,hi/ory ( ,european ,morals ,f ,augu/us to ,*>lemagne ,by ,william ,edw>d ,h>tpole ,lecky1 ,m4,a4 ,n9? ,edition ,9 ,two ,volumes ,vol4 #b4 ,london ,longmans1 ,gre51 ,& ,co4 #ahij ,,cont5ts ,*apt] ,,iv4 ,f ,con/ant9e ,to ,*>lemagne4 ,*apt] ,v4 ,! ,position ,( ,wom54 ,index4 ,footnotes ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,f ,,con/ant9e ,,to ,,*>lemagne4 ,hav+ 9 ! la/ *apt] giv5 a brief1 b ,i tru/ n altoge!r indi/9ct1 acc\nt ( ! causes t ensur$ ! triumph ( ,*ri/ianity 9 ,rome1 & ( ! "* ( ! opposition x ov]came1 ,i proce$ to exam9e ! nature ( ! moral ideal ! new religion introduc$1 & also ! me?ods by :i* x attempt$ to realise x4 ,& at ! v outset ( ?is enquiry x is necess>y to gu>d aga9/ a s]i\s error4 ,x is common ) _m p]sons to e/abli% a comp>ison betwe5 ,*ri/ianity & ,paganism1 by plac+ ! tea*+ ( ! ,*ri/ians 9 juxtaposition ) correspond+ passages f ! writ+s ( ,m>cus ,aurelius or ,s5eca1 & to reg>d ! sup]iority ( ! ,*ri/ian ov] ! philosophical tea*+ z a complete measure ( ! moral advance t 0 effect$ by ,*ri/ianity4 ,b a mom5t's reflection is suffici5t to display ! inju/ice ( su* a conclusion4 ,! e?ics ( ,paganism 7 "p ( a philosophy4 ,! e?ics ( ,*ri/ianity 7 "p ( a religion4 ,! fir/ 7 ! speculations ( a few highly cultivat$ individuals & nei!r _h nor c\ld h _h any direct influ5ce ^u ! masses ( mank9d4 ,! second 7 indissolubly connect$ ) ! wor%ip1 hopes1 & fe>s ( a va/ religi\s sy/em1 t acts at lea/ z p[]fully on ! mo/ ignorant z on ! mo/ educat$4 ,! *ief objects ( ,pagan religions 7 to =etell ! future1 to expla9 ! univ]se1 to av]t calamity1 to obta9 ! assi/ance ( ! gods4 ,!y conta9$ no in/rum5ts ( moral tea*+ analog\s to our in/itution ( prea*+1 or to ! moral prep>ation = ! reception ( ! sacram5t1 or to confession1 or to ! read+ ( ! ,bible1 or to religi\s education1 or to unit$ pray] = spiritual b5efits4 ,to make m5 virtu\s 0 no m ! function ( ! prie/ ?an ( ! physician4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! philosophic expositions ( duty 7 :olly unconnect$ ) ! religi\s c]emonies ( ! temple4 ,to amalgamate ^! two sph]es1 to incorporate moral culture ) religion1 & ?us to enli/ 9 behalf ( ! =m] t desire to ent]1 by means ( c]emonial obs]vances1 into direct communication ) ,heav51 :i* exp]i5ce has %[n to be "o ( ! mo/ univ]sal & p[]ful passions ( mank9d1 0 among ! mo/ important a*ievem5ts ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,some?+ _h1 no d\bt1 be5 already attempt$ 9 ?is direction4 ,philosophy1 9 ! h&s ( ! rhetoricians1 _h become m popul>4 ,! ,py?agoreans enjo9$ religi\s c]emonies = ! purpose ( purify+ ! m9d1 & expiatory rites 7 common1 especially 9 ! ,ori5tal religions4 ,b x 0 ! di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ic ( ,*ri/ianity t its moral influ5ce 0 n indirect1 casual1 remote1 or spasmodic4 ,unlike all ,pagan religions1 x made moral tea*+ a ma9 function ( its cl]gy1 moral discipl9e ! lead+ object ( its s]vices1 moral dispositions ! necess>y condition ( ! due p]=mance ( its rites4 ,by ! pulpit1 by its c]emonies1 by all ! ag5cies ( p[] x possess$1 x lab\r$ sy/ematically & p]sev]+ly = ! reg5]ation ( mank9d4 ,"u its influ5ce1 doctr9es conc]n+ ! nature ( ,god1 ! immortality ( ! s\l1 & ! duties ( man1 :i* ! noble/ intellects ( antiquity c\ld b>ely grasp1 h become ! truisms ( ! village s*ool1 ! prov]bs ( ! cottage & ( ! alley4 ,b nei!r ! beauty ( its sacr$ writ+s1 nor ! p]fection ( its religi\s s]vices1 c\ld h a*iev$ ?is great result )\t ! introduction ( new motives to virtue4 ,^! may be ei!r int]e/$ or dis9t]e/$1 & 9 bo? sph]es ! influ5ce ( ,*ri/ianity 0 v great4 ,9 ! fir/1 x effect$ a complete revolution by its tea*+ conc]n+ ! future _w & conc]n+ ! nature ( s94 ,! doctr9e ( a future life 0 f> too vague among ! ,pagans to ex]cise any p[]ful g5]al influ5ce1 & among ! philosoph]s :o clung to x mo/ ard5tly x 0 reg>d$ solely 9 ! light ( a consolation4 ,*ri/ianity made x a det]r5t influ5ce ( ! /ronge/ k9d4 ,9 addition to ! doctr9es ( et]nal suff]+1 & ! lo/ condition ( ! human race1 ! notion ( a m9ute p]sonal retribution mu/ be reg>d$ z pr(\ndly orig9al4 ,t ! commission ( great crimes1 or ! omission ( great duties1 may be expiat$ h]eaft]1 0 inde$ an idea famili> to ! ,pagans1 ?\gh x ex]cis$ little influ5ce ov] _! lives1 & seldom or nev] produc$1 ev5 9 ! case ( ! wor/ crim9als1 ^? sc5es ( dea?b$ rep5tance :i* are s conspicu\s 9 ,*ri/ian biographies4 ,b ! ,*ri/ian notion ( ! enormity ( little s9s1 ! belief t all ! details ( life w be scrut9is$ h]eaft]1 t weaknesses ( "* & petty infractions ( duty1 ( :i* ! hi/orian & ! biograph] take no note1 :i* h no p]ceptible influ5ce ^u society1 & :i* sc>cely elicit a comm5t among mank9d1 may be made ! gr\nds ( et]nal condemnation beyond ! grave1 0 altoge!r unkn[n to ! anci5ts1 &1 at a "t :5 x possess$ all ! fre%ness ( novelty1 x 0 well fitt$ to trans=m ! "*4 ,! eye ( ! ,pagan philosoph] 0 ev] fix$ ^u virtue1 ! eye ( ! ,*ri/ian tea*] ^u s94 ,!y fir/ s\ght to am5d m5 by extoll+ ! beauty ( hol9ess2 ! second by awak5+ ! s5tim5t ( remorse4 ,ea* me?od _h its excell5ces & its defects4 ,philosophy 0 admirably fitt$ to dignify & ennoble1 b altoge!r impot5t to reg5]ate1 mank9d4 ,x did mu* to enc\rage virtue1 b little or no?+ to re/ra9 vice4 ,a reli% or ta/e = virtue 0 =m$ & cultivat$1 :i* attract$ _m to its practice2 b 9 ?is1 z 9 ! case ( all our o!r high] ta/es1 a nature t 0 once ?or\ghly vitiat$ became altoge!r incapable ( appreciat+ x1 & ! trans=mation ( su* a nature1 :i* 0 cont9ually effect$ by ,*ri/ianity1 0 confess$ly beyond ! p[] ( philosophy47#a7 ,exp]i5ce has abundantly %[n t m5 :o are :olly ins5sible to ! beauty & dignity ( virtue1 c be convuls$ by ! fe> ( judgm5t1 c be ev5 awak5$ to su* a g5u9e remorse = s9 z to rev]se ! curr5t ( _! dispositions1 deta* !m f ! mo/ invet]ate habits1 & r5ew ! :ole t5or ( _! lives4 ,b ! habit ( dilat+ *iefly on ! d>k] side ( human nature1 :ile x has contribut$ mu* to ! reg5]at+ efficacy ( ,*ri/ian tea*+1 has n be5 )\t its disadvantages4 ,habitually measur+ "* by its ab]rations1 !ologians1 9 _! e/imates ( ^? /rong & passionate natures 9 :i* great virtues are balanc$ by great fail+s1 h usually fall5 into a signal inju/ice1 :i* is ! m inexcusable1 because 9 _! own writ+s ! ,psalms ( ,david are a conspicu\s pro( ( :at a noble1 t5d]1 & passionate nature c\ld survive1 ev5 9 an adult]] & a murd]]4 ,p>tly1 too1 ?r\gh ?is habit ( op]at+ ?r\gh ! s5se ( s91 & p>tly f a desire to %[ t man is 9 an abnormal & dislocat$ condition1 !y h cont9ually prop\nd$ di/ort$ & degrad+ views ( human nature1 h repres5t$ x z altoge!r "u ! empire ( evil1 & h sometimes ris5 to su* a height ( extravagance z to pron\nce ! v virtues ( ! hea!n to be ( ! nature ( s94 ,b no?+ c be m c]ta9 ?an t t :i* is exceptional & di/9ctive 9 human nature is n its vice1 b its excell5ce4 ,x is n ! s5suality1 cruelty1 selfi%ness1 passion1 or envy1 :i* are all display$ 9 equal or great] degrees 9 diff]5t dep>tm5ts ( ! animal _w2 x is t moral nature :i* enables man app>5tly1 alone ( all creat$ be+s1 to classify 8 emotions1 to oppose ! curr5t ( 8 desires1 & to aspire aft] moral p]fection4 ,nor is x less c]ta9 t 9 civilis$1 & !re=e develop$ man1 ! good greatly prepond]ates ov] ! evil4 ,b5evol5ce is m common ?an cruelty2 ! sight ( suff]+ m readily produces pity ?an joy2 gratitude1 n +ratitude1 is ! normal result ( a conf]r$ b5efit4 ,! sympa?ies ( man naturally foll[ h]oism & goodness1 & vice itself is usually b an exagg]ation or di/ortion ( t5d5cies t are 9 _! own nature p]fectly innoc5t4 ,b ^! exagg]ations ( human depravity1 :i* h atta9$ _! extreme limits 9 "s ,prote/ant sects1 d n appe> 9 ! ,*ur* ( ! fir/ ?ree c5turies4 ,! s5se ( s9 0 n yet accompani$ by a d5ial ( ! goodness t exi/s 9 man4 ,*ri/ianity 0 reg>d$ r z a r$emption f error ?an f s917#b7 & x is a significant fact t ! epi!t 8well des]v+10 :i* ! ,pagans usually put ^u _! tombs1 0 also ! fav\rite inscription 9 ! ,*ri/ian catacombs4 ,! ,pelagian controv]sy1 ! tea*+ ( ,/4 ,augu/9e1 & ! progress ( asceticism1 gradually introduc$ ! doctr9e ( ! utt] depravity ( man1 :i* has prov$ 9 lat] times ! f]tile s\rce ( degrad+ sup]/ition4 ,9 su/a9+ & def9+ ! notion ( s91 ! e>ly ,*ur* employ$ ! ma*9]y ( an elaborate legislation4 ,con/ant communion ) ! ,*ur* 0 reg>d$ z ( ! v highe/ importance4 ,p>ticipation 9 ! ,sacram5t 0 believ$ to be ess5tial to et]nal life4 ,at a v e>ly p]iod x 0 giv5 to infants1 & already 9 ! "t ( ,/4 ,cyprian we f9d ! practice univ]sal 9 ! ,*ur*1 & pron\nc$ by at lea/ "s ( ! ,fa!rs to be ord9>ily necess>y to _! salvation47#c7 ,among ! adults x 0 cu/om>y to receive ! ,sacram5t daily1 9 "s *ur*es f\r times a week47#d7 ,ev5 9 ! days ( p]secution ! only "p ( _! s]vice ! ,*ri/ians cons5t$ to omit 0 ! half-secul> agape47#e7 ,! cl]gy _h p[] to accord or )hold access to ! c]emonies1 & ! rev]5ce ) :i* !y 7 reg>d$ 0 s great t !y 7 able to dictate _! own conditions ( communion4 ,f ^! circum/ances !re v naturally arose a va/ sy/em ( moral discipl9e4 ,x 0 always ackn[l$g$ t m5 c\ld only rightly approa* ! sacr$ table 9 c]ta9 moral dispositions1 & x 0 v soon add$ t ! commission ( crimes %\ld be expiat$ by a p]iod ( p5ance1 be=e access to ! communion 0 grant$4 ,a multitude ( (f5ces1 ( v v>i\s degrees ( magnitude1 su* z prolong$ ab/95ce f religi\s s]vices1 pr5uptial un*a/ity1 pro/itution1 adult]y1 ! adoption ( ! pr(ession ( gladiator or actor1 idolatry1 ! betrayal ( ,*ri/ians to p]secutors1 & paid]a/ia or unnatural love1 7 specifi$1 to ea* ( :i* a def9ite spiritual p5alty 0 annex$4 ,! l[e/ p5alty consi/$ ( deprivation ( ! ,eu*>i/ = a few weeks4 ,m s]i\s (f5d]s 7 depriv$ ( x = a ye>1 or = t5 ye>s1 or until ! h\r ( dea?1 :ile 9 "s cases ! s5t5ce am\nt$ to ! great] excommunication1 or ! deprivation ( ! ,eu*>i/ = ev]4 ,dur+ ! p]iod ( p5ance ! p5it5t 0 compell$ to ab/a9 f ! m>riage-b$1 & f all o!r pleasures1 & to sp5d 8 "t *iefly 9 religi\s ex]cises4 ,be=e he 0 readmitt$ to communion1 he 0 accu/om$ publicly1 be=e ! assembl$ ,*ri/ians1 to appe> clad 9 sackclo?1 ) a%es /rewn ^u 8 head1 ) 8 hair %av5 (f1 & ?us to ?r[ himself at ! feet ( ! m9i/]1 to confess al\d 8 s9s1 & to implore ! fav\r ( absolution4 ,! excommunicat$ man 0 n only cut (f = ev] f ! ,*ri/ian rites2 he 0 sev]$ also f all int]c\rse ) 8 =m] fri5ds4 ,no ,*ri/ian1 on pa9 ( be+ himself excommunicat$1 might eat ) him or speak ) him4 ,he mu/ live hat$ & alone 9 ?is _w1 & be prep>$ = damnation 9 ! next47#f7 ,?is sy/em ( legislation1 re/+ ^u religi\s t]rorism1 =ms "o ( ! mo/ important p>ts ( e>ly ecclesia/ical hi/ory1 & a lead+ object ( ! ,c\ncils 0 to develop or modify x4 ,al?\gh confession 0 n yet an habitual & univ]sally obligatory rite1 al?\gh x 0 only exact$ 9 cases ( notori\s s9s1 x is manife/ t we h 9 ?is sy/em1 n pot5tially or 9 g]m1 b 9 full develop$ activity1 an ecclesia/ical despotism ( ! mo/ cru%+ ord]4 ,b al?\gh ?is recognition ( ! "r ( ! cl]gy to )hold f m5 :at 0 believ$ to be ess5tial to _! salvation1 laid ! f\ndation ( ! wor/ sup]/itions ( ,rome1 x _h1 on ! o!r h&1 a v valuable moral effect4 ,e sy/em ( law is a sy/em ( education1 = x fixes 9 ! m9ds ( m5 c]ta9 conceptions ( "r & wrong1 & ( ! proportionate enormity ( diff]5t crimes2 & no legislation 0 en=c$ ) m solemnity1 or appeal$ m directly to ! religi\s feel+s1 ?an ! p5it5tial discipl9e ( ! ,*ur*4 ,m ?an1 p]haps1 any o!r s+le ag5cy1 x confirm$ t conviction ( ! enormity ( s91 & ( ! retribution t foll[s x1 :i* 0 "o ( ! two great lev]s by :i* ,*ri/ianity act$ ^u mank9d4 ,b if ,*ri/ianity 0 rem>kable = its appeals to ! selfi% or int]e/$ side ( our nature1 x 0 f> m rem>kable = ! empire x atta9$ ov] dis9t]e/$ en?usiasm4 ,! ,platoni/ exhort$ m5 to imitate ,god2 ! ,/oic1 to foll[ reason2 ! ,*ri/ian1 to ! love ( ,*ri/4 ,! lat] ,/oics _h (t5 unit$ _! notions ( excell5ce 9 an ideal sage1 & ,epictetus _h ev5 urg$ 8 disciples to set be=e !m "s man ( surpass+ excell5ce1 & to imag9e him cont9ually ne> !m2 b ! utmo/ ! ,/oic ideal c\ld become 0 a model = imitation1 & ! admiration x inspir$ c\ld nev] deep5 into affection4 ,x 0 res]v$ = ,*ri/ianity to pres5t to ! _w an ideal "*1 :i* ?r\gh all ! *anges ( eighte5 c5turies has inspir$ ! he>ts ( m5 ) an impassion$ love2 has %[n itself capable ( act+ on all ages1 nations1 temp]am5ts1 & conditions2 has be5 n only ! highe/ patt]n ( virtue b ! /ronge/ inc5tive to its practice2 & has ex]cis$ s deep an influ5ce t x may be truly said t ! simple record ( ?ree %ort ye>s ( active life has done m to reg5]ate & to s(t5 mank9d ?an all ! disquisitions ( philosoph]s1 & all ! exhortations ( morali/s4 ,?is has inde$ be5 ! well-spr+ ( :atev] is be/ & pure/ 9 ! ,*ri/ian life4 ,amid all ! s9s & fail+s1 amid all ! prie/craft & p]secution & fanaticism t h defac$ ! ,*ur*1 x has pres]v$1 9 ! "* & example ( its ,f\nd]1 an endur+ pr9ciple ( reg5]ation4 ,p]fect love kn[s no rights4 ,x creates a b\ndless1 uncalculat+ self-abnegation t trans=ms ! "*1 & is ! p>5t ( e virtue4 ,side by side ) ! t]rorism & ! sup]/itions ( dogmatism1 !re h ev] exi/$ 9 ,*ri/ianity ^? :o w\ld e*o ! wi% ( ,/4 ,!resa1 t %e c\ld blot out bo? heav5 & hell1 to s]ve ,god = ,himself alone2 & ! p[] ( ! love ( ,*ri/ has be5 display$ alike 9 ! mo/ h]oic pages ( ,*ri/ian m>tyrdom1 9 ! mo/ pa!tic pages ( ,*ri/ian resignation1 9 ! t5d]e/ pages ( ,*ri/ian *>ity4 ,x 0 %[n by ! m>tyrs :o sank b5ea? ! fangs ( wild bea/s1 ext5d+ to ! la/ mom5t _! arms 9 ! =m ( ! cross !y lov$27#g7 :o ord]$ _! *a9s to be buri$ ) !m z ! insignia ( _! w>f>e27#h7 :o look$ ) joy ^u _! gha/ly w\nds1 because !y _h be5 receiv$ = ,*ri/27#i7 :o welcom$ dea? z ! bridegroom welcomes ! bride1 because x w\ld br+ !m ne> to ,him4 ,/4 ,felicitas 0 seiz$ ) ! pangs ( *ildbir? z %e lay 9 prison await+ ! h\r ( m>tyrdom1 & z h] suff]+s extort$ f h] a cry1 "o :o /ood by said1 8,if y n[ suff] s mu*1 :at w x be :5 y are ?r[n to wild bea/s80 8,:at ,i n[ suff]10 %e answ]$1 8conc]ns myself alone2 b !n ano!r w suff] = me1 = ,i w !n suff] = ,him407#aj7 ,:5 ,/4 ,melania _h lo/ bo? h] husb& & h] two sons1 kneel+ by ! b$ :]e ! rema9s ( ^? %e lov$ 7 laid1 ! *ildless wid[ exclaim$1 8,"l1 ,i %all s]ve ,!e m humbly & readily = be+ eas$ ( ! weight ,?\ ha/ tak5 f me407#aa7 ,*ri/ian virtue 0 describ$ by ,/4 ,augu/9e z 8! ord] ( love407#ab7 ,^? :o "k h[ imp]fectly ! simple s5se ( duty c ) mo/ m5 resi/ ! en]gy ( ! passions2 :o h obs]v$ h[ b>r5 ,mohamm$anism has be5 9 all ! high] & m t5d] virtues1 because its noble morality & its pure !ism h be5 unit$ ) no liv+ example2 :o1 above all1 h trac$ ?r\gh ! hi/ory ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* ! influ5ce ( ! love ( ,*ri/1 w be at no loss to e/imate ! value ( ?is pure/ & mo/ di/9ctive s\rce ( ,*ri/ian en?usiasm4 ,9 "o respect we c sc>cely realise its effects ^u ! e>ly ,*ur*4 ,! s5se ( ! fixity ( natural laws is n[ s deeply implant$ 9 ! m9ds ( m51 t no truly educat$ p]son1 :atev] may be 8 religi\s op9ions1 s]i\sly believes t all ! m />tl+ ph5om5a ar\nd him--/orms1 e>?quakes1 invasions1 or fam9es--are results ( isolat$ acts ( sup]natural p[]1 & are int5d$ to affect "s human int]e/4 ,b by ! e>ly ,*ri/ians all ^! ?+s 7 directly trac$ to ! ,ma/] !y s de>ly lov$4 ,! result ( ?is conviction 0 a /ate ( feel+ we c n[ b>ely und]/&4 ,a great poet1 9 l9es :i* are among ! noble/ 9 ,engli% lit]ature1 has spok5 ( "o :o _h di$ z unit$ to ! all-p]vad+ s\l ( nature1 ! gr&eur & ! t5d]ness1 ! beauty & ! passion ( 8 be+ bl5d+ ) ! k9dr$ elem5ts ( ! univ]se1 8 voice he>d 9 all its melodies1 8 _s a pres5ce to be felt & kn[n1 a "p ( ! "o pla/ic en]gy t p]meates & animates ! globe4 ,some?+ ( ?is k9d1 b ( a f> m vivid & real "*1 0 ! belief ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ian _w4 ,! univ]se1 to !m1 0 transfigur$ by love4 ,all its ph5om5a1 all its cata/rophes1 7 read 9 a new light1 7 endu$ ) a new significance1 acquir$ a religi\s sanctity4 ,*ri/ianity (f]$ a deep] consolation ?an any prospect ( endless life1 or ( mill5nial glories4 ,x taught ! we>y1 ! sorr[+1 & ! lonely1 to look up to heav5 & to say1 8,?\1 ,god1 c>e/ = me40 ,x is n surpris+ t a religi\s sy/em :i* made x a ma9 object to inculcate moral excell5ce1 & :i* by its doctr9e ( future retribution1 by its organisation1 & by its capacity ( produc+ a dis9t]e/$ en?usiasm1 acquir$ an unexampl$ supremacy ov] ! human m9d1 %\ld h rais$ its disciples to a v high condition ( sanctity4 ,!re c1 inde$1 be little d\bt t1 = ne>ly two hundr$ ye>s aft] its e/abli%m5t 9 ,europe1 ! ,*ri/ian community exhibit$ a moral purity :i*1 if x has be5 equall$1 has nev] = any long p]iod be5 surpass$4 ,completely sep>at$ f ! ,roman _w t 0 ar\nd !m1 ab/a9+ alike f political life1 f appeals to ! tribunals1 & f milit>y occupations2 look+ =w>d cont9ually to ! imm$iate adv5t ( _! ,ma/]1 & ! de/ruction ( ! ,empire 9 :i* !y dwelt1 & animat$ by all ! f]v\r ( a "y religion1 ! ,*ri/ians f\nd )9 !mselves a :ole ord] ( ideas & feel+s suffici5tly p[]ful to gu>d !m f ! contam9ation ( _! age4 ,9 _! g5]al be>+ t[>ds society1 & 9 ! nature & m9ut5ess ( _! scruples1 !y probably bore a great] resemblance to ! ,quak]s ?an to any o!r exi/+ sect47#ac7 ,"s s]i\s signs ( moral decad5ce might1 inde$1 be detect$ ev5 be=e ! ,decian p]secution2 & x 0 obvi\s t ! triumph ( ! ,*ur*1 by introduc+ num]\s nom9al ,*ri/ians into its pale1 by expos+ x to ! temptations ( weal? & prosp]ity1 & by =c+ x into connection ) secul> politics1 mu/ h damp$ its zeal & impair$ its purity2 yet few p]sons1 ,i ?9k1 :o _h contemplat$ ,*ri/ianity z x exi/$ 9 ! fir/ ?ree c5turies w\ld h imag9$ x possible t x %\ld completely sup]s$e ! ,pagan wor%ip ar\nd x2 t its tea*]s %\ld b5d ! mightie/ mon>*s to _! w1 & /amp _! influ5ce on e page ( legislation1 & direct ! :ole c\rse ( civilisation = a ?\s& ye>s2 & yet t ! p]iod 9 :i* !y 7 s supreme %\ld h be5 "o ( ! mo/ contemptible 9 hi/ory4 ,! lead+ features ( t p]iod may be %ortly told4 ,f ! dea? ( ,m>cus ,aurelius1 ab\t :i* "t ,*ri/ianity assum$ an important influ5ce 9 ! ,roman _w1 ! decad5ce ( ! ,empire 0 rapid & almo/ un9t]rupt$4 ,! fir/ ,*ri/ian emp]or transf]r$ 8 capital to a new city1 uncontam9at$ by ! traditions & ! glories ( ,paganism2 & he !re f\nd$ an ,empire :i* d]iv$ all its e?ics f ,*ri/ian s\rces1 & :i* cont9u$ 9 exi/5ce = ab\t elev5 hundr$ ye>s4 ,( t ,byzant9e ,empire ! univ]sal v]dict ( hi/ory is t x con/itutes1 ) sc>cely an exception1 ! mo/ ?or\ghly base & despicable =m t civilisation has yet assum$4 ,?\gh v cruel & v s5sual1 !re h be5 times :5 cruelty assum$ m ru?less1 & s5suality m extravagant1 aspects2 b !re has be5 no o!r endur+ civilisation s absolutely de/itute ( all ! =ms & elem5ts ( greatness1 & none to :i* ! epi!t mean may be s emphatically appli$4 ,! ,byzant9e ,empire 0 pre-em95tly ! age ( trea*]y4 ,its vices 7 ! vices ( m5 :o _h ceas$ to be brave )\t le>n+ to be virtu\s4 ,)\t patriotism1 )\t ! fruition or desire ( lib]ty1 aft] ! fir/ p>oxysms ( religi\s agitation1 )\t g5ius or intellectual activity2 slaves1 & will+ slaves1 9 bo? _! actions & _! ?\ghts1 imm]s$ 9 s5suality & 9 ! mo/ frivol\s pleasures1 ! p only em]g$ f _! li/lessness :5 "s !ological subtilty1 or "s rivalry 9 ! *>iot races1 /imulat$ !m into frantic riots4 ,!y exhibit$ all ! ext]nals ( advanc$ civilisation4 ,!y possess$ k2 !y _h cont9ually be=e !m ! noble lit]ature ( anci5t ,greece1 in/9ct ) ! l(tie/ h]oism2 b t lit]ature1 :i* aft]w>ds did s mu* to revivify ,europe1 c\ld fire ! deg5]ate ,greeks ) no sp>k or semblance ( nobility4 ,! hi/ory ( ! ,empire is a monoton\s /ory ( ! intrigues ( prie/s1 eunu*s1 & wom51 ( poison+s1 ( conspiracies1 ( uni=m +ratitude1 ( p]petual fratricides4 ,aft] ! conv]sion ( ,con/ant9e !re 0 no pr9ce 9 any section ( ! ,roman ,empire altoge!r s deprav$1 or at lea/ s %ameless1 z ,n]o or ,heliogabalus2 b ! ,byzant9e ,empire c %[ none be>+ ! fa9te/ resemblance to ,anton9e or ,m>cus ,aurelius1 :ile ! ne>e/ approximation to t "* at ,rome 0 furni%$ by ! ,emp]or ,julian1 :o contemptu\sly ab&on$ ! ,*ri/ian fai?4 ,at la/ ! ,mohamm$an invasion t]m9at$ ! long decrepitude ( ! ,ea/]n ,empire4 ,con/ant9ople sank b5ea? ! ,cresc5t1 its inhabitants wrangl+ ab\t !ological diff]5ces to ! v mom5t ( _! fall4 ,! ,asiatic ,*ur*es _h already p]i%$4 ,! ,*ri/ian fai?1 plant$ 9 ! dissolute cities ( ,asia ,m9or1 _h produc$ _m fanatical ascetics & a few illu/ri\s !ologians1 b x _h no r5ovat+ effect ^u ! p at l>ge4 ,x introduc$ among !m a pr9ciple ( int]m9able & implacable diss5sion1 b x sc>cely temp]$ 9 any appreciable degree _! luxury or _! s5suality4 ,! fr5zy ( pleasure cont9u$ unabat$1 & 9 a great "p ( ! ,empire x seem$1 inde$1 only to h atta9$ its climax aft] ! triumph ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,! condition ( ! ,we/]n ,empire 0 some:at diff]5t4 ,n q a c5tury aft] ! conv]sion ( ,con/ant9e1 ! ,imp]ial city 0 captur$ by ,al>ic1 & a long s]ies ( b>b>ian invasions at la/ dissolv$ ! :ole framework ( ,roman society1 :ile ! b>b>ians !mselves1 hav+ adopt$ ! ,*ri/ian fai? & submitt$ absolutely to ! ,*ri/ian prie/s1 ! ,*ur*1 :i* rema9$ ! gu>dian ( all ! treasures ( antiquity1 0 left ) a virg9 soil to realise h] ideal ( human excell5ce4 ,nor did %e fall %ort ( :at might h be5 expect$4 ,%e ex]cis$ = _m c5turies an almo/ absolute empire ov] ! ?\ghts & actions ( mank9d1 & creat$ a civilisation :i* 0 p]meat$ 9 e "p ) ecclesia/ical influ5ce4 ,& ! d>k ages1 z ! p]iod ( ,ca?olic asc5dancy is ju/ly call$1 d und\bt$ly display _m features ( great & g5u9e excell5ce4 ,9 active b5evol5ce1 9 ! _s ( rev]5ce1 9 loyalty1 9 co-op]ative habits1 !y f> transc5d ! noble/ ages ( ,pagan antiquity1 :ile 9 t humanity :i* %r9ks f ! infliction ( suff]+1 !y 7 sup]ior to ,roman1 & 9 _! respect = *a/ity1 to ,greek civilisation4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !y rank immeasurably bel[ ! be/ ,pagan civilisations 9 civic & patriotic virtues1 9 ! love ( lib]ty1 9 ! numb] & spl5d\r ( ! great *>act]s !y produc$1 9 ! dignity & beauty ( ! type ( "* !y =m$4 ,!y _h _! full %>e ( tumult1 an>*y1 inju/ice1 & w>1 & !y %\ld probably be plac$1 9 all intellectual virtues1 l[] ?an any o!r p]iod 9 ! hi/ory ( mank9d4 ,a b\ndless intol]ance ( all div]g5ce ( op9ion 0 unit$ ) an equally b\ndless tol]ation ( all falsehood & delib]ate fraud t c\ld fav\r receiv$ op9ions4 ,cr$ulity be+ taught z a virtue1 & all conclusions dictat$ by au?ority1 a deadly torpor sank ^u ! human m9d1 :i* = _m c5turies almo/ susp5d$ its action1 & 0 only effectually brok5 by ! scrut9is+1 innovat+1 & free-?9k+ habits t accompani$ ! rise ( ! indu/rial republics 9 ,italy4 ,few m5 :o are n ei!r prie/s or monks w\ld n h pref]r$ to live 9 ! be/ days ( ! ,a!nian or ( ! ,roman republics1 9 ! age ( ,augu/us or 9 ! age ( ! ,anton9es1 r ?an 9 any p]iod t elaps$ betwe5 ! triumph ( ,*ri/ianity & ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,x is1 inde$1 difficult to conceive any cle>] pro( ?an 0 furni%$ by ! hi/ory ( ! twelve hundr$ ye>s aft] ! conv]sion ( ,con/ant9e1 t :ile !ology has und\bt$ly introduc$ into ! _w c]ta9 elem5ts & pr9ciples ( good1 sc>cely if at all kn[n to antiquity1 :ile its value z a t9cture or modify+ influ5ce 9 society c h>dly be ov]rat$1 x is by no means = ! advantage ( mank9d t1 9 ! =m :i* ! ,greek & ,ca?olic ,*ur*es pres5t1 x %\ld become a controll+ arbit] ( civilisation4 ,x is (t5 said t ! ,roman _w be=e ,con/ant9e 0 9 a p]iod ( rapid decay2 t ! traditions & vitality ( half-suppress$ ,paganism acc\nt = _m ( ! ab]rations ( lat] times2 t ! influ5ce ( ! ,*ur* 0 (t5 r nom9al & sup]ficial ?an supreme2 & t1 9 judg+ ! ignorance ( ! d>k ages1 we mu/ make l>ge all[ance = ! dislocations ( society by ! b>b>ians4 ,9 all ?is !re is mu* tru?2 b :5 we rememb] t 9 ! ,byzant9e ,empire ! r5ovat+ p[] ( !ology 0 tri$ 9 a new capital free f ,pagan traditions1 & = m ?an "o ?\s& ye>s unsubdu$ by b>b>ians1 & t 9 ! ,we/ ! ,*ur*1 = at lea/ sev5 hundr$ ye>s aft] ! %ocks ( ! invasions _h subsid$1 ex]cis$ a control m absolute ?an any o!r moral or intellectual ag5cy has ev] atta9$1 x w appe>1 ,i ?9k1 t ! exp]im5t 0 v suffici5tly tri$4 ,x is easy to make a catalogue ( ! gl>+ vices ( antiquity1 & to contra/ !m ) ! pure morality ( ,*ri/ian writ+s2 b1 if we desire to =m a j e/imate ( ! realis$ improvem5t1 we mu/ comp>e ! classical & ecclesia/ical civilisations z :oles1 & mu/ obs]ve 9 ea* case n only ! vices t 7 repress$1 b also ! degree & v>iety ( positive excell5ce atta9$4 ,9 ! fir/ two c5turies ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* ! moral elevation 0 extremely high1 & 0 cont9ually appeal$ to z a pro( ( ! div9ity ( ! cre$4 ,9 ! c5tury be=e ! conv]sion ( ,con/ant9e1 a m>k$ depression 0 already manife/4 ,! two c5turies aft] ,con/ant9e are uni=mly repres5t$ by ! ,fa!rs z a p]iod ( g5]al & sc&al\s vice4 ,! ecclesia/ical civilisation t foll[$1 ?\gh n )\t its di/9ctive m]its1 assur$ly supplies no ju/ification ( ! common boa/ ab\t ! reg5]ation ( society by ! ,*ur*4 ,t ! civilisation ( ! la/ ?ree c5turies has ris5 9 mo/ respects to a high] level ?an any t _h prec$$ x1 ,i at lea/ firmly believe2 b !ological e?ics1 ?\gh v important1 =m b "o ( ! _m & complex elem5ts ( its excell5ce4 ,me*anical inv5tions1 ! habits ( indu/rial life1 ! discov]ies ( physical sci5ce1 ! improvem5ts ( gov]nm5t1 ! expansion ( lit]ature1 ! traditions ( ,pagan antiquity1 h all a di/+ui%$ place1 :ile1 ! m fully its hi/ory is inve/igat$1 ! m cle>ly two capital tru?s are disclos$4 ,! fir/ is t ! influ5ce ( !ology hav+ = c5turies numb$ & p>alys$ ! :ole intellect ( ,*ri/ian ,europe1 ! revival1 :i* =ms ! />t+-po9t ( our mod]n civilisation1 0 ma9ly due to ! fact t two sph]es ( intellect /ill rema9$ uncontroll$ by ! sceptre ( ,ca?olicism4 ,! ,pagan lit]ature ( antiquity1 & ! ,mohamm$an s*ools ( sci5ce1 7 ! *ief ag5cies 9 resuscitat+ ! dormant en]gies ( ,*ri/5dom4 ,! second fact1 :i* ,i h else:]e endeav\r$ to e/abli% 9 detail1 is t dur+ m ?an ?ree c5turies ! decad5ce ( !ological influ5ce has be5 "o ( ! mo/ inv>iable signs & measures ( our progress4 ,9 m$ic9e1 physical sci5ce1 comm]cial int]e/s1 politics1 & ev5 e?ics1 ! re=m] has be5 confront$ ) !ological affirmations :i* b>r$ 8 way1 :i* 7 all def5d$ z ( vital importance1 & 7 all 9 turn compell$ to yield be=e ! secul>is+ influ5ce ( civilisation4 ,we h "h1 !n1 a problem ( deep int]e/ & importance1 :i* ,i propose to inve/igate 9 ! pres5t *apt]4 ,we h to enquire :y x 0 t a religion :i* 0 n m rem>kable = ! beauty ( its moral tea*+ ?an = ! p[] ) :i* x act$ ^u mank9d1 & :i* dur+ ! la/ few c5turies has be5 ! s\rce ( c\ntless bless+s to ! _w1 %\ld h prov$ itself = s long a p]iod1 & "u su* a v>iety ( conditions1 altoge!r unable to reg5]ate ,europe4 ,! "q is n "o ( languid or imp]fect action1 b ( conflict+ ag5cies4 ,9 ! va/ & complex organism ( ,ca?olicity !re 7 "s p>ts :i* act$ ) admirable =ce 9 improv+ & elevat+ mank9d4 ,!re 7 o!rs :i* _h a directly opposite effect4 ,! fir/ aspect 9 :i* ,*ri/ianity pres5t$ itself to ! _w 0 z a decl>ation ( ! frat]nity ( m5 9 ,*ri/4 ,consid]$ z immortal be+s1 de/9$ = ! extremes ( happ9ess or ( mis]y1 & unit$ to "o ano!r by a special community ( r$emption1 ! fir/ & mo/ manife/ duty ( a ,*ri/ian man 0 to look ^u 8 fell[-m5 z sacr$ be+s1 & f ?is notion grew up ! em95tly ,*ri/ian idea ( ! sanctity ( all human life4 ,i h already endeav\r$ to %[--& ! fact is ( su* capital importance 9 meet+ ! common objections to ! reality ( natural moral p]ceptions1 t ,i v5ture1 at ! risk ( t$i\sness1 to recur to x--t nature does n tell man t x is wrong to slay )\t provocation 8 fell[-m54 ,n to dwell ^u ^? e>ly /ages ( b>b>ism 9 :i* ! high] faculties ( human nature are /ill undevelop$1 & almo/ 9 ! condition ( embryo1 x is an hi/orical fact beyond all dispute1 t ref9$1 & ev5 moral societies h exi/$1 9 :i* ! slaught] ( m5 ( "s p>ticul> class or nation has be5 reg>d$ ) no m compunction ?an ! slaught] ( animals 9 ! *ase4 ,! e>ly ,greeks1 9 _! deal+s ) ! b>b>ians2 ! ,romans1 9 _! deal+s ) gladiators1 & 9 "s p]iods ( _! hi/ory1 ) slaves2 ! ,spani>ds1 9 _! deal+s ) ,indians2 ne>ly all coloni/s remov$ f ,european sup]vision1 9 _! deal+s ) an inf]ior race2 an imm5se proportion ( ! nations ( antiquity1 9 _! deal+s ) new-born infants1 display ?is complete & absolute call\sness1 & we may discov] traces ( x ev5 9 our own isl&s & )9 ! la/ ?ree hundr$ ye>s47#ad7 ,& difficult z x may be to realise x 9 our day1 :5 ! atrocity ( all wanton slaught] ( m5 has become an ess5tial "p ( our moral feel+s1 x is nev]!less an inconte/able fact t ?is call\sness has be5 cont9ually %[n by good m51 by m5 :o 9 all o!r respects w\ld be reg>d$ 9 any age z conspicu\s = _! humanity4 ,9 ! days ( ! ,tudors1 ! be/ ,engli%m5 delight$ 9 :at we %\ld n[ deem ! mo/ b>b>\s sports1 & x is absolutely c]ta9 t 9 antiquity m5 ( g5u9e humanity--t5d] relations1 lov+ fri5ds1 *>itable neighb\rs--m5 9 ^: eyes ! murd] ( a fell[-citiz5 w\ld h appe>$ z atroci\s z 9 our own1 att5d$1 in/itut$1 & applaud$ gladiatorial games1 or c\nsell$ )\t a scruple ! exposition ( infants4 ,b x is1 z ,i conceive1 a complete confusion ( ?\ght to imag9e1 z is s commonly done1 t any accumulation ( facts ( ?is nature ?r[s ! smalle/ d\bt ^u ! reality ( innate moral p]ceptions4 ,all t ! intuitive morali/ ass]ts is t we "k by nature t !re is a di/9ction betwe5 humanity & cruelty2 t ! fir/ belongs to ! high] or bett] "p ( our nature1 & t x is our duty to cultivate x4 ,! /&>d ( ! age1 :i* is itself det]m9$ by ! g5]al condition ( society1 con/itutes ! natural l9e ( duty2 = he :o falls bel[ x contributes to depress x4 ,n[1 !re is no fact m absolutely c]ta9 ?an t nations & ages :i* h diff]$ mo/ widely z to ! /&>d h be5 p]fectly unanim\s z to ! excell5ce ( humanity4 ,plato1 :o recomm5d$ infanticide2 ,cato1 :o sold 8 ag$ slaves2 ,pl9y1 :o applaud$ ! games ( ! ar5a2 ! old g5]als1 :o made _! prison]s slaves or gladiators1 z well z ! mod]n g5]als1 :o refuse to impose ^u !m any degrad+ lab\r2 ! old legislators1 :o fill$ _! codes ) s5t5ces ( torture1 mutilation1 & hide\s =ms ( dea?1 z well z ! mod]n legislators1 :o are cont9ually seek+ to abridge ! puni%m5t ( ! mo/ guilty2 ! old discipl9>ian1 :o gov]n$ by =ce1 z well z ! mod]n in/ructor1 :o gov]ns by sympa?y2 ! ,spani% girl1 ^: d>k eye gl[s ) rapture z %e wat*es ! frantic bull1 :ile ! fire /reams f ! explosive d>t t quiv]s 9 its neck2 z well z ! re=m]s we sometimes meet1 :o are sc&alis$ by all field sports1 or by ! sacrifice ( animal life = food2 or :o w eat only ! l>g] animals1 9 ord] to r$uce ! sacrifice ( life to a m9imum2 or :o are cont9ually inv5t+ new me?ods ( quick5+ animal dea?--all ^! p]sons1 widely z !y diff] 9 _! acts & 9 _! judgm5ts ( :at ?+s %\ld be call$ 8brutal10 & ( :at ?+s %\ld be call$ 8fanta/ic10 agree 9 believ+ humanity to be bett] ?an cruelty1 & 9 atta*+ a def9ite condemnation to acts t fall bel[ ! /&>d ( _! c\ntry & _! "t4 ,n[1 x 0 "o ( ! mo/ important s]vices ( ,*ri/ianity1 t besides quick5+ greatly our b5evol5t affections x def9itely & dogmatically ass]t$ ! s9fulness ( all de/ruction ( human life z a matt] ( amusem5t1 or ( simple conv5i5ce1 & !reby =m$ a new /&>d high] ?an any :i* !n exi/$ 9 ! _w4 ,! influ5ce ( ,*ri/ianity 9 ?is respect began ) ! v e>lie/ /age ( human life4 ,! practice ( abortion 0 "o to :i* few p]sons 9 antiquity atta*$ any deep feel+ ( condemnation4 ,i h notic$ 9 a =m] *apt] t ! physiological !ory t ! ftus did n become a liv+ creature till ! h\r ( bir?1 _h "s influ5ce on ! judgm5ts pass$ ^u ?is practice2 & ev5 :]e ?is !ory 0 n g5]ally held1 x is easy to acc\nt = ! preval5ce ( ! act4 ,! dea? ( an unborn *ild does n appeal v p[]fully to ! feel+ ( compassion1 & m5 :o _h n yet atta9$ any /rong s5se ( ! sanctity ( human life1 :o believ$ t !y might regulate _! conduct on ^! matt]s by utilit>ian views1 accord+ to ! g5]al int]e/ ( ! community1 might v readily conclude t ! prev5tion ( bir? 0 9 _m cases an act ( m]cy4 ,9 ,greece1 ,ari/otle n only c\nt5anc$ ! practice1 b ev5 desir$ t x %\ld be en=c$ by law1 :5 population _h exce$$ c]ta9 assign$ limits47#ae7 ,no law 9 ,greece1 or 9 ! ,roman ,republic1 or dur+ ! great] "p ( ! ,empire1 condemn$ x27#af7 & if1 z has be5 ?\ght1 "s measure 0 adopt$ condemnatory ( x be=e ! close ( ! ,pagan ,empire1 t measure 0 altoge!r inop]ative4 ,a long *a9 ( writ]s1 bo? ,pagan & ,*ri/ian1 repres5t ! practice z av[$ & almo/ univ]sal4 ,!y describe x z result+1 n simply f lic5ti\sness or f pov]ty1 b ev5 f s slight a motive z vanity1 :i* made mo!rs %r9k f ! disfigurem5t ( *ildbir?4 ,!y speak ( a "m :o _h nev] de/roy$ h] unborn (fspr+ z des]v+ ( signal praise1 & !y assure u t ! frequ5cy ( ! crime 0 su* t x gave rise to a regul> pr(ession4 ,at ! same "t1 :ile ,ovid1 ,s5eca1 ,favor9us ! ,/oic ( ,arles1 ,plut>*1 & ,juv5al1 all speak ( abortion z g5]al & notori\s1 !y all speak ( x z unque/ionably crim9al47#ag7 ,x 0 probably reg>d$ by ! av]age ,romans ( ! lat] days ( ,paganism mu* z ,engli%m5 9 ! la/ c5tury reg>d$ convivial excesses1 z c]ta9ly wrong1 b s v5ial z sc>cely to des]ve c5sure4 ,! language ( ! ,*ri/ians f ! v beg9n+ 0 widely diff]5t4 ,) unwav]+ consi/5cy & ) ! /ronge/ emphasis1 !y d5\nc$ ! practice1 n simply z inhuman1 b z def9itely murd]4 ,9 ! p5it5tial discipl9e ( ! ,*ur*1 abortion 0 plac$ 9 ! same category z infanticide1 & ! /]n s5t5ce to :i* ! guilty p]son 0 subject impr9t$ on ! m9ds ( ,*ri/ians1 m deeply ?an any m]e exhortations1 a s5se ( ! enormity ( ! crime4 ,by ! ,c\ncil ( ,ancyra ! guilty "m 0 exclud$ f ! ,sacram5t till ! v h\r ( dea?2 & ?\gh ?is p5alty 0 soon r$uc$1 fir/ to t5 & aft]w>ds to sev5 ye>s' p5it5ce17#ah7 ! (f5ce /ill rank$ among/ ! grave/ 9 ! legislation ( ! ,*ur*4 ,9 "o v rem>kable way ! re=ms ( ,*ri/ianity 9 ?is sph]e 7 p[]fully su/a9$ by a doctr9e :i* is p]haps ! mo/ revolt+ 9 ! :ole !ology ( ! ,fa!rs4 ,to ! ,pagans1 ev5 :5 condemn+ abortion & infanticide1 ^! crimes appe>$ comp>atively trivial1 because ! victims seem$ v insignificant & _! suff]+s v slight4 ,! dea? ( an adult man :o is /ruck d[n 9 ! mid/ ( 8 ent]prise & 8 hopes1 :o is unit$ by ties ( love or fri5d%ip to multitudes ar\nd him1 & ^: dep>ture causes a p]turbation & a pang to ! society 9 :i* he has mov$1 excites feel+s v diff]5t f any produc$ by ! pa9less ext9ction ( a new-born infant1 :i*1 hav+ sc>cely t\*$ ! e>?1 has kn[n none ( its c>es & v little ( its love4 ,b to ! !ologian ?is infant life possess$ a fe>ful significance4 ,! mom5t1 !y taught1 ! ftus 9 ! womb acquir$ animation1 x became an immortal be+1 de/9$1 ev5 if x di$ unborn1 to be rais$ aga9 on ! la/ day1 responsible = ! s9 ( ,adam1 & doom$1 if x p]i%$ )\t baptism1 to be exclud$ = ev] f heav5 & to be ca/1 z ! ,greeks taught1 into a pa9less & joyless limbo1 or1 z ! ,lat9s taught1 into ! abyss ( hell4 ,x is probably1 9 a consid]able degree1 to ?is doctr9e t we owe 9 ! fir/ in/ance ! heal?y s5se ( ! value & sanctity ( infant life :i* s broadly di/+ui%es ,*ri/ian f ,pagan societies1 & :i* is n[ s ?or\ghly incorporat$ ) our moral feel+s z to be indep5d5t ( all doctr9al *anges4 ,t :i* appeal$ s p[]fully to ! compassion ( ! e>ly & m$ival ,*ri/ians1 9 ! fate ( ! murd]$ infants1 0 n t !y di$1 b t !y commonly di$ unbaptis$2 & ! crim9ality ( abortion 0 immeasurably aggravat$ :5 x 0 believ$ to involve1 n only ! ext9ction ( a transi5t life1 b also ! damnation ( an immortal s\l47#ai7 ,9 ! 8,lives ( ! ,sa9ts0 !re is a curi\s leg5d ( a man :o1 be+ desir\s ( asc]ta9+ ! condition ( a *ild be=e bir?1 slew a pregnant woman1 committ+ !reby a d\ble murd]1 t ( ! "m & ( ! *ild 9 h] womb4 ,/ung by remorse1 ! murd]] fl$ to ! des]t1 & pass$ ! rema9d] ( 8 life 9 con/ant p5ance & pray]4 ,at la/1 aft] _m ye>s1 ! voice ( ,god told him t he _h be5 =giv5 ! murd] ( ! woman4 ,b yet 8 end 0 a cl\d$ "o4 ,he nev] c\ld obta9 an assurance t he _h be5 =giv5 ! dea? ( ! *ild47#bj7 ,if we pass to ! next /age ( human life1 t ( ! new-born infant1 we f9d ourselves 9 pres5ce ( t practice ( infanticide :i* 0 "o ( ! deepe/ /a9s ( ! anci5t civilisation4 ,! natural hi/ory ( ?is crime is some:at peculi>47#ba7 ,among savages1 ^: feel+s ( compassion are v fa9t1 & ^: w>like & nomadic habits are em95tly unfav\rable to infant life1 x is1 z might be expect$1 ! usual cu/om = ! p>5t to decide :e!r he desires to pres]ve ! *ild he has call$ into exi/5ce1 & if he does n1 to expose or slay x4 ,9 nations t h pass$ out ( ! /age ( b>b>ism1 b are /ill rude & simple 9 _! habits1 ! practice ( infanticide is usually r>e2 b1 unlike o!r crimes ( viol5ce1 x is n naturally dim9i%$ by ! progress ( civilisation1 =1 aft] ! p]iod ( savage life is pass$1 its preval5ce is influ5c$ mu* m by ! s5suality ?an by ! b>b>ity ( a p47#bb7 ,we may trace too1 9 _m c\ntries & ages1 ! notion t *ildr51 z ! fruit1 repres5tatives1 & de>e/ possessions ( _! p>5ts1 are acceptable sacrifices to ! gods47#bc7 ,infanticide1 z is well kn[n1 0 almo/ univ]sally admitt$ among ! ,greeks1 be+ sanction$1 & 9 "s cases enjo9$1 ^u :at we %\ld n[ call 8! greate/ happ9ess pr9ciple10 by ! ideal legislations ( ,plato & ,ari/otle1 & by ! actual legislations ( ,lycurgus & ,solon4 ,reg>d+ ! community z a :ole1 !y cle>ly saw t x is 9 ! highe/ degree = ! int]e/ ( society t ! increase ( population %\ld be v jeal\sly re/rict$1 & t ! ,/ate %\ld be z f> z possible free f helpless & unproductive memb]s2 & !y !re=e conclud$ t ! pa9less de/ruction ( infant life1 & especially ( ^? infants :o 7 s de=m$ or diseas$ t _! lives1 if prolong$1 w\ld probably h be5 a burd5 to !mselves1 0 on ! :ole a b5efit4 ,! v s5sual tone ( ,greek life r5d]$ ! mod]n notion ( prolong$ cont95ce :olly ali5 to _! ?\ghts2 & ! extremely l[ social & intellectual condition ( ,greek mo!rs1 :o ex]cis$ no appreciable influ5ce ov] ! habits ( ?\ght ( ! nation %\ld also1 ,i ?9k1 be tak5 into acc\nt1 = x has always be5 obs]v$ t mo!rs are mu* m di/+ui%$ ?an fa!rs = _! affection = infants t h n yet manife/$ ! fir/ dawn+ ( reason4 ,ev5 9 ,greece1 h[ev]1 infanticide & exposition 7 n univ]sally p]mitt$4 ,9 ,!bes ^! (f5ces are said to h be5 puni%$ by dea?47#bd7 ,! p[] ( life & dea?1 :i* 9 ,rome 0 orig9ally conc$$ to ! fa!r ov] 8 *ildr51 w\ld appe> to involve an unlimit$ p]mission ( infanticide2 b a v old law1 popul>ly ascrib$ to ,romulus1 9 ?is respect re/rict$ ! p>5tal rights1 enjo9+ ! fa!r to br+ up all 8 male *ildr51 & at lea/ 8 elde/ female *ild1 =bidd+ him to de/roy any well-=m$ *ild till x _h complet$ its ?ird ye>1 :5 ! affections ( ! p>5t might be suppos$ to be develop$1 b p]mitt+ ! exposition ( de=m$ or maim$ *ildr5 ) ! cons5t ( _! five ne>e/ relations47#be7 ,! ,roman policy 0 always to enc\rage1 :ile ! ,greek policy 0 r to re/ra91 population1 & infanticide nev] appe>s to h be5 common 9 ,rome till ! corrupt & s5sual days ( ! ,empire4 ,! legislators !n absolutely condemn$ x1 & x 0 indirectly disc\rag$ by laws :i* accord$ special privileges to ! fa!rs ( _m *ildr51 exempt$ poor p>5ts f mo/ ( ! burd5 ( taxation1 & 9 "s degree provid$ = ! security ( expos$ infants4 ,public op9ion probably diff]$ little f t ( our own day z to ! fact1 ?\gh x diff]$ f x mu* z to ! degree1 ( its crim9ality4 ,x 01 z w be rememb]$1 "o ( ! *>ges mo/ frequ5tly br\ght aga9/ ! ,*ri/ians1 & x 0 "o t nev] fail$ to ar\se popul> indignation4 ,pagan & ,*ri/ian au?orities are1 h[ev]1 unit$ 9 speak+ ( infanticide z a cry+ vice ( ! ,empire1 & ,t]tullian obs]v$ t no laws 7 m easily or m con/antly evad$ ?an ^? :i* condemn$ x47#bf7 ,a broad di/9ction 0 popul>ly drawn betwe5 infanticide & exposition4 ,! latt]1 ?\gh probably condemn$1 0 c]ta9ly n puni%$ by law27#bg7 x 0 practis$ on a gigantic scale & ) absolute impunity1 notic$ by writ]s ) ! mo/ frigid indiff]5ce1 &1 at lea/ 9 ! case ( de/itute p>5ts1 consid]$ a v v5ial (f5ce47#bh7 ,(t51 no d\bt1 ! expos$ *ildr5 p]i%$1 b m frequ5tly ! v ext5t ( ! practice sav$ ! lives ( ! victims4 ,!y 7 br\ght sy/ematically to a column ne> ! ,velabrum1 & !re tak5 by speculators1 :o educat$ !m z slaves1 or v frequ5tly z pro/itutes47#bi7 ,on ! :ole1 :at 0 dem&$ on ?is subject 0 n any cle>] moral tea*+1 b r a /rong] en=cem5t ( ! condemnation long s9ce pass$ ^u infanticide1 & an increas$ protection = expos$ infants4 ,by ! p5it5tial s5t5ces1 by ! dogmatic consid]ations ,i h enum]at$1 & by ! e>ne/ exhortations bo? ( h] prea*]s & writ]s1 ! ,*ur* lab\r$ to deep5 ! s5se ( ! enormity ( ! act1 & especially to conv9ce m5 t ! guilt ( ab&on+ _! *ildr5 to ! prec>i\s & d\btful m]cy ( ! /rang] 0 sc>cely less ?an t ( simple infanticide47#cj7 ,9 ! civil law h] influ5ce 0 also display$1 ?\gh n1 ,i ?9k1 v advantage\sly4 ,by ! c\nsel1 x is said1 ( ,lactantius1 ,con/ant9e1 9 ! v ye> ( 8 conv]sion1 9 ord] to dim9i% infanticide by de/itute p>5ts1 issu$ a decree1 applicable 9 ! fir/ in/ance to ,italy1 b ext5d$ 9 ,a4,d4 #cbb to ,africa1 9 :i* he comm&$ t ^? *ildr5 :om _! p>5ts 7 unable to support %\ld be clo!d & f$ at ! exp5se ( ! ,/ate17#ca7 a policy :i* _h already be5 pursu$ on a l>ge scale "u ! ,anton9es4 ,9 ,a4,d4 #cca1 a law int5d$ to multiply ! *ances ( ! expos$ *ild be+ tak5 *>ge ( by "s *>itable or int]e/$ p]son1 provid$ t ! f\ndl+ %\ld rema9 ! absolute prop]ty ( its savi\r1 :e!r he adopt$ x z a son or employ$ x z a slave1 & t ! p>5t %\ld n h p[] at any future "t to reclaim x47#cb7 ,by ano!r law1 :i* _h be5 issu$ 9 ,a4,d4 #cbi1 x _h be5 provid$ t *ildr5 :o _h be51 n expos$1 b sold1 might be reclaim$ ^u paym5t by ! fa!r47#cc7 ,! la/ two laws _c be reg>d$ ) unm+l$ satisfaction4 ,! law regulat+ ! condition ( expos$ *ildr51 ?\gh und\bt$ly enact$ ) ! mo/ b5evol5t int5tions1 0 9 "s degree a retrograde /ep1 ! ,pagan laws hav+ provid$ t ! fa!r might always )draw ! *ild he _h expos$1 f s]vitude1 by paym5t ( ! exp5ses incurr$ 9 support+ x17#cd7 :ile ,trajan _h ev5 decid$ t ! expos$ *ild c\ld n become "u any circum/ance a slave47#ce7 ,! law ( ,con/ant9e1 on ! o!r h&1 doom$ x to an irrevocable s]vitude2 & ?is law cont9u$ 9 =ce till ,a4,d4 #ebi1 :5 ,ju/9ian1 rev]t+ to ! pr9ciple ( ,trajan1 decre$ t n only ! fa!r lo/ all legitimate au?ority ov] 8 *ild by expos+ x1 b also t ! p]son :o _h sav$ x c\ld n by t act deprive x ( its natural lib]ty4 ,b ?is law appli$ only to ! ,ea/]n ,empire2 & 9 "p at lea/ ( ! ,we/7#cf7 ! s]vitude ( expos$ infants cont9u$ = c5turies1 & appe>s only to h t]m9at$ ) ! g5]al ext9ction ( slav]y 9 ,europe4 ,! law ( ,con/ant9e conc]n+ ! sale ( *ildr5 0 also a /ep1 ?\gh p]haps a necess>y /ep1 ( retrogression4 ,a s]ies ( emp]ors1 among :om ,c>acalla 0 conspicu\s1 _h d5\nc$ & endeav\r$ to aboli%1 z 8%ameful10 ! traffic 9 free *ildr51 & ,diocletian _h expressly & absolutely condemn$ x47#cg7 ,! extreme mis]y1 h[ev]1 result+ f ! civil w>s "u ,con/ant9e1 _h r5d]$ x necess>y to au?orise ! old practice ( sell+ *ildr5 9 ! case ( absolute de/itution1 :i*1 ?\gh x _h be5 condemn$1 _h probably nev] altoge!r ceas$4 ,!odosius ! ,great attempt$ to take a /ep 9 advance1 by decree+ t ! *ildr5 ?us sold might rega9 _! fre$om )\t ! repaym5t ( ! pur*ase-money1 a tempor>y s]vice be+ a suffici5t comp5sation = ! pur*ase27#ch7 b ?is measure 0 repeal$ by ,val5t9ian ,,iii4 ,! sale ( *ildr5 9 case ( great necessity1 ?\gh d5\nc$ by ! ,fa!rs17#ci7 cont9u$ long aft] ! "t ( ,!odosius1 nor does any ,*ri/ian emp]or appe> to h en=c$ ! humane enactm5t ( ,diocletian4 ,toge!r ) ^! measures = ! protection ( expos$ *ildr51 !re 7 laws directly condemnatory ( infanticide4 ,?is bran* ( ! subject is obscur$ by mu* ambiguity & controv]sy2 b x appe>s mo/ probable t ! ,pagan legislation reckon$ infanticide z a =m ( homicide1 ?\gh1 be+ deem$ less atroci\s ?an o!r =ms ( homicide1 x 0 puni%$1 n by dea?1 b by bani%m5t47#dj7 ,a law ( ,con/ant9e1 int5d$ pr9cipally1 & p]haps exclusively1 = ,africa1 :]e ! sacrifices ( *ildr5 to ,saturn 7 v common1 assimilat$ to p>ricide ! murd] ( a *ild by its fa!r27#da7 & f9ally1 ,val5t9ian1 9 ,a4,d4 #cgd1 made all infanticide a capital (f5ce17#db7 & especially enjo9$ ! puni%m5t ( exposition47#dc7 ,a law ( ! ,spani% ,visigo?s1 9 ! sev5? c5tury1 puni%$ infanticide & abortion ) dea? or bl9dness47#dd7 ,9 ! ,capitul>ies ( ,*>lemagne ! =m] crime 0 puni%$ z homicide47#de7 ,x is n possible to asc]ta91 ) any degree ( accuracy1 :at dim9ution ( infanticide result$ f ^! measures4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be safely ass]t$ t ! publicity ( ! trade 9 expos$ *ildr5 became impossible "u ! influ5ce ( ,*ri/ianity1 & t ! s5se ( ! s]i\s nature ( ! crime 0 v consid]ably increas$4 ,! extreme de/itution1 :i* 0 "o ( its mo/ f]tile causes1 0 met by ,*ri/ian *>ity4 ,_m expos$ *ildr5 appe> to h be5 educat$ by individual ,*ri/ians47#df7 ,brephotrophia & ,orphanotrophia are among ! e>lie/ record$ *>itable in/itutions ( ! ,*ur*2 b x is n c]ta9 t expos$ *ildr5 7 admitt$ into !m1 & we f9d no trace = sev]al c5turies ( ,*ri/ian f\ndl+ hospitals4 ,?is =m ( *>ity grew up gradually 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! middle ages4 ,x is said t "o exi/$ at ,trves 9 ! six?1 & at ,ang]s 9 ! sev5? c5tury1 & x is c]ta9 t "o exi/$ at ,milan 9 ! eigh? c5tury47#dg7 ,! ,c\ncil ( ,r\51 9 ! n9? c5tury1 invit$ wom5 :o _h secretly borne *ildr5 to place !m at ! door ( ! *ur*1 & und]took to provide = !m if !y 7 n reclaim$4 ,x is probable t !y 7 br\ght up among ! num]\s slaves or s]fs atta*$ to ! ecclesia/ical prop]ties2 = a decree ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,arles1 9 ! fif? c5tury1 & aft]w>ds a law ( ,*>lemagne1 _h e*o$ ! enactm5t ( ,con/ant9e1 decl>+ t expos$ *ildr5 %\ld be ! slaves ( _! protectors4 ,z slav]y decl9$1 ! memorials ( _m s9s1 l _m o!r ( ! discordant elem5ts ( m$ival society1 7 d\btless absorb$ & consecrat$ 9 ! mona/ic societies4 ,! /rong s5se always ev9c$ 9 ! ,*ur* ( ! enormity ( un*a/ity probably r5d]$ ! ecclesia/ics m cauti\s 9 ?is ?an 9 o!r =ms ( *>ity1 = in/itutions especially int5d$ = des]t$ *ildr5 advanc$ b sl[ly4 ,ev5 ,rome1 ! "m ( _m *>ities1 c\ld boa/ ( none till ! beg9n+ ( ! ?irte5? c5tury47#dh7 ,ab\t ! middle ( ! twelf? c5tury we f9d societies at ,milan *>g$1 among o!r functions1 ) seek+ = expos$ *ildr54 ,t[>ds ! close ( ! same c5tury1 a monk ( ,montpelli]1 ^: v "n is d\btful1 b :o is commonly spok5 ( z ,bro!r ,guy1 f\nd$ a confrat]nity call$ by ! "n ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 & devot$ to ! protection & education ( *ildr52 & ?is society 9 ! two foll[+ c5turies ramifi$ ov] a great "p ( ,europe47#di7 ,?\gh pr9cipally & at fir/1 p]haps1 exclusively int5d$ = ! c>e ( ! orphans ( legitimate m>riages1 ?\gh 9 ! fifte5? c5tury ! ,hospital ( ! ,holy ,gho/ at ,p>is ev5 refus$ to admit des]t$ *ildr51 yet ! c>e ( f\ndl+s soon pass$ 9 a great measure into its h&s4 ,at la/1 aft] _m compla9ts ( ! frequ5cy ( infanticide1 ,/4 ,v9c5t de ,paul arose1 & gave s great an impulse to t bran* ( *>ity t he may be reg>d$ z its second au?or1 & 8 influ5ce 0 felt n only 9 private *>ities1 b 9 legislative enactm5ts4 ,into ! effects ( ^! measures--! enc\ragem5t ( ! vice ( incont95ce by in/itutions t 7 design$ to suppress ! crime ( infanticide1 & ! s]i\s moral controv]sies sugge/$ by ?is app>5t conflict betwe5 ! int]e/s ( humanity & ( *a/ity--x is n necess>y = me to ent]4 ,we are at pres5t conc]n$ ) ! pr9ciples t actuat$ ,*ri/ian *>ity1 n ) ! wisdom ( its organisations4 ,:atev] mi/akes may h be5 made1 ! entire movem5t ,i h trac$ displays an anxiety n only = ! life1 b also = ! moral well-be+1 ( ! ca/aways ( society1 su* z ! mo/ humane nations ( antiquity _h nev] rea*$4 ,?is m9ute & scrupul\s c>e = human life & human virtue 9 ! humble/ =ms1 9 ! slave1 ! gladiator1 ! savage1 or ! infant1 0 inde$ :olly =eign to ! g5ius ( ,paganism4 ,x 0 produc$ by ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e ( ! ine/imable value ( ea* immortal s\l4 ,x is ! di/+ui%+ & transc5d5t *>act]i/ic ( e society into :i* ! _s ( ,*ri/ianity has pass$4 ,! influ5ce ( ,*ri/ianity 9 ! protection ( infant life1 ?\gh v real1 may be1 & ,i ?9k (t5 has be51 exagg]at$4 ,x w\ld be difficult to ov]rate its influ5ce 9 ! sph]e we h next to exam9e4 ,!re is sc>cely any o!r s+le re=m s important 9 ! moral hi/ory ( mank9d z ! suppression ( ! gladiatorial %[s1 & ?is feat mu/ be almo/ exclusively ascrib$ to ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,:5 we rememb] h[ extremely few ( ! be/ & greate/ m5 ( ! ,roman _w _h absolutely condemn$ ! games ( ! amphi!atre1 x is impossible to reg>d1 )\t ! deepe/ admiration1 ! unwav]+ & uncompromis+ consi/5cy ( ! patri/ic d5unciations4 ,& ev5 comp>+ ! ,fa!rs ) ! mo/ enlight5$ ,pagan morali/s 9 _! treatm5t ( ?is matt]1 we %all usually f9d "o mo/ significant diff]5ce4 ,! ,pagan1 9 ! _s ( philosophy1 d5\nc$ ^! games z inhuman1 or demoralis+1 or degrad+1 or brutal4 ,! ,*ri/ian1 9 ! _s ( ! ,*ur*1 repres5t$ !m z a def9ite s91 ! s9 ( murd]1 = :i* ! spectators z well z ! actors 7 directly responsible be=e ,heav54 ,9 ! v late/ days ( ! ,pagan ,empire1 magnific5t amphi!atres 7 /ill aris+17#ej7 & ,con/ant9e himself _h condemn$ num]\s b>b>ian captives to combat ) wild bea/s47#ea7 ,x 0 9 ,a4,d4 #cbe1 imm$iately aft] ! convocation ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,nice1 t ! fir/ ,*ri/ian emp]or issu$ ! fir/ edict 9 ! ,roman ,empire condemnatory ( ! gladiatorial games47#eb7 ,x 0 issu$ 9 ,b]ytus 9 ,syria1 & is believ$ by "s to h be5 only applicable to ! prov9ce ( ,phnicia27#ec7 b ev5 9 ?is prov9ce x 0 suff]$ to be inop]ative1 =1 only f\r ye>s lat]1 ,libanius speaks ( ! %[s z habitually celebrat$ at ,antio*47#ed7 ,9 ! ,we/]n ,empire _! cont9uance 0 fully recognis$1 ?\gh a few inf9itesimal re/rictions 7 impos$ ^u !m4 ,con/ant9e1 9 ,a4,d4 #ceg1 prohibit$ ! lani/1 or purveyors ( gladiators1 f brib+ s]vants ( ! palace to enrol !mselves z combatants47#ee7 ,val5t9ian1 9 ,a4,d4 #cfe1 =bade any ,*ri/ian crim9al17#ef7 & 9 ,a4,d4 #cfg1 any "o connect$ ) ! ,palat9e17#eg7 be+ condemn$ to fight4 ,honorius prohibit$ any slave :o _h be5 a gladiator pass+ into ! s]vice ( a s5ator2 b ! real object ( ?is la/ measure 01 ,i imag9e1 n s mu* to /igmatise ! gladiator1 z to gu>d aga9/ ! dang] ( an arm$ nobility47#eh7 ,a mu* m important fact is t ! spectacles 7 nev] introduc$ into ! new capital ( ,con/ant9e4 ,at ,rome1 ?\gh !y became less num]\s1 !y d n appe> to h be5 susp5d$ until _! f9al suppression4 ,! passion = gladiators 0 ! wor/1 :ile religi\s lib]ty 0 probably ! be/1 feature ( ! old ,pagan society2 & x is a melan*oly fact t ( ^! two x 0 ! nobl] "p t 9 ! ,*ri/ian ,empire 0 fir/ de/roy$4 ,!odosius ! ,great1 :o suppress$ all div]sity ( wor%ip ?r\gh\t ! ,empire1 & :o %[$ himself on _m occasions ! docile slave ( ! cl]gy1 won ! applause ( ! ,pagan ,symma*us by compell+ 8 b>b>ian prison]s to fight z gladiators47#ei7 ,besides ?is occasion1 we h special k ( gladiatorial games t 7 celebrat$ 9 ,a4,d4 #che1 9 ,a4,d4 #cia1 & aft]w>ds 9 ! reign ( ,honorius1 & ! practice ( condemn+ crim9als to ! ar5a /ill cont9u$47#fj7 ,b al?\gh ! suppression ( ! gladiatorial %[s 0 n effect$ 9 ! metropolis ( ! ,empire till ne>ly n9ety ye>s aft] ,*ri/ianity _h be5 ! ,/ate religion1 ! di/9ction betwe5 ! tea*+ ( ! ,*ri/ians & ,pagans on ! subject rema9$ unimpair$4 ,to ! la/1 ! mo/ e/imable ( ! ,pagans appe> to h reg>d$ !m ) fav\r or indiff]5ce4 ,julian1 x is true1 ) a r>e magnanimity1 refus$ p]si/5tly1 9 8 conflict ) ,*ri/ianity1 to avail himself1 z he might mo/ easily h done1 ( ! popul> passion = games :i* ! ,*ur* condemn$2 b ,libanius has notic$ !m ) "s approbation17#fa7 & ,symma*us1 z we h already se51 bo? in/itut$ & applaud$ !m4 ,b ! ,*ri/ians /eadily refus$ to admit any pr(essional gladiator to baptism till he _h pl$g$ himself to ab&on 8 call+1 & e ,*ri/ian :o att5d$ ! games 0 exclud$ f communion4 ,! prea*]s & writ]s ( ! ,*ur* d5\nc$ !m ) ! mo/ unqualifi$ vehem5ce1 & ! poet ,prud5tius made a direct & e>ne/ appeal to ! emp]or to suppress !m4 ,9 ! ,ea/1 :]e !y _h nev] tak5 v firm root1 !y appe> to h ceas$ ab\t ! "t ( ,!odosius1 & a passion = *>iot races1 :i* rose to ! mo/ extravagant height at ,con/ant9ople & 9 _m o!r cities1 took _! place4 ,9 ! ,we/1 ! la/ gladiatorial %[ 0 celebrat$ at ,rome1 "u ,honorius1 9 ,a4,d4 #djd1 9 hon\r ( ! triumph ( ,/ili*o1 :5 an ,asiatic monk1 nam$ ,telema*us1 animat$ by ! noble/ h]oism ( philan?ropy1 ru%$ into ! amphi!atre1 & attempt$ to "p ! combatants4 ,he p]i%$ b5ea? a %[] ( /ones flung by ! angry spectators2 b 8 dea? l$ to ! f9al abolition ( ! games47#fb7 ,combats ( m5 ) wild bea/s cont9u$1 h[ev]1 mu* lat]1 & 7 especially popul> 9 ! ,ea/4 ,! difficulty ( procur+ wild animals1 amid ! g5]al pov]ty1 contribut$1 ) o!r causes1 to _! decl9e4 ,!y sank1 at la/1 into games ( cruelty to animals1 b ( little dang] to m51 & 7 f9ally condemn$1 at ! end ( ! sev5? c5tury1 by ! ,c\ncil ( ,trullo47#fc7 ,9 ,italy1 ! cu/om ( %am fights1 :i* cont9u$ ?r\gh ! :ole ( ! middle ages1 & :i* ,petr>* decl>es 7 9 8 days sometimes att5d$ ) consid]able blood%$1 may p]haps be trac$ 9 "s degree to ! traditions ( ! amphi!atre47#fd7 ,! ext9ction ( ! gladiatorial spectacles is1 ( all ! results ( e>ly ,*ri/ian influ5ce1 t ^u :i* ! hi/orian c look ) ! deepe/ & mo/ unm+l$ satisfaction4 ,horrible z 0 ! blood%$ !y directly caus$1 ^! games 7 p]haps /ill m p]nici\s on acc\nt ( ! call\sness ( feel+ !y diffus$ ?r\gh all classes1 ! fatal ob/acle !y pres5t$ to any g5]al elevation ( ! /&>d ( humanity4 ,yet ! attitude ( ! ,pagans decisively proves t no progress ( philosophy or social civilisation 0 likely1 = a v long p]iod1 to h extirpat$ !m2 & x c h>dly be d\bt$ t1 _h !y be5 fl\ri%+ un*all5g$ z 9 ! days ( ,trajan1 :5 ! rude w>riors ( ! ,nor? obta9$ ! empire ( ,italy1 !y w\ld h be5 eag]ly adopt$ by ! conqu]ors1 w\ld h tak5 deep root 9 m$ival life1 & h indef9itely ret>d$ ! progress ( humanity4 ,*ri/ianity alone 0 p[]ful en\gh to te> ?is evil plant f ! ,roman soil4 ,! ,*ri/ian cu/om ( legacies = ! relief ( ! indig5t & suff]+ replac$ ! ,pagan cu/om ( bequea?+ sums ( money = games 9 hon\r ( ! dead2 & ! mon? ( ,decemb]1 :i* 0 look$ =w>d to ) eag]ness ?r\gh all ! ,roman _w1 z ! special season ( ! gladiatorial spectacles1 0 consecrat$ 9 ! ,*ur* by ano!r fe/ival commemorative ( ! adv5t ( ,*ri/4 ,! notion ( ! sanctity ( human life1 :i* l$ ! e>ly ,*ri/ians to combat & at la/ to ov]?r[ ! gladiatorial games1 0 c>ri$ by "s ( !m to an ext5t altoge!r irreconcilable ) national indep5d5ce1 & ) ! prevail+ p5al sy/em4 ,_m ( !m taught t no ,*ri/ian might lawfully take away life1 ei!r z a soldi]1 or by br++ a capital *>ge1 or by act+ z an execution]4 ,! fir/ ( ^! que/ions x w be conv5i5t to res]ve = a lat] p]iod ( ?is *apt]1 :5 ,i propose to exam9e ! relations ( ,*ri/ianity to ! milit>y _s1 & a v few words w be suffici5t to dispose ( ! o!rs4 ,! notion t !re is some?+ impure & defil+1 ev5 9 a j execution1 is "o :i* may be trac$ ?r\gh _m ages2 & execution]s1 z ! m9i/]s ( ! law1 h be5 f v anci5t times reg>d$ z unholy4 ,9 bo? ,greece & ,rome ! law compell$ !m to live outside ! walls1 & at ,rhodes !y 7 nev] p]mitt$ ev5 to ent] ! city47#fe7 ,notions ( ?is k9d 7 v /rongly held 9 ! e>ly ,*ur*2 & a decree ( ! p5it5tial discipl9e :i* 0 en=c$1 ev5 aga9/ emp]ors & g5]als1 =bade any "o ^: h&s _h be5 imbru$ 9 blood1 ev5 :5 t blood 0 %$ 9 a righte\s w>1 approa*+ ! alt> )\t a prep>atory p]iod ( p5ance4 ,! op9ions ( ! ,*ri/ians ( ! fir/ ?ree c5turies 7 usually =m$ )\t any reg>d to ! necessities ( civil or political life2 b :5 ! ,*ur* obta9$ an asc5dancy1 x 0 f\nd necess>y spe$ily to modify !m2 & al?\gh ,lactantius1 9 ! f\r? c5tury1 ma9ta9$ ! unlawfulness ( all blood%$17#ff7 z /rongly z ,orig5 9 ! ?ird1 & ,t]tullian 9 ! second1 ! common doctr9e 0 simply t no prie/ or bi%op mu/ take any "p 9 a capital *>ge4 ,f ?is exceptional position ( ! cl]gy !y spe$ily acquir$ ! position ( (ficial int]cessors = crim9als1 ambassadors ( m]cy1 :51 f "s act ( s$ition or o!r cause1 _! city or neighb\rhood 0 m5ac$ ) a bloody invasion4 ,! "r ( sanctu>y1 :i* 0 be=e possess$ by ! ,imp]ial /atues & by ! ,pagan temples1 0 accord$ to ! *ur*es4 ,dur+ ! holy seasons ( ,l5t & ,ea/]1 no crim9al trials c\ld be held1 & no crim9al c\ld be tortur$ or execut$47#fg7 ,miracles1 x 0 said1 7 sometimes wr\ght to atte/ ! innoc5ce ( accus$ or condemn$ m51 b 7 nev] wr\ght to consign crim9als to execution by ! civil p[]47#fh7 ,all ?is _h an importance mu* beyond its imm$iate effect 9 temp]+ ! adm9i/ration ( ! law4 ,x contribut$ l>gely to associate 9 ! popul> imag9ation ! ideas ( sanctity & ( m]cy1 & to increase ! rev]5ce = human life4 ,x _h also ano!r rem>kable effect1 to :i* ,i h adv]t$ 9 ano!r "w4 ,! belief t x 0 wrong = a prie/ to br+ any *>ge t c\ld give rise to a capital s5t5ce caus$ ! lead+ cl]gy to %r9k f p]secut+ h]esy to dea?1 at a "t :5 9 all o!r respects ! !ory ( p]secution _h be5 fully matur$4 ,:5 x 0 readily admitt$ t h]esy 0 9 ! highe/ degree crim9al1 & ought to be made p5al1 :5 laws bani%+1 f9+1 or imprison+ h]etics fill$ ! /atute-book1 & :5 e ve/ige ( religi\s lib]ty 0 suppress$ at ! in/igation ( ! cl]gy1 ^! /ill %rank f ! la/ & inevitable /ep1 n because x 0 an atroci\s violation ( ! rights ( consci5ce1 b because x 0 contr>y to ! ecclesia/ical discipl9e = a bi%op1 "u any circum/ances1 to c\nt5ance blood%$4 ,x 0 on ?is gr\nd t ,/4 ,augu/9e1 :ile eag]ly advocat+ ! p]secution ( ! ,donati/s1 m ?an once express$ a wi% t !y %\ld n be puni%$ ) dea?1 & t ,/4 ,ambrose1 & ,/4 ,m>t9 ( ,t\rs1 :o 7 bo? en]getic p]secutors1 express$ _! abhorr5ce ( ! ,spani% bi%ops1 :o _h caus$ "s ,priscilliani/s to be execut$4 ,i h else:]e notic$ ! odi\s hypocrisy ( ! lat] inquisitors1 :o relegat$ ! execution ( ! s5t5ce to ! civil p[]1 ) a pray] t ! h]etics %\ld be puni%$ 8z mildly z possible & )\t ! effusion ( blood107#fi7 :i* came at la/ to be int]pret$1 by ! dea? ( fire2 b ,i may "h add1 t ?is hide\s mock]y is n unique 9 ! hi/ory ( religion4 ,plut>* sugge/s t "o ( ! reasons = bury+ un*a/e ve/als alive 0 t !y 7 s sacr$ t x 0 unlawful to lay viol5t h&s ^u !m17#gj7 & among ! ,donati/s ! ,circumcelliones 7 = a "t accu/om$ to ab/a91 9 ob$i5ce to ! evangelical comm&1 f ! use ( ! sword1 :ile !y beat to dea? ^? :o diff]$ f _! !ological op9ions ) massive clubs1 to :i* !y gave ! v significant "n ( ,israelites47#ga7 ,! "t came :5 ! ,*ri/ian prie/s %$ blood en\gh4 ,! extreme scrupulosity1 h[ev]1 :i* !y at fir/ display$1 is n only exce$+ly curi\s :5 contra/$ ) _! lat] hi/ory2 x 0 also1 by ! association ( ideas :i* x promot$1 v fav\rable to humanity4 ,x is rem>kable1 h[ev]1 t :ile "s ( ! e>ly ,fa!rs 7 ! und\bt$ precursors ( ,becc>ia1 _! tea*+1 unlike t ( ! philosoph]s 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 _h little or no appreciable influ5ce 9 mitigat+ ! sev]ity ( ! p5al code4 ,inde$1 ! m c>efully ! ,*ri/ian legislation ( ! ,empire is exam9$1 & ! m fully x is comp>$ ) :at _h be5 done "u ! influ5ce ( ,/oicism by ! ,pagan legislators1 ! m evid5t1 ,i ?9k1 x w appe> t ! gold5 age ( ,roman law 0 n ,*ri/ian1 b ,pagan4 ,great works ( codification 7 accompli%$ "u ! y\ng] ,!odosius1 & "u ,ju/9ian2 b x 0 9 ! reign ( ,pagan emp]ors1 & especially ( ,hadrian & ,alex&] ,sev]us1 t ne>ly all ! mo/ important measures 7 tak51 r$ress+ inju/ices1 elevat+ oppress$ classes1 & mak+ ! doctr9e ( ! natural equality & frat]nity ( mank9d ! basis ( legal enactm5ts4 ,receiv+ ! h]itage ( ^! laws1 ! ,*ri/ians1 no d\bt1 add$ some?+2 b a c>eful exam9ation w %[ t x 0 surpris+ly little4 ,9 no respect is ! greatness ( ! ,/oic philosoph]s m conspicu\s ?an 9 ! contra/ betwe5 ! gigantic /eps ( legal re=m made 9 a few ye>s "u _! influ5ce1 & ! almo/ insignificant /eps tak5 :5 ,*ri/ianity _h obta9$ an asc5dancy 9 ! ,empire1 n to speak ( ! long p]iod ( decrepitude t foll[$4 ,9 ! way ( mitigat+ ! sev]ity ( puni%m5ts1 ,con/ant9e made1 x is true1 ?ree important laws prohibit+ ! cu/om ( br&+ crim9als ^u ! face1 ! condemnation ( crim9als z gladiators1 & ! cont9uance ( ! once degrad+ b n[ sacr$ puni%m5t ( crucifixion1 :i* _h be5 v commonly employ$2 b ^! measures 7 m ?an c\nt]balanc$ by ! extreme sev]ity ) :i* ! ,*ri/ian emp]ors puni%$ infanticide1 adult]y1 s$uction1 rape1 & sev]al o!r crimes1 & ! numb] ( capital (f5ces became consid]ably great] ?an be=e47#gb7 ,! mo/ prom95t evid5ce1 inde$1 ( ecclesia/ical influ5ce 9 ! ,!odosian code is t :i* mu/ be mo/ lam5t$4 ,x is ! imm5se mass ( legislation1 int5d$ on ! "o h& to elevate ! cl]gy into a sep>ate & sacr$ ca/e1 & on ! o!r to p]secute 9 e =m1 & ) e degree ( viol5ce1 all :o deviat$ f ! f9e l9e ( ,ca?olic or?odoxy47#gc7 ,! la/ consequ5ce ( ! ,*ri/ian e/imate ( human life 0 a v emphatic condemnation ( suicide4 ,we h already se5 t ! argum5ts ( ! ,pagan morali/s1 :o 7 oppos$ to ?is act1 7 ( f\r k9ds4 ,! religi\s argum5t ( ,py?agoras & ,plato 01 t we are all soldi]s ( ,god1 plac$ 9 an appo9t$ po/ ( duty1 :i* x is a rebellion aga9/ our ,mak] to des]t4 ,! civic argum5t ( ,ari/otle & ! ,greek legislators 0 t we owe our s]vices to ! ,/ate1 & t !re=e volunt>ily to ab&on life is to ab&on our duty to our c\ntry4 ,! argum5t :i* ,plut>* & o!r writ]s d]iv$ f human dignity 0 t true c\rage is %[n 9 ! manful endurance ( suff]+1 :ile suicide1 be+ an act ( flight1 is an act ( c[>dice1 & !re=e unwor?y ( man4 ,! my/ical or ,quieti/ argum5t ( ! ,neoplatoni/s 0 t all p]turbation is a pollution ( ! s\l2 t ! act ( suicide is accompani$ by1 & spr+s f1 p]turbation1 & t !re=e ! p]petrator ends 8 days by a crime4 ,( ^! f\r argum5ts1 ! la/ _c1 ,i ?9k1 be said to h _h any place among ! ,*ri/ian dissuasives f suicide1 & ! influ5ce ( ! second 0 almo/ imp]ceptible4 ,! notion ( patriotism be+ a moral duty 0 habitually disc\rag$ 9 ! e>ly ,*ur*2 & x 0 impossible to urge ! civic argum5t aga9/ suicide )\t at ! same "t condemn+ ! h]mit life1 :i* 9 ! ?ird c5tury became ! ideal ( ! ,*ur*4 ,! duty a man owes to 8 family1 :i* a mod]n morali/ w\ld deem ! mo/ obvi\s &1 p]haps1 ! mo/ conclusive pro( ( ! g5]al crim9ality ( suicide1 & :i* may be said to h replac$ ! civic argum5t1 0 sc>cely notic$ ei!r by ! ,pagans or ! e>ly ,*ri/ians4 ,! fir/ 7 accu/om$ to lay s mu* /ress ^u ! au?ority1 t !y sc>cely recognis$ ! duties1 ( ! fa!r2 & ! latt] 7 too anxi\s to atta* all _! e?ics to ! int]e/s ( ano!r _w1 to d mu* to supply ! omission4 ,! ,*ri/ian e/imate ( ! duty ( humility1 & ( ! degradation ( man1 r5d]$ appeals to human dignity some:at uncong5ial to ! patri/ic writ]s2 yet ^! writ]s frequ5tly dilat$ ^u ! true c\rage ( pati5ce1 9 language to :i* _! own h]oism "u p]secution gave a noble emphasis4 ,to ! example ( ,cato !y oppos$ ^? ( ,regulus & ,job1 ! c\rage t endures suff]+ to ! c\rage t confronts dea?4 ,! ,platonic doctr9e1 t we are s]vants ( ! ,deity1 plac$ ^u e>? to p]=m our allott$ task 9 ,8 sight1 ) ,8 assi/ance1 & by ,8 w1 !y cont9ually en=c$ & mo/ deeply realis$2 & ?is doctr9e 0 9 itself1 9 mo/ cases1 a suffici5t prev5tive2 =1 z a great writ] has said3 8,?\gh !re are _m crimes ( a deep] dye ?an suicide1 !re is no o!r by :i* m5 appe> s =mally to r5\nce ! protection ( ,god407#gd7 ,b1 9 addition to ?is g5]al tea*+1 ! ,*ri/ian !ologians introduc$ into ! sph]e we are consid]+ new elem5ts bo? ( t]rorism & ( p]suasion1 :i* h _h a decisive influ5ce ^u ! judgm5ts ( mank9d4 ,!y c>ri$ _! doctr9e ( ! sanctity ( human life to su* a po9t t !y ma9ta9$ dogmatically t a man :o de/roys 8 own life has committ$ a crime simil> bo? 9 k9d & magnitude to t ( an ord9>y murd]]17#ge7 & !y at ! same "t gave a new "* to dea? by _! doctr9es conc]n+ its p5al nature & conc]n+ ! future de/9ies ( ! s\l4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! high position assign$ to resignation 9 ! moral scale1 ! hope ( future happ9ess1 :i* ca/s a ray ( light ^u ! d>ke/ calamities ( life1 ! deep] & m subtle consolations aris+ f ! feel+ ( tru/ & f ! outp\r+ ( pray]1 &1 above all1 ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e ( ! rem$ial & provid5tial "* ( suff]+1 h prov$ suffici5t protection aga9/ despair4 ,! ,*ri/ian doctr9e1 t pa9 is a good1 _h 9 ?is respect an influ5ce t 0 nev] atta9$ by ! ,pagan doctr9e1 t pa9 is n an evil4 ,!re 71 h[ev]1 two =ms ( suicide :i* 7 reg>d$ 9 ! e>ly ,*ur* ) "s tol]ance or hesitation4 ,dur+ ! fr5zy excit$ by p]secution1 & "u ! influ5ce ( ! belief t m>tyrdom effac$ 9 a mom5t ! s9s ( a life1 & introduc$ ! suff]] at once into cele/ial joys1 x 0 n uncommon = m51 9 a transport ( en?usiasm1 to ru% be=e ! ,pagan judges1 implor+ or provok+ m>tyrdom2 & "s ( ! ecclesia/ical writ]s h spok5 ( ^! m5 ) consid]able admiration17#gf7 ?\gh ! g5]al tone ( ! patri/ic writ+s & ! c\ncils ( ! ,*ur* condemn$ !m4 ,a m s]i\s difficulty arose ab\t ,*ri/ian wom5 :o committ$ suicide to gu>d _! *a/ity :5 m5ac$ by ! infam\s s5t5ces ( _! p]secutors1 or m frequ5tly by ! lu/ ( emp]ors1 or by b>b>ian invad]s4 ,/4 ,pelagia1 a girl ( only fifte51 :o has be5 canonis$ by ! ,*ur*1 & :o 0 w>mly eulogis$ by ,/4 ,ambrose & ,/4 ,*ryso/om1 hav+ be5 captur$ by ! soldi]y1 obta9$ p]mission to retire to h] room = ! purpose ( rob+ h]self1 m\nt$ to ! ro( ( ! h\se1 &1 fl++ h]self d[n1 p]i%$ by ! fall47#gg7 ,a ,*ri/ian lady ( ,antio*1 nam$ ,domn9a1 _h two daught]s r5[n$ alike = _! beauty & _! piety4 ,be+ captur$ dur+ ! ,diocletian p]secution1 & fe>+ ! loss ( _! *a/ity1 !y agre$ by "o bold act to free !mselves f ! dang]1 &1 ca/+ !mselves into a riv] by ! way1 "m & daught]s sank unsulli$ 9 ! wave47#gh7 ,! tyrant ,max5tius 0 fasc9at$ by ! beauty ( a ,*ri/ian lady1 ! wife ( ! ,prefect ( ,rome4 ,hav+ s\ght 9 va9 to elude 8 addresses1 hav+ be5 dragg$ f h] h\se by ! m9ions ( ! tyrant1 ! fai?ful wife obta9$ p]mission1 be=e yield+ to h] ma/]'s embraces1 to retire = a mom5t into h] *amb]1 & %e !re1 ) true ,roman c\rage1 /abb$ h]self to ! he>t47#gi7 ,"s ,prote/ant controv]siali/s h be5 sc&alis$17#hj7 & "s ,ca?olic controv]siali/s p]plex$1 by ! undisguis$ admiration ) :i* ! e>ly ecclesia/ical writ]s n>rate ^! hi/ories4 ,to ^? :o h n suff]$ !ological op9ions to de/roy all _! natural s5se ( nobility x w ne$ no def5ce4 ,?is 0 ! only =m ( av[$ suicide :i* 0 9 any degree p]mitt$ 9 ! e>ly ,*ur*4 ,/4 ,ambrose r timidly1 & ,/4 ,j]ome m /rongly1 comm5d$ x2 b at ! "t :5 ! capture ( ,rome by ! soldi]s ( ,al>ic made ! "q "o ( press+ int]e/1 ,/4 ,augu/9e devot$ an elaborate exam9ation to ! subject1 & :ile express+ 8 pity+ admiration = ! virg9 suicides1 decid$ly condemn$ _! act47#ha7 ,8 op9ion ( ! absolute s9fulness ( suicide has s9ce be5 g5]ally adopt$ by ! ,ca?olic !ologians1 :o pret5d t ,pelagia & ,domn9a act$ "u ! impulse ( a special revelation47#hb7 ,at ! same "t1 by a gl>+ ?\gh v natural inconsi/5cy1 no *>act]s 7 m en?usia/ically extoll$ ?an ^? an*orites :o habitually depriv$ _! bodies ( ! su/5ance t 0 absolutely necess>y to heal?1 & ?us manife/ly abridg$ _! lives4 ,/4 ,j]ome has pres]v$ a curi\s illu/ration ( ! feel+ ) :i* ^! sl[ suicides 7 reg>d$ by ! out] _w1 9 8 acc\nt ( ! life & dea? ( a "y nun nam$ ,blesilla4 ,?is lady _h be5 guilty ( :at1 accord+ to ! religi\s notions ( ! f\r? c5tury1 01 at lea/1 ! frivolity ( m>ry+1 b 0 left a wid[ sev5 mon?s aft]w>ds1 hav+ ?us 8lo/ at once ! cr[n ( virg9ity & ! pleasure ( m>riage407#hc7 ,an attack ( illness inspir$ h] ) /rong religi\s feel+s4 ,at ! age ( tw5ty %e retir$ to a conv5t4 ,%e atta9$ su* a height ( devotion t1 accord+ to ! v *>act]i/ic eulogy ( h] biograph]1 8%e 0 m sorry = ! loss ( h] virg9ity ?an = ! decease ( h] husb&207#hd7 & a long succession ( atroci\s p5ances prec$$1 if !y did n produce1 h] dea?47#he7 ,! conviction t %e _h be5 kill$ by fa/+1 & ! spectacle ( ! uncontrollable grief ( h] "m1 fill$ ! populace ) indignation1 & ! fun]al 0 di/urb$ by tumultu\s cries t ! 8accurs$ race ( monks %\ld be bani%$ f ! city1 /on$1 or dr[n$407#hf7 ,9 ! ,*ur* itself1 h[ev]1 we f9d v few traces ( any condemnation ( ! cu/om ( und]m9+ ! con/itution by au/]ities17#hg7 & if we may believe b a small "p ( :at is relat$ ( ! habits ( ! e>ly & m$ival monks1 great numb]s ( !m mu/ h ?us %ort5$ _! days4 ,!re is a t\*+ /ory told by ,/4 ,bonav5tura1 ( ,/4 ,francis ,assisi1 :o 0 "o ( ^! victims to asceticism4 ,z ! dy+ sa9t sank back exhau/$ ) spitt+ blood1 he av[$1 z he look$ ^u 8 emaciat$ body1 t 8he _h s9n$ aga9/ 8 bro!r1 ! ass20 & !n1 ! feel+ ( 8 m9d tak+1 z 0 usual ) him1 ! =m ( an halluc9ation1 he imag9$ t1 :5 at pray] dur+ ! night1 he he>d a voice say+3 8,francis1 !re is no s9n] 9 ! _w :om1 if he be conv]t$1 ,god w n p>don2 b he :o kills himself by h>d p5ances w f9d no m]cy 9 et]nity40 ,he attribut$ ! voice to ! devil47#hh7 ,direct & delib]ate suicide1 :i* occupies s prom95t a place 9 ! moral hi/ory ( antiquity1 almo/ absolutely disappe>$ )9 ! ,*ur*2 b beyond its pale ! ,circumcelliones1 9 ! f\r? c5tury1 con/itut$ !mselves ! apo/les ( dea?1 & n only c>ri$ to ! highe/ po9t ! cu/om ( provok+ m>tyrdom1 by *all5g+ & insult+ ! assemblies ( ! ,pagans1 b ev5 kill$ !mselves 9 great numb]s1 imag9+1 x w\ld seem1 t ?is 0 a =m ( m>tyrdom1 & w\ld secure = !m et]nal salvation4 ,assembl+ 9 hundr$s1 ,/4 ,augu/9e says ev5 9 ?\s&s1 !y leap$ ) p>oxysms ( frantic joy f ! br[s ( ov]hang+ cliffs1 till ! rocks bel[ 7 r$d5$ ) _! blood47#hi7 ,at a mu* lat] p]iod1 we f9d among ! ,albig5ses a practice1 kn[n by ! "n ( ,endura1 ( accel]at+ dea?1 9 ! case ( dang]\s illness1 by fa/+1 & sometimes by ble$+47#ij7 ,! wret*$ ,jews1 /ung to madness by ! p]secution ( ! ,ca?olics1 furni% ! mo/ num]\s examples ( suicide dur+ ! middle ages4 ,a multitude p]i%$ by _! own h&s1 to avoid torture1 9 ,france1 9 #ajie2 five hundr$1 x is said1 on a s+le occasion at ,york2 five hundr$ 9 #acbj1 :5 besieg$ by ! ,%eph]ds4 ,! old ,pagan legislation on ?is subject rema9$ unalt]$ 9 ! ,!odosian & ,ju/9ian codes2 b a ,c\ncil ( ,arles1 9 ! fif? c5tury1 hav+ pron\nc$ suicide to be ! effect ( diabolical inspiration1 a ,c\ncil ( ,bragues1 9 ! foll[+ c5tury1 orda9$ t no religi\s rites %\ld be celebrat$ at ! tomb ( ! culprit1 & t no masses %\ld be said = 8 s\l2 & ^! provisions1 :i* 7 repeat$ by lat] ,c\ncils1 7 gradually introduc$ into ! laws ( ! b>b>ians & ( ,*>lemagne4 ,/4 ,lewis orig9at$ ! cu/om ( confiscat+ ! prop]ty ( ! dead man1 & ! corpse 0 soon subject$ to gross & v>i\s outrages4 ,9 "s c\ntries x c\ld only be remov$ f ! h\se ?r\gh a p]=ation specially made = ! occasion 9 ! wall2 x 0 dragg$ ^u a hurdle ?r\gh ! /reets1 hung up ) ! head d[nw>ds1 & at la/ ?r[n into ! public sew]1 or burnt1 or buri$ 9 ! s& bel[ high-wat] m>k1 or transfix$ by a /ake on ! public highway47#ia7 ,^! s+ul>ly hide\s & at ! same "t grotesque cu/oms1 & also ! extreme inju/ice ( r$uc+ to begg>y ! unhappy relations ( ! dead1 _h ! v natural effect ( excit+1 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 a /rong _s ( reaction4 ,suicide is inde$ "o ( ^? acts :i* may be condemn$ by morali/s z a s91 b :i*1 9 mod]n times at lea/1 _c be reg>d$ z )9 ! legitimate sph]e ( law2 = a society :i* accords to its memb]s p]fect lib]ty ( emigration1 _c reasonably pron\nce ! simple r5unciation ( life to be an (f5ce aga9/ itself4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ,becc>ia & 8 foll[]s w5t fur!r1 & ma9ta9$ t ! m$ival laws on ! subject 7 z impot5t z !y 7 revolt+1 !y fell1 ,i ?9k1 into s]i\s error4 ,! outrages lavi%$ ^u ! corpse ( ! suicide1 ?\gh 9 ! fir/ in/ance an expression ( ! popul> horror ( 8 act1 contribut$1 by ! associations !y =m$1 to /r5g!n ! feel+ t produc$ !m1 & !y 7 also peculi>ly fitt$ to sc>e ! diseas$1 excit$1 & ov]s5sitive imag9ations t are mo/ prone to suicide4 ,9 ! r>e occasions :5 ! act 0 delib]ately contemplat$1 ! k t religi\s1 legislative1 & social influ5ces w\ld comb9e to aggravate to ! utmo/ ! agony ( ! surviv+ relatives1 mu/ h _h great weight4 ,! activity ( ! ,legislature %[s ! cont9uance ( ! act2 b we h e reason to believe t )9 ! pale ( ,ca?olicism x 0 = _m c5turies extremely r>e4 ,x is said to h be5 some:at preval5t 9 ,spa9 9 ! la/ & mo/ corrupt p]iod ( ! ,go?ic k+dom17#ib7 & _m in/ances occurr$ dur+ a great pe/il5ce :i* rag$ 9 ,engl& 9 ! sev5? c5tury17#ic7 & also dur+ ! ,black ,dea? ( ! f\rte5? c5tury47#id7 ,:5 ! wives ( prie/s 7 sep>at$ 9 va/ numb]s f _! husb&s by ,hildebr&1 & driv5 into ! _w bla/$1 he>t-brok51 & hopeless1 n a few ( !m %ort5$ _! agony by suicide47#ie7 ,among wom5 x 0 9 g5]al especially r>e2 & a le>n$ hi/orian ( suicide has ev5 ass]t$ t a ,spani% lady1 :o1 be+ sep>at$ f h] husb&1 & f9d+ h]self unable to resi/ ! en]gy ( h] passions1 kill$ h]self r ?an yield to temptation1 is ! only in/ance ( female suicide dur+ sev]al c5turies47#if7 ,9 ! romances ( *ivalry1 h[ev]1 ?is mode ( dea? is frequ5tly p\rtray$ )\t horror17#ig7 & its crim9ality 0 discuss$ at consid]able l5g? by ,abel>d & ,/4 ,?omas ,aqu9as1 :ile ,dante has devot$ "s f9e l9es to pa9t+ ! condition ( suicides 9 hell1 :]e !y are also frequ5tly repres5t$ 9 ! bas-reliefs ( ca!drals4 ,a melan*oly lead+ to desp]ation1 & kn[n to !ologians "u ! "n ( 8ac$ia10 0 n uncommon 9 mona/]ies1 & mo/ ( ! record$ in/ances ( m$ival suicides 9 ,ca?olicism 7 by monks4 ,! frequ5t suicides ( monks1 sometimes to escape ! _w1 sometimes ?r\gh despair at _! inability to quell ! prop5sities ( ! body1 sometimes ?r\gh insanity produc$ by _! mode ( life1 & by _! dread ( surr\nd+ demons1 7 notic$ 9 ! e>ly ,*ur*17#ih7 & a few examples h be5 glean$1 f ! m$ival *ronicles17#ii7 ( suicides produc$ by ! bitt]ness ( hopeless love1 or by ! d]angem5t t foll[s extreme au/]ity4 ,^! are1 h[ev]1 b few2 & x is probable t ! mona/]ies1 by provid+ a refuge = ! disappo9t$ & ! brok5-he>t$1 h prev5t$ m suicides ?an !y h caus$1 & t1 dur+ ! :ole p]iod ( ,ca?olic asc5dancy1 ! act 0 m r>e ?an be=e or aft]4 ,! influ5ce ( ,ca?olicism 0 second$ by ,mohamm$anism1 :i*1 on ?is z on _m o!r po9ts1 borr[$ its tea*+ f ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 & ev5 int5sifi$ x2 = suicide1 :i* is nev] expressly condemn$ 9 ! ,bible1 is m ?an once =bidd5 9 ! ,koran1 & ! ,*ri/ian duty ( resignation 0 exagg]at$ by ! ,moslem into a complete fatalism4 ,"u ! empire ( ,ca?olicism & ,mohamm$anism1 suicide1 dur+ _m c5turies1 almo/ absolutely ceas$ 9 all ! civilis$1 active1 & progressive "p ( mank9d4 ,:5 we recollect h[ w>mly x 0 applaud$1 or h[ fa9tly x 0 condemn$1 9 ! civilisation ( ,greece & ,rome2 :5 we rememb]1 too1 t !re 0 sc>cely a b>b>\s tribe1 f ,d5m>k to ,spa91 :o did n habitually practise x17#ajj7 we may realise ! complete revolution :i* 0 effect$ 9 ?is sph]e by ! influ5ce ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,a few words may be add$ on ! lat] phases ( ?is m\rnful hi/ory4 ,! ,re=mation does n seem to h _h any imm$iate effect 9 multiply+ suicide1 = ,prote/ants & ,ca?olics held ) equal int5sity ! religi\s s5tim5ts :i* are mo/ fitt$ to prev5t x1 & 9 none ( ! p]secutions 0 impati5ce ( life l>gely display$4 ,! hi/ory at ?is p]iod passes *iefly into ! new _w1 :]e ! unhappy ,indians1 r$uc$ to slav]y1 & treat$ ) atroci\s cruelty by _! conqu]ors1 kill$ !mselves 9 great numb]s2 till ! ,spani>ds1 x is said1 discov]$ an +5i\s me?od ( det]r+ !m1 by decl>+ t ! ma/] also w\ld commit suicide1 & w\ld pursue 8 victims into ! _w ( spirits47#aja7 ,9 ,europe ! act 0 v common among ! wit*es1 :o und]w5t all ! suff]+s ) none ( ! consolations ( m>tyrdom4 ,)\t en?usiasm1 )\t hope1 )\t ev5 ! consci\sness ( innoc5ce1 decrepit 9 body1 & di/ract$ 9 m9d1 compell$ 9 ?is _w to endure tortures1 be=e :i* ! mo/ impassion$ h]oism might quail1 & doom$1 z !y (t5 believ$1 to et]nal damnation 9 ! next1 !y n unfrequ5tly kill$ !mselves 9 ! agony ( _! despair4 ,a ,fr5* judge nam$ ,remy tells u t he knew no less ?an fifte5 wit*es commit suicide 9 a s+le ye>47#ajb7 ,9 ^! cases1 fe> & madness comb9$ 9 urg+ ! victims to ! de$4 ,epidemics ( purely insane suicide h also n unfrequ5tly occurr$4 ,bo? ! wom5 ( ,m>seilles & ! wom5 ( ,lyons 7 afflict$ ) an epidemic n unlike t :i*1 9 antiquity1 _h be5 notic$ among ! girls ( ,miletus47#ajc7 ,9 t /range mania :i* rag$ 9 ! ,neapolitan di/ricts f ! end ( ! fifte5? to ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 & :i* 0 attribut$ to ! bite ( ! t>antula1 ! pati5ts ?rong$ 9 multitudes t[>ds ! sea1 & (t51 z ! blue wat]s op5$ to _! view1 !y *ant$ a wild hymn ( welcome1 & ru%$ ) passion into ! waves47#ajd7 ,b toge!r ) ^! cases1 :i* belong r to ! hi/ory ( m$ic9e ?an to t ( morals1 we f9d _m facts exhibit+ a />tl+ increase ( delib]ate suicide1 & a no less />tl+ modification ( ! s5tim5ts ) :i* x 0 reg>d$4 ,! revival ( classical le>n+1 & ! gr[+ cu/om ( reg>d+ ,greek & ,roman h]oes z ideals1 necess>ily br\ght ! subject into prom95ce4 ,! ,ca?olic casui/s1 & at a lat] p]iod philosoph]s ( ! s*ool ( ,grotius & ,puff5dorf1 began to di/+ui% c]ta9 cases ( legitimate suicide1 su* z t committ$ to avoid di%on\r or probable s91 or t ( ! soldi] :o fires a m9e1 kn[+ he mu/ inevitably p]i% by ! explosion1 or t ( a condemn$ p]son :o saves himself f torture by anticipat+ an inevitable fate1 or t ( a man :o (f]s himself to dea? = 8 fri5d47#aje7 ,! effect ( ! ,pagan examples may frequ5tly be detect$ 9 ! la/ words or writ+s ( ! suicides4 ,philip ,/rozzi1 :5 accus$ ( ! assass9ation ( ,alex&] ,i4 ( ,tuscany1 kill$ himself ?r\gh fe> t torture might extort f him revelations injuri\s to 8 fri5ds1 & he left beh9d him a pap] 9 :i*1 among o!r ?+s1 he comm5d$ 8 s\l to ,god1 ) ! pray] t1 if no high] boon c\ld be grant$1 he might at lea/ be p]mitt$ to h 8 place ) ,cato ( ,utica & ! o!r great suicides ( antiquity47#ajf7 ,9 ,engl&1 ! act appe>s 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury & 9 ! fir/ half ( ! eighte5? to h be5 m common ?an ^u ! ,cont95t17#ajg7 & sev]al p>tial or ev5 unqualifi$ apologies = x 7 writt54 ,sir ,?omas ,m1 9 8 8,utopia10 repres5t$ ! prie/s & magi/rates ( 8 ideal republic p]mitt+ or ev5 enjo9+ ^? :o 7 afflict$ ) incurable disease to kill !mselves1 b depriv+ ( burial ^? :o _h done s )\t au?orisation47#ajh7 ,dr4 ,donne1 ! le>n$ & pi\s ,dean ( ,/4 ,paul's1 _h 9 8 y\? writt5 an extremely curi\s1 subtle1 & le>n$1 b at ! same "t feeble & involv$1 "w 9 def5ce ( suicide1 :i* on 8 dea?b$ he comm&$ 8 son nei!r to publi% nor de/roy1 & :i* 8 son publi%$ 9 #afdd4 ,two or ?ree ,engli% suicides left beh9d !m elaborate def5ces1 z did also a ,sw$e nam$ ,robeck1 :o dr[n$ himself 9 #agce1 & ^: treatise1 publi%$ 9 ! foll[+ ye>1 acquir$ consid]able celebrity47#aji7 ,b ! mo/ influ5tial writ+s ab\t suicide 7 ^? ( ! ,fr5* philosoph]s & revolutioni/s4 ,montaigne1 )\t discuss+ its ab/ract lawfulness1 rec\nts1 ) mu* admiration1 _m ( ! in/ances 9 antiquity47#aaj7 ,montesquieu1 9 a y\?ful "w1 def5d$ x ) ard5t en?usiasm47#aaa7 ,r\sseau devot$ to ! subject two lett]s ( a burn+ & passionate eloqu5ce17#aab7 9 ! fir/ ( :i* he pres5t$ ) mat*less p[] ! argum5ts 9 its fav\r1 :ile 9 ! second he d5\nc$ ^? argum5ts z sophi/ical1 dilat$ ^u ! impiety ( ab&on+ ! po/ ( duty1 & ^u ! c[>dice ( despair1 & ) a deep k ( ! human he>t reveal$ ! selfi%ness t lies at ! root ( mo/ suicide1 exhort+ all :o felt impell$ to x to set ab\t "s "w = ! good ( o!rs1 9 :i* !y w\ld assur$ly f9d relief4 ,voltaire1 9 ! be/-kn[n c\plet he ev] wrote1 def5ds ! act on occasions ( extreme necessity47#aac7 ,among ! a!i/ical p>ty x 0 w>mly eulogis$1 & ,holba* & ,desl&es 7 prom95t z its def5d]s4 ,! rapid decomposition ( religi\s op9ions weak5$ ! popul> s5se ( its enormity1 & at ! same "t ! humanity ( ! age1 & also a cle>] s5se ( ! true limits ( legislation1 produc$ a reaction aga9/ ! horrible laws on ! subject4 ,grotius _h def5d$ !m4 ,montesquieu at fir/ d5\nc$ !m ) unqualifi$ en]gy1 b 9 8 lat] ye>s 9 "s degree modifi$ 8 op9ions4 ,becc>ia1 :o 01 m ?an any o!r writ]1 ! repres5tative ( ! op9ions ( ! ,fr5* s*ool on su* matt]s1 condemn$ !m p>tly z unju/ to ! innoc5t survivors1 p>tly z incapable ( det]r+ any man :o 0 resolv$ ^u ! act4 ,ev5 9 #agdi1 9 ! full blaze ( ! philosophic movem5t1 we f9d a suicide nam$ ,porti] dragg$ ?r\gh ! /reets ( ,p>is ) 8 face to ! gr\nd1 hung f a gall[s by 8 feet1 & !n ?r[n into ! sew]s27#aad7 & ! laws 7 n abrogat$ till ! ,revolution1 :i*1 hav+ f\nd$ s _m o!r =ms ( fre$om1 accord$ ! lib]ty ( dea?4 ,amid ! dramatic vicissitudes1 & ! fi]ce en?usiasm ( t p]iod ( convulsions1 suicides imm$iately multipli$4 8,! _w10 x 0 said1 _h be5 8empty s9ce ! ,romans407#aae7 ,= a brief p]iod1 & 9 ?is "o c\ntry1 ! action ( ,*ri/ianity appe>$ susp5d$4 ,m5 seem$ to be transport$ aga9 into ! age ( ,paganism1 & ! suicides1 ?\gh m !atrical1 7 p]petrat$ ) no less delib]ation1 & eulogis$ ) no less en?usiasm1 ?an among ! ,/oics4 ,b ! tide ( revolution pass$ away1 & ) "s qualifications ! old op9ions resum$ _! au?ority4 ,! laws aga9/ suicide 71 inde$1 = ! mo/ "p aboli%$4 ,9 ,france & sev]al o!r l&s !re exi/s no legislation on ! subject4 ,9 o!r c\ntries ! law simply enjo9s burial )\t religi\s c]emonies4 ,9 ,engl&1 ! burial 9 a highway & ! mutilation by a /ake 7 aboli%$ "u ,george ,,iv42 b ! mon/r\s inju/ice ( confiscat+ to ! ,cr[n ! entire prop]ty ( ! delib]ate suicide /ill disgraces ! /atute-book1 ?\gh ! =ce ( public op9ion & ! *>itable p]jury ( juries r5d] x inop]ative4 ,! common s5tim5t ( ,*ri/5dom has1 h[ev]1 ratifi$ ! judgm5t :i* ! ,*ri/ian tea*]s pron\nc$ ^u ! act1 ?\gh x has some:at modifi$ ! sev]ity ( ! old c5sure1 & has ab&on$ "s ( ! old argum5ts4 ,x 0 res]v$ = ,madame de ,/al1 :o1 9 a y\?ful "w ^u ! ,passions1 _h comm5d$ suicide1 to recon/ruct ?is dep>tm5t ( e?ics1 :i* _h be5 some:at di/urb$ by ! ,revolution1 & %e did s 9 a little treatise :i* is a model ( calm1 c&id1 & philosophic piety4 ,frankly ab&on+ ! old !ological notions t ! de$ is ( ! nature ( murd]1 t x is ! wor/ ( crimes1 & t x is always1 or ev5 g5]ally1 ! (fspr+ ( c[>dice2 ab&on+1 too1 all attempts to sc>e m5 by religi\s t]rorism1 %e proce$$1 n s mu* to meet 9 detail ! isolat$ argum5ts ( its def5d]s1 z to sket* ! ideal ( a truly virtu\s man1 & to %[ h[ su* a "* w\ld secure m5 aga9/ all temptation to suicide4 ,9 pages ( ! mo/ t5d] beauty1 %e trac$ ! influ5ce ( suff]+ 9 s(t5+1 purify+1 & deep5+ ! "*1 & %[$ h[ a frame ( habitual & submissive resignation 0 n only ! highe/ duty1 b also ! s\rce ( ! pure/ consolation1 & at ! same "t ! appo9t$ condition ( moral amelioration4 ,hav+ exam9$ 9 detail ! ,biblical aspect ( ! "q1 %e proce$$ to %[ h[ ! true measure ( ! dignity ( man is 8 unselfi%ness4 ,%e contra/$ ! m>tyr ) ! suicide--! dea? :i* spr+s f devotion to duty ) ! dea? t spr+s f rebellion aga9/ circum/ances4 ,! suicide ( ,cato1 :i* _h be5 absurdly d5\nc$ by a cr[d ( ecclesia/ics z an act ( c[>dice1 & z absurdly alleg$ by _m suicides z a ju/ification = fly+ f pa9 or pov]ty1 %e repres5t$ z an act ( m>tyrdom--a dea? l t ( ,curtius1 accept$ nobly = ! b5efit ( ,rome4 ,! eye ( ! good man %\ld be = ev] fix$ ^u ! int]e/ ( o!rs4 ,= !m he %\ld be prep>$ to rel9qui% life ) all its bless+s4 ,= !m he %\ld be prep>$ to tol]ate life1 ev5 :5 x seem$ to him a curse4 ,s5tim5ts ( ?is k9d h1 ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( ,*ri/ianity1 ?or\ghly p]vad$ ,european society1 & suicide1 9 mod]n times1 is almo/ always f\nd to h sprung ei!r f absolute insanity2 f diseases :i*1 ?\gh n am\nt+ to insanity1 are yet suffici5t to discol\r our judgm5ts2 or f t la/ excess ( sorr[1 :5 resignation & hope are bo? ext9ct4 ,consid]+ x 9 ?is light1 ,i "k few ?+s m fitt$ to qualify ! optimism we s (t5 he> ?an ! fact t /ati/ics %[ x to be rapidly increas+1 & to be peculi>ly *>act]i/ic ( ^? nations :i* rank mo/ high 9 intellectual developm5t & 9 g5]al civilisation47#aaf7 ,9 "o or two c\ntries1 /rong religi\s feel+ has c\nt]act$ ! t5d5cy2 b ! comp>ison ( t[n & c\ntry1 ( diff]5t c\ntries1 ( diff]5t prov9ces ( ! same c\ntry1 & ( diff]5t p]iods 9 hi/ory1 proves conclusively its reality4 ,_m reasons may be alleg$ to expla9 x4 ,m5tal occupations are peculi>ly fitt$ to produce insanity17#aag7 & ! blaze ( publicity1 :i* 9 mod]n "t encircles an act ( suicide1 to draw weak m9ds to its imitation4 ,if we put ! condition ( absolutely savage life1 out ( our calculation1 x is probable t a highly develop$ civilisation1 :ile x raises ! av]age ( well-be+1 is accompani$ by m extreme mis]y & acute suff]+s ?an ! simpl] /ages t _h prec$$ x4 ,nomadic habits1 ! va/ agglom]ation ( m5 9 cities1 ! pressure ( a fi]ce competition1 & ! sudd5 fluctuations to :i* manufactures are peculi>ly liable1 are ! conditions ( great prosp]ity1 b also ! causes ( ! mo/ pr(\nd mis]y4 ,civilisation makes _m ( :at once 7 sup]fluities1 necess>ies ( life1 s t _! loss inflicts a pang long aft] _! possession _h ceas$ to be a pleasure4 ,x also1 by s(t5+ ! "*1 r5d]s x peculi>ly s5sitive to pa91 & x br+s ) x a long tra9 ( antipa?ies1 passions1 & diseas$ imag9ations1 :i* r>ely or nev] cross ! ?\ghts or torture ! n]ves ( ! simple peasant4 ,! advance ( religi\s scepticism1 & ! relaxation ( religi\s discipl9e1 h weak5$ & sometimes de/roy$ ! horror ( suicide2 & ! habits ( self-ass]tion1 ! eag] & re/less ambitions :i* political lib]ty1 intellectual activity1 & manufactur+ ent]prise1 all 9 _! diff]5t ways conspire to fo/]1 :ile !y are ! v pr9ciples & conditions ( ! progress ( our age1 r5d] ! virtue ( cont5t 9 all its =ms extremely r>e1 & are peculi>ly unpropiti\s to ! =mation ( t _s ( humble & submissive resignation :i* alone c mitigate ! agony ( hopeless suff]+4 ,f exam9+ ! effect ( ,*ri/ianity 9 promot+ a s5se ( ! sanctity ( human life1 we may n[ pass to an adjo9+ field1 & exam9e its influ5ce 9 promot+ a frat]nal & philan?ropic s5tim5t among mank9d4 ,& fir/ ( all we may notice its effects ^u slav]y4 ,! read] w rememb] ! g5]al position ?is in/itution occupi$ 9 ! eyes ( ! ,/oic morali/s1 & "u ! legislation :i* !y _h 9 a great measure inspir$4 ,! legitimacy ( slav]y 0 fully recognis$2 b ,s5eca & o!r morali/s _h ass]t$1 9 ! v /ronge/ t]ms1 ! natural equality ( mank9d1 ! sup]ficial "* ( ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! slave & 8 ma/]1 & ! duty ( ! mo/ scrupul\s humanity to ! =m]4 ,in/ances ( a v w>m sympa?y betwe5 ma/] & slave 7 ( frequ5t occurr5ce2 b !y may un=tunately be p>allel$ by n a few examples ( ! mo/ atroci\s cruelty4 ,to gu>d aga9/ su* cruelty1 a long s]ies ( enactm5ts1 bas$ av[$ly ^u ! ,/oical pr9ciple ( ! ess5tial equality ( mank9d1 _h be5 made "u ,hadrian1 ! ,anton9es1 & ,alex&] ,sev]us4 ,n to recapitulate at l5g? :at has be5 m5tion$ 9 a =m] *apt]1 x is suffici5t to rem9d ! read] t ! "r ( life & dea? _h be5 def9itely )drawn f ! ma/]1 & t ! murd] ( a slave 0 /igmatis$ & puni%$ by ! law4 ,x _h1 h[ev]1 be5 laid d[n1 by ! great lawy] ,paul1 t homicide implies an int5tion to kill1 & t !re=e ! ma/] 0 n guilty ( t crime if 8 slave di$ "u *a/isem5t :i* 0 n adm9i/]$ ) ?is int5tion4 ,b ! lic5ce ( puni%m5t :i* ?is decision might give 0 *eck$ by laws :i* =bade excessive cruelty to slaves1 provid$ t1 :5 x 0 prov$1 !y %\ld be sold to ano!r ma/]1 suppress$ ! private prisons 9 :i* !y _h be5 immur$1 & appo9t$ special (fic]s to receive _! compla9ts4 ,9 ! field ( legislation1 = ab\t two hundr$ ye>s aft] ! conv]sion ( ,con/ant9e1 ! progress 0 extremely slight4 ,! ,*ri/ian emp]ors1 9 ,a4,d4 #cai & #cbf1 adv]t$ 9 two elaborate laws to ! subject ( ! murd] ( slaves17#aah7 b1 beyond reit]at+ 9 v emphatic t]ms ! previ\s enactm5ts1 x is n easy to see 9 :at way !y improv$ ! condition ( ! class47#aai7 ,!y provid$ t any ma/] :o appli$ to 8 slave c]ta9 atroci\s tortures1 t are enum]at$1 ) ! object ( kill+ him1 %\ld be deem$ a homicide1 b if ! slave di$ "u mod]ate puni%m5t1 or "u any puni%m5t n int5d$ to kill him1 ! ma/] %\ld be blameless2 no *>ge :atev]1 x 0 emphatically said1 %\ld be br\ght aga9/ him4 ,x has be5 suppos$1 ?\gh ,i ?9k )\t evid5ce1 by comm5tators7#abj7 t ?is law accord$ immunity to ! ma/] only :5 ! slave p]i%$ "u ! application ( 8appropriate0 or s]vile puni%m5ts--t is to say1 sc\rg+1 irons1 or imprisonm5t2 b ! use ( torture n int5d$ to kill 0 9 no degree re/rict$1 nor is !re any?+ 9 ! law to make x appe> ei!r t ! ma/] 0 liable to puni%m5t1 if contr>y to 8 int5tion 8 slave succumb$ b5ea? torture1 or t ,con/ant9e propos$ any p5alty = excessive cruelty :i* did n result 9 dea?4 ,x is1 p]haps1 n out ( place to obs]ve1 t ?is law 0 9 rem>kable h>mony ) ! well-kn[n article ( ! ,jewi% code1 :i* provid$ t if a slave1 w\nd$ to dea? by 8 ma/]1 l+] = a day or two1 ! ma/] %\ld n be puni%$1 = ! slave 0 8 money47#aba7 ,! two features t 7 mo/ revolt+ 9 ! slave sy/em1 z x pass$ f ! ,pagan to ! ,*ri/ian emp]ors1 7 ! absolute want ( legal recognition ( slave m>riage1 & ! lic5ce ( tortur+ /ill conc$$ to ! ma/]4 ,! ,*ri/ian emp]ors be=e ,ju/9ian took no s]i\s /eps to rem$y ei!r ( ^! evils1 & ! measures t 7 tak5 aga9/ adult]y /ill cont9u$ inapplicable to slave unions1 because 8! vil5ess ( _! condition makes !m unwor?y ( ! obs]vation ( ! law407#abb7 ,! abolition ( ! puni%m5t ( crucifixion _h1 h[ev]1 a special value to ! slave class1 & a v m]ciful law ( ,con/ant9e =bade ! sep>ation ( ! families ( ! slaves47#abc7 ,ano!r law1 :i* 9 its effects 0 p]haps /ill m important1 imp>t$ a sacr$ "* to manumission1 orda9+ t ! c]emony %\ld be celebrat$ 9 ! ,*ur*17#abd7 & p]mitt+ x on ,sundays4 ,"s measures 7 also tak51 provid+ = ! fre$om ( ! ,*ri/ian slaves ( ,jewi% ma/]s1 &1 9 two or ?ree cases1 fre$om 0 (f]$ z a bribe to slaves1 to induce !m to in=m aga9/ crim9als4 ,int]m>riage betwe5 ! free & slave classes 0 /ill /rictly =bidd51 & if a free woman _h improp] int]c\rse ) h] slave1 ,con/ant9e ord]$ t ! woman %\ld be execut$ & ! slave burnt alive47#abe7 ,by ! ,pagan law1 ! woman _h be5 simply r$uc$ to slav]y4 ,! laws aga9/ fugitive slaves 7 also r5d]$ m sev]e47#abf7 ,?is legislation may on ! :ole be look$ ^u z a progress1 b x c]ta9ly does n des]ve ! en?usiasm :i* ecclesia/ical writ]s h sometimes be/[$ ^u x4 ,= ab\t two hundr$ ye>s1 !re 0 an almo/ absolute pause 9 ! legislation on ?is subject4 ,"s slight re/rictions 71 h[ev]1 impos$ ^u ! use ( torture 9 trials2 "s slight additional facilities ( manumission 7 giv51 & "s v atroci\s enactm5ts made to prev5t slaves accus+ _! ma/]s4 ,accord+ to t ( ,gratian1 any slave :o accus$ 8 ma/] ( any (f5ce1 except high treason1 %\ld imm$iately be burnt alive1 )\t any inve/igation ( ! ju/ice ( ! *>ge47#abg7 ,"u ,ju/9ian1 h[ev]1 new & v important measures 7 tak54 ,9 no o!r sph]e 7 ! laws ( ?is emp]or s indisputably an advance ^u ^? ( 8 pr$ecessors4 ,8 measures may be compris$ "u ?ree heads4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 all ! re/rictions ^u enfran*isem5t :i* _h accumulat$ "u ! ,pagan legislation 7 aboli%$2 ! legislator proclaim$ 9 emphatic language1 & by ! provisions ( _m laws1 8 desire to enc\rage manumission1 & free scope 0 ?us giv5 to ! action ( ! ,*ur*4 ,9 ! second place1 ! fre$m51 consid]$ z an int]m$iate class betwe5 ! slave & ! citiz51 7 virtually aboli%$1 all or ne>ly all ! privileges accord$ to ! citiz5 be+ grant$ to ! emancipat$ slave4 ,?is 0 ! mo/ important contribution ( ! ,*ri/ian emp]ors to t great amalgamation ( nations & classes :i* _h be5 advanc+ s9ce ! days ( ,augu/us2 & "o ( its effects 01 t any p]son1 ev5 ( s5atorial rank1 might m>ry a slave :5 he _h fir/ emancipat$ h]4 ,9 ! ?ird place1 a slave 0 p]mitt$ to m>ry a free woman ) ! au?orisation ( 8 ma/]1 & *ildr5 born 9 slav]y became ! legal heirs ( _! emancipat$ fa!r4 ,! rape ( a slave woman 0 also 9 ?is reign puni%$1 l t ( a free woman1 by dea?47#abh7 ,b1 important z 7 ^! measures1 x is n 9 ! field ( legislation t we mu/ *iefly look = ! influ5ce ( ,*ri/ianity ^u slav]y4 ,?is influ5ce 0 inde$ v great1 b x is necess>y c>efully to def9e its nature4 ,! prohibition ( all slav]y1 :i* 0 "o ( ! peculi>ities ( ! ,jewi% ,ess5es1 & ! illegitimacy ( h]$it>y slav]y1 :i* 0 "o ( ! speculations ( ! ,/oic ,dion ,*ryso/om1 _h no place 9 ! ecclesia/ical tea*+4 ,slav]y 0 di/9ctly & =mally recognis$ by ,*ri/ianity17#abi7 & no religion ev] lab\r$ m to enc\rage a habit ( docility & passive ob$i5ce4 ,mu* 0 inde$ said by ! ,fa!rs ab\t ! natural equality ( mank9d1 ab\t ! duty ( reg>d+ slaves z bro!rs or companions1 & ab\t ! he9\sness ( cruelty to !m2 b all ?is _h be5 said ) at lea/ equal =ce1 ?\gh x _h n be5 dissem9at$ ov] an equally wide area1 by ,s5eca & ,epictetus1 & ! pr9ciple ( ! orig9al fre$om ( all m5 0 repeat$ly av]r$ by ! ,pagan lawy]s4 ,! s]vices ( ,*ri/ianity 9 ?is sph]e 7 ( ?ree k9ds4 ,x suppli$ a new ord] ( relations1 9 :i* ! di/9ction ( classes 0 unkn[n4 ,x imp>t$ a moral dignity to ! s]vile classes1 & x gave an unexampl$ impetus to ! movem5t ( enfran*isem5t4 ,! fir/ ( ^! s]vices 0 effect$ by ! ,*ur* c]emonies & ! p5it5tial discipl9e4 ,9 ^! sph]es1 f :i* ! ,*ri/ian m9d d]iv$ its e>lie/1 its deepe/1 & its mo/ endur+ impressions1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! ma/] & 8 slave 0 unkn[n4 ,!y receiv$ ! sacr$ elem5ts toge!r1 !y sat side by side at ! agape1 !y m+l$ 9 ! public pray]s4 ,9 ! p5al sy/em ( ! ,*ur*1 ! di/9ction betwe5 wrongs done to a freeman1 & wrongs done to a slave1 :i* lay at ! v root ( ! :ole civil legislation1 0 repudiat$4 ,at a "t :51 by ! civil law1 a ma/]1 ^: slave di$ z a consequ5ce ( excessive sc\rg+1 0 absolutely unpuni%$1 ! ,c\ncil ( ,illib]is exclud$ t ma/] = ev] f ! communion47#acj7 ,! *a/ity ( female slaves1 = ! protection ( :i* ! civil law made b little provision1 0 s$ul\sly gu>d$ by ! legislation ( ! ,*ur*4 ,slave bir?1 moreov]1 0 no disqualification = ent]+ into ! prie/hood2 & an emancipat$ slave1 reg>d$ z ! disp5s] ( spiritual life & dea?1 (t5 saw ! greate/ & ! mo/ weal?y kneel+ humbly at 8 feet implor+ 8 absolution or 8 b5$iction47#aca7 ,9 ! next place1 ,*ri/ianity imp>t$ a moral dignity to ! s]vile class4 ,x did ?is n only by associat+ pov]ty & lab\r ) t mona/ic life :i* 0 s pr(\ndly rev]$1 b also by introduc+ new modifications into ! ideal type ( morals4 ,!re is no fact m prom95t 9 ! ,roman writ]s ?an ! pr(\nd contempt ) :i* !y reg>d$ slaves1 n s mu* on acc\nt ( _! position1 z on acc\nt ( ! "* :i* t position _h =m$4 ,a s]vile "* 0 a synonym = a vici\s "o4 ,cic]o _h decl>$ t no?+ great or noble c\ld exi/ 9 a slave1 & ! plays ( ,plautus exhibit ! same e/imate 9 e sc5e4 ,!re 71 x is true1 "s exceptions4 ,epictetus _h n only be51 b _h be5 recognis$ z "o ( ! noble/ *>act]s ( ,rome4 ,! fidelity ( slaves to _! ma/]s _h be5 frequ5tly extoll$1 & ,s5eca 9 ?is1 z 9 o!r respects1 _h be5 ! def5d] ( ! oppress$4 ,/ill !re c be no d\bt t ?is contempt 0 g5]al1 & also t 9 ! ,pagan _w x 0 to a great ext5t j4 ,e age has its own moral ideal1 to :i* all virtu\s m5 aspire4 ,e sph]e ( life has also a t5d5cy to produce a di/9ctive type be+ specially fav\rable to "s p>ticul> class ( virtues1 & specially unfav\rable to o!rs4 ,! popul> e/imate1 & ev5 ! real moral condition1 ( ea* class dep5ds *iefly ^u ! degree 9 :i* ! type ( "* its position naturally develops1 co9cides ) ! ideal type ( ! age4 ,n[1 if we rememb] t magnanimity1 self-reliance1 dignity1 indep5d5ce1 &1 9 a ^w1 elevation ( "*1 con/itut$ ! ,roman ideal ( p]fection1 x w appe> evid5t t ?is 0 preem95tly ! type ( freem51 & t ! condition ( slav]y 0 9 ! v highe/ degree unfav\rable to its developm5t4 ,*ri/ianity = ! fir/ "t gave ! s]vile virtues ! =emo/ place 9 ! moral type4 ,humility1 ob$i5ce1 g5tl5ess1 pati5ce1 resignation1 are all c>d9al or rudim5t>y virtues 9 ! ,*ri/ian "*2 !y 7 all neglect$ or und]rat$ by ! ,pagans2 !y c all exp& & fl\ri% 9 a s]vile position4 ,! influ5ce ( ,*ri/ianity ^u slav]y1 by incl9+ ! moral type to ! s]vile classes1 ?\gh less obvi\s & less discuss$ ?an "s o!rs1 is1 ,i believe1 9 ! v highe/ degree important4 ,!re is1 probably1 sc>cely any o!r s+le circum/ance t ex]cises s pr(\nd an influ5ce ^u ! social & political relations ( a religion1 z ! class type ) :i* x c mo/ readily assimilate2 or1 9 o!r words1 ! gr\p or v>iety ( virtues to :i* x gives ! =emo/ place4 ,! virtues t are mo/ suit$ to ! s]vile position 7 9 g5]al s little hon\r$ by antiquity t !y 7 n ev5 cultivat$ 9 _! appropriate sph]e4 ,! aspirations ( good m5 7 9 a diff]5t direction4 ,! virtue ( ! ,/oic1 :i* rose triumphantly "u adv]sity1 ne>ly always )]$ "u degradation4 ,= ! fir/ "t1 "u ! influ5ce ( ,*ri/ianity1 a great moral movem5t pass$ ?r\gh ! s]vile class4 ,! multitude ( slaves :o embrac$ ! new fai? 0 "o ( ! reproa*es ( ! ,pagans2 & ! names ( ,bl&9a1 ,potamina1 ,euty*es1 ,victor9us1 & ,n]eus1 %[ h[ fully !y %>$ 9 ! suff]+s & 9 ! glory ( m>tyrdom 7#acb74 ,! fir/ & gr&e/ edifice ( ,byzant9e ar*itecture 9 ,italy--! noble *ur* ( ,/4 ,vital1 at ,rav5na--0 d$icat$ by ,ju/9ian to ! memory ( a m>tyr$ slave4 ,:ile ,*ri/ianity ?us broke d[n ! contempt ) :i* ! ma/] _h reg>d$ 8 slaves1 & plant$ among ! latt] a pr9ciple ( moral reg5]ation :i* exp&$ 9 no o!r sph]e ) an equal p]fection1 its action 9 procur+ ! fre$om ( ! slave 0 unceas+4 ,! law ( ,con/ant9e1 :i* plac$ ! c]emony "u ! sup]9t5d5ce ( ! cl]gy1 & ! _m laws t gave special facilities ( manumission to ^? :o desir$ to ent] ! mona/]ies or ! prie/hood1 symbolis$ ! religi\s "* ! act _h assum$4 ,x 0 celebrat$ on ,*ur* fe/ivals1 especially at ,ea/]2 &1 al?\gh x 0 n proclaim$ a matt] ( duty or necessity1 x 0 always reg>d$ z "o ( ! mo/ acceptable modes ( expiat+ pa/ s9s4 ,/4 ,melania 0 said to h emancipat$ #h1jjj slaves2 ,/4 ,ovidius1 a ri* m>tyr ( ,gaul1 #e1jjj2 ,*romatius1 a ,roman prefect "u ,diocletian1 #a1djj2 ,h]mes1 a prefect 9 ! reign ( ,trajan1 #a1bej47acc7 ,pope ,/4 ,gregory1 _m ( ! cl]gy at ,hippo "u ! rule ( ,/4 ,augu/9e1 z well z great numb]s ( private individuals1 fre$ _! slaves z an act ( piety47#acd7 ,x became cu/om>y to d s on occasions ( national or p]sonal ?anksgiv+1 on recov]y f sickness1 on ! bir? ( a *ild1 at ! h\r ( dea?1 &1 above all1 9 te/am5t>y beque/s47#ace7 ,num]\s *>t]s & epitaphs /ill record ! gift ( lib]ty to slaves ?r\gh\t ! middle ages1 8= ! b5efit ( ! s\l0 ( ! donor or te/ator4 ,9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 :5 !re 7 no slaves to emancipate 9 ,france1 x 0 usual 9 _m *ur*es to release cag$ pigeons on ! ecclesia/ical fe/ivals1 9 memory ( ! anci5t *>ity1 & t prison]s might /ill be fre$ 9 ! "n ( ,*ri/47#acf7 ,slav]y1 h[ev]1 la/$ 9 ,europe = ab\t #hjj ye>s aft] ,con/ant9e1 & dur+ ! p]iod ) :i* alone ?is volume is conc]n$1 al?\gh its "* 0 *ang$ & mitigat$1 ! numb] ( m5 :o 7 subject to x 0 probably great] ?an 9 ! ,pagan ,empire4 ,9 ! ,we/ ! b>b>ian conque/s modifi$ ! conditions ( lab\r 9 two directions4 ,! cessation ( ! /ream ( b>b>ian captives1 ! impov]i%m5t ( great families1 :o _h be5 surr\nd$ by va/ ret9ues ( slaves1 ! g5]al dim9ution ( t[n life1 & ! b>b>ian habits ( p]sonal indep5d5ce1 *eck$ ! old =m ( slav]y1 :ile ! mis]y & ! prec>i\s condition ( ! free peasants induc$ !m 9 great numb]s to b>t] _! lib]ty = protection by ! neighb\r+ "l47#acg7 ,9 ! ,ea/1 ! de/ruction ( great =tunes ?r\gh excessive taxation dim9i%$ ! numb] ( sup]flu\s slaves2 & ! fiscal sy/em ( ! ,byzant9e ,empire1 by :i* agricultural slaves 7 tax$ accord+ to _! employm5ts17#ach7 z well z ! desire ( emp]ors to enc\rage agriculture1 l$ ! legislators to atta* ! slaves p]man5tly to ! soil4 ,9 ! c\rse ( "t1 almo/ ! entire free peasantry1 & ! great] numb] ( ! old slaves1 _h sunk or ris5 into ! qualifi$ slav]y call$ s]fdom1 :i* =m$ ! basis ( ! great edifice ( feudalism4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! eigh? c5tury1 ! sale ( slaves beyond _! native prov9ces 0 9 mo/ c\ntries prohibit$47#aci7 ,! creation ( ! free cities ( ,italy1 ! cu/om ( emancipat+ slaves :o 7 enroll$ 9 ! army1 & economical *anges :i* made free lab\r m pr(itable ?an slave lab\r1 conspir$ ) religi\s motives 9 effect+ ! ultimate fre$om ( lab\r4 ,! practice ( manumitt+1 z an act ( devotion1 cont9u$ to ! end2 b ! ecclesia/ics1 probably ?r\gh ! feel+ t !y _h no "r to ali5ate corporate prop]ty1 9 :i* !y _h only a life int]e/1 7 among ! la/ to foll[ ! c\nsels !y s lib]ally be/[$ ^u ! laity47#adj7 ,9 ! twelf? c5tury1 h[ev]1 slaves 9 ,europe 7 v r>e4 ,9 ! f\rte5? c5tury1 slav]y 0 almo/ unkn[n47#ada7 ,closely connect$ ) ! influ5ce ( ! ,*ur* 9 de/roy+ h]$it>y slav]y1 0 its influ5ce 9 r$eem+ captives f s]vitude4 ,9 no o!r =m ( *>ity 0 its b5eficial "* m cont9ually & m spl5didly display$4 ,dur+ ! long & dre>y trials ( ! b>b>ian invasions1 :5 ! :ole /ructure ( society 0 dislocat$1 :5 va/ di/ricts & mighty cities 7 9 a few mon?s almo/ depopulat$1 & :5 ! fl[] ( ! y\? ( ,italy 7 m[n d[n by ! sword1 or c>ri$ away into captivity1 ! bi%ops nev] desi/$ f _! ef=ts to alleviate ! suff]+s ( ! prison]s4 ,/4 ,ambrose1 disreg>d+ ! outcries ( ! ,arians1 :o d5\nc$ 8 act z atroci\s sacrilege1 sold ! ri* *ur* ornam5ts ( ,milan to rescue "s captives :o _h fall5 into ! h&s ( ! ,go?s1 & ?is practice--:i* 0 aft]w>ds =mally sanction$ by ,/4 ,gregory ! ,great--became spe$ily g5]al4 ,:5 ! ,roman army _h captur$1 b refus$ to support1 sev5 ?\s& ,p]sian prison]s1 ,acacius1 ,bi%op ( ,amida1 undet]r$ by ! bitt] ho/ility ( ! ,p]sians to ,*ri/ianity1 & decl>+ t 8,god _h no ne$ ( plates or di%es10 sold all ! ri* *ur* ornam5ts ( 8 diocese1 rescu$ ! unbeliev+ prison]s1 & s5t !m back unh>m$ to _! k+4 ,dur+ ! horrors ( ! ,v&al invasion1 ,deogratias1 ,bi%op ( ,c>?age1 took a simil> /ep to ransom ! ,roman prison]s4 ,/4 ,augu/9e1 ,/4 ,gregory ! ,great1 ,/4 ,cs>ius ( ,arles1 ,/4 ,exup]ius ( ,t\l\se1 ,/4 ,hil>y1 ,/4 ,remi1 all melt$ d[n or sold _! *ur* vases to free prison]s4 ,/4 ,cyprian s5t a l>ge sum = ! same purpose to ! ,bi%op ( ,nicom$ia4 ,/4 ,epiphanius & ,/4 ,avitus1 9 conjunction ) a ri* ,gauli% lady nam$ ,syagria1 are said to h rescu$ ?\s&s4 ,/4 ,eligius devot$ to ?is object 8 entire =tune4 ,/4 ,paul9us ( ,nola display$ a simil> g5]osity1 & ! leg5ds ev5 ass]t1 ?\gh untruly1 t he1 l ,/4 ,pet] ,teleon>ius & ,/4 ,s]apion1 hav+ exhau/$ all o!r =ms ( *>ity1 z a la/ gift sold himself to slav]y4 ,:51 long aft]w>ds1 ! ,mohamm$an conque/s 9 a measure reproduc$ ! calamities ( ! b>b>ian invasions1 ! same unwe>i$ *>ity 0 display$4 ,! ,tr9it>ian monks1 f\nd$ by ,john ( ,ma?a 9 ! twelf? c5tury1 7 devot$ to ! release ( ,*ri/ian captives1 & ano!r society 0 f\nd$ ) ! same object by ,pet] ,nolasco1 9 ! foll[+ c5tury47#adb7 ,! diff]5t bran*es ( ! subject ,i am exam9+ are s closely int]tw9$ t x is difficult to inve/igate "o )\t 9 a measure anticipat+ ! o!rs4 ,:ile discuss+ ! influ5ce ( ! ,*ur* 9 protect+ infancy1 9 rais+ ! e/imate ( human life1 & 9 alleviat+ slav]y1 ,i h tr5*$ l>gely ^u ! la/ application ( ! doctr9e ( ,*ri/ian frat]nity ,i mu/ exam9e--,i mean ! f\ndation ( *>ity4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ,pagan & ,*ri/ian societies 9 ?is matt] is v pr(\nd2 b a great "p ( x mu/ be ascrib$ to causes o!r ?an religi\s op9ions4 ,*>ity f9ds an ext5d$ scope = action only1 :]e !re exi/s a l>ge class ( m5 at once indep5d5t & impov]i%$4 ,9 ! anci5t societies1 slav]y 9 a great measure replac$ paup]ism1 &1 by secur+ ! subsi/5ce ( a v l>ge proportion ( ! poor1 contract$ ! sph]e ( *>ity4 ,& :at slav]y did at ,rome = ! v poor1 ! sy/em ( cli5tage did = ^? ( a some:at high] rank4 ,! exi/5ce ( ^! two in/itutions is suffici5t to %[ ! inju/ice ( judg+ ! two societies by a m]e comp>ison ( _! *>itable in/itutions1 & we mu/ also rememb] t among ! anci5ts ! relief ( ! indig5t 0 "o ( ! mo/ important functions ( ! ,/ate4 ,n to dwell ^u ! _m measures tak5 ) ?is object 9 anci5t ,greece1 9 consid]+ ! condition ( ! ,roman poor we are at once met by ! simple fact t = sev]al c5turies ! imm5se majority ( ^! 7 habitually support$ by gratuit\s di/ributions ( corn4 ,9 a v e>ly p]iod ( ,roman hi/ory we f9d occasional in/ances ( di/ribution2 b x 0 n till ,a4,u4,c4 #fcj t ,caius ,grac*us caus$ a law to be made1 supply+ ! poor] classes ) corn at a price t 0 little m ?an nom9al2 & al?\gh1 two ye>s aft]1 ! nobles succe$$ 9 revok+ ?is law1 x 0 aft] sev]al fluctuations f9ally re-enact$ 9 ,a4,u4,c4 #fgi4 ,! ,cassia-,t]5tia law1 z x 0 call$ f ! consuls "u :om x 0 at la/ e/abli%$1 0 l>gely ext5d$ 9 its op]ation1 or1 z "s ?9k1 reviv$ f neglect 9 ,a4,u4,c4 #fia1 by ,cato ( ,utica1 :o desir$ by ?is means to div]t popul>ity f ! cause ( ,cs>1 "u :om multitudes ( ! poor 7 enroll+ !mselves4 ,f\r ye>s lat]1 ,clodius ,pul*]1 aboli%+ ! small paym5t :i* _h be5 dem&$1 made ! di/ribution entirely gratuit\s4 ,x took place once a mon?1 & consi/$ ( five modii7#adc7 a head4 ,9 ! "t ( ,julius ,cs> no less ?an #cbj1jjj p]sons 7 inscrib$ z recipi5ts2 b ,cs> r$uc$ ! numb] by "o half4 ,"u ,augu/us x _h ris5 to #bjj1jjj4 ,?is emp]or desir$ to re/rict ! di/ribution ( corn to ?ree or f\r times a ye>1 b1 yield+ to ! popul> wi%1 he at la/ cons5t$ t x %\ld cont9ue mon?ly4 ,x soon became ! lead+ fact ( ,roman life4 ,num]\s (fic]s 7 appo9t$ to provide x4 ,a sev]e legislation controll$ _! acts1 & to secure a regul> & abundant supply ( corn = ! capital became ! pr9cipal object ( ! prov9cial gov]nors4 ,"u ! ,anton9es ! numb] ( ! recipi5ts _h consid]ably increas$1 hav+ sometimes1 x is said1 exce$$ #ejj1jjj4 ,septimus ,sev]us add$ to ! corn a ration ( oil4 ,aurelian replac$ ! mon?ly di/ribution ( ungr\nd corn by a daily di/ribution ( bread1 & add$1 moreov]1 a portion ( pork4 ,gratuit\s di/ributions 7 aft]w>ds ext5d$ to ,con/ant9ople1 ,alex&ria1 & ,antio*1 & 7 probably n altoge!r unkn[n 9 small] t[ns47#add7 ,we h already se5 t ?is gratuit\s di/ribution ( corn rank$1 ) ! in/itution ( slav]y & ! gladiatorial exhibitions1 z "o ( ! *ief demoralis+ influ5ces ( ! ,empire4 ,! mo/ injudici\s *>ity1 h[ev] p]nici\s to ! classes x is int5d$ to relieve1 has commonly a b5eficial & s(t5+ influ5ce ^u ! donor1 & ?r\gh him ^u society at l>ge4 ,b ! ,roman di/ribution ( corn1 be+ m]ely a political device1 _h no humanis+ influ5ce ^u ! p1 :ile1 be+ regulat$ only by ! indig5ce1 & n at all by ! infirmities or "*1 ( ! recipi5t1 x 0 a direct & ov]:elm+ enc\ragem5t to idl5ess4 ,) a provision ( ! necess>ies ( life1 & ) an abundant supply ( amusem5ts1 ! poor ,romans readily gave up hon\rable lab\r1 all trades 9 ! city langui%$1 e int]ruption 9 ! di/ribution ( corn 0 foll[$ by fe>ful suff]+s1 free gifts ( l& 7 (t5 insuffici5t to attract ! citiz5s to hone/ lab\r1 & ! multiplication ( *ildr51 :i* r5d]$ ! public relief inadequate1 0 *eck$ by abortion1 exposition1 or infanticide4 ,:5 we rememb] t ! population ( ,rome probably nev] exce$$ a million & a half1 t a l>ge proportion ( ! indig5t 7 provid$ = z slaves1 & t m ?an #bjj1jjj freem5 7 habitually suppli$ ) ! fir/ necess>y ( life1 we _c1 ,i ?9k1 *>ge ! ,pagan society ( ! metropolis1 at lea/1 ) an excessive p>simony 9 reliev+ pov]ty4 ,b besides ! di/ribution ( corn1 sev]al o!r measures 7 tak54 ,salt1 :i* 0 v l>gely us$ by ! ,roman poor1 _h dur+ ! ,republic be5 made a monopoly ( ! ,/ate1 & 0 sold by x at a price t 0 little m ?an nom9al47#ade7 ,! di/ribution ( l&1 :i* 0 ! subject ( ! agr>ian laws1 01 "u a new =m1 practis$ by ,julius ,cs>17#adf7 ,n]va17#adg7 & ,septimus ,sev]us17#adh7 :o b\ght l& to divide x among ! poor citiz5s4 ,l>ge legacies 7 left to ! p by ,julius ,cs>1 ,augu/us1 & o!rs1 & consid]able1 ?\gh irregul>1 donations made on occasions ( great rejoic+s4 ,num]\s public ba?s 7 e/abli%$1 to :i*1 :5 !y 7 n absolutely gratuit\s1 ! smalle/ co9 9 use gave admission1 & :i* 7 9 consequ5ce habitually employ$ by ! poor4 ,vespasian in/itut$1 & ! ,anton9es ext5d$1 a sy/em ( popul> education1 & ! movem5t ,i h already notic$1 = ! support ( ! *ildr5 ( poor p>5ts1 acquir$ v consid]able proportions4 ,! fir/ trace ( x at ,rome may be f\nd "u ,augu/us1 :o gave money & corn = ! support ( "y *ildr51 :o _h previ\sly n be5 includ$ 9 ! public di/ributions47#adi7 ,?is appe>s1 h[ev]1 to h be5 b an act ( isolat$ b5evol5ce1 & ! hon\r ( fir/ in/itut+ a sy/ematic ef=t 9 ?is direction belongs to ,n]va1 :o enjo9$ ! support ( poor *ildr51 n only 9 ,rome1 b 9 all ! cities ( ,italy47#aej7 ,trajan greatly ext5d$ ! sy/em4 ,9 8 reign #e1jjj poor *ildr5 7 support$ by ! ,gov]nm5t 9 ,rome alone17#aea7 & simil> measures1 ?\gh we "k n on :at scale1 7 tak5 9 ! o!r ,italian & ev5 ,african cities4 ,at ! little t[n ( ,velleia1 we f9d a *>ity in/itut$ by ,trajan1 = ! p>tial support ( #bgj *ildr547#aeb7 ,private b5evol5ce foll[$ 9 ! same direction1 & sev]al inscriptions :i* /ill rema91 ?\gh !y d n enable u to write its hi/ory1 suffici5tly atte/ its activity4 ,! y\ng] ,pl9y1 besides w>mly enc\rag+ s*ools1 devot$ a small prop]ty to ! support ( poor *ildr5 9 8 native city ( ,como47#aec7 ,! "n ( ,clia ,macr9a is pres]v$ z ! f\ndress ( a *>ity = #ajj *ildr5 at ,t]rac9a47#aed7 ,hadrian increas$ ! supplies ( corn allott$ to ^! *>ities1 & he 0 also di/+ui%$ = 8 b\nty to poor wom547#aee7 ,anton9us 0 accu/om$ to l5d money to ! poor at f\r p] c5t41 :i* 0 mu* bel[ ! normal rate ( int]e/17#aef7 & bo? he & ,m>cus ,aurelius d$icat$ to ! memory ( _! wives in/itutions = ! support ( girls47#aeg7 ,alex&] ,sev]us 9 l mann] d$icat$ an in/itution = ! support ( *ildr5 to ! memory ( 8 "m47#aeh7 ,public hospitals 7 probably unkn[n 9 ,europe be=e ,*ri/ianity2 b !re are traces ( ! di/ribution ( m$ic9e to ! sick poor27#aei7 !re 7 private infirm>ies = slaves1 & also1 x is believ$1 milit>y hospitals47#afj7 ,prov9cial t[ns 7 occasionally assi/$ by ! ,gov]nm5t 9 seasons ( great di/ress1 & !re are "s record$ in/ances ( private legacies = _! b5efit47#afa7 ,^! v>i\s measures are by no means inconsid]able1 & x is n unreasonable to suppose t _m simil> /eps 7 tak51 ( :i* all record has be5 lo/4 ,! hi/ory ( *>ity pres5ts s few sali5t features1 s little t c /rike ! imag9ation or arre/ ! att5tion1 t x is usually almo/ :olly neglect$ by hi/orians2 & x is easy to conceive :at inadequate notions ( our exi/+ *>ities c\ld be glean$ f ! casual allusions 9 plays or poems1 9 political hi/ories or c\rt memoirs4 ,!re c1 h[ev]1 be no "q t nei!r 9 practice nor 9 !ory1 nei!r 9 ! in/itutions t 7 f\nd$ nor 9 ! place t 0 assign$ to x 9 ! scale ( duties1 did *>ity 9 antiquity occupy a position at all comp>able to t :i* x has obta9$ by ,*ri/ianity4 ,ne>ly all relief 0 a ,/ate measure1 dictat$ mu* m by policy ?an by b5evol5ce2 & ! habit ( sell+ "y *ildr51 ! innum]able expositions1 ! read9ess ( ! poor to enrol !mselves z gladiators1 & ! frequ5t fam9es1 %[ h[ l>ge 0 ! measure ( unreliev$ di/ress4 ,a v few ,pagan examples ( *>ity h1 inde$1 desc5d$ to u4 ,among ! ,greeks we f9d ,epam9ondas ransom+ captives1 & collect+ d[]s = poor girls27#afb7 ,cimon1 fe$+ ! hungry & clo?+ ! nak$27#afc7 ,bias1 pur*as+1 emancipat+1 & furni%+ ) d[]s "s captive girls ( ,mess9a47#afd7 ,tacitus has describ$ ) en?usiasm h[1 aft] a cata/rophe ne> ,rome1 ! ri* ?rew op5 _! h\ses & tax$ all _! res\rces to relieve ! suff]]s47#afe7 ,!re exi/$1 too1 among ! poor1 bo? ( ,greece & ,rome1 mutual insurance societies1 :i* und]took to provide = _! sick & infirm memb]s47#aff7 ,! v frequ5t ref]5ce to m5dicancy 9 ! ,lat9 writ]s %[s t begg>s1 & !re=e ^? :o reliev$ begg>s1 7 num]\s4 ,! duty ( hospitality 0 also /rongly enjo9$1 & 0 plac$ "u ! special protection ( ! supreme ,deity4 ,b ! active1 habitual1 & detail$ *>ity ( private p]sons1 :i* is s conspicu\s a feature 9 all ,*ri/ian societies1 0 sc>cely kn[n 9 antiquity1 & !re are n m ?an two or ?ree morali/s :o h ev5 notic$ x4 ,( ^!1 ! *ief rank belongs to ,cic]o1 :o devot$ two v judici\s b some:at cold *apt]s to ! subject4 ,no?+1 he said1 is m suitable to ! nature ( man ?an b5efic5ce or lib]ality1 b !re are _m cautions to be urg$ 9 practis+ x4 ,we mu/ take c>e t our b\nty is a real bless+ to ! p]son we relieve2 t x does n exce$ our own means2 t x is n1 z 0 ! case ) ,sylla & ,cs>1 d]iv$ f ! spoliation ( o!rs2 t x spr+s f ! he>t & n f o/5tation2 t ! claims ( gratitude are pref]r$ to ! m]e impulses ( compassion1 & t due reg>d is paid bo? to ! "* & to ! wants ( ! recipi5t47#afg7 ,*ri/ianity = ! fir/ "t made *>ity a rudim5t>y virtue1 giv+ x a lead+ place 9 ! moral type1 & 9 ! exhortations ( its tea*]s4 ,besides its g5]al influ5ce 9 /imulat+ ! affections1 x effect$ a complete revolution 9 ?is sph]e1 by reg>d+ ! poor z ! special repres5tatives ( ! ,*ri/ian ,f\nd]1 & ?us mak+ ! love ( ,*ri/1 r ?an ! love ( man1 ! pr9ciple ( *>ity4 ,ev5 9 ! days ( p]secution1 collections = ! relief ( ! poor 7 made at ! ,sunday meet+s4 ,! agap or fea/s ( love 7 int5d$ ma9ly = ! poor1 & food t 0 sav$ by ! fa/s 0 devot$ to _! b5efit4 ,a va/ organisation ( *>ity1 presid$ ov] by ! bi%ops1 & actively direct$ by ! deacons1 soon ramifi$ ov] ,*ri/5dom1 till ! bond ( *>ity became ! bond ( unity1 & ! mo/ di/ant sections ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* correspond$ by ! int]*ange ( m]cy4 ,long be=e ! era ( ,con/ant9e1 x 0 obs]v$ t ! *>ities ( ! ,*ri/ians 7 s ext5sive--x may1 p]haps1 be said s excessive--t !y drew v _m impo/ors to ! ,*ur*27#afh7 & :5 ! victory ( ,*ri/ianity 0 a*iev$1 ! en?usiasm = *>ity display$ itself 9 ! erection ( num]\s in/itutions t 7 altoge!r unkn[n to ! ,pagan _w4 ,a ,roman lady1 nam$ ,fabiola1 9 ! f\r? c5tury1 f\nd$ at ,rome1 z an act ( p5ance1 ! fir/ public hospital1 & ! *>ity plant$ by t woman's h& ov]spread ! _w1 & w alleviate1 to ! end ( "t1 ! d>ke/ angui% ( humanity4 ,ano!r hospital 0 soon aft] f\nd$ by ,/4 ,pamma*us2 ano!r ( great celebrity by ,/4 ,basil1 at ,cs>ea4 ,/4 ,basil also erect$ at ,cs>ea :at 0 probably ! fir/ asylum = lep]s4 ,x5odo*ia1 or refuges = /rang]s1 spe$ily rose1 especially along ! pa?s ( ! pilgrims4 ,/4 ,pamma*us f\nd$ "o at ,o/ia2 ,paula & ,melania f\nd$ o!rs at ,j]usalem4 ,! ,c\ncil ( ,nice ord]$ t "o %\ld be erect$ 9 e city4 ,9 ! "t ( ,/4 ,*ryso/om ! *ur* ( ,antio* support$ #c1jjj wid[s & virg9s1 besides /rang]s & sick4 ,legacies = ! poor became common2 & x 0 n unfrequ5t = m5 & wom5 :o desir$ to live a life ( peculi> sanctity1 & especially = prie/s :o atta9$ ! episcopacy to be/[ _! entire prop]ties 9 *>ity4 ,ev5 ! e>ly ,ori5tal monks1 :o = ! mo/ "p 7 extremely remov$ f ! active & social virtues1 suppli$ _m noble examples ( *>ity4 ,/4 ,ephrem1 9 a "t ( pe/il5ce1 em]g$ f 8 solitude to f\nd & sup]9t5d a hospital at ,edessa4 ,a monk nam$ ,?alasius collect$ bl9d begg>s 9 an asylum on ! banks ( ! ,euphrates4 ,a m]*ant nam$ ,apollonius f\nd$ on ,m\nt ,nitria a gratuit\s disp5s>y = ! monks4 ,! monks (t5 assi/$ by _! lab\rs prov9ces t 7 suff]+ f pe/il5ce or fam9e4 ,we may trace ! rema9s ( ! pure socialism t m>k$ ! fir/ phase ( ! ,*ri/ian community1 9 ! emphatic language ) :i* "s ( ! ,fa!rs proclaim$ *>ity to be a matt] n ( m]cy b ( ju/ice1 ma9ta9+ t all prop]ty is bas$ on usurpation1 t ! e>? by "r is common to all m51 & t no man c claim a sup]abundant supply ( its goods except z an adm9i/rator = o!rs4 ,a ,*ri/ian1 x 0 ma9ta9$1 %\ld devote at lea/ "o-t5? ( 8 pr(its to ! poor47#afi7 ,! en?usiasm ( *>ity1 ?us manife/$ 9 ! ,*ur*1 spe$ily attract$ ! att5tion ( ! ,pagans4 ,! ridicule ( ,lucian1 & ! va9 ef=ts ( ,julian to produce a rival sy/em ( *>ity )9 ! limits ( ,paganism17#agj7 emphatically atte/$ bo? its pre-em95ce & its ca?olicity4 ,dur+ ! pe/il5ces t desolat$ ,c>?age 9 ,a4,d4 #cbf1 & ,alex&ria 9 ! reigns ( ,galli5us & ( ,maximian1 :ile ! ,pagans fl$ panic-/rick5 f ! contagion1 ! ,*ri/ians extort$ ! admiration ( _! fell[-c\ntrym5 by ! c\rage ) :i* !y ralli$ ar\nd _! bi%ops1 consol$ ! la/ h\rs ( ! suff]]s1 & buri$ ! ab&on$ dead47#aga7 ,9 ! rapid increase ( paup]ism aris+ f ! emancipation ( num]\s slaves1 _! *>ity f\nd free scope = action1 & its res\rces 7 soon tax$ to ! utmo/ by ! horrors ( ! b>b>ian invasions4 ,! conque/ ( ,africa by ,g5s]ic depriv$ ,italy ( ! supply ( corn ^u :i* x almo/ :olly dep5d$1 arre/$ ! gratuit\s di/ribution by :i* ! ,roman poor 7 ma9ly support$1 & produc$ all ov] ! l& ! mo/ appall+ calamities47#agb7 ,! hi/ory ( ,italy became "o monoton\s tale ( fam9e & pe/il5ce1 ( />v+ populations & ru9$ cities4 ,b ev]y:]e amid ?is *aos ( dissolution we may detect ! maje/ic =m ( ! ,*ri/ian prie/ m$iat+ betwe5 ! ho/ile =ces1 /ra9+ e n]ve to light5 ! calamities ar\nd him4 ,:5 ! ,imp]ial city 0 captur$ & plund]$ by ! ho/s ( ,al>ic1 a ,*ri/ian *ur* rema9$ a secure sanctu>y1 :i* nei!r ! passions nor ! av>ice ( ! ,go?s transgress$4 ,:5 a fi]c] ?an ,al>ic _h m>k$ out ,rome = 8 prey1 ! ,pope ,/4 ,leo1 array$ 9 8 sac]dotal robes1 confront$ ! victori\s ,hun1 z ! ambassador ( 8 fell[-c\ntrym51 & ,attila1 ov]p[]$ by religi\s awe1 turn$ aside 9 8 c\rse4 ,:51 two ye>s lat]1 ,rome lay at ! m]cy ( ,g5s]ic1 ! same ,pope int]pos$ ) ! ,v&al conqu]or1 & obta9$ f him a p>tial cessation ( ! massacre4 ,! ,ar*deacon ,pelagius int]c$$ ) simil> humanity & simil> success1 :5 ,rome _h be5 captur$ by ,totila4 ,9 ,gaul1 ,troyes is said to h be5 sav$ f de/ruction by ! influ5ce ( ,/4 ,lupus1 & ,orleans by ! influ5ce ( ,/4 ,agnan4 ,9 ,brita9 an invasion ( ! ,picts 0 av]t$ by ,/4 ,g]ma9 ( ,aux]re4 ,! relations ( rul]s to _! subjects1 & ( tribunals to ! poor1 7 modifi$ by ! same int]v5tion4 ,:5 ,antio* 0 ?reat5$ ) de/ruction on acc\nt ( its rebellion aga9/ ,!odosius1 ! an*orites p\r$ =? f ! neighb\r+ des]ts to int]c$e ) ! m9i/]s ( ! emp]or1 :ile ! ,ar*bi%op ,flavian w5t himself z a suppliant to ,con/ant9ople4 ,/4 ,ambrose impos$ public p5ance on ,!odosius1 on acc\nt ( ! massacre ( ,!ssalonica4 ,synesius excommunicat$ = 8 oppressions a gov]nor nam$ ,&ronicus2 & two ,fr5* ,c\ncils1 9 ! six? c5tury1 impos$ ! same p5alty on all great m5 :o arbitr>ily eject$ ! poor4 ,special laws 7 f\nd necess>y to re/ra9 ! turbul5t *>ity ( "s prie/s & monks1 :o imp$$ ! c\rse ( ju/ice1 & ev5 snat*$ crim9als f ! h&s ( ! law47#agc7 ,/4 ,abraham1 ,/4 ,epiphanius1 & ,/4 ,basil are all said to h obta9$ ! remission or r$uction ( oppressive impo/s4 ,to provide = ! int]e/s ( wid[s & orphans 0 "p ( ! (ficial ecclesia/ical duty1 & a ,c\ncil ( ,macon ana!matis$ any rul] :o br\ght !m to trial )\t fir/ appris+ ! bi%op ( ! diocese4 ,a ,c\ncil ( ,tol$o1 9 ! fif? c5tury1 ?reat5$ ) excommunication all :o robb$ prie/s1 monks1 or poor m51 or refus$ to li/5 to _! expo/ulations4 ,"o ( ! *ief causes ( ! inord9ate p[] acquir$ by ! cl]gy 0 _! m$iatorial (fice1 & _! gigantic weal? 0 9 a great degree due to ! legacies ( ^? :o reg>d$ !m z ! tru/ees ( ! poor4 ,z "t roll$ on1 *>ity assum$ _m =ms1 & e mona/]y became a c5tre f :i* x radiat$4 ,by ! monks ! nobles 7 ov]aw$1 ! poor protect$1 ! sick t5d$1 travell]s %elt]$1 prison]s ransom$1 ! remote/ sph]es ( suff]+ explor$4 ,dur+ ! d>ke/ p]iod ( ! middle ages1 monks f\nd$ a refuge = pilgrims amid ! horrors ( ! ,alp9e sn[s4 ,a solit>y h]mit (t5 plant$ himself1 ) 8 little boat1 by a bridgeless /ream1 & ! *>ity ( 8 life 0 to f]ry ov] ! travell]47#agd7 ,:5 ! hide\s disease ( leprosy ext5d$ its ravages ov] ,europe1 :5 ! m9ds ( m5 7 fill$ ) t]ror1 n only by its loa?som5ess & its contagion1 b also by ! notion t x 0 9 a peculi> s5se sup]natural17#age7 new hospitals & refuges ov]spread ,europe1 & monks flock$ 9 multitudes to s]ve 9 !m47#agf7 ,sometimes1 ! leg5ds say1 ! lep]'s =m 0 9 a mom5t transfigur$1 & he :o came to t5d ! mo/ loa?some ( mank9d receiv$ 8 rew>d1 = he f\nd himself 9 ! pres5ce ( 8 ,"l4 ,!re is no fact ( :i* an hi/orian becomes m spe$ily or m pa9fully consci\s ?an ! great diff]5ce betwe5 ! importance & ! dramatic int]e/ ( ! subjects he treats4 ,w>s or massacres1 ! horrors ( m>tyrdom or ! spl5d\rs ( individual pr[ess1 are susceptible ( su* brilliant col\r+1 t ) b little lit]>y skill !y c be s p\rtray$ t _! importance is adequately realis$1 & !y appeal p[]fully to ! emotions ( ! read]4 ,b ?is va/ & uno/5tati\s movem5t ( *>ity1 op]at+ 9 ! village hamlet & 9 ! lonely hospital1 /aun*+ ! wid['s te>s1 & foll[+ all ! w9d+s ( ! poor man's griefs1 pres5ts few features ! imag9ation c grasp1 & leaves no deep impression ^u ! m9d4 ,! greate/ ?+s are (t5 ^? :i* are mo/ imp]fectly realis$2 & surely no a*ievem5ts ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* are m truly great ?an ^? :i* x has effect$ 9 ! sph]e ( *>ity4 ,= ! fir/ "t 9 ! hi/ory ( mank9d1 x has inspir$ _m ?\s&s ( m5 & wom51 at ! sacrifice ( all worldly int]e/s1 & (t5 "u circum/ances ( extreme discom=t or dang]1 to devote _! entire lives to ! s+le object ( assuag+ ! suff]+s ( humanity4 ,x has cov]$ ! globe ) c\ntless in/itutions ( m]cy1 absolutely unkn[n to ! :ole ,pagan _w4 ,x has indissolubly unit$1 9 ! m9ds ( m51 ! idea ( supreme goodness ) t ( active & con/ant b5evol5ce4 ,x has plac$ 9 e p>i% a religi\s m9i/]1 :o1 :atev] may be 8 o!r functions1 has at lea/ be5 (ficially *>g$ ) ! sup]9t5d5ce ( an organisation ( *>ity1 & :o f9ds 9 ?is (fice "o ( ! mo/ important z well z "o ( ! mo/ legitimate s\rces ( 8 p[]4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 two important qualifications to ! admiration ) :i* we reg>d ! hi/ory ( ,*ri/ian *>ity--"o relat+ to a p>ticul> =m ( suff]+1 & ! o!r ( a m g5]al k9d4 ,a /rong1 ill-def9$ notion ( ! sup]natural "* ( insanity _h exi/$ f ! e>lie/ times2 b !re 7 special circum/ances :i* r5d]$ ! action ( ! ,*ur* peculi>ly unfav\rable to ^? :o 7 ei!r pr$ispos$ to or afflict$ ) ?is calamity4 ,! reality bo? ( wit*craft & diabolical possession _h be5 di/9ctly recognis$ 9 ! ,jewi% writ+s4 ,! receiv$ op9ions ab\t et]nal torture1 & ev]-pres5t dmons1 & ! cont9u$ /ra9 ^u ! imag9ation1 9 dwell+ ^u an unse5 _w1 7 pre-em95tly fitt$ to produce madness 9 ^? :o 7 at all pr$ispos$ to x1 &1 :]e insanity _h actually appe>$1 to det]m9e ! =m & complexion ( ! halluc9ations ( ! maniac47#agg7 ,!ology supply+ all ! images t act$ mo/ p[]fully ^u ! imag9ation1 mo/ madness1 = _m c5turies1 took a !ological ca/4 ,"o important dep>tm5t ( x appe>s *iefly 9 ! lives ( ! sa9ts4 ,m5 ( lively imag9ations & absolute ignorance1 liv+ ap>t f all _! fell[s1 amid ! horrors ( a savage wild]ness1 practis+ au/]ities by :i* _! physical sy/em 0 ?or\ghly d]ang$1 & firmly p]suad$ t innum]able devils 7 cont9ually hov]+ ab\t _! cells & int]f]+ ) _! devotions1 spe$ily & v naturally became subject to con/ant halluc9ations1 :i* probably =m ! nucleus ( tru? 9 ! leg5ds ( _! lives4 ,b x 0 impossible t insanity %\ld conf9e itself to ! or?odox =ms ( cele/ial visions1 or ( ! app>itions & ! defeats ( devils4 ,v frequ5tly x l$ ! unhappy maniac to "s delusion1 :i* call$ d[n ^u him ! spe$y s5t5ce ( ! ,*ur*4 ,?us1 9 ! ye> #acjj1 ! corpse ( a ,bohemian or1 accord+ to ano!r v]sion1 an ,engli% girl :o imag9$ h]self to be ! ,holy ,gho/ inc>nate = ! r$emption ( wom51 0 dug up & burnt1 & two wom5 :o believ$ 9 h] p]i%$ at ! /ake47#agh7 ,9 ! ye> #acei1 a ,spani>d decl>$ himself to be ! bro!r ( ! ar*angel ,mi*ael1 & to be de/9$ = ! place 9 heav5 :i* ,satan _h lo/2 & he add$ t he 0 accu/om$ e day bo? to m\nt into heav5 & desc5d into hell1 t ! end ( ! _w 0 at h&1 & t x 0 res]v$ = him to ent] into s+le combat ) ,anti*ri/4 ,! poor lunatic fell into ! h&s ( ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,tol$o1 & 0 burnt alive47#agi7 ,9 "s cases ! halluc9ation took ! =m ( an irregul> inspiration4 ,on ?is *>ge1 ,joan ( ,arc1 & ano!r girl :o _h be5 fir$ by h] example1 & _h endeav\r$1 app>5tly "u a g5u9e halluc9ation1 to foll[ h] c>e]17#ahj7 7 burnt alive4 ,a fam\s ,spani% physician & s*ol>1 nam$ ,torralba1 :o liv$ 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 & :o imag9$ t he _h an att5dant angel cont9ually ab\t him1 escap$ ) public p5ance & confession27#aha7 b a pr(essor ( !ology 9 ,lima1 :o lab\r$ "u ! same delusion1 & add$ to x "s wild notions ab\t 8 spiritual dignities1 0 less =tunate4 ,he 0 burnt by ! ,inquisition ( ,p]u47#ahb7 ,mo/ commonly1 h[ev]1 ! !ological notions ab\t wit*craft ei!r produc$ madness or det]m9$ its =m1 &1 ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( ! cl]gy ( ! diff]5t sections ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 _m ?\s&s ( unhappy wom51 :o1 f _! age1 _! lonel9ess1 & _! infirmity1 7 mo/ des]v+ ( pity1 7 devot$ to ! hatr$ ( mank9d1 &1 hav+ be5 tortur$ ) horrible & +5i\s cruelty1 7 at la/ burnt alive4 ,! exi/5ce1 h[ev]1 ( "s =ms ( natural madness 0 g5]ally admitt$2 b ! measures = ! relief ( ! unhappy victims 7 v few1 & v ill judg$4 ,among ! anci5ts1 !y 7 br\ght to ! temples1 & subject$ to impos+ c]emonies1 :i* 7 believ$ sup]naturally to relieve !m1 & :i* probably _h a fav\rable influ5ce ?r\gh _! action ^u ! imag9ation4 ,! great ,greek physicians _h devot$ consid]able att5tion to ?is malady1 & "s ( _! precepts anticipat$ mod]n discov]ies2 b no lunatic asylum appe>s to h exi/$ 9 antiquity47#ahc7 ,9 ! fir/ p]iod ( ! h]mit life1 :5 _m an*orites became insane ?r\gh _! p5ances1 a refuge is said to h be5 op5$ = !m at ,j]usalem47#ahd7 ,?is appe>s1 h[ev]1 to be a solit>y in/ance1 aris+ f ! exig5cies ( a s+le class1 & no lunatic asylum exi/$ 9 ,*ri/ian ,europe till ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,! ,mohamm$ans1 9 ?is =m ( *>ity1 seem to h prec$$ ! ,*ri/ians4 ,b5jam9 ( ,tudela1 :o visit$ ,bagdad 9 ! twelf? c5tury1 describes a palace 9 t city1 call$ 8! ,h\se ( ,m]cy10 9 :i* all mad p]sons f\nd 9 ! c\ntry 7 conf9$ & b\nd ) iron *a9s4 ,!y 7 c>efully exam9$ e mon? & releas$ z soon z !y recov]$47#ahe7 ,! asylum ( ,cairo is said to h be5 f\nd$ 9 ,a4,d4 #acjd47ahf7 ,leo ,africanus notices ! exi/5ce ( a simil> in/itution at ,fez1 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 & m5tions t ! pati5ts 7 re/ra9$ by *a9s17#ahg7 & x is probable t ! c>e ( ! insane 0 a g5]al =m ( *>ity 9 ,mohamm$an c\ntries4 ,among ! ,*ri/ians x fir/ appe>$ 9 qu>t]s contigu\s to ! ,mohamm$ans2 b !re is1 ,i ?9k1 no real evid5ce t x 0 d]iv$ f ,mohamm$an example4 ,! ,knights ( ,malta 7 fam\s z ! "o ord] :o admitt$ lunatics into _! hospitals2 b no ,*ri/ian asylum expressly = _! b5efit exi/$ till #adji4 ,! hon\r ( in/itut+ ?is =m ( *>ity 9 ,*ri/5dom belongs to ,spa94 ,a monk nam$ ,juan ,gilab]to ,j(fre1 fill$ ) compassion at ! sight ( ! maniacs :o 7 hoot$ by cr[ds ?r\gh ! /reets ( ,val5cia1 f\nd$ an asylum 9 t city1 & 8 example 0 spe$ily foll[$ 9 o!r prov9ces4 ,! new *>ity 0 introduc$ into ,s>agossa 9 ,a4,d4 #adbe1 into ,seville & ,valladolid 9 ,a4,d4 #adcf1 into ,tol$o 9 ,a4,d4 #adhc4 ,all ^! in/itutions exi/$ be=e a s+le lunatic asylum _h be5 f\nd$ 9 any o!r "p ( ,*ri/5dom47#ahh7 ,two o!r v hon\rable facts may be m5tion$1 e/abli%+ ! preem95ce ( ,spani% *>ity 9 ?is field4 ,! fir/ is1 t ! olde/ lunatic asylum 9 ! metropolis ( ,ca?olicism 0 t erect$ by ,spani>ds1 9 ,a4,d4 #aedh47ahi7 ,! second is1 t :51 at ! close ( ! la/ c5tury1 ,p9el began 8 great lab\rs 9 ?is sph]e1 he pron\nc$ ,spa9 to be ! c\ntry 9 :i* lunatics 7 treat$ ) mo/ wisdom & mo/ humanity47#aij7 ,9 mo/ c\ntries _! condition 0 inde$ truly deplorable4 ,:ile _m ?\s&s 7 burnt z wit*es1 ^? :o 7 recognis$ z insane 7 compell$ to endure all ! horrors ( ! h>%e/ imprisonm5t4 ,bl[s1 ble$+1 & *a9s 7 _! usual treatm5t1 & horrible acc\nts 7 giv5 ( madm5 :o _h sp5t decades b\nd 9 d>k cells47#aia7 ,su* treatm5t naturally aggravat$ _! malady1 & t malady 9 _m cases r5d]$ impossible ! resignation & ultimate torpor :i* alleviate ! suff]+s ( ord9>y prison]s4 ,n until ! eighte5? c5tury 0 ! condition ( ?is unhappy class s]i\sly improv$4 ,! comb9$ progress ( !ological scepticism & sci5tific k relegat$ wit*craft to ! _w ( phantoms1 & ! ex]tions ( ,morgagni 9 ,italy1 ( ,cull5 9 ,scotl&1 & ( ,p9el 9 ,france1 r5ovat$ ! :ole treatm5t ( ackn[l$g$ lunatics4 ,! second qualification to ! admiration ) :i* we reg>d ! hi/ory ( ,*ri/ian *>ity arises f ! und\bt$ fact t a l>ge proportion ( *>itable in/itutions h directly increas$ ! pov]ty !y 7 int5d$ to relieve4 ,! "q ( ! utility & nature ( *>ity is "o :i*1 s9ce ! mod]n discov]ies ( political economy1 has elicit$ mu* discussion1 & 9 _m cases1 ,i ?9k1 mu* exagg]ation4 ,:at political economy has effect$ on ! subject may be compris$ "u two heads4 ,x has elucidat$ m cle>ly1 & 9 great] detail ?an _h be=e be5 done1 ! effect ( provid5t self-int]e/ 9 det]m9+ ! welf>e ( societies1 & x has e/abli%$ a broad di/9ction betwe5 productive & unproductive exp5diture4 ,x has %[n t1 :]e idl5ess is support$1 idl5ess w become common2 t1 :]e sy/ematic public provision is made = old age1 ! p>simony ( =esight w be neglect$2 & t !re=e ^! =ms ( *>ity1 by enc\rag+ habits ( idl5ess & improvid5ce1 ultimately increase ! wret*$ness !y 7 int5d$ to alleviate4 ,x has also %[n t1 :ile unproductive exp5diture1 su* z t :i* is devot$ to amusem5ts or luxury1 is und\bt$ly b5eficial to ^? :o provide x1 ! fruit p]i%es 9 ! usage2 :ile productive exp5diture1 su* z ! manufacture ( ma*9es1 or ! improvem5t ( ! soil1 or ! ext5sion ( comm]cial ent]prise1 gives a new impulse to ! creation ( weal?4 ,x has prov$ t ! fir/ condition ( ! rapid accumulation ( capital is ! div]sion ( money f unproductive to productive *annels1 & t ! am\nt ( accumulat$ capital is "o ( ! two regulat+ influ5ces ( ! wages ( ! lab\r]4 ,f ^! positions "s p]sons h inf]r$ t *>ity %\ld be condemn$ z a =m ( unproductive exp5diture4 ,b1 9 ! fir/ place1 all *>ities t fo/] habits ( =e?\ght & develop new capacities 9 ! poor] classes1 su* z popul> education1 or ! =mation ( sav+s banks1 or insurance companies1 or1 9 _m cases1 small & discrim9at+ loans1 or measures direct$ to ! suppression ( dissipation1 are 9 ! /ricte/ s5se productive2 & ! same may be said ( _m =ms ( employm5t1 giv5 9 exceptional crises ?r\gh *>itable motives2 &1 9 ! next place1 x is only necess>y to rememb] t ! happ9ess ( mank9d1 to :i* ! accumulation ( weal? %\ld only be reg>d$ z a means1 is ! real object ( *>ity1 & x w appe> t _m =ms :i* are n /rictly productive1 9 ! comm]cial s5se1 are 9 ! highe/ degree conducive to ?is end1 & h no s]i\s c\nt]act+ evil4 ,9 ! alleviation ( ^? suff]+s t d n spr+ ei!r f improvid5ce or f vice1 ! w>me/ z well z ! mo/ enlight5$ *>ity w f9d an ample sph]e = its ex]tions47#aib7 ,bl9dness1 & o!r exceptional calamities1 aga9/ ! effects ( :i* prud5ce does n & _c provide1 ! mis]ies result+ f epidemics1 f w>1 f fam9e1 f ! fir/ sudd5 collapse ( indu/ry1 produc$ by new inv5tions or *anges 9 ! *annels ( comm]ce2 hospitals1 :i*1 besides o!r advantages1 are ! greate/ s*ools ( m$ical sci5ce1 & )draw f ! cr[d$ alley multitudes :o w\ld o!rwise =m c5tres ( contagion--^!1 & su* z ^!1 w long tax to ! utmo/ ! g5]osity ( ! weal?y2 :ile1 ev5 9 ! sph]es ^u :i* ! political economi/ looks ) ! mo/ unfav\rable eye1 exceptional cases w ju/ify exceptional assi/ance4 ,! *>ity :i* is p]nici\s is commonly n ! highe/ b ! l[e/ k9d4 ,! ri* man1 prodigal ( money1 :i* is to him ( little value1 b altoge!r incapable ( devot+ any p]sonal att5tion to ! object ( 8 alms1 (t5 injures society by 8 donations2 b ?is is r>ely ! case ) t f> nobl] *>ity :i* makes m5 famili> ) ! haunts ( wret*$ness1 & foll[s ! object ( its c>e ?r\gh all ! phases ( 8 life4 ,! "q ( ! utility ( *>ity is m]ely a "q ( ultimate consequ5ces4 ,political economy has1 no d\bt1 laid d[n "s g5]al rules ( great value on ! subject2 b yet ! pages :i* ,cic]o devot$ to x ne>ly two ?\s& ye>s ago might h be5 writt5 by ! mo/ enlight5$ mod]n economi/2 & x w be cont9ually f\nd t ! ,prote/ant lady1 work+ 9 h] p>i%1 by ! simple =ce ( common s5se & by a scrupul\s & m9ute att5tion to ! condition & "* ( ^? :om %e relieves1 is unconsci\sly illu/rat+ ) p]fect accuracy ! enlight5$ *>ity ( ,mal?us4 ,b 9 ord] t *>ity %\ld be useful1 x is ess5tial t ! b5efit ( ! suff]] %\ld be a real object to ! donor2 & a v l>ge proportion ( ! evils t h aris5 f ,ca?olic *>ity may be trac$ to ! abs5ce ( ?is condition4 ,! fir/ sub/itution ( devotion = philan?ropy1 z ! motive ( b5evol5ce1 gave s p[]ful a /imulus to ! affections1 t x may on ! :ole be reg>d$ z a b5efit1 ?\gh1 by mak+ compassion op]ate solely ?r\gh a !ological m$ium1 x (t5 produc$ among !ologians a m ?an common indiff]5ce to ! suff]+s ( all :o 7 ext]nal to _! religi\s community4 ,b ! new pr9ciple spe$ily deg5]at$ into a belief 9 ! expiatory nature ( ! gifts4 ,a =m ( :at may be t]m$ selfi% *>ity arose1 :i* acquir$ at la/ gigantic proportions1 & ex]cis$ a mo/ p]nici\s influ5ce ^u ,*ri/5dom4 ,m5 gave money to ! poor1 simply & exclusively = _! own spiritual b5efit1 & ! welf>e ( ! suff]] 0 altoge!r =eign to _! ?\ghts47#aic7 ,! evil :i* ?us arose f "s =ms ( ,ca?olic *>ity may be trac$ f a v e>ly p]iod1 b x only acquir$ its full magnitude aft] "s c5turies4 ,! ,roman sy/em ( gratuit\s di/ribution 01 9 ! eyes ( ! political economi/1 ab\t ! wor/ t c\ld be conceiv$1 & ! *>ity ( ! ,*ur* be+1 9 at lea/ a measure1 discrim9at+1 0 at fir/ a v great1 ?\gh ev5 !n n an unm+l$1 good4 ,lab\r 0 also n unfrequ5tly enjo9$ z a duty by ! ,fa!rs1 & at a lat] p]iod ! s]vices ( ! ,b5$ict9e monks1 9 de/roy+ by _! example ! /igma :i* slav]y _h atta*$ to x1 7 v great4 ,/ill1 "o ( ! fir/ consequ5ces ( ! exub]ant *>ity ( ! ,*ur* 0 to multiply impo/ors & m5dicants1 & ! idl5ess ( ! monks 0 "o ( ! e>lie/ compla9ts4 ,val5t9ian made a sev]e law1 condemn+ robu/ begg>s to p]petual slav]y4 ,z ! mona/ic sy/em 0 increas$1 & especially aft] ! m5dicant ord]s _h consecrat$ m5dicancy1 ! evil assum$ gigantic dim5sions4 ,_m ?\s&s ( /rong m51 absolutely )\t private means1 7 9 e c\ntry )drawn f productive lab\r1 & support$ by *>ity4 ,! notion ( ! m]itori\s nature ( simple almsgiv+ immeasurably multipli$ begg>s4 ,! /igma1 :i* x is ! highe/ int]e/ ( society to atta* to m5dicancy1 x became a ma9 object ( !ologians to remove4 ,sa9ts w&]$ ?r\gh ! _w begg+ money1 t !y might give to begg>s1 or depriv+ !mselves ( _! g>m5ts1 t !y might clo! ! nak$1 & ! result ( _! tea*+ 0 spe$ily app>5t4 ,9 all ,ca?olic c\ntries :]e ecclesia/ical influ5ces h be5 p]mitt$ to develop unmole/$1 ! mona/ic organisations h prov$ a deadly cank]1 corrod+ ! prosp]ity ( ! nation4 ,)draw+ multitudes f all production1 enc\rag+ a bl9d & p]nici\s almsgiv+1 diffus+ habits ( improvid5ce ?r\gh ! poor] classes1 fo/]+ an ignorant admiration = sa9tly pov]ty1 & an equally ignorant antipa?y to ! habits & aims ( an indu/rial civilisation1 !y h p>alys$ all en]gy1 & prov$ an insup]able b>ri] to mat]ial progress4 ,! pov]ty !y h reliev$ has be5 insignificant comp>$ ) ! pov]ty !y h caus$4 ,9 no case 0 ! abolition ( mona/]ies effect$ 9 a m indef5sible mann] ?an 9 ,engl&2 b ! transf] ( prop]ty1 t 0 once employ$ 9 a great measure 9 *>ity1 to ! c\rti]s ( ,k+ ,h5ry1 0 ultimately a b5efit to ! ,engli% poor2 = no misapplication ( ?is prop]ty by private p]sons c\ld produce z mu* evil z an unre/ra9$ mona/icism4 ,! value ( ,ca?olic s]vices 9 alleviat+ pa9 & sickness1 & ! m exceptional =ms ( suff]+1 c nev] be ov]rat$4 ,! noble h]oism ( h] s]vants1 :o h devot$ !mselves to *>ity1 has nev] be5 surpass$1 & ! p]fection ( _! organisation has1 ,i ?9k1 nev] be5 equall$2 b 9 ! sph]e ( simple pov]ty x c h>dly be d\bt$ t ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* has creat$ m mis]y ?an x has cur$4 ,/ill1 ev5 9 ?is field1 we mu/ n =get ! b5efits result+1 if n to ! suff]]1 at lea/ to ! donor4 ,*>itable habits1 ev5 :5 =m$ 9 ! fir/ in/ance f selfi% motives1 ev5 :5 s misdirect$ z to be positively injuri\s to ! recipi5t1 r>ely fail to ex]cise a s(t5+ & purify+ influ5ce on ! "*4 ,all ?r\gh ! d>ke/ p]iod ( ! middle ages1 amid f]ocity & fanaticism & brutality1 we may trace ! subdu+ influ5ce ( ,ca?olic *>ity1 bl5d+ /rangely ) e excess ( viol5ce & e outbur/ ( p]secution4 ,x w\ld be difficult to conceive a m frightful picture ( society ?an is pres5t$ by ! hi/ory ( ,gregory ( ,t\rs2 b t long s]ies ( atroci\s crimes1 n>rat$ ) an almo/ appall+ tranquillity1 is cont9ually int]sp]s$ ) acc\nts ( k+s1 que5s1 or prelates1 :o1 9 ! mid/ ( ! disorganis$ society1 made ! relief ( ! poor ! ma9 object ( _! lives4 ,no p]iod ( hi/ory exhibits a l>g] am\nt ( cruelty1 lic5ti\sness1 & fanaticism ?an ! ,crusades2 b side by side ) ! milit>y en?usiasm1 & ) ! almo/ univ]sal corruption1 !re exp&$ a va/ movem5t ( *>ity1 :i* cov]$ ,*ri/5dom ) hospitals = ! relief ( leprosy1 & :i* grappl$ nobly1 ?\gh ineffectually1 ) ! _m =ms ( suff]+ t 7 g5]at$4 ,/4 ,pet] ,nolasco1 ^: great lab\rs 9 ransom+ captive ,*ri/ians ,i h already notic$1 0 an active p>ticipator 9 ! atroci\s massacre ( ! ,albig5ses47#aid7 ,( ,%ane ,o',neale1 "o ( ! able/1 b also "o ( ! mo/ f]oci\s1 ,iri% *iefta9s :o ev] defi$ ! ,engli% p[]1 x is relat$1 amid a cr[d ( crimes1 t1 8sitt+ at meat1 be=e he put "o morsel into 8 m\? he us$ to slice a portion above ! daily alms1 & s5d x to "s begg> at 8 gate1 say+ x 0 meet to s]ve ,*ri/ fir/407#aie7 ,! great evils produc$ by ! enc\ragem5t ( m5dicancy :i* has always accompani$ ! uncontroll$ developm5t ( ,ca?olicity1 h naturally giv5 rise to mu* discussion & legislation4 ,! fi]ce d5unciations ( ! m5dicant ord]s by ,william ( ,/4 ,am\r 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury 7 n on acc\nt ( _! enc\ragem5t ( mis*iev\s *>ity27#aif7 b "o ( ! disciples ( ,wycliffe1 nam$ ,ni*olas ( ,h]e=d1 0 conspicu\s = 8 opposition to indiscrim9ate gifts to begg>s27#aig7 & a few measures ( an ext5d$ ord] appe> to h be5 tak5 ev5 be=e ! ,re=mation47#aih7 ,9 ,engl& laws ( ! mo/ savage cruelty 7 !n pass$1 9 hopes ( eradicat+ m5dicancy4 ,a p>liam5t ( ,h5ry ,,viii41 be=e ! suppression ( ! mona/]ies1 issu$ a law provid+ a sy/em ( organis$ *>ity1 & impos+ on any "o :o gave any?+ to a begg> a f9e ( t5 times ! value ( 8 gift4 ,a /urdy begg> 0 to be puni%$ ) :ipp+ = ! fir/ (f5ce1 ) :ipp+ & ! loss ( ! tip ( 8 e> = ! second & ) dea? = ! ?ird47#aii7 ,"u ,edw>d ,,vi41 an atroci\s law1 :i*1 h[ev]1 0 repeal$ 9 ! same reign1 enact$ t e /urdy begg> :o refus$ to "w %\ld be br&$1 & adjudg$ = two ye>s z a slave to ! p]son :o gave in=mation aga9/ him2 & if he took flight dur+ 8 p]iod ( s]vitude1 he 0 condemn$ = ! fir/ (f5ce to p]petual slav]y1 & = ! second to dea?4 ,! ma/] 0 au?oris$ to put a r+ ( iron r\nd ! neck ( 8 slave1 to *a9 him1 & to sc\rge him4 ,any "o might take ! *ildr5 ( a /urdy begg> = appr5tices1 till ! boys 7 tw5ty-f\r & ! girls tw5ty47#bjj7 ,ano!r law1 made "u ,elizabe?1 puni%$ ) dea? any /rong man "u ! age ( eighte5 :o 0 convict$ = ! ?ird "t ( begg+2 b ! p5alty 9 ?is reign 0 aft]w>ds r$uc$ to a life-long s]vice 9 ! galleys1 or to bani%m5t1 ) a p5alty ( dea? to ! return$ convict47#bja7 ,"u ! same que5 ! poor-law sy/em 0 elaborat$1 & ,mal?us long aft]w>ds %[$ t its effects 9 disc\rag+ p>simony r5d]$ x sc>cely less p]nici\s ?an ! mona/ic sy/em t _h prec$$ x4 ,9 _m ,ca?olic c\ntries1 sev]e1 ?\gh less atroci\s1 measures 7 tak5 to grapple ) ! evil ( m5dicancy4 ,t %rewd & sagaci\s pontiff1 ,sixtus ,v41 :o1 ?\gh n ! greate/ man1 0 by f> ! greate/ /atesman :o has ev] sat on ! papal ?rone1 made praisewor?y ef=ts to *eck x at ,rome1 :]e ecclesia/ical influ5ce _h always made x peculi>ly preval5t47#bjb7 ,*>les ,v41 9 #aeca1 issu$ a sev]e enactm5t aga9/ begg>s 9 ! ,ne!rl&s1 b except$ f its op]ation m5dicant fri>s & pilgrims47#bjc7 ,"u ,lewis ,,xiv41 equally sev]e measures 7 tak5 9 ,france4 ,b ?\gh ! practical evil 0 fully felt1 !re 0 little philosophical inve/igation ( its causes be=e ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,locke 9 ,engl&17#bjd7 & ,b]keley 9 ,irel&17#bje7 briefly glanc$ at ! subject2 & 9 #agjd ,defoe publi%$ a v rem>kable tract1 call$1 8,giv+ ,alms no ,*>ity10 9 :i* he notic$ ! ext5t to :i* m5dicancy exi/$ 9 ,engl&1 ?\gh wages 7 high] ?an 9 any ,cont95tal c\ntry47#bjf7 ,a /ill m rem>kable book1 writt5 by an au?or nam$ ,ricci1 appe>$ at ,mod5a 9 #aghg1 & excit$ consid]able att5tion4 ,! au?or po9t$ out ) mu* =ce ! gigantic developm5t ( m5dicancy 9 ,italy1 trac$ x to ! excessive *>ity ( ! p1 & appe>s to h reg>d$ z an evil all *>ity :i* sprang f religi\s motives & 0 great] ?an w\ld spr+ f ! unaid$ in/9cts ( m547#bjg7 ,! free?9k] ,m&eville _h long be=e assail$ *>ity s*ools1 & ! :ole sy/em ( endeav\r+ to elevate ! poor17#bjh7 & ,magdal5 asylums & f\ndl+ hospitals h _h fi]ce1 ?\gh ,i believe mu* mi/ak51 adv]s>ies47#bji7 ,! re=ms ( ! poor-laws1 & ! writ+s ( ,mal?us1 gave a new impulse to discussion on ! subject2 b1 ) ! qualifications ,i h /at$1 no new discov]ies h1 ,i conceive1 ?r[n any j cl\d ^u ! ess5tial pr9ciple ( ,*ri/ian *>ity4 ,! la/ me?od by :i* ,*ri/ianity has lab\r$ to s(t5 ! *>act]s ( m5 has be5 by accu/om+ ! imag9ation to expatiate cont9ually ^u images ( t5d]ness & ( pa?os4 ,our imag9ations1 ?\gh less influ5tial ?an our occupations1 probably affect our moral *>act]s m deeply ?an our judgm5ts1 &1 9 ! case ( ! poor] classes especially1 ! cultivation ( ?is "p ( our nature is ( ine/imable importance4 ,root$1 = ! mo/ "p1 dur+ _! entire lives1 to a s+le spot1 exclud$ by _! ignorance & _! circum/ances f mo/ ( ! v>ieties ( int]e/ t animate ! m9ds ( o!r m51 condemn$ to con/ant & plodd+ lab\r1 & engross$ = ev] ) ! m9ute c>es ( an imm$iate & an anxi\s pres5t1 _! :ole natures w\ld h be5 hopelessly contract$1 7 !re no sph]e 9 :i* _! imag9ations c\ld exp&4 ,religion is ! "o romance ( ! poor4 ,x alone ext5ds ! n>r[ horizon ( _! ?\ghts1 supplies ! images ( _! dreams1 allures !m to ! sup]s5sual & ! ideal4 ,! graceful be+s ) :i* ! creative fancy ( ,paganism peopl$ ! univ]se %$ a poetic gl[ on ! peasant's toil4 ,e /age ( agriculture 0 presid$ ov] by a div9ity1 & ! _w grew bright by ! companion%ip ( ! gods4 ,b x is ! peculi>ity ( ! ,*ri/ian types1 t1 :ile !y h fasc9at$ ! imag9ation1 !y h also purifi$ ! he>t4 ,! t5d]1 w9n+1 & almo/ fem99e beauty ( ! ,*ri/ian ,f\nd]1 ! ,virg9 "m1 ! agonies ( ,ge?semane or ( ,calv>y1 ! _m sc5es ( compassion & suff]+ t fill ! sacr$ writ+s1 are ! pictures :i*1 = eighte5 hundr$ ye>s1 h gov]n$ ! imag9ations ( ! rude/ & mo/ ignorant ( mank9d4 ,associat$ ) ! fonde/ recollections ( *ildhood1 ) ! music ( ! *ur* bells1 ) ! clu/]$ lights & ! t9sel spl5d\r1 t seem to ! peasant ! v ideal ( maje/y2 pa9t$ ov] ! alt> :]e he receiv$ ! companion ( 8 life1 ar\nd ! cemet]y :]e s _m :om he _h lov$ 7 laid1 on ! /ations ( ! m\nta91 on ! portal ( ! v9ey>d1 on ! *apel :]e ! /orm-toss$ m>9] fulfils 8 grateful v[2 keep+ gu>d ov] 8 cottage door1 & look+ d[n ^u 8 humble b$1 =ms ( t5d] beauty & g5tle pa?os = ev] haunt ! poor man's fancy1 & sil5tly w9 _! way into ! v dep?s ( 8 be+4 ,m ?an any spok5 eloqu5ce1 m ?an any dogmatic tea*+1 !y trans=m & subdue 8 "*1 till he le>ns to realise ! sanctity ( weakness & suff]+1 ! supreme maje/y ( compassion & g5tl5ess4 ,imp]fect & inadequate z is ! sket* ,i h drawn1 x w be suffici5t to %[ h[ great & multi=m h be5 ! influ5ces ( ,*ri/ian philan?ropy4 ,! %ad[s t re/ ^u ! picture1 ,i h n conceal$2 b1 :5 all due all[ance has be5 made = !m1 en\gh w rema9 to claim our deepe/ admiration4 ,! high conception t has be5 =m$ ( ! sanctity ( human life1 ! protection ( infancy1 ! elevation & f9al emancipation ( ! slave classes1 ! suppression ( b>b>\s games1 ! creation ( a va/ & multif>i\s organisation ( *>ity1 & ! education ( ! imag9ation by ! ,*ri/ian type1 con/itute toge!r a movem5t ( philan?ropy :i* has nev] be5 p>allel$ or approa*$ 9 ! ,pagan _w4 ,! effects ( ?is movem5t 9 promot+ happ9ess h be5 v great4 ,its effect 9 det]m9+ "* has probably be5 /ill great]4 ,9 t proportion or disposition ( qualities :i* con/itutes ! ideal "*1 ! g5tl] & m b5evol5t virtues h obta9$1 ?r\gh ,*ri/ianity1 ! =emo/ place4 ,9 ! fir/ & pure/ p]iod !y 7 especially supreme2 b 9 ! ?ird c5tury a great ascetic movem5t arose1 :i* gradually br\ght a new type ( "* into ! asc5dant1 & div]t$ ! en?usiasm ( ! ,*ur* into new *annels4 ,t]tullian1 writ+ 9 ! second c5tury1 contra/s1 9 a well-kn[n passage1 ! ,*ri/ians ( 8 day ) ! gymnosophi/s or h]mits ( ,india1 decl>+ t1 unlike ^!1 ! ,*ri/ians did n fly f ! _w1 b mix$ ) ,pagans 9 ! =um1 9 ! m>ket-places1 9 ! public ba?s1 9 ! ord9>y bus9ess ( life47#baj7 ,b al?\gh ! life ( ! h]mit or ! monk 0 unkn[n 9 ! ,*ur* = m ?an two hundr$ ye>s aft] its f\ndation1 we may detect1 almo/ f ! e>lie/ "t1 a tone ( feel+ :i* produces x4 ,! c5tral conceptions ( ! mona/ic sy/em are ! m]itori\sness ( complete ab/95ce f all sexual int]c\rse1 & ( complete r5unciation ( ! _w4 ,! fir/ ( ^! notions appe>$ 9 ! v e>lie/ p]iod1 9 ! respect atta*$ to ! condition ( virg9ity1 :i* 0 always reg>d$ z sacr$1 & especially e/eem$ 9 ! cl]gy1 ?\gh = a long "t x 0 n impos$ z an obligation4 ,! second 0 %[n 9 ! num]\s ef=ts t 7 made to sep>ate ! ,*ri/ian community z f> z possible f ! society 9 :i* x exi/$4 ,no?+ c\ld be m natural ?an t1 :5 ! increase & triumph ( ! ,*ur* _h ?r[n ! bulk ( ! ,*ri/ians into active political or milit>y lab\r1 "s %\ld1 z an ex]cise ( piety1 h endeav\r$ to imitate ! sep>ation f ! _w :i* 0 once ! common condition ( all4 ,besides ?is1 a movem5t ( asceticism _h long be5 rag+ l a m5tal epidemic ?r\gh ! _w4 ,among ! ,jews--^: law1 f ! great /ress x laid ^u m>riage1 ! excell5ce ( ! rapid multiplication ( population1 & ! hope ( be+ ! ance/or ( ! ,messiah1 0 peculi>ly repugnant to mona/ic conceptions--! ,ess5es _h con/itut$ a complete mona/ic society1 ab/a9+ f m>riage & sep>at+ !mselves :olly f ! _w4 ,9 ,rome1 ^: practical g5ius 01 if possible1 ev5 m oppos$ ?an t ( ! ,jews to an inactive mona/icism1 & ev5 among ^? philosoph]s :o mo/ repres5t$ its active & practical _s1 ! same t5d5cy 0 %[n4 ,! ,cynics ( ! lat] ,empire recomm5d$ a complete r5unciation ( dome/ic ties1 & a life sp5t ma9ly 9 ! contemplation ( wisdom4 ,! ,egyptian philosophy1 t soon aft] acquir$ an asc5dancy 9 ,europe1 anticipat$ /ill m closely ! mona/ic ideal4 ,on ! outskirts ( ! ,*ur*1 ! _m sects ( ,gno/ics & ,mani*eans all held "u diff]5t =ms ! ess5tial evil ( matt]4 ,! ,docet1 foll[+ ! same notion1 d5i$ ! reality ( ! body ( ,*ri/4 ,! ,montani/s & ! ,novatians surpass$ & /imulat$ ! private p5ances ( ! or?odox47#baa7 ,! soil 0 ?us ?or\ghly prep>$ = a great outbur/ ( asceticism1 :5ev] ! fir/ se$ 0 s[n4 ,?is 0 done dur+ ! ,decian p]secution4 ,paul1 ! h]mit1 :o fl$ to ! des]t dur+ t p]secution1 is said to h be5 ! fir/ ( ! tribe47#bab7 ,antony1 :o spe$ily foll[$1 greatly ext5d$ ! movem5t1 & 9 a few ye>s ! h]mits _h become a mighty nation4 ,p]secution1 :i* 9 ! fir/ in/ance drove great numb]s z fugitives to ! des]ts1 soon ar\s$ a passionate religi\s en?usiasm t %[$ itself 9 an ard5t desire = ^? suff]+s :i* 7 believ$ to lead directly to heav52 & ?is en?usiasm1 aft] ! peace ( ,con/ant9e1 f\nd its natural v5t & sph]e 9 ! mac]ations ( ! des]t life4 ,! imag9ations ( m5 7 fasc9at$ by ! poetic circum/ances ( t life :i* ,/4 ,j]ome mo/ eloqu5tly embelli%$4 ,wom5 7 pre-em95t 9 recruit+ = x4 ,! same _s t _h =m]ly l$ ! wife ( ! ,pagan (ficial to ent]ta9 secret relations ) ! ,*ri/ian prie/s1 n[ l$ ! wife ( ! ,*ri/ian to become ! active ag5t ( ! monks4 ,:ile ! fa!r design$ 8 son = ! army1 or = "s civil po/1 ! "m 0 (t5 /ra9+ e n]ve to induce him to become a h]mit4 ,! monks secretly correspond$ ) h]1 !y skilfully assum$ ! functions ( education1 9 ord] t !y might influ5ce ! "y2 & sometimes1 to evade ! precautions or ! ang] ( ! fa!r1 !y conceal$ _! pr(ession1 & assum$ ! g>b ( lay p$agogues47#bac7 ,! pulpit1 :i* _h almo/ sup]s$$1 & immeasurably transc5d$ 9 influ5ce1 ! *airs ( ! rhetoricians1 & :i* 0 fill$ by su* m5 z ,ambrose1 ,augu/9e1 ,*ryso/om1 ,basil1 & ! ,gregories1 0 cont9ually ex]t$ 9 ! same cause1 & ! extreme luxury ( ! great cities produc$ a viol5t1 b n unnatural1 reaction ( asceticism4 ,! dignity ( ! mona/ic position1 :i* sometimes br\ght m5 :o _h be5 simple peasants into connection ) ! emp]ors1 ! security x furni%$ to fugitive slaves & crim9als1 ! desire ( escap+ f ^? fiscal burd5s :i*1 9 ! corrupt & oppressive adm9i/ration ( ! ,empire1 _h acquir$ an intol]able weight1 & especially ! b>b>ian invasions1 :i* produc$ e v>iety ( panic & wret*$ness1 conspir$ ) ! new religi\s tea*+ 9 peopl+ ! des]t4 ,a !ology ( asceticism 0 spe$ily =m$4 ,! examples ( ,elijah & ,eli%a1 to ! fir/ ( :om1 by a bold flight ( imag9ation1 "s lat] ,c>melites ascrib$ ! orig9 ( _! ord]1 & ! m rec5t in/ance ( ! ,bapti/1 7 at once adduc$4 ,to an ord9>y layman ! life ( an an*orite might appe> 9 ! highe/ degree oppos$ to t ( ! ,tea*] :o began ,8 mission at a m>riage fea/2 :o 0 cont9ually reproa*$ by ,8 enemies = ! read9ess ) :i* ,he mix$ ) ! _w1 & :o select$ f ! female sex "s ( ,8 pure/ & mo/ devot$ foll[]s2 b ! monki% !ologians1 avoid+1 = ! mo/ "p1 ^! topics1 dilat$ *iefly on ,8 immaculate bir?1 ,8 virg9 "m1 ,8 life ( celibacy1 ,8 exhortation to ! ri* "y man4 ,! fact t ,/4 ,pet]1 to :om a g5]al primacy 0 already ascrib$1 0 unque/ionably m>ri$ 0 a difficulty :i* 0 9 a measure met by a tradition t bo? he1 & ! o!r m>ri$ apo/les1 ab/a9$ f int]c\rse ) _! wives aft] _! conv]sion47#bad7 ,/4 ,paul1 h[ev]1 0 probably unm>ri$1 & 8 writ+s %[$ a decid$ pref]5ce = ! unm>ri$ /ate1 :i* ! +5uity ( !ologians also discov]$ 9 "s qu>t]s :]e x might be lea/ expect$4 ,?us1 ,/4 ,j]ome assures u t :5 ! clean animals ent]$ ! ark by sev5s1 & ! unclean ones by pairs1 ! odd numb] typifi$ ! celibate1 & ! ev5 ! m>ri$ condition4 ,ev5 ( ! unclean animals b "o pair ( ea* k9d 0 admitt$1 le/ !y %\ld p]petrate ! enormity ( second m>riage47#bae7 ,ecclesia/ical tradition su/a9$ ! t5d5cy1 & ,sa9t ,james1 z he has be5 portray$ by ,hegesippus1 became a k9d ( ideal sa9t1 a fai?ful picture ( :at1 accord+ to ! notions ( !ologians1 0 ! true type ( human nobility4 ,he 80 consecrat$10 x 0 said1 8f 8 "m's womb4 ,he drank nei!r w9e nor f]m5t$ liquors1 & ab/a9$ f animal food4 ,a razor nev] came ^u 8 head4 ,he nev] ano9t$ himself ) oil1 or us$ a ba?4 ,he alone 0 all[$ to ent] ! sanctu>y4 ,he nev] wore wooll51 b l951 g>m5ts4 ,he 0 9 ! habit ( ent]+ ! temple alone1 & 0 (t5 f\nd ^u 8 b5d$ knees1 & int]c$+ = ! =giv5ess ( ! p1 s t 8 knees became z h>d z a camel's407#baf7 ,! progress ( ! mona/ic movem5t1 z has be5 truly said1 80 n less rapid or univ]sal ?an t ( ,*ri/ianity itself407#bag7 ,( ! actual numb] ( ! an*orites1 ^? :o are acqua9t$ ) ! extreme unv]acity ( ! fir/ hi/orians ( ! movem5t w hesitate to speak ) confid5ce4 ,x is said t ,/4 ,pa*omius1 :o1 e>ly 9 ! f\r? c5tury1 f\nd$ ! cnobitic mode ( life1 enli/$ "u 8 jurisdiction #g1jjj monks27#bah7 t 9 ! days ( ,/4 ,j]ome ne>ly #ej1jjj monks 7 sometimes assembl$ at ! ,ea/] fe/ivals27#bai7 t 9 ! des]t ( ,nitria alone !re 71 9 ! f\r? c5tury1 #e1jjj monks "u a s+le abbot27#bbj7 t an ,egyptian city nam$ ,oxyryn*us devot$ itself almo/ exclusively to ! ascetic life1 & includ$ #bj1jjj virg9s & #aj1jjj monks27#bba7 t ,/4 ,s]apion presid$ ov] #aj1jjj monks27#bbb7 & t1 t[>ds ! close ( ! f\r? c5tury1 ! mona/ic population 9 a great "p ( ,egypt 0 ne>ly equal to ! population ( ! cities47#bbc7 ,egypt 0 ! p>5t ( mona*ism1 & x 0 !re t x atta9$ bo? its extreme developm5t & its mo/ au/]e sev]ity2 b !re 0 v soon sc>cely any ,*ri/ian c\ntry 9 :i* a simil> movem5t 0 n ard5tly propagat$4 ,/4 ,a?anasius & ,/4 ,z5o are said to h introduc$ x into ,italy17#bbd7 :]e x soon aft]w>ds receiv$ a great /imulus f ,/4 ,j]ome4 ,/4 ,hil>ion in/itut$ ! fir/ monks 9 ,pale/9e1 & he liv$ to see _m ?\s&s subject to 8 rule1 & t[>ds ! close ( 8 life to plant mona*ism 9 ,cyprus4 ,eu/a?ius1 ,bi%op ( ,seba/ia1 spread x ?r\gh ,arm5ia1 ,paphlagonia1 & ,pontus4 ,/4 ,basil lab\r$ along ! wild %ores ( ! ,eux9e4 ,/4 ,m>t9 ( ,t\rs f\nd$ ! fir/ mona/]y 9 ,gaul1 & #b1jjj monks att5d$ 8 fun]al4 ,unrecord$ mission>ies plant$ ! new in/itution 9 ! he>t ( ?iopia1 amid ! little isl&s t /ud ! ,m$it]ranean1 9 ! seclud$ valleys ( ,wales & ,irel&47#bbe7 ,b ev5 m wond]ful ?an ! _m ?\s&s :o ?us ab&on$ ! _w is ! rev]5ce ) :i* !y 7 reg>d$ by ^? :o1 by _! atta9m5ts or _! "*1 w\ld seem mo/ oppos$ to ! mona/ic ideal4 ,no "o _h m reason ?an ,augu/9e to "k ! dang] ( en=c$ celibacy1 b ,/4 ,augu/9e ex]t$ all 8 en]gies to spread mona/icism ?r\gh 8 diocese4 ,/4 ,ambrose1 :o 0 by nature an acute /atesman2 ,/4 ,j]ome & ,/4 ,basil1 :o 7 ambiti\s s*ol>s2 ,/4 ,*ryso/om1 :o 0 pre-em95tly =m$ to sway ! ref9$ ?rongs ( a metropolis--all ex]t$ _! p[]s 9 fav\r ( ! life ( solitude1 & ! la/ ?ree practis$ x !mselves4 ,/4 ,ars5ius1 :o 0 surpass$ by no "o 9 ! extravagance ( 8 p5ances1 _h held a high (fice at ! c\rt ( ! ,emp]or ,arcadius4 ,pilgrims w&]$ among ! des]ts1 collect+ acc\nts ( ! miracles & ! au/]ities ( ! sa9ts1 :i* fill$ ,*ri/5dom ) admiration2 & ! /range biographies :i* 7 ?us =m$1 wild & grotesque z !y are1 enable u to realise v vividly ! g5]al features ( ! an*orite life :i* became ! new ideal ( ! ,*ri/ian _w47#bbf7 ,!re is1 p]haps1 no phase 9 ! moral hi/ory ( mank9d ( a deep] or m pa9ful int]e/ ?an ?is ascetic epidemic4 ,a hide\s1 sordid1 & emaciat$ maniac1 )\t k1 )\t patriotism1 )\t natural affection1 pass+ 8 life 9 a long r\t9e ( useless & atroci\s self-torture1 & quail+ be=e ! gha/ly phantoms ( 8 deliri\s bra91 _h become ! ideal ( ! nations :i* _h kn[n ! writ+s ( ,plato & ,cic]o & ! lives ( ,socrates & ,cato4 ,= ab\t two c5turies1 ! hide\s mac]ation ( ! body 0 reg>d$ z ! highe/ pro( ( excell5ce4 ,/4 ,j]ome decl>es1 ) a ?rill ( admiration1 h[ he _h se5 a monk1 :o = ?irty ye>s _h liv$ exclusively on a small portion ( b>ley bread & ( muddy wat]2 ano!r1 :o liv$ 9 a hole & nev] ate m ?an five figs = 8 daily repa/27#bbg7 a ?ird1 :o cut 8 hair only on ,ea/] ,sunday1 :o nev] wa%$ 8 clo!s1 :o nev] *ang$ 8 tunic till x fell to pieces1 :o />v$ himself till 8 eyes grew dim1 & 8 sk9 8l a pumice /one10 & ^: m]its1 %[n by ^! au/]ities1 ,hom] himself w\ld be unable to rec\nt47#bbh7 ,= six mon?s1 x is said1 ,/4 ,mac>ius ( ,alex&ria slept 9 a m>%1 & expos$ 8 body nak$ to ! /+s ( v5om\s flies4 ,he 0 accu/om$ to c>ry ab\t ) him eighty p\nds ( iron4 ,8 disciple1 ,/4 ,eusebius1 c>ri$ "o hundr$ & fifty p\nds ( iron1 & liv$ = ?ree ye>s 9 a dri$-up well4 ,/4 ,sab9us w\ld only eat corn t _h become rott5 by rema9+ = a mon? 9 wat]4 ,/4 ,bes>ion sp5t =ty days & nights 9 ! middle ( ?orn-bu%es1 & = =ty ye>s nev] lay d[n :5 he slept17#bbi7 :i* la/ p5ance 0 also dur+ fifte5 ye>s practis$ by ,/4 ,pa*omius47#bcj7 ,"s sa9ts1 l ,/4 ,m>cian1 re/rict$ !mselves to "o meal a day1 s small t !y cont9ually suff]$ ! pangs ( hung]47#bca7 ,( "o ( !m x is relat$ t 8 daily food 0 six ounces ( bread & a few h]bs2 t he 0 nev] se5 to recl9e on a mat or b$1 or ev5 to place 8 limbs easily = sleep2 b t sometimes1 f excess ( we>9ess1 8 eyes w\ld close at 8 meals1 & ! food w\ld drop f 8 m\?47#bcb7 ,o!r sa9ts1 h[ev]1 ate only e second day27#bcc7 :ile _m1 if we c\ld believe ! monki% hi/orian1 ab/a9$ = :ole weeks f all n\ri%m5t47#bcd7 ,/4 ,mac>ius ( ,alex&ria is said dur+ an entire week to h nev] la9 d[n1 or eat5 any?+ b a few uncook$ h]bs on ,sunday47#bce7 ,( ano!r fam\s sa9t1 nam$ ,john1 x is ass]t$ t = ?ree :ole ye>s he /ood 9 pray]1 lean+ ^u a rock2 t dur+ all t "t he nev] sat or lay d[n1 & t 8 only n\ri%m5t 0 ! ,sacram5t1 :i* 0 br\ght him on ,sundays47#bcf7 ,"s ( ! h]mits liv$ 9 des]t$ d5s ( wild bea/s1 o!rs 9 dri$-up wells1 :ile o!rs f\nd a cong5ial re/+-place among ! tombs47#bcg7 ,"s disda9$ all clo!s1 & crawl$ abroad l ! wild bea/s1 cov]$ only by _! matt$ hair4 ,9 ,mesopotamia1 & "p ( ,syria1 !re exi/$ a sect kn[n by ! "n ( 8,graz]s10 :o nev] liv$ "u a ro(1 :o ate nei!r fle% nor bread1 b :o sp5t _! "t = ev] on ! m\nta9 side1 & ate grass l cattle47#bch7 ,! cleanl9ess ( ! body 0 reg>d$ z a pollution ( ! s\l1 & ! sa9ts :o 7 mo/ admir$ _h become "o hide\s mass ( clott$ fil?4 ,/4 ,a?anasius relates ) en?usiasm h[ ,/4 ,antony1 ! patri>* ( mona*ism1 _h nev]1 to extreme old age1 be5 guilty ( wa%+ 8 feet47#bci7 ,! less con/ant ,/4 ,pm5 fell into ?is habit = ! fir/ "t :5 a v old man1 &1 ) a glimm]+ ( common s5se1 def5d$ himself aga9/ ! a/oni%$ monks by say+ t he _h 8le>nt to kill n 8 body1 b 8 passions407#bdj7 ,/4 ,abraham ! h]mit1 h[ev]1 :o liv$ = fifty ye>s aft] 8 conv]sion1 rigidly refus$ f t date to wa% ei!r 8 face or 8 feet47#bda7 ,he 01 x is said1 a p]son ( s+ul> beauty1 & 8 biograph] some:at /rangely rem>ks t 88 face reflect$ ! purity ( 8 s\l407#bdb7 ,/4 ,ammon _h nev] se5 himself nak$47#bdc7 ,a fam\s virg9 nam$ ,silvia1 ?\gh %e 0 sixty ye>s old & ?\gh bodily sickness 0 a consequ5ce ( h] habits1 resolutely refus$1 on religi\s pr9ciples1 to wa% any "p ( h] body except h] f+]s47#bdd7 ,/4 ,euphraxia jo9$ a conv5t ( "o hundr$ & ?irty nuns1 :o nev] wa%$ _! feet1 & :o %udd]$ at ! m5tion ( a ba?47#bde7 ,an an*orite once imag9$ t he 0 mock$ by an illusion ( ! devil1 z he saw glid+ be=e him ?r\gh ! des]t a nak$ creature black ) fil? & ye>s ( exposure1 & ) :ite hair float+ to ! w9d4 ,x 0 a once beautiful woman1 ,/4 ,m>y ( ,egypt1 :o _h ?us1 dur+ =ty-sev5 ye>s1 be5 expiat+ h] s9s47#bdf7 ,! occasional decad5ce ( ! monks into habits ( dec5cy 0 a subject ( mu* reproa*4 8,our fa!rs10 said ! abbot ,alex&]1 look+ m\rnfully back to ! pa/1 8nev] wa%$ _! faces1 b we frequ5t ! public ba?s407#bdg7 ,x 0 relat$ ( "o mona/]y 9 ! des]t1 t ! monks suff]$ greatly f want ( wat] to dr9k2 b at ! pray] ( ! abbot ,!odosius a copi\s /ream 0 produc$4 ,b soon "s monks1 tempt$ by ! abundant supply1 div]g$ f _! old au/]ity1 & p]suad$ ! abbot to avail himself ( ! /ream = ! con/ruction ( a ba?4 ,! ba? 0 made4 ,once1 & once only1 did ! monks enjoy _! ablutions1 :5 ! /ream ceas$ to fl[4 ,pray]s1 te>s1 & fa/+s 7 9 va94 ,a :ole ye> pass$4 ,at la/ ! abbot de/roy$ ! ba?1 :i* 0 ! object ( ! ,div9e displeasure1 & ! wat]s fl[$ afre%47#bdh7 ,b ( all ! evid5ces ( ! loa?some excesses to :i* ?is _s 0 c>ri$1 ! life ( ,/4 ,simeon ,/ylites is probably ! mo/ rem>kable4 ,x w\ld be difficult to conceive a m horrible or disgu/+ picture ?an is giv5 ( ! p5ances by :i* t sa9t comm5c$ 8 ascetic c>e]4 ,he _h b\nd a rope ar\nd him s t x became imb$d$ 9 8 fle%1 :i* putrefi$ ar\nd x4 8,a horrible /5*1 intol]able to ! by/&]s1 exhal$ f 8 body & worms dropp$ f him :5ev] he mov$1 & !y fill$ 8 b$40 ,sometimes he left ! mona/]y & slept 9 a dry well1 inhabit$1 x is said1 by dmons4 ,he built successively ?ree pill>s1 ! la/ be+ sixty feet high & sc>cely two cubits 9 circumf]5ce1 & on ?is pill>1 dur+ ?irty ye>s1 he rema9$ expos$ to e *ange ( climate1 ceaselessly & rapidly b5d+ 8 body 9 pray] almo/ to ! level ( 8 feet4 ,a spectator attempt$ to numb] ^! rapid motions1 b desi/$ f we>9ess :5 he _h c\nt$ #a1bdd4 ,= a :ole ye>1 we are told1 ,/4 ,simeon /ood ^u "o leg1 ! o!r be+ cov]$ ) hide\s ulc]s1 :ile 8 biograph] 0 commission$ to /& by 8 side1 to pick up ! worms t fell f 8 body1 & to replace !m 9 ! sores1 ! sa9t say+ to ! worm1 8,eat :at ,god has giv5 y40 ,f e qu>t] pilgrims ( e degree ?rong$ to d him homage4 ,a cr[d ( prelates foll[$ him to ! grave4 ,a brilliant /> is said to h %one miracul\sly ov] 8 pill>2 ! g5]al voice ( mank9d pron\nc$ him to be ! highe/ model ( a ,*ri/ian sa9t2 & sev]al o!r an*orites imitat$ or emulat$ 8 p5ances47#bdi7 ,!re is1 if ,i mi/ake n1 no dep>tm5t ( lit]ature ! importance ( :i* is m inadequately realis$ ?an ! lives ( ! sa9ts4 ,ev5 :]e !y h no direct hi/orical value1 !y h a moral value ( ! v highe/ ord]4 ,!y may n tell u ) accuracy :at m5 did at p>ticul> epo*s2 b !y display ) ! utmo/ vividness :at !y ?\ght & felt1 _! measure ( probability1 & _! ideal ( excell5ce4 ,decrees ( c\ncils1 elaborate treatises ( !ologians1 cre$s1 liturgies1 & canons1 are all b ! husks ( religi\s hi/ory4 ,!y reveal :at 0 pr(ess$ & argu$ be=e ! _w1 b n t :i* 0 realis$ 9 ! imag9ation or en%r9$ 9 ! he>t4 ,! hi/ory ( art1 :i* 9 its rud] day reflect$ ) delicate fidelity ! fleet+ images ( an an?ropomorphic age1 is 9 ?is respect invaluable2 b /ill m important is t va/ ,*ri/ian my?ology1 :i* grew up spontane\sly f ! intellectual condition ( ! "t1 includ$ all its de>e/ hopes1 wi%es1 ideals1 & imag9+s1 & con/itut$1 dur+ _m c5turies1 ! popul> lit]ature ( ,*ri/5dom4 ,9 ! case ( ! sa9ts ( ! des]ts1 !re c be no "q t ! picture--:i* is drawn *iefly by eye-witnesses--h[ev] grotesque may be "s ( its details1 is 9 its lead+ features hi/orically true4 ,x is true t self-torture 0 = "s c5turies reg>d$ z ! *ief measure ( human excell5ce1 t t5s ( ?\s&s ( ! mo/ devot$ m5 fl$ to ! des]t to r$uce !mselves by mac]ation ne>ly to ! condition ( ! brute1 & t ?is odi\s sup]/ition _h acquir$ an almo/ absolute asc5dancy 9 ! e?ics ( ! age4 ,! examples ( asceticism ,i h cit$ are b a few out ( _m hundr$s1 & volumes might be writt51 & h be5 writt51 detail+ !m4 ,till ! re=m ( ,/4 ,b5$ict1 ! ideal 0 on ! :ole un*ang$4 ,! ,we/]n monks1 f ! conditions ( _! climate1 7 con/itutionally incapable ( rivall+ ! ab/95ce ( ! ,egyptian an*orites2 b _! conception ( supreme excell5ce 0 mu* ! same1 & !y lab\r$ to comp5sate = _! inf]iority 9 p5ances by claim+ "s sup]iority 9 miracles4 ,f ! "t ( ,/4 ,pa*omius1 ! cnobitic life 0 adopt$ by mo/ monks2 b ! ,ea/]n mona/]ies1 ) ! important exception ( a v[ ( ob$i5ce1 diff]$ little f a collection ( h]mitages4 ,!y 7 9 ! des]ts2 ! monks commonly liv$ 9 sep>ate cells2 !y kept sil5ce at _! repa/s2 !y rivall$ "o ano!r 9 ! extravagance ( _! p5ances4 ,a few feeble ef=ts 7 inde$ made by ,/4 ,j]ome & o!rs to mod]ate au/]ities1 :i* frequ5tly l$ to insanity & suicide1 to *eck ! turbul5ce ( c]ta9 w&]+ monks1 :o 7 accu/om$ to defy ! ecclesia/ical au?orities1 & especially to suppress mona/ic m5dicancy1 :i* _h appe>$ prom95tly among "s h]etical sects4 ,! or?odox monks commonly employ$ !mselves 9 weav+ mats ( palm-leaves2 b1 liv+ 9 ! des]ts1 ) no wants1 !y spe$ily sank into a li/less apa?y2 & ! mo/ admir$ 7 ^? :o1 l ,simeon ,/ylites1 & ! h]mit ,john1 ( :om ,i h already spok51 7 mo/ exclusively devot$ to _! sup]/ition4 ,div]sities ( individual "* 71 h[ev]1 vividly display$4 ,_m an*orites1 )\t k1 passions1 or imag9ation1 hav+ fl$ f s]vile toil to ! calm ( ! wild]ness1 pass$ ! long h\rs 9 sleep or 9 a me*anical r\t9e ( pray]1 & _! in]t & languid exi/5ces1 prolong$ to ! extreme ( old age1 clos$ at la/ by a tranquil & almo/ animal dea?4 ,o!rs made _! cells by ! cle> f\nta9s & clu/]+ palm-trees ( "s oasis 9 ! des]t1 & a bloom+ g>d5 arose b5ea? _! toil4 ,! num]\s monks :o foll[$ ,/4 ,s]apion devot$ !mselves l>gely to agriculture1 & s5t %iploads ( corn = ! b5efit ( ! poor47#bej7 ,( "o old h]mit x is relat$ t1 su* 0 ! *e]fulness ( 8 m9d1 t e sorr[ 0 dispell$ by 8 pres5ce1 & ! we>y & ! he>tbrok5 7 consol$ by a few words f 8 lips47#bea7 ,m commonly1 h[ev]1 ! h]mit's cell 0 ! sc5e ( p]petual m\rn+4 ,te>s & sobs1 & frantic /ruggl+s ) imag9>y dmons1 & p>oxysms ( religi\s despair1 7 ! texture ( 8 life1 & ! dread ( spiritual enemies1 & ( t dea? :i* 8 sup]/ition _h r5d]$ s t]rible1 embitt]$ e h\r ( 8 exi/5ce47#beb7 ,! solace ( intellectual occupations 0 r>ely resort$ to4 8,! duty10 said ,/4 ,j]ome1 8( a monk is n to tea*1 b to weep407#bec7 ,a cultivat$ & discipl9$ m9d 0 ! lea/ subject to ^? halluc9ations1 :i* 7 reg>d$ z ! highe/ evid5ce ( ,div9e fav\r27#bed7 & al?\gh 9 an age :5 ! passion = asceticism 0 g5]al1 _m s*ol>s became ascetics1 ! great majority ( ! e>ly monks appe> to h be5 m5 :o 7 n only absolutely ignorant !mselves1 b :o also look$ ^u le>n+ ) positive disfav\r4 ,/4 ,antony1 ! true f\nd] ( mona*ism1 refus$ :5 a boy to le>n lett]s1 because x w\ld br+ him into too great int]c\rse ) o!r boys47#bee7 ,at a "t :5 ,/4 ,j]ome _h suff]$ himself to feel a deep admiration = ! g5ius ( ,cic]o1 he 01 z he himself tells u1 borne 9 ! night be=e ! tribunal ( ,*ri/1 accus$ ( be+ r a ,cic]onian ?an a ,*ri/ian1 & sev]ely flagellat$ by ! angels47#bef7 ,?is sa9t1 h[ev]1 aft]w>ds modifi$ 8 op9ions ab\t ! ,pagan writ+s1 & he 0 compell$ to def5d himself at l5g? aga9/ 8 m jeal\s bre?r51 :o accus$ him ( defil+ 8 writ+s ) quotations f ,pagan au?ors1 ( employ+ "s monks 9 copy+ ,cic]o1 & ( expla9+ ,virgil to "s *ildr5 at ,be?lehem47#beg7 ,( "o monk x is relat$ t1 be+ especially fam\s z a l+ui/1 he made x 8 p5ance to rema9 p]fectly sil5t = ?irty ye>s27#beh7 ( ano!r1 t hav+ discov]$ a few books 9 ! cell ( a bro!r h]mit1 he reproa*$ ! /ud5t ) hav+ ?us defraud$ ( _! prop]ty ! wid[ & ! orphan27#bei7 ( o!rs1 t _! only books 7 copies ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 :i* !y sold to relieve ! poor47#bfj7 ,) su* m51 liv+ su* a life1 visions & miracles 7 necess>ily habitual4 ,all ! elem5ts ( halluc9ation 7 !re4 ,ignorant & sup]/iti\s1 believ+ z a matt] ( religi\s conviction t c\ntless dmons fill$ ! air1 attribut+ e fluctuation ( 8 temp]am5t1 & e exceptional ph5om5on 9 surr\nd+ nature1 to spiritual ag5cy2 deliri\s1 too1 f solitude & long cont9u$ au/]ities1 ! h]mit soon mi/ook = palpable realities ! phantoms ( 8 bra94 ,9 ! gha/ly gloom ( ! sepul*re1 :]e1 amid m\ld]+ corpses1 he took up 8 abode2 9 ! long h\rs ( ! night ( p5ance1 :5 ! des]t w9d sobb$ ar\nd 8 lonely cell1 & ! cries ( wild bea/s 7 borne ^u 8 e>1 visible =ms ( lu/ or t]ror appe>$ to haunt him1 & /range dramas 7 enact$ by ^? :o 7 cont5d+ = 8 s\l4 ,an imag9ation /ra9$ to ! utmo/ limit1 act+ ^u a frame att5uat$ & diseas$ by mac]ations1 produc$ bewild]+ psy*ological ph5om5a1 p>oxysms ( conflict+ passions1 sudd5 alt]nations ( joy & angui%1 :i* he reg>d$ z manife/ly sup]natural4 ,sometimes1 9 ! v ec/asy ( 8 devotion1 ! memory ( old sc5es w\ld cr[d ^u 8 m9d4 ,! %ady groves & s(t voluptu\s g>d5s ( 8 native city w\ld arise1 &1 kneel+ alone ^u ! burn+ s&1 he seem$ to see ar\nd him ! fair gr\ps ( danc+-girls1 on ^: w>m1 undulat+ limbs & wanton smiles 8 y\?ful eyes _h too fondly dwelt4 ,sometimes 8 temptation sprang f rememb]$ s\nds4 ,! sweet1 lic5ti\s songs ( o!r days came float+ on 8 e>1 & 8 he>t 0 ?rill$ ) ! passions ( ! pa/4 ,& !n ! sc5e w\ld *ange4 ,z 8 lips 7 murmur+ ! psalt]1 8 imag9ation1 fir$ p]haps by ! music ( "s m>tial psalm1 depict$ ! cr[d$ amphi!atre4 ,! ?rong & passion & m+l$ cries ( eag] ?\s&s 7 pres5t to 8 m9d1 & ! fi]ce joy ( ! gladiators pass$ ?r\gh ! tumult ( 8 dream47#bfa7 ,! simple/ incid5t came at la/ to sugge/ diabolical influ5ce4 ,an old h]mit1 we>y & fa9t+ ^u 8 j\rney1 once ?\ght h[ refre%+ w\ld be a draught ( ! honey ( wild bees ( ! des]t4 ,at t mom5t 8 eye fell ^u a rock on :i* !y _h built a hive4 ,he pass$ on ) a %udd] & an exorcism1 = he believ$ x to be a temptation ( ! devil47#bfb7 ,b mo/ t]rible ( all 7 ! /ruggles ( "y & ard5t m51 ?r\gh ^: ve9s ! hot blood ( passion cont9ually fl[$1 physically incapable ( a life ( celibacy1 & ) all t pron5ess to halluc9ation :i* a s\!rn sun eng5d]s1 :o 7 borne on ! wave ( en?usiasm to ! des]t life4 ,9 ! arms ( ,syrian or ,african brides1 ^: s(t eyes answ]$ love ) love1 !y might h sunk to re/1 b 9 ! lonely wild]ness no peace c\ld ev] visit _! s\ls4 ,! ,lives ( ! ,sa9ts pa9t ) an appall+ vividness ! agonies ( _! /ruggle4 ,multiply+ ) frantic en]gy ! mac]ations ( ! body1 beat+ _! brea/s ) angui%1 ! te>s = ev] /ream+ f _! eyes1 imag9+ !mselves cont9ually haunt$ by ev]-*ang+ =ms ( deadly beauty1 :i* acquir$ a great] vividness f ! v passion ) :i* !y resi/$ !m1 _! /ruggles n unfrequ5tly end$ 9 insanity & 9 suicide4 ,x is relat$ t :5 ,/4 ,pa*omius & ,/4 ,palmon 7 conv]s+ toge!r 9 ! des]t1 a "y monk1 ) 8 c\nt5ance di/ract$ ) madness1 ru%$ into _! pres5ce1 &1 9 a voice brok5 ) convulsive sobs1 p\r$ out 8 tale ( sorr[s4 ,a woman1 he said1 _h ent]$ 8 cell1 _h s$uc$ him by h] artifices1 & !n vani%$ miracul\sly 9 ! air1 leav+ him half dead ^u ! gr\nd2--& !n ) a wild %riek ! monk broke away f ! sa9tly li/5]s4 ,impell$1 z !y imag9$1 by an evil _s1 he ru%$ across ! des]t1 till he arriv$ at ! next village1 & !re1 leap+ into ! op5 furnace ( ! public ba?s1 he p]i%$ 9 ! flames47#bfc7 ,/range /ories 7 told among ! monks ( revulsions ( passion ev5 9 ! mo/ advanc$4 ,( "o monk especially1 :o _h long be5 reg>d$ z a patt]n ( asceticism1 b :o _h suff]$ himself to fall into t self-complac5cy :i* 0 v common among ! an*orites1 x 0 told t "o ev5+ a fa9t+ woman appe>$ at ! door ( 8 cell1 & implor$ him to give h] %elt]1 & n p]mit h] to be dev\r$ by ! wild bea/s4 ,9 an evil h\r he yield$ to h] pray]4 ,) all ! aspect ( pr(\nd rev]5ce %e won 8 reg>ds1 & at la/ v5tur$ to lay h] h& ^u him4 ,b t t\* convuls$ 8 frame4 ,passions long slumb]+ & =gott5 ru%$ ) impetu\s fury ?r\gh 8 ve9s4 ,9 a p>oxysm ( fi]ce love1 he s\ght to clasp ! woman to 8 he>t1 b %e vani%$ f 8 sight1 & a *orus ( dmons1 ) peals ( laught]1 exult$ ov] 8 fall4 ,! sequel ( ! /ory1 z x is told by ! monki% writ]1 is1 ,i ?9k1 ( a v high ord] ( arti/ic m]it4 ,! fall5 h]mit did n seek1 z might h be5 expect$1 by p5ance & pray]s to r5ew 8 purity4 ,t mom5t ( passion & ( %ame _h reveal$ 9 him a new nature1 & sev]$ him irrevocably f ! hopes & feel+s ( ! ascetic life4 ,! fair =m t _h aris5 ^u 8 dream1 ?\gh he knew x to be a deception lur+ him to de/ruction1 /ill gov]n$ 8 he>t4 ,he fl$ f ! des]t1 plung$ anew into ! _w1 avoid$ all int]c\rse ) ! monks1 & foll[$ ! light ( t ideal beauty ev5 into ! jaws ( hell47#bfd7 ,anecdotes ( ?is k9d1 circulat$ among ! monks1 contribut$ to height5 ! feel+s ( t]ror ) :i* !y reg>d$ all communication ) ! o!r sex4 ,b to avoid su* communication 0 sometimes v difficult4 ,few ?+s are m /rik+1 9 ! e>ly hi/orians ( ! movem5t we are consid]+1 ?an ! mann] 9 :i* n>ratives ( ! deepe/ tragical int]e/ alt]nate ) extremely :imsical acc\nts ( ! pr(\nd admiration ) :i* ! female devotees reg>d$ ! mo/ au/]e an*orites1 & ! unwe>i$ p]sev]ance ) :i* !y endeav\r$ to =ce !mselves ^u _! notice4 ,"s wom5 seem 9 ?is respect to h be5 peculi>ly =tunate4 ,/4 ,melania1 :o devot$ a great portion ( h] =tune to ! monks1 accompani$ by ! hi/orian ,ruf9us1 made1 ne> ! end ( ! f\r? c5tury1 a long pilgrimage ?r\gh ! ,syrian & ,egyptian h]mitages47#bfe7 ,b ) _m ( ! h]mits x 0 a rule nev] to look ^u ! face ( any woman1 & ! numb] ( ye>s !y _h escap$ ?is contam9ation 0 commonly /at$ z a conspicu\s pro( ( _! excell5ce4 ,/4 ,basil w\ld only speak to a woman "u extreme necessity47#bff7 ,/4 ,john ( ,lycopolis _h n se5 a woman = =ty-eight ye>s47#bfg7 ,a tribune 0 s5t by 8 wife on a pilgrimage to ,/4 ,john ! h]mit to implore him to all[ h] to visit him1 h] desire be+ s int5se t %e w\ld probably1 9 ! op9ion ( h] husb&1 die if x 7 ungratifi$4 ,at la/ ! h]mit told 8 suppliant t he w\ld t night visit 8 wife :5 %e 0 9 b$ 9 h] h\se4 ,! tribune br\ght ?is /range message to 8 wife1 :o t night saw ! h]mit 9 a dream47#bfh7 ,a "y ,roman girl made a pilgrimage f ,italy to ,alex&ria1 to look ^u ! face & obta9 ! pray]s ( ,/4 ,ars5ius1 into ^: pres5ce %e =c$ h]self4 ,quail+ b5ea? 8 rebuffs1 %e flung h]self at 8 feet1 implor+ him ) te>s to grant h] only reque/--to rememb] h]1 & to pray = h]4 8,rememb] y60 cri$ ! indignant sa9t2 8x %all be ! pray] ( my life t ,i may =get y40 ,! poor girl s\ght consolation f ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,alex&ria1 :o com=t$ h] by assur+ h] t1 ?\gh %e belong$ to ! sex by :i* dmons commonly tempt sa9ts1 he d\bt$ n ! h]mit w\ld pray = h] s\l1 ?\gh he w\ld try to =get h] face47#bfi7 ,sometimes ?is female en?usiasm took ano!r & a m subtle =m1 & on m ?an "o occasion wom5 7 kn[n to attire !mselves z m51 & to pass _! lives undi/urb$ z an*orites4 ,among o!rs1 ,/4 ,pelagia1 :o _h be5 ! mo/ beautiful1 & "o ( ! mo/ dang]\sly s$uctive actresses ( ,antio*1 hav+ be5 some:at /rangely conv]t$1 0 appo9t$ by ! bi%ops to live 9 p5ance ) an eld]ly virg9 ( irreproa*able piety2 b1 impell$1 we are told1 by h] desire = a m au/]e life1 %e fl$ f h] companion1 assum$ a male attire1 took refuge among ! monks on ! ,m\nt ( ,olives1 &1 ) some?+ ( ! skill ( h] old pr(ession1 support$ h] feign$ "* s consi/5tly t %e acquir$ great r5[n1 & x 0 only 7x is said7 aft] h] dea? t ! sa9ts discov]$ :o _h be5 liv+ among !m47#bgj7 ,! =ego+ anecdotes & obs]vations w1 ,i hope1 h giv5 a suffici5tly cle> idea ( ! g5]al nature ( ! mona/ic life 9 its e>lie/ phase1 & also ( ! writ+s x produc$4 ,we may n[ proce$ to exam9e ! ways 9 :i* ?is mode ( life affect$ bo? ! ideal type & ! realis$ condition ( ,*ri/ian morals4 ,& 9 ! fir/ place1 x is manife/ t ! proportion ( virtues 0 alt]$4 ,if an imp>tial p]son 7 to glance ov] ! e?ics ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 & 7 ask$ :at 0 ! c5tral & di/9ctive virtue to :i* ! sacr$ writ]s mo/ cont9ually ref]r$1 he w\ld d\btless answ] t x 0 t :i* is describ$ z love1 *>ity1 or philan?ropy4 ,if he 7 to apply a simil> scrut9y to ! writ+s ( ! f\r? & fif? c5turies1 he w\ld answ] t ! c>d9al virtue ( ! religi\s type 0 n love1 b *a/ity4 ,& ?is *a/ity1 :i* 0 reg>d$ z ! ideal /ate1 0 n ! purity ( an undefil$ m>riage4 ,x 0 ! absolute suppression ( ! :ole s5sual side ( our nature4 ,! *ief =m ( virtue1 ! c5tral conception ( ! sa9tly life1 0 a p]petual /ruggle aga9/ all c>nal impulses1 by m5 :o altoge!r refus$ ! compromise ( m>riage4 ,f ?is fact1 if ,i mi/ake n1 "s int]e/+ & important consequ5ces may be d$uc$4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 religion gradually assum$ a v sombre hue4 ,! bus9ess ( ! sa9t 0 to eradicate a natural appetite1 to atta9 a condition :i* 0 emphatically abnormal4 ,! depravity ( human nature1 especially ! ess5tial evil ( ! body1 0 felt ) a degree ( int5sity t c\ld nev] h be5 atta9$ by morali/s :o 7 occupi$ ma9ly ) transi5t or exceptional vices1 su* z envy1 ang]1 or cruelty4 ,& 9 addition to ! extreme invet]acy ( ! appetite :i* x 0 desir$ to eradicate1 x %\ld be rememb]$ t a some:at luxuri\s & indulg5t life1 ev5 :5 t indulg5ce is n itself di/9ctly evil1 ev5 :5 x has a t5d5cy to mollify ! "*1 has naturally ! effect ( /r5g!n+ ! animal passions1 & is !re=e directly oppos$ to ! ascetic ideal4 ,! consequ5ce ( ?is 0 fir/ ( all a v deep s5se ( ! habitual & innate depravity ( human nature2 &1 9 ! next place1 a v /rong association ( ! idea ( pleasure ) t ( vice4 ,all ?is necess>ily fl[$ f ! supreme value plac$ ^u virg9ity4 ,! tone ( calm & joy\sness t *>act]ises ,greek philosophy1 ! almo/ complete abs5ce ( all s5se ( /ruggle & innate s9 t x displays1 is probably 9 a v l>ge degree to be ascrib$ to ! fact t1 9 ! dep>tm5t ( morals we are consid]+1 ,greek morali/s made no s]i\s ef=ts to improve our nature1 & ,greek public op9ion acquiesc$1 )\t sc&al1 9 an almo/ b\ndless indulg5ce ( illicit pleasures4 ,b :ile ! great prom95ce at ?is "t giv5 to ! conflicts ( ! ascetic life ?rew a d>k %ade ^u ! popul> e/imate ( human nature1 x contribut$1 ,i ?9k1 v l>gely to su/a9 & deep5 t /rong conviction ( ! fre$om ( ! human w :i* ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* has always s /r5u\sly upheld2 = !re is1 probably1 no o!r =m ( moral conflict 9 :i* m5 are s habitually & s ke5ly s5sible ( t di/9ction betwe5 our w & our desires1 ^u ! reality ( :i* all moral fre$om ultimately dep5ds4 ,x _h also1 ,i imag9e1 ano!r result1 :i* x is difficult to describe ) ! same precision4 ,:at may be call$ a /rong animal nature--a nature1 t is1 9 :i* ! passions are 9 vigor\s1 & at ! same "t heal?y1 action--is t 9 :i* we %\ld mo/ naturally expect to f9d sev]al moral qualities4 ,good hum\r1 frankness1 g5]osity1 active c\rage1 sangu9e en]gy1 buoyancy ( temp]1 are ! usual & appropriate accompanim5ts ( a vigor\s animal temp]am5t1 & !y are mu* m r>ely f\nd ei!r 9 natures t are ess5tially feeble & effem9ate1 or 9 natures :i* h be5 artificially emasculat$ by p5ances1 di/ort$ f _! orig9al t5d5cy1 & habitually held "u sev]e control4 ,! ideal type ( ,ca?olicism be+1 on acc\nt ( ! supreme value plac$ ^u virg9ity1 ( ! latt] k9d1 ! qualities ,i h m5tion$ h always rank$ v l[ 9 ! ,ca?olic conceptions ( excell5ce1 & ! /eady t5d5cy ( ,prote/ant & indu/rial civilisation has be5 to elevate !m4 ,i d n "k :e!r ! read] w reg>d ^! speculations--:i* ,i advance ) "s diffid5ce--z f>-fet*$ & fanciful4 ,our k ( ! physical antec$5ts ( diff]5t moral qualities is s scanty t x is difficult to speak on ^! matt]s ) mu* confid5ce2 b few p]sons1 ,i ?9k1 c h fail$ to obs]ve t ! physical temp]am5ts ,i h describ$ diff] n simply 9 ! "o great fact ( ! int5sity ( ! animal passions1 b also 9 ! aptitude ( ea* to produce a di/9ct moral type1 or1 9 o!r words1 9 ! h>mony ( ea* ) sev]al qualities1 bo? good & evil4 ,a doctr9e1 !re=e1 :i* connects "o ( ^! two temp]am5ts indissolubly ) ! moral ideal1 affects ! appreciation ( a l>ge numb] ( moral qualities4 ,b :atev] may be ?\ght ( ! moral results spr++ f ! physical temp]am5t :i* asceticism produc$1 !re c be little controv]sy z to ! effects spr++ f ! condition ( life :i* x enjo9$4 ,sev]ance f ! int]e/s & affections ( all ar\nd him 0 ! *ief object ( ! an*orite1 & ! fir/ consequ5ce ( ! prom95ce ( asceticism 0 a pr(\nd discr$it ?r[n ^u ! dome/ic virtues4 ,! ext5t to :i* ?is discr$it 0 c>ri$1 ! int5se h>dness ( he>t & +ratitude manife/$ by ! sa9ts t[>ds ^? :o 7 b\nd to !m by ! close/ ( e>?ly ties1 is kn[n to few :o h n /udi$ ! orig9al lit]ature on ! subject4 ,^! ?+s are commonly ?r[n into ! %ade by ^? mod]n s5tim5tali/s :o delight 9 idealis+ ! devotees ( ! pa/4 ,to break by 8 +ratitude ! he>t ( ! "m :o _h borne him1 to p]suade ! wife :o ador$ him t x 0 h] duty to sep>ate f him = ev]1 to ab&on 8 *ildr51 unc>$ = & begg>s1 to ! m]cies ( ! _w1 0 reg>d$ by ! true h]mit z ! mo/ acceptable (f]+ he c\ld make to 8 ,god4 ,8 bus9ess 0 to save 8 own s\l4 ,! s]5ity ( 8 devotion w\ld be impair$ by ! dis*>ge ( ! simple/ duties to 8 family4 ,evagrius1 :5 a h]mit 9 ! des]t1 receiv$1 aft] a long int]val1 lett]s f 8 fa!r & "m4 ,he c\ld n be> t ! equable t5or ( 8 ?\ghts %\ld be di/urb$ by ! recollection ( ^? :o lov$ him1 s he ca/ ! lett]s unread into ! fire47#bga7 ,a man nam$ ,mutius1 accompani$ by 8 only *ild1 a little boy ( eight ye>s old1 ab&on$ 8 possessions & dem&$ admission into a mona/]y4 ,! monks receiv$ him1 b !y proce$$ to discipl9e 8 he>t4 8,he _h already =gott5 t he 0 ri*2 he mu/ next be taught to =get t he 0 a fa!r407#bgb7 ,8 little *ild 0 sep>at$ f him1 clo!d 9 dirty rags1 subject$ to e =m ( gross & wanton h>d%ip1 beat51 spurn$1 & ill treat$4 ,day aft] day ! fa!r 0 compell$ to look ^u 8 boy wa/+ away ) sorr[1 8 once happy c\nt5ance = ev] /a9$ ) te>s1 di/ort$ by sobs ( angui%4 ,b yet1 says ! admir+ biograph]1 8?\gh he saw ?is day by day1 su* 0 8 love = ,*ri/1 & = ! virtue ( ob$i5ce1 t ! fa!r's he>t 0 rigid & unmov$4 ,he ?\ght little ( ! te>s ( 8 *ild4 ,he 0 anxi\s only = 8 own humility & p]fection 9 virtue407#bgc7 ,at la/ ! abbot told him to take 8 *ild & ?r[ x into ! riv]4 ,he proce$$1 )\t a murmur or app>5t pang1 to obey1 & x 0 only at ! la/ mom5t t ! monks int]pos$1 & on ! v br9k ( ! riv] sav$ ! *ild4 ,mutius aft]w>ds rose to a high position among ! ascetics1 & 0 ju/ly reg>d$ z hav+ display$ 9 great p]fection ! temp] ( a sa9t47#bgd7 ,an inhabitant ( ,!bes once came to ! abbot ,sisoes1 & ask$ to be made a monk4 ,! abbot ask$ if he _h any "o belong+ to him4 ,he answ]$1 8,a son40 8,take y\r son10 rejo9$ ! old man1 8& ?r[ him into ! riv]1 & !n y may become a monk40 ,! fa!r ha/5$ to fulfil ! comm&1 & ! de$ 0 almo/ consummat$ :5 a mess5g] s5t by ,sisoes revok$ ! ord]47#bge7 ,sometimes ! same lesson 0 taught "u ! =m ( a miracle4 ,a man _h once des]t$ 8 ?ree *ildr5 to become a monk4 ,?ree ye>s aft]1 he det]m9$ to br+ !m into ! mona/]y1 b1 on return+ to 8 home1 f\nd t ! two elde/ _h di$ dur+ 8 abs5ce4 ,he came to 8 abbot1 be>+ 9 8 arms 8 y\nge/ *ild1 :o 0 /ill little m ?an an infant4 ,! abbot turn$ to him & said1 8,d y love ?is *ild80 ,! fa!r answ]$1 8,yes40 ,aga9 ! abbot said1 8,d y love x de>ly80 ,! fa!r answ]$ z be=e4 8,!n take ! *ild10 said ! abbot1 8& ?r[ x into ! fire ^u yond] he>?40 ,! fa!r did z he 0 comm&$1 & ! *ild rema9$ unh>m$ amid ! flames47#bgf7 ,b x 0 especially 9 _! deal+s ) _! female relations t ?is aspect ( ! mona/ic "* 0 vividly display$4 ,9 ?is case ! motive 0 n simply to mortify family affections--x 0 also to gu>d aga9/ ! possible dang] result+ f ! pres5ce ( a woman4 ,! f9e fl[] ( t sa9tly purity might h be5 di/urb$ by ! sight ( a "m's or a si/]'s face4 ,! ideal ( "o age appe>s sometimes too grotesque = ! c>icature ( ano!r2 & x is curi\s to obs]ve h[ pale & weak is ! picture :i* ,molire drew ( ! affect$ prud]y ( ,t>tuffe17#bgg7 :5 comp>$ ) ! n>ratives t are gravely prop\nd$ 9 ! ,lives ( ! ,sa9ts4 ,:5 ! abbot ,sisoes _h become a v old1 feeble1 & decrepit man1 8 disciples exhort$ him to leave ! des]t = an inhabit$ c\ntry4 ,sisoes seem$ to yield2 b he /ipulat$1 z a necess>y condition1 t 9 8 new abode he %\ld nev] be compell$ to enc\nt] ! p]il & p]turbation ( look+ on a woman's face4 ,to su* a nature1 ( c\rse1 ! des]t alone 0 suitable1 & ! old man 0 suff]$ to die 9 peace47#bgh7 ,a monk 0 once travell+ ) 8 "m--9 itself a mo/ unusual circum/ance--&1 hav+ arriv$ at a bridgeless /ream1 x became necess>y = him to c>ry h] across4 ,to h] surprise1 he began c>efully wrapp+ up 8 h&s 9 clo?s2 & ^u h] ask+ ! reason1 he expla9$ t he 0 al>m$ le/ he %\ld be un=tunate en\gh to t\* h]1 & !reby di/urb ! equilibrium ( 8 nature47#bgi7 ,! si/] ( ,/4 ,john ( ,calama lov$ him de>ly1 & e>ne/ly implor$ him t %e might look ^u 8 face once m be=e %e di$4 ,on 8 p]si/5t refusal1 %e decl>$ t %e w\ld make a pilgrimage to him 9 ! des]t4 ,! al>m$ & p]plex$ sa9t at la/ wrote to h]1 promis+ to visit h] if %e w\ld engage to rel9qui% h] design4 ,he w5t to h] 9 disguise1 receiv$ a cup ( wat] f h] h&s1 & came away )\t be+ discov]$4 ,%e wrote to him1 reproa*+ him ) n hav+ fulfill$ 8 promise4 ,he answ]$ h] t he _h inde$ visit$ h]1 t 8by ! m]cy ( ,jesus ,*ri/ he _h n be5 recognis$10 & t %e mu/ nev] see him aga947#bhj7 ,! "m ( ,/4 ,!odorus came arm$ ) lett]s f ! bi%ops to see h] son1 b he implor$ 8 abbot1 ,/4 ,pa*omius1 to p]mit him to decl9e ! int]view2 &1 f9d+ all h] ef=ts 9 va91 ! poor woman retir$ into a conv5t1 toge!r ) h] daught]1 :o _h made a simil> exp$ition ) simil> results47#bha7 ,! "m ( ,/4 ,m>cus p]suad$ 8 abbot to comm& ! sa9t to g out to h]4 ,plac$ 9 a dilemma betwe5 ! s9 ( disob$i5ce & ! p]ils ( see+ 8 "m1 ,/4 ,m>cus extricat$ himself by an +5i\s device4 ,he w5t to 8 "m ) 8 face disguis$ & 8 eyes %ut4 ,! "m did n recognise h] son4 ,! son did n see 8 "m47#bhb7 ,! si/] ( ,/4 ,pior 9 l mann] induc$ ! abbot ( t sa9t to comm& him to admit h] to 8 pres5ce4 ,! comm& 0 obey$1 b ,/4 ,pior resolutely kept 8 eyes %ut dur+ ! int]view47#bhc7 ,/4 ,pm5 & 8 six bro!rs _h all des]t$ _! "m to cultivate ! p]fections ( an ascetic life4 ,b +ratitude c seldom qu5* ! love ( a "m's he>t1 & ! old woman1 n[ b5t by infirmities1 w5t alone into ! ,egyptian des]t to see once m ! *ildr5 %e s de>ly lov$4 ,%e caught sight ( !m z !y 7 ab\t to leave _! cell = ! *ur*1 b !y imm$iately ran back into ! cell1 &1 be=e h] tott]+ /eps c\ld rea* x1 "o ( h] sons ru%$ =w>d & clos$ ! door 9 h] face4 ,%e rema9$ outside weep+ bitt]ly4 ,/4 ,pm5 !n1 com+ to ! door1 b )\t op5+ x1 said1 8,:y d y1 :o are already /rick5 ) age1 p\r =? su* cries & lam5tations80 ,b %e1 recognis+ ! voice ( h] son1 answ]$1 8,x is because ,i long to see y1 my sons4 ,:at h>m c\ld x d y t ,i %\ld see y8 ,am ,i n y\r "m8 did ,i n give y suck8 ,i am n[ an old & wr9kl$ woman1 & my he>t is tr\bl$ at ! s\nd ( y\r voices407#bhd7 ,! sa9tly bro!rs1 h[ev]1 refus$ to op5 _! door4 ,!y told _! "m t %e w\ld see !m aft] dea?2 & ! biograph] says %e at la/ w5t away cont5t$ ) ! prospect4 ,/4 ,simeon ,/ylites1 9 ?is z 9 o!r respects1 /&s 9 ! fir/ l9e4 ,he _h be5 passionately lov$ by 8 p>5ts1 &1 if we may believe 8 eulogi/ & biograph]1 he began 8 sa9tly c>e] by break+ ! he>t ( 8 fa!r1 :o di$ ( grief at 8 flight4 ,8 "m1 h[ev]1 l+]$ on4 ,tw5ty-sev5 ye>s aft] 8 disappe>ance1 at a p]iod :5 8 au/]ities _h made him fam\s1 %e he>d = ! fir/ "t :]e he 01 & ha/5$ to visit him4 ,b all h] lab\r 0 9 va94 ,no woman 0 admitt$ )9 ! prec9cts ( 8 dwell+1 & he refus$ to p]mit h] ev5 to look ^u 8 face4 ,h] entreaties & te>s 7 m+l$ ) words ( bitt] & eloqu5t reproa*47#bhe7 8,my son10 %e is repres5t$ z hav+ said1 8:y h y done ?is8 ,i bore y 9 my womb1 & y h wrung my s\l ) grief4 ,i gave y milk f my brea/1 y h fill$ my eyes ) te>s4 ,= ! kisses ,i gave y1 y h giv5 me ! angui% ( a brok5 he>t2 = all t ,i h done & suff]$ = y1 y h repaid me by ! mo/ cruel wrongs40 ,at la/ ! sa9t s5t a message to tell h] t %e w\ld soon see him4 ,?ree days & ?ree nights %e _h wept & entreat$ 9 va91 & n[1 exhau/$ ) grief & age & privation1 %e sank feebly to ! gr\nd & brea!d h] la/ sigh be=e t inhospitable door4 ,!n = ! fir/ "t ! sa9t1 accompani$ by 8 foll[]s1 came out4 ,he %$ "s pi\s te>s ov] ! corpse ( 8 murd]$ "m1 & (f]$ up a pray] consign+ h] s\l to heav54 ,p]haps x 0 b fancy1 p]haps life 0 n yet :olly ext9ct1 p]haps ! /ory is b ! inv5tion ( ! biograph]2 b a fa9t motion--:i* appe>s to h be5 reg>d$ z miracul\s--is said to h pass$ ov] h] pro/rate =m4 ,simeon once m comm5d$ h] s\l to heav51 & !n1 amid ! admir+ murmurs ( 8 disciples1 ! sa9tly matricide return$ to 8 devotions4 ,! gl>+ m5dacity t *>act]ises ! ,lives ( ! ,ca?olic ,sa9ts1 probably to a great] ext5t ?an any o!r important bran* ( exi/+ lit]ature1 makes x n unreasonable to hope t _m ( ! =ego+ anecdotes repres5t mu* less ev5ts t actually took place ?an ideal pictures g5]at$ by ! en?usiasm ( ! *ronicl]s4 ,!y are n1 h[ev]1 on t acc\nt ! less significant ( ! moral conceptions :i* ! ascetic p]iod _h creat$4 ,! able/ m5 9 ! ,*ri/ian community vi$ ) "o ano!r 9 inculcat+ z ! highe/ =m ( duty ! ab&onm5t ( social ties & ! mortification ( dome/ic affections4 ,a few fa9t re/rictions 7 inde$ occasionally made4 ,mu*--on :i* ,i %all h]eaft] t\*--0 writt5 on ! lib]ty ( husb&s & wives des]t+ "o ano!r2 & some?+ 0 writt5 on ! cases ( *ildr5 =sak+ or ab&on+ _! p>5ts4 ,at fir/1 ^? :o1 :5 *ildr51 7 devot$ to ! mona/]ies by _! p>5ts1 )\t _! own cons5t1 7 p]mitt$1 :5 ( mature age1 to return to ! _w2 & ?is lib]ty 0 tak5 f !m = ! fir/ "t by ! f\r? ,c\ncil ( ,tol$o1 9 ,a4,d4 #fcc47bhf7 ,! ,c\ncil ( ,gangra condemn$ ! h]etic ,eu/a?ius = tea*+ t *ildr5 might1 ?r\gh religi\s motives1 =sake _! p>5ts1 & ,/4 ,basil wrote 9 ! same /ra927#bhg7 b cases ( ?is k9d ( rebellion aga9/ p>5tal au?ority 7 cont9ually rec\nt$ ) admiration 9 ! ,lives ( ! ,sa9ts1 applaud$ by "s ( ! lead+ ,fa!rs1 & virtually sanction$ by a law ( ,ju/9ian1 :i* depriv$ p>5ts ( ! p[] ( ei!r re/ra9+ _! *ildr5 f ent]+ mona/]ies1 or dis9h]it+ !m if !y _h done s )\t _! cons5t47#bhh7 ,/4 ,*ryso/om relates ) en?usiasm ! case ( a "y man :o _h be5 design$ by 8 fa!r = ! army1 & :o 0 lur$ away to a mona/]y47#bhi7 ,! eloqu5ce ( ,/4 ,ambrose is said to h be5 s s$uctive1 t mo!rs 7 accu/om$ to %ut up _! daught]s to gu>d !m aga9/ 8 fasc9ations47#bij7 ,! position ( affectionate p>5ts 0 at ?is "t extremely pa9ful4 ,! t\*+ language is /ill pres]v$1 9 :i* ! "m ( ,*ryso/om--:o _h a di/+ui%$ "p 9 ! conv]sion ( h] son--implor$ him1 if he ?\ght x 8 duty to fly to ! des]t life1 at lea/ to po/pone ! act till %e _h di$47#bia7 ,/4 ,ambrose devot$ a *apt] to prov+ t1 :ile ^? are wor?y ( comm5dation :o ent] ! mona/]ies ) ! approbation1 ^? are /ill m wor?y ( praise :o d s aga9/ ! wi%es1 ( _! p>5ts2 & he proce$$ to %[ h[ small 7 ! p5alties ! latt] c\ld inflict :5 comp>$ ) ! bless+s asceticism c\ld be/[47#bib7 ,ev5 be=e ! law ( ,ju/9ian1 ! invectives ( ! cl]gy 7 direct$ aga9/ ^? :o endeav\r$ to prev5t _! *ildr5 fly+ to ! des]t4 ,/4 ,*ryso/om expla9$ to !m t !y w\ld c]ta9ly be damn$47#bic7 ,/4 ,ambrose %[$ t1 ev5 9 ?is _w1 !y might n be unpuni%$4 ,a girl1 he tells u1 _h resolv$ to ent] into a conv5t1 & z h] relations 7 expo/ulat+ ) h] on h] int5tion1 "o ( ^? pres5t tri$ to move h] by ! memory ( h] dead fa!r1 ask+ :e!r1 if he 7 /ill alive1 he w\ld h suff]$ h] to rema9 unm>ri$4 8,p]haps10 %e calmly answ]$1 8x 0 = ?is v purpose he di$1 t he %\ld n ?r[ any ob/acle 9 my way40 ,h] words 7 m ?an an answ]2 !y 7 an oracle4 ,! indiscreet que/ion] almo/ imm$iately di$1 & ! relations1 %ock$ by ! manife/ provid5ce1 desi/$ f _! opposition1 & ev5 implor$ ! "y sa9t to accompli% h] design47#bid7 ,/4 ,j]ome tells ) raptur\s en?usiasm ( a little girl1 nam$ ,asella1 :o1 :5 only twelve ye>s old1 devot$ h]self to ! religi\s life & refus$ to look on ! face ( any man1 & ^: knees1 by con/ant pray]1 became at la/ l ^? ( a camel47#bie7 ,a fam\s wid[1 nam$ ,paula1 ^u ! dea? ( h] husb&1 des]t$ h] family1 li/5$ ) 8dry eyes0 to h] *ildr51 :o 7 implor+ h] to /ay1 fl$ to ! society ( ! monks at ,j]usalem1 made x h] desire t 8%e might die a begg>1 & leave n "o piece ( money to h] son10 &1 hav+ dissipat$ ! :ole ( h] =tune 9 *>ities1 bequea!d to h] *ildr5 only ! emb>rassm5t ( h] debts47#bif7 ,x 0 c>efully inculcat$ t all money giv5 or bequea!d to ! poor1 or to ! monks1 produc$ spiritual b5efit to ! donors or te/ators1 b t no spiritual b5efit sprang f money be/[$ ^u relations2 & ! m pi\s m9ds recoil$ f dispos+ ( _! prop]ty 9 a mann] t w\ld n r$\nd to ! advantage ( _! s\ls4 ,sometimes p>5ts made x a dy+ reque/ to _! *ildr5 t !y w\ld pres]ve none ( _! prop]ty1 b w\ld be/[ x all among ! poor47#big7 ,x 0 "o ( ! mo/ hon\rable incid5ts ( ! life ( ,/4 ,augu/9e1 t he1 l ,aurelius1 ,bi%op ( ,c>?age1 refus$ to receive legacies or donations :i* unju/ly spoliat$ ! relatives ( ! b5efactor47#bih7 ,usually1 h[ev]1 to outrage ! affections ( ! ne>e/ & de>e/ relations 0 n only reg>d$ z innoc5t1 b propos$ z ! highe/ virtue4 8,a "y man10 x 0 acutely said1 8:o has le>nt to despise a "m's grief1 w easily be> any o!r lab\r t is impos$ ^u him407#bii7 ,/4 ,j]ome1 :5 exhort+ ,heliodorus to des]t 8 family & become a h]mit1 expatiat$ ) a fond m9ut5ess on e =m ( natural affection he desir$ him to violate4 8,?\gh y\r little nephew tw9e 8 arms ar\nd y\r neck2 ?\gh y\r "m1 ) di%evell$ hair & te>+ h] robe asund]1 po9t to ! brea/ ) :i* %e suckl$ y2 ?\gh y\r fa!r fall d[n on ! ?re%old be=e y1 pass on ov] y\r fa!r's body4 ,fly ) te>less eyes to ! bann] ( ! cross4 ,9 ?is matt] cruelty is ! only piety4444 ,y\r wid[$ si/] may ?r[ h] g5tle arms ar\nd y4444 ,y\r fa!r may implore y to wait b a %ort "t to bury ^? ne> to y1 :o w soon be no m2 y\r weep+ "m may recall y\r *ildi% days1 & may po9t to h] %runk5 brea/ & to h] wr9kl$ br[4 ,^? ar\nd y may tell y t all ! h\sehold re/s ^u y4 ,su* *a9s z ^!1 ! love ( ,god & ! fe> ( hell c easily break4 ,y say t ,scripture ord]s y to obey y\r p>5ts1 b he :o loves !m m ?an ,*ri/ loses 8 s\l4 ,! enemy br&i%es a sword to slay me4 ,%all ,i ?9k ( a "m's te>s807#cjj7 ,! s5tim5t manife/$ 9 ^! cases cont9u$ to be display$ 9 lat] ages4 ,?us1 ,/4 ,gregory ! ,great assures u t a c]ta9 "y boy1 ?\gh he _h enroll$ himself z a monk1 0 unable to repress 8 love = 8 p>5ts1 & "o night /ole out secretly to visit !m4 ,b ! judgm5t ( ,god soon m>k$ ! enormity ( ! (f5ce4 ,on com+ back to ! mona/]y1 he di$ t v day1 & :5 he 0 buri$1 ! e>? refus$ to receive s he9\s a crim9al4 ,8 body 0 repeat$ly ?r[n up f ! grave1 & x 0 only suff]$ to re/ 9 peace :5 ,/4 ,b5$ict _h laid ! ,sacram5t ^u its brea/47#cja7 ,"o nun reveal$1 x is said1 aft] dea?1 t %e _h be5 condemn$ = ?ree days to ! fires ( purgatory1 because %e _h lov$ h] "m too mu*47#cjb7 ,( ano!r sa9t x is record$ t 8 b5evol5ce 0 su* t he 0 nev] kn[n to be h>d or inhuman to any "o except 8 relations47#cjc7 ,/4 ,romuald1 ! f\nd] ( ! ,camaldolites1 c\nt$ 8 fa!r among 8 spiritual *ildr51 & on "o occasion puni%$ him by flagellation47#cjd7 ,! fir/ nun :om ,/4 ,francis ( ,assisi enroll$ 0 a beautiful girl ( ,assisi nam$ ,cl>a ,scifi1 ) :om he _h = "s "t c>ri$ on a cl&e/9e correspond5ce1 & ^: flight f h] fa!r's home he bo? c\nsell$ & plann$47#cje7 ,z ! fir/ en?usiasm ( asceticism di$ away1 :at 0 lo/ 9 influ5ce by ! fa!r 0 ga9$ by ! prie/4 ,! confessional made ?is p]sonage ! confidant 9 ! mo/ delicate secrets ( dome/ic life4 ,! supremacy ( au?ority1 ( sympa?y1 & sometimes ev5 ( affection1 pass$ away beyond ! dome/ic circle1 &1 by e/abli%+ an absolute au?ority ov] ! mo/ secret ?\ghts & feel+s ( n]v\s & cr$ul\s wom51 ! prie/s laid ! f\ndation ( ! empire ( ! _w4 ,! picture ,i h drawn ( ! inroads made 9 ! fir/ p]iod ( asceticism ^u ! dome/ic affections1 tells1 ,i ?9k1 its own /ory1 & ,i %all only add a v few words ( comm5t4 ,t x is necess>y = _m m5 :o are pursu+ a truly h]oic c\rse to break loose f ! trammels :i* ^? ab\t !m w\ld ca/ ov] _! actions or _! op9ions1 & t ?is sev]ance (t5 con/itutes at once "o ( ! noble/ & "o ( ! mo/ pa9ful incid5ts 9 _! c>e]1 are unque/ionable tru?s2 b ! examples ( su* occasional & exceptional sacrifices1 endur$ = "s great unselfi% end1 _c be comp>$ ) ! conduct ( ^? :o reg>d$ ! mortification ( dome/ic love z 9 itself a =m ( virtue1 & ^: ends 7 ma9ly or exclusively selfi%4 ,! suff]+s endur$ by ! ascetic :o fl$ f 8 relations 7 (t51 no d\bt1 v great4 ,_m anecdotes rema9 to %[ t w>m & affectionate he>ts sometimes beat "u ! cold ext]ior ( ! monk27#cjf7 & ,/4 ,j]ome1 9 "o ( 8 lett]s1 rem>k$1 ) mu* complac5cy & congratulation1 t ! v bitt]e/ pang ( captivity is simply ?is irrevocable sep>ation :i* ! sup]/ition he prea*$ induc$ multitudes to inflict ^u !mselves4 ,b if1 putt+ aside ! intr9sic excell5ce ( an act1 we attempt to e/imate ! nobility ( ! ag5t1 we mu/ consid] n only ! co/ ( :at he did1 b also ! motive :i* induc$ him to d x4 ,x is ?is la/ consid]ation :i* r5d]s x impossible = u to place ! h]oism ( ! ascetic on ! same level ) t ( ! great patriots ( ,greece or ,rome4 ,a man may be z truly selfi% ab\t ! next _w z ab\t ?is4 ,:]e an ov]p[]+ dread ( future torm5ts1 or an int5se realisation ( future happ9ess1 is ! lead+ motive ( action1 ! !ological virtue ( fai? may be pres5t1 b ! ennobl+ quality ( dis9t]e/$ness is assur$ly abs5t4 ,9 our day1 :5 pictures ( rew>ds & puni%m5ts beyond ! grave act b feebly ^u ! imag9ation1 a religi\s motive is commonly an unselfi% motive2 b x has n always be5 s1 & x 0 und\bt$ly n s 9 ! fir/ p]iod ( asceticism4 ,! t]rors ( a future judgm5t drove ! monk into ! des]t1 & ! :ole t5or ( ! ascetic life1 :ile isolat+ him f human sympa?ies1 fo/]$ an int5se1 ?\gh x may be t]m$ a religi\s1 selfi%ness4 ,! effect ( ! mortification ( ! dome/ic affections ^u ! g5]al "* 0 probably v p]nici\s4 ,! family circle is ! appo9t$ sph]e1 n only = ! p]=mance ( manife/ duties1 b also = ! cultivation ( ! affections2 & ! extreme f]ocity :i* s (t5 *>act]is$ ! ascetic 0 ! natural consequ5ce ( ! discipl9e he impos$ ^u himself4 ,sev]$ f all o!r ties1 ! monks clung ) a desp]ate t5acity to _! op9ions & to _! ,*ur*1 & hat$ ^? :o diss5t$ f !m ) all ! int5sity ( m5 ^: :ole lives 7 conc5trat$ on a s+le subject1 ^: ignorance & bigotry prev5t$ !m f conceiv+ ! possibility ( any good ?+ 9 opposition to !mselves1 & :o _h made x a ma9 object ( _! discipl9e to eradicate all natural sympa?ies & affections4 ,we may reasonably attribute to ! fi]ce biograph] ! words ( burn+ hatr$ ( all h]etics :i* ,/4 ,a?anasius puts 9 ! m\? ( ! dy+ patri>* ( ! h]mits27#cjg7 b ecclesia/ical hi/ory1 & especially ! writ+s ( ! lat] ,pagans1 abundantly prove t ! s5tim5t 0 a g5]al "o4 ,to ! ,*ri/ian bi%ops x is ma9ly due t ! wide & g5]al1 ?\gh n p]fect1 recognition ( religi\s lib]ty 9 ! ,roman legislation 0 replac$ by laws ( ! mo/ m9ute & /r+5t intol]ance4 ,to ! monks1 act+ z ! executive ( an omnipres5t1 intol]ant1 & aggressive cl]gy1 is due an adm9i/rative *ange1 p]haps ev5 m important ?an ! legislative *ange t _h prec$$ x4 ,! sy/em ( conniv+ at1 neglect+1 or despis+ =ms ( wor%ip t 7 =mally prohibit$1 :i* _h be5 s l>gely practis$ by ! sceptical ,pagans1 & "u ! lax police sy/em ( ! ,empire1 & :i* is s important a fact 9 ! hi/ory ( ! rise ( ,*ri/ianity1 0 absolutely de/roy$4 ,w&]+ 9 b&s ?r\gh ! c\ntry1 ! monks 7 accu/om$ to burn ! temples1 to break ! idols1 to ov]?r[ ! alt>s1 to engage 9 fi]ce conflicts ) ! peasants1 :o (t5 def5d$ ) desp]ate c\rage ! %r9es ( _! gods4 ,x w\ld be impossible to conceive m5 m fitt$ = ! task4 ,_! fi]ce fanaticism1 _! p]suasion t e idol 0 t5ant$ by a lit]al dmon1 & _! belief t dea? incurr$ 9 ?is iconocla/ic crusade 0 a =m ( m>tyrdom1 made !m c>eless ( all consequ5ces to !mselves1 :ile ! rev]5ce t atta*$ to _! pr(ession r5d]$ x sc>cely possible = ! civil p[] to arre/ !m4 ,m5 :o _h le>nt to look ) indiff]5ce on ! te>s ( a brok5-he>t$ "m1 & ^: ideal 0 indissolubly connect$ ) ! degradation ( ! body1 7 b little likely to be mov$ ei!r by ! pa?os ( old associations1 & ( rev]5t1 ?\gh mi/ak51 wor%ip1 or by ! gr&eur ( ! ,s]apeum1 or ( ! noble /atues ( ,phidias & ,praxiteles4 ,sometimes ! civil p[] ord]$ ! recon/ruction ( ,jewi% synagogues or h]etical *ur*es :i* _h be5 illegally de/roy$2 b ! doctr9e 0 e>ly ma9ta9$ t su* a recon/ruction 0 a deadly s94 ,"u ,julian "s ,*ri/ians suff]$ m>tyrdom soon] ?an be p>ties to x2 & ,/4 ,ambrose f ! pulpit ( ,milan1 & ,simeon ,/ylites f 8 des]t pill>1 unit$ 9 d5\nc+ ,!odosius1 :o _h be5 guilty ( issu+ ?is comm&4 ,ano!r v important moral result to :i* asceticism l>gely contribut$ 0 ! depression & sometimes almo/ ! ext9ction ( ! civic virtues4 ,a c&id exam9ation w %[ t ! ,*ri/ian civilisations h be5 z inf]ior to ! ,pagan ones 9 civic & intellectual virtues z !y h be5 sup]ior to !m 9 ! virtues ( humanity & ( *a/ity4 ,we h already se5 t "o rem>kable feature ( ! intellectual movem5t t prec$$ ,*ri/ianity 0 ! gradual decad5ce ( patriotism4 ,9 ! e>ly days bo? ( ,greece & ,rome1 ! fir/ duty en=c$ 0 t ( a man to 8 c\ntry4 ,?is 0 ! rudim5t>y or c>d9al virtue ( ! moral type4 ,x gave ! tone to ! :ole sy/em ( e?ics1 & diff]5t moral qualities 7 valu$ *iefly 9 proportion to _! t5d5cy to =m illu/ri\s citiz5s4 ,! de/ruction ( ?is _s 9 ! ,roman ,empire 0 due1 z we h se51 to two causes--"o ( !m be+ political & ! o!r intellectual4 ,! political cause 0 ! amalgamation ( ! diff]5t nations 9 "o great despotism1 :i* gave inde$ an ample field = p]sonal & intellectual fre$om1 b ext+ui%$ ! s5tim5t ( nationality & clos$ almo/ e sph]e ( political activity4 ,! intellectual cause1 :i* 0 by no means unconnect$ ) ! political "o1 0 ! gr[+ asc5dancy ( ,ori5tal philosophies1 :i* de?ron$ ! active ,/oicism ( ! e>ly ,empire1 & plac$ its ideal ( excell5ce 9 contemplative virtues & 9 elaborate purifications4 ,by ?is decl9e ( ! patriotic s5tim5t ! progress ( ! new fai? 0 greatly aid$4 ,9 all matt]s ( religion ! op9ions ( m5 are gov]n$ mu* m by _! sympa?ies ?an by _! judgm5ts2 & x r>ely or nev] happ5s t a religion :i* is oppos$ to a /rong national s5tim5t1 z ,*ri/ianity 0 9 ,judea1 z ,ca?olicism & ,episcopalian ,prote/antism h be5 9 ,scotl&1 & z ,anglicanism is ev5 n[ 9 ,irel&1 c w9 ! acceptance ( ! p4 ,! relations ( ,*ri/ianity to ! s5tim5t ( patriotism 7 f ! fir/ v un=tunate4 ,:ile ! ,*ri/ians 71 = obvi\s reasons1 completely sep>at$ f ! national _s ( ,judea1 !y f\nd !mselves equally at v>iance ) ! l+]+ remnants ( ,roman patriotism4 ,rome 0 to !m ! p[] ( ,anti*ri/1 & its ov]?r[ ! necess>y prelude to ! mill5nial reign4 ,!y =m$ an illegal organisation1 directly oppos$ to ! g5ius ( ! ,empire1 anticipat+ its spe$y de/ruction1 look+ back ) some?+ m ?an despond5cy to ! fate ( ! h]oes :o adorn$ its pa/1 & refus+ resolutely to p>ticipate 9 ^? national spectacles :i* 7 ! symbols & ! expressions ( patriotic feel+4 ,?\gh scrupul\sly av]se to all rebellion1 !y r>ely conceal$ _! s5tim5ts1 & ! :ole t5d5cy ( _! tea*+ 0 to )draw m5 z f> z possible bo? f ! functions & ! en?usiasm ( public life4 ,x 0 at once _! confession & _! boa/1 t no int]e/s 7 m indiff]5t to !m ?an ^? ( _! c\ntry47#cjh7 ,!y reg>d$ ! lawfulness ( tak+ arms z v que/ionable1 & all ^? pr\d & aspir+ qualities t con/itute ! di/9ctive beauty ( ! soldi]'s "* z emphatically un*ri/ian4 ,_! home & _! int]e/s 7 9 ano!r _w1 &1 provid$ only !y 7 unmole/$ 9 _! wor%ip1 !y av[$ ) frankness1 long aft] ! ,empire _h become ,*ri/ian1 t x 0 a matt] ( indiff]5ce to !m "u :at rule !y liv$47#cji7 ,asceticism1 draw+ all ! en?usiasm ( ,*ri/5dom to ! des]t life1 & elevat+ z an ideal ! extreme & absolute abnegation ( all patriotism17#caj7 =m$ ! culm9ation ( ! movem5t1 & 0 und\bt$ly "o cause ( ! d[nfall ( ! ,roman ,empire4 ,!re are1 probably1 few subjects on :i* popul> judgm5ts are commonly m errone\s ?an ^u ! relations betwe5 positive religions & moral en?usiasm4 ,religions h1 no d\bt1 a mo/ real p[] ( evok+ a lat5t en]gy :i*1 )\t _! exi/5ce1 w\ld nev] h be5 call$ into action2 b _! influ5ce is on ! :ole probably m attractive ?an creative4 ,!y supply ! *annel 9 :i* moral en?usiasm fl[s1 ! bann] "u :i* x is enli/$1 ! m\ld 9 :i* x is ca/1 ! ideal to :i* x t5ds4 ,! fir/ idea :i* ! phrase 8a v good man0 w\ld h sugge/$ to an e>ly ,roman w\ld probably h be5 t ( great & di/+ui%$ patriotism1 & ! passion & int]e/ ( su* a man 9 8 c\ntry's cause 7 9 direct proportion to 8 moral elevation4 ,ascetic ,*ri/ianity decisively div]t$ moral en?usiasm into ano!r *annel1 & ! civic virtues1 9 consequ5ce1 necess>ily decl9$4 ,! ext9ction ( all public _s1 ! base trea*]y & corruption p]vad+ e dep>tm5t ( ! ,gov]nm5t1 ! c[>dice ( ! army1 ! despicable frivolity ( "* t l$ ! p ( ,treves1 :5 fre% f _! burn+ city1 to call = !atres & circuses1 & ! p ( ,roman ,c>?age to plunge wildly into ! excitem5t ( ! *>iot races1 on ! v day :5 _! city succumb$ b5ea? ! ,v&al27#caa7 all ^! ?+s coexi/$ ) extraord9>y displays ( ascetic & ( mission>y devotion4 ,! g5ius & ! virtue t might h def5d$ ! ,empire 7 engag$ 9 fi]ce disputes ab\t ! ,pelagian controv]sy1 at ! v "t :5 ,al>ic 0 encircl+ ,rome ) 8 armies17#cab7 & !re 0 no subtlety ( !ological metaphysics :i* did n k9dle a deep] int]e/ 9 ! ,*ri/ian lead]s ?an ! ?roes ( _! expir+ c\ntry4 ,! moral en?usiasm t 9 o!r days w\ld h fir$ ! armies ( ,rome ) an inv9cible val\r1 impell$ ?\s&s to ab&on _! c\ntry & _! homes1 & consume ! we>y h\rs 9 a long r\t9e ( useless & horrible mac]ations4 ,:5 ! ,go?s _h captur$ ,rome1 ,/4 ,augu/9e1 z we h se51 po9t$ ) a j pride to ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 :i* rema9$ an unviolat$ sanctu>y dur+ ! horrors ( ! sack1 z a pro( t a new _s ( sanctity & ( rev]5ce _h desc5d$ ^u ! _w4 ,! ,pagan1 9 8 turn1 po9t$ to :at he deem$ a n less significant fact--! gold5 /atues ( ,val\r & ( ,=tune 7 melt$ d[n to pay ! ransom to ! conqu]ors47#cac7 ,_m ( ! ,*ri/ians contemplat$ ) an indiff]5ce t almo/ am\nt$ to complac5cy :at !y reg>d$ z ! pr$ict$ ru9 ( ! city ( ! fall5 gods47#cad7 ,:5 ! ,v&als swept ov] ,africa1 ! ,donati/s1 madd5$ by ! p]secution ( ! or?odox1 receiv$ !m ) op5 arms1 & contribut$ _! %>e to t deadly bl[47#cae7 ,! immortal pass ( ,!rmopyl 0 surr5d]$ )\t a /ruggle to ! ,go?s4 ,a ,pagan writ] accus$ ! monks ( hav+ betray$ x47#caf7 ,x is m probable t !y _h absorb$ or div]t$ ! h]oism t 9 o!r days w\ld h def5d$ x4 ,! conque/1 at a lat] date1 ( ,egypt1 by ! ,mohamm$ans1 0 9 a great measure due to an invitation f ! p]secut$ ,monophysites47#cag7 ,subsequ5t religi\s w>s h aga9 & aga9 exhibit$ ! same ph5om5on4 ,! trea*]y ( a religioni/ to 8 c\ntry no long] argu$ an abs5ce ( all moral feel+4 ,x _h become compatible ) ! deepe/ religi\s en?usiasm1 & ) all ! c\rage ( a m>tyr4 ,x is some:at difficult to =m a j e/imate ( h[ f> ! attitude assum$ by ! ,*ur* t[>ds ! b>b>ian invad]s has on ! :ole prov$ b5eficial to mank9d4 ,! ,empire1 z we h se51 _h long be51 bo? morally & politically1 9 a condition ( manife/ decl9e2 its fall1 ?\gh x might h be5 ret>d$1 c\ld sc>cely h be5 av]t$1 & ! new religion1 ev5 9 its mo/ sup]/iti\s =m1 :ile x did mu* to displace1 did also mu* to elicit moral en?usiasm4 ,x is impossible to d5y t ! ,*ri/ian prie/hood contribut$ v mat]ially1 bo? by _! *>ity & by _! arbitration1 to mitigate ! calamities t accompani$ ! dissolution ( ! ,empire27#cah7 & x is equally impossible to d\bt t _! political attitude greatly increas$ _! p[] = good4 ,/&+ betwe5 ! conflict+ =ces1 almo/ indiff]5t to ! issue1 & notori\sly exempt f ! passions ( ! combat1 !y obta9$ ) ! conqu]or1 & us$ = ! b5efit ( ! conqu]$1 a degree ( influ5ce !y w\ld nev] h possess$1 _h !y be5 reg>d$ z ,roman patriots4 ,_! attitude1 h[ev]1 m>k$ a complete1 &1 z x has prov$1 a p]man5t1 *ange 9 ! position assign$ to patriotism 9 ! moral scale4 ,x has occasionally happ5$ 9 lat] times1 t *ur*es h f\nd x = _! int]e/ to appeal to ?is s5tim5t 9 _! conflict ) oppos+ cre$s1 or t patriots h f\nd ! objects ( *ur*m5 9 h>mony ) _! own2 & 9 ^! cases a fusion ( !ological & patriotic feel+ has tak5 place1 9 :i* ea* has int5sifi$ ! o!r4 ,su* has be5 ! effect ( ! conflict betwe5 ! ,spani>ds & ! ,moors1 betwe5 ! ,poles & ! ,russians1 betwe5 ! ,scot* ,puritans & ! ,engli% ,episcopalians1 betwe5 ! ,iri% ,ca?olics & ! ,engli% ,prote/ants4 ,b patriotism itself1 z a duty1 has nev] f\nd any place 9 ,*ri/ian e?ics1 & /rong !ological feel+ has usually be5 directly ho/ile to its gr[?4 ,ecclesia/ics h1 no d\bt1 tak5 a v l>ge %>e 9 political affairs1 b ?is has be5 9 mo/ cases solely ) ! object ( wre/+ !m into con=mity ) ecclesia/ical designs2 & no o!r body ( m5 h s uni=mly sacrific$ ! int]e/s ( _! c\ntry to ! int]e/s ( _! class4 ,= ! repugnance betwe5 ! !ological & ! patriotic _s1 ?ree reasons may1 ,i ?9k1 be assign$4 ,! fir/ is t t5d5cy ( /rong religi\s feel+ to div]t ! m9d f all t]re/rial c>es & passions1 ( :i* ! ascetic life 0 ! extreme expression1 b :i* has always1 "u diff]5t =ms1 be5 manife/$ 9 ! ,*ur*4 ,! second arises f ! fact t ea* =m ( !ological op9ion embodies itself 9 a visible & organis$ *ur*1 ) a gov]nm5t1 int]e/1 & policy ( its own1 & a fronti] (t5 int]sect+ r ?an foll[+ national b\nd>ies2 & ^! *ur*es attract to !mselves ! atta*m5t & devotion t w\ld naturally be be/[$ ^u ! c\ntry & its rul]s4 ,! ?ird reason is1 t ! sa9tly & ! h]oic *>act]s1 :i* repres5t ! ideals ( religion & ( patriotism1 are g5]ically diff]5t2 = al?\gh !y h no d\bt _m common elem5ts ( virtue1 ! di/9ctive excell5ce ( ea* is d]iv$ f a proportion or disposition ( qualities altoge!r diff]5t f t ( ! o!r47#cai7 ,be=e dismiss+ ?is v important revolution 9 moral hi/ory1 ,i may add two rem>ks4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 we may obs]ve t ! relation ( ! two great s*ools ( morals to active & political life has be5 completely *ang$4 ,among ! anci5ts1 ! ,/oics1 :o reg>d$ virtue & vice z g5]ically diff]5t f all o!r ?+s1 p>ticipat$ actively 9 public life1 & made ?is p>ticipation "o ( ! fir/ ( duties2 :ile ! ,epicureans1 :o resolv$ virtue into utility1 & e/eem$ happ9ess its supreme motive1 ab/a9$ f public life1 & taught _! disciples to neglect x4 ,asceticism foll[$ ! ,/oical s*ool 9 tea*+ t virtue & happ9ess are g5]ically diff]5t ?+s2 b x 0 at ! same "t em95tly unfav\rable to civic virtue4 ,on ! o!r h&1 t great indu/rial movem5t :i* has aris5 s9ce ! abolition ( slav]y1 & :i* has always be5 ess5tially utilit>ian 9 its _s1 has be5 "o ( ! mo/ active & influ5tial elem5ts ( political progress4 ,?is *ange1 ?\gh1 z f> z ,i "k1 entirely unnotic$ by hi/orians1 con/itutes1 ,i believe1 "o ( ! great l&m>ks ( moral hi/ory4 ,! second obs]vation ,i w\ld make relates to ! e/imate we =m ( ! value ( patriotic actions4 ,h[ev] mu* hi/orians may desire to ext5d _! rese>*es to ! private & dome/ic virtues ( a p1 civic virtues are always ^? :i* mu/ appe> mo/ prom95tly 9 _! pages4 ,hi/ory is conc]n$ only ) l>ge bodies ( m54 ,! sy/ems ( philosophy or religion :i* produce spl5did results on ! great !atre ( public life are fully & easily appreciat$1 & read]s & writ]s are bo? liable to give !m v undue advantages ov] ^? sy/ems :i* d n fav\r civic virtues1 b ex]cise _! b5eficial influ5ce 9 ! m obscure fields ( individual self-culture1 dome/ic morals1 or private *>ity4 ,if valu$ by ! self-sacrifice !y imply1 or by _! effects ^u human happ9ess1 ^! la/ rank v high1 b !y sc>cely appe> 9 hi/ory1 & !y !re=e seldom obta9 _! due weight 9 hi/orical comp>isons4 ,*ri/ianity has1 ,i ?9k1 suff]$ peculi>ly f ?is cause4 ,its moral action has always be5 mu* m p[]ful ^u individuals ?an ^u societies1 & ! sph]es 9 :i* its sup]iority ov] o!r religions is mo/ inconte/able1 are precisely ^? :i* hi/ory is lea/ capable ( realis+4 ,9 attempt+ to e/imate ! moral condition ( ! ,roman & ,byzant9e ,empires dur+ ! ,*ri/ian p]iod1 & be=e ! old civilisation _h be5 dissolv$ by ! b>b>ian or ,mohamm$an invasions1 we mu/ cont9ually be> ?is la/ consid]ation 9 m9d4 ,we mu/ rememb]1 too1 t ,*ri/ianity _h acquir$ an asc5dancy among nations :i* 7 already deeply ta9t$ by ! invet]ate vices ( a corrupt & decay+ civilisation1 & also t _m ( ! c5sors f ^: pages we are oblig$ to =m our e/imate ( ! age 7 m5 :o judg$ human frailties ) all ! fa/idi\sness ( ascetics1 & :o express$ _! judgm5ts ) all ! declamatory exagg]ation ( ! pulpit4 ,mod]n critics w probably n lay mu* /ress ^u ! relapse ( ! ,*ri/ians into ! ord9>y dress & usages ( ! luxuri\s society ab\t !m1 ^u ! ridicule ?r[n by ,*ri/ians on ^? :o /ill adh]$ to ! primitive au/]ity ( ! sect1 or ^u ! fact t multitudes :o 7 once m]e nom9al ,pagans _h become m]e nom9al ,*ri/ians4 ,we f9d1 too1 a frequ5t disposition on ! "p ( morali/s to s+le out "s new =m ( luxury1 or "s trivial cu/om :i* !y reg>d$ z indecor\s1 = ! mo/ extravagant d5unciation1 & to magnify its importance 9 a mann] :i* 9 a lat] age x is difficult ev5 to und]/&4 ,examples ( ?is k9d may be f\nd bo? 9 ,pagan & 9 ,*ri/ian writ+s1 & !y =m an extremely curi\s page 9 ! hi/ory ( morals4 ,?us ,juv5al exhau/s 8 vocabul>y ( invective 9 d5\nc+ ! atroci\s crim9ality ( a c]ta9 noble1 :o 9 ! v ye> ( 8 consul%ip did n hesitate--n1 x is true1 by day1 b at lea/ 9 ! sight ( ! moon & ( ! />s--) 8 own h& to drive 8 own *>iot along ! public road47#cbj7 ,s5eca 0 sc>cely less sc&alis$ by ! atroci\s &1 z he ?\ght1 unnatural luxury ( ^? :o _h adopt$ ! cu/om ( cool+ diff]5t bev]ages by mix+ !m ) sn[47#cba7 ,pl9y assures u t ! mo/ mon/r\s ( all crim9als 0 ! man :o fir/ devis$ ! luxuri\s cu/om ( we>+ gold5 r+s47#cbb7 ,apuleius 0 compell$ to def5d himself = hav+ eulogis$ too?-p[d]1 & he did s1 among o!r ways1 by argu+ t nature has ju/ifi$ ?is =m ( propriety1 = crocodiles 7 kn[n p]iodically to leave ! wat]s ( ! ,nile1 & to lie ) op5 jaws ^u ! banks1 :ile a c]ta9 bird proce$s ) its beak to clean _! tee?47#cbc7 ,if we 7 to measure ! crim9ality ( diff]5t cu/oms by ! vehem5ce ( ! patri/ic d5unciations1 we might almo/ conclude t ! mo/ atroci\s (f5ce ( _! day 0 ! cu/om ( we>+ false hair1 or dye+ natural hair4 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria que/ion$ :e!r ! validity ( c]ta9 ecclesia/ical c]emonies might n be affect$ by wigs2 =1 he ask$1 :5 ! prie/ is plac+ 8 h& on ! head ( ! p]son :o kneels be=e him1 if t h& is re/+ ^u false hair1 :o is x he is really bless+8 ,t]tullian %udd]$ at ! ?\ght t ,*ri/ians might h ! hair ( ^? :o 7 9 hell ^u _! heads1 & he f\nd 9 ! ti]s ( false hair t 7 9 use a di/9ct rebellion aga9/ ! ass]tion t no "o c add to 8 /ature1 &1 9 ! cu/om ( dye+ ! hair1 a contrav5tion ( ! decl>ation t man _c make "o hair :ite or black4 ,c5turies roll$ away4 ,! ,roman ,empire tott]$ to its fall1 & floods ( vice & sorr[ ov]spread ! _w2 b /ill ! d5unciations ( ! ,fa!rs 7 unabat$4 ,/4 ,ambrose1 ,/4 ,j]ome1 & ,/4 ,gregory ,nazianz5 cont9u$ ) uncompromis+ vehem5ce ! w> aga9/ false hair1 :i* ,t]tullian & ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria _h begun47#cbd7 ,b al?\gh ! vehem5ce ( ! ,fa!rs on su* trivial matt]s might appe> at fir/ sight to imply ! exi/5ce ( a society 9 :i* grave corruption 0 r>e1 su* a conclusion w\ld be totally untrue4 ,aft] e legitimate all[ance has be5 made1 ! pictures ( ,roman society by ,ammianus ,m>cell9us1 ( ! society ( ,m>seilles1 by ,salvian1 ( ! society ( ,asia ,m9or1 & ( ,con/ant9ople1 by ,*ryso/om1 z well z ! :ole t5or ( ! hi/ory1 & innum]able incid5tal notices 9 ! writ]s1 ( ! "t1 exhibit a condition ( depravity1 & especially ( degradation1 :i* has seldom be5 surpass$47#cbe7 ,! corruption _h rea*$ classes & in/itutions t appe>$ ! mo/ holy4 ,! ,agap1 or love fea/s1 :i* =m$ "o ( ! mo/ t\*+ symbols ( ,*ri/ian unity1 _h become sc5es ( drunk5ness & ( riot4 ,d5\nc$ by ! ,fa!rs1 condemn$ by ! ,c\ncil ( ,laodicea 9 ! f\r? c5tury1 & aft]w>ds by ! ,c\ncil ( ,c>?age1 !y l+]$ z a sc&al & an (f5ce till !y 7 f9ally suppress$ by ! ,c\ncil ( ,trullo1 at ! end ( ! sev5? c5tury47#cbf7 ,! commemoration ( ! m>tyrs soon deg5]at$ into sc&al\s dissipation4 ,fairs 7 held on ! occasion1 gross brea*es ( *a/ity 7 frequ5t1 & ! annual fe/ival 0 suppress$ on acc\nt ( ! immorality x produc$47#cbg7 ,! ambigu\s position ( ! cl]gy ) ref]5ce to m>riage already l$ to grave disord]4 ,9 ! "t ( ,/4 ,cyprian1 be=e ! outbreak ( ! ,decian p]secution1 x _h be5 common to f9d cl]gy pr(ess+ celibacy1 b keep+1 "u v>i\s pretexts1 _! mi/resses 9 _! h\ses27#cbh7 &1 aft] ,con/ant9e1 ! compla9ts on ?is subject became l\d & g5]al47#cbi7 ,virg9s & monks (t5 liv$ toge!r 9 ! same h\se1 pr(ess+ sometimes to %>e 9 *a/ity ! same b$47#ccj7 ,ri* wid[s 7 surr\nd$ by sw>ms ( cl]ical sycophants1 :o address$ !m 9 t5d] dim9utives1 /udi$ & consult$ _! e foible1 &1 "u ! guise ( piety1 lay 9 wait = _! gifts or beque/s47#cca7 ,! evil atta9$ su* a po9t t a law 0 made "u ,val5t9ian depriv+ ! ,*ri/ian prie/s & monks ( t p[] ( receiv+ legacies :i* 0 possess$ by e o!r class ( ! community2 & ,/4 ,j]ome has m\rnfully ackn[l$g$ t ! prohibition 0 necess>y47#ccb7 ,great multitudes ent]$ ! ,*ur* to avoid municipal (fices27#ccc7 ! des]ts 7 cr[d$ ) m5 ^: sole object 0 to escape f hone/ lab\r1 & ev5 soldi]s us$ to des]t _! col\rs = ! mona/]ies47#ccd7 ,noble ladies1 pret5d+ a desire to lead a high] life1 ab&on$ _! husb&s to live ) l[-born lov]s47#cce7 ,pale/9e1 :i* 0 soon cr[d$ ) pilgrims1 _h become1 9 ! "t ( ,/4 ,gregory ( ,nyssa1 a hotb$ ( debau*]y47#ccf7 ,! evil reputation ( pilgrimages long cont9u$2 & 9 ! eigh? c5tury we f9d ,/4 ,boniface writ+ to ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury1 implor+ ! bi%ops to take "s measures to re/ra9 or regulate ! pilgrimages ( _! fell[-c\ntrywom52 = !re 7 few t[ns 9 c5tral ,europe1 on ! way to ,rome1 :]e ,engli% ladies1 :o />t$ z pilgrims1 7 n liv+ 9 op5 pro/itution47#ccg7 ,! luxury & ambition ( ! high] prelates1 & ! passion = amusem5ts ( ! inf]ior prie/s17#cch7 7 bitt]ly ackn[l$g$4 ,/4 ,j]ome compla9$ t ! banquets ( _m bi%ops eclips$ 9 spl5d\r ^? ( ! prov9cial gov]nors1 & ! intrigues by :i* !y obta9$ (fices1 & ! fi]ce p>tisan%ip ( _! support]s1 appe> 9 e page ( ecclesia/ical hi/ory4 ,9 ! lay _w1 p]haps ! *ief *>act]i/ic 0 extreme *ildi%ness4 ,! moral en?usiasm 0 great] ?an x _h be5 9 mo/ p]iods ( ,paganism1 b1 be+ drawn away to ! des]t1 x _h little influ5ce ^u society4 ,! simple fact t ! qu>rels betwe5 ! factions ( ! *>iot races = a long p]iod eclips$ all political1 intellectual1 & ev5 religi\s diff]5ces1 fill$ ! /reets aga9 & aga9 ) blood%$1 & m ?an once det]m9$ great revolutions 9 ! ,/ate1 is suffici5t to %[ ! ext5t ( ! decad5ce4 ,patriotism & c\rage _h almo/ disappe>$1 &1 not)/&+ ! rise ( a ,belis>ius or a ,n>ses1 ! level ( public m5 0 extremely depress$4 ,! luxury ( ! c\rt1 ! s]vility ( ! c\rti]s1 & ! prevail+ spl5d\r ( dress & ( ornam5t1 _h atta9$ an extravagant height4 ,! _w grew accu/om$ to a dang]\s alt]nation ( extreme asceticism & gross vice1 & sometimes1 z 9 ! case ( ,antio*17#cci7 ! mo/ vici\s & luxuri\s cities produc$ ! mo/ num]\s an*orites4 ,!re exi/$ a comb9ation ( vice & sup]/ition :i* is em95tly prejudicial to ! nobility1 ?\gh n equally detrim5tal to ! happ9ess1 ( man4 ,public op9ion 0 s l[1 t v _m =ms ( vice attract$ little condemnation & puni%m5t1 :ile und\bt$ belief 9 ! absolv+ efficacy ( sup]/iti\s rites calm$ ! imag9ation & allay$ ! t]rors ( consci5ce4 ,!re 0 m falsehood & trea*]y ?an "u ! ,cs>s1 b !re 0 mu* less cruelty1 viol5ce1 & %amelessness4 ,!re 0 also less public _s1 less indep5d5ce ( "*1 less intellectual fre$om4 ,9 "s respects1 h[ev]1 ,*ri/ianity _h already effect$ a great improvem5t4 ,! gladiatorial games _h disappe>$ f ! ,we/1 & _h n be5 introduc$ into ,con/ant9ople4 ,! va/ s*ools ( pro/itution :i* _h gr[n up "u ! "n ( temples ( ,v5us 7 suppress$4 ,religion1 h[ev] de=m$ & debas$1 0 at lea/ no long] a se$plot ( depravity1 & "u ! influ5ce ( ,*ri/ianity ! effront]y ( vice _h 9 a great measure disappe>$4 ,! gross & extravagant indec5cy ( repres5tation1 ( :i* we h /ill examples 9 ! pa9t+s on ! walls1 & ! signs on _m ( ! portals ( ,pompeii2 ! banquets ( ri* patricians1 s]v$ by nak$ girls2 ! hide\s excesses ( unnatural lu/1 9 :i* "s ( ! ,pagan emp]ors _h indulg$ ) s mu* publicity1 7 no long] tol]at$4 ,al?\gh s5suality 0 v g5]al1 x 0 less obtrusive1 & unnatural & ecc5tric =ms _h become r>e4 ,! pres5ce ( a great ,*ur*1 :i*1 amid mu* sup]/ition & fanaticism1 /ill taught a pure morality1 & en=c$ x by ! /ronge/ motives1 0 ev]y:]e felt--controll+1 /r5g!n+1 or ov]aw+4 ,! ecclesia/ics 7 a great body 9 ! ,/ate4 ,! cause ( virtue 0 /rongly organis$2 x drew to itself ! be/ m51 det]m9$ ! c\rse ( vacillat+ b amiable natures1 & plac$ "s re/ra9t ^u ! vici\s4 ,a bad man might be ins5sible to ! moral beauties ( religion1 b he 0 /ill haunt$ by ! recollection ( its ?reat5+s4 ,if he emancipat$ himself f its influ5ce 9 heal? & prosp]ity1 its p[] return$ 9 p]iods ( sickness or dang]1 or on ! eve ( ! commission ( "s great crime4 ,if he _h n]v$ himself aga9/ all its t]rors1 he 0 at lea/ *eck$ & gov]n$ at e turn by ! public op9ion :i* x _h creat$4 ,t total abs5ce ( all re/ra9t1 all dec5cy1 & all fe> & remorse1 :i* _h be5 ev9c$ by "s ( ! mon/]s ( crime :o occupi$ ! ,pagan ?rone1 & :i* proves mo/ /rik+ly ! decay ( ! ,pagan religion1 0 no long] possible4 ,! virtue ( ! be/ ,pagans 0 p]haps ( z high an ord] z t ( ! be/ ,*ri/ians1 ?\gh x 0 ( a some:at diff]5t type1 b ! vice ( ! wor/ ,pagans c]ta9ly f> exce$$ t ( ! wor/ ,*ri/ians4 ,! pulpit _h become a p[]ful c5tre ( attraction1 & *>ities ( _m k9ds 7 actively develop$4 ,! moral effects ( ! fir/ great outbur/ ( asceticism1 s f> z we h yet trac$ !m1 appe> almo/ unm+l$ evils4 ,9 addition to ! ess5tially di/ort$ ideal ( p]fection x produc$1 ! simple )drawal f active life ( t moral en?usiasm1 :i* is ! leav5 ( society1 0 extremely p]nici\s1 & !re c be little d\bt t to ?is cause we mu/ 9 a great degree attribute ! conspicu\s failure ( ! ,*ur*1 = "s c5turies1 to effect any m consid]able amelioration 9 ! moral condition ( ,europe4 ,!re 71 h[ev]1 "s di/9ctive excell5ces spr++ ev5 f ! fir/ phase ( asceticism1 :i*1 al?\gh !y d n1 z ,i conceive1 suffice to c\nt]balance ^! evils1 may ju/ly qualify our c5sure4 ,! fir/ condition ( all really great moral excell5ce is a _s ( g5u9e self-sacrifice & self-r5unciation4 ,! habits ( compromise1 mod]ation1 reciprocal self-re/ra9t1 g5tl5ess1 c\rtesy1 & ref9em5t1 :i* are appropriate to luxuri\s or utilit>ian civilisations1 are v fav\rable to ! developm5t ( _m second>y virtues2 b !re is 9 human nature a capacity = a high] & m h]oic rea* ( excell5ce1 :i* dem&s v diff]5t sph]es = its display1 accu/oms m5 to f> nobl] aims1 & ex]cises a f> great] attractive influ5ce ^u mank9d4 ,imp]fect & di/ort$ z 0 ! ideal ( ! an*orite2 deeply1 too1 z x 0 p]v]t$ by ! admixture ( a spiritual selfi%ness1 /ill ! example ( _m ?\s&s1 :o1 9 ob$i5ce to :at !y believ$ to be "r1 volunt>ily gave up ev]y?+ t m5 hold de>1 ca/ to ! w9ds e compromise ) enjoym5t1 & made extreme self-abnegation ! v pr9ciple ( _! lives1 0 n :olly lo/ ^u ! _w4 ,at a "t :5 increas+ ri*es _h pr(\ndly ta9t$ ! ,*ur*1 !y taught m5 8to love lab\r m ?an re/1 & ignom9y m ?an glory1 & to give m ?an to receive407#cdj7 ,at a "t :5 ! passion = ecclesia/ical dignities _h become ! sc&al ( ! ,empire1 !y sy/ematically ab/a9$ f !m1 tea*+1 9 _! qua9t b en]getic language1 t 8!re are two classes a monk %\ld especially avoid--bi%ops & wom5407#cda7 ,! v ecc5tricities ( _! lives1 _! unc\? =ms1 _! horrible p5ances1 won ! admiration ( rude m51 & ! sup]/iti\s rev]5ce ?us excit$ gradually pass$ to ! *>ity & ! self-d5ial :i* =m$ ! high] elem5ts ( ! mona/ic "*4 ,multitudes ( b>b>ians 7 conv]t$ to ,*ri/ianity at ! sight ( ,/4 ,simeon ,/ylites4 ,! h]mit1 too1 0 spe$ily idealis$ by ! popul> imag9ation4 ,! m repulsive features ( 8 life & appe>ance 7 =gott54 ,he 0 ?\ght ( only z an old man ) long :ite be>d & g5tle aspect1 weav+ 8 mats b5ea? ! palm-trees1 :ile dmons va9ly tri$ to di/ract him by _! /ratagems1 & ! wild bea/s grew tame 9 8 pres5ce1 & e disease & e sorr[ vani%$ at 8 ^w4 ,! imag9ation ( ,*ri/5dom1 fasc9at$ by ?is ideal1 made x ! c5tre ( c\ntless leg5ds1 usually v *ildi%1 & occasionally1 z we h se51 worse ?an *ildi%1 yet full ( beautiful t\*es ( human nature1 & (t5 convey+ admirable moral lessons47#cdb7 ,nurs]y tales1 :i* fir/ det]m9e ! c\rse ( ! infant imag9ation1 play no inconsid]able "p 9 ! hi/ory ( humanity4 ,9 ! fable ( ,psy*e--t bright tale ( passionate love ) :i* ! ,greek "m lull$ h] *ild to re/--,pagan antiquity has bequea!d u a s+le specim5 ( transc5d5t beauty1 & ! lives ( ! sa9ts ( ! des]t (t5 exhibit an imag9ation diff]5t inde$ 9 k9d1 b sc>cely less brilliant 9 its display4 ,/4 ,antony1 we are told1 0 ?9k+ "o night t he 0 ! be/ man 9 ! des]t1 :5 x 0 reveal$ to him t !re 0 ano!r h]mit f> holi] ?an himself4 ,9 ! morn+ he />t$ across ! des]t to visit ?is unkn[n sa9t4 ,he met fir/ ( all a c5taur1 & aft]w>ds a little man ) horns & goat's feet1 :o said t he 0 a faun2 & ^!1 hav+ po9t$ out ! way1 he arriv$ at la/ at 8 de/9ation4 ,/4 ,paul ! h]mit1 at ^: cell he /opp$1 0 "o hundr$ & ?irte5 ye>s old1 &1 hav+ be5 liv+ = a v long p]iod 9 absolute solitude1 he at fir/ refus$ to admit ! visitor1 b at la/ cons5t$1 embrac$ him1 & began1 ) a v p>donable curiosity1 to "q him m9utely ab\t ! _w he _h left2 8:e!r !re 0 mu* new build+ 9 ! t[ns1 :at empire rul$ ! _w1 :e!r !re 7 any idolat]s rema9+80 ,! colloquy 0 int]rupt$ by a cr[1 :i* came ) a loaf ( bread1 & ,/4 ,paul1 obs]v+ t dur+ ! la/ sixty ye>s 8 daily all[ance _h be5 only half a loaf1 decl>$ t ?is 0 a pro( t he _h done "r 9 admitt+ ,antony4 ,! h]mits return$ ?anks1 & sat d[n toge!r by ! m>g9 ( a glassy /ream4 ,b n[ a difficulty arose4 ,nei!r c\ld br+ himself to break ! loaf be=e ! o!r4 ,/4 ,paul alleg$ t ,/4 ,antony1 be+ 8 gue/1 %\ld take ! prec$5ce2 b ,/4 ,antony1 :o 0 only n9ety ye>s old1 dwelt ^u ! great] age ( ,/4 ,paul4 ,s scrupul\sly polite 7 ^! old m51 t !y pass$ ! entire aft]noon disput+ on ?is weighty "q1 till at la/1 :5 ! ev5+ 0 draw+ 91 a happy ?\ght /ruck !m1 &1 ea* hold+ "o end ( ! loaf1 !y pull$ toge!r4 ,to abridge ! /ory1 ,/4 ,paul soon di$1 & 8 companion1 be+ a weak old man1 0 unable to bury him1 :5 two lions came f ! des]t & dug ! grave ) _! paws1 deposit$ ! body 9 x1 rais$ a l\d h[l ( lam5tation1 & !n knelt d[n submissively be=e ,/4 ,antony1 to beg a bless+4 ,! au?ority = ?is hi/ory is no less a p]son ?an ,/4 ,j]ome1 :o relates x z lit]ally true1 & int]sp]ses 8 n>rative ) sev]e reflections on all :o might "q 8 accuracy4 ,! hi/orian ,palladius assures u t he he>d f ! lips ( ,/4 ,mac>ius ( ,alex&ria an acc\nt ( a pilgrimage :i* t sa9t _h made1 "u ! impulse ( curiosity1 to visit ! en*ant$ g>d5 ( ,jannes & ,jambres1 t5ant$ by dmons4 ,= n9e days ,mac>ius trav]s$ ! des]t1 direct+ 8 c\rse by ! />s1 &1 f "t to "t1 fix+ re$s 9 ! gr\nd1 z l&m>ks = 8 return2 b ?is precaution prov$ useless1 = ! devils tore up ! re$s1 & plac$ !m dur+ ! night by ! head ( ! sleep+ sa9t4 ,z he drew ne> ! g>d51 sev5ty dmons ( v>i\s =ms came =? to meet him1 & reproa*$ him = di/urb+ !m 9 _! home4 ,/4 ,mac>ius promis$ simply to walk r\nd & inspect ! wond]s ( ! g>d51 & !n dep>t )\t do+ x any injury4 ,he fulfill$ 8 promise1 & a j\rney ( tw5ty days br\ght him aga9 to 8 cell47#cdc7 ,o!r leg5ds are1 h[ev]1 ( a less fanta/ic nature2 & _m ( !m display1 ?\gh sometimes 9 v :imsical =ms1 a _s ( c\rtesy :i* seems to =e%ad[ ! lat] *ivalry1 & "s ( !m conta9 /rik+ prote/s aga9/ ! v sup]/itions t 7 mo/ preval5t4 ,:5 ,/4 ,mac>ius 0 sick1 a bun* ( grapes 0 once giv5 to him2 b 8 *>ity impell$ him to give !m to ano!r h]mit1 :o 9 8 turn refus$ to keep !m1 & at la/1 hav+ made ! circuit ( ! entire des]t1 !y 7 return$ to ! sa9t47#cdd7 ,! same sa9t1 ^: usual bev]age 0 putrid wat]1 nev] fail$ to dr9k w9e :5 set be=e him by ! h]mits he visit$1 aton+ privately = ?is relaxation1 :i* he ?\ght ! laws ( c\rtesy requir$1 by ab/a9+ f wat] = z _m days z he _h drunk glasses ( w9e47#cde7 ,"o ( 8 disciples once meet+ an idolatr\s prie/ runn+ 9 great ha/e across ! des]t1 ) a great /ick 9 8 h&1 cri$ out 9 a l\d voice1 8,:]e are y go+1 dmon80 ,! prie/1 naturally indignant1 beat ! ,*ri/ian sev]ely1 & 0 proce$+ on 8 way1 :5 he met ,/4 ,mac>ius1 :o acco/$ him s c\rte\sly & s t5d]ly t ! ,pagan's he>t 0 t\*$1 he became a conv]t1 & 8 fir/ act ( *>ity 0 to t5d ! ,*ri/ian :om he _h beat547#cdf7 ,/4 ,avitus be+ on a visit to ,/4 ,m>cian1 ?is latt] sa9t plac$ be=e him "s bread1 :i* ,avitus refus$ to eat1 say+ t x 0 8 cu/om nev] to t\* food till aft] sunset4 ,/4 ,m>cian1 pr(ess+ 8 own inability to def] 8 repa/1 implor$ 8 gue/ = once to break ?is cu/om1 & be+ refus$1 exclaim$1 8,alas6 ,i am fill$ ) angui% t y h come "h to see a wise man & a sa9t1 & y see only a glutton40 ,/4 ,avitus 0 griev$1 & said1 8he w\ld r ev5 eat fle% ?an he> su* words10 & he sat d[n z desir$4 ,/4 ,m>cian !n confess$ t 8 own cu/om 0 ! same z t ( 8 bro!r sa9t2 8b10 he add$1 8we "k t *>ity is bett] ?an fa/+2 = *>ity is enjo9$ by ! ,div9e law1 b fa/+ is left 9 our own p[] & w407#cdg7 ,/4 ,epiphanius hav+ invit$ ,/4 ,hil>ius to 8 cell1 plac$ be=e him a di% ( f[l4 8,p>don me1 fa!r10 said ,/4 ,hil>ius1 8b s9ce ,i h become a monk ,i h nev] eat5 fle%40 8,& ,i10 said ,/4 ,epiphanius1 8s9ce ,i h become a monk h nev] suff]$ ! sun to g d[n ^u my wra?40 8,y\r rule10 rejo9$ ! o!r1 8is m excell5t ?an m9e407#cdh7 ,:ile a ri* lady 0 c\rte\sly fulfill+ ! duties ( hospitality to a monk1 h] *ild1 :om %e _h = ?is purpose left1 fell into a well4 ,x lay unh>m$ ^u ! surface ( ! wat]1 & aft]w>ds told its "m t x _h se5 ! arms ( ! sa9t su/a9+ x bel[47#cdi7 ,at a "t :5 x 0 ! cu/om to look ^u ! m>riage /ate ) pr(\nd contempt1 x 0 reveal$ to ,/4 ,mac>ius ( ,egypt t two m>ri$ wom5 9 a neighb\r+ city 7 m holy ?an he 04 ,! sa9t imm$iately visit$ !m1 & ask$ _! mode ( life1 b !y utt]ly repudiat$ ! notion ( _! sanctity4 8,holy fa!r10 !y said1 8suff] u to tell y frankly ! tru?4 ,ev5 ?is v night we did n %r9k f sleep+ ) our husb&s1 & :at good works1 !n1 c y expect f u80 ,! sa9t1 h[ev]1 p]si/$ 9 8 inquiries1 & !y !n told him _! /ories4 8,we are10 !y said1 89 no way relat$1 b we m>ri$ two bro!rs4 ,we h liv$ toge!r = fifte5 ye>s1 )\t "o lic5ti\s or angry ^w4 ,we h entreat$ our husb&s to let u leave !m1 to jo9 ! societies ( holy virg9s1 b !y refus$ to p]mit u1 & we !n promis$ be=e ,heav5 t no worldly ^w %\ld sully our lips40 8,( a tru?10 cri$ ,/4 ,mac>ius1 8,i see t ,god reg>ds n :e!r "o is virg9 or m>ri$1 :e!r "o is 9 a mona/]y or 9 ! _w4 ,he consid]s only ! disposition ( ! he>t1 & gives ! ,_s to all :o desire to s]ve ,him1 :atev] _! condition may be407#cej7 ,i h multipli$ ^! illu/rations to an ext5t t mu/1 ,i fe>1 h already some:at tax$ ! pati5ce ( my read]s2 b ! fact t1 dur+ a long p]iod ( hi/ory1 ^! sa9tly leg5ds =m$ ! ideals guid+ ! imag9ation & reflect+ ! moral s5tim5t ( ! ,*ri/ian _w1 gives !m an importance f> beyond _! intr9sic value4 ,be=e dismiss+ ! sa9ts ( ! des]t1 !re is "o o!r class ( leg5ds to :i* ,i desire to adv]t4 ,i mean ^? :i* describe ! connection betwe5 sa9ts & ! animal _w4 ,^! leg5ds are1 ,i ?9k1 wor?y ( special notice 9 moral hi/ory1 z repres5t+ ! fir/1 & at ! same "t "o ( ! mo/ /rik+ ef=ts ev] made 9 ,*ri/5dom to inculcate a feel+ ( k9dness & pity t[>ds ! brute creation4 ,9 ,pagan antiquity1 consid]able /eps _h be5 made to raise ?is =m ( humanity to a recognis$ bran* ( e?ics4 ,! way _h be5 prep>$ by num]\s anecdotes gr[+ = ! mo/ "p out ( simple ignorance ( natural hi/ory1 :i* all t5d$ to dim9i% ! *asm betwe5 m5 & animals1 by repres5t+ ! latt] z possess+ to a v high degree bo? moral & rational qualities4 ,elephants1 x 0 believ$1 7 end[$ n only ) reason & b5evol5ce1 b also ) rev]5tial feel+s4 ,!y wor%ipp$ ! sun & moon1 & 9 ! =e/s ( ,mauritania !y 7 accu/om$ to assemble e new moon1 at a c]ta9 riv]1 to p]=m religi\s rites47#cea7 ,! hippopotamus taught m5 ! m$ic9al value ( ble$+1 be+ accu/om$1 :5 affect$ by ple?ory1 to ble$ itself ) a ?orn1 & aft]w>ds close ! w\nd ) slime47#ceb7 ,pelicans committ$ suicide to fe$ _! "y2 & bees1 :5 !y _h brok5 ! laws ( _! sov]eign47#cec7 ,a temple 0 erect$ at ,se/os to commemorate ! affection ( an eagle :i* lov$ a "y girl1 & ^u h] dea? ca/ itself 9 despair into ! flames by :i* h] body 0 consum$47#ced7 ,num]\s anecdotes are relat$ ( fai?ful dogs :i* refus$ to survive _! ma/]s1 & "o ( ^! _h1 x 0 said1 be5 trans=m$ into ! dog-/>47#cee7 ,! dolph91 especially1 became ! subject ( _m beautiful leg5ds1 & its affection = its "y1 = music1 & above all = little *ildr51 excit$ ! admiration n only ( ! populace1 b ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ naturali/s47#cef7 ,_m philosoph]s ascrib$ to animals a rational s\l1 l t ( man4 ,accord+ to ! ,py?agoreans1 human s\ls transmigrate aft] dea? into animals4 ,accord+ to ! ,/oics & o!rs1 ! s\ls ( m5 & animals 7 alike p>ts ( ! all-p]vad+ ,div9e ,_s t animates ! _w47#ceg7 ,we may ev5 f9d traces f an e>ly p]iod ( a c]ta9 measure ( legislative protection = animals4 ,by a v natural process1 ! ox1 z a pr9cipal ag5t 9 agriculture1 & !re=e a k9d ( symbol ( civilisation1 0 9 _m diff]5t c\ntries reg>d$ ) a peculi> rev]5ce4 ,! sanctity atta*$ to x 9 ,egypt is well kn[n4 ,t t5d]ness to animals1 :i* is "o ( ! mo/ beautiful features 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t writ+s1 %[s itself1 among o!r ways1 9 ! comm& n to muzzle ! ox t treade? out ! corn1 or to yoke toge!r ! ox & ! ass47#ceh7 ,among ! e>ly ,romans ! same feel+ 0 c>ri$ s f>1 t = a long "t x 0 actually a capital (f5ce to slaught] an ox1 t animal be+ pron\nc$1 9 a special s5se1 ! fell[-lab\r] ( man47#cei7 ,a simil> law is said to h 9 e>ly times exi/$ 9 ,greece47#cfj7 ,! beautiful passage 9 :i* ! ,psalmi/ describes h[ ! sp>r[ c\ld f9d a %elt] & a home 9 ! alt> ( ! temple1 0 z applicable to ,greece z to ,j]usalem4 ,! s5tim5t ( ,x5ocrates :o1 :5 a bird pursu$ by a hawk took refuge 9 8 brea/1 c>ess$ & f9ally releas$ x1 say+ to 8 disciples1 t a good man %\ld nev] give up a suppliant17#cfa7 0 believ$ to be %>$ by ! gods1 & x 0 reg>d$ z an act ( impiety to di/urb ! birds :o _h built _! ne/s b5ea? ! porticoes ( ! temple47#cfb7 ,a case is relat$ ( a *ild :o 0 ev5 put to dea? on acc\nt ( an act ( aggravat$ cruelty to birds47#cfc7 ,! g5]al t5d5cy ( nations1 z !y advance f a rude & w>like to a ref9$ & peaceful condition1 f ! /age 9 :i* ! realis+ p[]s are fa9t & dull1 to t 9 :i* !y are s5sitive & vivid1 is und\bt$ly to become m g5tle & humane 9 _! actions2 b ?is1 l all o!r g5]al t5d5cies 9 hi/ory1 may be c\nt]act$ or modifi$ by _m special circum/ances4 ,! law ,i h m5tion$ ab\t ox5 0 obvi\sly "o ( ^? t belong to a v e>ly /age ( progress1 :5 legislators are lab\r+ to =m agricultural habits among a w>like & nomadic p47#cfd7 ,! games 9 :i* ! slaught] ( animals bore s l>ge a "p1 hav+ be5 introduc$ b a little be=e ! ext9ction ( ! republic1 did v mu* to arre/ or ret>d ! natural progress ( humane s5tim5ts4 ,9 anci5t ,greece1 besides ! bull-fights ( ,!ssaly1 ! combats ( quails & cocks7#cfe7 7 fav\rite amusem5ts1 & 7 mu* enc\rag$ by ! legislators1 z furni%+ examples ( val\r to ! soldi]s4 ,! colossal dim5sions ( ! ,roman games1 ! circum/ances t fav\r$ !m1 & ! ov]:elm+ int]e/ !y spe$ily excit$1 ,i h describ$ 9 a =m] *apt]4 ,we h se51 h[ev]1 t1 not)/&+ ! gladiatorial %[s1 ! /&>d ( humanity t[>ds m5 0 consid]ably rais$ dur+ ! ,empire4 ,x is also well wor?y ( notice t1 not)/&+ ! passion = ! combats ( wild bea/s1 ,roman lit]ature & ! lat] lit]ature ( ! nations subject to ,rome ab\nd 9 delicate t\*es display+ 9 a v high degree a s5sitiv5ess to ! feel+s ( ! animal _w4 ,?is t5d] int]e/ 9 animal life is "o ( ! mo/ di/9ctive features ( ! poetry ( ,virgil4 ,lucretius1 :o r>ely /ruck ! *ords ( pa?os1 _h at a /ill e>li] p]iod drawn a v beautiful picture ( ! sorr[s ( ! b]eav$ c[1 ^: calf _h be5 sacrific$ ^u ! alt>47#cff7 ,plut>* m5tions1 incid5tally1 t he c\ld nev] br+ himself to sell1 9 its old age1 ! ox :i* _h s]v$ him fai?fully 9 ! "t ( its /r5g?47#cfg7 ,ovid express$ a simil> s5tim5t ) an almo/ equal emphasis47#cfh7 ,juv5al speaks ( a ,roman lady ) h] eyes fill$ ) te>s on acc\nt ( ! dea? ( a sp>r[47#cfi7 ,apollonius ( ,tyana1 on ! gr\nd ( humanity1 refus$1 ev5 :5 invit$ by a k+1 to p>ticipate 9 ! *ase47#cgj7 ,arrian1 ! fri5d ( ,epictetus1 9 8 book ^u c\rs+1 anticipat$ ! beautiful picture :i* ,addison has drawn ( ! huntsman refus+ to sacrifice ! life ( ! captur$ h>e :i* _h giv5 him s mu* pleasure 9 its flight47#cga7 ,^! t\*es ( feel+1 slight z !y may appe>1 indicate1 ,i ?9k1 a ve9 ( s5tim5t su* z we %\ld sc>cely h expect$ to f9d coexi/+ ) ! gigantic slaught] ( ! amphi!atre4 ,! progress1 h[ev]1 0 n only "o ( s5tim5t--x 0 also %[n 9 di/9ct & def9ite tea*+4 ,py?agoras & ,emp$ocles 7 quot$ z ! f\nd]s ( ?is bran* ( e?ics4 ,! moral duty ( k9dness to animals 0 9 ! fir/ in/ance bas$ ^u a dogmatic ass]tion ( ! transmigration ( s\ls1 &1 ! doctr9e t animals are )9 ! circle ( human duty be+ ?us laid d[n1 subsidi>y consid]ations ( humanity 7 alleg$4 ,! rapid gr[? ( ! ,py?agorean s*ool1 9 ! latt] days ( ! ,empire1 made ^! consid]ations famili> to ! p47#cgb7 ,porphyry elaborately advocat$1 & ev5 ,s5eca = a "t practis$1 ab/95ce f fle%4 ,b ! mo/ rem>kable figure 9 ?is movem5t is unque/ionably ,plut>*4 ,ca/+ aside ! dogma ( transmigration1 or at lea/ speak+ ( x only z a d\btful conjecture1 he places ! duty ( k9dness to animals on ! broad gr\nd ( ! affections1 & he urges t duty ) an emphasis & a detail to :i* no adequate p>allel c1 ,i believe1 be f\nd 9 ! ,*ri/ian writ+s = at lea/ sev5te5 hundr$ ye>s4 ,he condemns absolutely ! games ( ! amphi!atre1 dwells ) great =ce ^u ! effect ( su* spectacles 9 h>d5+ ! "*1 enum]ates 9 detail1 & d5\nces ) unqualifi$ en]gy1 ! ref9$ cruelties :i* ga/ronomic fancies _h produc$1 & ass]ts 9 ! /ronge/ language t e man has duties to ! animal _w z truly z to 8 fell[-m547#cgc7 ,if we n[ pass to ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 we %all f9d t little or no progress 0 at fir/ made 9 ?is sph]e4 ,among ! ,mani*eans1 x is true1 ! mixture ( ,ori5tal notions 0 %[n 9 an absolute prohibition ( animal food1 & ab/95ce f ?is food 0 also frequ5tly practis$ ^u totally diff]5t gr\nds by ! or?odox4 ,"o or two ( ! ,fa!rs h also m5tion$ ) approbation ! humane c\nsels ( ! ,py?agoreans47#cgd7 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 ! doctr9e ( transmigration 0 emphatically repudiat$ by ! ,ca?olics2 ! human race 0 isolat$1 by ! s*eme ( r$emption1 m ?an ev] f all o!r races2 & 9 ! range & circle ( duties inculcat$ by ! e>ly ,fa!rs ^? to animals _h no place4 ,?is is inde$ ! "o =m ( humanity :i* appe>s m prom95tly 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t ?an 9 ! ,new4 ,! _m beautiful traces ( x 9 ! =m]1 :i* indicate a s5tim5t17#cge7 ev5 :]e !y d n v /rictly def9e a duty1 gave way be=e an ard5t philan?ropy :i* reg>d$ human int]e/s z ! "o end1 & ! relations ( man to 8 ,creator z ! "o "q1 ( life1 & dismiss$ some:at contemptu\sly1 z an idle s5tim5talism1 notions ( duty to animals47#cgf7 ,a ref9$ & subtle sympa?y ) animal feel+ is inde$ r>ely f\nd among ^? :o are engag$ v actively 9 ! affairs ( life1 & x 0 n )\t a mean+ or a reason t ,%akespe>e plac$ t exquisitely pa!tic analysis ( ! suff]+s ( ! w\nd$ /ag1 :i* is p]haps its mo/ p]fect poetical expression1 9 ! mid/ ( ! morbid dream+s ( ! diseas$ & melan*oly ,jacques4 ,b :ile :at are call$ ! rights ( animals _h no place 9 ! e?ics ( ! ,*ur*1 a feel+ ( sympa?y ) ! irrational creation 0 9 "s degree inculcat$ indirectly by ! incid5ts ( ! hagiology4 ,x 0 v natural t ! h]mit1 liv+ 9 ! lonely des]ts ( ! ,ea/1 or 9 ! va/ =e/s ( ,europe1 %\ld come into an intimate connection ) ! animal _w1 & x 0 no less natural t ! popul> imag9ation1 :5 depict+ ! h]mit life1 %\ld make ?is connection ! c5tre ( _m picturesque & sometimes t\*+ leg5ds4 ,! birds1 x 0 said1 /oop$ 9 _! flight at ! old man's call2 ! lion & ! hy5a cr\*$ submissively at 8 feet2 8 he>t1 :i* 0 clos$ to all human int]e/s1 exp&$ freely at ! sight ( "s suff]+ animal2 & some?+ ( 8 own sanctity desc5d$ to ! companions ( 8 solitude & ! objects ( 8 miracles4 ,! wild bea/s att5d$ ,/4 ,!on :5 he walk$ abroad1 & ! sa9t rew>d$ !m by giv+ !m dr9k out ( 8 well4 ,an ,egyptian h]mit _h made a beautiful g>d5 9 ! des]t1 & us$ to sit b5ea? ! palm-trees :ile a lion ate fruit f 8 h&4 ,:5 ,/4 ,pm5 0 %iv]+ 9 a w9t] night1 a lion cr\*$ beside him1 & became 8 cov]+4 ,lions buri$ ,/4 ,paul ! h]mit & ,/4 ,m>y ( ,egypt4 ,!y appe> 9 ! leg5ds ( ,/4 ,j]ome1 ,/4 ,g]asimus1 ,/4 ,john ! ,sil5t1 ,/4 ,simeon1 & _m o!rs4 ,:5 an old & feeble monk1 nam$ ,zosimas1 0 on 8 j\rney to ,cs>ea1 ) an ass :i* bore 8 possessions1 a lion seiz$ & dev\r$ ! ass1 b1 at ! comm& ( ! sa9t1 ! lion itself c>ri$ ! burd5 to ! city gates4 ,/4 ,hel5us call$ a wild ass f its h]d to be> 8 burd5 ?r\gh ! wild]ness4 ,! same sa9t1 z well z ,/4 ,pa*omius1 cross$ ! ,nile on ! back ( a crocodile1 z ,/4 ,scu?9us did ! ,iri% ,*annel on a sea mon/]4 ,/ags cont9ually accompani$ sa9ts ^u _! j\rneys1 bore _! burd5s1 pl\gh$ _! fields1 reveal$ _! relics4 ,! hunt$ /ag 0 especially ! !me ( _m picturesque leg5ds4 ,a ,pagan1 nam$ ,bran*ion1 0 once pursu+ an exhau/$ /ag1 :5 x took refuge 9 a cav]n1 ^: ?re%old no inducem5t c\ld p]suade ! h\nds to cross4 ,! a/oni%$ hunt] ent]$1 & f\nd himself 9 pres5ce ( an old h]mit1 :o at once protect$ ! fugitive & conv]t$ ! pursu]4 ,9 ! leg5ds ( ,/4 ,eu/a*ius & ,/4 ,hub]t1 ,*ri/ is repres5t$ z hav+ assum$ ! =m ( a hunt$ /ag1 :i* turn$ ^u its pursu]1 ) a crucifix glitt]+ on its br[1 &1 address+ him ) a human voice1 conv]t$ him to ,*ri/ianity4 ,9 ! full fr5zy ( a *ase1 h\nds & /ag /opp$ & knelt d[n toge!r to v5]ate ! relics ( ,/4 ,f+>4 ,on ! fe/ival ( ,/4 ,regulus1 ! wild /ags assembl$ at ! tomb ( ! sa9t1 z ! rav5s us$ to d at t ( ,/4 ,apoll9> ( ,rav5na4 ,/4 ,erasmus 0 ! special protector ( ox51 & !y knelt d[n volunt>ily be=e 8 %r9e4 ,/4 ,antony 0 ! protector ( hogs1 :o 7 usually introduc$ into 8 pictures4 ,/4 ,bridget kept pigs1 & a wild bo> came f ! =e/ to subject itself to h] rule4 ,a horse =e%ad[$ by its lam5tations ! dea? ( ,/4 ,columba4 ,! ?ree companions ( ,/4 ,colman 7 a cock1 a m\se1 & a fly4 ,! cock ann\nc$ ! h\r ( devotion1 ! m\se bit ! e> ( ! dr[sy sa9t till he got up1 & if 9 ! c\rse ( 8 /udies he 0 afflict$ by any w&]+ ?\ghts1 or call$ away to o!r bus9ess1 ! fly alight$ on ! l9e :]e he _h left (f1 & kept ! place4 ,leg5ds1 n )\t a c]ta9 :imsical beauty1 describ$ ! moral qualities exi/+ 9 animals4 ,a h]mit 0 accu/om$ to %>e 8 supp] ) a wolf1 :i*1 "o ev5+ ent]+ ! cell be=e ! return ( ! ma/]1 /ole a loaf ( bread4 ,/ruck ) remorse1 x 0 a week be=e x v5tur$ aga9 to visit ! cell1 & :5 x did s1 its head hung d[n1 & its :ole demean\r manife/$ ! mo/ pr(\nd contrition4 ,! h]mit 8/rok$ ) a g5tle h& its b[$ d[n head10 & gave x a d\ble portion z a tok5 ( =giv5ess4 ,a lioness knelt d[n ) lam5tations be=e ano!r sa9t1 & !n l$ him to its cub1 :i* 0 bl9d1 b :i* receiv$ its sight at ! pray] ( ! sa9t4 ,next day ! lioness return$1 be>+ ! sk9 ( a wild bea/ z a m>k ( its gratitude4 ,ne>ly ! same ?+ happ5$ to ,/4 ,mac>ius ( ,alex&ria2 a hy5a knock$ at 8 door1 br\ght its "y1 :i* 0 bl9d1 & :i* ! sa9t re/or$ to sight1 & repaid ! obligation soon aft]w>ds by br++ a fleece ( wool4 8,o hy5a60 said ! sa9t1 8h[ did y obta9 ?is fleece8 y mu/ h /ol5 & eat5 a %eep40 ,full ( %ame1 ! hy5a hung its head d[n1 b p]si/$ 9 (f]+ its gift1 :i*1 h[ev]1 ! holy man refus$ to receive till ! hy5a 8_h sworn0 to cease = ! future to rob4 ,! hy5a b[$ its head 9 tok5 ( its acceptance ( ! oa?1 & ,/4 ,mac>ius aft]w>ds gave ! fleece to ,/4 ,melania4 ,o!r leg5ds simply speak ( ! sympa?y betwe5 sa9ts & ! irrational _w4 ,! birds came at ! call ( ,/4 ,cu?b]t1 & a dead bird 0 resuscitat$ by 8 pray]4 ,:5 ,/4 ,a5gussius1 9 fell+ wood1 _h cut 8 h&1 ! birds ga!r$ r\nd1 & ) l\d cries lam5t$ 8 mis=tune4 ,a little bird1 /ruck d[n & mortally w\nd$ by a hawk1 fell at ! feet ( ,/4 ,ki]anus1 :o %$ te>s z he look$ ^u its torn brea/1 & (f]$ up a pray]1 ^u :i* ! bird 0 in/antly heal$47#cgg7 ,_m hundr$s1 ,i %\ld p]haps h>dly exagg]ate 7 ,i to say _m ?\s&s1 ( leg5ds ( ?is k9d exi/ 9 ! lives ( ! sa9ts4 ,sugge/$ 9 ! fir/ in/ance by t des]t life :i* 0 at once ! e>lie/ phase ( mona*ism & "o ( ! e>lie/ s\rces ( ,*ri/ian my?ology1 /r5g!n$ by ! symbolism :i* repres5t$ diff]5t virtues & vices "u ! =ms ( animals1 & by ! rem9isc5ces ( ! rites & ! sup]/itions ( ,paganism1 ! connection betwe5 m5 & animals became ! keynote ( an inf9ite v>iety ( fanta/ic tales4 ,9 our eyes !y may appe> extravagantly pu]ile1 yet x w sc>cely1 ,i hope1 be necess>y to apologise = introduc+ !m into :at purports to be a grave "w1 :5 x is rememb]$ t = _m c5turies !y 7 univ]sally accept$ by mank9d1 & 7 s int]wov5 ) all local traditions1 & ) all ! associations ( education1 t !y at once det]m9$ & reflect$ ! inmo/ feel+s ( ! he>t4 ,_! t5d5cy to create a c]ta9 feel+ ( sympa?y t[>ds animals is manife/1 & ?is is probably ! utmo/ ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* has done 9 t direction47#cgh7 ,a v few au!ntic in/ances may1 inde$1 be cit$ ( sa9ts ^: natural g5tl5ess ( disposition 0 display$ 9 k9dness to ! animal _w4 ,( ,/4 ,james ( ,v5ice--an obscure sa9t ( ! ?irte5? c5tury--x is told t he 0 accu/om$ to buy & release ! birds ) :i* ,italian boys us$ to play by atta*+ !m to /r+s1 say+ t 8he piti$ ! little birds ( ! ,"l10 & t 8 8t5d] *>ity recoil$ f all cruelty1 ev5 to ! mo/ dim9utive ( animals407#cgi7 ,/4 ,francis ( ,assisi 0 a m conspicu\s example ( ! same _s4 8,if ,i c\ld only be pres5t$ to ! emp]or10 he us$ to say1 8,i w\ld pray him1 = ! love ( ,god1 & ( me1 to issue an edict prohibit+ any "o f cat*+ or imprison+ my si/]s ! l>ks1 & ord]+ t all :o h ox5 or asses %\ld at ,*ri/mas fe$ !m p>ticul>ly well40 ,a cr[d ( leg5ds turn+ ^u ?is !me 7 relat$ ( him4 ,a wolf1 ne> ,gubbio1 be+ adjur$ by him1 promis$ to ab/a9 f eat+ %eep1 plac$ its paw 9 ! h& ( ! sa9t to ratify ! promise1 & 0 aft]w>ds f$ f h\se to h\se by ! inhabitants ( ! city4 ,a cr[d ( birds1 on ano!r occasion1 came to he> ! sa9t prea*1 z fi% did to he> ,/4 ,antony ( ,padua4 ,a falcon awoke him at 8 h\r ( pray]4 ,a gras%opp] enc\rag$ him by h] melody to s+ praises to ,god4 ,! noisy swall[s kept sil5ce :5 he began to tea*47#chj7 ,on ! :ole1 h[ev]1 ,ca?olicism has done v little to inculcate humanity to animals4 ,! fatal vice ( !ologians1 :o h always look$ ^u o!rs solely ?r\gh ! m$ium ( _! own special dogmatic views1 has be5 an ob/acle to all advance 9 ?is direction4 ,! animal _w1 be+ altoge!r ext]nal to ! s*eme ( r$emption1 0 reg>d$ z beyond ! range ( duty1 & ! belief t we h any k9d ( obligation to its memb]s has nev] be5 inculcat$--has nev]1 ,i believe1 be5 ev5 admitt$--by ,ca?olic !ologians4 ,9 ! popul> leg5ds1 & 9 ! record$ traits ( individual amiability1 x is curi\s to obs]ve h[ con/antly ^? :o h s\ght to inculcate k9dness to animals h done s by endeav\r+ to associate !m ) some?+ di/9ctively ,*ri/ian4 ,! leg5ds ,i h notic$ glorifi$ !m z ! companions ( ! sa9ts4 ,! /ag 0 hon\r$ z especially commission$ to reveal ! relics ( sa9ts1 & z ! deadly enemy ( ! s]p5t4 ,9 ! fea/ ( asses1 t animal 0 l$ ) v5]ation into ! *ur*es1 & a rude hymn proclaim$ its dignity1 because x _h borne ,*ri/ 9 ,8 flight to ,egypt1 & 9 ,8 entry into ,j]usalem4 ,/4 ,francis always treat$ lambs ) a peculi> t5d]ness1 z be+ symbols ( 8 ,ma/]4 ,lu!r grew sad & ?\ghtful at a h>e hunt1 = x seem$ to him to repres5t ! pursuit ( s\ls by ! devil4 ,_m popul> leg5ds exi/1 associat+ "s bird or animal ) "s incid5t 9 ! evangelical n>rative1 & secur+ = !m 9 consequ5ce an unmole/$ life4 ,b su* influ5ces h nev] ext5d$ f>4 ,!re are two di/9ct objects :i* may be consid]$ by morali/s 9 ?is sph]e4 ,!y may reg>d ! "* ( ! m51 or !y may reg>d ! suff]+s ( ! animals4 ,! am\nt ( call\sness or ( consci\s cruelty display$ or elicit$ by amusem5ts or practices t inflict suff]+ on animals1 be>s no k9d ( proportion to ! int5sity ( t suff]+4 ,c\ld we foll[ ) adequate realisation ! pangs ( ! w\nd$ birds t are /ruck d[n 9 our sports1 or ( ! timid h>e 9 ! long c\rse ( its flight1 we %\ld probably conclude t !y 7 n really less ?an ^? caus$ by ! ,spani% bull-fight1 or by ! ,engli% pa/imes ( ! la/ c5tury4 ,b ! excitem5t ( ! *ase refracts ! imag9ation1 & ow+ to ! dim9utive size ( ! victim1 & ! undemon/rative "* ( its suff]+1 ^! sports d n ex]cise t prejudicial influ5ce ^u "* :i* !y w\ld ex]cise if ! suff]+s ( ! animals 7 vividly realis$1 & 7 at ! same "t accept$ z an elem5t ( ! enjoym5t4 ,! class ( amusem5ts ( :i* ! anci5t combats ( wild bea/s =m ! type1 h no d\bt ne>ly disappe>$ f ,*ri/5dom1 & x is possible t ! s(t5+ p[] ( ,*ri/ian tea*+ may h _h "s indirect influ5ce 9 aboli%+ !m2 b a c&id judgm5t w confess t x has be5 v little4 ,dur+ ! p]iods1 & 9 ! c\ntries1 9 :i* !ological influ5ce 0 supreme1 !y 7 un*all5g$47#cha7 ,!y disappe>$7#chb7 at la/1 because a luxuri\s & indu/rial civilisation involv$ a ref9em5t ( mann]s2 because a fa/idi\s ta/e recoil$ ) a s5sation ( disgu/ f pleasures t an uncultivat$ ta/e w\ld ke5ly reli%2 because ! drama1 at once reflect+ & accel]at+ ! *ange1 gave a new =m to popul> amusem5ts1 & because1 9 consequ5ce ( ?is revolution1 ! old pa/imes1 be+ left to ! dregs ( society1 became ! occasions ( sc&al\s disord]s47#chc7 ,9 ,prote/ant c\ntries ! cl]gy h1 on ! :ole1 su/a9$ ?is movem5t4 ,9 ,ca?olic c\ntries x has be5 mu* m fai?fully repres5t$ by ! s*ool ( ,voltaire & ,becc>ia4 ,a judici\s morali/ may1 h[ev]1 reasonably "q :e!r amusem5ts :i* d]ive _! ze/ f a display ( ! natural f]oci\s in/9cts ( animals1 & :i* sub/itute dea? endur$ 9 ! fr5zy ( combat = dea? 9 ! remote slaught]-h\se or by ! sl[ process ( decay1 h add$ 9 any appreciable degree to ! sum ( animal mis]y1 & 9 ^! cases he w dwell less ^u ! suff]+ inflict$ ?an ^u ! injuri\s influ5ce ! spectacle may sometimes ex]cise on ! "* ( ! spectator4 ,b !re are =ms ( cruelty :i* mu/ be reg>d$ 9 a diff]5t light4 ,! horrors ( vivisection1 (t5 s wantonly1 s ne$lessly practis$17#chd7 ! prolong$ & atroci\s tortures1 sometimes inflict$ 9 ord] to procure "s ga/ronomic delicacy1 are s f> remov$ f ! public gaze t !y ex]cise little influ5ce on ! "* ( m54 ,yet no humane man c reflect ^u !m )\t a %udd]4 ,to br+ ^! ?+s )9 ! range ( e?ics1 to create ! notion ( duties t[>ds ! animal _w1 has1 s f> z ,*ri/ian c\ntries are conc]n$1 be5 "o ( ! peculi> m]its ( ! la/ c5tury1 &1 = ! mo/ "p1 ( ,prote/ant nations4 ,h[ev] fully we may recognise ! humane _s transmitt$ to ! _w 9 ! =m ( leg5ds f ! sa9ts ( ! des]t1 x mu/ n be =gott5 t ! inculcation ( humanity to animals on a wide scale is ma9ly ! "w ( a rec5t & a secul> age2 t ! ,mohamm$ans & ! ,brahm9s h 9 ?is sph]e consid]ably surpass$ ! ,*ri/ians1 & t ,spa9 & ,s\!rn ,italy1 9 :i* ,ca?olicism has mo/ deeply plant$ its roots1 are ev5 n[1 probably beyond all o!r c\ntries 9 ,europe1 ^? 9 :i* inhumanity to animals is mo/ wanton & mo/ unrebuk$4 ,! influ5ce ! fir/ =m ( mona*ism has ex]cis$ ^u ! _w1 s f> z x has be5 b5eficial1 has be5 *iefly ?r\gh ! imag9ation1 :i* has be5 fasc9at$ by its leg5ds4 ,9 ! great p]iods ( !ological controv]sy1 ! ,ea/]n monks _h furni%$ "s lead+ !ologians2 b 9 g5]al1 9 ,ori5tal l&s1 ! h]mit life pr$om9at$1 & extreme mac]ation 0 ! *ief m]it ( ! sa9t4 ,b 9 ! ,we/1 mona*ism assum$ v diff]5t =ms1 & ex]cis$ f> high] functions4 ,at fir/ ! ,ori5tal sa9ts 7 ! ideals ( ,we/]n monks4 ,! ,ea/]n ,/4 ,a?anasius _h be5 ! f\nd] ( ,italian mona*ism4 ,/4 ,m>t9 ( ,t\rs exclud$ lab\r f ! discipl9e ( 8 monks1 & he & !y1 l ! ,ea/]n sa9ts1 7 accu/om$ to w&] abroad1 de/roy+ ! idols ( ! temples47#che7 ,b ?ree great causes conspir$ to direct ! mona/ic _s 9 ! ,we/ into practical *annels4 ,conditions ( race & climate h ev] impell$ ! inhabitants ( ^! l&s to active life1 & h at ! same "t r5d]$ !m con/itutionally incapable ( endur+ ! au/]ities or enjoy+ ! halluc9ations ( ! s$5t>y ,ori5tal4 ,!re arose1 too1 9 ! six? c5tury1 a great legislator1 ^: =m may be dimly trac$ ?r\gh a cl\d ( fanta/ic leg5ds1 & ! ord] ( ,/4 ,b5$ict1 ) t ( ,/4 ,columba & "s o!rs1 f\nd$ on sub/antially ! same pr9ciple1 soon ramifi$ ?r\gh ! great] "p ( ,europe1 temp]$ ! wild excesses ( useless p5ances1 &1 mak+ lab\r an ess5tial "p ( ! mona/ic sy/em1 direct$ ! movem5t to ! purposes ( g5]al civilisation4 ,9 ! la/ place1 ! b>b>ian invasions1 & ! dissolution ( ! ,we/]n ,empire1 dislocat+ ! :ole sy/em ( gov]nm5t & almo/ resolv+ society into its primitive elem5ts1 naturally ?rew ^u ! mona/ic corporations social1 political1 & intellectual functions ( ! deepe/ importance4 ,x has be5 obs]v$ t ! capture ( ,rome by ,al>ic1 involv+ z x did ! de/ruction ( ! gr&e/ religi\s monum5ts ( ,paganism1 9 fact e/abli%$ 9 t city ! supreme au?ority ( ,*ri/ianity47#chf7 ,a simil> rem>k may be ext5d$ to ! g5]al d[nfall ( ! ,we/]n civilisation4 ,9 t civilisation ,*ri/ianity _h inde$ be5 legally en?ron$2 b ! philosophies & traditions ( ,paganism1 & ! +ra9$ habits ( an anci5t1 & at ! same "t an effete society1 cont9ually p>alys$ its en]gies4 ,:at ,europe w\ld h be5 )\t ! b>b>ian invasions1 we may p>tly div9e f ! hi/ory ( ! ,l[] ,empire1 :i* repres5t$1 9 fact1 ! old ,roman civilisation prolong$ & ,*ri/ianis$4 ,! b>b>ian conque/s1 break+ up ! old organisation1 provid$ ! ,*ur* ) a virg9 soil1 & made x1 = a long p]iod1 ! supreme & inde$ sole c5tre ( civilisation4 ,x w\ld be difficult to exagg]ate ! skill & c\rage display$ by ! ecclesia/ics 9 ?is mo/ try+ p]iod4 ,we h already se5 ! noble d>+ ) :i* !y int]f]$ betwe5 ! conqu]or & ! vanqui%$1 & ! unwe>i$ *>ity ) :i* !y s\ght to alleviate ! unp>allel$ suff]+s ( ,italy1 :5 ! colonial supplies ( corn 7 cut (f1 & :5 ! faire/ pla9s 7 desolat$ by ! b>b>ians4 ,/ill m wond]ful is ! rapid conv]sion ( ! b>b>ian tribes4 ,un=tunately ?is1 :i* is "o ( ! mo/ important1 is also "o ( ! mo/ obscure pages 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,*ur*4 ,( :ole tribes or nations x may be truly said t we are absolutely ignorant ( ! cause ( _! *ange4 ,! ,go?s _h already be5 conv]t$ by ,ulphilas1 be=e ! d[nfall ( ! ,empire1 & ! conv]sion ( ! ,g]mans & ( sev]al nor!rn nations 0 long po/]ior to x2 b ! great "w ( ,*ri/ianis+ ! b>b>ian _w 0 accompli%$ almo/ 9 ! h\r :5 t _w became supreme4 ,rude tribes1 accu/om$ 9 _! own l&s to pay absolute ob$i5ce to _! prie/s1 f\nd !mselves 9 a =eign c\ntry1 confront$ by a prie/hood f> m civilis$ & impos+ ?an t :i* !y _h left1 by gorge\s c]emonies1 well fitt$ to entice1 & by ?reats ( com+ judgm5t1 well fitt$ to sc>e _! imag9ations4 ,disconnect$ f all _! old associations1 !y b[$ be=e ! maje/y ( civilisation1 & ! ,lat9 religion1 l ! ,lat9 language1 ?\gh ) _m adult]ations1 reign$ ov] ! new society4 ,! doctr9e ( exclusive salvation1 & ! doctr9e ( dmons1 _h an admirable mission>y p[]4 ,! fir/ produc$ an ard\r ( proselytis+ :i* ! poly!i/ c\ld nev] rival2 :ile ! ,pagan1 :o 0 easily l$ to recognise ! ,*ri/ian ,god1 0 m5ac$ ) et]nal fire if he did n take ! fur!r /ep ( break+ (f f 8 old div9ities4 ,! second disp5s$ ! conv]t f ! p]haps impossible task ( disbeliev+ 8 =m] religion1 = x 0 only necess>y = him to degrade x1 attribut+ its prodigies to inf]nal be+s4 ,! prie/s1 9 addition to _! noble devotion1 c>ri$ into _! mission>y ef=ts ! mo/ ma/]ly judgm5t4 ,! b>b>ian tribes usually foll[$ )\t enquiry ! religion ( _! sov]eign2 & x 0 to ! conv]sion ( ! k+1 & /ill m to ! conv]sion ( ! que51 t ! ,*ri/ians devot$ all _! en]gies4 ,clotilda1 ! wife ( ,clovis1 ,b]?a1 ! wife ( ,e!lb]t1 & ,!odol9da1 ! wife ( ,lo?aire1 7 ! *ief in/rum5ts 9 conv]t+ _! husb&s & _! nations4 ,no?+ t c\ld affect ! imag9ation 0 neglect$4 ,x is relat$ ( ,clotilda1 t %e 0 c>eful to attract h] husb& by ! ri* drap]ies ( ! ecclesia/ical c]emonies47#chg7 ,9 ano!r case1 ! fir/ "w ( proselytis+ 0 confid$ to an arti/1 :o pa9t$ be=e ! t]rifi$ ,pagans ! la/ judgm5t & ! torm5ts ( hell47#chh7 ,b especially ! belief1 :i* 0 s9c]ely held1 & s$ul\sly inculcat$1 t temporal success foll[$ 9 ! tra9 ( ,*ri/ianity1 & t e pe/il5ce1 fam9e1 or milit>y disa/] 0 ! p5alty ( idolatry1 h]esy1 sacrilege1 or vice1 assi/$ ! movem5t4 ,! !ory 0 s wide1 t x met e v>iety ( =tune1 & be+ taught ) consummate skill1 to b>b>ians :o 7 totally de/itute ( all critical p[]1 & /rongly pr$ispos$ to accept x1 x prov$ extremely efficaci\s2 & hope1 fe>1 gratitude1 & remorse drew multitudes into ! ,*ur*4 ,! transition 0 s(t5$ by ! sub/itution ( ,*ri/ian c]emonies & sa9ts = ! fe/ivals & ! div9ities ( ! ,pagans47#chi7 ,besides ! pr(ess$ mission>ies1 ! ,*ri/ian captives zeal\sly diffus$ _! fai? among _! ,pagan ma/]s4 ,:5 ! *iefta9 _h be5 conv]t$1 & ! army _h foll[$ 8 pr(ession1 an elaborate mona/ic & ecclesia/ical organisation grew up to consolidate ! conque/1 & repressive laws soon cru%$ all opposition to ! fai?4 ,9 ^! ways ! victory ( ,*ri/ianity ov] ! b>b>ian _w 0 a*iev$4 ,b t victory1 ?\gh v great1 0 less decisive ?an might appe>4 ,a religion :i* pr(ess$ to be ,*ri/ianity1 & :i* conta9$ _m ( ! +r$i5ts ( pure ,*ri/ianity1 _h ris5 into ! asc5dant1 b x _h und]gone a pr(\nd modification ?r\gh ! /ruggle4 ,religions1 z well z wor%ipp]s1 _h be5 baptis$4 ,! fe/ivals1 images1 & names ( sa9ts _h be5 sub/itut$ = ^? ( ! idols1 & ! habits ( ?\ght & feel+ ( ! anci5t fai? reappe>$ 9 new =ms & a new language4 ,! t5d5cy to a mat]ial1 idolatr\s1 & poly!i/ic fai?1 :i* _h long be5 enc\rag$ by ! monks1 & :i* ! h]etics ,jov9ian1 ,vigilantius1 & ,a]ius _h va9ly resi/$1 0 fatally /r5g!n$ by ! infusion ( a b>b>ian elem5t into ! ,*ur*1 by ! g5]al depression ( intellect 9 ,europe1 & by ! _m accommodations t 7 made to facilitate conv]sion4 ,?\gh app>5tly defeat$ & cru%$1 ! old gods /ill reta9$1 "u a new fai?1 no small "p ( _! influ5ce ov] ! _w4 ,to ?is t5d5cy ! lead]s ( ! ,*ur* made 9 g5]al no resi/ance1 ?\gh 9 ano!r =m !y 7 deeply p]suad$ ( ! vitality ( ! old gods4 ,_m curi\s & picturesque leg5ds atte/ ! popul> belief t ! old ,roman & ! old b>b>ian div9ities1 9 _! capacity ( dmons1 7 /ill wag+ an unrel5t+ w> aga9/ ! triumphant fai?4 ,a great ,pope ( ! six? c5tury relates h[ a ,jew1 be+ once b5ight$ on 8 j\rney1 & f9d+ no o!r %elt] = ! night1 lay d[n to re/ 9 an ab&on$ temple ( ,apollo4 ,%udd]+ at ! lonel9ess ( ! build+1 & fe>+ ! dmons :o 7 said to haunt x1 he det]m9$1 ?\gh n a ,*ri/ian1 to protect himself by ! sign ( ! cross1 :i* he _h (t5 he>d possess$ a mighty p[] aga9/ spirits4 ,to t sign he ow$ 8 safety4 ,= at midnight ! temple 0 fill$ ) d>k & ?reat5+ =ms4 ,! god ,apollo 0 hold+ 8 c\rt at 8 des]t$ %r9e1 & 8 att5dant dmons 7 rec\nt+ ! temptations !y _h devis$ aga9/ ! ,*ri/ians47#cij7 ,a newly m>ri$ ,roman1 :5 "o day play+ ball1 took (f 8 w$d+-r+1 :i* he f\nd an imp$im5t 9 ! game1 & he gaily put x on ! f+] ( a /atue ( ,v5us1 t 0 /&+ ne>4 ,:5 he return$1 ! m>ble f+] _h b5t s t x 0 impossible to )draw ! r+1 & t night ! goddess appe>$ to him 9 a dream1 & told him t %e 0 n[ 8 w$d$ wife1 & t %e w\ld abide ) him = ev]47#cia7 ,:5 ! ,iri% mission>y ,/4 ,gall 0 fi%+ "o night ^u a ,swiss lake1 ne> :i* he _h plant$ a mona/]y1 he he>d /range voices sweep+ ov] ! lonely deep4 ,! ,_s ( ! ,wat] & ! ,_s ( ! ,m\nta9s 7 consult+ toge!r h[ !y c\ld expel ! intrud] :o _h di/urb$ _! anci5t reign47#cib7 ,! details ( ! rapid propagation ( ,we/]n mona*ism h be5 amply treat$ by _m hi/orians1 & ! causes ( its success are suffici5tly manife/4 ,"s ( ! reasons ,i h assign$ = ! fir/ spread ( asceticism cont9u$ to op]ate1 :ile o!rs ( a /ill m p[]ful k9d _h aris54 ,! rapid decomposition ( ! entire ,roman ,empire by cont9u\s invasions ( b>b>ians r5d]$ ! exi/5ce ( an inviolable asylum & c5tre ( peaceful lab\r a matt] ( transc5d5t importance1 & ! mona/]y z organis$ by ,/4 ,b5$ict soon comb9$ ! mo/ het]og5e\s elem5ts ( attraction4 ,x 0 at once em95tly ari/ocratic & int5sely democratic4 ,! p[] & pr9cely position ( ! abbot 7 covet$1 & usually obta9$1 by memb]s ( ! mo/ illu/ri\s families2 :ile emancipat$ s]fs1 or peasants :o _h lo/ _! all 9 ! invasions1 or 7 h>ass$ by savage nobles1 or _h fl$ f milit>y s]vice1 or desir$ to lead a m secure & easy life1 f\nd 9 ! mona/]y an unfail+ refuge4 ,! in/itution ex]cis$ all ! influ5ce ( great weal?1 exp5d$ = ! mo/ "p ) great *>ity1 :ile ! monk himself 0 inve/$ ) ! aureole ( a sacr$ pov]ty4 ,to ard5t & philan?ropic natures1 ! pr(ession op5$ b\ndless vi/as ( mission>y1 *>itable1 & civilis+ activity4 ,to ! sup]/iti\s x 0 ! pla9 road to heav54 ,to ! ambiti\s x 0 ! portal to bi%oprics1 &1 aft] ! monk ,/4 ,gregory1 n unfrequ5tly to ! ,pop$om4 ,to ! /udi\s x (f]$ ! only opportunity !n exi/+ 9 ! _w ( see+ _m books & pass+ a life ( /udy4 ,to ! timid & retir+ x af=d$ ! mo/ secure1 & probably ! lea/ labori\s life a poor peasant c\ld hope to f9d4 ,va/ z 7 ! multitudes t ?rong$ ! mona/]ies1 ! means = _! support 7 nev] want+4 ,! belief t gifts or legacies to a mona/]y op5$ ! doors ( heav5 0 9 a sup]/iti\s age suffici5t to secure = ! community an almo/ b\ndless weal?1 :i* 0 /ill fur!r increas$ by ! skill & p]sev]ance ) :i* ! monks till$ ! wa/e l&s1 by ! exemption ( _! doma9s f all taxation1 & by ! tranquillity :i* 9 ! mo/ turbul5t ages !y usually enjoy$4 ,9 ,france1 ! ,l[ ,c\ntries1 & ,g]many !y 7 pre-em95tly agriculturi/s4 ,gigantic =e/s 7 fell$1 inhospitable m>%es reclaim$1 b>r5 pla9s cultivat$ by _! h&s4 ,! mona/]y (t5 became ! nucleus ( a city4 ,x 0 ! c5tre ( civilisation & indu/ry1 ! symbol ( moral p[] 9 an age ( turbul5ce & w>4 ,x mu/ be obs]v$1 h[ev]1 t ! b5eficial influ5ce ( ! mona/ic sy/em 0 necess>ily transitional1 & ! subsequ5t corruption ! normal & inevitable result ( its con/itution4 ,va/ societies liv+ 9 en=c$ celibacy1 ex]cis+ an unb\nd$ influ5ce1 & possess+ enorm\s weal?1 mu/ necess>ily h become hotb$s ( corruption :5 ! en?usiasm t _h creat$ !m expir$4 ,! s]vices !y r5d]$ z ! c5tres ( agriculture1 ! refuge ( travell]s1 ! sanctu>ies 9 w>1 ! c\nt]poise ( ! b>onial ca/le1 7 no long] requir$ :5 ! convulsions ( invasion _h ceas$ & :5 civil society 0 def9itely organis$4 ,& a simil> obs]vation may be ext5d$ ev5 to _! moral type4 ,?us1 :ile x is und\bt$ly true t ! ,b5$ict9e monks1 by mak+ lab\r an ess5tial elem5t ( _! discipl9e1 did v mu* to efface ! /igma :i* slav]y _h affix$ ^u x1 x is also true t1 :5 indu/ry _h pass$ out ( its initial /age1 ! mona/ic !ories ( ! sanctity ( pov]ty1 & ! evil ( weal?1 7 its mo/ deadly oppon5ts4 ,! dogmatic condemnation by !ologians ( loans at int]e/1 :i* are ! basis ( indu/rial ent]prise1 0 ! expression ( a f> deep] antagonism ( t5d5cies & ideals4 ,9 "o important respect1 ! transition f ! eremite to ! mona/ic life involv$ n only a *ange ( circum/ances1 b also a *ange ( "*4 ,! habit ( ob$i5ce1 & ! virtue ( humility1 assum$ a position :i* !y _h nev] previ\sly occupi$4 ,! conditions ( ! h]mit life contribut$ to develop to a v high degree a _s ( indep5d5ce & spiritual pride1 :i* 0 /ill fur!r increas$ by a curi\s habit t exi/$ 9 ! ,*ur* ( reg>d+ ea* em95t h]mit z ! special model or pr(essor ( "s p>ticul> virtue1 & mak+ pilgrimages to him1 9 ord] to /udy ?is aspect ( 8 "*47#cic7 ,^! pilgrimages1 comb9$ ) ! usually solit>y & self-suffic+ life ( ! h]mit1 & also ) ! habit ( measur+ progress almo/ entirely by ! suppression ( a physical appetite1 :i* x is q possible :olly to de/roy1 v naturally produc$ an extreme arrogance47#cid7 ,b 9 ! highly organis$ & discipl9$ mona/]ies ( ! ,we/1 passive ob$i5ce & humility 7 ! v fir/ ?+s t 7 inculcat$4 ,! mona/]y1 beyond all o!r in/itutions1 0 ! s*ool = _! ex]cise2 & z ! monk repres5t$ ! highe/ moral ideal ( ! age1 ob$i5ce & humility acquir$ a new value 9 ! m9ds ( m54 ,ne>ly all ! feudal & o!r organisations t arose out ( ! *aos t foll[$ ! de/ruction ( ! ,roman ,empire 7 intimately relat$ to ! ,*ur*1 n simply because ! ,*ur* 0 ! /ronge/ p[] 9 ,*ri/5dom1 & suppli$ 9 itself an admirable model ( an organis$ body1 b also because x _h done mu* to educate m5 9 habits ( ob$i5ce4 ,! special value ( ?is education dep5d$ ^u ! peculi> circum/ances ( ! "t4 ,! anci5t civilisations1 & especially t ( ,rome1 _h be5 by no means defici5t 9 ^? habits2 b x 0 9 ! mid/ ( ! dissolution ( an old society1 & ( ! asc5dancy ( b>b>ians1 :o exagg]at$ to ! highe/ degree _! p]sonal indep5d5ce1 t ! ,*ur* propos$ to ! rev]5ce ( mank9d a life ( passive ob$i5ce z ! highe/ ideal ( virtue4 ,! habit ( ob$i5ce 0 no new ?+ 9 ! _w1 b ! disposition ( humility 0 pre-em95tly & almo/ exclusively a ,*ri/ian virtue2 & !re has probably nev] be5 any sph]e 9 :i* x has be5 s l>gely & s successfully inculcat$ z 9 ! mona/]y4 ,! :ole p5it5tial discipl9e1 ! entire mode or t5or ( ! mona/ic life1 0 design$ to tame e s5tim5t ( pride1 & to give humility a =emo/ place 9 ! hi]>*y ( virtues4 ,we h "h "o great s\rce ( ! mollify+ influ5ce ( ,ca?olicism4 ,! g5tl] virtues--b5evol5ce & amiability--may1 & 9 an advanc$ civilisation (t5 d1 subsi/ 9 natures t are completely devoid ( g5u9e humility2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 x is sc>cely possible = a nature to be p]vad$ by a deep s5tim5t ( humility )\t ?is s5tim5t ex]cis+ a s(t5+ influ5ce ov] ! :ole "*4 ,to trans=m a fi]ce w>like nature into a "* ( a g5tl] type1 ! fir/ ess5tial is to awak5 ?is feel+4 ,9 ! mona/]ies1 ! ext9ction ( social & dome/ic feel+s1 ! n>r[ corporate _s1 &1 /ill m1 ! atroci\s op9ions t 7 preval5t conc]n+ ! guilt ( h]esy1 produc$ 9 _m m9ds an extreme & mo/ active f]ocity2 b ! practice ( *>ity1 & ! ideal ( humility1 nev] fail$ to ex]cise "s s(t5+ influ5ce ^u ,*ri/5dom4 ,b1 h[ev] advantage\s ! tempor>y pre-em95ce ( ?is moral type may h be51 x 0 obvi\sly unsuit$ = a lat] /age ( civilisation4 ,political lib]ty is almo/ impossible :]e ! mona/ic sy/em is supreme1 n m]ely because ! mona/]ies div]t ! en]gies ( ! nation f civic to ecclesia/ical *annels1 b also because ! mona/ic ideal is ! v apo!osis ( s]vitude4 ,ca?olicism has be5 admirably fitt$ at once to mitigate & to p]petuate despotism4 ,:5 m5 h le>nt to rev]5ce a life ( passive1 unreason+ ob$i5ce z ! highe/ type ( p]fection1 ! en?usiasm & passion ( fre$om necess>ily decl9e4 ,9 ?is respect !re is an analogy betwe5 ! mona/ic & ! milit>y _s1 bo? ( :i* promote & glorify passive ob$i5ce1 & !re=e prep>e ! m9ds ( m5 = despotic rule2 b1 on ! :ole1 ! mona/ic _s is probably m ho/ile to fre$om ?an ! milit>y _s1 = ! ob$i5ce ( ! monk is bas$ ^u humility1 :ile ! ob$i5ce ( ! soldi] coexi/s ) pride4 ,n[1 a consid]able measure ( pride1 or self-ass]tion1 is an inv>iable *>act]i/ic ( free communities4 ,! asc5dancy :i* ! mona/ic sy/em gave to ! virtue ( humility has n cont9u$4 ,?is virtue is inde$ ! cr[n+ grace & beauty ( ! mo/ p]fect *>act]s ( ! sa9tly type2 b exp]i5ce has %[n t among common m5 humility is m apt to deg5]ate into s]vility ?an pride into arrogance2 & mod]n morali/s h appeal$ m successfully to ! s5se ( dignity ?an to ! opposite feel+4 ,two ( ! mo/ important /eps ( lat] moral hi/ory h consi/$ ( ! creation ( a s5tim5t ( pride z ! p>5t & ! gu>dian ( _m virtues4 ,! fir/ ( ^! encroa*m5ts on ! mona/ic _s 0 *ivalry1 :i* call$ into be+ a pr\d & jeal\s milit>y hon\r t has nev] s9ce be5 ext+ui%$4 ,! second 0 ! creation ( t feel+ ( self-respect :i* is "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable *>act]i/ics t di/+ui% ,prote/ant f ! mo/ ,ca?olic populations1 & :i* has prov$ among ! =m] an invaluable moral ag5t1 =m+ frank & indep5d5t natures1 & *eck+ e s]vile habit & all mean & degrad+ vice47#cie7 ,! peculi> vig\r ) :i* x has be5 develop$ 9 ,prote/ant c\ntries may be attribut$ to ! suppression ( mona/ic in/itutions & habits2 to ! /igma ,prote/antism has atta*$ to m5dicancy1 :i* ,ca?olicism has usually glorifi$ & enc\rag$2 to ! high place ,prote/antism has accord$ to private judgm5t & p]sonal responsibility2 & la/ly1 to ! action ( free political in/itutions1 :i* h tak5 deepe/ root :]e ! pr9ciples ( ! ,re=mation h be5 accept$4 ,! relation ( ! mona/]ies to ! intellectual virtues1 :i* we h next to exam9e1 op5s out a wide field ( discussion2 &1 9 ord] to appreciate x1 x w be necess>y to rev]t briefly to a some:at e>li] /age ( ecclesia/ical hi/ory4 ,& 9 ! fir/ place1 x may be obs]v$1 t ! phrase intellectual virtue1 :i* is (t5 us$ 9 a metaphorical s5se1 is susceptible ( a /rictly lit]al int]pretation4 ,if a s9c]e & active desire = tru? be a moral duty1 ! discipl9e & ! dispositions t are pla9ly involv$ 9 e hone/ se>* fall rigidly )9 ! range ( e?ics4 ,to love tru? s9c]ely means to pursue x ) an e>ne/1 consci5ti\s1 unflagg+ zeal4 ,x means to be prep>$ to foll[ ! light ( evid5ce ev5 to ! mo/ unwelcome conclusions2 to lab\r e>ne/ly to emancipate ! m9d f e>ly prejudices2 to resi/ ! curr5t ( ! desires1 & ! refract+ influ5ce ( ! passions2 to proportion on all occasions conviction to evid5ce1 & to be ready1 if ne$ be1 to ex*ange ! calm ( assurance = all ! suff]+ ( a p]plex$ & di/urb$ m9d4 ,to d ?is is v difficult & v pa9ful2 b x is cle>ly involv$ 9 ! notion ( e>ne/ love ( tru?4 ,if1 !n1 any sy/em /igmatises z crim9al ! /ate ( d\bt1 d5\nces ! exam9ation ( "s "o class ( argum5ts or facts1 seeks to introduce ! bias ( ! affections into ! enquiries ( ! reason1 or reg>ds ! hone/ conclusion ( an upright inve/igator z involv+ moral guilt1 t sy/em is subv]sive ( intellectual hone/y4 ,among ! anci5ts1 al?\gh ! me?ods ( enquiry 7 (t5 v faulty1 & g5]alisations v ha/y1 a respect = ! hone/ se>* aft] tru? 0 widely diffus$47#cif7 ,!re 71 z we h already se51 in/ances 9 :i* c]ta9 religi\s practices :i* 7 reg>d$ z atte/ations ( loyalty1 or z necess>y to propitiate ! gods 9 fav\r ( ! ,/ate1 7 en=c$ by law2 !re 7 ev5 a few in/ances ( philosophies1 :i* 7 believ$ to lead directly to immoral results or social convulsions1 be+ suppress$2 b1 z a g5]al rule1 speculation 0 untrammell$1 ! notion ( !re be+ any necess>y guilt 9 errone\s op9ion 0 unkn[n1 & ! bolde/ enquir]s 7 reg>d$ ) hon\r & admiration4 ,! religi\s !ory ( ,paganism _h 9 ?is respect "s influ5ce4 ,poly!ism1 ) _m faults1 _h ?ree great m]its4 ,x 0 em95tly poetical1 em95tly patriotic1 & em95tly tol]ant4 ,! conception ( a va/ hi]>*y ( be+s m glori\s ?an1 b n :olly unlike1 m51 presid+ ov] all ! developm5ts ( nature1 & fill+ ! univ]se ) _! de$s1 suppli$ ! *ief nutrim5t ( ! ,greek imag9ation4 ,! national religions1 int]weav+ religi\s c]emonies & associations ) all civic life1 conc5trat$ & int5sifi$ ! s5tim5t ( patriotism1 & ! notion ( _m di/9ct gr\ps ( gods l$ m5 to tol]ate _m =ms ( wor%ip & great v>iety ( cre$s4 ,9 t colossal amalgam ( nations ( :i* ,rome became ! metropolis1 intellectual lib]ty /ill fur!r advanc$2 ! va/ v>iety ( philosophies & beliefs expatiat$ unmole/$2 ! se>* = tru? 0 reg>d$ z an important elem5t ( virtue1 & ! rel5tless & mo/ sceptical criticism :i* ,socrates _h appli$ 9 turn to all ! fundam5tal propositions ( popul> belief rema9$ z an example to 8 successors4 ,we h already se5 t "o lead+ cause ( ! rapid progress ( ! ,*ur* 0 t its tea*]s en=c$ _! di/9ctive t5ets z absolutely ess5tial to salvation1 & ?us assail$ at a great advantage ! support]s ( all o!r cre$s :i* did n claim ?is exclusive au?ority4 ,we h se51 too1 t 9 an age ( great & gr[+ cr$ulity !y _h be5 conspicu\s = _! ass]tion ( ! duty ( absolute1 unqualifi$1 & unque/ion+ belief4 ,! notion ( ! guilt bo? ( error & ( d\bt grew rapidly1 &1 be+ soon reg>d$ z a fundam5tal t5et1 x det]m9$ ! :ole c\rse & policy ( ! ,*ur*4 ,& "h1 ,i ?9k1 x w n be unadvisable to pause = a mom5t1 & endeav\r to asc]ta9 :at misconceiv$ tru? lay at ! root ( ?is fatal t5et4 ,consid]$ ab/ract$ly & by ! light ( nature1 x is z unmean+ to speak ( ! immorality ( an intellectual mi/ake z x w\ld be to talk ( ! col\r ( a s\nd4 ,if a man has s9c]ely p]suad$ himself t x is possible = p>allel l9es to meet1 or = two /raight l9es to enclose a space1 we pron\nce 8 judgm5t to be absurd2 b x is free f all t9cture ( immorality4 ,& if1 in/ead ( fail+ to appreciate a demon/rable tru?1 8 error consi/$ 9 a false e/imate ( ! conflict+ argum5ts ( an hi/orical problem1 ?is mi/ake--assum+ always t ! enquiry 0 an upright "o--is /ill simply ext]nal to ! sph]e ( morals4 ,x is possible t 8 conclusion1 by weak5+ "s b>ri] aga9/ vice1 may produce vici\s consequ5ces1 l ^? :i* might ensue f "s ill-advis$ modification ( ! police =ce2 b x 9 no degree foll[s f ?is t ! judgm5t is 9 itself crim9al4 ,if a /ud5t applies himself ) ! same dispositions to ,roman & ,jewi% hi/ories1 ! mi/akes he may make 9 ! latt] are no m immoral ?an ^? :i* he may make 9 ! =m]4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 two cases 9 :i* an intellectual error may be ju/ly said to involve1 or at lea/ to repres5t1 guilt4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 error v frequ5tly spr+s f ! p>tial or complete abs5ce ( t m5tal disposition :i* is impli$ 9 a real love ( tru?4 ,hypocrites1 or m5 :o ?r\gh int]e/$ motives pr(ess op9ions :i* !y d n really believe1 are probably r>] ?an is usually suppos$2 b x w\ld be difficult to ov]-e/imate ! numb] ( ^? ^: g5u9e convictions are due to ! unresi/$ bias ( _! int]e/s4 ,by ! t]m int]e/s1 ,i mean n only mat]ial well-be+1 b also all ^? m5tal luxuries1 all ^? grooves or *annels = ?\ght1 :i* x is easy & pleas+ to foll[1 & pa9ful & difficult to ab&on4 ,su* are ! love ( ease1 ! love ( c]ta9ty1 ! love ( sy/em1 ! bias ( ! passions1 ! associations ( ! imag9ation1 z well z ! co>s] influ5ces ( social position1 dome/ic happ9ess1 pr(essional int]e/1 p>ty feel+1 or ambition4 ,9 mo/ m51 ! love ( tru? is s languid1 & ! reluctance to enc\nt] m5tal suff]+ is s great1 t !y yield _! judgm5ts )\t an ef=t to ! curr5t1 )draw _! m9ds f all op9ions or argum5ts oppos$ to _! own1 & ?us spe$ily conv9ce !mselves ( ! tru? ( :at !y wi% to believe4 ,he :o really loves tru? is b\nd at lea/ to endeav\r to resi/ ^! di/ort+ influ5ces1 & 9 z f> z 8 op9ions are ! result ( 8 n hav+ done s1 9 s f> !y repres5t a moral fail+4 ,9 ! next place1 x mu/ be obs]v$ t e moral disposition br+s ) x an intellectual bias :i* ex]cises a great & (t5 a controll+ & decisive influ5ce ev5 ^u ! mo/ e>ne/ enquir]4 ,if we "k ! "* or disposition ( a man1 we c usually pr$ict ) tol]able accuracy _m ( 8 op9ions4 ,we c tell to :at side ( politics1 to :at canons ( ta/e1 to :at !ory ( morals he w naturally incl9e4 ,/]n1 h]oic1 & haughty natures t5d to sy/ems 9 :i* ^! qualities occupy ! =emo/ position 9 ! moral type1 :ile g5tle natures w z naturally lean t[>ds sy/ems 9 :i* ! amiable virtues are supreme4 ,impell$ by a species ( moral gravitation1 ! enquir] w glide ins5sibly to ! sy/em :i* is congru\s to 8 disposition1 & intellectual difficulties w seldom arre/ him4 ,he c h obs]v$ human nature ) b little fruit :o has n rem>k$ h[ con/ant is ?is connection1 & h[ v r>ely m5 *ange fundam5tally ! pr9ciples !y _h delib]ately adopt$ on religi\s1 moral1 or ev5 political que/ions1 )\t ! *ange be+ prec$$1 accompani$1 or v spe$ily foll[$1 by a s]i\s modification ( "*4 ,s1 too1 a vici\s & deprav$ nature1 or a nature :i* is h>d1 n>r[1 & unsympa!tic1 w t5d1 mu* less by calculation or indol5ce ?an by natural aff9ity1 to l[ & degrad+ views ( human nature4 ,^? :o h nev] felt ! high] emotions w sc>cely appreciate !m4 ,! mat]ials ) :i* ! intellect builds are (t5 d]iv$ f ! he>t1 & a moral disease is !re=e n unfrequ5tly at ! root ( an errone\s judgm5t4 ,( ^! two tru?s ! fir/ _c1 ,i ?9k1 be said to h _h any influ5ce 9 ! =mation ( ! !ological notion ( ! guilt ( error4 ,an elaborate process ( m5tal discipl9e1 ) a view to /r5g!n+ ! critical p[]s ( ! m9d1 is utt]ly remote f ! _s ( !ology2 & ?is is "o ( ! great reasons :y ! gr[? ( an inductive & sci5tific _s is inv>iably ho/ile to !ological int]e/s4 ,to raise ! requisite /&>d ( pro(1 to inculcate h>dness & sl[ness ( belief1 is ! fir/ task ( ! inductive reason]4 ,he looks ) great fav\r ^u ! condition ( a susp5d$ judgm5t2 he enc\rages m5 r to prolong ?an to abridge x2 he reg>ds ! t5d5cy ( ! human m9d to rapid & premature g5]alisations z "o ( its mo/ fatal vices2 he desires especially t t :i* is believ$ %\ld n be s *]i%$ t ! m9d %\ld be indispos$ to admit d\bt1 or1 on ! appe>ance ( new argum5ts1 to revise ) imp>tiality its conclusions4 ,ne>ly all ! greate/ intellectual a*ievem5ts ( ! la/ ?ree c5turies h be5 prec$$ & prep>$ by ! gr[? ( scepticism4 ,! hi/oric scepticism :i* ,vico1 ,beau=t1 ,p\illy1 & ,voltaire 9 ! la/ c5tury1 & ,niebuhr & ,lewis 9 ! pres5t c5tury1 appli$ to anci5t hi/ory1 lies at ! root ( all ! great mod]n ef=ts to recon/ruct ! hi/ory ( mank9d4 ,! spl5did discov]ies ( physical sci5ce w\ld h be5 impossible b = ! sci5tific scepticism ( ! s*ool ( ,bacon1 :i* dissipat$ ! old !ories ( ! univ]se1 & l$ m5 to dem& a sev]ity ( pro( altoge!r unkn[n to ! anci5ts4 ,! philosophic scepticism ) :i* ! sy/em ( ,hume end$ & ! sy/em ( ,kant began1 has giv5 ! greate/ mod]n impulse to metaphysics & e?ics4 ,exactly 9 proportion1 !re=e1 z m5 are educat$ 9 ! inductive s*ool1 !y are ali5at$ f ^? !ological sy/ems :i* repres5t a condition ( d\bt z s9ful1 seek to gov]n ! reason by ! int]e/s & ! affections1 & make x a ma9 object to de/roy ! imp>tiality ( ! judgm5t4 ,b al?\gh x is difficult to look ^u ,ca?olicism 9 any o!r light ?an z ! mo/ deadly enemy ( ! sci5tific _s1 x has always cordially recognis$ ! mo/ important tru?1 t "* 9 a v great measure det]m9es op9ions4 ,to cultivate ! moral type t is mo/ cong5ial to ! op9ions x desires to recomm5d has always be5 its ef=t1 & ! conviction t a deviation f t type has (t5 be5 ! pr$ispos+ cause ( intellectual h]esy1 _h d\btless a l>ge %>e 9 ! fir/ p]suasion ( ! guilt ( error4 ,b prie/ly & o!r influ5ces soon conspir$ to enl>ge ?is doctr9e4 ,a cr[d ( speculative1 hi/orical1 & adm9i/rative propositions 7 ass]t$ z ess5tial to salvation1 & all :o reject$ !m 7 :olly ext]nal to ! bond ( ,*ri/ian sympa?y4 ,if1 inde$1 we put aside ! pure tea*+ ( ! ,*ri/ian f\nd]s1 & consid] ! actual hi/ory ( ! ,*ur* s9ce ,con/ant9e1 we %all f9d no ju/ification = ! popul> !ory t b5ea? its influ5ce ! n>r[ _s ( patriotism fad$ into a wide & cosmopolitan philan?ropy4 ,a real ?\gh some:at languid feel+ ( univ]sal bro!rhood _h already be5 creat$ 9 ! _w by ! univ]sality ( ! ,roman ,empire4 ,9 ! new fai? ! range ( g5u9e sympa?y 0 /rictly limit$ by ! cre$4 ,accord+ to ! popul> belief1 all :o diff]$ f ! tea*+ ( ! or?odox liv$ "u ! hatr$ ( ! ,almighty1 & 7 de/9$ aft] dea? = an et]nity ( angui%4 ,v naturally1 !re=e1 !y 7 :olly ali5at$ f ! true believ]s1 & no moral or intellectual excell5ce c\ld atone = _! crime 9 propagat+ error4 ,! eighty or n9ety sects17#cig7 into :i* ,*ri/ianity spe$ily divid$1 hat$ "o ano!r ) an int5sity t extort$ ! wond] ( ,julian & ! ridicule ( ! ,pagans ( ,alex&ria1 & ! fi]ce riots & p]secutions t hatr$ produc$ appe> 9 e page ( ecclesia/ical hi/ory4 ,!re is1 inde$1 some?+ at once grotesque & gha/ly 9 ! spectacle4 ,! ,donati/s1 hav+ sep>at$ f ! or?odox simply on ! "q ( ! validity ( ! consecration ( a c]ta9 bi%op1 decl>$ t all :o adopt$ ! or?odox view mu/ be damn$1 refus$ to p]=m _! rites 9 ! or?odox *ur*es :i* !y _h seiz$1 till !y _h burnt ! alt> & scrap$ ! wood1 beat multitudes to dea? ) clubs1 bl9d$ o!rs by ano9t+ _! eyes ) lime1 fill$ ,africa1 dur+ ne>ly two c5turies1 ) w> & desolation1 & contribut$ l>gely to its f9al ru947#cih7 ,! *ildi% & almo/ un9telligible qu>rels betwe5 ! ,homoi\sians & ! ,homo\sians1 betwe5 ^? :o ma9ta9$ t ! nature ( ,*ri/ 0 l t ( ! ,fa!r & ^? :o ma9ta9$ t x 0 ! same1 fill$ ! _w ) riot & hatr$4 ,! ,ca?olics tell h[ an ,arian ,emp]or caus$ eighty or?odox prie/s to be dr[n$ on a s+le occasion27#cii7 h[ ?ree ?\s& p]sons p]i%$ 9 ! riots t convuls$ ,con/ant9ople :5 ! ,arian ,bi%op ,mac$onius sup]s$$ ! ,a?anasian ,paul27#djj7 h[ ,george ( ,cappadocia1 ! ,arian ,bi%op ( ,alex&ria1 caus$ ! wid[s ( ! ,a?anasian p>ty to be sc\rg$ on ! soles ( _! feet1 ! holy virg9s to be /ripp$ nak$1 to be flogg$ ) ! prickly bran*es ( palm-trees1 or to be sl[ly scor*$ ov] fires till !y abjur$ _! cre$47#dja7 ,! triumph ( ! ,ca?olics 9 ,egypt 0 accompani$ 7if we may believe ! solemn ass]tions ( eighty ,arian ,bi%ops7 by e v>iety ( plund]1 murd]1 sacrilege1 & outrage17#djb7 & ,arius himself 0 probably poison$ by ,ca?olic h&s47#djc7 ,! foll[]s ( ,/4 ,cyril ( ,alex&ria1 :o 7 *iefly monks1 fill$ _! city ) riot & blood%$1 w\nd$ ! prefect ,ore/es1 dragg$ ! pure & gift$ ,hypatia into "o ( _! *ur*es1 murd]$ h]1 tore ! fle% f h] bones ) %>p %ells1 &1 hav+ /ripp$ h] body nak$1 flung h] mangl$ rema9s into ! flames47#djd7 ,9 ,ephesus1 dur+ ! conte/ betwe5 ,/4 ,cyril & ! ,ne/orians1 ! ca!dral itself 0 ! !atre ( a fi]ce & bloody conflict47#dje7 ,con/ant9ople1 on ! occasion ( ! deposition ( ,/4 ,*ryso/om1 0 = sev]al days 9 a condition ( absolute an>*y47#djf7 ,aft] ! ,c\ncil ( ,*alc$on1 ,j]usalem & ,alex&ria 7 aga9 convuls$1 & ! bi%op ( ! latt] city 0 murd]$ 9 8 bapti/]y47#djg7 ,ab\t fifty ye>s lat]1 :5 ! ,monophysite controv]sy 0 at its height1 ! palace ( ! emp]or at ,con/ant9ople 0 blockad$1 ! *ur*es 7 besieg$1 & ! /reets comm&$ by furi\s b&s ( cont5d+ monks47#djh7 ,repress$ = a "t1 ! riots broke out two ye>s aft] ) an increas$ f]ocity1 & almo/ e lead+ city ( ! ,ea/ 0 fill$ by ! monks ) blood%$ & ) outrage47#dji7 ,/4 ,augu/9e himself is accus$ ( hav+ excit$ e k9d ( popul> p]secution aga9/ ! ,semi-,pelagians47#daj7 ,! ,c\ncils1 animat$ by an almo/ frantic hatr$1 urg$ on by _! ana!mas ! rival sects47#daa7 ,9 ! 8,robb] ,c\ncil0 ( ,ephesus1 ,flavianus1 ! ,bi%op ( ,con/ant9ople1 0 kick$ & beat5 by ! ,bi%op ( ,alex&ria1 or at lea/ by 8 foll[]s1 & a few days lat] di$ f ! effect ( ! bl[s47#dab7 ,9 ! conte/$ election t result$ 9 ! election ( ,/4 ,damasus z ,pope ( ,rome1 ?\gh no !ological "q appe>s to h be5 at issue1 ! riots 7 s fi]ce t "o hundr$ & ?irty-sev5 corpses 7 f\nd 9 "o ( ! *ur*es47#dac7 ,! prec$5t ( ! ,jewi% p]secutions ( idolatry hav+ be5 adduc$ by ,/4 ,cyprian1 9 ! ?ird c5tury1 9 fav\r ( excommunication17#dad7 0 urg$ by ,optatus1 9 ! reign ( ,con/ant9e1 9 fav\r ( p]secut+ ! ,donati/s27#dae7 9 ! next reign we f9d a l>ge body ( ,*ri/ians pres5t+ to ! emp]or a petition1 bas$ ^u ?is prec$5t1 implor+ him to de/roy by =ce ! ,pagan wor%ip47#daf7 ,ab\t fifte5 ye>s lat]1 ! :ole ,*ri/ian ,*ur* 0 prep>$1 on ! same gr\nds1 to support ! p]secut+ policy ( ,/4 ,ambrose17#dag7 ! cont5d+ sects hav+ f\nd1 9 ! duty ( cru%+ religi\s lib]ty1 ! solit>y t5et on :i* !y 7 agre$4 ,! mo/ unaggressive & unobtrusive =ms ( ,paganism 7 p]secut$ ) ! same f]ocity47#dah7 ,to (f] a sacrifice 0 to commit a capital (f5ce2 to hang up a simple *aplet 0 to incur ! =feiture ( an e/ate4 ,! noble/ works ( ,asiatic ar*itecture & ( ,greek sculpture p]i%$ by ! same iconoclasm t %att]$ ! humble temple at :i* ! peasant lov$ to pray1 or ! h\sehold gods :i* consecrat$ 8 home4 ,!re 7 no v>ieties ( belief too m9ute = ! new intol]ance to embitt]4 ,! "q ( ! prop] "t ( celebrat+ ,ea/] 0 believ$ to involve ! issue ( salvation or damnation27#dai7 & :51 long aft]1 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury1 ! "q ( ! nature ( ! light at ! transfiguration 0 discuss$ at ,con/ant9ople1 ^? :o refus$ to admit t t light 0 uncreat$1 7 depriv$ ( ! hon\rs ( ,*ri/ian burial47#dbj7 ,toge!r ) ^! legislative & ecclesia/ical measures1 a lit]ature arose surpass+ 9 its m5daci\s f]ocity any o!r ! _w _h kn[n4 ,! polemical writ]s habitually pa9t$ z dmons ^? :o div]g$ f ! or?odox belief1 gloat$ ) a v9dictive piety ov] ! suff]+s ( ! h]etic ^u e>?1 z ^u a ,div9e puni%m5t1 & sometimes1 ) an almo/ sup]human malice1 pass+ 9 imag9ation beyond ! ?re%old ( ! grave1 exult$ 9 no ambigu\s t]ms on ! tortures :i* !y believ$ to be res]v$ = him = ev]4 ,a few m51 su* z ,synesius1 ,basil1 or ,salvian1 might /ill f9d "s excell5ce 9 ,pagans or h]etics1 b _! c&\r 0 altoge!r exceptional2 & he :o w comp>e ! beautiful pictures ! ,greek poets gave ( _! ,trojan adv]s>ies1 or ! ,roman hi/orians ( ! enemies ( _! c\ntry1 ) ^? :i* ecclesia/ical writ]s1 = _m c5turies1 almo/ inv>iably gave ( all :o 7 oppos$ to _! ,*ur*1 may easily e/imate ! ext5t to :i* cosmopolitan sympa?y _h retrograd$4 ,at ! p]iod1 h[ev]1 :5 ! ,we/]n mona/]ies began to dis*>ge _! intellectual functions1 ! supremacy ( ,ca?olicism 0 ne>ly e/abli%$1 & polemical ard\r _h begun to wane4 ,! lit]>y zeal ( ! ,*ur* took o!r =ms1 b all 7 deeply t+$ by ! mona/ic _s4 ,x is difficult or impossible to conceive :at w\ld h be5 ! intellectual future ( ! _w _h ,ca?olicism nev] aris5--:at pr9ciples or impulses w\ld h guid$ ! c\rse ( ! human m9d1 or :at new in/itutions w\ld h be5 creat$ = its culture4 ,"u ! influ5ce ( ,ca?olicism1 ! mona/]y became ! "o sph]e ( intellectual lab\r1 & x cont9u$ dur+ _m c5turies to occupy t position4 ,)\t ent]+ into any?+ resembl+ a lit]>y hi/ory1 :i* w\ld be =eign to ! objects ( ! pres5t "w1 ,i %all endeav\r briefly to e/imate ! mann] 9 :i* x dis*>g$ its functions4 ,! fir/ idea t is naturally sugge/$ by ! m5tion ( ! intellectual s]vices ( mona/]ies is ! pres]vation ( ! writ+s ( ! ,pagans4 ,i h already obs]v$ t among ! e>ly ,*ri/ians !re 0 a m>k$ diff]5ce on ! subject ( _! writ+s4 ,! s*ool :i* 0 repres5t$ by ,t]tullian reg>d$ !m ) abhorr5ce2 :ile ! ,platoni/s1 :o 7 repres5t$ by ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 & ,orig51 n m]ely recognis$ ) great cordiality _! beauties1 b ev5 imag9$ t !y c\ld detect 9 !m bo? ! traces ( an orig9al ,div9e inspiration1 & plagi>isms f ! ,jewi% writ+s4 ,:ile avoid+1 = ! mo/ "p1 ^! extremes1 ,/4 ,augu/9e1 ! great organis] ( ,we/]n ,*ri/ianity1 treats ! ,pagan writ+s ) appreciative respect4 ,he _h himself ascrib$ 8 fir/ conv]sion f a c\rse ( vice to ! ',hort5sius' ( ,cic]o1 & 8 works are full ( discrim9at+1 & (t5 v beautiful1 applications ( ! old ,roman lit]ature4 ,! attempt ( ,julian to prev5t ! ,*ri/ians f tea*+ ! classics1 & ! extreme res5tm5t :i* t attempt elicit$1 %[ h[ highly ! ,*ri/ian lead]s ( t p]iod valu$ ?is =m ( education2 & x 0 naturally ! m *]i%$ on acc\nt ( ! conte/4 ,! influ5ce ( ,neoplatonism1 ! baptism ( multitudes ( nom9al ,*ri/ians aft] ,con/ant9e1 & ! decl9e ( zeal :i* necess>ily accompani$ prosp]ity1 _h all 9 diff]5t ways ! same t5d5cy4 ,9 ,synesius we h ! curi\s ph5om5on ( a bi%op :o1 n cont5t ) proclaim+ himself ! admir+ fri5d ( ! ,pagan ,hypatia1 op5ly decl>$ 8 complete disbelief 9 ! resurrection ( ! body1 & 8 firm adhesion to ! ,platonic doctr9e ( ! pre-exi/5ce ( s\ls47#dba7 ,_h ! ecclesia/ical !ory prevail$ :i* gave su* latitude ev5 to ! lead]s ( ! ,*ur*1 ! c\rse ( ,*ri/ianity w\ld h be5 v diff]5t4 ,a reaction>y _s1 h[ev]1 arose at ,rome4 ,! doctr9e ( exclusive salvation suppli$ its intellectual basis2 ! political & organis+ g5ius ( ! ,roman ecclesia/ics impell$ !m to r$uce belief into a rigid =m2 ! g5ius ( ,/4 ,gregory guid$ ! movem5t17#dbb7 & a s]ies ( hi/orical ev5ts1 ( :i* ! ecclesia/ical & political sep>ation ( ! ,we/]n empire f ! speculative ,greeks1 & ! invasion & conv]sion ( ! b>b>ians1 7 ! mo/ important1 def9itely e/abli%$ ! asc5dancy ( ! ,ca?olic type4 ,9 ! convulsions t foll[$ ! b>b>ian invasions1 intellectual en]gy ( a secul> k9d almo/ absolutely ceas$4 ,a p>t+ gleam issu$1 inde$1 9 ! six? c5tury1 f ! ,c\rt ( ,!odoric1 at ,rav5na1 :i* 0 adorn$ by ! g5ius ( ,bo?ius1 & ! tal5t ( ,cassiodorus & ,symma*us1 b aft] ?is "t1 = a long p]iod1 lit]ature consi/$ almo/ exclusively ( s]mons & lives ( sa9ts1 :i* 7 compos$ 9 ! mona/]ies47#dbc7 ,gregory ( ,t\rs 0 succe$$ z an annali/ by ! /ill feebl] ,fr$eg>ius1 & !re 0 !n a long & absolute blank4 ,a few outly+ c\ntries %[$ "s fa9t animation4 ,/4 ,le&] & ,/4 ,isidore plant$ at ,seville a s*ool1 :i* fl\ri%$ 9 ! sev5? c5tury1 & ! di/ant mona/]ies ( ,irel& cont9u$ some:at lat] to be ! receptacles ( le>n+2 b ! re/ ( ,europe sank into an almo/ absolute torpor1 till ! rationalism ( ,abel>d1 & ! ev5ts t foll[$ ! crusades1 began ! revival ( le>n+4 ,! pr9cipal s]vice :i* ,ca?olicism r5d]$ dur+ ?is p]iod to ,pagan lit]ature 0 probably ! p]petuation ( ,lat9 z a sacr$ language4 ,! complete abs5ce ( all curiosity ab\t t lit]ature is %[n by ! fact t ,greek 0 suff]$ to become almo/ absolutely ext9ct1 ?\gh !re 0 no "t :5 ! ,we/]n nations _h n "s relations ) ! ,greek empire1 or :5 pilgrimages to ! ,holy ,l& altoge!r ceas$4 ,! /udy ( ! ,lat9 classics 0 = ! mo/ "p positively disc\rag$4 ,! writ]s1 x 0 believ$1 7 burn+ 9 hell2 ! monks 7 too inflat$ ) _! imag9>y k to reg>d ) any respect a ,pagan writ]1 & p]iodical panics ab\t ! approa*+ t]m9ation ( ! _w cont9ually *eck$ any desire = secul> le>n+47#dbd7 ,x 0 ! cu/om among "s monks1 :5 !y 7 "u ! discipl9e ( sil5ce1 & desir$ to ask = ,virgil1 ,horace1 or any o!r ,g5tile "w1 to indicate _! wi% by scrat*+ _! e>s l a dog1 to :i* animal x 0 ?\ght ! ,pagans might be reasonably comp>$47#dbe7 ,! mona/]ies conta9$1 x is said1 dur+ "s "t1 ! only libr>ies 9 ,europe1 & 7 !re=e ! sole receptacles ( ! ,pagan manuscripts2 b we _c inf] f ?is t1 if ! mona/]ies _h n exi/$1 simil> libr>ies w\ld n h be5 call$ into be+ 9 _! place4 ,to ! occasional indu/ry ( ! monks1 9 copy+ ! works ( antiquity1 we mu/ oppose ! indu/ry !y display$1 ?\gh *iefly at a some:at lat] p]iod1 9 scrap+ ! anci5t p>*m5ts1 9 ord] t1 hav+ oblit]at$ ! writ+ ( ! ,pagans1 !y might cov] !m ) _! own leg5ds47#dbf7 ,!re are "s aspects1 h[ev]1 9 :i* ! mona/ic p]iod ( lit]ature appe>s em95tly beautiful4 ,! fretfulness & impati5ce & extreme t5sion ( mod]n lit]>y life1 ! _m anxieties t p>alyse1 & ! fev]i% crav+ = applause t p]v]ts1 s _m noble intellects1 7 !n unkn[n4 ,sev]$ f all ! c>es ( active life1 9 ! deep calm ( ! mona/]y1 :]e ! turmoil ( ! out] _w c\ld nev] come1 ! monki% s*ol> pursu$ 8 /udies 9 a _s :i* has n[ almo/ fad$ f ! _w4 ,no d\bt _h ev] di/urb$ 8 m9d4 ,to him ! problem ( ! univ]se seem$ solv$4 ,expatiat+ = ev] ) unfalt]+ fai? ^u ! unse5 _w1 he _h le>nt to live = x alone4 ,8 hopes 7 n fix$ ^u human greatness or fame1 b ^u ! p>don ( 8 s9s1 & ! rew>ds ( a happi] _w4 ,a cr[d ( qua9t & (t5 beautiful leg5ds illu/rate ! deep union t subsi/$ betwe5 lit]ature & religion4 ,x is relat$ ( ,cdmon1 ! fir/ great poet ( ! ,anglo-,saxons1 t he f\nd 9 ! secul> life no v5t = 8 hidd5 g5ius4 ,:5 ! w>riors assembl$ at _! banquets1 sang 9 turn ! praises ( w> or beauty1 z ! in/rum5t pass$ to him1 he rose & w5t out ) a sad he>t1 = he alone 0 unable to weave 8 ?\ghts 9 v]se4 ,we>i$ & despond+ he lay d[n to re/1 :5 a figure appe>$ to him 9 8 dream & comm&$ him to s+ ! ,creation ( ! ,_w4 ,a transport ( religi\s f]v\r ?rill$ 8 bra91 8 imprison$ intellect 0 unlock$1 & he soon became ! =emo/ poet ( 8 l&47#dbg7 ,a ,spani% boy1 hav+ long tri$ 9 va9 to ma/] 8 task1 & driv5 to despair by ! sev]ity ( 8 tea*]1 ran away f 8 fa!r's home4 ,tir$ ) w&]+1 & full ( anxi\s ?\ghts1 he sat d[n to re/ by ! m>g9 ( a well1 :5 8 eye 0 caught by ! deep furr[ 9 ! /one4 ,he ask$ a girl :o 0 draw+ wat] to expla9 x1 & %e told him t x _h be5 worn by ! con/ant attrition ( ! rope4 ,! poor boy1 :o 0 already full ( remorse = :at he _h done1 recognis$ 9 ! reply a ,div9e intimation4 8,if10 he ?\ght1 8by daily use ! s(t rope c\ld ?us p5etrate ! h>d /one1 surely a long p]sev]ance c\ld ov]come ! dulness ( my bra940 ,he return$ to 8 fa!r's h\se2 he lab\r$ ) r$\bl$ e>ne/ness1 & he liv$ to be ! great ,/4 ,isidore ( ,spa947#dbh7 ,a monk :o _h l$ a vici\s life 0 sav$1 x is said1 f hell1 because x 0 f\nd t 8 s9s1 ?\gh v num]\s1 7 j outnumb]$ by ! lett]s ( a pond]\s & dev\t book he _h writt547#dbi7 ,! ,holy ,_s1 9 ! %ape ( a dove1 _h be5 se5 to inspire ,/4 ,gregory2 & ! writ+s ( ,/4 ,?omas ,aqu9as1 & ( sev]al o!r !ologians1 _h be5 expressly applaud$ by ,*ri/ or by 8 sa9ts4 ,:51 tw5ty ye>s aft] dea?1 ! tomb ( a c]ta9 monki% writ] 0 op5$1 x 0 f\nd t1 al?\gh ! rema9d] ( ! body _h crumbl$ into du/1 ! h& t _h held ! p5 rema9$ flexible & undecay$47#dcj7 ,a "y & nameless s*ol> 0 once buri$ ne> a conv5t at ,bonn4 ,! night aft] 8 fun]al1 a nun ^: cell ov]look$ ! cemet]y 0 awak5$ by a brilliant light t fill$ ! room4 ,%e />t$ up1 imag9+ t ! day _h dawn$1 b on look+ out %e f\nd t x 0 /ill night1 ?\gh a dazzl+ spl5d\r 0 ar\nd4 ,a female =m ( mat*less lovel9ess 0 b5d+ ov] ! s*ol>'s grave4 ,! efflu5ce ( h] beauty fill$ ! air ) light1 & %e clasp$ to h] he>t a sn[-:ite dove t rose to meet h] f ! tomb4 ,x 0 ! ,"m ( ,god come to receive ! s\l ( ! m>tyr$ s*ol>2 8= s*ol>s too10 adds ! old *ronicl]1 8are m>tyrs if !y live 9 purity & lab\r ) c\rage407#dca7 ,b leg5ds ( ?is k9d1 ?\gh n )\t a v real beauty1 mu/ n bl9d u to ! fact t ! p]iod ( ,ca?olic asc5dancy 0 on ! :ole "o ( ! mo/ deplorable 9 ! hi/ory ( ! human m9d4 ,! en]gies ( ,*ri/5dom 7 div]t$ f all useful & progressive /udies1 & 7 :olly exp5d$ on !ological disquisitions4 ,a cr[d ( sup]/itions1 attribut$ to infallible wisdom1 b>r$ ! pa? ( k1 & ! *>ge ( magic1 or ! *>ge ( h]esy1 cru%$ e bold enquiry 9 ! sph]e ( physical nature or ( op9ions4 ,above all1 ! conditions ( true enquiry _h be5 curs$ by ! ,*ur*4 ,a bl9d unque/ion+ cr$ulity 0 inculcat$ z ! fir/ ( duties1 & ! habit ( d\bt1 ! imp>tiality ( a susp5d$ judgm5t1 ! desire to he> bo? sides ( a disput$ "q1 & to emancipate ! judgm5t f unreason+ prejudice1 7 all 9 consequ5ce condemn$4 ,! belief 9 ! guilt ( error & d\bt became univ]sal1 & t belief may be confid5tly pron\nc$ to be ! mo/ p]nici\s sup]/ition t has ev] be5 accr$it$ among mank9d4 ,mi/ak5 facts are rectifi$ by enquiry4 ,mi/ak5 me?ods ( rese>*1 ?\gh f> m invet]ate1 are gradually alt]$2 b ! _s t %r9ks f enquiry z s9ful1 & deems a /ate ( d\bt a /ate ( guilt1 is ! mo/ endur+ disease t c afflict ! m9d ( man4 ,n till ! education ( ,europe pass$ f ! mona/]ies to ! univ]sities1 n till ,mohamm$an sci5ce1 & classical free-?\ght1 & indu/rial indep5d5ce broke ! sceptre ( ! ,*ur*1 did ! intellectual revival ( ,europe beg94 ,i am aw>e t s /rong a /atem5t ( ! intellectual d>kness ( ! middle ages is likely to enc\nt] opposition f _m qu>t]s4 ,! bl9dness :i* ! philosoph]s ( ! eighte5? c5tury manife/$ to _! bett] side has produc$ a reaction :i* has l$ _m to an opposite1 &1 ,i believe1 f> m errone\s extreme4 ,"s h become eulogi/s ( ! p]iod1 ?r\gh love ( its di/9ctive !ological doctr9es1 & o!rs ?r\gh ar*ological en?usiasm1 :ile a v pret5ti\s & dogmatic1 b1 ,i ?9k1 sometimes sup]ficial1 s*ool ( writ]s1 :o l\dly boa/ !mselves ! reg5]ators ( hi/ory1 & treat ) supreme contempt all ! v>ieties ( !ological op9ion1 are accu/om$1 p>tly ?r\gh a v %all[ hi/orical optimism :i* sc>cely admits ! possibility ( retrogression1 & p>tly ?r\gh sympa?y ) ! despotic "* ( ,ca?olicism1 to extol ! m$ival society 9 ! mo/ extravagant t]ms4 ,)\t ent]+ into a l5g?y exam9ation ( ?is subject1 ,i may be p]mitt$ to indicate %ortly two or ?ree fallacies :i* are cont9ually display$ 9 _! appreciations4 ,x is an und\bt$ tru? t1 = a consid]able p]iod1 almo/ all ! k ( ,europe 0 includ$ 9 ! mona/]ies1 & f ?is x is cont9ually inf]r$ t1 _h ^! in/itutions n exi/$1 k w\ld h be5 absolutely ext+ui%$4 ,b su* a conclusion ,i conceive to be altoge!r untrue4 ,dur+ ! p]iod ( ! ,pagan empire1 intellectual life _h be5 diffus$ ov] a va/ portion ( ! globe4 ,egypt & ,asia ,m9or _h become great c5tres ( civilisation4 ,greece 0 /ill a l& ( le>n+4 ,spa91 ,gaul1 & ev5 ,brita917#dcb7 7 full ( libr>ies & tea*]s4 ,! s*ools ( ,n>bonne1 ,arles1 ,bordeaux1 ,t\l\se1 ,lyons1 ,m>seilles1 ,poiti]s1 & ,trves 7 already fam\s4 ,! ,*ri/ian emp]or ,gratian1 9 ,a4,d4 #cgf1 c>ri$ out 9 ,gaul a sy/em simil> to t :i* _h already1 "u ! ,anton9es1 be5 pursu$ 9 ,italy1 orda9+ t tea*]s %\ld be support$ by ! ,/ate 9 e lead+ city47#dcc7 ,to suppose t ,lat9 lit]ature1 hav+ be5 s widely diffus$1 c\ld h totally p]i%$1 or t all int]e/ 9 x c\ld h p]man5tly ceas$1 ev5 "u ! extremely unfav\rable circum/ances t foll[$ ! d[nfall ( ! ,roman ,empire & ! ,mohamm$an invasions1 is1 ,i conceive1 absurd4 ,if ,ca?olicism _h nev] exi/$1 ! human m9d w\ld h s\ght o!r sph]es = its developm5t1 & at lea/ a "p ( ! treasures ( antiquity w\ld h be5 pres]v$ 9 o!r ways4 ,! mona/]ies1 z corporations ( peaceful m5 protect$ f ! incursions ( ! b>b>ians1 became v naturally ! res]voirs to :i* ! /reams ( lit]ature fl[$2 b mu* ( :at !y are repres5t$ z creat+1 !y _h 9 reality only attract$4 ,! inviolable sanctity :i* !y secur$ r5d]$ !m invaluable receptacles ( anci5t le>n+ 9 a p]iod ( an>*y & p]petual w>1 & ! indu/ry ( ! monks 9 transcrib+1 probably m ?an c\nt]balanc$ _! indu/ry 9 effac+1 ! classical writ+s4 ,! ecclesia/ical unity ( ,*ri/5dom 0 also ( extreme importance 9 r5d]+ possible a g5]al int]*ange ( ideas4 ,:e!r ^! s]vices outweigh$ ! intellectual evils result+ f ! complete div]sion ( ! human m9d f all secul> le>n+1 & f ! p]si/5t inculcation1 z a matt] ( duty1 ( t habit ( abject cr$ulity :i* x is ! fir/ task ( ! intellectual re=m] to eradicate1 may be reasonably d\bt$4 ,x is n unfrequ5t1 aga91 to he> ! prec$+ fallacy /at$ 9 a some:at diff]5t =m4 ,we are rem9d$ t almo/ all ! m5 ( g5ius dur+ sev]al c5turies 7 great !ologians1 & we are ask$ to conceive ! m ?an ,egyptian d>kness t w\ld h prevail$ _h ! ,ca?olic !ology :i* produc$ !m n exi/$4 ,?is judgm5t resembles t ( ! prison] 9 a fam\s passage ( ,cic]o1 :o1 hav+ sp5t 8 entire life 9 a d>k dungeon1 & kn[+ ! light ( day only f a s+le ray :i* pass$ ?r\gh a fissure 9 ! wall1 inf]r$ t if ! wall 7 remov$1 z ! fissure w\ld no long] exi/1 all light w\ld be exclud$4 ,m$ival ,ca?olicism disc\rag$ & suppress$ 9 e way secul> /udies1 :ile x conf]r$ a monopoly ( weal? & hon\r & p[] ^u ! di/+ui%$ !ologian4 ,v naturally1 !re=e1 x attract$ into ! pa? ( !ology ! g5ius t w\ld h exi/$ )\t x1 b w\ld "u o!r circum/ances h be5 display$ 9 o!r =ms4 ,x is n to be inf]r$1 h[ev]1 f ?is1 t m$ival ,ca?olicism _h n1 9 ! sph]e ( intellect1 any real creative p[]4 ,a great moral or religi\s en?usiasm always evokes a c]ta9 am\nt ( g5ius t w\ld n o!rwise h exi/$1 or at lea/ be5 display$1 & ! mona/]ies 7 peculi>ly fitt$ to develop c]ta9 ca/s ( m9d1 :i* 9 no o!r sph]e c\ld h s p]fectly exp&$4 ,! great writ+s ( ,/4 ,?omas ,aqu9as7#dcd7 & 8 foll[]s1 &1 9 m mod]n times1 ! massive & consci5ti\s erudition ( ! ,b5$ict9es1 w always make c]ta9 p]iods ( ! mona/ic hi/ory v5]able to ! s*ol>4 ,b1 :5 we rememb] t dur+ _m c5turies ne>ly e "o possess+ any lit]>y ta/e or tal5ts became a monk1 :5 we recollect t ^! monks 7 famili> ) ! language1 & might easily h be5 famili> ) ! noble lit]ature1 ( anci5t ,rome1 & :5 we also consid] ! mode ( _! life1 :i* w\ld seem1 f its fre$om f c>e1 & f ! v monotony ( its r\t9e1 peculi>ly calculat$ to impel !m to /udy1 we c h>dly fail to wond] h[ v little ( any real value !y add$1 = s long a p]iod1 to ! k ( mank9d4 ,x is inde$ a rem>kable fact t1 ev5 9 ! ages :5 ! ,ca?olic asc5dancy 0 mo/ p]fect1 "s ( ! greate/ a*ievem5ts 7 ei!r oppos$ or simply ext]nal to ecclesia/ical influ5ce4 ,rog] ,bacon1 hav+ be5 a monk1 is frequ5tly spok5 ( z a creature ( ,ca?olic tea*+4 ,b !re nev] 0 a m /rik+ in/ance ( ! =ce ( a great g5ius 9 resi/+ ! t5d5cies ( 8 age4 ,at a "t :5 physical sci5ce 0 cont9ually neglect$1 disc\rag$1 or condemn$1 at a "t :5 all ! great prizes ( ! _w 7 op5 to m5 :o pursu$ a v diff]5t c\rse1 ,bacon appli$ himself ) transc5d5t g5ius to ! /udy ( nature4 ,f\rte5 ye>s ( 8 life 7 sp5t 9 prison1 & :5 he di$ 8 "n 0 bla/$ z a magician4 ,! m$ival laboratories 7 *iefly due to ! pursuit ( al*emy1 or to ,mohamm$an enc\ragem5t4 ,! inv5tions ( ! m>9]'s compass1 ( gunp[d]1 & ( rag pap] 7 all1 inde$1 ( extreme importance2 b no "p ( ! cr$it ( !m belongs to ! monks4 ,_! orig9 is involv$ 9 mu* obscurity1 b x is almo/ c]ta9 t ! la/ two1 at all ev5ts1 7 fir/ employ$ 9 ,europe by ! ,mohamm$ans ( ,spa94 ,cotton pap] 0 9 use among ^! z e>ly z #ajji4 ,among ! ,*ri/ian nations x appe>s to h be5 unkn[n till late 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,! fir/ in/ance ( ! employm5t ( artill]y among ,*ri/ian nations 0 at ! battle ( ,crecy1 b ! k ( gunp[d] among !m has be5 trac$ back z f> z #acch4 ,!re is abundant evid5ce1 h[ev]1 ( its employm5t 9 ,spa9 by ,mohamm$ans 9 sev]al sieges 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 & ev5 9 a battle betwe5 ! ,moors ( ,seville & ^? ( ,tunis at ! end ( ! elev5? c5tury47#dce7 ,9 inv5tion1 inde$1 z well z 9 orig9al rese>*1 ! m$ival mona/]ies 7 s+ul>ly b>r54 ,!y cultivat$ =mal logic to great p]fection4 ,!y produc$ _m pati5t & labori\s1 ?\gh1 = ! mo/ "p1 :olly uncritical s*ol>s1 & _m philosoph]s :o1 hav+ assum$ _! premises ) unfalt]+ fai?1 reason$ f !m ) admirable subtlety2 b !y taught m5 to reg>d ! sacrifice ( secul> le>n+ z a noble ?+2 !y impress$ ^u !m a !ory ( ! habitual gov]nm5t ( ! univ]se1 :i* is absolutely untrue2 & !y diffus$1 :]ev] _! influ5ce ext5d$1 habits ( cr$ulity & intol]ance t are ! mo/ deadly poisons to ! human m9d4 ,x is1 aga91 v frequ5tly obs]v$ among ! m philosophic eulogi/s ( ! m$ival p]iod1 t al?\gh ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* is a trammel & an ob/acle to ! progress ( civilis$ nations1 al?\gh x w\ld be sc>cely possible to exagg]ate ! mis]y h] p]secut+ _s caus$1 :5 ! human m9d _h out/ripp$ h] tea*+2 yet !re 0 a "t :5 %e 0 greatly 9 advance ( ! age1 & ! complete & absolute asc5dancy %e !n ex]cis$ 0 intellectually em95tly b5eficial4 ,t !re is mu* tru? 9 ?is view1 ,i h myself repeat$ly ma9ta9$4 ,b :5 m5 proce$ to isolate ! =m] p]iod1 & to make x ! !me ( unqualifi$ eulogy1 !y fall1 ,i ?9k1 into a grave error4 ,! evils t sprang f ! lat] p]iod ( ,ca?olic asc5dancy 7 n an accid5t or a p]v]sion1 b a normal & necess>y consequ5ce ( ! previ\s despotism4 ,! pr9ciples :i* 7 impos$ on ! m$ival _w1 & :i* 7 ! conditions ( s mu* ( its di/9ctive excell5ce1 7 ( su* a nature t !y claim$ to be f9al1 & c\ld n possibly be disc>d$ )\t a /ruggle & a convulsion4 ,we mu/ e/imate ! influ5ce ( ^! pr9ciples consid]$ z a :ole1 & dur+ ! entire p]iod ( _! op]ation4 ,!re are "s poisons :i*1 be=e !y kill m51 allay pa9 & diffuse a soo?+ s5sation ?r\gh ! frame4 ,we may recognise ! h\r ( enjoym5t !y procure1 b we mu/ n sep>ate x f ! price at :i* x is pur*as$4 ,! extremely unfav\rable influ5ce ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* long ex]cis$ ^u intellectual developm5t _h important moral consequ5ces4 ,al?\gh moral progress does n necess>ily dep5d ^u intellectual progress x is mat]ially affect$ by x1 intellectual activity be+ ! mo/ important elem5t 9 ! gr[? ( t great & complex organism :i* we call civilisation4 ,! m$ival cr$ulity _h also a m direct moral influ5ce 9 produc+ t indiff]5ce to tru?1 :i* is ! mo/ repulsive feature ( s _m ,ca?olic writ+s4 ,! v l>ge "p t mu/ be assign$ to delib]ate =g]ies 9 ! e>ly apologetic lit]ature ( ! ,*ur* we h already se52 & no imp>tial read] c1 ,i ?9k1 inve/igate ! innum]able grotesque & ly+ leg5ds t1 dur+ ! :ole c\rse ( ! ,middle ,ages1 7 delib]ately palm$ ^u mank9d z und\bt$ facts1 c foll[ ! hi/ories ( ! false decretals1 & ! discussions t 7 connect$ ) !m1 or c obs]ve ! complete & absolute incapacity mo/ ,ca?olic hi/orians h display$1 ( conceiv+ any good ?+ 9 ! ranks ( _! oppon5ts1 or ( /at+ ) common fairness any consid]ation t c tell aga9/ _! cause1 )\t ackn[l$g+ h[ s]i\s & h[ invet]ate has be5 ! evil4 ,!re h1 no d\bt1 be5 _m noble individual exceptions4 ,yet x is1 ,i believe1 difficult to exagg]ate ! ext5t to :i* ?is moral defect exi/s 9 mo/ ( ! anci5t & v mu* ( ! mod]n lit]ature ( ,ca?olicism4 ,x is ?is :i* makes x s unspeakably repulsive to all indep5d5t & imp>tial ?9k]s1 & has l$ a great ,g]man hi/orian7#dcf7 to decl>e1 ) mu* bitt]ness1 t ! phrase ,*ri/ian v]acity des]ves to rank ) ! phrase ,punic fai?4 ,b ?is absolute indiff]5ce to tru? :5ev] falsehood c\ld subs]ve ! int]e/s ( ! ,*ur* is p]fectly explicable1 & 0 f\nd 9 multitudes :o1 9 o!r respects1 exhibit$ ! noble/ virtue4 ,an age :i* has ceas$ to value imp>tiality ( judgm5t w soon cease to value accuracy ( /atem5t2 & :5 cr$ulity is inculcat$ z a virtue1 falsehood w n long be /igmatis$ z a vice4 ,:51 too1 m5 are firmly conv9c$ t salvation c only be f\nd )9 _! ,*ur*1 & t _! ,*ur* c absolve f all guilt1 !y w spe$ily conclude t no?+ c possibly be wrong :i* is b5eficial to x4 ,!y ex*ange ! love ( tru? = :at !y call ! love ( ! tru?4 ,!y reg>d morals z d]iv$ f & subord9ate to !ology1 & !y regulate all _! /atem5ts1 n by ! /&>d ( v]acity1 b by ! int]e/s ( _! cre$4 ,ano!r important moral consequ5ce ( ! mona/ic sy/em 0 ! great prom95ce giv5 to pecuni>y comp5sations = crime4 ,x _h be5 at fir/ "o ( ! broad di/9ctions betwe5 ,paganism & ,*ri/ianity1 t1 :ile ! rites ( ! =m] 7 = ! mo/ "p unconnect$ ) moral dispositions1 ,*ri/ianity made purity ( he>t an ess5tial elem5t ( all its wor%ip4 ,among ! ,pagans a few fa9t ef=ts _h1 x is true1 be5 made 9 ?is direction4 ,an old precept or law1 :i* is ref]r$ to by ,cic]o1 & :i* 0 /rongly reit]at$ by ,apollonius ( ,tyana1 & ! ,py?agoreans1 decl>$ t 8no impi\s man %\ld d>e to appease ! ang] ( ! div9ities by gifts207#dcg7 & oracles are said to h m ?an once proclaim$ t ! hecatombs ( noble ox5 ) gild$ horns t 7 (f]$ up o/5tati\sly by ! ri*1 7 less pleas+ to ! gods ?an ! wrea?s ( fl[]s & ! mode/ & rev]5tial wor%ip ( ! poor47#dch7 ,9 g5]al1 h[ev]1 9 ! ,pagan _w1 ! s]vice ( ! temple _h little or no connection ) morals1 & ! *ange :i* ,*ri/ianity effect$ 9 ?is respect 0 "o ( its mo/ important b5efits to mank9d4 ,x 0 natural1 h[ev]1 & p]haps inevitable1 t 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 & "u ! action ( v v>i\s causes1 ! old ,pagan s5tim5t %\ld revive1 & ev5 ) an increas$ int5sity4 ,9 no respect _h ! ,*ri/ians be5 m nobly di/+ui%$ ?an by _! *>ity4 ,x 0 n surpris+ t ! ,fa!rs1 :ile ex]t+ all _! eloqu5ce to /imulate ?is virtue--especially dur+ ! calamities t accompani$ ! dissolution ( ! ,empire--%\ld h dilat$ 9 extremely /rong t]ms ^u ! spiritual b5efits ! donor w\ld receive = 8 gift4 ,x is also n surpris+ t ?is selfi% calculation %\ld gradually1 & among h>d & ignorant m51 h absorb$ all o!r motives4 ,a curi\s leg5d1 :i* is relat$ by a writ] ( ! sev5? c5tury1 illu/rates ! k9d ( feel+ t _h aris54 ,! ,*ri/ian bi%op ,synesius succe$$ 9 conv]t+ a ,pagan nam$ ,evagrius1 :o = a long "t1 h[ev]1 felt d\bts ab\t ! passage1 8,he :o give? to ! poor l5de? to ! ,"l40 ,on 8 conv]sion1 & 9 ob$i5ce to ?is v]se1 he gave ,synesius ?ree hundr$ pieces ( gold to be di/ribut$ among ! poor2 b he exact$ f ! bi%op1 z ! repres5tative ( ,*ri/1 a promissory note1 engag+ t he %\ld be repaid 9 ! future _w4 ,_m ye>s lat]1 ,evagrius1 be+ on 8 dea?-b$1 comm&$ 8 sons1 :5 !y buri$ him1 to place ! note 9 8 h&1 & to d s )\t in=m+ ,synesius4 ,8 dy+ injunction 0 obs]v$1 & ?ree days aft]w>ds he appe>$ to ,synesius 9 a dream1 told him t ! debt _h be5 paid1 & ord]$ him to g to ! tomb1 :]e he w\ld f9d a writt5 receipt4 ,synesius did z he 0 comm&$1 &1 ! grave be+ op5$1 ! promissory note 0 f\nd 9 ! h& ( ! dead man1 ) an endorsem5t decl>+ t ! debt _h be5 paid by ,*ri/4 ,! note1 x 0 said1 0 long aft] pres]v$ z a relic 9 ! *ur* ( ,cyr5e4 ,! k9d ( feel+ :i* ?is leg5d displays 0 soon turn$ ) t5fold =ce into ! *annel ( mona/ic life4 ,a law ( ,con/ant9e accord$1 & sev]al lat] laws enl>g$1 ! p[] ( beque/s to ecclesia/ics4 ,ecclesia/ical prop]ty 0 at ! same "t exon]at$ f ! public burd5s1 & ?is measure n only directly assi/$ its increase1 b _h also an important indirect influ5ce2 =1 :5 taxation 0 heavy1 _m laym5 c$$ ! own]%ip ( _! e/ates to ! mona/]ies1 ) a secret condition t !y %\ld1 z vassals1 receive ! rev5ues unburd5$ by taxation1 & subject only to a slight paym5t to ! monks z to _! feudal lords47#dci7 ,! monks 7 reg>d$ z ! tru/ees ( ! poor1 & also z !mselves typical poor1 & all ! promises t appli$ to ^? :o gave to ! poor appli$1 x 0 said1 to ! b5efactors ( ! mona/]ies4 ,! mona/ic *apel also conta9$ ! relics ( sa9ts or sacr$ images ( miracul\s p[]1 & ?rongs ( wor%ipp]s 7 attract$ by ! miracles1 & desir$ to place !mselves "u ! protection1 ( ! sa9t4 ,x is no exagg]ation to say t to give money to ! prie/s 0 = sev]al c5turies ! fir/ article ( ! moral code4 ,political m9ds may h felt ! importance ( aggr&is+ a pacific & indu/ri\s class 9 ! c5tre ( a disorganis$ society1 & family affection may h pr$ispos$ _m 9 fav\r ( in/itutions :i* conta9$ at lea/ "o memb] ( mo/ families2 b 9 ! ov]:elm+ majority ( cases ! motive 0 simple sup]/ition4 ,9 seasons ( sickness1 ( dang]1 ( sorr[1 or ( remorse1 :5ev] ! fe> or ! consci5ce ( ! wor%ipp] 0 awak5$1 he ha/5$ to pur*ase ) money ! fav\r ( a sa9t4 ,above all1 9 ! h\r ( dea?1 :5 ! t]rors ( ! future _w loom$ d>kly ^u 8 m9d1 he saw 9 a gift or legacy to ! monks a sure means ( effac+ ! mo/ mon/r\s crimes1 & secur+ 8 ultimate happ9ess4 ,a ri* man 0 soon sc>cely deem$ a ,*ri/ian if he did n leave a portion ( 8 prop]ty to ! ,*ur*1 & ! *>t]s ( innum]able mona/]ies 9 e "p ( ,europe atte/ ! va/ tracts ( l& t 7 c$$ by w to ! monks1 8= ! b5efit ( ! s\l0 ( ! te/ator47#ddj7 ,x has be5 obs]v$ by a great hi/orian t we may trace ?ree di/9ct phases 9 ! e>ly hi/ory ( ! ,*ur*4 ,9 ! fir/ p]iod religion 0 a "q ( morals2 9 ! second p]iod1 :i* culm9at$ 9 ! fif? c5tury1 x _h become a "q ( or?odoxy2 9 ! ?ird p]iod1 :i* dates f ! sev5? c5tury1 x 0 a "q ( munific5ce to mona/]ies47#dda7 ,! despotism ( ,ca?olicism1 & ! ignorance t foll[$ ! b>b>ian invasions1 _h repress$ ! /ruggles ( h]esy1 & 9 ! p]iod ( almo/ absolute d>kness t cont9u$ f ! six? to ! twelf? c5tury1 ! !ological ideal ( unque/ion+ fai? & ( p]fect unanimity 0 all b realis$ 9 ! ,we/4 ,all ! en]gy t 9 previ\s ages _h be5 exp5d$ 9 combat+ h]esy 0 n[ exp5d$ 9 acquir+ weal?4 ,! p comp\nd$ = ! mo/ atroci\s crimes by gifts to %r9es ( ^? sa9ts ^: int]cession 0 suppos$ to be unfail+4 ,! monks1 p>tly by ! natural cessation ( _! old en?usiasm1 p>tly by ! abs5ce ( any ho/ile criticism ( _! acts1 & p>tly too by ! v weal? !y _h acquir$1 sank into gross & g5]al immorality4 ,! great majority ( !m _h probably at no "t be5 ei!r sa9ts actuat$ by a /rong religi\s motive1 nor yet diseas$ & despond+ m9ds seek+ a refuge f ! _w2 !y _h be5 simply peasants1 ( no extraord9>y devotion or s5sitiv5ess1 :o pref]r$ an ensur$ subsi/5ce1 ) no c>e1 little lab\r1 a mu* high] social position ?an !y c\ld o!rwise acquire1 & ! c]ta9ty1 z !y believ$1 ( go+ to heav51 to ! labori\s & prec>i\s exi/5ce ( ! s]f1 reliev$1 inde$1 by ! privilege ( m>riage1 b expos$ to milit>y s]vice1 to extreme h>d%ips1 & to con/ant oppression4 ,v naturally1 :5 !y c\ld d s ) impunity1 !y broke _! v[s ( *a/ity4 ,v naturally1 too1 !y avail$ !mselves to ! full ( ! condition ( affairs1 to draw z mu* weal? z possible into _! community47#ddb7 ,! belief 9 ! approa*+ end ( ! _w1 especially at ! close ( ! t5? c5tury1 ! crusades1 :i* gave rise to a pr(itable traffic 9 ! =m ( a pecuni>y commutation ( v[s1 & ! black dea?1 :i* produc$ a p>oxysm ( religi\s fanaticism1 /imulat$ ! movem5t4 ,9 ! monki% *ronicles1 ! m]its ( sov]eigns are almo/ exclusively judg$ by _! b\nty to ! ,*ur*1 & 9 "s cases ?is is ! sole "p ( _! policy :i* has be5 pres]v$47#ddc7 ,!re 71 no d\bt1 a few r$eem+ po9ts 9 ?is d>k p]iod4 ,! ,iri% monks are said to h be5 hon\rably di/+ui%$ = _! reluctance to accept ! lavi% donations ( _! admir]s17#ddd7 & "s mission>y mona/]ies ( a high ord] ( excell5ce 7 scatt]$ ?r\gh ,europe4 ,a few leg5ds1 too1 may be cit$ c5sur+ ! facility ) :i* money acquir$ by crime 0 accept$ z an atonem5t = crime47#dde7 ,b ^! cases 7 v r>e1 & ! religi\s hi/ory ( sev]al c5turies is little m ?an a hi/ory ( ! rapacity ( prie/s & ( ! cr$ulity ( laym54 ,9 ,engl&1 ! p]petual dem&s ( ! ,pope excit$ a fi]ce res5tm5t2 & we may trace ) rem>kable cle>ness1 9 e page ( ,mat!w ,p>is1 ! ali5ation ( sympa?y aris+ f ?is cause1 :i* prep>$ & =e%ad[$ ! f9al rupture ( ,engl& f ! ,*ur*4 ,irel&1 on ! o!r h&1 _h be5 giv5 ov] by two ,popes to ! ,engli% invad]1 on ! condition ( ! paym5t ( ,pet]'s p5ce4 ,! outrage\s & notori\s immorality ( ! mona/]ies1 dur+ ! c5tury be=e ! ,re=mation1 0 *iefly due to _! great weal?2 & t immorality1 z ! writ+s ( ,erasmus & ,ulric von ,hutt5 %[1 gave a p[]ful impulse to ! new movem5t1 :ile ! abuses ( ! indulg5ces 7 ! imm$iate cause ( ! revolt ( ,lu!r4 ,b ^! ?+s arriv$ only aft] _m c5turies ( successful fraud4 ,! religi\s t]rorism t 0 unscrupul\sly employ$ _h done its "w1 & ! *ief ri*es ( ,*ri/5dom _h pass$ into ! c(f]s ( ! ,*ur*4 ,x is1 inde$1 probable t religi\s t]rorism play$ a m important "p 9 ! mona/ic phase ( ,*ri/ianity ?an x _h done ev5 9 ! great "w ( ! conv]sion ( ! ,pagans4 ,al?\gh two or ?ree amiable !ologians _h made fa9t & altoge!r abortive attempts to "q ! et]nity ( puni%m5t2 al?\gh !re _h be5 "s slight diff]5ce ( op9ion conc]n+ ! future ( "s ,pagan philosoph]s :o _h liv$ be=e ! introduction ( ,*ri/ianity1 & also ^u ! "q :e!r infants :o di$ unbaptis$ 7 only depriv$ ( all joy1 or 7 actually subject$ to nev]-end+ agony1 !re 0 no "q z to ! ma9 features ( ! ,ca?olic doctr9e4 ,accord+ to ! patri/ic !ologians1 x 0 "p ( ! gospel revelation t ! mis]y & suff]+ ! human race endures ^u e>? is b a feeble image ( t :i* awaits x 9 ! future _w2 t all its memb]s beyond ! ,*ur*1 z well z a v l>ge proportion ( ^? :o are )9 its pale1 are doom$ to an et]nity ( agony 9 a lit]al & undy+ fire4 ,! mona/ic leg5ds took up ?is doctr9e1 :i* 9 itself is suffici5tly revolt+1 & !y develop$ x ) an appall+ vividness & m9ut5ess4 ,/4 ,mac>ius1 x is said1 :5 walk+ "o day ?r\gh ! des]t1 saw a skull ^u ! gr\nd4 ,he /ruck x ) 8 /aff & x began to speak4 ,x told him t x 0 ! skull ( a ,pagan prie/ :o _h liv$ be=e ! introduction ( ,*ri/ianity into ! _w1 & :o _h accord+ly be5 doom$ to hell4 ,z high z ! heav5 is above ! e>?1 s high does ! fire ( hell m\nt 9 waves above ! s\ls t are plung$ into x4 ,! damn$ s\ls 7 press$ toge!r back to back1 & ! lo/ prie/ made x 8 s+le entreaty to ! sa9t t he w\ld pray t !y might be turn$ face to face1 = he believ$ t ! sight ( a bro!r's face might af=d him "s fa9t consolation 9 ! et]nity ( agony t 0 be=e him47#ddf7 ,! /ory is well kn[n ( h[ ,/4 ,gregory1 see+ on a bas-relief a repres5tation ( ! goodness ( ,trajan to a poor wid[1 piti$ ! ,pagan emp]or1 :om he knew to be 9 hell1 & pray$ t he might be releas$4 ,he 0 told t 8 pray] 0 altoge!r unprec$5t$2 b at la/1 on 8 promis+ t he w\ld nev] (f] su* a pray] aga91 x 0 p>tially grant$4 ,trajan 0 n )drawn f hell1 b he 0 fre$ f ! torm5ts :i* ! rema9d] ( ! ,pagan _w endur$47#ddg7 ,an entire lit]ature ( visions depict+ ! torm5ts ( hell 0 soon produc$ by ! indu/ry ( ! monks4 ,! apocryphal ,gospel ( ,nicodemus1 :i* purport$ to describe ! desc5t ( ,*ri/ into ! l[] _w1 contribut$ to fo/] x2 & ,/4 ,gregory ! ,great has relat$ _m visions 9 a m fam\s "w1 :i* pr(ess$ to be compil$ ) scrupul\s v]acity f ! mo/ au!ntic s\rces17#ddh7 & ( :i* x may be confid5tly av]r$ t x sc>cely conta9s a s+le page :i* is n ta9t$ ) grotesque & delib]ate falsehood4 ,m51 x 0 said1 pass$ into a trance or tempor>y dea?1 & 7 !n c>ri$ = a "t to hell4 ,among o!rs1 a c]ta9 man nam$ ,/eph51 f ^: lips ! sa9t decl>es t he _h he>d ! tale1 _h di$ by mi/ake4 ,:5 8 s\l 0 borne to ! gates ( hell1 ! ,judge decl>$ t x 0 ano!r ,/eph5 :o 0 want$2 ! disembodi$ _s1 aft] inspect+ hell1 0 re/or$ to its =m] body1 & ! next day x 0 kn[n t ano!r ,/eph5 _h di$47#ddi7 ,volcanoes 7 ! portals ( hell1 & a h]mit _h se5 ! s\l ( ! ,arian emp]or ,!odoric1 z ,/4 ,eu*]ius aft]w>ds did ! s\l ( ,*>les ,m>tel1 c>ri$ d[n t 9 ! ,isl& ( ,lip>i47#dej7 ,! crat]s 9 ,sicily1 x 0 rem>k$1 7 cont9ually agitat$1 & cont9ually increas+1 & ?is1 z ,/4 ,gregory obs]ves1 0 probably due to ! imp5d+ ru9 ( ! _w1 :5 ! great press ( lo/ s\ls w\ld r5d] x necess>y to enl>ge ! approa*es to _! prisons47#dea7 ,b ! glimpses ( hell t are furni%$ 9 ! 8,dialogues0 ( ,/4 ,gregory appe> meagre & unimag9ative1 comp>$ ) ^? ( "s lat] monks4 ,a long s]ies ( mona/ic visions1 ( :i* t ( ,/4 ,fursey1 9 ! sev5? c5tury1 0 "o ( ! fir/1 & :i* foll[$ 9 rapid succession1 till t ( ,tundale1 9 ! twelf? c5tury1 pr(ess$ to describe ) ! mo/ detail$ accuracy ! condition ( ! lo/47#deb7 ,x is impossible to conceive m gha/ly1 grotesque1 & mat]ial conceptions ( ! future _w ?an !y ev9ce1 or m hide\s calumnies aga9/ t ,be+ :o 0 suppos$ to inflict ^u ,8 creatures su* unspeakable mis]y4 ,! devil 0 repres5t$ b\nd by r$-hot *a9s1 on a burn+ gridiron 9 ! c5tre ( hell4 ,! screams ( 8 nev]-end+ agony made its raft]s to res\nd2 b 8 h&s 7 free1 & ) ^! he seiz$ ! lo/ s\ls1 cru%$ !m l grapes aga9/ 8 tee?1 & !n drew !m by 8 brea? d[n ! fi]y cav]n ( 8 ?roat4 ,dmons ) hooks ( r$-hot iron plung$ s\ls alt]nately into fire & ice4 ,"s ( ! lo/ 7 hung up by _! tongues1 o!rs 7 sawn asund]1 o!rs gnaw$ by s]p5ts1 o!rs beat5 toge!r on an anvil & weld$ into a s+le mass1 o!rs boil$ & !n /ra9$ ?r\gh a clo?1 o!rs tw9$ 9 ! embraces ( dmons ^: limbs 7 ( flame4 ,! fire ( e>?1 x 0 said1 0 b a picture ( t ( hell4 ,! latt] 0 s immeasurably m int5se t x alone c\ld be call$ real4 ,sulphur 0 mix$ ) x1 p>tly to increase its heat1 & p>tly1 too1 9 ord] t an insuff]able /5* might be add$ to ! mis]y ( ! lo/1 :ile1 unlike o!r flames1 x emitt$1 accord+ to "s visions1 no light1 t ! horror ( d>kness might be add$ to ! horror ( pa94 ,a n>r[ bridge spann$ ! abyss1 & f x ! s\ls ( s9n]s 7 plung$ into ! d>kness t 0 bel[47#dec7 ,su* catalogues ( horrors1 ?\gh !y n[ awake 9 an educat$ man a s5tim5t ( m+l$ disgu/1 we>9ess1 & contempt1 7 able = _m c5turies to create a degree ( panic & ( mis]y we c sc>cely realise4 ,) ! exception ( ! h]etic ,pelagius1 ^: noble g5ius1 anticipat+ ! discov]ies ( mod]n sci5ce1 _h repudiat$ ! !ological notion ( dea? hav+ be5 introduc$ into ! _w on acc\nt ( ! act ( ,adam1 x 0 univ]sally held among ,*ri/ians t all ! =ms ( suff]+ & dissolution t are manife/$ on e>? 7 p5al inflictions4 ,! de/ruction ( ! _w 0 g5]ally believ$ to be at h&4 ,! m9ds ( m5 7 fill$ ) images ( ! approa*+ cata/rophe1 & innum]able leg5ds ( visible dmons 7 indu/ri\sly circulat$4 ,x 0 ! cu/om !n1 z x is ! cu/om n[1 = ,ca?olic prie/s to /a9 ! imag9ations ( "y *ildr5 by gha/ly pictures ( future mis]y1 to impr9t ^u ! virg9 m9d atroci\s images :i* !y hop$1 n unreasonably1 might prove indelible47#ded7 ,9 h\rs ( weakness & ( sickness _! ov]wr\ght fancy seem$ to see hide\s be+s hov]+ ar\nd1 & hell itself yawn+ to receive its victim4 ,/4 ,gregory describes h[ a monk1 :o1 ?\gh app>5tly a man ( exempl>y & ev5 sa9tly piety1 _h be5 accu/om$ secretly to eat meat1 saw on 8 dea?b$ a fe>ful dragon tw9+ its tail r\nd 8 body1 &1 ) op5 jaws1 suck+ 8 brea?27#dee7 & h[ a little boy ( five ye>s old1 :o _h le>nt f 8 fa!r to repeat blasphem\s words1 saw1 z he lay dy+1 exult+ dmons :o 7 wait+ to c>ry him to hell47#def7 ,to ! jaundic$ eye ( ! !ologian1 all nature seem$ /rick5 & =lorn1 & its brightness & beauty sugge/$ no ideas b ^? ( deception & ( s94 ,! r$brea/1 accord+ to "o popul> leg5d1 0 commission$ by ! ,deity to c>ry a drop ( wat] to ! s\ls ( unbaptis$ infants 9 hell1 & its brea/ 0 s+$ 9 pi]c+ ! flames47#deg7 ,9 ! calm1 /ill h\r ( ev5+1 :5 ! peasant boy ask$ :y ! s9k+ sun1 z x dipp$ b5ea? ! horizon1 flu%$ ) su* a glori\s r$1 he 0 answ]$1 9 ! words ( an old ,saxon cate*ism1 because x is !n look+ into hell47#deh7 ,x is relat$ 9 ! vision ( ,tundale1 t z he gaz$ ^u ! burn+ pla9s ( hell1 & li/5$ to ! screams ( ceaseless & hopeless agony t 7 wrung f ! suff]]s1 ! cry broke f 8 lips1 8,alas1 ,"l6 :at tru? is !re 9 :at ,i h s (t5 he>d--! e>? is fill$ ) ! m]cy ( ,god807#dei7 ,x is1 inde$1 "o ( ! mo/ curi\s ?+s 9 moral hi/ory1 to obs]ve h[ m5 :o 7 s9c]ely indignant ) ,pagan writ]s = attribut+ to _! div9ities ! frailties ( an occasional jeal\sy or an occasional s5suality--= repres5t+ !m1 9 a ^w1 l m5 ( m+l$ *>act]s & passions--h nev]!less unscrupul\sly attribut$ to _! own ,div9ity a degree ( cruelty :i* may be confid5tly said to transc5d ! utmo/ b>b>ity ( :i* human nature is capable4 ,nei!r ,n]o nor ,phal>is c\ld h look$ complac5tly = ev] on millions endur+ ! torture ( fire--mo/ ( !m because ( a crime :i* 0 committ$1 n by !mselves1 b by _! ance/ors1 or because !y _h adopt$ "s mi/ak5 conclusion on intricate que/ions ( hi/ory or metaphysics47#dfj7 ,to ^? :o d n reg>d su* tea*+ z true1 x mu/ appe> )\t exception ! mo/ odi\s 9 ! religi\s hi/ory ( ! _w1 subv]sive ( ! v f\ndations ( morals1 & well fitt$ to trans=m ! man :o at once realis$ x1 & accept$ x ) pleasure1 into a mon/] ( b>b>ity4 ,( ! writ]s ( ! m$ival p]iod1 c]ta9ly "o ( ! two or ?ree mo/ em95t 0 ,pet] ,lomb>d1 ^: 8,s5t5ces10 ?\gh n[1 ,i believe1 b little read1 7 = a long "t ! basis ( all !ological lit]ature 9 ,europe4 ,m ?an f\r ?\s& !ologians are said to h writt5 comm5t>ies ^u !m7#dfa7--;among o!rs1 ,alb]t ! ,great1 ,/4 ,bonav5tura1 & ,/4 ,?omas ,aqu9as4 ,nor is ! "w unwor?y ( its =m] reputation4 ,calm1 cle>1 logical1 subtle1 & concise1 ! au?or pr(esses to exp\nd ! :ole sy/em ( ,ca?olic !ology & e?ics1 & to reveal ! int]dep5d5ce ( _! v>i\s p>ts4 ,hav+ expla9$ ! position & ! duties1 he proce$s to exam9e ! prospects1 ( man4 ,he ma9ta9s t until ! day ( judgm5t ! inhabitants ( heav5 & hell w cont9ually see "o ano!r2 b t1 9 ! succe$+ et]nity1 ! inhabitants ( heav5 alone w see ^? ( ! opposite _w2 & he concludes 8 great "w by ?is mo/ impressive passage3 8,9 ! la/ place1 we mu/ enquire :e!r ! sight ( ! puni%m5t ( ! condemn$ w impair ! glory ( ! ble/1 or :e!r x w augm5t _! beatitude4 ,conc]n+ ?is1 ,gregory says ! sight ( ! puni%m5t ( ! lo/ w n obscure ! beatitude ( ! j2 = :5 x is accompani$ by no compassion x c be no dim9ution ( happ9ess4 ,& al?\gh _! own joys might suffice to ! j1 yet to _! great] glory !y w see ! pa9s ( ! evil1 :i* by grace !y h escap$4444 ,! elect w g =?1 n inde$ locally1 b by intellig5ce1 & by a cle> vision1 to behold ! torture ( ! impi\s1 & z !y see !m !y w n grieve4 ,_! m9ds w be sat$ ) joy z !y gaze on ! unspeakable angui% ( ! impi\s1 return+ ?anks = _! own fre$om4 ,?us ,esaias1 describ+ ! torm5ts ( ! impi\s1 & ! joy ( ! righte\s 9 witness+ x1 says3 #8,! elect 9 tru? w g out & w see ! corpses ( m5 :o h prev>icat$ aga9/ ,him2 _! worm w n die1 & !y w be to ! satiety ( vision to all fle%1 t is to ! elect4 ,! j man w rejoice :5 he %all see ! v5geance4' 07#dfb7 ,?is passion = visions ( heav5 & hell 01 9 fact1 a natural cont9uation ( ! passion = dogmatic def9ition1 :i* _h rag$ dur+ ! fif? c5tury4 ,x 0 natural t m51 ^: curiosity _h left no conceivable "q ( !ology undef9$1 %\ld h endeav\r$ to describe ) correspond+ precision ! condition ( ! dead4 ,mu*1 h[ev]1 0 due to ! halluc9ations ( solit>y & ascetic life1 & mu* m to delib]ate impo/ure4 ,x is impossible = m5 to cont9ue long 9 a condition ( extreme panic1 & sup]/ition spe$ily discov]$ rem$ies to allay ! fe>s x _h creat$4 ,if a malici\s dmon 0 hov]+ ar\nd ! believ]1 & if ! jaws ( hell 7 op5+ to receive him1 he 0 def5d$1 on ! o!r h&1 by c\ntless angels2 a lavi% gift to a *ur* or mona/]y c\ld always enli/ a sa9t 9 8 behalf1 & prie/ly p[] c\ld protect him aga9/ ! dang]s :i* prie/ly sagacity _h reveal$4 ,:5 ! angels 7 weigh+ ! good & evil de$s ( a dead man1 ! latt] 7 f\nd by f> to prepond]ate2 b a prie/ ( ,/4 ,lawr5ce came 91 & turn$ ! scale by ?r[+ d[n among ! =m] a heavy gold *alice1 :i* ! deceas$ _h giv5 to ! alt>47#dfc7 ,dagob]t 0 snat*$ f ! v arms ( dmons by ,/4 ,d5is1 ,/4 ,maurice1 & ,/4 ,m>t947#dfd7 ,*>lemagne 0 sav$1 because ! mona/]ies he _h built outweigh$ 8 evil de$s47#dfe7 ,o!rs1 :o di$ 9 mortal s91 7 rais$ f ! dead at ! desire ( _! patron sa9t1 to expiate _! guilt4 ,to amass relics1 to acquire ! patronage ( sa9ts1 to end[ mona/]ies1 to build *ur*es1 became ! *ief "p ( religion1 & ! m ! t]rors ( ! unse5 _w 7 unfold$1 ! m m5 s\ght tranquillity by ! consolations ( sup]/ition47#dff7 ,! ext5t to :i* ! cu/om ( mat]ialis+ religion 0 c>ri$1 c only be adequately realis$ by ^? :o h exam9$ ! m$ival lit]ature itself4 ,t :i* /rikes a /ud5t 9 p]us+ ?is lit]ature1 is n s mu* ! exi/5ce ( ^! sup]/itions1 z _! extraord9>y multiplication1 ! _m ?\s&s ( grotesque miracles wr\ght by sa9ts1 mona/]ies1 or relics1 t 7 delib]ately ass]t$ & univ]sally believ$4 ,*ri/ianity _h assum$ a =m t 0 q z poly!i/ic & q z idolatr\s z ! anci5t ,paganism4 ,! l[ level ( intellectual cultivation1 ! religi\s feel+s ( half-conv]t$ b>b>ians1 ! int]e/s ( ! cl]gy1 ! great social importance ( ! mona/]ies1 & p]haps also ! cu/om ( comp\nd+ = ne>ly all crimes by pecuni>y f9es1 :i* 0 s g5]al 9 ! p5al sy/em ( ! b>b>ian tribes1 comb9$ 9 _! diff]5t ways1 ) ! panic creat$ by ! fe> ( hell1 9 driv+ m5 9 ! same direction1 & ! weal? & p[] ( ! cl]gy rose to a po9t t enabl$ !m to ov]%ad[ all o!r classes4 ,!y _h f\nd1 z has be5 well said1 9 ano!r _w1 ! /&+-po9t ( ,ar*im$es f :i* !y c\ld move ?is4 ,no o!r sy/em _h ev] appe>$ s admirably fitt$ to endure = ev]4 ,! ,*ur* _h cru%$ or sil5c$ e oppon5t 9 ,*ri/5dom4 ,x _h an absolute control ov] education 9 all its bran*es & 9 all its /ages4 ,x _h absorb$ all ! speculative k & art ( ,europe4 ,x possess$ or comm&$ weal?1 rank1 & milit>y p[]4 ,x _h s direct$ its tea*+1 t ev]y?+ :i* t]rifi$ or di/ress$ mank9d drove m5 spe$ily into its arms1 & x _h cov]$ ,europe ) a va/ network ( in/itutions1 admirably adapt$ to ext5d & p]petuate its p[]4 ,9 addition to all ?is1 x _h gu>d$ ) consummate skill all ! approa*es to its citadel4 ,e d\bt 0 br&$ z a s91 & a long c\rse ( d\bt mu/ necess>ily h prec$$ ! rejection ( its t5ets4 ,all ! av5ues ( enquiry 7 pa9t$ ) images ( appall+ suff]+1 & ( malici\s dmons4 ,no soon] did ! wor%ipp] beg9 to "q any article ( fai?1 or to lose 8 confid5ce 9 ! virtue ( ! c]emonies ( 8 ,*ur*1 ?an he 0 ?reat5$ ) a doom t no human h]oism c\ld brave1 t no imag9ation c\ld contemplate undismay$4 ,( all ! suff]+ t 0 und]gone by ^? brave m5 :o 9 ages ( ignorance & sup]/ition d>$ to break loose f ! trammels ( _! ,*ur*1 & :o laid ! f\ndation ( ! lib]ty we n[ enjoy1 x is ?is :i* 0 probably ! mo/ poignant1 & :i* is ! lea/ realis$4 ,our imag9ations c reproduce ) mu* vividness gigantic massacres l ^? ( ! ,albig5ses or ( ,/4 ,b>?olomew4 ,we c conceive1 too1 ! tortures ( ! rack & ( ! boots1 ! dungeon1 ! scaffold1 & ! sl[ fire4 ,we c e/imate1 ?\gh less p]fectly1 ! angui% :i* ! bold enquir] mu/ h und]gone f ! des]tion ( ^? he mo/ de>ly lov$1 f ! hatr$ ( mank9d1 f ! malignant calumnies t 7 heap$ ^u 8 "n4 ,b 9 ! *amb] ( 8 own s\l1 9 ! h\rs ( 8 solit>y m$itation1 he mu/ h f\nd elem5ts ( a suff]+ t 0 /ill m acute4 ,taught f 8 e>lie/ *ildhood to reg>d ! ab&onm5t ( 8 h]$it>y op9ions z ! mo/ deadly ( crimes1 & to ascribe x to ! in/igation ( deceiv+ dmons1 p]suad$ t if he di$ 9 a condition ( d\bt he mu/ pass into a /ate ( ev]la/+ torture1 8 imag9ation saturat$ ) images ( ! mo/ hide\s & appall+ angui%1 he f\nd himself alone 9 ! _w1 /ruggl+ ) 8 difficulties & 8 d\bts4 ,!re exi/$ no rival sect 9 :i* he c\ld take refuge1 & :]e1 9 ! pr(ess$ agreem5t ( _m m9ds1 he c\ld =get ! ana!mas ( ! ,*ur*4 ,physical sci5ce1 t has disprov$ ! !ological !ories :i* attribute dea? to human s91 & suff]+ to ,div9e v5geance1 & all natural ph5om5a to isolat$ acts ( ,div9e int]v5tion--hi/orical criticism1 :i* has dispell$ s _m impos+ fabrics ( belief1 trac$ s _m elaborate sup]/itions to ! normal action ( ! undiscipl9$ imag9ation1 & expla9$ & def9$ ! successive phases ( religi\s progress1 7 bo? unkn[n4 ,e comet t blaz$ 9 ! sky1 e pe/il5ce t swept ov] ! l&1 appe>$ a confirmation ( ! d>k ?reats ( ! !ologian4 ,a _s ( bl9d & abject cr$ulity1 inculcat$ z ! fir/ ( duties1 & exhibit$ on all subjects & 9 all =ms1 p]vad$ ! atmosph]e he brea!d4 ,:o c e/imate aright ! ob/acles aga9/ :i* a s9c]e enquir] 9 su* an age mu/ h /ruggl$8 ,:o c conceive ! secret angui% he mu/ h endur$ 9 ! long mon?s or ye>s dur+ :i* rival argum5ts ga9$ an alt]nate sway ov] 8 judgm5t1 :ile all d\bt 0 /ill reg>d$ z damnable8 ,& ev5 :5 8 m9d 0 conv9c$1 8 imag9ation w\ld /ill (t5 rev]t to 8 old belief4 ,our ?\ghts 9 aft] ye>s fl[ spontane\sly1 & ev5 unconsci\sly1 9 ! *annels t are =m$ 9 y\?4 ,9 mom5ts :5 ! controll+ judgm5t has relax$ its grasp1 old intellectual habits reassume _! sway1 & images pa9t$ on ! imag9ation w live1 :5 ! intellectual propositions on :i* !y re/$ h be5 :olly ab&on$4 ,9 h\rs ( weakness1 ( sickness1 & ( dr[s9ess1 9 ! fev]i% & anxi\s mom5ts t are kn[n to all1 :5 ! m9d floats passively ^u ! /ream1 ! phantoms :i* reason _h exorcis$ mu/ h (t5 reappe>$1 & ! bitt]ness ( an anci5t tyranny mu/ h ent]$ into 8 s\l4 ,x is "o ( ! greate/ ( ! _m s]vices t 7 r5d]$ to mank9d by ! ,tr\bad\rs1 t !y ca/ su* a flood ( ridicule ^u ! visions ( hell1 by :i* ! monks _h be5 accu/om$ to t]rify mank9d1 t !y completely discr$it$ & almo/ suppress$ !m47#dfg7 ,:e!r1 h[ev]1 ! ,ca?olic m9d1 if unassi/$ by ! lit]ature ( ,paganism & by ! indep5d5t ?9k]s :o grew up "u ! %elt] ( ,mohamm$anism1 c\ld h ev] unw\nd ! *a9s t _h b\nd x1 may well be que/ion$4 ,! gr[? ( t[ns1 :i* multipli$ secul> int]e/s & feel+s1 ! revival ( le>n+1 ! depression ( ! ecclesia/ical classes t foll[$ ! crusades1 &1 at la/1 ! dislocation ( ,*ri/5dom by ! ,re=mation1 gradually impair$ ! ecclesia/ical doctr9e1 :i* ceas$ to be realis$ be=e x ceas$ to be believ$4 ,!re 01 h[ev]1 ano!r doctr9e :i* ex]cis$ a /ill great] influ5ce 9 augm5t+ ! ri*es ( ! cl]gy1 & 9 mak+ donations to ! ,*ur* ! *ief "p ( religion4 ,i allude1 ( c\rse1 to ! doctr9e ( purgatory4 ,a di/+ui%$ mod]n apologi/ = ! middle ages has made ?is doctr9e ! object ( 8 special & v *>act]i/ic eulogy1 because1 z he says1 by provid+ a f9ite puni%m5t graduat$ to e v>iety ( guilt1 & adapt$ = ^? :o1 )\t be+ suffici5tly virtu\s to pass at once into heav51 did n appe> suffici5tly vici\s to pass into hell1 x =m$ an indisp5sable corrective to ! extreme t]rorism ( ! doctr9e ( et]nal puni%m5t47#dfh7 ,?is is "o ( ^? !ories :i*1 ?\gh exce$+ly popul> ) a class ( writ]s :o are n )\t influ5ce 9 our day1 mu/ appe>1 ,i ?9k1 almo/ grotesque to ^? :o h exam9$ ! actual op]ation ( ! doctr9e dur+ ! middle ages4 ,accord+ to ! practical tea*+ ( ! ,*ur*1 ! expiatory p[]s at ! disposal ( its cl]gy 7 s great1 t ^? :o di$ believ+ its doctr9es1 & =tifi$ 9 _! la/ h\rs by its rites1 _h no cause :atev] to dread ! t]rors ( hell4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ^? :o di$ ext]nal to ! ,*ur* _h no prospect ( ent]+ into purgatory4 ,?is latt] 0 design$ altoge!r = true believ]s2 x 0 *iefly prea*$ at a "t :5 no "o 0 9 ! lea/ dispos$ to "q ! p[]s ( ! ,*ur* to absolve any crime1 h[ev] he9\s1 or to free ! wor/ m5 f hell1 & x 0 assur$ly nev] reg>d$ 9 ! light ( a consolation4 ,inde$1 ! popul> pictures ( purgatory 7 s t]rific t x may be d\bt$ :e!r ! imag9ation c\ld ev] fully realise1 ?\gh ! reason c\ld easily recognise1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ?is /ate & t ( ! lo/4 ,! fire ( purgatory1 accord+ to ! mo/ em95t !ologians1 0 l ! fire ( hell--a lit]al fire1 prolong$1 x 0 sometimes said1 = ages4 ,! declamations ( ! pulpit describ$ ! suff]+s ( ! sav$ s\ls 9 purgatory z incalculably great] ?an any t 7 endur$ by ! mo/ wret*$ mortals ^u e>?47#dfi7 ,! rude arti/s ( m$ivalism exhau/$ _! ef=ts 9 depict+ ! wri?+s ( ! dead 9 ! flames t encircl$ !m4 ,innum]able visions detail$ ) a gha/ly m9ut5ess ! v>i\s k9ds ( torture !y und]w5t17#dgj7 & ! monk1 :o describ$ :at he pr(ess$ to h se51 usually end$ by ! *>act]i/ic moral1 t c\ld m5 only realise ^? suff]+s1 !y w\ld %r9k f no sacrifice to rescue _! fri5ds f su* a /ate4 ,a special place1 x 0 said1 0 res]v$ 9 purgatory = ^? :o _h be5 sl[ 9 pay+ _! ti!s47#dga7 ,/4 ,gregory tells a curi\s /ory ( a man :o 01 9 o!r respects1 ( admirable virtue2 b :o1 9 a conte/$ election = ! pop$om1 support$ ! wrong c&idate1 & )\t1 z x w\ld appe>1 9 any degree refus+ to obey ! successful c&idate :5 elect$1 cont9u$ secretly ( op9ion t ! *oice 0 an unwise "o4 ,he 0 accord+ly plac$ = "s "t aft] dea? 9 boil+ wat]47#dgb7 ,:atev] may be ?\ght ( its o!r aspects1 x is impossible to avoid recognis+ 9 ?is tea*+ a ma/]ly skill 9 ! adaptation ( means to ends1 :i* almo/ rises to arti/ic beauty4 ,a sy/em :i* deput$ its m9i/] to g to ! unhappy wid[ 9 ! fir/ d>k h\r ( h] angui% & h] desolation1 to tell h] t he :o 0 de>] to h] ?an all ! _w besides 0 n[ burn+ 9 a fire1 & t he c\ld only be reliev$ by a gift ( money to ! prie/s1 0 assur$ly ( its own k9d n )\t an extraord9>y m]it4 ,if we attempt to realise ! moral condition ( ! society ( ,we/]n ,europe 9 ! p]iod t elaps$ betwe5 ! d[nfall ( ! ,roman ,empire & ,*>lemagne1 dur+ :i* ! religi\s trans=mations ,i h notic$ *iefly arose1 we %all be met by "s =midable difficulties4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 our mat]ials are v scanty4 ,f ! ye> ,a4,d4 #fdb1 :5 ! meagre *ronicle ( ,fr$ig>ius closes1 to ! biography ( ,*>lemagne by ,eg9h>d1 a c5tury lat]1 !re is an almo/ complete blank 9 tru/wor?y hi/ory1 & we are r$uc$ to a few scanty & v d\btful notices 9 ! *ronicles ( mona/]ies1 ! lives ( sa9ts1 & ! decrees ( ,c\ncils4 ,all secul> lit]ature _h almo/ disappe>$1 & ! ?\ght ( po/]ity seems to h vani%$ f ! _w47#dgc7 ,( ! fir/ half ( ! sev5? c5tury1 h[ev]1 & ( ! two c5turies t prec$$ x1 we h mu* in=mation f ,gregory ( ,t\rs1 & ,fr$ig>ius1 ^: t$i\s & repulsive pages illu/rate ) consid]able cle>ness ! conflict ( races & ! dislocation ( gov]nm5ts t = c5turies exi/$4 ,9 ,italy1 ! traditions & habits ( ! old ,empire _h 9 "s degree reass]t$ _! sway2 b 9 ,gaul ! ,*ur* subsi/$ 9 ! mid/ ( b>b>ians1 ^: native vig\r _h nev] be5 emasculat$ by civilisation & ref9$ by k4 ,! picture :i* ,gregory ( ,t\rs gives u is t ( a society :i* 0 almo/ absolutely an>*ical4 ,! m9d is fatigu$ by ! monoton\s acc\nt ( acts ( viol5ce & ( fraud spr++ f no fix$ policy1 t5d+ to no end1 leav+ no la/+ impress ^u ! _w47#dgd7 ,! two que5s ,frdgonde & ,brunehaut rise conspicu\s above o!r figures = _! fi]ce & undaunt$ ambition1 = ! fasc9ation !y ex]cis$ ov] ! m9ds ( multitudes1 & = ! numb] & atrocity ( _! crimes4 ,all classes seem to h be5 almo/ equally ta9t$ ) vice4 ,we read ( a bi%op nam$ ,caut9us1 :o _h to be c>ri$1 :5 intoxicat$1 by f\r m5 f ! table27#dge7 :o1 ^u ! refusal ( "o ( 8 prie/s to surr5d] "s private prop]ty1 delib]ately ord]$ t prie/ to be buri$ alive1 & :o1 :5 ! victim1 escap+ by a happy *ance f ! sepul*re 9 :i* he _h be5 immur$1 reveal$ ! crime1 receiv$ no great] puni%m5t ?an a c5sure47#dgf7 ,! wor/ sov]eigns f\nd flatt]]s or ag5ts 9 ecclesia/ics4 ,frdgonde deput$ two cl]ks to murd] ,*ildeb]t17#dgg7 & ano!r cl]k to murd] ,brunehaut27#dgh7 %e caus$ a bi%op ( ,r\5 to be assass9at$ at ! alt>--a bi%op & an ar*deacon be+ h] accomplices27#dgi7 & %e f\nd 9 ano!r bi%op1 nam$ gidius1 "o ( h] mo/ devot$ in/rum5ts & fri5ds47#dhj7 ,! pope1 ,/4 ,gregory ! ,great1 0 an ard5t flatt]] ( ,brunehaut47#dha7 ,gundebald1 hav+ murd]$ 8 ?ree bro!rs1 0 consol$ by ,/4 ,avitus1 ! bi%op ( ,vi5ne1 :o1 )\t intimat+ ! slighte/ disapprobation ( ! act1 assur$ him t by remov+ 8 rivals he _h be5 a provid5tial ag5t 9 pres]v+ ! happ9ess ( 8 p47#dhb7 ,! bi%oprics 7 fill$ by m5 ( notori\s debau*]y1 or by grasp+ mis]s47#dhc7 ,! prie/s sometimes celebrat$ ! sacr$ my/]ies 8gorg$ ) food & dull ) w9e407#dhd7 ,!y _h already begun to c>ry arms1 & ,gregory tells ( two bi%ops ( ! six? c5tury :o _h kill$ _m enemies ) _! own h&s47#dhe7 ,!re 0 sc>cely a reign t 0 n m>k$ by "s atroci\s dome/ic trag$y4 ,!re 7 few sov]eigns :o 7 n guilty ( at lea/ "o delib]ate murd]4 ,nev]1 p]haps1 0 ! infliction ( mutilation1 & prolong$ & agonis+ =ms ( dea?1 m common4 ,we read1 among o!r atrocities1 ( a bi%op be+ driv5 to a di/ant place ( exile ^u a b$ ( ?orns27#dhf7 ( a k+ burn+ toge!r 8 rebelli\s son1 8 daught]-9-law1 & _! daught]s27#dhg7 ( a que5 condemn+ a daught] %e _h _h by a =m] m>riage to be dr[n$1 le/ h] beauty %\ld excite ! passions ( h] husb&27#dhh7 ( ano!r que5 endeav\r+ to /rangle h] daught] ) h] own h&s27#dhi7 ( an abbot1 compell+ a poor man to ab&on 8 h\se1 t he might commit adult]y ) 8 wife1 & be+ murd]$1 toge!r ) 8 p>tn]1 9 ! act27#dij7 ( a pr9ce :o made x an habitual amusem5t to torture 8 slaves ) fire1 & :o buri$ two ( !m alive1 because !y _h m>ri$ )\t 8 p]mission27#dia7 ( a bi%op's wife1 :o1 besides o!r crimes1 0 accu/om$ to mutilate m5 & to torture wom51 by apply+ r$-hot irons to ! mo/ s5sitive p>ts ( _! bodies27#dib7 ( great numb]s :o 7 depriv$ ( _! e>s & noses1 tortur$ ?r\gh sev]al days1 & at la/ burnt alive or brok5 sl[ly on ! :eel4 ,brunehaut1 at ! close ( h] long & 9 "s respects great ?\gh guilty c>e]1 fell into ! h&s ( ,clotaire1 & ! old que51 hav+ be5 subject$ = ?ree days to v>i\s k9ds ( torture1 0 l$ out on a camel = ! d]ision ( ! army1 & at la/ b\nd to ! tail ( a furi\s horse1 & da%$ to pieces 9 its c\rse47#dic7 ,& yet ?is age 01 9 a c]ta9 s5se1 em95tly religi\s4 ,all lit]ature _h become sacr$4 ,h]esy ( e k9d 0 rapidly expir+4 ,! prie/s & monks _h acquir$ enorm\s p[]1 & _! weal? 0 inord9ately increas+47#did7 ,sev]al sov]eigns volunt>ily ab&on$ _! ?rones = ! mona/ic life47#die7 ,! sev5? c5tury1 :i*1 toge!r ) ! eigh?1 =ms ! d>ke/ p]iod ( ! d>k ages1 is fam\s 9 ! hagiology z hav+ produc$ m sa9ts ?an any o!r c5tury1 except t ( ! m>tyrs47#dif7 ,! mann] 9 :i* ev5ts 7 reg>d$ by hi/orians 0 also exce$+ly *>act]i/ic4 ,our pr9cipal au?ority1 ,gregory ( ,t\rs1 0 a bi%op ( great em95ce1 & a man ( ! mo/ g5u9e piety1 & ( v /rong affections47#dig7 ,he describes 8 "w z a record 8( ! virtues ( sa9ts1 & ! disa/]s ( nations207#dih7 & ! /ud5t :o turns to 8 pages f ^? ( ! ,pagan hi/orians1 is n m /ruck by ! extreme prom95ce he gives to ecclesia/ical ev5ts1 ?an by ! uni=m mann] 9 :i* he views all secul> ev5ts 9 _! religi\s aspect1 z gov]n$ & direct$ by a special ,provid5ce4 ,yet1 9 que/ions :]e ! diff]5ce betwe5 or?odoxy & het]odoxy is conc]n$1 8 e?ics sometimes exhibit ! mo/ s+ul> di/ortion4 ,( ?is1 probably ! mo/ impressive example is ! mann] 9 :i* he has describ$ ! c>e] ( ,clovis1 ! great repres5tative ( or?odoxy47#dii7 ,hav+ rec\nt$ ! circum/ances ( 8 conv]sion1 ,gregory proce$s to tell u1 ) undisguis$ admiration1 h[ t *iefta91 z ! fir/-fruits ( 8 doctr9e1 pr(ess$ to be griev$ at see+ t "p ( ,gaul 0 held by an ,arian sov]eign2 h[ he accord+ly resolv$ to invade & appropriate t t]ritory2 h[1 ) admirable piety1 he comm&$ 8 soldi]s to ab/a9 f all deva/ations :5 trav]s+ ! t]ritory ( ,/4 ,m>t91 & h[ sev]al miracles atte/$ ! ,div9e approbation ( ! exp$ition4 ,! w>--:i* is ! fir/ ( ! long s]ies ( pr(ess$ly religi\s w>s t h be5 und]tak5 by ,*ri/ians--0 fully successful1 & ,clovis proce$$ to direct 8 ambition to new fields4 ,9 8 exp$ition aga9/ ! ,arians1 he _h f\nd a fai?ful ally 9 8 relative ,sigheb]t1 ! old & infirm k+ ( ! ,ripu>ian ,franks4 ,clovis n[ proce$$ artfully to sugge/ to ! son ( ,sigheb]t ! advantages t son might obta9 by 8 fa!r's dea?4 ,! h9t 0 tak54 ,sigheb]t 0 murd]$1 & ,clovis s5t ambassadors to ! p>ricide1 pr(ess+ a w>m fri5d%ip1 b ) secret ord]s on ! fir/ opportunity to kill him4 ,?is be+ done1 & ! k+dom be+ left entirely )\t a head1 ,clovis proce$$ to ,cologne1 ! capital ( ,sigheb]t2 he assembl$ ! p1 pr(ess$ ) mu* solemnity 8 horror ( ! trag$ies t _h tak5 place1 & 8 complete innoc5ce ( all connection ) !m27#ejj7 b sugge/$ t1 z !y 7 n[ )\t a rul]1 !y %\ld place !mselves "u 8 protection4 ,! proposition 0 receiv$ ) acclamation4 ,! w>riors elect$ him z _! k+1 & ?us1 says ! episcopal hi/orian1 8,clovis receiv$ ! treasures & dom9ions ( ,sigheb]t1 & add$ !m to 8 own4 ,e day ,god caus$ 8 enemies to fall b5ea? 8 h&1 & enl>g$ 8 k+dom1 because he walk$ ) a "r he>t be=e ! ,"l1 & did ! ?+s t 7 pleas+ 9 ,8 sight407#eja7 ,8 ambition 01 h[ev]1 /ill unsat$4 ,he proce$$1 9 a succession ( exp$itions1 to unite ! :ole ( ,gaul "u 8 sceptre1 invad+1 defeat+1 captur+1 & slay+ ! lawful sov]eigns1 :o 7 = ! mo/ "p 8 own relations4 ,hav+ secur$ himself aga9/ dang]s f )\t1 by kill+ all 8 relations1 ) ! exception ( 8 wife & *ildr51 he is report$ to h lam5t$ be=e 8 c\rti]s 8 isolation1 decl>+ t he _h no relations rema9+ 9 ! _w to assi/ him 9 8 adv]sity2 b ?is spee*1 ,gregory assures u1 0 a /ratagem2 = ! k+ desir$ to discov] :e!r any possible pret5d] to ! ?rone _h escap$ 8 k & 8 sword4 ,soon aft]1 he di$1 full ( ye>s & hon\rs1 & 0 buri$ 9 a ca!dral :i* he _h built4 ,hav+ rec\nt$ all ^! ?+s ) unmov$ composure1 ,gregory ( ,t\rs reque/s 8 read] to p]mit him to pause1 to draw ! moral ( ! hi/ory4 ,x is ! admirable mann] 9 :i* ,provid5ce guides all ?+s = ! b5efit ( ^? ^: op9ions conc]n+ ! ,tr9ity are /rictly or?odox4 ,hav+ briefly ref]r$ to ,abraham1 ,jacob1 ,moses1 ,a>on1 & ,david1 all ( :om are said to h intimat$ ! correct doctr9e on ?is subject1 & all ( :om 7 exce$+ly prosp]\s1 he passes to m mod]n times4 8,arius1 ! impi\s f\nd] ( ! impi\s sect1 8 entrails hav+ fall5 out1 pass$ into ! flames ( hell2 b ,hil>y1 ! bless$ def5d] ( ! undivid$ ,tr9ity1 ?\gh exil$ on t acc\nt1 f\nd 8 c\ntry 9 ,p>adise4 ,! ,k+ ,clovis1 :o confess$ ! ,tr9ity1 & by its assi/ance cru%$ ! h]etics1 ext5d$ 8 dom9ions ?r\gh all ,gaul4 ,al>ic1 :o d5i$ ! ,tr9ity1 0 depriv$ ( 8 k+dom & 8 subjects1 &1 :at 0 f> worse1 0 puni%$ 9 ! future _w407#ejb7 ,x w\ld be easy to cite o!r1 ?\gh p]haps n q su* /rik+1 in/ances ( ! degree 9 :i* ! moral judgm5ts ( ?is unhappy age 7 di/ort$ by sup]/ition47#ejc7 ,que/ions ( or?odoxy1 or que/ions ( fa/+1 appe>$ to ! popul> m9d immeasurably m important ?an :at we %\ld n[ call ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( "r & wrong4 ,a law ( ,*>lemagne1 & also a law ( ! ,saxons1 condemn$ to dea? any "o :o ate meat 9 ,l5t17#ejd7 unless ! prie/ 0 satisfi$ t x 0 a matt] ( absolute necessity4 ,! moral en?usiasm ( ! age *iefly drove m5 to ab&on _! civic or dome/ic duties1 to immure !mselves 9 mona/]ies1 & to wa/e _! /r5g? by prolong$ & extravagant mac]ation47#eje7 ,yet1 9 ! mid/ ( all ?is sup]/ition1 !re c be no "q t 9 "s respects ! religi\s ag5cies 7 op]at+ = good4 ,! mona/ic bodies t ev]y:]e arose1 =m$ secure asylums = ! multitudes :o _h be5 p]secut$ by _! enemies1 con/itut$ an invaluable c\nt]poise to ! rude milit>y =ces ( ! "t1 famili>is$ ! imag9ation ( m5 ) religi\s types t c\ld h>dly fail 9 "s degree to s(t5 ! "*1 & l$ ! way 9 mo/ =ms ( peaceful lab\r4 ,:5 m51 fill$ ) admiration at ! reports ( ! sanctity & ! miracles ( "s illu/ri\s sa9t1 made pilgrimages to behold him1 & f\nd him attir$ 9 ! rude g>b ( a peasant1 ) ?ick %oes1 & ) a scy! on 8 %\ld]1 sup]9t5d+ ! lab\rs ( ! f>m]s17#ejf7 or sitt+ 9 a small attic m5d+ lamps17#ejg7 :atev] o!r b5efit !y might d]ive f ! int]view1 !y c\ld sc>cely fail to return ) an increas$ s5se ( ! dignity ( lab\r4 ,x 0 probably at ?is "t z mu* = ! b5efit ( ! _w z ( ! ,*ur*1 t ! ecclesia/ical sanctu>ies & e/ates %\ld rema9 inviolate1 & ! num]\s leg5ds ( ,div9e puni%m5t hav+ ov]tak5 ^? :o transgress$ !m17#ejh7 atte/ ! zeal ) :i* ! cl]gy s\ght to e/abli% t inviolability4 ,! great sanctity t 0 atta*$ to holidays 0 also an important boon to ! s]vile classes4 ,! celebration ( ! fir/ day ( ! week1 9 commemoration ( ! resurrection1 & z a p]iod ( religi\s ex]cises1 dates f ! e>lie/ age ( ! ,*ur*4 ,! ,*ri/ian fe/ival 0 c>efully di/+ui%$ f ! ,jewi% ,sabba?1 ) :i* x nev] appe>s to h be5 conf\nd$ till ! close ( ! sixte5? c5tury2 b "s ,jewi% conv]ts1 :o consid]$ ! ,jewi% law to be /ill 9 =ce1 obs]v$ bo? days4 ,9 g5]al1 h[ev]1 ! ,*ri/ian fe/ival alone 0 obs]v$1 & ! ,jewi% ,sabbatical obligation1 z ,/4 ,paul mo/ explicitly affirms1 no long] re/$ ^u ! ,*ri/ians4 ,! gr\nds ( ! obs]vance ( ,sunday 7 ! manife/ propriety & exp$i5cy ( devot+ a c]ta9 portion ( "t to dev\t ex]cises1 ! tradition :i* trac$ ! sanctification ( ,sunday to apo/olic times1 & ! "r ( ! ,*ur* to appo9t c]ta9 seasons to be kept holy by its memb]s4 ,:5 ,*ri/ianity acquir$ an asc5dancy 9 ! ,empire1 its policy on ?is subject 0 manife/$ 9 "o ( ! laws ( ,con/ant9e1 :i*1 )\t mak+ any direct ref]5ce to religi\s motives1 ord]$ t1 8on ! day ( ! sun10 no s]vile "w %\ld be p]=m$ except agriculture1 :i*1 be+ dep5d5t on ! wea!r1 c\ld n1 x 0 ?\ght1 be reasonably po/pon$4 ,!odosius took a /ep fur!r1 & suppress$ ! public spectacles on t day4 ,dur+ ! c5turies t imm$iately foll[$ ! dissolution ( ! ,roman ,empire1 ! cl]gy devot$ !mselves ) great & praisewor?y zeal to ! suppression ( lab\r bo? on ,sundays & on ! o!r lead+ ,*ur* holidays4 ,m ?an "o law 0 made1 =bidd+ all ,sunday lab\r1 & ?is prohibition 0 reit]at$ by ,*>lemagne 9 8 ,capitul>ies47#eji7 ,sev]al ,c\ncils made decrees on ! subject17#eaj7 & sev]al leg5ds 7 circulat$1 ( m5 :o _h be5 afflict$ miracul\sly ) disease or ) dea?1 = hav+ be5 guilty ( ?is s947#eaa7 ,al?\gh ! moral side ( religion 0 greatly degrad$ or =gott51 !re 01 z ,i h already intimat$1 "o important exception4 ,*>ity 0 s int]wov5 ) ! sup]/iti\s p>ts ( ecclesia/ical tea*+1 t x cont9u$ to gr[ & n\ri% 9 ! d>ke/ p]iod4 ,( ! acts ( ,que5 ,ba?ilda1 x is said we "k no?+ except h] donations to ! mona/]ies1 & ! *>ity ) :i* %e pur*as$ slaves & captives1 & releas$ !m or conv]t$ !m into monks47#eab7 ,:ile _m ( ! bi%ops 7 m5 ( gross & sc&al\s vice1 !re 7 always "s :o lab\r$ assidu\sly 9 ! old episcopal vocation ( protect+ ! oppress$1 int]c$+ = ! captives1 & op5+ _! sanctu>ies to ! fugitives4 ,/4 ,g]manus1 a bi%op ( ,p>is1 ne> ! close ( ! six? c5tury1 0 especially fam\s = 8 zeal 9 ransom+ captives47#eac7 ,! fame he acquir$ 0 s great1 t prison]s are said to h call$ ^u him to assi/ !m1 9 ! int]val betwe5 8 dea? & 8 burial2 & ! body ( ! sa9t becom+ miracul\sly heavy1 x 0 f\nd impossible to c>ry x to ! grave till ! captives _h be5 releas$47#ead7 ,9 ! mid/ ( ! complete eclipse ( all secul> le>n+1 9 ! mid/ ( a reign ( ignorance1 impo/ure1 & cr$ulity :i* _c be p>allel$ 9 hi/ory1 !re grew up a va/ leg5d>y lit]ature1 clu/]+ ar\nd ! =m ( ! ascetic2 & ! lives ( ! sa9ts1 among v mu* t is grotesque1 *ildi%1 & ev5 immoral1 conta9 "s fragm5ts ( ! pure/ & mo/ t\*+ religi\s poetry47#eae7 ,b ! *ief title ( ! p]iod we are consid]+1 to ! indulg5ce ( po/]ity1 lies 9 its mission>y lab\rs4 ,! /ream ( mission>ies :i* _h at fir/ fl[$ f ,pale/9e & ,italy began to fl[ f ! ,we/4 ,! ,iri% mona/]ies furni%$ ! e>lie/1 & probably ! mo/ num]\s1 lab\r]s 9 ! field4 ,a great portion ( ! nor? ( ,engl& 0 conv]t$ by ! ,iri% monks ( ,l9disf>ne4 ,! fame ( ,/4 ,columbanus 9 ,gaul1 9 ,g]many1 & 9 ,italy1 = a "t ev5 balanc$ t ( ,/4 ,b5$ict himself1 & ! s*ool :i* he f\nd$ at ,luxeuil became ! great sem9>y = m$ival mission>ies1 :ile ! mona/]y he plant$ at ,bobbio cont9u$ to ! pres5t c5tury4 ,! ,iri% mission>y1 ,/4 ,gall1 gave 8 "n to a portion ( ,switz]l& he _h conv]t$1 & a cr[d ( o!r ,iri% mission>ies p5etrat$ to ! remote/ =e/s ( ,g]many4 ,! movem5t :i* began ) ,/4 ,columba 9 ! middle ( ! six? c5tury1 0 communicat$ to ,engl& & ,gaul ab\t a c5tury lat]4 ,e>ly 9 ! eigh? c5tury x f\nd a great lead] 9 ! ,anglo-,saxon ,/4 ,boniface1 :o spread ,*ri/ianity f> & wide ?r\gh ,g]many1 & at once excit$ & discipl9$ an ard5t en?usiasm1 :i* appe>s to h attract$ all t 0 morally be/ 9 ! ,*ur*4 ,dur+ ab\t ?ree c5turies1 & :ile ,europe _h sunk into ! mo/ extreme moral1 intellectual1 & political degradation1 a con/ant /ream ( mission>ies p\r$ =? f ! mona/]ies1 :o spread ! k ( ! ,cross & ! se$s ( a future civilisation ?r\gh e l&1 f ,lomb>dy to ,sw$547#eaf7 ,on ! :ole1 h[ev]1 x w\ld be difficult to exagg]ate ! sup]/ition & ! vice ( ! p]iod betwe5 ! dissolution ( ! ,empire & ! reign ( ,*>lemagne4 ,b 9 ! mid/ ( ! *aos ! elem5ts ( a new society may be detect$1 & we may already obs]ve 9 embryo ! movem5t :i* ultimately issu$ 9 ! crusades1 ! feudal sy/em1 & *ivalry4 ,x is exclusively ) ! moral aspect ( ?is movem5t t ! pres5t "w is conc]n$1 & ,i %all endeav\r1 9 ! rema9d] ( ?is *apt]1 to describe & expla9 its incipi5t /ages4 ,x consi/$ ( two p>ts--a fusion ( ,*ri/ianity ) ! milit>y _s1 & an increas+ rev]5ce = secul> rank4 ,x _h be5 an anci5t maxim ( ! ,greeks1 t no m acceptable gifts c be (f]$ 9 ! temples ( ! gods1 ?an ! trophies won f an enemy 9 battle47#eag7 ,( ?is milit>y religion ,*ri/ianity _h be5 at fir/ ! extreme negation4 ,i h already _h occasion to obs]ve t x _h be5 "o ( its e>lie/ rules t no arms %\ld be introduc$ )9 ! *ur*1 & t soldi]s return+ ev5 f ! mo/ righte\s w> %\ld n be admitt$ to communion until aft] a p]iod ( p5ance & purification4 ,a p[]ful p>ty1 :i* c\nt$ among its lead]s ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 ,t]tullian1 ,orig51 ,lactantius1 & ,basil1 ma9ta9$ t all w>f>e 0 unlawful = ^? :o _h be5 conv]t$2 & ?is op9ion _h its m>tyr 9 ! celebrat$ ,maximilianus1 :o suff]$ dea? "u ,diocletian solely because1 hav+ be5 enroll$ z a soldi]1 he decl>$ t he 0 a ,*ri/ian1 & t !re=e he c\ld n fight4 ,! ext5t to :i* ?is doctr9e 0 dissem9at$ has be5 sugge/$ ) mu* plausibility z "o ( ! causes ( ! ,diocletian p]secution47#eah7 ,x 0 ! subject ( "o ( ! reproa*es ( ,celsus2 & ,orig51 9 reply1 frankly accept$ ! accusation t ,*ri/ianity 0 incompatible ) milit>y s]vice1 ?\gh he ma9ta9$ t ! pray]s ( ! ,*ri/ians 7 m efficaci\s ?an ! swords ( ! legions47#eai7 ,at ! same "t1 !re c be no "q t _m ,*ri/ians1 f a v e>ly date1 did enli/ 9 ! army1 & t !y 7 n cut (f f ! ,*ur*4 ,! leg5d ( ! ?und]+ legion1 "u ,m>cus ,aurelius1 :atev] we may ?9k ( ! pret5d$ miracle1 atte/$ ! fact1 & x is expressly ass]t$ by ,t]tullian47#ebj7 ,! fir/ fury ( ! ,diocletian p]secution fell ^u ,*ri/ian soldi]s1 & by ! "t ( ,con/ant9e ! army appe>s to h become1 9 a great degree1 ,*ri/ian4 ,a ,c\ncil ( ,arles1 "u ,con/ant9e1 condemn$ soldi]s :o1 ?r\gh religi\s motives1 des]t$ _! col\rs2 & ,/4 ,augu/9e ?rew 8 great influ5ce into ! same scale4 ,b ev5 :]e ! call+ 0 n reg>d$ z s9ful1 x 0 /rongly disc\rag$4 ,! ideal or type ( supreme excell5ce conceiv$ by ! imag9ation ( ! ,pagan _w & to :i* all _! pure/ moral en?usiasm naturally aspir$1 0 ! patriot & soldi]4 ,! ideal ( ! ,ca?olic leg5ds 0 ! ascetic1 ^: fir/ duty 0 to ab&on all secul> feel+s & ties4 ,9 mo/ family circles ! conflict betwe5 ! two pr9ciples appe>$1 & 9 ! moral atmosph]e ( ! f\r? & fif? c5turies x 0 almo/ c]ta9 t e "y man :o 0 animat$ by any pure or g5u9e en?usiasm w\ld turn f ! army to ! monks4 ,/4 ,m>t91 ,/4 ,f]reol1 ,/4 ,t>ra*us1 & ,/4 ,victricius1 7 among ^? :o ?r\gh religi\s motives ab&on$ ! army47#eba7 ,:5 ,ulphilas translat$ ! ,bible into ,go?ic1 he is said to h except$ ! f\r books ( ,k+s1 ?r\gh fe> t !y might enc\rage ! m>tial disposition ( ! b>b>ians47#ebb7 ,! fir/ influ5ce t contribut$ to br+ ! milit>y pr(ession into fri5dly connection ) religion 0 ! receiv$ doctr9e conc]n+ ! ,provid5tial gov]nm5t ( affairs4 ,x 0 g5]ally taught t all national cata/rophes 7 p5al inflictions1 result+1 = ! mo/ "p1 f ! vices or ! religi\s errors ( ! lead+ m51 & t temporal prosp]ity 0 ! rew>d ( or?odoxy & virtue4 ,a great battle1 on ! issue ( :i* ! =tunes ( a p or ( a mon>* dep5d$1 0 !re=e suppos$ to be ! special occasion ( ,provid5tial int]position1 & ! hope ( obta9+ milit>y success became "o ( ! mo/ frequ5t motives ( conv]sion4 ,! conv]sion ( ,con/ant9e 0 pr(ess$ly1 & ! conv]sion ( ,clovis 0 p]haps really1 due to ! p]suasion t ! ,div9e int]position _h 9 a critical mom5t giv5 !m ! victory2 & ,i h already notic$ h[ l>ge a "p mu/ be assign$ to ?is ord] ( ideas 9 facilitat+ ! progress ( ,*ri/ianity among ! b>b>ians4 ,:5 a cross 0 said to h appe>$ miracul\sly to ,con/ant9e1 ) an inscription ann\nc+ ! victory ( ! ,milvian bridge2 :5 ! same holy sign1 adorn$ ) ! sacr$ monogram1 0 c>ri$ 9 ! =efront ( ! ,roman armies2 :5 ! nails ( ! cross1 :i* ,hel5a _h br\ght f ,j]usalem1 7 conv]t$ by ! emp]or into a helmet1 & into bits = 8 w>-horse1 x 0 evid5t t a great *ange 0 pass+ ov] ! once pacific _s ( ! ,*ur*47#ebc7 ,_m circum/ances conspir$ to accel]ate x4 ,nor!rn tribes1 :o _h be5 taught t ! gates ( ! ,walhalla 7 ev] op5 to ! w>rior :o pres5t$ himself /a9$ ) ! blood ( 8 vanqui%$ enemies1 7 conv]t$ to ,*ri/ianity2 b !y c>ri$ _! old feel+s into _! new cre$4 ,! conflict ( _m races1 & ! p>alysis ( all gov]nm5t t foll[$ ! fall ( ! ,empire1 made =ce ev]y:]e dom9ant1 & petty w>s incessant4 ,! milit>y obligations atta*$ to ! 8b5efices0 :i* ! sov]eigns gave to _! lead+ *iefs1 connect$ ! idea ( milit>y s]vice ) t ( rank /ill m closely ?an x _h be5 connect$ be=e1 & r5d]$ x d\bly hon\rable 9 ! eyes ( m54 ,_m bi%ops & abbots1 p>tly f ! turbul5ce ( _! times & *>act]s1 & p>tly1 at a lat] p]iod1 f _! position z great feudal lords1 7 accu/om$ to lead _! foll[]s 9 battle2 & ?is cu/om1 ?\gh prohibit$ by ,*>lemagne1 may be trac$ to s late a p]iod z ! battle ( ,ag9c\rt47#ebd7 ,! /igma :i* ,*ri/ianity _h atta*$ to w> 0 ?us gradually effac$4 ,at ! same "t1 ! ,*ur* rema9$1 on ! :ole1 a pacific influ5ce4 ,w> 0 r condon$ ?an consecrat$1 &1 :atev] might be ! case ) a few isolat$ prelates1 ! ,*ur* did no?+ to increase or enc\rage x4 ,! transition f ! almo/ ,quak] t5ets ( ! primitive ,*ur* to ! ess5tially milit>y ,*ri/ianity ( ! ,crusades 0 *iefly due to ano!r cause--to ! t]rors & to ! example ( ,mohamm$anism4 ,?is great religion1 :i* s long rivall$ ! influ5ce ( ,*ri/ianity1 _h inde$ spread ! deepe/ & mo/ ju/ifiable panic ?r\gh ,*ri/5dom4 ,)\t any ( ^? aids to ! imag9ation :i* pictures & images c furni%1 )\t any elaborate sac]dotal organisation1 prea*+ ! pure/ ,mono!ism among ignorant & b>b>\s m51 & inculcat+1 on ! :ole1 an extremely high & noble sy/em ( morals1 x spread ) a rapidity & x acquir$ a hold ov] ! m9ds ( its vot>ies1 :i* x is probable t no o!r religion has altoge!r equall$4 ,x borr[$ f ,*ri/ianity t doctr9e ( salvation by belief1 :i* is p]haps ! mo/ p[]ful impulse t c be appli$ to ! *>act]s ( masses ( m51 & x elaborat$ s m9utely ! *>ms ( its s5sual heav51 & ! t]rors ( its mat]ial hell1 z to cause ! alt]native to appeal ) unrivall$ =ce to ! gross imag9ations ( ! p4 ,x possess$ a book :i*1 h[ev] inf]ior to t ( ! oppos+ religion1 has nev]!less be5 ! consolation & ! support ( millions 9 _m ages4 ,x taught a fatalism :i* 9 its fir/ age n]v$ its adh]5ts ) a mat*less milit>y c\rage1 & :i*1 ?\gh 9 lat] days x has (t5 p>alys$ _! active en]gies1 has also r>ely fail$ to support !m "u ! pressure ( inevitable calamity4 ,b1 above all1 x discov]$ ! great1 ! fatal secret ( unit+ indissolubly ! passion ( ! soldi] ) ! passion ( ! devotee4 ,mak+ ! conque/ ( ! infidel ! fir/ ( duties1 & propos+ heav5 z ! c]ta9 rew>d ( ! valiant soldi]1 x creat$ a bl5d$ en?usiasm t soon ov]p[]$ ! divid$ c\nsels & ! voluptu\s gov]nm5ts ( ! ,ea/1 &1 )9 a c5tury ( ! dea? ( ,mohamm$1 8 foll[]s _h almo/ extirpat$ ,*ri/ianity f its orig9al home1 f\nd$ great mon>*ies 9 ,asia & ,africa1 plant$ a noble1 ?\gh transi5t & exotic1 civilisation 9 ,spa91 m5ac$ ! capital ( ! ,ea/]n empire1 &1 b = ! issue ( a s+le battle1 !y w\ld probably h ext5d$ _! sceptre ov] ! en]getic & progressive races ( ,c5tral ,europe4 ,! wave 0 brok5 by ,*>les ,m>tel1 at ! battle ( ,poiti]s1 & x is n[ useless to speculate :at might h be5 ! consequ5ces _h ,mohamm$anism unfurl$ its triumphant bann] among ^? ,teutonic tribes :o h s (t5 *ang$ _! cre$1 & on :om ! c\rse ( civilisation has s l>gely dep5d$4 ,b "o great *ange 0 9 fact a*iev$4 ,! _s ( ,mohamm$anism sl[ly pass$ into ,*ri/ianity1 & trans=m$ x into its image4 ,! spectacle ( an ess5tially milit>y religion fasc9at$ m5 :o 7 at once v w>like & v sup]/iti\s4 ,! panic t _h palsi$ ,europe 0 aft] a long int]val succe$$ by a fi]ce reaction ( res5tm5t4 ,pride & religion conspir$ to urge ! ,*ri/ian w>riors aga9/ ^? :o _h s (t5 defeat$ ! armies & wa/$ ! t]ritory ( ,*ri/5dom1 :o _h %orn ! empire ( ! ,cross ( _m ( its faire/ prov9ces1 & pr(an$ t holy city :i* 0 v5]at$ n only = its pa/ associations1 b also = ! spiritual bless+s x c\ld /ill be/[ ^u ! pilgrim4 ,! papal indulg5ces prov$ n less efficaci\s 9 /imulat+ ! milit>y _s ?an ! promises ( ,mohamm$1 & = ab\t two c5turies e pulpit 9 ,*ri/5dom proclaim$ ! duty ( w> ) ! unbeliev]1 & repres5t$ ! battle-field z ! sure pa? to heav54 ,! religi\s ord]s :i* arose unit$ ! "* ( ! prie/ ) t ( ! w>rior1 & :51 at ! h\r ( sunset1 ! soldi] knelt d[n to pray be=e 8 cross1 t cross 0 ! h&le ( 8 sword4 ,x w\ld be impossible to conceive a m complete trans=mation ?an ,*ri/ianity _h ?us und]gone1 & x is melan*oly to contra/ ) its aspect dur+ ! crusades ! impression x _h once mo/ ju/ly made ^u ! _w1 z ! _s ( g5tl5ess & ( peace enc\nt]+ ! _s ( viol5ce & w>4 ,among ! _m curi\s habits ( ! ,pagan ,iri%1 "o ( ! mo/ significant 0 t ( p]p5dicul> burial4 ,) a feel+ some?+ l t :i* induc$ ,vespasian to decl>e t a ,roman emp]or %\ld die /&+1 ! ,pagan w>riors %rank f ! notion ( be+ pro/rate ev5 9 dea?1 & !y appe> to h reg>d$ ?is m>tial burial z a special symbol ( ,paganism4 ,an old ,iri% manuscript tells h[1 :5 ,*ri/ianity _h be5 introduc$ into ,irel&1 a k+ ( ,ul/] on 8 dea?b$ *>g$ 8 son nev] to become a ,*ri/ian1 b to be buri$ /&+ upright l a man 9 battle1 ) 8 face = ev] turn$ to ! s\?1 defy+ ! m5 ( ,le9/]47#ebe7 ,z late z ! sixte5? c5tury1 x is said t 9 "s p>ts ( ,irel& *ildr5 7 baptis$ by imm]sion2 b ! "r arms ( ! males 7 c>efully held above ! wat]1 9 ord] t1 n hav+ be5 dipp$ 9 ! sacr$ /ream1 !y might /rike ! m deadly bl[47#ebf7 ,x _h be5 boldly pr$ict$ by "s ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ians t ! conv]sion ( ! _w w\ld lead to ! e/abli%m5t ( p]petual peace4 ,9 look+ back1 ) our pres5t exp]i5ce1 we are driv5 to ! melan*oly conclusion t1 in/ead ( dim9i%+ ! numb] ( w>s1 ecclesia/ical influ5ce has actually & v s]i\sly increas$ x4 ,we may look 9 va9 = any p]iod s9ce ,con/ant9e1 9 :i* ! cl]gy1 z a body1 ex]t$ !mselves to repress ! milit>y _s1 or to prev5t or abridge a p>ticul> w>1 ) an en]gy at all comp>able to t :i* !y display$ 9 /imulat+ ! fanaticism ( ! crusad]s1 9 produc+ ! atroci\s massacre ( ! ,albig5ses1 9 embitt]+ ! religi\s conte/s t foll[$ ! ,re=mation4 ,private w>s 71 no d\bt1 9 "s degree repress$ by _! influ5ce2 = ! in/itution ( ! 8,truce ( ,god0 0 = a "t ( mu* value1 & :51 t[>ds ! close ( ! middle ages1 ! cu/om ( duels arose1 x 0 /r5u\sly condemn$ by ! cl]gy2 b we c h>dly place any great value on _! ex]tions 9 ?is field1 :5 we rememb] t duels 7 almo/ or altoge!r unkn[n to ! ,pagan _w2 t1 hav+ aris5 9 a p]iod ( great sup]/ition1 ! ana!mas ( ! ,*ur* 7 almo/ impot5t to disc\rage !m2 & t 9 our own c5tury !y are rapidly disappe>+ be=e ! simple c5sure ( an indu/rial society4 ,x is possible--?\gh x w\ld1 ,i imag9e1 be difficult to prove x--t ! m$iatorial (fice1 s (t5 ex]cis$ by bi%ops1 may sometimes h prev5t$ w>s2 & x is c]ta9 t dur+ ! p]iod ( ! religi\s w>s1 s mu* milit>y _s exi/$ 9 ,europe t x mu/ necess>ily h f\nd a v5t1 & "u no circum/ances c\ld ! p]iod h be5 "o ( p]fect peace4 ,b :5 all ^! qualifications h be5 fully admitt$1 ! broad fact w rema91 t1 ) ! exception ( ,mohamm$anism1 no o!r religion has done s mu* to produce w> z 0 done by ! religi\s tea*]s ( ,*ri/5dom dur+ sev]al c5turies4 ,! milit>y fanaticism evok$ by ! indulg5ces ( ! popes1 by ! exhortations ( ! pulpit1 by ! religi\s importance atta*$ to ! relics at ,j]usalem1 & by ! prevail+ hatr$ ( misbeliev]s1 has sc>cely ev] be5 equall$ 9 its int5sity1 & x has caus$ ! effusion ( oceans ( blood1 & has be5 productive ( incalculable mis]y to ! _w4 ,religi\s fanaticism 0 a ma9 cause ( ! e>li] w>s1 & an important +r$i5t 9 ! lat] ones4 ,! peace pr9ciples1 t 7 s common be=e ,con/ant9e1 h f\nd sc>cely any e*o except f ,erasmus1 ! ,anabapti/s1 & ! ,quak]s27#ebg7 & al?\gh "s v important pacific ag5cies h aris5 out ( ! indu/rial progress ( mod]n times1 ^! h be51 = ! mo/ "p1 :olly unconnect$ )1 & h 9 "s cases be5 directly oppos$ to1 !ological int]e/s4 ,b al?\gh !ological influ5ces _c reasonably be said to h dim9i%$ ! numb] ( w>s1 !y h _h a v real & b5eficial effect 9 dim9i%+ _! atrocity4 ,on few subjects h ! moral op9ions ( diff]5t ages exhibit$ s m>k$ a v>iation z 9 _! judgm5ts ( :at puni%m5t may ju/ly be impos$ on a conqu]$ enemy1 & ^! v>iations h (t5 be5 cit$ z an argum5t aga9/ ^? :o believe 9 ! exi/5ce ( natural moral p]ceptions4 ,to ^?1 h[ev]1 :o accept t doctr9e1 ) ! limitations t h be5 /at$ 9 ! fir/ *apt]1 !y c cause no p]plexity4 ,9 ! fir/ dawn+ ( ! human intellig5ce 7z ,i h said7 ! notion ( duty1 z di/+ui%$ f t ( int]e/1 appe>s1 & ! m9d1 9 review+ ! v>i\s emotions by :i* x is influ5c$1 recognises ! unselfi% & b5evol5t motives z ess5tially & g5]ically sup]ior to ! selfi% & ! cruel4 ,b x is ! g5]al condition ( society alone t det]m9es ! /&>d ( b5evol5ce--! classes t[>ds :i* e good man w ex]cise x4 ,at fir/1 ! range ( duty is ! family1 ! tribe1 ! /ate1 ! conf$]ation4 ,)9 ^! limits e man feels himself "u moral obligations to ^? ab\t him2 b he reg>ds ! out] _w z we reg>d wild animals1 z be+s ^u :om he may ju/ifiably prey4 ,h5ce1 we may expla9 ! curi\s fact t ! t]ms brig& or corsair convey$ 9 ! e>ly /ages ( society no notion ( moral guilt47#ebh7 ,su* m5 7 look$ ^u simply z we look ^u huntsm51 & if !y display$ c\rage & skill 9 _! pursuit1 !y 7 deem$ fit subjects = admiration4 ,ev5 9 ! writ+s ( ! mo/ enlight5$ philosoph]s ( ,greece1 w> ) b>b>ians is repres5t$ z a =m ( *ase1 & ! simple desire ( obta9+ ! b>b>ians z slaves 0 consid]$ a suffici5t reason = invad+ !m4 ,! "r ( ! conqu]or to kill 8 captives 0 g5]ally recognis$1 nor 0 x at fir/ re/rict$ by any consid]ations ( age or sex4 ,sev]al in/ances are record$ ( ,greek & o!r cities be+ delib]ately de/roy$ by ,greeks or by ,romans1 & ! entire populations ru?lessly massacr$47#ebi7 ,! :ole c>e] ( ! e>ly republic ( ,rome1 ?\gh mu* idealis$ & transfigur$ by lat] hi/orians1 0 probably gov]n$ by ^! pr9ciples47#ecj7 ,! normal fate ( ! captive1 :i*1 among b>b>ians1 _h be5 dea?1 01 9 civilis$ antiquity1 slav]y2 b _m ?\s&s 7 condemn$ to ! gladiatorial %[s1 & ! vanqui%$ g5]al 0 commonly sla9 9 ! ,mam]t9e prison1 :ile 8 conqu]or asc5d$ 9 triumph to ! ,capitol4 ,a few traces ( a m humane _s may1 x is true1 be discov]$4 ,plato _h advocat$ ! lib]ation ( all ,greek prison]s ^u paym5t ( a fix$ ransom17#eca7 & ! ,sp>tan g5]al ,callicratidas _h nobly act$ ^u ?is pr9ciple27#ecb7 b 8 example nev] appe>s to h be5 g5]ally foll[$4 ,9 ,rome1 ! notion ( int]national obligation 0 v /rongly felt4 ,no w> 0 consid]$ j :i* _h n be5 (ficially decl>$2 & ev5 9 ! case ( w>s ) b>b>ians1 ! ,roman hi/orians (t5 discuss ! suffici5cy or insuffici5cy ( ! motives1 ) a consci5ti\s sev]ity a mod]n hi/orian c\ld h>dly surpass47#ecc7 ,! lat] ,greek & ,lat9 writ+s occasionally conta9 maxims :i* exhibit a consid]able progress 9 ?is sph]e4 ,! sole legitimate object ( w>1 bo? ,cic]o & ,sallu/ decl>$ to be an assur$ peace4 ,t w>1 accord+ to ,tacitus1 ends well :i* ends ) a p>don4 ,pl9y refus$ to apply ! epi!t great to ,cs>1 on acc\nt ( ! torr5ts ( human blood he _h %$4 ,two ,roman conqu]ors7#ecd7 are cr$it$ ) ! say+ t x is bett] to save ! life ( "o citiz5 ?an to de/roy a ?\s& enemies4 ,m>cus ,aurelius m\rnfully assimilat$ ! c>e] ( a conqu]or to t ( a simple robb]4 ,nations or armies :i* volunt>ily submitt$ to ,rome 7 habitually treat$ ) great l5i5cy1 & num]\s acts ( individual magnanimity are record$4 ,! violation ( ! *a/ity ( conqu]$ wom5 by soldi]s 9 a siege 0 d5\nc$ z a r>e & atroci\s crime47#ece7 ,! extreme atrocities ( anci5t w> appe> at la/ to h be5 practically1 ?\gh n legally1 re/rict$ to two classes47#ecf7 ,cities :]e ,roman ambassadors _h be5 insult$1 or :]e "s special act ( ill fai? or cruelty _h tak5 place1 7 raz$ to ! gr\nd1 & _! populations massacr$ or deliv]$ into slav]y4 ,b>b>ian prison]s 7 reg>d$ almo/ z wild bea/s1 & s5t 9 ?\s&s to fill ! slave m>ket or to combat 9 ! ar5a4 ,! *anges ,*ri/ianity effect$ 9 ! rights ( w> 7 v important1 & !y may1 ,i ?9k1 be compris$ "u ?ree heads4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x suppress$ ! gladiatorial %[s1 & !reby sav$ ?\s&s ( captives f a bloody dea?4 ,9 ! next place1 x /eadily disc\rag$ ! practice ( enslav+ prison]s1 ransom$ imm5se multitudes ) *>itable contributions1 & by sl[ & ins5sible gradations proce$$ on its pa? ( m]cy till x became a recognis$ pr9ciple ( int]national law1 t no ,*ri/ian prison]s %\ld be r$uc$ to slav]y47#ecg7 ,9 ! ?ird place1 x _h a m indirect b v p[]ful influ5ce by ! creation ( a new w>like ideal4 ,! ideal knight ( ! ,crusades & ( *ivalry1 unit+ all ! =ce & fire ( ! anci5t w>rior1 ) some?+ ( ! t5d]ness & humility ( ! ,*ri/ian sa9t1 sprang f ! conjunction ( ! two /reams ( religi\s & ( milit>y feel+2 & al?\gh ?is ideal1 l all o!rs1 0 a creation ( ! imag9ation n (t5 p]fectly realis$ 9 life1 yet x rema9$ ! type & model ( w>like excell5ce1 to :i* _m g5]ations aspir$2 & its s(t5+ influ5ce may ev5 n[ be l>gely trac$ 9 ! "* ( ! mod]n g5tleman4 ,toge!r ) ! gradual fusion ( ! milit>y _s ) ,*ri/ianity1 we may dimly descry1 9 ! p]iod be=e ,*>lemagne1 ! fir/ /ages ( t consecration ( secul> rank :i* at a lat] p]iod1 9 ! =ms ( *ivalry1 ! div9e "r ( k+s1 & ! rev]5ce = ari/ocracies1 play$ s l>ge a "p bo? 9 moral & 9 political hi/ory4 ,we h already se5 t ! c\rse ( ev5ts 9 ! ,roman ,empire _h be5 t[>ds ! cont9ual aggr&isem5t ( ! imp]ial p[]4 ,! repres5tative despotism ( ,augu/us 0 at la/ succe$$ by ! ori5tal despotism ( ,diocletian4 ,! s5ate sank into a p[]less assembly ( imp]ial nom9ees1 & ! _s ( ,roman fre$om :olly p]i%$ ) ! ext9ction ( ,/oicism4 ,x w\ld probably be a ne$less ref9em5t to seek any deep] causes = ?is *ange ?an may be f\nd 9 ! ord9>y pr9ciples ( human nature4 ,despotism is ! normal & legitimate gov]nm5t ( an e>ly society 9 :i* k has n yet develop$ ! p[]s ( ! p2 b :5 x is introduc$ into a civilis$ community1 x is ( ! nature ( a disease1 & a disease :i*1 unless x be *eck$1 has a cont9ual t5d5cy to spread4 ,:5 free nations abdicate _! political functions1 !y gradually lose bo? ! capacity & ! desire = fre$om4 ,political tal5t & ambition1 hav+ no sph]e = action1 /eadily decay1 & s]vile1 en]vat+1 & vici\s habits proportionately increase4 ,nations are organic be+s 9 a con/ant process ( expansion or decay1 & :]e !y d n exhibit a progress ( lib]ty !y usually exhibit a progress ( s]vitude4 ,x c h>dly be ass]t$ t ,*ri/ianity _h mu* influ5ce ^u ?is *ange4 ,by accel]at+ 9 "s degree t )drawal ( ! virtu\s en]gies ( ! p f ! sph]e ( gov]nm5t :i* _h long be5 9 process1 x prev5t$ ! great improvem5t ( morals1 :i* x und\bt$ly effect$1 f appe>+ p]ceptibly 9 public affairs4 ,x taught a doctr9e ( passive ob$i5ce1 :i* its disciples nobly obs]v$ 9 ! wor/ p]iods ( p]secution4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,*ri/ians emphatically repudiat$ ! ascription ( ,div9e hon\rs to ! sov]eign1 & !y ass]t$ ) h]oic con/ancy _! indep5d5t wor%ip1 9 defiance ( ! law4 ,aft] ! "t ( ,con/ant9e1 h[ev]1 _! zeal became f> less pure1 & sect>ian int]e/s :olly gov]n$ _! pr9ciples4 ,mu* misappli$ le>n+ has be5 employ$ 9 endeav\r+ to extract f ! ,fa!rs a consi/5t doctr9e conc]n+ ! relations ( subjects to _! sov]eigns2 b e imp>tial obs]v] may discov] t ! pr9ciple ^u :i* !y act$ 0 exce$+ly simple4 ,:5 a sov]eign 0 suffici5tly or?odox 9 8 op9ions1 & suffici5tly zeal\s 9 patronis+ ! ,*ur* & 9 p]secut+ ! h]etics1 he 0 extoll$ z an angel4 ,:5 8 policy 0 oppos$ to ! ,*ur*1 he 0 repres5t$ z a dmon4 ,! e/imate :i* ,gregory ( ,t\rs has giv5 ( ! "* ( ,clovis1 ?\gh f> m frank1 is n a m /rik+ in/ance ( moral p]v]sion ?an ! fulsome & inde$ blasphem\s adulation :i* ,eusebius p\r$ ^u ,con/ant9e--a sov]eign ^: "* 0 at all times ( ! mo/ m+l$ description1 & :o1 %ortly aft] 8 conv]sion1 put to a viol5t dea? 8 son1 8 nephew1 & 8 wife4 ,if we 7 to e/imate ! attitude ( ecclesia/ics to sov]eigns by ! language ( ,eusebius1 we %\ld suppose t !y ascrib$ to !m a direct ,div9e inspiration1 & exalt$ ! ,imp]ial dignity to an ext5t t 0 be=e unkn[n47#ech7 ,b :5 ,julian m\nt$ ! ?rone1 ! :ole aspect ( ! ,*ur* 0 *ang$4 ,?is great & virtu\s1 ?\gh misguid$ sov]eign1 ^: private life 0 a model ( purity1 :o c>ri$ to ! ?rone ! mann]s1 ta/es1 & fri5d%ips ( a philosophic life1 & :o proclaim$ &1 ) v slight exceptions1 act$ ) ! l>ge/ & mo/ g5]\s tol]ation1 0 an enemy ( ! ,*ur*1 & all ! vocabul>y ( invective 0 9 consequ5ce habitually lavi%$ ^u him4 ,ecclesia/ics & laym5 comb9$ 9 insult+ him1 & :51 aft] a brief b glori\s reign ( less ?an two ye>s1 he met an hon\rable dea? on ! battle-field1 nei!r ! disa/] t _h befall5 ! ,roman arms1 nor ! pres5t dang]s ( ! army1 nor ! h]oic c\rage :i* ! fall5 emp]or _h display$1 nor ! maje/ic tranquillity ( 8 end1 nor ! te>s ( 8 fai?ful fri5ds1 c\ld %ame ! ,*ri/ian community into ! dec5cy ( sil5ce4 ,a peal ( brutal m]rim5t fill$ ! l&4 ,9 ,antio* ! ,*ri/ians assembl$ 9 ! !atres & 9 ! *ur*es1 to celebrate ) rejoic+ ! dea? :i* _! emp]or _h met 9 fight+ aga9/ ! enemies ( 8 c\ntry47#eci7 ,a cr[d ( v9dictive leg5ds express$ ! exultation ( ! ,*ur*17#edj7 & ,/4 ,gregory ,nazianz5 devot$ 8 eloqu5ce to immortalis+ x4 ,8 bro!r _h at "o "t be5 a high (ficial 9 ! ,empire1 & _h fe>lessly own$ 8 ,*ri/ianity "u ,julian2 b t emp]or n only did n remove him f 8 po/1 b ev5 hon\r$ him ) 8 w>m fri5d%ip47#eda7 ,! body ( ,julian _h be5 laid b a %ort "t 9 ! grave1 :5 ,/4 ,gregory deliv]$ two fi]ce invectives aga9/ 8 memory1 collect$ ! grotesque calumnies t _h be5 heap$ ^u 8 "*1 express$ a regret t 8 rema9s _h n be5 flung aft] dea? into ! common sew]1 & regal$ ! he>]s by an emphatic ass]tion ( ! tortures t 7 await+ him 9 hell4 ,among ! ,pagans a *>ge ( ! grave/ k9d 0 br\ght aga9/ ! ,*ri/ians4 ,x 0 said t ,julian di$ by ! spe>1 n ( an enemy1 b ( "o ( 8 own ,*ri/ian soldi]s4 ,:5 we rememb] t he 0 at once an emp]or & a g5]al1 t he fell :5 bravely & confid5tly lead+ 8 army 9 ! field1 & 9 ! critical mom5t ( a battle on :i* ! =tunes ( ! ,empire l>gely dep5d$1 ?is *>ge1 :i* ,libanius has made1 appe>s to involve z l>ge an am\nt ( base trea*]y z any t c be conceiv$4 ,x 0 probably a p]fectly gr\ndless calumny2 b ! mann] 9 :i* x 0 reg>d$ among ! ,*ri/ians is s+ul>ly *>act]i/ic4 8,libanius10 says "o ( ! ecclesia/ical hi/orians1 8cle>ly /ates t ! emp]or fell by ! h& ( a ,*ri/ian2 & ?is1 probably1 0 ! tru?4 ,x is n unlikely t "s ( ! soldi]s :o !n s]v$ 9 ! ,roman army might h conceiv$ ! idea ( act+ l ! anci5t slay]s ( tyrants :o expos$ !mselves to dea? 9 ! cause ( lib]ty1 & f\ght 9 def5ce ( _! c\ntry1 _! families1 & _! fri5ds1 & ^: names are held 9 univ]sal admiration4 ,/ill less is he des]v+ ( blame :o1 = ! sake ( ,god & ( religion1 p]=m$ s bold a de$407#edb7 ,x may be ass]t$1 ,i ?9k1 )\t exagg]ation1 t ! complete subord9ation ( all o!r pr9ciples to _! !ological int]e/s1 :i* *>act]is$ ! ecclesia/ics "u ,julian1 cont9u$ = _m c5turies4 ,no language ( invective 0 too extreme to be appli$ to a sov]eign :o oppos$ _! int]e/s4 ,no language ( adulation 0 too extravagant = a sov]eign :o su/a9$ !m4 ,( all ! emp]ors :o disgrac$ ! ?rone ( ,con/ant9ople1 ! mo/ odi\s & f]oci\s 0 probably ,phocas4 ,an obscure c5turion1 he rose by a milit>y revolt to ! supreme p[]1 & ! ,emp]or ,maurice1 ) 8 family1 fell into 8 h&s4 ,he resolv$ to put ! captive emp]or to dea?2 b1 fir/ ( all1 he ord]$ 8 five *ildr5 to be br\ght out & to be successively murd]$ be=e ! eyes ( _! fa!r1 :o bore ! awful sight ) a f9e mixture ( antique h]oism & ( ,*ri/ian piety1 murmur+1 z ea* *ild fell b5ea? ! knife ( ! assass91 8,?\ art j1 ,o ,"l1 & righte\s are ,?y judgm5ts10 & ev5 int]pos+1 at ! la/ mom5t1 to reveal ! h]oic fraud ( ! nurse :o desir$ to save 8 y\nge/ *ild by sub/itut+ = x h] own4 ,b ,maurice--:o _h be5 a weak & av>ici\s r ?an a vici\s sov]eign--_h %[n himself jeal\s ( ! influ5ce ( ! ,pope1 _h =bidd5 ! soldi]s1 dur+ ! extreme dang] ( _! c\ntry1 des]t+ _! col\rs to enrol !mselves z monks1 & _h ev5 enc\rag$ ! pret5sions ( ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,con/ant9ople to ! title ( ,univ]sal ,bi%op2 &1 9 ! eyes ( ! ,roman prie/s1 ! recollection ( ^! crimes 0 suffici5t to excuse ! mo/ brutal ( murd]s4 ,9 two lett]s1 full ( passages f ,scripture1 & replete ) fulsome & blasphem\s flatt]y1 ! ,pope1 ,/4 ,gregory ! ,great1 wrote to congratulate ,phocas & 8 wife ^u _! triumph2 he call$ heav5 & e>? to rejoice ov] !m2 he plac$ _! images to be v5]at$ 9 ! ,lat]an1 & he adroitly ins9uat$ t x 0 impossible t1 ) _! well-kn[n piety1 !y c\ld fail to be v fav\rable to ! ,see ( ,pet]47#edc7 ,! c\rse ( ev5ts 9 relation to ! mon>*ical p[] 0 = "s "t diff]5t 9 ! ,ea/ & ! ,we/4 ,con/ant9e _h himself assum$ m ( ! pomp & mann] ( an ori5tal sov]eign ?an any prec$+ emp]or1 & ! c\rt ( ,con/ant9ople 0 soon *>act]is$ by an extravagance ( magnific5ce on ! "p ( ! mon>*1 & ( adulation on ! "p ( ! subjects1 :i* has probably nev] be5 exce$$47#edd7 ,! imp]ial p[] 9 ! ,ea/ ov]%ad[$ ! ecclesia/ical1 & ! prie/s1 not)/&+ _! fi]ce outbreak dur+ ! iconocla/ic controv]sy1 & a few m9or p>oxysms ( revolt1 gradually sank into t cont5t$ subs]vi5ce :i* has usually *>act]is$ ! ,ea/]n ,*ur*4 ,9 ! ,we/1 h[ev]1 ! ,roman bi%ops 7 9 a great degree indep5d5t ( ! sov]eigns1 & 9 "s degree oppos$ to _! int]e/s4 ,! transf] ( ! imp]ial p[] to ,con/ant9ople1 by leav+ ! ,roman bi%ops ! *ief p]sonages 9 a city :i* long association z well z actual p[] r5d]$ ! =emo/ 9 ! _w1 0 "o ( ! great causes ( ! aggr&isem5t ( ! ,papacy & ! ,arianism ( _m sov]eigns1 ! jeal\sy :i* o!rs exhibit$ ( ecclesia/ical encroa*m5ts1 & ! lukew>mness ( a few 9 p]secut+ h]etics1 7 all causes ( diss5sion4 ,on ! sev]ance ( ! ,empire1 ! ,we/]n ,*ur* came 9 contact ) rul]s ( ano!r type4 ,! b>b>ian k+s 7 little m ?an milit>y *iefs1 elect$ = ! mo/ "p by ! p1 surr\nd$ by little or no special sanctity1 & ma9ta9+ _! prec>i\s & v re/rict$ au?ority by _! c\rage or _! skill4 ,a few feebly imitat$ ! pomp ( ! ,roman emp]ors1 b _! claims _h no great weight ) ! _w4 ,! aureole :i* ! g5ius ( ,!odoric ca/ ar\nd 8 ?rone pass$ away ^u 8 dea?1 & ! ,arianism ( t great sov]eign suffici5tly deb>r$ him f ! sympa?ies ( ! ,*ur*4 ,9 ,gaul1 "u a few bold & unscrupul\s m51 ! ,m]ov+ian dyna/y em]g$ f a ho/ ( petty k+s1 & consolidat$ ! :ole c\ntry into "o k+dom2 b aft] a %ort p]iod x deg5]at$1 ! k+s became m]e puppets 9 ! h&s ( ! mayors ( ! palace1 & ^! latt]1 ^: (fice _h become h]$it>y1 :o 7 ! *iefs ( ! great l&$ proprietors1 & :o _h acquir$ by _! position a p]sonal asc5dancy ov] ! sov]eigns1 became ! virtual rul]s ( ! nation4 ,x 0 out ( ^! some:at unpromis+ conditions t ! m$ival doctr9e ( ! ,div9e "r ( k+s1 & ! g5]al rev]5ce = rank1 t =m$ ! ess5ce ( *ivalry1 7 sl[ly evolv$4 ,political & moral causes conspir$ 9 produc+ !m4 ,! *ief political causes--:i* are well kn[n--may be summ$ up 9 a few words4 ,:5 ,leo ! ,isaurian attempt$1 9 ! eigh? c5tury1 to repress ! wor%ip ( images1 ! resi/ance :i* he met at ,con/ant9ople1 ?\gh viol5t1 0 spe$ily allay$2 b ! ,pope1 assum+ a f> high] position ?an any ,byzant9e ecclesia/ic c\ld atta91 boldly excommunicat$ ! emp]or1 & l$ a revolt aga9/ 8 au?ority1 :i* result$ 9 ! virtual indep5d5ce ( ,italy4 ,8 position 0 at ?is "t s+ul>ly gr&4 ,he repres5t$ a religi\s cause to :i* ! great mass ( ! ,*ri/ian _w 7 passionately atta*$4 ,he 0 v5]at$ z ! emancipator ( ,italy4 ,he exhibit$ 9 ! h\r ( 8 triumph a mod]ation :i* conciliat$ _m enemies1 & prev5t$ ! an>*y t might naturally h be5 expect$4 ,he presid$1 at ! same "t1 ov] a va/ mona/ic organisation1 :i* ramifi$ ov] all ,*ri/5dom1 propagat$ 8 au?ority among _m b>b>\s nations1 &1 by its special atta*m5t to ! ,papacy1 z di/+ui%$ f ! ,episcopacy1 contribut$ v mu* to trans=m ,*ri/ianity into a spiritual despotism4 ,"o great dang]1 h[ev]1 /ill m5ac$ 8 p[]4 ,! b>b>\s ,lomb>ds 7 cont9ually invad+ 8 t]ritory1 & ?reat5+ ! indep5d5ce ( ,rome4 ,! ,lomb>d mon>*1 ,luitpr& _h quail$ 9 ! v h\r ( 8 triumph be=e ! m5ace ( et]nal torture b 8 successor1 ,a/olphus1 0 pro( aga9/ e fe>1 & x seem$ z ?\gh ! ,papal city mu/ h inevitably succumb$ be=e 8 arms4 ,9 _! complete milit>y impot5ce1 ! ,popes look$ abroad = "s =eign succ\r1 & !y naturally turn$ to ! ,franks1 ^: m>tial ta/es & triumphs 7 univ]sally r5[n$4 ,*>les ,m>tel1 ?\gh simply a mayor ( ! palace1 _h sav$ ,europe f ! ,mohamm$ans1 & ! ,pope expect$ t he w\ld un%ea? 8 sword = ! def5ce ( ! ,vatican4 ,*>les1 h[ev]1 0 deaf to all entreaties2 &1 al?\gh he _h done m ?an any rul] s9ce ,con/ant9e = ! ,*ur*1 8 att5tion seems to h be5 engross$ by ! int]e/s ( 8 own c\ntry1 & he 0 mu* ali5at$ f ! sympa?ies ( ! cl]gy4 ,an anci5t leg5d tells h[ a sa9t saw 8 s\l c>ri$ by dmons into hell1 because he _h secul>is$ ,*ur* prop]ty1 & a m mod]n hi/orian7#ede7 has ascrib$ 8 dea? to 8 hav+ hesitat$ to def5d ! ,pope4 ,8 son1 ,pep91 h[ev]1 actuat$ probably 9 diff]5t degrees by p]sonal ambition1 a desire = milit>y adv5ture1 & religi\s zeal1 li/5$ readily to ! pray] ( ! ,pope1 & a compact 0 ent]$ into betwe5 ! p>ties1 :i* prov$ "o ( ! mo/ important ev5ts 9 hi/ory4 ,pep9 agre$ to secure ! ,pope f ! dang] by :i* he 0 ?reat5$4 ,! ,pope agre$ to give 8 religi\s sanction to ! ambition ( ,pep91 :o design$ to depose ! ,m]ov+ian dyna/y1 & to become 9 "n1 z he 0 already 9 fact1 ! sov]eign ( ,gaul4 ,x is n necess>y = me to rec\nt at l5g? ! details ( ^! negotiations1 :i* are describ$ by _m hi/orians4 ,x is suffici5t to say1 t ! compact 0 religi\sly obs]v$4 ,pep9 made two exp$itions to ,italy1 & completely %att]$ ! p[] ( ! ,lomb>ds1 wre/+ f !m ! ri* ex>*ate ( ,rav5na1 :i* he c$$ to ! ,pope1 :o /ill reta9$ 8 nom9al allegiance to ! ,byzant9e emp]or1 b :o became1 by ?is donation1 = ! fir/ "t av[$ly an indep5d5t temporal pr9ce4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! deposition ( ,*ild]ic 0 peaceably effect$2 ! la/ ( ! ,m]ov+ians 0 immur$ 9 a mona/]y1 & ! ,c>lov+ian dyna/y asc5d$ ! ?rone "u ! special b5$iction ( ! ,pope1 :o p]=m$ on ! occasion ! c]emony ( consecration1 :i* _h n previ\sly be5 9 g5]al use17#edf7 plac$ ! cr[n ) 8 own h&s on ! head ( ,pep91 & deliv]$ a solemn ana!ma aga9/ all :o %\ld rebel aga9/ ! new k+ or aga9/ 8 successors4 ,! extreme importance ( ^! ev5ts 0 probably n fully realis$ by any ( ! p>ties conc]n$ 9 !m4 ,x 0 evid5t1 inde$1 t ! ,pope _h be5 fre$ f a press+ dang]1 & _h acquir$ a great accession ( temporal p[]1 & also t a new dyna/y _h aris5 9 ,gaul "u circum/ances t 7 s+ul>ly fav\rable & impos+4 ,b1 mu* m important ?an ^! facts 0 ! p]man5t consecration ( ! royal au?ority t _h be5 effect$4 ,! ,pope _h successfully ass]t$ 8 p[] ( depos+ & elevat+ k+s1 & _h ?us acquir$ a position :i* influ5c$ ! :ole subsequ5t c\rse ( ,european hi/ory4 ,! mon>*1 if he _h become 9 "s degree subs]vi5t to ! prie/1 _h become 9 a great degree indep5d5t ( 8 p2 ! ,div9e orig9 ( 8 p[] 0 reg>d$ z a dogma ( religion1 & a sanctity surr\nd$ him :i* immeasurably aggr&is$ 8 p[]4 ,! ascription1 by ! ,pagans1 ( div9ity to k+s _h _h no appreciable effect 9 increas+ _! au?ority or re/ra9+ ! limits ( criticism or ( rebellion4 ,! ascription ( a ,div9e "r to k+s1 indep5d5t ( ! wi%es ( ! p1 has be5 "o ( ! mo/ endur+ & mo/ pot5t ( sup]/itions1 & x has ev5 n[ n :olly vani%$ f ! _w47#edg7 ,m]e isolat$ political ev5ts h1 h[ev]1 r>ely or nev] ?is pr(\nd influ5ce1 unless !y h be5 prec$$ & prep>$ by o!r ag5cies4 ,! fir/ pr$ispos+ cause ( ! ready reception ( ! doctr9e ( ! ,div9e "* ( au?ority1 may probably be f\nd 9 ! prom95ce ( ! mona/ic sy/em4 ,i h already obs]v$ t ?is sy/em repres5ts 9 its extreme =m t exaltation ( ! virtues ( humility & ( ob$i5ce :i* s broadly di/+ui%es ! ,*ri/ian f ! ,pagan type ( excell5ce4 ,i h also notic$ t1 ow+ to ! concurr5ce ( _m causes1 x _h acquir$ su* dim5sions & influ5ce z to supply ! guid+ ideal ( ! ,*ri/ian _w4 ,controll+ or monopolis+ all education & lit]ature1 furni%+ mo/ ( ! legislators & _m ( ! /atesm5 ( ! age1 attract+ to !mselves all moral en?usiasm & mo/ intellectual ability1 ! monks soon left _! impress on ! "* ( nations4 ,habits ( ob$i5ce & dispositions ( humility 7 diffus$1 rev]$1 & idealis$1 & a ,*ur* :i* re/$ ma9ly on tradition fo/]$ a deep s5se ( ! sanctity ( antiquity1 & a natural disposition to obs]ve traditional cu/oms4 ,9 ?is mann] a tone ( feel+ 0 gradually =m$ t assimilat$ ) ! mon>*ical & ari/ocratical in/itutions ( feudalism1 :i* fl\ri%$ *iefly because !y correspond$ ) ! moral feel+s ( ! "t4 ,9 ! next place1 a s]ies ( social & political causes dim9i%$ ! p]sonal indep5d5ce = :i* ! b>b>ians _h be5 not$4 ,! k+ _h at fir/ be51 n ! sov]eign ( a c\ntry1 b ! *ief ( a tribe47#edh7 ,gradually1 h[ev]1 ) m settl$ habits1 ! sov]eignty assum$ a t]ritorial "*1 & we may soon discov] ! rudim5ts ( a t]ritorial ari/ocracy4 ,! k+s gave _! lead+ *iefs portions ( conqu]$ l& or ( ! royal doma9s1 "u ! "n ( b5efices4 ,! obligation ( milit>y s]vice 0 atta*$ to ^! b5efices1 & by sl[ & p]haps ins5sible /ages1 ea* ( :i* has be5 ! subject ( fi]ce controv]sy1 !y 7 made irrevocable1 & ultimately h]$it>y4 ,:ile society 0 /ill disorganis$1 small l&lords pur*as$ ! protection ( ! ,*ur*1 or ( "s important *ief1 by surr5d]+ _! e/ates1 :i* !y receiv$ back z t5ants1 subject to ! condition ( ! paym5t ( r5t1 or ( milit>y s]vice4 ,o!rs1 )\t mak+ su* surr5d]1 plac$ !mselves "u ! c>e ( a neighb\r+ "l1 & (f]$1 9 return1 homage or milit>y aid4 ,at ! same "t1 ?r\gh causes to :i* ,i h already adv]t$1 ! free peasants = ! mo/ "p sank into s]fs1 subject to & protect$ by ! l&[n]s4 ,9 ?is mann] a hi]>*y ( ranks 0 gradually =m$1 ( :i* ! sov]eign 0 ! apex & ! s]f ! basis4 ,! complete legal organisation ( ?is hi]>*y belongs to ! p]iod ( feudalism1 :i* is n )9 ! scope ( ! pres5t volume2 b ! *ief elem5ts ( feudalism exi/$ be=e ,*>lemagne1 & ! moral results fl[+ f !m may be already disc]n$4 ,ea* rank1 except ! v highe/1 0 cont9ually br\ght into contact ) a sup]ior1 & a feel+ ( con/ant dep5d5ce & subord9ation 0 accord+ly fo/]$4 ,to ! s]f1 :o dep5d$ = all ?+s ^u ! neighb\r+ noble1 to ! noble1 :o held all 8 dignities on ! condition ( frequ5t milit>y s]vice "u 8 sov]eign1 ! idea ( secul> rank became indissolubly connect$ ) t ( supreme greatness4 ,x w appe> evid5t1 f ! =ego+ obs]vations1 t 9 ! p]iod be=e ,*>lemagne ! moral & political causes 7 already 9 action1 :i* at a mu* lat] p]iod produc$ ! organisation ( *ivalry--an organisation :i* 0 f\nd$ on ! comb9ation & ! glorification ( secul> rank & milit>y pr[ess4 ,b1 9 ord] t ! t5d5cies ,i h describ$ %\ld acquire _! full =ce1 x 0 necess>y t !y %\ld be repres5t$ or illu/rat$ 9 "s great p]sonage1 :o1 by ! spl5d\r & ! beauty ( 8 c>e]1 c\ld fasc9ate ! imag9ations ( m54 ,x is mu* easi] to gov]n great masses ( m5 ?r\gh _! imag9ation ?an ?r\gh _! reason4 ,moral pr9ciples r>ely act p[]fully ^u ! _w1 except by way ( example or ideals4 ,:5 ! c\rse ( ev5ts has be5 to glorify ! ascetic or mon>*ical or milit>y _s1 a great sa9t1 or sov]eign1 or soldi] w arise1 :o w conc5trate 9 "o dazzl+ focus ! bl9d t5d5cies ( 8 "t1 k9dle ! en?usiasm & fasc9ate ! imag9ation ( ! p4 ,b = ! prevail+ t5d5cy1 ! great man w\ld n h aris51 or w\ld n h ex]cis$ 8 great influ5ce4 ,b = ! great man1 ^: c>e] appeal$ vividly to ! imag9ation1 ! prevail+ t5d5cy w\ld nev] h acquir$ its full int5sity4 ,?is typical figure appe>$ 9 ,*>lemagne1 ^: colossal =m t[]s ) a maje/ic gr&eur bo? 9 hi/ory & 9 romance4 ,( all ! great rul]s ( m51 !re has probably be5 no o!r :o 0 s truly _m-sid$1 ^: influ5ce p]vad$ s completely all ! religi\s1 intellectual1 & political modes ( ?\ght exi/+ 9 8 "t4 ,ris+ 9 "o ( ! d>ke/ p]iods ( ,european hi/ory1 ?is great emp]or resuscitat$1 ) a brief b dazzl+ spl5d\r1 ! fad$ glories ( ! ,empire ( ! ,we/1 conduct$1 = ! mo/ "p 9 p]son1 num]\s exp$itions aga9/ ! b>b>\s nations ar\nd him1 promulgat$ a va/ sy/em ( legislation1 re=m$ ! discipl9e ( e ord] ( ! ,*ur*1 & r$uc$ all classes ( ! cl]gy to subs]vi5ce to 8 w1 :ile1 by legalis+ ti!s1 he greatly increas$ _! mat]ial prosp]ity4 ,he at ! same "t contribut$1 9 a measure1 to *eck ! intellectual decad5ce by f\nd+ s*ools & libr>ies1 & draw+ ar\nd him all ! scatt]$ le>n+ ( ,europe4 ,he re=m$ ! co9age1 ext5d$ comm]ce1 influ5c$ religi\s controv]sies1 & convok$ great legislative assemblies1 :i* ultimately contribut$ l>gely to ! organisation ( feudalism4 ,9 all ^! sph]es ! traces ( 8 va/1 organis+1 & f>-see+ g5ius may be detect$1 & ! influ5ce :i* he ex]cis$ ov] ! imag9ations ( m5 is %[n by ! num]\s leg5ds ( :i* he is ! h]o4 ,9 ! prec$+ ages ! supreme ideal _h be5 ! ascetic4 ,:5 ! popul> imag9ation embodi$ 9 leg5ds its conception ( humanity 9 its noble/ & mo/ attractive =m1 x in/9ctively pa9t$ "s h]mit-sa9t ( _m p5ances & _m miracles4 ,9 ! ,romances ( ,*>lemagne & ( ,ar?ur we may trace ! dawn+ ( a new type ( greatness4 ,! h]o ( ! imag9ation ( ,europe 0 no long] a h]mit1 b a k+1 a w>rior1 a knight4 ,! long tra9 ( influ5ces ,i h review$1 culm9at+ 9 ,*>lemagne1 _h done _! "w4 ,! age ( ! ascetics began to fade4 ,! age ( ! crusades & ( *ivalry succe$$ x4 ,x is curi\s to obs]ve ! mann] 9 :i*1 "u ! influ5ce ( ! prevail+ t5d5cy1 ! c>e] ( ,*>lemagne 0 transfigur$ by ! popul> imag9ation4 ,8 milit>y ent]prises _h be5 *iefly direct$ aga9/ ! ,saxons1 aga9/ :om he _h made n less ?an ?irty-two exp$itions4 ,) ! ,mohamm$ans he _h b little contact4 ,x 0 ,*>les ,m>tel1 n 8 gr&son1 :o1 by ! great battle ( ,poiti]s1 _h *eck$ _! c>e]4 ,*>lemagne made1 9 p]son1 b a s+le exp$ition aga9/ !m 9 ,spa91 & t exp$ition 0 on a small scale1 & 0 disa/r\s 9 its issue4 ,b 9 ! ,c>lov+ian romances1 :i* arose at a "t :5 ! en?usiasm ( ! ,crusades 0 p]meat+ ,*ri/5dom1 ev5ts 7 repres5t$ 9 a :olly diff]5t light4 ,*>les ,m>tel has no place among ! ideal combatants ( ! ,*ur*4 ,he _h appe>$ too e>ly1 8 figure 0 n suffici5tly great to fasc9ate ! popul> imag9ation1 & by confiscat+ ecclesia/ical prop]ty1 & refus+ to assi/ ! ,pope aga9/ ! ,lomb>ds1 he _h fall5 "u ! ban ( ! cl]gy4 ,*>lemagne1 on ! o!r h&1 0 repres5t$ z ! fir/ & greate/ ( ! crusad]s4 ,8 w>s ) ! ,saxons 7 sc>cely notic$4 ,8 :ole life 0 said to h be5 sp5t 9 h]oic & triumphant combats ) ! foll[]s ( ,mohamm$47#edi7 ,among ! a*ievem5ts attribut$ to him 0 an exp$ition to rescue ,nismes & ,c>cassonne f _! grasp1 :i* 01 9 fact1 a dim tradition ( ! victories ( ,*>les ,m>tel47#eej7 ,he is ev5 said to h c>ri$ 8 victori\s arms into ! he>t ( ,pale/9e1 & he is ! h]o ( :at are probably ! ?ree e>lie/ extant romances ( ! ,crusades47#eea7 ,9 fiction1 z 9 hi/ory1 8 reign =ms ! great l&m>k sep>at+ ! e>ly p]iod ( ! middle ages f ! age ( milit>y ,*ri/ianity4 ,on ! v]ge ( ?is great *ange ,i draw ?is hi/ory to a close4 ,9 pursu+ our long & *equ]$ c\rse1 f ,augu/us to ,*>lemagne1 we h se5 ! rise & fall ( _m types ( "*1 & ( _m =ms ( en?usiasm4 ,we h se5 ! influ5ce ( univ]sal empire exp&+1 & ! influ5ce ( ,greek civilisation int5sify+1 ! sympa?ies ( ,europe4 ,we h survey$ ! successive progress ( ,/oicism1 ,platonism1 & ,egyptian philosophies1 at once reflect+ & guid+ ! moral t5d5cies ( society4 ,we h trac$ ! c\rse ( progress or retrogression 9 _m fields ( social1 political1 & legislative life1 h wat*$ ! cradle ( ,european ,*ri/ianity1 exam9$ ! causes ( its triumph1 ! difficulties x enc\nt]$1 & ! priceless bless+s its philan?ropic _s be/[$ ^u mank9d4 ,we h also pursu$ /ep by /ep ! m\rnful hi/ory ( its corruption1 its asceticism1 & its intol]ance1 ! v>i\s trans=mations x produc$ or und]w5t :5 ! turbid wat]s ( ! b>b>ian invasions _h inundat$ ! civilisations ( ,europe4 ,x rema9s = me1 be=e conclud+ ?is "w1 to inve/igate "o class ( subjects to :i* ,i h1 z yet1 b briefly adv]t$--to exam9e ! effects ( ! *anges ,i h describ$ ^u ! "* & position ( woman1 & ^u ! grave moral que/ions conc]n+ ! relations ( ! sexes4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,! ,,position ,,( ,,wom54 ,9 ! long s]ies ( moral revolutions t h be5 describ$ 9 ! =ego+ *apt]s1 ,i h m ?an once _h occasion to ref] to ! position t 0 assign$ to woman 9 ! community1 & to ! virtues & vices t spr+ directly f ! relations ( ! sexes4 ,i h n1 h[ev]1 z yet discuss$ ^! que/ions ) a fulness at all correspond+ to _! hi/orical importance1 & ,i propose1 9 consequ5ce1 be=e conclud+ ?is volume1 to devote a few pages to _! exam9ation4 ,( all ! _m que/ions t are treat$ 9 ?is "w1 !re is none :i* ,i approa* ) s mu* hesitation1 = !re is probably none :i* x is s difficult to treat ) cle>ness & imp>tiality1 & at ! same "t )\t excit+ any sc&al or (f5ce4 ,! complexity ( ! problem1 aris+ f ! v l>ge place :i* exceptional in/itutions or circum/ances1 & especially ! influ5ce ( climate & race1 h _h on ! *a/ity ( nations1 ,i h already notic$1 & ! extreme delicacy ( ! matt]s ) :i* ?is bran* ( e?ics is connect$ mu/ be palpable to all4 ,! fir/ duty ( an hi/orian1 h[ev]1 is to tru?2 & x is absolutely impossible to pres5t a true picture ( ! moral condition ( diff]5t ages1 & to =m a true e/imate ( ! moral effects ( diff]5t religions1 )\t adv]t+ to ! dep>tm5t ( morals1 :i* has exhibit$ mo/ *ange1 & has probably ex]cis$ mo/ influ5ce4 ,x is natural t1 9 ! p]iod :5 m5 are /ill p]fect b>b>ians1 :5 _! habits ( life are /ill nomadic1 & :51 w> & ! *ase1 be+ _! sole pursuits1 ! qualities t are requir$ 9 ^! =m _! *ief measure ( excell5ce1 ! inf]iority ( wom5 to m5 %\ld be reg>d$ z und\bt$1 & _! position %\ld be extremely degrad$4 ,9 all ^? qualities :i* are !n mo/ priz$1 wom5 are indisputably inf]ior4 ,! social qualities 9 :i* !y are especially fitt$ to excel h no sph]e = _! display4 ,! asc5dancy ( beauty is v fa9t1 &1 ev5 if x 7 o!rwise1 few traces ( female beauty c\ld survive ! h>d%ips ( ! savage life4 ,woman is look$ ^u m]ely z ! slave ( man1 & z ! m9i/] to 8 passions4 ,9 ! fir/ capacity1 h] life is "o ( cont9ual1 abject1 & unrequit$ toil4 ,9 ! second capacity1 %e is expos$ to all ! viol5t revulsions ( feel+ t foll[1 among rude m51 ! gratification ( ! animal passions4 ,ev5 9 ?is e>ly /age1 h[ev]1 we may trace "s rudim5ts ( ^? moral s5tim5ts :i* are de/9$ at a lat] p]iod to exp&4 ,! in/itution ( m>riage exi/s4 ,! value ( *a/ity is commonly 9 "s degree felt1 & appe>s 9 ! indignation :i* is display$ aga9/ ! adult]]4 ,! duty ( re/ra9+ ! passions is l>gely recognis$ 9 ! female1 ?\gh ! males are only re/rict$ by ! prohibition ( adult]y4 ,! fir/ two /eps :i* are tak5 t[>ds ! elevation ( woman are probably ! ab&onm5t ( ! cu/om ( pur*as+ wives1 & ! con/ruction ( ! family on ! basis ( monogamy4 ,9 ! e>lie/ p]iods ( civilisation1 ! m>riage contract 0 arrang$ betwe5 ! bridegroom & ! fa!r ( ! bride1 on ! condition ( a sum ( money be+ paid by ! =m] to ! latt]4 ,?is sum1 :i* is kn[n 9 ! laws ( ! b>b>ians z ! 8mundium107#eeb7 0 9 fact a paym5t to ! fa!r = ! cession ( 8 daught]1 :o ?us became ! b\ght slave ( h] husb&4 ,x is "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable features ( ! anci5t laws ( ,india1 t !y =bade ?is gift1 on ! gr\nd t ! p>5t %\ld n sell 8 *ild27#eec7 b !re c be little d\bt t ?is sale 0 at "o "t ! ord9>y type ( m>riage4 ,9 ! ,jewi% writ+s we f9d ,jacob pur*as+ ,leah & ,ra*el by c]ta9 s]vices to _! fa!r2 & ?is cu/om1 :i* seems to h be5 at "o "t g5]al 9 ,judea17#eed7 appe>s 9 ! age ( ,hom] to h be5 g5]al 9 ,greece4 ,at an e>ly p]iod1 h[ev]1 ( ,greek hi/ory1 ! pur*ase-money 0 replac$ by ! d[ry1 or sum ( money paid by ! fa!r ( ! bride = ! use ( 8 daught]27#eee7 & ?is1 al?\gh x pass$ into ! h&s ( ! husb&1 contribut$ to elevate ! wife1 9 ! fir/ place1 by ! dignity x gave h]1 &1 9 ! next place1 by special laws1 :i* bo? 9 ,greece & ,rome secur$ x to h] 9 mo/ cases ( sep>ation47#eef7 ,! wife ?us possess$ a gu>antee aga9/ ill-usage by h] husb&4 ,%e ceas$ to be 8 slave1 & became 9 "s degree a contract+ p>ty4 ,among ! e>ly ,g]mans1 a diff]5t & v rem>kable cu/om exi/$4 ,! bride did n br+ any d[ry to h] husb&1 nor did ! bridegroom give any?+ to ! fa!r ( ! bride2 b he gave 8 gift to ! bride h]self1 on ! morn+ aft] ! fir/ night ( m>riage1 & ?is1 :i* 0 call$ ! 8,morg5gab10 or morn+ gift1 0 ! orig9 ( ! jo9ture47#eeg7 ,/ill m important ?an ! =ego+ 0 ! in/itution ( monogamy1 by :i*1 f its e>lie/ days1 ! ,greek civilisation proclaim$ its sup]iority to ! ,asiatic civilisations t _h prec$$ x4 ,we may reg>d monogamy ei!r 9 ! light ( our intuitive moral s5tim5t on ! subject ( purity1 or 9 ! light ( ! int]e/s ( society4 ,9 its ,ori5tal or polygam\s /age1 m>riage is reg>d$ almo/ exclusively1 9 its l[e/ aspect1 z a gratification ( ! passions2 :ile 9 ,european m>riages ! mutual atta*m5t & respect ( ! contract+ p>ties1 ! =mation ( a h\sehold1 & ! long tra9 ( dome/ic feel+s & duties t accompany x1 h all _! di/+ui%$ place among ! motives ( ! contract1 & ! l[] elem5t has comp>atively little prom95ce4 ,9 ?is way x may be intelligibly said1 )\t any ref]5ce to utilit>ian consid]ations1 t monogamy is a high] /ate ?an polygamy4 ,! utilit>ian argum5ts 9 its def5ce are also extremely p[]ful1 & may be summ$ up 9 ?ree s5t5ces4 ,nature1 by mak+ ! numb] ( males & females ne>ly equal1 indicates x z natural4 ,9 no o!r =m ( m>riage c ! gov]nm5t ( ! family1 :i* is "o ( ! *ief ends ( m>riage1 be s happily su/a9$1 & 9 no o!r does woman assume ! position ( ! equal ( man4 ,monogamy 0 ! g5]al sy/em 9 ,greece1 ?\gh !re are said to h be5 slight & tempor>y deviations into ! e>li] sy/em1 aft] "s great disa/]s1 :5 an increase ( population 0 ard5tly desir$47#eeh7 ,a broad l9e mu/1 h[ev]1 be drawn betwe5 ! leg5d>y or poetical p]iod1 z reflect$ 9 ,hom] & p]petuat$ 9 ! trag$ians1 & ! lat] hi/orical p]iod4 ,x is "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable1 & to "s writ]s "o ( ! mo/ p]plex+1 facts 9 ! moral hi/ory ( ,greece1 t 9 ! =m] & rud] p]iod wom5 _h und\bt$ly ! highe/ place1 & _! type exhibit$ ! highe/ p]fection4 ,moral ideas1 9 a ?\s& =ms1 h be5 sublimat$1 enl>g$1 & *ang$1 by advanc+ civilisation2 b x may be fe>lessly ass]t$ t ! types ( female excell5ce :i* are conta9$ 9 ! ,greek poems1 :ile !y are among ! e>lie/1 are also among ! mo/ p]fect 9 ! lit]ature ( mank9d4 ,! conjugal t5d]ness ( ,hector & ,&roma*e2 ! unwe>i$ fidelity ( ,p5elope1 await+ ?r\gh ! long revolv+ ye>s ! return ( h] /orm-toss$ husb&1 :o look$ =w>d to h] z to ! cr[n ( all 8 lab\rs2 ! h]oic love ( ,alce/is1 volunt>ily dy+ t h] husb& might live2 ! filial piety ( ,antigone2 ! maje/ic gr&eur ( ! dea? ( ,polyx5a2 ! m subdu$ & sa9tly resignation ( ,iphig5ia1 excus+ ) h] la/ brea? ! fa!r :o _h condemn$ h]2 ! joy\s1 mode/1 & lov+ ,nausicaa1 ^: figure %9es l a p]fect idyll among ! trag$ies ( ! ,odyssey--all ^! are pictures ( p]5nial beauty1 :i* ,rome & ,*ri/5dom1 *ivalry & mod]n civilisation1 h nei!r eclips$ nor transc5d$4 ,virg9 mode/y & conjugal fidelity1 ! graces z well z ! virtues ( ! mo/ p]fect womanhood1 h nev] be5 m exquisitely p\rtray$4 ,! female figures /& out 9 ! canvas almo/ z prom95tly z ! male ones1 & are surr\nd$ by an almo/ equal rev]5ce4 ,! :ole hi/ory ( ! ,siege ( ,troy is a hi/ory ( ! cata/rophes t foll[$ a violation ( ! nuptial tie4 ,yet1 at ! same "t1 ! position ( wom5 0 9 "s respects a degrad$ "o4 ,! cu/om ( pur*ase-money giv5 to ! fa!r ( ! bride 0 g5]al4 ,! husb&s appe> to h indulg$ l>gely1 & ) little or no c5sure1 9 concub9es47#eei7 ,female captives ( ! highe/ rank 7 treat$ ) great h>%ness4 ,! inf]iority ( wom5 to m5 0 /rongly ass]t$1 & x 0 illu/rat$ & def5d$ by a v curi\s physiological notion1 t ! g5]ative p[] belong$ exclusively to m51 wom5 hav+ only a v subord9ate "p 9 ! production ( _! *ildr547#efj7 ,! woman ,p&ora 0 said to h be5 ! au?or ( all human ills4 ,9 ! hi/orical age ( ,greece1 ! legal position ( wom5 _h 9 "s respects slightly improv$1 b _! moral condition _h und]gone a m>k$ det]ioration4 ,virtu\s wom5 liv$ a life ( p]fect seclusion4 ,! =emo/ & mo/ dazzl+ type ( ,ionic womanhood 0 ! c\rtesan1 :ile1 among ! m51 ! latitude accord$ by public op9ion 0 almo/ unre/rict$4 ,! facts 9 moral hi/ory1 :i* x is at once mo/ important & mo/ difficult to appreciate1 are :at may be call$ ! facts ( feel+4 ,x is mu* easi] to %[ :at m5 did or taught ?an to realise ! /ate ( m9d t r5d]$ possible su* actions or tea*+2 & 9 ! case be=e u we h to deal ) a condition ( feel+ s extremely remote f t ( our own day1 t ! difficulty is preem95tly great4 ,v s5sual1 & at ! same "t v brilliant societies1 h inde$ repeat$ly exi/$1 & ! hi/ories ( bo? ,france & ,italy af=d _m examples ( an arti/ic & intellectual en?usiasm encircl+ ^? :o 7 morally mo/ frail2 b ! peculi>ity ( ,greek s5suality is1 t x grew up1 = ! mo/ "p1 unc5sur$1 & inde$ ev5 enc\rag$1 "u ! eyes ( "s ( ! mo/ illu/ri\s ( morali/s4 ,if we c imag9e ,n9on de l',enclos at a "t :5 ! rank & spl5d\r ( ,p>isian society ?rong$ h] draw+-rooms1 reckon+ a ,bossuet or a ,fnelon among h] foll[]s--if we c imag9e ^! prelates publicly advis+ h] ab\t ! duties ( h] pr(ession1 & ! means ( atta*+ ! affections ( h] lov]s--we %all h conceiv$ a relation sc>cely m /range ?an t :i* exi/$ betwe5 ,socrates & ! c\rtesan ,!odota4 ,9 ord] to recon/ruct1 z f> z possible1 ! modes ( feel+ ( ! ,greek morali/s1 x w be necess>y 9 ! fir/ place to say a few words conc]n+ "o ( ! mo/ delicate1 b at ! same "t mo/ important1 problems ) :i* ! legislator & ! morali/ h to deal4 ,x 0 a fav\rite doctr9e ( ! ,*ri/ian ,fa!rs1 t concupisc5ce1 or ! s5sual passion1 0 8! orig9al s90 ( human nature2 & x mu/ be own$ t ! progress ( k1 :i* is usually extremely oppos$ to ! ascetic !ory ( life1 concurs ) ! !ological view1 9 %[+ ! natural =ce ( ?is appetite to be f> great] ?an ! well-be+ ( man requires4 ,! writ+s ( ,mal?us h prov$1 :at ! ,greek morali/s appe> 9 a consid]able degree to h se51 t its normal & temp]ate ex]cise 9 ! =m ( m>riage1 w\ld produce1 if univ]sal1 ! utmo/ calamities to ! _w1 & t1 :ile nature seems 9 ! mo/ unequivocal mann] to urge ! human race to e>ly m>riages1 ! fir/ condition ( an advanc+ civilisation 9 popul\s c\ntries is to re/ra9 or dim9i% !m4 ,9 no highly civilis$ society is m>riage g5]al on ! fir/ developm5t ( ! passions1 & ! cont9ual t5d5cy ( increas+ k is to r5d] su* m>riages m r>e4 ,x is also an und\bt$ tru? t1 h[ev] mu* morali/s may en=ce ! obligation ( extra-matrimonial purity1 ?is obligation has nev] be5 ev5 approximately reg>d$2 & 9 all nations1 ages1 & religions a va/ mass ( irregul> indulg5ce has appe>$1 :i* has probably contribut$ m ?an any o!r s+le cause to ! mis]y & ! degradation ( man4 ,!re are two ends :i* a morali/1 9 deal+ ) ?is "q1 w especially reg>d--! natural duty ( e man do+ some?+ = ! support ( ! *ild he has call$ into exi/5ce1 & ! pres]vation ( ! dome/ic circle unassail$ & unpollut$4 ,! family is ! c5tre & ! ar*etype ( ! ,/ate1 & ! happ9ess & goodness ( society are always 9 a v great degree dep5d5t ^u ! purity ( dome/ic life4 ,! ess5tially exclusive nature ( m>ital affection1 & ! natural desire ( e man to be c]ta9 ( ! pat]nity ( ! *ild he supports1 r5d] ! incursions ( irregul> passions )9 ! dome/ic circle a cause ( extreme suff]+4 ,yet x w\ld appe> z if ! excessive =ce ( ^! passions w\ld r5d] su* incursions bo? frequ5t & inevitable4 ,"u ^! circum/ances1 !re has aris5 9 society a figure :i* is c]ta9ly ! mo/ m\rnful1 & 9 "s respects ! mo/ awful1 ^u :i* ! eye ( ! morali/ c dwell4 ,t unhappy be+ ^: v "n is a %ame to speak2 :o c\nt]feits ) a cold he>t ! transports ( affection1 & submits h]self z ! passive in/rum5t ( lu/2 :o is scorn$ & insult$ z ! vile/ ( h] sex1 & doom$1 = ! mo/ "p1 to disease & abject wret*$ness & an e>ly dea?1 appe>s 9 e age z ! p]petual symbol ( ! degradation & ! s9fulness ( man4 ,h]self ! supreme type ( vice1 %e is ultimately ! mo/ effici5t gu>dian ( virtue4 ,b = h]1 ! un*all5g$ purity ( c\ntless happy homes w\ld be pollut$1 & n a few :o1 9 ! pride ( _! untempt$ *a/ity1 ?9k ( h] ) an indignant %udd]1 w\ld h kn[n ! agony ( remorse & ( despair4 ,on t "o degrad$ & ignoble =m are conc5trat$ ! passions t might h fill$ ! _w ) %ame4 ,%e rema9s1 :ile cre$s & civilisations rise & fall1 ! et]nal prie/ess ( humanity1 bla/$ = ! s9s ( ! p4 ,9 deal+ ) ?is unhappy be+1 & ) all ( h] sex :o h violat$ ! law ( *a/ity1 ! public op9ion ( mo/ ,*ri/ian c\ntries pron\nces a s5t5ce ( extreme sev]ity4 ,9 ! ,anglo-,saxon nations especially1 a s+le fault ( ?is k9d is suffici5t1 at lea/ 9 ! upp] & middle classes1 to affix an indelible br& :i* no "t1 no virtues1 no p5it5ce c :olly efface4 ,?is s5t5ce is probably1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 simply ! expression ( ! religi\s feel+ on ! subject1 b x is also sometimes def5d$ by p[]ful argum5ts drawn f ! int]e/s ( society4 ,x is said t ! pres]vation ( dome/ic purity is a matt] ( su* transc5d5t importance t x is "r t ! mo/ cru%+ p5alties %\ld be atta*$ to an act :i* ! imag9ation c easily transfigure1 :i* legal enactm5ts c nev] effici5tly control1 & to :i* ! mo/ viol5t passions may prompt4 ,x is said1 too1 t an ana!ma :i* drives into obscurity all evid5ces ( s5sual passions is peculi>ly fitt$ to re/rict _! op]ation2 =1 m ?an any o!r passions1 !y are dep5d5t on ! imag9ation1 :i* is readily fir$ by ! sight ( evil4 ,x is add$1 t ! emphasis ) :i* ! vice is /igmatis$ produces a correspond+ admiration = ! opposite virtue1 & t a feel+ ( ! mo/ delicate & scrupul\s hon\r is ?us =m$ among ! female population1 :i* n only pres]ves f gross s91 b also dignifies & ennobles ! :ole "*4 ,9 opposition to ^! views1 sev]al consid]ations ( mu* weight h be5 urg$4 ,x is argu$ t1 h[ev] p]si/5tly society may ignore ?is =m ( vice1 x exi/s nev]!less1 & on ! mo/ gigantic scale1 & t evil r>ely assumes su* invet]ate & p]v]t+ =ms z :5 x is %r\d$ 9 obscurity & veil$ by an hypocritical appe>ance ( unconsci\sness4 ,! exi/5ce 9 ,engl& ( c]ta9ly n less ?an fifty ?\s& unhappy wom517#efa7 sunk 9 ! v l[e/ dep?s ( vice & mis]y1 %[s suffici5tly :at an appall+ am\nt ( moral evil is fe/]+ uncontroll$1 undiscuss$1 & unalleviat$1 "u ! fair surface ( a decor\s society4 ,9 ! eyes ( e physician1 & inde$ 9 ! eyes ( mo/ cont95tal writ]s :o h adv]t$ to ! subject1 no o!r feature ( ,engli% life appe>s s infam\s z ! fact t an epidemic1 :i* is "o ( ! mo/ dreadful n[ exi/+ among mank9d1 :i* communicates itself f ! guilty husb& to ! innoc5t wife1 & ev5 transmits its ta9t to h] (fspr+1 & :i* ! exp]i5ce ( o!r nations conclusively proves may be va/ly dim9i%$1 %\ld be suff]$ to rage un*eck$ because ! ,legislature refuses to take (ficial cognisance ( its exi/5ce1 or prop] sanit>y measures = its repression47#efb7 ,if ! t]rible c5sure :i* ,engli% public op9ion passes ^u e in/ance ( female frailty 9 "s degree dim9i%es ! numb]1 x does n prev5t su* in/ances f be+ extremely num]\s1 & x immeasurably aggravates ! suff]+ !y produce4 ,acts :i* 9 o!r ,european c\ntries w\ld excite only a slight & transi5t emotion1 spread 9 ,engl&1 ov] a wide circle1 all ! bitt]ness ( unmitigat$ angui%4 ,acts :i* naturally nei!r imply nor produce a total subv]sion ( ! moral feel+s1 & :i*1 9 o!r c\ntries1 are (t5 foll[$ by happy1 virtu\s1 & affectionate lives1 9 ,engl& almo/ inv>iably lead to absolute ru94 ,infanticide is greatly multipli$1 & a va/ proportion ( ^? ^: reputations & lives h be5 bla/$ by "o mom5t>y s91 are hurl$ into ! abyss ( habitual pro/itution--a condition :i*1 ow+ to ! s5t5ce ( public op9ion & ! neglect ( legislators1 is 9 no o!r ,european c\ntry s hopelessly vici\s or s irrevocable47#efc7 ,x is add$1 too1 t ! imm5se multitude :o are ?us doom$ to ! extremity ( life-long wret*$ness are n always1 p]haps n g5]ally1 ( ^? ^: dispositions seem naturally incapable ( virtue4 ,! victims ( s$uction are (t5 l$ aside q z mu* by ! ard\r ( _! affections1 & by ! vivacity ( _! intellig5ce1 z by any vici\s prop5sities47#efd7 ,ev5 9 ! l[e/ grades1 ! mo/ dispassionate obs]v]s h detect$ rema9s ( high] feel+s1 :i*1 9 a diff]5t moral atmosph]e1 & "u diff]5t moral husb&ry1 w\ld h und\bt$ly be5 develop$47#efe7 ,! /ati/ics ( pro/itution %[ t a great proportion ( ^? :o h fall5 into x h be5 impell$ by ! mo/ extreme pov]ty1 9 _m in/ances v]g+ ^u />vation47#eff7 ,^! oppos+ consid]ations1 :i* ,i h v briefly indicat$1 & :i* ,i d n propose to discuss or to e/imate1 w be suffici5t to exhibit ! magnitude ( ! problem4 ,9 ! ,greek civilisation1 legislators & morali/s endeav\r$ to meet x by ! cordial recognition ( two di/9ct ord]s ( womanhood7#efg7--! wife1 ^: fir/ duty 0 fidelity to h] husb&2 ! hetra1 or mi/ress1 :o subsi/$ by h] fugitive atta*m5ts4 ,! wives ( ! ,greeks liv$ 9 almo/ absolute seclusion4 ,!y 7 usually m>ri$ :5 v "y4 ,_! occupations 7 to weave1 to sp91 to embroid]1 to sup]9t5d ! h\sehold1 to c>e = _! sick slaves4 ,!y liv$ 9 a special & retir$ "p ( ! h\se4 ,! m weal?y seldom w5t abroad1 & nev] except :5 accompani$ by a female slave2 nev] att5d$ ! public spectacles2 receiv$ no male visitors except 9 ! pres5ce ( _! husb&s1 & _h n ev5 a seat at _! own tables :5 male gue/s 7 !re4 ,_! pre-em95t virtue 0 fidelity1 & x is probable t ?is 0 v /rictly & v g5]ally obs]v$4 ,_! rem>kable fre$om f temptations1 ! public op9ion :i* /rongly disc\rag$ any attempt to s$uce !m1 & ! ample sph]e = illicit pleasures t 0 accord$ to ! o!r sex1 all contribut$ to protect x4 ,on ! o!r h&1 liv+1 z !y did1 almo/ exclusively among _! female slaves1 be+ depriv$ ( all ! educat+ influ5ce ( male society1 & hav+ no place at ^? public spectacles :i* 7 ! *ief means ( ,a!nian culture1 _! m9ds mu/ necess>ily h be5 exce$+ly contract$4 ,?ucydides d\btless express$ ! prevail+ s5tim5t ( 8 c\ntrym5 :5 he said t ! highe/ m]it ( woman is n to be spok5 ( ei!r = good or = evil2 & ,phidias illu/rat$ ! same feel+ :5 he repres5t$ ! heav5ly ,aphrodite /&+ on a tortoise1 typify+ !reby ! seclud$ life ( a virtu\s woman47#efh7 ,9 _! own re/rict$ sph]e _! lives 7 probably n unhappy4 ,education & cu/om r5d]$ ! purely dome/ic life t 0 assign$ to !m a second nature1 & x mu/ 9 mo/ in/ances h reconcil$ !m to ! extra-matrimonial connections 9 :i* _! husb&s too frequ5tly indulg$4 ,! prevail+ mann]s 7 v g5tle4 ,dome/ic oppression is sc>cely ev] spok5 (2 ! husb& liv$ *iefly 9 ! public place2 causes ( jeal\sy & ( diss5sion c\ld seldom occur2 & a feel+ ( w>m affection1 ?\gh n a feel+ ( equality1 mu/ d\btless h 9 mo/ cases spontane\sly aris54 ,9 ! writ+s ( ,x5ophon we h a *>m+ picture ( a husb& :o _h receiv$ into 8 arms 8 "y wife ( fifte51 absolutely ignorant ( ! _w & ( its ways4 ,he speaks to h] ) extreme k9dness1 b 9 ! language t w\ld be us$ to a little *ild4 ,h] task1 he tells h]1 is to be l a que5 bee1 dwell+ cont9ually at home & sup]9t5d+ ! "w ( h] slaves4 ,%e mu/ di/ribute to ea* _! tasks1 mu/ economise ! family income1 & mu/ take especial c>e t ! h\se is /rictly ord]ly--! %oes1 ! pots1 & ! clo!s always 9 _! places4 ,x is also1 he tells h]1 a "p ( h] duty to t5d h] sick slaves2 b "h 8 wife int]rupt$ him1 exclaim+1 8,nay1 b t w inde$ be ! mo/ agreeable ( my (fices1 if su* z ,i treat ) k9dness are likely to be grateful1 & to love me m ?an be=e40 ,) a v t5d] & delicate c>e to avoid ev]y?+ resembl+ a reproa*1 ! husb& p]suades 8 wife to give up ! habits ( we>+ high-heel$ boots1 9 ord] to appe> tall1 & ( col\r+ h] face ) v]milion & :ite lead4 ,he promises h] t if %e fai?fully p]=ms h] duties he w himself be ! fir/ & mo/ devot$ ( h] slaves4 ,he assur$ ,socrates t :5 any dome/ic dispute arose he c\ld extricate himself admirably1 if he 0 9 ! "r2 b t1 :5ev] he 0 9 ! wrong1 he f\nd x impossible to conv9ce 8 wife t x 0 o!rwise47#efi7 ,we h ano!r picture ( ,greek m>ri$ life 9 ! writ+s ( ,plut>*1 b x repres5ts ! condition ( ! ,greek m9d at a lat] p]iod ?an t ( ,x5ophon4 ,9 ,plut>* ! wife is repres5t$ n z ! m]e h\sekeep]1 or z ! *ief slave ( h] husb&1 b z 8 equal & 8 companion4 ,he en=ces1 9 ! /ronge/ t]ms1 reciprocity ( obligations1 & desires t ! m9ds ( wom5 %\ld be cultivat$ to ! highe/ po9t47#egj7 ,8 precepts ( m>riage1 inde$1 fall little if at all bel[ any t h appe>$ 9 mod]n days4 ,8 lett] ( consolation to 8 wife1 on ! dea? ( _! *ild1 brea!s a _s ( ! t5d]e/ affection4 ,x is record$ ( him t1 hav+ _h "s dispute ) ! relations ( 8 wife1 %e fe>$ t x might impair _! dome/ic happ9ess1 & %e accord+ly p]suad$ h] husb& to accompany h] on a pilgrimage to ,m\nt ,helicon1 :]e !y (f]$ up toge!r a sacrifice to ,love1 & pray$ t _! affection = "o ano!r might nev] be dim9i%$4 ,9 g5]al1 h[ev]1 ! position ( ! virtu\s ,greek woman 0 a v l[ "o4 ,%e 0 "u a p]petual tutelage3 fir/ ( all to h] p>5ts1 :o dispos$ ( h] h&1 !n to h] husb&1 & 9 h] days ( wid[hood to h] sons4 ,9 cases ( inh]itance h] male relations 7 pref]r$ to h]4 ,! privilege ( divorce1 :i*1 9 ,a!ns1 at lea/1 %e possess$ z well z h] husb&1 appe>s to h be5 practically almo/ nugatory1 on acc\nt ( ! %ock :i* public decl>ations 9 ! law c\rt gave to ! habits :i* education & public op9ion _h =m$4 ,%e br\ght ) h]1 h[ev]1 a d[ry1 & ! recognis$ necessity ( end[+ daught]s 0 "o ( ! causes ( ^? frequ5t expositions :i* 7 p]petrat$ ) s little blame4 ,! ,a!nian law 0 also peculi>ly c>eful & t5d] 9 deal+ ) ! int]e/s ( female orphans47#ega7 ,plato _h argu$ t wom5 7 equal to m52 b ! habits ( ! p 7 totally oppos$ to ?is !ory4 ,m>riage 0 reg>d$ *iefly 9 a civic light1 z ! means ( produc+ citiz5s1 & 9 ,sp>ta x 0 ord]$ t old or infirm husb&s %\ld c$e _! "y wives to /rong] m51 :o c\ld produce vigor\s soldi]s = ! ,/ate4 ,! ,lac$monian treatm5t ( wom51 :i* diff]$ 9 _m respects f t :i* prevail$ 9 ! o!r ,greek ,/ates1 :ile x 0 utt]ly de/ructive ( all delicacy ( feel+ or action1 _h und\bt$ly ! effect ( produc+ a fi]ce & mascul9e patriotism2 & _m f9e examples are record$ ( ,sp>tan mo!rs devot+ _! sons on ! alt> ( _! c\ntry1 rejoic+ ov] _! dea?s :5 nobly won1 & infus+ _! own h]oic _s into ! armies ( ! p4 ,= ! mo/ "p1 h[ev]1 ! names ( virtu\s wom5 seldom appe> 9 ,greek hi/ory4 ,! simple mode/y :i* 0 ev9c$ by ,phocion's wife1 9 ! p]iod :5 h] husb& occupi$ ! =emo/ position 9 ,a!ns17#egb7 & a few in/ances ( conjugal & filial affection1 h be5 record$2 b 9 g5]al ! only wom5 :o attract$ ! notice ( ! p 7 ! hetr1 or c\rtesans47#egc7 ,9 ord] to und]/& ! position :i* ^! la/ assum$ 9 ,greek life1 we mu/ transport ourselves 9 ?\ght into a moral latitude totally diff]5t f our own4 ,! ,greek conception ( excell5ce 0 ! full & p]fect developm5t ( humanity 9 all its organs & functions1 & )\t any t+e ( asceticism4 ,"s p>ts ( human nature 7 recognis$ z high] ?an o!rs2 & to suff] any ( ! l[] appetites to obscure ! m9d1 re/ra9 ! w & engross ! en]gies ( life1 0 ackn[l$g$ to be disgraceful2 b ! sy/ematic repression ( a natural appetite 0 totally =eign to ,greek modes ( ?\ght4 ,legislators1 morali/s1 & ! g5]al voice ( ! p1 appe> to h appli$ ^! pr9ciples almo/ unres]v$ly to int]c\rse betwe5 ! sexes1 & ! mo/ virtu\s m5 habitually & op5ly ent]$ into relations :i* w\ld n[ be almo/ univ]sally c5sur$4 ,! exp]i5ce1 h[ev]1 ( _m societies has %[n t a public op9ion may accord1 9 ?is respect1 almo/ unlimit$ lic5ce to "o sex1 )\t %[+ any correspond+ indulg5ce to ! o!r4 ,b1 9 ,greece1 a concurr5ce ( causes _h conspir$ to br+ a c]ta9 section ( c\rtesans into a position !y h 9 no o!r society atta9$4 ,! voluptu\s wor%ip ( ,aphrodite gave a k9d ( religi\s sanction to _! pr(ession4 ,c\rtesans 7 ! prie/esses 9 h] temples1 & ^? ( ,cor9? 7 believ$ by _! pray]s to h av]t$ calamities f _! city4 ,pro/itution is said to h ent]$ into ! religi\s rites ( ,babylon1 ,biblis1 ,cyprus1 & ,cor9?1 & ^! z well z ,miletus1 ,t5$os1 ,lesbos1 & ,abydos became fam\s = _! s*ools ( vice1 :i* grew up "u ! %ad[ ( ! temples47#egd7 ,9 ! next place1 ! int5se /hetic en?usiasm t prevail$ 0 em95tly fitt$ to raise ! mo/ beautiful to hon\r4 ,9 a l& & b5ea? a sky :]e natural beauty develop$ to ! highe/ po9t1 !re arose a s*ool ( mat*less arti/s bo? 9 pa9t+ & 9 sculpture1 & public games & conte/s 7 celebrat$1 9 :i* supreme physical p]fection 0 cr[n$ by an assembl$ p4 ,9 no o!r p]iod ( ! _w's hi/ory 0 ! admiration ( beauty 9 all its =ms s passionate or s univ]sal4 ,x col\r$ ! :ole moral tea*+ ( ! "t1 & l$ ! *ief morali/s to reg>d virtue simply z ! highe/ k9d ( sup]s5sual beauty4 ,x appe>$ 9 all lit]ature1 :]e ! beauty ( =m & /yle 0 ! fir/ ( /udies4 ,x suppli$ at once ! inspiration & ! rule ( all ,greek art4 ,x l$ ! ,greek wife to pray1 be=e all o!r pray]s1 = ! beauty ( h] *ildr54 ,x surr\nd$ ! mo/ beautiful ) an aureole ( admir+ rev]5ce4 ,! c\rtesan 0 (t5 ! que5 ( beauty4 ,%e 0 ! model ( ! /atues ( ,aphrodite1 t comm&$ ! admiration ( ,greece4 ,praxiteles 0 accu/om$ to reproduce ! =m ( ,phryne1 & h] /atue1 c>v$ 9 gold1 /ood 9 ! temple ( ,apollo at ,delphi2 & :5 %e 0 accus$ ( corrupt+ ! y\? ( ,a!ns1 h] advocate1 ,hyp]ides1 procur$ h] acquittal by sudd5ly unveil+ h] *>ms be=e ! dazzl$ eyes ( ! assembl$ judges4 ,apelles 0 at once ! pa9t] & ! lov] ( ,las1 & ,alex&] gave him1 z ! *oice/ gift1 8 own fav\rite concub9e1 ( :om ! pa9t] _h become enam\r$ :ile p\rtray+ h]4 ,! *ief fl[]-pa9t] ( antiquity acquir$ 8 skill ?r\gh 8 love ( ! fl[]-girl ,glyc]a1 :om he 0 accu/om$ to pa9t among h] g>l&s4 ,p9d> & ,simonides sang ! praises ( c\rtesans1 & grave philosoph]s made pilgrimages to visit !m1 & _! names 7 kn[n 9 e city47#ege7 ,x is n surpris+ t1 9 su* a /ate ( ?\ght & feel+1 _m ( ! m ambiti\s & accompli%$ wom5 %\ld h betak5 !mselves to ?is c>e]1 nor yet t !y %\ld h atta9$ ! social position :i* ! seclud$ exi/5ce & ! en=c$ ignorance ( ! ,greek wives _h left vacant4 ,! c\rtesan 0 ! "o free woman ( ,a!ns1 & %e (t5 avail$ h]self ( h] fre$om to acquire a degree ( k :i* enabl$ h] to add to h] o!r *>ms an int5se intellectual fasc9ation4 ,ga!r+ ar\nd h] ! mo/ brilliant arti/s1 poets1 hi/orians1 & philosoph]s1 %e flung h]self unres]v$ly into ! intellectual & /hetic en?usiasms ( h] "t1 & soon became ! c5tre ( a lit]>y society ( mat*less spl5d\r4 ,aspasia1 :o 0 z fam\s = h] g5ius z = h] beauty1 won ! passionate love ( ,p]icles4 ,%e is said to h in/ruct$ him 9 eloqu5ce1 & to h compos$ "s ( 8 mo/ fam\s orations2 %e 0 cont9ually consult$ on affairs ( /ate2 & ,socrates1 l o!r philosoph]s1 att5d$ h] assemblies4 ,socrates himself has own$ 8 deep obligations to ! in/ructions ( a c\rtesan nam$ ,diotima4 ,! c\rtesan ,leontium 0 among ! mo/ ard5t disciples ( ,epicurus47#egf7 ,ano!r cause probably contribut$ indirectly to ! elevation ( ?is class1 to :i* x is extremely difficult to allude 9 an ,engli% book1 b :i* x is impossible altoge!r to omit1 ev5 9 ! mo/ cursory survey ( ,greek morals4 ,irregul> female connections 7 look$ ^u z ord9>y & n disgraceful incid5ts 9 ! life ( a good man1 = !y 7 comp>$ ) t l[] abyss ( unnatural love1 :i* 0 ! deepe/ & /range/ ta9t ( ,greek civilisation4 ,?is vice1 :i* nev] appe>s 9 ! writ+s ( ,hom] & ,hesiod1 d\btless arose "u ! influ5ce ( ! public games1 :i*1 accu/om+ m5 to ! contemplation ( absolutely nude figures17#egg7 awoke an unnatural passion17#egh7 totally remote f all mod]n feel+s1 b :i* 9 ,greece x 0 reg>d$ z h]oic to resi/47#egi7 ,! popul> religion 9 ?is1 z 9 o!r cases1 0 made to b5d to ! new vice4 ,hebe1 ! cup-be>] ( ! gods1 0 replac$ by ,ganym$e1 & ! wor/ vices ( e>? 7 transport$ to ,olympus47#ehj7 ,arti/s s\ght to reflect ! passion 9 _! /atues ( ! ,h]maphrodite1 ( ,bac*us1 & ! m effem9ate ,apollo2 morali/s 7 kn[n to praise x z ! bond ( fri5d%ip1 & x 0 spok5 ( z ! inspir+ en?usiasm ( ! h]oic ,!ban legion ( ,epam9ondas47#eha7 ,9 g5]al1 h[ev]1 x 0 /igmatis$ z unque/ionably a vice1 b x 0 treat$ ) a levity we c n[ h>dly conceive4 ,we c sc>cely h a bett] illu/ration ( ! ext5t to :i* moral ideas & feel+s h *ang$1 ?an ! fact t ! fir/ two ,greeks :o 7 consid]$ wor?y ( /atues by _! fell[-c\ntrym5 are said to h be5 ,h>modius & ,ari/ogeiton1 :o 7 unit$ by an impure love1 & :o 7 glorifi$ = a political assass9ation47#ehb7 ,x is probable t ?is cause conspir$ ) ! o!rs to dissociate ! class ( c\rtesans f ! idea ( supreme depravity ) :i* !y h usually be5 connect$4 ,! great majority1 h[ev]1 7 sunk 9 ?is1 z 9 all o!r ages1 9 abject degradation27#ehc7 comp>atively few atta9$ ! condition ( hetr1 & ev5 ( ^! x is probable t ! great] numb] exhibit$ ! *>act]i/ics :i* 9 all ages h atta*$ to _! class4 ,fai?lessness1 extreme rapacity1 & extravagant luxury1 7 common among !m2 b yet x is unque/ionable t !re 7 _m exceptions4 ,! excommunication ( society did n press ^u or degrade !m2 & ?\gh !y 7 nev] reg>d$ ) ! same hon\r z m>ri$ wom51 x seems g5]ally to h be5 believ$ t ! wife & ! c\rtesan _h ea* h] place & h] function 9 ! _w1 & h] own peculi> type ( excell5ce4 ,! c\rtesan ,lena1 :o 0 a fri5d ( ,h>modius1 di$ 9 torture r ?an reveal ! conspiracy ( h] fri5d1 & ! ,a!nians1 9 allusion to h] "n1 caus$ ! /atue ( a tongueless lioness to be erect$ to commemorate h] con/ancy47#ehd7 ,! g5tle mann]s & dis9t]e/$ affection ( a c\rtesan nam$ ,bac*is 7 especially record$1 & a v t\*+ lett] pa9ts h] "*1 & describes ! regret t foll[$ h] to ! tomb47#ehe7 ,9 "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable ( 8 pictures ( ,greek life1 ,x5ophon describes h[ ,socrates1 hav+ he>d ( ! beauty ( ! c\rtesan ,!odota1 w5t ) 8 disciples to asc]ta9 = himself :e!r ! report 0 true2 h[ ) a quiet hum\r he que/ion$ h] ab\t ! s\rces ( ! luxury ( h] dwell+1 & h[ he proce$$ to sket* = h] ! qualities %e %\ld cultivate 9 ord] to atta* h] lov]s4 ,%e ought1 he tells h]1 to %ut ! door aga9/ ! insol5t1 to wat* h] lov]s 9 sickness1 to rejoice greatly :5 !y succe$ 9 any?+ hon\rable1 to love t5d]ly ^? :o love h]4 ,hav+ c>ri$ on a *e]ful & p]fectly unemb>rass$ conv]sation ) h]1 ) no k9d ( reproa* on 8 "p1 ei!r express$ or impli$1 & ) no trace ei!r ( ! timidity or effront]y ( consci\s guilt ^u h]s1 ! be/ & wise/ ( ! ,greeks left 8 ho/ess ) a graceful complim5t to h] beauty47#ehf7 ,my task 9 describ+ ?is aspect ( ,greek life has be5 an em95tly unpleas+ "o1 & ,i %\ld c]ta9ly n h ent]$ ^u ev5 ! balde/ & mo/ gu>d$ disquisition on a subject s difficult1 pa9ful1 & delicate1 _h x n be5 absolutely indisp5sable to a hi/ory ( morals to give at lea/ an outl9e ( ! progress t has be5 effect$ 9 ?is sph]e4 ,:at ,i h writt5 w suffici5tly expla9 :y ,greece1 :i* 0 f]tile1 beyond all o!r l&s1 9 great m51 0 s rem>kably b>r5 ( great wom54 ,x w %[1 too1 t :ile ! ,greek morali/s recognis$1 l ourselves1 ! di/9ction betwe5 ! high] & ! l[] sides ( our nature1 !y diff]$ v widely f mod]n public op9ion 9 ! /&>d ( morals !y en=c$4 ,! ,*ri/ian doctr9e1 t x is crim9al to gratify a p[]ful & a transi5t physical appetite1 except "u ! condition ( a lifelong contract1 0 altoge!r unkn[n4 ,/rict duties 7 impos$ ^u ,greek wives4 ,duties 7 impos$ at a lat] p]iod1 ?\gh less /rictly1 ^u ! husb&4 ,unnatural love 0 /igmatis$1 b ) a levity ( c5sure :i* to a mod]n m9d appe>s inexpressibly revolt+4 ,"s slight legal disqualifications re/$ ^u ! :ole class ( hetr1 &1 ?\gh m admir$1 !y 7 less respect$ ?an wom5 :o _h adopt$ a dome/ic life2 b a comb9ation ( circum/ances _h rais$ !m1 9 actual wor? & 9 popul> e/imation1 to an unexampl$ elevation1 & an av]sion to m>riage became v g5]al1 & extra-matrimonial connections 7 =m$ ) ! mo/ p]fect frankness & publicity4 ,if we n[ turn to ! ,roman civilisation1 we %all f9d t "s important advances _h be5 made 9 ! condition ( wom54 ,! virtue ( *a/ity has1 z ,i h %[n1 be5 reg>d$ 9 two diff]5t ways4 ,! utilit>ian view1 :i* commonly prevails 9 c\ntries :]e a political _s is m p[]ful ?an a religi\s _s1 reg>ds m>riage z ! ideal /ate1 & to promote ! happ9ess1 sanctity1 & security ( ?is /ate is ! ma9 object ( all its precepts4 ,! my/ical view :i* re/s ^u ! natural feel+ ( %ame1 & :i*1 z hi/ory proves1 has prevail$ especially :]e political s5tim5t is v l[1 & religi\s s5tim5t v /rong1 reg>ds virg9ity z its supreme type1 & m>riage z simply ! mo/ p>donable decl5sion f ideal purity4 ,x is1 ,i ?9k1 a v rem>kable fact1 t at ! head ( ! religi\s sy/em ( ,rome we f9d two sac]dotal bodies :i* appe> respectively to typify ^! ideas4 ,! ,flam5s ( ,jupit] & ! ,ve/al ,virg9s 7 ! two mo/ sacr$ ord]s 9 ,rome4 ,! m9i/rations ( ea* 7 believ$ to be vitally important to ! ,/ate4 ,ea* c\ld (ficiate only )9 ! walls ( ,rome4 ,ea* 0 appo9t$ ) ! mo/ impos+ c]emonies4 ,ea* 0 hon\r$ ) ! mo/ pr(\nd rev]5ce4 ,b 9 "o important respect !y diff]$4 ,! ,ve/al 0 ! type ( virg9ity1 & h] purity 0 gu>d$ by ! mo/ t]rific p5alties4 ,! ,flam51 on ! o!r h&1 0 ! repres5tative ( ,roman m>riage 9 its /ricte/ & holie/ =m4 ,he 0 necess>ily m>ri$4 ,8 m>riage 0 celebrat$ ) ! mo/ solemn rites4 ,x c\ld only be dissolv$ by dea?4 ,if 8 wife di$1 he 0 degrad$ f 8 (fice47#ehg7 ,( ^! two ord]s1 !re c be no "q t ! ,flam5 0 ! mo/ fai?ful expression ( ! ,roman s5tim5ts4 ,! ,roman religion 0 ess5tially dome/ic1 & x 0 a ma9 object ( ! legislator to surr\nd m>riage ) e circum/ance ( dignity & solemnity4 ,monogamy 01 f ! e>lie/ times1 /rictly enjo9$2 & x 0 "o ( ! great b5efits t h result$ f ! expansion ( ,roman p[]1 t x made ?is type dom9ant 9 ,europe4 ,9 ! leg5ds ( e>ly ,rome we h ample evid5ce bo? ( ! high moral e/imate ( wom51 & ( _! prom95ce 9 ,roman life4 ,! trag$ies ( ,lucretia & ( ,virg9ia display a delicacy ( hon\r1 a s5se ( ! supreme excell5ce ( unsulli$ purity1 :i* no ,*ri/ian nation c\ld surpass4 ,! leg5ds ( ! ,sab9e wom5 int]c$+ betwe5 _! p>5ts & _! husb&s1 & ?us sav+ ! infant republic1 & ( ! "m ( ,coriolanus av]t+ by h] pray]s ! ru9 imp5d+ ov] h] c\ntry1 entitl$ wom5 to claim _! %>e 9 ! patriotic glories ( ,rome4 ,a temple ( ,v5us ,calva 0 associat$ ) ! leg5d ( ,roman ladies1 :o1 9 an h\r ( dang]1 cut (f _! long tresses to make b[/r+s = ! soldi]s47#ehh7 ,ano!r temple pres]v$ to all po/]ity ! memory ( ! filial piety ( t ,roman woman :o1 :5 h] "m 0 condemn$ to be />v$ to dea?1 obta9$ p]mission to visit h] 9 h] prison1 & 0 discov]$ fe$+ h] f h] brea/47#ehi7 ,! legal position1 h[ev]1 ( ! ,roman wife 0 = a long p]iod extremely l[4 ,! ,roman family 0 con/itut$ on ! pr9ciple ( ! uncontroll$ au?ority ( its head1 bo? ov] 8 wife & ov] 8 *ildr51 & he c\ld repudiate ! =m] at w4 ,nei!r ! cu/om ( gifts to ! fa!r ( ! bride1 nor ! cu/om ( d[ries1 appe>s to h exi/$ 9 ! e>lie/ p]iod ( ,roman hi/ory2 b ! fa!r dispos$ absolutely ( ! h& ( 8 daught]1 & sometimes ev5 possess$ ! p[] ( break+ (f m>riages t _h be5 actually contract$47#eij7 ,9 ! =ms ( m>riage1 h[ev]1 :i* 7 usual 9 ! e>li] p]iods ( ,rome1 ! absolute p[] pass$ into ! h&s ( ! husb&1 & he _h ! "r1 9 "s cases1 ( putt+ h] to dea?47#eia7 ,law & public op9ion comb9$ 9 mak+ matrimonial purity mo/ /rict4 ,= five hundr$ & tw5ty ye>s1 x 0 said1 !re 0 no su* ?+ z a divorce 9 ,rome47#eib7 ,mann]s 7 s sev]e1 t a s5ator 0 c5sur$ = indec5cy because he _h kiss$ 8 wife 9 ! pres5ce ( _! daught]47#eic7 ,x 0 consid]$ 9 a high degree disgraceful = a ,roman "m to delegate to a nurse ! duty ( suckl+ h] *ild47#eid7 ,sumptu>y laws regulat$ ) ! mo/ m9ute sev]ity all ! details ( dome/ic economy47#eie7 ,! c\rtesan class1 ?\gh probably num]\s & c]ta9ly uncontroll$1 7 reg>d$ ) mu* contempt4 ,! disgrace ( publicly pr(ess+ !mselves memb]s ( x 0 believ$ to be a suffici5t puni%m5t27#eif7 & an old law1 :i* 0 probably int5d$ to tea* 9 symbol ! duties ( m>ri$ life1 enjo9$ t no su* p]son %\ld t\* ! alt> ( ,juno47#eig7 ,x 0 relat$ ( a c]ta9 dile1 t he fail$ to obta9 r$ress = an assault :i* _h be5 made ^u him1 because x _h occurr$ 9 a h\se ( ill-fame1 9 :i* x 0 disgraceful = a ,roman magi/rate to be f\nd47#eih7 ,! sanctity ( female purity 0 believ$ to be atte/$ by all nature4 ,! mo/ savage animals became tame be=e a virg947#eii7 ,:5 a woman walk$ nak$ r\nd a field1 cat]pill>s & all loa?some insects fell dead be=e h]47#fjj7 ,x 0 said t dr[n$ m5 float$ on _! backs1 & dr[n$ wom5 on _! faces2 & ?is1 9 ! op9ion ( ,roman naturali/s1 0 due to ! sup]ior purity ( ! latt]47#fja7 ,x 0 a rem>k ( ,ari/otle1 t ! sup]iority ( ! ,greeks to ! b>b>ians 0 %[n1 among o!r ?+s1 9 ! fact t ! ,greeks did n1 l o!r nations1 reg>d _! wives z slaves1 b treat$ !m z helpmates & companions4 ,a ,roman writ] has appeal$1 on ! :ole ) great] ju/ice1 to ! treatm5t ( wives by 8 fell[ c\ntrym51 z a pro( ( ! sup]iority ( ,roman to ,greek civilisation4 ,he has obs]v$ t :ile ! ,greeks kept _! wives 9 a special qu>t] 9 ! int]ior ( _! h\ses1 & nev] p]mitt$ !m to sit at banquets except ) _! relatives1 or to see any male except 9 ! pres5ce ( a relative1 no ,roman ev] hesitat$ to lead 8 wife ) him to ! fea/1 or to place ! "m ( ! family at ! head ( 8 table47#fjb7 ,:e!r1 9 ! p]iod :5 wives 7 completely subject to ! rule ( _! husb&s1 mu* dome/ic oppression occurr$1 x is n[ impossible to say4 ,a temple d$icat$ to a goddess nam$ ,viriplaca1 ^: mission 0 to appease husb&s1 0 wor%ipp$ by ,roman wom5 on ! ,palat9e27#fjc7 & a /range & improbable1 if n incr$ible /ory1 is relat$ by ,livy1 ( ! discov]y dur+ ! ,republic1 ( a va/ conspiracy by ,roman wives to poison _! husb&s47#fjd7 ,on ! :ole1 h[ev]1 x is probable t ! ,roman matron 0 f ! e>lie/ p]iod a "n ( hon\r27#fje7 t ! beautiful s5t5ce ( a jurisconsult ( ! ,empire1 :o def9$ m>riage z a lifelong fell[%ip ( all div9e & human rights17#fjf7 express$ mo/ fai?fully ! feel+s ( ! p1 & t female virtue _h 9 e age a consid]able place 9 ,roman biographies47#fjg7 ,i h already enum]at$ ! *ief causes ( t complete dissolution ( ,roman morals :i* began %ortly aft] ! ,punic w>s1 :i* contribut$ v l>gely to ! de/ruction ( ! ,republic1 & :i* atta9$ its climax "u ! ,cs>s4 ,!re are few examples 9 hi/ory ( a revolution p]vad+ s completely e sph]e ( religi\s1 dome/ic1 social1 & political life4 ,philosophical scepticism corrod$ ! anci5t religions4 ,an inundation ( ,ea/]n luxury & ,ea/]n morals subm]g$ all ! old habits ( au/]e simplicity4 ,! civil w>s & ! ,empire degrad$ ! "* ( ! p1 & ! exagg]at$ prud]y ( republican mann]s only s]v$ to make ! reb\nd into vice ! m irresi/ible4 ,9 ! fi]ce outbur/ ( ungov]nable & almo/ frantic depravity t m>k$ ?is evil p]iod1 ! violations ( female virtue 7 infam\sly prom95t4 ,! va/ multiplication ( slaves1 :i* is 9 e age peculi>ly fatal to moral purity2 ! fact t a great proportion ( ^? slaves 7 *os5 f ! mo/ voluptu\s prov9ces ( ! ,empire2 ! games ( ,flora1 9 :i* races ( nak$ c\rtesans 7 exhibit$2 ! pantomimes1 :i* d]iv$ _! *>ms *iefly f ! audaci\s indec5cies ( ! actors2 ! influx ( ! ,greek & ,asiatic hetr :o 7 attract$ by ! weal? ( ! metropolis2 ! lic5ti\s pa9t+s :i* began to adorn e h\se2 ! rise ( ,bai1 :i* rivall$ ! luxury & surpass$ ! beauty ( ! *ief c5tres ( ,asiatic vice1 comb9+ ) ! intoxication ( great weal? sudd5ly acquir$1 ) ! disruption1 ?r\gh _m causes1 ( all ! anci5t habits & beliefs1 & ) ! t5d5cy to pleasure :i* ! clos+ ( ! pa?s ( hon\rable political ambition by ! imp]ial despotism1 naturally produc$1 _h all _! "p 9 prep>+ ^? orgies ( vice :i* ! writ]s ( ! ,empire reveal4 ,mo/ s*ol>s w1 ,i suppose1 reta9 a vivid recollection ( ! new insight into ! ext5t & wildness ( human guilt :i* !y obta9$ :5 !y fir/ op5$ ! pages ( ,suetonius or ,lampridius2 & ! six? ,satire ( ,juv5al pa9ts ) a fi]ce en]gy1 ?\gh probably ) ! natural exagg]ation ( a satiri/1 ! ext5t to :i* corruption _h spread among ! wom54 ,x 0 f\nd necess>y1 "u ,tib]ius1 to make a special law prohibit+ memb]s ( noble h\ses f enroll+ !mselves z pro/itutes47#fjh7 ,! extreme co>s5ess ( ! ,roman disposition prev5t$ s5suality f assum+ t /hetic "* :i* _h made x 9 ,greece ! p>5t ( ,art1 & _h v pr(\ndly modifi$ its influ5ce1 :ile ! passion = gladiatorial %[s (t5 alli$ x some:at unnaturally ) cruelty4 ,!re h c]ta9ly be5 _m p]iods 9 hi/ory :5 virtue 0 m r>e ?an "u ! ,cs>s2 b !re has probably nev] be5 a p]iod :5 vice 0 m extravagant or uncontroll$4 ,"y emp]ors especially1 :o 7 surr\nd$ by sw>ms ( sycophants & p&]s1 & :o (t5 liv$ 9 cont9ual dread ( assass9ation1 plung$ ) ! mo/ reckless & fev]i% excitem5t into e v>iety ( abnormal lu/4 ,! retic5ce :i* has always m or less *>act]is$ mod]n society & mod]n writ]s 0 unkn[n1 & ! unblu%+1 undisguis$ obsc5ity ( ! ,epigrams ( ,m>tial1 ( ! ,romances ( ,apuleius & ,petronius1 & ( "s ( ! ,dialogues ( ,lucian1 reflect$ b too fai?fully ! _s ( _! "t4 ,!re _h aris51 too1 p>tly ?r\gh vici\s causes1 & p>tly1 ,i suppose1 ?r\gh ! unfav\rable influ5ce :i* ! attraction ( ! public in/itutions ex]cis$ on dome/ic life1 a great & g5]al indisposition t[>ds m>riage1 :i* ,augu/us attempt$ 9 va9 to arre/ by 8 laws aga9/ celibacy1 & by conf]r+ _m privileges on ! fa!rs ( ?ree *ildr547#fji7 ,a s+ul>ly curi\s spee* is pres]v$1 :i* is said to h be5 deliv]$ on ?is subject1 %ortly be=e ! close ( ! ,republic1 by ,metellus ,numidicus1 9 ord]1 if possible1 to ov]come ?is indisposition4 8,if1 ,romans10 he said1 8we c\ld live )\t wives1 we %\ld all keep free f t s\rce ( tr\ble2 b s9ce nature has orda9$ t m5 c nei!r live suffici5tly agreeably ) wives1 nor at all )\t !m1 let u consid] ! p]petual endurance ( our race r ?an our own brief enjoym5t407#faj7 ,9 ! mid/ ( ?is torr5t ( corruption a great *ange 0 pass+ ov] ! legal position ( ,roman wom54 ,!y _h at fir/ be5 9 a condition ( absolute subjection or subord9ation to _! relations4 ,!y arriv$1 dur+ ! ,empire1 at a po9t ( fre$om & dignity :i* !y subsequ5tly lo/1 & h nev] altoge!r rega9$4 ,! ,romans recognis$ two di/9ct classes ( m>riages3 ! /rict]1 &1 9 ! eyes ( ! law1 m hon\rable1 =ms1 :i* plac$ ! woman 89 ! h&0 ( h] husb& & gave him an almo/ absolute au?ority ov] h] p]son & h] prop]ty2 & a less /rict =m1 :i* left h] legal position un*ang$4 ,! =m]1 :i* 7 g5]al dur+ ! ,republic1 7 ( ?ree k9ds--! 8conf>reatio10 :i* 0 celebrat$ & c\ld only be dissolv$ by ! mo/ solemn religi\s c]emonies1 & 0 jeal\sly re/rict$ to patricians2 ! 8coemptio10 :i* 0 purely civil1 & d]iv$ its "n f a symbolical sale2 & ! 8usus10 :i* 0 effect$ by ! m]e cohabitation ( a woman ) a man )\t int]ruption = ! space ( a ye>4 ,"u ! ,empire1 h[ev]1 ^! k9ds ( m>riage became almo/ :olly obsolete2 a lax] =m1 re/+ ^u a simple mutual agreem5t1 )\t any religi\s or civil c]emony1 0 g5]al1 & x _h ?is v important consequ5ce1 t ! woman s m>ri$ rema9$1 9 ! eyes ( ! law1 9 ! family ( h] fa!r1 & 0 "u 8 gu>dian%ip1 n "u ! gu>dian%ip ( h] husb&4 ,b ! old patria pote/as _h become completely obsolete1 & ! practical effect ( ! g5]al adoption ( ?is =m ( m>riage 0 ! absolute legal indep5d5ce ( ! wife4 ,) ! exception ( h] d[ry1 :i* pass$ into ! h&s ( h] husb&1 %e held h] prop]ty 9 h] own "r2 %e inh]it$ h] %>e ( ! weal? ( h] fa!r1 & %e reta9$ x altoge!r indep5d5tly ( h] husb&4 ,a v consid]able portion ( ,roman weal? ?us pass$ into ! uncontroll$ possession ( wom54 ,! private man ( bus9ess ( ! wife 0 a fav\rite "* ) ! com$ians1 & ! tyranny ex]cis$ by ri* wives ov] _! husb&s--to :om x is said !y sometimes l5t money at high int]e/--a cont9ual !me ( satiri/s47#faa7 ,a complete revolution _h ?us pass$ ov] ! con/itution ( ! family4 ,in/ead ( be+ con/ruct$ on ! pr9ciple ( autocracy1 x 0 con/ruct$ on ! pr9ciple ( coequal p>tn]%ip4 ,! legal position ( ! wife _h become "o ( complete indep5d5ce1 :ile h] social position 0 "o ( great dignity4 ,! m cons]vative spirits 7 naturally al>m$ at ! *ange1 & two measures 7 tak5 to arre/ x4 ,! ,oppian law 0 design$ to re/ra9 ! luxury ( wom52 b1 9 spite ( ! /r5u\s ex]tions ( ,cato1 ?is law 0 spe$ily repeal$47#fab7 ,a m important measure 0 ! ,voconian law1 :i* re/rict$ )9 v n>r[ limits ! prop]ty :i* wom5 might inh]it2 b public op9ion nev] fully acquiesc$ 9 x1 & by sev]al legal subt]fuges its op]ation 0 p>tially evad$47#fac7 ,ano!r & a /ill m important consequ5ce result$ f ! *ang$ =m ( m>riage4 ,be+ look$ ^u m]ely z a civil contract1 ent]$ into = ! happ9ess ( ! contract+ p>ties1 its cont9uance dep5d$ ^u mutual cons5t4 ,ei!r p>ty might dissolve x at w1 & ! dissolution gave bo? p>ties a "r to rem>ry4 ,!re c be no "q t "u ?is sy/em ! obligations ( m>riage 7 treat$ ) extreme levity4 ,we f9d ,cic]o repudiat+ 8 wife ,t]5tia1 because he desir$ a new d[ry27#fad7 ,augu/us compell+ ! husb& ( ,livia to repudiate h] :5 %e 0 already pregnant1 t he might m>ry h] himself27#fae7 ,cato c$+ 8 wife1 ) ! cons5t ( h] fa!r1 to 8 fri5d ,hort5sius1 & resum+ h] aft] 8 dea?27#faf7 ,mc5as cont9ually *ang+ 8 wife27#fag7 ,sempronius ,sophus repudiat+ 8 wife1 because %e _h once be5 to ! public games )\t 8 k27#fah7 ,paulus milius tak+ ! same /ep )\t assign+ any reason1 & def5d+ himself by say+1 8,my %oes are new & well made1 b no "o kn[s :]e !y p9* me407#fai7 ,nor did wom5 %[ less alacrity 9 repudiat+ _! husb&s4 ,s5eca d5\nc$ ?is evil ) especial vehem5ce1 decl>+ t divorce 9 ,rome no long] br\ght ) x any %ame1 & t !re 7 wom5 :o reckon$ _! ye>s r by _! husb&s ?an by ! consuls47#fbj7 ,*ri/ians & ,pagans e*o$ ! same compla9t4 ,accord+ to ,t]tullian1 8divorce is ! fruit ( m>riage407#fba7 ,m>tial speaks ( a woman :o _h already arriv$ at h] t5? husb&27#fbb7 ,juv5al1 ( a woman hav+ eight husb&s 9 five ye>s47#fbc7 ,b ! mo/ extraord9>y record$ in/ance ( ?is k9d is relat$ by ,/4 ,j]ome1 :o assures u t !re exi/$ at ,rome a wife :o 0 m>ri$ to h] tw5ty-?ird husb&1 %e h]self be+ 8 tw5ty-fir/ wife47#fbd7 ,^! are1 no d\bt1 extreme cases2 b x is unque/ionable t ! /ability ( m>ri$ life 0 v s]i\sly impair$4 ,x w\ld be easy1 h[ev]1 to exagg]ate ! influ5ce ( legal *anges 9 affect+ x4 ,9 a pur] /ate ( public op9ion a v wide latitude ( divorce might probably h be5 all[$ to bo? p>ties1 )\t any s]i\s consequ5ce4 ,! "r ( repudiation1 :i* ! husb& _h always possess$1 01 z we h se51 9 ! ,republic nev] or v r>ely ex]cis$4 ,( ^? :o sc&alis$ good m5 by ! rapid recurr5ce ( _! m>riages1 probably mo/1 if m>riage _h be5 indissoluble1 w\ld h refra9$ f ent]+ into x1 & w\ld h cont5t$ !mselves ) _m in=mal connections1 or1 if !y _h m>ri$1 w\ld h gratifi$ _! love ( *ange by simple adult]y4 ,a va/ wave ( corruption _h fl[$ 9 ^u ,rome1 & "u any sy/em ( law x w\ld h p5etrat$ into dome/ic life4 ,laws prohibit+ all divorce h nev] secur$ ! purity ( m>ri$ life 9 ages ( great corruption1 nor did ! latitude :i* 0 accord$ 9 imp]ial ,rome prev5t ! exi/5ce ( a v l>ge am\nt ( female virtue4 ,i h obs]v$1 9 a =m] *apt]1 t ! moral contra/s %[n 9 anci5t life surpass ^? ( mod]n societies1 9 :i* we v r>ely f9d clu/]s ( h]oic or illu/ri\s m5 aris+ 9 nations t are 9 g5]al v ignorant or v corrupt4 ,i h endeav\r$ to acc\nt = ?is fact by %[+ t ! moral ag5cies ( antiquity 7 9 g5]al mu* m fitt$ to develop virtue ?an to repress vice1 & t !y rais$ noble natures to almo/ ! highe/ conceivable po9t ( excell5ce1 :ile !y entirely fail$ to co]ce or to att5uate ! corruption ( ! deprav$4 ,9 ! female life ( ,imp]ial ,rome we f9d ^! contra/s vividly display$4 ,!re c be no "q t ! moral tone ( ! sex 0 extremely l[--l[]1 probably1 ?an 9 ,france "u ! ,reg5cy1 or 9 ,engl& "u ! ,re/oration--& x is also c]ta9 t frightful excesses ( unnatural passion1 ( :i* ! mo/ corrupt ( mod]n c\rts pres5t no p>allel1 7 p]petrat$ ) b little concealm5t on ! ,palat9e4 ,yet !re is probably no p]iod 9 :i* examples ( conjugal h]oism & fidelity appe> m frequ5tly ?an 9 ?is v age1 9 :i* m>riage 0 mo/ free & 9 :i* corruption 0 s g5]al4 ,mu* simplicity ( mann]s cont9u$ to co-exi/ ) ! excesses ( an almo/ unbridl$ luxury4 ,augu/us1 we are told1 us$ to make 8 daught]s & gr&daught]s weave & sp91 & 8 wife & si/] made mo/ ( ! clo!s he wore47#fbe7 ,! skill ( wives 9 dome/ic economy1 & especially 9 sp9n+1 0 frequ5tly notic$ 9 _! epitaphs47#fbf7 ,intellectual culture 0 mu* diffus$ among !m17#fbg7 & we meet ) sev]al noble specim5s1 9 ! sex1 ( l>ge & accompli%$ m9ds unit$ ) all ! gracefulness ( int5se womanhood1 & all ! fidelity ( ! true/ love4 ,su* 7 ,cornelia1 ! brilliant & devot$ wife ( ,pompey17#fbh7 ,m>cia1 ! fri5d1 & ,helvia1 ! "m ( ,s5eca4 ,! ,nor!rn ,italian cities _h 9 a great degree escap$ ! contam9ation ( ! times1 & ,padua & ,brescia 7 especially not$ = ! virtue ( _! wom547#fbi7 ,9 an age ( extravagant s5suality a noble lady1 nam$ ,mallonia1 plung$ h] dagg] 9 h] he>t r ?an yield to ! embraces ( ,tib]ius47#fcj7 ,to ! p]iod :5 ! legal bond ( m>riage 0 mo/ relax$ mu/ be assign$ mo/ ( ^? noble examples ( ! con/ancy ( ,roman wives1 :i* h be5 = s _m g5]ations h\sehold tales among mank9d4 ,:o has n read ) emotion ( ! t5d]ness & h]oism ( ,porcia1 claim+ h] "r to %>e 9 ! tr\ble :i* cl\d$ h] husb&'s br[2 h[1 d\bt+ h] own c\rage1 %e did n v5ture to ask ,brutus to reveal to h] 8 ent]prise till %e _h secretly tri$ h] p[] ( endurance by pi]c+ h] ?igh ) a knife2 h[ once1 & b once 9 8 pres5ce1 h] noble _s fail$1 :51 z %e 0 ab\t to sep>ate f him = ! la/ "t1 h] eye *anc$ to fall ^u a picture ( ! p>t+ int]view ( ,hector & ,&roma*e87#fca7 ,paul9a1 ! wife ( ,s5eca1 op5$ h] own ve9s 9 ord] to accompany h] husb& to ! grave2 :5 mu* blood _h already fl[$1 h] slaves & fre$m5 b\nd h] w\nds1 & ?us compell$ h] to live2 b ! ,romans ev] aft] obs]v$ ) rev]5ce ! sacr$ pallor ( h] c\nt5ance--! memorial ( h] act47#fcb7 ,:5 ,ptus 0 condemn$ to die by 8 own h&1 ^? :o knew ! love :i* 8 wife ,arria bore him1 & ! h]oic f]v\r ( h] "*1 pr$ict$ t %e w\ld n long survive him4 ,?rasea1 :o _h m>ri$ h] daught]1 endeav\r$ to dissuade h] f suicide by say+1 8,if ,i am ev] call$ ^u to p]i%1 w\ld y wi% y\r daught] to die ) me80 ,%e answ]$1 8,yes1 if %e w h !n liv$ ) y z long & z happily z ,i ) ,ptus40 ,h] fri5ds attempt$1 by c>efully wat*+ h]1 to secure h] safety1 b %e da%$ h] head aga9/ ! wall ) su* =ce t %e fell ^u ! gr\nd1 & !n1 ris+ up1 %e said1 8,i told y ,i w\ld f9d a h>d way to dea? if y refuse me an easy way40 ,all attempts to re/ra9 h] 7 !n ab&on$1 & h] dea? 0 p]haps ! mo/ maje/ic 9 antiquity4 ,ptus = a mom5t hesitat$ to /rike ! fatal bl[2 b 8 wife1 tak+ ! dagg]1 plung$ x deeply into h] own brea/1 & !n1 draw+ x out1 gave x1 all reek+ z x 01 to h] husb&1 exclaim+1 ) h] dy+ brea?1 8,my ,ptus1 x does n pa9407#fcc7 ,! =m ( ! eld] ,arria t[]s gr&ly above h] fell[s1 b _m o!r ,roman wives 9 ! days ( ! e>ly ,cs>s & ( ,domitian exhibit$ a v simil> fidelity4 ,ov] ! d>k wat]s ( ! ,eux9e1 into ^? unkn[n & inhospitable regions f :i* ! ,roman imag9ation recoil$ ) a peculi> horror1 _m noble ladies freely foll[$ _! husb&s1 & !re 7 "s wives :o refus$ to survive !m47#fcd7 ,! y\ng] ,arria 0 ! fai?ful companion ( ,?rasea dur+ 8 h]oic life1 & :5 he di$ %e 0 only p]suad$ to live t %e might br+ up _! daught]s47#fce7 ,%e sp5t ! clos+ days ( h] life ) ,domitian 9 exile27#fcf7 :ile h] daught]1 :o 0 z rem>kable = ! g5tl5ess z = ! dignity ( h] "*17#fcg7 w5t twice into exile ) h] husb& ,helvidius1 & 0 once bani%$1 aft] 8 dea?1 = def5d+ 8 memory47#fch7 ,incid5tal notices 9 hi/orians1 & a few inscriptions :i* h happ5$ to rema91 %[ u t su* in/ances 7 n uncommon1 & 9 ,roman epitaphs no feature is m rem>kable ?an ! deep & passionate expressions ( conjugal love t cont9ually occur47#fci7 ,x w\ld be difficult to f9d a m t\*+ image ( t love1 ?an ! m$allion :i* is s common on ! ,roman s>cophagi1 9 :i* husb& & wife are repres5t$ toge!r1 ea* ) an arm ?r[n fondly ov] ! %\ld] ( ! o!r1 unit$ 9 dea? z !y _h be5 9 life1 & meet+ x ) an aspect ( p]fect calm1 because !y 7 companions 9 ! tomb4 ,9 ! latt] days ( ! ,pagan ,empire "s measures 7 tak5 to repress ! pr(ligacy t 0 s preval5t4 ,domitian en=c$ ! old ,scant9ian law aga9/ unnatural love47#fdj7 ,vespasian mod]at$ ! luxury ( ! c\rt2 ,macr9us caus$ ^? :o _h committ$ adult]y to be b\nd toge!r & burnt alive47#fda7 ,a practice ( m5 & wom5 ba?+ toge!r 0 condemn$ by ,hadrian1 & aft]w>ds by ,alex&] ,sev]us1 b 0 only f9ally suppress$ by ,con/ant9e4 ,alex&] ,sev]us & ,philip wag$ an en]getic w> aga9/ p&]s47#fdb7 ,! extreme excesses ( ?is1 z ( mo/ =ms ( vice1 7 probably mu* dim9i%$ aft] ! accession ( ! ,anton9es2 b ,rome cont9u$ to be a c5tre ( v great corruption till ! influ5ce ( ,*ri/ianity1 ! removal ( ! c\rt to ,con/ant9ople1 & ! impov]i%m5t t foll[$ ! b>b>ian conque/s1 9 a measure correct$ ! evil4 ,among ! morali/s1 h[ev]1 "s important /eps 7 tak54 ,"o ( ! mo/ important 0 a v cle> ass]tion ( ! reciprocity ( t obligation to fidelity 9 m>riage :i* 9 ! e>ly /ages ( society _h be5 impos$ almo/ exclusively ^u wives47#fdc7 ,! leg5ds ( ,clytemne/ra & ( ,m$ea reveal ! feel+s ( fi]ce res5tm5t :i* 7 sometimes produc$ among ,greek wives by ! almo/ unlimit$ indulg5ce t 0 accord$ to _! husb&s27#fdd7 & x is told ( ,&roma*e1 z ! supreme in/ance ( h] love ( ,hector1 t %e c>$ = 8 illegitimate *ildr5 z mu* z = h] own47#fde7 ,9 e>ly ,rome1 ! obligations ( husb&s 7 nev]1 ,i imag9e1 altoge!r unfelt2 b !y 7 r>ely or nev] en=c$1 nor 7 !y ev] reg>d$ z be>+ any k9d ( equality to ^? impos$ ^u ! wife4 ,! t]m adult]y1 & all ! legal p5alties connect$ ) x1 7 re/rict$ to ! infractions by a wife ( ! nuptial tie4 ,among ! _m in/ances ( magnanimity record$ ( ,roman wives1 few are m t\*+ ?an t ( ,t]tia milia1 ! fai?ful wife ( ,scipio4 ,%e discov]$ t h] husb& _h become enam\r$ ( "o ( h] slaves2 b %e bore h] pa9 9 sil5ce1 & :5 he di$ %e gave lib]ty to h] captive1 = %e c\ld n be> t %e %\ld rema9 9 s]vitude :om h] de> "l _h lov$47#fdf7 ,ari/otle _h cle>ly ass]t$ ! duty ( husb&s to obs]ve 9 m>riage ! same fidelity z !y expect$ f _! wives17#fdg7 & at a lat] p]iod bo? ,plut>* & ,s5eca en=c$ ?is duty 9 ! /ronge/ & mo/ unequivocal mann]47#fdh7 ,! degree to :i*1 9 !ory at lea/1 x won its way 9 ,roman life is %[n by its recognition z a legal maxim by ,ulpian17#fdi7 & by its appe>ance 9 a =mal judgm5t ( ,anton9us ,pius1 :o1 :ile issu+1 at ! reque/ ( a husb&1 a condemnation = adult]y aga9/ a guilty wife1 app5d$ to x ?is rem>kable condition3 8,provid$ always x is e/abli%$ t by y\r life y gave h] an example ( fidelity4 ,x w\ld be unju/ t a husb& %\ld exact a fidelity he does n himself keep407#fej7 ,ano!r *ange1 :i* may be dimly descri$ 9 ! lat] ,pagan society1 0 a t5d5cy to reg>d purity r 9 a my/ical po9t ( view1 z ess5tially good1 ?an 9 ! utilit>ian po9t ( view4 ,?is *ange result$ *iefly f ! rise ( ! ,neoplatonic & ,py?agorean philosophies1 :i* concurr$ 9 reg>d+ ! body1 ) its passions1 z ess5tially evil1 & 9 repres5t+ all virtue z a purification f its ta9t4 ,its mo/ important consequ5ce 0 a some:at /rict] view ( pre-nuptial un*a/ity1 :i* 9 ! case ( m51 & :5 x 0 n excessive1 & did n take ! =m ( adult]y1 _h previ\sly be5 unc5sur$1 or 0 look$ ^u ) a disapprobation s slight z sc>cely to am\nt to c5sure4 ,! eld] ,cato _h expressly ju/ifi$ x27#fea7 & ,cic]o has left u an extremely curi\s judgm5t on ! subject1 :i* %[s at a glance ! feel+s ( ! p1 & ! va/ revolution t1 "u ! influ5ce ( ,*ri/ianity1 has be5 effect$ 91 at lea/1 ! pr(essions ( mank9d4 8,if !re be any "o10 he says1 8:o ?9ks t "y m5 %\ld be altoge!r re/ra9$ f ! love ( c\rtesans1 he is inde$ v sev]e4 ,i am n prep>$ to d5y 8 position2 b he diff]s n only f ! lic5ce ( our age1 b also f ! cu/oms & all[ances ( our ance/ors4 ,:51 inde$1 0 ?is n done8 ,:5 0 x blam$8 ,:5 0 x n all[$8 ,:5 0 t :i* is n[ lawful n lawful807#feb7 ,epictetus1 :o on mo/ subjects 0 among ! mo/ au/]e ( ! ,/oics1 recomm5ds 8 disciples to ab/a91 8z f> z possible10 f pre-nuptial connections1 & at lea/ f ^? :i* 7 adult]\s & unlawful1 b n to blame ^? :o 7 less /rict47#fec7 ,! feel+ ( ! ,romans is curi\sly exemplifi$ 9 ! life ( ,alex&] ,sev]us1 :o1 ( all ! emp]ors1 0 probably ! mo/ en]getic 9 legislat+ aga9/ vice4 ,:5 appo9t+ a prov9cial gov]nor1 he 0 accu/om$ to provide him ) horses & s]vants1 &1 if he 0 unm>ri$1 ) a concub9e1 8because10 z ! hi/orian v gravely obs]ves1 8x 0 impossible t he c\ld exi/ )\t "o407#fed7 ,:at 0 writt5 among ! ,pagans 9 opposition to ^! views 0 n mu*1 b x is wor?y ( notice1 z illu/rat+ ! t5d5cy t _h aris54 ,musonius ,rufus di/9ctly & emphatically ass]t$ t no union ( ! sexes o!r ?an m>riage 0 p]missible47#fee7 ,dion ,*ryso/om desir$ pro/itution to be suppress$ by law4 ,! ascetic notion ( ! impurity ev5 ( m>riage may be fa9tly trac$4 ,apollonius ( ,tyana liv$1 on ?is gr\nd1 a life ( celibacy47#fef7 ,z5obia refus$ to cohabit ) h] husb&1 except s f> z 0 necess>y = ! production ( an heir47#feg7 ,hypatia is said1 l _m ,*ri/ian sa9ts1 to h ma9ta9$ ! position ( a virg9 wife47#feh7 ,! belief 9 ! impurity ( all corporeal ?+s1 & 9 ! duty ( ris+ above !m1 0 9 ! ?ird c5tury /r5u\sly en=c$47#fei7 ,m>cus ,aurelius & ,julian 7 bo? admirable repres5tatives ( ! be/ ,pagan _s ( _! "t4 ,ea* ( !m lo/ 8 wife e>ly1 ea* 0 eulogis$ by 8 biograph] = ! virtue he manife/$ aft] h] dea?2 b !re is a curi\s & *>act]i/ic diff]5ce 9 ! =ms :i* t virtue assum$4 ,m>cus ,aurelius1 we are told1 did n wi% to br+ into 8 h\se a /epmo!r to rule ov] 8 *ildr51 & accord+ly took a concub9e47#ffj7 ,julian ev] aft] liv$ 9 p]fect cont95ce47#ffa7 ,! =ego+ facts1 :i* ,i h giv5 9 ! mo/ cond5s$ =m1 & almo/ unaccompani$ by criticism or by comm5t1 w be suffici5t1 ,i hope1 to exhibit ! /ate ( feel+ ( ! ,romans on ?is subject1 & also ! direction 9 :i* t feel+ 0 be+ modifi$4 ,^? :o are famili> ) ?is ord] ( /udies w readily und]/& t x is impossible to m>k out ) precision ! *ronology ( a moral s5tim5t2 b !re c be no "q t 9 ! latt] days ( ! ,roman ,empire ! p]ceptions ( m5 on ?is subject became m subtle & m ref9$ ?an !y _h previ\sly be51 & x is equally c]ta9 t ! ,ori5tal philosophies :i* _h sup]s$$ ,/oicism l>gely influ5c$ ! *ange4 ,*ri/ianity soon con/itut$ itself ! repres5tative ( ! new t5d5cy4 ,x reg>d$ purity z ! mo/ important ( all virtues1 & x /ra9$ to ! utmo/ all ! va/ ag5cies x possess$1 to en=ce x4 ,9 ! legislation ( ! fir/ ,*ri/ian emp]ors we f9d _m traces ( a fi]y zeal4 ,p&]s 7 condemn$ to h molt5 lead p\r$ d[n _! ?roats4 ,9 ! case ( rape1 n only ! ravi%]1 b ev5 ! injur$ p]son1 if %e cons5t$ to ! act1 0 put to dea?47#ffb7 ,a great s]vice 0 done to ! cause bo? ( purity & ( philan?ropy1 by a law :i* p]mitt$ actresses1 on receiv+ baptism1 to ab&on _! pr(ession1 :i* _h be5 made a =m ( slav]y1 & 0 virtually a slav]y to vice47#ffc7 ,c]ta9 musical girls1 :o 7 accu/om$ to s+ or play at ! banquets ( ! ri*1 & :o 7 reg>d$ ) extreme horror by ! ,fa!rs1 7 suppress$1 & a v /r+5t law =bade ! revival ( ! class47#ffd7 ,side by side ) ! civil legislation1 ! p5it5tial legislation ( ! ,*ur* 0 ex]t$ 9 ! same direction4 ,s9s ( un*a/ity probably occupy a l>g] place ?an any o!rs 9 its enactm5ts4 ,! cases ( unnatural love1 & ( mo!rs :o _h made _! daught]s c\rtesans1 7 puni%$ by p]petual exclusion f communion1 & a cr[d ( m9or (f5ces 7 sev]ely visit$4 ,! ascetic passion increas$ ! prom95ce ( ?is bran* ( e?ics1 & ! imag9ations ( m5 7 soon fasc9at$ by ! pure & noble figures ( ! virg9 m>tyrs ( ! ,*ur*1 :o on m ?an "o occasion fully equall$ ! c\rage ( m51 :ile !y sometimes m+l$ ) _! h]oism traits ( ! mo/ exquisite fem99e g5tl5ess4 ,= ! pati5t endurance ( excruciat+ physical suff]+1 ,*ri/ianity produc$ no m sublime figure ?an ,bl&9a1 ! poor s]vant-girl :o 0 m>tyr$ at ,lyons2 & x w\ld be difficult to f9d 9 all hi/ory a m t\*+ picture ( natural purity ?an is conta9$ 9 "o simple incid5t ( ! m>tyrdom ( ,/4 ,p]petua4 ,x is relat$ ( t sa9t t %e 0 condemn$ to be slaught]$ by a wild bull1 &1 z %e fell half dead f its horns ^u ! s& ( ! ar5a1 x 0 obs]v$ t ev5 9 t awful mom5t h] virg9 mode/y 0 supreme1 & h] fir/ in/9ctive movem5t 0 to draw toge!r h] dress1 :i* _h be5 torn 9 ! assault47#ffe7 ,a cr[d ( v curi\s popul> leg5ds also arose1 :i*1 ?\gh !y are = ! mo/ "p )\t mu* intr9sic excell5ce1 h _! importance 9 hi/ory1 z %[+ ! =ce ) :i* ! imag9ations ( m5 7 turn$ 9 ?is direction1 & ! mann] 9 :i* ,*ri/ianity 0 reg>d$ z ! great enemy ( ! passions ( ! fle%4 ,?us1 ,/4 ,j]ome relates an incr$ible /ory ( a "y ,*ri/ian1 be+1 9 ! ,diocletian p]secution1 b\nd ) rib&s ( silk 9 ! mid/ ( a lovely g>d51 surr\nd$ by ev]y?+ t c\ld *>m ! e> & ! eye1 :ile a beautiful c\rtesan assail$ him ) h] bl&i%m5ts1 aga9/ :i* he protect$ himself by bit+ out 8 tongue & spitt+ x 9 h] face47#fff7 ,leg5ds are rec\nt$ ( "y ,*ri/ian m5 assum+ ! g>b & mann]s ( lib]t9es1 t !y might obta9 access to maid5s :o _h be5 condemn$ to vice1 ex*ang+ dresses ) !m1 & ?us enabl+ !m to escape47#ffg7 ,/4 ,agnes 0 said to h be5 /ripp$ nak$ be=e ! p1 :o all turn$ away _! eyes except "o "y man1 :o in/antly became bl9d47#ffh7 ,! si/] ( ,/4 ,gregory ( ,nyssa 0 afflict$ ) a canc] 9 h] brea/1 b c\ld n be> t a surgeon %\ld see x1 & 0 rew>d$ = h] mode/y by a miracul\s cure47#ffi7 ,to ! fabl$ zone ( beauty ! ,*ri/ian sa9ts oppos$ _! zones ( *a/ity1 :i* ext+ui%$ ! passion ( ! we>]1 or w\ld only meet ar\nd ! pure47#fgj7 ,dmons 7 said n unfrequ5tly to h ent]$ into ! pr(ligate4 ,! g>m5t ( a girl :o 0 possess$ 0 br\ght to ,/4 ,pa*omius1 & he discov]$ f x t %e _h a lov]47#fga7 ,a c\rtesan accus$ ,/4 ,gregory ,?aumaturgus ( hav+ be5 h] lov]1 & hav+ refus$ to pay h] :at he _h promis$4 ,he paid ! requir$ sum1 b %e 0 imm$iately possess$ by a daemon47#fgb7 ,! ef=ts ( ! sa9ts to reclaim c\rtesans f ! pa? ( vice creat$ a l>ge class ( leg5ds4 ,/4 ,m>y ,magdal5e1 ,/4 ,m>y ( ,egypt1 ,/4 ,afra1 ,/4 ,pelagia1 ,/4 ,?ais1 & ,/4 ,!odota1 9 ! e>ly ,*ur*1 z well z ,/4 ,m>gu]ite ( ,cortona1 & ,cl>a ( ,rim9i1 9 ! middle ages1 _h be5 c\rtesans47#fgc7 ,/4 ,vitalius1 x is said1 0 accu/om$ e night to visit ! d5s ( vice 9 8 neighb\rhood1 to give ! inmates money to rema9 )\t s9 = t night1 & to (f] up pray]s = _! conv]sion47#fgd7 ,x is relat$ ( ,/4 ,s]apion1 t1 z he 0 pass+ ?r\gh a village 9 ,egypt1 a c\rtesan beckon$ to him4 ,he promis$ at a c]ta9 h\r to visit h]4 ,he kept 8 appo9tm5t1 b decl>$ t !re 0 a duty :i* 8 ord] impos$ on him4 ,he fell d[n on 8 knees & began repeat+ ! ,psalt]1 conclud+ e psalm ) a pray] = 8 ho/ess4 ,! /rang5ess ( ! sc5e1 & ! solemnity ( 8 tone & mann]1 ov]aw$ & fasc9at$ h]4 ,gradually h] te>s began to fl[4 ,%e knelt beside him & began to jo9 9 8 pray]s4 ,he he$$ h] n1 b h\r aft] h\r cont9u$ 9 ! same /]n & solemn voice1 )\t re/ & )\t int]ruption1 to repeat 8 alt]nate pray]s & psalms1 till h] rep5tance rose to a p>oxysm ( t]ror1 &1 z ! grey morn+ /reaks began to illum9e ! horizon1 %e fell half dead at 8 feet1 implor+ him ) brok5 sobs to lead h] any:]e :]e %e might expiate ! s9s ( h] pa/47#fge7 ,b ! s]vices r5d]$ by ! ascetics 9 impr9t+ on ! m9ds ( m5 a pr(\nd & endur+ conviction ( ! importance ( *a/ity1 ?\gh extremely great1 7 s]i\sly c\nt]balanc$ by _! noxi\s influ5ce ^u m>riage4 ,two or ?ree beautiful descriptions ( ?is in/itution h be5 cull$ out ( ! imm5se mass ( ! patri/ic writ+s27#fgf7 b1 9 g5]al1 x w\ld be difficult to conceive any?+ m co>se or m repulsive ?an ! mann] 9 :i* !y reg>d$ x47#fgg7 ,! relation :i* nature has design$ = ! noble purpose ( repair+ ! ravages ( dea?1 & :i*1 z ,l9nu has %[n1 ext5ds ev5 ?r\gh ! _w ( fl[]s1 0 inv>iably treat$ z a consequ5ce ( ! fall ( ,adam1 & m>riage 0 reg>d$ almo/ exclusively 9 its l[e/ aspect4 ,! t5d] love :i* x elicits1 ! holy & beautiful dome/ic qualities t foll[ 9 its tra91 7 almo/ absolutely omitt$ f consid]ation47#fgh7 ,! object ( ! ascetic 0 to attract m5 to a life ( virg9ity1 &1 z a necess>y consequ5ce1 m>riage 0 treat$ z an inf]ior /ate4 ,x 0 reg>d$ z be+ necess>y1 inde$1 & !re=e ju/ifiable1 = ! propagation ( ! species1 & to free m5 f great] evils2 b /ill z a condition ( degradation f :i* all :o aspir$ to real sanctity %\ld fly4 ,to 8cut d[n by ! axe ( ,virg9ity ! wood ( ,m>riage10 01 9 ! en]getic language ( ,/4 ,j]ome1 ! end ( ! sa9t27#fgi7 & if he cons5t$ to praise m>riage1 x 0 m]ely because x produc$ virg9s47#fhj7 ,ev5 :5 ! bond _h be5 =m$1 ! ascetic passion reta9$ its /+4 ,we h already se5 h[ x embitt]$ o!r relations ( dome/ic life4 ,into ?is1 ! holie/ ( all1 x infus$ a t5fold bitt]ness4 ,:5ev] any /rong religi\s f]v\r fell ^u a husb& or a wife1 its fir/ effect 0 to make a happy union impossible4 ,! m religi\s p>tn] imm$iately desir$ to live a life ( solit>y asceticism1 or at lea/1 if no o/5sible sep>ation took place1 an unnatural life ( sep>ation 9 m>riage4 ,! imm5se place ?is ord] ( ideas occupies 9 ! hortatory writ+s ( ! ,fa!rs1 & 9 ! leg5ds ( ! sa9ts1 mu/ be famili> to all :o h any k ( ?is dep>tm5t ( lit]ature4 ,?us--to give b a v few examples--,/4 ,nilus1 :5 he _h already two *ildr51 0 seiz$ ) a long+ = ! prevail+ asceticism1 & 8 wife 0 p]suad$1 aft] _m te>s1 to cons5t to _! sep>ation47#fha7 ,/4 ,ammon1 on ! night ( 8 m>riage1 proce$$ to greet 8 bride ) an h>angue ^u ! evils ( ! m>ri$ /ate1 & !y agre$1 9 consequ5ce1 at once to sep>ate47#fhb7 ,/4 ,melania lab\r$ long & e>ne/ly to induce h] husb& to all[ h] to des]t 8 b$1 be=e he w\ld cons5t47#fhc7 ,/4 ,abraham ran away f 8 wife on ! night ( 8 m>riage47#fhd7 ,/4 ,alexis1 accord+ to a some:at lat] leg5d1 took ! same /ep1 b _m ye>s aft] return$ f ,j]usalem to 8 fa!r's h\se1 9 :i* 8 wife 0 /ill lam5t+ h] des]tion1 begg$ & receiv$ a lodg+ z an act ( *>ity1 & liv$ !re unrecognis$ & unkn[n till 8 dea?47#fhe7 ,/4 ,gregory ( ,nyssa--:o 0 s un=tunate z to be m>ri$--wrote a gl[+ eulogy ( virg9ity1 9 ! c\rse ( :i* he m\rnfully obs]v$ t ?is privileg$ /ate c\ld nev] be 84 ,he resembl$1 he assures u1 an ox t 0 pl\gh+ a field1 ! fruit ( :i* he mu/ nev] enjoy2 or a ?ir/y man1 :o 0 gaz+ on a /ream ( :i* he nev] c dr9k2 or a poor man1 ^: pov]ty seems ! m bitt] z he contemplates ! weal? ( 8 neighb\rs2 & he proce$$ to descant 9 feel+ t]ms ^u ! tr\bles ( matrimony47#fhf7 ,nom9al m>riages1 9 :i* ! p>tn]s agre$ to %un ! m>riage b$1 became n uncommon4 ,! emp]or ,h5ry ,,ii41 ,edw>d ! ,confessor1 ( ,engl&1 & ,alphonso ,,ii41 ( ,spa91 gave examples ( x4 ,a v fam\s & r picturesque hi/ory ( ?is k9d is relat$ by ,gregory ( ,t\rs4 ,a ri* "y ,gaul1 nam$ ,injuriosus1 l$ to 8 home a "y bride to :om he 0 passionately atta*$4 ,t night1 %e confess$ to him1 ) te>s1 t %e _h v[$ to keep h] virg9ity1 & t %e regrett$ bitt]ly ! m>riage into :i* h] love = him _h betray$ h]4 ,he told h] t !y %\ld rema9 unit$1 b t %e %\ld /ill obs]ve h] v[2 & he fulfill$ 8 promise4 ,:51 aft] sev]al ye>s1 %e di$1 h] husb&1 9 lay+ h] 9 ! tomb1 decl>$1 ) great solemnity1 t he re/or$ h] to ,god z immaculate z he _h receiv$ h]2 & !n a smile lit up ! face ( ! dead woman1 & %e said1 8,:y d y tell t :i* no "o ask$ y80 ,! husb& soon aft]w>ds di$1 & 8 corpse1 :i* _h be5 laid 9 a di/9ct comp>tm5t f t ( 8 wife 9 ! tomb1 0 plac$ side by side ) x by ! angels47#fhg7 ,! extreme disord]s :i* su* tea*+ produc$ 9 dome/ic life1 & also ! extravagances :i* grew up among "s h]etics1 naturally al>m$ ! m judici\s lead]s ( ! ,*ur*1 & x 0 orda9$ t m>ri$ p]sons %\ld n ent] into an ascetic life1 except by mutual cons5t47#fhh7 ,! ascetic ideal1 h[ev]1 rema9$ un*ang$4 ,to ab/a9 f m>riage1 or 9 m>riage to ab/a9 f a p]fect union1 0 reg>d$ z a pro( ( sanctity1 & m>riage 0 view$ 9 its co>se/ & mo/ degrad$ =m4 ,! notion ( its impurity took _m =ms1 & ex]cis$ = "s c5turies an extremely wide influ5ce ov] ! ,*ur*4 ,?us1 x 0 ! cu/om dur+ ! middle ages to ab/a9 f ! m>riage b$ dur+ ! night aft] ! c]emony1 9 hon\r ( ! sacram5t47#fhi7 ,x 0 expressly enjo9$ t no m>ri$ p]sons %\ld p>ticipate 9 any ( ! great ,*ur* fe/ivals if ! night be=e !y _h la9 toge!r1 & ,/4 ,gregory ! ,great tells ( a "y wife :o 0 possess$ by a dmon1 because %e _h tak5 "p 9 a procession ( ,/4 ,seba/ian1 )\t fulfill+ ?is condition47#fij7 ,! ext5t to :i* ! feel+ on ! subject 0 c>ri$ is %[n by ! fam\s vision ( ,alb]ic 9 ! twelf? c5tury1 9 :i* a special place ( torture1 consi/+ ( a lake ( m+l$ lead1 pit*1 & res9 is repres5t$ z exi/+ 9 hell = ! puni%m5t ( m>ri$ p :o _h la9 toge!r on ,*ur* fe/ivals or fa/ days47#fia7 ,two o!r consequ5ces ( ?is way ( reg>d+ m>riage 7 a v /rong disapproval ( second m>riages1 & a v /rong desire to secure celibacy 9 ! cl]gy4 ,! fir/ ( ^! notions _h exi/$1 ?\gh 9 a v diff]5t =m1 & connect$ ) v diff]5t motives1 among ! e>ly ,romans1 :o 7 accu/om$1 we are told1 to hon\r ) ! cr[n ( mode/y ^? :o 7 cont5t ) "o m>riage1 & to reg>d _m m>riages z a sign ( illegitimate intemp]ance47#fib7 ,?is op9ion appe>s to h *iefly gr[n out ( a v delicate & t\*+ feel+ :i* _h tak5 deep root 9 ! ,roman m9d1 t ! affection a wife owes h] husb& is s pr(\nd & s pure t x mu/ n cease ev5 ) 8 dea?2 t x %\ld guide & consecrate all h] subsequ5t life1 & t x nev] c be transf]r$ to ano!r object4 ,virgil1 9 v beautiful l9es1 puts ?is s5tim5t into ! m\? ( ,dido27#fic7 & sev]al examples are record$ ( ,roman wives1 sometimes 9 ! prime ( y\? & beauty1 ^u ! dea? ( _! husb&s1 devot+ ! rema9d] ( _! lives to retirem5t & to ! memory ( ! dead47#fid7 ,tacitus held up ! ,g]mans z 9 ?is respect a model to 8 c\ntrym517#fie7 & ! epi!t 8univir0 inscrib$ on _m ,roman tombs %[s h[ ?is devotion 0 practis$ & valu$47#fif7 ,! family ( ,camillus 0 especially hon\r$ = ! abs5ce ( second m>riages among its memb]s47#fig7 8,to love a wife :5 liv+10 said "o ( ! late/ ,roman poets1 8is a pleasure2 to love h] :5 dead is an act ( religion407#fih7 ,9 ! case ( m51 ! propriety ( ab/a9+ f second m>riages 0 probably n felt s /rongly z 9 ! case ( wom51 & :at feel+ on ! subject exi/$ 0 *iefly due to ano!r motive--affection = ! *ildr51 ^: int]e/s1 x 0 ?\ght1 might be injur$ by a /epmo!r47#fii7 ,! s5tim5t :i* ?us recoil$ f second m>riages pass$ ) a va/ly increas$ /r5g? into ascetic ,*ri/ianity1 b x 0 bas$ ^u altoge!r diff]5t gr\nds4 ,we f9d1 9 ! fir/ place1 t an affectionate remembrance ( ! husb& _h altoge!r vani%$ f ! motives ( ! ab/95ce4 ,9 ! next place1 we may rem>k t ! ecclesia/ical writ]s1 9 p]fect con=mity ) ! extreme co>s5ess ( _! views ab\t ! sexes1 almo/ inv>iably assum$ t ! motive to second or ?ird m>riages mu/ be simply ! =ce ( ! animal passions4 ,! ,montani/s & ! ,novatians absolutely condemn$ second m>riages47#gjj7 ,! or?odox pron\nc$ !m lawful1 on acc\nt ( ! weakness ( human nature1 b !y view$ !m ) ! mo/ emphatic disapproval17#gja7 p>tly because !y consid]$ !m manife/ signs ( incont95ce1 & p>tly because !y reg>d$ !m z inconsi/5t ) _! doctr9e t m>riage is an emblem ( ! union ( ,*ri/ ) ! ,*ur*4 ,! language ( ! ,fa!rs on ?is subject appe>s to a mod]n m9d mo/ extraord9>y1 &1 b = _! di/9ct & reit]at$ ass]tion t !y consid]$ ^! m>riages p]missible17#gjb7 w\ld appe> to am\nt to a p]emptory condemnation4 ,?us--to give b a few samples--digamy1 or second m>riage1 is describ$ by ,a!nagoras z 8a dec5t adult]y407#gjc7 8,=nication10 accord+ to ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 8is a lapse f "o m>riage into _m407#gjd7 8,! fir/ ,adam10 said ,/4 ,j]ome1 8_h "o wife2 ! second ,adam _h no wife4 ,!y :o approve ( digamy hold =? a ?ird ,adam1 :o 0 twice m>ri$1 :om !y foll[407#gje7 8,consid]10 he aga9 says1 8t %e :o has be5 twice m>ri$1 ?\gh %e be an old1 & decrepit1 & poor woman1 is n deem$ wor?y to receive ! *>ity ( ! ,*ur*4 ,b if ! bread ( *>ity is tak5 f h]1 h[ mu* m t bread :i* desc5ds f heav5607#gjf7 8,digami/s10 accord+ to ,orig51 8are sav$ 9 ! "n ( ,*ri/1 b are by no means cr[n$ by him407#gjg7 8,by ?is text10 said ,/4 ,gregory ,nazianz51 speak+ ( ,/4 ,paul's comp>ison ( m>riage to ! union ( ,*ri/ ) ! ,*ur*1 8second m>riages seem to me to be reprov$4 ,if !re are two ,*ri/s !re may be two husb&s or two wives4 ,if !re is b "o ,*ri/1 "o ,head ( ! ,*ur*1 !re is b "o fle%--a second is repell$4 ,b if he =bids a second1 :at is to be said ( ?ird m>riages8 ,! fir/ is law1 ! second is p>don & indulg5ce1 ! ?ird is iniquity2 b he :o exce$s ?is numb] is manife/ly be/ial407#gjh7 ,digami/s 7 exclud$ f ! prie/hood & f ! di/ributions ( ,*ur* *>ity2 a p]iod ( p5ance 0 impos$ on !m be=e !y 7 admitt$ to communion17#gji7 & two ,engli% /atutes ( ! ,middle ,ages )held ! b5efit ( cl]gy f any prison] :o _h 8m>ri$ two wives or "o wid[407#gaj7 ,! ,c\ncil ( ,illib]is1 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! f\r? c5tury1 :ile 9 g5]al condemn+ baptism by laym51 p]mitt$ x 9 case ( extreme necessity2 b provid$ t ev5 9 t case ! (ficiat+ layman mu/ n h be5 twice m>ri$47#gaa7 ,among ! ,greeks f\r? m>riages 7 at "o "t deem$ absolutely unlawful1 & mu* controv]sy 0 excit$ by ! ,emp]or ,leo ! ,wise1 :o1 hav+ _h ?ree wives1 _h tak5 a mi/ress1 b aft]w>ds1 9 defiance ( ! religi\s feel+s ( 8 p1 det]m9$ to raise h] to ! position ( a wife47#gab7 ,! subject ( ! celibacy ( ! cl]gy1 9 :i* ! ecclesia/ical feel+s ab\t m>riage 7 also %[n1 is an extremely l>ge "o1 & ,i %all n attempt to deal ) x1 except 9 a mo/ cursory mann]47#gac7 ,!re are two facts connect$ ) x :i* e c&id /ud5t mu/ admit4 ,! fir/ is1 t 9 ! e>lie/ p]iod ( ! ,*ur*1 ! privilege ( m>riage 0 accord$ to ! cl]gy4 ,! second is1 t a notion ( ! impurity ( m>riage exi/$1 & t x 0 felt t ! cl]gy1 z pre-em95tly ! holy class1 %\ld h less lic5ce ?an laym54 ,! fir/ =m ?is feel+ took appe>s 9 ! /rong conviction t a second m>riage ( a prie/1 or ! m>riage ( a prie/ ) a wid[1 0 unlawful & crim9al47#gad7 ,?is belief seems to h exi/$ f ! e>lie/ p]iod ( ! ,*ur*1 & 0 reta9$ ) great t5acity & unanimity ?r\gh _m c5turies4 ,9 ! next place1 we f9d f an extremely e>ly date an op9ion1 t x 0 an act ( virtue1 at a lat] p]iod t x 0 an act ( duty1 = prie/s aft] ord9ation to ab/a9 f cohabit+ ) _! wives4 ,! ,c\ncil ( ,nice refra9$1 by ! advice ( ,paphnutius1 :o 0 himself a scrupul\s celibate1 f impos+ ?is la/ rule z a matt] ( necessity27#gae7 b 9 ! c\rse ( ! f\r? c5tury x 0 a recognis$ pr9ciple t cl]ical m>riages 7 crim9al4 ,!y 7 celebrat$1 h[ev]1 habitually1 & usually ) ! greate/ op5ness4 ,! v>i\s attitudes assum$ by ! ecclesia/ical au?orities 9 deal+ ) ?is subject =m an extremely curi\s page ( ! hi/ory ( morals1 & supply ! mo/ cru%+ evid5ce ( ! evils :i* h be5 produc$ by ! sy/em ( celibacy4 ,i c at pres5t1 h[ev]1 only ref] to ! va/ mass ( evid5ce :i* has be5 collect$ on ! subject1 d]iv$ f ! writ+s ( ,ca?olic div9es & f ! decrees ( ,ca?olic ,c\ncils dur+ ! space ( _m c5turies4 ,x is a popul> illusion1 :i* is especially common among writ]s :o h little direct k ( ! middle ages1 t ! atroci\s immorality ( mona/]ies1 9 ! c5tury be=e ! ,re=mation1 0 a new fact1 & t ! ages :5 ! fai? ( m5 0 undi/urb$1 7 ages ( great moral purity4 ,9 fact1 x appe>s1 f ! uni=m te/imony ( ! ecclesia/ical writ]s1 t ecclesia/ical immorality 9 ! eigh? & ?ree foll[+ c5turies 0 little if at all less outrage\s ?an 9 any o!r p]iod1 :ile ! ,papacy1 dur+ almo/ ! :ole ( ! t5? c5tury1 0 held by m5 ( infam\s lives4 ,simony 0 ne>ly univ]sal47#gaf7 ,b>b>ian *iefta9s m>ri$ at an e>ly age1 & totally incapable ( re/ra9t1 occupi$ ! lead+ positions 9 ! ,*ur*1 & gross irregul>ities spe$ily became g5]al4 ,an ,italian bi%op ( ! t5? c5tury epigrammatically describ$ ! morals ( 8 "t1 :5 he decl>$1 t if he 7 to en=ce ! canons aga9/ un*a/e p adm9i/]+ ecclesia/ical rites1 no "o w\ld be left 9 ! ,*ur* except ! boys2 & if he 7 to obs]ve ! canons aga9/ ba/>ds1 ^! also mu/ be exclud$47#gag7 ,! evil acquir$ su* magnitude t a great feudal cl]gy1 bequea?+ ! ecclesia/ical b5efices f fa!r to son1 appe>$ m ?an once likely to arise47#gah7 ,a tax call$ 8,culagium10 :i* 0 9 fact a lic5ce to cl]gym5 to keep concub9es1 0 dur+ sev]al c5turies sy/ematically levi$ by pr9ces47#gai7 ,sometimes ! evil1 by its v ext5sion1 correct$ itself4 ,prie/ly m>riages 7 look$ ^u z normal ev5ts n imply+ any guilt1 & 9 ! elev5? c5tury sev]al in/ances are record$ 9 :i* !y 7 n reg>d$ z any imp$im5t to ! p[] ( work+ miracles47#gbj7 ,b ?is 0 a r>e exception4 ,f ! e>lie/ p]iod a long succession ( ,c\ncils z well z su* m5 z ,/4 ,boniface1 ,/4 ,gregory ! ,great1 ,/4 ,pet] ,damiani1 ,/4 ,dun/an1 ,/4 ,anselm1 ,hildebr& & 8 successors 9 ! ,pop$om1 d5\nc$ prie/ly m>riage or concub9age z an atroci\s crime1 & ! habitual life ( ! prie/s 01 9 !ory at lea/1 g5]ally recognis$ z a life ( s94 ,x is n surpris+ t1 hav+ once brok5 _! v[s & begun to live :at !y deem$ a life ( habitual s91 ! cl]gy %\ld soon h sunk f> bel[ ! level ( ! laity4 ,we may n lay mu* /ress on su* isolat$ in/ances ( depravity z t ( ,pope ,john ,,xxiii41 :o 0 condemn$ among _m o!r crimes = ince/1 & = adult]y27#gba7 or ! abbot-elect ( ,/4 ,augu/9e1 at ,cant]bury1 :o 9 #aaga 0 f\nd1 on inve/igation1 to h sev5te5 illegitimate *ildr5 9 a s+le village27#gbb7 or an abbot ( ,/4 ,pelayo1 9 ,spa91 :o 9 #aacj 0 prov$ to h kept no less ?an sev5ty concub9es27#gbc7 or ,h5ry ,,iii41 ,bi%op ( ,lige1 :o 0 depos$ 9 #abgd = hav+ sixty-five illegitimate *ildr527#gbd7 b x is impossible to resi/ ! evid5ce ( a long *a9 ( ,c\ncils & ecclesia/ical writ]s1 :o conspire 9 depict+ f> great] evils ?an simple concub9age4 ,x 0 obs]v$ t :5 ! prie/s actually took wives ! k t ^! connections 7 illegal 0 peculi>ly fatal to _! fidelity1 & bigamy & extreme mobility ( atta*m5ts 7 especially common among !m4 ,! writ]s ( ! middle ages are full ( acc\nts ( nunn]ies t 7 l bro!ls1 ( ! va/ multitude ( infanticides )9 _! walls1 & ( t invet]ate preval5ce ( ince/ among ! cl]gy1 :i* r5d]$ x necess>y aga9 & aga9 to issue ! mo/ /r+5t enactm5ts t prie/s %\ld n be p]mitt$ to live ) _! mo!rs or si/]s4 ,unnatural love1 :i* x _h be5 "o ( ! great s]vices ( ,*ri/ianity almo/ to eradicate f ! _w1 is m ?an once spok5 ( z l+]+ 9 ! mona/]ies2 &1 %ortly be=e ! ,re=mation1 compla9ts became l\d & frequ5t ( ! employm5t ( ! confessional = ! purposes ( debau*]y47#gbe7 ,! measures tak5 on ! subject 7 v num]\s & sev]e4 ,at fir/1 ! evil *iefly compla9$ ( 0 ! cl&e/9e m>riage ( prie/s1 & especially _! int]c\rse ) wives :om !y _h m>ri$ previ\s to _! ord9ation4 ,sev]al ,c\ncils issu$ _! ana!mas aga9/ prie/s 8:o _h improp] relations ) _! wives20 & rules 7 made t prie/s %\ld always sleep 9 ! pres5ce ( a subord9ate cl]k2 & t !y %\ld only meet _! wives 9 ! op5 air & be=e at lea/ two witnesses4 ,m5 71 h[ev]1 by no means unanim\s 9 _! way ( reg>d+ ?is matt]4 ,synesius1 :5 elect$ to a bi%opric1 at fir/ decl9$1 boldly alleg+ z "o ( 8 reasons1 t he _h a wife :om he lov$ de>ly1 & :o1 he hop$1 w\ld be> him _m sons1 & t he did n mean to sep>ate f h] or visit h] secretly z an adult]]47#gbf7 ,a ,bi%op ( ,laon1 at a lat] date1 :o 0 m>ri$ to a niece ( ,/4 ,rmy1 & :o rema9$ ) 8 wife till aft] he _h a son & a daught]1 qua9tly express$ 8 p5it5ce by nam+ !m respectively ,latro & ,vulpecula47#gbg7 ,/4 ,gregory ! ,great describes ! virtue ( a prie/1 :o1 ?r\gh motives ( piety1 _h disc>d$ 8 wife4 ,z he lay dy+1 %e ha/5$ to him to wat* ! b$ :i* = =ty ye>s %e _h n be5 all[$ to %>e1 &1 b5d+ ov] :at seem$ ! inanimate =m ( h] husb&1 %e tri$ to asc]ta9 :e!r any brea? /ill rema9$1 :5 ! dy+ sa9t1 collect+ 8 la/ en]gies1 exclaim$1 8,woman1 begone2 take away ! /raw2 !re is fire yet407#gbh7 ,! de/ruction ( prie/ly m>riage is *iefly due to ,hildebr&1 :o pursu$ ?is object ) ! mo/ untir+ resolution4 ,f9d+ t 8 appeals to ! ecclesia/ical au?orities & to ! civil rul]s 7 insuffici5t1 he boldly turn$ to ! p1 exhort$ !m1 9 defiance ( all ,*ur* traditions1 to )draw _! ob$i5ce f m>ri$ prie/s1 & k9dl$ among !m a fi]ce fanaticism ( asceticism1 :i* spe$ily produc$ a fi]ce p]secution ( ! (f5d+ pa/ors4 ,_! wives1 9 imm5se numb]s1 7 driv5 =? ) hatr$ & ) scorn2 & _m crimes1 & mu* intol]able suff]+1 foll[$ ! disruption4 ,! prie/s sometimes /r5u\sly resi/$4 ,at ,cambrai1 9 ,a4,d4 #ajgg1 !y burnt alive z a h]etic a zealot :o 0 ma9ta9+ ! doctr9es ( ,hildebr&4 ,9 ,engl&1 half a c5tury lat]1 !y succe$$ 9 surpris+ a ,papal legate 9 ! arms ( a c\rtesan1 a few h\rs aft] he _h deliv]$ a fi]ce d5unciation ( cl]ical un*a/ity47#gbi7 ,b ,papal resolution support$ by popul> fanaticism won ! victory4 ,pope ,urban ,,ii4 gave lic5ce to ! nobles to r$uce to slav]y ! wives :om prie/s _h ob/9ately refus$ to ab&on1 & aft] a few m acts ( sev]ity prie/ly m>riage became obsolete4 ,! ext5t1 h[ev]1 ( ! disord]s t /ill exi/$1 is %[n by ! m\rnful confessions ( ecclesia/ical writ]s1 by ! uni=m & indignant te/imony ( ! poets & prose satiri/s :o prec$$ ! ,re=mation1 by ! atroci\s immoralities disclos$ 9 ! mona/]ies at ! "t ( _! suppression1 & by ! significant prud5ce ( _m lay ,ca?olics1 :o 7 accu/om$ to insi/ t _! prie/ %\ld take a concub9e = ! protection ( ! families ( 8 p>i%ion]s47#gcj7 ,x is sc>cely possible to conceive a m demoralis+ influ5ce ?an a prie/hood liv+ su* a life z ,i h describ$4 ,9 ,prote/ant c\ntries1 :]e ! m>riage ( ! cl]gy is fully recognis$1 x has1 inde$1 be5 productive ( ! greate/ & ! mo/ unequivocal b5efits4 ,n[h]e1 x may be confid5tly ass]t$1 does ,*ri/ianity assume a m b5eficial or a m w9n+ =m ?an 9 ^? g5tle cl]ical h\seholds :i* /ud our l&1 con/itut+1 z ,col]idge said1 8! "o idyll ( mod]n life10 ! mo/ p]fect type ( dome/ic peace1 ! c5tre ( civilisation 9 ! remote/ village4 ,not)/&+ "s class n>r[ness & pr(essional bigotry1 not)/&+ "s unwor?y1 b half unconsci\s mann]ism1 :i* is (t5 mo/ unju/ly /igmatis$ z hypocrisy1 x w\ld be difficult to f9d 9 any o!r qu>t] s mu* happ9ess at once diffus$ & enjoy$1 or s mu* virtue atta9$ ) s little t5sion or /ruggle4 ,comb9+ ) 8 sacr$ call+ a w>m sympa?y ) ! intellectual1 social1 & political movem5ts ( 8 "t1 possess+ ! enl>g$ practical k ( a fa!r ( a family1 & ent]+ ) a ke5 ze/ into ! occupations & ! amusem5ts ( 8 p>i%ion]s1 a good cl]gyman w r>ely obtrude 8 religi\s convictions into secul> sph]es1 b yet w make !m app>5t 9 all4 ,!y w be reveal$ by a high] & deep] moral tone1 by a m scrupul\s purity 9 ^w & action1 by an all-p]vasive g5tl5ess1 :i* ref9es1 & s(t5s1 & mell[s1 & adds z mu* to ! *>m z to ! excell5ce ( ! "* 9 :i* x is display$4 ,9 visit+ ! sick1 reliev+ ! poor1 in/ruct+ ! "y1 & dis*>g+ a ?\s& delicate (fices = :i* a woman's tact is especially ne$$1 8 wife f9ds a sph]e ( lab\r :i* is at once int5sely active & int5sely fem99e1 & h] example is n less b5eficial ?an h] m9i/rations4 ,among ! ,ca?olic prie/hood1 on ! o!r h&1 :]e ! v[ ( celibacy is fai?fully obs]v$1 a "* ( a diff]5t type is =m$1 :i* ) v grave & deadly faults comb9es "s ( ! noble/ excell5ces to :i* humanity c atta94 ,sep>at$ f mo/ ( ! ties & affections ( e>?1 view+ life *iefly ?r\gh ! di/ort$ m$ium ( ! casui/ or ! confessional1 & depriv$ ( ^? relation%ips :i* m ?an any o!rs s(t5 & exp& ! "*1 ! ,ca?olic prie/s h be5 b too (t5 conspicu\s = _! fi]ce & sangu9>y fanaticism1 & = _! indiff]5ce to all int]e/s except ^? ( _! ,*ur*2 :ile ! n>r[ range ( _! sympa?ies1 & ! intellectual s]vitude !y h accept$1 r5d] !m peculi>ly unfitt$ = ! (fice ( educat+ ! "y1 :i* !y s p]si/5tly claim1 & :i*1 to ! great mis=tune ( ! _w1 !y 7 long p]mitt$ to monopolise4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 no o!r body ( m5 h ev] exhibit$ a m s+le-m9d$ & unworldly zeal1 refract$ by no p]sonal int]e/s1 sacrific+ to duty ! de>e/ ( e>?ly objects1 & confront+ ) undaunt$ h]oism e =m ( h>d%ip1 ( suff]+1 & ( dea?4 ,t ! middle ages1 ev5 9 _! d>ke/ p]iods1 produc$ _m good & great m5 ( ! latt] type x w\ld be unju/ & absurd to d5y4 ,x c h>dly1 h[ev]1 be que/ion$ t ! extreme frequ5cy ( illicit connections among ! cl]gy t5d$ dur+ _m c5turies mo/ actively to l[] ! moral tone ( ! laity1 & to c\nt]act ! great s]vices 9 ! cause ( purity :i* ,*ri/ian tea*+ _h und\bt$ly effect$4 ,! prie/ly connections 7 r>ely s fully recognis$ z to enable ! mi/ress to fill a position l t :i* is n[ occupi$ by ! wife ( a cl]gyman1 & ! spectacle ( ! *ief tea*]s & exempl>s ( morals liv+ habitually 9 an int]c\rse :i* 0 ackn[l$g$ to be ambigu\s or wrong1 mu/ h act$ mo/ injuri\sly ^u e class ( ! community4 ,asceticism1 proclaim+ w> ^u human nature1 produc$ a revulsion t[>ds its extreme opposite1 & ev5 :5 x 0 obs]v$ x 0 frequ5tly detrim5tal to purity ( m9d4 ,! habit ( cont9ually look+ ^u m>riage 9 its co>se/ light1 & ( reg>d+ ! propagation ( ! species z its "o legitimate end1 ex]cis$ a peculi>ly p]v]t+ influ5ce ^u ! imag9ation4 ,! exub]ant piety ( wives :o desir$ to live ap>t f _! husb&s (t5 drove ! latt] into s]i\s irregul>ities47#gca7 ,! notion ( s9 0 introduc$ into ! de>e/ ( relation%ips17#gcb7 & ! :ole subject 0 di/ort$ & degrad$4 ,x is "o ( ! great b5efits ( ,prote/antism t x did mu* to bani% ^! modes ( ?\ght & feel+ f ! _w1 & to re/ore m>riage to its simplicity & its dignity4 ,we h a gratify+ illu/ration ( ! ext5t to :i* an old sup]/ition has decl9$1 9 ! fact t :5 ,goldsmi?1 9 8 great romance1 desir$ to depict ! h>mless ecc5tricities ( 8 simple-m9d$ & unworldly vic>1 he repres5t$ him z ma9ta9+ t op9ion conc]n+ ! s9fulness ( ! second m>riage ( a cl]gyman :i* 0 = _m c5turies univ]sal 9 ! ,*ur*4 ,ano!r injuri\s consequ5ce1 result+1 9 a great measure1 f asceticism1 0 a t5d5cy to depreciate extremely ! "* & ! position ( wom54 ,9 ?is t5d5cy we may detect 9 "p ! influ5ce ( ! e>li] ,jewi% writ+s1 9 :i* an imp>tial obs]v] may f9d evid5t traces ( ! common ,ori5tal depreciation ( wom54 ,! cu/om ( pur*ase-money to ! fa!r ( ! bride 0 admitt$4 ,polygamy 0 au?oris$17#gcc7 & practis$ by ! wise/ man on an enorm\s scale4 ,a woman 0 reg>d$ z ! orig9 ( human ills4 ,a p]iod ( purification 0 appo9t$ aft] ! bir? ( e *ild2 b1 by a v significant provision1 x 0 twice z long 9 ! case ( a female z ( a male *ild47#gcd7 8,! badness ( m510 a ,jewi% writ] emphatically decl>$1 8is bett] ?an ! goodness ( wom5407#gce7 ,! types ( female excell5ce exhibit$ 9 ! e>ly p]iod ( ,jewi% hi/ory are 9 g5]al ( a l[ ord]1 & c]ta9ly f> inf]ior to ^? ( ,roman hi/ory or ,greek poetry2 & ! w>me/ eulogy ( a woman 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t is probably t :i* 0 be/[$ ^u h] :o1 ) circum/ances ( ! mo/ aggravat$ trea*]y1 _h murd]$ ! sleep+ fugitive :o _h tak5 refuge "u h] ro(4 ,! comb9$ influ5ce ( ! ,jewi% writ+s1 & ( t ascetic feel+ :i* treat$ wom5 z ! *ief s\rce ( temptation to man1 0 %[n 9 ^? fi]ce invectives1 :i* =m s conspicu\s & s grotesque a portion ( ! writ+s ( ! ,fa!rs1 & :i* contra/ s curi\sly ) ! adulation be/[$ ^u p>ticul> memb]s ( ! sex4 ,woman 0 repres5t$ z ! door ( hell1 z ! "m ( all human ills4 ,%e %\ld be a%am$ at ! v ?\ght t %e is a woman4 ,%e %\ld live 9 cont9ual p5ance1 on acc\nt ( ! curses %e has br\ght ^u ! _w4 ,%e %\ld be a%am$ ( h] dress1 = x is ! memorial ( h] fall4 ,%e %\ld be especially a%am$ ( h] beauty1 = x is ! mo/ pot5t in/rum5t ( ! dmon4 ,physical beauty 0 inde$ p]petually ! !me ( ecclesia/ical d5unciations1 ?\gh "o s+ul> exception seems to h be5 made2 = x has be5 obs]v$ t 9 ! middle ages ! p]sonal beauty ( bi%ops 0 cont9ually notic$ ^u _! tombs47#gcf7 ,wom5 7 ev5 =bidd5 by a prov9cial ,c\ncil1 9 ! six? c5tury1 on acc\nt ( _! impurity1 to receive ! ,eu*>i/ into _! nak$ h&s47#gcg7 ,_! ess5tially subord9ate position 0 cont9ually ma9ta9$4 ,x is probable t ?is tea*+ _h its "p 9 det]m9+ ! pr9ciples ( legislation conc]n+ ! sex4 ,! ,pagan laws dur+ ! ,empire _h be5 cont9ually repeal+ ! old disabilities ( wom51 & ! legislative movem5t 9 _! fav\r cont9u$ ) unabat$ =ce f ,con/ant9e to ,ju/9ian1 & appe>$ also 9 "s ( ! e>ly laws ( ! b>b>ians47#gch7 ,b 9 ! :ole feudal legislation wom5 7 plac$ 9 a mu* l[] legal position ?an 9 ! ,pagan ,empire47#gci7 ,9 addition to ! p]sonal re/rictions :i* grew necess>ily out ( ! ,ca?olic doctr9es conc]n+ divorce1 & conc]n+ ! subord9ation ( ! weak] sex1 we f9d num]\s & /r+5t enactm5ts1 :i* r5d]$ x impossible = wom5 to succe$ to any consid]able am\nt ( prop]ty1 & :i* almo/ r$uc$ !m to ! alt]native ( m>riage or a nunn]y47#gdj7 ,! complete inf]iority ( ! sex 0 cont9ually ma9ta9$ by ! law2 & t g5]\s public op9ion :i* 9 ,rome _h frequ5tly revolt$ aga9/ ! inju/ice done to girls1 9 depriv+ !m ( ! great] "p ( ! inh]itance ( _! fa!rs1 totally disappe>$4 ,:]ev] ! canon law has be5 ! basis ( legislation1 we f9d laws ( succession sacrific+ ! int]e/s ( daught]s & ( wives17#gda7 & a /ate ( public op9ion :i* has be5 =m$ & regulat$ by ^! laws2 nor 0 any s]i\s attempt made to aboli% !m till ! close ( ! la/ c5tury4 ,! ,fr5* revolutioni/s1 ?\gh reject+ ! proposal ( ,siys & ,condorcet to accord political emancipation to wom51 e/abli%$ at lea/ an equal succession ( sons & daught]s1 & ?us initiat$ a great re=mation ( bo? law & op9ion1 :i* soon] or lat] mu/ trav]se ! _w4 ,9 _! ef=ts to raise ! /&>d ( purity1 ! ,*ri/ian tea*]s d]iv$ mu* assi/ance f ! incursions & ! conque/s ( ! b>b>ians4 ,! dissolution ( va/ ret9ues ( slaves1 ! susp5sion ( mo/ public games1 & ! g5]al impov]i%m5t t foll[$ ! invasions1 7 all fav\rable to female virtue2 & 9 ?is respect ! v>i\s tribes ( b>b>ians1 h[ev] viol5t & lawless1 7 f> sup]ior to ! m civilis$ community4 ,tacitus1 9 a v fam\s "w1 _h long be=e p\rtray$ 9 ! mo/ flatt]+ col\rs ! purity ( ! ,g]mans4 ,adult]y1 he said1 0 v r>e among !m4 ,! adult]ess 0 driv5 f ! h\se ) %av5 hair1 & beat5 ignom9i\sly ?r\gh ! village4 ,nei!r y\?1 nor beauty1 nor weal? c\ld enable a woman :o 0 kn[n to h s9n$ to secure a husb&4 ,polygamy 0 re/rict$ to ! pr9ces1 :o look$ ^u a plurality ( wives r z a badge ( dignity ?an z a gratification ( ! passions4 ,mo!rs inv>iably gave suck to _! own *ildr54 ,infanticide 0 =bidd54 ,wid[s 7 n all[$ to re-m>ry4 ,! m5 fe>$ captivity1 mu* m = _! wives ?an = !mselves2 !y believ$ t a sacr$ & prophetic gift resid$ 9 wom52 !y consult$ !m z oracles1 & foll[$ _! c\nsels47#gdb7 ,x is g5]ally believ$1 & x is n improbable1 t ,tacitus 9 ?is "w int5d$ to reprove ! dissolute habits ( 8 fell[-c\ntrym51 & consid]ably ov]-col\r$ ! virtue ( ! b>b>ians4 ,( ! sub/antial ju/ice1 h[ev]1 ( 8 picture we h mu* evid5ce4 ,salvian1 :o1 ab\t ?ree c5turies lat]1 witness$ & describ$ ! mann]s ( ! b>b>ians :o _h triumph$ ov] ! ,empire1 atte/$ 9 ! /ronge/ language ! contra/ :i* _! *a/ity pres5t$ to ! vice ( ^? :om !y _h subdu$47#gdc7 ,! ,sc&9avian my?ology ab\nds 9 leg5ds exhibit+ ! cle> s5tim5t ( ! hea!n tribes on ! subject ( purity1 & ! awful p5alties ?reat5$ 9 ! next _w aga9/ ! s$uc]s47#gdd7 ,! b>b>ian wom5 7 accu/om$ to practise m$ic9e & to int]pret dreams1 & !y also v frequ5tly accompani$ _! husb&s to battle1 ralli$ _! brok5 =ces1 & ev5 !mselves took "p 9 ! fight47#gde7 ,augu/us _h discov]$ t x 0 useless to keep b>b>ian *iefs z ho/ages1 & t ! "o way ( secur+ ! fidelity ( traitors 0 by tak+ _! wives1 = ^!1 at lea/1 7 nev] sacrific$4 ,in/ances ( female h]oism are said to h occurr$ 9 ! conqu]$ nations1 :i* might rival ! mo/ spl5did 9 ! ,roman annals4 ,:5 ,m>ius _h vanqui%$ an army ( ! ,teutons1 _! wives bes\ght ! conqu]or to p]mit !m to become ! s]vants ( ! ,ve/al ,virg9s1 9 ord] t _! hon\r1 at lea/1 might be secure 9 slav]y4 ,_! reque/ 0 refus$1 & t night !y all p]i%$ by _! own h&s47#gdf7 ,a p[]ful noble once solicit$ ! h& ( a ,galatian lady nam$ ,camma1 :o1 fai?ful to h] husb&1 resi/$ all 8 entreaties4 ,resolv$ at any haz>d to succe$1 he caus$ h] husb& to be assass9at$1 & :5 %e took refuge 9 ! temple ( ,diana1 & enroll$ h]self among ! prie/esses1 he s5t noble aft] noble to induce h] to rel5t4 ,aft] a "t1 he v5tur$ himself into h] pres5ce4 ,%e feign$ a will+ness to yield1 b told him x 0 fir/ necess>y to make a libation to ! goddess4 ,%e appe>$ z a prie/ess be=e ! alt>1 be>+ 9 h] h& a cup ( w9e1 :i* %e _h poison$4 ,%e drank half ( x h]self1 h&$ ! rema9d] to h] guilty lov]1 & :5 he _h dra9$ ! cup to ! dregs1 bur/ into a fi]ce ?anksgiv+1 t %e _h be5 p]mitt$ to av5ge1 & 0 soon to rejo91 h] murd]$ husb&47#gdg7 ,ano!r & /ill m rem>kable in/ance ( conjugal fidelity 0 furni%$ by a ,gauli% woman nam$ ,eppon9a4 ,h] husb&1 ,julius ,sab9us1 _h rebell$ aga9/ ,vespasian2 he 0 conqu]$1 & might easily h escap$ to ,g]many1 b c\ld n be> to ab&on 8 "y wife4 ,he retir$ to a villa ( 8 own1 conceal$ himself 9 subt]ranean cell>s t 7 bel[ x1 & in/ruct$ a fre$man to spread ! report t he _h committ$ suicide1 :ile1 to acc\nt = ! disappe>ance ( 8 body1 he set fire to ! villa4 ,eppon9a1 he>+ ( ! suicide1 = ?ree days lay pro/rate on ! gr\nd )\t eat+4 ,at l5g? ! fre$man came to h]1 & told h] t ! suicide 0 feign$4 ,%e cont9u$ h] lam5tations by day1 b visit$ h] husb& by night4 ,%e became ) *ild1 b ow+1 x is said1 to an o9tm5t1 %e succe$$ 9 conceal+ h] /ate f h] fri5ds4 ,:5 ! h\r ( p>turition 0 at h&1 %e w5t alone into ! cell>1 & )\t any assi/ance or att5dance 0 deliv]$ ( tw9s1 :om %e br\ght up und]gr\nd4 ,= n9e ye>s %e fulfill$ h] task1 :5 ,sab9us 0 discov]$1 &1 to ! la/+ disgrace ( ,vespasian1 0 execut$1 9 spite ( ! supplications ( 8 wife1 :o made x h] la/ reque/ t %e might be p]mitt$ to die ) him47#gdh7 ,! moral purity ( ! b>b>ians 0 ( a k9d altoge!r diff]5t f t :i* ! ascetic movem5t inculcat$4 ,x 0 conc5trat$ exclusively ^u m>riage4 ,x %[$ itself 9 a noble conjugal fidelity2 b x 0 little fitt$ = a life ( celibacy1 & did n1 z we h se51 prev5t excessive disord]s among ! prie/hood4 ,! practice ( polygamy among ! b>b>ian k+s 0 also = "s c5turies un*eck$1 or at lea/ unsuppress$1 by ,*ri/ianity4 ,! k+s ,c>ib]t & ,*ilp]ic _h bo? _m wives at ! same "t47#gdi7 ,clotaire m>ri$ ! si/] ( 8 fir/ wife dur+ ! lifetime ( ! latt]1 :o1 on ! int5tion ( ! k+ be+ ann\nc$1 is report$ to h said1 8,let my "l d :at seeme? good 9 8 sight1 only let ?y s]vant live 9 ?y fav\r407#gej7 ,!odeb]t1 ^: g5]al goodness ( "* is w>mly extoll$ by ! episcopal hi/orian1 ab&on$ 8 fir/ wife on acc\nt ( an atroci\s crime :i* %e _h committ$2 took1 dur+ h] lifetime1 ano!r1 to :om he _h previ\sly be5 betro!d2 & ^u ! dea? ( ?is second wife1 & :ile ! fir/ 0 /ill liv+1 took a ?ird1 :om1 h[ev]1 at a lat] p]iod he murd]$47#gea7 ,/4 ,columbanus 0 expell$ f ,gaul *iefly on acc\nt ( 8 d5unciations ( ! polygamy ( ,k+ ,?i]ry47#geb7 ,dagob]t _h ?ree wives1 z well z a multitude ( concub9es47#gec7 ,*>lemagne himself _h at ! same "t two wives1 & he indulg$ l>gely 9 concub9es47#ged7 ,aft] ?is p]iod examples ( ?is nature became r>e4 ,! ,popes & ! bi%ops ex]cis$ a /rict sup]vision ov] dome/ic morals1 & /r5u\sly1 & 9 mo/ cases successfully1 oppos$ ! attempts ( k+s & nobles to repudiate _! wives4 ,b1 not)/&+ ^! />tl+ facts1 !re c be no d\bt t ! g5]al purity ( ! b>b>ians 0 f ! fir/ sup]ior to t ( ! lat] ,romans1 & x appe>s 9 _m ( _! laws4 ,x has be5 v happily obs]v$17#gee7 t ! high value plac$ on ?is virtue is well illu/rat$ by ! fact t 9 ! ,salic code1 :ile a *>ge ( c[>dice falsely br\ght aga9/ a man 0 only puni%$ by a f9e ( ?ree solidi1 a *>ge ( un*a/ity falsely br\ght aga9/ a woman 0 puni%$ by a f9e ( =ty-five4 ,! ,teutonic s5tim5t 0 %[n 9 a v /]n legislation aga9/ adult]y & rape17#gef7 & curi\sly m9ute precautions 7 sometimes tak5 to gu>d aga9/ !m4 ,a law ( ! ,spani% ,visigo?s prohibit$ surgeons f ble$+ any free woman except 9 ! pres5ce ( h] husb&1 ( h] ne>e/ relative1 or at lea/ ( "s prop]ly appo9t$ witness1 & a ,salic law impos$ a f9e ( fifte5 pieces ( gold ^u any "o :o improp]ly press$ h] h&47#geg7 ,"u ! influ5ce ( ,*ri/ianity1 assi/$ by ! b>b>ians1 a va/ *ange pass$ gradually ov] ! _w4 ,! vice we are consid]+ 0 probably m r>e2 x c]ta9ly assum$ less extravagant =ms1 & x 0 scre5$ f obs]vation ) a new mode/y4 ,! !ory ( morals _h become cle>]1 & ! practice 0 some:at improv$4 ,! extreme grossness ( lit]ature _h disappe>$1 & ! m gl>+ violations ( m>riage 7 always c5sur$ & (t5 repress$4 ,! p5it5tial discipl9e1 & ! exhortations ( ! pulpit1 diffus$ abroad an immeasurably high] s5se ( ! importance ( purity ?an ,pagan antiquity _h kn[n4 ,/4 ,gregory ! ,great1 foll[+ 9 ! /eps ( "s ,pagan philosoph]s17#geh7 /r5u\sly urg$ ^u mo!rs ! duty ( !mselves suckl+ _! *ildr52 & _m m9ute & /r+5t precepts 7 made aga9/ extravagances ( dress & mann]s4 ,! religi\s in/itutions ( ,greece & ,asia ,m9or1 :i* _h almo/ consecrat$ pro/itution1 7 = ev] aboli%$1 & ! c\rtesan sank into a l[] /age ( degradation4 ,besides ^! *anges1 ! duty ( reciprocal fidelity 9 m>riage 0 en=c$ ) a new e>ne/ness4 ,! contra/ betwe5 ! levity ) :i* ! frailty ( m5 has 9 mo/ ages be5 reg>d$1 & ! extreme sev]ity ) :i* wom5 :o h be5 guilty ( ! same (f5ce h g5]ally be5 treat$1 =ms "o ( ! mo/ s+ul> anomalies 9 moral hi/ory1 & appe>s ! m rem>kable :5 we rememb] t ! temptation usually spr+s f ! sex :i* is s readily p>don$2 t ! sex :i* is visit$ ) su* cru%+ p5alties is prov]bially ! mo/ weak2 & t1 9 ! case ( wom51 b n 9 ! case ( m51 ! vice is v commonly ! result ( ! mo/ abject mis]y & pov]ty4 ,= ?is disp>ity ( c5sure sev]al reasons h be5 assign$4 ,! (f5ce c be m surely & easily detect$1 & !re=e m c]ta9ly puni%$1 9 ! case ( wom5 ?an ( m52 &1 z ! duty ( provid+ = 8 *ildr5 falls ^u ! fa!r1 ! introduction into ! family ( *ildr5 :o are n 8 own is a special injury to him1 :ile illegitimate *ildr5 :o d n spr+ f adult]y w probably1 on acc\nt ( _! fa!r hav+ ent]$ into no compact to support !m1 ultimately become crim9als or paup]s1 & !re=e a burd5 to society47#gei7 ,x may be add$1 ,i ?9k1 t sev]al causes r5d] ! obs]vance ( ?is virtue m difficult = "o sex ?an = ! o!r2 t its violation1 :5 e all[ance has be5 made = ! moral degradation :i* is a result ( ! exi/+ condition ( public op9ion1 is naturally m pr(\ndly prejudicial to ! "* ( wom5 ?an ( m52 & also t mu* ( our feel+ on ^! subjects is due to laws & moral sy/ems :i* 7 =m$ by m51 & 7 9 ! fir/ in/ance int5d$ = _! own protection4 ,! passages 9 ! ,fa!rs1 ass]t+ ! equality ( ! obligation impos$ ^u bo? sexes1 are exce$+ly unequivocal27#gfj7 & al?\gh ! doctr9e itself _h be5 anticipat$ by ,s5eca & ,plut>*1 x _h probably nev] be=e1 & x has nev] s9ce1 be5 s fully realis$ z 9 ! e>ly ,*ur*4 ,x _c1 h[ev]1 be said t ! conque/ has be5 reta9$4 ,at ! pres5t day1 al?\gh ! /&>d ( morals is f> high] ?an 9 ,pagan ,rome1 x may be que/ion$ :e!r ! inequality ( ! c5sure :i* is be/[$ ^u ! two sexes is n z great z 9 ! days ( ,paganism1 & t inequality is cont9ually ! cause ( ! mo/ %ameful & ! mo/ pitiable inju/ice4 ,9 "o respect1 inde$1 a great retrogression result$ f *ivalry1 & long surviv$ its decay4 ,! "* ( ! s$uc]1 & especially ( ! passionless s$uc] :o pursues 8 c>e] simply z a k9d ( sport1 & "u ! influ5ce ( no /rong] motive ?an vanity or a _s ( adv5ture1 has be5 glorifi$ & idealis$ 9 ! popul> lit]ature ( ,*ri/5dom 9 a mann] to :i* we c f9d no p>allel 9 antiquity4 ,:5 we reflect t ! object ( su* a man is by ! colde/ & mo/ delib]ate trea*]y to bla/ ! lives ( innoc5t wom52 :5 we comp>e ! levity ( 8 motive ) ! irrep>able injury he inflicts2 & :5 we rememb] t he c only deceive 8 victim by p]suad+ h] to love him1 & c only ru9 h] by p]suad+ h] to tru/ him1 x mu/ be own$ t x w\ld be difficult to conceive a cruelty m wanton & m he>tless1 or a "* comb9+ m num]\s elem5ts ( infamy & ( di%on\r4 ,t su* a "* %\ld = _m c5turies h be5 ! popul> ideal ( a consid]able section ( lit]ature1 & ! boa/ ( numb]s :o mo/ plume !mselves ^u _! hon\r1 is assur$ly "o ( ! mo/ m\rnful facts 9 hi/ory1 & x repres5ts a moral deflection c]ta9ly n less ?an 0 reveal$ 9 anci5t ,greece by ! position t 0 assign$ to ! c\rtesan4 ,! fundam5tal tru?1 t ! same act c nev] be at once v5ial = a man to dem&1 & infam\s = a woman to accord1 ?\gh nobly en=c$ by ! e>ly ,*ri/ians1 has n pass$ into ! popul> s5tim5t ( ,*ri/5dom4 ,! my/ical "*1 h[ev]1 :i* ! ,*ur* imp>t$ to m>riage has be5 extremely influ5tial4 ,p>tly by rais+ x into a sacram5t1 & p>tly by repres5t+ x z1 9 "s my/]i\s & n v def9able s5se1 an image ( ! union ( ,*ri/ ) ,8 ,*ur*1 a feel+ 0 fo/]$ t a lifelong union ( "o man & "o woman is1 "u all circum/ances1 ! s+le =m ( int]c\rse betwe5 ! sexes :i* is n illegitimate2 & ?is conviction has acquir$ ! =ce ( a primal moral intuition4 ,!re c1 ,i ?9k1 be little d\bt t1 9 ! /r+5cy ) :i* x is usually laid d[n1 x re/s n ^u ! law ( nature1 b ^u positive law1 al?\gh unassi/$ nature is suffici5t to lead m5 _m /eps 9 its direction4 ,consid]+ ! subject simply 9 ! light ( unaid$ reason1 two rules comprise ! :ole duty ( man4 ,he mu/ ab/a9 f :atev] injures happ9ess or degrades "*4 ,"u ! fir/ head1 he mu/ include ! m remote z well z ! imm$iate consequ5ces ( 8 act4 ,he mu/ consid] h[ 8 p>tn] w be affect$ by ! union1 ! light 9 :i* society w view ! connection1 ! probable position ( ! *ildr5 to be born1 ! effect ( ^! bir?s1 & also ! effect ( 8 example ^u ! well-be+ ( society at l>ge4 ,"s ( ! elem5ts ( ?is calculation v>y 9 diff]5t /ages ( society4 ,?us1 public op9ion 9 "o age w reprobate1 & !re=e puni%1 connections :i*1 9 ano!r age1 are fully sanction$2 & ! probable position ( ! *ildr51 z well z ! effect ( ! bir?s ^u society1 w dep5d greatly ^u p>ticul> & national circum/ances4 ,"u ! second head is compris$ ! influ5ce ( ?is int]c\rse 9 cl\d+ or develop+ ! moral feel+s1 l[]+ or elevat+ ! tone ( "*1 excit+ or allay+ ! ab]rations ( ! imag9ation1 incapacitat+ m5 = pure affections or ext5d+ _! range1 mak+ ! animal "p ( our nature m or less pr$om9ant4 ,we "k1 by ! intuition ( our moral nature1 t ?is pr$om9ance is always a degrad$1 ?\gh x is n always an unhappy1 condition4 ,we also "k t x is a law ( our be+1 t p[]ful & beautiful affections1 :i* _h be=e be5 lat5t1 are evok$ 9 "s p>ticul> =ms ( union1 :ile o!r =ms ( union are peculi>ly fitt$ to dead5 ! affections & to p]v]t ! "*4 ,9 ^! consid]ations we h ample gr\nds = ma9ta9+ t ! lifelong union ( "o man & ( "o woman %\ld be ! normal or dom9ant type ( int]c\rse betwe5 ! sexes4 ,we c prove t x is on ! :ole mo/ conducive to ! happ9ess1 & also to ! moral elevation1 ( all p>ties4 ,b beyond ?is po9t x w\ld1 ,i conceive1 be impossible to advance1 except by ! assi/ance ( a special revelation4 ,x by no means foll[s t because ?is %\ld be ! dom9ant type x %\ld be ! only "o1 or t ! int]e/s ( society dem& t all connections %\ld be =c$ into ! same die4 ,connections1 :i* 7 confess$ly only = a few ye>s1 h always subsi/$ side by side ) p]man5t m>riages2 & 9 p]iods :5 public op9ion1 acquiesc+ 9 _! propriety1 inflicts no excommunication on "o or bo? ( ! p>tn]s1 :5 ^! p>tn]s are n liv+ ! demoralis+ & degrad+ life :i* accompanies ! consci\sness ( guilt1 & :5 prop] provision is made = ! *ildr5 :o are born1 x w\ld be1 ,i believe1 impossible to prove1 by ! light ( simple & unassi/$ reason1 t su* connections %\ld be inv>iably condemn$4 ,x is extremely important1 bo? = ! happ9ess & = ! moral well-be+ ( m51 t lifelong unions %\ld n be effect$ simply "u ! imp]i\s prompt+ ( a bl9d appetite4 ,!re are always multitudes :o1 9 ! p]iod ( _! lives :5 _! passions are mo/ /rong1 are incapable ( support+ *ildr5 9 _! own social rank1 & :o w\ld !re=e injure society by m>ry+ 9 x1 b are nev]!less p]fectly capable ( secur+ an hon\rable c>e] = _! illegitimate *ildr5 9 ! l[] social sph]e to :i* ^! w\ld naturally belong4 ,"u ! conditions ,i h m5tion$1 ^! connections are n injuri\s1 b b5eficial1 to ! weak] p>tn]2 !y s(t5 ! diff]5ces ( rank1 !y /imulate social habits1 & !y d n produce ^u "* ! degrad+ effect ( promiscu\s int]c\rse1 or ^u society ! injuri\s effects ( imprud5t m>riages1 "o or o!r ( :i* w multiply 9 _! abs5ce4 ,9 ! imm5se v>iety ( circum/ances & *>act]s1 cases w always appe> 9 :i*1 on utilit>ian gr\nds1 !y might seem advisable4 ,x is necess>y to dwell ^u su* consid]ations z ^!1 if we w\ld und]/& ! legislation ( ! ,pagan ,empire or ! *anges t 7 effect$ by ,*ri/ianity4 ,! legislators ( ! ,empire di/9ctly recognis$ ^! connections1 & made x a ma9 object to au?orise1 dignify1 & regulate !m4 ,! unlimit$ lic5ce ( divorce practically includ$ !m "u ! "n ( m>riage1 :ile t "n %elt]$ !m f /igma1 & prev5t$ _m ( ! grave/ evils ( unau?oris$ unions4 ,! ^w concub9e also1 :i* 9 ! ,republic _h ! same signification z among ourselves1 repres5t$ 9 ! ,empire a /rictly legal union--an innovation :i* 0 *iefly due to ,augu/us1 & 0 d\btless int5d$ z "p ( ! legislation aga9/ celibacy1 & also1 x may be1 z a corrective ( ! lic5ti\s habits t 7 g5]al4 ,?is union 0 9 ess5tials m]ely a =m ( m>riage1 = he :o1 hav+ a concub9e1 took to himself ei!r a wife or ano!r concub9e1 0 legally guilty ( adult]y4 ,l ! commone/ =m ( m>riage1 x 0 consummat$ )\t any c]emony1 & 0 dissoluble at w4 ,its peculi>ities 7 t x 0 contract$ betwe5 m5 ( patrician rank & fre$wom51 :o 7 =bidd5 by law to int]m>ry2 t ! concub9e1 ?\gh h] position 0 p]fectly recognis$ & hon\rable1 did n %>e ! rank ( h] p>tn]1 t %e br\ght no d[ry1 & t h] *ildr5 foll[$ h] rank1 & 7 exclud$ f ! rank & ! inh]itance ( _! fa!r47#gfa7 ,aga9/ ^! notions ,*ri/ianity decl>$ a direct & implacable w>f>e1 :i* 0 imp]fectly reflect$ 9 ! civil legislation1 b appe>$ unequivocally 9 ! writ+s ( ! ,fa!rs1 & 9 mo/ ( ! decrees ( ! ,c\ncils47#gfb7 ,x taught1 z a religi\s dogma1 inv>iable1 inflexible1 & indep5d5t ( all utilit>ian calculations1 t all =ms ( int]c\rse ( ! sexes1 o!r ?an lifelong unions1 7 crim9al4 ,by tea*+ m5 to reg>d ?is doctr9e z axiomatic1 & !re=e inflict+ sev]e social p5alties & deep degradation on transi5t connections1 x has pr(\ndly modifi$ ev5 _! utilit>ian aspect1 & has r5d]$ !m 9 mo/ c\ntries furtive & disguis$4 ,!re is probably no o!r bran* ( e?ics :i* has be5 s l>gely det]m9$ by special dogmatic !ology1 & !re is none :i* w\ld be s deeply affect$ by its decay4 ,z a "p ( ! same movem5t1 ! purely civil m>riage ( ! lat] ,pagan ,empire 0 gradually replac$ by religi\s m>riages4 ,!re is a manife/ propriety 9 invok+ a div9e b5$iction ^u an act :i* =ms s important an epo* 9 life1 & ! m+l+ ( a religi\s c]emony impresses a deep] s5se ( ! solemnity ( ! contract4 ,! ess5tially religi\s & ev5 my/ical "* imp>t$ by ,*ri/ianity to m>riage r5d]$ ! consecration peculi>ly natural1 b x 0 only v gradually t x came to be look$ ^u z absolutely necess>y4 ,z ,i h already notic$1 x 0 long disp5s$ ) 9 ! m>riage ( slaves2 & ev5 9 ! case ( freem51 ?\gh g5]ally p]=m$1 x 0 n made compulsory till ! t5? c5tury47#gfc7 ,9 addition to its prim>y object ( sanctify+ m>riage1 x became 9 "t a p[]ful in/rum5t 9 secur+ ! au?ority ( ! prie/hood1 :o 7 able to compel m5 to submit to ! conditions !y impos$ 9 ! =mation ( ! mo/ important contract ( life2 & ! mod]n au?orisation ( civil m>riages1 by dim9i%+ greatly ! p[] ( ! ,ca?olic prie/hood ov] dome/ic life1 has be5 "o ( ! mo/ sev]e bl[s ecclesia/ical influ5ce has und]gone4 ,! absolute s9fulness ( divorce 0 at ! same "t /r5u\sly ma9ta9$ by ! ,c\ncils1 :i* 9 ?is1 z 9 _m o!r po9ts1 diff]$ widely f ! civil law4 ,con/ant9e re/rict$ x to ?ree cases ( crime on ! "p ( ! husb&1 & ?ree on ! "p ( ! wife2 b ! habits ( ! p 7 too /rong = 8 enactm5ts1 &1 aft] "o or two *anges 9 ! law1 ! full latitude ( divorce reappe>$ 9 ! ,ju/9ian ,code4 ,! ,fa!rs1 on ! o!r h&1 ?\gh !y hesitat$ a little ab\t ! case ( a divorce :i* foll[$ an act ( adult]y on ! "p ( ! wife17#gfd7 _h no hesitation :atev] 9 pron\nc+ all o!r divorces to be crim9al1 & p]iods ( p5it5tial discipl9e 7 impos$ ^u ,*ri/ians :o avail$ !mselves ( ! privileges ( ! civil law47#gfe7 ,= _m c5turies ?is duality ( legislation cont9u$4 ,! b>b>ian laws re/rict$ divorce by impos+ sev]e f9es on ^? :o repudiat$ _! wives4 ,*>lemagne pron\nc$ divorce to be crim9al1 b did n v5ture to make x p5al1 & he practis$ x himself4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,*ur* ?reat5$ ) excommunication1 & 9 "s cases actually laun*$ its ?und]s aga9/1 ^? :o 7 guilty ( x4 ,x 0 only 9 ! twelf? c5tury t ! victory 0 def9itely a*iev$1 & ! civil law1 adopt+ ! pr9ciple ( ! canon law1 prohibit$ all divorce47#gff7 ,i d n propose 9 ! pres5t "w to exam9e h[ f> ?is total prohibition has be5 = ! happ9ess or ! moral well-be+ ( m54 ,i w simply obs]ve t1 ?\gh x is n[ (t5 def5d$1 x 0 n orig9ally impos$ 9 ,*ri/ian nations1 ^u utilit>ian gr\nds1 b 0 bas$ ^u ! sacram5tal "* ( m>riage1 ^u ! belief t m>riage is ! special symbol ( ! p]petual union ( ,*ri/ ) ,8 ,*ur*1 & ^u a well-kn[n passage 9 ! ,gospels4 ,! /r+5cy ( ! ,ca?olic doctr9e1 :i* =bids ! dissolution ( m>riage ev5 9 ! case ( adult]y1 has be5 consid]ably relax$ by mod]n legislation1 & !re c1 ,i ?9k1 be little d\bt t fur!r /eps w yet be tak5 9 ! same direction2 b ! va/ *ange t 0 effect$ 9 bo? practice & !ory s9ce ! unlimit$ lic5ce ( ! ,pagan ,empire mu/ be manife/ to all4 ,x 0 ess5tial1 or at lea/ v important1 t a union :i* 0 s solemn & s irrevocable %\ld be freely contract$4 ,! s5tim5t ( ! ,roman patriots t[>ds ! close ( ! ,republic 0 t m>riage %\ld be reg>d$ z a means ( provid+ *ildr5 = ! ,/ate1 & %\ld be ent]$ into z a matt] ( duty ) t view1 & ! laws ( ,augu/us _h impos$ _m disqualifications on ^? :o ab/a9$ f x4 ,bo? ( ^! inducem5ts to m>riage pass$ away "u ! influ5ce ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,! popul> s5tim5t disappe>$ ) ! decl9e ( civic virtues4 ,! laws 7 resc9d$ "u ! influ5ce ( ! ascetic en?usiasm :i* made m5 reg>d ! /ate ( celibacy z pre-em95tly holy4 ,!re 0 /ill "o o!r important condition to be atta9$ by !ologians 9 ord] to realise _! ideal type ( m>riage4 ,x 0 to prev5t ! memb]s ( ! ,*ur* f int]m>ry+ ) ^? ^: religi\s op9ions diff]$ f _! own4 ,mix$ m>riages1 x has be5 truly said1 may d m ?an almo/ any o!r influ5ce to assuage ! ranc\r & ! asp]ity ( sects1 b x mu/ be add$ t a consid]able measure ( tol]ance mu/ h be5 already atta9$ be=e !y become possible4 ,9 a union 9 :i* ea* p>tn] believes & realises t ! o!r is doom$ to an et]nity ( mis]y !re c be no real happ9ess1 no sympa?y1 no tru/2 & a dome/ic agreem5t t "s ( ! *ildr5 %\ld be educat$ 9 "o religion & "s 9 ! o!r w\ld be impossible :5 ea* p>5t believ$ x to be an agreem5t t "s *ildr5 %\ld be doom$ to hell4 ,! dome/ic unhapp9ess aris+ f diff]5ces ( belief 0 probably almo/ or altoge!r unkn[n 9 ! _w be=e ! introduction ( ,*ri/ianity2 =1 al?\gh diff]5ces ( op9ion may h be=e exi/$1 ! same mom5t\s consequ5ces 7 n atta*$ to !m4 ,x has be5 ! especial bane ( p]iods ( great religi\s *ange1 su* z ! conv]sion ( ! ,roman ,empire1 or ! ,re=mation1 or our own day :5 f> m s]i\s que/ions ?an ^? :i* agitat$ ! sixte5? c5tury are occupy+ ! att5tion ( a l>ge proportion ( ?9k]s & s*ol>s1 & :5 ! deep & wid5+ *asm betwe5 ! religi\s op9ions ( mo/ highly educat$ m51 & ( ! imm5se majority ( wom51 is pa9fully app>5t4 ,:ile a multitude ( sci5tific discov]ies1 critical & hi/orical rese>*es1 & educational re=ms h br\ght ?9k+ m5 face to face ) religi\s problems ( extreme importance1 wom5 h be5 almo/ absolutely exclud$ f _! influ5ce4 ,_! m9ds are usually by nature less capable ?an ^? ( m5 ( imp>tiality & susp5se1 & ! almo/ complete omission f female education ( ^? /udies :i* mo/ discipl9e & /r5g!n ! intellect increases ! diff]5ce1 :ile at ! same "t x has be5 usually made a ma9 object to imbue !m ) a passionate fai? 9 traditional op9ions1 & to pres]ve !m f all contact ) oppos+ views4 ,b contract$ k & imp]fect sympa?y are n ! sole fruits ( ?is education4 ,x has always be5 ! peculi>ity ( a c]ta9 k9d ( !ological tea*+ t x inv]ts all ! normal pr9ciples ( judgm5t1 & absolutely de/roys intellectual diffid5ce4 ,on o!r subjects we f9d1 if n a respect = hone/ conviction1 at lea/ "s s5se ( ! am\nt ( k t is requisite to entitle m5 to express an op9ion on grave controv]sies4 ,a complete ignorance ( ! subject-matt] ( a dispute re/ra9s ! confid5ce ( dogmatism2 & an ignorant p]son1 :o is aw>e t1 by mu* read+ & ?9k+ 9 sph]es ( :i* he has himself no k1 8 educat$ neighb\r has modifi$ or reject$ op9ions :i* t ignorant p]son _h be5 taught1 w1 at lea/ if he is a man ( s5se or mode/y1 ab/a9 f compassionat+ ! b5ight$ condition ( 8 m in/ruct$ fri5d4 ,b on !ological que/ions ?is has nev] be5 s4 ,unfalt]+ belief be+ taught z ! fir/ ( duties1 & all d\bt be+ usually /igmatis$ z crim9al or damnable1 a /ate ( m9d is =m$ to :i* we f9d no p>allel 9 o!r fields4 ,_m m5 & mo/ wom51 ?\gh completely ignorant ( ! v rudim5ts ( biblical criticism1 hi/orical rese>*1 or sci5tific discov]ies1 ?\gh !y h nev] read a s+le page1 or und]/ood a s+le proposition ( ! writ+s ( ^? :om !y condemn1 & h absolutely no rational k ei!r ( ! argum5ts by :i* _! fai? is def5d$1 or ( ^? by :i* x has be5 impugn$1 w nev]!less adjudicate ) ! utmo/ confid5ce ^u e polemical "q2 d5\nce1 hate1 pity1 or pray = ! conv]sion ( all :o diss5t f :at !y h be5 taught2 assume1 z a matt] beyond ! fa9te/ possibility ( d\bt1 t ! op9ions !y h receiv$ )\t enquiry mu/ be true1 & t ! op9ions :i* o!rs h arriv$ at by enquiry mu/ be false1 & make x a ma9 object ( _! lives to assail :at !y call h]esy 9 e way 9 _! p[]1 except by exam9+ ! gr\nds on :i* x re/s4 ,x is probable t ! great majority ( voices t swell ! clam\r aga9/ e book :i* is reg>d$ z h]etical are ! voices ( ^? :o w\ld deem x crim9al ev5 to op5 t book1 or to ent] into any real1 se>*+1 & imp>tial inve/igation ( ! subject to :i* x relates4 ,innum]able pulpits support ?is tone ( ?\ght1 & repres5t1 ) a f]vid rhetoric well fitt$ to excite ! n]ves & imag9ations ( wom51 ! deplorable condition ( all :o deviate f a c]ta9 type ( op9ions or ( emotions2 a bl9d propag&ism or a secret wret*$ness p5etrates into c\ntless h\seholds1 poison+ ! peace ( families1 *ill+ ! mutual confid5ce ( husb& & wife1 add+ immeasurably to ! difficulties :i* e se>*] into tru? has to enc\nt]1 & diffus+ f> & wide intellectual timidity1 dis+5u\sness1 & hypocrisy4 ,^! dome/ic divisions became v app>5t 9 ! p]iod ( ! conv]sion ( ! ,roman ,empire2 & a natural desire to gu>d intact ! or?odoxy & zeal ( ! conv]ts1 & to prev5t a cont9ual discordance1 /imulat$ ! ,fa!rs 9 _! v vehem5t d5unciations ( all mix$ m>riages4 ,we may also trace 9 ^! d5unciations ! outl9e ( a v s+ul> doctr9e1 :i* 0 aft]w>ds suff]$ to fall into obscurity1 b 0 reviv$ 9 ! la/ c5tury 9 ,engl& 9 a curi\s & le>n$ "w ( ! nonjuror ,dodwell47#gfg7 ,! union ( ,*ri/ & ,8 ,*ur* _h be5 repres5t$ z a m>riage2 & ?is image 0 n reg>d$ z a m]e metaphor or comp>ison1 b z intimat+ a my/]i\s unity1 :i*1 ?\gh n susceptible ( any v cle> def9ition1 0 n on t acc\nt ! less real4 ,*ri/ians 7 ! 8limbs ( ,*ri/10 & = !m to jo9 !mselves 9 m>riage ) ^? :o 7 n ( ! ,*ri/ian fold 0 lit]ally1 x 0 said1 a species ( adult]y or =nication4 ,! int]m>riage ( ! ,israelites1 ! *os5 se$ ( ! anci5t _w1 ) ! ,g5tiles1 _h be5 describ$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t z an act ( impurity27#gfh7 & 9 ! op9ion ( "s1 at lea/1 ( ! ,fa!rs1 ! ,*ri/ian community occupi$ t[>ds ! unbeliev]s a position analog\s to t :i* ! ,jews _h occupi$ t[>ds ! ,g5tiles4 ,/4 ,cyprian d5\nc$ ! crime ( ^? 8:o pro/itute ! limbs ( ,*ri/ 9 m>riage ) ! ,g5tiles407#gfi7 ,t]tullian describ$ ! int]m>riage z =nication27#ggj7 & aft] ! triumph ( ! ,*ur*1 ! int]m>riage ( ,jews & ,*ri/ians 0 made a capital (f5ce1 & 0 /igmatis$ by ! law z adult]y47#gga7 ,! civil law did n prohibit ! or?odox f int]m>ry+ ) h]etics1 b _m c\ncils 9 /rong t]ms d5\nc$ su* m>riages z crim9al4 ,! extreme sanctity attribut$ to virg9ity1 ! absolute condemnation ( all =ms ( sexual connection o!r ?an m>riage1 & ! =mation & gradual realisation ( ! ,*ri/ian conception ( m>riage z a p]man5t union ( a man & woman ( ! same religi\s op9ions1 consecrat$ by solemn religi\s s]vices1 c>ry+ ) x a deep religi\s signification1 & dissoluble only by dea?1 7 ! mo/ obvi\s signs ( ,*ri/ian influ5ce 9 ! sph]e ( e?ics we are exam9+4 ,ano!r v important result ( ! new religion 0 to raise to a f> great] hon\r ?an !y _h previ\sly possess$1 ! qualities 9 :i* wom5 peculi>ly excel4 ,!re are few m curi\s subjects ( enquiry ?an ! di/9ctive diff]5ces betwe5 ! sexes1 & ! mann] 9 :i* ^? diff]5ces h affect$ ! ideal types ( diff]5t ages1 nations1 philosophies1 & religions4 ,physically1 m5 h ! indisputable sup]iority 9 /r5g?1 & wom5 9 beauty4 ,intellectually1 a c]ta9 inf]iority ( ! female sex c h>dly be d5i$ :5 we rememb] h[ almo/ exclusively ! =emo/ places 9 e dep>tm5t ( sci5ce1 lit]ature1 & art h be5 occupi$ by m51 h[ inf9itesimally small is ! numb] ( wom5 :o h %[n 9 any =m ! v highe/ ord] ( g5ius1 h[ _m ( ! greate/ m5 h a*iev$ _! greatness 9 defiance ( ! mo/ adv]se circum/ances1 & h[ completely wom5 h fail$ 9 obta9+ ! fir/ position1 ev5 9 music or pa9t+1 = ! cultivation ( :i* _! circum/ances w\ld appe> mo/ propiti\s4 ,x is z impossible to f9d a female ,raphael1 or a female ,h&el1 z a female ,%akspe>e or ,newton4 ,wom5 are intellectually m desultory & volatile ?an m52 !y are m occupi$ ) p>ticul> in/ances ?an ) g5]al pr9ciples2 !y judge r by intuitive p]ceptions ?an by delib]ate reason+ or pa/ exp]i5ce4 ,!y are1 h[ev]1 usually sup]ior to m5 9 nimbl5ess & rapidity ( ?\ght1 & 9 ! gift ( tact or ! p[] ( seiz+ spe$ily & fai?fully ! f9] inflexions ( feel+1 & !y h !re=e (t5 atta9$ v great em95ce 9 conv]sation1 z lett]-writ]s1 z actresses1 & z noveli/s4 ,morally1 ! g5]al sup]iority ( wom5 ov] m51 is1 ,i ?9k1 unque/ionable4 ,if we take ! some:at co>se & inadequate crit]ion ( police /ati/ics1 we f9d t1 :ile ! male & female populations are ne>ly ! same 9 numb]1 ! crimes committ$ by m5 are usually r m ?an five times z num]\s z ^? committ$ by wom527#ggb7 & al?\gh x may be ju/ly obs]v$ t m51 z ! /rong] sex1 & ! sex ^u :om ! burd5 ( support+ ! family is ?r[n1 h m temptations ?an wom51 x mu/ be rememb]$1 on ! o!r h&1 t extreme pov]ty :i* v]ges ^u />vation is mo/ common among wom51 ^: means ( livelihood are mo/ re/rict$1 & ^: e>n+s are smalle/ & mo/ prec>i\s4 ,self-sacrifice is ! mo/ conspicu\s elem5t ( a virtu\s & religi\s "*1 & x is c]ta9ly f> less common among m5 ?an among wom51 ^: :ole lives are usually sp5t 9 yield+ to ! w & consult+ ! pleasures ( ano!r4 ,!re are two great dep>tm5ts ( virtue3 ! impulsive1 or t :i* spr+s spontane\sly f ! emotions2 & ! delib]ative1 or t :i* is p]=m$ 9 ob$i5ce to ! s5se ( duty2 & 9 bo? ( ^! ,i imag9e wom5 are sup]ior to m54 ,_! s5sibility is great]1 !y are m *a/e bo? 9 ?\ght & act1 m t5d] to ! err+1 m compassionate to ! suff]+1 m affectionate to all ab\t !m4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ^? :o h trac$ ! c\rse ( ! wives ( ! poor1 & ( _m :o1 ?\gh 9 n>r[ circum/ances1 c h>dly be call$ poor1 w probably admit t 9 no o!r class d we s (t5 f9d entire lives sp5t 9 daily p]si/5t self-d5ial1 9 ! pati5t endurance ( c\ntless trials1 9 ! ceaseless & delib]ate sacrifice ( _! own enjoym5ts to ! well-be+ or ! prospects ( o!rs4 ,wom51 h[ev]1 ?\gh less prone ?an m5 to intemp]ance & brutality1 are 9 g5]al m addict$ to ! petty =ms ( vanity1 jeal\sy1 spitefulness1 & ambition1 & !y are also inf]ior to m5 9 active c\rage4 ,9 ! c\rage ( endurance !y are commonly sup]ior2 b _! passive c\rage is n s mu* =titude :i* be>s & defies1 z resignation :i* be>s & b5ds4 ,9 ! e?ics ( intellect !y are decid$ly inf]ior4 ,to repeat an expression ,i h already employ$1 wom5 v r>ely love tru?1 ?\gh !y love passionately :at !y call 8! tru?10 or op9ions !y h receiv$ f o!rs1 & hate vehem5tly ^? :o diff] f !m4 ,!y are little capable ( imp>tiality or ( d\bt2 _! ?9k+ is *iefly a mode ( feel+2 ?\gh v g5]\s 9 _! acts1 !y are r>ely g5]\s 9 _! op9ions or 9 _! judgm5ts4 ,!y p]suade r ?an conv9ce1 & value belief r z a s\rce ( consolation ?an z a fai?ful expression ( ! reality ( ?+s4 ,!y are less capable ?an m5 ( p]ceiv+ qualify+ circum/ances1 ( admitt+ ! exi/5ce ( elem5ts ( good 9 sy/ems to :i* !y are oppos$1 ( di/+ui%+ ! p]sonal "* ( an oppon5t f ! op9ions he ma9ta9s4 ,m5 lean mo/ to ju/ice & wom5 to m]cy4 ,m5 excel 9 en]gy1 self-reliance1 p]sev]ance1 & magnanimity2 wom5 9 humility1 g5tl5ess1 mode/y1 & endurance4 ,! realis+ imag9ation :i* causes u to pity & to love is m s5sitive 9 wom5 ?an 9 m51 & x is especially m capable ( dwell+ on ! unse54 ,_! religi\s or devotional realisations are inconte/ably m vivid2 & x is probable t1 :ile a fa!r is mo/ mov$ by ! dea? ( a *ild 9 8 pres5ce1 a "m g5]ally feels mo/ ! dea? ( a *ild 9 "s di/ant l&4 ,b1 ?\gh m int5se1 ! sympa?ies ( wom5 are commonly less wide ?an ^? ( m54 ,_! imag9ations individualise m2 _! affections are1 9 consequ5ce1 conc5trat$ r on lead]s ?an on causes2 & if !y c>e = a great cause1 x is g5]ally because x is repres5t$ by a great man1 or connect$ ) "s "o :om !y love4 ,9 politics1 _! en?usiasm is m naturally loyalty ?an patriotism4 ,9 hi/ory1 !y are ev5 m incl9$ ?an m5 to dwell exclusively ^u biographical incid5ts or *>act]i/ics z di/+ui%$ f ! m>* ( g5]al causes4 ,9 b5evol5ce1 !y excel 9 *>ity1 :i* alleviates individual suff]+1 r ?an 9 philan?ropy1 :i* deals ) l>ge masses & is m frequ5tly employ$ 9 prev5t+ ?an 9 allay+ calamity4 ,x 0 a rem>k ( ,w9ckelmann t 8! supreme beauty ( ,greek art is r male ?an female20 & ! ju/ice ( ?is rem>k has be5 amply corroborat$ by ! great] k we h ( late ye>s atta9$ ( ! works ( ! ,phidian p]iod1 9 :i* art a*iev$ its highe/ p]fection1 & 9 :i*1 at ! same "t1 =ce & fre$om1 & mascul9e gr&eur1 7 its pre-em95t *>act]i/ics4 ,a simil> obs]vation may be made ( ! moral ideal ( :i* anci5t art 0 simply ! expression4 ,9 antiquity ! virtues t 7 mo/ admir$ 7 almo/ exclusively ^? :i* are di/9ctively mascul9e4 ,c\rage1 self-ass]tion1 magnanimity1 &1 above all1 patriotism1 7 ! lead+ features ( ! ideal type2 & *a/ity1 mode/y1 & *>ity1 ! g5tl] & ! dome/ic virtues1 :i* are especially fem99e1 7 greatly und]valu$4 ,) ! s+le exception ( conjugal fidelity1 none ( ! virtues t 7 v highly priz$ 7 virtues di/9ctively or pre-em95tly fem99e4 ,) ?is exception1 ne>ly all ! mo/ illu/ri\s wom5 ( antiquity 7 illu/ri\s *iefly because !y ov]came ! natural conditions ( _! sex4 ,x is a *>act]i/ic fact t ! fav\rite female ideal ( ! arti/s appe>s to h be5 ! ,amazon47#ggc7 ,we may admire ! ,sp>tan "m1 & ! "m ( ! ,grac*i1 repress+ e sign ( grief :5 _! *ildr5 7 sacrific$ ^u ! alt> ( _! c\ntry1 we may wond] at ! maje/ic c\rage ( a ,porcia & an ,arria2 b we extol !m *iefly because1 be+ wom51 !y emancipat$ !mselves f ! frailty ( _! sex1 & display$ an h]oic =titude wor?y ( ! /ronge/ & ! brave/ ( m54 ,we may be/[ an equal admiration ^u ! noble devotion & *>ity ( a ,/4 ,elizabe? ( ,hung>y1 or ( a ,mrs4 ,fry1 b we d n admire !m because !y display$ ^! virtues1 al?\gh !y 7 wom51 = we feel t _! virtues 7 ( ! k9d :i* ! female nature is mo/ fitt$ to produce4 ,! *ange f ! h]oic to ! sa9tly ideal1 f ! ideal ( ,paganism to ! ideal ( ,*ri/ianity1 0 a *ange f a type :i* 0 ess5tially male to "o :i* 0 ess5tially fem99e4 ,( all ! great s*ools ( philosophy no o!r reflect$ s fai?fully ! ,roman conception ( moral excell5ce z ,/oicism1 & ! greate/ ,roman expon5t ( ,/oicism summ$ up its "* 9 a s+le s5t5ce :5 he pron\nc$ x to be beyond all o!r sects ! mo/ emphatically mascul9e47#ggd7 ,on ! o!r h&1 an ideal type 9 :i* meekness1 g5tl5ess1 pati5ce1 humility1 fai?1 & love are ! mo/ prom95t features1 is n naturally male b female4 ,a reason probably deep] ?an ! hi/orical ones :i* are commonly alleg$1 :y sculpture has always be5 peculi>ly ,pagan & pa9t+ peculi>ly ,*ri/ian1 may be f\nd 9 ! fact1 t sculpture is especially suit$ to repres5t male beauty1 or ! beauty ( /r5g?1 & pa9t+ female beauty1 or ! beauty ( s(tness2 & t ,pagan s5tim5t 0 *iefly a glorification ( ! mascul9e qualities ( /r5g?1 & c\rage1 & consci\s virtue1 :ile ,*ri/ian s5tim5t is *iefly a glorification ( ! fem99e qualities ( g5tl5ess1 humility1 & love4 ,! pa9t]s :om ! religi\s feel+ ( ,*ri/5dom has recognis$ z ! mo/ fai?ful expon5ts ( ,*ri/ian s5tim5t h always be5 ^? :o infus$ a l>ge measure ( fem99e beauty ev5 into _! male *>act]s2 & we nev]1 or sc>cely ev]1 f9d t ! same arti/ has be5 conspicu\sly successful 9 del9eat+ bo? ,*ri/ian & ,pagan types4 ,mi*ael ,angelo1 ^: g5ius lov$ to expatiate on ! sublimity ( /r5g? & defiance1 fail$ signally 9 8 repres5tations ( ! ,*ri/ian ideal2 & ,p]ug9o 0 equally unsuccessful :5 he s\ght to p\rtray ! features ( ! h]oes ( antiquity47#gge7 ,! position t 0 gradually assign$ to ! ,virg9 z ! female ideal 9 ! belief & ! devotion ( ,*ri/5dom1 0 a consecration or an expression ( ! new value t 0 atta*$ to ! fem99e virtues4 ,! g5]al sup]iority ( wom5 to m5 9 ! /r5g? ( _! religi\s emotions1 & _! natural attraction to a religion :i* made p]sonal atta*m5t to its ,f\nd] its c5tral duty1 & :i* imp>t$ an unprec$5t$ dignity & af=d$ an unprec$5t$ scope to _! *>act]i/ic virtues1 acc\nt = ! v conspicu\s position t female influ5ce assum$ 9 ! great "w ( ! conv]sion ( ! ,roman ,empire4 ,9 no o!r important movem5t ( ?\ght 0 x s p[]ful or s ackn[l$g$4 ,9 ! ages ( p]secution female figures occupy _m ( ! =emo/ places 9 ! ranks ( m>tyrdom1 & ,pagan & ,*ri/ian writ]s alike atte/ ! alacrity ) :i* wom5 flock$ to ! ,*ur*1 & ! influ5ce !y ex]cis$ 9 its fav\r ov] ! male memb]s ( _! families4 ,! mo!rs ( ,/4 ,augu/9e1 ,/4 ,*ryso/om1 ,/4 ,basil1 ,/4 ,gregory ,nazianz51 & ,!odoret1 _h all a lead+ "p 9 ! conv]sion ( _! sons4 ,/4 ,hel5a1 ! "m ( ,con/ant9e1 ,flacilla1 ! wife ( ,!odosius ! ,great1 ,/4 ,pul*]ia1 ! si/] ( ,!odosius ! ,y\ng]1 & ,placidia1 ! "m ( ,val5t9ian ,,iii41 7 among ! mo/ conspicu\s def5d]s ( ! fai?4 ,9 ! h]etical sects ! same zeal 0 manife/$1 & ,arius1 ,priscillian1 & ,montanus 7 all support$ by troops ( zeal\s female devotees4 ,9 ! c>e] ( asceticism wom5 took a "p little if at all inf]ior to m51 :ile 9 ! organisation ( ! great "w ( *>ity !y 7 pre-em95t4 ,= no o!r field ( active lab\r are wom5 s admirably suit$ z = ?is2 & al?\gh we may trace f ! e>lie/ p]iod1 9 _m cre$s & ages1 individual in/ances ( _! influ5ce 9 allay+ ! suff]+s ( ! di/ress$17#ggf7 x may be truly said t _! in/9ct & g5ius ( *>ity _h nev] be=e ! dawn ( ,*ri/ianity obta9$ full scope = action4 ,fabiola1 ,paula1 ,melania1 & a ho/ ( o!r noble ladies devot$ _! "t & =tunes ma9ly to f\nd+ & ext5d+ va/ in/itutions ( *>ity1 "s ( !m ( a k9d be=e unkn[n 9 ! _w4 ,! ,empress ,flacilla 0 accu/om$ to t5d ) h] own h&s ! sick 9 ! hospitals17#ggg7 & a read9ess to dis*>ge su* (fices 0 deem$ ! fir/ duty ( a ,*ri/ian wife47#ggh7 ,f age to age ! impulse ?us communicat$ has be5 felt4 ,!re has be5 no p]iod1 h[ev] corrupt1 !re has be5 no ,*ur*1 h[ev] sup]/iti\s1 t has n be5 adorn$ by _m ,*ri/ian wom5 devot+ _! entire lives to assuag+ ! suff]+s ( m52 & ! mission ( *>ity ?us in/itut$ has n be5 m efficaci\s 9 dim9i%+ ! sum ( human wret*$ness1 ?an 9 promot+ ! moral dignity ( ^? by :om x 0 conduct$4 ,among ! ,collyridian h]etics1 wom5 7 admitt$ to ! prie/hood4 ,among ! or?odox1 al?\gh ?is hon\r 0 n be/[$ ^u !m1 !y receiv$ a religi\s consecration1 & dis*>g$ "s m9or ecclesia/ical functions "u ! "n ( deaconesses47#ggi7 ,?is ord] may be trac$ to ! ,apo/olic p]iod47#ghj7 ,x consi/$ ( eld]ly virg9s1 :o 7 set ap>t by a =mal ord9ation1 & 7 employ$ 9 assi/+ z cate*i/s & att5dants at ! baptism ( wom51 9 visit+ ! sick1 m9i/]+ to m>tyrs 9 prison1 pres]v+ ord] 9 ! congregations1 & accompany+ & pres5t+ wom5 :o desir$ an int]view ) ! bi%op4 ,x w\ld appe>1 f ! evid5ce ( "s c\ncils1 t abuses gradually crept into ?is in/itution1 & ! deaconesses at la/ fad$ into simple nuns1 b !y 7 /ill 9 exi/5ce 9 ! ,ea/ 9 ! twelf? c5tury4 ,besides ^!1 wid[s1 :5 !y _h be5 b once m>ri$1 7 treat$ ) peculi> hon\r1 & 7 made ! special recipi5ts ( ! *>ity ( ! ,*ur*4 ,wom5 advanc$ 9 ye>s1 :o1 ei!r f _! s+le life or f b]eavem5t1 h be5 left )\t any male protector 9 ! _w1 h always be5 peculi>ly des]v+ ( commis]ation4 ,) less /r5g?1 & commonly ) less means1 & less k ( ! _w ?an m51 !y are liable to contract c]ta9 peculi>ities ( m9d & mann] to :i* an excessive am\nt ( ridicule has be5 atta*$1 & age 9 mo/ cases furni%es !m ) v little to comp5sate = ! *>ms ( :i* x has depriv$ !m4 ,! weight & dignity ( matur$ wisdom1 :i* make ! old age ( "o sex s v5]able1 are m r>ely f\nd 9 t ( ! o!r1 & ev5 physical beauty is m frequ5tly ! *>act]i/ic ( an old man ?an ( an old woman4 ,! ,*ur* lab\r$ /eadily to ca/ a halo ( rev]5ce ar\nd ?is p]iod ( woman's life1 & its religi\s ex]cises h done v mu* to console & to occupy x4 ,9 accordance ) ^! ideas1 ! ,*ri/ian legislators contribut$ l>gely to improve ! legal position ( wid[s 9 respect to prop]ty17#gha7 & ,ju/9ian gave mo!rs ! gu>dian%ip ( _! *ildr51 de/roy+ ! ,pagan rule t gu>dian%ip c\ld only be legally ex]cis$ by m547#ghb7 ,! usual subs]vi5ce ( ! sex to ecclesia/ical influ5ce1 ! num]\s in/ances ( ri* wid[s devot+ _! =tunes1 & mo!rs _! sons1 to ! ,*ur*1 _h no d\bt "s influ5ce 9 secur+ ! advocacy ( ! cl]gy2 b ^! measures _h a manife/ importance 9 elevat+ ! position ( wom5 :o h _h1 9 ,*ri/ian l&s1 a great1 ?\gh n1 ,i ?9k1 altoge!r a b5eficial influ5ce1 9 ! e>ly education ( _! sons4 ,indep5d5tly ( all legal enactm5ts1 ! simple *ange ( ! ideal type by br++ specially fem99e virtues into ! =efront 0 suffici5t to elevate & ennoble ! sex4 ,! comm&+ position ( ! m$ival abbesses1 ! great numb] ( female sa9ts1 & especially ! rev]5ce be/[$ ^u ! ,virg91 _h a simil> effect4 ,x is rem>kable t ! ,jews1 :o1 ( ! ?ree great nations ( antiquity1 c]ta9ly produc$ 9 hi/ory & poetry ! smalle/ numb] ( illu/ri\s wom51 %\ld h furni%$ ! _w ) its supreme female ideal1 & x is also a /rik+ illu/ration ( ! qualities :i* prove mo/ attractive 9 woman t "o ( :om we "k no?+ except h] g5tl5ess & h] sorr[ %\ld h ex]cis$ a magnetic p[] ^u ! _w incomp>ably great] ?an 0 ex]cis$ by ! mo/ maje/ic female patriots ( ,paganism4 ,:atev] may be ?\ght ( its !ological propriety1 !re c be little d\bt t ! ,ca?olic rev]5ce = ! ,virg9 has done mu* to elevate & purify ! ideal ( woman1 & to s(t5 ! mann]s ( m54 ,x has _h an influ5ce :i* ! wor%ip ( ! ,pagan goddesses c\ld nev] possess1 = ^! _h be5 almo/ de/itute ( moral beauty1 & especially ( t k9d ( moral beauty :i* is peculi>ly fem99e4 ,x suppli$ 9 a great measure ! r$eem+ & ennobl+ elem5t 9 t /range amalgam ( religi\s1 lic5ti\s1 & milit>y feel+ :i* 0 =m$ ar\nd wom5 9 ! age ( *ivalry1 & :i* no succe$+ *ange ( habit or belief has :olly de/roy$4 ,x c h>dly1 ,i ?9k1 be que/ion$ t 9 ! great religi\s convulsions ( ! sixte5? c5tury ! fem99e type foll[$ ,ca?olicism1 :ile ,prote/antism incl9$ m to ! mascul9e type4 ,ca?olicism alone reta9$ ! ,virg9 wor%ip1 :i* at once reflect$ & su/a9$ ! fir/4 ,! skill ) :i* x acts ^u ! emotions by music1 & pa9t+1 & solemn ar*itecture1 & impos+ pageantry1 its t5d5cy to appeal to ! imag9ation r ?an to ! reason1 & to fo/] modes ( feel+ r ?an modes ( ?\ght1 its ass]tion ( absolute & infallible c]ta9ty1 above all1 ! mann] 9 :i* x tea*es its vot>y to ?r[ himself p]petually on au?ority1 all t5d$ 9 ! same direction4 ,x is ! "p ( a woman to lean1 x is ! "p ( a man to /&4 ,a religion :i* prescribes to ! di/ract$ m9d unreason+ fai? 9 an infallible ,*ur*1 & to ! tr\bl$ consci5ce an implicit tru/ 9 an absolv+ prie/hood1 has ev] _h an especial attraction to a fem99e m9d4 ,a religion :i* recognises no au?ority betwe5 man & 8 ,creator1 :i* ass]ts at once ! dignity & ! duty ( private judgm5t1 & :i*1 :ile deep5+ immeasurably ! s5se ( individual responsibility1 d5udes religion ( m]etrici\s ornam5ts1 & ( mo/ /hetic aids1 is pre-em95tly a religion ( m54 ,puritanism is ! mo/ mascul9e =m t ,*ri/ianity has yet assum$4 ,its mo/ illu/ri\s tea*]s diff]$ f ! ,ca?olic sa9ts z mu* 9 ! moral type !y display$ z 9 ! sy/em ( doctr9es !y held4 ,ca?olicism commonly s(t5s1 :ile ,prote/antism /r5g!ns1 ! "*2 b ! s(tness ( ! fir/ (t5 deg5]ates into weakness1 & ! /r5g? ( ! second into h>dness4 ,s9c]ely ,ca?olic nations are di/+ui%$ = _! rev]5ce1 = _! habitual & vivid p]ceptions ( religi\s ?+s1 = ! w>m? ( _! emotions1 = a c]ta9 amiability ( disposition1 & a c]ta9 natural c\rtesy & ref9em5t ( mann] t are inexpressibly w9n+4 ,s9c]ely ,prote/ant nations are di/+ui%$ = _! love ( tru?1 = _! firm s5se ( duty1 = ! /r5g? & ! dignity ( _! "*4 ,loyalty & humility1 :i* are especially fem99e1 fl\ri% *iefly 9 ! fir/2 lib]ty & self-ass]tion 9 ! second4 ,! fir/ are mo/ prone to sup]/ition1 & ! second to fanaticism4 ,prote/antism1 by purify+ & dignify+ m>riage1 conf]r$ a great b5efit ^u wom52 b x mu/ be own$ t nei!r 9 its ideal type1 nor 9 ! g5]al t5or ( its doctr9es or devotions1 is x z cong5ial to _! nature z ! religion x sup]s$$4 ,its complete suppression ( ! conv5tual sy/em 0 also1 ,i ?9k1 v f> f a b5efit to wom5 or to ! _w4 ,x w\ld be impossible to conceive any in/itution m ne$$ ?an "o :i* w\ld furni% a %elt] = ! _m wom5 :o1 f pov]ty1 or dome/ic unhapp9ess1 or o!r causes1 f9d !mselves ca/ alone & unprotect$ into ! battle ( life1 :i* w\ld secure !m f ! temptations to gross vice1 & f ! extremities ( suff]+1 & w\ld conv]t !m into ag5ts ( active1 organis$1 & intellig5t *>ity4 ,su* an in/itution w\ld be almo/ free f ! objections t may ju/ly be urg$ aga9/ mona/]ies1 :i* )draw /rong m5 f manual lab\r1 & x w\ld l>gely mitigate ! difficulty ( provid+ lab\r & means ( livelihood = s+le wom51 :i* is "o ( ! mo/ press+1 9 our own day "o ( ! mo/ appall+1 ( social problems4 ,mo/ unhappily = mank9d1 ?is noble conception 0 f ! fir/ p]v]t$4 ,in/itutions t might h _h an incalculable philan?ropic value 7 bas$ ^u ! pr9ciple ( asceticism1 :i* makes ! sacrifice1 n ! promotion1 ( e>?ly happ9ess its aim1 & b9d+ v[s produc$ mu* mis]y & n a little vice4 ,! conv5t became ! p]petual prison ( ! daught] :om a fa!r 0 dis9cl9$ to end[1 or ( "y girls :o1 "u ! impulse ( a transi5t en?usiasm1 or ( a transi5t sorr[1 took a /ep :i* !y nev] c\ld retrace1 & useless p5ances & contemptible sup]/itions wa/$ ! en]gies t might h be5 mo/ b5eficially employ$4 ,/ill x is v d\btful :e!r1 ev5 9 ! mo/ degrad$ p]iod1 ! conv5ts did n prev5t m mis]y ?an !y inflict$1 & 9 ! ,si/]s ( ,*>ity ! religi\s ord]s ( ,ca?olicism h produc$ "o ( ! mo/ p]fect ( all ! types ( womanhood4 ,!re is1 z ,i conceive1 no fact 9 mod]n hi/ory m deeply to be deplor$ ?an t ! ,re=m]s1 :o 9 matt]s ( doctr9al innovations 7 (t5 s timid1 %\ld h levell$ to ! du/1 in/ead ( attempt+ to reg5]ate1 ! :ole conv5tual sy/em ( ,ca?olicism4 ,! c\rse ( ^! obs]vations has l$ me to transgress ! limits assign$ to ?is hi/ory4 ,x has be51 h[ev]1 my object ?r\gh ?is entire "w to exhibit n only ! nature b also ! significance ( ! moral facts ,i h record$1 by %[+ h[ !y h affect$ ! subsequ5t *anges ( society4 ,i w conclude ?is *apt]1 & ?is "w1 by obs]v+ t ( all ! dep>tm5ts ( e?ics ! que/ions conc]n+ ! relations ( ! sexes & ! prop] position ( wom5 are ^? ^u ! future ( :i* !re re/s ! greate/ unc]ta9ty4 ,hi/ory tells u t1 z civilisation advances1 ! *>ity ( m5 becomes at once w>m] & m expansive1 _! habitual conduct bo? m g5tle & m temp]ate1 & _! love ( tru? m s9c]e2 b x also w>ns u t 9 p]iods ( great intellectual enlight5m5t1 & ( great social ref9em5t1 ! relations ( ! sexes h (t5 be5 mo/ an>*ical4 ,x is impossible to d5y t ! =m :i* ^! relations at pres5t assume has be5 v l>gely affect$ by special religi\s tea*+1 :i*1 = good or = ill1 is rapidly wan+ 9 ! sph]e ( gov]nm5t1 & also1 t c]ta9 rec5t revolutions 9 economical op9ion & indu/rial ent]prise h a mo/ pr(\nd be>+ ^u ! subject4 ,! belief t a rapid increase ( population is always em95tly b5eficial1 :i* 0 long accept$ z an axiom by bo? /atesm5 & morali/s1 & 0 made ! basis ( a l>ge "p ( ! legislation ( ! fir/ & ( ! decisions ( ! second1 has n[ be5 replac$ by ! directly opposite doctr9e1 t ! v highe/ int]e/ ( society is n to /imulate b to re/ra9 multiplication1 dim9i%+ ! numb] ( m>riages & ( *ildr54 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is belief1 & ( ! _m factiti\s wants t accompany a luxuri\s civilisation1 a v l>ge & increas+ proportion ( wom5 are left to make _! way 9 life )\t any male protector1 & ! difficulties !y h to enc\nt] ?r\gh physical weakness h be5 mo/ unnaturally & mo/ fe>fully aggravat$ by laws & cu/oms :i*1 re/+ on ! old assumption t e woman %\ld be a wife1 habitually deprive !m ( ! pecuni>y & educational advantages ( m51 exclude !m absolutely f v _m ( ! employm5ts 9 :i* !y might e>n a subsi/5ce1 encumb] _! c\rse 9 o!rs by a he>tless ridicule or by a /eady disapprobation1 & consign1 9 consequ5ce1 _m ?\s&s to ! mo/ extreme & agonis+ pov]ty1 & p]haps a /ill l>g] numb] to ! pa?s ( vice4 ,at ! same "t a mom5t\s revolution1 ! effects ( :i* c z yet be b imp]fectly descri$1 has tak5 place 9 ! *ief sph]es ( female indu/ry t rema94 ,! progress ( ma*9]y has de/roy$ its dome/ic "*4 ,! di/aff has fall5 f ! h&4 ,! ne$le is be+ rapidly sup]s$$1 & ! "w :i*1 f ! days ( ,hom] to ! pres5t c5tury1 0 accompli%$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! family1 has be5 transf]r$ to ! cr[d$ manufactory47#ghc7 ,! probable consequ5ces ( ^! ?+s are among ! mo/ important que/ions t c occupy ! morali/ or ! philan?ropi/1 b !y d n fall )9 ! prov9ce ( ! hi/orian4 ,t ! pursuits & education ( wom5 w be consid]ably alt]$1 t ^! alt]ations w br+ ) !m "s modifications ( ! type ( "*1 & t ! prevail+ moral notions conc]n+ ! relations ( ! sexes w be subject$ 9 _m qu>t]s to a sev]e & ho/ile criticism1 may safely be pr$ict$4 ,_m wild !ories w d\btless be prop\nd$4 ,"s real e?ical *anges may p]haps be effect$1 b ^!1 if ,i mi/ake n1 c only be )9 def9ite & n>r[ limits4 ,he :o w s]i\sly reflect ^u our cle> p]ceptions ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 purity & impurity1 ^u ! laws t gov]n our affections1 & ^u ! int]e/s ( ! *ildr5 :o are born1 may easily conv9ce himself t 9 ?is1 z 9 all o!r sph]es1 !re are c]ta9 et]nal moral l&m>ks :i* nev] c be remov$4 ,,index4 ,abortion1 div]sities ( moral judgm5t respect+1 i4 #ib4 ,hi/ory ( ! practice (1 ii4 #bj1 #bd ,abraham ! ,h]mit1 ,/41 ii4 #aaj ,acacius1 8 ransom ( ,p]sian slaves1 ii4 #gb ,adult]y1 laws conc]n+1 ii4 #cac s*ylus1 8 views ( human nature1 i4 #aif4 ,8 violation ( dramatic probabilities1 #bbi ,affections1 !1 all =ms ( self-love1 accord+ to "s ,utilit>ians1 i4 #i4 ,subjugation ( !1 to ! reason1 taught by ! ,/oics1 c41 #agg1 #ahg4 ,consid]$ by ! ,/oics z a disease1 #ahh4 ,evil consequ5ces ( _! suppression1 #aia ,africa1 sacrifices ( *ildr5 to ,saturn 91 ii4 #ca4 ,effect ( ! conque/ ( ,g5s]ic (1 #hb ,agap1 or love fea/s1 ( ! ,*ri/ians1 h[ reg>d$ by ! pagans1 i4 #dae2 ii4 #gi4 ,excesses ( !1 & _! suppression1 #aej ,agnes1 ,/41 leg5d (1 ii4 #cai ,agricultural pursuits1 hi/ory ( ! decl9e (1 9 ,italy1 i4 #bff4 ,ef=ts to relieve ! agriculturi/s1 #bfg ,albig5ses1 _! sl[ suicides1 ii4 #di ,alex&] ! ,great3 effect ( 8 c>e] on ,greek cosmopolitanism1 i4 #bbi ,alex&ria1 f\ndation (1 i4 #bcj4 ,effect ( ! increas+ importance (1 on ,roman ?\ght1 #cai4 ,! ,decian p]secution at1 #dea4 ,excesses ( ! ,*ri/ian sects (1 ii4 #aif1 #aig1 note ,alexis1 ,/41 8 leg5d1 ii4 #cbb ,alim5tus1 ,c9cius1 8 "w writt5 9 ,greek1 i4 #bcj ,almsgiv+1 effects ( indiscrim9ate1 ii4 #ij1 #ia ,amafanius1 wrote ! fir/ ,lat9 "w on philosophy1 i4 #age1 note4 ,ambrose1 ,/41 8 miracul\s dream1 i4 #cgi4 ,8 dissection ( ! pagan !ory ( ! decl9e ( ! ,roman empire1 #dji4 ,8 ransom ( ,italians f ! ,go?s1 ii4 #gb4 ,8 comm5dation ( disob$i5ce to p>5ts1 #acb ,am]ican ,indians1 suicide ( !1 ii4 #ed ,ammon1 ,/41 8 refusal to wa% himself1 ii4 #aaj4 ,des]ts 8 wife1 #cbb ,am\r1 ,william de ,/41 8 d5unciation ( ! m5dicant ord]s1 ii4 #if ,amphi!atres1 hi/ory & rema9s ( ,roman1 i4 #bgc ,anaxagoras1 on ! dea? ( 8 son1 i4 #aia4 ,on 8 true c\ntry1 #bja ,an*orites4 ,see ,ascetics2 ,mona/icism ,angelo1 ,mi*ael1 9 :at he fail$1 ii4 #cfc ,anglo-,saxon nations1 _! virtues & vices1 i4 #aec ,animals1 l[]1 ,egyptian wor%ip (1 i4 #aff1 note4 ,humanity to animals probably fir/ advocat$ by ,plut>*1 #bdd4 ,animals employ$ 9 ! ar5a at ,rome1 #bhj4 ,in/ances ( k9dness to1 #bhh1 #cjg4 ,leg5ds ( ! connection ( ! sa9ts & ! animal _w1 ii4 #afa4 ,pagan leg5ds ( ! intellig5ce ( animals1 #afa1 #afb4 ,legislative protection ( !m1 #afb4 ,views z to ! s\ls ( animals1 #afb4 ,moral duty ( k9dness to animals taught by pagans1 #aff4 ,leg5ds 9 ! lives ( ! sa9ts 9 connection ) animals1 #afh4 ,progress 9 mod]n times ( humanity to animals1 #agb ,antigonus ( ,so*o1 8 doctr9e ( virtue1 i4 #ahc1 note ,antio*1 *>ities (1 ii4 #hj4 ,its extreme vice & asceticism1 #aec ,anti/h5es1 8 scepticism1 i4 #afb ,anton9us1 ! philosoph]1 8 pr$iction1 i4 #dbg ,anton9us ! ,pi\s1 8 dea?1 i4 #bjg4 ,8 l5i5cy t[>ds ! ,*ri/ians1 #dch1 #dci4 ,=g$ lett] (1 #dci1 note4 ,8 *>ity1 ii4 #gg ,antony1 ,/41 8 flight into ! des]t1 ii4 #ajc4 ,8 mode ( life1 #aaj4 ,8 dislike to k1 #aae4 ,leg5d ( 8 visit to ,paul ! h]mit1 #aeg1 #aeh ,aphrodite1 ! cele/ial & e>?ly1 i4 #ajf ,apollonius ( ,tyana1 8 conv]sation ) an ,egyptian prie/ respect+ ! ,greek & ,egyptian modes ( wor%ipp+ ! deity1 i4 #aff1 note4 ,miracles attribut$ to him1 #cgb4 ,8 humanity to animals1 ii4 #afe ,apollonius1 ! m]*ant1 8 disp5s>y = monks1 ii4 #ha ,apuleius1 8 condemnation ( suicide1 i4 #bac4 ,8 disquisition on ! doctr9e ( dmons1 #cbc4 ,practical =m ( 8 philosophy1 #cbi4 ,miracles attribut$ to him1 #cgb4 ,8 def5ce ( too?-p[d]1 ii4 #adh ,ar*ytas ( ,t>5tum1 8 spee* on ! evils ( s5suality1 i4 #bjj1 note ,argos1 /ory ( ! sons ( ! prie/ess ( ,juno at1 i4 #bjf ,arians1 _! *>ges aga9/ ! ,ca?olics1 i4 #dah1 note ,ari/ides1 8 g5tl5ess1 i4 #bbh ,ari/otle1 8 admission ( ! practice ( abortion1 i4 #ib4 ,emphasis ) :i* he dwelt ^u ! utility ( virtue1 #abd4 ,8 patriotism1 #bjj4 ,8 condemnation ( suicide1 #bab4 ,8 op9ions z to ! duties ( ,greeks to b>b>ians1 #bbi ,arius1 dea? (1 ii4 #aif ,arnobius1 on ! miracles ( ,*ri/1 i4 #cge ,arrian1 8 humanity to animals1 ii4 #afd ,ars5ius1 ,/41 8 p5ances1 ii4 #ajg1 #aad1 note4 ,8 anxiety to avoid di/ractions1 #abe1 note ,ascetics1 _! e/imate ( ! dreadful nature ( s91 i4 #aac4 ,decl9e ( asceticism & evanesc5ce ( ! moral notions ( :i* x 0 ! expression1 #aac4 ,condition ( society to :i* x belongs1 #acj4 ,decl9e ( ! ascetic & sa9tly qualities ) civilisation1 #acj4 ,causes ( ! ascetic movem5t1 ii4 #ajb4 ,its rapid ext5sion1 #ajc-aje4 ,p5ances attribut$ to ! sa9ts ( ! des]t1 #ajg-aji4 ,mis]ies & joys ( ! h]mit life1 #aac et seq4 ,dislike ( ! monks to k1 #aae4 ,_! halluc9ations1 #aaf4 ,relations ( female devotees ) ! an*orites1 #abj4 ,ways 9 :i* ! ascetic life affect$ bo? ! ideal type & realis$ condition ( morals1 #abb1 et seq4 ,extreme animosity ( ! ascetics to ev]y?+ pagan1 #acf1 #acg4 ,decl9e ( ! civic virtues caus$ by asceticism1 #aci4 ,moral effects ( asceticism on self-sacrifice1 #aed1 #aee4 ,moral beauty ( "s ( ! leg5ds ( ! ascetics1 #aef4 ,leg5ds ( ! connection betwe5 ! sa9ts & ! animal _w1 #afa4 ,practical =m ( asceticism 9 ! ,we/1 #agg4 ,influ5ce ( asceticism on *a/ity1 #cai1 #cbj4 ,on m>riage1 #cbj4 ,on ! e/imate ( wom51 #ccg ,asella1 /ory ( h] asceticism1 ii4 #acc ,asia ,m9or1 de/ruction ( ! *ur*es (1 ii4 #ad ,aspasia1 ! ,a!nian c\rtesan1 ii4 #bic ,asses1 fea/ (1 ii4 #agc ,association1 ,h>tley's doctr9e (1 i4 #bb4 ,p>tly anticipat$ by ,hut*eson & ,gay1 #bc4 ,illu/rations ( ! sy/em ( association1 #bf-cj4 ,! !ory1 h[ f> selfi%1 #cj4 ,! ess5tial & *>act]i/ic feature ( consci5ce :olly unacc\nt$ = by ! association ( ideas1 #ff ,a/rology1 belief 91 rapidly ga9+ gr\nd 9 ! "t ( ! eld] ,pl9y1 i4 #aga1 & note ,atticus1 8 suicide1 i4 #bae1 & note ,augu/9e1 ,/41 on orig9al s91 i4 #bji4 ,8 belief 9 contempor>y miracles1 #cgh4 ,on ! decl9e ( ! ,roman empire1 #daj4 ,8 condemnation ( virg9 suicides1 ii4 #dg ,augu/us1 8 solemn degradation ( ! /atue ( ,neptune1 i4 #afi4 ,8 mode ( disc\rag+ celibacy1 #bcb4 ,miracul\s /ories relat$ ( him1 #beh4 ,8 sup]/ition1 #cgf4 ,advice ( ,mc5as to him1 #cii4 ,8 consid]ation = ! religi\s cu/oms ( ! ,jews1 #djf ,aulus ,gellius1 8 acc\nt ( ! rhetoricians1 i4 #cac4 ,comp>$ ) ,helvtius1 #cac ,aurelius1 ,m>cus1 on a future /ate1 i4 #ahd4 ,on po/hum\s fame1 #ahf4 ,d5i$ t all vices are ! same1 #aib1 note4 ,on ! sacr$ _s dwell+ 9 man1 #aih4 ,8 submissive gratitude1 #aii4 ,8 practical application ( ! precepts ( ! ,/oics1 #bjb4 ,8 wav]+ views z to suicide1 #bac4 ,8 *>ity to ! human race1 #bda4 ,mild & m religi\s _s ( 8 /oicism1 #bde4 ,8 con/ant practice ( self-exam9ation1 #bdi4 ,8 life & "*1 #bdi-bee4 ,comp>$ & contra/$ ) ,plut>*1 #bec4 ,8 disc\ragem5t ( ! games ( ! ar5a1 #bhf4 ,8 humanity1 #cjh4 ,8 disbelief ( exorcism1 #chd4 ,8 law aga9/ religi\s t]rorism1 #dbb4 ,8 p]secution ( ! ,*ri/ians1 #dci1 #ddj4 ,8 b5evol5ce1 ii4 #gg4 ,8 view ( w>1 #beh ,au/91 ,mr41 8 view ( ! f\ndation ( ! moral law1 i4 #ag1 note4 ,8 advocacy ( ! unselfi% view ( ! love we ought to be> to ,god1 #ah1 note4 ,"* ( 8 8,lectures on ,jurisprud5ce10 #bb1 note ,av>ice1 association ( ideas to ! passion (1 i4 #be ,avitus1 ,/41 leg5d (1 ii4 #aei ,babylas1 ,/41 miracles p]=m$ by 8 bones1 i4 #chb1 & note4 ,8 dea?1 ii4 #i ,bac*us1 suppression ( ! rites (1 at ,rome1 i4 #dja ,bacon1 ,"l1 great movem5t ( mod]n ?\ght caus$ by1 i4 #abe4 ,8 objection to ! ,/oics' view ( dea?1 #bjb ,bacon1 ,rog]1 8 life & works1 ii4 #baj ,ba91 ,mr41 on pleasure1 i4 #ab1 note4 ,8 def9ition ( consci5ce1 #bi1 note4 ,balbus1 ,cornelius1 8 elevation to ! consulate1 i4 #bcb ,baltus on ! exorci/s1 i4 #cha1 note4 ,baptism1 ,augu/9ian doctr9e (1 i4 #if ,b>b>ians1 causes ( ! conv]sion ( !1 i4 #daj ,basil1 ,/41 8 hospital1 ii4 #hj4 ,8 lab\rs = mona*ism1 #ajf ,bassus1 ,v5tidius1 8 elevation to ! consulate1 i4 #bcb ,ba?ilda1 ,que51 h] *>ity1 ii4 #bde ,be>-g>d5s 9 ,engl&1 ii4 #age1 note4 ,beauty1 analogies betwe5 virtue &1 i4 #gg4 ,_! diff]5ce1 #gi4 ,div]sities exi/+ 9 our judgm5ts ( virtue & beauty1 #gi4 ,causes ( ^! div]sities1 #gi4 ,virtues to :i* we c1 & to :i* we _c1 apply ! t]m beautiful1 #hb1 #hc4 ,pleasure d]iv$ f beauty comp>$ ) t f ! grotesque1 or ecc5tric1 #he4 ,! prevail+ ca/ ( female beauty 9 ! nor?1 contra/$ ) ! s\!rn type1 #add1 #ade1 #aeb4 ,admiration ( ! ,greeks = beauty1 ii4 #bib ,bees1 reg>d$ by ! anci5ts z emblems or models ( *a/ity1 i4 #ajh1 note4 ,begg>s1 causes ( va/ numb]s (1 ii4 #id4 ,old ,engli% laws = ! suppression ( m5dicancy1 #if4 ,enactm5ts aga9/ !m 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,europe1 #ih ,b5$ict1 ,/41 8 sy/em1 #ahc ,b5efices1 milit>y use (1 ii4 #bgj ,b5evol5ce2 ,hut*eson's !ory t all virtue is resolv$ into b5evol5ce1 i4 #d4 ,discussions 9 ,engl&1 9 ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies1 z to ! exi/5ce (1 #bj4 ,v>i\s views ( ! s\rce f :i* x spr+s1 #bb4 ,association ( ideas produc+ ! feel+ (1 #bf4 ,h>tley on b5evol5ce quot$1 #bg1 note4 ,impossibility ( b5evol5ce becom+ a pleasure if practis$ only ) a view to t end1 #cg4 ,application to b5evol5ce ( ! !ory1 t ! moral unity ( diff]5t ages is a unity n ( /&>d b ( t5d5cy1 #ajj4 ,influ5c$ by our imag9ations1 #acb1 #acc4 ,imp]fectly recognis$ by ! ,/oics1 #ahh1 #aib ,b5?am1 ,j]emy1 on ! motives ( human actions1 i4 #h1 note4 ,on ! pleasures & pa9s ( piety quot$1 #i1 note4 ,on *>ity1 #aj1 note4 ,on vice1 #ac1 note4 ,on ! sanctions ( morality1 #ai1 & note1 #ba4 ,?r[s b5evol5ce z mu* z possible into ! backgr\nd1 #ba4 ,makes no use ( ! doctr9e ( association1 #be1 note4 ,8 def9ition ( consci5ce1 #bi1 note4 ,on int]e/ & dis9t]e/$ness1 #cb1 note4 ,on ! value & purity ( a pleasure1 #ij1 note4 ,bes>ion1 ,/41 8 p5ances1 ii4 #ajh ,biography1 relative importance (1 among ,*ri/ians & ,pagans1 i4 #agd ,bl&9a1 m>tyrdom (1 i4 #ddb ,blesilla1 /ory ( h] sl[ suicide1 ii4 #dh ,blondel1 8 d5unciation ( ! =g]ies ( ! ,sibyll9e books1 i4 #cgg ,boadicea1 h] suicide1 ii4 #ec1 note ,bol+broke's 8,reflections on ,exile10 i4 #bja1 note ,bona ,dea1 /ory & wor%ip (1 i4 #id1 note4 ,popul>ity ( h] wor%ip among ! ,romans1 #ajf1 #chf ,boniface1 ,/41 8 mission>y lab\rs1 ii4 #bdg ,bonnet1 8 philosophy1 i4 #ga ,bossuet1 on ! nature ( ! love we %\ld be> to ,god1 i4 #ah1 note ,brephotrophia1 9 ! e>ly *ur*1 ii4 #cb ,bro!rhood1 effect ( ,*ri/ianity 9 promot+1 ii4 #fa ,br[n1 on ! motive = ! practice ( virtue1 i4 #h1 note4 ,on !ological ,utilit>ianism1 #af1 note ,brunehaut1 ,que51 h] crimes1 approv$ ( by ! ,pope1 ii4 #bcf1 #bcg4 ,h] end1 #bcg ,brutus1 8 extortionate usury1 i4 #aic1 #aid ,buckle1 ,?omas1 8 rem>ks on morals1 i4 #gd1 note4 ,on ! diff]5ce betwe5 m5tal & physical pleasures1 #ij1 note4 ,8 views ( ! comp>ative influ5ce ( intellectual & moral ag5cies 9 civilisation1 #ajc1 note ,bull-bait+ 9 ,engl&1 ii4 #age1 note ,bulg>ians1 _! conv]sion to ,*ri/ianity1 ii4 #ahj ,butl]1 ,bi%op1 ma9ta9s ! reality ( ! exi/5ce ( b5evol5ce 9 our nature1 i4 #bj1 #ba1 note4 ,on ! pleasure d]iv$ f virtue1 #cb1 note4 ,8 analysis ( moral judgm5ts1 #gf4 ,8 def9ition ( consci5ce1 #hc ,byzant9e ,empire1 g5]al sket* ( ! moral condition ( !1 ii4 #ac1 #ad4 ,moral condition ( ! empire dur+ ! ,*ri/ian p]iod1 #adg ,cdmon1 /ory ( ! orig9 ( 8 8,creation ( ! ,_w10 ii4 #bjd ,cs>1 ,julius1 d5ies ! immortality ( ! s\l1 i4 #ahb4 ,8 condemnation ( suicide1 #bac4 ,8 colonial policy1 #bcc4 ,8 multiplication ( gladiatorial %[s1 #bgc ,caligula1 8 intoxication ) 8 imp]ial dignity1 i4 #bei4 ,8 sup]/iti\s fe>s1 #cfg ,calv9i/s3 t5d5cy ( ! ,supralaps>ian to d5y ! exi/5ce ( a moral s5se1 i4 #ag1 note ,camma1 conjugal fidelity (1 ii4 #cda ,capital puni%m5t1 av]sion to1 ii4 #ci ,c>lyle1 ,?omas1 on self-sacrifice1 i4 #eg1 note4 ,! influ5ce ( consci5ce on ! happ9ess ( m51 #fb ,c>neades1 8 expulsion f ,rome propos$ by ,cato1 i4 #cii ,c>pocrates1 lic5ti\sness ( ! foll[]s (1 i4 #dag ,c>?age1 effect ( ! de/ruction (1 on ! decad5ce ( ,rome1 i4 #afi4 ,! ,decian p]secution at1 #deb ,c>?ag9ians1 !1 among/ ! mo/ prom95t ( ,lat9 writ]s1 i4 #bce ,cassius1 ! tyrannicide1 8 suicide1 i4 #bae ,ca/ellio1 8 exposure ( ! =g]ies ( ! ,sibyll9e books1 i4 #cgg ,catacombs1 !1 i4 #dec1 #dee ,ca?olicism1 ,roman1 ! sy/em ( education adopt$ by1 contra/$ ) t ( ! ,engli% public s*ools1 i4 #aad4 ,conflict ( ! prie/s ) political economi/s on ! subject ( e>ly m>riages1 #aad1 #aae4 ,! tea*+ (1 on _m po9ts ! extreme anti!sis ( t ( ! pagan philosoph]s1 #bjh4 ,its view ( dea?1 #bjh1 #baj4 ,little done by x = humanity to animals1 ii4 #agc1 #agg1 #ahh4 ,influ5ce on despotism1 #ahf4 ,its total de/ruction ( religi\s lib]ty1 #aid-aii4 ,causes ( ! indiff]5ce to tru? manife/$ 9 its lit]ature1 #bda4 ,prote/antism contra/$ ) x1 #cfh ,cato1 8 refusal to consult ! oracles1 i4 #afe1 note4 ,8 /oicism1 #ahe4 ,8 inhumanity to 8 slaves1 #aic4 ,8 /udy ( ! 8,phdon0 ! night he committ$ suicide1 #bab4 ,8 opposition to ,greek philosophy1 #bca4 ,8 view ( pre-nuptial *a/ity1 ii4 #cad ,cattle plague1 !ological notions respect+ !1 i4 #cef ,catullus1 on ! dea? ( a sp>r[1 ii4 #afe1 note ,caut9us1 ,bi%op1 8 drunk5ness1 ii4 #bcf ,celibacy among ! anci5ts1 i4 #ajf4 ,! ,ca?olic mona/ic sy/em1 #ajg4 ,h[ disc\rag$ by ,augu/us1 #bcb4 ,celibacy ! primal virtue ( ! ,*ri/ians ( ! f\r? & fif? c5turies1 ii4 #abb4 ,effect ( ?is ^u moral tea*+1 #abb1 #abc4 ,hi/ory ( ! celibacy ( ! cl]gy1 #cbh1 #ccf ,celsus calls ! ,*ri/ians ,sibylli/s1 i4 #cgf4 ,& juggl]s1 #chd ,celts1 ,spani%1 _! wor%ip ( dea?1 i4 #bjf1 #bjg4 ,causes ( _! passion = suicide1 #bjg1 note4 ,_! lam5tations on ! bir? ( m51 #bjg1 note ,c5sors1 ,roman1 m9ute sup]vision ( !1 i4 #afh ,"*1 influ5ce (1 on op9ion1 i4 #agb4 ,gov]n$ 9 a great measure by national circum/ances1 #agb ,*>iot races1 passion =1 at ,con/ant9ople1 ii4 #cg ,*>ity1 a =m ( self-love1 accord+ to ! ,utilit>ians1 i4 #i1 & note4 ,impossibility ( *>ity becom+ a pleasure if practis$ only ) a view to t end1 #cf4 ,*>ity ( ! ,/oics1 #aia4 ,cic]o's emphatic ass]tion ( ! duty1 #bdj4 ,ex]tions ( ! ,*ri/ians 9 ! cause ( *>ity1 ii4 #ge1 #gi4 ,inadequate place giv5 to ?is movem5t 9 hi/ory1 #hd1 #he4 ,*ri/ian *>ity1 9 :at x consi/s1 #gc4 ,laws ( ! ,romans1 #gc4 ,pagan examples ( *>ity1 #gh4 ,noble en?usiasm ( ! ,*ri/ians 9 ! cause ( *>ity1 #gh1 #gi4 ,*>ity enjo9$ z a matt] ( ju/ice1 #ha4 ,!ological notions ( *>ity1 #he1 #ij1 #ia4 ,evils ( ,ca?olic *>ity1 #ic-id4 ,leg5ds respect+ ! virtue1 #bde1 & note ,*>lemagne1 8 law respect+ ,sunday1 ii4 #bde4 ,fasc9ation ex]cis$ by him ov] ! popul> imag9ation1 #bga1 #bgb4 ,8 polygamy1 #cdc ,*>les ,v41 ! ,emp]or1 8 law aga9/ begg>s1 ii4 #ig ,*>les ,m>tel1 8 defeat ( ! ,mohamm$ans1 at ,poicti]s1 ii4 #bgc ,*>ondas1 law (1 on second m>riages1 ii4 #cbe1 note ,*a/ity1 9 ,utilit>ian sy/ems1 i4 #ab1 #di4 ,sket* ( ! hi/ory (1 #ajc-ajg4 ,! ,ca?olic mona/ic sy/em1 #ajg4 ,mod]n judgm5ts (1 ii4 #bhb1 #bhc4 ,cato's views1 #cad4 ,my/ical views1 #cae4 ,s]vices ( ! ascetics 9 en=c+ ! duty ( *a/ity1 #cah-cbj ,*ildr51 *>ge ( murd]+ infants1 among ! e>ly ,*ri/ians1 i4 #dag4 ,abortion1 ii4 #bj-bd4 ,infanticide1 #bd1 #bf4 ,expos$ *ildr51 #cb4 ,in/itutions ( ! ,romans = ! b5efit ( *ildr51 #gg ,*ilon1 8 clos+ h\rs1 i4 #bjg ,*ol]a1 !ological notions respect+ !1 i4 #cef ,*ri/ian & pagan virtues comp>$1 i4 #aij ,*ri/ianity2 di/9ctions betwe5 ! pagan & ,*ri/ian conceptions ( dea?1 i4 #bjh4 ,! importance ( ,*ri/ianity n recognis$ by pagan writ]s1 #ccf4 ,causes ( ?is1 #cch4 ,exam9ation ( ! !ory :i* ascribes "p ( ! tea*+ ( ! lat] pagan morali/s to ,*ri/ian influ5ce1 #cdj4 ,!ory :i* attributes ! conv]sion ( ,rome to evid5ces ( miracles1 #cdf4 ,op9ion ( ! pagans ab\t ! cr$ulity ( ! ,*ri/ians1 #cdg4 ,incapacity ( ! ,*ri/ians ( ! ?ird c5tury = judg+ hi/oric miracles1 #cge4 ,& = judg+ prophecies1 #cgf4 ,contempor>y miracles repres5t$ z exi/+ among !m1 #cgg4 ,*ri/ian miracles _h probably little weight ) ! pagans1 #che4 ,progress ( ,*ri/ianity to :at due1 #chf1 #chg4 ,s+ul> adaptation ( x to ! wants ( ! "t1 #chg4 ,h]oism x inspir$1 #cij4 ,explanation ( ! conv]sion ( ! ,roman ,empire1 #cic4 ,acc\nt ( ! p]secutions ( ! ,*ri/ians1 #cie4 ,reasons :y ! ,*ri/ians 7 m p]secut$ ?an ! ,jews1 #djc1 #djf1 #djg4 ,! fir/ cause ( ! p]secution ( ! ,*ri/ians1 #djf4 ,*>ges ( immorality br\ght aga9/ !m1 #dad4 ,due 9 a great measure to ,jews & h]etics1 #daf1 #dag4 ,! di/urbance ( dome/ic life caus$ by female conv]sions1 #dah4 ,antipa?y ( ! ,romans to e sy/em :i* employ$ religi\s t]rorism1 #dba4 ,*ri/ian intol]ance ( pagan wor%ip1 #dbc4 ,& ( div]sity ( belief1 #dbd-dbg4 ,hi/ory ( ! p]secutions1 #dbi4 ,n]o's1 #dbi4 ,domitian's1 #dca4 ,condition ( ! ,*ri/ians "u ! ,anton9es1 #dcd4 ,become pr(\ndly obnoxi\s to ! p1 #dcf4 ,m>cus ,aurelius1 #dci1 #ddj4 ,introduction ( ,*ri/ianity into ,france1 #ddb1 & note4 ,attitude ( ! rul]s t[>ds x f ,m4 ,aurelius to ,decius1 #dea1 et seq4 ,condition ( ! ,*ur* on ! eve ( ! ,decian p]secution1 #ddh4 ,gallus1 #ded4 ,val]ian1 #ded4 ,galli5us1 #dee4 ,erection ( *ur*es 9 ! ,empire1 #deg4 ,p]secutions ( ,diocletian & ,gal]ius1 #deh4 ,end ( ! p]secutions1 #dfc4 ,massacre ( ,*ri/ians 9 ,phrygia1 #dfd4 ,moral efficacy ( ! ,*ri/ian s5se ( s91 ii4 #c4 ,d>k views ( human nature n common 9 ! e>ly ,*ur*1 #e4 ,! p5it5tial sy/em1 #f4 ,empire ,*ri/ianity atta9$ 9 elicit+ dis9t]e/$ en?usiasm1 #h4 ,great purity ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ians1 #aj1 #aa4 ,! promise ( ! ,*ur* = _m c5turies falsifi$1 #ab4 ,! fir/ consequ5ce ( ,*ri/ianity a new s5se ( ! sanctity ( human life1 #ag4 ,influ5ce 9 ! protection ( infant life1 #bj-cb4 ,9 ! suppression ( gladiatorial %[s1 #cd4 ,its effect ^u p]secutions1 #dj1 et seq4 ,! p5al code n light5$ by x1 #db4 ,condemnation ( suicide1 #dc4 ,second consequ5ce ( ,*ri/ianity ,tea*es univ]sal bro!rhood1 #fa4 ,slav]y1 #fa-ff4 ,ransom ( captives1 #gb4 ,*>ity1 #gc4 ,ex]tions ( ! ,*ri/ians 9 ! cause ( *>ity1 #ge1 #gi4 ,_! ex]tions :5 ! ,empire 0 subv]t$1 #ha1 #hb1 #hh4 ,!ological notions conc]n+ insanity1 #he-ij4 ,almsgiv+1 #ij-ib4 ,b5eficial effect ( ,*ri/ianity 9 supply+ pure images to ! imag9ation1 #ii4 ,summ>y ( ! philan?ropic a*ievem5ts ( ,*ri/ianity1 #ajj4 ,ways 9 :i* ! ascetic mode ( life affect$ bo? ! ideal type & realis$ condition ( morals1 #abb1 et seq4 ,hi/ory ( ! relations ( ,*ri/ianity to ! civic virtues1 #adj4 ,improvem5ts effect$ by ,*ri/ianity 9 ! morals ( ! p1 #aec4 ,attitude ( ,*ri/ianity to ! b>b>ians1 #agh4 ,h[ x a*iev$ _! conv]sion1 #agi-aha4 ,t5d5cy ( ! b>b>ians to adult]ate x1 #aha4 ,leg5ds ( ! conflict betwe5 ! old gods & ! new fai?1 #aha4 ,fi]ce hatr$ ( rival sects1 & total de/ruction ( religi\s lib]ty1 #aid1 #bjj4 ,poly!i/ic & idolatr\s =m ( ,*ri/ianity 9 m$ival times1 #bbi4 ,! doctr9e ( purgatory1 #bcb4 ,b5efits conf]r$ by ! mona/]ies1 #bdc-bde4 ,! obs]vance ( ,sunday1 #bde4 ,influ5ce ( ,*ri/ianity ^u w>1 #bed1 #bei4 ,^u ! consecration ( secul> rank1 #bfj1 et seq4 ,^u ! condition ( wom51 #caf1 et seq4 ,/rong ass]tion ( ! equality ( obligation 9 m>riage1 #cde1 #cdf4 ,relation ( ,*ri/ianity to ! female virtues1 #ceh1 et seq4 ,*rysippus on ! immortality ( ! s\l1 i4 #ahc ,*ryso/om1 ,/41 8 lab\rs = mona*ism1 ii4 #ajg4 ,8 treatm5t ( 8 "m1 #acb ,cic]o on ! evid5ce ( a ,div9e elem5t )9 u1 i4 #ef1 note4 ,8 def9ition ( consci5ce1 #hc4 ,8 conception ( ! ,deity1 #afd4 ,8 op9ion ( ! popul> beliefs1 #afe4 ,in/ance ( 8 love ( tru?1 #agf1 note4 ,8 desire = po/hum\s reputation1 #ahe1 note4 ,8 decl>ation z to virtue conceal+ itself f ! _w1 #ahe4 ,8 belief 9 ! immortality ( ! s\l1 #bjd4 ,8 view ( dea?1 #bje1 #bjf4 ,8 complac5cy on ! approa* ( dea?1 #bjg4 ,8 conception ( suicide1 #bac4 ,8 ma9t5ance ( ! doctr9e ( univ]sal bro!rhood1 #bdj4 ,h[ he reg>d$ ! games ( ! ar5a1 #bhe4 ,8 fri5d%ip ) 8 fre$man ,tiro1 #cbc4 ,8 rem>ks on *>ity1 ii4 #gi4 ,8 rules respect+ almsgiv+1 #ib ,circumcelliones1 atrocities ( !1 ii4 #da4 ,_! cu/om ( provok+ m>tyrdom1 #di ,civic virtues1 pr$om9ance accord$ to1 9 anci5t e?ics1 i4 #bjj ,civilisation1 ref9+ influ5ce (1 on ta/e1 i4 #gi4 ,pleasures ( a civilis$ & semi-civilis$ society comp>$1 #hf4 ,views ( ,mill & ,buckle on ! comp>ative influ5ce ( intellectual & moral ag5cies 91 #ajb1 note4 ,effect ( education 9 dim9i%+ cruelty1 & produc+ *>ity1 #acd4 ,moral en?usiasm appropriate to diff]5t /ages ( civilisation1 #acf4 ,increase ( v]acity ) civilisation1 #acg4 ,ea* /age ( civilisation specially appropriate to "s virtue1 #adg ,cl>ke1 on moral judgm5ts1 i4 #gg ,classical lit]ature1 pres]vation (1 ii4 #aii4 ,mann] 9 :i* x 0 reg>d$ by ! ,*ur*1 #bjj-bjd ,claudius1 8 delight 9 gladiatorial %[s1 i4 #bhj4 ,8 decree z to slaves1 #cjg ,clav]1 ,fa!r1 8 rem>k on "s p]sons :o _h deliv]$ a crim9al into ! h&s ( ju/ice1 i4 #da1 note ,clean!s1 8 suicide1 i4 #bab ,clem5cy1 ,s5eca's di/9ction betwe5 x & pity1 i4 #ahi ,clem5t ( ,alex&ria1 on ! two s\rces ( all ! wisdom ( antiquity1 i4 #cdd4 ,on ! ,sibyll9e books1 #cgf4 ,on wigs1 ii4 #adi ,clem5s1 ,flavius1 put to dea?1 i4 #dcc ,cleombrotus1 8 suicide1 i4 #bab1 note ,cl]gy1 corruption ( !1 f ! f\r? c5tury1 ii4 #aej1 #bcg4 ,submission ( ! ,ea/]n1 b indep5d5ce ( ! ,we/]n1 cl]gy to ! civil p[]1 #bfd-bfh4 ,hi/ory ( _! celibacy1 #cbh ,climate1 effects (1 9 /imulat+ or allay+ ! passions1 i4 #add ,clotaire1 8 treatm5t ( ,que5 ,brunehaut1 ii4 #bcg ,clotilda1 h] conv]sion ( h] husb&1 i4 #daj2 ii4 #ahj ,clovis1 8 conv]sion1 i4 #daj2 ii4 #ahj4 ,gregory ( ,t\rs' acc\nt ( 8 acts1 #bdj1 #bda ,cock-fight+ among ! anci5ts & mod]ns1 ii4 #afd1 & note1 #age1 note ,cock-?r[+1 ii4 #afd1 note1 #age1 note ,coemg5us1 ,/41 leg5d (1 ii4 #aaa1 note ,col]idge1 ,s4 ,t41 8 rem>ks on ! practice ( virtue z a pleasure1 i4 #bh1 note4 ,8 admiration = ,h>tley1 #bh1 note4 ,on ! b9d+ gr\nd ( ! belief ( ,god & a h]eaft]1 i4 #ee1 note ,colman1 ,/41 8 animal companions1 ii4 #agj4 ,8 girdle1 #cai1 note ,colonies1 ,roman1 ! cosmopolitan _s =w>d$ by ! aggr&isem5t ( !1 i4 #bcc ,colosseum1 !1 i4 #bge4 ,games at ! d$ication ( !1 #bhj ,columbanus1 ,/41 8 mission>y lab\rs1 ii4 #bdf ,com$y1 ,roman1 %ort p]iod dur+ :i* x fl\ri%$1 i4 #bgg ,comet1 a temple erect$ by ! ,romans 9 hon\r ( a1 i4 #cfg ,commodus1 8 treatm5t ( ! ,*ri/ians1 i4 #ddc ,compassion1 !ory t x is ! cause ( our acts ( b>b>ity1 i4 #ga1 #gb ,concub9es1 ,roman1 ii4 #cej ,concupisc5ce1 doctr9e ( ! ,fa!rs respect+1 ii4 #bha ,condillac1 cause ( ! attractiv5ess ( utilit>ianism to1 i4 #ga4 ,connection ) ,locke1 i4 #abb1 note ,confessors1 p[] ( !1 9 ! e>ly ,*ur*1 i4 #cij1 & note ,congo1 ,helvtius1 on a cu/om ( ! p (1 i4 #ajb1 note ,conqu]ors1 causes ( ! admiration (1 i4 #id1 #ie ,consci5ce1 association ( ideas g5]at+1 i4 #bh4 ,recognis$ by ! disciples ( ,h>tley1 #bi4 ,def9itions ( ,hobbes1 ,locke1 ,b5?am1 & ,ba91 #bi1 note4 ,! rew>ds & puni%m5ts ( consci5ce1 #fj-fb4 ,unique position (1 9 our nature1 #hc4 ,z def9$ by ,cic]o1 ! ,/oics1 ,/4 ,paul1 & ,butl]1 #hc ,consequ5ces1 remote1 weakness ( ! utilit>ian doctr9e (1 i4 #db-dd 8,consolations10 lit]ature (1 lead+ topics (1 i4 #bjd ,con/ant9e1 ! ,emp]or1 8 f\ndation ( ! empire ( ! ,ea/1 ii4 #ab4 ,8 humane policy t[>ds *ildr51 #bi1 #cj4 ,8 sanction ( ! gladiatorial %[s1 #ce4 ,8 laws mitigat+ ! sev]ity ( puni%m5ts1 #db4 ,8 treatm5t ( slaves1 #fd4 ,8 law respect+ ,sunday1 #bdd4 ,magnific5ce ( 8 c\rt at ,con/ant9ople1 #bfe ,conv5tual sy/em1 effect ( ! suppression ( !1 on wom51 ii4 #cfi ,cordeilla1 or ,cordelia1 h] suicide1 ii4 #ec1 note ,cor9?1 effect ( ! conque/ (1 on ! decad5ce ( ,rome1 i4 #afi ,cornelia1 a ve/al virg91 incid5t ( h] execution1 ii4 #cah1 note ,cornelius1 ! bi%op1 m>tyrdom (1 i4 #ded ,cornutus1 8 disbelief 9 a future /ate1 i4 #ahc ,corporations1 moral qualities (1 i4 #aeb ,c\ncils ( ! ,*ur*1 "* ( !1 ii4 #aig1 note ,c\rtesans1 ,greek1 ii4 #bhg4 ,causes ( _! elevation1 #bia-bid4 ,h[ reg>d$ by ! ,romans1 #cjj ,c\s91 ,victor1 8 criticism ( ! ,scot* morali/s1 i4 #gd1 note4 ,8 objection aga9/ ,locke1 #ge1 note ,crantor1 orig9ates ! lit]ature ( 8,consolations10 i4 #bjd ,cremutius ,cordus1 trial (1 i4 #ddh1 note ,crime1 value atta*$ by ! monks to pecuni>y comp5sations =1 ii4 #bac4 ,catalogue ( crimes ( ! sev5? c5tury1 #bcg-bci ,crim9als1 causes ( our indulg5t judgm5t (1 i4 #ace ,critical _s1 !1 de/roy$ by ,neoplatonism1 i4 #ccj ,cromaziano1 8 hi/ory ( suicide1 i4 #baf1 note ,cruelty1 orig9 & v>ieties (1 i4 #acb1 #acd4 ,cruelty to animals1 utilit>ian doctr9e conc]n+1 #df1 #dg ,crusius1 8 adh]5ce to ! op9ion ( ,ockham z to ! f\ndation ( ! moral law1 i4 #ag1 note ,cudwor?1 8 analysis ( moral judgm5ts1 i4 #gf ,culagium1 a tax levi$ on ! cl]gy1 ii4 #ccj ,cumb]l&1 ,bi%op1 8 unselfi% view ( virtue1 i4 #ai1 note ,cynics1 acc\nt ( ! lat]1 i4 #cji ,cyprian1 ,/41 8 evasion ( p]secution by flight1 i4 #deb4 ,8 exile & m>tyrdom1 #dee ,cyzicus depriv$ ( its fre$om1 i4 #bei ,dmons1 ,apuleius' disquisition on ! doctr9e (1 i4 #cbc4 ,! doctr9e sup]s$es ! ,/oical naturalism1 i4 #cca4 ,! dmons ( ! ,greeks & ,romans1 #chj4 ,& ( ! ,*ri/ians1 #chb ,dale1 ,van1 8 d5ial ( ! sup]natural "* ( ! oracles1 i4 #cgd ,dead1 ,roman wor%ip ( !1 i4 #afh ,dea?1 calmness ) :i* "s m5 ( dull & animal natures c meet1 i4 #hi4 ,frame ( m9d 9 :i* a man %\ld approa* dea?1 accord+ to ,epictetus1 #aie4 ,prep>ation = dea? "o ( ! *ief ends ( ! philosophy ( ! anci5ts1 #bjb4 ,bacon's objection to ! ,/oics' view (1 #bjb4 ,! ,iri% leg5d ( ! isl&s ( life & dea?1 #bjc4 ,! lit]ature ( 8,consolations10 #bjd4 ,dea? n reg>d$ by ! philosoph]s z p5al1 #bje4 ,popul> t]rors ( dea?1 #bje1 #bjf4 ,in/ances ( tranquil pagan dea?s1 #bjg4 ,di/9ctions betwe5 ! pagan & ,*ri/ian conceptions ( dea?1 #bjh ,decius1 p]secution ( ! ,*ri/ians "u1 i4 #ddi1 #dej ,defoe1 ,daniel1 8 tract aga9/ begg>s1 ii4 #ih1 & note ,delphi1 oracle (1 its description ( ! be/ religion1 i4 #afg ,deogratias1 8 ransom ( prison]s1 ii4 #gb ,despotism1 ,helvtius' rem>ks on ! moral effects (1 i4 #abi1 note ,diagoras1 8 d5ial ( ! exi/5ce ( ! gods1 i4 #afb ,diodorus1 ! philosoph]1 8 suicide1 i4 #bae ,dion ,*ryso/om1 8 d5unciation ( images ( ! ,deity1 i4 #aff1 #afg1 note4 ,8 life & works1 #cab ,dionysius ( ,halic>nassus1 on ! cre$ ( ! ,romans1 i4 #afg ,dis9t]e/$ness1 ,b5?am's rem>ks on1 quot$1 i4 #cb1 note ,disposition1 :at con/itutes1 accord+ to ! !ory ( association1 i4 #cj ,div9ation1 a fav\rite subject ( ,roman ridicule1 i4 #aff4 ,belief ( ! anci5ts 91 #cfc ,divorce1 unb\nd$ lib]ty (1 among ! ,romans1 ii4 #cjf-cjh4 ,condemn$ by ! ,*ur*1 #cej1 #cea ,docet1 _! t5ets1 ii4 #ajb ,dog-/>1 leg5d ( !1 ii4 #afb ,dolph91 leg5ds ( !1 ii4 #afb1 & note ,dome/ic laws1 ,roman1 *anges 91 i4 #big1 #bih ,dome/ic virtues1 de/ruction ( !1 by ! ascetics1 ii4 #abe ,domitian1 8 law respect+ suicide1 i4 #bai4 ,anecdote ( 8 cruelty1 #bhi4 ,8 law z to slaves1 #cjg4 ,8 p]secution ( ! ,/oics & ,*ri/ians1 #dca1 #dcb ,domitilla1 bani%m5t (1 i4 #dcc ,domn9a1 h] suicide ) h] daught]s1 ii4 #df ,donati/s1 _! intol]ance1 ii4 #aie ,d[ry ( wom51 rise ( !1 ii4 #bgg & note ,dreams1 op9ions ( ! ,romans conc]n+1 i4 #cff1 #cfg1 note ,dumont1 ,m41 on v5geance quot$1 i4 #da1 note ,duty1 !ory ( morals mu/ expla9 :at is1 & ! notion ( !re be+ su* a ?+ z1 i4 #e4 ,paley on ! diff]5ce betwe5 x & prud5ce1 #ae1 #af1 note4 ,di/9ction betwe5 natural duties & ^? re/+ on positive law1 #ic4 ,duty a di/9ct motive1 #ahj ,dw>fs1 combats (1 9 ! ar5a1 i4 #bha ,e>?quakes1 h[ reg>d$ by ! anci5ts1 i4 #cfi4 ,cause ( p]secutions ( ! ,*ri/ians1 #djh ,ea/] controv]sy1 bitt]ness ( !1 ii4 #aih ,eclectic s*ool ( philosophy1 rise ( !1 i4 #bdb4 ,its influ5ce on ! ,/oics1 #bde ,eclipses1 op9ions ( ! anci5ts conc]n+1 i4 #cff ,education1 importance ascrib$ to1 by ! !ory ( ! association ( ideas1 i4 #cj4 ,contra/ betwe5 t adopt$ by ! ,ca?olic prie/hood & t ( ! ,engli% public s*ools1 #aad4 ,its influ5ce on ! b5evol5t feel+s1 #acc1 #acd4 ,two di/9ct !ories (1 #ahg ,egypt1 ! cradle ( mona*ism1 ii4 #aje4 ,! ,mohamm$an conque/ (1 #adc4 ,triumphs ( ! ,ca?olics 91 #aif ,egyptians1 _! rev]5ce = ! vulture1 i4 #ajh1 note4 ,_! k9dness to animals1 #bhi4 ,contra/ ( ! _s ( _! religion ) t ( ! ,greeks1 #cbd4 ,diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,/oical & ,egyptian pan!ism1 #cbe ,elephants1 leg5ds (1 ii4 #afa ,emp]ors1 ,roman1 apo!osis (1 i4 #agj1 #beg ,endura1 ! ,albig5sian practice (1 ii4 #di ,engl&1 national virtues & vices (1 i4 #aec4 ,anci5t amusem5ts (1 ii4 #agd1 #age1 note ,ephrem1 ,/41 8 *>ity1 ii4 #ha ,epictetus1 8 disbelief 9 a future /ate1 i4 #ahc4 ,8 life & works1 #ahd1 & note4 ,on ! frame ( m9d 9 :i* a man %\ld approa* dea?1 #aie4 ,8 views ( ! natural virtue ( man1 #aih4 ,on suicide1 #bad1 note1 #bbj4 ,on univ]sal bro!rhood1 #bed4 ,8 /oicism temp]$ by a mild] & m religi\s _s1 #bde1 #bdf4 ,8 rem>ks on national religi\s beliefs1 #dje ,epicureans1 _! fai? pres]v$ un*ang$ at ,a!ns1 i4 #abh1 & note4 ,_! scepticism1 #afb4 ,roman ,epicureans1 #afb1 #afc4 ,epicureanism ! expression ( a type ( "* diff]5t f ,/oicism1 #aga1 #agb4 ,b nev] became a s*ool ( virtue 9 ,rome1 #age4 ,de/ructive nature ( its functions1 #agf4 ,e/eem$ pleasure z ! ultimate end ( our actions1 #ahf4 ,enc\rag$ physical sci5ce1 #aic4 ,_! doctr9e z to suicide1 #bad1 #bae1 note ,epicurus1 ! f\r canons (1 i4 #ad4 ,va/ place occupi$ by 8 sy/em 9 ! moral hi/ory ( man1 #aga4 ,8 "*1 #age1 #agf1 note4 ,lucretius' praise ( him1 #aig4 ,8 view ( dea?1 #bje4 ,discov]y ( "o ( 8 treatises at ,h]culaneum1 #bje1 note ,epidemics1 !ological notions respect+1 i4 #cef ,epiphanius1 ,/41 8 miracul\s /ories1 i4 #cgh4 ,8 *>ges aga9/ ! ,gno/ics1 #dag4 ,leg5d ( him & ,/4 ,hil>ius1 ii4 #aei ,eppon9a1 /ory ( h] conjugal fidelity1 ii4 #cdb ,error1 ! notion ( ! guilt (1 ii4 #aij-aic ,ess5es1 virg9ity _! ideal ( sanctity1 i4 #aji1 ii4 #ajb ,euhem]us1 8 explanation ( ! leg5ds1 i4 #afc ,euphrates ! ,/oic1 8 answ] to ,pl9y ! ,y\ng]1 i4 #bjb4 ,has p]mission f ,hadrian to commit suicide1 #bah1 note ,euphraxia1 ,/41 ii4 #aaj ,euripides1 beauty ( ! g5tl] virtues inculcat$ 9 ! plays (1 i4 #bbh ,eusebius1 on ! allegorical & my?ical int]pretations ( paganism1 i4 #afc1 note4 ,8 acc\nt ( ! ,*ri/ian p]secutions1 i4 #dfc ,eusebius1 ,/41 8 p5ances1 ii4 #ajh ,eu/a?ius1 condemnation (1 by ! c\ncil ( ,gangra1 ii4 #aca ,evagrius1 8 inhumanity to 8 p>5ts1 ii4 #abe ,evil1 views ( ,hobbes & ! ,utilit>ians ( ! ess5ce & orig9 (1 i4 #h-aj ,excell5ce1 supreme1 h[ f> x is conducive to happ9ess1 i4 #ef ,excommunication1 p5alties (1 ii4 #g ,execution]s1 always reg>d$ z unholy1 i4 #da ,exorcism1 among ! e>ly ,*ri/ians1 i4 #cgh1 #chj4 ,orig9 ( ! notions ( possession & exorcism1 #chj4 ,jews ! pr9cipal exorci/s1 #chj4 ,belief ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ians 91 #chb4 ,contempt ( ! pagans = x1 #chd4 ,ulpian's law aga9/ exorci/s1 #chd4 ,probable explanation ( possession & exorcism1 #che4 ,spe$y decl9e ( exorcism1 #che4 ,! practice probably _h no appreciable influ5ce 9 provok+ p]secution ( ! ,*ri/ians1 #dbj ,exp]i5ce1 g5]al /atem5t ( ! doctr9e :i* bases morals ^u1 i4 #e ,fabianus1 m>tyrdom (1 i4 #ddf ,fabiola1 f\nd$ ! fir/ public hospital1 ii4 #hj ,fabius1 8 self-sacrifice1 i4 #ahe ,fabius ,pictor1 8 works writt5 9 ,greek1 i4 #bcj ,faculty1 moral1 ! t]m1 i4 #ge ,fairies1 belief 91 i4 #cdh1 #cdi ,fatalism1 s*ylus ! poet (1 i4 #aif ,felicitas1 ,/41 h] m>tyrdom1 i4 #ddd4 ,9 prison1 ii4 #i ,fnelon1 on ! unselfi% love we %\ld be> to ,god1 i4 #ah1 note ,feti%ism1 lat5t1 ! root ( a great "p ( our op9ions1 i4 #cej ,fid51 accid5t at ! amphi!atre at1 i4 #bge ,fights1 %am1 9 ,italy 9 ! middle ages1 ii4 #cg1 #ch ,fire1 reg>d$ by ! anci5ts z an emblem ( virg9ity1 i4 #ajh1 note ,fi%1 symbol ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ians1 i4 #cgf ,flam5s ( ,jupit]1 ii4 #bih ,flora1 games (1 i4 #bgf ,=e?\ght1 br\ght into a new position by indu/rial habits1 i4 #adj ,f\ndl+s1 hospitals =1 ii4 #bc1 note1 #cb4 ,9 anci5t times1 #bh1 #bi4 ,adv]s>ies (1 #ih1 & note ,france1 condition (1 "u ! ,m]ov+ian k+s1 ii4 #bcf1 note ,francis ( ,assisi1 ,/41 /ory ( 8 dea? f asceticism1 ii4 #di4 ,8 k9dness to animals1 #agb ,franks1 cause ( _! conv]sion1 i4 #daj ,frdgonde1 ,que51 h] crimes1 ii4 #bcf1 #bcg ,fre$m51 influ5ce (1 at ,rome1 i4 #bcc4 ,condition ( ! fre$m5 ( ! ,romans1 #bcf ,fr5*m51 ! *ief national virtues & causes ( _! influ5ce 9 ,europe1 i4 #aeb4 ,comp>$ ) ,anglo-,saxon nations1 #aec ,fri5d%ip1 ,utilit>ian view (1 i4 #aj ,gal]ius1 8 p]secution ( ! ,*ri/ians1 i4 #deh1 #dfa4 ,8 illness1 #dfb4 ,rel5ts t[>ds ! ,*ri/ians1 #dfb ,galilans1 _! indiff]5ce to dea?1 i4 #cib1 note ,gall1 ,/41 leg5d (1 ii4 #ahb4 ,8 mission>y lab\rs1 #bdg ,galli5us1 proclaims tol]ation to ! ,*ri/ians1 i4 #dee1 #deg ,gallus1 ! ,emp]or1 p]secutions ( ! ,*ri/ians "u1 i4 #ded ,gambl+-table1 moral influ5ce ( !1 i4 #adh ,gaul1 introduction ( ,*ri/ianity into1 i4 #ddb4 ,f\ndation ( ! mona/ic sy/em 91 ii4 #ajf4 ,long cont9uance ( polygamy among ! k+s (1 #cdc ,gay1 8 view ( ! orig9 ( human actions1 quot$1 i4 #h1 note4 ,8 sugge/ion ( ! !ory ( association1 #bc1 #bd ,g5s]ic1 effect ( 8 conque/ ( ,africa ^u ,italy1 ii4 #hb4 ,8 capture ( ,rome1 #hc ,george ( ,cappadocia1 8 b>b>ity1 ii4 #aie ,g]manicus1 ! ,emp]or1 fury ( ! populace ) ! gods1 9 consequ5ce ( ! dea? (1 i4 #afi ,g]manus1 ,/41 8 *>ity1 ii4 #bde ,g]many1 conv]sion (1 to ,*ri/ianity1 ii4 #bdf4 ,m>riage cu/oms ( ! e>ly ,g]mans1 #bgh4 ,_! *a/ity1 #cdj1 #cda ,g]vasius1 ,/41 recov]y ( 8 rema9s1 i4 #cgi4 ,girdles ( *a/ity1 ii4 #cai1 note ,gladiatorial %[s1 influ5ce ( ,*ri/ianity on ! suppression (1 i4 #cd4 ,reasons :y ! ,romans saw no?+ crim9al 9 !m1 #aja4 ,hi/ory & effect on ! ,romans (1 #bga-bhc4 ,h[ reg>d$ by morali/s & hi/orians1 #bhd4 ,! passion = !m n inconsi/5t ) humanity 9 o!r sph]es1 #bhh4 ,gno/ics1 accusations aga9/ !1 by ! e>ly ,fa!rs1 i4 #dag4 ,_! t5ets1 ii4 #ajb ,god1 ! ,utilit>ian view ( ! goodness (1 i4 #i1 & note4 ,"q ( ! dis9t]e/$ness ( ! love we %\ld be> to1 #ah4 ,our k ( ,him d]iv$ f our own moral nature1 #ee4 ,e>ly traces ( an all-p]vad+ s\l ( nature 9 ,greece1 #afa1 #afb1 #agj4 ,philosophic def9itions ( ! ,deity1 #afb1 note4 ,pan!i/ic conception (1 by ! ,/oics & ,platoni/s1 #afc4 ,recognition ( ,provid5ce by ! ,roman morali/s1 #aif4 ,two aspects "u :i* ! ,/oics wor%ipp$ ! ,div9ity--provid5ce & moral goodness1 #aih ,gods1 !1 ( ! anci5ts1 i4 #afa1 et seq4 ,euhem]us' !ory ( ! explanation ( ! prevail+ leg5ds ( ! gods1 #afc4 ,views ( ,cic]o ( ! popul> beliefs1 #afe4 ,op9ions ( ! ,/oics1 ( ,ovid1 & ( ,horace1 #aff4 ,nature ( ! gods ( ! ,romans1 #afg4 ,decl9e ( ,roman rev]5ce = ! gods1 #afh1 #afi ,good1 pleasure equival5t to1 accord+ to ! ,utilit>ians1 i4 #h1 note1 #i ,grac*i1 colonial policy ( !1 i4 #bcc ,graz]s1 sect (1 ii4 #aji ,greeks1 anci5t1 _! call\s murd] ( *ildr51 i4 #de1 #df4 ,l[ /ate ( female morality among !m4 ,_! en=cem5t ( monogamy1 #ajd4 ,celibacy ( "s ( _! prie/s & prie/esses1 #aje4 ,e>ly traces ( a religion ( nature1 #afa4 ,univ]sal provid5ce attribut$ to ,zeus1 #afa4 ,scepticism ( ! philosoph]s1 #afa1 #afb4 ,importance ( biography 9 ! moral tea*+ ( !1 i4 #gd4 ,diff]5ce betwe5 ! tea*+ ( ! ,roman morali/s & ! ,greek poets1 #aie4 ,on dea?1 & future puni%m5t1 #bje1 #bjf4 ,greek suicides1 #bab4 ,g5tl5ess & humanity ( ! ,greek "*1 #bbg4 ,influ5ce on ,roman "*1 #bbg1 #bbh4 ,! ,greek _s at fir/ z f> remov$ f cosmopolitanism z t ( ,rome1 #bbh4 ,causes ( ,greek cosmopolitanism1 #bbi4 ,ext5t ( ,greek influ5ce at ,rome1 #bcj4 ,gladiatorial %[s among !m1 #bgf4 ,_s ( _! religion contra/$ ) t ( ! ,egyptians1 #cbd4 ,_! intol]ance ( =eign religions1 #djf4 ,condition & fall ( _! empire ( ! ,ea/1 ii4 #ab-ad4 ,_! practice ( infanticide1 #be-bg4 ,_! treatm5t ( animals1 #afd4 ,_! treatm5t ( prison]s tak5 9 w>1 #beg1 #beh4 ,_! m>riage cu/oms1 #bgg4 ,wom5 9 ! poetic age1 #bgh4 ,peculi>ity ( ,greek feel+s on ! position ( wom51 #bhj1 #bha4 ,unnatural =ms assum$ by vice among/ !m1 #bid ,gregory ! ,great1 8 contempt = ,pagan lit]ature1 ii4 #bja1 note4 ,8 attitude t[>ds ,phocas1 #bfd ,gregory ( ,nyssa1 ,/41 8 eulogy ( virg9ity1 ii4 #cbb ,gregory ( ,t\rs1 mann] 9 :i* he reg>d$ ev5ts1 ii4 #bdj-bdb1 #bfa1 #bgg ,grotesque1 or ecc5tric1 pleasure d]iv$ f !1 comp>$ ) t f beauty1 i4 #he ,gundebald1 8 murd]s approv$ ( by 8 bi%op1 ii4 #bcg ,gunp[d]1 importance ( ! inv5tion (1 i4 #abf ,guy1 ,bro!r1 8 society = protection & education ( *ildr51 ii4 #cc1 & note ,hadrian1 ! ,emp]or1 8 view ( suicide1 i4 #bai4 ,gives ,euphrates p]mission to de/roy himself1 #bah1 note4 ,8 laws respect+ slaves1 #cjg4 ,8 l5i5cy t[>ds ,*ri/ianity1 #dch4 ,8 b5evol5ce1 ii4 #gg ,hair1 false1 op9ions ( ! ,fa!rs on1 ii4 #adi ,hall1 ,rob]t1 on !ological ,utilit>ianism1 i4 #ae note 8,happ9ess1 ! greate/1 = ! greate/ numb]10 !ory ( !1 i4 #c4 ,! sole end ( human actions1 accord+ to ! ,utilit>ians1 #h1 note4 ,! be/ man seldom ! happie/1 #fi4 ,m5tal comp>$ ) physical happ9ess1 #hg4 ,influ5ce ( heal? & temp]am5t on happ9ess1 #hh1 & note ,h>tley1 8 doctr9e ( association1 i4 #bb4 ,col]idge's admiration = him1 #bh1 note4 ,on animal food1 #dh1 note4 ,8 attempt to evade ! conclusion to :i* 8 view leads1 quot$1 #fg1 note4 ,8 def9ition ( consci5ce1 #hb ,hegesias1 ! orator ( dea?1 i4 #bae ,heliogabalus1 8 blasphem\s orgies1 i4 #bfj ,hell1 monki% visions (1 ii4 #bba & note4 ,glimpses ( ! inf]nal regions furni%$ by ! 8,dialogues0 ( ,/4 ,gregory1 #bba4 ,mod]n publications on ?is subject1 #bbc1 note ,helvtius1 on ! orig9 ( human actions1 i4 #h1 note4 ,on cu/oms ( ! p ( ,congo & ,siam1 #ajb1 note4 ,comp>$ ) ,aulus ,gellius1 #cac ,h]b]t1 ( ,*]bury1 ,"l1 8 pr(ession ( ! doctr9e ( innate ideas1 i4 #abc ,h]cules1 mean+ (1 accord+ to ! ,/oics1 i4 #afc ,h]e=d1 ,ni*olas (1 8 opposition to indiscrim9ate alms1 ii4 #if ,h]esy1 puni%m5t ( dea? =1 i4 #ih2 ii4 #dj ,h]mits4 ,see ,asceticism2 ,mona/icism ,h]oism1 ! ,utilit>ian !ory unfav\rable to1 i4 #ff4 ,w>1 ! s*ool ( h]oism1 #agc ,hil>ius1 ,/41 leg5d ( him & ,/4 ,epiphanius1 ii4 #aei ,hildebr&1 8 de/ruction ( prie/ly m>riage1 ii4 #cbb ,hippopotamus1 leg5d ( !1 ii4 #afa ,hi/orical lit]ature1 scant9ess (1 aft] ! fall ( ! ,roman empire1 ii4 #bce ,hobbes1 ,?omas1 8 op9ions conc]n+ ! ess5ce & orig9 ( virtue1 i4 #g1 #h1 note4 ,8 view ( ! orig9 ( human actions1 quot$1 #h1 note4 ,8 rem>ks on ! goodness :i* we appreh5d 9 ,god1 quot$1 #i1 note4 ,& on rev]5ce1 #i1 note4 ,on *>ity1 #i1 #aj1 note4 ,on pity1 #aj1 note4 ,review ( ! sy/em ( morals ( 8 s*ool1 #aa4 ,gives ! fir/ great impulse to moral philosophy 9 ,engl&1 #ai1 note4 ,8 d5ial ( ! reality ( pure b5evol5ce1 #bj1 #ba4 ,8 def9ition ( consci5ce1 #bi1 note4 ,8 !ory ( compassion1 #gb1 note ,holidays1 importance (1 to ! s]vile classes1 ii4 #bdd ,hom]1 8 views ( human nature & man's w1 i4 #aif ,horace1 8 ridicule ( idols1 i4 #aff4 ,8 description ( ! j man1 #aig ,hospitality enjo9$ by ! ,romans1 ii4 #gi ,hospitals1 f\ndation ( ! fir/1 ii4 #hj1 #ha ,human life1 its sanctity recognis$ by ,*ri/ianity1 ii4 #ah4 ,gradual acquirem5t ( ?is s5se1 #ah ,human nature1 false e/imate (1 by ! ,/oics1 i4 #aib ,hume1 ,david1 8 !ory ( virtue1 i4 #d4 ,misrepres5t$ by _m writ]s1 #d4 ,8 recognition ( ! reality ( b5evol5ce 9 our nature1 #bj1 & note4 ,8 comm5t on ,fr5* lic5ti\sness 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 #ej1 note4 ,8 analysis ( ! moral judgm5ts1 #gf4 ,lays ! f\ndation = a union ( ! s*ools ( ,cl>ke & ,%aftesbury1 #gg ,humility1 new value plac$ ^u x by mona*ism1 ii4 #ahe1 #ahg ,hut*eson1 ,francis1 8 doctr9e ( a 8moral s5se10 i4 #d4 ,e/abli%es ! reality ( ! exi/5ce ( b5evol5ce 9 our nature1 #bj4 ,8 analysis ( moral judgm5ts1 #gf ,hypatia1 murd] (1 ii4 #aif ,iambli*us1 8 philosophy1 i4 #ccj ,ideas1 confus$ association (4 ,"q :e!r our1 are d]iv$ exclusively f s5sation or :e!r !y spr+ 9 "p f ! m9d itself1 #abb4 ,! latt] !ory repres5t$ by ! ,platonic doctr9e ( pre-exi/5ce1 #abb4 ,doctr9e ( innate ideas1 #abb ,idols & idolatry1 views ( ! ,roman philosoph]s (1 i4 #aff4 ,discussion betwe5 ,apollonius ( ,tyana & an ,egyptian prie/ respect+1 #aff1 note4 ,idols =bidd5 by ,numa1 #aff1 note4 ,plut>* on ! vanity (1 #aff1 note ,ignatius1 ,/41 8 m>tyrdom1 i4 #dch ,ignis fatuus1 leg5d ( !1 ii4 #bbd1 note ,imag9ation1 s9s (1 i4 #dd4 ,relation ( ! b5evol5t feel+s to x1 #acb1 #acc4 ,defici5cy ( imag9ation ! cause ( ! great majority ( un*>itable judgm5ts1 #acd-acf4 ,feebl5ess ( ! imag9ation a s\rce ( leg5ds & my?s1 #cdg4 ,b5eficial effects ( ,*ri/ianity 9 supply+ pure images to ! imag9ation1 #bii ,imp]ial sy/em ( ! ,romans1 its effect on _! morals1 i4 #beg4 ,apo!osis ( ! emp]ors1 #beg ,india1 anci5t1 admiration = ! s*ools (1 i4 #bbi ,inductive1 ambiguity ( ! t]m1 z appli$ to morals1 i4 #gc ,indu/rial tru?1 *>act]i/ics (1 i4 #acg4 ,influ5ce ( ! promotion ( indu/rial life ^u morals1 #aci-adj ,infanticide1 hi/ory ( ! practice (1 ii4 #bd4 ,ef=ts ( ! ,*ur* to suppress x1 #bi4 ,roman laws relat+ to1 #ca4 ,causes (1 9 ,engl&1 #bhe ,infants1 ,augu/9ian doctr9e ( ! damnation ( unbaptis$1 i4 #if4 ,! ,sacram5t giv5 to1 9 ! e>ly ,*ur*1 ii4 #f ,insanity1 alleg$ increase (1 ii4 #fj4 ,!ological notions conc]n+1 #hf4 ,! fir/ lunatic asylums1 #hh ,insurance societies among ! poor ( ,greece & ,rome1 ii4 #gh ,intellectual progress1 its relations to moral progress1 i4 #adi-aea ,int]e/1 self-1 human actions gov]n$ exclusively by1 accord+ to ! ,utilit>ians1 i4 #g1 #h1 note4 ,summ>y ( ! relations ( virtue & public & private1 #aag ,intuition1 rival claims (1 & utility to be reg>d$ z ! supreme regulator ( moral di/9ctions1 i4 #a1 #b4 ,v>i\s names by :i* ! !ory ( intuition is kn[n1 #b1 #c4 ,views ( ! morali/s ( ! s*ool (1 #c4 ,summ>y ( _! objections to ! ,utilit>ian !ory1 i4 #fi4 ,! intuitive s*ool1 #gd1 #ge4 ,doctr9es ( ,butl]1 ,adam ,smi?1 & o!rs1 #gf-gg4 ,analogies ( beauty & virtue1 #gg4 ,di/9ction betwe5 ! high] & l[] p>ts ( our nature1 #hc4 ,moral judgm5ts1 & _! alleg$ div]sities1 #ia4 ,g5]al moral pr9ciples alone reveal$ by intuition1 #ii4 ,intuitive morals n unprogressive1 #ajb1 #ajc4 ,difficulty ( bo? ! intuitive & utilit>ian s*ools 9 f9d+ a fix$ fronti] l9e betwe5 ! lawful & ! illicit1 #aaf1 #aag4 ,! intuitive & utilit>ian s*ools ea* relat$ to ! g5]al condition ( society1 #abb4 ,_! relations to metaphysical s*ools1 #abc1 #abd4 ,& to ! ,baconian philosophy1 #abe4 ,contra/s betwe5 anci5t & mod]n civilisations1 #abf1 #abg4 ,practical consequ5ces ( ! opposition betwe5 ! two s*ools1 #abg ,inv5tions1 ! causes :i* accel]ate ! progress ( society 9 mod]n times1 i4 #abf ,irel&1 :y h&$ ov] by ! ,pope to ,engl&1 ii4 #bag ,ir5u1 8 belief t all ,*ri/ians _h ! p[] ( work+ miracles1 i4 #cgh ,iri%1 *>act]i/ics ( !1 i4 #ach4 ,_! e>ly m>riages & national improvid5ces1 #adf4 ,abs5ce ( moral sc&als among ! prie/hood1 #adf4 ,_! leg5d ( ! isl&s ( life & dea?1 #bjc4 ,_! mission>y lab\rs1 ii4 #bdf4 ,_! p]p5dicul> burials1 #bec ,isidore1 ,/41 leg5d (1 ii4 #bje ,isis1 wor%ip (1 at ,rome1 i4 #chg4 ,suppression ( ! wor%ip1 #djb ,italians1 *>act]i/ics ( !1 i4 #ach1 #add ,italy1 gigantic developm5t ( m5dicancy 91 ii4 #ih4 ,introduction ( mona*ism into1 #ajf ,james1 ! ,apo/le1 ,eusebius' acc\nt ( him1 ii4 #aje ,james1 ,/41 ( ,v5ice1 8 k9dness to animals1 ii4 #agb ,j5yns1 ,soame1 8 adh]5ce to ! op9ion ( ,ockham1 i4 #ag1 note ,j]ome1 ,/41 on exorcism1 i4 #chb4 ,on ! clean & unclean animals 9 ! ark1 ii4 #ajd4 ,leg5d (1 #aae4 ,enc\rag$ inhumanity ( ascetics to _! relations1 #acd4 ,8 leg5d ( ,,ss4 ,paul & ,antony1 #aeh ,jews1 _! law regulat+ m>riage & p]mitt+ polygamy1 i4 #ajc4 ,_! treatm5t ( suicides1 #bah1 note4 ,influ5ce ( _! mann]s & cre$ at ,rome1 #bce1 #ccg4 ,became ! pr9cipal exorci/s1 #chj1 #cha1 note4 ,spread ( _! cre$ 9 ,rome1 #chf4 ,reasons :y !y 7 p]secut$ less ?an ! ,*ri/ians1 #djb1 #djg4 ,h[ reg>d$ by ! pagans1 & h[ ! ,*ri/ians 7 reg>d$ by ! ,jews1 #dae4 ,*>ges ( immorality br\ght aga9/ ! ,*ri/ians by ! ,jews1 #dag4 ,domitian's taxation ( !m1 #dcb4 ,_! views ( ! position ( wom51 ii4 #ccg ,j(fre1 ,juan ,gilab]to1 8 f\ndation ( a lunatic asylum 9 ,val5cia1 ii4 #hi ,john1 ,/41 at ,patmos1 i4 #dcc ,john1 ,/41 ( ,calama1 /ory (1 ii4 #abh ,john ,,xxiii41 ,pope1 8 crimes1 ii4 #cca ,johnson1 ,dr41 8 adh]5ce to ! op9ion ( ,ockham1 i4 #ag1 note ,julian1 ! ,emp]or1 8 tranquil dea?1 i4 #bjg1 & note4 ,refuses ! language ( adulation1 #bei4 ,8 attempt to resuscitate paganism1 #cca4 ,attitude ( ! ,*ur* t[>ds him1 ii4 #bfa4 ,joy at 8 dea?1 #bfb ,juli5 l',hospitali]1 ,/41 leg5d (1 ii4 #hd1 note ,jupit] ,ammon1 f\nta9 (1 deem$ miracul\s1 i4 #cff1 & note ,ju/9ian1 8 laws respect+ slav]y1 ii4 #fe ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 8 recognition ( ! excell5ce ( _m p>ts ( ! pagan writ+s1 i4 #cdd4 ,on ! 8sem9al logos10 #cdd4 ,on ! ,sibyll9e books1 #cgf4 ,cause ( 8 conv]sion to ,*ri/ianity1 #dae4 ,8 m>tyrdom1 #dda ,juv5al1 on ! natural virtue ( man1 i4 #aig ,kames1 ,"l1 on our moral judgm5ts1 i4 #gg4 ,notices ! analogies betwe5 our moral & /hetical judgm5ts1 #gg ,k+'s evil1 c]emony ( t\*+ = !1 i4 #cfc1 note ,labi5us1 8 works de/roy$1 i4 #ddh1 note ,lactantius1 "* ( 8 treatise1 i4 #dfc ,ltorius1 /ory (1 i4 #bei ,laugh+ condemn$ by ! monks ( ! des]t1 ii4 #aae1 note ,law1 ,roman1 its relation to ,/oicism1 i4 #bid1 #bie4 ,its gold5 age n ,*ri/ian1 b pagan1 ii4 #db ,lawy]s1 _! position 9 lit]ature1 i4 #aca1 note ,legacies =bidd5 to ! cl]gy1 ii4 #aea4 ,p[] ( mak+ beque/s to ! cl]gy enl>g$ by ,con/ant9e1 #bae ,leibnitz1 on ! natural or innate p[]s ( man1 i4 #aba1 note ,leo ! ,isaurian1 ,pope1 8 compact ) ,pep91 ii4 #bff ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 8 k9dness to animals1 ii4 #agb1 note ,lic5ti\sness1 ,fr5*1 ,hume's comm5ts on1 i4 #ej1 note4 ,locke1 ,john1 8 view ( moral good & moral evil1 i4 #h1 note4 ,8 !ological utilit>ianism1 #af1 note4 ,8 view ( ! sanctions ( morality1 #ai4 ,8 inv5tion ( ! phrase 8association ( ideas10 #bc4 ,8 def9ition ( consci5ce1 #bi1 note4 ,c\s9's objections aga9/ him1 #ge1 note4 ,8 refutation ( ! doctr9e ( a natural moral s5se1 #abc1 #abd4 ,rise ( ! s5sual s*ool out ( 8 philosophy1 #abc1 note4 ,fam\s =mul>y ( 8 s*ool1 #abd ,lomb>d1 ,pet]1 "* ( 8 8,s5t5ces10 ii4 #bbf4 ,8 visions ( heav5 & hell1 #bbh ,long9us1 8 suicide1 i4 #bai ,love t]ms ,greek1 9 vogue ) ! ,romans1 i4 #bca1 note ,lucan1 failure ( 8 c\rage "u torture1 i4 #aid4 ,8 sycophancy1 #aid4 ,8 cosmopolitanism1 #bdj ,lucius1 ! bi%op1 m>tyrdom (1 i4 #ded ,lucretius1 8 scepticism1 i4 #afb4 ,8 disbelief 9 ! immortality ( ! s\l1 i4 #ahb1 note4 ,8 praise ( ,epicurus1 #aig4 ,8 suicide1 #bae4 ,on a b]eav$ c[1 ii4 #afe ,lunatic asylums1 ! fir/1 ii4 #hi ,lu!r's wife1 h] rem>k on ! s5su\s cre$ %e _h left1 i4 #eb ,lyons1 p]secution ( ! ,*ri/ians at1 i4 #dda ,mac>ius1 ,/41 miracle attribut$ to1 ii4 #dj1 note4 ,8 p5ances1 #ajh1 #aji4 ,leg5d ( 8 visit to an en*ant$ g>d51 #aeh4 ,o!r leg5ds ( him1 #aeh1 #aei1 #agj1 #bbj ,mac$onia1 effect ( ! conque/ (1 on ! decad5ce ( ,rome1 i4 #afi ,mack9to%1 ,sir ,james1 !ory ( morals advocat$ by1 i4 #d4 ,fasc9ation ( ,h>tley's doctr9e ( association ov] 8 m9d1 #bi ,macrianus1 p]suades ! ,emp]or ,val]ian to p]secute ! ,*ri/ians1 i4 #dee ,macr9a ,clia1 h] b5evol5ce to *ildr51 ii4 #gg ,magdal5 asylums1 adv]s>ies (1 ii4 #ih1 & note ,mallonia1 virtue (1 ii4 #cji ,mal?us1 on *>ity1 ii4 #ib1 note ,m&eville1 8 8,enquiry into ! ,orig9 ( ,moral ,virtue40 ,8 !sis t 8private vices are public b5efits10 i4 #g4 ,8 opposition to *>ity s*ools1 ii4 #ih ,mani*eans1 _! t5ets1 ii4 #ajb4 ,_! prohibition ( animal food1 #afg ,manilius1 8 conception ( ! ,deity1 i4 #afc ,manufactures1 influ5ce ^u morals1 i4 #aci ,m>cell9us1 ,tullius1 8 self-de/ruction1 i4 #bbb ,m>cia1 mi/ress ( ,commodus1 h] influ5ce 9 behalf ( tol]ation to ! ,*ri/ians1 i4 #ddc ,m>cian1 ,/41 leg5d ( ! visit ( ,/4 ,avitus to him1 ii4 #aei ,m>cus1 ,/41 /ory (1 & 8 "m1 ii4 #abh ,m>riage1 h[ reg>d$ by ! ,jews1 ,greeks1 ,romans1 & ,ca?olics1 i4 #ajc1 #ajd4 ,/atius' picture ( ! fir/ night ( m>riage1 #ajg1 note4 ,reason :y ! anci5t ,jews atta*$ a c]ta9 /igma to virg9ity1 #aji4 ,conflict ( views ( ! ,ca?olic prie/ & ! political economi/ on ! subject ( e>ly m>riages1 #aad4 ,results 9 "s c\ntries ( ! difficulties ) :i* legislators surr\nd m>riage1 #add4 ,e>ly m>riages ! mo/ conspicu\s pro(s ( ,iri% improvid5ce1 #add4 ,influ5ce ( asceticism on1 ii4 #cbj4 ,notions ( its impurity1 #cbd4 ,second m>riages1 #cbd ,m>seilles1 law (1 respect+ suicide1 i4 #bah1 note4 ,epidemic ( suicide among ! wom5 (1 ii4 #ee ,m>tial1 sycophancy ( 8 epigrams1 i4 #aid ,m>t9 ( ,t\rs1 ,/41 e/abli%es mona*ism 9 ,gaul1 ii4 #ajf ,m>tyrdom1 glories (1 i4 #cij4 ,fe/ivals ( ! ,m>tyrs1 #cij1 note4 ,passion =1 #cia4 ,dissipation ( ! p at ! fe/ivals1 ii4 #aej ,m>y1 ,/41 ( ,egypt1 ii4 #aaj ,m>y1 ! ,virg91 v5]ation (1 ii4 #cfg1 #cfh1 #cij ,massilians1 w9e =bidd5 to wom5 by !1 i4 #if1 note ,mat]nal affection1 /r5g? (1 ii4 #be1 note ,maurice1 on ! social p5alties ( consci5ce1 i4 #fj1 note ,mauricus1 ,junius1 8 refusal to all[ gladiatorial %[s at ,vi5na1 i4 #bhf ,max5tius1 in/ance ( 8 tyranny1 ii4 #df ,maximilianus1 8 m>tyrdom1 ii4 #bdh ,maxim9us1 ,emp]or1 8 p]secution ( ! ,*ri/ians1 i4 #ddf ,maximus ( ,tyre1 acc\nt ( him & 8 disc\rses1 i4 #cab4 ,8 def5ce ( ! anci5t cre$s1 #cbc4 ,practical =m ( 8 philosophy1 #cbi ,m$ic9e1 possible progress (1 i4 #aeh1 #aei ,melania1 ,/41 h] b]eavem5t1 ii4 #aj4 ,h] pilgrimage ?r\gh ! ,syrian & ,egyptian h]mitages1 #abj ,milesians1 w9e =bidd5 by !1 to wom51 i4 #id1 note ,milit>y hon\r pre-em95t among ! ,romans1 i4 #agb1 #agc4 ,hi/ory ( ! decad5ce ( ,roman milit>y virtue1 #bfh ,mill1 ,j41 on association1 #be1 note1 et seq4 ,mill1 ,j4 ,s41 quot$1 i4 #bi1 #dg1 #ij1 #ajb ,m9]va1 mean+ (1 accord+ to ! ,/oics1 i4 #afc ,miracles1 g5]al incr$ulity on ! subject (1 at ! pres5t "t1 i4 #cdf1 #cdh4 ,miracles n impossible1 #cdg4 ,e/abli%$ by mu* evid5ce1 #cdg4 ,! hi/ories ( !m always decl9e ) education1 #cdh4 ,illu/ration ( ?is 9 ! belief 9 fairies1 #cdh4 ,conceptions ( savages1 #cdi4 ,leg5ds1 =mation & decay (1 #cej-ceb4 ,common errors 9 reason+ ab\t miracles1 #cef4 ,pr$isposition to ! miracul\s 9 "s /ates ( society1 #cfb4 ,belief ( ! ,romans 9 miracles1 #cfc-cfg4 ,incapacity ( ! ,*ri/ians ( ! ?ird c5tury = judg+ hi/oric miracles1 #cge4 ,contempor>y miracles believ$ 9 by ! e>ly ,*ri/ians1 #cgh4 ,exorcism1 #cgh4 ,nei!r pa/ nor contempor>y ,*ri/ian miracles _h mu* weight ^u ! pagans1 #cgh ,mission>y lab\rs1 ii4 #bdf ,mi?ra1 wor%ip (1 9 ,rome1 i4 #chf ,mohamm$ans1 _! condemnation ( suicide1 ii4 #ec4 ,_! lunatic asylums1 #hi4 ,_! religion1 #bea4 ,effects ( _! milit>y triumphs on ,*ri/ianity1 #beb ,mol9os1 8 op9ion on ! love we %\ld be> to ,god1 condemn$1 i4 #ah1 note ,mona/ic sy/em1 results ( ! ,ca?olic mona/ic sy/em1 i4 #ajg4 ,suicide ( monks1 ii4 #eb4 ,ex]tions ( ! monks 9 ! cause ( *>ity1 #hd4 ,causes ( ! mona/ic movem5t1 #ajb4 ,hi/ory ( ! rapid propagation ( x 9 ! ,we/1 #ahc4 ,new value plac$ by x on ob$i5ce & humility1 #ahe1 #bfi4 ,relation ( x to ! intellectual virtues1 #ahh4 ,! mona/]ies reg>d$ z ! receptacles ( le>n+1 #aii4 ,fallacy ( attribut+ to ! mona/]ies ! g5ius t 0 display$ 9 !ology1 #bjh4 ,o!r fallacies conc]n+ ! s]vices ( ! monks1 #bjh-bab4 ,value atta*$ by monks to pecuni>y comp5sations = crime1 #bac4 ,causes ( _! corruption1 #bag4 ,b5efits conf]r$ by ! mona/]ies1 #bdc ,monica1 ,/41 i4 #id1 note ,monogamy1 e/abli%m5t (1 ii4 #cgb ,monophysites1 ! cause1 to "s ext5t1 ( ! ,mohamm$an conque/ ( ,egypt1 ii4 #adc ,montani/s1 _! t5ets1 ii4 #ajb ,moral di/9ctions1 rival claims ( intuition & utility to be reg>d$ z ! supreme regulators (1 i4 #a ,moral judgm5ts1 alleg$ div]sities (1 i4 #ia4 ,are frequ5tly due to intellectual causes1 #ib4 ,in/ances ( ?is 9 usury & abortion1 #ib4 ,di/9ction betwe5 natural duties & o!rs re/+ on positive law1 #ic4 ,anci5t cu/oms canonis$ by "t1 #ic4 ,anomalies expla9$ by a confus$ association ( ideas1 #id1 #ie4 ,moral p]ceptions ov]ridd5 by positive religions1 #ie4 ,in/ances ( ?is 9 transub/antiation & ! ,augu/9ian & ,calv9i/ic doctr9es ( damnation1 #if1 #ig4 ,g5]al moral pr9ciples alone reveal$ by intuition1 #ii4 ,! moral unity ( diff]5t ages a unity n ( /&>d b ( t5d5cy1 #ajj4 ,application ( ?is !ory to ! hi/ory ( b5evol5ce1 #ajj4 ,reasons :y acts reg>d$ 9 "o age z crim9al are innoc5t 9 ano!r1 #aja4 ,views ( ,mill & ,buckle on ! comp>ative influ5ce ( intellectual & moral ag5cies 9 civilisation1 #ajb1 #ajc1 note4 ,intuitive morals n unprogressive1 #ajb1 #ajc4 ,answ]s to miscellane\s objections aga9/ ! !ory ( natural moral p]ceptions1 #aji4 ,effect ( ! condition ( society on ! /&>d1 b n ! ess5ce1 ( virtue1 #aaj4 ,occasional duty ( sacrific+ high] duties to l[] ones1 #aaj1 et seq4 ,summ>y ( ! relations ( virtue & public & private int]e/1 #aag4 ,two s5ses ( ! ^w natural1 #aai ,moral law1 f\ndation ( !1 accord+ to ,ockham & 8 adh]5ts1 i4 #ag1 note4 ,v>i\s views ( ! sanctions ( morality1 #ai4 ,utilit>ian !ological sanctions1 #ec4 ,! reality ( ! moral nature ! "o great "q ( natural !ology1 #ef4 ,utilit>ian secul> sanctions1 #eg4 ,! ,utilit>ian !ory subv]sive ( morality1 #ff4 ,plausibility & dang] ( !ories ( unification 9 morals1 #gb4 ,our k ( ! laws ( moral progress no?+ m ?an approximate or g5]al1 #acf 8,moral s5se10 ,hut*eson's doctr9e ( a1 i4 #d ,moral sy/em1 :at x %\ld be1 to gov]n society1 i4 #aid ,morals1 ea* ( ! two s*ools (1 relat$ to ! g5]al condition ( society1 i4 #abb4 ,_! relations to metaphysical s*ools1 #abc1 #abd4 ,& to ! ,baconian philosophy1 #abe4 ,contra/ betwe5 anci5t & mod]n civilisations1 #abe-abg4 ,causes t lead societies to elevate _! moral /&>d1 & det]m9e _! pref]5ce ( "s p>ticul> k9d ( virtues1 #acj4 ,! ord] 9 :i* moral feel+s are develop$1 #acj4 ,dang] 9 propos+ too absolutely a s+le "* z a model to :i* all m5 mu/ con=m1 #aee4 ,rem>ks on moral types1 #aef4 ,results to be expect$ f ! /udy ( ! relations betwe5 our physical & moral nature1 #aeh4 ,little influ5ce ( ,pagan religions on morals1 #afa ,m1 ,h5ry1 on ! motive ( virtue1 i4 #gf ,musonius1 8 suicide1 i4 #bbj ,mutius1 hi/ory ( him & 8 son1 ii4 #abe ,my/icism ( ! ,romans1 causes produc+1 i4 #cah ,my?s1 =mation (1 i4 #cea ,naples1 mania = suicide at1 ii4 #ee ,napoleon1 ! ,emp]or1 8 ord] ( ! day respect+ suicide1 i4 #bai1 note ,nations1 causes ( ! difficulties ( effect+ cordial int]national fri5d%ips1 i4 #aef ,natural moral p]ceptions1 objections to ! !ory (1 i4 #aaf4 ,two s5ses ( ! ^w natural1 #aah4 ,reid1 ,s$gwick1 & ,leibnitz on ! natural or innate p[]s ( man1 #aba1 note4 ,locke's refutation ( ! doctr9e ( a natural moral s5se1 #abd ,neoplatonism1 acc\nt (1 i4 #cbe4 ,its de/ruction ( ! active duties & critical _s1 #cbi ,neptune1 views ( ! ,/oics ( ! mean+ ( ! leg5ds (1 i4 #afc4 ,8 /atue solemnly degrad$ by ,augu/us1 #afi ,n]o1 8 s++ & act+1 i4 #bei4 ,8 law ab\t slaves1 #cjg4 ,8 p]secution ( ! ,*ri/ians1 #dbi ,newman1 ,dr41 on v5ial s91 i4 #aaa1 & note on pride1 ii4 #ahh ,nicodemus1 apocryphal gospel (1 ii4 #bba ,nilus1 ,/41 des]ts 8 family1 ii4 #cbb ,nitria1 numb] ( an*orites 9 ! des]t (1 ii4 #aje ,nolasco1 ,pet]1 8 works ( m]cy1 ii4 #gc4 ,8 p>ticipation 9 ! ,albig5sian massacres1 #ie ,novatians1 _! t5ets1 ii4 #ajb ,numa1 leg5d ( 8 prohibition ( idols1 i4 #aff1 note ,oa?1 sanctity ( an1 among ! ,romans1 i4 #afh ,ob$i5ce1 new value plac$ on x by mona*ism1 ii4 #ahe1 #ahf1 #bfi ,obligation1 nature (1 i4 #fd1 #fe ,ockham1 8 op9ion ( ! f\ndation ( ! moral law1 i4 #ag1 & note ,od91 8 suicide1 ii4 #ec ,o',neale1 ,%ane1 8 *>ity1 ii4 #if ,op9ion1 influ5ce ( "* on1 i4 #aga1 #agb ,oracles1 refut$ & ridicul$ by ,cic]o1 i4 #afe4 ,plut>*'s def5ce ( _! bad poetry1 #afe1 note4 ,refusal ( ,cato & ! ,/oics to consult !m1 #afe4 ,ridicul$ by ! ,roman wits1 #aff4 ,answ] ( ! oracle ( ,delphi z to ! be/ religion1 #afg4 ,!ory ( ! oracles 9 ! ',de ,div9atione' ( ,cic]o1 #cfh1 & note4 ,van ,dale's d5ial ( _! sup]natural "*1 #cgd4 ,books ( oracles burnt "u ! republic & empire1 #ddg1 & note ,orig51 8 desire = m>tyrdom1 i4 #cia ,orphanotrophia1 9 ! e>ly ,*ur*1 ii4 #cb ,o?o1 ! ,emp]or1 8 suicide1 i4 #bai4 ,op9ion ( 8 contempor>ies ( 8 act1 #bai1 note ,ovid1 object ( 8 8,metamorphoses10 i4 #aff4 ,8 condemnation ( suicide1 #bac1 & note4 ,8 humanity to animals1 ii4 #afe ,ox51 laws = ! protection (1 ii4 #afb ,oxyr9*us1 ascetic life 9 ! city (1 ii4 #aje ,pa*omius1 ,/41 numb] ( 8 monks1 ii4 #aje ,ptus & ,arria1 hi/ory (1 ii4 #caj ,pagan religions1 _! feeble influ5ce on morals1 i4 #afa ,pagan virtues1 !1 comp>$ ) ,*ri/ian1 i4 #aij ,paid]a/ia1 !1 ( ! ,greeks1 ii4 #bid ,pa91 equival5t to evil1 accord+ to ! ,utilit>ians1 i4 #h1 note ,pale/9e1 f\ndation ( mona*ism 91 ii4 #ajf4 ,becomes a hot-b$ ( debau*]y1 #aeb ,paley1 on ! obligation ( virtue1 i4 #ad1 note4 ,on ! diff]5ce betwe5 an act ( prud5ce & an act ( duty1 #af1 note4 ,on ! love we ought to be> to ,god1 #ah1 note4 ,on ! religi\s sanctions ( morality1 #ai4 ,on ! doctr9e ( association1 #be1 note4 ,on fle% diet1 #di1 note4 ,on ! influ5ce ( heal? on happ9ess1 #hh1 note4 ,on ! diff]5ce 9 pleasures1 #ij1 note ,pambos1 ,/41 /ory (1 ii4 #aaf1 note ,pamma*us1 ,/41 8 hospital1 ii4 #hj ,pantius1 ! f\nd] ( ! ,roman ,/oics1 8 disbelief 9 ! immortality ( ! s\l1 i4 #ahc ,p&>s1 puni%m5t (1 ii4 #caf ,p>5ts1 reason :y "s savages did n reg>d _! murd] z crim9al1 i4 #aja ,p>!non1 !1 at ,a!ns1 i4 #aje ,pascal1 8 advocacy ( piety z a matt] ( prud5ce1 i4 #ag1 note4 ,8 adh]5ce to ! op9ion ( ,ockham z to ! f\ndation ( ! moral law1 #ag1 note4 ,8 ?\ght on ! humiliation creat$ by d]iv+ pleasure f c]ta9 amusem5ts1 i4 #hf1 note ,patriotism1 p]iod :5 x fl\ri%$1 i4 #acf4 ,peculi> *>act]i/ic ( ! virtue1 #agg1 #agh4 ,causes ( ! pr$om9ance occasionally accord$ to civic virtues1 #bjj4 ,neglect or discr$it into :i* !y h fall5 among mod]n tea*]s1 #bja4 ,cic]o's rem>ks on ! duty ( e good man1 #bja4 ,un=tunate relations ( ,*ri/ianity to patriotism1 ii4 #adj4 ,repugnance ( ! !ological to ! patriotic _s1 #ade ,paul1 ,/41 8 def9ition ( consci5ce1 i4 #hc ,paul1 ! h]mit1 8 flight to ! des]t1 ii4 #ajb4 ,leg5d ( ! visit ( ,/4 ,antony to him1 #aeh ,paul1 ,/4 ,v9c5t de1 8 f\ndl+ hospitals1 ii4 #cd ,paula1 /ory ( h] asceticism & inhumanity1 ii4 #acc1 #acd ,paul9a1 h] devotion to h] husb&1 ii4 #caj ,pelagia1 ,/41 h] suicide1 ii4 #df4 ,h] flight to ! des]t1 #aba1 & note ,pelagius1 ii4 #bbc ,pelican1 leg5d ( !1 ii4 #afa ,p5ances ( ! sa9ts ( ! des]t1 ii4 #ajg1 et seq4 ,p5it5tial sy/em1 !1 ( ! e>ly *ur*1 ii4 #f1 #g ,pep91 8 compact ) ,pope ,leo1 ii4 #bfg ,p]egr9us ! ,cynic1 8 suicide1 i4 #bbj ,p]icles1 8 humanity1 i4 #bbh ,p]petua1 ,/41 h] m>tyrdom1 i4 #cia1 #ddd2 ii4 #cag ,p]secutions1 ,ca?olic doctr9es ju/ify+1 i4 #ih4 ,:y ,*ri/ianity 0 n cru%$ by !m1 #cie4 ,_m causes ( p]secution1 #cie-cig4 ,reasons :y ! ,*ri/ians 7 m p]secut$ ?an ! ,jews1 #djc1 #djf1 #djg4 ,causes ( ! p]secutions1 #djf1 et seq4 ,hi/ory ( ! p]secutions1 #dbi4 ,n]o1 #dbi4 ,domitian1 #dca4 ,trajan1 #dcg4 ,m>cus ,aurelius1 #dci1 #ddj4 ,f ,m4 ,aurelius to ,decius1 #ddb1 et seq4 ,gallus1 #ded4 ,val]ian1 #ded4 ,diocletian & ,gal]ius1 #deh-dfc4 ,end ( ! p]secutions1 #dfc4 ,g5]al consid]ations on _! hi/ory1 #dfc-dfh ,petronian law1 9 fav\r ( slaves1 i4 #cjg ,petronius1 8 scepticism1 i4 #afb4 ,8 suicide1 #bae4 ,8 condemnation ( ! %[ ( ! ar5a1 #bhf ,philip ! ,arab1 8 fav\r to ,*ri/ianity1 i4 #dde ,philosoph]s1 ef=ts ( "s1 to re/ore ! moral influ5ce ( religion among ! ,romans1 i4 #afi4 ,! true moral tea*]s1 #aga ,philosophical tru?1 *>act]i/ics (1 i4 #aci1 #adj4 ,its gr[? ret>d$ by ! opposition ( !ologians1 #adj ,philosophy1 causes ( ! practical "* ( mo/ anci5t1 i4 #bjb4 ,its fusion ) religion1 #ceb4 ,op9ions ( ! e>ly ,*ur* conc]n+ ! pagan writ+s1 #ccb4 ,diff]5ce betwe5 ! moral tea*+ ( a philosophy & t ( a religion1 ii4 #a4 ,its impot5cy to re/ra9 vice1 #d ,phocas1 attitude ( ! ,*ur* t[>ds him1 ii4 #bfc ,phocion1 8 g5tl5ess1 i4 #bbh ,physical sci5ce affects ! belief 9 miracles1 i4 #ced1 #cee ,piety1 utilit>ian view ( ! causes ( ! pleasures & pa9s (1 i4 #i1 & note4 ,a matt] ( prud5ce1 accord+ to !ological ,utilit>ianism1 #af ,pilate1 ,pontius1 /ory ( 8 desire to enrol ,*ri/ among ! ,roman gods1 i4 #dbi ,pilgrimages1 evils (1 ii4 #aeb ,pior1 ,/41 /ory (1 ii4 #abi ,pirates1 de/ruction (1 by ,pompey1 i4 #bcd ,pity1 a =m ( self-love1 accord+ to "s ,utilit>ians1 i4 #i1 #aj1 note4 ,adam ,smi?'s !ory1 #aj1 note4 ,s5eca's di/9ction betwe5 x & clem5cy1 #ahi4 ,alt> to ,pity at ,a!ns1 #bbh4 ,hi/ory ( ,m>cus ,aurelius' alt> to ,b5efic5tia at ,rome1 #bbh1 note ,plato1 8 admission ( ! practice ( abortion1 i4 #ib4 ,basis ( 8 moral sy/em1 #aje4 ,cause ( ! bani%m5t ( ! poets f 8 republic1 #afa1 #afb4 ,8 !ory t vice is to virtue :at disease is to heal?1 #agi1 & note4 ,reason = 8 advocacy ( community ( wives1 #bjj4 ,8 condemnation ( suicide1 #bab1 & note4 ,8 rem>ks on univ]sal bro!rhood1 #bda4 ,8 inculcation ( ! practice ( self-exam9ation1 #bdh ,platonic s*ool1 its ideal1 i4 #cbb ,platoni/s1 _! m or less pan!i/ic conception ( ! ,deity1 i4 #afc4 ,practical nature ( _! philosophy1 #cbi4 ,! ,platonic e?ics asc5dant 9 ,rome1 #cca ,pleasure ! only good1 accord+ to ! ,utilit>ians1 i4 #g4 ,illu/rations ( ! di/9ction betwe5 ! high] & l[] p>ts ( our nature 9 our pleasures1 #hc-he4 ,pleasures ( a civilis$ comp>$ ) ^? ( a semi-civilis$ society1 #hf4 ,comp>ison ( m5tal & physical pleasures1 #hg1 #hh4 ,di/9ction 9 k9d ( pleasure1 & its importance 9 morals1 #hi-ia4 ,neglect$ or d5i$ by ,utilit>ian writ]s1 #hi1 note ,pl9y1 ! eld]1 on ! probable happ9ess ( ! l[] animals1 i4 #hg1 note4 ,on ! ,deity1 #afd4 ,on a/rology1 #aga1 & note1 #afd1 note4 ,8 disbelief 9 ! immortality ( ! s\l1 #ahb4 ,8 advocacy ( suicide1 #bae4 ,nev] m5tions ,*ri/ianity1 #ccf4 ,8 op9ion ( e>?quakes1 #cfi4 ,& ( comets1 #cfi4 ,8 facility ( belief1 #cgj4 ,8 d5unciation ( f+] r+s1 ii4 #adh ,pl9y1 ! y\ng]1 8 desire = po/hum\s reputation1 i4 #ahe1 note4 ,8 picture ( ! ideal ( ,/oicism1 #ahf4 ,8 lett] to ,trajan respect+ ! ,*ri/ians1 #dcg4 ,8 b5evol5ce1 #bdb2 ii4 #gg ,plot9us1 8 condemnation ( suicide1 i4 #bad4 ,8 philosophy1 #ccj ,plut>*1 8 def5ce ( ! bad poetry ( ! oracles1 #afe1 note4 ,8 mode ( moral tea*+1 #age4 ,basis ( 8 belief 9 ! immortality ( ! s\l1 #bjd4 ,on sup]/iti\s fe> ( dea?1 #bjf4 ,8 lett] on ! dea? ( 8 little daught]1 #bdb4 ,may ju/ly be reg>d$ z ! lead] ( ! eclectic s*ool1 #bdc4 ,8 philosophy & works comp>$ ) ^? ( ,s5eca1 #bdc4 ,8 treatise on 8,! ,signs ( ,moral ,progress10 #bdi4 ,comp>$ & contra/$ ) ,m>cus ,aurelius1 #bec4 ,h[ he reg>d$ ! games ( ! ar5a1 #bhf4 ,8 def5ce ( ! anci5t cre$s1 #cbb4 ,practical nature ( 8 philosophy1 #cbi4 ,nev] m5tions ,*ri/ianity1 #ccf4 ,8 rem>ks on ! dome/ic sy/em ( ! anci5ts1 #dai4 ,on k9dness to animals1 ii4 #afe1 #aff4 ,8 picture ( ,greek m>ri$ life1 #bhi ,pluto1 mean+ (1 accord+ to ! ,/oics1 i4 #afc ,po1 miracle ( ! subsid5ce ( ! wat]s ( !1 i4 #chb1 note ,pm51 ,/41 /ory (1 & ( 8 "m1 ii4 #abi4 ,leg5d ( him & ! lion1 #afi ,political economy1 :at x has accompli%$ respect+ almsgiv+1 ii4 #ij ,political judgm5ts1 moral /&>d ( mo/ m5 91 l[] ?an 9 private judgm5ts1 i4 #aea ,political tru?1 or habit ( 8fair play10 ! *>act]i/ic ( free communities1 i4 #aci4 ,highly civilis$ =m ( society to :i* x belongs1 #aci4 ,its gr[? ret>d$ by ! opposition ( !ologians1 #adj ,polybius1 8 praise ( ! devotion & purity ( cre$ ( ! ,romans1 i4 #afg ,polyc>p1 ,/41 m>tyrdom (1 i4 #dda ,polygamy1 long cont9uance (1 among ! k+s ( ,gaul1 ii4 #cdc ,pompeii1 gladiatorial %[s at1 i4 #bgf1 note ,pompey1 8 de/ruction ( ! pirates1 i4 #bcd4 ,8 multiplication ( gladiatorial %[s1 #bgc ,poor-law sy/em1 elaboration ( !1 ii4 #if4 ,its p]nici\s results1 #ig1 #ii1 #aje ,poppa1 ,empress1 a ,jewi% proselyte1 i4 #chf ,porcia1 h]oism (1 ii4 #cji ,porphyry1 8 condemnation ( suicides1 i4 #bad4 ,8 description ( philosophy1 i4 #cbf4 ,8 adoption ( ,neoplatonism1 i4 #ccj ,possev91 8 exposure ( ! ,sibyll9e books1 i4 #cgg ,po?9us1 m>tyrdom (1 i4 #ddb ,p[]1 orig9 ( ! desire (1 i4 #bc1 #bf ,praise1 association ( ideas lead+ to ! desire = ev5 po/hum\s1 i4 #bf ,pray]1 reflex influ5ce ^u ! m9ds ( ! wor%ipp]s1 i4 #cf ,prea*]s1 ,/oic1 among ! ,romans1 i4 #cjh1 #cji ,pride1 contra/$ ) vanity1 i4 #aie4 ,! lead+ moral ag5t ( ,/oicism1 i4 #aie ,prome!us1 cause ( ! admiration be/[$ ^u1 i4 #ce ,prophecies1 incapacity ( ! ,*ri/ians ( ! ?ird c5tury = judg+ prophecies1 i4 #cgf ,prophecy1 gift (1 attribut$ to ! ve/al virg9s ( ,rome1 i4 #ajg4 ,& 9 ,india to virg9s1 #ajg1 note ,prosp]ity1 "s crimes conducive to national1 i4 #eh ,pro/itution1 ii4 #bhb-bhf4 ,h[ reg>d$ by ! ,romans1 #cad ,protagoras1 8 scepticism1 i4 #afb ,protasius1 ,/41 miracul\s discov]y ( 8 rema9s1 i4 #cgi ,prud5tius1 on ! ve/al virg9s at ! gladiatorial %[s1 i4 #bia ,purgatory1 doctr9e (1 ii4 #bcb-bce ,py?agoras1 say+s (1 i4 #ec4 ,*a/ity ! lead+ virtue ( 8 s*ool1 #ajf4 ,on ! fables ( ,hesiod & ,hom]1 #afa4 ,8 belief 9 an all-p]vad+ s\l ( nature1 #afb4 ,8 condemnation ( suicide1 #bab4 ,tradition ( 8 j\rney to ,india1 #bbi1 note4 ,8 inculcation ( ! practice ( self-exam9ation1 #bdh4 ,8 op9ion ( e>?quakes1 #cfi4 ,8 doctr9e ( k9dness to animals1 ii4 #afe ,quak]s1 comp>$ ) ! e>ly ,*ri/ians1 ii4 #ab1 & note ,qu9tilian1 8 conception ( ! ,deity1 i4 #afd ,rank1 secul>1 consecration (1 ii4 #bfj1 et seq ,rape1 puni%m5t =1 ii4 #caf ,r$brea/1 leg5d ( !1 ii4 #bbd1 note ,regulus1 ! /ory (1 i4 #bab ,reid1 basis ( 8 e?ics1 i4 #gf4 ,8 di/9ction betwe5 innate faculties evolv$ by exp]i5ce & innate ideas indep5d5t ( exp]i5ce1 #aba1 note ,religion1 !ological utilit>ianism subv]ts natural1 i4 #ed-ef4 ,answ] ( ! oracle ( ,delphi z to ! be/1 #afg4 ,diff]5ce betwe5 ! moral tea*+ ( a philosophy & t ( a religion1 ii4 #a4 ,relations betwe5 positive religion & moral en?usiasm1 #ada ,religions1 pagan1 _! small influ5ce on morals1 i4 #afa4 ,ori5tal1 passion =1 among ! ,romans1 #cah ,religi\s lib]ty totally de/roy$ by ! ,ca?olics1 ii4 #aid-aii ,rep5tance = pa/ s91 no place =1 9 ! writ+s ( ! anci5ts1 i4 #aie ,reputation1 h[ valu$ among ! ,romans1 i4 #ahe1 #ahf ,resurrection ( s\ls1 belief ( ! ,/oics 9 !1 i4 #afd ,rev5ge1 ,utilit>ian notions z to ! feel+ (1 i4 #da1 & note4 ,circum/ances "u :i* private v5geance is n reg>d$ z crim9al1 i4 #aja ,rev]5ce1 ,utilit>ian views (1 i4 #i1 & note4 ,causes ( ! dim9ution ( ! _s (1 among mank9d1 #ada1 #adb ,rhetoricians1 ,/oical1 acc\nt ( !1 ( ,rome1 i4 #caj ,ricci1 8 "w on ,m5dicancy1 ii4 #ih ,ro*ef\cauld ,la1 on pity1 quot$1 i4 #aj1 note4 ,& on fri5d%ip1 #aj1 #aa1 note ,rogantianus1 8 passive life1 i4 #ccj ,roman law1 its gold5 age n ,*ri/ian1 b pagan1 ii4 #db ,romans1 abortion h[ reg>d$ by !1 i4 #ib4 ,_! law =bidd+ wom5 to ta/e w9e1 #ic1 #id1 note4 ,reasons :y !y did n reg>d ! gladiatorial %[s z crim9al1 #aja4 ,_! law ( m>riage & ideal ( female morality1 #ajd4 ,_! religi\s rev]5ce = dome/icity1 #ajf4 ,sanctity (1 & gifts attribut$ to1 _! ve/al virg9s1 #ajf4 ,"* ( _! cruelty1 #acd4 ,comp>$ ) ! mod]n ,italian "* 9 ?is respect1 #acd4 ,scepticism ( _! philosoph]s1 #afb-afg4 ,! religion ( ! ,romans nev] a s\rce ( moral en?usiasm1 #afg4 ,its *>act]i/ics1 #afh4 ,causes ( ! disappe>ance ( ! religi\s rev]5ce ( ! p1 #afi4 ,ef=ts ( "s philosoph]s & emp]ors to re/ore ! moral influ5ce ( religion1 #afi4 ,consummation ( ,roman degradation1 #agj4 ,belief 9 a/rological fatalism1 #agj1 #aga4 ,! /oical type ( milit>y & patriotic en?usiasm pre-em95tly ,roman1 #agb-agd1 #agh4 ,importance ( biography 9 _! moral tea*+1 #agh4 ,epicureanism nev] became a s*ool ( virtue among !m1 #age4 ,unselfi% love ( c\ntry ( ! ,romans1 #agh4 ,"* ( ,/oicism 9 ! wor/ p]iod ( ! ,roman ,empire1 #aha4 ,ma9 features ( _! philosophy1 #ahe1 et seq4 ,diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,roman morali/s & ! ,greek poets1 #aie4 ,! doctr9e ( suicide ! culm9at+ po9t ( ,roman ,/oicism1 #bbb4 ,! type ( excell5ce ( ! ,roman p1 #bbd1 #bbe4 ,contra/ betwe5 ! activity ( ,/oicism & ! luxury ( ,roman society1 #bbe1 #bbf4 ,gr[? ( a g5tl] & m cosmopolitan _s 9 ,rome1 #bbg4 ,causes ( ?is *ange1 #bbh1 et seq4 ,ext5t ( ,greek influ5ce at ,rome1 #bbh4 ,! cosmopolitan _s /r5g!n$ by ! de/ruction ( ! p[] ( ! ari/ocracy1 #bca1 #bcb4 ,hi/ory ( ! influ5ce ( fre$m5 9 ! /ate1 #bcc4 ,effect ( ! aggr&isem5t ( ! colonies1 ! attraction ( _m =eign]s to ,rome1 & ! increas$ facilities = travell+1 on ! cosmopolitan _s1 #bcc1 et seq4 ,=eign]s among ! mo/ prom95t ( ,lat9 writ]s1 #bce4 ,results ( ! multitudes ( emancipat$ slaves1 #bce1 #bcf4 ,endeav\rs ( ,roman /atesm5 to consolidate ! empire by admitt+ ! conqu]$ to ! privileges ( ! conqu]ors1 #bch4 ,! ,/oical philosophy q capable ( repres5t+ ! cosmopolitan _s1 #bci4 ,influ5ce ( eclectic philosophy on ! ,roman ,/oics1 #bdd4 ,life & "* ( ,m>cus ,aurelius1 #bdi-bee4 ,corruption ( ! ,roman p1 #bee4 ,causes ( _! depravity1 #bef4 ,decad5ce ( all ! conditions ( republican virtue1 #bef4 ,effects ( ! ,imp]ial sy/em on morals1 #beg-bfa4 ,apo!osis ( ! emp]ors1 #beg4 ,moral consequ5ces ( slav]y1 #bfb4 ,increase ( idl5ess & demoralis+ employm5ts1 #bfb4 ,increase also ( s5suality1 #bfc4 ,de/ruction ( all public _s1 #bfd4 ,! int]action ( _m /ates :i* 9 new nations su/a9s national life prev5t$ by univ]sal empire1 #bfd4 ,! decl9e ( agricultural pursuits1 #bfe4 ,& ( ! milit>y virtues1 #bfh4 ,hi/ory & effects ( ! gladiatorial %[s1 #bga4 ,o!r ,roman amusem5ts1 #bgf4 ,effects ( ! ar5a ^u ! !atre1 #bgg4 ,nobles 9 ! ar5a1 #bhc4 ,effects ( ,/oicism on ! corruption ( society1 #bia4 ,roman law greatly ext5d$ by x1 #bid4 ,*ange 9 ! relation ( ,romans to prov9cials1 #big4 ,*anges 9 dome/ic legislation1 #big4 ,roman slav]y1 #cjj-cjh4 ,! ,/oics z consol]s1 advis]s1 & prea*]s1 #cjh4 ,! ,cynics & rhetoricians1 #cji1 #caj4 ,decad5ce ( ,/oicism 9 ! empire1 #cag4 ,causes ( ! passion = ,ori5tal religions1 #cah-cbj4 ,neoplatonism1 #cbe4 ,review ( ! hi/ory ( ,roman philosophy1 #ccb-cce4 ,hi/ory ( ! conv]sion ( ,rome to ,*ri/ianity1 #ccf4 ,/ate ( ,roman op9ion on ! subject ( miracles1 #cfe4 ,progress ( ! ,jewi% & ,ori5tal religions 9 ,rome1 #chf1 #chg4 ,! conv]sion ( ! ,roman empire easily explicable1 #cic4 ,review ( ! religi\s policy ( ,rome1 #cig4 ,its division ( religion into ?ree p>ts1 accord+ to ,eusebius1 #djc4 ,p]secutions ( ! ,*ri/ians1 #djf1 et seq4 ,antipa?y ( ! ,romans to e religi\s sy/em :i* employ$ religi\s t]rorism1 #dbj4 ,hi/ory ( ! p]secutions1 #dbi4 ,g5]al sket* ( ! moral condition ( ! ,we/]n ,empire1 ii4 #ad4 ,rise & progress ( ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,*ur* ( ,rome1 #ad1 #ae4 ,roman practice ( infanticide1 #bg4 ,relief ( ! indig5t1 #gc4 ,di/ribution ( corn1 #gd4 ,ex]tions ( ! ,*ri/ians on ! subv]sion ( ! empire1 #hb4 ,inadequate place giv5 to ?is movem5t1 #he4 ,horrors caus$ by ! b>b>ian invasions prev5t$ to "s ext5t by ,*ri/ian *>ity1 #ha-hd4 ,influ5ce ( ,*ri/ianity 9 ha/5+ ! fall ( ! empire1 #adj1 #ada4 ,roman treatm5t ( prison]s ( w>1 #bef-beh4 ,despotism ( ! pagan empire1 #bfj4 ,condition ( wom5 "u ! ,romans1 #big4 ,_! concub9es1 #cej ,rome1 an illu/ration ( crimes conducive to national prosp]ity1 i4 #eh1 note4 ,conv]sion (1 #ccf4 ,?ree popul> errors conc]n+ its conv]sion1 #cci4 ,capture ( ! city by ! b>b>ians1 ii4 #hb ,romuald1 ,/41 8 treatm5t ( 8 fa!r1 ii4 #ace ,rope-danc+ ( ! ,romans1 i4 #bia ,sab9us1 ,sa9t1 8 p5ances1 ii4 #ajh ,sacram5t1 adm9i/ration ( !1 9 ! e>ly ,*ur*1 ii4 #f ,salamis1 ,brutus' treatm5t ( ! citiz5s (1 i4 #aid ,sallu/1 8 /oicism & rapacity1 i4 #aid ,sanctu>y1 "r (1 accord$ to ,*ri/ian *ur*es1 ii4 #dj ,savage1 errors into :i* ! deceptive appe>ances ( nature doom him1 i4 #ed4 ,fir/ conceptions =m$ ( ! univ]se1 #cdi4 ,! e?ics ( savages1 #abj1 #aba ,scepticism ( ! ,greek & ,roman philosoph]s1 i4 #afb-aff4 ,influ5ce (1 on intellectual progress1 ii4 #aic ,s*ola/ica1 ,/41 ! leg5d (1 ii4 #acf1 note ,scifi1 ,cl>a1 ! fir/ ,franciscan nun1 ii4 #ace ,sect>ian animosity1 *ief cause (1 i4 #acd ,s$gwick1 ,pr(essor1 on ! expansion ( ! natural or innate p[]s ( m51 i4 #aba1 note ,sejanus1 treatm5t ( 8 daught] by ! s5ate1 i4 #ajg1 note ,self-d5ial1 ! ,utilit>ian !ory unfav\rable to1 i4 #ff ,self-exam9ation1 hi/ory ( ! practice (1 i4 #bdg-bdi ,self-sacrifice1 asceticism ! great s*ool (1 ii4 #aee ,s5eca1 8 conception ( ! ,deity1 i4 #afc1 note1 #afd4 ,8 di/9ction betwe5 ! affections & diseases1 #ahi1 note4 ,& betwe5 clem5cy & pity1 #ahi4 ,8 virtues & vices1 i4 #aid4 ,on ! natural virtue ( man & p[] ( 8 w1 #aig4 ,on ! ,sacr$ ,_s dwell+ 9 man1 #aih4 ,on dea?1 #bje4 ,8 tranquil end1 #bjg4 ,advocates suicide1 #bac1 #bbj4 ,8 description ( ! self-de/ruction ( a fri5d1 #bbb4 ,8 rem>ks on univ]sal bro!rhood1 #bda4 ,8 /oical h>dness temp]$ by new doctr9es1 #bdd4 ,8 practice ( self-exam9ation1 #bdh4 ,8 philosophy & works comp>$ ) ^? ( ,plut>*1 #bdc1 #bdd4 ,h[ he reg>d$ ! games ( ! ar5a1 #bhf4 ,8 exhortations on ! treatm5t ( slaves1 #cjf4 ,nev] m5tions ,*ri/ianity1 #ccf4 ,reg>d$ 9 ! middle ages z a ,*ri/ian1 #cdj4 ,on religi\s beliefs1 #dje ,s5suality1 :y ! ,mohamm$ans p ,p>adise ) images (1 i4 #ajh4 ,:y "s pagans deifi$ x1 #ajh4 ,fallacy ( judg+ ! s5suality ( a nation by ! /ati/ics ( its illegitimate bir?s1 #add4 ,influ5ce ( climate ^u public morals1 #add4 ,( l>ge t[ns1 #ade4 ,& ( e>ly m>riages1 #adf4 ,abs5ce ( moral sc&als among ! ,iri% prie/hood1 #adf1 #adg4 ,spee* ( ,ar*ytas ( ,t>5tum on ! evils (1 #bjj1 note4 ,increase ( s5suality 9 ,rome1 #bfc4 ,abat$ by ,*ri/ianity1 ii4 #aec4 ,! doctr9e ( ! ,fa!rs respect+ concupisc5ce1 #bha4 ,s]apion1 ! an?ropomorphite1 i4 #eb4 ,numb] ( 8 monks1 ii4 #aje4 ,8 int]view ) ! c\rtesan1 #cbj ,s]torius1 8 =g]y ( auspici\s om5s1 i4 #aff4 ,sev]us1 ,alex&]1 refuses ! language ( adulation1 i4 #bei4 ,8 ef=ts to re/ore agricultural pursuits1 #bfg4 ,murd] (1 #ddd4 ,8 l5i5cy t[>ds ,*ri/ianity1 #ddd4 ,8 b5evol5ce1 ii4 #gg ,sev]us1 ,cassius1 exile (1 i4 #ddh1 note ,sev]us1 ,septimus1 8 treatm5t ( ! ,*ri/ians1 i4 #ddc ,sextius1 8 practice ( self-exam9ation1 i4 #bdh ,%aftesbury1 ma9ta9s ! reality ( ! exi/5ce ( b5evol5ce 9 our nature1 i4 #bj4 ,on virtue1 #gf1 #gg ,sibyll9e books1 =g$ by ! e>ly ,*ri/ians1 i4 #cgf1 #cgg ,silius ,italicus1 8 l9es commemorat+ ! passion ( ! ,spani% ,celts = suicide1 i4 #bjg1 note4 ,8 self-de/ruction1 #bba ,silvia1 h] fil?9ess1 ii4 #aaj ,simeon1 ,bi%op ( ,j]usalem1 8 m>tyrdom1 i4 #dch ,simeon ,/ylites1 ,/41 8 p5ance1 ii4 #aaa4 ,8 inhumanity to 8 p>5ts1 ii4 #acj ,s91 ! !ological doctr9e on ! subject1 i4 #aaa1 #aab4 ,conception ( s9 by ! anci5ts1 #aie4 ,orig9al1 taught by ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 #bji1 #baj4 ,exam9ation ( ! ,utilit>ian doctr9e ( ! remote consequ5ces ( secret s9s1 #dc1 #dd ,sisoes1 ! abbot1 /ories (1 ii4 #abf1 #abg ,sixtus1 ,bi%op ( ,rome1 8 m>tyrdom1 i4 #dee ,sixtus ,v41 ,pope1 8 ef=ts to suppress m5dicancy1 ii4 #ig ,slav]y1 circum/ances "u :i* x has be5 ju/ifi$1 i4 #aja4 ,orig9 ( ! ^w s]vus1 #ajb1 note4 ,crusade ( ,engl& aga9/1 #aec4 ,"* ( t ( ! ,romans1 #bce4 ,moral consequ5ce ( slav]y1 #bfb4 ,?ree /ages ( slav]y at ,rome1 #cjj4 ,review ( ! condition ( slaves1 #cjj-cjf4 ,op9ion ( philosoph]s z to slav]y1 #cjf4 ,laws enact$ 9 fav\r ( slaves1 #cjf4 ,effects ( ,*ri/ianity ^u ! in/itution ( slav]y1 ii4 #fa4 ,consecration ( ! s]vile virtue1 #fh4 ,impulse giv5 to manumission1 #gj4 ,s]fdom 9 ,europe1 #gj1 #ga1 note4 ,ext9ction ( slav]y 9 ,europe1 #ga4 ,ransom ( captives1 #gb ,smi?1 ,adam1 8 !ory ( pity1 quot$1 i4 #aj1 note4 ,8 recognition ( ! reality ( b5evol5ce 9 our nature1 #bj4 ,8 analysis ( moral judgm5t1 #gf ,smyrna1 p]secution ( ! ,*ri/ians at1 i4 #dda ,socrates1 8 view ( dea?1 i4 #bje4 ,8 clos+ h\rs1 #bjg4 ,8 advice to a c\rtesan1 ii4 #bif ,s\l1 ! immortality ( !1 resolutely exclud$ f ! tea*+ ( ! ,/oics1 i4 #aha4 ,"* ( _! fir/ notions on ! subject1 #ahb4 ,! belief 9 ! reabsorption ( ! s\l 9 ! p>5t ,_s1 #ahc4 ,belief ( ,cic]o & ,plut>* 9 ! immortality ( !1 #bjd4 ,b nev] adopt$ z a motive by ! ,/oics1 #bjd4 ,increas+ belief 9 !1 #cca4 ,vague belief ( ! ,romans 9 !1 #afh ,sospitra1 /ory (1 i4 #cgc ,spa91 p]secution ( ! ,*ri/ians 91 i4 #dfa4 ,almo/ complete abs5ce ( infanticide 91 ii4 #be1 note4 ,! fir/ lunatic asylums 9 ,europe e/abli%$ 91 #hi1 #ij ,spani>ds1 among ! mo/ prom95t ( ,lat9 writ]s1 i4 #bce4 ,_! suicides1 ii4 #ed ,sp>tans1 _! int5se patriotism1 i4 #agh4 ,_! legislature cont9ually extoll$ z a model1 #bja4 ,condition ( _! wom51 ii4 #bij ,sp9oza1 8 rem>k on dea?1 i4 #bjc ,anecdote ( him1 #bhi ,/al1 ,madame de1 on suicide1 ii4 #ei ,/atius1 on ! fir/ night ( m>riage1 i4 #ajg1 note ,/ew>t1 ,dugald1 on ! pleasures ( virtue1 i4 #cb1 note ,/ilpo1 8 scepticism & bani%m5t1 i4 #afb4 ,8 rem>k on 8 ru91 #aia4 ,/oics1 _! def9ition ( consci5ce1 i4 #hc4 ,_! view ( ! animation ( ! human ftus1 #ib4 ,_! sy/em ( e?ics fav\rable to ! h]oic qualities1 #abh4 ,hi/orical fact 9 fav\r ( ! sy/em1 #abh4 ,_! belief 9 an all-p]vad+ s\l ( nature1 #afb4 ,_! pan!i/ic conception ( ! ,deity1 #afc4 ,_! conception & explanation ( ! prevail+ leg5ds ( ! gods1 #afc4 ,_! op9ion z to ! f9al de/ruction ( ! univ]se by fire1 & ! resuscitation ( s\ls1 #afd4 ,_! refusal to consult ! oracles1 #afe4 ,/oicism ! expression ( a type ( "* diff]5t f ,epicureanism1 #agb4 ,rome pre-em95tly ! home ( ,/oicism1 #agb4 ,acc\nt ( ! philosophy ( ! ,/oics1 #agg4 ,its two ess5tials--! unselfi% ideal & ! subjugation ( ! affections to ! reason1 #agg4 ,! be/ example ( ! p]fect sev]ance ( virtue & int]e/1 #aha4 ,_! views conc]n+ ! immortality ( ! s\l1 #ahb-ahd4 ,taught m5 to sacrifice reputation1 & d good 9 secret1 #ahf4 ,& di/+ui%$ ! obligation f ! attraction ( virtue1 #ahf4 ,taught also t ! affections mu/ be subord9ate to ! reason1 #ahg-aia4 ,_! false e/imate ( human nature1 #aib4 ,_! love ( p>adox1 #aib4 ,imp]fect lives ( _m em95t ,/oics1 #aic4 ,_! retrospective t5d5cies1 #aic4 ,_! sy/em unfitt$ = ! majority ( mank9d1 #aid4 ,comp>$ ) ! religi\s pr9ciple1 #aie4 ,! c5tral composition ( ?is philosophy1 ! dignity ( man1 #aie4 ,high s5se ( ! ,/oics ( ! natural virtue ( man1 & ( ! p[] ( 8 w1 #aie1 #aif4 ,_! recognition ( ,provid5ce1 #aif4 ,! two aspects "u :i* !y wor%ipp$ ,god1 #aih4 ,! ,/oics secur$ f quietism by _! habits ( public life1 #aii-bja4 ,_! view ( humanity1 #bjb4 ,_! prep>ations =1 & view (1 dea?1 #bjb4 ,_! tea*+ z to suicide1 #bab1 #bac1 et seq4 ,contra/ betwe5 ,/oicism & ,roman luxury1 #bbe1 #bbf4 ,! ,/oical philosophy q capable ( repres5t+ ! cosmopolitan _s1 #bci1 #bdj4 ,/oicism n capable ( repres5t+ ! s(t5+ movem5t ( civilisation1 #bda4 ,influ5ce ( ! eclectic _s on x1 #bdd4 ,/oicism becomes m ess5tially religi\s1 #bde4 ,increas+ly introspective "* ( lat] ,/oicism1 #bdg4 ,m>cus ,aurelius ! be/ example ( lat] ,/oicism1 #bdi-bee4 ,effects ( ,/oicism on ! corruption ( ,roman ,society1 #bia1 #bib4 ,x rais$ up _m good ,emp]ors1 #bib4 ,x produc$ a noble opposition "u ! wor/ ,emp]ors1 #bic4 ,x greatly ext5d$ ,roman law1 #bid4 ,! ,/oics consid]$ z ! consol]s ( ! suff]+1 advis]s ( ! "y1 & z popul> prea*]s1 #cjh4 ,rapid decad5ce ( ,/oicism1 #cag1 #cah4 ,diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,/oical & ,egyptian pan!ism1 #cbd4 ,/oical naturalism sup]s$$ by ! !ory ( dmons1 #cca4 ,!ory t ! writ+s ( ! ,/oics 7 influ5c$ by ,*ri/ianity exam9$1 #ccb4 ,domitian's p]secution ( !m1 #dcb ,/rozzi1 ,philip1 8 suicide1 ii4 #ef ,suff]+1 a c\rage\s endurance (1 probably ! fir/ =m ( virtue 9 savage life1 i4 #acj ,suicide1 attitude adopt$ by ,pagan philosophy & ,ca?olicism t[>ds1 i4 #baa1 et seq4 ,em95t suicides1 #bae4 ,epidemic ( suicides at ,alex&ria1 #baf4 ,& ( girls at ,miletus1 #baf1 note4 ,gr&eur ( ! ,/oical ideal ( suicide1 #baf4 ,influ5ces conspir+ t[>ds suicide1 #bag4 ,s5eca on self-de/ruction1 #bag1 #bah1 #bbj4 ,laws respect+ x1 #bah1 note4 ,em95t in/ances ( self-de/ruction1 #bai1 #bba4 ,! conception (1 z an eu?anasia1 #bba4 ,neoplatoni/ doctr9e conc]n+1 #cca4 ,effect ( ! ,*ri/ian condemnation ( ! practice (1 ii4 #dc-fa4 ,!ological doctr9e on1 #de1 note4 ,! only =m (1 p]mitt$ 9 ! e>ly ,*ur*1 #dg4 ,sl[ suicides1 #dh4 ,! ,circumcelliones1 #di4 ,! ,albig5ses1 #di4 ,suicides ( ! ,jews1 #ej4 ,treatm5t ( corpses ( suicides1 #ej4 ,au?orities = ! hi/ory ( suicides1 #ej1 note4 ,reaction aga9/ ! m$ival laws on ! subject1 #ea4 ,lat] phases ( its hi/ory1 #ed4 ,self-de/ruction ( wit*es1 #ed4 ,epidemics ( insane suicide1 #ee4 ,cases ( legitimate suicide1 #ee4 ,suicide 9 ,engl& & ,france1 #eh ,sunday1 importance ( ! sanctity ( !1 ii4 #bdd4 ,laws respect+ x1 #bde ,sup]/ition1 possibility ( add+ to ! happ9ess ( man by ! diffusion (1 i4 #ej-ec4 ,natural causes :i* impel savages to sup]/ition1 i4 #ee4 ,signification ( ! ,greek ^w =1 #bje ,swan1 !1 consecrat$ to ,apollo1 i4 #bjf ,sw$51 cause ( ! great numb] ( illegitimate bir?s 91 i4 #add ,sw9burne1 ,mr41 on annihilation1 i4 #ahb1 note ,symma*us1 8 ,saxon prison]s1 i4 #bhg ,synesius1 leg5d ( him & ,evagrius1 ii4 #bad4 ,refuses to give up 8 wife1 #ccb ,syracuse1 gladiatorial %[s at1 i4 #bge ,tacitus1 8 d\bts ab\t ! exi/5ce ( ,provid5ce1 i4 #aga1 note ,telema*us1 ! monk1 8 dea? 9 ! ar5a1 ii4 #cg ,telesphorus1 m>tyrdom (1 i4 #ddf1 note ,t]tia milia1 /ory (1 ii4 #cac ,t]tullian1 8 belief 9 dmons1 i4 #chb4 ,& *all5ge to ! ,pagans1 #chc ,te/am5t1 ,old1 suppos$ to h be5 ! s\rce ( pagan writ+s1 i4 #cdd ,?alasius1 8 hospital = bl9d begg>s1 ii4 #ha ,!atre1 scepticism ( ! ,romans ext5d$ by !1 i4 #agj4 ,effects ( ! gladiatorial %[s ^u !1 #bgg ,!ft1 reasons :y "s savages d n reg>d x z crim9al1 i4 #ajb4 ,sp>tan law legalis+ x1 #ajb ,!odeb]t1 8 polygamy1 ii4 #cdc ,!odoric1 8 c\rt at ,rav5na1 ii4 #bja1 #bjb1 note ,!odorus1 8 d5ial ( ! exi/5ce ( ! gods1 i4 #afb ,!odorus1 ,/41 8 inhumanity to 8 "m1 ii4 #abh ,!odosius ! ,emp]or1 8 edict =bidd+ gladiatorial %[s1 ii4 #cf4 ,d5\nc$ by ! ,ascetics1 #aci4 ,8 law respect+ ,sunday1 #bde ,!ological utilit>ianism1 !ories (1 i4 #ad-ag ,!ology1 sph]e ( inductive reason+ 91 #ceg ,!on1 ,/41 leg5d (1 & ! wild bea/s1 ii4 #afh ,!urgy reject$ by ,plot9us1 i4 #ccj4 ,all moral discipl9e resolv$ into1 by ,iambli*us1 #ccj ,?race1 celibacy ( societies ( m5 91 i4 #ajf ,?rasea1 mildness ( 8 ,/oicism1 i4 #bde ,?rasea & ,aria1 hi/ory (1 ii4 #caa ,?rift9ess creat$ by ! indu/rial _s1 i4 #adj ,tib]ius ! ,emp]or1 8 images inve/$ ) a sacr$ "*1 i4 #bfj4 ,8 sup]/itions1 #cfg1 & note ,timag5es1 exil$ f ! palace by ,tib]ius1 i4 #ddh1 note ,titus1 ! ,emp]or1 8 tranquil end1 i4 #bjg4 ,in/ance ( 8 amiability1 #bhg ,too?-p[d]1 ,apuleius' def5ce (1 ii4 #adh ,torm5ts1 future1 ! doctr9e (1 made by ! monks a means ( extort+ money1 ii4 #baf4 ,mona/ic leg5ds (1 #bbj ,trag$y1 effects ( ! gladiatorial %[s ^u1 among ! ,romans1 i4 #bgg ,trajan1 ! ,emp]or1 8 gladiatorial %[s1 i4 #bhg4 ,lett] ( ,pl9y to1 respect+ ! ,*ri/ians1 #dcg4 ,trajan's answ]1 #dcg4 ,8 b5evol5ce to *ildr51 ii4 #gg4 ,leg5d ( ,/4 ,gregory & ! ,emp]or1 #bbc ,transmigration ( s\ls1 doctr9e (1 ( ! anci5ts1 ii4 #aff ,travell+1 increas$ facilities =1 ( ! ,romans1 i4 #bcd ,tr9it>ian monks1 _! works ( m]cy1 ii4 #gc ,tr\bad\rs1 "o ( _! s]vices to mank9d1 ii4 #bcb ',truce ( ,god1' importance ( !1 ii4 #bed ,tru?1 possibility ( add+ to ! happ9ess ( m5 by diffus+ abroad1 or su/a9+1 pleas+ falsehoods1 i4 #eb4 ,say+ ( ,py?agoras1 #ec4 ,gr[? (1 ) civilisation1 #acg4 ,indu/rial1 political1 & philosophical1 #acg-adj4 ,relation ( mona*ism to ! ab/ract love ( tru?1 ii4 #ahi4 ,causes ( ! m$ival decl9e ( ! love ( tru?1 #bab ,tuck]1 8 adoption ( ! doctr9e ( ! association ( ideas1 i4 #be1 note ,turks1 _! k9dness to animals1 i4 #bhi ,types1 moral1 i4 #aef4 ,all *>act]s _c be m\ld$ 9 "o type1 #aeh ,ulpian on suicide1 i4 #bah1 note ,unselfi%ness ( ! ,/oics1 i4 #agg ,usury1 div]sities ( moral judgm5t respect+1 i4 #ib ,utilit>ian s*ool4 ,see ,morals2 ,virtue2 ,vice ,utility1 rival claims (1 & intuition to be reg>d$ z ! supreme regulators ( moral di/9ctions1 i4 #a1 #b4 ,v>i\s names by :i* ! !ory ( utility is kn[n1 #c4 ,views ( ! morali/s ( ! s*ool (1 #c1 et seq4 ,val]ian1 8 p]secutions ( ! ,*ri/ians1 i4 #ded ,val]ius ,maximus1 8 mode ( moral tea*+1 i4 #agd ,v&als1 _! conque/ ( ,africa1 ii4 #aej ,v>ro1 8 conception ( ! ,deity1 i4 #afc4 ,on popul> religi\s beliefs1 #afg ,v5us1 effect ( ! ,greek wor%ip (1 on ! condition ( wom51 ii4 #bia1 note ,vespasian1 8 dy+ je/1 i4 #bei4 ,effect ( 8 frugality on ! habits ( ! ,romans1 #bib4 ,miracle attribut$ to him1 #cdg4 ,8 treatm5t ( philosoph]s1 #ddh1 note ,vice1 ,m&eville's !ory ( ! orig9 (1 i4 #g4 ,& t 8private vices 7 public b5efits10 #g4 ,views ( ! ,utilit>ians z to1 #ab4 ,! degrees ( virtue & vice d n correspond to ! degrees ( utility1 or ! rev]se1 #dj-db4 ,! suff]+ caus$ by vice n proportion$ to its crim9ality1 #eg-ei4 ,plato's e?ical !ory ( virtue & vice1 #agi4 ,grote's summ>y ( ?is !ory1 #agi1 note4 ,conception ( ! anci5ts ( s91 #aie4 ,moral efficacy ( ! ,*ri/ian s5se ( s91 ii4 #c1 #d ,virgil1 8 conception ( ! ,deity1 i4 #afc4 ,8 epicurean s5tim5t1 #aic1 note4 ,on suicide1 #bac4 ,8 int]e/ 9 animal life1 ii4 #afe ,virg9ity1 h[ reg>d$ by ! ,greeks1 i4 #aje4 s*ylus' pray] to ,a!ne1 #aje4 ,bees & fire emblems ( virg9ity1 #ajh1 note4 ,reason :y ! anci5t ,jews atta*$ a c]ta9 /igma to virg9ity1 #aji4 ,views ( ,ess5es1 #aji ,virg9s1 ,ve/al1 sanctity & gifts attribut$ to !1 i4 #ajf1 #ajg1 & note4 ,executions (1 #djg1 & note4 ,reasons = bury+ !m alive1 ii4 #da4 ,h[ reg>d$ by ! ,romans1 #big ,virtue1 ,hume's !ory ( ! crit]ion1 ess5tial elem5t1 & object (1 i4 #d4 ,motive to virtue accord+ to ! doctr9e :i* bases morals ^u exp]i5ce1 #f4 ,m&eville's ! l[e/ & mo/ repulsive =m ( ?is !ory1 #f1 #g4 ,views ( ! ess5ce & orig9 ( virtue adopt$ by ! s*ool ( ,utilit>ians1 #g-i4 ,views ( ! ,utilit>ians (1 #ab4 ,association ( ideas 9 :i* virtue becomes ! supreme object ( our affections1 #bg4 ,impossibility ( virtue br++ pleasure if practis$ only ) t end1 #ce1 #cf4 ,! utility ( virtue n d5i$ by intuitive morali/s1 #ci4 ,! degrees ( virtue & vice d n correspond to ! degrees ( utility1 or ! rev]se1 #ec4 ,! rew>ds & puni%m5ts ( consci5ce1 #ei1 #fj4 ,! self-complac5cy ( virtu\s m51 #fd1 #fe1 & note4 ,! motive to virtue1 accord+ to ,%aftesbury & ,h5ry ,m1 #gf4 ,analogies ( beauty & virtue1 #gg4 ,_! diff]5ce1 #gh4 ,div]sities exi/+ 9 our judgm5ts ( virtue & beauty1 #gi1 #hj4 ,virtues to :i* we c & _c apply ! t]m beautiful1 #hb4 ,! /&>d1 ?\gh n ! ess5ce1 ( virtue1 det]m9$ by ! condition ( society1 #aji4 ,summ>y ( ! relations ( virtue to public & private int]e/1 #aag4 ,emphasis ) :i* ! utility ( virtue 0 dwelt ^u by ,ari/otle1 #abd4 ,gr[? ( ! g5tl] virtues1 #acb4 ,=ms ( ! virtue ( tru?1 indu/rial1 political1 & philosophical1 #acg4 ,ea* /age ( civilisation is specially appropriate to "s virtue1 #adg4 ,national virtues1 #aea4 ,virtues1 naturally gr\p$ toge!r accord+ to pr9ciples ( aff9ity or congruity1 #aec4 ,di/9ctive beauty ( a moral type1 #aed4 ,rudim5t>y virtues diff]+ 9 diff]5t ages1 nations1 & classes1 #aed1 #aee4 ,f\r di/9ct motives lead+ m5 to virtue1 #agh-ahj4 ,plato's fundam5tal proposition t vice is to virtue :at disease is to heal?1 #agi4 ,/oicism ! be/ example ( ! p]fect sev]ance ( virtue & self-int]e/1 #aha4 ,tea*+s ( ! ,/oics t virtue %\ld conceal itself f ! _w1 #ahf4 ,& t ! obligation %\ld be di/+ui%$ f ! attraction ( virtue1 #ahf4 ,! em95t *>act]i/ics ( pagan goodness1 #aij4 ,all virtues are ! same1 accord+ to ! ,/oics1 #aib4 ,horace's description ( a j man1 #aig4 ,int]e/$ & dis9t]e/$ motives ( ,*ri/ianity to virtue1 ii4 #c4 ,decl9e ( ! civic virtues caus$ by asceticism1 #aci4 ,influ5ce ( ?is *ange on moral philosophy1 #adf4 ,! importance ( ! civic virtues exagg]at$ by hi/orians1 #adg4 ,intellectual virtues1 #ahh4 ,relation ( mona*ism to ^! virtues1 #ahi1 et seq4 ,vitalius1 ,/41 leg5d (1 & ! c\rtesan1 ii4 #cbj ,vivisection1 ii4 #agf4 ,approv$ by ,bacon1 #agf1 note ,volcanoes1 h[ reg>d$ by ! e>ly monks1 ii4 #bba ,vultures1 :y made an emblem ( nature by ! ,egyptians1 i4 #ajh1 note ,w>1 its moral gr&eur1 i4 #ie4 ,! s*ool ( ! h]oic virtues1 #agc4 ,diff]5ce betwe5 =eign & civil w>s1 #bcb4 ,antipa?y ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ians to a milit>y life1 ii4 #bdh4 ,belief 9 battle be+ ! special sph]e ( ,provid5tial int]position1 #bdi4 ,effects ( ! milit>y triumphs ( ! ,mohamm$ans1 #bea4 ,influ5ces ( ,*ri/ianity ^u w> consid]$1 #bed4 ,improv$ condition ( captives tak5 9 w>1 #bef ,w>burton1 on morals1 i4 #ae1 note1 #ag1 note ,wat]l&1 on ! motives to virtue & cause ( our love ( ,god1 quot$1 i4 #i1 note1 #ae1 note ,weal?1 orig9 ( ! desire to possess1 i4 #bc4 ,associations lead+ to ! desire =1 = its own sake1 #be ,we/]n ,empire1 g5]al sket* ( ! moral condition ( !1 ii4 #ad ,wid[s1 c>e ( ! e>ly ,*ur* =1 ii4 #cff ,w1 fre$om ( ! human1 su/a9$ & deep5$ by ! ascetic life1 ii4 #abc ,w9e1 =bidd5 to wom51 i4 #ic1 #id1 note ,wit*craft1 belief 9 ! reality (1 i4 #cfc4 ,suicide common among wit*es1 ii4 #ed ,wolla/on1 8 analysis ( moral judgm5ts1 i4 #gf ,wom51 law ( ! ,romans =bidd+ wom5 to ta/e w9e1 i4 #ic1 #id1 note4 ,/&>ds ( female morality ( ! ,jews1 ,greeks1 & ,romans1 #ajc1 #ajd4 ,virtues & vices gr[+ out ( ! relations ( ! sexes1 #adc4 ,female virtue1 #adc4 ,effects ( climate on ?is virtue1 #add4 ,( l>ge t[ns1 #adf4 ,& ( e>ly m>riages1 #ade4 ,reason = ,plato's advocacy ( community ( wives1 #bjj4 ,plut>*'s high s5se ( female excell5ce1 #bdd4 ,female gladiators at ,rome1 #bha1 & note4 ,relations ( female devotees ) ! an*orites1 ii4 #abj1 #abh1 #aej4 ,_! condition 9 savage life1 #bgf4 ,cessation ( ! sale ( wives1 #bgf4 ,rise ( ! d[ry1 #bgg4 ,e/abli%m5t ( monogamy1 #bgh4 ,doctr9e ( ! ,fa!rs z to concupisc5ce1 #bha4 ,nature ( ! problem ( ! relations ( ! sexes1 #bhb4 ,pro/itution1 #bhb-bhd4 ,recognition 9 ,greece ( two di/9ct ord]s ( womanhood--! wife & ! hetra1 #bhg4 ,condition ( ,roman wom51 #big1 et seq4 ,legal emancipation ( wom5 9 ,rome1 #cjd4 ,unb\nd$ lib]ty ( divorce1 #cjf4 ,am\nt ( female virtue 9 ,imp]ial ,rome1 #cjh-cab4 ,legislative measures to repress s5suality1 #cab4 ,to en=ce ! reciprocity ( obligation 9 m>riage1 #cab4 ,& to c5sure pro/itution1 #cae4 ,influ5ce ( ,*ri/ianity on ! position ( wom51 #caf1 et seq4 ,m>riages1 #cbj4 ,second m>riages1 #cbd4 ,l[ op9ion ( wom51 produc$ by asceticism1 #cch4 ,! canon law unfav\rable to _! propriet>y rights1 #cch1 #cci4 ,b>b>ian h]o9es & laws1 #cda-cdd4 ,doctr9e ( equality ( obligation 9 m>riage1 #cdf4 ,! duty ( man t[>ds woman1 #cdg4 ,condemnation ( transitory connections1 #cej4 ,roman concub9es1 #cea4 ,! s9fulness ( divorce ma9ta9$ by ! ,*ur*1 #cej-cec4 ,abolition ( compulsory m>riages1 #cec4 ,condemnation ( mix$ m>riages1 #cec1 #ced4 ,education ( wom51 #cee4 ,relation ( ,*ri/ianity to ! female virtues1 #ceh4 ,comp>ison ( male & female *>act]i/ics1 #ceh4 ,! ,pagan & ,*ri/ian ideal ( woman contra/$1 #cfa-cfc4 ,conspicu\s "p ( woman 9 ! e>ly ,*ur*1 #cfc-cfe4 ,c>e ( wid[s1 #cfg4 ,wor%ip ( ! ,virg91 #cfh1 #cfi4 ,effect ( ! suppression ( ! conv5tual sy/em on wom51 #cfi4 ,revolution go+ on 9 ! employm5ts ( wom51 #cgc ,x5ocrates1 8 t5d]ness1 ii4 #afc ,x5ophanes1 8 scepticism1 i4 #afb ,x5ophon1 8 picture ( ,greek m>ri$ life1 ii4 #bhh ,zadok1 ! f\nd] ( ! ,sadducees1 i4 #ahc1 note ,z5o1 va/ place occupi$ by 8 sy/em 9 ! moral hi/ory ( man1 i4 #aga4 ,8 suicide1 #bab4 ,8 inculcation ( ! practice ( self-exam9ation1 #bdh ,zeus1 univ]sal provid5ce attribut$ by ! ,greeks to1 i4 #afa ,,footnotes #a ,!re is a rem>kable passage ( ,celsus1 on ! impossibility ( re/or+ a nature once ?or\ghly deprav$1 quot$ by ,orig5 9 8 answ] to him4 #b ,?is is well %[n by ,press5s 9 8 ,hi/4 des ,trois premi]s ,sicles4 #c ,see a great deal ( in=mation on ?is subject 9 ,b+ham's ,antiquities ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* 7,ox=d1 #ahec71 vol4 v4 pp4 #cgj-cgh4 ,x is curi\s t ^? v noisy contempor>y div9es :o pr(ess to resuscitate ! mann]s ( ! primitive ,*ur*1 & :o lay s mu* /ress on ! m9ute/ c]emonial obs]vances1 h left unpractis$ :at 0 und\bt$ly "o ( ! mo/ univ]sal1 & 0 believ$ to be "o ( ! mo/ important1 ( ! in/itutions ( e>ly ,*ri/ianity4 ,b+ham %[s t ! adm9i/ration ( ! ,eu*>i/ to infants cont9u$ 9 ,france till ! twelf? c5tury4 #d ,see ,cave's ,primitive ,*ri/ianity1 "p i4 *4 xi4 ,at fir/ ! ,sacram5t 0 usually receiv$ e day2 b ?is cu/om soon decl9$ 9 ! ,ea/]n ,*ur*1 & at la/ pass$ away 9 ! ,we/4 #e ,pl94 ,ep4 x4 #ig4 #f ,! :ole subject ( ! p5it5tial discipl9e is treat$ m9utely 9 ,m>%all's ,p5it5tial ,discipl9e ( ! ,primitive ,*ur* 7fir/ publi%$ 9 #agad1 & repr9t$ 9 ! libr>y ( ,anglo-,ca?olic ,!ology71 & also 9 ,b+ham1 vol4 vii4 ,t]tullian gives a graphic description ( ! public p5ances1 ,de ,pudicit4 v4 #ac4 #g ,eusebius1 ,h4 ,e4 viii1 #g4 #h ,/4 ,*ryso/om tells ?is ( ,/4 ,babylas4 ,see ,tillemont1 ,mm4 p\r s]vir l',hi/4 eccl4 tome iii4 p4 #djc4 #i ,9 ! preface to a v anci5t ,milanese missal x is said ( ,/4 ,aga?a t z %e lay 9 ! prison cell1 torn by ! in/rum5ts ( torture1 ,/4 ,pet] came to h] 9 ! =m ( a ,*ri/ian physician1 & (f]$ to dress h] w\nds2 b %e refus$1 say+ t %e wi%$ = no physician b ,*ri/4 ,/4 ,pet]1 9 ! "n ( t ,cele/ial ,physician1 comm&$ h] w\nds to close1 & h] body became :ole z be=e4 7,tillemont1 tome iii4 p4 #dab47 #aj ,see h] acts 9 ,ru9>t4 #aa ,/4 ,j]ome1 ,ep4 xxxix4 #ab 8,def9itio brevis et v]a virtutis3 ordo e/ amoris40--,de ,civ4 ,dei1 xv4 #bb4 #ac ,besides ! obvi\s po9ts ( resemblance 9 ! common1 ?\gh n univ]sal1 belief t ,*ri/ians %\ld ab/a9 f all weapons & f all oa?s1 ! :ole tea*+ ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ians ab\t ! duty ( simplicity1 & ! wick$ness ( ornam5ts 9 dress 7see especially ! writ+s ( ,t]tullian1 ,clem5s ,alex&r9us1 & ,*ryso/om1 on ?is subject71 is exce$+ly l t ( ! ,quak]s4 ,! scruple ( ,t]tullian 7,de ,coron7 ab\t ,*ri/ians we>+ laurel wrea?s 9 ! fe/ivals1 because laurel 0 call$ aft] ,daphne1 ! lov] ( ,apollo1 0 mu* ( ! same k9d z t :i* l$ ! ,quak]s to refuse to speak ( ,tuesday or ,w$nesday1 le/ !y %\ld recognise ! gods ,tuesco or ,wod54 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ecclesia/ical aspects & ! sacram5tal doctr9es ( ! ,*ur* 7 ! extreme opposites ( ,quak]ism4 #ad ,see ! ma/]ly description ( ! relations ( ! ,engli% to ! ,iri% 9 ! reign ( ,que5 ,elizabe?1 9 ,fr\de's ,hi/ory ( ,engl&1 *4 xxiv42 & also ,"l ,macaulay's description ( ! feel+s ( ! ,ma/] ( ,/air t[>ds ! ,highl&]s4 7,hi/ory ( ,engl&1 *4 xviii47 #ae ,see on ! views ( ,ari/otle1 ,lab\rt1 ,re*]*es hi/oriques sur les ,enfan/r\vs 7,p>is1 #ahdh71 p4 #i4 #af ,see ,grav9a1 ,de ,ortu et ,progressu ,juris ,civilis1 lib4 i4 #dd4 #ag 8,nunc ut]um vitiat qu vult =mosa videci1 ,r>aque 9 hoc vo e/1 qu velit esse p>5s40 ,ovid1 ,de ,nuce1 #bb-bc4 ,! same writ] has devot$ "o ( 8 elegies 7ii4 #ad7 to reproa*+ 8 mi/ress ,cor9na ) hav+ be5 guilty ( ?is act4 ,x 0 n )\t dang]1 & ,ovid says1 8,spe suos ut]o qu necit ipsa p]it40 ,a niece ( ,domitian is said to h di$ 9 consequ5ce ( hav+1 at ! comm& ( ! emp]or1 practis$ x 7,sueton4 ,domit4 xxii474 ,plut>* notices ! cu/om 7,de ,sanitate tu5da71 & ,s5eca eulogises ,helvia 7,ad ,helv4 xvi47 = be+ exempt f vanity & hav+ nev] de/roy$ h] unborn (fspr+4 ,favor9us1 9 a rem>kable passage 7,aulus ,gellius1 ,noct4 ,att4 xii4 #a71 speaks ( ! act z 8publica dete/atione communique odio dignum10 & proce$s to argue t x is only a degree less crim9al = mo!rs to put out _! *ildr5 to nurse4 ,juv5al has "s well-kn[n & emphatic l9es on ! subject3-- 8,s$ jacet aurato vix ulla pu]p]a lecto2 ,tantum artes hujus1 tantum m$icam9a possunt1 ,qu /]iles facit1 atque hom9es 9 v5tre nec&os ,conducit40 ,sat4 vi4 #eib-eie4 ,!re are also _m allusions to x 9 ! ,*ri/ian writ]s4 ,?us ,m9ucius ,felix 7,octavius1 xxx473 8,vos enim video procreatos filios nunc f]is et avibus expon]e1 nunc ad/rangulatos mis]o mortis g5]e elid]e4 ,sunt qu 9 ipsis visc]ibus1 m$icam9ibus epotis1 orig9em futuri hom9is ext+uant1 et p>ricidium faciant antequam p>iant40 #ah ,see ,lab\rt1 ,re*]*es sur les ,enfans tr\vs1 p4 #be4 #ai ,among ! b>b>ian laws !re is a v curi\s "o ab\t a daily comp5sation = *ildr5 :o _h be5 kill$ 9 ! womb on acc\nt ( ! daily suff]+ ( ^? *ildr5 9 hell4 8,propt]ea diuturnam judicav]unt antecessores no/ri compositionem et judices po/quam religio ,*ri/ianitatis inolevit 9 mundo4 ,quia diuturnam po/quam inc>nationem suscepit anima1 quamvis ad nativitatis lucem m9ima p]v5isset1 patitur pnam1 quia s9e sacram5to reg5]ationis abortivo modo tradita e/ ad inf]os40--,leges ,bajuv>iorum1 tit4 vii4 cap4 xx4 9 ,canciani1 ,leges ,b>b>4 vol4 ii4 p4 #cgd4 ,! fir/ f\ndl+ hospital ( :i* we h und\bt$ record is t f\nd$ at ,milan1 by a man nam$ ,da!us1 9 ,a4,d4 #ghi4 ,muratori has pres]v$ 7,anti*4 ,ital4 ,diss4 xxxvii47 ! *>t] embody+ ! motives ( ! f\nd]1 9 :i* ! foll[+ s5t5ces occur3 8,quia frequ5t] p] luxuriam hom9um g5us decipitur1 et ex9de malum homicidii g5]atur1 dum concipi5tes ex adult]io1 ne prodantur 9 publico1 fetos t5]os necant1 et absque baptismatis lavacro p>vulos ad ,t>t>a mittunt1 quia nullum rep]iunt locum1 quo s]v>e vivos valeant10 c4 ,h5ry ,,ii4 ( ,france1 #aeef1 made a long law aga9/ wom5 :o1 8adv5ant le temps de leur "p et dlivrance de leur enfant1 occultem5t s'en dlivr5t1 puis le suffoqu5t et autrem5t supprim5t sans leur avoir fait emp>tir le ,sa9t ,sacrem5t du ,baptme40--,lab\rt1 ,re*]*es sur les ,enfans tr\vs1 p4 #dg4 ,!re is a /ory told ( a ,que5 ( ,portugal 7si/] to ,h5ry ,v4 ( ,engl&1 & "m ( ,/4 ,f]d9&7 t1 be+ 9 *ildbir?1 h] life 0 despair$ ( unless %e took a m$ic9e :i* w\ld accel]ate ! bir? b probably sacrifice ! life ( ! *ild4 ,%e answ]$ t 8%e w\ld n pur*ase h] temporal life by sacrific+ ! et]nal salvation ( h] son40--,boll&i/s1 ,act4 ,sanctor41 ,june #e?4 #bj ,tillemont1 ,mmoires p\r s]vir l',hi/oire ecclsia/ique 7,p>is1 #agja71 tome x4 p4 #da4 ,/4 ,clem4 ,alex&4 says t infants 9 ! womb & expos$ infants h gu>dian angels to wat* ov] !m4 7,/rom4 v47 #ba ,!re is an extremely l>ge lit]ature devot$ to ! subject ( infanticide1 exposition1 f\ndl+s1 c4 ,! books ,i h *iefly foll[$ are ,t]me et ,monfalcon1 ,hi/oire des ,enfans tr\vs 7,p>is1 #ahdj72 ,remacle1 ,des ,hospices d',enfans tr\vs 7#ahch72 ,lab\rt1 ,re*]*es hi/oriques sur les ,enfans tr\vs 7,p>is1 #ahdh72 ,knigsw>t]1 ,essai sur la ,lgislation des ,peuples anci5s et mod]nes relative aux ,enfans ns hors ,m>iage 7,p>is1 #ahdb74 ,!re are also _m details on ! subject 9 ,godefroy's ,comm5t>y to ! laws ab\t *ildr5 9 ! ,!odosian ,code1 9 ,mal?us1 ,on ,population1 9 ,edw>d's tract ,on ! ,/ate ( ,slav]y 9 ! ,e>ly & ,middle ,ages ( ,*ri/ianity1 & 9 mo/ ecclesia/ical hi/ories4 #bb ,x mu/ n2 h[ev]1 be inf]r$ f ?is t infanticide increases 9 direct proportion to ! un*a/ity ( a nation4 ,probably ! condition ( civilis$ society 9 :i* x is mo/ common1 is :]e a l>ge am\nt ( actual un*a/ity coexi/s ) v /rong social condemnation ( ! s9n]1 & :]e1 9 consequ5ce1 !re is an int5se anxiety to conceal ! fall4 ,a rec5t writ] on ,spa9 has notic$ ! almo/ complete abs5ce ( infanticide 9 t c\ntry1 & has ascrib$ x to ! great l5i5cy ( public op9ion t[>ds female frailty4 ,f\ndl+ hospitals1 also1 greatly influ5ce ! hi/ory ( infanticide2 b ! mortality 9 !m 0 long s great t x may be que/ion$ :e!r !y h dim9i%$ ! numb] ( ! dea?s1 ?\gh !y h1 z ,i believe1 greatly dim9i%$ ! numb] ( ! murd]s ( *ildr54 ,"l ,kames1 writ+ 9 ! la/ half ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 says3 8,9 ,wales1 ev5 at pres5t1 & 9 ! ,highl&s ( ,scotl&1 x is sc>ce a disgrace = a "y woman to h a ba/>d4 ,9 ! c\ntry la/ m5tion$1 ! fir/ in/ance kn[n ( a ba/>d *ild be+ de/roy$ by its "m ?r\gh %ame is a late "o4 ,! virtue ( *a/ity appe>s to be ?us ga9+ gr\nd1 z ! only temptation a woman c h to de/roy h] *ild is to conceal h] frailty40--,sket*es ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,man--,on ! ,progress ( ! ,female ,sex4 ,! la/ clause is cle>ly inaccurate1 b !re seems reason = believ+ t mat]nal affection is g5]ally /rong] ?an want1 b weak] ?an %ame4 #bc ,see ,w>burton's ,div9e ,legation1 vii4 #b4 #bd lian1 ,v>ia ,hi/4 ii4 #g4 ,passages f ! ,greek imag9ative writ]s1 repres5t+ exposition z ! av[$ & habitual practice ( poor p>5ts1 are collect$ by ,t]me et ,monfalcon1 ,hi/4 des ,enfans tr\vs1 pp4 #ci-de4 ,tacitus notices ) praise 7,g]mania1 xix47 t ! ,g]mans did n all[ infanticide4 ,he also notices 7,hi/4 v4 #e7 ! prohibition ( infanticide among ! ,jews1 & ascribes x to _! desire to increase ! population4 #be ,dion4 ,halic4 ii4 #bf ,ad ,nat4 i4 #ae4 #bg ,! well-kn[n jurisconsult ,paulus _h laid d[n ! proposition1 8,nec>e videtur non tantum is qui p>tum p]focat s$ et is qui abjicit et qui alimonia d5egat et qui publicis locis mis]icordi causa exponit quam ipse non habet40 7,dig4 lib4 xxv4 tit4 iii4 #a4 #d47 ,^! words h giv5 rise to a fam\s controv]sy betwe5 two ,dut* pr(essors1 nam$ ,noodt & ,bynk]%oek1 conduct$ on bo? sides ) great le>n+1 & on ! side ( ,noodt ) great passion4 ,noodt ma9ta9$ t ^! words are simply ! expression ( a moral tru?1 n a judicial decision1 & t exposition 0 nev] illegal 9 ,rome till "s "t aft] ! e/abli%m5t ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,8 oppon5t argu$ t exposition 0 legally id5tical ) infanticide1 & became1 !re=e1 illegal :5 ! p[] ( life & dea? 0 )drawn f ! fa!r4 7,see ! works ( ,noodt 7,cologne1 #agfc7 & ( ,bynk]%oek 7,cologne1 #agfa774 ,x 0 at lea/ c]ta9 t exposition 0 notori\s & av[$1 & ! law aga9/ x1 if x exi/$1 inop]ative4 ,gibbon 7,decl9e & ,fall1 *4 xliv47 ?9ks ! law c5sur$ b did n puni% exposition4 ,see1 too1 ,troplong1 ,influ5ce du ,*ri/ianisme sur le ,droit1 p4 #bga4 #bh ,qu9tilian speaks 9 a tone ( apology1 if n ju/ification1 ( ! exposition ( ! *ildr5 ( de/itute p>5ts 7,decl4 cccvi471 & ev5 ,plut>* speaks ( x )\t c5sure4 7,de ,amor4 ,prolis47 ,!re are sev]al curi\s illu/rations 9 ,lat9 lit]ature ( ! diff]5t feel+s ( fa!rs & mo!rs on ?is matt]4 ,t]5ce 7,heauton4 ,act4 iii4 ,sc5e #e7 repres5ts ,*remes z hav+1 z a matt] ( c\rse1 *>g$ 8 pregnant wife to h h] *ild kill$ provid$ x 0 a girl4 ,! "m1 ov]come by pity1 %rank f do+ s1 & secretly gave x to an old woman to expose x1 9 hopes t x might be pres]v$4 ,*remes1 on he>+ :at _h be5 done1 reproa*$ 8 wife = h] womanly pity1 & told h] %e _h be5 n only disob$i5t b irrational1 = %e 0 only consign+ h] daught] to ! life ( a pro/itute4 ,9 ,apuleius 7,metam4 lib4 x47 we h a simil> picture ( a fa!r />t+ = a j\rney1 leav+ 8 wife 9 *ildbir?1 & giv+ h] 8 p>t+ comm& to kill h] *ild if x %\ld be a girl1 :i* %e c\ld n br+ h]self to d4 ,! girl 0 br\ght up secretly4 ,9 ! case ( weak or de=m$ infants infanticide seems to h be5 habitual4 8,port5tosos ftus ext+uimus1 lib]os quoque1 si debiles mon/rosique editi sunt1 m]gimus4 ,non ira1 s$ ratio e/1 a sanis inutilia sec]n]e40--,s5eca1 ,de ,ira1 i4 #ae4 ,t]5ce has introduc$ a picture ( ! exposition ( an infant into 8 ,&ria1 ,act4 iv4 ,sc5e #e4 ,see1 too1 ,suet4 ,augu/4 lxv4 ,accord+ to ,suetonius 7,calig4 v471 on ! dea? ( ,g]manicus1 wom5 expos$ _! new-born *ildr5 9 sign ( grief4 ,ovid _h dwelt ) mu* feel+ on ! b>b>ity ( ^! practices4 ,x is a v curi\s fact1 :i* has be5 notic$ by ,w>burton1 t ,*remes1 ^: s5tim5ts ab\t infants we h j se51 is ! v p]sonage into ^: m\? ,t]5ce has put ! fam\s s5tim5t1 8,homo sum1 humani nihil a me ali5um puto40 #bi ,t ^! 7 ! usual fates ( expos$ infants is notic$ by sev]al writ]s4 ,"s1 too1 bo? ,pagan & ,*ri/ian 7,qu9tilian1 ,decl4 cccvi42 ,lactantius1 ,div4 ,in/4 vi4 #bj1 c471 speak ( ! liability to ince/u\s m>riages result+ f frequ5t exposition4 ,9 ! ,greek poets !re are sev]al allusions to ri* *ildless m5 adopt+ f\ndl+s1 & ,juv5al says x 0 common = ,roman wives to palm (f f\ndl+s on _! husb&s = _! sons4 7,sat4 vi4 #fjc47 ,!re is an extremely horrible declamation 9 ,s5eca ! ,rhetorician 7,controv]s4 lib4 v4 #cc7 ab\t expos$ *ildr5 :o 7 said to h be5 maim$ & mutilat$1 ei!r to prev5t _! recognition by _! p>5ts1 or t !y might ga9 money z begg>s = _! ma/]s4 #cj ,see passages on ?is po9t cit$ by ,godefroy 9 8 ,comm5t>y to ! ,law 8,de ,expositis10 ,codex ,!od4 lib4 v4 tit4 #g4 #ca ,codex ,!od4 lib4 xi4 tit4 #bg4 #cb ,codex ,!od4 lib4 v4 tit4 #g1 lex4 #a4 #cc ,ibid4 lib4 v4 tit4 #h1 lex #a4 #cd ,see ,godefroy's ,comm5t>y to ! ,law4 #ce ,9 a lett] to ! y\ng] ,pl9y4 7,ep4 x4 #gb47 #cf ,see on ?is po9t ,muratori1 ,anti*4 ,ital4 ,diss4 xxxvii4 #cg ,see on ^! laws1 ,wallon1 ,hi/4 de l',esclavage1 tome iii4 pp4 #eb1 #ec4 #ch ,see ,cod4 ,!od4 lib4 iii4 tit4 #c1 lex #a1 & ! ,comm5t>y4 #ci ,on ! v p]si/5t d5unciation ( ?is practice by ! ,fa!rs1 see _m examples 9 ,t]me et ,monfalcon4 #dj ,?is is a m]e "q ( def9ition1 ^u :i* lawy]s h exp5d$ mu* le>n+ & discussion4 ,cujas ?\ght ! ,romans consid]$ infanticide a crime1 b a crime g5]ically diff]5t f homicide4 ,godefroy ma9ta9s t x 0 classifi$ z homicide1 b t1 be+ e/eem$ less he9\s ?an ! o!r =ms ( homicide1 x 0 only puni%$ by exile4 ,see ! ,comm5t>y to ,cod4 ,!od4 lib4 ix4 tit4 #ad1 l4 #a4 #da ,cod4 ,!od4 lib4 ix4 tit4 #ae4 #db ,ibid4 lib4 ix4 tit4 #ad1 lex #a4 #dc ,corp4 ,juris1 lib4 viii4 tit4 #eb1 lex #b4 #dd ,leges ,wisigo?orum 7lib4 vi4 tit4 #c1 lex #g7 & o!r laws 7lib4 iv4 tit4 #d7 condemn$ exposition4 #de 8,si quis infantem necav]it ut homicida t5eatur40--,capit4 vii4 #afh4 #df ,x appe>s1 f a passage ( ,/4 ,augu/9e1 t ,*ri/ian virg9s 7 accu/om$ to collect expos$ *ildr5 & to h !m br\ght into ! *ur*4 ,see ,t]me et ,monfalcon1 ,hi/4 des ,enfans tr\vs1 p4 #gd4 #dg ,comp>e ,lab\rt1 ,re*4 sur les ,enfans tr\vs1 pp4 #cb1 #cc2 ,muratori1 ,anti*it ,italiane1 ,diss]t4 xxxvii4 ,muratori has also briefly notic$ ! hi/ory ( ^! *>ities 9 8 ,c>it ,*ri/iana1 cap4 xxvii4 #dh ,! fir/ seems to h be5 ! hospital ( ,/a4 ,m>ia 9 ,sassia1 :i* _h exi/$ ) v>i\s *anges f ! eigh? c5tury1 b 0 made a f\ndl+ hospital & confid$ to ! c>e ( ,guy ( ,montpelli] 9 ,a4,d4 #abjd4 ,accord+ to "o tradition1 ,pope ,innoc5t ,,iii4 _h be5 %ock$ at he>+ ( infants drawn 9 ! nets ( fi%]m5 f ! ,tib]4 ,accord+ to ano!r1 he 0 inspir$ by an angel4 ,comp>e ,remacle1 ,hospices d',enfans tr\vs1 pp4 #cf-cg1 & ,amydemus1 ,pietas ,romana 7a book writt5 ,a4,d4 #afbd1 & translat$ 9 "p into ,engli% 9 ,a4,d4 #afhg71 ,eng4 trans1 pp4 #b1 #c4 #di ,= ! little t is kn[n ab\t ?is mission>y ( *>ity1 comp>e ,remacle1 ,hospices d',enfans tr\vs1 pp4 #cd-dd2 & ,lab\rt1 ,re*]*es hi/oriques sur les ,enfans tr\vs1 pp4 #ch-da4 #ej ,e4g4 ! amphi!atre ( ,v]ona 0 only built "u ,diocletian4 #ea 8,quid hoc triumpho pul*rius8444 ,tantam captivorum multitud9em be/iis objicit ut +rati et p]fidi non m9us doloris ex ludibrio sui quam ex ipsa morte patiantur40--,inc]ti1 ,panegyricus ,con/ant4 8,pub]es qui 9 manus v5]unt1 quorum nec p]fidia erat apta militi nec f]ocia s]vituti ad pnas spectaculo dati svi5tes be/ias multitud9e sua fatig>unt40--,eum5ius1 ,paneg4 ,con/ant4 xi4 #eb ,cod4 ,!od4 lib4 xv4 tit4 #ab1 lex #a4 ,sozom51 i4 #h4 #ec ,?is1 at lea/1 is ! op9ion ( ,godefroy1 :o has discuss$ ! subject v fully4 7,cod4 ,!od4 lib4 xv4 tit4 #ab47 #ed ,libanius1 ,de ,vita ,sua1 #c4 #ee ,cod4 ,!od4 lib4 xv4 tit4 #ab1 l4 #b4 #ef ,ibid4 lib4 ix4 tit4 #dj1 l4 #h4 #eg ,ibid4 lib4 ix4 tit4 #dj1 l4 #aa4 #eh ,ibid4 lib4 xv4 tit4 #ab1 l4 #c4 #ei ,symma*4 ,ex4 x4 #fa4 #fj ,m4 ,wallon has trac$ ^! la/ %[s ) mu* le>n+4 7,hi/4 de l',esclavage1 tome iii4 pp4 #dba-dbi47 #fa ,he wav]$1 h[ev]1 on ! subject1 & on "o occasion condemn$ !m4 ,see ,wallon1 tome iii4 p4 #dbc4 #fb ,!odoret1 v4 #bf4 #fc ,mull]1 ,de ,g5io vi ,!odosiani 7#agig71 vol4 ii4 p4 #hh2 ,milman1 ,hi/4 ( ,e>ly ,*ri/ianity1 vol4 iii4 pp4 #cdc-cdg4 #fd ,see on ^! fights ,ozanam's ,civilisation 9 ! ,fif? ,c5tury 7,eng4 trans471 vol4 i4 p4 #acj4 #fe ,nieupoort1 ,de ,ritibus ,romanorum1 p4 #afi4 #ff ,see a v unequivocal passage1 ,in/4 ,div4 vi4 #bj4 ,sev]al e>li] te/imonies on ! subject are giv5 by ,b>beyrac1 ,morale des ,pres1 & 9 _m o!r books4 #fg ,see two laws enact$ 9 ,a4,d4 #chj 7,cod4 ,!od4 ix4 tit4 #ce1 l4 #d7 & ,a4,d4 #chi 7,cod4 ,!od4 ix4 tit4 #ce1 l4 #e74 ,!odosius ! ,y\ng] made a law 7ix4 tit4 #ce1 l4 #g7 except+ ! ,isaurian robb]s f ! privileges ( ^! laws4 #fh ,!re are1 ( c\rse1 innum]able miracles puni%+ guilty m51 b ,i "k none assi/+ ! civil p[] 9 do+ s4 ,z an example ( ! miracles 9 def5ce ( ! innoc5t1 ,i may cite "o by ,/4 ,mac>ius4 ,an innoc5t man1 accus$ ( a murd]1 fl$ to him4 ,he br\ght bo? ! accus$ & accus]s to ! tomb ( ! murd]$ man1 & ask$ him :e!r ! prison] 0 ! murd]]4 ,! corpse answ]$ 9 ! negative2 ! by/&]s implor$ ,/4 ,mac>ius to ask x to reveal ! real culprit2 b ,/4 ,mac>ius refus$ to d s4 7,vit ,patrum1 lib4 ii4 cap4 xxviii47 #fi 8,ut quam clem5tissime et ultra sangu9is effusionem puniretur40 #gj ,qu/4 ,roman1 xcvi4 #ga ,tillemont1 ,mm4 d',hi/4 eccls4 tome vi4 pp4 #hh-ih4 ,! ,donati/s aft] a "t1 h[ev]1 are said to h ov]come _! scruples1 & us$ swords4 #gb ,"u ! ,*ri/ian k+s1 ! b>b>ians multipli$ ! numb] ( capital (f5ces1 b ?is has usually be5 reg>d$ z an improvem5t4 ,! ,abb ,mably says3 8,quoiqu'il n\s re/e peu d'ordonnances faites s\s les premi]s ,mrov+i5s1 n\s voyons qu'avant la f9 du sixime sicle1 les ,franois avoi5t dj adopt la doctr9e salutaire des ,roma9s au sujet de la prescription2 et que r5onant cette humanit cruelle qui les enh>dissoit au mal1 ils infligr5t pe9e de mort contre l'ince/e1 le vol et le meurtre qui jusques-l n'avoi5t t punis que p> l'exil1 ou dont on se ra*etoit p> une composition4 ,les ,franois1 en r=mant quelques-unes de leurs lois civiles1 portr5t la svrit aussi lo9 que leurs pres avoi5t p\ss l'indulg5ce40--,mably1 ,obs]v4 sur l',hi/4 des ,franois1 liv4 i4 *4 iii4 ,see1 too1 ,gibbon's ,decl9e & ,fall1 *4 xxxviii4 #gc ,! :ole ( ! six? volume ( ,godefroy's edition 7folio7 ( ! ,!odosian code is tak5 up ) laws ( ^! k9ds4 #gd ,mme4 de ,/al1 ,rflexions sur le ,suicide4 #ge ,! foll[+ became ! !ological doctr9e on ! subject3 8,e/ v]e homicida et reus homicidii qui se int]fici5do innoc5tum hom9em int]fec]it40--,lisle1 ,du ,suicide1 p4 #djj4 ,/4 ,augu/9e has mu* 9 ?is /ra94 ,lucretia1 he says1 ei!r cons5t$ to ! act ( ,sextius1 or %e did n4 ,9 ! fir/ case %e 0 an adult]ess1 & %\ld !re=e n be admir$4 ,9 ! second case %e 0 a murd]ess1 because 9 kill+ h]self %e kill$ an innoc5t & virtu\s woman4 7,de ,civ4 ,dei1 i4 #ai47 #gf ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 ,t]tullian1 & ,cyprian are especially ard5t 9 ?is respect2 b _! language is1 ,i ?9k1 9 _! circum/ances1 extremely excusable4 ,comp>e ,b>beyrac1 ,morale des ,pres1 *4 ii4 #h2 *4 viii4 #cd-ci4 ,donne's ,bia?anatos 7ed4 #afdd71 pp4 #eh-fg4 ,cromaziano1 ,i/oria critica e filos(ica del ,suicidio ragionato 7,v5ezia1 #aghh71 pp4 #ace-adj4 #gg ,ambrose1 ,de ,virg9ibus1 iii4 #g4 #gh ,eusebius1 ,eccles4 ,hi/4 viii4 #ab4 #gi ,eusebius1 ,eccles4 ,hi/4 viii4 #ad4 ,bayle1 9 8 article ^u ,sophronia1 appe>s to be greatly sc&alis$ at ?is act1 & x seems t among ! ,ca?olics x is n consid]$ "r to admire ?is poor lady z mu* z h] si/] suicides4 ,tillemont rem>ks3 8,comme on ne voit pas que l'glise roma9e l'ait jamais honore1 n\s n'avons pas le mesme droit de ju/ifi] son action40--,hi/4 eccls4 tome v4 pp4 #djd1 #dje4 #hj ,especially ,b>beyrac 9 8 ,morale des ,pres4 ,he 0 answ]$ by ,ceilli]1 ,cromaziano1 & o!rs4 ,mat!w ( ,we/m9/] relates ( ,ebba1 ! abbess ( a ,york%ire conv5t :i* 0 besieg$ by ! ,danes1 t %e & all ! o!r nuns1 to save _! *a/ity1 de=m$ !mselves by cutt+ (f _! noses & upp] lips4 7,a4,d4 #hgj47 #ha ,de ,civ4 ,dei1 i4 #bb-g4 #hb ,?is _h be5 sugge/$ by ,/4 ,augu/9e4 ,9 ! case ( ,pelagia1 ,tillemont f9ds a /rong argum5t 9 support ( ?is view 9 ! a/\nd+1 if n miracul\s1 fact t1 hav+ ?r[n h]self f ! top ( ! h\se1 %e 0 actually kill$ by ! fall6 8,e/ant monte t\t au haut de sa maison1 =tifie p> le m\vem5t que ,j4-,c4 =moit dans son cur et p> le c\rage qu'il luy inspiroit1 elle se prcipita de l du haut en bas1 et *apa a9si t\s les piges de ses ennemis4 ,son corps en tombant t]re frapa1 dit ,s4 ,*ryso/ome1 les yeux du dmon plus vivem5t qu'un clair4444 ,ce qui m>que encore que ,dieu agissoit en t\t ceci c'e/ qu'au lieu que ces *utes ne sont pas t\j\rs mortelles1 ou que s\v5t ne brisant que quelques membres1 elles n'o/5t la vie que longtemps aprs1 ni l'un ni l'autre n'arriva en cette r5contre2 mais ,dieu retira aussito/ l'me de la sa9te1 en sorte que sa mort p>ut autant l'effet de la volont div9e que de sa *ute40--,hi/4 eccls4 tome v4 pp4 #dja-djb4 #hc 8,et virg9itatis coronam et nupti>um p]didit voluptatem40--,ep4 xxii4 #hd 8,quis enim siccis oculis recordetur vig9ti annorum adolesc5tulam tam ard5ti fide crucis levasse vexillum ut magis amissam virg9itatem quam m>iti dol]et int]itum80--,ep4 xxxix4 #he ,= a description ( ^! p5ances1 see ,ep4 xxxviii4 #hf ,ep4 xxxix4 #hg ,/4 ,j]ome gave "s s5sible advice on ?is po9t to "o ( 8 admir]s4 7,ep4 cxxv47 #hh ,hase1 ,/4 ,franois d',assise1 pp4 #acg-ach4 ,/4 ,palmon is said to h di$ ( 8 au/]ities4 7,vit4 ,s4 ,pa*omii47 #hi ,/4 ,augu/9e & ,/4 ,optatus h giv5 acc\nts ( ^! suicides 9 _! works aga9/ ! ,donati/s4 #ij ,see ,todd's ,life ( ,/4 ,patrick1 p4 #dfb4 #ia ,! :ole hi/ory ( suicide 9 ! d>k ages has be5 mo/ m9utely & c>efully exam9$ by ,m4 ,b\rquelot1 9 a v int]e/+ s]ies ( memoirs 9 ! ?ird & f\r? volumes ( ! ,biblio?que de l'cole des ,*>tes4 ,i am mu* indebt$ to ^! memoirs 9 ! foll[+ pages4 ,see1 too1 ,lisle1 ,du ,suicide1 ,/ati/ique1 ,mdec9e1 ,hi/oire1 et ,lgislation4 7,p>is1 #ahef47 ,! f]oci\s laws "h rec\nt$ contra/ rem>kably ) a law 9 ! ,capitul>ies 7lib4 vi4 lex #gj71 :i* provides t ?\gh mass may n be celebrat$ = a suicide1 any private p]son may1 ?r\gh *>ity1 cause pray]s to be (f]$ up = 8 s\l4 8,quia incompreh5sibilia sunt judicia ,dei1 et pr(unditatem consilii ejus nemo pote/ inve/ig>e40 #ib ,see ! v int]e/+ "w ( ! ,abb ,b\rret1 l'cole *rti5ne de ,sville s\s la mon>*ie des ,visigo?s 7,p>is1 #ahee71 p4 #aif4 #ic ,rog] ( ,w5dov]1 ,a4,d4 #ffe4 #id ,esquirol1 ,maladies m5tales1 tome i4 p4 #eia4 #ie ,lea's ,hi/ory ( ,sac]dotal ,celibacy 7,philadelphia1 #ahfg71 p4 #bdh4 #if 8,p] lo corso di molti secoli abbiamo que/o solo suicidio donnesco1 e buona cosa non av]ne pi d'uno2 p]* io non cr$o *e la impudicizia i/essa sia peggiore di que/a disp]ata ca/it40--,cromaziano1 ,i/4 del4 ,suicidio1 p4 #abf4 ,m>iana1 :o1 "u ! frock ( a ,jesuit1 bore ! he>t ( an anci5t ,roman1 treats ! case 9 a v diff]5t mann]4 8,ejus uxor ,m>ia ,coronelia cum m>iti abs5tiam non f]ret1 ne pravis cupiditatibus c$]et1 vitam posuit1 ard5tem =te libid9em igne ext+u5s adacto p] muliebria titione2 dignam meliori seculo fm9am1 insigne /udium ca/itatis40--,de ,rebus ,hispan4 xvi4 #ag4 #ig ,a numb] ( passages are cit$ by ,b\rquelot4 #ih ,?is is notic$ by ,/4 ,gregory ,nazianz5 9 a little poem :i* is giv5 9 ,migne's edition ( ,! ,greek ,fa!rs1 tome xxxvii4 p4 #adei4 ,/4 ,nilus & ! biograph] ( ,/4 ,pa*omius speak ( ^! suicides1 & ,/4 ,*ryso/om wrote a lett] ( consolation to a "y monk1 nam$ ,/agirius1 :i* is /ill extant1 enc\rag+ him to resi/ ! temptation4 ,see ,ne&]1 ,ecclesia/ical ,hi/4 vol4 iii4 pp4 #cai1 #cbj4 #ii ,b\rquelot4 ,p9el notices 7,trait mdico-philosophique sur l',alination m5tale 7#bnd ed471 pp4 #dd-df7 ! num]\s cases ( insanity /ill produc$ by /rong religi\s feel+2 & ! hi/ory ( ! movem5ts call$ 8revivals10 9 ! pres5t c5tury1 supplies mu* evid5ce to ! same effect4 ,p9el says1 religi\s insanity t5ds peculi>ly to suicide 7p4 #bfe74 #ajj ,orosius notices 7,hi/4 v4 #ad7 t ( all ! ,gauls conqu]$ by ,q4 ,m>cius1 !re 7 none :o did n pref] dea? to slav]y4 ,! ,spani>ds 7 fam\s = _! suicides1 to avoid old age z well z slav]y4 ,od91 :o1 "u diff]5t names1 0 ! supreme div9ity ( mo/ ( ! ,nor!rn tribes1 is said to h end$ 8 e>?ly life by suicide4 ,boadicea1 ! gr&e/ figure ( e>ly ,briti% hi/ory1 & ,cordeilla1 or ,cordelia1 ! mo/ pa!tic figure ( e>ly ,briti% romance1 7 bo? suicides4 7,see on ! fir/1 ,tacitus1 ,ann4 xiv4 #ce-cg1 & on ! second ,ge(frey ( ,monm\?1 ii4 #ae--;a v]sion f :i* ,%akspe>e has consid]ably div]g$1 b :i* is fai?fully foll[$ by ,sp5s]4 7,fary ,que51 book ii4 canto #aj477 #aja 8,9 our age1 :5 ! ,spani>ds ext5d$ t law :i* 0 made only aga9/ ! cannibals1 t !y :o w\ld n accept ! ,*ri/ian religion %\ld incur bondage1 ! ,indians 9 inf9ite numb]s escap$ ?is by kill+ !mselves1 & nev] ceas$ till ! ,spani>ds1 by "s c\nt]feit+s1 made !m ?9k t !y also w\ld kill !mselves1 & foll[ !m ) ! same sev]ity into ! next life40--,donne's ,bia?anatos1 p4 #ef 7ed4 #afdd74 ,on ! evid5ce ( ! e>ly travell]s on ?is po9t1 see ! essay on 8,engl&'s ,=gott5 ,wor?ies10 9 ,mr4 ,fr\de's ,%ort ,/udies4 #ajb ,lisle1 pp4 #dbg-dcd4 ,spr5g] has notic$ ! same t5d5cy among ! wit*es he tri$4 ,see ,calmeil1 ,de la ,folie 7,p>is1 #ahde71 tome i4 pp4 #afa1 #cjc-cje4 #ajc ,on mod]n suicides ! read] may consult ,w9sl['s ,anatomy ( ,suicide2 z well z ! "w ( ,m4 ,lisle1 & also ,esquirol1 ,maladies m5tales 7,p>is1 #ahch71 tome i4 pp4 #ebf-fgf4 #ajd ,heck]'s ,epidemics ( ! ,middle ,ages 7,london1 #ahdd71 p4 #aba4 ,heck] 9 8 v curi\s essay on ?is mania1 has pres]v$ a v]se ( _! song3-- 8,allu m>i mi portati ,se voleti *e mi sanati1 ,allu m>i1 alla via1 ,cos m'ama la donna mia1 ,allu m>i1 allu m>i1 ,m5tre campo1 t'aggio am>i40 #aje ,cromaziano1 ,i/4 del ,suicidio caps4 viii1 ix4 #ajf ,cromaziano1 pp4 #ib-ic4 #ajg ,montesquieu1 & _m ,cont95tal writ]s1 h notic$ ?is1 & mo/ ,engli% writ]s ( ! eighte5? c5tury seem to admit ! *>ge4 ,!re d n appe>1 h[ev]1 to h be5 any accurate /ati/ics1 & ! g5]al /atem5ts are v untru/wor?y4 ,suicides 7 suppos$ to be especially num]\s "u ! depress+ influ5ce ( ,engli% w9t] fogs4 ,! /ati/ics made 9 ! pres5t c5tury prove beyond "q t !y are mo/ num]\s 9 summ]4 #ajh ,utopia1 book ii4 *4 vi4 #aji ,a sket* ( 8 life1 :i* 0 r curi\s1 is giv5 by ,cromaziano1 pp4 #adh-aea4 ,!re is a long note on ! e>ly lit]ature 9 def5ce ( suicide1 9 ,dumas1 ,trait du ,suicide 7,am/]dam1 #agbc71 pp4 #adh-adi4 ,dumas 0 a ,prote/ant m9i/] :o wrote aga9/ suicide4 ,among ! ,engli% apologi/s = suicide 7:i* he himself committ$7 0 ,bl\nt1 ! translator ( ! ,life ( ,apollonius ( ,tyana1 & ,cree*1 an editor ( ,lucretius4 ,conc]n+ ! =m] !re is a note 9 ,bayle's ,dict4 art4 8,apollonius40 ,! latt] is notic$ by ,voltaire 9 8 ,lettres ,philos4 ,he wrote z a memor&um on ! m>g9 ( 8 8,lucretius10 8,n4,b4 ,:5 ,i h f9i%$ my ,comm5t>y ,i mu/ kill myself20 :i* he accord+ly did--,voltaire says to imitate 8 fav\rite au?or4 7,voltaire1 ,dict4 phil4 art4 8,caton407 #aaj ,essais1 liv4 ii4 *4 xiii4 #aaa ,lettres p]sanes1 lxxvi4 #aab ,n\velle ,hlose1 p>tie iii4 let4 #ba-bb4 ,esquirol gives a curi\s illu/ration ( ! way ! influ5ce ( ,r\sseau p5etrat$ ?r\gh all classes4 ,a little *ild ( ?irte5 committ$ suicide1 leav+ a writ+ beg9n+3 8,je lgue mon me a ,r\sseau1 mon corps la t]re40--,maladies m5tales1 tome i4 p4 #ehh4 #aac ,9 g5]al1 h[ev]1 ,voltaire 0 extremely oppos$ to ! philosophy ( despair1 b he c]ta9ly approv$ ( "s =ms ( suicide4 ,see ! articles 8,caton0 & 8,suicide10 9 8 ,dict4 philos4 #aad ,lisle1 ,du ,suicide1 pp4 #daa1 #dab4 #aae 8,le monde e/ vide depuis les ,roma9s40--,/4-,j1 ,procs de ,danton4 #aaf ,?is fact has be5 (t5 notic$4 ,! read] may f9d _m /ati/ics on ! subject 9 ,lisle1 ,du ,suicide1 & ,w9sl['s ,anatomy ( ,suicide4 #aag 8,!re seems good reason to believe1 t ) ! progress ( m5tal developm5t ?r\gh ! ages1 !re is1 z 9 ! case ) o!r =ms ( organic developm5t1 a correlative deg5]ation go+ on1 & t an increase ( insanity is a p5alty :i* an increase ( our pres5t civilisation necess>ily pays40--,maudsley's ,physiology ( ,m9d1 p4 #bja4 #aah ,cod4 ,!od4 lib4 ix4 tit4 #ab4 #aai ,"s comm5tators imag9e 7see ,muratori1 ,anti*4 ,ital4 ,diss4 xiv47 t among ! ,pagans ! murd] ( a man's own slave 0 only assimilat$ to ! crime ( murd]+ ! slave ( ano!r man1 :ile 9 ! ,*ri/ian law x 0 def9$ z homicide1 equival5t to ! murd] ( a freeman4 ,i confess1 h[ev]1 ?is po9t does n appe> to me at all cle>4 #abj ,see ,godefroy's ,comm5t>y on ^! laws4 #aba ,exodus xxi4 #ba #abb 8,quas vilitates vit dignas legum obs]vatione non cr$idit40--,cod4 ,!od4 lib4 ix4 tit4 #g4 ,see on ?is law1 ,wallon1 tome iii4 pp4 #dag1 #dah4 ,dean ,milman obs]ves1 8,9 ! old ,roman society 9 ! ,ea/]n ,empire ?is di/9ction betwe5 ! m>riage ( ! freeman & ! concub9age ( ! slave 0 long recognis$ by ,*ri/ianity itself4 ,^! unions 7 n bless$1 z ! m>riages ( _! sup]iors _h soon begun to be1 by ! ,*ur*4 ,basil ! ,mac$onian 7,a4,d4 #hfg-hhf7 fir/ enact$ t ! prie/ly b5$iction %\ld hall[ ! m>riage ( ! slave2 b ! au?ority ( ! emp]or 0 c\nt]act$ by ! deep-root$ prejudices ( c5turies40--,hi/4 ( ,lat9 ,*ri/ianity1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ae4 #abc ,cod4 ,!od4 lib4 ii4 tit4 #be4 #abd ,ibid4 lib4 iv4 tit4 #g4 #abe ,ibid4 lib4 ix4 tit4 #i4 #abf ,corpus ,juris1 vi4 #a4 #abg ,cod4 ,!od4 lib4 vi4 tit4 #b4 #abh ,see on all ?is legislation1 ,wallon1 tome iii42 ,*ampagny1 ,*>it *rti5ne1 pp4 #bad-bbd4 #abi ,x is wor?y ( notice1 too1 t ! ju/ice ( slav]y 0 frequ5tly bas$ by ! ,fa!rs1 z by mod]n def5d]s ( slav]y1 on ! curse ( ,ham4 ,see a numb] ( passages notic$ by ,moehl]1 ,le ,*ri/ianisme et l',esclavage 7trad4 fran471 pp4 #aea-aeb4 #acj ,! p5alty1 h[ev]1 appe>s to h be5 r$uc$ to two ye>s' exclusion f communion4 ,muratori says3 8,9 pi consili si truova decretato1 #8excommunicatione vel pnit5ti bi5nii esse subjici5dum qui s]vum proprium s9e consci5tia judicis occid]it4' 0--,anti*4 ,ital4 ,diss4 xiv4 ,besides ! works :i* treat g5]ally ( ! p5it5tial discipl9e1 ! read] may consult ) fruit ,wright's lett] ,on ! ,political ,condition ( ! ,engli% ,peasantry1 & ,moehl]1 p4 #ahf4 #aca ,on ! great multitude ( emancipat$ slaves :o ent]$1 & at "o "t almo/ monopolis$1 ! ecclesia/ical (fices1 comp>e ,moehl]1 ,le ,*ri/ianisme et l',esclavage1 pp4 #agg-agh4 ,leo ! ,great tri$ to prev5t slaves be+ rais$ to ! prie/ly (fice1 because x w\ld degrade ! latt]4 #acb ,see a mo/ admirable diss]tation on ?is subject 9 ,le ,blant1 ,inscriptions *rti5nes de la ,gaule1 tome ii4 pp4 #bhd-bii2 ,gibbon's ,decl9e & ,fall1 *4 xxxviii4 #acc ,*ampagny1 ,*>it *rti5ne1 p4 #baj4 ,^! numb]s are1 no d\bt1 exagg]at$2 see ,wallon1 ,hi/4 de l',esclavage1 tome iii4 p4 #ch4 #acd ,see ,s*midt1 ,la ,socit civile dans le ,monde roma91 pp4 #bdf-bdh4 #ace ,muratori has devot$ two valuable diss]tations 7,anti*4 ,ital4 xiv4 xv47 to m$ival slav]y4 #acf ,ozanam's ,hi/4 ( ,civilisation 9 ! ,fif? ,c5tury 7,eng4 trans471 vol4 ii4 p4 #dc4 ,/4 ,adelb]t1 ,ar*bi%op ( ,prague at ! end ( ! t5? c5tury1 0 especially fam\s = 8 opposition to ! slave trade4 ,9 ,sw$51 ! abolition ( slav]y 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury 0 av[$ly accompli%$ 9 ob$i5ce to ,*ri/ian pr9ciples4 7,moehl]1 ,le ,*ri/ianisme et l',esclavage1 pp4 #aid-aif2 ,ryan's ,hi/ory ( ! ,effects ( ,religion ^u ,mank9d1 pp4 #adb1 #adc47 #acg ,salvian1 9 a fam\s passage 7,de ,gub]natione ,dei1 lib4 v471 notices ! multitudes ( poor :o volunt>ily became 8coloni0 = ! sake ( protection & a livelihood4 ,! coloni1 :o 7 atta*$ to ! soil1 7 mu* ! same z ! m$ival s]fs4 ,we h already notic$ !m com+ into be+1 app>5tly :5 ! ,roman emp]ors settl$ b>b>ian prison]s to cultivate ! des]t l&s ( ,italy2 & be=e ! b>b>ian invasions _! numb]s seem to h mu* increas$4 ,m4 ,guizot has devot$ two *apt]s to ?is subject4 7,hi/4 de la ,civilisation en ,france1 vii4 viii47 #ach ,see ,f9lay's ,hi/4 ( ,greece1 vol4 i4 p4 #bda4 #aci ,moehl]1 p4 #aha4 #adj 8,non v'era anticam5te signor secol>e1 vescovo1 abbate1 capitolo di canonici e moni/]o *e non avesse al suo s]vigio molti s]vi4 ,molto frequ5tem5te solevano i secol>i manomett]li4 ,non cosi le *iese1 e i moni/]i1 non p] altra cagione1 a mio cr$]e1 se non p]* la manumissione una spezie di ali5azione1 ed era dai canoni proibito l'ali5>e i b5i delle *iese40--,muratori1 ,diss]t4 xv4 ,"s ,c\ncils1 h[ev]1 recognis$ ! "r ( bi%ops to emancipate ,*ur* slaves4 ,moehl]1 ,le ,*ri/ianisme et l',esclavage1 p4 #ahg4 ,_m peasants plac$ !mselves "u ! dom9ion ( ! monks1 z be+ ! be/ ma/]s1 & also to obta9 ! b5efit ( _! pray]s4 #ada ,muratori2 ,hallam's ,middle ,ages1 *4 ii4 "p ii4 #adb ,see on ?is subject1 ,ryan1 pp4 #aea-aeb2 ,cibr>io1 ,economica politica del ,m$io ,evo1 lib4 iii4 cap4 ii41 & especially ,le ,blant1 ,inscriptions *rti5nes de la ,gaule1 tome ii4 pp4 #bhd-bii4 #adc ,ab\t #e_/f?s ( a bu%el4 ,see ,hume's ,essay on ! ,popul\sness ( ,anci5t ,nations4 #add ,! hi/ory ( ^! di/ributions is trac$ ) admirable le>n+ by ,m4 ,naudet 9 8 ,mmoire sur les ,sec\rs publics dans l',antiquit 7,mm4 de l',acadmie des ,inscrip4 et ,belles-lettres1 tome xiii471 an essay to :i* ,i am mu* indebt$4 ,see1 too1 ,monni]1 ,hi/4 de l',assi/ance publique2 ,b4 ,dumas1 ,des ,sec\rs publics *ez les ,anci5s2 & ,s*midt1 ,essai sur la ,socit civile dans le ,monde roma9 et sur sa ,trans=mation p> le ,*ri/ianisme4 #ade ,livy1 ii4 #i2 ,pl9y1 ,hi/4 ,nat4 xxxi4 #da4 #adf ,dion ,cassius1 xxxviii4 #a-g4 #adg ,xiphil91 lxviii4 #b2 ,pl9y1 ,ep4 vii4 #ca4 #adh ,sp>tian4 ,sept4 ,sev]us4 #adi ,suet4 ,augu/4 #da2 ,dion ,cassius1 li1 #a4 #aej 8,afflictos civitatis relevavit2 puellas pu]osque natos p>5tibus ege/osis sumptu publico p] ,itali oppida ali jussit40--,sext4 ,aurelius ,victor1 ,epitome1 8,n]va40 ,?is measure ( ,n]va1 ?\gh n m5tion$ by any o!r writ]1 is confirm$ by ! evid5ce ( m$als4 7,naudet1 p4 #ge47 #aea ,pl94 ,panegyr4 xxvi4 xxviii4 #aeb ,we "k ( ?is *>ity f an extant bronze tablet4 ,see ,s*midt1 ,essai hi/orique sur la ,socit roma9e1 p4 #dbh4 #aec ,pl94 ,ep4 i4 #h2 iv4 #ac4 #aed ,s*midt1 p4 #dbh4 #aee ,sp>tianus1 ,hadrian4 #aef ,capitol9us1 ,anton9us4 #aeg ,capitol9us1 ,anton41 ,m>c4 ,aurel4 #aeh ,lampridius1 ,a4 ,sev]us4 #aei ,see ,fri$lnd]1 ,hi/4 des ,murs roma9es1 iii4 p4 #aeg4 #afj ,s5eca 7,de ,ira1 lib4 i4 cap4 #af7 speaks ( in/itutions call$ valetud9>ia1 :i* mo/ writ]s ?9k 7 private infirm>ies 9 ri* m5's h\ses4 ,! op9ion t ! ,romans _h public hospitals is ma9ta9$ 9 a v le>n$ & valuable1 b little-kn[n "w1 call$ ,collections relative to ! ,sy/ematic ,relief ( ! ,poor4 7,london1 #ahae47 #afa ,see ,tacit4 ,annal4 xii4 #eh2 ,pl9y1 v4 #g2 x4 #gi4 #afb ,cornelius ,nepos1 ,epam9ondas1 cap4 iii4 #afc ,plut>*1 ,cimon4 #afd ,diog4 ,lart4 ,bias4 #afe ,tac4 ,annal4 iv4 #fc4 #aff ,see ,pl9y1 ,ep4 x4 #id1 & ! rem>ks ( ,naudet1 pp4 #ch1 #ci4 #afg ,de ,(fic4 i4 #ad1 #ae4 #afh ,lucian describes ?is 9 8 fam\s picture ( ,p]egr9us2 & ,julian1 mu* lat]1 accus$ ! ,*ri/ians ( draw+ m5 into ! ,*ur* by _! *>ities4 ,socrates 7,hi/4 ,eccl4 vii4 #ag7 tells a /ory ( a ,jew :o1 pret5d+ to be a conv]t to ,*ri/ianity1 _h be5 (t5 baptis$ 9 diff]5t sects1 & _h amass$ a consid]able =tune by ! gifts he receiv$ on ^? occasions4 ,he 0 at la/ miracul\sly detect$ by ! ,novatian bi%op ,paul4 ,!re are sev]al in/ances 9 ! ,lives ( ! ,sa9ts ( judgm5ts fall+ on ^? :o dup$ b5evol5t ,*ri/ians4 #afi ,see on ?is subject ,*a/el1 tudes hi/oriques sur la ,*>it 7,p>is1 #ahec72 ,m>t9 ,doisy1 ,hi/4 de la ,*>it p5dant les quatre premi]s ,sicles 7,p>is1 #ahdh72 ,*ampagny1 ,*>it *rti5ne2 ,tollem]1 ,orig9es de la ,*>it ca?olique 7,p>is1 #ahfc72 ,ryan1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,effects ( ,religion ^u ,mank9d 7,dubl91 #ahbj72 & ! works ( ,b+ham & ( ,cave4 ,i am also indebt$1 9 ?is "p ( my subject1 to ,dean ,milman's hi/ories1 ,ne&]'s ,ecclesia/ical ,hi/ory1 & ,private ,life ( ! ,e>ly ,*ri/ians1 & to ,migne's ,encyclopdie4 #agj ,see ! fam\s epi/le ( ,julian to ,arsacius1 :]e he decl>es t x is %ameful t 8! ,galileans0 %\ld support n only _! own1 b also ! hea!n poor2 & also ! comm5ts ( ,sozom51 ,hi/4 eccl4 v4 #af4 #aga ,! conduct ( ! ,*ri/ians1 on ! fir/ ( ^! occasions1 is describ$ by ,pontius1 ,vit4 ,cypriani1 ix4 #ai4 ,/4 ,cyprian organis$ _! ef=ts4 ,on ! ,alex&rian fam9es & pe/il5ces1 see ,eusebius1 ,h4 ,e4 vii4 #bb2 ix4 #h4 #agb ,! effects ( ?is conque/ h be5 well describ$ by ,sismondi1 ,hi/4 de la ,*ute de l',empire ,roma91 tome i4 pp4 #beh-bfj4 ,!odoric aft]w>ds made "s ef=ts to re-e/abli% ! di/ribution1 b x nev] rega9$ its =m] proportions4 ,! pictures ( ! />vation & depopulation ( ,italy at ?is "t are appall+4 ,"s fe>ful facts on ! subject are collect$ by ,gibbon1 ,decl9e & ,fall1 *4 xxxvi42 ,*ateaubri&1 vime ,disc4 #b;de p>tie4 #agc ,cod4 ,!od4 ix4 xl4 #ae-af4 ,! fir/ ( ^! laws 0 made by ,!odosius1 ,a4,d4 #cib2 ! second by ,honorius1 ,a4,d4 #cih4 #agd ,cibr>io1 ,economica politica del ,m$io ,evo1 lib4 ii4 cap4 iii4 ,! mo/ rem>kable ( ^! sa9ts 0 ,/4 ,juli5 l',hospitali]1 :o hav+ "u a mi/ake kill$ 8 fa!r & "m1 z a p5ance became a f]ryman ( a great riv]1 & hav+ emb>k$ on a v /ormy & dang]\s night at ! voice ( a travell] 9 di/ress1 receiv$ ,*ri/ into 8 boat4 ,8 /ory is pa9t$ on a w9d[ ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 9 ,r\5 ,ca!dral4 ,see ,langlois1 ,essai hi/orique sur la ,pe9ture sur v]re1 pp4 #cb-cg4 #age ,! fact ( leprosy be+ tak5 z ! image ( s9 gave rise to "s curi\s notions ( its sup]natural "*1 & to _m leg5ds ( sa9ts cur+ leprosy by baptism4 ,see ,maury1 ,lg5des pieuses du ,moy5-,age1 pp4 #fd-fe4 #agf ,see on ^! hospitals ,cibr>io1 ,econ4 ,politica del ,m$io ,evo1 lib4 iii4 cap4 ii4 #agg ,calmeil obs]ves3 8,on a s\v5t con/at depuis un demi-sicle que la folie e/ sujette pr5dre la te9te des croyances religieuses1 des ides philosophiques ou sup]/itieuses1 des prjugs sociaux qui ont c\rs1 qui sont actuellem5t en vogue p>mi les peuples ou les nations2 que cette te9te v>ie dans un mme pays suivant le c>actre des vnem5ts relatifs la politique extrieure1 le c>actre des vnem5ts civils1 la nature des productions littraires1 des reprs5tations ?trales1 suivant la t\rnure1 la direction1 le g5re d'lan qu'y pr5n5t l'indu/rie1 les arts et les sci5ces40--,de la ,folie1 tome i4 pp4 #abb-abc4 #agh ,milman's ,hi/ory ( ,lat9 ,*ri/ianity1 vol4 vii4 pp4 #cec1 #ced4 8,v5it de ,anglia virgo decora valde1 p>it]que facunda1 dic5s1 ,spiritum ,sanctum inc>natum 9 r$emptionem muli]um1 et baptizavit muli]es 9 nom9e ,patris1 ,filii et sui4 ,qu mortua ducta fuit 9 ,m$iolanum1 ibi et cremata40--,annales ,dom9icanorum ,colm>i5sium 79 ! 8,r]um ,g]manic4 ,scriptores074 #agi 8,m>t9 ,gonalez1 du diocse de ,cu5ca1 disoit qu'il etoit frre de l'ar*ange ,s4 ,mi*el1 la premire vrit et l'*elle du ciel2 que c'toit p\r lui que ,dieu rs]voit la place que ,lucif] avoit p]due2 que t\s les j\rs il s'levoit au plus haut de l',empire et desc5doit ensuite au plus pr(ond des enf]s2 qu'a la f9 du monde1 qui toit pro*e1 il iroit au devant de l',anti*ri/ et qu'il le t]rass]oit1 ayant sa ma9 la croix de ,jsus-,*ri/ et sa c\ronne d'p9es4 ,l'ar*evque de ,tolde1 n'ayant pu conv]tir ce fanatique ob/91 ni l'emp*] de dogmatis]1 l'avoit enf9 livr au bras sculi]40--,t\ron1 ,hi/4 des ,hommes illu/res de l'ordre de ,/4 ,dom9ique1 ,p>is1 #agde 7,vie d',eymricus71 tome ii4 p4 #fce4 #ahj ,calmeil1 ,de la ,folie1 tome i4 p4 #acd4 #aha ,ibid4 tome i4 pp4 #bdb-bdg4 #ahb ,calmeil1 tome i4 p4 #bdg4 #ahc ,see ,esquirol1 ,maladies m5tales4 #ahd ,gibbon1 ,decl9e & ,fall1 *4 xxxvii4 #ahe ,pur*as's ,pilgrims1 ii4 #adeb4 #ahf ,desmaisons' ,asiles d',alins en ,espagne1 p4 #ec4 #ahg ,leo ,africanus1 ,description ( ,africa1 book iii4 #ahh ,i h tak5 ^! facts f a v int]e/+ little "w1 ,desmaisons1 ,des ,asiles d',alins en ,espagne2 ,re*]*es hi/oriques et mdicales 7,p>is1 #ahei74 ,dr4 ,desmaisons conjectures t ! ,spani>ds took _! asylums f ! ,mohamm$ans2 b1 z x seems to me1 he altoge!r fails to prove 8 po9t4 ,8 "w1 h[ev]1 conta9s "s curi\s in=mation on ! hi/ory ( lunatic asylums4 #ahi ,amydemus1 ,pietas ,romana 7,ox=d1 #afhg71 p4 #ba2 ,desmaisons1 p4 #ajh4 #aij ,p9el1 ,trait mdico-philosophique1 pp4 #bda1 #bdb4 #aia ,see ! dreadful description 9 ,p9el1 pp4 #bjj-bjb4 #aib ,mal?us1 :o is sometimes1 ?\gh mo/ unju/ly1 describ$ z an enemy to all *>ity1 has devot$ an admirable *apt] 7,on ,population1 book iv4 *4 ix47 to ! 8direction ( our *>ity20 b ! fulle/ exam9ation ( ?is subject ) :i* ,i am acqua9t$ is ! v int]e/+ "w ( ,du*tel1 ,sur la ,*>it4 #aic ,?is is v t]sely express$ by a great ,prote/ant writ]3 8,i give no alms to satisfy ! hung] ( my bro!r1 b to fulfil & accompli% ! w & comm& ( my ,god40--,sir ,t4 ,br[n1 ,religio ,m$ici1 "p ii4 #b4 ,a say+ almo/ exactly simil> is1 if ,i rememb] "r1 ascrib$ to ,/4 ,elizabe? ( ,hung>y4 #aid ,see ,butl]'s ,lives ( ! ,sa9ts4 #aie ,campion's ,hi/orie ( ,irel&1 book ii4 *ap4 x4 #aif ,he wrote 8 ,p]ils ( ! ,la/ ,times 9 ! int]e/ ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,p>is1 ( :i* he 0 a ,pr(essor1 & :i* 0 at w> ) ! m5dicant ord]s4 ,see ,milman's ,lat9 ,*ri/ianity1 vol4 vi4 pp4 #cdh-cef2 ,fleury1 ,eccl4 ,hi/4 lxxxiv4 #eg4 #aig ,h5ry de ,knyghton1 ,de ,ev5tibus ,angli4 #aih ,!re 0 "s sev]e legislation 9 ,engl& on ! subject aft] ! ,black ,dea?4 ,ed5's ,hi/ory ( ! ,work+ ,classes1 vol4 i4 p4 #cd4 ,9 ,france1 too1 a royal ord9ance ( #acej ord]$ m5 :o _h be5 convict$ ( begg+ ?ree times to be br&$ ) a hot iron4 ,monteil1 ,hi/4 des ,franais1 tome i4 p4 #dcd4 #aii ,ed51 vol4 i4 pp4 #hc-hg4 #bjj ,ibid4 pp4 #aja-ajc4 #bja ,ibid4 pp4 #abg-acj4 #bjb ,morigh9i1 ,in/itutions pieuses de ,rome4 #bjc ,ed51 ,hi/ory ( ! ,lab\r+ ,classes1 i4 #hc4 #bjd ,locke discuss$ ! great increase ( pov]ty1 & a bill 0 br\ght 9 sugge/+ "s rem$ies1 b did n pass4 7,ed51 vol4 i4 pp4 #bdc-bdh47 #bje ,9 a v =cible lett] address$ to ! ,iri% ,ca?olic cl]gy4 #bjf ,?is tract1 :i* is extremely valuable = ! light x ?r[s ^u ! social condition ( ,engl& at ! "t1 0 writt5 9 opposition to a bill provid+ t ! poor 9 ! poor-h\ses %\ld d wool1 hemp1 iron1 & o!r works4 ,defoe says t wages 9 ,engl& 7 high] ?an any:]e on ! ,cont95t1 ?\gh ! am\nt ( m5dicancy 0 enorm\s4 8,! reason :y s _m pret5d to want "w is1 t !y c live s well ) ! pret5ce ( want+ "w4444 ,i affirm ( my own k1 :5 ,i h want$ a man = lab\r+ "w1 & (f]$ n9e %ill+s p] week to /roll+ fell[s at my door1 !y h frequ5tly told me to my face !y c\ld get m a-begg+40 #bjg ,re=ma degl' ,in/ituti pii di ,mod5a 7publi%$ fir/ anonym\sly at ,mod5a74 ,x has be5 repr9t$ 9 ! libr>y ( ! ,italian economi/s4 #bjh ,essay on ,*>ity ,s*ools4 #bji ,magdal5 asylums h be5 v vehem5tly assail$ by ,m4 ,*>les ,comte1 9 8 ,trait de ,lgislation4 ,on ! subject ( ,f\ndl+ ,hospitals !re is a :ole lit]ature4 ,!y 7 viol5tly attack$ by1 ,i believe1 ,"l ,br\gham1 9 ! ,ed9burgh ,review1 9 ! e>ly "p ( ?is c5tury4 ,writ]s ( ?is /amp1 & inde$ mo/ political economi/s1 greatly exagg]ate ! =e?\ght ( m5 & wom51 especially 9 matt]s :]e ! passions are conc]n$4 ,x may be que/ion$ :e!r "o woman 9 a hundr$1 :o plunges into a c>e] ( vice1 is 9 ! smalle/ degree influ5c$ by a consid]ation ( :e!r or n *>itable in/itutions are provid$ = ! support ( ag$ p5it5ts4 #baj ,apol4 *4 xlii4 #baa ,on ^! p5ances1 see ,b+ham1 ,antiq4 book vii4 ,b+ham1 ,i ?9k1 ju/ly divides ! hi/ory ( asceticism into ?ree p]iods4 ,dur+ ! fir/1 :i* ext5ds f ! f\ndation ( ! ,*ur* to ,a4,d4 #bej1 !re 7 m5 & wom5 :o1 ) a view to spiritual p]fection1 ab/a9$ f m>riage1 rel9qui%$ amusem5ts1 accu/om$ !mselves to sev]e fa/s1 & gave up _! prop]ty to works ( *>ity2 b did ?is 9 ! middle ( society & )\t lead+ ! life ( ei!r a h]mit or a monk4 ,dur+ ! second p]iod1 :i* ext5d$ f ! ,decian p]secution1 an*orites 7 num]\s1 b ! cu/om ( a common or cnobitic life 0 unkn[n4 ,x 0 orig9at$ 9 ! "t ( ,con/ant9e by ,pa*omius4 #bab ,?is is expressly /at$ by ,/4 ,j]ome 7,vit4 ,pauli74 #bac ,see on ?is subject "s curi\s evid5ce 9 ,ne&]'s ,life ( ,*ryso/om4 ,/4 ,*ryso/om wrote a long "w to console fa!rs ^: sons 7 ?us s$uc$ to ! des]t4 #bad ,on ?is tradition see ,*ampagny1 ,les ,anton9s1 tome i4 p4 #aic4 #bae ,ep4 cxxiii4 #baf ,euseb4 ,eccl4 ,hi/4 ii4 #bc4 #bag ,gibbon1 ,decl9e & ,fall1 *4 xxxvii42 a brief b ma/]ly sket* ( ! progress ( ! movem5t4 #bah ,palladius1 ,hi/4 ,laus4 xxxviii4 #bai ,j]ome1 ,preface to ! ,rule ( ,/4 ,pa*omius1 #g4 #bbj ,cassian1 ,de ,cnob4 ,in/4 iv4 #a4 #bba ,ruf9us1 ,hi/4 ,mona*4 *4 v4 ,ruf9us visit$ x himself4 #bbb ,palladius1 ,hi/4 ,laus4 lxxvi4 #bbc ,ruf9us1 ,hi/4 ,mon4 vii4 #bbd ,!re is a good deal ( d\bt & controv]sy ab\t ?is4 ,see a note 9 ,mo%eim's ,eccl4 ,hi/4 7,soame's edition71 vol4 i4 p4 #ced4 #bbe ,mo/ ( ! passages rema9+ on ! subject ( ! f\ndation ( mona*ism are giv5 by ,?omass91 ,discipl9e de l'glise1 "p i4 livre iii4 *4 xii4 ,?is "w conta9s also mu* g5]al in=mation ab\t mona*ism4 ,a curi\s collection ( /ati/ics ( ! numb]s ( ! monks 9 diff]5t localities1 additional to ^? ,i h giv5 & glean$ f ! ,lives ( ! ,sa9ts1 may be f\nd 9 ,pitra 7,vie de ,/4 ,lg]1 ,introd4 p4 lix472 #b1ajj1 or1 accord+ to ano!r acc\nt1 #c1jjj monks1 liv$ 9 ! mona/]y ( ,ban*or4 #bbf ,! ?ree pr9cipal are ! ,hi/oria ,mona*orum ( ,ruf9us1 :o visit$ ,egypt ,a4,d4 #cgc1 ab\t sev5te5 ye>s aft] ! dea? ( ,/4 ,antony2 ! ,in/itutiones ( ,cassian1 :o1 hav+ visit$ ! ,ea/]n monks ab\t ,a4,d4 #cid1 f\nd$ va/ mona/]ies conta9+1 x is said1 #e1jjj monks1 at ,m>seilles1 & di$ at a great age ab\t ,a4,d4 #ddh2 & ! ,hi/oria ,lausiaca 7s call$ f ,lausus1 ,gov]nor ( ,cappadocia7 ( ,palladius1 :o 0 himself a h]mit on ,m\nt ,nitria1 9 ,a4,d4 #chh4 ,! fir/ & la/1 z well z _m m9or works ( ! same p]iod1 are giv5 9 ,rosweyde's invaluable collection ( ! lives ( ! ,fa!rs1 "o ( ! mo/ fasc9at+ volumes 9 ! :ole range ( lit]ature4 ,! hospitality ( ! monks 0 n )\t drawbacks4 ,9 a *ur* on ,m\nt ,nitria ?ree :ips 7 hung on a palm-tree--"o = *a/is+ monks1 ano!r = *a/is+ ?ieves1 & a ?ird = *a/is+ gue/s4 7,palladius1 ,hi/4 ,laus4 vii47 #bbg ,vita ,pauli4 ,/4 ,j]ome adds1 t "s w n believe ?is1 because !y h no fai?1 b t all ?+s are possible = ^? t believe4 #bbh ,vita ,/4 ,hil>ion4 #bbi ,see a long li/ ( ^! p5ances 9 ,tillemont1 ,mm4 p\r s]vir l',hi/4 eccls4 tome viii4 #bcj ,vit ,patrum 7,pa*omius74 ,he us$ to lean aga9/ a wall :5 ov]come by dr[s9ess4 #bca ,vit ,patrum1 ix4 #c4 #bcb ,sozom51 vi4 #bi4 #bcc ,e4g4 ,/4 ,antony1 accord+ to 8 biograph] ,/4 ,a?anasius4 #bcd 8,il y eut dans le ds]t de ,sct des solitaires d'une m95te p]fection4444 ,on prt5d que p\r l'ord9aire ils passoi5t des sema9es entires sans mang]1 mais app>emm5t cela ne se faisoit que dans des occasions p>ticulires40--,tillemont1 ,mm4 p\r s]vir l',hi/4 eccl4 tome viii4 p4 #ehj4 ,ev5 ?is1 h[ev]1 0 admirable6 #bce ,palladius1 ,hi/4 ,laus4 cap4 xx4 #bcf 8,primum cum accessisset ad eremum tribus cont9uis annis sub cujusdam saxi rupe /ans1 semp] oravit1 ita ut nunquam omn9o res$]it neque ,jacu]it4 ,somni autem tantum cap]et1 quantum /ans cap]e potuit2 cibum v]o nunquam sumps]at nisi die ,dom9ica4 ,presbyt] enim tunc v5iebat ad eum et (f]ebat pro eo sacrificium idque ei solum sacram5tum erat et victus40--,ruf9us1 ,hi/4 ,mona*4 cap4 xv4 #bcg ,?us ,/4 ,antony us$ to live 9 a tomb1 :]e he 0 beat5 by ! devil4 7,/4 ,a?anasius1 ,life ( ,antony47 #bch 4 ,see on ^! monks ,sozom51 vi4 #cc2 ,evagrius1 i4 #ba4 ,x is m5tion$ ( a c]ta9 ,/4 ,m>c ( ,a!ns1 t1 hav+ liv$ = ?irty ye>s nak$ 9 ! des]t1 8 body 0 cov]$ ) hair l t ( a wild bea/4 7,boll&i/s1 ,m>* #bi47 ,/4 ,m>y ( ,egypt1 dur+ "p ( h] p]iod ( p5ance1 liv$ ^u grass4 7,vit ,patrum47 #bci ,life ( ,antony4 #bdj 8,,ii ne faisoit pas aussi difficult dans sa vieillesse de se lav] quelquefois les piez4 ,et comme on tmoignoit s'en tonn] et tr\v] que cela ne rpondoit pas la vie au/re des anci5s1 il se ju/ifioit p> ces p>oles3 ,n\s avons appris tu]1 non pas notre corps mais nos passions40--,tillemont1 ,mm4 ,hi/4 eccl4 tome xv4 p4 #adh4 ,?is sa9t 0 s v virtu\s1 t he sometimes rema9$ )\t eat+ = :ole weeks4 #bda 8,non approp9quavit oleum corpusculo ejus4 ,facies vel etiam p$es a die conv]sionis su nunquam diluti sunt40--,vit ,patrum1 c4 xvii4 #bdb 8,9 facie ejus puritas animi noscebatur40--,ibid4 c4 xviii4 #bdc ,socrates1 iv4 #bc4 #bdd ,h]aclidis ,p>adisus 7,rosweyde71 c4 xlii4 #bde 8,nulla e>um p$es suos abluebat2 aliquant v]o audi5tes de balneo loqui1 irrid5tes1 confusionem et magnam abom9ationem se audire judicabant1 qu neque audi tum suum hoc audire patiebantur40--,vit4 ,s4 ,euphrax4 c4 vi4 7,rosweyde47 #bdf ,see h] acts1 ,boll&i/s1 ,april #b1 & 9 ! ,vit ,patrum4 #bdg 8,patres no/ri nunquam facies suas lavabant1 nos autem lavacra publica balneaque frequ5tamus40--,mos*us1 ,pratum ,spirituale1 clxviii4 #bdh ,pratum ,spirituale1 lxxx4 ,an ,iri% sa9t1 nam$ ,coemg5us1 is said to h %[n 8 devotion 9 a way :i* 0 directly opposite to t ( ! o!r sa9ts ,i h m5tion$--by 8 special use ( cold wat]--b ! pr9ciple 9 ea* case 0 ! same--to mortify nature4 ,/4 ,coemg5us 0 accu/om$ to pray = an h\r e night 9 a pool ( cold wat]1 :ile ! devil s5t a horrible bea/ to swim r\nd him4 ,an angel1 h[ev]1 0 s5t to him = ?ree purposes4 8,tribus de causis ,dom9o missus e/ angelus ibi ad ,s4 ,coemg5um4 ,prima ut a div]sis suis gravibus laboribus levius viv]et paulisp]2 secunda ut horridam be/iam sancto infe/am repell]et2 t]tia ut frigiditatem aqu calefac]et40--,boll&i/s1 ,june #c4 ,! editors say ^! acts are ( d\btful au!nticity4 #bdi ,see 8 ,life by 8 disciple ,antony1 9 ! ,vit ,patrum1 ,evagrius1 i4 #ac1 #ad4 ,!odoret1 ,philo!os1 cap4 xxvi4 #bej ,palladius1 ,hi/4 ,laus4 lxxvi4 #bea ,ruf9us1 ,hi/4 ,mona*4 xxxiii4 #beb ,we h a /rik+ illu/ration ( ?is 9 ,/4 ,ars5ius4 ,8 eyela%es are said to h fall5 (f ?r\gh cont9ual weep+1 & he _h always1 :5 at "w1 to put a clo? on 8 brea/ to receive 8 te>s4 ,z he felt 8 dea? approa*+1 8 t]ror rose to ! po9t ( agony4 ,! monks :o 7 ab\t him said1 8 #8,quid fles1 pat]8 numquid et tu times8' ,ille respondit1 #8,9 v]itate timeo et i/e timor qui nunc mecum e/1 semp] 9 me fuit1 ex quo factus sum mona*us4' 0--,v]ba ,s5iorum1 ,prol4 #afc4 ,x 0 said ( ,/4 ,abraham t no day pass$ aft] 8 conv]sion )\t 8 %$d+ te>s4 7,vit4 ,patrum47 ,/4 ,john ! dw>f once saw a monk laugh+ immod]ately at d9n]1 & 0 s horrifi$ t he at once began to cry4 7,tillemont1 ,mm4 de l',hi/4 eccls4 tome x4 p4 #dcj47 ,/4 ,basil 7,regul1 int]rog4 xvii47 gives a rem>kable disquisition on ! wick$ness ( laugh+1 & he obs]ves t ?is 0 ! "o bodily affection :i* ,*ri/ does n seem to h kn[n4 ,mr4 ,buckle has collect$ a s]ies ( passages to precisely ! same effect f ! writ+s ( ! ,scot* div9es4 7,hi/4 ( ,civilisation1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #che-chf47 #bec 8,mona*us autem non doctoris habet s$ plang5tis (ficium40--,contr4 ,vigilant4 xv4 #bed ,z ,tillemont puts x3 8,il se tr\va trs-peu de sa9ts en qui ,dieu ait jo9t les tal5s extrieurs de l'loqu5ce et de la sci5ce avec la grce de la prophtie et des miracles4 ,ce sont des dons que sa ,provid5ce a presque t\j\rs sp>s40--,mm4 ,hi/4 eccls4 tome iv4 p4 #cae4 #bee ,/4 ,a?anasius1 ,vit4 ,anton4 #bef ,ep4 xxii4 ,he says 8 %\ld]s 7 bruis$ :5 he awoke4 #beg ,ep4 lxx42 ,adv4 ,ruf9um1 lib4 i4 *4 xxx4 ,he !re speaks ( 8 vision z a m]e dream1 n b9d+4 ,he else:]e 7,ep4 cxxv47 speaks v s5sibly ( ! advantage ( h]mits occupy+ !mselves1 & says he le>nt ,hebrew to keep away unholy ?\ghts4 #beh ,sozom51 vi4 #bh2 ,ruf9us1 ,hi/4 ,mona*4 *4 vi4 ,socrates tells r a t\*+ /ory ( "o ( ^! illit]ate sa9ts1 nam$ ,pambos4 ,be+ unable to read1 he came to "s "o to be taught a psalm4 ,hav+ le>nt ! s+le v]se1 8,i said ,i w take he$ to my ways1 t ,i (f5d n ) my tongue10 he w5t away1 say+ t 0 en\gh if x 7 practically acquir$4 ,:5 ask$1 six mon?s1 & aga9 _m ye>s1 aft]1 :y he did n come to le>n ano!r v]se1 he answ]$ t he _h nev] be5 able truly to ma/] ?is4 7,h4 ,e4 iv4 #bc47 #bei ,tillemont1 x4 p4 #fa4 #bfj ,ibid4 viii4 #dij2 ,socrates1 ,h4 ,e4 iv4 #bc4 #bfa ,i h comb9$ 9 ?is passage incid5ts f ?ree di/9ct lives4 ,/4 ,j]ome1 9 a v fam\s & v beautiful passage ( 8 lett] to ,eu/o*ium 7,ep4 xxii47 describes ! mann] 9 :i* ! =ms ( danc+-girls appe>$ to surr\nd him z he knelt ^u ! des]t s&s4 ,/4 ,m>y ( ,egypt 7,vit ,patrum1 *4 xix47 0 especially tortur$ by ! recollection ( ! songs %e _h sung :5 "y1 :i* cont9ually haunt$ h] m9d4 ,/4 ,hil>ion 7see 8 ,life by ,/4 ,j]ome7 ?\ght he saw a gladiatorial %[ :ile he 0 repeat+ ! psalms4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ! diff]5t visions fad$ into "o ano!r l dissolv+ views is repeat$ly describ$ 9 ! biographies4 #bfb ,ruf9us1 ,hi/4 ,mona*41 *4 xi4 ,?is sa9t 0 ,/4 ,hel5us4 #bfc ,life ( ,/4 ,pa*omius 7,vit4 ,patrum71 cap4 ix4 #bfd ,ruf9us1 ,hi/4 ,mona*4 cap4 i4 ,?is /ory 0 told to ,ruf9us by ,/4 ,john ! h]mit4 ,! same sa9t describ$ 8 own visions v graphically4 8,d5ique etiam me frequ5t] dmones noctibus s$ux]unt1 et neque or>e neque requiesc]e p]mis]unt1 phantasias quasdam p] noctem totam s5sibus meis et cogitationes sugg]5tes4 ,mane v]o velut cum quadam illusione pro/]nebant se ante me dic5tes1 ,indulge nobis1 abbas1 quia laborem tibi incussimus tota nocte40--,ibid4 ,/4 ,b5$ict 9 ! des]t is said to h be5 tortur$ by ! recollection ( a beautiful girl he _h once se51 & only rega9$ 8 composure by roll+ 9 ?orns4 7,/4 ,greg4 ,dial4 ii4 #b47 #bfe ,%e liv$ also = "s "t 9 a conv5t at ,j]usalem1 :i* %e _h f\nd$4 ,melania 7:o 0 "o ( ,/4 ,j]ome's fri5ds7 0 a lady ( rank & =tune1 :o devot$ h] prop]ty to ! monks4 ,see h] j\rney 9 ,rosweyde1 lib4 ii4 #bff ,see 8 ,life 9 ,tillemont4 #bfg ,ibid4 x4 p4 #ad4 ,a c]ta9 ,didymus liv$ entirely alone till 8 dea?1 :i* took place :5 he 0 n9ety4 7,socrates1 ,h4 ,e4 iv4 #bc47 #bfh ,ruf9us1 ,hi/4 ,mona*orum1 cap4 i4 #bfi ,v]ba ,s5iorum1 #fe4 #bgj ,pelagia 0 v pretty1 &1 accord+ to h] own acc\nt1 8h] s9s 7 heavi] ?an ! s&40 ,! p ( ,antio*1 :o 7 v fond ( h]1 call$ h] ,m>g>ita1 or ! pe>l4 8,il arriva un j\r que div]s vesques1 appelez p> celui d',antio*e p\r quelques affaires1 e/ant ensemble la porte de l'eglise de ,s4-,juli51 ,plagie passa devant eux dans t\t l'clat des pompes du diable1 n'ayant pas seulem5t une coeffe sur sa te/e ni un m\*oir sur ses paules1 ce qu'on rem>qua comme le comble de son impud5ce4 ,t\s les vesques baissr5t les yeux en gmissant p\r ne pas voir ce dang]eux objet de p*1 hors ,nonne1 trs-sa9t vesque d',hliople1 qui la reg>da avec une att5tion qui fit pe9e aux autres40 ,h[ev]1 ?is bi%op imm$iately began cry+ a great deal1 & reassur$ 8 bre?r51 & a s]mon :i* he prea*$ l$ to ! conv]sion ( ! actress4 7,tillemont1 ,mm4 d',hi/4 eccls4 tome xii4 pp4 #cgh-chj4 ,see1 too1 on wom51 8"u pret5ce ( religion1 attir+ !mselves z m510 ,sozom51 iii4 #ad47 #bga ,tillemont1 tome x4 pp4 #cgf1 #cgg4 ,ap>t f family affections1 !re are "s curi\s in/ances record$ ( ! anxiety ( ! sa9ts to avoid di/ractions4 ,"o monk us$ to cov] 8 face :5 he w5t into 8 g>d51 le/ ! sight ( ! trees %\ld di/urb 8 m9d4 7,v]b4 ,s5iorum47 ,/4 ,ars5ius c\ld n be> ! ru/l+ ( ! re$s 7ibid472 & a sa9t nam$ ,boniface /ruck dead a man :o w5t ab\t ) an ape & a cymbal1 because he _h 7app>5tly q un9t5tionally7 di/urb$ him at 8 pray]s4 7,/4 ,greg4 ,dial4 i4 #i47 #bgb 8,quemadmodum se jam divitem non esse sciebat1 ita etiam patrem se esse nesciret40--,cassian1 ,de ,cnobiorum ,in/itutis1 iv4 #bg4 #bgc 8,cumque talit] infans sub oculis ejus p] dies s+ulos ag]etur1 pro amore nihilom9us ,*ri/i et ob$i5ti virtute1 rigida semp] atque immobilia patris visc]a p]mans]unt 444 p>um cogitans de lacrymis ejus1 s$ de propria humilitate ac p]fectione sollicitus40--,ibid4 #bgd ,ibid4 #bge ,boll&i/s1 ,july #f2 ,v]ba ,s5iorum1 xiv4 #bgf ,v]ba ,s5iorum1 xiv4 #bgg ,,t>tuffe 7tirant un m\*oir de sa po*e74 8,ah1 mon ,dieu1 je v\s prie1 ,avant que de p>l]1 pr5ez-moi ce m\*oir4 ,,dor9e4 ,comm5t6 ,,t>tuffe4 ,c\vrez ce se9 que je ne saurois voir2 ,p> de p>eils objets des mes sont blesses1 ,et cela fait v5ir de c\pables p5ses40 ,t>tuffe1 ,acte iii4 scne #b4 #bgh ,boll&i/s1 ,july #f4 #bgi ,v]ba ,s5iorum1 iv4 ,! poor woman1 be+ />tl$ & p]plex$ at ! proce$+s ( h] son1 said1 8,quid sic op]ui/i manus tuas1 fili8 ,ille autem dixit3 ,quia corpus muli]is ignis e/1 et ex eo ipso quo te cont+ebam v5iebat mihi commemoratio ali>um fem9>um 9 animo40 #bhj ,tillemont1 ,mm4 de l',hi/4 eccls4 tome x4 pp4 #ddd1 #dde4 #bha ,vit4 ,s4 ,pa*omius1 *4 xxxi42 ,v]ba ,s5iorum4 #bhb ,v]ba ,s5orium1 xiv4 #bhc ,palladius1 ,hi/4 ,laus4 cap4 lxxxvii4 #bhd ,boll&i/s1 ,june #f4 ,i avail myself aga9 ( ! v]sion ( ,tillemont4 8,lorsque ,s4 ,pem5 demeuroit en ,egypte avec ses frres1 leur mre1 qui avoit un extrme dsir de les voir1 v5oit s\v5t au lieu o ils e/oi5t1 sans p\voir jamais avoir cette satisfaction4 ,une fois enf9 elle prit si bi5 son temps qu'elle les r5contra qui alloi5t l'glise1 mais ds qu'ils la vir5t ils s'en ret\rnr5t en ha/e dans leur cellule et f]mr5t la porte sur eux4 ,elle les suivit1 et tr\vant la porte1 elle les appeloit avec des l>mes et des cris capables de les t\*] de compassion4444 ,pem5 s'y leva et s'y en alla1 et l'ent5dant pleur] il luy dit1 t5ant t\j\rs la porte f]me1 #8,p\rquoi v\s lassez-v\s inutilem5t pleur] et cri]8 ,n'tes-v\s pas dj assez abattue p> la vieillesse8' ,elle reconnut la voix de ,pem51 et s'ef=ant encore davantage1 elle s'cria1 #8,h1 mes enfans1 c'e/ que je v\drais bi5 v\s voir3 et quel mal y a-t-il que je v\s voie8 ,ne suis-je pas votre mre1 et ne v\s ai-je pas n\rri du lait de mes mammelles8 ,je suis dj t\te ple9e de rides1 et lorsque je v\s ay ent5du1 l'extrme envie que j'ay de v\s voir m'a tellem5t mue que je suis presque tombe en dfaillance4' 0--,mmoires de l',hi/4 eccls4 tome xv4 pp4 #aeg1 #aeh4 #bhe ,! orig9al is mu* m eloqu5t ?an my translation4 8,fili1 qu>e hoc feci/i8 ,pro ut]o quo te portavi1 satia/i me luctu1 pro lactatione qua te lactavi d$i/i mihi lacrymas1 pro osculo quo te osculata sum1 d$i/i mihi am>as cordis angu/ias2 pro dolore et labore quem passa sum1 imposui/i mihi svissimas plagas40--,vita ,simeonis 79 ,rosweyde74 #bhf ,b+ham1 ,antiquities1 book vii4 *4 iii4 #bhg ,ibid4 #bhh ,b+ham1 ,antiquities1 book vii4 *ap4 #c4 #bhi ,milman's ,e>ly ,*ri/ianity 7ed4 #ahfg71 vol4 iii4 p4 #abb4 #bij ,ibid4 vol4 iii4 p4 #aec4 #bia ,ibid4 vol4 iii4 p4 #abj4 #bib ,de ,virg9ibus1 i4 #aa4 #bic ,see ,milman's ,e>ly ,*ri/ianity1 vol4 iii4 p4 #aba4 #bid ,de ,virg9ibus1 i4 #aa4 #bie ,epi/4 xxiv4 #bif ,/4 ,j]ome describes ! sc5e at h] dep>ture ) admir+ eloqu5ce4 8,desc5dit ad portum fratre1 cognatis1 aff9ibus et quod majus e/ lib]is prosequ5tibus1 et elem5tissimam matrem pietate v9c]e cupi5tibus4 ,jam c>basa t5debantur1 et remorum ductu navis 9 altum protrahebatur4 ,p>vus ,toxotius supplices manus t5debat 9 littore1 ,ruff9a jam nubilis ut suas expect>et nuptias tac5s fletibus obsecrabat4 ,et tam5 illa siccos t5debat ad clum oculos1 pietatem 9 filios pietate 9 ,deum sup]ans4 ,nesciebat se matrem ut ,*ri/i prob>et ancillam40--,ep4 cviii4 ,9 ano!r place he says ( h]3 8,te/is e/ ,jesus1 ne unum quidem nummum ab ea fili d]elictum s$1 ut ante jam dixi1 d]elictum magnum s ali5um40--,ibid4 ,& aga93 8,vis1 lector1 ejus brevit] scire virtutes8 ,omnes suos paup]es1 paup]ior ipsa dimisit40--,ibid4 #big ,see ,*a/el1 ,etudes hi/oriques sur la ,*>it1 p4 #bca4 ,! p>5ts ( ,/4 ,gregory ,nazianz5 _h made ?is reque/1 :i* 0 fai?fully obs]v$4 #bih ,*a/el1 p4 #bcb4 #bii ,see a *>act]i/ic passage f ! ,life ( ,/4 ,fulg5tius1 quot$ by ,dean ,milman4 8,facile pote/ juv5is tol]>e quemcunque imposu]it laborem qui pot]it mat]num jam despic]e dolorem40--,hi/4 ( ,lat9 ,*ri/ianity1 vol4 ii4 p4 #hb4 #cjj ,ep4 xiv4 7,ad ,heliodorum74 #cja ,/4 ,greg4 ,dial4 ii4 #bd4 #cjb ,boll&i/s1 ,may #c 7vol4 vii4 p4 #efa74 #cjc 8,hospitibus omni loco ac tempore lib]alissimus fuit4444 ,solis consangu9eis durus erat et inhumanus1 tamquam ignotos illos respici5s40--,boll&i/s1 ,may #bi4 #cjd ,see ,helyot1 ,dict4 des ,ordres religieux1 art4 8,camaldules40 #cje ,see ! *>m+ sket* 9 ! ,life ( ,/4 ,francis1 by ,hase4 #cjf ,! leg5d ( ,/4 ,s*ola/ica1 ! si/] ( ,/4 ,b5$ict1 has be5 (t5 quot$4 ,he _h visit$ h]1 & 0 ab\t to leave 9 ! ev5+1 :5 %e implor$ him to /ay4 ,he refus$1 & %e !n pray$ to ,god1 :o s5t s viol5t a tempe/ t ! sa9t 0 unable to dep>t4 7,/4 ,greg4 ,dial4 ii4 #cc47 ,cassian speaks ( a monk :o ?\ght x 8 duty nev] to see 8 "m1 b :o lab\r$ = a :ole ye> to pay (f a debt %e _h incurr$4 7,cnob4 ,in/4 v4 #ch47 ,/4 ,j]ome m5tions ! /rong natural affection ( ,paula1 ?\gh %e consid]$ x a virtue to mortify x4 7,ep4 cviii47 #cjg ,life ( ,antony4 ,see1 too1 ! s5tim5ts ( ,/4 ,pa*omius1 ,vit4 cap4 xxvii4 #cjh 8,nec ulla res ali5a magis quam publica40--,t]tullian1 ,apol4 *4 xxxviii4 #cji 8,quid int]e/ sub cujus imp]io vivat homo moriturus1 si illi qui imp]ant1 ad impia et iniqua non cogant40--,/4 ,aug4 ,de ,civ4 ,dei1 v4 #ag4 #caj ,/4 ,j]ome decl>es t 8,mona*um 9 patria sua p]fectum esse non posse1 p]fectum autem esse nolle del9qu]e e/40--,ep4 xiv4 ,dean ,milman well says ( a lat] p]iod3 8,accord+ to ! mona/ic view ( ,*ri/ianity1 ! total ab&onm5t ( ! _w1 ) all its ties & duties1 z well z its treasures1 its enjoym5ts1 & objects ( ambition1 advanc$ r ?an dim9i%$ ! hopes ( salvation4 ,:y %\ld !y fight = a p]i%+ _w1 f :i* x 0 bett] to be e/rang$8444 ,x is s+ul>1 inde$1 t :ile we h se5 ! ,ea/]n monks turn$ into fi]ce undiscipl9$ soldi]s1 p]ill+ _! own lives & %$d+ ! blood ( o!rs )\t remorse1 9 ass]tion ( "s %ad[y %ade ( or?odox expression1 h>dly any:]e d we f9d !m ass]t+ _! lib]ties or _! religion ) intrepid resi/ance4 ,hatr$ ( h]esy 0 a m /irr+ motive ?an ! dread or ! dang] ( ,islamism4 ,aft] ! fir/ defeats ! ,*ri/ian m9d 0 /ill fur!r pro/rat$ by ! common notion t ! invasion 0 a j & heav5-commission$ visitation2 444 resi/ance a va91 almo/ an impi\s /ruggle to av]t inevitable puni%m5t40--,milman's ,lat9 ,*ri/ianity1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bjf4 ,comp>e ,massillon's fam\s ,disc\rs au ,rgim5t de ,cat9at3--8,ce qu'il y a ici de plus dplorable1 c'e/ que dans une vie rude et pnible1 dans des emplois dont les devoirs pass5t quelquefois la rigueur des clotres les plus au/res1 v\s s\ffrez t\j\rs en va9 p\r l'autre vie4444 ,dix ans de s]vices ont plus u votre corps qu'une vie entire de pnit5ce 444 un seul j\r de ces s\ffrances1 consacr au ,seigneur1 v\s aurait peut-tre valu un bonheur t]nel40 #caa ,see a v /rik+ passage 9 ,salvian1 ,de ,gub]n4 ,div4 lib4 vi4 #cab ,*ateaubri& v truly says1 8qu',orose et sa9t ,augu/9 toi5t plus occups du s*isme de ,plage que de la dsolation de l',afrique et des ,gaules40--tudes hi/or4 vime disc\rs1 #b;de p>tie4 ,! rem>k might c]ta9ly be ext5d$ mu* fur!r4 #cac ,zosimus1 ,hi/4 v4 #da4 ,?is 0 on ! fir/ occasion :5 ,rome 0 m5ac$ by ,al>ic4 #cad ,see ,m]ivale's ,conv]sion ( ! ,nor!rn ,nations1 pp4 #bjg-baj4 #cae ,see ,sismondi1 ,hi/4 de la ,*ute de l',empire roma91 tome i4 p4 #bcj4 #caf ,eunapius4 ,!re is no o!r au?ority = ! /ory ( ! trea*]y1 :i* is n believ$ by ,gibbon4 #cag ,sismondi1 ,hi/4 de la ,*ute de l',empire roma91 tome ii4 pp4 #eb-ed2 ,milman1 ,hi/4 ( ,lat9 ,*ri/ianity1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bac4 ,! ,monophysites 7 greatly afflict$ because1 aft] ! conque/1 ! ,mohamm$ans tol]at$ ! or?odox believ]s z well z !mselves1 & 7 unable to appreciate ! di/9ction betwe5 !m4 ,9 ,gaul1 ! or?odox cl]gy fav\r$ ! invasions ( ! ,franks1 :o1 alone ( ! b>b>ian conqu]ors ( ,gaul1 7 ,ca?olics1 & ,/4 ,aprunculus 0 oblig$ to fly1 ! ,burgundians desir+ to kill him on acc\nt ( 8 suspect$ connivance ) ! invad]s4 7,greg4 ,tur4 ii4 #bc47 #cah ,dean ,milman says ( ! ,*ur*1 8if trea*]\s to ! int]e/s ( ! ,roman ,empire1 x 0 true to ^? ( mank9d40--,hi/4 ( ,*ri/ianity1 vol4 iii4 p4 #dh4 ,s ,gibbon3 8,if ! decl9e ( ! ,roman ,empire 0 ha/5$ by ! conv]sion ( ,con/ant9e1 ! victori\s religion broke ! viol5ce ( ! fall & mollifi$ ! f]oci\s temp] ( ! conqu]ors40--,*4 xxxviii4 #cai ,obs]ve ) :at a f9e p]ception ,/4 ,augu/9e notices ! ess5tially un*ri/ian "* ( ! moral dispositions to :i* ! greatness ( ,rome 0 due4 ,he quotes ! s5t5ce ( ,sallu/3 8,civitas1 incr$ibile memoratu e/1 adept lib]tate quantum brevi crev]it1 tanta cupido glori incess]at20 & adds3 8,i/a ergo laudis aviditas et cupido glori multa illa mir&a fecit1 laudabilia scilicet atque gloriosa secundum hom9um exi/imationem 444 causa honoris1 laudis et glori consulu]unt patri1 9 qua ipsam gloriam requirebant1 salutemque ejus saluti su prpon]e non dubitav]unt1 pro i/o uno vitio1 id e/1 amore laudis1 pecuni cupiditatem et multa alia vitia comprim5tes4444 ,quid aliud am>5t quam gloriam1 qua volebant etiam po/ mortem tanquam viv]e 9 ore laudantium80--,de ,civ4 ,dei1 v4 #ab-ac4 #cbj 8,prt] majorum c9]es atque ossa1 volucri ,c>p5to rapitur p+uis ,damasippus et ipse1 ,ipse rotam /r+it multo sufflam9e consul2 ,nocte quidem2 s$ luna videt1 s$ sid]a te/es ,int5dunt oculos4 ,f9itum tempus honoris ,quum fu]it1 cl>a ,damasippus luce flagellum ,sumet40--,juv5al1 ,sat4 viii4 #adf4 #cba ,nat4 ,qu/4 iv4 #ac4 ,ep4 #gh4 #cbb 8,pessimum vit scelus fecit1 qui id aurum primus induit digitis 444 quisquis primus in/ituit cunctant] id fecit1 lvisque manibus1 lat5tibusque induit40--,pl94 ,hi/4 ,nat4 xxxiii4 #d4 #cbc ,see a curi\s passage 9 8 ,apologia4 ,x %\ld be said t we h only 8 own acc\nt ( ! *>ges br\ght aga9/ him4 #cbd ,! hi/ory ( false hair has be5 writt5 ) mu* le>n+ by ,m4 ,gu]le 9 8 loge des ,p]ruques4 #cbe ,! fulle/ view ( ?is age is giv5 9 a v le>n$ little "w by ,pet] ,erasmus ,mll] 7#agig71 ,de ,g5io vi ,!odosiani4 ,montfaucon has also devot$ two essays to ! moral condition ( ! ,ea/]n _w1 "o ( :i* is giv5 9 ,jort9's ,rem>ks on ,ecclesia/ical ,hi/ory4 #cbf ,see on ^! abuses ,mo%eim1 ,eccl4 ,hi/4 7,soame's ed471 vol4 i4 p4 #dfc2 ,cave's ,primitive ,*ri/ianity1 "p i4 *4 xi4 #cbg ,cave's ,primitive ,*ri/ianity1 "p i4 *4 vii4 #cbh ,ep4 lxi4 #cbi ,evagrius describes ) mu* admiration h[ c]ta9 monks ( ,pale/9e1 by 8a life :olly excell5t & div9e10 _h s ov]come _! passions t !y 7 accu/om$ to ba! ) wom52 = 8nei!r sight nor t\*1 nor a woman's embrace1 c\ld make !m relapse into _! natural condition4 ,among m5 !y desir$ to be m51 & among wom51 wom540 7,h4 ,e4 i4 #ba47 #ccj ,^! 8muli]es sub9troduct10 z !y 7 call$1 are cont9ually notic$ by ,cyprian1 ,j]ome1 & ,*ryso/om4 ,see ,mll]1 ,de ,g5io vi ,!odosiani1 & also ! ,codex ,!od4 xvi4 tit4 ii4 lex #dd1 ) ! ,comm5ts4 ,dr4 ,todd1 9 8 le>n$ ,life ( ,/4 ,patrick 7p4 #ia71 quotes 7,i %all n v5ture to d s7 f ! ,lives ( ! ,iri% ,sa9ts an extremely curi\s leg5d ( a k9d ( conte/ ( sanctity betwe5 ,/4 ,scu?9us & ,/4 ,br5dan1 9 :i* x 0 cle>ly prov$ t ! =m] _h ma/]$ 8 passions m completely ?an ! latt]4 ,an en?usia/ nam$ ,rob]t d',arbrisselles is said 9 ! twelf? c5tury to h reviv$ ! cu/om4 7,jort9's ,rem>ks1 ,a4,d4 #aajf47 #cca ,/4 ,j]ome gives 7,ep4 lii47 an extremely curi\s picture ( ^! cl]ical flatt]]s1 & sev]al examples ( ! t]ms ( ende>m5t !y 7 accu/om$ to employ4 ,! tone ( flatt]y :i* ,/4 ,j]ome himself1 ?\gh d\btless ) ! pure/ motives1 employs 9 8 copi\s correspond5ce ) 8 female admir]s1 is to a mod]n layman peculi>ly repulsive1 & sometimes v]ges ^u blasphemy4 ,9 8 lett] to ,eu/o*ium1 ^: daught] z a nun _h become ! 8bride ( ,*ri/10 he calls ! "m 8,socrus ,dei10 ! "m-9-law ( ,god4 ,see1 too1 ! extravagant flatt]ies ( ,*ryso/om 9 8 correspond5ce ) ,olympias4 #ccb 8,pudet dic]e sac]dotes idolorum1 mimi et aurig et scorta hr$itates capiunt2 solis cl]icis et mona*is hoc lege prohibetur1 et prohibetur non a p]secutoribus1 s$ a pr9cipibus ,*ri/ianis4 ,nec de lege conqu]or s$ doleo cur m]u]imus hanc legem40 ,ep4 lii4 #ccc ,see ,milman's ,hi/4 ( ,e>ly ,*ri/ianity1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cad4 #ccd ,?is 0 "o cause ( ! disputes betwe5 ,/4 ,gregory ! ,great & ! ,emp]or ,eu/ace4 ,/4 ,*ryso/om frequ5tly notices ! opposition ( ! milit>y & ! mona/ic spirits4 #cce ,hi]on4 ,ep4 cxxviii4 #ccf ,/4 ,greg4 ,nyss4 ,ad eund4 ,hi]os4 ,"s ,ca?olic writ]s h attempt$ to ?r[ d\bt ^u ! g5u95ess ( ?is epi/le1 b1 ,dean ,milman ?9ks1 ) no suffici5t reason4 ,its acc\nt ( ,j]usalem is to "s ext5t corroborat$ by ,/4 ,j]ome4 7,ad ,paul9um1 ,ep4 xxix47 #ccg 8,prt]ea non taceo *>itati ve/r1 quia omnibus s]vis ,dei qui hic vel 9 ,scriptura vel 9 timore ,dei probatissimi esse vid5tur1 displicet quod bonum et hone/as et pudicitia ve/r ecclesi illuditur2 et aliquod levam5tum turpitud9is esset1 si prohib]et synodus et pr9cipes ve/ri muli]ibus et velatis fem9is illud it] et frequ5tiam1 quam ad ,romanam civitatem v5i5do et r$eundo faciunt1 quia magna ex p>te p]eunt1 paucis remeantibus integris4 ,p]pauc enim sunt civitates 9 ,longob>dia vel 9 ,francia aut 9 ,gallia 9 qua non sit adult]a vel m]etrix g5]is ,anglorum1 quod sc&alum e/ et turpitudo totius ecclesi ve/r40--7,a4,d4 #gde7 ,ep4 lxiii4 #cch ,see ,milman's ,lat9 ,*ri/ianity1 vol4 ii4 p4 #h4 #cci ,tillemont1 ,hi/4 eccl4 tome xi4 p4 #edg4 #cdj ,?is 0 enjo9$ 9 ! rule ( ,/4 ,paphnutius4 ,see ,tillemont1 tome x4 p4 #de4 #cda 8,omnimodis mona*um fug]e deb]e muli]es et episcopos40--,cassian1 ,de ,cnob4 ,in/4 xi4 #ag4 #cdb ,we also f9d n[ & !n1 ?\gh ,i ?9k v r>ely1 intellectual fla%es ( "s brilliancy4 ,two ( !m /rike me z especially notewor?y4 ,/4 ,ars5ius refus$ to sep>ate "y crim9als f communion ?\gh he _h no hesitation ab\t old m52 = he _h obs]v$ t "y m5 spe$ily get accu/om$ & indiff]5t to ! /ate ( excommunication1 :ile old m5 feel cont9ually1 & acutely1 ! sep>ation4 7,socrates1 iv4 #bc47 ,/4 ,apollonius expla9$ ! ,egyptian idolatry ) ! mo/ intellig5t rationalism4 ,! ox1 he ?\ght1 0 9 ! fir/ in/ance wor%ipp$ = its dome/ic uses2 ! ,nile1 because x 0 ! *ief cause ( ! f]tility ( ! soil c4 7,ruf9us1 ,hi/4 ,mon4 cap4 vii47 #cdc ,palladius1 ,hi/4 ,laus4 cap4 xix4 #cdd ,ruf9us1 ,hi/4 ,mona*4 cap4 xxix4 #cde ,tillemont1 ,hi/4 eccl4 tome viii4 pp4 #ehc1 #ehd4 #cdf ,ibid4 p4 #ehi4 #cdg ,!odoret1 ,philo?4 cap4 iii4 #cdh ,v]ba ,s5iorum4 #cdi ,!odoret1 ,philo?4 cap4 ii4 #cej ,tillemont1 tome viii4 pp4 #eid-eie4 #cea ,pl9y1 ,hi/4 ,nat4 viii4 #a4 ,_m anecdotes ( elephants are collect$ viii4 #a-ab4 ,see1 too1 ,dion ,cassius1 xxxix4 #ch4 #ceb ,pl9y1 viii4 #dj4 #cec ,donne's ,bia?anatos4 p4 #bb4 ,?is habit ( bees is m5tion$ by ,/4 ,ambrose4 ,! pelican1 z is well kn[n1 aft]w>ds became an emblem ( ,*ri/4 #ced ,pl94 ,hi/4 ,nat4 x4 #f4 #cee ,a long li/ ( leg5ds ab\t dogs is giv5 by ,leg5dre1 9 ! v curi\s *apt] on animals1 9 8 ,trait de l',op9ion1 tome i4 pp4 #cjh-cbg4 #cef ,pl9y tells "s extremely pretty /ories ( ?is k9d4 7,hi/4 ,nat4 ix4 #h-i47 ,see1 too1 ,aulus ,gellius1 xvi4 #ai4 ,! dolph91 on acc\nt ( its love = its "y1 became a common symbol ( ,*ri/ among ! e>ly ,*ri/ians4 #ceg ,a v full acc\nt ( ! op9ions1 bo? ( anci5t & mod]n philosoph]s1 conc]n+ ! s\ls ( animals1 is giv5 by ,bayle1 ,dict4 arts4 8,p]eira ,e10 8,ror>ius ,k40 #ceh ,! ,jewi% law did n conf9e its c>e to ox54 ,! read] w rememb] ! t\*+ provision1 8,?\ %alt n see! a kid 9 8 "m's milk0 7,deut4 xiv4 #ba72 & ! law =bidd+ m5 to take a p>5t bird t 0 sitt+ on its "y or on its eggs4 7,deut4 xxii4 #f1 #g47 #cei 8,cujus tanta fuit apud antiquos v5]atio1 ut tam capital esset bovem necuisse quam civem40--,columella1 lib4 vi4 9 prom4 8,hic socius hom9um 9 ru/ico op]e et ,c]]is m9i/]4 ,ab hoc antiqui manus ita ab/9]e volu]unt ut capite sanx]9t si quis occidisset40--,v>ro1 ,de ,re ,ru/ic4 lib4 ii4 cap4 v4 #cfj ,see ,leg5dre1 tome ii4 p4 #cch4 ,! sword ) :i* ! prie/ sacrific$ ! ox 0 aft]w>ds pron\nc$ accurs$4 7lian1 ,hi/4 ,v>4 lib4 viii4 cap4 iii47 #cfa ,diog4 ,lart4 ,x5ocrates4 #cfb ,!re is a /ory told by ,h]odotus 7i4 #aeg-aei7 ( an ambassador :o 0 s5t by 8 fell[-c\ntrym5 to consult an oracle at ,miletus ab\t a suppliant :o _h tak5 refuge ) ! ,cymans & 0 dem&$ ) m5ace by 8 enemies4 ,! oracle1 be+ brib$1 enjo9$ ! surr5d]4 ,! ambassador on leav+1 ) seem+ c>elessness di/urb$ ! sp>r[s "u ! portico ( ! temple1 :5 ! voice f beh9d ! alt> d5\nc$ 8 impiety = di/urb+ ! gue/s ( ! gods4 ,! ambassador repli$ ) an obvi\s & )]+ retort4 lian says 7,hi/4 ,v>47 t ! ,a!nians condemn$ to dea? a boy = kill+ a sp>r[ t _h tak5 refuge 9 ! temple ( sculapius4 #cfc ,qu9tilian1 ,in/4 v4 #i4 #cfd ,9 ! same way we f9d sev]al *apt]s 9 ! ,z5dave/a ab\t ! crim9ality ( injur+ dogs2 :i* is expla9$ by ! great importance ( %eph]d's dogs to a pa/oral p4 #cfe ,on ! orig9 ( ,greek cock-fight+1 see lian1 ,hi/4 ,v>4 ii4 #bh4 ,_m p>ticul>s ab\t x are giv5 by ,a!nu4 ,*rysippus ma9ta9$ t cock-fight+ 0 ! f9al cause ( cocks1 ^! birds be+ made by ,provid5ce 9 ord] to inspire u by ! example ( _! c\rage4 7,plut>*1 ,de ,repug4 ,/oic47 ,! ,greeks d n1 h[ev]1 appe> to h kn[n 8cock-?r[+10 ! fav\rite ,engli% game ( ?r[+ a /ick call$ a 8cock-/ick0 at cocks4 ,x 0 a v anci5t & v popul> amusem5t1 & 0 practis$ especially on ,%rove ,tuesday1 & by s*ool-boys4 ,sir ,?omas ,m _h be5 fam\s = 8 skill 9 x4 7,/rutt's ,sports & ,pa/imes1 p4 #bhc47 ,?ree orig9s ( x h be5 giv53--#a/1 t 9 ! ,dani% w>s ! ,saxons fail$ to surprise a c]ta9 city 9 consequ5ce ( ! cr[+ ( cocks1 & _h 9 consequ5ce a great hatr$ ( t bird2 #bnd1 t ! cocks 7galli7 7 special repres5tatives ( ,fr5*m51 ) :om ! ,engli% 7 con/antly at w>2 & #crd1 t !y 7 connect$ ) ! d5ial ( ,/4 ,pet]4 ,z ,sir ,*>les ,s$ley said3-- 8,may/ ?\ be puni%$ = ,/4 ,pet]'s crime1 ,& on ,%rove ,tuesday p]i% 9 ?y prime40 ,knight's ,old ,engl&1 vol4 ii4 p4 #abf4 #cff ,de ,natura ,r]um1 lib4 ii4 #cfg ,life ( ,m>c4 ,cato4 #cfh 8,quid m]u]e boves1 animal s9e fraude dolisque1 ,innocuum1 simplex1 natum tol]>e labores8 ,immemor e/ demum nec frugum mun]e dignus4 ,qui potuit curvi dempto modo pond]e aratri ,ruricolam mact>e suum40-- ,metamorph4 xv4 #abj-abd4 #cfi 8,cujus ,turbavit nitidos ext9ctus pass] ocellos40 ,juv5al1 ,sat4 vi4 #g-h4 ,!re is a little poem 9 ,catullus 7iii47 to console 8 mi/ress ^u ! dea? ( h] fav\rite sp>r[2 & ,m>tial m ?an once alludes to ! pets ( ! ,roman ladies4 ,comp>e ! *>m+ description ( ! ,prioress1 9 ,*auc]3-- 8,%e 0 s *>itable & s pit\s1 ,%e wolde wepe if t %e saw a m\s ,caught 9 a trappe1 if x 7 d$ or bl$de4 ,( smale h\ndes _h %e t %e f$de ,) ro/$ fle% & milke & wa/el br$e1 ,b sore wept %e if "o ( !m 7 d$e1 ,or if m5 smote x ) a y]de sm]t3 ,& all 0 consci5ce & t5dre h]te40 ,prologue to ! 8,cant]bury ,tales40 #cgj ,philo/4 ,apol4 i4 #ch4 #cga ,see ! curi\s *apt] 9 8 1 xvi4 & comp>e x ) ,no4 #aaf 9 ! ,spectator4 #cgb ,9 8 ,de ,ab/95tia ,c>nis4 ,! controv]sy betwe5 ,orig5 & ,celsus furni%es u ) a v curi\s illu/ration ( ! extravagances into :i* "s ,pagans ( ! ?ird c5tury fell ab\t animals4 ,celsus object$ to ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e ab\t ! position ( m5 9 ! univ]se1 t _m ( ! animals 7 at lea/ ! equals ( m5 bo? 9 reason1 religi\s feel+1 & k4 7,orig4 ,cont4 ,cels4 lib4 iv47 #cgc ,^! views are *iefly def5d$ 9 8 two tracts on eat+ fle%4 ,plut>* has also recurr$ to ! subject1 incid5tally1 9 sev]al o!r works1 especially 9 a v beautiful passage 9 8 ,life ( ,m>cus ,cato4 #cgd ,see1 = example1 a /rik+ passage 9 ,clem4 ,alex4 ,/rom4 lib4 ii4 ,/4 ,clem5t imag9es ,py?agoras _h borr[$ 8 s5tim5ts on ?is subject f ,moses4 #cge ,!re is1 ,i believe1 no record ( any wild bea/ combats exi/+ among ! ,jews1 & ! rabb9ical writ]s h be5 rem>kable = ! great emphasis ) :i* !y inculcat$ ! duty ( k9dness to animals4 ,see "s passages f !m1 cit$ 9 ,wolla/on1 ,religion ( ,nature1 sec4 ii41 note4 ,maimonides believ$ 9 a future life = animals1 to recomp5se !m = _! suff]+s "h4 7,bayle1 ,dict4 art1 8,ror>ius ,d407 ,!re is a curi\s collection ( ! op9ions ( diff]5t writ]s on ?is la/ po9t 9 a little book call$ ! ,rights ( ,animals1 by ,william ,drummond 7,london1 #ahch71 pp4 #aig-bje4 #cgf ,?us ,/4 ,paul 7#a ,cor4 ix4 #i7 turn$ aside ! precept1 8,?\ %alt n muzzle ! m\? ( ! ox t treade? out ! corn10 f its natural mean+1 ) ! contemptu\s "q1 8,do? ,god take c>e = ox580 #cgg ,i h tak5 ^! illu/rations f ! collection ( h]mit lit]ature 9 ,rosweyde1 f diff]5t volumes ( ! ,boll&i/s1 f ! ,dialogues ( ,sulpicius ,sev]us1 & f :at is p]haps ! mo/ int]e/+ ( all collections ( sa9tly leg5ds1 ,colgan's ,acta ,sanctorum ,hib]ni4 ,m4 ,alfr$ ,maury1 9 8 mo/ valuable "w1 ,lg5des pieuses du ,moy5 ,age1 has exam9$ m9utely ! "p play$ by animals 9 symbolis+ virtues & vices1 & has %[n ! way 9 :i* ! same incid5ts 7 repeat$1 ) slight v>iations1 9 diff]5t leg5ds4 ,m4 de ,montalemb]t has devot$ :at is probably ! mo/ beautiful *apt] ( 8 ,mo9es d',occid5t 78,les ,mo9es et la ,nature07 to ! relations ( monks to ! animal _w2 b ! num]\s leg5ds he cites are all1 ) "o or two exceptions1 diff]5t f ^? ,i h giv54 #cgh ,*ateaubri& speaks1 h[ev] 7tudes hi/oriques1 tude vime1 #are p>tie71 ( an old ,gallic law1 =bidd+ to ?r[ a /one at an ox atta*$ to ! pl\gh1 or to make its yoke too tight4 #cgi ,boll&i/s1 ,may #ca4 ,leon>do da ,v9ci is said to h _h ! same fondness = buy+ & releas+ cag$ birds1 & 7to g back a long way7 ,py?agoras to h pur*as$ "o day1 ne> ,metapontus1 f "s fi%]m5 all ! fi% 9 _! net1 t he might h ! pleasure ( releas+ !m4 7,apuleius1 ,apologia47 #chj ,see ^! leg5ds collect$ by ,hase 7,/ ,francis4 ,assisi74 ,x is said ( ,c>d9al ,bell>m9e t he us$ to all[ v]m9 to bite him1 say+1 8,we %all h heav5 to rew>d u = our suff]+s1 b ^! poor creatures h no?+ b ! enjoym5t ( ?is pres5t life40 7,bayle1 ,dict4 philos4 art4 8,bell>m9e407 #cha ,i h notic$1 9 my ,hi/ory ( ,rationalism1 t1 al?\gh "s ,popes did und\bt$ly try to suppress ,spani% bull-fights1 ?is 0 solely on acc\nt ( ! de/ruction ( human life !y caus$4 ,full details on ?is subject w be f\nd 9 ,conc9a1 ,de ,spectaculis 7,rom1 #ageb74 ,bayle says1 8,il n'y a po9t de casui/e qui croie qu'on p*e en faisant combattre des taureaux contre des dogues10 c4 7,dict4 philos4 8,ror>ius1 ,c407 #chb ,on ! anci5t amusem5ts ( ,engl& ! read] may consult ,seym\r's ,survey ( ,london 7#agcd71 vol4 i4 pp4 #bbg-bce2 ,/rutt's ,sports & ,pa/imes ( ! ,engli% ,p4 ,cock-fight+ 0 a fav\rite *ildr5's amusem5t 9 ,engl& z e>ly z ! twelf? c5tury4 7,hampson's ,m$ii vi ,kal5d>ii1 vol4 i4 p4 #afj47 ,x 01 ) foot-ball & sev]al o!r amusem5ts1 = a "t suppress$ by ,edw>d ,,iii41 on ! gr\nd t !y 7 div]t+ ! p f ar*]y1 :i* 0 necess>y to ! milit>y greatness ( ,engl&4 #chc ,! decl9e ( ^! amusem5ts 9 ,engl& began ) ! great developm5t ( ! !atre "u ,elizabe?4 ,an ord] ( ! ,privy ,c\ncil 9 ,july1 #aeia1 prohibits ! exhibition ( plays on ,?ursday1 because on ,?ursdays be>-bait+ & su*like pa/imes _h be5 usually practis$1 & an injunction to ! same effect 0 s5t to ! ,"l ,mayor1 :]e9 x 0 /at$ t1 89 div]s places ! play]s d use to recite _! plays1 to ! great hurt & de/ruction ( ! game ( be>-bait+ & l pa/imes1 :i* are ma9ta9$ = ,h] ,maje/y's pleasure40--,ni*ols1 ,progresses ( ,que5 ,elizabe? 7ed4 #ahbc71 vol4 i4 p4 #dch4 ,! read] w rememb] ! picture 9 ,k5ilwor? ( ! ,e>l ( ,sussex petition+ ,elizabe? aga9/ ,%akespe>e1 on ! gr\nd ( 8 plays di/ract+ m5 f be>-bait+4 ,elizabe? 7see ,ni*ols7 0 extremely fond ( be>-bait+4 ,james ,i4 especially delight$ 9 cock-fight+1 & 9 #afaj 0 pres5t at a great fight betwe5 a lion & a be>4 7,hone1 ,e ,day ,book1 vol4 i4 pp4 #bee-bii47 ,! !atres1 h[ev]1 rapidly multipli$1 & a writ] :o liv$ ab\t #afbi said1 8t no less ?an sev5te5 playh\ses _h be5 built 9 or ab\t ,london )9 ?reescore ye>s40 7,seym\r's ,survey1 vol4 i4 p4 #bbi47 ,! ,rebellion suppress$ all public amusem5ts1 & :5 !y 7 re-e/abli%$ aft] ! ,re/oration1 x 0 f\nd t ! ta/es ( ! bett] classes no long] sympa?is$ ) ! be>-g>d54 ,pepys 7,di>y1 ,augu/ #ad1 #afff7 speaks ( bull-bait+ z 8a v rude & na/y pleasure10 & says he _h n be5 9 ! be>-g>d5 = _m ye>s4 ,evelyn 7,di>y1 ,june #af1 #afgj71 hav+ be5 pres5t at ^! %[s1 describes !m z 8but*]ly sports1 or r b>b>\s cruelties10 & says he _h n visit$ !m be=e = tw5ty ye>s4 ,a pap] 9 ! ,spectator 7,no4 #ada1 writt5 9 #agaa7 talks ( ^? :o 8seek _! div]sion at ! be>-g>d51 444 :]e reason & good mann]s h no "r to di/urb !m40 ,9 #agea1 h[ev]1 ,"l ,kames 0 able to say1 8,! be> g>d51 :i* is "o ( ! *ief ent]ta9m5ts ( ! ,engli%1 is held 9 abhorr5ce by ! ,fr5* & o!r polite nations40--,essay on ,morals 7#a/ ed471 p4 #g2 & he w>mly def5ds 7p4 #cj7 ! ,engli% ta/e4 ,dur+ ! latt] half ( ! la/ c5tury !re 0 con/ant controv]sy on ! subject 7:i* may be trac$ 9 ! pages ( ! ,annual ,regi/]71 & sev]al =gott5 cl]gym5 publi%$ s]mons ^u x1 & ! frequ5t riots result+ f ! fact t ! be>-g>d5s _h become ! resort ( ! wor/ classes assi/$ ! movem5t4 ,! ,london magi/rates took measures to suppress cock-?r[+ 9 #agfi 7,hampson's ,m$4 v4 ,kal5d4 p4 #afj72 b bull-bait+ cont9u$ f> into ! pres5t c5tury4 ,w9dham & ,cann+ /rongly def5d$ x2 ,dr4 ,p>r is said to h be5 fond ( x 7,s\!y's ,commonplace ,book1 vol4 iv4 p4 #ehe72 & z late z #ahbd1 ,sir ,rob]t 7!n ,mr7 ,peel argu$ /rongly aga9/ its prohibition4 7,p>liam5t>y ,debates1 vol4 x4 pp4 #acb-acc1 #dia-die47 #chd ,bacon1 9 an acc\nt ( ! defici5cies ( m$ic9e1 recomm5ds vivisection 9 t]ms t seem to imply t x 0 n practis$ 9 8 "t4 8,z = ! passages & pores1 x is true1 :i* 0 anci5tly not$1 t ! m subtle ( !m appe> n 9 anatomies1 because !y are %ut & lat5t 9 dead bodies1 ?\gh !y be op5 & manife/ 9 live2 :i* be+ suppos$1 ?\gh ! inhumanity ( anatomia vivorum 0 by ,celsus ju/ly reprov$1 yet1 9 reg>d ( ! great use ( ?is obs]vation1 ! enquiry ne$$ n by him s slightly to h be5 rel9qui%$ altoge!r1 or ref]r$ to ! casual practices ( surg]y2 b might h be5 well div]t$ ^u ! dissection ( bea/s alive1 :i*1 not)/&+ ! dissimilitude ( _! p>ts1 may suffici5tly satisfy ?is enquiry40--,advancem5t ( ,le>n+1 x4 #d4 ,h>vey speaks ( vivisections z hav+ contribut$ to lead him to ! discov]y ( ! circulation ( ! blood4 7,acl&'s ,h>veian ,oration 7#ahfe71 p4 #ee47 ,bayle1 describ+ ! treatm5t ( animals by m51 says1 8,n\s f\illons dans leurs entrailles p5dant leur vie af9 de satisfaire notre curiosit40--,dict4 philos4 art4 8,ror>ius1 ,c40 ,public op9ion 9 ,engl& 0 v /rongly direct$ to ! subject 9 ! pres5t c5tury1 by ! atroci\s cruelties p]petrat$ by ,maj5die at 8 lectures4 ,see a mo/ frightful acc\nt ( !m 9 a spee* by ,mr4 ,m>t9 7an ecc5tric ,iri% memb]1 :o 0 g5]ally ridicul$ dur+ 8 life1 & has be5 almo/ =gott5 s9ce 8 dea?1 b to ^: untir+ ex]tions ! legislative protection ( animals 9 ,engl& is due74--,p>liam5t4 ,hi/4 vol4 xii4 p4 #feb4 ,m&eville1 9 8 day1 0 a v /rong advocate ( k9dness to animals4--,comm5t>y on ! ,fable ( ! ,bees4 #che ,see 8 ,life by ,sulpicius ,sev]us4 #chf ,milman4 #chg ,greg4 ,turon4 ii4 #bi4 #chh ,?is 0 ! fir/ /ep t[>ds ! conv]sion ( ! ,bulg>ians4--,milman's ,lat9 ,*ri/ianity1 vol4 iii4 p4 #bdi4 #chi ,a rem>kable collection ( in/ances ( ?is k9d is giv5 by ,ozanam1 ,civilisation 9 ! ,fif? ,c5tury 7,eng4 trans471 vol4 i4 pp4 #abd-abg4 #cij ,/4 ,gregory1 ,dial4 iii4 #g4 ,! p>ticul> temptation ! ,jew he>d discuss$ 0 t ( ! bi%op ( ! diocese1 :o1 "u ! in/igation ( "o ( ! dmons1 0 rapidly fall+ 9 love ) a nun1 & _h proce$$ s f> z jocosely to /roke h] on ! back4 ,! ,jew1 hav+ relat$ ! vision to ! bi%op1 ! latt] re=m$ 8 mann]s1 ! ,jew became a ,*ri/ian1 & ! temple 0 turn$ into a *ur*4 #cia ,william ( ,malmesbury1 ii4 #ac4 #cib ,see ,milman's ,hi/4 ( ,lat9 ,*ri/ianity1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bic4 #cic ,cassian4 ,cnob4 ,in/it4 v4 #d4 ,see1 too1 "s /rik+ in/ances ( ?is 9 ! life ( ,/4 ,antony4 #cid ,?is spiritual pride is well notic$ by ,ne&]1 ,ecclesia/ical ,hi/ory 7,bohn's ed471 vol4 iii4 pp4 #cba-cbc4 ,x appe>s 9 _m traits scatt]$ ?r\gh ! lives ( ^! sa9ts4 ,i h already cit$ ! visions tell+ ,/4 ,antony & ,/4 ,mac>ius t !y 7 n ! be/ ( liv+ p2 & also ! case ( ! h]mit1 :o 0 deceiv$ by a devil 9 ! =m ( a woman1 because he _h be5 exalt$ by pride4 ,ano!r h]mit1 be+ v holy1 receiv$ pure :ite bread e day f heav51 b1 be+ extravagantly elat$1 ! bread got worse & worse till x became p]fectly black4 7,tillemont1 tome x4 pp4 #bg-bh47 ,a c]ta9 ,isidore affirm$ t he _h n be5 consci\s ( s91 ev5 9 ?\ght1 = =ty ye>s4 7,socrates1 iv4 #bc47 ,x 0 a say+ ( ,/4 ,antony1 t a solit>y man 9 ! des]t is free f ?ree w>s--( sight1 spee*1 & he>+3 he has to combat only =nication4 7,apo!gmata ,patrum47 #cie 8,pride1 "u su* tra9+ t ( mod]n rationali/ic philosophy1 in/ead ( runn+ to wa/e1 is turn$ to acc\nt4 ,x gets a new "n2 x is call$ self-respect4444 ,x is direct$ into ! *annel ( indu/ry1 frugality1 hone/y1 & ob$i5ce1 & x becomes ! v /aple ( ! religion & morality held 9 hon\r 9 a day l our own4 ,x becomes ! safegu>d ( *a/ity1 ! gu>antee ( v]acity1 9 high & l[2 x is ! v h\sehold god ( ! ,prote/ant1 inspir+ neatness & dec5cy 9 ! s]vant-girl1 propriety ( c>riage & ref9$ mann]s 9 h] mi/ress1 uprightness1 manl9ess1 & g5]osity 9 ! head ( ! family4444 ,x is ! /imulat+ pr9ciple ( provid5ce on ! "o h&1 & ( free exp5diture on ! o!r2 ( an hon\rable ambition & ( elegant enjoym5t40--,newman1 ,on ,univ]sity ,education1 ,disc\rse ix4 ,9 ! same lecture 7:i* is1 p]haps1 ! mo/ beautiful ( ! _m beautiful productions ( its illu/ri\s au?or71 ,dr4 ,newman describes1 ) admirable eloqu5ce1 ! mann] 9 :i* mode/y has supplant$ humility 9 ! mod]n type ( excell5ce4 ,x is sc>cely necess>y to say t ! lectur] /rongly disapproves ( ! movem5t he describes4 #cif ,?us 8indagatio v]i0 0 reckon$ among ! lead+ virtues1 & ! high place giv5 to & 8prud5tia0 9 e?ical writ+s pres]v$ ! notion ( ! moral duties connect$ ) ! discipl9e ( ! intellect4 #cig ,/4 ,augu/9e reckon$ eighty-eight sects z exi/+ 9 8 "t4 #cih ,see a full acc\nt ( ^! p]secutions 9 ,tillemont1 ,mm4 d',hi/oire eccls4 tome vi4 #cii ,socrates1 ,h4 ,e41 iv4 #af4 ,?is anecdote is mu* d\bt$ by mod]n hi/orians4 #djj ,milman's ,hi/4 ( ,*ri/ianity 7ed4 #ahfg71 vol4 ii4 p4 #dbb4 #dja ,/4 ,a?anasius1 ,hi/orical ,treatises 7,libr>y ( ! ,fa!rs71 pp4 #aib1 #bhd4 #djb ,milman1 ,hi/4 ( ,*ri/ianity1 ii4 pp4 #dcf-dcg4 #djc ,! dea? ( ,arius1 z is well kn[n1 took place sudd5ly 78 b[els1 x is said1 com+ out7 :5 he 0 j ab\t to make 8 triumphal entry into ! ,ca!dral ( ,con/ant9ople4 ,! dea? 7?\gh possibly natural7 nev] seems to h be5 reg>d$ z su*1 b x 0 a matt] ( controv]sy :e!r x 0 a miracle or a murd]4 #djd ,socrates1 ,h4 ,e41 vii4 #ac-ae4 #dje ,milman1 ,hi/4 ( ,lat9 ,*ri/ianity1 vol4 i4 pp4 #bad-bae4 #djf ,milman1 ,hi/4 ( ,*ri/ianity1 vol4 iii4 p4 #ade4 #djg ,milman1 ,hi/4 ( ,lat9 ,*ri/ianity1 vol4 i4 pp4 #bij-bia4 #djh ,ibid4 vol4 i4 pp4 #caj-caa4 #dji ,milman1 ,hi/4 ( ,lat9 ,*ri/ianity1 vol4 i4 pp4 #cad-cah4 ,dean ,milman ?us sums up ! hi/ory3 8,monks 9 ,alex&ria1 monks 9 ,antio*1 monks 9 ,j]usalem1 monks 9 ,con/ant9ople1 decide p]emptorily on or?odoxy & het]odoxy4 ,! bi%ops !mselves c[] be=e !m4 ,mac$onius 9 ,con/ant9ople1 ,flavianus 9 ,antio*1 ,elias 9 ,j]usalem1 condemn !mselves & abdicate1 or are driv5 f _! sees4 ,p]secution is univ]sal--p]secution by e means ( viol5ce & cruelty2 ! only "q is1 9 ^: h&s is ! p[] to p]secute4444 ,blood%$1 murd]1 trea*]y1 assass9ation1 ev5 dur+ ! public wor%ip ( ,god--^! are ! frightful means by :i* ea* p>ty /rives to ma9ta9 its op9ions & to defeat its adv]s>y40 #daj ,see a /rik+ passage f ,julianus ( ,eclana1 cit$ by ,milman1 ,hi/4 ( ,lat9 ,*ri/ianity1 vol4 i4 p4 #afd4 #daa 8,n[h]e is ,*ri/ianity less attractive ?an 9 ! ,c\ncils ( ! ,*ur*4444 ,intrigue1 inju/ice1 viol5ce1 decisions on au?ority alone1 & t ! au?ority ( a turbul5t majority1 444 detract f ! rev]5ce & impugn ! judgm5ts ( at lea/ ! lat] ,c\ncils4 ,! close is almo/ inv>iably a t]rible ana!ma1 9 :i* x is impossible n to disc]n ! tones ( human hatr$1 ( arrogant triumph1 ( rejoic+ at ! damnation imprecat$ aga9/ ! humiliat$ adv]s>y40--,ibid4 vol4 i4 p4 #bjb4 #dab ,see ! acc\nt ( ?is sc5e 9 ,gibbon1 ,decl9e & ,fall1 *4 xlvii42 ,milman1 ,hi/4 ( ,lat9 ,*ri/ianity1 vol4 i4 p4 #bfc4 ,!re is a conflict ( au?orities z to :e!r ! ,bi%op ( ,alex&ria himself kick$ 8 adv]s>y1 or1 to speak m correctly1 ! act :i* is *>g$ aga9/ him by "s contempor>y writ]s is n *>g$ aga9/ him by o!rs4 ,! viol5ce 0 c]ta9ly done by 8 foll[]s & 9 8 pres5ce4 #dac ,ammianus ,m>cell9us1 xxvii4 #c4 #dad ,cyprian1 ,ep4 lxi4 #dae ,milman1 ,hi/4 ( ,*ri/ianity1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cjf4 #daf ,ibid4 iii4 #aj4 #dag 8,by ?is "t ! ,old ,te/am5t language & s5tim5t ) reg>d to idolatry 7 completely incorporat$ ) ! ,*ri/ian feel+2 & :5 ,ambrose en=c$ on a ,*ri/ian ,emp]or ! sacr$ duty ( intol]ance aga9/ op9ions & practices :i* sc>cely a c5tury be=e _h be5 ! e/abli%$ religion ( ! ,empire1 8 zeal 0 support$ by almo/ ! unanim\s applause ( ! ,*ri/ian _w40--,milman's ,hi/4 ( ,*ri/ianity1 vol4 iii4 p4 #aei4 #dah ,see ! ,!odosian laws ( ,paganism4 #dai ,?is appe>s f ! :ole hi/ory ( ! controv]sy2 b ! prevail+ feel+ is1 ,i ?9k1 express$ ) peculi> vividness 9 ! foll[+ passage3--8,eadm] says 7foll[+ ! words ( ,b$e7 9 ,colman's times !re 0 a %>p controv]sy ab\t ! obs]v+ ( ,ea/]1 & o!r rules ( life = *ur*m52 !re=e1 ?is "q des]v$ly excit$ ! m9ds & feel+ ( _m p1 fe>+ le/1 p]haps1 aft] hav+ receiv$ ! "n ( ,*ri/ians1 !y %\ld run1 or _h run 9 va940--,k+'s ,hi/4 ( ! ,*ur* ( ,irel&1 book ii4 *4 vi4 #dbj ,gibbon1 *ap4 lxiii4 #dba ,an int]e/+ sket* ( ?is v int]e/+ prelate has lately be5 writt5 by ,m4 ,druon1 tude sur la ,vie et les uvres de ,synsius 7,p>is1 #ahei74 #dbb ,tradition has pron\nc$ ,gregory ! ,great to h be5 ! de/roy] ( ! ,palat9e libr>y1 & to h be5 especially zeal\s 9 burn+ ! writ+s ( ,livy1 because !y describ$ ! a*ievem5ts ( ! ,pagan gods4 ,= ^! *>ges1 h[ev] 7:i* ,i am sorry to f9d repeat$ by s em95t a writ] z ,dr4 ,drap]71 !re is no real evid5ce1 = !y are n f\nd 9 any writ] e>li] ?an ! twelf? c5tury4 7,see ,bayle1 ,dict4 art4 8,greg407 ,! extreme contempt ( ,gregory = ,pagan lit]ature is1 h[ev]1 suffici5tly manife/$ 9 8 fam\s & v curi\s lett] to ,desid]ius1 ,bi%op ( ,vi5ne1 rebuk+ him = hav+ taught c]ta9 p]sons ,pagan lit]ature1 & ?us m+l$ 8! praises ( ,jupit] ) ! praises ( ,*ri/20 do+ :at w\ld be impi\s ev5 = a religi\s layman1 8pollut+ ! m9d ) ! blasphem\s praises ( ! wick$40 ,"s curi\s evid5ce ( ! feel+s ( ! ,*ri/ians ( ! f\r?1 fif?1 & six? c5turies1 ab\t ,pagan lit]ature1 is giv5 9 ,gu+u51 ,hi/4 littraire de l',italie1 tome i4 p4 #bi-ca1 & "s leg5ds ( a lat] p]iod are c&idly relat$ by "o ( ! mo/ en?usia/ic ,engli% advocates ( ! ,middle ,ages4 7,maitl&1 ,d>k ,ages47 #dbc ,probably ! be/ acc\nt ( ! intellectual hi/ory ( ^! times is /ill to be f\nd 9 ! admirable introductory *apt]s ) :i* ! ,b5$ict9es prefac$ ea* c5tury ( _! ,hi/4 littraire de la ,france4 ,! ,b5$ict9es ?9k 7) ,hallam7 t ! eigh? c5tury 01 on ! :ole1 ! d>ke/ on ! cont95t1 ?\gh ,engl& atta9$ its l[e/ po9t some:at lat]4 ,( ! great protectors ( le>n+ ,!odoric 0 unable to write 7see ,gu+u51 tome i4 p4 #ca71 & ,*>lemagne 7,eg9h>d7 only began to le>n :5 advanc$ 9 life1 & 0 nev] q able to ma/] ! accompli%m5t4 ,alfr$1 h[ev]1 0 di/+ui%$ 9 lit]ature4 #dbd ,! belief t ! _w 0 j ab\t to end 01 z is well kn[n1 v g5]al among ! e>ly ,*ri/ians1 & greatly affect$ _! lives4 ,x appe>s 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 & v cle>ly 9 ! epi/le ascrib$ to ,b>nabas 9 ! fir/ c5tury4 ,! p]secutions ( ! second & ?ird c5turies reviv$ x1 & bo? ,t]tullian & ,cyprian 79 ,demetrianum7 /rongly ass]t x4 ,) ! triumph ( ,*ri/ianity ! appreh5sion = a "t subsid$2 b x reappe>$ ) great =ce :5 ! dissolution ( ! ,empire 0 manife/ly imp5d+1 :5 x 0 accompli%$1 & 9 ! prolong$ an>*y & suff]+ t ensu$4 ,gregory ( ,t\rs1 writ+ 9 ! latt] "p ( ! six? c5tury1 speaks ( x z v preval5t 7,prologue to ! ,fir/ ,book72 & ,/4 ,gregory ! ,great1 ab\t ! same "t1 con/antly expresses x4 ,! panic t fill$ ,europe at ! end ( ! t5? c5tury has be5 (t5 describ$4 #dbe ,maitl&'s ,d>k ,ages1 p4 #djc4 #dbf ,?is passion = scrap+ ,,mss4 became common1 accord+ to ,montfaucon1 aft] ! twelf? c5tury4 7,maitl&1 p4 #dj47 ,accord+ to ,hallam1 h[ev] 7,middle ,ages1 *4 ix4 "p i471 x mu/ h begun e>li]1 be+ *iefly caus$ by ! cessation or great dim9ution ( ! supply ( ,egyptian papyrus1 9 consequ5ce ( ! capture ( ,alex&ria by ! ,s>ac5s1 e>ly 9 ! sev5? c5tury4 #dbg ,b$e1 ,h4 ,e4 iv4 #bd4 #dbh ,m>iana1 ,de ,rebus ,hispani1 vi4 #g4 ,m>iana says ! /one 0 9 8 "t pres]v$ z a relic4 #dbi ,od]icus ,vitalis1 quot$ by ,maitl& 7,d>k ,ages1 pp4 #bfh-bfi74 ,! monk 0 re/or$ to life t he might h an opportunity ( re=mation4 ,! escape 0 a n>r[ "o1 = !re 0 only "o lett] aga9/ :i* no s9 c\ld be adduc$--a rem>kable in/ance ( ! advantages ( a diffuse /yle4 #dcj ,digby1 ,mores ,ca?olici1 book x4 p4 #bdf4 ,mat!w ( ,we/m9/] tells ( a c]ta9 k+ :o 0 v *>itable1 & ^: "r h& 7:i* _h assuag$ _m sorr[s7 rema9$ undecay$ aft] dea? 7,a4,d4 #fdd74 #dca ,see ,haurau1 ,hi/4 de la ,philosophie scola/ique1 tome i4 pp4 #bd-be4 #dcb ,on ! progress ( ,roman civilisation 9 ,brita91 see ,tacitus1 ,agricola1 xxi4 #dcc ,see ! ,b5$ict9e ,hi/4 littr4 de la ,france1 tome i4 "p ii4 p4 #i4 #dcd ,a biograph] ( ,/4 ,?omas ,aqu9as mode/ly obs]ves3--8,l'op9ion gnralem5t rp&ue p>mi les ?ologi5s c'e/ que la ,somme de ,?ologie de ,/4 ,?omas e/ non-seulem5t son *ef-d'uvre mais aussi celui de l'esprit huma940 7667--,c>le1 ,hi/4 de ,/4-,?omas d',aqu91 p4 #adj4 #dce ,see ,vi>dot1 ,hi/4 des ,arabes en ,espagne1 ii4 #adb-aff4 ,prescott's ,f]d9& & ,isabella1 *4 viii4 ,vi>dot cont5ds t ! compass--:i* appe>s to h be5 long kn[n 9 ,*9a--0 fir/ introduc$ into ,europe by ! ,mohamm$ans2 b ! evid5ce ( ?is appe>s inconclusive4 #dcf ,h]d]4 #dcg 8,impius ne audeto plac>e donis iram ,deorum40--,cic]o1 ,de ,leg4 ii4 #i4 ,see1 too1 ,philo/4 ,apoll4 ,tyan4 i4 #aa4 #dch ,!re are ?ree or f\r in/ances ( ?is relat$ by ,porphyry1 ,de ,ab/94 ,c>nis1 lib4 ii4 #dci ,muratori1 ,anti*4 ,italiane1 diss4 lxvii4 #ddj ,see1 on ! causes ( ! weal? ( ! mona/]ies1 two admirable diss]tations by ,muratori1 ,anti*4 ,italiane1 lxvii41 lxviii42 ,hallam's ,middle ,ages1 *4 vii4 "p i4 #dda 8,lors de l'tablissem5t du *ri/ianisme la religion avoit ess5tiellem5t consi/ dans l'enseignem5t moral2 elle avoit ex]c les curs et les mes p> la re*]*e de ce qui toit vraim5t beau1 vraim5t honnte4 ,au c9quime sicle on l'avoit surt\t atta*e l'or?odoxie1 au septime on l'avoit rduite la bi5faisance env]s les c\v5s40--,sismondi1 ,hi/4 des ,franais1 tome ii4 p4 #ej4 #ddb ,mr4 ,hallam1 speak+ ( ! leg5ds ( ! miracles ( sa9ts1 says3 8,x mu/ n be suppos$ t ^! absurdities 7 produc$ z well z n\ri%$ by ignorance4 ,9 mo/ cases !y 7 ! "w ( delib]ate impo/ure4 ,e ca!dral or mona/]y _h its tutel> sa9t1 & e sa9t 8 leg5d1 fabricat$ 9 ord] to enri* ! *ur*es "u 8 protection1 by exagg]at+ 8 virtues1 8 miracles1 & consequ5tly 8 p[] ( s]v+ ^? :o paid lib]ally = 8 patronage40--,middle ,ages1 *4 ix4 "p i4 ,i d n ?9k ?is passage makes suffici5t all[ance = ! unconsci\s =mation ( _m sa9tly my?s1 b no imp>tial p]son c d\bt its sub/antial tru?4 #ddc ,sismondi1 ,hi/4 des ,franais1 tome ii4 pp4 #ed1 #fb-fc4 #ddd ,milman's ,hi/4 ( ,lat9 ,*ri/ianity1 vol4 ii4 p4 #beg4 #dde ,dur&us1 a ,fr5* bi%op ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 tells h[1 8:5 a c]ta9 bi%op 0 consecrat+ a *ur* built out ( ! fruits ( usury & pillage1 he saw beh9d ! alt> ! devil 9 a pontifical ve/m5t1 /&+ at ! bi%op's ?rone1 :o said unto ! bi%op1 #8,cease f consecrat+ ! *ur*2 = x p]ta9e? to my jurisdiction1 s9ce x is built f ! fruits ( usuries & robb]ies4' ,!n ! bi%op & ! cl]gy hav+ fl$ !nce 9 fe>1 imm$iately ! devil de/roy$ t *ur* ) a great noise40--,rationale ,div9orum1 i4 #f 7translat$ = ! ,camd5 ,society74 ,a c]ta9 ,/4 ,launom> is said to h refus$ a gift = 8 mona/]y f a rapaci\s noble1 because he 0 sure x 0 d]iv$ f pillage4 7,montalemb]t's ,mo9es d',occid5t1 tome ii4 pp4 #cej-cea47 ,:5 pro/itutes 7 conv]t$ 9 ! e>ly ,*ur*1 x 0 ! rule t ! money ( :i* !y _h become possess$ %\ld nev] be appli$ to ecclesia/ical purposes1 b %\ld be di/ribut$ among ! poor4 #ddf ,v]ba ,s5iorum1 ,prol4 #agb4 #ddg ,?is vision is n relat$ by ,/4 ,gregory himself1 & "s ,ca?olics are p]plex$ ab\t x1 on acc\nt ( ! vision ( ano!r sa9t1 :o aft]w>ds ask$ :e!r ,trajan 0 sav$1 & receiv$ = answ]1 8,i wi% m5 to re/ 9 ignorance ( ?is subject1 t ! ,ca?olics may become /rong]4 ,= ?is emp]or1 ?\gh he _h great virtues1 0 an unbaptis$ infidel40 ,! :ole subject ( ! vision ( ,/4 ,gregory is discuss$ by ,*ampagny1 ,les ,anton9s1 tome i4 pp4 #cgb-cgc4 ,?is dev\t writ] says1 8,cette lg5de fut accepte p> t\t le moy5-ge1 indulg5t p\r les paens illu/res et t\t dispos les suppos] *rti5s et sauvs40 #ddh ,see ! solemn assev]ation ( ! c>e :i* he took 9 go+ only to ! mo/ cr$ible & au?oris$ s\rces = 8 mat]ials1 9 ! ,preface to ! ,fir/ ,book ( ,dialogues4 #ddi ,dial4 iv4 #cf4 #dej ,ibid4 iv4 #cj4 #dea ,ibid4 iv4 #ce4 #deb ,! fulle/ collection ( ^! visions ) :i* ,i am acqua9t$ is t made = ! ,philobiblion ,society 7vol4 ix471 by ,m4 ,delepi]re1 call$ ,l',enf] dcrit p> ceux qui l'ont vu1 ( :i* ,i h l>gely avail$ myself4 ,see1 too1 ,rusca ,de ,inf]no1 ,wright's ,purgatory ( ,/4 ,patrick1 & an int]e/+ collection ( visions giv5 by ,mr4 ,longfell[1 9 8 translation ( ,dante4 ,! ,iri% sa9ts 71 ,i am sorry to say1 prom95t 9 produc+ ?is bran* ( lit]ature4 ,/4 ,fursey1 ^: vision is "o ( ! e>lie/1 & ,tondale1 or ,tundale1 ^: vision is "o ( ! mo/ detail$1 7 bo? ,iri%4 ,! ,engli% hi/orians conta9 sev]al ( ^! visions4 ,b$e relates two or ?ree--,william ( ,malmesbury t ( ,*>les ! ,fat2 ,mat!w ,p>is ?ree visions ( purgatory4 #dec ,! n>r[ bridge ov] hell 79 "s visions cov]$ ) spikes71 :i* is a conspicu\s feature 9 ! ,mohamm$an pictures ( ! future _w1 appe>s v (t5 9 ,ca?olic visions4 ,see ,greg4 ,tur4 iv4 #cc2 ,/4 ,greg4 ,dial4 iv4 #cf2 & ! vision ( ,tundale1 9 ,delepi]re4 #ded ,few ,engli%m51 ,i imag9e1 are aw>e ( ! infam\s publications writt5 ) ?is object1 t are circulat$ by ! ,ca?olic prie/s among ! poor4 ,i h be=e me a tract 8= *ildr5 & "y p]sons10 call$ ,! ,sight ( ,hell1 by ! ,rev4 ,j4 ,furniss1 ,c4,s4,s4,r41 publi%$ 8p]missu sup]iorum10 by ,duffy 7,dubl9 & ,london74 ,x is a detail$ description ( ! dungeons ( hell1 & a few s5t5ces may s]ve z a sample4 8,see6 on ! middle ( t r$-hot floor /&s a girl2 %e looks ab\t sixte5 ye>s old4 ,h] feet are b>e4 ,%e has nei!r %oes nor /ock+s4444 ,li/56 %e speaks4 ,%e says1 ,i h be5 /&+ on ?is r$-hot floor = ye>s4 ,day & night my only /&+-place has be5 ?is r$-hot floor4444 ,look at my burnt & ble$+ feet4 ,let me g (f ?is burn+ floor = "o mom5t1 only = "o s+le %ort mom5t4444 ,! f\r? dungeon is ! boil+ kettle 444 9 ! middle ( x !re is a boy4444 ,8 eyes are burn+ l two burn+ coals4 ,two long flames come out ( 8 e>s4444 ,sometimes he op5s 8 m\?1 & blaz+ fire rolls out4 ,b li/56 !re is a s\nd l a kettle boil+4444 ,! blood is boil+ 9 ! scald$ ve9s ( t boy4 ,! bra9 is boil+ & bubbl+ 9 8 head4 ,! m>r[ is boil+ 9 8 bones4444 ,! fif? dungeon is ! r$-hot ov54444 ,! little *ild is 9 ?is r$-hot ov54 ,he> h[ x screams to come out4 ,see h[ x turns & twi/s itself ab\t 9 ! fire4 ,x beats its head aga9/ ! ro( ( ! ov54 ,x /amps its little feet on ! floor4444 ,god 0 v good to ?is *ild4 ,v likely ,god saw x w\ld get worse & worse1 & w\ld nev] rep5t1 & s x w\ld h to be puni%$ mu* m 9 hell4 ,s ,god 9 ,8 m]cy call$ x out ( ! _w 9 its e>ly *ildhood40 ,if ! read] desires to foll[ ?is subject fur!r1 he may glance ov] a companion tract by ! same rev]5d g5tleman1 call$ ,a ,t]rible ,judgm5t on a ,little ,*ild2 & also a book on ,hell1 translat$ f ! ,italian ( ,p9amonti1 & ) illu/rations depict+ ! v>i\s tortures4 #dee ,/4 ,greg4 ,dial4 iv4 #ch4 #def ,ibid4 iv4 #ah4 #deg ,alg]'s ,hi/ory ( ! ,doctr9e ( a ,future ,life 7,new ,york1 #ahff71 p4 #dad4 ,! ignis fatuus 0 sometimes suppos$ to be ! s\l ( an unbaptis$ *ild4 ,!re is1 ,i believe1 ano!r ,ca?olic leg5d ab\t ! r$brea/1 ( a v diff]5t k9d--t its brea/ 0 /a9$ ) blood :5 x 0 try+ to pull out ! ?orns f ! cr[n ( ,*ri/4 #deh ,wright's ,purgatory ( ,/4 ,patrick1 p4 #bf4 ,m4 ,delepi]re quotes a curi\s !ory ( ,fa!r ,h>d\9 7:o is *iefly kn[n = 8 sugge/ion t ! classics 7 compos$ by ! m$ival monks7 t ! rotation ( ! e>? is caus$ by ! lo/ s\ls try+ to escape f ! fire t is at ! c5tre ( ! globe1 climb+1 9 consequ5ce1 on ! inn] cru/ ( ! e>?1 :i* is ! wall ( hell1 & ?us mak+ ! :ole revolve1 z ! squirrel by climb+ turns its cage6 7,l',enf] dcrit p> ceux qui l'ont vu1 p4 #aea47 #dei ,delepi]re1 p4 #gj4 #dfj ,?us1 9 a book :i* 0 attribut$ 7x is said errone\sly7 to ,j]emy ,taylor1 we f9d two s+ul>ly unrhetorical & unimpassion$ *apt]s1 delib]ately enum]at+ ! mo/ atroci\s acts ( cruelty 9 human hi/ory1 & ma9ta9+ t !y are surpass$ by ! tortures inflict$ by ! ,deity4 ,a few in/ances w suffice4 ,c]ta9 p]sons 8put r+s ( iron1 /uck full ( %>p po9ts ( ne$les1 ab\t _! arms & feet1 9 su* a mann] z ! prison]s c\ld n move )\t w\nd+ !mselves2 !n !y compass$ !m ab\t ) fire1 to ! end t1 /&+ /ill1 !y might be burnt alive1 & if !y /irr$ ! %>p po9ts pi]c$ _! fle%4444 ,:at1 !n1 %all be ! torm5t ( ! damn$ :]e !y %all burn et]nally )\t dy+1 & )\t possibility ( remov+8444 ,alex&]1 ! son ( ,hyrcanus1 caus$ eight hundr$ to be crucifi$1 & :il/ !y 7 yet alive caus$ _! wives & *ildr5 to be murd]$ be=e _! eyes1 t s !y might n die once1 b _m dea?s4 ,?is rig\r %all n be want+ 9 hell4444 ,mez5tius ti$ a liv+ body to a dead until ! putrefi$ exhalations ( ! dead _h kill$ ! liv+4444 ,:at is ?is 9 respect ( hell1 :5 ea* body ( ! damn$ is m loa?some & unsav\ry ?an a million ( dead dogs8444 ,bonav5ture says1 if "o ( ! damn$ 7 br\ght into ?is _w x 7 suffici5t to infect ! :ole e>?4444 ,we are amaz$ to ?9k ( ! inhumanity ( ,phal>is1 :o roa/$ m5 alive 9 8 braz5 bull4 ,t 0 a joy 9 respect ( t fire ( hell4444 ,?is torm5t 444 comprises z _m torm5ts z ! body ( man has jo9ts1 s9ews1 art]ies1 c41 be+ caus$ by t p5etrat+ & real fire1 ( :i* ?is temporal fire is b a pa9t$ fire4444 ,:at comp>ison w !re be betwe5 burn+ = a hundr$ ye>s' space1 & to be burn+ )\t int]ruption z long z ,god is ,god80--,contemplations on ! ,/ate ( ,man1 book ii4 *4 #f-g1 9 ,heb]'s ,edition ( ! works ( ,taylor4 #dfa ,p]rone1 ,hi/ori ,!ologi cum ,philosophia comp>ata ,synopsis1 p4 #bi4 ,pet] ,lomb>d's "w 0 publi%$ 9 ,a4,d4 #aafj4 #dfb 8,po/remo quritur1 ,an pna reproborum visa decoloret gloriam beatorum8 an eorum beatitud9i pr(iciat8 ,de hoc ita ,gregorius ait1 ,apud animum ju/orum non obfuscat beatitud9em aspecta pna reproborum2 quia ubi jam compassio mis]i non erit1 m9u]e beatorum ltitiam non valebit4 ,et licet ju/is sua gaudia sufficiant1 ad majorem gloriam vid5t pnas malorum quas p] gratiam evas]unt4444 ,egr$i5tur ergo electi1 non loco1 s$ intellig5tia vel visione manife/a ad vid5dum impiorum cruciatus2 quos vid5tes non dolore affici5tur s$ ltitia satiabuntur1 ag5tes gratias de sua lib]atione visa impiorum ineffabili calamitate4 ,unde ,esaias impiorum torm5ta describ5s et ex eorum visione ltitiam bonorum exprim5s1 ait1 ,egr$i5tur electi scilicet et videbunt cadav]a virorum qui prv>icati sunt 9 me4 ,v]mis eorum non morietur et ignis non ext+uetur1 et erunt usque ad satietatem visionis omni c>ni1 id e/ electis4 ,ltabitur ju/us cum vid]it v9dictam40--,pet] ,lomb>d1 ,s5t54 lib4 iv4 f9is4 ,^! amiable views h (t5 be5 express$ bo? by ,ca?olic & by ,puritan div9es4 ,see ,alg]'s ,doctr9e ( a ,future ,life1 p4 #eda4 #dfc ,leg5da ,aurea4 ,!re is a curi\s fresco repres5t+ ?is transaction1 on ! portal ( ! *ur* ( ,/4 ,lor5zo1 ne> ,rome4 #dfd ,aimoni1 ,de ,ge/is ,francorum ,hi/4 iv4 #cd4 #dfe ,turp9's ,*ronicle1 *4 #cb4 ,9 ! vision ( ,watl91 h[ev] 7,a4,d4 #hbd71 ,*>lemagne 0 se5 tortur$ 9 purgatory on acc\nt ( 8 excessive love ( wom54 7,delepi]re1 ,l',enf] dcrit p> ceux qui l'ont vu1 pp4 #bg-bh47 #dff ,z ! ,abb ,mably obs]ves3 8,on croyoit en quelque sorte dans ces sicles grossi]s que l'av>ice toit le premi] attribut de ,dieu1 et que les sa9ts faisoi5t un comm]ce de leur crdit et de leur protection4 ,de-l les ri*esses imm5ses donnes aux glises p> des hommes dont les murs d%onoroi5t la religion40--,obs]vations sur l',hi/4 de ,france1 i4 #d4 #dfg ,_m curi\s examples ( ! way 9 :i* ! ,tr\bad\rs burlesqu$ ! monki% visions ( hell are giv5 by ,delepi]re1 p4 #add4--,wright's ,purgatory ( ,/4 ,patrick1 pp4 #dg-eb4 #dfh ,comte1 ,philosophie positive1 tome v4 p4 #bfi4 #dfi 8,sa9t-,b]n>d1 dans son s]mon ,de obitu ,humb]ti1 affirme que t\s les t\rm5ts de cette vie sont joies si on les comp>e une seconde des pe9es du purgatoire4 #8,imag9ez-v\s donc1 dlicates dames1' dit le pre ,valladi] 7#afac7 dans son s]mon du #cme diman*e de l',av5t1 #8d'e/re au trav]s de vos *5ets1 sur vo/re petit feu p\r une c5ta9e d'ans3 ce n'e/ ri5 au respect d'un mom5t de purgatoire4 ,mais si v\s vi/es jamais tir] quelqu'un quatre *evaux1 quelqu'un brusl] petit feu1 enrag] de faim ou de soif1 une heure de purgatoire e/ pire que t\t cela4' 0--,m]ay1 ,les ,libres ,pr*eurs 7,p>is1 #ahfj71 pp4 #acj-aca 7an extremely curi\s & sugge/ive book74 ,i n[ take up ! fir/ contempor>y book ( popul> ,ca?olic devotion on ?is subject :i* is at h&1 & read3 8,comp>$ ) ! pa9s ( purgatory1 !n1 all ^? w\nds & d>k prisons1 all ^? wild bea/s1 hooks ( iron1 r$-hot plates1 c41 :i* ! holy m>tyrs suff]$1 are no?+40 8,!y 7s\ls 9 purgatory7 are 9 a real1 ?\gh miracul\s mann]1 tortur$ by fire1 :i* is ( ! same k9d 7says ,bell>m9e7 z our elem5t fire40 8,! ,angelic ,doctor affirms #8t ! fire :i* torm5ts ! damn$ is l ! fire :i* purges ! elect4' 0 8,:at agony w n ^? holy s\ls suff] :5 ti$ & b\nd ) ! mo/ torm5t+ *a9s ( a liv+ fire l to t ( hell6 & we1 :ile able to make !m free & happy1 %all we /& l un9t]e/$ spectators80 8,/4 ,au/9 is ( op9ion t ! pa9s ( a s\l 9 purgatory dur+ ! "t requir$ to op5 & %ut "o's eye is m sev]e ?an :at ,/4 ,lawr5ce suff]$ on ! gridiron20 & mu* m to ! same effect4 7,purgatory op5$ to ! ,piety ( ! ,fai?ful4 ,ri*>dson1 ,london47 #dgj ,see ,delepi]re1 ,wright1 & ,alg]4 #dga ,?is appe>s f ! vision ( ,?urcill4 7,wright's ,purgatory ( ,/4 ,patrick1 p4 #db47 ,brompton 7,*ronicon7 tells ( an ,engli% l&lord :o _h refus$ to pay ti!s4 ,/4 ,augu/9e1 hav+ va9ly reason$ ) him1 at la/ conv9c$ him by a miracle4 ,be=e celebrat+ mass he ord]$ all excommunicat$ p]sons to leave ! *ur*1 :]eupon a corpse got out ( a grave & walk$ away4 ,! corpse1 on be+ que/ion$1 said x 0 ! body ( an anci5t ,briton :o refus$ to pay ti!s1 & _h 9 consequ5ce be5 excommunicat$ & damn$4 #dgb ,greg4 ,dial4 iv4 #dj4 #dgc ,z ,sismondi says3 8,p5dant quatre-v+ts ans1 t\t au mo9s1 il n'y eut pas un ,franc qui songet transmettre la po/rit la mmoire des vnem5ts contempora9s1 et p5dant le mme espace de temps il n'y eut pas un p]sonnage puissant qui ne btit des temples p\r la po/rit la plus recule40--,hi/4 des ,franais1 tome ii4 p4 #df4 #dgd ,gibbon says ( ! p]iod dur+ :i* ! ,m]ov+ian dyna/y reign$1 t 8x w\ld be difficult to f9d any:]e m vice or less virtue40 ,hallam reproduces ?is obs]vation1 & adds3 8,! facts ( ^! times are ( little o!r importance ?an z !y impress on ! m9d a ?or\gh notion ( ! extreme wick$ness ( almo/ e p]son conc]n$ 9 !m1 & consequ5tly ( ! /ate to :i* society 0 r$uc$40--,hi/4 ( ! ,middle ,ages1 *4 i4 ,dean ,milman is equally unfav\rable & emphatic 9 8 judgm5t4 8,x is difficult to conceive a m d>k & odi\s /ate ( society ?an t ( ,france "u h] ,m]ov+ian k+s1 ! desc5dants ( ,clovis1 z describ$ by ,gregory ( ,t\rs4 ,9 ! conflict ( b>b>ism ) ,roman ,*ri/ianity1 b>b>ism has introduc$ into ,*ri/ianity all its f]ocity ) none ( its g5]osity & magnanimity2 its en]gy %[s itself 9 atrocity ( cruelty1 & ev5 ( s5suality4 ,*ri/ianity has giv5 to b>b>ism h>dly m ?an its sup]/ition & its hatr$ ( h]etics & unbeliev]s4 ,?r\gh\t1 assass9ations1 p>ricides1 & fratricides int]m+le ) adult]ies & rapes40--,hi/ory ( ,lat9 ,*ri/ianity1 vol4 i4 p4 #cfe4 #dge ,greg4 ,tur4 iv4 #ab4 ,gregory m5tions 7v4 #da7 ano!r bi%op :o us$ to become s intoxicat$ z to be unable to /&2 & ,/4 ,boniface1 aft] describ+ ! extreme s5suality ( ! cl]gy ( 8 "t1 adds t !re are "s bi%ops 8qui licet dicant se =nic>ios vel adult]os non esse1 s$ sunt ebriosi et injuriosi10 c4--,ep4 xlix4 #dgf ,greg4 ,tur4 iv4 #ab4 #dgg ,ibid4 viii4 #bi4 ,%e gave !m knives ) holl[ grooves1 fill$ ) poison1 9 ! blades4 #dgh ,ibid4 vii4 #bj4 #dgi ,ibid4 viii4 #ca-da4 #dhj ,ibid4 v4 #ai4 #dha ,see 8 v curi\s correspond5ce ) h]4--,ep4 vi4 #e1 #ej1 #ei2 ix4 #aa1 #aag2 xi4 #fb-fc4 #dhb ,avitus1 ,ep4 v4 ,he adds3 8,m9uebat regni felicitas num]um regalium p]son>um40 #dhc ,see ! emphatic te/imony ( ,/4 ,boniface 9 ! eigh? c5tury4 8,modo autem maxima ex p>te p] civitates episcopales s$es tradit sunt laicis cupidis ad possid5dum1 vel adult]atis cl]icis1 scortatoribus et publicanis scul>it] ad p]fru5dum40--,epi/4 xlix4 8ad ,za*>iam40 ,! :ole epi/le conta9s an appall+ picture ( ! cl]ical vices ( ! times4 #dhd ,m ?an "o ,c\ncil made decrees ab\t ?is4 ,see ! ,vie de ,/4 ,lg]1 by ,dom ,pitra1 pp4 #agb-agg4 #dhe ,greg4 ,tur4 iv4 #dc4 ,/4 ,boniface1 at a mu* lat] p]iod 7,a4,d4 #gdb71 talks ( bi%ops 8,qui pugnant 9 ex]citu armati et effundunt propria manu sangu9em hom9um40--,ep4 xlix4 #dhf ,greg4 ,tur4 iv4 #bf4 #dhg ,ibid4 iv4 #bj4 #dhh ,ibid4 iii4 #bf4 #dhi ,ibid4 ix4 #cd4 #dij ,ibid4 viii4 #ai4 ,gregory says ?is /ory %\ld w>n cl]gym5 n to m$dle ) ! wives ( o!r p1 b 8cont5t !mselves ) ^? t !y may possess )\t crime40 ,! abbot _h previ\sly tri$ to s$uce ! husb& )9 ! prec9cts ( ! mona/]y1 t he might murd] him4 #dia ,ibid4 v4 #c4 #dib ,ibid4 viii4 #ci4 ,%e 0 guilty ( _m o!r crimes1 :i* ! hi/orian says 8x is bett] to pass 9 sil5ce40 ,! bi%op himself _h be5 guilty ( outrage\s & viol5t tyranny4 ,! m>riage ( ecclesia/ics appe>s at ?is "t to h be5 common 9 ,gaul1 ?\gh ! be/ m5 commonly des]t$ _! wives :5 !y 7 orda9$4 ,ano!r bi%op's wife 7iv4 #cf7 0 notori\s = h] tyranny4 #dic ,fr$ig>ius1 xlii4 ,! hi/orian describes ,clotaire z a p]fect p>agon ( ,*ri/ian graces4 #did 8,au sixime sicle on compte #bad tablissem5ts religieux des ,pyrnes la ,loire et des b\*es du ,rhne aux ,vosges40--,ozanam1 tudes g]maniques1 tome ii4 p4 #ic4 ,9 ! two foll[+ c5turies ! ecclesia/ical weal? 0 enorm\sly increas$4 #die ,mat!w ( ,we/m9/] 7,a4,d4 #geg7 speaks ( no less ?an eight ,saxon k+s hav+ done ?is4 #dif 8,le septime sicle e/ celui peut-tre qui a donn le plus de sa9ts au cal5dri]40--,sismondi1 ,hi/4 de ,france1 tome ii4 p4 #ej4 8,le plus beau titre du septime sicle une rhabilitation c'e/ le nombre considrable de sa9ts qu'il a produits4444 ,aucun sicle n'a t a9si glorifi sauf l'ge des m>tyrs dont ,dieu s'e/ rs]v de compt] le nombre4 ,*aque anne f\rnit sa moisson1 *aque j\r a sa g]be4444 ,si donc il plat ,dieu et au ,*ri/ de rp&re ple9es ma9s sur un sicle les spl5deurs des sa9ts1 qu'importe que l'hi/oire et la gloire huma9e en ti5n5t peu compte80--,pitra1 ,vie de ,/4 ,lg]1 ,introd4 p4 x4-xi4 ,?is le>n$ & v cr$ul\s writ] 7:o is n[ a c>d9al7 aft]w>ds says t we h ! record ( m ?an eight hundr$ sa9ts ( ! sev5? c5tury4 7,introd4 p4 lxxx47 #dig ,see1 e4g41 ! v t\*+ passage ab\t ! dea? ( 8 *ildr51 v4 #ce4 #dih ,lib4 ii4 ,prologue4 #dii ,greg4 ,tur4 ii4 #bg-dc4 #ejj ,he obs]ves h[ impossible x 0 t he c\ld be guilty ( %$d+ ! blood ( a relation3 8,s$ 9 8 ego nequaquam conscius sum4 ,nec enim possum sangu9em p>5tum meorum effund]e40--,greg4 ,tur4 ii4 #dj4 #eja 8,pro/]nebat enim quotidie ,deus ho/es ejus sub manu ipsius1 et augebat regnum ejus eo quod ambul>et recto corde coram eo1 et fac]et qu placita erant 9 oculis ejus40--,greg4 ,tur4 ii4 #dj4 #ejb ,lib4 iii4 ,prologue4 ,/4 ,avitus enum]ates 9 gl[+ t]ms ! ,*ri/ian virtues ( ,clovis 7,ep4 xli471 b1 z ?is 0 9 a lett] address$ to ! k+ himself1 ! eulogy may easily be expla9$4 #ejc ,?us ,hallam says3 8,!re are cont9ual pro(s ( immorality 9 ! monki% hi/orians4 ,9 ! hi/ory ( ,rumsey ,abbey1 "o ( our be/ docum5ts = ,anglo-,saxon times1 we h an anecdote ( a bi%op :o made a ,dani% nobleman drunk1 t he might *eat him out ( an e/ate1 :i* is told ) mu* approbation4 ,walt] de ,hem+=d records1 ) excessive delight1 ! well-kn[n /ory ( ! ,jews :o 7 p]suad$ by ! capta9 ( _! vessel to walk on ! s&s at l[ wat] till ! ris+ tide dr[n$ !m40--,hallam's ,middle ,ages 7#ab? ed471 iii4 p4 #cjf4 #ejd ,canciani1 ,leges ,b>b>orum1 vol4 iii4 p4 #fd4 ,canciani notices1 t among ! ,poles ! tee? ( ! (f5d+ p]sons 7 pull$ out4 ,! foll[+ passage1 f ,bod91 is1 ,i ?9k1 v rem>kable3 8,les loix et canons veul5t qu'on p>donne aux hrtiques rep5tis 7combi5 que les magi/rats en quelques lieux p> cy-devant1 y ont eu tel esg>d1 que celui qui avoit mang de la *air au ,v5dr$y e/oit brusl t\t vif1 comme il fut faict en la ville d',ang]s l'an mil c9q c5s tr5te-neuf1 s'il ne s'en rep5toit3 et jaoit qu'il se rep5ti/ si e/oit-il p5du p> compassion740--,dmonomanie des ,sorci]s1 p4 #baf4 #eje ,a long li/ ( examples ( extreme mac]ation1 f lives ( ! sa9ts ( ! sev5? & eigh? c5turies is giv5 by ,pitra1 ,vie de ,/4 ,lg]1 ,introd4 pp4 cv4-cvii4 #ejf ,?is 0 relat$ ( ,/4 ,equitius4--,greg4 ,dialog4 i4 #d4 #ejg ,ibid4 i4 #e4 ,?is sa9t 0 nam$ ,con/antius4 #ejh ,a va/ numb] ( miracles ( ?is k9d are record$4 ,see1 e4g41 ,greg4 ,tur4 ,de ,miraculis1 i4 #fa-ff2 ,hi/4 iv4 #di4 ,p]haps ! mo/ s+ul> in/ance ( ! violation ( ! sanctity ( ! *ur* 0 t by ! nuns ( a conv5t f\nd$ by ,/4 ,radegunda4 ,!y1 hav+ brok5 into rebellion1 f\r bi%ops1 ) _! att5dant cl]gy1 w5t to compose ! dispute1 & hav+ fail$1 excommunicat$ ! rebels1 :]eupon ! nuns almo/ beat !m to dea? 9 ! *ur*4--,greg4 ,tur4 ix4 #da4 #eji ,see ,canciani1 ,leges ,b>b>orum1 vol4 iii4 pp4 #ai1 #aea4 #eaj ,mu* in=mation ab\t ^! measures is giv5 by ,dr4 ,hessey1 9 8 ,bampton ,lectures on ,sunday4 ,see especially1 lect4 #c4 ,see1 too1 ,moehl]1 ,le ,*ri/ianisme et l',esclavage1 pp4 #ahf-ahg4 #eaa ,gregory ( ,t\rs enum]ates "s in/ances ( ?is 9 8 extravagant book ,de ,miraculis1 ii4 #aa2 iv4 #eg2 v4 #g4 ,"o ( ^! cases1 h[ev]1 0 = hav+ work$ on ! day ( ,/4 ,john ! ,bapti/4 ,"s o!r miracles ( ! same nature1 tak51 ,i believe1 f ,engli% s\rces1 are giv5 9 ,hessey's ,sunday 7#crd edition71 p4 #cba4 #eab ,comp>e ,pitra1 ,vie de ,/4-,lg]1 p4 #acg4 ,sismondi1 ,hi/4 des ,franais1 tome ii4 pp4 #fb-fc4 #eac ,see a rem>kable passage f 8 life1 cit$ by ,guizot1 ,hi/4 de la ,civilisation en ,france1 xviime leon4 ,! ,engli% hi/orians conta9 sev]al in/ances ( ! activity ( *>ity 9 ! d>ke/ p]iod4 ,alfr$ & ,edw>d ! ,confessor 7 conspicu\s = x4 ,e!lwolf is said to h provid$1 8= ! good ( 8 s\l10 t1 till ! day ( judgm5t1 "o poor man 9 t5 %\ld be provid$ ) meat1 dr9k1 & clo?+4 7,ass]'s ,life ( ,alfr$47 ,!re 0 a popul> leg5d t a poor man hav+ 9 va9 ask$ alms ( "s sailors1 all ! bread 9 _! vessel 0 turn$ into /one4 7,rog] ( ,w5dov]1 ,a4,d4 #fjf47 ,see1 too1 ano!r leg5d ( *>ity 9 ,mat!w ( ,we/m9/]1 ,a4,d4 #faa4 #ead ,greg4 ,tur4 ,hi/4 v4 #h4 #eae ,m4 ,guizot has giv5 sev]al specim5s ( ?is 7,hi/4 de la ,civilis4 xviime leon74 #eaf ,?is portion ( m$ival hi/ory has lately be5 well trac$ by ,mr4 ,macle>1 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ,*ri/ian ,missions 9 ! ,middle ,ages 7#ahfc74 ,see1 too1 ,montalemb]t's ,mo9es d',occid5t2 ,ozanam's tudes g]maniques4 ,! orig9al mat]ials are to be f\nd 9 ,b$e1 & 9 ! ,lives ( ! ,sa9ts--especially t ( ,/4 ,columba1 by ,adamnan4 ,on ! ,fr5* mission>ies1 see ! ,b5$ict9e ,hi/4 lit4 de la ,france1 tome iv4 p4 #e2 & on ! ,engli% mission>ies1 ,%>on ,turn]'s ,hi/4 ( ,engl&1 book x4 *4 ii4 #eag ,dion ,*ryso/om1 ,or4 ii4 7,de ,regno74 #eah ,gibbon1 *4 xvi4 #eai ,orig51 ,cels4 lib4 viii4 #ebj 8,navigamus et nos vobiscum et militamus40--,t]t4 ,apol4 xlii4 ,see1 too1 ,grotius ,de ,jure1 i4 cap4 ii4 #eba ,see an admirable diss]tation on ! op9ions ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ians ab\t milit>y s]vice1 9 ,le ,blant1 ,inscriptions *rti5nes de la ,gaule1 tome i4 pp4 #ha-hg4 ,! subject is frequ5tly ref]r$ to by ,b>beyrac1 ,morale des ,pres1 & ,grotius1 ,de ,jure1 lib4 i4 cap4 ii4 #ebb ,philo/orgius1 ii4 #e4 #ebc ,see "s excell5t rem>ks on ?is *ange1 9 ,milman's ,hi/ory ( ,*ri/ianity1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #bhg-bhh4 #ebd ,mably1 ,obs]vations sur l',hi/oire de ,france1 i4 #f2 ,hallam's ,middle ,ages1 *4 ii4 "p ii4 #ebe ,wakeman's ,ar*ologia ,hib]nica1 p4 #ba4 ,h[ev]1 ,giraldus ,cambr5sis obs]ves t ! ,iri% sa9ts 7 peculi>ly v9dictive1 & ,/4 ,columba & ,/4 ,comgall are said to h be5 lead]s 9 a sangu9>y conflict ab\t a *ur* ne> ,col]a9e4 ,see ,reeve's edition ( ,adamnan's ,life ( ,/4 ,columba1 pp4 lxxvii4 #bec4 #ebf ,campion's ,hi/orie ( ,irel& 7#aega71 book i4 *4 vi4 #ebg ,x seems curi\s to f9d 9 s calm & unfanatical a writ] z ,ju/us ,lipsius ! foll[+ passage3 8,jam et invasio qudam legitima videtur etiam s9e injuria1 ut 9 b>b>os et moribus aut religione prorsum a nobis abhorr5tes40--,politicorum sive ,civilis ,doctr9 libri 7,p>is1 #aeid71 lib4 iv4 *4 ii4 cap4 iv4 #ebh 8,con l'occasione di que/e cose ,plut>co nel ,teseo dice *e gli eroi si recavano a gr&e onore e si reputavano 9 pregio d'armi con l'ess] *iamati ladroni2 siccome a' tempi b>b>i ritornati quello di ,corsale era titolo riputato di signoria2 d'intorno a' quali tempi v5uto ,solone1 si dice av] p]messo nelle sue leggi le societ p] cagion di pr$e2 tanto ,solone b5 intese que/a no/ra compiuta ,umanit1 nella quale co/oro non godono del diritto natural delle g5ti6 ,ma quel *e fa pi m>aviglia *e ,platone ed ,ari/otile pos]o il ladroneccio fralle spezie della caccia e con tali e tanti filos(i d'una g5te umanissima conv5gono con la loro b>b>ie i ,g]mani anti*i2 appo i quali al ref]ire di ,ces>e ladronecci non solo non eran infami1 ma si t5evano tra gli es]cizi della virt siccome tra quelli *e p] co/ume non applic&o ad arte alcuna cos fuggivano l'ozio40--,vico1 ,sci5za ,nuova1 ii4 #f4 ,see1 too1 ,:ewell's ,elem5ts ( ,morality1 book vi4 *4 ii4 #ebi ,! anci5t "r ( w> is fully discuss$ by ,grotius1 ,de ,jure1 lib4 iii4 ,see1 especially1 ! horrible catalogue ( trag$ies 9 cap4 #d4 ,! milit>y feel+ t reg>ds capture z disgraceful1 _h probably "s1 ?\gh only a v subord9ate1 influ5ce 9 produc+ cruelty to ! prison]s4 #ecj 8,le j\r o ,a?nes dcrta que t\s les ,mitylni5s1 sans di/9ction de sexe ni d'ge1 s]ai5t ext]m9s1 elle ne croyait pas dpass] son droit2 qu& le l5dema9 elle rev9t sur son dcret et se cont5ta de mettre mort mille citoy5s et de confisqu] t\tes les t]res1 elle se crut huma9e et indulg5te4 ,aprs la prise de ,plate les hommes fur5t gorgs1 les femmes v5dues1 et p]sonne n'accusa les va9queurs d'avoir viol le droit4444 ,c'e/ en v]tu de ce droit de la gu]re que ,rome a t5du la solitude aut\r d'elle2 du t]ritoire o les ,volsques avai5t v+t-trois cits elle a fait les m>ais pont9s2 les c9quante-trois villes du ,latium ont disp>u2 dans le ,samnium on put longtemps reconnatre les lieux o les armes roma9es avai5t pass1 mo9s aux ve/iges de leurs camps qu' la solitude qui rgnait aux environs40--,fu/el de ,c\langes1 ,la ,cit antique1 pp4 #bfc-bfd4 #eca ,plato1 ,republic1 lib4 v42 ,bod91 ,rpublique1 liv4 i4 cap4 #e4 #ecb ,grote1 ,hi/4 ( ,greece1 vol4 viii4 p4 #bbd4 ,agesilaus 0 also v humane to captives4--,ibid4 pp4 #cfe-f4 #ecc ,?is appe>s cont9ually 9 ,livy1 b mo/ ( all1 ,i ?9k1 9 ! ,gauli% hi/orian1 ,florus4 #ecd ,scipio & ,trajan4 #ece ,see "s v rem>kable passages 9 ,grotius1 ,de ,jure ,bell4 lib4 iii4 cap4 #d1 #ai4 #ecf ,^! mitigations are fully enum]at$ by ,ayala1 ,de ,jure et ,(ficiis ,bellicis 7,antw]p1 #aeig71 ,grotius1 ,de ,jure4 ,x is rem>kable t bo? ,ayala & ,grotius base _! attempts to mitigate ! sev]ity ( w> *iefly ^u ! writ+s & examples ( ! ,pagans4 ,! limits ( ! "r ( conqu]ors & ! j causes ( w> are discuss$ by ,cic]o1 ,de ,(fic4 lib4 i4 #ecg ,9 ,engl& ! *ange seems to h imm$iately foll[$ conv]sion4 8,! evangelical precepts ( peace & love10 says a v le>n$ hi/orian1 8did n put an end to w>1 !y did n put an end to aggressive conque/s1 b !y di/9ctly humanis$ ! way 9 :i* w> 0 c>ri$ on4 ,f ?is "t =? ! nev]-end+ w>s ) ! ,wel% cease to be w>s ( ext]m9ation4 ,! hea!n ,engli% _h be5 satisfi$ ) no?+ %ort ( ! de/ruction & expulsion ( _! enemies2 ! ,*ri/ian ,engli% ?\ght x en\gh to r$uce !m to political subjection4444 ,! ,*ri/ian ,wel% c\ld n[ sit d[n z subjects ( ! ,*ri/ian ,saxon4 ,! ,wel%man 0 ackn[l$g$ z a man & a citiz51 & 0 put "u ! protection ( ! law40--,freeman's ,hi/4 ( ! ,norman ,conque/1 vol4 i4 pp4 #cc-cd4 ,*ri/ians :o assi/$ infidels 9 w>s 7 ipso facto excommunicat$1 & might !re=e be enslav$1 b all o!rs 7 free f slav]y4 8,et quidem int] ,*ri/ianos laudabili et antiqua consuetud9e introductum e/1 ut capti h9c inde1 utcunque ju/o bello1 non fi]5t s]vi1 s$ lib]i s]v>5tur donec solvant precium r$emptionis40--,ayala1 lib4 i4 cap4 #e4 8,?is rule1 at lea/10 says ,grotius1 87?\gh b a small matt]7 ! rev]5ce = ! ,*ri/ian law has en=c$1 :i* ,socrates va9ly s\ght to h e/abli%$ among ! ,greeks40 ,! ,mohamm$ans also made x a rule n to enslave _! co-religioni/s4--,grotius1 ,de ,jure1 iii4 #g1 #i4 ,pagan & b>b>ian prison]s 71 h[ev]1 sold z slaves 7especially by ! ,spani>ds7 till v rec5tly4 #ech ,! "* ( ,con/ant9e1 & ! e/imate ( x 9 ,eusebius1 are well treat$ by ,dean ,/anley1 ,lectures on ! ,ea/]n ,*ur* 7,lect4 vi474 #eci ,!odoret1 iii4 #bh4 #edj ,!y are collect$ by ,*ateaubri&1 tudes hi/4 #bme disc4 #bme p>tie4 #eda ,see ,/4 ,gregory's oration on ,ces>ius4 #edb ,sozom51 vi4 #b4 #edc ,ep4 xiii4 #ca-ci4 ,9 ! second ( ^! lett]s 7:i* is address$ to ,leontia71 he says3 8,rog>e =sitan debui ut ecclesiam beati ,petri apo/oli qu nunc usque gravibus insidiis laboravit1 hab]et ,ve/ra ,tranquillitas specialit] comm5datam4 ,s$ qui scio quia omnipot5tem ,deum diligitis1 non debeo pet]e quod sponte ex b5ignitate ve/r pietatis exhibetis40 #edd ,see ! graphic description 9 ,gibbon1 *4 liii4 #ede ,b>onius4 #edf ,mably1 ii4 #a2 ,gibbon1 *4 xlix4 #edg ,!re are "s good rem>ks ^u ! way 9 :i*1 among ! free ,franks1 ! bi%ops taught ! duty ( passive ob$i5ce1 9 ,mably1 ,obs4 sur l',hi/oire de ,france1 livre i4 *4 iii4 ,gregory ( ,t\rs1 9 8 address to ,*ilp]ic1 _h said3 8,if any ( u1 ,o k+1 transgress ! b\nd>ies ( ju/ice1 ?\ art at h& to correct u2 b if ?\ %\lde/ exce$ !m1 :o is to condemn !e8 ,we address !e1 & if x please !e ?\ li/5e/ to u2 b if x please !e n1 :o is to condemn !e save ,he :o has proclaim$ ,himself ,ju/ice40--,greg4 ,tur4 v4 #ai4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,h9cm>1 ,ar*bi%op ( ,rheims1 /rongly ass]t$ ! obligation ( k+s to obs]ve ! law1 & d5\nc$ z diabolical ! doctr9e t !y are subject to none b ,god4 7,all51 ,on ! ,royal ,pr]ogative 7#ahdi71 pp4 #aga-agb47 #edh ,! exact degree ( ! au?ority ( ! b>b>ian k+s1 & ! diff]5t /ages by :i* _! p[] 0 increas$1 are matt]s ( great controv]sy4 ,! read] may consult ,?i]ry's ,lettres sur l',hi/4 de ,france 7let4 #i72 ,guizot's ,hi/4 de la ,civilisation2 ,mably1 ,obs]v4 sur l',hi/4 de ,france2 ,freeman's ,hi/4 ( ! ,norman ,conque/1 vol4 i4 #edi ,fauriel1 ,hi/4 de la ,posie prov5ale1 tome ii4 p4 #beb4 #eej ,ibid1 p4 #beh4 #eea ,le ,gr& ,d',aussy1 ,fabliaux1 prf4 p4 xxiv4 ,^! romances 7 acc\nts ( 8 exp$itions to ,spa91 to ,langu$oc1 & to ,pale/9e4 #eeb ,! ( ! ,greeks4 #eec ,leg\v1 ,hi/oire morale des ,femmes1 pp4 #ie-if4 #eed ,g54 xxix41 xxxiv4 #ab2 ,deut4 xxii4 #bi2 #a ,sam4 xviii4 #be4 #eee ,! hi/ory ( d[ries is briefly notic$ by ,grote1 ,hi/4 ( ,greece1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #aab-aac2 & m fully by ,"l ,kames1 9 ! admirable *apt] 8,on ! ,progress ( ! ,female ,sex10 9 8 ,sket*es ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,man1 a book less read ?an x des]ves to be4 ,m4 ,leg\v has also devot$ a *apt] to x 9 8 ,hi/4 morale des ,femmes4 ,see1 too1 ,leg5dre1 ,trait de l',op9ion1 tome ii4 pp4 #cbi-ccj4 ,we f9d traces ( ! d[ry1 z well z ( ! 1 9 ,hom]4 ,p5elope _h receiv$ a d[ry f ,ic>us1 h] fa!r4 ,m4 ,mi*elet1 9 "o ( ^? fanciful books :i* he has rec5tly publi%$1 ma9ta9s a view ( ! object ( ! :i* ,i d n rememb] to h se5 else:]e1 & :i* ,i d n believe4 ,he says3 8,ce prix n'e/ po9t un a*at de la femme1 mais une indemnit qui ddommage la famille du pre p\r les enfants futurs1 qui ne pr(it]ont pas cette famille mais celle o la femme va entr]40--,la ,femme1 p4 #aff4 #eef ,9 ,rome1 :5 ! sep>ation 0 due to ! misconduct ( ! wife1 ! d[ry belong$ to h] husb&4 #eeg 8,dotem non uxor m>ito s$ uxori m>itus (f]t40--,tac4 ,g]m4 xviii4 ,on ! ,morg5gab1 see ,canciani1 ,leges ,b>b>orum 7,v5etiis1 #agha71 vol4 i4 pp4 #ajb-ajd2 ii4 pp4 #bcj-bca4 ,muratori1 ,anti*4 ,ital4 diss4 xx4 ,luitpr& enact$ t no ,longob>d %\ld give m ?an "o-f\r? ( 8 sub/ance z a ,morg5gab4 ,9 ,gregory ( ,t\rs 7ix4 #bj7 we h an example ( ! gift ( "s cities z a ,morg5gab4 #eeh ,see1 on ?is po9t1 ,aul4 ,gellius1 ,noct4 ,att4 xv4 #bj4 ,euripides is said to h _h two wives4 #eei ,ari/otle said t ,hom] nev] gives a concub9e to ,m5elaus1 9 ord] to intimate 8 respect = ,hel5--?\gh false4 7,a!nu1 xiii4 #c47 #efj s*ylus has put ?is curi\s notion into ! m\? ( ,apollo1 9 a spee* 9 ! ,eum5ides4 ,x has1 h[ev]1 be5 v widely diffus$1 & may be f\nd 9 ,indian1 ,greek1 ,roman1 & ev5 ,*ri/ian writ]s4 ,m4 ,leg\v1 :o has devot$ a v curi\s *apt] to ! subject1 quotes a passage f ,/4 ,?omas ,aqu9as1 accept+ x1 & argu+ f x1 t a fa!r %\ld be m lov$ ?an a "m4 ,m4 ,leg\v says t :5 ! male ( "o animal & ! female ( ano!r are cross$1 ! type ( ! female usually pr$om9ates 9 ! (fspr+4 ,see ,leg\v1 ,hi/4 morale des ,femmes1 pp4 #baf-bbh2 ,fu/el de ,c\langes1 ,la ,cit antique1 pp4 #ci-dj2 & also a curi\s note by ,boswell1 9 ,crok]'s edition ( ,boswell's ,life ( ,johnson 7#ahdg71 p4 #dgb4 #efa ,dr4 ,v9tras1 9 a rem>kable pamphlet 7,london1 #ahfg7 ,on ! ,repression ( ,pro/itution1 %[s f ! police /ati/ics t ! numb] ( pro/itutes kn[n to ! police 9 ,engl& & ,wales1 9 #ahfd1 0 #di1cgj2 & ?is is c]ta9ly mu* bel[ ! entire numb]4 ,^!1 x w be obs]v$1 comprise only ! habitual1 pr(essional pro/itutes4 #efb ,"s measures h rec5tly be5 tak5 9 a few g>rison t[ns4 ,! moral s5tim5t ( ! community1 x appe>s1 w\ld be %ock$ if ,liv]pool 7 treat$ on ! same pr9ciples z ,portsm\?4 ,?is v pa9ful & revolt+1 b mo/ important1 subject has be5 treat$ ) great k1 imp>tiality1 & ability1 by ,p>5t-,du*telet1 9 8 fam\s "w1 ,la ,pro/itution dans la ville de ,p>is4 ,! ?ird edition conta9s v copi\s supplem5t>y acc\nts1 furni%$ by diff]5t doctors 9 diff]5t c\ntries4 #efc ,p>5t-,du*telet has giv5 _m /ati/ics1 %[+ ! v l>ge ext5t to :i* ! ,fr5* sy/em ( sup]vision det]s ^? :o 7 ab\t to ent] into pro/itution1 & reclaims ^? :o _h ent]$ into x4 ,he & ,dr4 ,v9tras concur 9 repres5t+ ,engli% pro/itution z ab\t ! mo/ degrad$1 & at ! same "t ! mo/ irrevocable4 #efd ,miss ,mulock1 9 h] amiable b r feeble book1 call$ ,a ,woman's ,?\ghts ab\t ,wom51 has "s good rem>ks on ?is po9t 7pp4 #bia-bic71 :i* are all ! m valuable1 z ! au?oress has n ! fa9te/ sympa?y ) any op9ions conc]n+ ! "* & position ( wom5 :i* are n /rictly conv5tional4 ,%e notices ! exp]i5ce ( ,sunday s*ool mi/resses1 t1 ( _! pupils :o are s$uc$1 an extremely l>ge proportion are 8( ! v be/1 ref9$1 intellig5t1 tru?ful1 & affectionate40 #efe ,see ! v s+ul> & pa9ful *apt] 9 ,p>5t-,du*telet1 call$ 8,murs et ,habitudes des ,pro/itues40 ,he obs]ves t !y are rem>kable = _! k9dness to "o ano!r 9 sickness or 9 di/ress2 t !y are n unfrequ5tly *>itable to poor p :o d n belong to _! class2 t :5 "o ( !m has a *ild1 x becomes ! object ( v g5]al int]e/ & affection2 t mo/ ( !m h lov]s1 to :om !y are s9c]ely atta*$2 t !y r>ely fail to %[ 9 ! hospitals a v real s5se ( %ame2 & t _m ( !m ent]$ into _! mode ( life = ! purpose ( support+ ag$ p>5ts4 ,"o anecdote is wor? giv+ 9 ! words ( ! au?or3 8,un mdec9 n'entrant jamais dans leurs salles sans t] lgrem5t son *apeau1 p> cette seule politesse il sut tellem5t conqurir leur confiance qu'il leur faisait faire t\t ce qu'il v\lait40 ,?is writ]1 ,i may obs]ve1 is n a romance writ] or a !ori/ ( any description4 ,he is simply a physician :o describes ! results ( a v l>ge (ficial exp]i5ce4 #eff 8,p>5t-,du*telet atte/e que sur trois mille cratures p]dues tr5te c9q seulem5t avai5t un tat qui p\vait les n\rrir1 et que quatorze c5ts avai5t t prcipites dans cette horrible vie p> la misre4 ,une d'elles1 qu& elle s'y rsolut1 n'avait pas mang depuis trois j\rs40--,leg\v1 ,hi/4 morale des ,femmes1 pp4 #cbb-cbc4 #efg ,conc]n+ ! position & "* ( ,greek wom51 ! read] may obta9 ample in=mation by consult+ ,beck]'s ,*>icles 7translat$ by ,metcalfe1 #ahde72 ,ra9neville1 ,la ,femme dans l',antiquit 7,p>is1 #ahfe72 & an article 8,on ,female ,society 9 ,greece10 9 ! tw5ty-second volume ( ! ,qu>t]ly ,review4 #efh ,plut>*1 ,conj4 ,prc4 #efi ,x5ophon1 ,econ4 ii4 #egj ,plut4 ,conj4 ,prc4 ,!re is also an extremely beautiful picture ( ! "* ( a good wife 9 ,ari/otle4 7,economics1 book i4 cap4 vii47 #ega ,see ,alex&]'s ,hi/ory ( ,wom5 7,london1 #aghc71 vol4 i4 p4 #bja4 #egb ,plut>*1 ,phocion4 #egc ,our in=mation conc]n+ ! ,greek c\rtesans is *iefly d]iv$ f ! ?irte5? book ( ! ,deipnosophi/s ( ,a!nu1 f ! ,lett]s ( ,alciphron1 f ! ,dialogues ( ,lucian on c\rtesans1 & f ! oration ( ,demo/h5es aga9/ ,nera4 ,see1 too1 ,x5ophon1 ,memorabilia1 iii4 #aa2 & among mod]n books1 ,beck]'s ,*>icles4 ,a!nu 0 an ,egyptian1 ^: exact date is unkn[n b :o appe>s to h surviv$ ,ulpian1 :o di$ 9 ,a4,d4 #bbh4 ,he _h access to1 & gave extracts f1 _m works on ?is subject1 :i* h n[ p]i%$4 ,alciphron is believ$ to h liv$ ne> ! "t ( ,lucian4 #egd ,accord+ to "s writ]s ! ^w 8v5]>i0 comes f 8,v5]em ex]c]e10 on acc\nt ( ! devotions 9 ! temple ( ,v5us4 ,see ,vossius1 ,etymologicon ,l+u ,lat91 8v5]or20 also ,la ,mo! le ,vay]1 ,lettre xc4 #ege ,on ! connection ( ! c\rtesans ) ! arti/ic en?usiasm1 see ,ra\l ,ro*ette1 ,c\rs d',ar*ologie1 pp4 #bgh-bgi4 ,see1 too1 ,a!nu1 xiii4 #ei2 ,pl9y1 ,hi/4 ,nat4 xxxv4 #dj4 #egf ,see ! v curi\s little "w ( ,mnage1 ,hi/oria ,muli]um ,philosoph>um 7,lugduni1 ,,mdxc472 also ,ra9neville1 ,la ,femme dans l',antiquite1 p4 #bdd4 ,at a mu* lat] date ,lucian describ$ ! beauty1 accompli%m5ts1 g5]osity1 & ev5 mode/y1 ( ,pan!a ( ,smyrna1 ! fav\rite mi/ress ( ,lucius ,v]us4 #egg ,! 1 :i* 0 at fir/ 9 use1 0 disc>d$ by ! ,lac$monians1 & aft]w>ds by ! o!r ,greeks4 ,!re are ?ree curi\s memoirs trac+ ! hi/ory ( ! *ange1 by ,m4 ,burette1 9 ! ,hi/4 de l',acadmie royale des ,inscriptions1 tome i4 #egh ,on ! causes ( paid]a/ia 9 ,greece1 see ! rem>ks ( ,mr4 ,grote 9 ! review ( ! ,symposium1 9 8 great "w on ,plato4 ,! :ole subject is v ably treat$ by ,m4 ,maury1 ,hi/4 des ,religions de la ,grce antique1 tome iii4 pp4 #ce-ci4 ,_m facts connect$ ) x are collect$ by ,dll+]1 9 8 ,jew & ,g5tile1 & by ,*ateaubri&1 9 8 tudes hi/oriques4 ,! *ief orig9al au?ority is ! ?irte5? book ( ,a!nu1 a book ( v pa9ful int]e/ 9 ! hi/ory ( morals4 #egi ,plut>*1 9 8 ,life ( ,agesilaus1 dwells on ! int5se self-control manife/$ by t great man1 9 refra9+ f gratify+ a passion he _h conceiv$ = a boy nam$ ,megabetes1 & ,maximus ,tyrius says x des]v$ great] praise ?an ! h]oism ( ,leonidas4 7,diss4 xxv47 ,diog5es ,lartius1 9 8 ,life ( ,z5o1 ! f\nd] ( ,/oicism1 ! mo/ au/]e ( all anci5t sects1 praises t philosoph] = be+ b little addict$ to ?is vice4 ,sophocles is said to h be5 mu* addict$ to x4 #ehj ,"s examples ( ! ascription ( ?is vice to ! div9ities are giv5 by ,clem4 ,alex4 ,admonitio ad ,g5tes4 ,socrates is said to h ma9ta9$ t ,jupit] lov$ ,ganym$e = 8 wisdom1 z 8 "n is d]iv$ f & 1 to be delight$ ) prud5ce4 7,x5ophon1 ,banquet47 ,! disa/] ( ,cann 0 ascrib$ to ! jeal\sy ( ,juno because a beautiful boy 0 introduc$ into ! temple ( ,jupit]4 7,lactantius1 ,in/4 ,div4 ii4 #ag47 #eha ,a!nu1 xiii4 #gh4 ,see1 too1 ! v revolt+ book on diff]5t k9ds ( love1 ascrib$ 7x is said falsely7 to ,lucian4 #ehb ,pl9y1 ,hi/4 ,nat4 xxxiv4 #i4 #ehc ,!re is ample evid5ce ( ?is 9 ,a!nu1 & 9 ! ,dialogues ( ,lucian on ! c\rtesans4 ,see1 too1 ,t]5ce1 ,! ,eunu*1 act v4 sc5e #d1 :i* is copi$ f ! ,greek4 ,! majority ( ! class 7 n call$ hetr1 b 4 #ehd ,plut>*1 ,de ,g>rulitate2 ,pl94 ,hi/4 ,nat4 xxxiv4 #ai4 ,! feat ( bit+ out _! tongues r ?an reveal secrets1 or yield to passion1 is ascrib$ to a suspici\sly l>ge numb] ( p]sons4 ,mnage cites five besides ,lena4 7,hi/4 ,muli]4 ,philos4 pp4 #ajd-ajh47 #ehe ,see1 ^u ,bac*is1 sev]al ( ! lett]s ( ,alciphron1 especially ! v t\*+ lett] 7x47 on h] dea?1 describ+ h] k9dness & dis9t]e/$ness4 ,a!nu 7xiii4 #ff7 relates a curi\s anecdote illu/rat+ ^! aspects ( h] "*4 #ehf ,x5ophon1 ,memorab4 iii4 #aa4 #ehg ,on ! ,flam5s1 see ,aulus ,gell4 ,noct4 x4 #ae4 #ehh ,capitol9us1 ,maxim9us ,junior4 #ehi ,pl9y1 ,hi/4 ,nat4 vii4 #cf4 ,!re is 7z is well kn[n7 a simil> leg5d ( a daught] ?us fe$+ h] fa!r4 ,val4 ,max4 ,lib4 v4 cap4 #d4 #eij ,?is appe>s f ! fir/ act ( ! ,/i*us ( ,plautus4 ,! p[] appe>s to h become q obsolete dur+ ! ,empire b ! fir/ legal act 7:i* 0 r ( ! nature ( an exhortation ?an ( a comm&7 aga9/ x 0 issu$ by ,anton9us ,pius1 & x 0 only def9itely aboli%$ "u ,diocletian4 7,lab\laye1 ,re*]*es sur la condition civile et politique des femmes1 pp4 #af-ag47 #eia ,aul4 ,gell4 ,noct4 x4 #bc4 #eib ,val4 ,maximus1 ii4 #a1 #d2 ,aul4 ,gellius1 ,noct4 iv4 #c4 #eic ,ammianus ,m>cell9us1 xxviii4 #d4 #eid ,tacitus1 ,de ,oratoribus1 xxviii4 #eie ,see ,aulus ,gellius1 ,noct4 ii4 #bd4 #eif 8,m int] vet]es recepto1 qui satis pn>um adv]sum impudicas 9 ipsa pr(essione flagitii cr$ebant40--,tacitus1 ,annal4 ii4 #he4 #eig ,aul4 ,gell4 iv4 #c4 ,juno 0 ! goddess ( m>riage4 #eih ,ibid4 iv4 #ad4 #eii ,! well-kn[n sup]/ition ab\t ! lion1 c41 becom+ docile be=e a virg9 is1 ,i believe1 z old z ,roman times4 ,/4 ,isidore m5tions t rh9oc]oses 7 said to be captur$ by "y girls be+ put 9 _! way to fasc9ate !m4 7,leg5dre1 ,trait de l',op9ion1 tome ii4 p4 #ce47 #fjj ,pl9y1 ,hi/4 ,nat4 xxviii4 #bc4 #fja ,ibid4 vii4 #ah4 #fjb 8,quem enim ,romanorum pudet uxorem duc]e 9 convivium8 aut cujus mat]familias non primum locum t5et dium1 atque 9 celebritate v]satur8 quod multo fit alit] 9 ,grcia4 ,nam neque 9 convivium adhibetur1 nisi prop9quorum1 neque s$et nisi 9 int]iore p>te dium qu gyncontis appellatur1 quo nemo acc$it1 nisi prop9qua cognatione conjunctus40--,corn4 ,nepos4 prfat4 #fjc ,val4 ,max4 ii4 #a1 #f4 #fjd ,liv4 viii4 #ah4 #fje ,see ,val4 ,max4 ii4 #a4 #fjf 8,nupti sunt conjunctio m>is et fem91 et consortium omnis vit1 div9i et humani juris communicatio40--,mode/9us4 #fjg ,livy1 xxxiv4 #e4 ,!re is a f9e collection ( leg5ds or hi/ories ( h]oic wom5 7b *iefly ,greek7 9 ,clem4 ,alex&4 ,/rom4 iv4 #ai4 #fjh ,tacitus1 ,annal4 ii4 #he4 ,?is decree 0 on acc\nt ( a patrician lady nam$ ,vi/ilia hav+ s enroll$ h]self4 #fji ,dion ,cassius1 liv4 #af1 lvi4 #aj4 #faj 8,si s9e uxore possemus1 ,quirites1 esse1 omnes ea mole/ia c>]emus2 s$ quoniam ita natura tradidit1 ut nec cum illis satis commode nec s9e illis ullo modo vivi possit1 saluti p]petu potius quam brevi voluptati consul5dum40--,aulus ,gellius1 ,noct4 i4 #f4 ,"s ( ! audi5ce1 we are told1 ?\ght t1 9 exhort+ to matrimony1 ! speak] %\ld h conceal$ its und\bt$ evils4 ,x 0 decid$1 h[ev]1 t x 0 m hon\rable to tell ! :ole tru?4 ,/obu 7,s5t5ti7 has pres]v$ a numb] ( h>% & (t5 he>tless say+s ab\t wives1 t 7 popul> among ! ,greeks4 ,x 0 a say+ ( a ,greek poet1 t 8m>riage br+s only two happy days--! day :5 ! husb& fir/ clasps 8 wife to 8 brea/1 & ! day :5 he lays h] 9 ! tomb20 & 9 ,rome x became a prov]bial say+1 t a wife 0 only good 89 ?alamo vel 9 tumulo40 #faa ,fri$lnd]1 ,hi/4 des ,murs roma9es1 tome i4 pp4 #cfj-cfd4 ,on ! great influ5ce ex]cis$ by ,roman ladies on political affairs "s rem>kable passages are collect$ 9 ,d5is1 ,hi/4 des ,ides ,morales1 tome ii4 pp4 #ih-ii4 ,?is au?or is p>ticul>ly valuable 9 all t relates to ! hi/ory ( dome/ic morals4 ,! ,as9>ia ( ,plautus1 & "s ( ! epigrams ( ,m>tial1 ?r[ mu* light ^u ?is subject4 #fab ,see ! v rem>kable discussion ab\t ?is repeal 9 ,livy1 lib4 xxxiv4 cap4 #a-h4 #fac ,leg\v1 ,hi/4 ,morale des ,femmes1 pp4 #bc-bf4 ,/4 ,augu/9e d5\nc$ ?is law z ! mo/ unju/ t c\ld be m5tion$ or ev5 conceiv$4 8,qua lege quid iniquius dici aut cogit>i possit1 ignoro40--,/4 ,aug4 ,de ,civ4 ,dei1 iii4 #ba--;a curi\s illu/ration ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! habits ( ?\ght ( 8 "t & ^? ( ! middle ages1 :5 daught]s 7 habitually sacrific$1 )\t a prote/1 by ! feudal laws4 #fad ,plut>*1 ,cic]o4 #fae ,tacit4 ,ann4 i4 #aj4 #faf ,plut>*1 ,cato2 ,lucan1 ,ph>sal4 ii4 #fag ,s5ec4 ,ep4 cxiv4 #fah ,val4 ,max4 vi4 #c4 #fai ,plut>*1 ,paul4 mil4 ,x is n q cle> :e!r ?is rem>k 0 made by ,paulus himself4 #fbj ,s54 ,de ,b5ef4 iii4 #af4 ,see1 too1 ,ep4 xcv4 ,ad ,helv4 xvi4 #fba ,apol4 #f4 #fbb ,epig4 vi4 #g4 #fbc ,juv4 ,sat4 vi4 #bcj4 #fbd ,ep4 #b4 #fbe ,sueton4 ,aug4 ,*>lemagne1 9 l mann]1 made 8 daught]s "w 9 wool4 7,eg9h>dus1 ,vit4 ,c>4 ,mag4 xix47 #fbf ,fri$lnd]1 ,murs roma9es du rgne d',augu/e la f9 des ,anton9s 7trad4 fran471 tome i4 p4 #dad4 #fbg ,mu* evid5ce ( ?is is collect$ by ,fri$lnd]1 tome i4 pp4 #chg-cie4 #fbh ,plut>*1 ,pompeius4 #fbi ,m>tial1 xi4 #af4 ,pl9y1 ,ep4 i4 #ad4 #fcj ,suet4 ,tib]ius1 xlv4 #fca ,plut>*1 ,brutus4 #fcb ,tacit4 ,annal4 xv4 #fc1 #fd4 #fcc 8,pte1 non dolet40--,pl94 ,ep4 iii4 #af2 ,m>tial1 ,ep4 i4 #ad4 #fcd ,tacit4 ,annal4 xvi4 #aj-aa2 ,hi/4 i4 #c4 ,see1 too1 ,fri$lnd]1 tome i4 p4 #djf4 #fce ,tacit4 ,ann4 xvi4 #cd4 #fcf ,pl9y m5tions h] return aft] ! dea? ( ! tyrant 7,ep4 iii4 #aa74 #fcg 8,quod paucis datum e/1 non m9us amabilis quam v5]&a40--,pl94 ,ep4 vii4 #ai4 #fch ,see ,pl94 ,ep4 vii4 #ai4 ,dion ,cassius & ,tacitus relate ! exiles ( ,helvidius1 :o appe>s to h be5 r intemp]ate & unreasonable4 #fci ,fri$lnd] gives _m & mo/ t\*+ examples1 tome i4 pp4 #daj-dad4 #fdj ,suet4 ,dom4 viii4 #fda ,capitol9us1 ,macr9us4 #fdb ,lampridius1 ,a4 ,sev]us4 #fdc ,9 ! oration aga9/ ,nera1 :i* is ascrib$ to ,demo/h5es1 b is ( d\btful g5u95ess1 ! lic5ce accord$ to husb&s is spok5 ( z a matt] ( c\rse3 8,we keep mi/resses = our pleasures1 concub9es = con/ant att5dance1 & wives to be> u legitimate *ildr51 & to be our fai?ful h\sekeep]s40 #fdd ,!re is a rem>kable passage on ! feel+s ( wives1 9 diff]5t nations1 ^u ?is po9t1 9 ,a!nu1 xiii4 #c4 ,see1 too1 ,plut>*1 ,conj4 ,prc4 #fde ,euripid4 ,&roma*e4 #fdf ,val]4 ,max4 vi4 #g1 #a4 ,"s v sc&al\s in/ances ( cynicism on ! "p ( ,roman husb&s are record$4 ,?us1 ,augu/us _h _m mi/resses1 8,qu virg9es sibi undique etiam ab uxore conquir]5tur40--,sueton4 ,aug4 lxxi4 ,:5 ! wife ( ,v]us1 ! colleague ( ,m>cus ,aurelius1 compla9$ ( ! ta/es ( h] husb&1 he answ]$1 8,uxor enim dignitatis nom5 e/1 non voluptatis40--,sp>tian4 ,v]us4 #fdg ,ari/otle1 ,econom4 i4 #d-h-i4 #fdh ,plut>* en=ces ! duty at l5g?1 9 8 v beautiful "w on m>riage4 ,9 case husb&s are guilty ( infidelity1 he recomm5ds _! wives to pres]ve a prud5t bl9dness1 reflect+ t x is out ( respect = !m t !y *oose ano!r woman z ! companion ( _! intemp]ance4 ,s5eca t\*es briefly1 b unequivocally1 on ! subject3 8,scis improbum esse qui ab uxore pudicitiam exigit1 ipse ali5>um corruptor uxorum4 ,scis ut illi nil cum adult]o1 sic nihil tibi esse deb]e cum pellice40--,ep4 xciv4 8,sciet 9 uxorem gravissimum esse g5us injuri1 hab]e pellicem40--,ep4 xcv4 #fdi 8,p]9iquum enim videtur esse1 ut pudicitiam vir ab uxore exigat1 quam ipse non exhibeat40--,cod4 ,j4 ,dig4 xlviii4 #e-ac4 #fej ,quot$ by ,/4 ,augu/9e1 ,de ,conj4 ,adult4 ii4 #ai4 ,plautus1 long be=e1 _h made "o ( 8 *>act]s compla9 ( ! inju/ice ( ! laws :i* puni%$ un*a/e wives b n un*a/e husb&s1 & ask :y1 s9ce e hone/ woman is cont5t$ ) "o husb&1 e hone/ man %\ld n be cont5t$ ) "o wife8 7,m]cator1 ,act iv4 sc5e #e47 #fea ,horace1 ,sat4 i4 #b4 #feb 8,v]um si quis e/ qui etiam m]etriciis amoribus int]dictum juv5tuti putet1 e/ ille quidem valde sev]us2 neg>e non possum2 s$ abhorret non modo ab hujus sculi lic5tia1 v]um etiam a majorum consuetud9e atque concessis4 ,qu&o enim hoc factum non e/8 ,qu&o repreh5sum8 ,qu&o non p]missum8 ,qu&o d5ique fuit ut quod licet non lic]et80--,cic]o1 ,pro ,clio1 cap4 xx4 ,! :ole spee* is well wor?y ( ! att5tion ( ^? :o w\ld und]/& ,roman feel+s on ^! matt]s2 b x %\ld be rememb]$ t x is ! spee* ( a lawy] def5d+ a dissolute cli5t4 #fec 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4--,en*ir4 xxxiii4 #fed 8,et si uxores non hab]5t1 s+ulas concub9as1 quod s9e 8 esse non poss5t40--,lampridius1 ,a4 ,sev]us4 ,we h an amus+ picture ( ! common tone ( p ( ! _w on ?is matt]1 9 ! spee* ,apuleius puts into ! m\? ( ! gods1 remon/rat+ ) ,v5us = be+ angry because h] son =m$ a connection ) ,psy*e4 7,metam4 lib4 v47 #fee ,pres]v$ by ,/obu4 ,see ,d5is1 ,hi/4 des ,ides morales dans l',antiquit1 tome ii4 pp4 #acd-acf1 #adi-aej4 #fef ,philos4 ,apol4 i4 #ac4 ,:5 a say+ ( ,py?agoras1 8t a man %\ld only h comm]ce ) 8 own wife10 0 quot$1 he said t ?is conc]n$ o!rs4 #feg ,trebellius ,pollio1 ,z5obia4 #feh ,?is is ass]t$ by an anonym\s writ] quot$ by ,suidas4 ,see ,mnage1 ,hi/4 ,muli]um ,philosoph>um1 p4 #eh4 #fei ,see1 e4g41 ,plot9us1 #a/ ,eun4 vi4 #f4 #ffj ,capitol9us1 ,m4 ,aurelius4 #ffa ,amm4 ,m>cell4 xxv4 #d4 #ffb ,cod4 ,!od4 lib4 ix4 tit4 #bd4 #ffc ,cod4 ,!od4 lib4 xv4 tit4 #g4 #ffd 8,fidic9am nulli liceat vel em]e vel doc]e vel v5d]e1 vel conviviis aut spectaculis adhib]e4 ,nec cuiquam aut delectationis desid]io erudita fem9ea aut music artis /udio liceat hab]e mancipia40--,cod4 ,!od4 xv4 #g1 #aj4 ,?is curi\s law 0 issu$ 9 ,a4,d4 #che4 ,/4 ,j]ome said ^! musicians 7 ! *orus ( ! devil1 & q z dang]\s z ! sir5s4 ,see ! comm5ts on ! law4 #ffe ,ru9>t1 ,act4 ,s4 ,p]petu4 ,^! acts1 are1 ,i believe1 g5]ally reg>d$ z au!ntic4 ,!re is no?+ m in/ructive 9 hi/ory ?an to trace ! same moral feel+s ?r\gh diff]5t ages & religions2 & ,i am able 9 ?is case to pres5t ! read] ) an illu/ration ( _! p]man5ce1 :i* ,i ?9k some:at rem>kable4 ,! y\ng] ,pl9y gives 9 "o ( 8 lett]s a pa!tic acc\nt ( ! execution ( ,cornelia1 a ve/al virg91 by ! ord] ( ,domitian4 ,%e 0 buri$ alive = ince/2 b h] innoc5ce appe>s to h be5 g5]ally believ$2 & %e _h be5 condemn$ unhe>d1 & 9 h] abs5ce4 ,z %e 0 be+ l[]$ into ! subt]ranean cell h] dress 0 caught & d]ang$ 9 ! desc5t4 ,%e turn$ r\nd & drew x to h]1 & :5 ! execution] /ret*$ out 8 h& to assi/ h]1 %e />t$ back le/ he %\ld t\* h]1 = ?is1 accord+ to ! receiv$ op9ion1 0 a pollution2 & ev5 9 ! supreme mom5t ( h] agony h] ve/al purity %rank f ! unholy contact4 7,pl94 ,ep4 iv4 #aa47 ,if we n[ pass back sev]al c5turies1 we f9d ,euripides attribut+ to ,polyx5a a trait precisely simil> to t :i* 0 attribut$ to ,p]petua4 ,z %e fell b5ea? ! sword ( ! execution]1 x 0 obs]v$ t h] la/ c>e 0 t %e might fall ) dec5cy4 1 4 ,euripides1 ,hec4 #eff-fh4 #fff ,vita ,pauli4 #ffg ,/4 ,ambrose relates an in/ance ( ?is1 :i* he says occurr$ at ,antio* 7,de ,virg9ibus1 lib4 ii4 cap4 iv474 ,:5 ! ,*ri/ian y\? 0 be+ l$ to execution1 ! girl :om he _h sav$ reappe>$ & di$ ) him4 ,eusebius tells a v simil> /ory1 b places ! sc5e at ,alex&ria4 #ffh ,see ,ceilli]1 ,hi/4 des ,auteurs eccls4 tome iii4 p4 #ebc4 #ffi ,ibid4 tome viii4 pp4 #bjd-bjg4 #fgj ,among ! ,iri% sa9ts ,/4 ,colman is said to h _h a girdle :i* w\ld only meet ar\nd ! *a/e1 & :i* 0 long pres]v$ 9 ,irel& z a relic 7,colgan1 ,acta ,sanctorum ,hib]ni1 ,l\va91 #afde1 vol4 i4 p4 #bdf72 & ,/4 ,fursu a girdle t ext+ui%$ lu/4 7,ibid4 p4 #bib47 ,! girdle ( ,/4 ,?omas ,aqu9as seems to h _h "s miracul\s prop]ties ( ?is k9d4 7,see 8 ,life 9 ! ,boll&i/s1 ,sept4 #bi47 ,among bo? ! ,greeks & ,romans x 0 cu/om>y = ! bride to be girt ) a girdle :i* ! bridegroom unloos$ 9 ! nuptial b$1 & h5ce 8zonam solv]e0 became a prov]bial expression = 8pudicitiam muli]is imm9u]e40 7,nieupoort1 ,de ,ritibus ,romanorum1 p4 #dgi2 ,alex&]'s ,hi/ory ( ,wom51 vol4 ii4 p4 #cjj47 #fga ,vit4 ,/4 ,pa*om4 7,rosweyde74 #fgb ,see 8 ,life1 by ,gregory ( ,nyssa4 #fgc ,a little book has be5 writt5 on ^! leg5ds by ,m4 ,*>les de ,bussy1 call$ ,les ,c\rtisanes sa9tes4 ,!re is said to be "s d\bt ab\t ,/4 ,afra1 =1 :ile h] acts repres5t h] z a re=m$ c\rtesan1 ,/4 ,=tunatus1 9 two l9es he has devot$ to h]1 calls h] a virg94 7,ozanam1 tudes g]man4 tome ii4 p4 #h47 #fgd ,see ! ,vit4 ,sancti ,joannis ,eleemosyn>ii 7,rosweyde74 #fge ,tillemont1 tome x4 pp4 #fa-fb4 ,!re is also a v picturesque leg5d ( ! mann] 9 :i* ,/4 ,paphnutius conv]t$ ! c\rtesan ,?ais4 #fgf ,see especially1 ,t]tullian1 ,ad ,uxorem4 ,x 0 beautifully said1 at a lat] p]iod1 t woman 0 n tak5 f ! head ( man1 = %e 0 n int5d$ to be 8 rul]1 nor f 8 feet1 = %e 0 n int5d$ to be 8 slave1 b f 8 side1 = %e 0 to be 8 companion & 8 com=t4 7,pet] ,lomb>d1 ,s5t54 lib4 ii4 dis4 #ah47 #fgg ,! read] may f9d _m passages on ?is subject 9 ,b>beyrac1 ,morale des ,pres1 ii4 #g2 iii4 #h2 iv4 #ca-ce2 vi4 #ca2 xiii4 #b-h4 #fgh 8,x is rem>kable h[ r>ely1 if ev] 7,i _c call to m9d an in/ance71 9 ! discussions ( ! comp>ative m]its ( m>riage & celibacy1 ! social advantages appe> to h occurr$ to ! m9d4444 ,x is always argu$ ) relation to ! int]e/s & ! p]fection ( ! individual s\l2 &1 ev5 ) reg>d to t1 ! writ]s seem almo/ unconsci\s ( ! s(t5+ & humanis+ effect ( ! natural affections1 ! beauty ( p>5tal t5d]ness & filial love40--,milman's ,hi/4 ( ,*ri/ianity1 vol4 iii4 p4 #aif4 #fgi 8,tempus breve e/1 et jam securis ad radices arborum posita e/1 qu silvam legis et nupti>um evangelica ca/itate succidat40--,ep4 cxxiii4 #fhj 8,laudo nuptias1 laudo conjugium1 s$ quia mihi virg9es g5]ant40--,ep4 xxii4 #fha ,see ,ceilli]1 ,auteurs eccls4 xiii4 p4 #adg4 #fhb ,socrates1 iv4 #bc4 #fhc ,palladius1 ,hi/4 ,laus4 cxix4 #fhd ,vit4 ,s4 ,abr4 7,rosweyde71 cap4 i4 #fhe ,i d n "k :5 ?is leg5d fir/ appe>$4 ,m4 ,littr m5tions hav+ f\nd x 9 a ,fr5* ,,ms4 ( ! elev5? c5tury 7,littr1 ,les ,b>b>es1 pp4 #abc-abd72 & x also =ms ! subject ( a v curi\s fresco1 ,i imag9e ( a some:at e>li] date1 :i* 0 discov]$1 )9 ! la/ few ye>s1 9 ! subt]ranean *ur* ( ,/4 ,clem5t at ,rome4 ,an acc\nt ( x is giv5 by ,fa!r ,mullooly1 9 8 int]e/+ little book ab\t t ,*ur*4 #fhf ,de ,virg94 cap4 iii4 #fhg ,greg4 ,tur4 i4 #db4 #fhh ,! regulations on ?is po9t are giv5 at l5g? 9 ,b+ham4 #fhi ,muratori1 ,anti*4 ,ital4 diss4 xx4 #fij ,/4 ,greg4 ,dial4 i4 #aj4 #fia ,delepi]re1 ,l',enf] dcrit p> ceux qui l'ont vu1 pp4 #dd-ef4 #fib ,val4 ,max4 ii4 #a4 #c4 #fic 8,ille meos1 primus qui me sibi junxit1 amores ,ab/ulit2 ille habeat secum1 s]vetque sepul*ro40 n4 iv4 #bh4 #fid ,e4g41 ! wives ( ,lucan1 ,drusus1 & ,pompey4 #fie ,tacit4 ,g]man4 xix4 #fif ,fri$lnd]1 tome i4 p4 #daa4 #fig ,hi]on4 ,ep4 liv4 #fih 8,uxorem vivam am>e voluptas2 ,defunctam religio40 ,/atius4 ,sylv4 v4 9 promio4 #fii ,by "o ( ! laws ( ,*>ondas x 0 orda9$ t ^? :o c>$ s little = ! happ9ess ( _! *ildr5 z to place a /epmo!r ov] !m1 %\ld be exclud$ f ! c\ncils ( ! ,/ate4 7,diod4 ,sic4 xii4 #ab47 #gjj ,t]tullian exp\nd$ ! ,montani/ view 9 8 treatise1 ,de ,monogamia4 #gja ,a full collection ( ! /atem5ts ( ! ,fa!rs on ?is subject is giv5 by ,p]rone1 ,de ,matrimonio1 lib4 iii4 ,sect4 ,i42 & by ,natalis ,alex&]1 ,hi/4 ,eccles4 ,sc4 ,,ii4 diss]t4 #ah4 #gjb ,?us1 to give b a s+le in/ance1 ,/4 ,j]ome1 :o 0 "o ( _! /ronge/ oppon5ts1 says3 8,quid igitur8 damnamus secunda matrimonia8 ,m9ime1 s$ prima laudamus4 ,abjicimus de ecclesia digamos8 absit2 s$ monogamos ad cont95tiam provocamus4 ,9 arca ,noe non solum munda s$ et immunda fu]unt animalia40--,ep4 cxxiii4 #gjc ,9 ,legat4 #gjd ,/rom4 lib4 iii4 #gje ,contra ,jov94 i4 #gjf ,ibid4 ,see1 too1 ,ep4 cxxiii4 #gjg ,hom4 xvii4 9 ,luc4 #gjh ,orat4 xxxi4 #gji ,p]rone1 ,de ,matr4 iii4 #a1 art4 #a2 ,natalis ,alex&]1 ,hi/4 ,eccles4 ,,ii4 diss]t4 #ah4 ,! p5ances are said n to imply t ! second m>riage 0 a s91 b t ! moral condition t made x necess>y 0 a bad "o4 #gaj ,see ,/eph5's ,hi/4 ( ,engli% ,crim9al ,law1 i4 p4 #dfa4 #gaa ,conc4 ,illib4 c4 xxxviii4 ,b+ham ?9ks ! feel+ ( ! ,c\ncil to h be51 t if baptism 0 n adm9i/]$ by a prie/1 x %\ld at all ev5ts be adm9i/]$ by "o :o might h be5 a prie/4 #gab ,p]rone1 ,de ,matrimonio1 tome iii4 p4 #ajb4 #gac ,?is subject has rec5tly be5 treat$ ) v great le>n+ & ) admirable imp>tiality by an ,am]ican au?or1 ,mr4 ,h5ry ,c4 ,lea1 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ,sac]dotal ,celibacy 7,philadelphia1 #ahfg71 :i* is c]ta9ly "o ( ! mo/ valuable works t ,am]ica has produc$4 ,s9ce ! great hi/ory ( ,dean ,milman1 ,i "k no "w 9 ,engli% :i* has ?r[n m light on ! moral condition ( ! middle ages1 & none :i* is m fitt$ to dispel ! gross illusions conc]n+ t p]iod :i* ,high ,*ur* writ]s1 & writ]s ( ! positive s*ool1 h conspir$ to su/a94 #gad ,see ,lea1 p4 #cf4 ,! comm& ( ,/4 ,paul1 t a bi%op or deacon %\ld be ! husb& ( "o wife 7#a ,tim4 iii4 #b-ab7 0 believ$ by all anci5t & by _m mod]n comm5tators to be prohibitory ( second m>riages2 & ?is view is some:at confirm$ by ! wid[s :o 7 to be hon\r$ & support$ by ! ,*ur*1 be+ only ^? :o _h be5 b once m>ri$ 7#a ,tim4 v4 #i74 ,see ,press5s1 ,hi/4 des trois premi]s ,sicles 7#are srie71 tome ii4 p4 #bcc4 ,among ! ,jews x 0 orda9$ t ! high prie/ %\ld n m>ry a wid[4 7,levit4 xxi4 #ac-ad47 #gae ,socrates1 ,h4 ,e4 i4 #aa4 ,! ,c\ncil ( ,illib]is 7c4 xxxiii47 _h orda9$ ?is1 b bo? ! precepts & ! practice ( div9es v>i$ greatly4 ,a brilliant summ>y ( ! *ief facts is giv5 9 ,milman's ,hi/ory ( ,e>ly ,*ri/ianity1 vol4 iii4 pp4 #bgg-bhb4 #gaf ,see1 on ! /ate ( ?+s 9 ! t5? & elev5? c5turies1 ,lea1 pp4 #afb-aib4 #gag ,ra!rius1 quot$ by ,lea1 p4 #aea4 #gah ,see "s curi\s evid5ce ( ! ext5t to :i* ! practice ( ! h]$it>y transmission ( ecclesia/ical (fices 0 c>ri$1 9 ,lea1 pp4 #adi1 #aej1 #bff1 #bii1 #cci4 #gai ,lea1 pp4 #bga1 #bib1 #dbb4 #gbj ,ibid4 pp4 #ahf-ahg4 #gba ,lea1 p4 #ceh4 #gbb ,ibid4 p4 #bif4 #gbc ,ibid4 p4 #cbb4 #gbd ,ibid4 p4 #cdi4 #gbe ,! read] may f9d ! mo/ ample evid5ce ( ^! positions 9 ,lea4 ,see especially pp4 #ach1 #ada1 #aec1 #aee1 #bfj1 #cdd4 #gbf ,synesius1 ,ep4 cv4 #gbg ,lea1 p4 #abb4 ,/4 ,augu/9e _h nam$ 8 illegitimate son ,adeodatus1 or ! ,gift ( ,god1 & _h made him a pr9cipal int]locutor 9 "o ( 8 religi\s dialogues4 #gbh ,dialog4 iv4 #aa4 #gbi ,?is is m5tion$ by ,h5ry ( ,hunt+don1 :o 0 a contempor>y4 7,lea1 p4 #bic47 #gcj ,! fir/ notice ( ?is v rem>kable precaution is 9 a canon ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,pal5cia 79 ,spa97 held 9 #acbb1 :i* ana!matises laym5 :o compel _! pa/ors to take concub9es4 7,lea1 p4 #cbd47 ,sleidan m5tions t x 0 cu/om>y 9 "s ( ! ,swiss cantons = ! p>i%ion]s to oblige ! prie/ to select a concub9e z a necess>y precaution = ! protection ( 8 female p>i%ion]s4 7,ibid4 p4 #cee47 ,s>pi1 9 8 ,hi/4 ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t1 m5tions 7on ! au?ority ( ,zu+lius7 ?is ,swiss cu/om4 ,nicolas ( ,clemangis1 a lead+ memb] ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,con/ance1 decl>$ t ?is cu/om _h become v common1 t ! laity 7 firmly p]suad$ t prie/s nev] liv$ a life ( real celibacy1 & t1 :]e no pro(s ( concub9age 7 f\nd1 !y always assum$ ! exi/5ce ( m s]i\s vice4 ,! passage 7:i* is quot$ by ,bayle7 is too rem>kable to be omitt$4 8,taceo de =nicationibus et adult]iis a quibus qui ali5i sunt probro ct]is ac ludibrio esse sol5t1 spadonesque aut sodomit appellantur2 d5ique laici usque adeo p]suasum hab5t nullos clibes esse1 ut 9 pl]isque p>o*iis non alit] vel9t presbyt]um tol]>e nisi concub9am habeat1 quo vel sic suis sit consultum uxoribus1 qu nec sic quidem usquequaque sunt extra p]iculum40 ,nic4 de ,clem4 ,de ,prsul4 ,simoniac4 7,lea1 p4 #chf47 #gca ,?is 0 en]getically notic$ by ,lu!r1 9 8 fam\s s]mon 8,de ,matrimonio10 & "s ( ! ,ca?olic prea*]s ( an e>li] p]iod _h made ! same compla9t4 ,see a curi\s passage f a contempor>y ( ,boccaccio1 quot$ by ,m]ay1 ,les ,libres pr*eurs1 p4 #aee4 8,va/ numb]s ( laym5 sep>at$ f _! wives "u ! influ5ce ( ! ascetic en?usiasm :i* ,hildebr& creat$40--,lea1 p4 #bed4 #gcb 8,qu&o enim s]vata fide ?ori causa prolis conjuges conv5iunt sic excusatur coitus ut culpam non habeat4 ,qu&o v]o defici5te bono prolis fide tam5 s]vata conv5iunt causa incont95ti non sic excusatur ut non habeat culpam1 s$ v5ialem4444 ,item hoc quod conjugati victi concupisc5tia utuntur invicem1 ultra necessitatem lib]os procre&i1 ponam 9 8 pro quibus quotidie dicimus ,dimitte nobis debita no/ra4444 ,unde 9 s5t5tiolis ,sexti ,py?agorici legitur #8omnis ard5tior amator propri uxoris adult] e/4' 0--,pet] ,lomb>d1 ,s5t5t4 lib4 iv4 di/4 #ca4 #gcc ,_m wives1 h[ev]1 7 =bidd54 7,deut4 xvii4 #ag47 ,polygamy is said to h ceas$ among ! ,jews aft] ! return f ! ,babyloni% captivity4--,:ewell's ,elem5ts ( ,morality1 book iv4 *4 v4 #gcd ,levit4 xii4 #a-e4 #gce ,ecclesia/icus1 xiii4 #ad4 ,i believe1 h[ev]1 ! passage has be5 translat$ 8,bett] ! badness ( a man ?an ! bl&i%m5ts ( a woman40 #gcf ,?is curi\s fact is notic$ by ,le ,blant1 ,inscriptions *rti5nes de la ,gaule1 pp4 xcvii4-xcviii4 #gcg ,see ! decree ( a ,c\ncil ( ,aux]re 7,a4,d4 #egh71 c4 #cf4 #gch ,see ! la/ two *apt]s ( ,troplong1 ,influ5ces du ,*ri/ianisme sur le ,droit 7a "w1 h[ev]1 :i* is writt5 mu* m 9 ! _s ( an apologi/ ?an 9 t ( an hi/orian71 & ,leg\v1 pp4 #bg-bi4 #gci ,ev5 9 matt]s n relat+ to prop]ty1 ! position ( wom5 9 feudalism 0 a l[ "o4 8,t\t m>i10 says ,beaumanoir1 8peut battre sa femme qu& elle ne veut pas obir son comm&em5t1 ou qu& elle le maudit1 ou qu& elle le dm5t1 p\rvu que ce soit modrm5t et sans que mort s'ensuive10 quot$ by ,leg\v1 p4 #adh4 ,contra/ ) ?is ! say+ ( ! eld] ,cato3 8,a man :o beats 8 wife or 8 *ildr5 lays impi\s h&s on t :i* is mo/ holy & mo/ sacr$ 9 ! _w40--,plut>*1 ,m>cus ,cato4 #gdj ,see ,leg\v1 pp4 #bi-ch2 ,ma9e's ,anci5t ,law1 pp4 #aed-aei4 #gda 8,no society :i* pres]ves any t9cture ( ,*ri/ian in/itutions is likely to re/ore to m>ri$ wom5 ! p]sonal lib]ty conf]r$ on !m by ! middle ,roman law3 b ! propriet>y disabilities ( m>ri$ females /& on q a diff]5t basis f _! p]sonal incapacities1 & x is by keep+ alive & consolidat+ ! =m] t ! expositors ( ! canon law h deeply injur$ civilisation4 ,!re are _m ve/iges ( a /ruggle betwe5 ! secul> & ecclesia/ical pr9ciples2 b ! canon law ne>ly ev]y:]e prevail$40--,ma9e's ,anci5t ,law1 p4 #aeh4 ,i may obs]ve t ! ,russian law 0 e>ly v fav\rable to ! propriet>y rights ( m>ri$ wom54 ,see a rem>kable lett] 9 ! ,memoirs ( ! ,pr9cess ,das*kaw 7edit$ by ,mrs4 ,brad=d3 ,london1 #ahdj71 vol4 ii4 p4 #djd4 #gdb ,g]mania1 cap4 ix4 xviii4-xx4 #gdc ,de ,gub]natione ,dei4 #gdd ,see1 = ^! leg5ds1 ,mallet's ,nor!rn ,antiquities4 #gde ,tacitus1 ,g]m4 #i2 ,hi/4 iv4 #ah2 ,xiphil94 lxxi4 #c2 ,amm4 ,m>cell9us1 xv4 #ab2 ,vopiscus1 ,aurelianus2 ,floras1 iii4 #c4 #gdf ,val]4 ,max4 vi4 #a2 ,hi]on4 ,ep4 cxxiii4 #gdg ,plut>*1 ,de ,muli]4 ,virt4 #gdh ,plut>*1 ,amatorius2 ,xiphil94 lxvi4 #af2 ,tacit4 ,hi/4 iv4 #fg4 ,! "n ( ?is h]oic wife is giv5 9 ?ree diff]5t =ms4 #gdi ,on ! polygamy ( ! fir/1 see ,greg4 ,tur4 iv4 #bf2 on ! polygamy ( ,*ilp]ic1 ,greg4 ,tur4 iv4 #bh2 v4 #ad4 #gej ,greg4 ,tur4 iv4 #c4 #gea ,ibid4 iii4 #be-bg1 #cf4 #geb ,fr$eg>ius1 xxxvi4 #gec ,ibid4 lx4 #ged ,eg9h>dus1 ,vit4 ,k>4 ,mag4 xviii4 ,*>lemagne _h1 accord+ to ,eg9h>d1 f\r wives1 b1 z f> z ,i c und]/&1 only two at ! same "t4 #gee ,smy?'s ,lectures on ,mod]n ,hi/ory1 vol4 i4 pp4 #fa-fb4 #gef ,milman's ,hi/4 ( ,lat9 ,*ri/ianity1 vol4 i4 p4 #cfc2 ,leg\v1 ,hi/4 ,morale des ,femmes1 p4 #eg4 #geg ,see1 on ^! laws1 ,"l ,kames ,on ,wom52 ,leg\v1 p4 #eg4 #geh ,favor9us _h /rongly urg$ x4 7,aul4 ,gell4 ,noct4 xii4 #a47 #gei ,^! are ! reasons giv5 by ,mal?us1 ,on ,population1 book iii4 *4 ii4 #gfj ,/4 ,augu/9e 7,de ,conj4 ,adult4 ii4 #ai7 ma9ta9s t adult]y is ev5 m crim9al 9 ! man ?an 9 ! woman4 ,/4 ,j]ome has an impressive passage on ! subject3 8,ali sunt leges ,cs>um1 ali ,*ri/i2 aliud ,papianus1 aliud ,paulus no/ri prcepit4 ,apud illos viris impudiciti frna laxantur et solo /upro atque adult]io condemnato passim p] lupan>ia et ancillulas libido p]mittitur1 quasi culpam dignitas faciat non voluntas4 ,apud nos quod non licet fem9is que non licet viris2 et eadem s]vitus p>i conditione c5setur40--,ep4 lxxvii4 ,/4 ,*ryso/om writes 9 a simil> /ra94 #gfa ,see ,troplong1 ,influ5ce du ,*ri/ianisme sur le ,droit1 pp4 #bci-bea4 #gfb ,we f9d1 h[ev]1 traces ( a tol]ation ( ! ,roman type ( concub9e 9 ,*ri/ianity = "s "t4 ,?us1 a ,c\ncil ( ,tol$o decre$3 8,si quis hab5s uxorem fidelis concub9am habeat non communicet4 ,ct]um is qui non habet uxorem et pro uxore concub9am habet a communione non repellatur1 tantum ut unius muli]is1 aut uxoris aut concub9 ut ei placu]it1 sit conjunctione cont5tus40--#a ,c4 #ag4 ,/4 ,isidore said3 8,*ri/iano non dicam plurimas s$ nec duas simul hab]e licitum e/1 nisi unam tantum aut uxorem1 aut c]to loco uxoris1 si conjux dee/1 concub9am40--,apud ,gratianum1 diss4 #d4 ,quot$ by ,natalis ,alex&]1 ,hi/4 ,eccles4 ,sc4 ,i4 diss4 #bi4 ,mr4 ,lea 7,hi/4 ( ,sac]dotal ,celibacy1 pp4 #bjc-bje7 has devot$ an extremely int]e/+ note to trac+ ! hi/ory ( ! ^w concub9e ?r\gh ! middle ages4 ,he %[s t ev5 up to ! ?irte5? c5tury a concub9e 0 n necess>ily an ab&on$ woman4 ,! t]m 0 appli$ to m>riages t 7 real1 b n (ficially recognis$4 ,col]idge notices a rem>kable in/ance ( ! revival ( ?is cu/om 9 ,g]man hi/ory4--,notes on ,engli% ,div9es 7ed4 #ahec71 vol4 i4 p4 #bba4 #gfc ,leg\v1 p4 #aii4 #gfd ,see "s curi\s passages 9 ,troplong1 pp4 #bbb-bbc4 ,! ,fa!rs seem to h ?\ght dissolution ( m>riage 0 n lawful on acc\nt ( ! adult]y ( ! husb&1 b t x 0 n absolutely unlawful1 ?\gh n comm5dable1 = a husb& ^: wife _h committ$ adult]y to re-m>ry4 #gfe ,"s ( ! great *>ities ( ,fabiola 7 p]=m$ z p5ances1 on acc\nt ( h] crime 9 avail+ h]self ( ! legislative p]mission ( divorce4 #gff ,lab\laye1 ,re*]*es sur la ,condition civile et politique des ,femmes1 pp4 #aeb-aeh4 #gfg 8,a disc\rse conc]n+ ! obligation to m>ry )9 ! true communion1 foll[+ f _! /yle 7sic7 ( be+ call$ a holy se$40 ,?is r>e disc\rse is app5d$ to a s]mon aga9/ mix$ m>riages by ,leslie4 7,london1 #agjb47 ,! read] may f9d some?+ ab\t ,dodwell 9 ,macaulay's ,hi/4 ( ,engl&1 *4 xiv42 b ,macaulay1 :o does n appe> to h kn[n ,dodwell's ma/]piece--8 diss]tation ,de ,paucitate ,m>turum1 :i* is "o ( ! f9e/ specim5s ( criticism ( 8 "t--& :o only knew ! disc\rse on m>riages by extracts1 has1 ,i ?9k1 done him consid]able inju/ice4 #gfh ,dodwell relies ma9ly ^u ?is fact1 & especially ^u ,ezra's hav+ treat$ ^! m>riages z ess5tially null4 #gfi 8,jung]e cum infidelibus v9culum matrimonii1 pro/itu]e g5tilibus membra ,*ri/i40--,cyprian1 ,de ,lapsis4 #ggj 8,hc cum ita s9t1 fideles ,g5tilium matrimonia subeuntes /upri reos esse con/at1 et arc5dos ab omni communicatione frat]nitatis40--,t]t4 ,ad ,uxor4 ii4 #c4 #gga ,see on ?is law1 & on ! _m c\ncils :i* condemn$ ! m>riage ( or?odox ) h]etics1 ,b+ham1 ,antiq4 xxii4 #b1 #a-b4 #ggb ,_m curi\s /ati/ics illu/rat+ ?is fact are giv5 by ,m4 ,bonneville de ,m>sangy--a ,portuguese writ] :o 0 c\nsellor ( ! ,imp]ial ,c\rt at ,p>is--9 8 tude sur la ,moralit comp>e de la ,femme et de l',homme4 7,p>is1 #ahfb47 ,! writ] w\ld h done bett] if he _h n ma9ta9$1 9 lawy] fa%ion1 t ! /ati/ics ( crime are absolutely decisive on ! "q ( ! comp>ative morality ( ! sexes1 & also1 if he _h n ?\ght x due to 8 (ficial position to talk 9 a r grotesque /ra9 ab\t ! reg5]ation & glorification ( ! sex 9 ! p]son ( ! ,empress ,eugnie4 #ggc ,see ,pl9y1 ,hi/4 ,nat4 xxxiv4 #ai4 #ggd 8,tantum int] ,/oicos1 ,s]5e1 et cet]os sapi5tiam pr(essos int]esse1 quantum int] fm9as et m>es non imm]ito dix]im40--,de ,con/4 ,sapi5tis1 cap4 i4 #gge ,?is is well illu/rat$1 on ! "o side1 by ! mo/ repulsive repres5tations ( ,*ri/1 by ,mi*ael ,angelo1 9 ! great fresco 9 ! ,si/9e ,*apel 7s inf]ior to ! ,*ri/ ( ,orgagna1 at ,pisa1 f :i* x 0 p>tly imitat$71 & 9 m>ble 9 ! ,m9]va ,*ur* at ,rome2 &1 on ! o!r side1 by ! frescoes ( ,p]ug9o1 at ,p]ugia1 repres5t+ ! great sages ( ,paganism4 ,! figure ( ,cato1 9 ! latt]1 almo/ approa*es1 z well z ,i rememb]1 ! type ( ,/4 ,john4 #ggf ,9 t f9e description ( a virtu\s woman :i* is ascrib$ to ! "m ( ,k+ ,lemuel1 we read3 8,%e /ret*e? out h] h& to ! poor2 yea1 %e rea*e? =? h] h&s to ! ne$y40 7,prov]bs xxxi4 #bj47 ,i h already quot$ f ,x5ophon ! beautiful description ( ! ,greek wife t5d+ h] sick slaves4 ,s1 too1 ,euripides repres5ts ! slaves ( ,alce/is ga!r+ ) te>s ar\nd ! b$ ( _! dy+ mi/ress1 :o1 ev5 !n1 f\nd "s k9d ^w = ea*1 &1 :5 %e di$1 lam5t+ h] z _! second "m4 7,eurip4 ,alce/47 ,9 ! s]vile w> :i* desolat$ ,sicily at ! "t ( ! ,punic w>s1 we f9d a t\*+ trait ( ! same k9d4 ,! revolt 0 provok$ by ! cruelties ( a ri* man1 nam$ ,damophilus1 & 8 wife1 :o 7 massacr$ ) circum/ances ( great atrocity2 b ! slaves pres]v$ _! daught] entirely unh>m$1 = %e _h always made x h] bus9ess to console !m 9 _! sorr[1 & %e _h won ! love ( all4 7,diodor4 ,sic4 ,frag4 xxxiv47 ,s1 too1 ,m>cia1 ! wife ( ,cato1 us$ to suckle h] "y slaves f h] brea/4 7,plut4 ,m>c4 ,cato47 ,i may add ! well-kn[n s5tim5t :i* ,virgil puts 9 ! m\? ( ,dido3 8,haud ign>a mali mis]is succurr]e disco40 ,!re are1 d\btless1 _m o!r t\*es ( ! same k9d 9 anci5t lit]ature1 "s ( :i* may occur to my read]s4 #ggg ,!odoret1 v4 #ai4 #ggh ,see ! beautiful description ( ! functions ( a ,*ri/ian woman 9 ! second book ( ,t]tullian1 ,ad ,uxorem4 #ggi ,see1 ^u ! deaconesses1 ,b+ham's ,*ri/ian ,antiquities1 book ii4 *4 #bb1 & ,ludl['s ,woman's ,"w 9 ! ,*ur*4 ,! latt] au?or argues elaborately t ! 8wid[s0 7 n ! same z ! deaconesses4 #ghj ,phbe 7,rom4 xvi4 #a7 is describ$ z a 4 #gha ,a v able writ]1 :o takes on ! :ole an unfav\rable view ( ! influ5ce ( ,*ri/ianity on legislation1 says3 8,! provision = ! wid[ 0 attributable to ! ex]tions ( ! ,*ur*1 :i* nev] relax$ its solicitude = ! int]e/s ( wives surviv+ _! husb&s1 w9n+1 p]haps1 "o ( ! mo/ ardu\s ( its triumphs :51 aft] exact+ = two or ?ree c5turies an express promise f ! husb& at m>riage to end[ 8 wife1 x at la/ succe$$ 9 engraft+ ! pr9ciple ( d[] on ! cu/om>y law ( all ,we/]n ,europe40--,ma9e's ,anci5t ,law1 p4 #bbd4 #ghb ,see ,troplong1 ,influ5ce du ,*ri/ianisme sur le ,droit1 pp4 #cjh-caj4 #ghc ,! results ( ?is *ange h be5 treat$ by ,miss ,p>kes 9 h] truly admirable little book call$ ,essays on ,woman's ,"w1 bett] ?an by any o!r writ] ) :om ,i am acqua9t$4