor ,union1 moral aspects (1 #dii f42 revives gr\p morality1 #ejj2 relations to ! law1 #ejc ff42 disadvantages (1 #ejc-f2 viol5ce (1 #eda2 op5 & clos$ %op1 #eei ff4 ,laissez-faire1 #afa1 #dge ,l&1 une>n$ increm5t1 #eaj f41 #efd f4 ,lanke/]1 ,ray1 #afh ,law1 z control 9 gr\p life1 #ei-fc2 9 ,hebrew moral developm5t1 #ie-h2 righte\sness ( !1 #ajc2 ,greek conceptions (1 #aah-bc2 ( nature1 #acj1 #acf1 #aeb1 #bbb2 ,roman1 #adb1 #aeb1 #bbb2 & gov]nm5t1 #aid f42 z def9+ rights1 #ded2 developm5t (1 #def ff42 =mal 91 #dfe2 ne$$ re=ms 91 #dfh ff42 relation to corporations & unions1 #ejc-g2 ne$$ to embody & en=ce moral /&>ds1 #ebj f42 moral1 see ,jural2 & ,"r2 see ,civil ,society1 ,c\rts1 ,ju/ice1 ,legal1 ,/ate ,legal & ,moral1 #agg1 #ahb f41 #dcc1 #dci1 #ded-e1 #dfg-h2 see also ,jural1 ,law1 ,"r ,leibniz1 #afe ,levels ( conduct1 #cg-i1 #ea1 #gc ,liability1 equals ext]nal responsibility1 #dcf ,lib]ty1 /ruggle =1 #hd f42 see ,fre$om1 ,rights ,life1 ,hebrew & ,*ri/ian moral ideal1 #ajg2 ! moral z1 #fjf ,locke1 on natural rights1 #aeb2 on ! natural light1 #aff2 8 ,essay1 #aff2 on dang] ( fix$ rules1 #cbi ,love1 betwe5 ! sexes1 #ajg2 psy*ological analysis (1 #egh ff42 z moral ideal1 #ajj1 #ajh f4 ,lubbock1 #dbh ,ma*9e1 9 production1 #ejg f4 ,mac,lennan1 #bd ,magic1 contra/$ ) religion1 #cj n42 influ5ce on morals1 #deg f42 see ,taboos ,ma9e1 /atus & contract1 #bj2 ,slav families1 #fj ,mallock1 ,w4 ,h41 #ecc ,m>riage1 regulations =1 9 gr\p morality1 #fd f42 violation (1 provokes moral reflection1 #ajf2 9 reflective morality1 #aic2 & contract1 #dec2 ,roman1 #egd f42 *ur* views (1 #egf f42 see ,divorce1 ,family1 ,sex ,m>ti1 #ih ,mead1 ,g4 ,h41 #afd ,mean1 ,ari/otle's conception (1 #acd f4 ,measure1 among ,greeks1 #aab f4 ,m5's clubs & h\ses1 #cb f4 ,micah1 #ii ,mill1 ,john ,/u>t1 on ,b5?am's me?od1 #bce n42 on motive & int5tion1 #bdh2 on disposition1 #bed2 on p>tial & complete int5t1 #bef2 on ! desirable1 #bfe2 on ! quality ( pleasure1 #bgi-hj2 on utilit>ian /&>d1 #bhf2 on g5]al happ9ess1 #bij2 criticism ( ,b5?am1 #bic2 on desire = social unity1 #bid1 #bie1 #bif2 on p]sonal affections1 #bii n42 on g5]al rules1 #ccj2 z democratic individuali/1 #ebe2 on private prop]ty1 #eec f41 #eef2 on equality 9 ! family1 #fja ,mona/icism1 #adi f41 #ahe f41 #ahg2 wom5 "u1 #egf f4 ,moral1 d]ivation ( t]m1 #a f42 *>act]i/ics (1 #e-ac1 #di f41 #ea1 #gc1 #hi1 #bja-aa2 conceptions1 d]ivation (1 #age-g2 diff]5tiation (1 #agg-ib2 see ,morality ,morality1 cu/om>y or gr\p1 #ea ff42 def9$1 #gc2 ,hebrew1 #ia ff4 7,*apt] ,,vi472 ,greek1 #aaa ff4 7,*apt] ,,vii472 ,mod]n1 #adb ff42 cu/om>y & reflective1 comp>$1 #aga ff42 subjective & objective1 #bei2 ,kant's view (1 #cji-aj2 social nature (1 #dca2 & legality1 #dcc1 #dci2 *anges 91 necessitat$ by pres5t economic conditions1 #dif f41 #eag ff4 ,mores1 or cu/oms1 ,*apt] ,,iv42 def9ition1 #ea2 au?ority & orig9 (1 #eb-d2 means ( en=c+1 #ed-g1 #agb ,moses1 #hb ,motives1 #baf1 #bbh1 #bcg2 9 cu/om>y morality1 #gj2 purity (1 insi/$ on by ,hebrews1 #aje f42 relation to ef=t & a*ievem5t1 #bdc-f2 relation to int5tion1 #bdf-ed1 #beg-h1 #bfa2 h$oni/ic !ory (1 criticiz$1 #bgc1 #bhh-ib2 sympa?y z1 #bih-cjj2 ,kantian view (1 #cdf-h2 egoi/ic1 #cgi-hj2 altrui/ic1 #che-f2 9 bus9ess1 #ech1 #eda f4 ,naturalism1 e?ical1 #cfi-ge2 & individualism1 9 ! economic1 #ebe1 #ecb-d2 see ,nature ,nature1 oppos$ to conv5tion among ,greeks1 #aaa f42 #abd-ca1 #ace2 9 mod]n developm5t ( rights1 #aeb f42 v]sus artificiality ( society1 #bba f42 see ,naturalism ,nemesis1 #acb1 #aci ,newton1 #afe ,nietzs*e1 #hb1 #abb1 #cgj n4 ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 developm5t ( intellig5ce 91 #afc ,obligations1 #ahf2 & responsibility1 #ddj2 & rights1 #dda2 see ,duty ,opportunity1 equal1 #ebf f41 #edi ,optimism & c\rage1 #dab-c ,oregon case1 decision ( ,u4 ,s4 ,supreme ,c\rt 91 #edj ,ought1 #agf2 see ,duty ,ow51 #afa ,paley1 #ced n4 ,p>sifal1 #adi ,p>ties1 political1 #dgh ,paul1 8 e?ics1 #ajj1 #ajh f4 ,peace1 z moral ideal1 #ajh ,p]fectionism1 #bca ,pessimism1 & c\rage1 #dac ,p9d>1 #abb ,plato1 on ! necessity ( ! moral s5se1 #b2 moral influ5ce ( art1 #db2 duty to /rang]s1 #fg2 on measure1 #aab2 religi\s critic1 #aaf2 on ! g5tleman1 #aag2 pres5ts argum5ts ( individuali/s1 #abj ff42 on ! ,/ate1 #abg1 #abi f42 on ! good1 #aca ff42 on pleasure1 #acb f42 on ! ideal1 #acf ff42 on ! self1 #adj2 on rule ( weal?y1 #dia2 on private prop]ty1 #did ,pleasure1 good measur$ by1 among e>ly ,hebrews1 #ajg2 ,greek doctr9es (1 #abe f41 #acb f42 n ! object ( desire1 #bfi-ga2 quality1 #bgi1 #bhb1 #cjj2 relation to happ9ess1 #bcj1 #bha-c2 & sympa?y1 #bia-b2 control (1 #djg-h ,police ,p[]1 #eje-g1 #edj f41 #eee f4 ,pollock & ,maitl&1 #dfj1 #egf ,po/1 #fa ,pr9ciples1 #agi2 nature (1 #ccc-d2 z motives1 #cej-b ,problems ( ,moral ,!ory1 ,*apt] ,,xi4 7#baa-bc72 classifi$1 #bja1 #bad-e1 #bci1 #bfc1 #cjg ,production1 moral co/ (1 #dhi2 effici5cy (1 9 individuali/ic sy/ems1 #ebg2 regulation (1 #ebh f4 ,prop]ty1 9 primitive gr\ps1 #bd-f2 taboo z sub/itute =1 #ee2 z factor 9 gr[? ( individualism1 #gi f41 #hc1 #id1 #aai f42 ,plato on1 #acj2 ! ,*ur* on1 #adf f42 & weal?1 #dhg f42 & "*1 #dij2 social aspects (1 #dia f42 private1 & social welf>e1 #dic-e2 implies public s]vice1 #eae-g2 value ( private1 #eea2 defects 9 pres5t sy/em1 #eea ff4 ,prophets1 ,hebrew1 #ii f4 ,protagoras1 #b ,prote/antism1 conception ( m>riage1 #egg ,public ,ag5cy1 !ory (1 #ebe1 ,*apt] ,,xxv42 advantages claim$ by1 #ecg ff4 ,public own]%ip1 #did f4 ,publicity1 necessity (1 #eaa f41 #ebj f4 ,puni%m5t1 z necessitat+ moral judgm5t1 #if f42 evil view$ z by ,hebrews1 #if f41 #aja2 & duty1 #cec-e2 & ju/ice1 #dag2 & social welf>e1 #ddb-c2 & int5t1 #dfa2 re=m (1 #dgj ,puritans1 conception ( ,god-giv5 rights1 #aeb2 ( art1 #aee2 emphasiz$ value ( "w1 #aef ,reason1 z elem5t 9 ! moral1 #aj1 #ab1 #dj-b2 z /&>d among ,greeks1 #ia1 #aca f41 #acd2 age (1 #afc1 #aff2 see ,*apt] ,,xvi42 def9$1 #cjf2 relation to desire1 #cjh2 a priori ( ,kant1 #caj2 is social1 #cae2 value ( pr9ciples1 #ccc2 & sympa?y1 #ccd2 opposition to desire1 #cch1 #cdj2 & virtue1 #dje2 & consci5ti\sness1 #dah-bc ,religion1 9 e>ly gr\p life1 #cj-b2 socializ+ =ce1 #ha f42 moral ag5cy among ,hebrews1 #id-ajb2 ,greek1 #aae f41 #aci-da2 ideals ( m$iaeval1 #ade-g2 mod]n developm5t (1 #adh-ej2 & cu/om>y morality1 #ahj2 9 reflective morality1 #aie ff41 #dcb1 #ddh2 z sanction ( ! family1 #ehb2 see ,*ur*4 ,r5aissance1 #afc ff4 ,responsibility1 collective1 9 gr\p life1 #ag-bj1 #fc1 #gj1 #ajb2 developm5t ( p]sonal1 #ajd f41 #ada1 #aec1 #aeh1 #ahb f42 mean+ (1 #dcf-i2 = accid5ts1 #deh-fj2 = c>elessness & neglig5ce1 #dfc-e2 z affect$ by mod]n economic conditions1 #ejj-c1 #eai f4 ,rev]5ce1 #cj n41 #ei1 #ga1 #adj1 #djg ,revolution1 ,am]ican1 #aeb2 ,engli%1 #aea2 ,fr5*1 #aeb2 ,indu/rial1 #aei1 #eia ,riehl1 ,w41 #eie ,"r1 z subject ( e?ics & moral judgm5ts1 #a-c1 #cg f41 #bja-c1 #bae1 #bah1 #bbd1 #cjg ff42 mean+ (1 #g f41 #agg1 #ahb f41 #bbd f42 z /&>d1 #g1 #fi1 #hi1 #ig2 among ,hebrews z righte\sness1 #ajb-d1 #aji2 among ,greeks z ju/ice1 #aac f41 #adj2 see also ,jural1 ,ju/ice1 ,law1 ,reason1 ,/&>d ,righte\sness1 typical !me 9 ,hebrew morality1 #ia f41 #ii1 #aja1 #ajb ff41 #aji1 #ahh2 z ju/ice1 #dad2 see ,"r1 ,ju/ice ,rights1 developm5t (1 #hc ff41 #aea ff42 natural1 #aeb f42 mod]n ass]tion (1 #ahf2 & fre$om1 #ddj2 & obligations1 #dda2 physical1 #ddb-d2 m5tal1 #dde-i2 civil1 #deb2 contract1 #deb2 ( association1 #dec2 to use ( c\rts1 #ded2 developm5t ( civil1 #def-ff2 political1 #dgc-d ,ritual1 #ee ,romantici/s1 on art & morality1 #aee ,rome1 gov]nm5t & law1 contribution to mod]n morality (1 #adb1 #aeb1 #bah1 #bbb2 patri>*al family1 #egb1 #egd f4 ,ross1 ,e4 ,a41 #ebj ,r\sseau1 #aeb f41 #bba ,rules1 g5]al1 #cbe-ce2 & casui/ry1 #cbf-h2 & legalism1 #cbh-i2 utilit>ian view (1 #cbi-cb2 di/+ui%$ f pr9ciples1 #ccc-d ,sanctions1 ,b5?am's !ory (1 #ced2 int]nal1 #cei ,sceptics1 #ace1 #bah ,s*ill]1 #db2 on ,kant1 #cdi ,s*op5hau]1 #hb ,s*urtz1 #cc ,sci5ce1 z ag5cy 9 effect+ ! transition f cu/om to consci5ce1 #gh-hj2 9 ,greek developm5t1 #aad-i2 9 mod]n p]iod1 #aee1 #afg f42 influ5ce on morals1 #dfi1 #dgc-f2 z promot+ ju/ice1 #eeg-i2 & family problems1 #eic f41 #fja-c ,seag]1 ,h5ry ,r41 programme ( social legislation1 #eff ff4 ,secret societies1 #cc ,seebohm1 ,f41 #bi1 #fa ,self1 high] & l[]1 #e1 #cdg f42 social1 h[ built up1 #aa1 #hf ff42 individual & tribal or clan1 #bc f42 ,greek conception (1 #ach-da2 ! tw(old1 #caj2 ,arnold on1 #cch2 ,kant on1 #cdg2 z social1 #bid1 #cde2 fictiti\s !ory (1 #bba1 #cfa2 !ories reg>d+ its nature1 see ,*apt] ,,xviii42 self-d5ial1 #cfd-h2 self-ass]tion1 #cfh-gd2 self-love & b5evol5ce1 #cge-ia2 self-realization1 #cia-d2 see ,individual1 ,self-sacrifice ,self-sacrifice1 #cff-h2 cf4 #ajb1 #bih-cjd1 #chj-b1 #chh-ia1 #cic-e ,s5eca1 #adj ,s5se1 moral1 #cag-bb ,sex1 gr\ps on ! basis (1 #cb f42 z a socializ+ ag5cy1 #dg f42 z prompt+ to self-ass]tion1 #hb2 taboos1 #ee1 #fj1 #fe2 9 ,hebrew conceptions1 #ih1 #ajg2 9 diff]5t /&>ds = m5 & wom51 #adb ff42 vices1 #hb1 #ahi2 psy*ology (1 #egh-ha2 diff]5ces betwe5 ! sexes1 #ehd-h ,%aksp]e1 #bc1 #fb1 #ig1 #aed1 #aig ,%op1 op5 vs4 clos$1 #eei ,simmons & ,wigmore1 #ah ,sidgwick1 ,h41 #bfe n41 #bhf ,s91 #ih1 #ajc f41 #ajh ,slav gr\ps1 #bj1 #bd f41 #fj1 #hc ,slav]y1 #hd ,smi?1 ,adam1 on ! =mation ( consci5ce1 #ada2 on sympa?y1 #afj2 ,!ory ( ,moral ,s5tim5ts1 #aff2 z individuali/1 #ebe1 #ebg ,smi?1 ,ar?ur1 #fi ,smi?1 ,h4 ,p41 #ajf ,smi?1 ,j4 ,a41 #eee ,smi?1 ,munroe1 #eee f4 ,smi?1 ,w4 ,rob]tson1 #bi f4 ,social ,ends1 ( utilit>ianism1 #bhg 7see ,*apt] ,,xv471 #bif2 & happ9ess1 #cjb-c2 & rationality1 #cad2 & duties1 #cch1 #cde2 & altruism1 #chi-ij2 & individuality1 #dcj ,socialism1 doctr9e (1 #afb1 #ebc1 #ebe f41 #ece2 on production1 #ecg ff42 9 decision ( ,u4 ,s4 ,supreme ,c\rt1 #eef2 see ,public ,ag5cy1 ,collectivism1 ,individualism ,socializ+ ,process & ,ag5cies1 #aa1 #cc1 #db f41 #dg f41 #eg ff41 #ahf1 #aia ,socrates1 #e1 #aaf1 #aah ,sophocles1 #ce1 #aab1 #aah1 #aci f4 ,spahr1 ,c4 ,b41 #ede ,sp>go1 ,john1 #edc ,spee*1 fre$om (1 #ddf ,sp5c] 7,baldw971 & ,gill5 7,f4 ,b471 #bb1 #eh f4 ,sp5c]1 ,h]b]t1 on primitive morality1 #gj2 on nature & morality1 #eb1 #ec2 on conduct z indiff]5t & z e?ical1 #bje-f2 on feel+ z ultimate end1 #bbe2 on consequ5ces1 #bcd n42 on happ9ess #bfe n42 on duty1 #ceh-fj2 on ae/hetic +r$i5ts ( happ9ess1 #cgd n42 on rew>d & m]it1 #eae2 on volunt>y limitation ( competition1 #ecb ,sp9oza1 #hb1 #bec n41 #cig1 #daj n4 ,/&>d1 "r z1 #g2 9 gr\p morality1 #cd2 cu/om z1 #ch1 #ea f41 #fa1 #fi f42 law ( deity z1 #ie-g1 #ajc2 measure z1 #aab2 popul>1 9 ,greece1 #aaf f42 felt necessity ( 9 ,greece1 #aah1 #abd2 = pleasure1 #acb f42 ! mean z1 #ace f42 importance (1 #ach2 utilit>ians confuse ) object ( desire1 #bff-i2 :y necess>y1 #bgd2 happ9ess z1 #bge-hj2 g5]al happ9ess z1 ,*apt] ,,xv42 ! rational1 #cjg2 revision (1 #dbb2 ( political action1 #dhb-e ,/&>d ( liv+1 #ejc1 #ejd n41 #ebb1 #edj-b2 ,pr(essor ,seag]'s programme =1 #eff-gj ,/ate1 !1 e>ly gr\p z g]m (1 #bf-cj1 #fa f42 z be>] ( moral ideals 9 ,israel1 #ib f41 #ajj1 #ajh f42 9 ,greece1 #abg2 au?ority *all5g$1 #aah-bd2 ,plato & ,ari/otle on1 #abg-cj2 & ,*ur*1 #adf f41 #aej2 moral effect ( organization (1 #aid f42 moral value (1 #dcd-f2 def9$1 #dea2 see ,*apt] ,,xxi4 ,/eph51 on love ( happ9ess1 #bgc2 on egoism1 #cgh n42 also #bfe n4 ,/ev5son1 ,mrs4 ,m4 ,c41 #ff ,/oics1 ! wise man (1 #ace2 on foll[+ nature1 #acf2 on inn] self1 #adj2 natural law1 #acf1 #adb1 #aeb1 #bbb2 on conflict betwe5 ! moral & ! actual ord]1 #ahe2 cosmopolitanism1 #ahg2 on control ( passions1 #bag ,sumn]1 on mores1 #ea2 on luck1 #ec2 on taboo1 #ee2 on ,e?os1 #age2 gladiatorial %[s1 #ahi2 on relation betwe5 goodness & happ9ess1 #cif n4 ,su!rl&1 #dh ,sympa!tic ,res5tm5t1 #dd1 #di1 #gj2 see ,sympa?y ,sympa?y1 z factor 9 socialization1 #aa1 #ce1 #dd2 fo/]$ by art1 #de f42 & family life1 #dg f42 & hospitality1 #fh2 :5 moral1 #di1 #gj2 9 ! moral judgm5t1 #ada n42 mod]n developm5t (1 #afj f42 ,b5?am's view (1 #bia-b2 ,mill's view (1 #bic-d2 importance (1 #bih-i2 pr9ciple ( k1 #ccd2 & duty1 #cdh-i2 & effici5cy1 #cgj-c2 & ?\ghtfulness1 #dfe2 see ,sympa!tic ,res5tm5t ,taboos1 #ee1 #fj f42 ,hebrew1 #if2 survival (1 9 mod]n life1 #agd ,t>iff1 protective1 #efj ,taxation1 #eee ,teleological1 types ( moral !ory1 #bbd2 see ,good1 ,value ,temp]ance1 #dje-aj2 ,greek view (1 #aag1 #djf2 ,roman1 #djg2 ,*ri/ian1 #djh ,!odorus1 #abf ,!ory1 relation to practice1 #d1 #bab1 #fjf2 types (1 classifi$ & discuss$1 #bbd-ci2 see also ,problems ,?omas1 ,w41 #ehd ,?oreau1 #dhi ,totem gr\ps1 #cj ,torts1 #dee ,toynbee1 ,a41 #dib ,trades ,unions1 see ,labor ,union ,une>n$ ,increm5t1 #eaj f41 #efd f4 ,unit$ ,/ates1 individualism 91 #eed2 ,supreme ,c\rt decisions1 #eee f4 ,utilit>ianism1 relation (1 to mod]n civilization1 #afi2 !ory ( int5tion1 #bdf-eb2 !ory ( ! good1 ,*apt]s ,,xiv4 & ,,xv42 me?od (1 #bge2 introduction ( ! idea ( quality1 #bgi2 its social /&>d1 ,*apt] ,,xv42 !ory ( g5]al rules1 #cbi-ca2 !ory ( duty1 #cec-fa2 see also ,b5?am1 ,mill ,valuation1 *ang$ basis (1 #ejh-aa2 see ,value ,value1 z high] & l[]1 #f1 #aig2 ! good z1 #g f41 #ab2 measure (1 among ,hebrews1 #ajg f42 "q & /&>d (1 among ! ,greeks1 #aaf1 #aai1 #abe ff42 9 mod]n civilization1 #aec-g1 #afi1 #aid2 trans=mation (1 #ahf f41 #eeh2 moral1 & incompatible ends1 #bjg-i2 & teleological !ories1 #bbd2 ( ,good ,w1 #bda ,vebl51 ,t4 ,b41 #dhh1 #eae1 #eib ,vices1 ( reflective /age ( morality1 #ahi ff4 ,virtue1 #bcj1 #cig1 ,*apt] ,,xix42 orig9 ( t]m1 #aef1 #agf2 g5]al mean+1 #bcj1 #cig2 9 ,greek popul> usage1 #aag f42 z mean1 #acd2 z wisdom1 #ace2 highm9d$ness z1 #ace2 mean+ 9 gr\p morality1 #agf2 old-fa%ion$1 #ahh2 def9$1 #cii-djb2 classifi$1 #djb-c2 aspects (1 #djc-d2 c>d9al1 #dje ,voltaire1 #aff1 #aie ,volunt>y ,action1 its nature1 #i f41 #bja f42 ess5tial to morality1 #ab f41 #ci1 #di f41 #gc1 #hi2 ag5cies t5d+ to evoke1 #eg1 #ge ff42 cov5ant z imply+1 #ie2 fundam5tal1 9 ,hebrew morality1 #ia1 #aje f42 relation to moral !ories1 #bbg2 divid$ into inn] & out]1 #bbg-cj2 #bcg-i1 #bfa1 #dcb2 place ( motive & endeavor1 #bdc-f2 place ( disposition1 #bed-h2 & accid5t1 #dei-fj2 see ,conduct ,w>1 z ag5cy 9 developm5t1 #db1 #dd1 #ff1 #hd2 & "r to life1 #ddb f42 & organiz$ humanity1 #dhb ,weal?1 9 ,israel1 #ic f42 9 ,greece1 #aai ff42 & prop]ty1 #dhg f42 subord9ate to p]sonality1 #ead2 %\ld dep5d on activity1 #ead f42 implies public s]vice1 #eae-g2 di/ribution (1 #eba f41 #ede ff42 see ,prop]ty ,wel%1 k9 gr\p1 #bi1 #fa ,w]gild1 #cj1 #fb ,we/]m>ck1 #fg1 #gj1 #dei ,:at1 !1 mean+ (1 #e-h2 9 gr\p morality1 #ga2 9 ,hebrew morality1 #ajb ff42 9 ,greek !ory1 #abe ff42 relation to ! h[ z out] to inn]1 #bbh-ci2 see ,attitude1 ,consequ5ces1 ,h[ ,wilam[itz-,moell5dorf1 #ah ,w9delb&1 #abf ,wisdom1 z *ief excell5ce or virtue ) ,plato1 #aah2 ,ari/otle1 #ace2 ,sceptics1 ,epicureans1 & ,/oics1 #ace2 z /&>d = pleasure1 #acc2 nurse ( all ! virtues1 #dje2 z consci5ti\sness1 #dah-bc ,woman1 z leisure class1 #aeg1 #ahh2 z labor]1 protection =1 #dhi1 #edj2 & ! family1 #egb ff42 subord9ation (1 #egd f42 h] temp]am5tal & occupational di/9ction f man1 #ehd ff42 effect ( indu/rial revolution ^u1 #eia f42 & occupations1 #eid ff42 det]m9es consumption1 #eih f42 use ( high] tra9+ =1 #eii1 #fjb2 see ,family1 ,m>riage1 ,sex ,"w1 see ,indu/ry1 ,labor ,wor?1 see ,value ,wyclif1 #aej ,x5ophon1 #aae f4 ,zuni c]emonies1 #ff 99 99 99 99 99 ,am]ican ,sci5ce ,s]ies ,physics4 ,by ,a4 ,l4 ,,kimball1 ,pr(essor 9 ,amh]/ ,college4 ,physics4 ,by ,,george ,f4 ,,b>k]4 ,*emi/ry4 ,by ,,ira ,,rems51 ,presid5t ( ! ,johns ,hopk9s ,univ]sity4 ,a/ronomy4 ,by ,,simon ,,newcomb & ,,edw>d ,s4 ,,hold54 ,geology4 ,by ,,?omas ,c4 ,,*amb]l9 & ,,roll9 ,d4 ,,salisbury1 ,pr(essors 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,*icago4 ,physiography4 ,by ,,roll9 ,d4 ,,salisbury1 ,pr(essor 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,*icago4 ,g5]al ,biology4 ,by ,,william ,t4 ,,s$gwick1 ,pr(essor 9 ! ,mass4 ,in/itute1 & ,,edmund ,b4 ,,wilson1 ,pr(essor 9 ,columbia ,univ]sity4 ,botany4 ,by ,,*>les ,e4 ,,bessey1 ,pr(essor 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,nebraska4 ,zoology4 ,by ,a4 ,s4 ,,pack>d1 ,pr(essor 9 ,br[n ,univ]sity4 ,! ,human ,body4 ,by ,h4 ,,newell ,,m>t94 ,psy*ology4 ,by ,,william ,,james1 ,pr(essor 9 ,h>v>d ,univ]sity4 ,e?ics4 ,by ,,john ,,dewey1 ,pr(essor 9 ,columbia ,univ]sity1 & ,,james ,h4 ,,tufts1 ,pr(essor 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,*icago4 ,political ,economy4 ,by ,,francis ,a4 ,,walk]4 ,f9ance4 ,by ,,h5ry ,c4 ,,adams1 ,pr(essor 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,mi*igan4 ,= full descriptions ( ! ,advanc$1 ,brief]1 & ,elem5t>y ,c\rses publi%$ "u ea* topic1 see ! publi%]s' ,educational ,catalog4 ,,h5ry ,,holt ,,co4 #cd ,we/ #cc;d ,/reet1 ,n4 ,y4 #cgh ,waba% ,ave41 ,*icago 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib]'s note3 #a4 ,obvi\s errors 9 spell+ & punctuation h be5 correct$ )\t comm5t4 #b4 ,! 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