,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,! fir/ "p ( ?is volume 7,septemb] #ahgi7 0 produc$ z ,project ,gut5b]g ,ebook #cjjdh4 ,! relevant "p ( ! table ( cont5ts has be5 extract$ f t docum5t1 & a brief title page add$4 ,italic words h be5 enclos$ 9 und]scores4 99,gesp]rt99 7spac$7 lett]s h be5 enclos$ 9 a/]isks4 ,greek lett]s h be5 translit]at$ & enclos$ 9 equals signs1 e4g4 s*ole4 ,symbols su* z hi]oglyphics or script lett]s h be5 repres5t$ us+ braces1 e4g4 symbol4 ,z ! oe ligature _c be includ$ 9 ?is =mat1 x has be5 replac$ ) ! sep>ate lett]s1 e4g4 ,pho5ician4 ,a few m9or typographical errors h be5 sil5tly correct$4 ,"s inconsi/5t hyph5ation & acc5ts h be5 reta9$4 ,,! ,,contempor>y ,,review ,,volume ,,xxxvi4 ,,novemb]1 #ahgi ,,cont5ts4 ,,novemb]1 #ahgi4 ,,page ,on ,fre$om4 ,by ,pr(essor ,max ,mull] #cfi ,mr4 ,glad/one3 ,two ,/udies sugge/$ by 8 ,glean+s ( ,pa/ ,ye>s4 ,i4 ,by a ,lib]al4--,,ii4 ,by a ,cons]vative #cih ,! ,anci5 ,regime & ! ,revolution 9 ,france4 ,by ,pr(essor von ,sybel #dcb ,:at is ! ,actual ,condition ( ,irel&8 ,by ,edw>d ,/anley ,rob]tson #dea ,! ,deluge3 ,its ,traditions 9 ,anci5t ,nations4 ,by ,francois ,l5ormant #dfe ,susp5d$ ,animation4 ,by ,ri*>d ,a4 ,proctor #eja ,john ,/u>t ,mill's ,philosophy ,te/$4 ,,iv4--,utilit>ianism4 ,by ,pr(essor ,w4 ,/anley ,jevons #eba ,,on ,,fre$om4#a ,n m ?an tw5ty ye>s h pass$ s9ce ,john ,/u>t ,mill s5t =? 8 plea = ,lib]ty4#b ,if !re is "o among ! lead]s ( ?\ght 9 ,engl& :o1 by ! elevation ( 8 "* & ! calm composure ( 8 m9d1 des]v$ ! s (t5 misplac$ title ( ,s]5e ,highness1 x 01 ,i ?9k1 ,john ,/u>t ,mill4 ,b 9 8 ,essay ,on ,lib]ty1 ,mill = once becomes passionate4 ,9 pres5t+ 8 ,bill ( ,rights1 9 /epp+ =w>d z ! *ampion ( individual lib]ty1 a new _s seems to h tak5 possession ( him4 ,he speaks l a m>tyr1 or ! def5d] ( m>tyrs4 ,! individual human s\l1 ) its unfa?omable end[m5ts1 & its capacity ( gr[+ to some?+ undreamt ( 9 our philosophy1 becomes 9 8 eyes a sacr$ ?+1 & e encroa*m5t on its _w-wide doma9 is treat$ z sacrilege4 ,society1 ! ar*-enemy ( ! rights ( individuality1 is repres5t$ l an evil _s1 :om x behoves e true man to resi/ ) might & ma91 & ^: dem&s1 z !y _c be altoge!r ignor$1 mu/ be r$uc$ at all haz>ds to ! l[e/ level4 ,i d\bt :e!r any ( ! pr9ciples = :i* ,mill plead$ s w>mly & /r5u\sly 9 8 ,essay ,on ,lib]ty w\ld at ! pres5t day be *all5g$ or resi/$1 ev5 by ! mo/ illib]al ( philosoph]s1 or ! mo/ cons]vative ( politicians4 ,mill's dem&s s\nd v humble to our e>s4 ,!y am\nt to no m ?an ?is1 t ! individual is n acc\ntable to society = 8 actions s f> z !y conc]n ! int]e/s ( no p]son b himself1 & t he may be subject$ to social or legal puni%m5ts = su* actions only z are prejudicial to ! int]e/s ( o!rs4 ,is !re any "o "h pres5t :o d\bts ! ju/ice ( t pr9ciple1 or :o w\ld wi% to r$uce ! fre$om ( ! individual to a small] measure8 ,:atev] social tyranny may h exi/$ tw5ty ye>s ago1 :5 x wrung t fi]y prote/ f ! lips ( ,john ,/u>t ,mill1 c we imag9e a /ate ( society1 n totally ,utopian1 9 :i* ! individual man ne$ be less a%am$ ( 8 social fett]s1 9 :i* he c\ld m freely utt] all 8 hone/ convictions1 m boldly prop\nd all 8 !ories1 m fe>lessly agitate = _! spe$y realization2 9 :i*1 9 fact1 ea* man c be s entirely himself z ! society ( ,engl&1 su* z x n[ is1 su* z g5]ations ( h>d-?9k+ & h>d-work+ ,engli%m5 h made x1 & left x z ! mo/ sacr$ inh]itance to _! sons & daught]s8 ,look ?r\gh ! :ole ( hi/ory1 n except+ ! brighte/ days ( republican fre$om at ,a!ns & ,rome1 & ,i "k y w n f9d "o s+le p]iod 9 :i* ! measure ( ,lib]ty accord$ to ea* individual 0 l>g] ?an x is at pres5t1 at lea/ 9 ,engl&4 ,& if y wi% to realize ! full bless+s ( ! "t 9 :i* we live1 comp>e ,mill's plea = ,lib]ty ) ano!r writt5 n mu* m ?an two hundr$ ye>s ago1 & by a ?9k] n inf]ior ei!r 9 p[] or boldness to ,mill himself4 ,accord+ to ,hobbes1 ! only fre$om :i* an individual 9 8 ideal /ate has a "r to claim is :at he calls fre$om ( ?\ght1 & t fre$om ( ?\ght consi/s 9 our be+ able to ?9k :at we l--s long z we keep x to ourselves4 ,surely1 su* fre$om ( ?\ght exi/$ ev5 9 ! days ( ! ,inquisition1 & we %\ld nev] call ?\ght free1 if x _h to be kept a prison] 9 solit>y & sil5t conf9em5t4 ,by fre$om ( ?\ght we mean fre$om ( spee*1 fre$om ( ! press1 fre$om ( action1 :e!r individual or associat$1 & ( t fre$om ! pres5t g5]ation1 z comp>$ ) all =m] g5]ations1 ! ,engli% nation1 z comp>$ ) all o!r nations1 enjoys1 !re c be no d\bt1 a good measure1 press$ d[n1 & %ak5 toge!r1 & sometimes runn+ ov]4 ,x may be said t "s dogmas /ill rema9 9 politics1 9 religion1 & 9 morality2 b ^? :o def5d !m claim no long] any infallibility1 & ^? :o attack !m1 h[ev] small _! m9ority1 ne$ fe> no viol5ce1 nay1 may reckon on an imp>tial & ev5 sympa!tic he>+1 z soon z p discov] 9 _! plead+s ! true r+ ( hone/ conviction & ! w>m? inspir$ by an unselfi% love ( tru?4 ,x has seem$ /range !re=e to _m read]s ( ,mill1 p>ticul>ly on ! ,cont95t1 t ?is cry = ,lib]ty1 ?is dem& = fre$om = e individual to be :at he is1 & to develop all ! g]ms ( 8 nature1 %\ld h come f :at is kn[n z ! free/ ( all c\ntries1 ,engl&4 ,we might well und]/& su* a cry ( indignation if x _h rea*$ u f ,russia2 b :y %\ld ,engli% philosoph]s1 ( all o!rs1 h to prote/ aga9/ ! tyranny ( society8 ,x is true1 nev]!less1 t 9 c\ntries gov]n$ despotically1 ! individual1 unless he is obnoxi\s to ! ,gov]nm5t1 enjoys f> great] fre$om1 or r lic5ce1 ?an 9 a c\ntry l ,engl&1 :i* gov]ns itself4 ,russian society1 = in/ance1 is extremely indulg5t4 ,x tol]ates 9 its rul]s & /atesm5 a haughty defiance ( ! simple/ rules ( social propriety1 & x seems amus$ r ?an a/oni%$ or indignant at ! vag>ies1 ! fr5zies1 & outrages1 ( ^? :o 9 brilliant draw+-rooms or lecture-rooms prea* ! doctr9es ( :at is call$ ,nihilism or ,individualism1#c--viz41 t society mu/ be reg5]at$ by a /ruggle = exi/5ce & ! survival ( ! /ronge/1 processes :i* ,nature has sanction$1 & :i* h prov$ successful among wild animals4 ,if !re is dang] 9 ^! doctr9es ! ,gov]nm5t is expect$ to see to x4 ,x may place wat*m5 at ! doors ( e h\se & at ! corn] ( e /reet1 b x mu/ n c\nt on ! bett] classes com+ =w>d to enrol !mselves z special con/ables1 or ev5 on ! co-op]ation ( public op9ion :i* 9 ,engl& w\ld annihilate t k9d ( ,nihilism ) "o glance ( scorn & pity4 ,9 a self-gov]n$ c\ntry l ,engl&1 ! resi/ance :i* society1 if x likes1 c oppose to ! individual 9 ! ass]tion ( 8 rights1 is f> m compact & p[]ful ?an 9 ,russia1 or ev5 9 ,g]many4 ,ev5 :]e x does n employ ! arm ( ! law1 society kn[s h[ to use t s(t]1 b m cru%+ pressure1 t calm1 b ,gorgon-l look :i* only ! brave/ & /\te/ he>ts "k h[ to resi/4 ,x is r aga9/ t indirect repression :i* a well-organiz$ society ex]cises1 bo? ?r\gh its male & female repres5tatives1 t ,mill's dem& = ,lib]ty seems direct$4 ,he does n /& up = unlimit$ lic5ce2 on ! contr>y1 he w\ld h be5 ! mo/ /r5u\s def5d] ( t balance ( p[] betwe5 ! weak & ! /rong on :i* all social life dep5ds4 ,b he res5ts ^? small] p5alties :i* society w always inflict on ^? :o di/urb its dignifi$ peace & com=t3--avoidance1 exclusion1 a cold look1 a /++ rem>k4 ,_h ,mill any "r to compla9 ( ^! social p5alties8 ,w\ld x n r am\nt to an int]f]5ce ) individual lib]ty to wi% to deprive any individual or any numb] ( individuals ( ^? weapons ( self-def5ce8 ,^? :o !mselves ?9k & speak freely1 h h>dly a "r to compla91 if o!rs claim ! same privilege4 ,mill himself call$ ! ,cons]vative p>ty ! /upid p>ty p> excell5ce1 & he took great pa9s to expla9 t x 0 s1 n by accid5t1 b by necessity4 ,ne$ he wond] if ^? :om he :ipp$ & sc\rg$ us$ _! own :ips & sc\rges aga9/ s m]ciless a critic8 ,free?9k]s1 & ,i use t "n z a title ( hon\r = all :o1 l ,mill1 claim = e individual ! fulle/ fre$om 9 ?\ght1 ^w1 or de$1 compatible ) ! fre$om ( o!rs1 are apt to make "o mi/ake4 ,consci\s ( _! own hone/ int5tions1 !y _c be> to be mi/ru/$ or slight$4 ,!y expect society to submit to _! (t5 v pa9ful op]ations z a pati5t submits to ! knife ( ! surgeon4 ,t is n 9 human nature4 ,! enemy ( abuses is always abus$ by 8 enemies4 ,society w nev] yield "o in* )\t resi/ance1 & few re=m]s live long en\gh to receive ! ?anks ( ^? :om !y h re=m$4 ,mill's unsolicit$ election to ,p>liam5t 0 a triumph n (t5 %>$ by social re=m]s2 x 0 z exceptional z ,bright's admission to a seat 9 ! ,cab9et1 or ,/anley's appo9tm5t z ,dean ( ,we/m9/]4 ,su* anomalies w happ5 9 a c\ntry =tunately s full ( anomalies z ,engl&2 b1 z a rule1 a political re=m] mu/ n be angry if he passes ?r\gh life )\t ! title ( ,"r ,hon\rable2 nor %\ld a man1 if he w always speak ! tru?1 ! :ole tru?1 & no?+ b ! tru?1 be disappo9t$ if he dies a m>tyr r ?an a ,bi%op4 ,b grant+ ev5 t 9 ,mill's "t !re exi/$ "s traces ( social tyranny1 :]e are !y n[8 ,look at ! newspap]s & ! j\rnals4 ,is !re any !ory too wild1 any re=m too viol5t1 to be op5ly def5d$8 ,look at ! draw+-rooms or ! meet+s ( le>n$ societies4 ,are n ! mo/ ecc5tric talk]s ! spoil$ *ildr5 ( ! fa%ionable _w8 ,:5 "y lords beg9 to discuss ! propriety ( limit+ ! rights ( inh]itance1 & "y tutors are n afraid to propose curtail+ ! long vacation1 surely we ne$ n compla9 ( ! intol]ance ( ,engli% society4 ,:5ev] ,i /ate ^! facts to my ,g]man & ,fr5* & ,italian fri5ds1 :o f read+ ,mill's ,essay ,on ,lib]ty h d]iv$ ! impression t1 h[ev] l>ge an am\nt ( political lib]ty ,engl& may enjoy1 x enjoys b little ( intellectual fre$om1 !y are g5]ally will+ to be conv]t$ s f> z ,london1 or o!r great cities1 are conc]n$4 ,b look at y\r ,univ]sities1 !y say1 ! nurs]ies ( ,engli% ?\ght6 ,c y comp>e _! m$iaeval _s1 _! mona/ic in/itutions1 _! s*ola/ic philosophy1 ) ! fre%ness & fre$om ( ! ,cont95tal ,univ]sities8 ,/rong z ^! prejudices ab\t ,ox=d & ,cambridge h always be51 !y h become /ill m int5se s9ce ,pr(essor ,helmholtz1 9 an inaugural address :i* he deliv]$ at 8 in/allation z ,rector ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,b]l91 l5t ! au?ority ( 8 great "n to ^! misconceptions4 ,! tutors1 he says1#d 9 ! ,engli% ,univ]sities _c deviate by a hair's-bread? f ! dogmatic sy/em ( ! ,engli% ,*ur*1 )\t expos+ !mselves to ! c5sure ( _! ,ar*bi%ops & los+ _! pupils4 ,9 ,g]man ,univ]sities1 on ! contr>y1 we are told t ! extreme conclusions ( mat]iali/ic metaphysics1 ! bolde/ speculations )9 ! sph]e ( ,d>w9's !ory ( evolution1 may be prop\nd$ )\t let or h9drance1 q z mu* z ! highe/ apo!osis ( ,papal infallibility4 ,"h ! facts on :i* ,pr(essor ,helmholtz relies are entirely wrong1 & ! writ+s ( "s ( our mo/ em95t tutors supply a m ?an suffici5t refutation ( 8 /atem5ts4 ,ar*bi%ops h no (ficial position :atsoev] 9 ,engli% ,univ]sities1 & _! c5sure ( an ,ox=d tutor w\ld be res5t$ z imp]t95t by ! :ole ,univ]sity4 ,nor does ! ,univ]sity1 z su*1 ex]cise any v /rict control ov] ! tutors1 ev5 :5 !y lecture n to _! own ,college only4 ,ea* ,ma/] ( ,arts at ,ox=d claims n[ ! "r to lecture 7v5ia doc5di71 & ,i d\bt :e!r !y w\ld ev] submit to ^? re/rictions :i*1 9 ,g]many1 ! ,faculty imposes on e ,privat-doc5t4 ,privat-doc5ts 9 ,g]man ,univ]sities h be5 reject$ by ! ,faculty = incompet5ce1 & sil5c$ = insubord9ation4 ,i "k ( no su* cases at ,ox=d dur+ my resid5ce ( m ?an ?irty ye>s1 nor c ,i ?9k x likely t !y %\ld ev] occur4 ,z to ! extreme conclusions ( mat]iali/ic metaphysics1 !re are ,ox=d tutors :o h grappl$ ) ! sy/ems ( su* giants z ,hobbes1 ,locke1 or ,hume1 & :o are n likely to be fright5$ by ,bu*n] & ,vogt4 ,i "k comp>isons are odi\s1 & ,i am ! la/ man :o w\ld wi% to draw comp>isons betwe5 ,engli% & ,g]man ,univ]sities unfav\rable to ! latt]4 ,b ) reg>d to fre$om ( ?\ght1 ( spee*1 & action1 ,pr(essor ,helmholtz1 if he w\ld sp5d b a few weeks at ,ox=d1 w\ld f9d t we enjoy a full] measure ( fre$om "h ?an ! ,pr(essors & ,privat-doc5ts 9 any ,cont95tal ,univ]sity4 ,! publications ( "s ( our pr(essors & tutors ought at lea/ to h conv9c$ him t if !re is less ( brave words & turbul5t talk 9 _! writ+s1 !y display ?r\gh\t a det]m9ation to speak ! tru?1 :i* may be mat*$1 b c\ld n easily be excell$1 by ! lead]s ( ?\ght 9 ,france1 ,g]many1 or ,italy4 ,! real diff]5ce betwe5 ,engli% & ,cont95tal ,univ]sities is t ! =m] gov]n !mselves1 ! latt] are gov]n$4 ,self-gov]nm5t entails responsibilities1 sometimes re/ra9ts & retic5ces4 ,i may "h be all[$ to quote ! words ( ano!r em95t ,pr(essor ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,b]l91 ,du ,bois ,reymond1 :o1 9 address+ 8 colleagues1 v5tur$ to tell !m1#e ,we h /ill to le>n f ! ,engli% h[ ! greate/ indep5d5ce ( ! individual is compatible ) will+ submission to salut>y1 ?\gh irksome1 /atutes4 ,t is p>ticul>ly true :5 ! /atutes are self-impos$4 ,9 ,g]many1 z ,pr(essor ,helmholtz tells u himself1 ! la/ decision 9 almo/ all ! m important affairs ( ! ,univ]sities re/s ) ! ,gov]nm5t1 & he does n d5y t 9 times ( political & ecclesia/ical t5sion1 a mo/ inconsid]ate use has be5 made ( t p[]4 ,!re are1 besides1 ! less important matt]s1 su* z rais+ ( sal>ies1 leave ( abs5ce1 sci5tific missions1 ev5 titles & decorations1 all ( :i* enable a clev] ,m9i/] ( ,in/ruction to ass]t 8 p]sonal influ5ce among ! less indep5d5t memb]s ( ! ,univ]sity4 ,9 ,ox=d ! ,univ]sity does n "k ! ,m9i/ry1 nor ! ,m9i/ry ! ,univ]sity4 ,! acts ( ! ,gov]nm5t1 be x ,lib]al or ,cons]vative1 are freely discuss$1 & (t5 p[]fully resi/$ by ! academic con/itu5cies1 & ! p]sonal dislike ( a ,m9i/] or ,m9i/]ial ,c\ncillor c\ld z little injure a pr(essor or tutor z 8 fav\r c\ld add "o p5ny to 8 sal>y4 ,b ^! are m9or matt]s4 ,:at gives _! own peculi> "* to ! ,engli% ,univ]sities is a s5se ( p[] & responsibility3 p[]1 because !y are ! mo/ respect$ among ! num]\s corporations 9 ! c\ntry2 responsibility1 because ! high] education ( ! :ole c\ntry has be5 committ$ to _! *>ge4 ,_! only ma/] is public op9ion z repres5t$ 9 ,p>liam5t1 _! only inc5tive _! own s5se ( duty4 ,!re is no c\ntry 9 ,europe :]e ,univ]sities hold s exalt$ a position1 & :]e ^? :o h ! hon\r to belong to !m may say ) great] tru?1 ,noblesse oblige4 ,i "k ! dang]s ( self-gov]nm5t1 p>ticul>ly :]e high] & m ideal int]e/s are conc]n$1 & !re are probably few :o wi% = a real re=m 9 s*ools & ,univ]sities :o h n occasionally yield$ to ! desire = a ,dictator1 ( a ,bism>ck or a ,falk4 ,b su* a desire spr+s only f a mom5t>y weakness & despond5cy2 & no "o :o kn[s ! diff]5ce betwe5 be+ gov]n$ & gov]n+ oneself1 w\ld ev] wi% to desc5d f t high] ?\gh dang]\s position to a l[] "o1 h[ev] safe & com=table x might seem4 ,no "o :o has ta/$ fre$om w\ld ev] wi% to ex*ange x = any?+ else4 ,public op9ion is sometimes a h>d task-ma/]1 & majorities c be great tyrants to ^? :o want to be hone/ to _! own convictions4 ,b 9 ! /ruggle ( all aga9/ all1 ea* individual feels t he has 8 rightful place1 & t he may ex]cise 8 rightful influ5ce4 ,if he is beat51 he is beat5 9 fair fight2 if he conqu]s1 he has no "o else to ?ank4 ,no d\bt despotic ,gov]nm5ts h (t5 ex]cis$ ! mo/ b5eficial patronage 9 enc\rag+ & rew>d+ poets1 arti/s1 & m5 ( sci5ce4 ,b m5 ( g5ius :o h conqu]$ ! love & admiration ( a :ole nation are great] ?an ^? :o h ga9$ ! fav\r ( ! mo/ brilliant ,c\rts2 & we "k h[ "s ( ! faire/ reputations h be5 wreck$ on ! patronage :i* !y _h to accept at ! h&s ( p[]ful ,m9i/]s or ambiti\s ,sov]eigns4 ,b to return to ,mill & 8 plea = ,lib]ty4 ,?\gh ,i c h>dly believe t1 7 he /ill among u1 he w\ld claim a l>g] measure ( fre$om = ! individual ?an is n[ accord$ to e "o ( u 9 ! society 9 :i* we move1 yet ! *ief cause on :i* he f\nd$ 8 plea = ,lib]ty1 ! *ief evil :i* he ?\ght c\ld be rem$i$ only if society w\ld all[ m elb[-room to individual g5ius1 exi/s 9 ! same degree z 9 8 "t--aye1 ev5 9 a high] degree4 ,! pr9ciple ( ,individuality has suff]$ m at pres5t ?an p]haps at any =m] p]iod ( hi/ory4 ,! _w is becom+ m & m greg>i\s1 & :at ! ,fr5* call our nature m\tonni]e1 our mutton-l nature1 our t5d5cy to leap :]e any bell-we!r has leapt be=e1 becomes m & m preval5t 9 politics1 9 religion1 9 art1 & ev5 9 sci5ce4 ,m4 de ,tocqueville express$ 8 surprise h[ mu* m ,fr5*m5 ( ! pres5t day resemble "o ano!r ?an did ^? ( ! la/ g5]ation4 ,! same rem>k1 adds ,john ,/u>t ,mill1 might be made ( ,engl& 9 a great] degree4 ,! mod]n regime ( public op9ion1 he writes1 is 9 an unorganiz$ =m :at ! ,*9ese educational & political sy/ems are 9 an organiz$2 & unless individuality %all be able successfully to ass]t itself aga9/ ?is yoke1 ,europe1 not)/&+ its noble antec$5ts & its pr(ess$ ,*ri/ianity1 w t5d to become ano!r ,*9a4 ,i fully agree ) ,mill 9 recogniz+ ! dang]s ( uni=mity1 b ,i d\bt :e!r :at he calls ! regime ( public op9ion is alone1 or ev5 *iefly1 answ]able = x4 ,no d\bt !re are "s p 9 ^: eyes uni=mity seems an advantage r ?an a disadvantage4 ,if all 7 equally /rong1 equally educat$1 equally hone/1 equally ri*1 equally tall1 or equally small1 society w\ld seem to !m to h rea*$ ! highe/ ideal4 ,! same p admire an old ,fr5* g>d51 ) its clipp$ yew-trees1 =m+ artificial walls & t[]s & pyramids1 f> m ?an ! giant yews :i*1 l l>ge s]p5ts1 clasp ! soil ) _! coil+ roots1 & ov]%ad[ ) _! d>k gre5 bran*es ! :ite *alk cliffs ( ! ,?ames4 ,b ^? ,fr5* g>d5s1 unless !y are con/antly clipp$ & prev5t$ f gr[+1 soon fall into decay4 ,z 9 nature1 s 9 society1 uni=mity means b too (t5 /agnation1 :ile v>iety is ! sure/ sign ( heal? & vig\r4 ,! deepe/ secret ( nature is its love ( cont9u$ novelty4 ,its t5d5cy1 if unre/ra9$1 is t[>ds con/antly creat+ new v>ieties1 :i*1 if !y fulfil _! purpose1 become fix$ = a "t1 or1 x may be1 = ev]2 :ile o!rs1 aft] !y h fulfill$ _! purpose1 vani% to make room = new & /rong] types4 ,! same is ! secret ( human society4 ,x consi/s & lives 9 individuals1 ea* be+ meant to be diff]5t f all ! o!rs1 & to contribute 8 own peculi> %>e to ! common weal?4 ,z no tree is l any o!r tree1 & no leaf on ! same tree l any o!r leaf1 no human be+ is exactly l any o!r human be+1 nor is x meant to be4 ,x is 9 ?is endless1 & to u inconceivable1 v>iety ( human s\ls t ! deepe/ purpose ( human life is to be realiz$2 & ! m society fulfils t purpose1 ! m x all[s free scope = ! developm5t ( e individual g]m1 ! ri*] w be ! h>ve/ 9 no di/ant future4 ,su* is ! my/]y ( individuality t ,i d n wond] if ev5 ^? philosoph]s :o1 l ,mill1 r$uce ! mean+ ( ! ^w sacr$ to ! v smalle/ compass1 see 9 ea* individual s\l some?+ sacr$1 some?+ to be rev]$1 ev5 :]e we _c und]/& x1 some?+ to be protect$ aga9/ all vulg> viol5ce4 ,:]e ,i diff] f ,mill & 8 s*ool is on ! "q z to ! qu>t] f :5ce ! epidemic ( uni=mity spr+s :i* ?reat5s ! free developm5t ( mod]n society4 ,mill po9ts to ! society 9 :i* we move2 to ^? :o are 9 front ( u1 to our contempor>ies4 ,i feel conv9c$ t our real enemies are at our back1 & t ! heavie/ *a9s :i* are fa/5$ on u are ^? made1 n by ! pres5t1 b by pa/ g5]ations--by our ance/ors1 n by our contempor>ies4 ,x is on ?is po9t1 on ! trammels ( individual fre$om ) :i* we may almo/ be said to be born into ! _w1 & on ! means by :i* we may %ake (f ^! old *a9s1 or at all ev5ts c>ry !m m lightly & gracefully1 t ,i wi% to speak to y ?is ev5+4 ,y ne$ n be afraid t ,i am go+ to ent] ^u ! mu* discuss$ subject ( h]$ity1 :e!r 9 its physiological or psy*ological aspects4 ,x is a fav\rite subject j n[1 & ! mo/ curi\s facts h be5 br\ght toge!r ( late to illu/rate ! work+ ( :at is call$ h]$ity4 ,b ! m we "k ( ^! facts1 ! less we seem able to compreh5d ! und]ly+ pr9ciple4 ,inh]itance is "o ( ^? num]\s words :i* by _! v simplicity & cle>ness are s apt to d>k5 our c\nsel4 ,if a fa!r has blue eyes & ! son has blue eyes1 :at c be cle>] ?an t he inh]it$ !m8 ,if ! fa!r /amm]s & ! son /amm]s1 :o c d\bt b t x came by inh]itance8 ,if ! fa!r is a musician & ! son a musician1 we say v glibly t ! tal5t 0 inh]it$4 ,b :at does inh]it$ mean8 ,9 no case does x mean :at inh]it$ usually means--some?+ ext]nal1 l money1 collect$ by a fa!r1 &1 aft] 8 dea?1 secur$ by law to 8 son4 ,:atev] else inh]it$ may mean1 x does n mean t4 ,b un=tunately ! ^w is !re1 x seems almo/ p$antic to *all5ge its mean+1 & p are always grateful if an easy ^w saves !m ! tr\ble ( h>d ?\ght4 ,ano!r app>5t advantage ( ! !ory ( h]$ity is t x nev] fails4 ,if ! son has blue1 & ! fa!r black1 eyes1 all is "r aga91 = ei!r ! "m1 or ! gr&mo!r1 or "s hi/oric or prehi/oric ance/or1 may h _h blue eyes1 & atavism1 we "k1 w ass]t itself aft] hundr$s & ?\s&s ( ye>s4 ,d n suppose t ,i d5y ! broad facts ( :at is call$ by ! "n ( h]$ity4 ,:at ,i d5y is t ! "n ( h]$ity (f]s any sci5tific solution ( a mo/ difficult problem4 ,x is a "n1 a metaphor1 q z bad z ! old metaphor ( innate ideas2 = !re is h>dly a s+le po9t ( simil>ity betwe5 ! process by :i* a son may %>e ! black eyes1 ! /amm]+1 or ! musical tal5t ( 8 fa!r1 & t by :i*1 aft] 8 fa!r's dea?1 ! law secures to ! son ! possession ( ! p\nds1 %ill+s1 & p5ce :i* 8 fa!r held 9 ! ,funds4 ,b :atev] ! true mean+ ( h]$ity may be1 c]ta9 x is t e individual comes into ! _w heavy-lad54 ,n[h]e has ! consci\sness ( ! burd5 :i* re/s on ea* g5]ation z x ent]s on its j\rney ?r\gh life f\nd /rong] expression ?an among ! ,buddhi/s4 ,:at o!r p call by v>i\s names1 fate or provid5ce1 tradition or inh]itance1 circum/ances or environm5t1 !y call ,k>man1 de$--:at has be5 done1 :e!r by ourselves or by o!rs1 ! accumulat$ "w ( all :o h come be=e u1 ! consequ5ces ( :i* we h to be>1 bo? = good & = evil4 ,orig9ally ?is ,k>man seems to h be5 conceiv$ z p]sonal1 z ! "w :i* we ourselves h done 9 =m] exi/5ces4 ,b1 z p]sonally we are n consci\s ( hav+ done su* "w 9 =m] ages1 t k9d ( ,k>man1 too1 might be said to be imp]sonal4 ,to ! "q h[ ,k>man began1 ! accumulation ( :at =ms ! condition ( all t exi/s at pres5t1 ,buddhism has no answ] to give1 any m ?an any o!r sy/em ( religion or philosophy4 ,! ,buddhi/s say x began ) avidya1 & avidya means ignorance4#f ,!y are mu* m deeply int]e/$ 9 ! "q h[ ,k>man may be annihilat$1 h[ ea* man may free himself f ! influ5ce ( ,k>man1 & ,nirvana1 ! highe/ object ( all _! dreams1 is (t5 def9$ by ,buddhi/ philosoph]s z fre$om f ,k>man4#g ,:at ! ,buddhi/s call by ! g5]al "n ( ,k>man1 compreh5ds all influ5ces :i* ! pa/ ex]cises on ! pres5t1 bo? physically & m5tally4#h ,x is n my object to exam9e or ev5 to "n all ^! influ5ces1 ?\gh ,i confess no?+ is m int]e/+ ?an to look ^u ! surface ( our mod]n life z we look on a geological map1 & to see ! mo/ anci5t =mations cropp+ out ev]y:]e "u our feet4 ,difficult z x is to col\r a geological map ( ,engl&1 x w\ld be /ill m difficult to f9d a suffici5t v>iety ( col\rs to m>k ! diff]5t +r$i5ts ( ! intellectual surface ( ?is isl&4 ,t all ( u1 :e!r we speak ,engli% or ,g]man1 or ,fr5* or ,russian1 are really speak+ an anci5t ,ori5tal tongue1 incr$ible z x w\ld h s\nd$ a hundr$ ye>s ago1 is n[ admitt$ by ev]ybody4 ,?\gh ! v>i\s dialects n[ spok5 9 ,europe h be5 sep>at$ _m ?\s&s ( ye>s f ! ,sanskrit1 ! anci5t classical language ( ,india1 yet s unbrok5 is ! bond t holds ! ,we/ & ,ea/ toge!r t 9 _m cases an intellig5t ,engli%man might /ill guess ! mean+ ( a ,sanskrit ^w4 ,h[ little diff]5ce is !re betwe5 ,sanskrit sunu & ,engli% son1 betwe5 ,sanskrit duhit> & ,engli% daught]1 betwe5 ,sanskrit vid1 to "k1 & ,engli% to wit1 betwe5 ,sanskrit vak%1 to gr[1 & ,engli% to wax6 ,?9k h[ we value a ,saxon urn1 or a ,roman co91 or a ,celtic weapon6 h[ we dig = !m1 clean !m1 label !m1 & c>efully deposit !m 9 our museums6 ,yet :at is _! antiquity comp>$ ) ! antiquity ( su* words z son or daught]1 fa!r & "m8 ,!re are no monum5ts old] ?an ^? collect$ 9 ! h&y volumes :i* we call ,diction>ies1 & ^? :o "k h[ to int]pret ^? ,engli% antiquities--z y may see !m int]pret$1 = in/ance1 9 ,grimm's ,diction>y ( ! ,g]man1 9 ,littre's ,diction>y ( ! ,fr5*1 or 9 ,pr(essor ,skeats' ,etymological ,diction>y ( ! ,engli% ,language--w le>n m ( ! real gr[? ( ! human m9d ?an by /udy+ _m volumes on logic & psy*ology4 ,& z by our language we belong to ! ,aryan /ratum1 we belong ?r\gh our lett]s to ! ,hamitic4 ,we /ill write ,engli% 9 hi]oglyphics2 & 9 spite ( all ! vicissitudes ?r\gh :i* ! anci5t hi]oglyphics h pass$ 9 _! j\rney f ,egypt to ,pho5icia1 f ,pho5icia to ,greece1 f ,greece to ,italy1 & f ,italy to ,engl&1 :5 we write a capital ,f script ,f1 :5 we draw ! top l9e & ! small] l9e ?r\gh ! middle ( ! lett]1 we really draw ! two horns ( ! c]a/es1 ! horn$ s]p5t :i* ! anci5t ,egyptians us$ = repres5t+ ! s\nd ( f4 ,!y write ! "n ( ! k+ :om ! ,greeks call$ ,*eops1 & !y !mselves ,*u-fu1 l ?is3#i ,illu/ration3 --------- sieve *u s]p5t fu bird u --------- ,"h ! fir/ sign1 ! sieve1 is to be pron\nc$ *u2 ! second1 ! horn$ s]p5t1 fu1 & ! little bird1 aga91 u4 ,9 ! m cursive or ,hi]atic writ+ ! horn$ s]p5t appe>s z symbol2 9 ! lat] ,demotic z symbol & symbol4 ,! ,pho5icians1 :o borr[$ _! lett]s f ! ,hi]atic ,egyptian1 wrote symbol & symbol4 ,! ,greeks1 :o took _! lett]s f ! ,pho5icians1 wrote symbol4 ,:5 ! ,greeks1 in/ead ( writ+ l ! ,pho5icians f "r to left1 began to write f left to "r1 !y turn$ ea* lett]1 & z symbol became ,k1 our k1 s symbol1 vau1 became ,f1 ! ,greek s-call$ ,digamma1 ! ,lat9 ,f4 ,! fir/ lett] 9 ,*u-fu1 too1 /ill exi/s 9 our alphabet1 & 9 ! transv]se l9e ( our ,h we mu/ recognize ! la/ remnant ( ! l9es :i* divide ! sieve4 ,! sieve appe>s 9 ,hi]atic z symbol1 9 ,pho5ician z symbol1 9 anci5t ,greek z symbol1 :i* occurs on an inscription f\nd at ,myc5ae & else:]e z ! sign ( ! spiritus asp]1 :ile 9 ,lat9 x is kn[n to u z ! lett] ,h4#aj ,9 ! same mann] ! undulat+ l9e ( our capital script ,l /ill recalls v /rik+ly ! b5t back ( ! cr\*+ lion1 :i* 9 ! lat] hi]oglyphic inscriptions repres5ts ! s\nd ( ,l4 ,if ?us 9 our language we are ,aryan1 9 our lett]s ,egyptian1 we h only to look at our wat*es to see t we are ,babylonian4 ,:y is our h\r divid$ into sixty m9utes1 our m9utes into sixty seconds8 ,w\ld n a division ( ! h\r into t51 or fifty1 or a hundr$ m9utes h be5 m natural8 ,we h sixty divisions on ! dials ( our wat*es simply because ! ,greek a/ronom] ,hipp>*us1 :o liv$ 9 ! second c5tury ,b4,c41 accept$ ! ,babylonian sy/em ( reckon+ "t1 t sy/em be+ sexagesimal4 ,! ,babylonians knew ! decimal sy/em1 b = practical purposes !y c\nt$ by sossi & s>i1 ! sossos repres5t+ #fj1 ! s>os #fj #fj1 or #cfjj4 ,f ,hipp>*us t sy/em f\nd its way into ! works ( ,ptolemy1 ab\t #aej ,a4,d41 & !nce x 0 c>ri$ d[n ! /ream ( civilization1 f9d+ its la/ re/+-place on ! dial-plates ( our clocks4 ,& :y are !re tw5ty %ill+s to our sov]eign8 ,aga9 ! real reason lies 9 ,babylon4 ,! ,greeks le>nt f ! ,babylonians ! art ( divid+ gold & silv] = ! purpose ( trade4 ,x has be5 prov$ t ! curr5t gold piece ( ,we/]n ,asia 0 exactly ! sixtie? "p ( a ,babylonian mna1 or m9a4 ,x 0 ne>ly equal to our sov]eign4 ,! difficult problem ( ! relative value ( gold & silv] 9 a bi-monet>y curr5cy _h be5 solv$ to a c]ta9 ext5t 9 ! anci5t ,mesopotamian k+dom1 ! proportion betwe5 gold & silv] be+ fix$ at #a to #ac-a_/c4 ,! silv] %ekel curr5t 9 ,babylon 0 heavi] ?an ! gold %ekel 9 ! proportion ( #ac-a_/c to #aj1 & _h !re=e ! value ( "o-t5? ( a gold %ekel2 & ! half silv] %ekel1 call$ by ! ,greeks a dra*ma1 0 wor? "o-tw5tie? ( a gold %ekel4 ,! dra*ma1 or half silv] %ekel1 may !re=e be look$ ^u z ! mo/ anci5t type ( our own silv] %ill+ 9 its relation ( "o-tw5tie? ( our gold sov]eign4#aa ,i %all m5tion only "o m ( ! mo/ ess5tial tools ( our m5tal life--namely1 our figures1 :i* we call ,arabic1 because we receiv$ !m f ! ,arabs1 b :i* ! ,arabs call$ ,indian1 because !y receiv$ !m f ! ,indians--9 ord] to %[ y h[ ?is n9ete5? c5tury ( ours is "u ! sway ( c5turies long pa/ & =gott52 h[ we are :at we are1 n by ourselves1 b by ^? :o came be=e u1 & h[ ! intellectual gr\nd on :i* we /& is made up ( ! detritus ( ?\ghts :i* 7 fir/ ?\ght1 n on ^! isles nor 9 ,europe1 b on ! %ores ( ! ,oxus1 ! ,nile1 ! ,euphrates1 & ! ,indus4 ,n[ y may well ask ,quorsum haec omnia8--,:at has all ?is to d ) fre$om & ) ! free developm5t ( individuality8 ,because a man is born ! heir ( all ! ages1 c x be said t he is n free to gr[ & to exp&1 & to develop all ! faculties ( 8 m9d8 ,are ^? :o came be=e him1 & :o left him ?is goodly inh]itance1 to be call$ 8 enemies8 ,is t *a9 ( tradition :i* connects him ) ! pa/ really a gall+ fett]1 & n r ! lead+-/r+s )\t :i* he w\ld nev] le>n to walk /raight8 ,let u look at ! matt] m closely4 ,no "o w\ld v5ture to say t e individual %\ld beg9 life z a "y savage1 & be left to =m 8 own language1 & inv5t 8 own lett]s1 num]als1 & co9s4 ,on ! contr>y1 if we compreh5d all ?is & a great deal m1 su* z religion1 morality1 & secul> k1 "u ! g5]al "n ( education1 ev5 ! mo/ advanc$ def5d]s ( individualism w\ld hold t no *ild %\ld ent] society )\t submitt+1 or r )\t be+ submitt$1 to education4 ,mo/ ( u w\ld ev5 g fur!r1 & make x crim9al = p>5ts or ev5 = communities to all[ *ildr5 to gr[ up un$ucat$4 ,! excuse ( wor?less p>5ts t !y are at lib]ty to d ) _! *ildr5 z !y l1 has at la/ be5 bl[n to ! w9ds4 ,i /ill rememb] ! "t :5 pseudo-,lib]als 7 n a%am$ to say t1 :atev] o!r nations1 su* z ! ,g]mans1 might d1 ,engl& w\ld nev] submit to compulsory education4 ,t wick$ sophi/ry1 too1 has at la/ be5 sil5c$1 & among ! pr9cipal advocates ( compulsory education1 & ( ! necessity ( curtail+ ! fre$om ( savage p>5ts ( savage *ildr51 h be5 ,mill & 8 fri5ds1 ! apo/les ( lib]ty & individualism4#ab ,a new era may be said to date 9 ! hi/ory ( e nation f ! day on :i* compulsory education becomes "p ( _! /atute-book2 & ,i may congratulate ! mo/ ,lib]al t[n 9 ,engl& on hav+ prov$ itself ! mo/ inexorable tyrant 9 c>ry+ out ! pr9ciple ( compulsory education4 ,b d n let u imag9e t compulsory education is )\t its dang]s4 ,l a p[]ful eng9e1 x mu/ be c>efully wat*$1 if x is n to produce1 :at all compulsion w produce1 a slavi% receptivity1 &1 :at all ma*9es d produce1 monoton\s uni=mity4 ,we "k t all education mu/ 9 ! beg9n+ be purely dogmatic4 ,*ildr5 are taught language1 religion1 morality1 patriotism1 & aft]w>ds at s*ool1 hi/ory1 lit]ature1 ma!matics1 & all ! re/1 long be=e !y are able to "q1 to judge1 or *oose = !mselves1 & !re is h>dly any?+ t a *ild w n believe if x comes f ^? 9 :om ! *ild believes4 ,read+1 writ+1 & ari?metic1 no d\bt1 mu/ be taught dogmatically1 & !y take up an enorm\s am\nt ( "t1 p>ticul>ly 9 ,engli% s*ools4 ,engli% spell+ is a national mis=tune1 & 9 ! ke5 int]national race betwe5 all ! c\ntries ( ,europe1 x h&icaps ! ,engli% *ild to a degree t seems incr$ible till we look at /ati/ics4 ,i "k ! difficulties ( a ,spell+ ,re=m1 ,i "k :at p mean :5 !y call x impossible2 b ,i also "k t p]sonal & national virtue consi/s 9 do+ s-call$ impossible ?+s1 & t no nation has done1 & has /ill to d1 s _m impossible ?+s z ! ,engli%4 ,b1 grant$ t read+1 writ+1 & ari?metic occupy ne>ly ! :ole s*ool-"t & absorb ! be/ p[]s ( ! pupils1 _c some?+ be done 9 play-h\rs8 ,is !re n "s "w t c be turn$ into play1 & "s play t c be turn$ into "w8 ,_c ! p[]s ( obs]vation be call$ out 9 a *ild :ile collect+ fl[]s1 or /ones1 or butt]flies8 ,_c 8 judgm5t be /r5g!n$ ei!r 9 gymna/ic ex]cises1 or 9 measur+ ! area ( a field or ! height ( a t[]8 ,might n all ?is be done )\t a view to exam9ations or paym5t by results1 simply = ! sake ( fill+ ! little dull m9ds ) "o sunbeam ( joy1 su* sunbeams be+ m likely h]eaft] to call hidd5 preci\s g]ms into life ?an ! dead5+ weight ( su* lessons z1 = in/ance1 t ?-ough is ?\gh1 ?r-ough is ?r\gh1 en-ough is en\gh4 ,a *ild :o believes t w h]eaft] believe any?+4 ,^? :o wi% to see ,natural ,sci5ce introduc$ into elem5t>y s*ools fright5 s*oolma/]s by ! v "n ( ,natural ,sci5ce4 ,b surely e s*oolma/] :o is wor? 8 salt %\ld be able to tea* *ildr5 a love ( ,nature1 a wond]+ at ,nature1 a curiosity to pry into ! secrets ( ,nature1 an acquisitiv5ess = "s ( ! treasures ( ,nature1 & all ?is acquir$ 9 ! fre% air ( ! field & ! =e/1 :]e1 bett] ?an 9 fr\zy lecture-rooms1 ! edge ( ! s5ses c be %>p5$1 ! *e/ be wid5$1 & t fre$om ( ?\ght fo/]$ :i* made ,engl& :at x 0 ev5 be=e ! days ( compulsory education4 ,b 9 address+ y "h to-night x 0 my int5tion to speak ( ! high] r ?an ( elem5t>y education4 ,all education1 z x n[ exi/s 9 mo/ c\ntries ( ,europe1 may be divid$ into ?ree /ages--elem5t>y1 s*ola/ic1 & academical2 or call x prim>y1 second>y1 & t]ti>y4 ,elem5t>y education has at la/ be5 made compulsory 9 mo/ civiliz$ c\ntries4 ,un=tunately1 h[ev]1 x seems impossible to include "u compulsory education any?+ beyond ! v elem5ts ( k--at lea/ = ! pres5t2 ?\gh1 ) prop] managem5t1 ,i "k f exp]i5ce t a well-conduct$ elem5t>y s*ool c af=d to provide in/ruction 9 extra subjects--su* z natural sci5ce1 mod]n languages1 & political economy--& yet1 ) ! pres5t sy/em ( ,gov]nm5t grants1 be self-support+4#ac ,! next /age above ! elem5t>y is s*ola/ic education1 z x is suppli$ 9 gramm> s*ools1 :e!r public or private4 ,accord+ z ! pupils are int5d$ ei!r to g on to a univ]sity1 or to ent] at once on leav+ s*ool on ! practical "w ( life1 ^! s*ools are divid$ into two classes4 ,9 ! "o class1 :i* 9 ,g]many are call$ ,real-s*ul51 less ,lat9 is taught1 & no ,greek1 b m ( ma!matics1 mod]n languages1 & physical sci5ce2 9 ! o!r1 call$ ,gymnasia on ! ,cont95t1 classics =m ! *ief /aple ( in/ruction4 ,x is dur+ ?is /age t education1 :e!r at private or public s*ools1 ex]cises its /ronge/ levell+ influ5ce4 ,little att5tion c be paid at l>ge s*ools to individual ta/es or tal5ts4 ,9 ,g]many1 ev5 m p]haps ?an 9 ,engl&1 x is ! *ief object ( a good & consci5ti\s ma/] to h 8 class z uni=m z possible at ! end ( ! ye>2 & he receives f> m cr$it f ! (ficial exam9] if 8 :ole class m>*es well & keeps pace toge!r1 ?an if he c p>ade a few brilliant & =w>d boys1 foll[$ by a numb] ( /raggl+ lagg>ds4 ,& z to ! "* ( ! tea*+ at s*ool1 h[ c x be o!rwise ?an au?oritative or dogmatic8 ,! ,socratic me?od is v good if we c f9d ! viri ,socratici & leisure = discussion4 ,b at s*ool1 :i* n[ may seem to be call$ almo/ 9 mock]y s*ole1 or leisure1 ! true me?od is1 aft] all1 t patroniz$ by ! great educators ( ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies4 ,boys at s*ool mu/ turn _! m9d into a r[ ( pigeon-holes1 fill+ z _m z !y c ) useful notes1 & nev] =gett+ h[ _m are empty4 ,!re is an imm5se am\nt ( positive k to be acquir$ betwe5 ! ages ( t5 & eighte5--rules ( gramm>1 /r+s ( vocables1 dates1 names ( t[ns1 riv]s1 & m\nta9s1 ma!matical =mulas1 c4 ,all dep5ds "h on ! receptive & ret5tive p[]s ( ! m9d4 ,! memory has to be /r5g!n$1 )\t be+ ov]tax$1 till x acts almo/ me*anically4 ,le>n+ by he>t1 ,i believe1 _c be too /rongly recomm5d$ dur+ ! ye>s sp5t at s*ool4 ,!re may h be5 too mu* ( x :51 z ! ,rev4 ,h4 ,c4 ,adams in=ms u 9 8 ,wykehamica 7p4 #ceg71 boys us$ to say by he>t #ac1jjj & #ad1jjj l9es1 :5 "o repeat$ ! :ole ( ,virgil1 nay1 :5 ano!r 0 able to say ! :ole ( ! ,engli% ,bible by rote3--,put him on :]e y w\ld1 he w\ld g flu5tly on1 z long z any "o w\ld li/54 ,no intellectual inve/m5t1 ,i feel c]ta91 be>s su* ample & su* regul> int]e/ z gems ( ,engli%1 ,lat91 or ,greek lit]ature deposit$ 9 our memory dur+ our *ildhood & y\?1 & tak5 up f "t to "t 9 ! happy h\rs ( our solitude4 ,"o fault ,i h to f9d ) mo/ s*ools1 bo? 9 ,engl& & on ! ,cont95t4 ,boys d n read en\gh ( ! ,greek & ,roman classics4 ,! majority ( our ma/]s are s*ol>s by pr(ession1 & !y are apt to lay undue /ress on :at !y call accurate & m9ute s*ol>%ip1 & to neglect wide & cursory read+4 ,i "k ! argum5ts = m9ute accuracy1 b ,i also "k ! mis*ief t is done by an exclusive devotion to critical s*ol>%ip be=e we h acquir$ a real famili>ity ) ! pr9cipal works ( classical lit]ature4 ,! "t sp5t 9 our s*ools 9 le>n+ ! rules ( gramm> & syntax1 writ+ ex]cises1 & compos+ v]ses1 is too l>ge4 ,look only at our ,greek & ,lat9 gramm>s1 ) all _! rules & exceptions1 & exceptions on exceptions6 ,x is too heavy a weight = any boy to c>ry2 & no wond] t :5 "o ( ! ?\s& small rules :i* !y h le>nt by he>t is really want$1 x is seldom =?com+4 ,! end ( classical tea*+ at s*ool %\ld be to make our boys acqua9t$ n only ) ! language1 b ) ! lit]ature & hi/ory1 ! anci5t ?\ght ( ! anci5t _w4 ,rules ( gramm>1 syntax1 or metre1 are b means t[>ds t end2 !y mu/ nev] be mi/ak5 = ! end itself4 ,a "y man ( eighte51 :o has probably sp5t on an av]age t5 ye>s 9 le>n+ ,greek & ,lat91 ought to be able to read any ( ! ord9>y ,greek or ,lat9 classics )\t mu* difficulty2 nay1 ) a c]ta9 am\nt ( pleasure4 ,he might h to consult 8 diction>y n[ & !n1 or guess ! mean+ ( c]ta9 words2 he might also feel d\btful sometimes :e!r c]ta9 =ms came f hiemi1 ,i s5d1 or eimi1 ,i g1 or eimi1 ,i am1 p>ticul>ly if prec$$ by prepositions4 ,9 ^! matt]s ! be/ s*ol>s are lea/ incl9$ to be ph>isaical2 & :5ev] ,i meet 9 ! controv]sies ( classical s*ol>s ! fav\rite phrase1 ,e s*oolboy kn[s1 or ought to "k1 ?is1 ,i g5]ally say to myself1 ,no1 he ought n4 ,anyh[1 ^? :o wi% to see ! /udy ( ,greek & ,lat9 reta9$ 9 our public s*ools ought to feel conv9c$ t x w c]ta9ly n be reta9$ mu* long]1 if x c be said ) any tru? t "y m5 :o leave s*ool at eighte5 are 9 _m cases unable to read or to enjoy a classical text1 unless !y h se5 x be=e4 ,classical tea*+1 & all purely s*ola/ic tea*+1 ought to be f9i%$ at s*ool4 ,:5 a "y man goes to ,univ]sity1 unless he means to make s*ol>%ip 8 pr(ession1 he ought to be free to ent] ^u a new c>e]4 ,if he has n le>nt by t "t s mu* ( ,greek & ,lat9 z is absolutely necess>y 9 aft]-life = a lawy]1 or a /ud5t ( physical sci5ce1 or ev5 a cl]gyman1 ei!r he or 8 s*ool is to blame4 ,i d n mean to say t x w\ld n be mo/ desirable = e "o dur+ 8 ,univ]sity c>e] to att5d "s lectures on classical lit]ature1 on anci5t hi/ory1 philosophy1 or art4 ,:at is to be deprecat$ is1 t ! ,univ]sity %\ld h to d ! "w :i* belongs prop]ly to ! s*ool4 ,! be/ colleges at ,ox=d & ,cambridge h %[n by _! matriculation exam9ations :at ! /&>d ( classical k ought to be at eighte5 or n9ete54 ,t /&>d c be rea*$ by boys :ile /ill at s*ool1 z has be5 prov$ bo? by ! s-call$ local exam9ations1 & by ! exam9ations ( s*ools held "u ! ,delegates appo9t$ by ! ,univ]sities4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! ,univ]sity w\ld reass]t h] old "r1 & make ! fir/ exam9ation1 call$ at ,ox=d ,responsions1 a g5]al matriculation exam9ation = admission to ! ,univ]sity1 n only w\ld ! public s*ools be /imulat$ to great] ef=ts1 b ! tea*+ ( ! ,univ]sity might assume1 f ! v beg9n+1 t academic "* :i* ought to di/+ui% x f m]e s*oolboy "w4 ,academic tea*+ ought to be n m]ely a cont9uation1 b 9 "o s5se a correction ( s*ola/ic tea*+4 ,:ile at s*ool in/ruction mu/ be *iefly dogmatic1 at ,univ]sity x is to be ,socratic1 = ,i f9d no bett] "n = t me?od :i* is to set a man free f ! burd5 ( purely traditional k2 to make him feel t ! words :i* he uses are (t5 empty1 t ! concepts he employs are1 = ! mo/ "p1 m]e bundles pick$ up at r&om2 t ev5 :]e he kn[s facts1 he does n "k _! evid5ce2 & :]e he expresses op9ions1 !y are mo/ly m]e dogmas1 adopt$ by him )\t exam9ation4 ,b = ! ,univ]sities1 ,i %\ld inde$ fe> t ,mill's prophecies might come true1 & t ! intellect ( ,europe might drift into dre>y monotony4 ,! ,univ]sities always h be51 &1 unless !y are div]t$ f _! orig9al purpose1 always w be1 ! gu>dians ( ! fre$om ( ?\ght1 ! protectors ( individual spontaneity2 & x 0 ow+1 ,i believe1 to ,mill's ignorance ( true academic tea*+ t he took s despond+ a view ( ! g5]ation gr[+ up "u 8 eyes4 ,:5 we leave s*ool1 our heads are naturally brimful ( dogma1 t is1 ( k & op9ions at second-h&4 ,su* dead k is extremely dang]\s1 unless x is soon] or lat] reviv$ by ! _s ( free inquiry4 ,x does n matt] :e!r our s*ola/ic dogmas be true or false4 ,! dang] is ! same4 ,& :y8 ,because to place ei!r tru? or error above ! rea* ( argum5t is c]ta9 to weak5 tru? & to /r5g!n error4 ,secondly1 because to hold z true on ! au?ority ( o!rs any?+ :i* conc]ns u deeply1 & :i* we c\ld prove ourselves1 produces feebl5ess1 if n di%one/y4 ,&1 ?irdly1 because to feel unwill+ or unable to meet objections by argum5t is g5]ally ! fir/ /ep t[>ds viol5ce & p]secution4 ,i d n ?9k ( religi\s dogmas only4 ,!y are g5]ally ! fir/ to r\se inquiry1 ev5 dur+ our s*oolboy days1 & !y are by no means ! mo/ difficult to deal )4 ,dogma (t5 rages :]e we lea/ expect x4 ,among sci5tific m5 ! !ory ( evolution is at pres5t becom+1 or has become1 a dogma4 ,:at is ! result8 ,no objections are li/5$ to1 no difficulties recogniz$1 & a man l ,vir*[1 himself ! /ronge/ support] ( evolution1 :o has ! moral c\rage to say t ! desc5t ( man f any ape :atsoev] is1 z yet1 be=e ! tribunal ( sci5tific zoology1 n prov51 is h[l$ d[n 9 ,g]many 9 a mann] wor?y ( ,ephesians & ,galatians4 ,b at pres5t ,i am ?9k+ n s mu* ( any special dogmas1 b r ( t dogmatic /ate ( m9d :i* is ! almo/ inevitable result ( ! tea*+ at s*ool4 ,i ?9k ( ! :ole intellect1 :at has be5 call$ ! intellectus sibi p]missus1 & ,i ma9ta9 t x is ! object ( academic tea*+ to r\se t intellect out ( its slumb] by que/ions n less />tl+ ?an :5 ,galileo ask$ ! _w :e!r ! sun 0 really mov+ & ! e>? /ood /ill2 or :5 ,kant ask$ :e!r "t & space 7 objects1 or necess>y =ms ( our s5su\s intuition4 ,till our op9ions h ?us be5 te/$ & /ood ! te/1 we c h>dly call !m our own4 ,h[ true ?is is ) reg>d to religion has be5 boldly express$ by ,bi%op ,bev]idge4 ,be+ consci\s to myself1 he writes 9 8 ,private ,?\ghts on ,religion1 h[ great an asc5dant ,*ri/ianity holds ov] me beyond ! re/1 z be+ t religion :]e9to ,i 0 born & baptiz$2 t :i* ! supreme au?ority has enjo9$ & my p>5ts educat$ me 92 t :i* e "o ,i meet )al highly approves (1 & :i* ,i myself h1 by a long-cont9u$ pr(ession1 made almo/ natural to me3 ,i am resolv$ to be m jeal\s & suspici\s ( ?is religion ?an ( ! re/1 & be sure n to ent]ta9 x any long] )\t be+ conv9c$1 by solid & sub/antial argum5ts1 ( ! tru? & c]ta9ty ( x4 ,?is is bold & manly language f a ,bi%op ne>ly two hundr$ ye>s ago1 & ,i c]ta9ly ?9k t ! "t has come :5 "s ( ! div9ity lectur]s at ,ox=d & ,cambridge might well be employ$ 9 plac+ a k ( ! sacr$ books ( o!r religions )9 ! rea* ( und]graduates4 ,_m ( ! difficulties--mo/ ( !m ( our own mak+--) reg>d to ! orig91 ! h&+ d[n1 ! lat] corruptions & mis9t]pretations ( sacr$ texts1 w\ld f9d _! natural solution1 if x 0 %[n h[ exactly ! same difficulties arose & _h to be dealt ) by !ologians ( o!r cre$s4 ,if "s--ay1 if _m--( ! doctr9es ( ,*ri/ianity 7 met ) 9 o!r religions also1 surely t w\ld n affect _! value1 or dim9i% _! tru?2 :ile no?+1 ,i feel c]ta91 w\ld m effectually secure to ! pure & simple tea*+ ( ,*ri/ its true place 9 ! hi/orical developm5t ( ! human m9d ?an to place x side by side ) ! o!r religions ( ! _w4 ,9 ! s]ies ( translations ( ! ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 ( :i* ! fir/ ?ree volumes h j appe>$1#ad ,i wi%$ myself to include a new translation ( ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts2 & :5 t s]ies is f9i%$ x w1 ,i believe1 be admitt$ t n[h]e w\ld ^! two books h _h a gr&] sett+1 or h %one ) a bright] light1 ?an surr\nd$ by ! ,v$a1 ! ,z5dave/a1 ! ,buddhi/ ,tripitaka1 & ! ,qur'an4 ,b z ,i said be=e1 ,i 0 n ?9k+ ( religi\s dogmas only1 or ev5 *iefly1 :5 ,i ma9ta9$ t ! "* ( academic tea*+ mu/ be ,socratic1 n dogmatic4 ,! evil ( dogmatic tea*+ lies mu* deep]1 & spreads mu* fur!r4 ,?9k only ( language1 ! "w ( o!r p1 n ( ourselves1 :i* we pick up at r&om 9 our race ?r\gh life4 ,does n e ^w we use require c>eful exam9ation & revision8 ,x is n en\gh to say t language assi/s our ?\ghts or col\rs !m1 or possibly obscures !m4 ,no1 we "k n[ t language & ?\ght are indivisible4 ,x 0 n f pov]ty ( expression t ! ,greek call$ reason & language by ! same ^w1 logos4 ,x 0 because !y knew t1 ?\gh we may di/+ui% betwe5 ?\ght & spee*1 z we di/+ui% betwe5 body & s\l1 x is z impossible to te> ! "o by viol5ce away f ! o!r z x is to sep>ate ! concave side ( a l5s f its convex side4 ,?is is some?+ to le>n & to und]/&1 =1 if prop]ly und]/ood1 x w supply ! key to mo/ ( our intellectual puzzles1 & s]ve z ! safe/ ?read ?r\gh ! :ole labyr9? ( philosophy4 ,x is evid5t1 z ,hobbes rem>ks1#ae t tru? & falsity h no place b among/ su* liv+ creatures z use spee*4 ,= ?\gh "s brute creatures1 look+ ^u ! image ( a man 9 a glass1 may be affect$ ) x1 z if x 7 ! man himself1 & = ?is reason fe> x or fawn ^u x 9 va92 yet !y d n appreh5d x z true or false1 b only z l2 & 9 ?is !y are n deceiv$4 ,:]e=e1 z m5 owe all _! true ratioc9ation to ! "r und]/&+ ( spee*1 s also !y owe _! errors to ! misund]/&+ ( ! same2 & z all ! ornam5ts ( philosophy proce$ only f man1 s f man also is d]iv$ ! ugly absurdity ( false op9ion4 ,= spee* has some?+ 9 x l to a spid]'s web 7z x 0 said ( old ( ,solon's laws71 = by contexture ( words t5d] & delicate wits are ensn>$ or /opp$1 b /rong wits break easily ?r\gh !m4 ,let me illu/rate my mean+ by at lea/ "o in/ance4 ,among ! words :i* h prov$ spid]'s webs1 ensn>+ ev5 ! greate/ intellects ( ! _w f ,ari/otle d[n to ,leibniz1 ! t]ms g5us1 species1 & individual occupy a v prom95t place4 ,! opposition ( ,ari/otle to ,plato1 ( ! ,nom9ali/s to ! ,reali/s1 ( ,leibniz to ,locke1 ( ,h]b>t to ,hegel1 turns on ! true mean+ ( ^! words4 ,at s*ool1 ( c\rse1 all we c d is to tea* ! receiv$ mean+ ( g5us & species2 & if a boy c trace ^! t]ms back to ,ari/otle's g5os & eidos1 & %[ 9 :at s5se t philosoph] us$ !m1 e exam9] w\ld be satisfi$4 ,b ! "t comes :5 we h to act z our own exam9]s1 & :5 we h to give an acc\nt to ourselves ( su* words z g5us & species4 ,"s p write1 inde$1 z if !y _h se5 a species & a g5us walk+ ab\t 9 broad daylight2 b a little consid]ation w %[ u t ^! words express subjective concepts1 & t1 if ! :ole _w 7 sil5t1 !re w\ld nev] h be5 a ?\ght ( a g5us or a species4 ,!re are languages 9 :i* we look 9 va9 = correspond+ words2 & if we _h be5 born 9 su* a language1 ^! t]ms & ?\ghts w\ld n exi/ = u4 ,!y came to u1 directly or indirectly1 f ,ari/otle4 ,b ,ari/otle did n inv5t !m1 he only def9$ !m 9 8 own way1 s t1 = in/ance1 accord+ to him1 all liv+ be+s w\ld con/itute a g5us1 m5 a species1 & ,socrates an individual4 ,no "o w\ld say t ,ari/otle _h n a p]fect "r to def9e ^! t]ms1 if ^? :o use !m 9 8 s5se w\ld only always rememb] t !y are ?9k+ ! ?\ghts ( ,ari/otle1 & n _! own4 ,! true way to %ake (f ! fett]s ( old words1 & to le>n to ?9k our own ?\ghts1 is to foll[ !m up f c5tury to c5tury1 to wat* _! developm5t1 & 9 ! end to br+ ourselves face to face ) ^? :o fir/ f\nd & fram$ bo? words & ?\ghts4 ,if we d ?is ) g5us & species1 we %all f9d t ! words :i* ,ari/otle def9$--viz41 g5os & eidos--_h orig9ally a v diff]5t & f> m useful application ?an t :i* he gave to !m4 ,g5os1 g5us1 meant g5]ation1 & compreh5d$ su* liv+ be+s only z 7 kn[n to h a common orig91 h[ev] !y might diff] 9 outw>d appe>ance1 z1 = in/ance1 ! spaniel & ! bloodh\nd1 or1 accord+ to ,d>w91 ! ape & ! man4 ,eidos or species1 on ! contr>y1 meant appe>ance1 & compreh5d$ all su* ?+s z _h ! same =m or appe>ance1 :e!r !y _h a common orig9 or n1 z if we 7 to speak ( a species ( f\r-foot$1 two-foot$1 horn$1 w+$1 or blue animals4 ,t two su* concepts1 z we h "h expla9$1 _h a natural ju/ification we may be/ le>n f ! fact t exactly ! same ?\ghts f\nd expression 9 ,sanskrit4 ,!re1 too1 we f9d 99gati991 g5]ation1 us$ 9 ! s5se ( g5us1 & oppos$ to 99akriti991 appe>ance1 us$ 9 ! s5se ( species4 ,s long z ^! two words or ?\ghts 7 us$ indep5d5tly 7mu* z we n[ speak ( a g5ealogical z indep5d5t ( a morphological classification7 no h>m c\ld accrue4 ,a family1 = in/ance1 might be call$ a g5os1 ! g5s or clan 0 a g5os1 ! nation 7gnatio7 0 a g5os1 ! :ole human ki? & k9 0 a g5os2 9 fact1 all t 0 desc5d$ f common ance/ors 0 a true g5os4 ,!re is no obscurity ( ?\ght 9 ?is4 ,on ! o!r side1 tak+ eidos or species 9 its orig9al s5se1 "o man might be said to be l ano!r 9 8 eidos or appe>ance4 ,an ape1 too1 might q truly be said to h ! same eidos or species or appe>ance z a man1 )\t any prejudice z to _! common orig94 ,p might also speak ( diff]5t eide or =ms or classes ( ?+s1 su* z diff]5t k9ds ( metals1 or tools1 or arm\r1 )\t committ+ !mselves 9 ! lea/ to any op9ion z to _! common desc5t4 ,(t5 x w\ld happ5 t ?+s belong+ to ! same g5os1 su* z ! :ite man & ! negro1 diff]$ 9 _! eidos or appe>ance2 (t5 also t ?+s belong+ to ! same eidos1 su* z eatables1 diff]$ 9 _! g5os1 z1 = in/ance1 meat & vegetables4 ,all ?is is cle> & simple4 ,! confusion began :5 ^! two t]ms1 in/ead ( be+ co-ord9ate1 7 subord9at$ to ea* o!r by ! philosoph]s ( ,greece1 s t :at f "o po9t ( view 0 call$ a g5us1 might f ano!r be call$ a species1 & vice v]sa4 ,human be+s1 = in/ance1 7 n[ call$ a species1 all liv+ be+s a g5us1 :i* may be true 9 logic1 b is utt]ly false 9 :at is old] ?an logic--viz41 language1 ?\ght1 or fact4 ,accord+ to language1 accord+ to reason1 & accord+ to ,nature1 all human be+s con/itute a g5os1 or g5]ation1 s long z !y are suppos$ to h common ance/ors2 b ) reg>d to all liv+ be+s we c only say t !y =m an eidos--t is1 agree 9 c]ta9 appe>ances1 until x has be5 prov$ t ev5 ,mr4 ,d>w9 0 too mode/ 9 admitt+ at lea/ f\r or five diff]5t ance/ors = ! :ole animal _w4#af ,9 trac+ ! hi/ory ( ^! two words1 g5os & eidos1 y may see pass+ be=e y\r eyes almo/ ! :ole panorama ( philosophy1 f ,plato's ideas d[n to ,hegel's ,idee4 ,! "q ( g5]a1 _! orig9 & subdivision1 occupi$ *iefly ! att5tion ( natural philosoph]s1 :o1 aft] long controv]sies ab\t ! orig9 & classification ( g5]a & species1 seem at la/1 ?anks to ! cle> sight ( ,d>w91 to h arriv$ at ! old tru? :i* 0 prefigur$ 9 language--namely1 t ,nature kn[s no?+ b g5]a1 or g5]ations1 to be trac$ back to a limit$ numb] ( ance/ors1 & t ! s-call$ species are only g5]a1 ^: g5ealogical desc5t is z yet m or less obscure4 ,b ! "q z to ! nature ( ! eidos became a vital "q 9 e sy/em ( philosophy4 ,grant+1 = in/ance1 t wom5 9 e clime & c\ntry =m$ "o species1 x 0 soon ask$ :at con/itut$ a species8 ,if all wom5 %>$ a common =m1 :at 0 t =m8 ,:]e 0 x8 ,s long z x 0 suppos$ t all wom5 desc5d$ f ,eve1 ! difficulty might be slurr$ ov] by ! "n ( h]$ity4 ,b ! m ?\ghtful w\ld ask ev5 !n h[ x 0 t1 :ile all individual wom5 came & w5t & vani%$1 ! =m 9 :i* !y 7 ca/ rema9$ ! same8 ,"h y see h[ philosophical my?ology spr+s up4 ,! v "q :at eidos or species or =m 01 & :]e ^! ?+s 7 kept1 *ang$ ^? words f pr$icates into subjects4 ,eidos 0 conceiv$ z some?+ indep5d5t & sub/antial1 some?+ )9 or above ! individuals p>ticipat+ 9 x1 some?+ un*angeable & et]nal4 ,soon !re arose z _m eide or =ms or types z !re 7 g5]al concepts4 ,!y 7 consid]$ ! only true realities ( :i* ! ph5om5al _w is only z a %ad[ t soon passe? away4 ,"h we h1 9 fact1 ! orig9 ( ,plato's ideas1 & ( ! v>i\s sy/ems ( idealism :i* foll[$ 8 lead1 :ile ! opposite op9ions t ideas h no indep5d5t exi/5ce1 & t ! "o is n[h]e f\nd except 9 ! _m 7to h5 p>a ta polla71 0 /r5u\sly def5d$ by ,ari/otle & 8 foll[]s4#ag ,! same r$ ?read runs ?r\gh ! :ole philosophy ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,m5 7 cit$ be=e c\ncils & condemn$ z h]etics because !y decl>$ t animal1 man1 or woman 7 m]e names1 & t !y c\ld n br+ !mselves to believe 9 an ideal animal1 an ideal man1 an ideal woman z ! invisible1 sup]natural1 or metaphysical types ( ! ord9>y animal1 ! individual man1 ! s+le woman4 ,^? philosoph]s1 call$ ,nom9ali/s1 9 opposition to ! ,reali/s1 decl>$ t all g5]al t]ms 7 names only1 & t no?+ c\ld claim reality b ! individual4 ,we _c foll[ ?is controv]sy fur!r1 z x turns up aga9 betwe5 ,locke & ,leibniz1 betwe5 ,h]b>t & ,hegel4 ,suffice x to say t ! knot1 z x 0 ti$ by language1 c be unti$ by ! sci5ce ( language alone1 :i* tea*es u t !re is & c be no su* ?+ z a "n only4 ,t phrase ought to be bani%$ f all works on philosophy4 ,a "n is & always has be5 ! subjective side ( our k1 b t subjective side is z impossible )\t an objective side z a key is )\t a lock4 ,x is useless to ask :i* ( ! two is ! m real1 = !y are real only by be+1 n two1 b "o4 ,realism is z "o-sid$ z ,nom9alism4 ,b !re is a high] ,nom9alism1 :i* might bett] be call$ ! ,sci5ce ( ,language1 & :i* tea*es u t1 ap>t f s5su\s p]ception1 all human k is by names & by names only1 & t ! object ( names is always ! g5]al4 ,?is is b "o out ( hundr$s & ?\s&s ( cases to %[ h[ names & concepts :i* come to u by tradition mu/ be submitt$ to v c>eful snuff+ be=e !y w yield a pure light4 ,:at ,i mean by academic tea*+ & academic /udy is exactly ?is process ( snuff+1 ?is *ang+ ( traditional words into liv+ words1 ?is trac+ ( mod]n ?\ght back to anci5t primitive ?\ght1 ?is liv+1 z x 71 once m1 s f> z x conc]ns u1 ! :ole hi/ory ( human ?\ght ourselves1 till we are z little afraid to diff] f ,plato or ,ari/otle z f ,comte or ,d>w94 ,plato & ,ari/otle are1 no d\bt1 great names2 e s*oolboy is aw$ by !m1 ev5 ?\gh he may h read v little ( _! writ+s4 ,?is1 too1 is a k9d ( dogmatism t requires correction4 ,n[1 at ,univ]sity1 a "y /ud5t might he> ! foll[+1 by no means respectful1 rem>ks ab\t ,ari/otle1 :i* ,i copy f "o ( ! greate/ ,engli% s*ol>s & philosoph]s3--,!re is no?+ s absurd t ! old philosoph]s1 z ,cic]o sai?1 :o 0 "o ( !m1 h n "s ( !m ma9ta9$2 & ,i believe t sc>ce any?+ c be m absurdly said 9 natural philosophy ?an t :i* n[ is call$ ,ari/otle's ,metaphysics2 or m repugnant to gov]nm5t ?an mu* ( t he ha? said 9 8 ,politics2 nor m ignorantly ?an a great "p ( 8 ,e?ics4 ,i am f> f approv+ ?is judgm5t1 b ,i ?9k t ! %ock :i* a "y s*ol> receives on see+ 8 idols s m]cilessly brok5 is salut>y4 ,x ?r[s him back on 8 own res\rces2 x makes him hone/ to himself4 ,if he ?9ks ! criticism ?us pass$ on ,ari/otle unfair1 he w beg9 to read 8 works ) new eyes4 ,he w n only con/rue 8 words1 b try to recon/ruct 9 8 own m9d ! ?\ghts s c>efully elaborat$ by t anci5t philosoph]4 ,he w judge ( _! tru? )\t be+ sway$ by ! au?ority ( a great "n1 & probably 9 ! end value :at is valuable 9 ,ari/otle1 or ,plato1 or any o!r great philosoph] f> m highly & hone/ly ?an if he _h nev] se5 !m trodd5 "u foot4 ,b d n suppose t ,i look ^u ! ,univ]sities z purely iconocla/ic1 z *iefly int5d$ to tea* u h[ to break ! idols ( ! s*ools4 ,f> f x6 ,b ,i d look ^u !m z meant to fre%5 ! atmosph]e :i* we brea! at s*ool1 & to %ake our m9d to its v roots1 z a /orm %akes ! "y oaks1 n to ?r[ !m d[n1 b to make !m grasp all ! m firmly ! h>d soil ( fact & tru?6 ,/& upright on ?y feet ought to be writt5 ov] ! gate ( e college1 if ! epidemic ( uni=mity & sequacity :i* ,mill saw approa*+ f ,*9a1 & :i* s9ce 8 "t has made su* rapid progress ,we/w>d1 is ev] to be /ay$4 ,academic fre$om is n )\t its dang]s2 b !re are dang]s :i* x is saf] to face ?an to avoid4 ,9 ,g]many--s f> z my own exp]i5ce goes--/ud5ts are (t5 left too mu* to !mselves1 & x is only ! clev]e/ among !m1 or ^? :o are p]sonally recomm5d$1 :o receive f ! pr(essors t p]sonal guidance & enc\ragem5t :i* %\ld & c\ld be easily ext5d$ to all4 ,!re is too mu* "t giv5 9 ! ,g]man ,univ]sities to m]e lectur+1 & (t5 9 simply retail+ to a class :at ea* /ud5t might read 9 books (t5 9 a f> m p]fect =m4 ,lectures are useful if !y tea* u h[ to tea* ourselves2 if !y /imulate2 if !y excite sympa?y & curiosity2 if !y give advice t spr+s f p]sonal exp]i5ce2 if !y w>n aga9/ wrong roads2 if1 9 fact1 !y h less ! "* ( a %[-w9d[ ?an ( a work%op4 ,half an h\r's conv]sation ) a tutor or a pr(essor (t5 does m ?an a :ole c\rse ( lectures 9 giv+ ! "r direction & ! "r _s to a "y man's /udies4 ,"h ,i may quote ! words ( ,pr(essor ,helmholtz1 9 full agreem5t ) him4 ,:5 ,i recall ! memory ( my own ,univ]sity life1 he writes1 & ! impression :i* a man l ,johannes ,mull]1 ! pr(essor ( physiology1 made on u1 ,i mu/ set ! highe/ value on ! p]sonal int]c\rse ) tea*]s f :om "o le>ns h[ ?\ght works on indep5d5t heads4 ,:oev] has come 9 contact b once ) "o or sev]al fir/-class m5 w f9d 8 intellectual /&>d *ang$ = life4 ,9 ,engli% ,univ]sities1 on ! contr>y1 !re is too little ( academic fre$om4 ,!re is n only guidance1 b f> too mu* ( con/ant p]sonal control4 ,x is (t5 ?\ght t ,engli% und]graduates c\ld n be tru/$ ) t am\nt ( academic fre$om :i* is grant$ to ,g]man /ud5ts1 & t mo/ ( !m1 if left to *oose _! own "w1 _! own "t1 _! own books1 & _! own tea*]s1 w\ld simply d no?+4 ,?is seems to me unfair & untrue4 ,mo/ horses1 if y take !m to ! wat]1 w dr9k2 & ! be/ way to make !m dr9k is to leave !m alone4 ,i h liv$ long en\gh 9 ,engli% & 9 ,g]man ,univ]sities to "k t ! intellectual fibre is z /rong & s\nd 9 ! ,engli% z 9 ! ,g]man y\?4 ,b if y supply a man1 :o wi%es to le>n swimm+1 ) bladd]s--nay1 if y insi/ on 8 us+ !m--he w use !m1 b he w probably nev] le>n to swim4 ,take !m away1 on ! contr>y1 & dep5d on x1 aft] a few aimless /rokes & a few pa9ful gulps1 he w use 8 arms & 8 legs1 & he w swim4 ,if "y m5 d n le>n to use _! arms1 _! legs1 _! muscles1 _! s5ses1 _! bra91 & _! he>t too1 dur+ ! bright ye>s ( _! ,univ]sity life1 :5 are !y to le>n x8 ,true1 !re are ?\s&s :o nev] le>n x1 & :o float happily on ?r\gh life buoy$ up on m]e bladd]s4 ,! wor/ t c happ5 to !m is t "s day ! bladd]s may bur/1 & !y may be left /r&$ or dr[n$4 ,b ^! are n ! m5 :om ,engl& wants to fight h] battles4 ,x has (t5 be5 po9t$ out ( late t _m ( ^? :o1 dur+ ?is c5tury1 h borne ! brunt ( ! battle 9 ! intellectual w>f>e 9 ,engl&1 h n be5 tra9$ at our ,univ]sities1 :ile o!rs :o h be5 at ,ox=d & ,cambridge1 & h di/+ui%$ !mselves 9 aft]-life1 h op5ly decl>$ t !y att5d$ h>dly any lectures 9 college1 or t !y d]iv$ no b5efit f !m4 ,:at c be ! gr\nd ( t8 ,n t !re is less "w done at ,ox=d ?an at ,leipzig1 b t ! "w is done 9 a diff]5t _s4 ,x is free 9 ,g]many2 x has n[ become almo/ compulsory 9 ,engl&4 ,?\gh an old pr(essor myself1 ,i l to att5d1 :5 ,i c1 "s ( ! pr(essorial lectures 9 ,g]many2 = x is a real pleasure to see hundr$s ( "y faces li/5+ to a tea*] on ! hi/ory ( art1 on mod]n hi/ory1 on ! sci5ce ( language1 or on philosophy1 )\t any view to exam9ations1 simply f love ( ! subject or ( ! tea*]4 ,no "o :o kn[s :at ! real joy ( le>n+ is1 h[ x light5s all drudg]y & draws away ! m9d f mean pursuits1 c see )\t indignation t :at ought to be ! free/ & happie/ ye>s 9 a man's life %\ld (t5 be sp5t betwe5 cramm+ & exam9ations4 ,& "h ,i h at la/ m5tion$ ! ^w1 :i* to _m fri5ds ( academic fre$om1 to _m :o dread ! baneful increase ( uni=mity1 may seem ! cause ( all mis*ief1 ! mo/ p[]ful eng9e = intellectual levell+--,exam9ation4 ,!re is a /rong feel+ spr++ up ev]y:]e aga9/ ! tyranny ( exam9ations1 aga9/ ! cramp+ & )]+ influ5ce :i* !y are suppos$ to ex]cise on ! y\? ( ,engl&4 ,i _c jo9 9 t outcry4 ,i well rememb] t ! fir/ lett]s :i* ,i v5tur$ to address to ! ,times1 9 v imp]fect ,engli%1 7 9 fav\r ( exam9ations4 ,!y 7 sign$ ,la ,c>ri]e ouv]te1 & 7 writt5 long be=e ! days ( ! ,civil ,s]vice ,commission6 ,i well rememb]1 too1 t ! fir/ "t ,i v5tur$ to speak1 or r to /amm]1 9 public1 0 9 fav\r ( exam9ations4 ,t 0 9 #aheg1 at ,exet]1 :5 ! fir/ exp]im5t 0 made1 "u ! auspices ( ,sir ,t4 ,acl&1 9 e/abli%+ ! ,ox=d & ,cambridge ,local ,exam9ations4 ,i h be5 an exam9] myself = _m ye>s1 ,i h wat*$ ! gr[? ( t sy/em 9 ,engl& f ye> to ye>1 & 9 spite ( all t has be5 said & writt5 ( late aga9/ exam9ations1 ,i confess ,i d n see h[ x w\ld be possible to aboli% !m1 & return to ! old sy/em ( appo9tm5t by patronage4 ,b ?\gh ,i h n lo/ my fai? 9 exam9ations1 ,i _c conceal ! fact t ,i am fright5$ by ! mann] 9 :i* !y are conduct$1 & by ! results :i* !y produce4 ,z y are int]e/$ y\rselves at ?is ,midl& ,in/itute1 9 ! successful work+ ( exam9ations1 y w p]haps all[ me 9 conclusion to add a few rem>ks on ! safegu>ds necess>y = ! effici5t work+ ( exam9ations4 ,all exam9ations are a means to asc]ta9 h[ pupils h be5 taught2 !y ought nev] to be all[$ to become ! end = :i* pupils are taught4 ,tea*+ ) a view to exam9ations l[]s ! tea*] 9 ! eyes ( 8 pupils2 le>n+ ) a view to exam9ations is apt to produce %all[ness & di%one/y4 ,:atev] attractions le>n+ possesses 9 itself1 & :atev] ef=ts 7 =m]ly made by boys at s*ool f a s5se ( duty1 all ?is is lo/ if !y once imag9e t ! highe/ object ( all le>n+ is ga9+ m>ks 9 exam9ations4 ,9 ord] to ma9ta9 ! prop] relation betwe5 tea*] & pupil1 all pupils %\ld be made to look to _! tea*]s z _! natural exam9]s & faire/ judges1 & !re=e 9 e exam9ation ! report ( ! tea*] ought to c>ry ! greate/ weight4 ,?is is ! pr9ciple foll[$ abroad 9 all exam9ations ( c&idates at public s*ools2 & ev5 9 _! exam9ation on leav+ s*ool1 :i* gives !m ! "r to ent] ! ,univ]sity1 !y "k t _! success dep5ds f> m on ! "w :i* !y h done dur+ ! ye>s at s*ool1 ?an on ! "w done on ! few days ( _! exam9ation4 ,!re are outside exam9]s appo9t$ by ,gov]nm5t to *eck ! "w done at s*ools & dur+ ! exam9ations2 b ! cases 9 :i* !y h to modify or rev]se ! aw>d ( ! ma/] are extremely r>e1 & !y are felt to reflect s]i\sly on ! compet5cy or imp>tiality ( ! s*ool au?orities4 ,to leave exam9ations entirely to /rang]s r$uces !m to ! level ( lott]ies1 & fo/]s a clev]ness 9 tea*]s & taught (t5 ak9 to di%one/y4 ,an exam9] may f9d out :at a c&idate kn[s n1 he c h>dly ev] f9d out all he kn[s2 & ev5 if he succe$s 9 f9d+ out h[ mu* a c&idate kn[s1 he c nev] f9d out h[ he kn[s x4 ,on ^! po9ts ! op9ion ( ! ma/]s :o h wat*$ _! pupils = ye>s is indisp5sable = ! sake ( ! exam9]1 = ! sake ( ! pupils1 & = ! sake ( _! tea*]s4 ,i "k ,i %all be told t x w\ld be impossible to tru/ ! ma/]s1 & to be guid$ by _! op9ion1 because !y are int]e/$ p>ties4 ,n[1 fir/ ( all1 !re are f> m hone/ m5 9 ! _w ?an di%one/1 & x does n answ] to legislate z if all s*oolma/]s 7 rogues4 ,x is en\gh t !y %\ld "k t _! reports w\ld be scrut9iz$1 to keep ev5 ! mo/ reprobate ( tea*]s f be>+ false witness 9 fav\r ( _! pupils4 ,secondly1 ,i believe t unnecess>y temptation is n[ be+ plac$ be=e all p>ties conc]n$ 9 exam9ations4 ,! prop] rew>d = a good exam9ation %\ld be hon\r1 n p\nds1 %ill+s1 & p5ce4 ,! mis*ief done by pecuni>y rew>ds (f]$ 9 ! %ape ( s*ol>%ips & exhibitions at s*ool & ,univ]sity1 beg9s to be recogniz$ v widely4 ,to tra9 a boy ( twelve = a race aga9/ all ,engl& is g5]ally to ov]/ra9 8 faculties1 & (t5 to impair 8 usefulness 9 lat] life2 b to make him feel t by 8 failure he w entail on 8 fa!r ! loss ( a hundr$ a ye>1 & on 8 tea*] ! loss ( pupils1 is simply cruel at t e>ly age4 ,x is always said t ^! s*ol>%ips & exhibitions enable ! sons ( poor p>5ts to enjoy ! privilege ( ! be/ education 9 ,engl&1 f :i* !y w\ld o!rwise be deb>r$ by ! excessive co/l9ess ( our public s*ools4 ,b ev5 ?is argum5t1 /rong z x seems1 c h>dly /&1 = ,i believe x c\ld be %[n t ! majority ( ^? :o are successful 9 obta9+ s*ol>%ips & exhibitions at s*ool or at ,univ]sity are boys ^: p>5ts h be5 able to pay ! highe/ price = _! *ildr5's previ\s education4 ,if all ^! prizes 7 aboli%$1 & ! funds ?us set free us$ to less5 ! price ( education at s*ool & 9 college1 ,i believe t ! sons ( poor p>5ts w\ld be f> m b5efit$ ?an by ! pres5t sy/em4 ,x might also be desirable to l[] ! s*ool-fees 9 ! case ( ! sons ( poor p>5ts1 :o 7 do+ well at s*ool f ye> to ye>2 &1 9 ord] to gu>d aga9/ fav\ritism1 an exam9ation1 p>ticul>ly viva voce1 be=e all ! ma/]s ( a s*ool1 possibly ev5 ) "s outside exam9]1 might be useful4 ,b ! pres5t sy/em bids fair to deg5]ate into m]e horse-rac+1 & ,i %all n wond] if1 soon] or lat]1 ! two-ye> olds ent]$ = ! race h to be wat*$ by _! tra9] t !y may n be ov]f$ or drugg$ aga9/ ! day ( ! race4 ,x has come to ?is1 t s*ools are bidd+ = clev] boys 9 ord] to run !m 9 ! races1 & 9 ,france1 ,i read1 t p>5ts actually extort money f s*ools by ?reat5+ to take away ! "y rac]s t are likely to w9 ! ,d]by4#ah ,if we turn f ! s*ools to ! ,univ]sities we f9d "h1 too1 ! same compla9ts aga9/ ov]-exam9ation4 ,n[ x seems to me t e ,univ]sity1 9 ord] to ma9ta9 its position1 has a p]fect "r to dem& two exam9ations1 b no m3 "o = admission1 ! o!r = a degree4 ,v>i\s attempts h be5 made 9 ,g]many1 9 ,russia1 9 ,france1 & 9 ,engl& to *ange & improve ! old academic tradition1 b 9 ! end ! orig9al1 &1 z x w\ld seem1 ! natural sy/em1 has g5]ally prov$ its wisdom & reass]t$ its "r4 ,if a ,univ]sity surr5d]s ! "r ( exam9+ ^? :o wi% to be admitt$1 ! tutors w (t5 h to d ! "w ( s*oolma/]s1 & ! pr(essors c nev] "k h[ high or h[ l[ !y %\ld aim 9 _! public lectures4 ,besides ?is1 x is almo/ inevitable1 if ! ,univ]sities surr5d] ! "r ( a matriculation-exam9ation1 t !y %\ld l[]1 n only _! own /&>d1 b likewise ! /&>d ( public s*ools4 ,"s ,univ]sities1 on ! contr>y1 l ov]-anxi\s mo!rs1 h multipli$ exam9ations s z to make q sure1 at ! end ( ea* t]m or ea* ye> t ! pupils confid$ to !m h done at lea/ "s "w4 ,?is k9d ( =c$ lab\r may d "s good to ! incorrigibly idle1 b x does ! greate/ h>m to all ! re/4 ,if !re is an exam9ation at ! end ( ea* ye>1 !re c be no fre$om left = any indep5d5t "w4 ,bo? tea*]s & taught w be guid$ by ! same pole-/>--exam9ations2 no deviation f ! beat5 track w be consid]$ safe1 & all ! pleasure d]iv$ f "w done = its own sake1 & all ! j pride & joy1 :i* ^? only "k :o h ev] v5tur$ out by !mselves on ! op5 sea ( k1 mu/ be lo/4 ,we mu/ n all[ ourselves to be deceiv$ by ! brilliant %[ ( exam9ation pap]s4 ,x is c]ta9ly m>vell\s :at an am\nt ( k c&idates w produce be=e _! exam9]s2 b ^? :o h be5 bo? exam9$ & exam9]s "k be/ h[ fleet+ t k is1 & h[ diff]5t f t o!r k :i* has be5 acquir$ sl[ly & quietly1 = its own sake1 = our own sake1 )\t a ?\ght z to :e!r x w\ld ev] pay at exam9ations or n4 ,a c&idate1 aft] giv+ mo/ glibly ! dates & ! titles ( ! pr9cipal works ( ,cobbett1 ,gibbon1 ,burke1 ,adam ,smi?1 & ,david ,hume1 0 ask$ :e!r he _h ev] se5 any ( _! writ+s1 & he _h to answ]1 ,no4 ,ano!r1 :o 0 ask$ :i* ( ! works ( ,pheidias he _h se51 repli$ t he _h only read ! fir/ two books4 ,t is ! k9d ( di%one/ k :i* is fo/]$ by too frequ5t exam9ations4 ,!re are two k9ds ( k1 ! "o t ent]s into our v blood1 ! o!r :i* we c>ry ab\t 9 our pockets4 ,^? :o read = exam9ations h g5]ally _! pockets cram full2 ^? :o "w on quietly & h _! :ole he>t 9 _! "w are (t5 disc\rag$ at ! small am\nt ( _! k1 at ! little life-blood !y h made4 ,b :at !y h le>nt has really become _! own1 has invigorat$ _! :ole frame1 & 9 ! end !y h (t5 prov$ ! /ronge/ & happie/ m5 9 ! battle ( life4 ,omnisci5ce is at pres5t ! bane ( all our k4 ,f ! day he leaves s*ool & ent]s ! ,univ]sity a man ought to make up 8 m9d t 9 _m ?+s he mu/ rema9 ei!r altoge!r ignorant1 or be satisfi$ ) k at second-h&4 ,?us only c he cle> ! deck = action4 ,& ! soon] he f9ds out :at 8 own "w is to be1 ! m useful & delightful w be 8 life at ,univ]sity & lat]4 ,!re are few m5 :o h a passion = all k1 !re is h>dly "o :o has n a hobby ( 8 own4 ,^? s-call$ hobbies ought to be utiliz$1 & n1 z !y are n[1 disc\rag$1 if we wi% our ,univ]sities to produce m m5 l ,f>aday1 ,c>lyle1 ,grote1 or ,d>w94 ,i d n say t 9 an exam9ation = a ,univ]sity degree a m9imum ( :at is n[ call$ g5]al culture %\ld n be insi/$ on2 b 9 addition to t1 f> m fre$om ought to be giv5 to ! exam9] to let ea* c&idate produce 8 own individual "w4 ,?is is done to a f> great] ext5t 9 ,cont95tal ?an 9 ,engli% ,univ]sities1 & ! exam9ations are !re=e mo/ly confid$ to ! memb]s ( ! ,s5atus ,academicus1 consi/+ ( ! mo/ exp]i5c$ tea*]s1 & ! mo/ em95t repres5tatives ( ! diff]5t bran*es ( k 9 ! ,univ]sity4 ,_! object is n to f9d out h[ _m m>ks ea* c&idate may ga9 by answ]+ a l>g] or small] numb] ( que/ions1 & !n to place !m 9 ord] be=e ! _w l s _m organ pipes4 ,!y want to f9d out :e!r a man1 by ! "w he has done dur+ 8 ?ree or f\r ye>s at ,univ]sity1 has acquir$ t vig\r ( ?\ght1 t maturity ( judgm5t1 & t special k1 :i* fairly entitle him to an academic /atus1 to a degree1 ) or )\t special hon\rs4 ,su* a degree conf]s no mat]ial advantages2#ai x does n entitle its hold] to any employm5t 9 ,*ur* or ,/ate2 x does n v\* ev5 = 8 be+ a fit p]son to be made an ,ar*bi%op or ,prime ,m9i/]4 ,all ?is is left to ! lat] /ruggle = life2 & 9 t /ruggle x seems z if ^? :o1 aft] hav+ survey$ ! va/ field ( human k1 h settl$ on a few acres ( _! own & cultivat$ !m z !y 7 nev] cultivat$ be=e1 :o h work$ h>d & h ta/$ ! true joy & happ9ess ( h>d "w1 :o h gladly li/5$ to o!rs1 b always dep5d$ on !mselves1 71 aft] all1 ! m5 :om great nations delight$ to foll[ z _! royal lead]s 9 _! onw>d m>* t[>ds great] enlight5m5t1 great] happ9ess1 & great] fre$om4 ,to sum up4 ,no "o c read ,mill's ,essay ,on ,lib]ty at ! pres5t mom5t )\t feel+ t ev5 dur+ ! %ort p]iod ( ! la/ tw5ty ye>s ! cause :i* he advocat$ s /rongly & passionately1 ! cause ( individual fre$om1 has made rapid progress1 aye1 has c>ri$ ! day4 ,9 no c\ntry may a man be s entirely himself1 s true to himself & yet loyal to society1 z 9 ,engl&4 ,b1 al?\gh ! enemy ^: encroa*m5ts ,mill fe>$ mo/ & res5t$ mo/ has be5 driv5 back & =c$ to keep )9 8 own b\nds1--?\gh su* names z ,diss5t & ,noncon=mity1 :i* 7 =m]ly us$ 9 society z fatal d>ts1 seem to h lo/ all ! poison :i* !y once conta9$1--,mill's pr9cipal fe>s h nev]!less n be5 beli$1 & ! blight ( uni=mity :i* he saw approa*+ ) its att5dant evils ( feebl5ess1 indiff]5ce1 & sequacity1 has be5 spread+ m widely ?an ev] 9 8 days4 ,x has ev5 be5 ma9ta9$ t ! v fre$om :i* e individual n[ enjoys has be5 detrim5tal to ! gr[? ( individuality2 t y mu/ h an ,inquisition if y want to see m>tyrs2 t y mu/ h despotism & tyranny to call =? h]oes4 ,! v measures :i* ,mill & 8 fri5ds advocat$ s w>mly1 compulsory education & competitive exam9ations1 are po9t$ out z hav+ *iefly contribut$ to produce t l>ge array ( pass-m51 t dead level ( un9t]e/+ excell5ce1 :i* is ! beau ideal ( a ,*9ese ,m&>91 :ile x fright5$ & di%e>t5$ su* m5 z ,humboldt1 ,tocqueville1 & ,john ,/u>t ,mill4 ,!re may be "s tru? 9 all ?is1 b x is c]ta9ly n ! :ole tru?4 ,education1 z x has to be c>ri$ on1 :e!r 9 elem5t>y or 9 public s*ools1 is no d\bt a heavy weight :i* might well press d[n ! mo/ indep5d5t _s2 x is1 9 fact1 nei!r m nor less ?an plac+1 9 a sy/ematiz$ =m1 on ! %\ld]s ( e g5]ation ! ev]-increas+ mass ( k1 exp]i5ce1 cu/om1 & tradition t has be5 accumulat$ by =m] g5]ations4 ,we ne$ n wond]1 !re=e1 if 9 "s s*ools all spr+1 all vig\r1 all joy\sness ( "w is cru%$ out "u t load ( names & dates1 ( anomal\s v]bs & syntactic rules1 ( ma!matical =mulas & geometrical axioms1 :i* boys are expect$ to br+ up = competitive exam9ations4 ,b a rem$y has be5 provid$1 & we are ourselves to blame if we d n avail ourselves ( x to ! fulle/ ext5t4 ,europe erect$ its ,univ]sities1 & call$ !m ! homes ( ! ,lib]al ,arts1 & det]m9$ t betwe5 ! slav]y ( ! s*ool & ! r\t9e ( practical life e man %\ld h at lea/ ?ree ye>s ( fre$om4 ,:at ,socrates & 8 great pupil ,plato _h done = ! y\? ( ,greece1#bj ^! new academies 7 to d = ! y\? ( ,italy1 ,france1 ,engl&1 ,spa91 & ,g]many2 &1 ?\gh ) v>y+ success1 !y h done x4 ,! m$iaeval & mod]n ,univ]sities h be5 f c5tury to c5tury ! homes ( free ?\ght4 ,"h ! mo/ em95t m5 h sp5t _! lives1 n m]ely 9 retail+ traditional k1 z at s*ool1 b 9 ext5d+ ! fronti]s ( sci5ce 9 all directions4 ,"h1 9 close int]c\rse ) _! tea*]s1 or "u _! imm$iate guidance1 g5]ation aft] g5]ation ( boys1 fre% f s*ool1 h gr[n up into m5 dur+ ! ?ree ye>s ( _! academic life4 ,"h1 = ! fir/ "t1 ea* man has be5 enc\rag$ to d>e to be himself1 to foll[ 8 own ta/es1 to dep5d on 8 own judgm5t1 to try ! w+s ( 8 m9d1 &1 lo1 l "y eagles ?r[n out ( _! ne/1 !y c\ld fly4 ,"h ! old k accumulat$ at s*ool 0 te/$1 & new k acquir$ /raight f ! f\nta9-head4 ,"h k ceas$ to be a m]e burd51 & became a p[] invigorat+ ! :ole m9d1 l sn[ :i* dur+ w9t] lies cold & heavy on ! mead[s1 b :5 x is t\*$ by ! sun ( spr+ melts away1 & fructifies ! gr\nd = a ri* h>ve/4 ,t 0 ! orig9al purpose ( ! ,univ]sities2 & ! m !y cont9ue to fulfil t purpose ! m w !y secure to u t real fre$om f tradition1 f cu/om1 f m]e op9ion & sup]/ition1 :i* c be ga9$ by indep5d5t /udy only2 ! m w !y fo/] t human developm5t 9 its ri*e/ div]sity :i* ,mill1 l ,humboldt1 consid]$ z ! highe/ object ( all society4 ,su* academic tea*+ ne$ n be conf9$ to ! old ,univ]sities4 ,!re is _m a great ,univ]sity t sprang f small] beg9n+s ?an y\r ,midl& ,in/itute4 ,nor is x necess>y1 9 ord] to secure ! real b5efits ( academic tea*+1 to h all ! p>aph]nalia ( a ,univ]sity1 its colleges & fell[%ips1 its caps & g[ns4 ,:at is really want$ are m5 :o h done good "w 9 _! life1 & :o are will+ to tea* o!rs h[ to "w = !mselves1 h[ to ?9k = !mselves1 h[ to judge = !mselves4 ,t is ! true academic /age 9 e man's life1 :5 he le>ns to "w1 n to please o!rs1 be !y s*oolma/]s or exam9]s1 b to please himself1 :5 he works f %e] love ( "w1 & = ! highe/ ( all purposes1 ! conque/ ( tru?4 ,^? only :o h pass$ ?r\gh t /age "k ! real bless+s ( "w4 ,to ! _w at l>ge !y may seem m]e drudges--b ! _w does n "k ! triumphant joy ) :i* ! true m\nta9e]1 high above cl\ds & m\nta9 walls t once seem$ unsurpassable1 dr9ks 9 ! fre% air ( ! ,high ,alps1 & away f ! fumes1 ! du/1 & ! noises ( ! city1 revels alone1 9 fre$om ( ?\ght1 9 fre$om ( feel+1 & 9 ! fre$om ( ! highe/ fai?4 ,f4 ,,max ,,mull]4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,an ,address deliv]$ on ! #bj? ,octob]1 be=e ! ,birm+ham & ,midl& ,in/itute4 #b ,mill tells u t 8 ,essay ,on ,lib]ty 0 plann$ & writt5 d[n 9 #ahed4 ,x 0 9 m\nt+ ! /eps ( ! ,capitol 9 ,janu>y1 #ahee1 t ! ?\ght fir/ arose ( conv]t+ x into a volume1 & x 0 n publi%$ till #ahei4 ,! au?or1 :o 9 8 ,autobiography speaks ) exquisite mode/y ( all 8 lit]>y p]=mances1 all[s himself "o s+le exception :5 speak+ ( 8 ,essay ,on ,lib]ty4 ,none ( my writ+s1 he says1 h be5 ei!r s c>efully compos$ or s s$ul\sly correct$ z ?is4 ,its f9al revision 0 to h be5 ! "w ( ! w9t] ( #aheh to #ahei :i* he & 8 wife _h arrang$ to pass 9 ! ,s\? ( ,europe1 a hope :i* 0 fru/rat$ by 8 wife's dea?4 ,! ',lib]ty1' he writes1 is likely to survive long] ?an any?+ else t ,i h writt5 7) ! possible exception ( ! ',logic'71 because ! conjunction ( h] m9d ) m9e has r5d]$ x a k9d ( philosophic textbook ( a s+le tru?1 :i* ! *anges progressively tak+ place 9 mod]n society t5d to br+ out into /rong] relief3 ! importance1 to man & society1 ( a l>ge v>iety ( "*1 & ( giv+ full fre$om to human nature to exp& itself 9 innum]able & conflict+ directions4 #c ,h]z5 def9$ ,nihilism z ! mo/ p]fect fre$om f all settl$ concepts1 f all inh]it$ re/ra9ts & imp$im5ts :i* hamp] ! progress ( ! ,occid5tal intellect ) ! hi/orical drag ti$ to its foot4 #d ,ueb] die ,akademis*e ,freiheit d] ,deuts*5 ,univ]sitat51 ,r$e beim ,antritt des ,rectorats an d] ,fri$ri*-,wilhelms-,univ]sitat 9 ,b]l91 am #ae ,octob] #ahgg1 gehalt5 von ,dr4 ,h4 ,helmholtz4 #e ,ueb] e9e ,akademie d] ,deuts*5 ,spra*e1 p4 #cd4 ,ano!r ke5 obs]v] ( ,engli% life1 ,dr4 ,k4 ,hillebr&1 9 an article 9 ! ,octob] numb] ( ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 rem>ks3 ,n[h]e is !re great] individual lib]ty ?an 9 ,engl&1 & n[h]e d p r5\nce x m readily ( _! own accord4 #f ,sp5c] ,h>dy1 ,manual ( ,buddhism1 p4 #cia4 #g ,ibid41 p4 #ci4 #h ,z "o g5]ation dies & gives way to ano!r1 ! heir ( ! consequ5ces ( all its virtues & all its vices1 ! exact result ( pre-exi/5t causes1 s ea* individual1 9 ! long *a9 ( life1 inh]its all1 ( good or evil1 :i* all its pr$ecessors h done or be52 & takes up ! /ruggle t[>ds enlight5m5t precisely !re :]e !y left x4--,rhys ,davids1 ,buddhism1 p4 #ajd4 #i ,buns51 ,egypt1 ii41 pp4 #gg1 #aej4 #aj ,memoire sur l',orig9e ,egypti5ne de l',alphabet ,ph5ici51 p> ,e4 de ,r\ge1 ,p>is1 #ahgd4 #aa ,see ,br&is1 ,das ,munzwes54 #ab ,is x n almo/ a self-evid5t axiom1 t ! ,/ate %\ld require & compel ! education1 up to a c]ta9 /&>d1 ( e human be+ :o is born its citiz58 ,yet :o is !re t is n afraid to recognize & ass]t ?is tru?8--,on ,lib]ty1 p4 #ahh4 #ac ,times1 ,janu>y #be1 #ahgi4 #ad ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,ea/1 edit$ by ,m4 ,m41 vols4 i41 ii41 iii42 ,cl>5don ,press1 ,ox=d1 #ahgi4 #ae ,computation or ,logic1 t4 iii41 viii41 p4 #cf4 #af ,lectures on ,mr4 ,d>w9's ,philosophy ( ,language1 ,fras]'s ,magaz9e1 ,june1 #ahgc1 p4 #bf4 #ag ,prantl1 ,ges*i*te d] ,logik1 vol4 i4 p4 #aba4 #ah ,l4 ,noire1 ,padagogis*es ,skizz5bu*1 p4 #aeg2 ,todtes ,wiss54 #ai ,mill1 ,on ,lib]ty1 p4 #aic4 #bj ,zell]1 ,ueb] d5 wiss5s*aftli*5 ,unt]ri*t bei d5 ,grie*51 #ahgh1 p4 #i4 ,,mr4 ,,glad/one4 ,,two ,,/udies ,,sugge/$ ,,by ,,8 ,,glean+s ,,( ,,pa/ ,,ye>s4 ,glean+s ( ,pa/ ,ye>s3 #ahdc-ahgh4 ,by ! ,"r ,hon4 ,w4 ,e4 ,,glad/one1 ,m4,p4 ,sev5 vols4 ,london3 ,john ,murray4 ,i4 ,"l ,beaconsfield & 8 p>ty are /ill hold+ on4 ,all ! ov]-prais$ ,disraelian craft has dw9dl$ someh[ to ?is m]ely muscul> op]ation4 ,an attempt is1 inde$1 made to disguise ! attitude by keep+ /rict sil5ce1 & arrang+ ! facial expression ( ! ,cab9et1 if n ( ! ,p>ty1 9 a way n agree+ ) ! /ra92 b ! c\ntry is fa/ f9d+ out t ! real po/ure ( ! ,cons]vatives at ?is mom5t is t ( clut*+ at (fice1 & no?+ m4 ,h[ev]1 no am\nt ( n talk+ ab\t ! elections w put !m (f f9ally4 ,9 8 mo/ effici5t days ,"l ,beaconsfield 0 h>dly clev] en\gh to op]ate ^u ! almanack1 & a c]ta9 t]rible date is approa*+ ^u him ) increas+ swiftness4 ,x w be r humiliat+ at la/ = a ,premi] to be br\ght up by ! day ( ! mon?1 & to be rem9d$ by ! great (ficials ( ,p>liam5t :at ye> ( ,our ,"l x is4 ,b ^! latt] p]sonages are p>tly paid = wat*+ ! efflux ( "t1 & no d\bt !y w d _! duty4 ,x may be unpleasant = !m to h to tell ,"l ,beaconsfield t dates make x impossible = him to g on any long]1 b !y mu/ get :at consolation !y c f ! remembrance t x is ! fir/ "t !y ev] _h to say ?is to a ,m9i/]4 ,sev]al ,p>liam5ts 9 our hi/ory h be5 nicknam$ r uglily1 b x is likely t ! ,beaconsfield ,h\se ( ,commons w be kn[n "u a description m humiliat+ ?an any1 because s inescapeably accurate4 ,x w lit]ally be ! run-to-!-la/-dregs ,p>liam5t1 & :51 on !re n be+ ano!r mom5t left1 ! dissolution has necess>ily to be ord]$1 ! n-any-long]-to-be-put-(f elections w take place4 ,:5 t unpo/poneable day comes1 x is v well kn[n be=eh& ^: w be ! mo/ t[]+ figure on ! hu/+s1 ^: ! =m t[>ds :i* all eyes mu/ turn4 ,x w be t ( him ^: "n is writt5 at ! head ( ?is pap]--,mr4 ,glad/one4 ,mo/ ,engli%m5 w at fir/ feel a crick 9 ! neck 9 hav+ to look beh9d !m s f> nor? z ,midlo?ian4 ,b ,lib]als & ,cons]vatives alike und]/& t :]ev] ,mr4 ,glad/one *ooses to take up 8 position t becomes ! c5tre ( ! fight4 ,if he /ood = ! ,orkneys1 he w\ld /ill be too ne> = 8 oppon5ts2 &1 z = 8 fri5ds1 !y rememb] t ) ,ulysses' b[ x did n greatly signify :e!r ! h]o 0 a few y>ds fur!r (f or ne>]4 ,! bolts w rea*4 ,x is1 inde$1 n unlikely t ,mr4 ,glad/one may =ce on ! conflict1 &1 aft] ! spee* at ,*e/]1 ! o!r side _c say t !y 7 left )\t w>n+4 ,! ,cons]vative lead]s h1 9 fact1 a ne>] date to calculate ?an ! f9al "o ( ! ,p>liam5t>y cal5d>--t1 namely1 ( ,mr4 ,glad/one's appe>ance 9 ,midlo?ian4 ,x may be suppos$ t !y are already anxi\sly c\nt+ ! days ( ! dw9dl+ int]val4 ,:5ev] he gives in/ructions = 8 hu/+s to be put up1 ! ,cons]vatives w h to s5d = _! own c>p5t]s1 & ord] planks4 ,! pres5t mom5t1 :ile he is tempor>ily abs5t1 & j be=e he aga9 necess>ily reappe>s 9 ! v front ( ! public /age1 may n be an ill "t = tak+ a ha/y review ( him & 8 c>e]4 ,x is1 9 fact1 a fav\rable *ance4 ,mr4 ,glad/one1 by /ress ( glori\s h>d "w & %e] public effici5cy1 has s unceas+ly fill$ ! pass+ h\r1 always be+ fully occupi$ himself 9 deal+ ) a special matt]1 & en=c+ ! att5tion ( ! nation to x1 t he has left p v little at leisure to take 9 a retrospect ( him4 ,! result is1 t !re is great inadequacy 9 ! public appreciation ( ! dim5sions ( 8 c>e]2 x /ret*es back fur!r1 exp&s wid]1 rises high] ?an mo/ ( u commonly keep 9 our m9ds4 ,lately1 x is true1 ,mr4 ,glad/one has tak5 great pa9s to rem9d ! c\ntry ( 8 ye>s2 he has r o/5tati\sly po/ur$ z an old man4 ,b )\t mean+ to impugn 8 v]acity1 or to dispute ! regi/]1 we may say t he has sc>cely got anybody to believe x4 ,he has gone on fell+ trees1 writ+ lett]s & articles1 & publi%+ volumes1 ) utt]ances ( m & bett] spee*es betwe5 ?an anybody else c make1 9 a way :i* has l$ n a few to congratulate !mselves t he 0 n any y\ng]4 ,9 p>ticul>1 8 oppon5ts1 s soon z !y f\nd out t 8 ann\ncem5t ( retirem5t into ease meant t he 0 go+ to take ! true/ re/ ( all1 to "w a little h>d] 9 ano!r k9d ( way1 positively made an outcry z if he _h pl$g$ himself to gratify !m by do+ no?+4 ,!y seem r to compla9 t he has retir$ into great] publicity2 b !re is some?+ to be said ab\t t matt]4 ,! impli$ b>ga9 on ,mr4 ,glad/one's side at ! "t obvi\sly 0 t ! ,cons]vatives 7 !mselves n to d any?+ 9 p>ticul>4 ,x 0 to be a "t ( /agnation1 & !y h n kept to t und]/&+2 no soon] _h he turn$ 8 back ?an !y began to swagg] up & d[n ! _w z ,imp]iali/s4 ,!y h risk$ ! highe/ int]e/s ( ! empire & h made ,engl& figure on ! wrong side1 array$ aga9/ ! oppress$ & blu/]+ = w>4 ,mr4 ,glad/one c\ld only keep quiet by =ego+ all patriotism4 ,x 0 too mu* to ask f an old-fa%ion$ ,engli% /atesman1 :o _h always himself /ood on ! side ( fre$om & peace1 & _h gr[n accu/om$ to see+ 8 c\ntry rang$ !re too4 ,h[ev]1 we w speak aga9 a little lat] on ?is po9t ( 8 ann\nc$ retirem5t4 ,x is ne>ly sup]flu\s to rem9d any "o t !re is no /atesman n[ be=e ! public ) an (ficial record :i* c 9 any way be set beside ,mr4 ,glad/one's ev5 9 ! m]e matt]s ( l5g? ( "t & div]sity ( p>ts4 ,!re are a numb] ( m5 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons old] ?an ,mr4 ,glad/one2 !re are "s1 ?\gh n _m1 :o h _h a seat 9 x long] ?an he has2 b !re is no "o ^: ,m9i/]ial life goes back ne>ly s f>4 ,he held (fice =ty-five ye>s ago4 ,ne>ly a score ( ye>s _h to pass aft] 8 fir/ appo9tm5t to a po/ be=e ,mr4 ,disraeli jo9$ a ,m9i/ry1 & !n he /epp$ into ! place :i* _h be5 refus$ by ,mr4 ,glad/one4 ,! latt]'s range ( (ficial exp]i5ce excels o!rs 9 bread? ev5 m ?an 9 l5g?4 ,be=e he became ,prime ,m9i/] he _h be5 ,"u-,secret>y = ! ,colonies1 ,vice-,presid5t ( ! ,bo>d ( ,trade & ,ma/] ( ! ,m9t1 ,presid5t ( ! ,bo>d ( ,trade1 full ,secret>y = ! ,colonies1 & ,*ancellor ( ! ,ex*equ] m ?an once4 ,!re is no o!r j\rneyman politician ) a /roke ( "w left 9 him :o has any?+ l ?is li/ ( cr$5tials ( appr5tice%ip to %[4 ,mr4 ,glad/one le>nt 8 craft "u ,peel1 ,ab]de51 ,palm]/on1 ,russell2 & !n himself became ! select] & in/ructor ( a gr\p ( y\ng] m5 = :om r5ew$ (fice is only bid+ a n v di/ant date4 ,x is an hon\r alike to "n ! m5 he s]v$ "u & ^? :om he comm&$2 includ+ 9 ! association ) him "s :om he attract$1 & to :om ! latt] phrase might sc>cely fully apply2 = ,mr4 ,cobd5 work$ ) him )\t an (fice1 & ,mr4 ,bright 9 "o4 ,^! latt] 7 a*ievem5ts ( p]sonal influ5ce :i* may fairly rank a trifle high] ?an m]ely tak+ prec$5ce ( a ,duke 9 a ,cab9et4 ,if we g on to consid] :at has happ5$ 9 8 "t 9 ! way ( legislation & social re=m1 & 8 connection ) x1 x may be said1 speak+ g5]ally1 t he has witness$ ! political & economical rem\ld+ ( ?is k+dom2 &1 tak+ all ?+s toge!r1 has help$ x =w>d 9 m ways ?an anybody else :o /ill survives4 ,if :ile ,mr4 ,bright lives 8 "n mu/ always h ! hon\r ( fir/ m5tion :5 ! ,repeal ( ! ,corn ,laws is spok5 (1 x 0 ,mr4 ,glad/one :o wr\ght out all ! details ( ,peel's fiscal re=ms4 ,he too x 0 :o1 mu* lat]1 gave effect to ,cobd5's negotiation ( ! ,fr5* ,comm]cial ,treaty2 & also1 aga91 made ! be/ b>ga9 t c\ld be made :5 t fir/ int]national arrangem5t laps$4 ,e amelioration be>+ on taxation & trade 9 our "t has be5 naturally fat$ 9 "s way to t\* ! h&s ( ,mr4 ,glad/one4 ,s1 too1 x 0 8 conv]sion1 or r 8 progress1 on ! "q ( ! ,fran*ise--prov$ by 8 br++ 9 ( ! ,russell measure--:i* made ! imm$iate grant+ ( ! vote c]ta91 & *all5g$ ! ,tory trick ( ! la/ ,re=m ,bill4 ,! ,ballot ,act1 )\t :i* ! vote 0 b a s9i/] gift1 came f 8 ,m9i/ry4 ,b let u turn f ,engl& to ! si/] c\ntry4 ,if ,irel& is ev] pacifi$1 x w be !n se5 t x 0 ,mr4 ,glad/one :o1 by ! ,dise/abli%m5t ( ! ,iri% ,*ur* & by 8 ,l& ,act1 laid ! f\ndations ( ! peace4 ,if ! ,roman ,ca?olics get a ,univ]sity n[1 !y w only get :at he (f]$ !m ye>s ago4 ,! prosp]ity ( ,irel& is1 inde$1 sure "s day to give to ,mr4 ,glad/one's memory a spl5did rev5ge = ! +ratitude %e %[$ to ! man :o br\ght legislat+ = ,irel& into vogue4 ,if we %ift our reg>d to diplomacy1 ! future is /ill cle>ly ) him 9 sev]al ( ! *iefe/ int]national arrangem5ts ?is g5]ation has witness$4 ,:5 ! ,b]l9 ,treaty is cobwebb$1 & =gott5 by ev]ybody b hi/orians & bookworms1 ! ,treaty ( ,wa%+ton w be a liv+1 rul+ prec$5t betwe5 ! mighty ,engli%-speak+ nations on bo? sides ( ! ,atlantic2 & on ! day t ! ,turks are ?ru/ out ( ,europe1 & ! peoples ( ^? regions are settl+ ! ,ea/]n ,"q f9ally = !mselves1 ! !n ,briti% ,gov]nm5t1 9 begg+ somebody to take ,cyprus (f our h&s1 w he> a l>g] ,greece gratefully c\ple ,mr4 ,glad/one's "n ) ! cession ( ! ,ionian ,isl&s4 ,9 e "o ( ^! matt]s ,mr4 ,glad/one gets 8 good =tune ) po/]ity1 z we believe1 f hav+ act$ on ,lib]al pr9ciples4 ,x is ! m]it ( ^? pr9ciples t1 to borr[ a phrase ( 8 own1 !y put ,"t on a man's side4 ,he has tru/$ himself to ! popul> impulses1 :i* are ! breezes bl[+ t[>ds ! future1 giv+ auspici\s om5s by ! v work+ out ( ! _w's ev5ts4 ,b if1 ap>t f ,lib]alism1 he w\ld h _h n mu* m significance = ! com+ g5]ations ?an ,"l ,beaconsfield w h :5 8 =eign policy has once be5 undone & set aside1 ,mr4 ,glad/one mu/ n be defraud$ ( a tittle ( 8 due cr$it4 ,he :o has done all ?is 0 once a ,cons]vative1 &1 to make x /ill m wond]ful1 a ,peelite4 ,( t pale gr\p ( a ,p>liam5t>y section1 :i* nev] c\ld be a p>ty1 he is ! only "o :o escap$ f ! va9 middle region ( ineffectiv5ess4 ,= a man :o 0 once a ,peelite & has nev] ceas$ to be a ,high ,*ur*man to h ga9$ supreme p[] 9 ?is c\ntry is a political miracle4 ,x 0 work$ by %e] m5tal =ce4 ,mr4 ,glad/one's greate/ feat1 mak+ all ! re/ possible1 0 ! sl[ly b ev]-rip5+ly turn+ himself into a good1 s\nd1 robu/ ,lib]al2 b he n only _h ! wit to appreciate ! inevitabl5ess ( popul> progress1 he made himself a %ap] & a help] ( x 9 ways :i* %[$ a will+ adoption ( its cause4 ,= we may scrut9ize 8 c>e] m closely ?an 9 ! above rapid sket*1 may look d[n l[] ?an ^! great pictorial incid5ts we h be5 recapitulat+2 &1 if we d s1 we %all see a set ( adm9i/rative re=ms1 less %[y1 b v h>d to c>ry1 & :i* exhibit g5u9e ,lib]alism 9 ! gra9 ( e "o ( !m4 ,x 0 "u 8 auspices t ! ,civil ,s]vice 0 ?r[n op5 to unlimit$ competition2 he1 9 spite ( ! ,lords1 ) ,e>l ,d]by at _! head1 took ! duty (f pap]1 giv+ u *eap newspap]s2 he consolidat$ ! ,law ,c\rts1 do+ away a :ole web ( legal artificialities2 x 0 z 8 colleague t ,mr4 ,=/] gave to ! c\ntry its fir/ national educational s*eme2 b = him ,mr4 ,c>dwell w\ld nev] h succe$$ 9 alt]+ ! pr9ciple ( our milit>y organization f long-p]iod enli/m5ts to ! %ort-t]m s]vice2 :ile ,mr4 ,glad/one's oppon5ts are will+ to ?ru/ ^u him ! :ole hon\r ( aboli%+ pur*ase 9 ! army1 because !y ?9k ! issue ( ! ,royal ,w>rant :i*1 ?anks to _! resi/ance ( ! re=m1 0 ! only means ( effect+ x1 l5ds itself to a taunt4 ,add to ?is li/1 ! fact t al?\gh he1 at fir/1 = easily se5 reasons ( m]e habit ( m9d1 go+ back to ! e>li] days :5 he 0 ,cons]vative1 did n fav\r ,univ]sity ,re=m1 yet he f9ally l5t himself fully to x1 & x is n difficult to und]/& ! successive outcries rais$ aga9/ him 9 ! high] social qu>t]s4 ,he gave all ! int]e/s spl5didly suffici5t reasons = _! dislike1 s9ce :]ev] !re 0 an abuse ,mr4 ,glad/one 0 z c]ta9 9 ! end to confront x z he is to appe>1 axe on 8 %\ld]1 be=e any tree 9 ,haw>d5 woods :i* has liv$ pa/ its "t4 ,b !re is ano!r way1 m comp5di\s /ill1 ( summ+ up 8 political *ronicle4 ,8 oppon5ts at times exult ov] ! fact ( 8 hav+ (t5 *ang$ 8 con/itu5cies4 ,x is true1 b x 0 always = 8 gr[+ ,lib]alism4 ,c]ta9ly1 !re are ^? :o once ensconc$ 9 a %ire--say1 9 ,buck+ham%ire--rema9 !re z long z !y ne$ a seat4 ,!y nev] (f5d any "o by progress ( view4 ,mr4 ,glad/one has n act$ by t rule2 he has got himself turn$ out ( con/itu5cy aft] con/itu5cy2 b1 we repeat1 x 0 always = ! same reason--he became too big = !m4 ,among 8 highe/ di/9ctions are ^!1--he is ! resign] ( ,new>k1 ! reject$ ( ,ox=d1 ! los] ( ,s\? ,lanca%ire4 ,! ?+ has occurr$ too (t5 to admit ( a casual explanation4 ,x 0 n = ,lib]alism1 z x is n[ und]/ood1 t he1 :5 /ill 9 8 y\?1 (f5d$ ! mighty ,duke ( ,newca/le & _h to give up ,new>k1 b x 0 = reason$-out consi/5cy :i* gave hope ( ,lib]alism4 ,he w\ld n /ultify 8 intellect by vot+ = ,peel's propos$ increase ( ! ,maynoo? ,grant 9 contradiction ( 8 own book on ,*ur* & ,/ate4 ,b all ! _w kn[s t x 0 = ,lib]alism some:at develop$ t he quitt$ ,ox=d2 & ! cause ( 8 defeat 9 ,lanca%ire 0 t he _h = ye>s be5 too busy 9 pu%+ =w>d re=ms on all h&s4 ,x 0 a noble vanqui%m5t = him1 :atev] x 0 = 8 p>ty1 = ,lanca%ire1 or = ! c\ntry4 ,te/ 8 c>e] h[ we w1 ! result /ill comes out to 8 hon\r4 ,he1 = consci5ce' sake1 (f5d$ ! great patron on :om 8 :ole prospects !n dep5d$1 rema9+ out ( ,p>liam5t = a "t2 lat]1 he w5t ov] ) ,peel1 kn[+ t x meant an ineffective hang+ betwe5 two p>ties = an indef9ite "t1 %>+ ! hopes & *ances ( nei!r2 :5 ,"l ,d]by came into p[]1 he refus$ (fice on its be+ (f]$4 ,9 a ^w1 he has evid5c$ 8 s9c]ity & prov$ 8 patriotism 9 e way = :i* x is all[$ to o!r m5 to claim hon\r4 ,:5 a man has risk$ p]sonal prospects1 refus$ place1 held (fice 9 all its k9ds1 left "o lagg+ con/itu5cy aft] ano!r beh9d him1 & f9ally1 by %e] insi/+ on rapid progress1 tempor>ily we>i$ ! weak & lazy ( 8 c\ntrym5 ?r\gh\t ! :ole nation1 z ! la/ g5]al election %[$ t he _h1 :at m is !re left = him to d = 8 c\ntry8 ,only "o ?+ rema9$3 ! sacrific+ 8 retirem5t aft] ! =mal ann\ncem5t ( ! close ( 8 c>e]1 &1 afre% tak+ up 8 old po/ 9 ! front ( ! battle z if he 7 /ill "y & _h place & public life to secure1 /riv+ 8 h>de/ a la/ "t = ! sake ( 8 pr9ciples & 8 p>ty4 ,x is ?is f9al possibility ( sacrific+ ease & r5ew+ lab\r :i* ,mr4 ,glad/one und]takes 9 ! ,midlo?ian campaign n[ s v soon to be op5$ by him4 ,! above is ! m]e/ bird's-eye glance at 8 c>e]1 b x seem$ to u a retrospect :i* all ,lib]als %\ld h 9 _! m9ds m completely ?an is common :5 he aga9 draws to him ! national gaze1 z he ( necessity w d4 ,b on read+ back1 h[ inadequate does ! above record seem = ,mr4 ,glad/one6 ,x is simply ! backgr\nd ( ! picture2 a field ( indu/ry & a*ievem5ts1 on :i* ! portraiture ( ! man himself ne$s yet mak+ to /& out4 ,we h be5 speak+ ( ! ex-,premi]1 = in/ance1 j z we might talk ( any politician1 & ,mr4 ,glad/one1 ?\gh our *iefe/ politician1 has ?r\gh\t be5 s mu* m ?an t4 ,x is p]fectly true t !re is no public man among u :o has project$ less ( a special atmosph]e ( p]sonality ?an he has ?r\gh :i* 8 do+s are to be beheld4 ,he has be5 too busy ) 8 "w to ?9k ( any attitud9iz+ or trick 9 do+ x4 ,mr4 ,glad/one's only mann]ism has be5 t ( sup]ior excell5ce ( ?9k+1 speak+1 & do+4 ,anybody else might h done & said :at he has utt]$ & effect$1 if only !y _h _h ! same ability & indu/ry4 ,8 "o compreh5sive di/9ction1 summ+ up all ! o!rs1 lies 9 8 hav+ develop$ m ( ^! two simple1 old-fa%ion$ ?+s ?an 8 be/ contempor>ies4 ,he has inv5t$ no my/]ies1 trad$ 9 no artificialities1 giv5 u no pyrote*nics2 only a pla9 common air lies along 8 track1 9 :i*1 if we p]haps except two or ?ree po9ts :]e a little mi/ hangs1 ev]y?+ c be cle>ly se5 9 :ite light1 )\t exagg]ation or di/ortion4 ,8 :ole /yle has be5 ! old tradition>y ,engli% "o1 acc5tuat$ only by ,scot* e>ne/ness & s]i\sness ( religi\s feel+4 ,if ,mr4 ,glad/one1 h[ev]1 has n made any ecc5tric or !atrical impression on ! public m9d1 he has done some?+ l>g] & bett]4 ,he has kept all ! ?ree k+doms cont9u\sly aw>e ( him z an elem5t 9 our g5]al ?9k+1 z well z be+ a p[] 9 our practical affairs4 ,if we put aside ,mr4 ,c>lyle1 ,mr4 ,mill1 & ,mr4 ,rusk91 sc>cely any "o has _h s mu* to d ) ! g5]al m5tal activity ( ! la/ two g5]ations z ,mr4 ,glad/one4 ,! result is :at we h j po9t$ out1--t if we sket* him z a /atesman only1 ev]ybody sees t ! canvas is n big en\gh4 ,x is a suffici5tly full description ( mo/ m5 :o h be5 politicians to ascribe to !m /atesman%ip2 b 9 ,mr4 ,glad/one's case we want a yet l>g] phrase2 8 bus9ess has n be5 politics m]ely1 x has be5 patriotism2 & he has made "t1 nobody q kn[s h[1 to d ne>ly z mu* "w outside ,p>liam5t z )9 x4 ,we may cut a s*ol> able to adorn a univ]sity out ( ,mr4 ,glad/one1 & !n c>ve f him a f9e /ud5t & rev]5c] ( ,art2 next m>k (f a review] & g5]al litt]ateur :om pr(ess$ au?ors w respectfully make room = 9 _! ranks2 & n only is !re /ill left1 solid & firm1 ! great ,p>liam5t>y ,m9i/]1 b ( ! scatt]$ fragm5ts a c\ple ( ,bi%ops might easily be made1 )1 if no?+ at all is to be wa/$1 sev]al prea*]s = ! d5om9ations4 ,! latt] w\ld be d]iv$ f a morsel or two ( mat]ial :i* ,mr4 ,glad/one himself is n fully aw>e ( z be+ 9 8 composition4 ,x is n v easy to give a complete impression (fh& ( su* a multi=m p]sonage z ?is4 ,we mu/ take him a little simpl]4 ,! g5]al effect ( x all has be51 z we said above1 t ! m5tal activity ( ! community 9 all matt]s relat+ to politics & practical affairs has _h to take its rate & mu* ( its scale l>gely f him1 & he has be5 ?9k+ ) ! spe$1 n ( ! old jog-trot political life1 b ) ! rapidity ( e?ical & religi\s cogitation1 & has insi/$ on giv+ ?\ght to ev]y?+4 ,9 fact1 ! ultimate impression :i* ,mr4 ,glad/one has made ^u ! community has be5 t ( an intellect weapon$ ) a p]fectly flu5t tongue1 & a h& hold+ ! quicke/ ( p5s1 occupy+ ! v highe/ national po/s1 ceaselessly go+ on reason+1 insi/+ ^u do+ x1 :e!r ! reason+ might occasionally g wrong or n1 j z if ?9k+1 speak+1 & writ+ 7 man's "r employm5t4 ,8 *ief oppon5ts w\ld1 p]haps1 hesitate 9 flatly say+ t !y 7 n2 b1 at any rate1 !y h cont9ually be5 want+ him to /op4 ,ne>ly all ! compla9t t 0 ev] made ( ,mr4 ,glad/one resolves itself into a *>ge t he has ?\ght & spok5 & writt5 too mu*4 ,! accusation is "o :i* x w\ld task a great _m m5 to lay !mselves op5 to2 x is nev] ?\ght ( 9 ! case ( ! bulk ( u4 ,above all1 he has kept on ?9k+2 he w\ld use 8 m9d4 ,possibly ! o!r side might h =giv5 x1 if only he _h n done x s well2 if only ?is prompte/1 quicke/ ratioc9ation on ! "p ( a practical politician 9 our times _h n1 z x progress$1 br\ght him ev] ne>] to ! conclusions ( ,lib]alism4 ,he has1 we are1 h[ev]1 r a%am$ to admit1 _h to suff] f 8 own p>ty = ?is unusualness ( m5tal activity4 ,our practical politics = g5]ations pa/ _h be5 c>ri$ on ^u su* %all[ reason+1 on su* a h&-to-m\? pr9ciple ( m]e p>ty exp$i5cy1 t ev5 "s ,lib]als 7 surpris$ :5 he br\ght a little subtlety ( intellect into public life4 ,x 0 en\gh to make a small] man despair ( 8 c\ntrym5's sanity :5 he f\nd t = ye>s _m ( !m c\ld n di/+ui% betwe5 an ,anglican ,high ,*ur*man & an admir] ( ,rome4 ,to speak pla9ly1 !re 0 nev] su* a humiliat+ spectacle ( public /olidity z t :i* = s long a "t 0 witness$ 9 ! popul> my/ification z to ,mr4 ,glad/one's religi\s position4 ,x w5t = no?+ t 8 fir/ critical ,p>liam5t>y /ep 0 to give up 8 seat r ?an vote m money to ,maynoo?2 nobody seem$ to be> 9 m9d t z f> back z #aheb he bo? pr$ict$ & publicly hop$ = ! d[nfall ( ! temporal p[] ( ! ,papacy1 & t t5 ye>s lat] ,sir ,george ,b[y] op5ly attack$ him on t v po9t 9 ,p>liam5t2 x did n avail t he x 0 :o pav$ ! way = ! unification ( ,italy by dragg+ into ! light be=e all ,europe ! prison secrets ( ,neapolitan tyranny4 ,because he _h ! good s5se to oppose ! ,ecclesia/ical ,titles ,bill1 & ! loyalty to rema9 on t]ms ( fri5d%ip ) ! companions ( 8 y\? aft] !y became ,puseyites1 & av[$ t he held ! same views z to ,*ur* doctr9e :i* "s ( ! greate/ ,*ur* ( ,engl& div9es taught1 he 0 call$ on to expla91 e mon? or s1 t he 0 n a ,jesuit4 ,n until he publi%$ 8 pamphlet on ! ,vatican ,decrees1 & by s do+ ?rew all ! ,roman ,ca?olics 9 ,engl& & else:]e into a :ite heat ( rage1 0 ! sill9ess q explod$4 ,x is true t ! dull public might plead t a real pr(ession ( religi\sness on ! "p ( a lead+ politician 0 su* a novelty t x might be excus$ be+ a little puzzl$1 & believ+ ! wor/ 9 its p]plexity4 ,wor/ or be/1 ,mr4 ,glad/one has gone on speak+ & writ+ ab\t 8 religion j z if a man's e?ics & fai? ought to h "s connection ) 8 politics1 &1 z "t has pass$1 p appe> to ?9k x less /range4 ,?is non-retic5ce on ! score ( religion has made m s]i\s ! impression ,mr4 ,glad/one has produc$ ^u ! public m9d2 b 9 reality x is no specialty 9 8 mode ( public ?9k+1 b only a necess>y "p ( x4 ,he tracks 8 commone/ politics to _! fundam5tal pr9ciples1 & makes ( !m a sy/em4 ,he has always 9 8 reason+ to g back to hi/ory1 & ?is has delay$ 8 advance 9 comp>ison ) m5 :o disp5se ) t2 b !re nev] yet 0 a public man :o expla9$ s fully z ,mr4 ,glad/one ! reasons ( 8 *anges4 ,all ! progress ( 8 m9d is to be trac$ 9 spee*es1 articles1 pamphlets1 volumes4 ,he has giv5 too mu* explanation1 n too little1 = 8 m9d has an insatiability = reasons4 ,mo/ p are cont5t :5 !y get hold ( a good "o2 b he wants ?ree or f\r--9 fact1 all t c be got by se>*+ =2 & if x be true1 z x c]ta9ly is1 t he likes ! la/ to h a little subtlety ab\t x1 long-su/a9$ ?9k+ _c take p too deep 9 politics1 :atev] x may d n[ & !n 9 religion4 ,= in/ance1 on ! "q ( ,re=m ,mr4 ,glad/one has c]ta9ly exhau/$ ! process1 hav+ at la/ got at ! f9al ideal argum5t4 ,x turns out1 z he /at$ x to ,mr4 ,l[e1 to be ?is1--t1 ap>t f1 or r 9 addition to1 all ! h>d reasons ( ju/ice & safety t ,mr4 ,bright c urge = ext5d+ ! fran*ise1 ! vote ought to be giv5 because x has an educative p[]1 & w make our humbl] fell[-c\ntrym5 bett] citiz5s4 ,x is op5 to any "o1 :o is /upid en\gh1 to call t argum5t subtle1 b no "o c d5y t x is truly ,lib]al4 ,!re is n a man among u to-day :o keeps ! ma9 ,lib]al issues s broad & cle> z ,mr4 ,glad/one does1 & ?is simply because he w get to a pr9ciple4 ,he adds a trem5d\s multiplicity ( ideas 9 ! way ( side issues1 b1 z we above put x1 !y are all reasons 9 addition4 ,!re is a v simple te/ ( x1--he has nev] recant$ a s+le article ( 8 ,lib]al progress1 nev] gone back a s+le /ep4 ,?is h>dly c be said ( ei!r ,mr4 ,l[e or a few o!rs :o might be nam$4 ,x c\ld n ev5 be said ( s ?or\gh a ,lib]al z ,e>l ,russell4 ,mr4 ,glad/one's alleg$ ov]-ref9+ has end$ 9 plac+ & keep+ him 9 ! practical lead ( 8 p>ty1 at a "t ( life :5 _m born 9 ! fai? gr[ fa9t-he>t$4 ,ev5 ! "o bit ( my/icism :i* 8 political feel+ has develop$--namely1 ! belief t ! popul> judgm5t is true/ ( all 9 v l>ge matt]s--is only ! full fl[]+ ( ! popul> tru/ :i* e ,lib]al pr(esses to h4 ,! bulk ( ! nation w =give him t excess ( political belief1 if x be an excess1 = x is ! la/ complim5t a /atesman c pay !m1 & !y h b to m]it x1 & x !n turns to ,mr4 ,glad/one's praise z well z !irs4 ,b1 at any rate1 x w n d = ,lib]als to set out to argue ! po9t ) ,mr4 ,glad/one1 or !y w quickly f9d !mselves tripp$ up by a pr9ciple2 = x is no s5tim5tality 9 him :i* und]lies ! view1 b complet$ logic & wide recollection ( hi/orical in/ances4 ,inde$1 al?\gh x 0 necess>y 9 try+ to reproduce ! g5]al impression ,mr4 ,glad/one has made ^u 8 contempor>ies to speak ( ?is alleg$ ov]-ref9+1 :at is meant by x has be5 aft] all a k9d ( sup]fluity ( m5tal op]ation4 ,8 intricacy ( ?9k+ has nev] h9d]$ 8 activity2 lea/ ( all liv+ m5 has ,mr4 ,glad/one be5 a dream]4 ,he /&s 9 hi/ory z a revis] ( fiscal policies2 an introduc] ( new adm9i/rative modes2 a wid5] ( ! b\nd>ies ( political rights2 a ceaseless ov]?r[] ( public abuses4 ,f fir/ to la/ he has be51 z ! hatr$ ( 8 oppon5ts has too well witness$1 a man ( practice4 ,y may add to ?is t he reasons too m9utely1 if y l2 b x 0 n by a transc5d5tal casui/ry ( politics t he we>i$ ! c\ntry3 x 0 by 8 enorm\s en]gy 9 ceaselessly propos+ wide sweep+ measures4 ,! casui/ry 0 all 9 addition4 ,! ov]-ref9+ ( ,mr4 ,glad/one has1 9 fact1 be5 ( a :olly diff]5t k9d f :at is common among m52 x has consi/$ 9 f9d+ ju/ifications aft]w>ds = v prompt vigor\s do+4 ,exam9e1 if any "o ?9ks x wor? :ile at ?is "t ( day1 ! ,ewelme ,rectory case1 or ! issue ( ! ,royal ,w>rant on ,pur*ase1 or ! ,colli] appo9tm5t1 & x w appe> t x 0 = bold decision 9 tak+ a practical /ep t he 0 arraign$ z mu* z = subsequ5tly f9d+ too _m reasons = x4 ,= ourselves1 z we h n set out to apologize = ,mr4 ,glad/one 7m5 ( 8 dim5sions mu/ be tak5 z !y are71 b simply to put d[n h9ts recall+ m fully ?an is usual ! great features ( 8 c>e]1 !re is no ne$ = our n say+ t we wi% he _h 9 "s cases disp5s$ ) ^! argum5ts 9 excess ( ! conclusion4 ,9 "s in/ances x is z wise aft] all1 ?\gh n s clev]1 to be satisfi$ ) urg+ "o good reason1 & n to confuse ord9>y p by add+ five or six m n s good1 ! risk be+ t !re w be a bad "o among !m4 ,b ! fact rema9s t ,mr4 ,glad/one has n busi$ himself 9 ty+ m5tal knots = ! purpose ( entanglem5t2 he has indulg$ 9 no su* wa/e ( "t4 ,! m5tal puzzle has always ref]r$ to "s practical do+4 ,ow+ to ?is1 8 oppon5ts h _h to admit 8 m5tal s9c]ity1 :ile accus+ him ( ov]-subtlety4 ,x ne>ly all turn$1 9 fact1 into ! psy*ological "q ( :e!r ,mr4 ,glad/one's m9d _h n at "o "p ( its ma*9]y a twi/1 & 9 ! meantime :ile ?is po9t 0 be+ discuss$ he w5t on c>ry+ 8 measures4 ,if !re 7 ,lib]als :o did n q foll[ him 9 8 def5ce ( ! issue ( ! ,royal ,w>rant1 :5 he drew di/9ctions betwe5 pr]ogative & /atutory p[]1 !y _h n ! lea/ d\bt t 9 aboli%+ pur*ase he _h effect$ a capital ,lib]al re=m1 & !y might hope t 8 reason+ z well z 8 practice 0 "r4 ,is ,mr4 ,glad/one to be ! only "o to ^: idiosyncrasy no?+ is to be all[$8 ,! hullabaloo :i* 0 rais$ :5 somebody c\ld say t he _h brok5 ?r\gh a te*nicality seem$ v l1 aft] all1 z ?\gh f ?is "o politician p]fection 0 expect$1 :i* 0 n an ill complim5t at bottom2 & any admir]s :o may admit t p]fection 0 n always got1 d n1 9 grant+ t1 depreciate him mu* z ?is _w goes1 & may /ill ?9k him ! mo/ upright ( our public m54 ,8 m5tal ma*9]y is complicat$1 :il/ !re is no app>atus l x = rapidity1 & once set go+ he himself _c always /op x2 8 m9d1 z we h said1 riots 9 ratioc9ation1 & w multiply argum5ts to ! la/ %r$ ( ! mat]ial :i* any case 9 h& af=ds4 ,b1 to return to ! ma9 po9t1--x nev] leaves g ( ! real bus9ess4 ,ev5 :at has seem$ to "s p]sons 8 (f-"w1 8 volum9\s writ+1 has1 ) ! "o exception ( 8 classical /udies1 be5 no m]e leisurely lit]ature1 b p]si/5t advocacy ( special objects4 ,^! productions h be5 meant to frame public op9ion1 & to give him op5+s = legislation1 if t became possible4 ,he has us$ ! press because x _h become ! huge/ in/rum5t ( ! "t he liv$ 92 b x 0 n = ! purpose ( multiply+ books t ,mr4 ,glad/one wrote1 b ) a view to practically influ5c+ m54 ,?is rel5tless subord9ation ( ev]y?+ to practical ends--?is iron det]m9ation to keep do+1 ev5 :ile ready frankly to dep5d ^u 8 p[] ( speak+ & writ+ to produce conviction & popul> p]suasion z ! means = effect+ 8 objects1 gives z ! f9al impr9t ( ,mr4 ,glad/one on "o's m9d t he 0 always meant = a ,lib]al4 ,a man ( ?is k9d might be born a ,cons]vative2 x might take him "t to break fully ) old ties2 b = him to /ay f9ally 9 ! ranks :]e ?\ght 0 all[$ to rema9 muddl$1 :]e abuses 7 look$ on ) tol]ation1 & ease 0 enjoy$ at ! co/ ( o!rs1 0 an impossibility4 ,mr4 ,glad/one1 if only f ! fact t he 0 a born f9anci] & an invet]ate ?9k]1 & a man ) a passion = publicly talk+1 belong$ to ! ,lib]als f ! fir/4 ,8 :ole life1 too1 has consi/5tly l5t itself to t /yle4 ,if x has _h 9 x a t\* ( au/]ity1 t excell5tly befitt$ ! social condition ( ! masses ( our p4 ,8 gaze has be5 fix$ too mu* ^u !m to be attract$ by ! glitt] ( ! n>r[ upp] circle1 :i* s fooli%ly p]si/s1 amid/ its gaudy spl5d\r1 9 believ+ itself ! nation4 ,t sill9ess 0 n = ,mr4 ,glad/one4 ,he has be5 subject$ to "s te/s4 ,if 8 family 0 n highly plac$1 8 fa!r 0 a b>onet1 & he himself 0 educat$ at ,eton & ,ox=d4 ,nobles h be5 among 8 fri5ds at all p]iods ( 8 life1 z well z 8 (ficial subord9ates m ?an once 9 x4 ,b he has pass$ ! :ole ( 8 long c>e] )\t a sp>kle ( ! glitt] ( adv5titi\s display3 t pr\de/ title ( all1 :i* x is n 9 ! p[] ( ! ,cr[n to be/[ b only to take away--! ,great ,common]--has desc5d$ ^u him1 & is /ill 84 ,!n he has f5c$ himself (f ) no /iffness ( mann]2 ! only dignity he has assum$ has be5 ! natural s]i\sness ( ard5t s9c]ity1 w>n+ (f trifl]s only4 ,to ev]ybody else he has be5 accessible2 any p]son c\ld impose on him ! tr\ble ( a writt5 reply4 ,8 po/-c>ds 7 kn[n to be public prop]ty4 ,b putt+ aside t joke1 :i* is n[ worn b>e1 sc>cely has any "o s fully & ungrudg+ly accept$ ! responsibilities ( 8 position4 ,he has be5 ! public's fai?ful1 ready s]vant 9 e p>ticul>4 ,nor has x be5 m]e complaisance1 or a drudg+ ( me*anical indu/ry2 he has exhibit$ a real faculty ( int]e/+ himself 9 all t anybody has be5 do+ actively & well4 ,to say t he is ! only /atesman :o1 :ile cl++ to ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&1 has comm&$ ! sympa?ies ( ! ,diss5t]s1 might provoke an enemy1 embitt]$ by ! fact1 to reply t he _h tactical reasons = try+ to d t2 b x c\ld h be5 no?+ else ?an real wid? ( m9d & a robu/ v]satility :i* enabl$ ?is ,high ,*ur*man l>gely to divide imp>tial admiration betwe5 ! ,evangelical p>ty & ! ,romani/s1 po9t+ out fully & exactly :at is to be prais$ 9 ea*4 ,any "o :o wi%es x c f9d ! e/imates set out 9 detail 9 ! ?ird & sev5? volumes ( ,! ,glean+s4 ,?is wide range ( intellectual appreciation is really z mu* a *>act]i/ic ( ,mr4 ,glad/one z has be5 8 unyield+ t5acity & doctr9al hold )9 ! limits ( 8 p]sonal confession ( belief4 ,he1 a firm acceptor ( ! t5ets ( sacram5tal efficacy1 apo/olical succession1 & ! au?ority ( ! ,*ur* 9 h] own sph]e1 c\ld take up ! semi-rationali/ic book ,ecce ,homo1 & turn x r\nd-&-r\nd admir+ly z a mo/ curi\s & valuable m5tal production4 ,no?+ 9 :i* ?\ght 0 really %[n has escap$ 8 notice1 or fail$ to ar\se 8 int]e/4 ,he has b5t 8 look on ,secul>ism1 z a sci5tific inquir] might scrut9ize a new species1 & he has /oop$ to quote ,mr4 ,bradlaugh4 ,9 "o place y w f9d him1 v likely on ! page aft] giv+ a passage f ,isaiah or ! ,psalms1 cit+ ! old poet ,dunb>1 or speak+ ( ,r[e or ,swift1 or allud+ to ,r\sseau2 :ile long be=e x became a fa%ion he _h words ( sympa?iz+ praise = ,%elley1 select+1 ( all o!r places1 ,! ,qu>t]ly ,review to pr9t !m 94 ,b1 p]haps1 ! cle>e/ pro( ( all1 alike ( 8 p[] to be> te/imony 9 spite ( p]sonal dislik+1 & 8 /&+ h>d & fa/ ^u a pr9ciple :5 he has rea*$ x1 is t he1 :om ,macaulay ne>ly half a c5tury ago describ$ z a "y man ( unblemi%$ "*1 & :om 8 ,lord%ip1 if he 7 n[ alive1 w\ld speak ( z ! old man ) p]sonal fame unspott$1 c\ld /ep aside 9 "o ( 8 articles to recognize ! public debt due to ,jack ,wilkes z a help] =w>d ( our fre$om4 ,:]ev] a national s]vice has be5 done1 ,mr4 ,glad/one's eulogy always has be5 ready4 ,d[n to ?is po9t we h n sp>$ s mu* z a h9t to 8 magnific5t oratory1 8 unsurpass$ debat+ skill1 8 n infrequ5t successes 9 lit]>y /yle4 ,^! 7 n ! ?+s t anybody ne$$ rem9d+ (1 & t necessity 0 ! prescrib$ limit ( our self-impos$ task4 ,:o has =gott5 :5 ! exp\nd+ ( ! ,budget 0 ! greate/ intellectual treat ( ! ,session1 :5 sug> & railway duties & tea became natural !mes = eloqu5ce1 & ! unfold+ ( ! surplus 0 brea?lessly wait$ = l ! d5\em5t ( a noveli/'s plot8 ,^? sc5es are long pa/1 x is true1 b ! e*oes ( !m c /ill be he>d1 = ea* ye> s9ce has br\ght a disappo9t+ rem9d] to awak5 !m4 ,b ! mat*less vig\r & spl5d\r ( 8 debat+ f5ce has nev] slack5$1 nev] weak5$2 ! only privilege ( ! old] g5]ation 9 respect ( x1 is t !y c boa/ to h witness$ m ( x1 n to h se5 bett] displays4 ,z to 8 writ+s1 !re lea/ ( all is any rem9d] want$1 = he pres5ts ! public ) an improv+ specim5 ea* mon?4 ,if any "o laid !mselves out to f9d fault ) ,mr4 ,glad/one's lit]ature1 ! v wor/ ?+ !y c\ld discov] to say ( x1 w\ld be t x /ill 0 oratory1 only writt5 d[n4 ,?is is ! man :o1 aft] a few weeks ( leisure1 reappe>s next mon? 9 ,midlo?ian2 fir/ 9 ! field1 z if t appe>ance 0 8 by "r ( cu/om4 ,h[ well he comp>es ) ! re/ ( our old] p>ty lead]s6 ,mr4 ,bright1 gr[n a little pursy1 ?\gh also /rick5 by dome/ic mis=tune1 re/s r in]tly on 8 laurels1 :i* c]ta9ly are pl5tiful en\gh to invite repose2 ,mr4 ,=/] has nev] succe$$ 9 q f9d+ 8 way out ( ! clauses ( 8 own ,education ,act1 :]e he sees himself confront$ ) ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& at ! end ( s _m vi/as1 t he is lo/ 9 admiration ( its ar*itecture2 ,mr4 ,gos*51 by "s /range weakness 7:i*1 let u hope1 is only tempor>y7 has got a sc>e f meet+ ! ,c\nty ,fran*ise we>+ ,joseph ,ar*'s coat & hat2 :ile ,mr4 ,l[e is rid+ hobbies1 bicycle-wise1 9 & out be=e ! v select con/itu5cy ( ! ,london ,univ]sity1 ) read]s ( ,! ,=tnightly ,review = outside spectators1 j by way ( %[+ (f 8 little feats ( m5tal gymna/ic4 ,9 ! mean:ile1 ,mr4 ,glad/one1 ! vet]an ( !m all1 is putt+ on 8 h>ness = a fre% conte/1 a rip]1 bett] ,lib]al to-day ?an on any previ\s day ( fight4 ,x is = ! y\ng] m5 to rally r\nd him4 ,b1 be=e tak+ our leave ( ,mr4 ,glad/one1 we h f9ally to enl>ge our view ( him4 ,e>ly 9 ^! rem>ks x seem$ well to give a v ha/y summ>y ( 8 :ole c>e]2 b !re rema9s to be attempt$ an exact sket* ( 8 actual position 9 respect ( op9ions & practical relations at ! mom5t :5 he ceas$ to be ,m9i/]4 ,let u1 fir/ ( all1 at ?is mom5t :5 a ,brummagem ,imp]ialism is only yet half-fad$1 recall :at 0 ,mr4 ,glad/one's op9ion ( ! hi/oric position & natural function ( ,engl& among ! nations2 = x has be5 craftily made to appe> t he 0 will+1 & inde$ anxi\s1 = ?is c\ntry to efface itself4 ,9 #ahgj1 :5 he 0 /ill at ! height ( p[]1 he publi%$ 9 ,! ,ed9burgh ,review 8 article on ,g]many1 ,france1 & ,engl&1 & ! foll[+ 0 ! view he !n put =w>d ( ! int]national obligations & duties ( 8 c\ntry1 9 spite ( ! sea divid+ u f o!r l&s3-- ,yet we are n isolat$4444 ,) va/ multitudes ( p]sons 9 ea* ( ! ,cont95tal c\ntries we h con/ant relations1 bo? ( p]sonal & comm]cial int]c\rse1 :i* gr[ f ye> to ye>2 & z1 happily1 we h no conflict ( int]e/s1 real or suppos$1 nor scope = evil passions af=d$ by our peaceful rivalry1 !re is no?+ to h9d] ! self-act+ gr[? ( concord4444 ,s f> f ?is imply+ ei!r a condition or a policy ( isolation1 x m>ks out ,engl& z ! appropriate object ( ! g5]al confid5ce4444 ,all t is want$ is t %e %\ld dis*>ge ! functions1 :i* are likely m & m to accrue to h]1 mode/ly1 k9dly1 imp>tially4444 ,b 9 ord] t %e may act fully up to a "p ( su* high di/9ction1 ! k+dom ( ,que5 ,victoria mu/ be 9 all ?+s wor?y ( x4 ,! _w-wide c>es & responsibilities ) :i* ! ,briti% p h *>g$ !mselves are really beyond ! ord9>y measure ( human /r5g?2 & until a rec5t p]iod x seem$ ! op9ion ( our rul]s t we c\ld n d bett] ?an ext5d !m yet fur!r1 :]ev] an op5+ c\ld easily1 or ev5 dec5tly1 be f\nd4 ,) ?is avidity = mat]ial ext5sion 0 jo9$ a pret]natural & morbid s5sibility4 ,russia at ! ,amoor1 ,am]ica at ! ,fee-jee or ! ,s&wi* ,isl&s1 ,france 9 ,new ,cal$onia or ,co*9 ,*9a--all ^!1 & ! l1 7 held to be good reasons = a fev]i% excitem5t le/ o!r nations %\ld d = !mselves b ! fiftie? "p ( :at we h done = ourselves4444 ,! secret ( /r5g? lies 9 keep+ "s proportion betwe5 ! burd5 & ! back4 ,is x necess>y to ask :e!r ?is is a policy comb9+ dignifi$ patriotism & prud5tly-re/ra9$ common s5se8 ,comp>e x = a mom5t ) ! gewgaw skimble-skamble diplomatic s5sationalism ) :i* we h be5 pres5t$ s9ce4 ,b let u g a little m into detail z to ,mr4 ,glad/one's /&+ ) ref]5ce to int]national relations4 ,?is pres5t ,gov]nm5t has p]haps =gott5 t !re is su* a nation 9 ! _w z ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica2 b ,mr4 ,glad/one kept x well 9 m9d1 & we suppose e "o w admit t he1 ( all /atesm51 /&s well ) t p ( our own blood1 :o v %ortly w be ! mo/ p[]ful community ^u ! e>?1 & ! "o ) :om we %all1 = all "t1 h mo/ to d4 ,h[ev]1 we w keep )9 ! b\nds ( ,europe4 ,x is ! fa%ion n[ to give prec$5ce to ,g]many4 ,well1 ,mr4 ,glad/one 0 among ! fir/ to pr$ict ! success ( ,prussia1 & %e is n likely to =get :o x 0 :o pres]v$ neutrality at a mom5t mo/ critical to h]4 ,is x ,france t he is n on good relations )8 ,:y ?is ,m9i/]1 :o invit$ h] w9e trade1 & /rove unceas+ly to increase comm]ce to & fro across ! ,*annel1 & :o is = giv+ fur!r & fur!r political rights to 8 c\ntrym51 is ! only ,engli% /atesman :om ! bulk ( ,fr5*m5 c und]/&4 ,to !m our ,tories mu/ be z antiquat$ z _! own ,royali/s4 ,italy is a gr[+ ,p[] 9 ! ,european comity1 & :o is !re among our /atesm5 :o c 9 h] fair cities ar\se half ! en?usiasm he c8 ,he is1 lit]ally1 ! only ,engli% politician !y famili>ly "k4 ,) ,au/ria1 x is true1 he dur+ ! rec5t w> lo/ pati5ce = a mom5t1 b h] conduct s9ce has told t h] rul]s mu/ at ! "t h kn[n t he _h good reasons = x2 & no "o has m fully appreciat$ ! difficulties ( ,au/ria's position ?an he has done1 or 0 m e>ly 9 giv+ h]1 ye>s ago1 ! v c\nsel :i* %e has s9ce prov$ 0 ! wise/ = h]4 ,!re rema9s "o o!r great ,p[] to be nam$--,russia2 ! ,/ate ) :om we %all h directly ( necessity to /& face to face 9 ! f> ,ea/1 & ) :om t]ms w 9 ! end h someh[ to be made4 ,x is urg$ aga9/ ,mr4 ,glad/one t he has n r5d]$ himself obnoxi\s en\gh to ?is rema9+ ,p[]--t is1 t he did n incapacitate himself = negotiat+ ) h]1 &1 hav+ po/pon$ defiance ( h]1 might make "s peaceful arrangem5t4 ,c any fri5d ( peace ?9k ?is a v griev\s accusation8 ,mr4 ,glad/one has ga9$ ?is position ( goodwill all r\nd at :at co/8--t ( hav+ fall5 into disfav\r ) ! ,turks4 ,t is 8 "o t]rible disqualification = affairs2 or1 if y wi% to be precisely exhau/ive1 & at ! same "t to elicit ! absurdity fully1 y may add to x t he has irritat$ ! ,b\rbons4 ,x is q true1 & we1 inde$1 wi% to put x cle>ly =w>d1 t he 0 = abat+ a little ( our national swagg]1 & 0 prep>$ to see1 & to welcome1 advancem5t 9 o!r nations4 ,b e well-gr\nd$ ,lib]al kn[s t x is only on ^? two conditions t ,engl& c p]man5tly pursue h] own pa?s ( indu/rial developm5t1 & ! _w make progress4 ,mr4 ,glad/one's s+le s9 9 ref]5ce to our ext]nal relations 0 8 read9ess to fav\r ^? two results4 ,b h[ does he %[ :5 a la/ view is tak5 ( him f )9 our politics8 ,"h1 aga91 fir/ look to ! circumf]5ce4 ,9 deal+ ) ! colonies1 he 0 = all be+ put 9 possession ( a free autonomy1 & !n urg+ !m to self-reliance--9 ^? ways weld+ !m into ! integrity ( ! empire2 & z to ,india1 he insi/$ t we %\ld /rive m & m to realize :at he t]m$ ! g5]\s conception ( a moral tru/ee%ip1 to be adm9i/]$ = ! b5efit ( ^? ov] :om we rule4 ,"h1 once m1 we get ! true r+ ( a s\nd ,lib]alism1 = ^? are ! only pr9ciples1 we v5ture to affirm1 on :i* su* an empire z ?is ( ours c ev] be made p]man5t4 ,treat+ ! colonies z babies & bit+ ! ?umb at ,russia1 ev5 f ! mo/ sci5tific fronti] ,india c furni%1 ?\gh y %\t ,empress f x z l\dly z y w1 has no?+ truly ,engli% ab\t x4 ,empire is n kept 9 su* a mawki%1 artificial mann]4 ,b n[ n>r[ ! gaze )9 our own home limits4 ,! *ief dome/ic que/ions = ! ,briti% public are ^!1--ext5sion ( ! ,c\nty ,fran*ise1 ! ,r$i/ribution ( ,seats1 ! ,dise/abli%m5t ( ! ,*ur*1 & ,retr5*m5t ( ,exp5diture4 ,! ,l& ,"q w yet h to gr[1 & may n rip5 9 8 "t4 ,b on ?ree ( ! above p5d+ matt]s ,mr4 ,glad/one /&s at ! v front4 ,he is = mak+ our field cultivators citiz5s no less ?an our artizans2 he is = re-allott+ memb]s 9 a mann] :i* w give u a ,p>liam5t truly repres5tative2 & x is h>dly necess>y to speak ( economical b5efits 9 connection ) ! ,m9i/] :o us$ ! nation to r$uction ( taxation & surpluses arriv+ toge!r1 & ^: la/ promise "u t head 0 ! total abolition ( ! ,income ,tax4 ,on ! o!r ( ^! great dome/ic matt]s1 t :i* /&s ?ird 9 ! above li/1 ! ,dise/abli%m5t ( ! ,*ur*1 x has seem$ to advanc$ ,lib]als t ,mr4 ,glad/one has lagg$4 ,b ! lively fe> ( 8 oppon5ts on ?is v matt] is full ( hope4 ,s9ce he la/ diss5t$ f ,mr4 ,miall's motion1 he has writt5 a v significant phrase 9 an article 9 ?is ,review4 ,9 treat+ ( ,! ,c\rses ( ,religi\s ,?\ght1 :5 review+ ! *ur*es ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ( ! ,briti% ,colonies he spoke ( _! vigor\s gr[?1 f> f ! possibly *ill+ %ad[ ( ,national ,e/abli%m5ts ( ,religion4 ,9 t phrase1 = a man s practical z is ,mr4 ,glad/one1 ,dise/abli%m5t seems to ca/ its %ad[ be=e1 & n a few p]sons on ! o!r side ( ! "q %iv]$ f ! *ill9ess x made4 ,b ^! topics ( ! fir/ class d n dep5d ^u any "o /atesman2 ! bigge/ ( m5 h ^! capital problems ?ru/ ^u !m2 all t y c d is to take note h[ a lead] /&s 9 ref]5ce to !m4 ,& ! above is ,mr4 ,glad/one's /&+4 ,b !re 0 ano!r class ( legislative re=ms :i* he 0 ! man to h gone 9 se>* (4 ,9 "o ( 8 mo/ rec5t articles he has giv5 u a h9t ( a dream ( ?is k9d :i* 0 9 8 m9d4 ,he /at$ x ?us3--,our curr5cy1 our local gov]nm5t1 our liquor laws1 portions ev5 ( our taxation1 rema9 9 a /ate ei!r positively disgraceful1 or at ! lea/ invit+ & dem&+ improvem5t4 ,t programme ( ! fur!r b5efits :i* we %\ld h ow$ to ,mr4 ,glad/one 0 put aside by ! gidd9ess ( tw5ty-five or ?irty con/itu5cies at ! la/ elections1 b x w fitt+ly s]ve to give ! f9i%+ t\* to our pres5tation ( him 9 ?is pap]4 ,lib]als h1 9 fact1 to ?ank him = (f]+ m ( re=m & ( b5efit ?an ! c\ntry w\ld let him give x4 ,spl5did z 8 a*ievem5ts h be51 he really _h o!rs 9 res]ve4 ,is x too late8 is ! "q t naturally arises4 ,c]ta9ly !re is no hope ( hav+ ! five ye>s ( adm9i/ration by him :i* we h lo/ s9ce #ahgd4 ,t is irretrievable2 & if ,mr4 ,glad/one felt !n 8 gr[+ ye>s1 & _h a wi% to f9i% o!r tasks ap>t f politics1 he is no y\ng] n[2 :ile ! aims ( 8 purpos$ leisure mu/ h be5 greatly int]f]$ ) by 8 p>tial recall to affairs ow+ to ! dang]s to :i* fre$om 9 ,bulg>ia & our own national cr$it 7 expos$4 ,x is :olly a matt] = ,mr4 ,glad/one to decide4 ,if ! next elections g 9 fav\r ( ! ,lib]als1 all ! _w kn[s t (fice is !re = him to take or to leave4 ,e>l ,granville1 ! ,duke ( ,argyll1 ,"l ,h>t+ton w\ld1 we ne$ n say1 be among ! fir/ ev5 to urge x z f> z x 0 "r to d s1 & ! :ole p>ty w\ld welcome him back to p[] ) a %\t ( joy4 ,:o kn[s8 ,mr4 ,glad/one's patriotism is great1 & our f9ancial muddle w1 also1 be v great ab\t t "t4 ,betwe5 ! two he might be tempt$2 he may yet d u ! f9al s]vice ( putt+ ! national f9ances "r aga94 ,x is1 we repeat1 :olly = him to say4 ,e>li] 9 ?is pap] a fur!r ^w 0 promis$ on ! subject ( 8 retirem5t2 b1 ^u second ?\ghts1 x sc>cely seems necess>y4 ,mr4 ,glad/one 0 too exp]i5c$ 9 ,p>liam5t>y do+s n to "k t ! ,cons]vatives w\ld take c>e to keep en\gh ( _! majority until "t itself =c$ !m back to ! unwi%$-= hu/+s4 ,he did 8 p>ty n an atom ( practical injury by retir+2 r1 x 0 a good opportunity = giv+ a y\ng] lead] practice4 ,x w\ld be q idle1 on ! o!r h&1 to argue ) 8 oppon5ts = compla9+ t he did n retire en\gh4 ,he has made spee*es1 !y say2 he has writt5 articles 9 e organ !re is2 he has ev5 republi%$ previ\s writ+s4 ,z we be=e said1 !y h !mselves to blame = x 9 great measure3 if !y want$ ,mr4 ,glad/one to /ay 9 retirem5t1 !y %\ld h c>efully kept quiet4 ,in/ead ( t !y made a noise be=e 8 door1 di/urb+ him 9 8 /udies4 ,:at m natural ?an t he %\ld come out8 ,he did s1 & f\nd t1 disguis$ l h>lequ9s 9 ! flimsy b$iz5m5t :i* !y call ,imp]ialism1 !y 7 play+ high j9ks ) ,brita9's reputation & ! *ances ( fre$om = ! oppress$ 9 ! ,ea/4 ,x 0 too mu* = him2 b if !y compla9 ( ! numb] ( ! weapons he attack$ !m )1 we "k t x w\ld h be5 impossible = him to please !m !re4 ,!y nev] h be5 satisfi$ on t score4 ,:at !y really f9d fault ) are ! bl[s !y got4 ,& !re are m to come4 ,directly we %all h !m compla9+ t he has *os5 a con/itu5cy s f> away z ,scotl&2 ! real fact be+ t !y wi% he _h gone mu* f>!r /ill4 ,!y nev] are s9c]e ) ,mr4 ,glad/one2 he _c please !m4 ,we leave !m anxi\sly li/5+ = 8 approa* aga9 unto ^! %ores1 kn[+ v well t to _! ?9k+ !y w he> 8 voice all too soon4 ,a ,,lib]al4 ,,ii4 ,description is said to be only possible by comp>+1 & :5 "o is ask$ to sket* ,mr4 ,glad/one1 h[ is x to be set ab\t8 ,8 admir]s w h x t he has be5 a v great ,m9i/]1 s t if we adopt ! comp>ative me?od1 we ought to look high = /&>ds4 ,%all we mat* him alongside ,bism>ck or ,cav\r8 ,! latt]1 to give him prec$5ce1 /&s r5[n$ = build+ up 8 c\ntry 9 evil days1 :5 e om5 0 aga9/ h]4 ,b ,mr4 ,glad/one1 succe$+ to p[] :5 ,engl& 0 9 ! full tide ( prosp]ity & at ! height ( fame1 gave up h] prospects1 & w\ld h acquiesc$ 9 h] decad5ce4 ,!re is no lik5ess :atev] betwe5 him & ,cav\r4 ,!n take ,bism>ck4 ,! great ,g]man ,*ancellor %>es ) ! ,italian ,m9i/] ! glory ( hav+ wid5$ ! b\nds & rais$ ! position ( 8 l&1 & he /&s n[ head & %\ld]s above all 9 ! mid/ ( ! diplomatic _w a v ,colossus4 ,b ,mr4 ,glad/one is & has always be5 outside t _w altoge!r4 ,pr9ce ,bism>ck has 8 h& on all ! spr+s ( action1 & w let pass no *ance ( exalt+ 8 c\ntry4 ,mr4 ,glad/one1 we repeat1 nev] made ! slighte/ impression 9 ! regions ( diplomacy2 ,c\rts did n "k him1 =eign /atesm5 left him out ( _! reckon+ ( ! m5 t _h to be dealt )4 ,! great int]national a*ievem5ts = :i* he has alone be5 talk$ ( h be5 ! surr5d] ( ,briti% t]ritory & ! pay+ d[n ( ,engli% money lavi%ly to ano!r ,/ate = prepo/]\s claims4 ,b x w be said t x is n fair to ,mr4 ,glad/one to comp>e him to ,pr9ce ,bism>ck & ,c\nt ,cav\r1 = !y 7 m5 :o f\nd _! c\ntry 9 unusual circum/ances4 ,look1 !n1 to names 9 our own hi/ory4 ,pitt mu/ n be spok5 ( = ! reasons j all[$ 9 ! o!r cases2 b !re are ,cann+ & ,palm]/on4 ,h[ does ,mr4 ,glad/one look alongside !m8 ,he has himself m ?an once allud$ to ,cann+1 z if n unwill+ to be ?\ght to h receiv$ 8 mantle4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 always only 9 connection ) ,greece t he spoke ( ,cann+2 b t ,m9i/] look$ mu* f>!r ?an ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,"o w\ld h ?\ght t s f9e a rhetorician z ,mr4 ,glad/one w\ld n h =gott5 ! fam\s phrase 9 :i* ,cann+ claim$ to h call$ ! ,new ,_w into exi/5ce to r$ress ! balance ( ! ,old4 ,"l ,palm]/on 0 )\t any su* f9e phrases1 b 9 =eign affairs he act$ boldly1 ?\gh he _h to fall back on a mu/y ,lat9 quotation to describe x4 ,e ,engli%man1 h[ev]1 und]/ood ,lat9 :5 _! ,m9i/] said1 ,civis ,romanus sum4 ,yet nei!r ( ^! ,m9i/]s at any "p ( _! c>e] liv$ 9 times m /irr+ ?an ,mr4 ,glad/one has done1 nor :5 ! int]e/s ( ,engl& 7 m endang]$4 ,he has /ill lat] _h magnific5t opportunities1 b he did worse ?an lose !m4 ,f all ?is1 x w\ld seem t1 :e!r we look abroad or at home1 !re is no possibility ( describ+ ,mr4 ,glad/one by h9ts ( comp>ison ) ^! hi/orical p]sonages4 ,:at is said 9 t way appe>s1 9 fact1 to turn into contra/2 :i* is1 also1 itself a mode ( del9eation1 ?\gh n usually ( ! k9d ! *ief object ( x wi%es4 ,we c f9d no ,m9i/] to c\ple along ) him z hav+ delib]ately despair$ ( 8 c\ntry4 ,h[ev]1 ,mr4 ,glad/one is c]ta9ly great 9 "s way1 = al?\gh o!r nations :ile we 7 "u 8 sway 7 gradually los+ sight ( ,engl& h]self z well z ( him1 he 0 mak+ pl5ty ( noise all ! "t at home4 ,if x %\ld turn out1 z we g on1 t he 0 n a great ,m9i/] b a great orator1 t w\ld seem to acc\nt = bo? ! ?+s4 ,if ,bism>ck & ,cav\r h made affairs1 ,mr4 ,glad/one has made spee*es1 beat+ !m z mu* 9 t z !y did him 9 ! o!r respect4 ,b x is n exactly ! same ?+ to ! c\ntries ! m5 repres5t4 ,x is1 !re=e1 "u a humbl]1 m dome/ic aspect ?an t ( ?is high supreme /yle ( ,m9i/] :i* we h fir/ tri$ t we mu/ beg9 ,mr4 ,glad/one's portraiture4 ,! task may be divid$ into two portions4 ,!re is ! op9ion :i* we ,cons]vatives hold ( ! g5]al influ5ce & effect he has _h ^u our national int]e/s1 9 :i* we may be cr$it$ ) at lea/ try+ to e/imate 8 acts & measures on _! m]its2 &1 besides t1 !re is a judgm5t ( him f a n>r[] p>ty view1 aris+ out ( 8 hi/oric relation to ourselves4 ,we w take ! latt] fir/4 ,to he> ,lib]als talk1 "o might suppose t ,cons]vatives _h always *]i%$ a special hatr$ aga9/ ,mr4 ,glad/one simply = ceas+ to be a ,tory & becom+ a ,radical4 ,t ! ,cons]vatives r late 9 8 c>e] came to %[ mu* irritation aga9/ ,mr4 ,glad/one is p]fectly correct2 b x 01 z ,i hope to %[ z ,i g on1 = v diff]5t reasons ?an simply because he _h made "o ,cons]vative less & "o ,lib]al m4 ,a great political p>ty has no su* immortal animosities z t supposes3 p>ty feel+ is n bas$ on m]ely s5tim5tal gr\nds4 ,bo? sides are us$ to los+ m54 ,x is ! common fate ( ,p>liam5t>y w>f>e4 ,n[ & !n1 "s r idle p]son :o has "t to wa/e 9 go+ back a long way 9 8 recollections be?9ks himself t ,"l ,beaconsfield 0 n always a ,cons]vative2 b we nev] yet he>d ( any "o among ! p>ty *all5g+ sympa?y = him on ! score t he _h be5 hunt$ by ! ,lib]als ?r\gh half a c5tury or s = hav+ des]t$ !m4 ,yet x w be admitt$ t ,"l ,beaconsfield has injur$ ! ,lib]als m ?an ev] ,mr4 ,glad/one has done ! ,cons]vatives4 ,:at is ! reason1 !n1 ( ?is diff]5ce ( alleg$ treatm5t 9 ! two cases8 ,! answ] may be giv5 9 half a s5t5ce1--,"l ,beaconsfield1 alike :5 he 0 ,mr4 ,disraeli & s9ce1 has always f\ght fair4 ,t is en\gh 9 politics to make y\r oppon5ts acquiesce 9 y\r be+ su*2 b ,mr4 ,glad/one z 8 c>e] develop$ surpris$ & puzzl$ ev]ybody1 8 own fri5ds includ$2 & ^? :o blame ! ,cons]vatives =1 9 ! end1 los+ temp] & %[+ exasp]ation1 %\ld be> 9 m9d t he f9ally produc$ ! v same effect ^u ! c\ntry at l>ge4 ,x is wor? :ile foll[+ ?is po9t a little fur!r1 = x w\ld n be ( mu* use attempt+ to sket* ,mr4 ,glad/one if we are suppos$ to dislike him f "s m]e p>ty in/9ct4 ,w anybody be good en\gh to tell u :5 ?is inscrutable emotion ( hatr$ ( ,mr4 ,glad/one arose8 ,lib]als are n suppos$ to be /rong 9 hi/ory1 b !y h v %ort memories inde$ if !y h =gott5 bo? _! own c>e] & 84 ,:y1 9 #aheb--t is1 9 ! tw5tie? ye> ( ,mr4 ,glad/one's ,p>liam5t>y life--! ,cons]vatives 7 (f]+ him (fice1 :i* 0 n refus$ by him ) ov]-mu* promptness4 ,= ne>ly f\rte5 ye>s aft] t he 0 reta9$ z ! repres5tative ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,ox=d4 ,x is1 9 fact1 n yet v mu* m ?an a doz5 ye>s s9ce ?is victim ( political p]secution1 & pres5t *ampion ( ! ,radicals1 0 quietly ensconc$ 9 a seat = :at is sometimes spok5 ( z ! head-qu>t]s ( ,toryism4 ,he has rov$ a good deal among ! con/itu5cies s9ce1 b he 0 !n will+ to h gone on rema9+ at ,ox=d1 if 8 con/itu5ts _h also be5 will+ to h be5 made laugh+-/ocks by lett+ him rema94 ,surely a man :o repres5t$ ,tory electors until he 0 gett+ fa/ on = sixty c\ld sc>cely up to t po9t h be5 mu* hunt$ & worri$ = ,lib]al pr9ciples4 ,to speak pla9ly1 !re nev] 0 s late a conv]sion made ( s mu* hi/rionic use z ?is ( ,mr4 ,glad/one's4 ,b ?\gh x has suit$ bo? 8 & 8 pres5t p>ty's ends1 x r puzzles pla9 p :o h kept _! recollections a little trim to ?9k t if he lives on into s5atorial decrepitude1 he w nev] h sat = ,radical con/itu5cies any?+ l s long a "t z he did = ,cons]vative ones4 ,= betwe5 ?irty & =ty ye>s ?is ,lib]al ex-,premi] 0 a ,tory memb]4 ,9 fact1 a glance at ! "r hon\rable g5tleman's wond]fully prosp]\s c>e] w %[ t 9 ! li/ ( our public m5 he has ( all o!rs made ! fewe/1 ! briefe/1 ! lea/ sacrifices ei!r = pr9ciple or p>ty4 ,!re are v simple ways ( te/+ x2 ,mr4 ,glad/one has n be5 out ( (fice long en\gh = a man :o 0 innoc5t ( bus9ess prud5ce 9 8 c>e]4 ,he has1 9 fact1 reap$ ! (ficial spoils ( two p>ties1 if n ( ?ree4 ,! dates & appo9tm5ts are on record = anybody to trace out4 ,on ! v face ( x1 a man :o has s]v$ "u ,peel1 ,ab]de51 ,palm]/on1 & ,russell1 & !n come out z a full-bl[n ,lib]al ,prime ,m9i/] himself1 mu/ ( necessity be said to (f] r a miscellane\s c>e]4 ,8 w>me/ admir] mu/ admit t he has be5 ei!r ! mo/ =tunate or else ! mo/ prud5t ( m52 &1 z we d n wi% to be /+y 9 our recognition ( 8 skill1 we pref] to complim5t him by attribut+ 8 great prosp]ity ?r\gh\t s _m ye>s & "u s _m diff]5t *iefs to 8 prud5ce4 ,if ?is v ha/y review ( ,mr4 ,glad/one's *ronicle does n agree ) ! impression ( him :i* is ! prevail+ "o on ! ,lib]al side1 x is ! "o :i* ! b>e facts ( 8 c>e] w\ld produce on e side if !y c\ld be se5 )\t ! mislead+ effect ( 8 v f9e words & exce$+ly solemn attitudes4 ,v =tunately = him x is only ! ,cons]vatives :o h a full & accurate recollection ( ,mr4 ,glad/one4 ,!y h necess>ily obs]v$ him cont9u\sly f _! own un%ift+ p>ty position1 & s h be5 able to p]ceive 9 a way t h>dly 0 practicable to ! ,lib]als1 :o 7 always %ift+ & /ruggl+ among !mselves1 h[ inv>iably & consi/5tly 8 ann\ncem5ts ( *ange ( view h hit ) ! opportunities = improvem5t ( 8 ,p>liam5t>y position4 ,on e occasion1 to ! v mom5t1 s soon z a ,lib]al "q _h fully rip5$1 ,mr4 ,glad/one pres5t$ himself to pluck x4 ,x 0 s ) ,re=m1 x 0 s ) ,*ur* ,rates1 x 0 s ) ,univ]sity ,re=m1 x 0 s ) ! ,ballot1 x 0 s ) ! spoliation ( ! ,iri% ,*ur* & ! unsettl+ ( ! ,iri% l&[n]s1 & x is s ) ! ,c\nty ,fran*ise1 & x w be s once m1 if ! ,lib]als ev] get into p[] aga91 ) ! ,engli% ,*ur* & ! ,engli% ,l& ,laws4 ,mr4 ,bright1 ,mr4 ,miall1 & all ! ,radicals h drudg$ = _m a ye> = ,mr4 ,glad/one1 :o1 :5 all ! outdoor "w has be5 done1 has always all[$ himself to be p]suad$ to br+ 9 ! ,measure j 9 ! nick ( "t1 &1 by exp\nd+ x 9 a v f9e spee*1 has robb$ its actual orig9ators ( two-?irds ( ! cr$it ( mak+ x possible4 ,luckily = ! ,cons]vatives1 ?\gh he nev] _h ! c\rage to attack a "q ( ! v fir/ class himself 9 ! way ( initiative1 he _h an insatiable ambition = m$dl+ ) small] ones1 & by mak+ v5ts 9 ^! ways = 8 re/lessness & 8 ambition1 he f9ally ru9$ all t 8 skilful prud5ce 9 ! l>g] affairs _h ga9$ him1 disgu/+ ! c\ntry till x det]m9$ to get him (f its h&s at any price4 ,/ill1 t is n j n[ ! po9t 9 "q4 ,mr4 ,glad/one's s sl[ly pass+ ?r\gh all ! /ages f ,cons]vatism to ,radicalism has _h ?is effect1--t :ile all o!r public m5 ( 8 /&+ h gr[n m or less antiquat$ 9 /eady loyal s]vice to _! p>ty1 & by pres5t+ a fix$ if monoton\s aspect to ! public1 ?is "o ,p>liam5t>y p]sonage kept a p]5nial fre%ness1 simply by skilfully divid+ 8 prolong$ c>e] into di/9ct p]iods & go+ on *ang+4 ,"s political section has be5 always welcom+ ,mr4 ,glad/one newly into its ranks & to its spoils1 =1 z we h said1 ! two ?+s unfail+ly w5t toge!r2 & ! %\ts ) :i* he 0 receiv$ 7 always /r5g!n$ by fa9t] murmurs ( applause f o!r sections m advanc$ along ! l9e1 :o hop$ to receive him !mselves lat] on4 ,!y did s4 ,really to ea* "o ( !m he 0 a recruit f ! la/ p>ty4 ,to ! ,palm]/onians he ought at ! mo/ to h be5 only a ,peelite2 to ! ,lib]als at wor/ only a ,palm]/onian4 ,b by a surpris+ adroitness1 x 0 always made to appe> t 9 all 8 migrations f p>ty to p>ty1 he jo9$ ea* successive gr\p z a new retreat] f ! ,tories4 ,x c]ta9ly 0 true 9 "o s5se2 he 0 always go+ fur!r away f !m4 ,b = all p>ty purposes & reckon+1 he _h z mu* left !m :5 he jo9$ ,palm]/on z :5 he %ook h&s ) ,mr4 ,bright & took 8 place 9 front ( ! ,radicals4 ,^! are only a fir/ h&ful ( specim5s ( a c]ta9 unfairness 9 ,mr4 ,glad/one's position & c>e] f fir/ to la/1 f :i* he has l>gely pr(it$1 & :i* v naturally irk$ 8 oppon5ts1 :o h _h to suff] its inconv5i5ces4 ,he has pos$ z a sort ( political orphan left lonely 9 ! ,p>liam5t>y _w at ! dea? ( ,peel1 :o has be5 p]secut$ by wick$ ,tories f "o ,*ancellor%ip ( ! ,ex*equ] to ano!r1 until !y f9ally drove him into ! ,premi]%ip1 b all ?is "t he 0 successfully sec$+ f !m1 ?\gh !y cont9u$ 9 pursuit4 ,x mu/ h be5 ,mr4 ,glad/one's port5t\s e>ne/ness ( demean\r :i* has cov]$ up f ! g5]al public a joke s huge & prolong$ z ?is1 prev5t+ ev]ybody f see+ t su* a tale did n agree ) 8 unprec$5t$ prosp]ity4 ,b if 9 ^! ways he has kept himself int]e/+ to ! c\ntry1 & fre% & surpris+ = e gr\p he has 9 rotation jo9$1 bo? he & 8 *anges h long be5 /ale to ! ,cons]vatives4 ,!y are able to look along 8 :ole track1 & see+ him f beh9d1 "k him z a ,peelite1 a foll[] ( ,ab]de51 a ,palm]/onian1 a ,russellite1 & a ,radical4 ,!y are deb>r$ f apply+ 8 own "n to ! la/ /age1 & call+ him a ,glad/onian4 ,/rangely en\gh1 & inde$ v significantly1 t t]m has nev] tak5 root 9 our politics4 ,!re really h nev] be5 any ,glad/onians3 no "o ev] 0 or ev] w be call$ by t title4 ,mr4 ,glad/one w end 8 days & dep>t )\t f\nd+ any s*ool2 he w /& record$ only z ! acceptor ( (fice f ^? :o did s1 & ! pass] ( o!r p's measures4 ,b 9 political life a man :o atta9s ! fir/ rank ( conspicu\sness )\t f\nd+ a l9e may fairly be suspect$4 ,x w be f\nd t he has be5 too busy 9 a n>r[] way1--look+ aft] n que/ions b himself4 ,to t v small p>ty1 num]ically reckon$1 consi/+ ( only "o memb]1 ,mr4 ,glad/one has be5 consi/5tly & untir+ly fai?ful4 ,he has *all5g$ = x sympa?y 9 all ! ways to :i* 8 v f9e oratory has l5t itself1 & he has n neglect$ ! humbl] art ( p]petual adv]tisem5t1 keep+ x by means ( ! press & ! plat=m ev] be=e ! public eye4 ,b :5 he f9ally leaves u x is c]ta9 to vani% entirely4 ,v likely "s ard5t ,radical1 ^: m9d is s full ( hav+ got ,mr4 ,glad/one at la/ t he =gets1 or p]haps nev] knew1 h[ _m grades & %ades ( politicians h 9 succession enjoy$ him be=e1 w say t 9 all ?is we are only rail+ at ,mr4 ,glad/one's success4 ,8 success6 ,9 ord] to describe ,mr4 ,glad/one1 we _h fir/ to write retrospectively1 take 9 8 e>li] phases1 & to look g5]ally at 8 :ole hi/ory4 ,9 t retrospect1 d[n to a late po9t 9 x1 he 0 exce$+ly prosp]\s2 b we nev] meant to say t he _h be5 v successful s9ce ! beg9n+ ( #ahgd4 ,!re is n ! slighte/ ne$ = any ,cons]vative to feel bitt] aga9/ ,mr4 ,glad/one n[ on any gr\nds ( p]sonal envy4 ,he has done !m ! greate/ s]vice ( any public man = ?ree g5]ations2 & at any "t he might h individually prosp]$ z mu* z he lik$ = !m1 if x _h be5 possible = him to d x )\t injur+ 8 c\ntry4 ,x is to ?is m s]i\s exam9ation ( 8 c>e] t we n[ g4 ,n t we propose to entangle ourselves 9 ! m9ute details ( x1 = t is 9 no way necess>y4 ,we h already 9 "p expla9$ :y we may1 9 su* a sket* z ?is1 drop out _m ye>s ( 8 political life4 ,= a great l5g? ( "t ,mr4 ,glad/one 0 only a ,budget-mak]4 ,x is true he made !m = ,gov]nm5ts t 7 n ,cons]vative1 b he /ill 0 consid]$ ne>ly a ,cons]vative outside 8 f9ancial h&icraft4 ,& "h1 aga91 "p ( ! explanation we e>li] gave applies4 ,!re is n ! slighte/ reason :y any ,cons]vative %\ld pause long to consid] ,mr4 ,glad/one z ! pass] ( ! ,ballot1 or ev5 z ! dise/abli%] ( ! ,iri% ,*ur* & ! int]f]] ) ! rights ( l&$ prop]ty 9 ,irel&4 ,! only ?+ special to be said ab\t him 9 connection ) ^! ?+s z di/+ui%+ him f ! ruck ( ,lib]als w\ld be1 t he 0 a v late ex-,tory1 & at ! "t a pr(ess$ ,high ,*ur*man4 ,he someh[ got ! ,lib]als to let him write 8 "n across e "o ( ^? measures s soon z x 0 se5 t !y w\ld pass1 & he has made ! legislation 9 t way seem to be 82 b ! ,cons]vatives "k ) :om !y _h really to deal 9 ! inception & ! pu%+ =w>d ( ^? movem5ts1 & x 0 n ,mr4 ,glad/one4 ,! real m5 7 ,mr4 ,bright1 ,mr4 ,dillwyn1 ,mr4 ,miall1 & ^? :o = _m a ye> work$ ) !m :ile ,mr4 ,glad/one 0 nev] he>d (1 nev] ?\ght (1 9 connection ) ! matt]s !y _h always matur$ be=e he _h any?+ to d ) !m4 ,nor 0 x on acc\nt ( ^! affairs t ,mr4 ,glad/one's fall occurr$ :5 x came1 :i* is ano!r reason :y x w\ld be wa/e ( "t to discuss !m 9 connection ) him4 ,:o is propos+ to alt] ^! ?+s n[ t !y h be5 f\ght out betwe5 ! great p>ties ( ! ,/ate & decid$8 ,z a supplem5t to 8 ,iri% ,l& ,bill1 we n[ h ! ,iri% peasants refus+ to pay any r5t at all3 b 9 ^! days :5 a ?+ is done 9 our ,p>liam5t x is done4 ,! ,cons]vatives1 9 spite ( ! majority at _! back1 h nev] put =w>d a f+] to t\* ^? settlem5ts1 nor d !y mean to d s2 & yet n only our own c\ntry1 b all ,europe1 & inde$ realms f>!r away /ill1 h be5 ke5ly aw>e t ! ,beaconsfield ,m9i/ry has be5 v busy = ye>s undo+ some?+ t ,mr4 ,glad/one _h done4 ,:at 0 ?is gigantic task1 :i* 0 n ! repeal+ ( legislation1 or ! pass+ ( /atutes ( any k9d1 b :i* requir$ c\rage & ef=t m ardu\s ?an ^? ?+s8 ,!re mu/ h be5 "s cause = ! bur/s ( applause :i* h aga9 & aga9 e*o$ on our %ores f all p>ts ( ! civiliz$ globe at some?+ t 0 go+ on4 ,x 01 we ha/5 to answ]1 ! rehabilitation ( ,engl& 9 ! eyes ( ! _w1--! re/oration ( h] anci5t p[] z a factor 9 ! en=cem5t & adm9i/ration ( public "r among ! nations4 ,someh[1 co9cid5tly ) ,mr4 ,glad/one's prosp]ity z a ,m9i/]1 ,engl&1 8 c\ntry1 _h sunk1 & 9 exactly answ]+ ratio1 & 0 s9k+ l[] & l[] /ill daily4 ,he 0 v fam\s1 or at lea/ v notori\s1 at home1 b ! r5[n ( ,brita9 abroad 0 cl\d+2 & our p nev] w be> t1 z hi/ory _h %[n be=e4 ,?is man1 :o at he>t 0 b a f9anci]1 & :o ought 9 ! fitness ( ?+s nev] to h ris5 high] 9 (fice ?an a ,*ancellor ( ! ,ex*equ]1 ^: function x %\ld h be5 to f9d funds = "s "o else z a ,prime ,m9i/] capable ( a policy 9 ! high] int]national politics befitt+ an ,empire1 0 conduct+ our =eign affairs 9 ! _s ( a comm]cial travell]2 will+ to effect a little sav+ by giv+ up a gr\p ( isl&s 9 "o "p or a bit ( t]ritory 9 ano!r1 & to effect an economy at ano!r "t by back+ out ( a treaty4 ,?\gh1 at ! same "t1 if anybody insi/$1 & !re loom$1 h[ev] di/antly1 a possibility ( w>1 he w\ld pay ! money d[n 9 a hurry by millions1 z he did 9 ! ,alabama case4 ,we %\ld h _h all ! _w insi/+ v soon1 mak+ peace m co/ly ?an w> itself1 besides ! %ame ( unju/ifiable surr5d]4 ,b we 7 sp>$ all ?is2 ?\gh ! undo+ ( ! humiliation1 z f> z x _h gone1 has fully occupi$ ,mr4 ,glad/one's successors ev] s9ce4 ,?is is ! great accusation :i* ! ,cons]vatives h to br+ aga9/ ,mr4 ,glad/one--t ( hav+ degrad$ ! position ( 8 c\ntry2 & an arraignm5t m fatal ?an ?is _c be made 9 ! case ( a *ief ,m9i/]4 ,x is n alone ! ,cons]vatives :o make x4 ,did n ,e>l ,russell1 ,lib]al ?\gh he 01 f9d en\gh ,engli% blood 9 8 ag$ ve9s :5 writ+ 8 la/ book1 to say t ,mr4 ,glad/one _h dragg$ ! "n ( ,engl& ?r\gh ! mire8 ,b x w\ld n be q accurate to put ?is =w>d z ! full explanation ( ,mr4 ,glad/one's sudd5 tumble f (fice2 = x 0 n until aft] t occurr$ t ! bulk ( p q knew ! :ole ext5t ( ! injury he _h work$ 9 ?is respect4 ,! ,cons]vative lead]s guess$ x1 b !y knew m ab\t =eign affairs ?an ! rank & file ( ! nation4 ,ev]ybody1 ( c\rse1 high & l[1 0 aw>e t he _h unask$ giv5 up ! ,ionian ,isl&s because ( "s lit]>y reasons :i* he _h come ^u 9 writ+ books ab\t ,hom]1 t he _h surr5d]$ t]ritory 9 ! ,san ,juan ,b\nd>y ,"q1 & t he _h quietly gone to ,g5eva & paid ,am]ica1 n inde$ all %e ask$1--= ev5 ) ,brita9's weal? ! :ole ( ! fir/ mode/ reque/ w\ld only h be5 f\nd ) difficulty1--b he _h c\nt$ d[n a sum t made ,bro!r ,jona?an's %rewd eyes tw9kle ) joy4 ,! c\ntry1 f ^! ev5ts foll[+ "o ano!r1 _h come to h a v uneasy feel+ t someh[ "u 8 auspices ev]y?+ 0 go+ aga9/ u abroad4 ,/ill x 0 only lat] t x 0 made fully app>5t h[ completely ,engl& 0 effac$2 n until ! ?ree ,emp]ors _h begun to settle ! re>rangem5t ( ,ea/]n ,europe1 )\t s mu* z say+ to ,great ,brita91 ,by y\r leave4 ,!re is difficulty :5 look+ back n[ to prev5t oneself f suff]+ "s illusion 9 ?is respect2 b x is a fact1 & we may be glad ( x1 t ,engli%m5 did n until x 0 r\ghly =c$ ^u !m suppose be=eh& t _! position _h dw9dl$ to q s l[ an ebb4 ,at ! elections ( #ahgd1 !re 0 no di/9ct =eign policy be=e ! public1 = ?\gh !re 7 _m on ! ,cons]vative side :o sympa?iz$ ) ,france 9 h] adv]sity1 & saw cle>ly t ,g]many's mutilation ( h] t]ritory meant tr\ble 9 "t to come1 n a voice 0 rais$ 9 deprecation ( our neutrality4 ,b1 = ! matt] ( t1 x may be j z correctly said t !re 0 no matur$ dome/ic "q be=e ! c\ntry1 = x w n be suppos$ t !re 0 a s+le ,tory any m ?an a ,lib]al :o wi%$ ! ,income ,tax to be reta9$ on 8 %\ld]s4 ,x 0 h>dly = propos+ to d away ) t impo/ t ev]ybody vot$ s unanim\sly aga9/ ,mr4 ,glad/one2 !y only did s at ! poll+-boo?s 9 spite ( 8 propos+ x1 :i* someh[ seems r my/]i\s4 ,if 8 oppon5ts 7 n propos+ to recall any ( ! rec5t legislation1 & if !re 0 no special "q ( =eign affairs p5d+1 & if nobody _h any desire n to be light5$ ( taxation1 h[ 0 x1 pray1 t ,mr4 ,glad/one 0 s ignom9i\sly hurl$ f p[]8 ,9 reality1 !re is n ! slighte/ difficulty ab\t x--,mr4 ,glad/one 0 decisively reject$ by 8 c\ntrym51 n on any "q ( policy1 ei!r home or =eign1 b because ( ! p]sonal impression he _h sl[ly b surely impr9t$ on _! m9ds4 ,! real issue be=e ! c\ntry 0 :e!r x w\ld h any m ( ,mr4 ,glad/one1 & x said ,no4 ,x is a common artifice on ! "p ( 8 apologis]s to ins9uate t he _h we>i$ ! nation by (f]+ x too _m ?+s = its good4 ,b nei!r individuals nor communities are mu* 9 ! habit ( refus+ gifts2 x is ! "o ?+1 & ne>ly ! only ?+1 9 ?is _w = :i* !re is an excell5t reason :5ev] s /range a proce$+ happ5s4 ,!re is ano!r way ( repres5t+ ! matt]1 "o mu* less complim5t>y b f> m true--! c\ntry 0 sick ( ,mr4 ,glad/one4 ,ev5 ! sight ( ,mr4 ,l[e /&+ at 8 side ) f\r millions ( surplus 9 8 h&s 0 n en\gh to tempt !m4 ,! promise to aboli% ! ,income ,tax 0 ! mo/ trem5d\s bribe ev] (f]$ to ! con/itu5cies1 b1 to _! cr$it1 x did n corrupt !m4 ,!y w\ld n accept ,mr4 ,glad/one any long] at any price :atev]4 ,! believ]s 9 democracy1 & ,mr4 ,glad/one 9 p>ticul>1 accord+ to "s ( 8 v late/ reason+s1 ought to h accept$ ?is univ]sal disgu/ z be+ a popul> inspiration4 ,h[ev]1 !y h done no?+ ( ! k9d1 b av[ t x 0 a public delusion1 :i* !y at fir/ h9t$ w\ld be tempor>y2 b if ! public is liable to delusions1 & to fits ( !m :i* cont9ue = sev5 or eight ye>s at a /ret*1 = t is n[ ! duration ( ?is "o1 :at becomes ( ^! v radical g5tlem5's democracy8 ,= x is n really op5 to !m to plead1 ?\gh !y w g on do+ x1 t ! p's eyes 7 dazzl$ by a glitt] ( diplomatic success1 & _! blood infuriat$ by a skilfully ar\s$ anti-,russian feel+4 ,x is n op5 to !m = a simple reason1 b a v conclusive "o3 ! elections came be=e any?+ ( ?is c\ld h happ5$2 & ! elections !mselves arriv$ ) ! sudd5ness !y did ow+ to some?+ :i* _h prec$$ !m--namely1 a /eady run ( ,m9i/]ial defeats 9 ! by-conte/s1 :]ev] a vacancy occurr$ 9 a con/itu5cy4 ,mr4 ,glad/one av[$ all ?is 9 ! address ) :i* he />tl$ ! ,gre5wi* electors & ! :ole c\ntry1 ?\gh he & 8 fri5ds h nev] m5tion$ ! fact s9ce4 ,x 0 = ! purpose ( putt+ all ?+s "r t ! elections :i* put !m all m wrong /ill 7 s unexpect$ly ord]$4 ,x 0 n because ( be+ intoxicat$ by ! diplomatic triumph ( ,"l ,beaconsfield & ,"l ,salisbury at ,b]l9--:i* did n occur till ye>s aft]--t ! con/itu5cies reject$ ,mr4 ,glad/one4 ,we h no wi% to be unnecess>ily impolite1 b ! true reason = x 0 t :i* we h nam$ already--!y _h come n to l ,mr4 ,glad/one4 ,if we trace t fact backw>ds 9 a natural way1 we %all f9d t "o cause ( x 0 t !y felt ! hon\r & ! int]e/ ( ,engl& 7 n safe 9 8 h&s2 b ?is 0 only "o among o!r causes4 ,x swell$ aft]w>ds into ! bigge/ reason ( all1 & n[ practically includes all ! o!rs2 b1 at ! mom5t1 x 0 n actually kn[n t ! safety ( ,engl& 0 ab\t to be imp]ill$4 ,! vot]s 7 affect$ by o!r reasons4 ,:at 7 ^? o!r reasons8 ,! public mu/ h kn[n !m pretty cle>ly at ! "t1 s9ce x act$ s promptly & decid$ly ^u !m1 & x1 !re=e1 ought n to ne$ v mu* recall+ ( !m n[1 = ! "t1 aft] all1 is n s v long ago4 ,b x may be z well to g into !m a little1 s9ce x 0 ?r\gh ! incid5ts furni%+ !m t ! g5]al public 0 l$ to =m ! v same e/imate ( ,mr4 ,glad/one :i* ! ,cons]vatives _h held = ab\t a score ( ye>s be=e4 ,at la/ ! popul> judgm5t co9cid$ ) t ( 8 ,p>liam5t>y oppon5ts1 & he fell f p[]4 ,b any "o :o w give a mom5t's consid]ation to ! cases ( ! ,colli] appo9tm5t1 ! ,ewelme ,rectory affair1 & ! issue ( ! ,royal ,w>rant on pur*ase 9 ! army1 w see t we are "r 9 affirm+ t ,mr4 ,glad/one's ignom9i\s expulsion f (fice 0 ow+ to moral r ?an political causes4 ,x /&s record$ t ?is ,m9i/]1 :o _h put religi\s pr(essions 9 ! front ( 8 politics 9 a way novel to public life1 _h to def5d 8 conduct ov] & ov] aga9 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons by quot+ ! m]e lett] ( ! law4 ,p>liam5t became n unlike ! ,old ,bailey :5 a legal wrangle is go+ on ov] ! te*nicalities ( an indictm5t2 & ! unwont$ spectacle ( ,"l ,*ief ,ju/ices accus+ a !ological ,premi] ( hav+ someh[ evad$ a /atute 0 n made any less un$ify+ by ,mr4 ,glad/one %[+ great skill 9 be+ 8 own attorney4 ,ev]ybody mu/ admit t he c]ta9ly did t4 ,x is possible to recall ea* ( ! cases 9 v few words4 ,an ,act ( ,p>liam5t _h be5 pass$ ) a view to /r5g!n+ ! ,judicial ,committee ( ! ,privy ,c\ncil1 &1 z ?is ,c\rt 0 "o ( ,appeal1 x /ood to reason t ^? appo9t$ to x to revise o!r ,judges' decisions %\ld h _h judicial exp]i5ce !mselves4 ,x 0 expressly provid$ 9 ! ,act t ^? to be rais$ to ?is ,c\rt %\ld be already ,judges4 ,to ! surprise ( ! :ole c\ntry1 ,sir ,rob]t ,colli]1 well kn[n z ,mr4 ,glad/one's ,attorney-,g5]al1 &1 !re=e1 conspicu\sly only a wait] = a judge%ip1 n a judge already1 0 ann\nc$ z ! fill] ( "o ( ^! vacancies1 be=e half ! read]s ( ! newspap]s knew t he _h ceas$ to be ,attorney-,g5]al4 ,x turn$ out1 h[ev]1 t he 0 9 reality a judge at ! mom5t1 & t he _h be5 "o = "s few mom5ts previ\sly1 hav+1 9 fact1 sat on ! b5* ( ! ,common ,pleas = j two days4 ,!re is n space to foll[ ,mr4 ,glad/one's wond]ful reason+1 b x *iefly turn$ on a po9t s f9e z ?is1 t :at ! ,act meant to /ipulate 0 n exp]i5ce1 b /atus4 ,9 o!r words1 t a man %\ld be made a judge ( "o k9d = five m9utes1 9 ord] to be turn$ into "o ( ano!r k9d1 j = ! say ( ! ?+4 ,amaz$ memb]s ( ! ,legislature :i* _h pass$ ! enactm5t prote/$ t !y 7 n s fooli%ly subtle z ?is1 & t !y _h nev]1 be=e ,mr4 ,glad/one m5tion$ x1 ?\ght ( any su* di/9ction z t betwe5 /atus & exp]i5ce4 ,b ?is 0 n ! only in/ance 9 :i* he has told p :at !y _h int5d$ bett] ?an !y knew1 & all diff]5tly4 ,9 ! ,ewelme ,rectory bus9ess he w\ld h x t :5 a /atute said ,ox=d x meant ,cambridge1 or at lea/ t its specify+ ,ox=d did n signify1 or t x includ$ ,cambridge1 or1 9 fact1 might be con/ru$ to prescribe any?+ else :i* x did n say & :i* 0 contr>y to :at ev]ybody _h ?\ght ( x be=e4 ,h[ev]1 "h1 aga91 z ! lawy]s w\ld o!rwise h be5 tr\blesome1 ! te*nicality 0 f\nd to h be5 =mally compli$ )4 ,! words ( ! enactm5t did really require t ! man :o 0 to be made rector ( ,ewelme p>i% %\ld be a memb] ( ,ox=d ,convocation1 & ,mr4 ,h>vey1 ,mr4 ,glad/one's fri5d1 :o _h be5 educat$ at ,cambridge1 & :o1 until t liv+ became vacant1 _h nev] dream$ ( connection ) ,ox=d1 0 made a memb] ( ! ,convocation1 9 ord] to receive ! liv+4 ,( c\rse1 ,mr4 ,glad/one argu$ t ,mr4 ,h>vey's be+ a ,ma/] ( ,arts 0 en\gh1 ?\gh ! /atute said no?+ ( t1 & ev]ybody else _h ?\ght x expressly /at$ a c]ta9 ,univ]sity :]e ! ,ma/] ( ,arts 0 to come f4 ,b let u g on to ! ?ird case1 t ( ! issue ( ! ,royal ,w>rant aboli%+ pur*ase4 ,n a few ( ! ,lib]als :o exult$ at ! success ( ! p>ty measure _h a misgiv+ at ! way 9 :i* x 0 secur$4 ,x 0 felt to be a victory :i* c\ld n be repeat$1 & "o ( a /yle :i*1 if !y :o snat*$ x _h be5 ,cons]vatives1 w\ld h ?r[n ! c\ntry into a convulsion4 ,! mo/ viol5t act 9 ! "n ( ! ,cr[n :i* ! olde/ man liv+ 9 ,engl& has witness$1 0 c\nsell$ by ,mr4 ,glad/one4 ,because ! ,lords1 9 ! ex]cise ( ! p[] :i* ! ,con/itution gives !m1 7 n will+ in/antly to pass 8 ,bill = giv+ an entirely new social aspect to ! army1 he caus$ ! ,que5 to d no?+ %ort ( sup]s$+ !m entirely1 & practically r$uc$ ! ,con/itution at a /roke to ! ,commons & ! ,cr[n4 ,x is j n[ "p ( ! tactics ( ! ,lib]als to prote/ aga9/ "s imag9$ wi% to br+ 9 p]sonal rule4 ,if any su* prepo/]\s design exi/$1 x w\ld be ,mr4 ,glad/one's own act :i* w\ld be fall5 back ^u = ! prec$5t4 ,! feel+ :i* has be/ enabl$ ! mo/ ?\ghtful among ,engli%m5 to und]/& ! k9d ( %ock :i* =eign]s exp]i5ce on ! occurr5ce ( "o ( ! political e>?quakes :i* !y call on ! ,cont95t by ! "n c\p d'etat1 0 t :i* ran ?r\gh ! c\ntry :5 ,mr4 ,glad/one ann\nc$ t !re 0 no?+ = ! ,lords to discuss1 t he _h advis$ ! ,que5 to issue a ,royal ,w>rant4 ,we _h lo/ all recollection ( ! p>ticul> s5sation1 b he br\ght back j a tw+e ( x4 ,mr4 ,glad/one1 h[ev]1 c d ,radical acts & !n expla9 !m hi/orically4 ,once m we f\nd ourselves all inextricably entangl$ 9 8 casui/ry4 ,he n[ argu$ t ! ,royal ,w>rant _h n be5 issu$ by ex]cise ( pr]ogative1 b 9 /rict pursuance ( /atutory p[]1 !re be+ "s ,act ( ! ,georges to t effect1 :i* ord9>y p _h =gott54 ,x is n necess>y to foll[ ! ?+ fur!r4 ,9 ! end1 ,mr4 ,glad/one became too clev] = ! c\ntry4 ,ev5 ! dulle/ began to p]ceive t ,mr4 ,glad/one c\ld consci5ti\sly d :atev] he lik$4 ,! m subtly he argu$1 ! m pla9 ,john ,bull got puzzl$4 ,x may1 at fir/ sight1 seem task+ ! public memory too mu* to ask p if !y rememb] ! t5sion !re 0 9 ! political atmosph]e t[>ds ! end ( ,mr4 ,glad/one's c>e]4 ,b a v great _m w n h =gott5 x4 ,! political wea!r is s f> l ! o!r sort t x is only borne 9 m9d = its badness2 t1 h[ev]1 0 a t]rible season4 ,at ! la/1 ,mr4 ,glad/one seem$ to h got into ! air1 & he did n improve ! climate4 ,he may urge1 c]ta9ly1 t ,mr4 ,l[e _h made himself v obnoxi\s1 t ,mr4 ,ayrton _h be5 f\nd to be intol]able1 & t ! great trade ( ! publicans1 ) all its support]s1 0 9 arms aga9/ ,mr4 ,bruce4 ,t is all true2 ! c\ntry dislik$ ea* "o ( ^! 8 *ief colleagues4 ,b nei!r ,mr4 ,l[e's h>d cynicism1 nor ,mr4 ,ayrton's dogmatic inae/heticism1 nor ,mr4 ,bruce's /olid me*anical int]f]5ce1 /irr$ ! l>ge ke5 dissatisfaction :i* ,mr4 ,glad/one's own incompreh5sibility 9 ! end did4 ,he gave m5's consci5ces a %ock1 & none ( ! o!rs affect$ to feel s deeply z t3 x 0 only he :o _h /ood =w>d z a political morali/1 & !n set ev]ybody by ! e>s discuss+ 8 conduct4 ,x 0 ! same outside ,p>liam5t & )9 x4 ,ev]ybody 0 argu+ ,mr4 ,glad/one2 nobody c\ld make him out1 nobody felt safe1 or c\ld imag9e :at 0 com+ next4 ,if ! atmosph]e _h b be5 *>g$ a little m ) him1 ,engl& w\ld n h be5 wor? liv+ 94 ,luckily ! elections came1 & ! air 0 cle>$4 ,b if 9 ! m exagg]at$ in/ances we h above spok5 (1 ! g5]al public became aw>e ( a c]ta9 obliquity1 an unreliability1 a dissatisfi$ re/lessness1 an imp]i\sness 9 ,mr4 ,glad/one1 ! ,cons]vatives _h be5 m or less cont9u\sly aw>e ( ^? qualities = _m ye>s4 ,!y1 z we said e>li]1 h _h to obs]ve ! "r hon4 g5tleman clos]1 m cont9u\sly1 & x w\ld be easy = any "o ( !m :o is ( middle age to give f 8 own memory a /r+ ( in/ances1 j ! same 9 k9d z ^? above1 ?\gh n s broadly /rik+1 beg9n+ mu* e>li] 9 8 c>e]1 & com+ d[n mu* lat]4 ,v rec5tly1 ,"l ,salisbury at ,man*e/] recall$ ,mr4 ,glad/one's deal+s ) 8 ,ox=d con/itu5ts 9 ref]5ce to ! dise/abli%m5t ( ! ,iri% ,*ur*4 ,b 8 lord%ip c\rte\sly sp>$ 8 oppon5t ! details4 ,has ! _w =gott5 ! fam\s lett] to ,dr4 ,hannah1 be>+ ! date ( ,june1 #ahfe1 writt51 z ,mr4 ,glad/one himself ) unlook$-= naivete admits 9 8 ,*apt] ( ,autobiography1 = ! appeas+ ( d\bts8 ,he 9 x ass]t$1 fir/ ( all1 t ! "q 0 remote & app>5tly out ( all be>+ on ! practical politics ( ! day2 second1 he av[$ t he 0 probably go+ to be sil5t on ! topic2 ?ird1 he said t he sc>cely expect$ ev] to be call$ on to %>e 9 su* a measure2 &1 z 8 f9i%+ words1 spoke ( x z a "q ly+ at a di/ance he c\ld n measure4 ,^! 7 f> too _m causes = n do+ a ?+1 & ! ,cons]vatives accord+ly began to look out4 ,9 #ahfi1 ,mr4 ,glad/one dise/abli%$ ! ,iri% ,*ur*4 ,! remot5ess & ! di/ance :i* 0 n measurable someh[ came to be pack$ )9 ^! two dates1--#ahfe-i4 ,:at _h s hurri$ matt]s8 ,well1 "o c only recall :at _h happ5$ 9 ! int]im1 & among ! ev5ts !re _h be5 ^! two occurr5ces--he _h be5 expell$ f ,ox=d & reject$ by ,s\? ,lanca%ire4 ,! l sudd5ness att5d$ 8 conv]sion on ! subject ( ! ,ballot4 ,aft] half a lifetime ( opposition1 he "o f9e morn+ ann\nc$ t x mu/ pass1 h>dly a h9t ( w>n+ hav+ be5 giv5 be=eh&4 ,b 8 :ole c>e] has %[n ?is sudd5ness ( advance1 at di/9ct p]iods1 :i*1 z we h said1 always co9cid$ ) ! bright5+ ( ! prospects ( ! respective agitations4 ,x is true1 z is e>li] po9t$ out1 t he took some?+ l a qu>t] ( a c5tury to travel ! gr\nd betwe5 ! ,cons]vative />t+-po9t & ! ,radical position1 b ! l5g? ( "t 0 n ow+ to 8 creep+ betwe5 ! b\nds2 he has trav]s$ x at successive leaps1 /&+ /ill betwe51 &1 at ! places :]e he rema9$ /ation>y1 !re 0 always ! w>m %elt] ( (fice4 ,?is /yle ( progress has *>act]iz$ him d[n to ! pres5t mom5t4 ,z late z #ahgd he told a deputation t he did n consid] ! "q ( ! ,c\nty ,fran*ise ripe4 ,!re has be5 a good deal ( v indiff]5t wea!r s9ce !n2 b :e!r or n ! field crops h matur$1 x seems n[ t ! agricultural lab\r] has be5 gr[+ fa/4 ,mr4 ,joseph ,ar* has be5 ! sun t has %one ^u him1 & ,mr4 ,glad/one1 z usual1 is q ready to reap ! h>ve/4 ,examples might be multipli$ manifold4 ,take ! boa/$ case ( ! ,lib]al surplus1 ( :i* we h nev] ceas$ to he>--j z if ,mr4 ,l[e & ,mr4 ,glad/one _h betwe5 !m co9$ ! money4 ,its hi/ory1 /at$ 9 ?ree words1 0 ?is3 ,mr4 ,l[e _h mulct$ ! public 9 an unnecess>y twop5ce ( ,income ,tax1 &1 in/ead ( %amefully confess+ ! incompet5cy x %[$ 9 a ,*ancellor ( ! ,ex*equ]1 pres5t$ himself be=e ! con/itu5cies1 on ! eve ( ! elections1 ) 8 h&s full ( gold1 & ) ! air ( pres5t+ x to !m4 ,mr4 ,glad/one1 great f9anci] z he is1 0 n above pr(it+ by 8 subord9ate's miscalculation4 ,in/ead ( adm9i/]+ a rebuke1 z a good j\rneyman might h be5 expect$ to d to a bad appr5tice1 he patt$ ,mr4 ,l[e on ! back4 ,inde$1 9 ! ,gre5wi* address1 :5 he s magniloqu5tly spoke ( ! money be+ giv5 back 9 ! %ape ( aboli%+ ! ,income ,tax1 he seem$ to take "s cr$it to himself4 ,x w be beg9n+1 p]=ce1 to dawn ^u ! read] t ?is 0 a ,m9i/] v difficult to be dealt ) by an ,opposition4 ,if we _h space 9 ?is pap]1 a "p ( ! task ( sket*+ ,mr4 ,glad/one w\ld be to po9t out h[ injuri\sly he has confus$ ! dem>cation ( p>ties2 h[ unscrupul\s he has be5 9 seek+ allies :i* on no pr9ciple ( fair classification belong$ to him4 ,x may be no?+ t he c half apologize = ,iri% ,ob/ructioni/s--! ,lib]als h always exploit$ ,iri% memb]s4 ,b ?is v high ,*ur*man1 :o cl+s to a t5et s ridicul\s 9 ! eyes ( ,diss5t]s z apo/olical succession1 c figure 9 ,dr4 ,joseph ,p>k]'s *apel1 & betray a close & n uncomplim5t>y k ( ! tru/-de$ ( ! ,rev4 ,newman ,hall's congregation4 ,?is au/]e g5tleman1 :o1 :5 inquir+ into ! ,!ses ( ,era/us 7see 8 article71 f9ds out t moral (f5ces are at ! root & s\rce ( all h]esy1 has a k9dly ^w = su* free-?9k]s z happ5 to be also political lead]s ( ! work+ m5--,mr4 ,bradlaugh1 = example4 ,?is objector to divorce1 on su* /up5d\sly elevat$ gr\nds z t we are all memb]s ( a my/ical body1 & :o _c br+ himself to all[ m ?an a civil m>riage to a deceas$ wife's si/]1 m+les 9 ! ruck ( ,radicals4 ,b if he has :at !y mu/ ?9k ecclesia/ical crot*ets1 he always manages !m ) mo/ skilful prud5ce4 ,if he has to satisfy 8 mo/ private feel+s by br++ 9 no few] ?an six resolutions 9 m or less opposition to ! ,public ,wor%ip ,bill1 he c )draw !m aga94 ,b 0 ?is ! g5tleman to *ampion ,radicals & ,diss5t]s8 ,an ,opposition :i* _h to keep its own consi/5t l9es1 & :i* 0 closely re/rict$ z to its allies1 0 at a p]petual disadvantage ) "o ^: own op9ions1 subtle & complicat$ z !y might be1 cut him (f f nobody :o c\ld be ( aid4 ,=tunately ! c\ntry itself1 at a c]ta9 r t>dy po9t1 ralli$ its patriotism 9 t spontane\s way :i* always practically re9=ces ! ,cons]vative p>ty4 ,! ,alabama claims gave ^? :o did n m$dle mu* 9 politics _! fir/ %ock1 :ile = m ?\ghtful p]sons x br\ght back a rem9isc5ce ( ! surr5d] ( ! ,ionian ,isl&s2 & :51 lat]1 ! public saw him /& tamely by :ile ,russia tore up ! ,black ,sea clauses ( ! ,treaty ( ,p>is1 e /ud5t ( our hi/ory knew t ,mr4 ,glad/one's fate 0 seal$4 ,! nation1 /irr$ by ar\s+s ( ! deep] in/9cts ( ! ,engli% "*1 at la/ reckon$ ) him on g5]al gr\nds--dislike ( 8 p]sonal demean\r1 & dread ( :at he 0 br++ on ! c\ntry4 ,x refus$ to be won ei!r by ! f9e/ oratory or ! prospect ( r$uc$ taxation4 ,! ,cons]vatives came into p[] on ! highe/ tide ( popul> feel+ :i* liv+ ,engli%m5 h witness$4 ,b ! *ange 0 too late to prev5t mis*ief2 ,russia1 enc\rag$ by ,engl&'s effacem5t dur+ ,mr4 ,glad/one's sway1 _h matur$ h] fur!r plans1 & _h already put h] secret intrigues into motion4 ,! ,treaty ( ,san ,/efano %[$ pla9ly :at h] plan 01 & j z cle>ly does ev]ybody n bl9d$ by p>ty feel+ n[ "k t to ,russia's amazem5t1 & amid/ ! surpris$ & grateful admiration ( ! :ole civiliz$ globe1 ! pres5t ,m9i/ry h ?w>t$ t plan & made ,engl& aga9 safe & fam\s4 ,x w\ld be a wa/e ( "t to retrace ! details3 a summ>y ( !m is to be f\nd 9 ,"l ,salisbury's ,man*e/] spee*4 ,:at alone fur!r conc]ns u "h is ! mann] 9 :i* ,mr4 ,glad/one has borne himself 9 ,opposition4 ,we h already se5 h[ he did s z a ,m9i/]4 ,x 0 und]/ood1 inde$1 t he _h retir$1 ) some?+ :i* 0 meant to pass = dignity1 ?\gh to ! eyes ( ! nation !re 0 nev] any?+ :i* 0 n sulk :i* _h s mu* ! look ( x4 ,h[ev]1 on ! plea t some?+ _h happ5$ 9 ! _w1 he 0 quickly back aga9 9 front1 elb[+ ,"l ,h>t+ton aside4 ,spee*es1 9 ,p>liam5t & out1 articles 9 e magaz9e1 republication 9 pamphlet & volume1 lett]s to ev]ybody1 :i*1 practically1 meant to all ! newspap]s3 !re nev] 0 su* an active resuscitation ( "o :o _h s publicly become politically defunct4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 n = com+ to life aga9 t we f9d fault ) ,mr4 ,glad/one1 =1 9 tru?1 we always expect$ x4 ,our compla9t is simply ?is1 t if su* a /yle ( opposition z he has resort$ to became habitual1 ! gov]nm5t ( ! c\ntry w\ld be made impossible4 ,no means 7 left untri$ to make ,russia hope1 & o!r nations fe>1 t ,"l ,beaconsfield _h n ! nation at 8 back1 &1 :5 ow+ to ?is enc\ragem5t1 ,russia %[$ ob/9acy1 & x 0 necess>y to risk some?+ by exhibit+ boldness1 t v necessity 0 s\ght to be turn$ into a reproa*4 ,mr4 ,glad/one's own tactics made x imp]ative t 9 ! matt] ( ,cyprus1 & "s o!r negotiations1 secrecy %\ld be obs]v$1 & ! ,gov]nm5t 0 *>g$ ) act+ uncon/itutionally1 z if con/itutional usage impos$ no limits on ! ,opposition1 or z if ^? limits _h n be5 transgress$4 ,j s1 aga91 9 ! ,afghan w>4 ,if ,"l ,nor?brook _h act$ ) _s ye>s be=e1 t w> w\ld nev] h be5 necess>y2 b t trifl+ fact ,mr4 ,glad/one ov]look$1 he & ! ,duke ( ,argyll mak+ x appe> t ,"l ,lytton _h be5 at great pa9s to get himself & 8 ,gov]nm5t into a difficulty4 ,:y ,mr4 ,glad/one has _h s little to say ab\t ! ,cape w> is a my/]y1 :i* may be expla9$ "s day2 all t c n[ be said ( x is t x %[s a /rik+ inconsi/5cy4 ,luckily 8 ef=ts1 ?\gh 8 indu/ry 0 gigantic1 h fail$1 & ev5 he mu/ be n[ aw>e t 8 r5ewal ( !m1 ?\gh we suppose x mu/ g on1 hav+ be5 arrang$ s long & ann\nc$ s pomp\sly1 is a trifle late1 ) ! ,cape w> end$1 our troops 9 ,cabul1 ^? ( ,au/ria at ,novi ,baz>1 & *eckmat$1 scold+ ,russia gna%+ h] tee? at ,g]many4 ,h[ev]1 no d\bt we %all h "s v f9e spee*es1 prov+ t no?+ ( ?is ought to h happ5$1 or t x won't la/ long1 or t ! ,beaconsfield ,adm9i/ration did n br+ x ab\t1 or any ?+ else1 j z reasonable1 = f9e words c be arrang$ 9 _m diff]5t ways by a practis$ orator4 ,:at1 !n1 we may f9ally ask1 0 ! secret ( ,mr4 ,glad/one's success s long z he 0 prosp]\s1 & :at 0 ! explanation ( 8 fall :5 x s sudd5ly arriv$8 ,! ?rifty skill ( calculation 9 e/imat+ ! gr[? ( que/ions :i* 8 :ole c>e] s irresi/ibly po9ts to 0 spok5 ( e>ly 9 ?is sket*2 b a man1 no matt] h[ judici\s 9 ! managem5t ( 8 own approa*es to a p>ty1 _c impose himself ^u x4 ,! ,lib]als1 on ! successive occasions1 welcom$ ,mr4 ,glad/one1 & did s gladly1 nev] mak+ 8 v late conv]sions a reproa*4 ,its lead]s 7 m vocif]\s 9 hail+ him at ea* r5ew$ arrival "o /age f>!r on ?an 7 ! rank & file1 ?\gh "s ( !m1 z ! ?+ 0 repeat$1 mu/ h be5 /ruck ) ! unfail+ punctuality ( 8 approa*4 ,n t we are pr(ess+ to sympa?ize ) ^! g5tlem54 ,if x satisfi$ !m t :5ev] !y _h upset a ,gov]nm5t1 be x t ( ,ab]de5 or ( ,palm]/on1 ! inevitable ,mr4 ,glad/one always em]g$ out ( ! wreck1 j a little m ,lib]al ?an ! day be=e1 ready to take ! fir/ pick ( places 9 ! new ,cab9et1 all well & good4 ,b ! fact 0 t 8 arrival always 0 a conv5i5ce1 =1 no matt] h[ ! sections diff]$ among !mselves1 ! rally+ r\nd ,mr4 ,glad/one z a fur!r sec$] f ,toryism 0 a proce$+ 9 :i* !y c\ld all jo91 & x gave !m1 aga9 & aga91 an appe>ance ( unanimity & cohesion4 ,?is 01 9 fact1 8 great function1 & 9 x he has be5 v valuable to ! p>ty4 ,besides1 ?\gh s late & seem+ly sl[ 9 politics1 he _h f ! fir/ be5 great1 & at ! outset ev5 precoci\s1 9 f9ance2 &1 fur!r1 he 0 a wond]ful orator1 ev5 quick] 9 debat+ ?an ,mr4 ,bright4 ,su* a p]sonage1 s l>gely prud5t & s highly gift$1 0 sure to succe$1 & to d s = a long "t2 b he 0 also c]ta9 to fail 9 ! end1 & t completely4 ,8 temp]am5t made t ne>ly c]ta94 ,he 0 always too busy mak+ spee*es1 or writ+ = ! press1 or answ]+ lett]s1 to be any p[] 9 social life4 ,a /range k9d ( semi-recluse1 b comb9+ ) bookworm habits a passion = spee*ify+ & = us+ ! p5ny po/1 0 n likely to conciliate ,london1 & he nev] did4 ,by-&-by he 0 rail+ at ! ,clubs1 because !y did n agree ) him2 & !n he _h next to appeal f ! metropolitan j\rnals to ! sup]ior politicians & bright] wits :o preside ov] ! prov9cial newspap]s4 ,all ?is progno/icat$ failure4 ,ev5 8 special gifts & ! k9d ( successes :i* fell to him turn$ into ! means ( help+ x4 ,8 turn = figures n unnaturally made imm$iate economy 8 great object1 =getful ( ! l>g] connection 9 su* a l& z ours betwe5 an imp]ial position 9 ! _w & ! pres]vation ( our comm]ce1 & ov]look+ also ! co/l9ess ( reass]t+ our position :5 a crisis came2 :ile 8 ready eloqu5ce1 hav+ no long] op5 to x ! old patriotic !mes1 _h to exp5d itself 9 ! adornm5t ( ,briti% abnegation1 & ! excit$ applause giv5 to 8 rhetoric 0 mi/ak5 by him = ass5t to 8 views1 till he 0 amaz$ to f9d himself sudd5ly q out ( accord ) ! nation1 & fall+1 he knew n :y1 headlong f p[]4 ,ev5 to ?is h\r he seems nev] to h _h ! lea/ misgiv+ t ! man :o c\ld speak ) su* complac5cy ( ! trad+ supremacy ( ! _w pass+ to ,am]ica 7see 8 article on ,k9 ,beyond ! ,sea71 & :o c\ld urge z a reason = our n c>+ to int]f]e 9 ,egypt t x w\ld be ! egg ( a ,nor? ,african empire 7see 8 article on ,aggression on ,egypt & ,fre$om 9 ! ,ea/71 0 n ! man to be ,engl&'s ,m9i/]4 ,b ! c\ntry _h f\nd x out ev5 be=e he wrote ^? articles2 8 ?reat5+ 8 c\ntrym5 ) ! calamity ( f9d+ ano!r empire on _! h&s1 9 ! only "p ( ! _w yet rema9+ to be explor$ & civiliz$1 has only prov$ t !y 7 "r1 & w n t]rify ,engli%m54 ,b a flu5t orator has always left to him a k9d ( gambl]'s hope ( retriev+ ev]y?+ by talk+4 ,mr4 ,glad/one is go+ to alt] ev]y?+ by mak+ a doz5 or two ( spee*es 9 ,scotl&4 ,are ^! ,midlo?ian h>angues to be long] ?an t made at ,gre5wi*1 or m num]\s ?an ^? utt]$ 9 ,lanca%ire8 ,!y may be z f9e z !y w = any?+ x signifies to ,cons]vatives1 if ! result is only aga9 ! same z on ! o!r occasions1 & x is h>dly likely t he w p]suade ,engli%m5 n[ amid/ _! return+ r5[n to despair ( ! future ( ,engl&4 ,a ,,cons]vative4 ,,! ,,anci5 ,,regime ,,& ,,! ,,revolution ,,9 ,,france4 ,hi/oire de l',anci5 ,regime1 p> ,,h5ri ,,ta9e4 ,p>is4 ,hi/oire de la ,revolution francaise1 p> ,,h5ri ,,ta9e4 ,p>is4 ,:5 ,de ,tocqueville19 8 celebrat$ "w ^u ! ,anci5 ,regime & ! ,revolution1 _h describ$ ! d[nfall ( ! ,b\rbon mon>*y1 he end$ ) ^! words3--,i h n[ rea*$ ! ?re%old ( ! great ,revolution2 on ?is occasion ,i %all n cross x1 b p]haps ,i may soon be 9 a position to d s1 & !n ,i %all no long] consid] its causes1 b its nature1 & %all f9ally v5ture to pass judgm5t on ! society t has proce$$ f x4 ,dea? prev5t$ ?is admirable inquir] f accompli%+ 8 purpose1 a loss to ! hi/orical lit]ature ( ,europe = ev] to be regrett$1 & c]ta9ly n lea/ by ! au?or :o has n[ und]tak5 to fill up ! blank1 & complete ,de ,tocqueville's project$ task--! description1 namely1 ( mod]n ,france z ! outcome ( ! imm5se trans=mation :i* ! ,revolution br\ght ^u ! ,old ,fr5* ,/ate4 ,! fundam5tal pr9ciples :i* appe> s cle>ly & %>ply 9 ,tocqueville's developm5t are prom95t 9 ,ta9e's2 ! activity ( ! e>li] au?or prep>$ ! gr\nd = ! lat] to build on4 ,b we mu/ admit t ,ta9e's "w is pre-em95tly indep5d5t1 & 8 descriptions m /rik+1 broad1 & ri*ly col\r$ ?an ^? ( 8 precursor1 :ile ! mat]ial cont5ts ( 8 "w are (t5 diff]5t4 ,b :at1 9 spite ( ?is1 con/itutes ! resemblance betwe5 ! two m5 is1 _! hav+ = basis a common conception bo? ( ! ,/ate & :at x presupposes1 & ( ! hi/orian & 8 task4 ,x is ! v opposite ( ! mann] ( ?9k+ ent]ta9$ 9 ! eighte5? c5tury :i*1 )\t any he$ to ! peculi> "* ( ! necessities ( a giv5 p1 0 b5t on con/ruct+1 accord+ to simple rules ( reason & natural law1 ! be/ ,/ate = all "t4 ,ta9e1 9 a v /rik+ mann]1 decl>es himself free f su* an error4 ,9 #ahdi1 he obs]ves1 ,i 0 an elector1 & _h to take "p 9 ! nam+ ( a l>ge numb] ( ,deputies4 ,!re=e x 0 necess>y n only to decide z to p]sons1 b z to !ories z well2 ,i 0 requir$ to be ,royali/ or ,republican1 ,democrat or ,cons]vative1 ,sociali/ or ,bonap>ti/1 & ,i 0 no?+ ( ! k9d--nay1 ,i 0 no?+ at all1 & envi$ ^? :o _h ! luck to be some?+4 ,^! wor?y m5 built a con/itution z !y w\ld a h\se1 on ! mo/ ornam5tal1 mo/ new1 or mo/ simple plan2 a r[ ( models /ood ready = *oice1 a b>onial ca/le1 a burgh]'s h\se1 a work%op1 a b>rack1 a phalan/]y1 a cottage1 & ea* said ( 8 fav\rite model3 ',t is ! only prop] dwell+1 ! only "o a rational man w\ld inhabit4' ,to me ?is seem$ an utt] mi/ake4 ,a p1 z ,i ?\ght1 may inde$ be able to say :at h\se !y admire1 b "s exp]i5ce is ne$$ to tea* !m :at h\se !y ne$1 :e!r x be commodi\s & la/+1 /&s ! wea!r well1 & h>monizes ) ! cu/oms1 occupations1 & fancy ( its occupant4 ,we "h 9 ,france h nev] be5 cont5t ) our political erections2 9 ! c\rse ( eighty ye>s we h pull$ !m d[n & rebuilt !m ?irte5 times4 ,o!r nations h act$ diff]5tly1 & f\nd _! advantage 9 s do+4 ,!y h pres]v$ an old1 sub/antial build+1 enl>g$1 built ar\nd1 & beautifi$ x accord+ to _! ne$s1 b nev] attempt$ to build an ideal h\se at "o /roke1 accord+ to ! rules ( pure reason4 ,x w\ld !re=e appe> t ! sudd5 inv5tion ( an entirely new1 & at ! same "t suitable & durable con/itution is an und]tak+ t transc5ds human capacity4 ,! political & social =m :i* a p p]man5tly assumes is no matt] ( *oice1 b fix$ by its "* & its pa/4 ,x mu/ be suit$ to its idiosyncrasy1 ev5 9 ! m9ute/ po9ts1 or x w crack & fall4 ,!re=e we mu/ "k ourselves be=e we c discov] :at ! prop] con/itution = u is4 ,we mu/ inv]t ! accu/om$ me?od1 & fir/ =m to ourselves a picture ( ! nation be=e we sket* a con/itution4 ,at ! same "t ?is is a f> h>d] & wid] task ?an ! "o hi!rto 9 fav\r4 ,:at inquiries into pa/ & pres5t1 :at lab\r 9 all doma9s ( ?\ght & action1 are ne$$ to und]/& ) precision & complet5ess ! nature & gr[? ( a great p ?r\gh c5turies6 ,b x is ! only way to avoid putt+ out fir/ empty discussions & !n incoh]5t con/ructions2 &1 z reg>ds myself1 ,i %all n ?9k ( a political op9ion until ,i h le>nt to "k ,france4 ,f ?is rejection ( ! rationali/ic ,/ate !ory1 x foll[s1 ( c\rse1 t ! au?or decl9es ! /yle ( hi/orical writ+ t corresponds ) x4 ,we all "k h[ p>ties :o cont5d$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! ,revolution h gone on attempt+ to ju/ify _! hi/orical repres5tation ( x--,emigrants & ,feuillans1 ,girondi/s & ,montagn>ds1 ,bonap>ti/s & ,communi/s4 ,!y all knew exactly at ! beg9n+ ( _! hi/orical lab\rs :at ! conclusions arriv$ at w\ld be4 ,_! own p>ty _h ! ideal ( ! only heal?y ,/ate cut & dry1 & h5ce ! s5t5ce ^u companions1 allies1 & enemies 0 pron\nc$ be=eh&4 ,! desirable aspects ( ! ,revolution 7 ow+ to ! activity ( t p>ty1 ! undesirable to ! wor?lessness ( its adv]s>ies4 ,! /udy ( isolat$ facts only awoke real int]e/ 9 s f> z x %>p5$ ! p]ception ( ! ma9 po9t--our p>ty is "r1 all o!rs are wrong4 ,to ?is disposition ( m9d m ?an to any o!r h9drances we may attribute ! small advance made1 up to ! middle ( our c5tury1 9 ! k ( facts1 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,revolution2 ?is is :at expla9s ! else inexplicable ph5om5on t1 spite ( ! l>ge int]e/ felt 9 ! p]iod1 no hi/ory ( ,l\is ,,xvi4 drawn f au!ntic docum5ts has z yet be5 writt54 ,= t ev5 ! books ( ,de ,tocqueville & ,ta9e1 spite ( ! /r5g? ( _! au?ors' intellect & ! weal? ( _! mat]ial1 h n af=d$ u ?is1 we %all soon conv9c+ly see4 ,bo? ^! works1 h[ev]1 are invaluable prep>ations = ! writ+ ( su* a hi/ory4 ,) firm & decid$ political pr9ciples ( _! own1 bo? au?ors h det]m9$ to s]ve no p>ty1 b k only4 ,bo? desire to "k m5 & circum/ances be=e !y judge ( ! political exp]im5ts made4 ,bo? are full ( ! _s ( ! old say+3 ,human affairs are nei!r to be wept ov] nor laugh$ at1 b to be und]/ood4 ,x is only :5 we "k ! soil & ! se$ f :i* ! ,revolution sprang t we c und]/& its nature & work+1 & only f ! und]/&+ ( ! :ole c we pron\nce ^u ! details ) :i* factions h hi!rto conc]n$ !mselves 9 endless & unpr(itable debate4 ,we w illu/rate our mean+ by a contr>y proc$ure4 ,i h n unfrequ5tly he>d ! "q3 ,h[ c ,ta9e1 ^: fir/ volume reveals m fully ?an any previ\s "w ! utt] corruption ( ! ,anci5 ,regime1 place ! ,revolution 9 8 second 9 an equally unfav\rable light8 ,if ! old /ate 7 s completely good = no?+1 ! ,fr5* 7 p]fectly "r 9 utt]ly de/roy+ x4 ,accord+ly1 !re has be5 no want ( critics :o1 aft] ! appe>ance ( ! fir/ volume1 decl>$ ! au?or to be a ?or\gh ,lib]al1 &1 aft] ! second1 9 deep disappo9tm5t1 proclaim$ him a ?or\ghly reaction>y politician4 ,!re are1 inde$1 c]ta9 passages t might lead to su* a conclusion1 c]ta9 inconsi/5cies d appe>1 b on ! :ole x is self-evid5t1 f an hi/orical /&po9t1 t out ( s evil a condition z ! fir/ volume pa9ts ! d>k pictures ( ! second mu/ ne$s gr[4 ,r %\ld we h _h cause to wond] if f a diseas$ root !re _h sprung a heal?y tree4 ,! m5 ( ! ,revolution _h gr[n up on no o!r soil & 9 no o!r atmosph]e ?an t ( ! ,anci5 ,regime2 x 0 "u x t _! notions _h aris51 _! passions be5 fo/]$1 & _! ideal =m$2 x 0 !re t _! nature _h receiv$ its /amp & _! /riv+s _! direction2 & if all relations 7 dislocat$1 political feel+ p]v]t$1 all portions ( ! p fill$ ) bitt] hatr$ aga9/ ! ,/ate & ea* o!r1 h[ %\ld pupils 9 su* a s*ool amid/ ! f9al %ock ( cata/rophes %[ !mselves m5 ( ripe exp]i5ce1 practical wisdom1 & det]m9$ en]gy8 ,he :o has once tak5 9 ?is simple tru? w be mu* incl9$ to a mild judgm5t ( individual m5 & p>ties2 at all ev5ts1 he w n be able abruptly to take sides ei!r = or aga9/ ! ,anci5 ,regime or ! ,revolution4 ,= "o ?+ w h gr[n cle> to him1 t ! ,revolution 0 n ! de/roy] alone1 b ! und5iable (fspr+1 ( ! old condition ( ?+s4 ,t a "w ( ,h5ri ,ta9e's displays lit]>y ability ( ! fir/ ord] !re is no ne$ to say4 ,8 repres5tation ( ev5ts is gr\nd$ on mo/ indu/ri\s /udy2 unpubli%$ docum5ts ( all k9ds are cit$1 z well z pr9t$ works1 & among ! latt] we h n only ,fr5*1 b =eign au?orities--,engli% m especially--:ile ,g]man are h>dly s mu* z notic$4 ,at all ev5ts1 ! mass ( ?or\ghly explor$ mat]ial is enorm\s1 & our hi/orical k is frequ5tly ext5d$1 rectifi$1 & cle>$ !reby4 ,we %all attempt to foll[ ! g5]al l9e ( ?\ght runn+ ?r\gh ! book1 & n[ & !n to controv]t x on c]ta9 po9ts4 ,x w be rememb]$ to :at pregnant results ,tocqueville's inquiries l$4 ,! c5traliz$ gov]nm5t ( ,france is by no means a creation ( our c5tury1 b a production ( ! ,anci5 ,regime4 ,s9ce ! days ( ,ri*elieu1 m9i/]s ( f9ance & _! int5dants & delegates _h tak5 ! exclusive *>ge ( police ( e k9d1 public works & plans1 ! economic & spiritual welf>e ( ! p4 ,! elem5t>y pr9ciples ( political lib]ty & p>liam5t>y con/itution1 ( indep5d5t local adm9i/ration & comm]cial fre$om1 7 de/roy$ !reby4 ,spiritual & temporal magnates _h be5 almo/ sov]eigns 9 ! di/ricts 9 :i* !y fulfill$ ! duties ( gov]nm5t1 pres]v$ int]nal & ext]nal peace1 protect$ local int]e/s1 & consequ5tly impos$ taxes & corvees ^u _! dep5d5ts1 :ile (t5 successfully resi/+ royal aggression--all ^! magnates 7 n[ z unconditionally z ! mass ( ! p subject$ to ! royal bureaucracy & =c$ out ( all political activity--!nce=?1 z hat$ p>asites1 !y _h to live at ! co/ ( ! work+ p4 ,! ,k+1 !re=e1 assembl$ !m at 8 ,c\rt1 :]e1 9 comp5sation = _! loss ( lib]ty & hon\r1 p5sions & pres5ts--always at ! co/ ( ! p--7 heap$ ^u !m4 ,?us ! popul> hatr$ w5t on int5sify+ ) e g5]ation1 & 0 at l5g? ! s\rce & ess5tial elem5t ( ! great ,revolution4 ,x is on ?is !sis t ,ta9e bases 8 repres5tation ( ! subject4 ,privileges 7 once ! rew>d ( political s]vice done by ! heads & lead]s ( ! p 9 _! own t]ritories4 ,!n1 ! l&lord liv$ 9 ! mid/ ( 8 dep5d5ts--8 own int]e/ 0 id5tical ) _! welf>e1 he 0 l9k$ ) !m by natural & traditional ties1 & appe>$ z _! p[]ful advocate :5ev] ! ,/ate attempt$ any arbitr>y & oppressive measure4 ,n[ bureaucratic gov]nm5t divid$ ! l&[n]s f ! p1 & by ! unju/ifi$ cont9uance ( _! privileges set ! two h5ce=? 9 opposition4 ,= because ! nobleman paid no taxes1 ! burgh] & f>m] _h to make up ! deficit4 ,because he reta9$ ! "r ( *ase1 8 game _h to be f$ on ! crops ( 8 t5ants4 ,if a n inconsid]able numb] ( ! high] middle classes ga9$ ! special privileges ( nobility1 ! bur!ns ( ! re/ ( ! p 7 only increas$ !reby4 ,! au?or has r5d]$ u praisewor?y s]vice by expos+ ! ext5t ( privileges & feudal rights on "o h&1 & ( ! increase ( taxes & duties on ! o!r1 m fully & precisely ?an any o!r writ] has done4 ,?or\gh inve/igation has br\ght out a /ill m appall+ condition ?an _h be5 imag9$4 ,aft] ! ,/ate1 ! ,*ur*1 & ! l&lord _h receiv$ _! rates1 ! %>e ( ! f>m] 9 ! proce$s ( 8 l& nev] am\nt$ to m ?an a half1 & (t5 8 taxes rose to eighty p] c5t4 ( 8 income4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! privileg$ classes paid at lea/ a fif? less ?an ! j proportion1 & knew h[ to obta9 on a ye>ly av]age at lea/ a hundr$ millions 9 ! %ape ( pres5ts1 p5sions1 c4 ,) increas+ly few exceptions1 !re 0 no m ?\ght ( any c>e to be tak5 ( ! l[] classes by ! high]4 ,prelates & magnates /ream$ t[>ds ,v]sailles2 all t ! peasants knew ( !m 0 f _! unm]ciful ag5ts com+ = r5t & taxes4 ,?us ,france fell asund] into two worlds )\t1 un=tunately1 any reciprocal k or common int]e/1 divid$ by contempt & hatr$--worlds t liv$ on side by side1 ! small] 9 weal?1 enjoym5t1 elegance1 & luxury1 &1 above all1 brilliant idl5ess2 ! l>g] 9 pov]ty1 wret*$ness1 ignorance1 savag]y1 &1 above all1 9 ev]-gr[+ & dev\r+ bitt]ness ( he>t--a condition su* z no o!r nation ( ,*ri/ian ,europe _h ev] be=e come to4 ,n[ all ?is is p]fectly correct1 & ,ta9e proves x by a mass ( au!ntic te/imony3 nev]!less x may be obs]v$ t x is only a "p ( ! tru?1 & by ?is "o-sid$ness ! au?or has be5 l$ into error4 ,i am n[ allud+ to ! fir/ "p ( ?is exposition1 t :i* treats ( ! c5tralization ( ! gov]nm5t 9 ! h&s ( royal (ficials z ! deepe/ root ( all ?is mis*ief4 ,! wor/ side ( ?is c5tralization _h be5 incontrov]tibly expos$ by ,de ,tocqueville1 b none ! less 8 repres5tation 0 unfair & unju/1 because x made no m5tion ( ! bright] side4 ,no "o c conte/ t ! political inactivity ( m5 ( all positions 9 a sy/em t ref]r$ ! g5]al int]e/s ( ,france to a bureaucracy1 demoraliz$ ! high] classes & left ! l[] ignorant & inexp]i5c$4 ,/ill ! hi/orian %\ld n =get ! actual a*ievem5ts ( ?is great bureaucracy4 ,"u ,colb]t's guidance x creat$ ! civic ord] & economical beg9n+s ( mod]n ,france4 ,x1 = ! fir/ "t 9 ,france1 r5d]$ ?r\gh\t a c5tury a burgh]s' w> an impossible ?+1 & x /imulat$ int]nal traffic by roads & canals1 :i* gave rise to c\ntless indu/rial & comm]cial und]tak+s4 ,lat]1 "u ,turgot & ,neck]1 x wag$1 on behalf ( ! p1 w> aga9/ ! pressure ( privileges1 ?\ght prim>ily ( re=m & progress1 & saw ) bitt] regret ! defeat ( its popul> ef=ts by ! opposition ( ! nobles4 ,tocqueville himself tells h[ ! ,lib]al p>ties be=e ! ,revolution ?\ght m ( re=ms ?an lib]ties--t is to say1 !y expect$ ! improvem5t ( _! condition f a fur!r /r5g!n+ ( ! ,mon>*y4 ,x came to a ,revolution fir/1 h[ev]4 ,! ,mon>*y1 wield$ by ! feeble h& ( ,l\is ,,xvi41 0 unequal to ! task2 !n privileges fell = ev]1 b aft] t5 ye>s mon>*ical c5tralization arose anew 9 ord] a second "t to satisfy ! ne$s & incl9ations ( ! ,fr5* p ?r\gh\t ?ree g5]ations4 ,x seems !re=e a mi/ake to pa9t ?is in/itution s out & out black4 ,we may lam5t t x has n m]ely done no?+ to educate ! ,fr5* 9 political lib]ty1 b has z mu* z possible /ifl$ lib]ty & ! v s5se ( x among !m4 ,b h[ )\t x1 "u ! circum/ances t succe$$ to ! religi\s w>s & ! ,fronde1 any?+ l a positive con/itution ev] c\ld h aris5 9 ,france1 ,de ,tocqueville does n say4 ,we are inde$ amaz$ :5 ,ta9e1 9 8 enum]ation ( ! privileg$ classes z ^? luxuri\s idl]s1 ^? once political s]vants :o _h n[ r5\nc$ all political influ5ce1 numb]s1 z ?ird ) ! cl]gy & nobility1 ! ,k+--! head ( t ,gov]nm5t1 :i* 0 only too zeal\s 9 work+1 & !reby drew all ! p[] ( ! ,/ate to itself & exclud$ all o!rs f c>e = ! common weal4 ,"h !re is an evid5t contradiction1 nor is x any way cle>$ up by ! circum/ance t p]sonally ,l\is ,,xv4 vi$ 9 indol5ce & debau*]y ) ! wor/ ( 8 c\rti]s1 or t 8 un=tunate successor sp5t mu* ( 8 "t & en]gy 9 ,c\rt etiquette & ! *ase4 ,= ! reign ( ,l\is ,,xvi4 0 f fir/ to la/ sp5t 9 ef=ts1 by ! sett+ aside ( feudal privileges1 alike to /r5g!n ! ,cr[n & promote ! good ( ! p1 & 9 no case c x be m incorrect to look ^u ! ,cr[n z a dev\r+ p>asitical gr[? ^u ! body ( ! ,/ate4 ,?is br+s me back to my =m] rem>k3 _h ,ta9e in/ead ( or by ! side ( 8 picture ( society "u ! ,anci5 ,regime writt5 ! hi/ory ( its la/ mon>*1 mo/ assur$ly he w\ld h avoid$ ?is misconception4 ,b he admirably describes h[ ! brilliant & empty position ( ! high] class l$ /ep by /ep to ru94 ,^! di/+ui%$ p]sonages _h no e>ne/ & /r5u\s activity2 to be civil (ficials appe>$ to ! majority ( !m bel[ _! dignity4 ,!y adopt$ ! army z a m]e sph]e ( *ivalr\s adv5ture1 = ev5 !re1 !re 0 no "q = !m ( rigid discipl9e2 !y left ! drill+ & c>e ( _! troops to subalt]ns & s]geants4 ,bi%ops & abbots drew imm5se rev5ues1 & gallantly (f]$ _! devotion to fair dames1 b z to div9e s]vices & cure ( s\ls1 !y 7 ! affair ( ne$y prie/s & hungry vic>s4 ,! only field = _! ambition & int]e/ 0 ! ,c\rt1 ! salon1 good society4 ,to %9e !re 0 ! object ( _! di/+ui%$ lives4 ,& z ! ,fr5* p h ev] be5 l>gely end[$ ) grace & esprit1 ^! ef=ts result$ 9 a p]fection ( p]sonal appe>ance1 a virtuoso-%ip ( social int]c\rse1 a fix$ & yet highly ela/ic code ( bon ton1 su* z ! _w nev] saw be=e or s9ce4 ,until !n ! fir/ class ( a great nation _h nev] be5 kn[n to make ! =mation ( an exquisite society its highe/1 nay1 its only life-purpose1 to subord9ate & sacrifice m5tal activity1 moral /r5g?1 & individuality ( "* to ! promotion & claims ( ?is cultus4 ,"h ! f9al end ( exi/5ce 0 enjoym5t 9 all imag9able degrees1 & ?\ght & action 7 rigidly direct$ to x4 ,t ! greate/ "p ( life %\ld be sp5t 9 society 0 ! mo/ press+ requirem5t ( polit5ess1 ! reciprocal recognition )\t :i* all society becomes un5durable4 ,! conv5tional =ms 9 :i* ?is recognition clo!d itself became ! law ( ?is great _w1 & ! consequ5ces 7 felt on all sides4 ,any appe>ance ( individual peculi>ity or op9ion came to be held unfitt+2 to be o!r or bett] ?an ! re/ 0 an (f5ce aga9/ mann]s4 ,equally =bidd5 0 ! manife/ation ( any /rong passion1 a ?+ by its v nature oppos$ to ! sway ( conv5tionality4 ,vice !re=e 0 excus$ if x pres5t$ itself gracefully1 & almo/ hon\r$ if x br\ght a />tl+ & excit+ v>iety into ! monotony ( daily life4 ,m5tal enjoym5ts 7 z welcome z s5sual1 provid$ !y c\ld be _h )\t tr\ble or lab\r1 = ! aim 0 n to be in=m$1 b amus$1 & s any k9d ( k 0 good1 ) ! exception ( ! t$i\s4 ,h5ce x foll[$ t all m5tal acquirem5t 0 e/imat$ n by ! wor? ( its cont5t b ! excell5ce ( its =m3 ab/ract intellig5ce 9 ! s]vice ( enjoym5t1 su* 0 ! motto ( ?is society4 ,g5ial orig9ality1 unconsci\s creative p[]1 native vig\r1 7 ?or\ghly antipa!tic !re1 or only tol]at$ 9 s f> z !y made !mselves subs]vi5t to ! rul+ mood4 ,a fur!r consid]ation ( h[ ess5tially ^! *>act]i/ics ( good society t5d$ to /r5g!n & %>p5 ! revolution>y !ories ( its deadly foes1 "h becomes in/ructive4 ,! developm5t ( ?is process may inde$ be look$ ^u z ! sali5t po9t 9 ,ta9e's "w1 = (t5 z ! ,fr5* lit]ature & philosophy ( ! eighte5? c5tury h be5 treat$ (1 ,i "k ( no e>li] au?or :o ) su* ext5sive mat]ial & p5etrat+ insight has cle>ly br\ght out ! cont9u\s reciprocal action ( circum/ances & !ories1 & ?us ga9$ an unalt]able scale = ! measurem5t ( bo? by hi/ory4 ,ta9e beg9s1 z is j1 ) ! mighty impetus giv5 to natural sci5ce s9ce ! middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury ?r\gh\t ,europe1 by :i* a way 0 op5$ = an utt]ly new view ( ! _w & ( m51 9 opposition to ! speculative & !ological conceptions ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,next comes "u consid]ation ! preval5ce ( ! inductive me?od1 ! rejection ( all dogmatic assumption1 ! repugnance to all intuitive ideas1 ! proclamation ( obs]vation & exp]im5t z ! only s\rces ( v]ifiable k4 ,^! pr9ciples hav+ be5 at once unconditionally ackn[l$g$ 9 ! sph]e ( natural sci5ce1 ! next /ep 0 to apply ! tone ( ?\ght !y _h eng5d]$ to ! ph5om5a ( spiritual & social life1 & "h also to dem& ?or\gh inve/igation by ! "o true au?ority--criticism4 ,:atev] ! consequ5ce ( ?is inve/igation might 9 p>ticul> cases be1 ! v fact t x _h be5 dem&$1 t ! "r ( ! exi/+1 z su*1 0 d5i$1 t ! au?ority ( tradition 0 subject$ to t ( critical reason--?is betok5$ a new epo* 9 ! _w's hi/ory1 & op5$ out possibilities ( hi!rto undream$-( progress 9 politics & religion1 ,/ate & ,*ur*1 mat]ial & spiritual culture4 ,x is n[ pla9 t if ! inductive me?od c lead to su* positive results1 its application %\ld be ?or\gh & univ]sal4 ,no naturali/ deliv]s a g5]al law z to ! life ( an organism be=e he has consid]$ its orig91 exi/5ce1 & decay 9 all _! /ages1 comp>$ x ) its l1 sep>at$ x f its unlike2 = x is j ?r\gh ! discov]y & recognition ( ! em95tly special t analysis leads him to ! compreh5sion ( univ]sal tru?4 ,& accord+ to ?is same rule1 9 ord] to arrive at a j & practicable idea ( re=m = any ,/ate1 a great mass ( special obs]vations by te*nically practis$ & prep>$ eyes w\ld h be5 requir$2 legal1 economical1 & hi/orical inquiries made2 ! peculi>ities ( individuals & peoples1 ( ! epo* & /age ( culture1 mu/ h be5 kn[n2 ! n m]ely p]sonal b collective functions ( human nature 9 _! bases & action inve/igat$3 = only :5 all ?is _h be5 accompli%$ c\ld x be ass]t$ t ! organism ( ! ,/ate & its laws _h be5 dealt ) aft] ! mann] ( a g5u9e naturali/1 & t we 7 n[ 9 a condition to judge ( s+le actualities accord+ to ^! laws4 ,h[ came x t 9 ! ,france ( ! eighte5? c5tury ! v opposite occurr$--t politicians1 /imulat$ by "y natural sci5ce1 %\ld f ! v fir/ turn _! backs ^u ! inductive me?od1 & evolve ! future ,/ate rationali/ically1 accord+ to a few ab/ract pr9ciples8 ,ta9e conv9c+ly %[s ! reason ( ?is3 x 0 *iefly ! influ5ce ( fa%ionable society ^u lit]ature :i* l$ to ?is fatal t5d5cy4 ,! highe/ circles 9 ,p>is & ,v]sailles1 9 _! brilliant b idle exi/5ce1 71 z we h se51 z int5t ^u m5tal z s5sual excitem5t1 & !re=e prep>$ to op5 _! doors to e litt]ateur :o c\ld satisfy ?is dem&4 ,n[1 ow+ to ! actual /ructure ( society 9 ,france1 ! writ] :o did n *oose m]ely to devote himself to a few pr(essional subjects _h no o!r public ?an ?is di/+ui%$ class4 ,!y & !y alone 7 9 a position to secure him praise1 hon\rs1 & a c]ta9 income1 !re=e x 0 mo/ natural t ! writ] %\ld con=m to requirem5ts ^u ! satisfaction ( :i* 8 lit]>y c>e] 0 s absolutely dep5d5t4 ,we h n[ to inquire :at 7 ! *>act]i/ics ( ! preval5t tone ( ?\ght among ! highe/ class4 ,fir/ a horror ( all ?or\ghness1 all endur+ & labori\s p]sev]ance1 all deep e>ne/ness & spiritual recollection4 ,= all ?is 0 ! v opposite ( enjoym5t & div]sion1 x 0 a fall+ into ! deadly s9 ( t$i\sness4 ,x 0 desirable1 inde$1 to h mu* & v>i$ k1 b rapidly & lightly1 by vivid & pung5t discussion1 to rea* ! qu9tess5ce ( ! mo/ int]e/+ po9ts & conclusions4 ,consequ5tly ! au?or's productions became re/less1 _m-sid$1 & sup]ficial4 ,! mass ( in=mation 9 e dep>tm5t ( k :i* ,voltaire1 = in/ance1 _h at 8 disposal 0 imm5se2 b ! work+ out & application ( x 7 /rongly ha/y1 aphori/ic1 & frivol\s4 ,to ?is 0 add$ ! dislike ! public ( ! "t _h to any individual peculi>ity1 its t5d5cy to =ce all p]sonalities into "o conv5tional =m--an ef=t equally fatal to poetic creation & to ! hi/orical s5se4 ,= su* m5 z ^! ! _w 0 compreh5d$ 9 :at !y call$ ! great _w2 !y _h lo/ ! p[] ( imag9+ t !re 0 or ev] _h be5 an exi/5ce outside ( x & absolutely unlike x2 or if 9 any p>ticul> case ! a/\nd+ fact c\ld n be entirely conceal$1 x 0 und]/ood t among cultivat$ p]sons x c\ld nev] be giv5 any importance4 ,ev5 on ! /age x 0 no long] consid]$ becom+ t peasants or lab\r]s1 a ,p]uvian or ,iroquois1 %\ld speak 9 _! own natural mann]2 !y 7 all alike r5d]$ polite1 s5t5ti\s1 & flu5t z _! di/+ui%$ audi5ce4 ,ea* local & individual tone 0 rubb$ away1 e p]son ( ! drama 0 b a m\?piece = ! eighte5?-c5tury eloqu5ce ( ! au?or4 ,z ) ! drama1 s ) o!r lit]ature4 ,ta9e correctly obs]ves t if we read an ,engli% romance ( ! p]iod1 we h be=e our eyes a section ( ! ,engli% p2 b a ,fr5* "o1 ?\gh widely v>y+ 9 g>b1 conta9s inv>iably a picture ( a ,fr5* salon1 & t only4 ,9 pres5ce ( s univ]sal a mood z ?is1 h[ c\ld any "o come to ! /udy ( ! ,/ate by means ( difficult & di/ant rese>*es on hi/orical gr\nd8 ,montesquieu did x1 b he rema9$ solit>y among 8 contempor>ies1 won mu* celebrity1 b ex]cis$ v little influ5ce4 ,! o!r re=m]s us$ quickly to turn ov] ! pages ( hi/ories 9 ord] to f9d piquant quotations = "s ready-made !ory2 z1 = in/ance1 ! ambition ( prie/s1 ! falsehood ( diplomati/s1 ! insatiability ( pr9cely gre$4 ,z to ! complicat$ task ( judg+ any individual ,/ate & its con/itution accord+ to its climatic & geographic conditions & its hi/orical antec$5ts1 ) ! exception ( ,montesquieu1 no man dreamt ( t4 ,! public1 ) :om ! decision lay1 did n require any?+ ( ! k9d1 nay1 w\ld h repaid ! sev]e toil ) disapproval4 ,x plac$1 z we h be=e said1 f> m /ress on a pleasant =m ?an an in/ructive purpose1 c>$ b little = any subject 9 itself1 b only z af=d+ mat]ial = ! mo/ intellig5t1 yet at ! same "t mo/ compreh5sible & excit+ conv]sation4 ,9 debate no trace ( previ\s k won by p]sonal ef=t 0 pre-suppos$2 all t 0 ne$$ 0 nev] to be commonplace1 & 9 e case to br+ =w>d new & amaz+ tru?s4 ,accord+ly spee* & /yle /rove nei!r = fulness nor dep?1 b s mu* ! m = cle>ness & conclusiv5ess4 ,9 exposition1 ! progress 0 regul> f syllogism to syllogism1 great c>e be+ tak5 nev] to skip ov] a middle t]m4 ,9 ord] to be impressive ! speak] became rhetorical1 9 ord] to conv9ce he endeav\r$ to r$uce e subject to "o univ]sal & easily inculcat$ proposition4 ,good society 0 delight$ to be ?us agreeably put 9 possession ( ! mo/ advanc$ views ( ! _w2 b lit]ature ?us all[$ itself to deviate f real k into ! way ( empty ab/raction4 ,t ! lit]ature ?us fo/]$ & guid$ %\ld f ! beg9n+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury h be5 9 opposition1 t s9ce ! middle ( x x %\ld h und]m9$ ) savage impetuosity all ! f\ndations ( exi/+ conditions1 ?is gave n ! lea/ %ock to di/+ui%$ society4 ,disgu/ at _! own impot5ce & ! omnipot5ce ( royal (ficials1 dislike to an intol]ant or?odoxy1 vexation at "s p]sonal neglect at ,c\rt1--altoge!r !re 0 cause en\gh = malici\s satisfaction :5 philosoph]s1 by bit+ criticisms1 made cle> ! /&po9t ( burd5some pot5tates4 ,& :5 an ev]-gr[+ & /r5g!n+ ,mat]ialism taught ! doctr9e ( physical enjoym5t & judici\s selfi%ness z ! guid+ pr9ciple ( human conduct1 x only spoke out :at _h half-unconsci\sly be5 ! sum ( all ! motives & activities ( high society4 ,b above all1 !ories 7 b !ories1 m]ely conv]sation1 excitem5t1 pa/ime4 ,! nobles declaim$ aga9/ obsolete abuses1 b naturally ea* meant to keep 8 own rightful possessions1 & among ^! 7 privileges & feudal rights4 ,!y felt consci\s ( a fre% sup]iority to ! ignorant masses1 because !y pr(ess$ humanit>ianism & lib]alism1 & spoke aga9/ sup]/ition & subord9ation4 ,t ^! mu*-admir$ !ories might by-&-by become common to ! :ole community1 & !n br+ ab\t horrible explosions--( ?is !y _h n ! remote/ suspicion4 ,any "o :o _h 9 #aghj prophesi$ su* a ?+ to ! ladies ( ,v]sailles1 w\ld h be5 look$ ^u z we %\ld look ^u a prophet n[adays1 :o told u t 9 ! next c5tury cats & dogs1 in/ead ( m51 7 to be lords ( creation4 ,?is1 !n1 0 ! public 9 ^: atmosph]e & ) ^: co-op]ation ! philosophy ( revolution>y enlight5m5t sprung up4 ,x 0 "h t x le>n$ its rapid & sup]ficial mode ( /udy1 its rejection ( an hi/orical _s 9 fav\r ( multitud9\s pres5t actualities1 its ta/e = rhetorically adorn$ =mulae & commonplaces4 ,:5 ! con/ruction ( ! be/ ,/ate 0 to be set ab\t1 common *>act]i/ics 7 collect$ f ! natural hi/ory ( mank9d1 su* z ! dislike to pa91 ! impulse t[>ds pleasure1 ! capacity ( =m+1 f s5sations1 repres5tations & conclusions4 ,^! *>act]i/ics 7 m]ely put toge!r z ! concept man1 & f ?is ab/ract man 7 d$uc$1 z 9 a ma!matical =mula1 ! laws ( politics1 morals1 & rights4 ,s9ce all m5 _h ! same natural impulse t[>ds happ9ess1 ! ,/ate mu/ r5d] x possible = !m all to rea* t aim4 ,s9ce all _h a natural capacity to =m concepts & conclusions1 !y w\ld be sure to employ ! "r means to t end s soon z _! h&s 7 left free1 or 9 case ( a mom5t>y mi/ake ^! "r means logically po9t$ out to !m4 ,t passion is1 9 po9t ( fact1 9 ! great majority ( m51 /rong] ?an reason1 & desire m impetu\s ?an ?\ght1 0 disreg>d$ by ^! admir]s ( ab/ract reason2 ! fact t ea* man _h ! faculty ( draw+ a logical conclusion appe>$ to !m to insure 8 con=m+ 8 conduct to ! requirem5ts ( t conclusion4 ,if a logically =mulat$ pro( ( ! excell5ce ( "o ( ! ,con/itutions !y _h sket*$ c\ld be arriv$ at1 !y fanci$ t ! security & durability ( its con/ruction 0 p]fectly gu>ante$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 t ! pres]vation ( con/itutional ord] requir$ o!r =ces besides logical discussions1 ?is 0 altoge!r outside _! range ( ?\ght4 ,b logic kn[s no limits beyond ! evolution ( its own conceptions4 ,! exi/+ condition ( ?+s l5t itself to be+ gr\nd to p[d]4 ,be=e ! critical assault ( ! new tea*+ no def5ce ( ! ho>y unrighte\sness ( ! ,old ,regime c\ld make a /&2 ! pity 0 t1 accord+ to its own pr9ciples1 ! =m] f\nd x impossible to atta9 to a firm & endur+ con/itution ( any sort or col\r4 ,b1 if possible1 ! !ories afloat set 9 aga9/ ! exi/+ ecclesia/ical sy/em ev5 m /rongly ?an aga9/ ! political con/itution4 ,! natural sci5ce ( ! day af=d$ f> m mat]ial = battle on t gr\nd ?an ! o!r4 ,a/ronomy1 physiology1 & an?ropology jo9$ ) ! ef=ts ( philosophy to demon/rate t miracle 0 a delusion1 revelation un?9kable1 & an extra-mundane ,god unv]ifiable4 ,soon num]\s voices exalt$ negation into ! positive /atem5t t e idea ( ,god %\ld be reject$1 & t ! s-call$ s\l 9 man 0 only ! highe/ function ( organiz$ matt]4 ,true1 ,voltaire rema9$ ?r\gh life a ,dei/1 & ,r\sseau decl>$ 8 fai? 9 ,god & 9 ! immortality ( ! s\l2 b ! "o all ! m resolutely cont5d$ aga9/ ! div9e in/itution ( ! ,*ur*1 & ! o!r aga9/ ! fundam5tal ,*ri/ian doctr9es ( ,s9 & ,ju/ification4 ,h[ev] diff]5t ea* may h be5 f ! o!r1 !y wag$ 9 common a w> = life & dea? aga9/ ! ,*ur*1 ! w> ( utt]ly oppos$ pr9ciples4 ,tocqueville 0 wrong 9 say+ t ! ,revolution 0 only inimical to ! ,*ur* z a feudal & ari/ocratic in/itution2 t aft] x _h lo/ its weal? & privileges1 democratic society recogniz$ h[ /rong a democratic mom5tum ! ,*ur* itself conta9$1 & accord+ly gave itself up ) increas$ w>m? to religi\s feel+s4 ,"h !re is no d\bt ,ta9e's record is ! m correct "o4 ,! ,revolution knew well t x desir$ n ! weal? only1 b ! fall ( ! ,*ur*2 & n ! p>tisans ( ! ,revolution1 b its adv]s>ies1 ^: numb]s 7 l>gely swell$ by ! cruelties ( ! ,t]ror1 h br\ght ab\t ! elevation ( ! ,*ur* 9 our own c5tury4 ,if we n[ contemplate some:at m n>r[ly ! ,con/itutional !ory ( ! illum9ation1 we %all disc]n two *>act]i/ic & prom95t features1 :i*1 on ! "o h&1 %[ its desc5t f ! inn]mo/ core ( ! ,anci5 ,regime1 &1 on ! o!r1 v en]getically det]m9$ ! :ole c\rse ( ! ,revolution4 ,! ideal /ate d$uc$ f ! univ]sal *>act]i/ics ( mank9d 0 z cosmopolitan z levell+4 ,j z on ! /age ( ! p]iod1 ,fr5*man & savage1 anci5t ,greek & mod]n ,p>isian1 spoke ! same language1--t ( ! salons ( ,v]sailles1--s political !ories recogniz$ nei!r ,fr5*man nor ,engli%man1 ,ca?olic nor ,prote/ant1 educat$ nor un$ucat$1 only ,man 9 g5]al4 ,!y nev] consid]$ :at in/itutions w\ld be adequate1 9 ,france1 to ! ne$s & capacities ( ! educat$ ranks & un$ucat$ masses1 or h[ f> ! habits & op9ions ( _! nation w\ld r5d] ! adoption ( a =eign in/itution practicable or injuri\s2 r !y =mulat$ ! rights ( m51 ( ab/ract in/ead ( actually exi/+ m51 & 7 conv9c$ t a con/itution bas$ !reupon 0 = all m51 & consequ5tly = all peoples1 ! only good1 & !re=e ! only lawful "o4 ,& j z cle> z ! equality ( nations "u ! new political law1 appe>$ ! equality ( all m5 9 ! new ,/ate1 by :i* 0 meant n m]ely a claim to equal protection by law1 or equal facility 9 obta9+ "o's rights1 b a dem& = ! realization ( an inborn & mat]ial equality ( rights4 ,?is1 z is well kn[n1 0 ! po9t on :i* ,r\sseau took 8 /&1 & gave ! la/ & decisive direction to ! imp5d+ democratic revolution4 ,ta9e ju/ly obs]ves h[ frequ5tly1 9 spite ( _! common pr9ciples1 ,r\sseau's "* & way ( life l$ him to take diff]5t views f ^? ( ,voltaire & ! ,encyclopa$i/s4 ,! deepe/ & mo/ unqualifi$ indignation ( ^! la/ 0 inspir$ by :at !y call$ sup]/ition1 /upidity1 & prie/craft1 ! trans=mation ( ! old ,/ate be+ ) !m m an affair ( ! intellect ?an ! feel+s1 a conclusion drawn f _! univ]sal !ory & an ideal requirem5t ( philan?ropy4 ,x 0 g5]osity t l$ !m to appe> z ! advocates ( ! poor & _! woes1 :ile !y !mselves 7 high 9 ! approval & fav\r ( ! be/ society4 ,r\sseau1 on ! o!r h&1 _h himself l$ ! life ( ! proletaire2 9 ! n]v\s excitability & measureless vanity :i* made him almo/ pr\d] ( 8 weaknesses & vices ?an ( ! greatness & /r5g? ( 8 tal5ts he--poor1 (t5 hungry1 n seldom degrad$ & revil$--_h fill$ himself ) burn+ wra? aga9/ ! fav\r$ ( e>?ly =tune1 ! noble & ! ri*1 ! revell]s 9 idl5ess & luxury4 ,?is gr[+ hatr$ he transf]r$ to ! ,/ate & ! laws :i* _h produc$ s unrighte\s a contra/ betwe5 man & man4 ,m51 he ma9ta9$1 7 9 _! orig9al condition good1 because equal4 ,x 0 ! ,/ate1 culture1 society1 t fir/ introduc$ inequality1 & vice & crime !reby4 ,! exi/+ ord] 0 n m]ely incompet5t1 z ! ,encyclopa$i/s ass]t$1 b hurtful1 poison\s1 deadly4 ,&1 9 contra/ to x1 he sket*es a picture ( ! true human ,/ate4 ,equal & good m5 assemble 9 _! natural condition to ?9k on ! basis ( _! future ,/ate4 ,ea* end[s ! new community ) all lib]ty & prop]ty1 9 ord] to receive back an equal %>e ( ! managem5t & ! possessions ( ! :ole4 ,b ?is :ole is omnipot5t4 ,no laws b9d its w1 = its w is ! s\rce ( all law4 ,no k+1 no (ficial1 no sup]ior rules ov] x2 ea* individual is only emp[]$ to act1 s f> & s long z he upholds ! pl5ipot5ce ( ! sov]eign mass4 ,x is n ! upp] classes :o comm& ! p1 b ! p :i* require ob$i5ce f its (fic]s & ?r[s !m away :5 !y no long] please x4 ,= individual lib]ty !re is "h no place2 b ow+ to ! equality ( all1 ! free w ( ! masses joy\sly & h>moni\sly prevails4 ,= a season ^! doctr9es only s]v$ to af=d a welcome m5tal /imulant to ! m9ds1 if n ( ! nobility1 ( ! cultivat$ & prop]ty-possess+ classes4 ,! high]1 & soon ! l[]1 b\rgeoisie inflat$ !mselves ) ^! views4 ,at ?is p]iod !y %>$ c]ta9 ( ! privileges ( ! nobles1 fill$ num]\s & prom95t (fices 9 ! ,/ate1 gave to ! nation its l>ge/ numb] ( fam\s ?9k]s & poets1 promot$ indu/ry & comm]ce1 & daily increas$ 9 weal?1 :ile ! nobles1 by _! extravagance1 ru9$ !mselves f9ancially4 ,! =m] 71 !re=e1 full ( ! consci\sness ( _! own dignity1 & f\nd ! cont9u$ prec$5ce claim$ by ! nobles to be un5durable4 ,!y believ$ ) inw>d satisfaction 9 ?is doctr9e ( ! equality ( all m5 & ! sov]eignty ( ! :ole4 ,=1 in/ead ( ! privileg$1 x seem$ to !m self-evid5t t ow+ to _! culture !y1 ! hi!rto unprivileg$1 ought to /& out prom95tly among ! p z lead]s ( t gov]n+ :ole4 ,?us ! /ate ( fre$om & equality w\ld be ! /ate ( pure reason z well1 &1 !re=e1 ! lead+ position c\ld n fail to fall to !m1 ! ma/]s ( reasonable discussion4 ,mean:ile ! mass ( ! poor1 :olly cut (f f ! s\rces ( culture & ! m5tal movem5ts ( _! c\ntry1 = long ye>s knew no?+ ( ?is absolute gov]n+ p[] :i*1 accord+ to ! new discov]ies1 inali5ably belong$ to x1 & 0 s surpris+ly soon to fall into its lap4 ,! only *ange 9 _! condition1 & ?us ! only prep>ation = _! future sov]eignty1 0 an increase ( outw>d di/ress & ( inw>d confusion & embitt]m5t2 & !n came ! "t :5 ! small circle to :i* education & enjoym5t 7 limit$1 & ! ,/ate p[] !y wield$1 fell into int]nal demoralization1 /rife ( factions1 & f9ancial emb>rassm5ts1 till ! v ,cr[n itself 0 oblig$ to summon popul> =ces to w> aga9/ ! privileg$4 ,all ! spr+s ( ,/ate ma*9]y refus$ to "w1 c(f]s 7 empty1 au?orities & classes at bitt] int]nec9e /rife1 ! army unreliable & undiscipl9$4 ,x 0 "u circum/ances l ^! t ! mass ( ! p 9 t[ns & villages he>d f _! c&idates1 advocates1 & demagogues1 :at 9 tru? _! rights 74 ,9 _! ignorance & want1 _! rud5ess & embitt]m5t1 !y sudd5ly le>nt t = !m--z sov]eign--limits1 obligations1 au?ority no long] exi/$1 t ! old corruption & slavi% condition 0 to be ?or\ghly got rid (1 & t !n ev]y?+ w\ld belong to !m4 ,!y li/5$ ) gre$y e>s1 & ru%$ =w>d to trample "u foot :atev] s\ght to conte/ ^! rights ( !irs4 ,! highe/ & noble/ aims lur$ ! c5tury on1 & animat$ ! he>ts ( c\ntless wor?y m53 lib]ty1 well-be+1 & culture = all1 no diff]5ce betwe5 man & man b t ( tal5t & virtue1 frat]nity among all citiz5s 9 ! ,/ate & all nations on ! e>?2 ^! 7 ! ideals t #aghj proclaim$ to ! _w & ! future1 & !re=e ! ,fr5* /ill love to speak ( ! dea?less pr9ciples & fair days ( ?is fir/ epo* ( ! ,revolution4 ,all ?is1 ,?i]s tells u1 w\ld h be5 admirably realiz$ _h n evil-he>t$ emigrants & =eign ,p[]s by _! malignant attacks1 driv5 ! mo/ humane ( all ,revolutions into desp]ation1 a fight = exi/5ce1 & blood%$4 ,all w\ld h gone well1 says ,l\is ,blanc1 _h n ! wick$ ,!rmidorians1 on ! occasion ( ,robespi]re's fall1 br\ght 9 a policy ( vice & self-seek+ in/ead ( "o ( virtue & bro!rly love4 ,probably1 on ! o!r side ! ,vosges1 eighty m5 out ( e hundr$ adopt "o or o!r ( ^! views1 & s x is easily intelligible t ! m]ciless facts by :i* ,ta9e %att]s ^! fair pictures %\ld be receiv$ ) repugnance & surprise by 8 c\ntrym54 ,! contra/ betwe5 su* a reality & su* an ideal is inde$ enorm\s2 fair days1 or s mu* ev5 z "o fair day 9 ! c\rse ( ! ,revolution1 c no long] be spok5 (2 9 ! v h\r :5 absolute mon>*y collaps$1 a wild1 rude1 & cruel an>*y cov]$ ! l&1 fill+ ,france ) viol5ce & crime ( e k9d = a decade1 & la/ly caus+ an unp>allel$ despotism to appe> to ! ,fr5* p salvation & deliv]ance4 ,! conclusion is unavoidable1 ei!r ! ideal 0 good = no?+1 & ! ,cobl5tz emigrants _h "r on _! side aga9/ ! nation1 or ! ,fr5* p _h set ab\t _! high task 9 a q impracticable way1 & _! hi/orical fame has ?is "t to be limit$ to ! motto1 ,9 magnis voluisse sat e/4 ,nei!r ( ^! alt]natives w h a pleas+ s\nd 9 ! e>s ( a ,lib]al ,fr5*man4 ,b1 pleas+ or n1 ! facts are indisputable1 & up to ! pres5t "t ea* new inve/igation ( au!ntic docum5ts has only s]v$ to give !m a wid] range & a m assur$ basis4 ,we h se5 ! end ( ! ,anci5 ,regime4 ,! nobles ( ! =m] ,/ate 7 unn]v$ by idl5ess1 debilitat$ by enjoym5t1 degrad$ by immorality2 nev] _h ! ari/ocracy ( a great nation fall5 & be5 bru%$ away f ! soil ( _! c\ntry1 mak+ s feeble a resi/ance4 ,! lead]s ( ! movem5t foll[$ a political tea*+ bas$ on a mo/ "o-sid$ & !re=e radically false conception ( human nature1 & _h no idea ( ! real nature ( _! fell[-citiz5s1 or ( ! pr9ciples & ne$s ( g5u9e political life4 ,f9ally ! masses 7 unmov$ by any political ?\ght :atev]1 b 7 d>kly consci\s ( _! own wret*$ /ate up to ! pres5t "t1 & _! hatr$ ( ^? :o _h1 or 7 suppos$ to h1 occasion$ x1 7 cr$ul\s & impressionable1 & p5etrat$ ) ! rightfulness ( _! wilde/ passions & desires4 ,) su* mat]ials z ^! x is possible inde$ to bl[ up an old & half-useless h\se1 b n to con/ruct on its ru9s a well-plann$ & la/+ new "o4 ,?us ,ta9e %[s by details f docum5ts contemporane\s ) ! ev5ts1 h[1 ev5 be=e ! op5+ ( ! ,national ,assembly1 ! condition ( ?+s 0 out ( jo9t at a hundr$ po9ts4 ,tumults & plund]1 disob$i5ce to au?orities1 & maltreatm5t ( obnoxi\s p]sons1 7 ! ord] ( ! day2 public (ficials 7 spiritless1 & d>$ n comm& ! already murmur+ troops to re/ore ord]4 ,! fir/ weeks ( ! ,assembly br\ght hot discussions z to ! union ( ! ?ree ord]s1 attempts at reaction>y ,/ate measures1 & ! tak+ ( ! ,ba/ille4 ,excitem5t grew f day to day2 ! susp5se ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry 0 trem5d\s4 ,) ! ,p>isian cata/rophes ! :ole ,anci5 ,regime rock$ & gave way f side to side2 & n m]ely privileges & feudal rights1 b all ,/ate au?orities vani%$ at "o bl[1 or at ! fir/ ?reat f an arm$ mob resign$ _! functions4 ,! ,fr5* nation _h positively no gov]nm5t1 no laws1 no police1 no taxation4 ,9 place ( ^! !y _h j\rnals1 clubs1 societies1 popul> songs1 & ,lyn* law2 security = p]son & prop]ty no long] exi/$2 e "o did accord+ to 8 he>t's desire till a /rong] ?an he pref]r$ ! opposite & knock$ him d[n4 ,?is /ate ( an>*y actually w5t on ?us till ! culm9ation ( ! ,reign ( ,t]ror2 e n[ & !n x quiet$ d[n "h or !re1 to bur/ out ! foll[+ day at "s o!r po9t ) r$\bl$ fury4 ,9 ! mid/ ( ! omnipres5t turmoil & confusion1 ! ,k+1 a p[]less prison]1 sat 9 ! ,tuil]ies4 ,! only qu>t] :i* af=d$ a possibility ( ! re/oration ( ! ,/ate 0 ! ,national ,assembly1 :i* 0 suffici5tly respect$ & popul> bo? ) ! p & ! ,national ,gu>d1 to h en=c$ ob$i5ce _h x set ab\t x ! "r way4 ,b !re 7 two reasons :i* =bade ! adoption ( t way4 ,"o 0 t ! ,assembly 0 depriv$ ( free action by ! rul+ !ory ( ! ,rights ( ,man1 ,lib]ty & ,equality4 ,?is includ$ ! rights ( resi/ance aga9/ oppression1 & accord+ly e citiz5 might at any mom5t consid] himself oppress$ & au?oriz$ 9 resi/+4 ,x _h be5 borne 9 ^u ^! sov]eign citiz5s t ! w ( ! sov]eign p /ood high] ?an t ( its repres5tatives1 & t ! p 0 at any "t capable ( re-ent]+ ^u ! direct ex]cise ( its sov]eignty4 ,x is pla9 t "u ! influ5ce ( !ories su* z ^! any control ov] /reet-riots & local de$s ( viol5ce 0 a difficult1 if n hopeless task4 ,&1 on ! same gr\nd1 x 0 impracticable to attempt any control or regulation ( press or clubs1 :i* look$ ^u _! b\ndless activity z ! highe/ expression & mo/ preci\s jewel ( revolution>y lib]ty4 ,z1 accord+ to !ory1 ,/ate (ficials 7 to be1 n ! lords1 b ! s]vants ( ! sov]eign p1 x became exp$i5t t !y %\ld n be nam$ by ! ,c5tral ,gov]nm5t1 b *os51 & t only = a %ort "t1 by ! citiz5s4 ,9 ! same _s ! affairs ( ,gov]nm5t 7 entru/$ n to individual (ficials1 b to delib]at+ colleagues2 :ile1 z to ! pass+ ( laws1 ! pr9ciple ( equality r5d]$ impossible ! =mation ( an ,upp] ,h\se1 or any f9ally decisive action on ! "p ( ! ,k+4 ,?us ! ,gov]nm5t rema9$ p[]less1 legislation 0 ha/y & unc]ta91 ! l[] classes unmanageable1 & on v _m occasions x 0 pla9 t club orators & j\rnali/s :o knew h[ to flatt] ! dem&s ( ! masses b5t bo? ,gov]nm5t & ,national ,assembly b5ea? _! sway4 ,m ?an once !re arose indignation 9 ! ,assembly at s unwor?y & dang]\s a condition2 b at ea* attempt to grapple ) & remove x1 ! fe> ( a mon>*ical or ari/ocratic reaction fell ^u x & p>alyz$ its action4 ,9 ord] to control ! an>*ical wilfulness ( demagogues & proletaires !re 0 b "o ?+ to be done1 to /r5g!n ! au?ority ( ! executive4 ,?is meant re/oration ( discipl9e 9 ! army1 & en]getic organization ( ,gov]nm5t1 ext5sive p[]s conf]r$ on ! police (ficials1 %>p puni%m5ts1 & swift ju/ice4 ,b h[ !n8 ,if p[] 7 ?us conf]r$ ^u ! ,gov]nm5t to re/ra9 proletaires & riot]s1 :o c\ld gu>antee lib]ty & ! ,national ,assembly aga9/ ! head ( ! re9=c$ ,gov]nm5t1 aga9/ ! ,k+1 :o _h hi!rto be5 by ^! *ronic riots kept 9 def5celess subjection8 ,?is dilemma l$ to ! revolution>y _s inv>iably triumph+ at ! ,national ,assembly4 ,! pres5t fe> ( ! viol5ce ( ! cr[d att5dant at ! sitt+s comb9$ ) ! appreh5sion ( a future mon>*ical reaction4 ,:51 "s ye>s lat]1 at ! organization ( ! ,republican ,gov]nm5t1 ! weakness ( au?ority 0 aga9 felt1 m ?an "o orator freely decl>$ ! exi/+ arrangem5ts to be und\bt$ly bad ?r\gh\t1 & to be am5d$ z soon z possible2 own$ t ?is _h1 inde$1 be5 p]fectly kn[n at ! "t ( _! creation 9 #agij1 b t !y 7 int5tionally fram$ ?us1 9 ! int]e/s ( lib]ty1 to prev5t ! ,k+ f ex]cis+ any p[]4 ,en\gh--! ,con/itutional ,assembly did no?+ to surr\nd p]sonal safety & political ord] ) any inviolable def5ce2 on ! contr>y1 !y did mu* to op5 ! door wide to ! passionate & arbitr>y action ( ! masses4 ,we may say t !y ?\ghtlessly s[$ ! se$s ( all ! horrors ( ! ,t]ror1 & _h ! sad beg9n+s ( t developm5t be=e _! eyes1 )\t ev5 an attempt to av]t !m4 ,?is is true1 mo/ especially 9 ! economical dep>tm5t3 ! colossal trans=mation ( ! laws ( prop]ty 9 ,france1 :i* br\ght half ! soil into new h&s1 & irresi/ibly ?rew ! population at l>ge into communi/ic pa?s1 0 out & out ! "w ( ! ,con/itu5t ,assembly4 ,= m ?an tw5ty ye>s ,i h1 9 my ,hi/ory ( ! ,revolution ,p]iod1 e/abli%$ ^! circum/ances f au!ntic docum5ts1 & ?us giv5 repeat$ (f5ce to ! ,fr5* public4 ,i may !re=e be p]mitt$ to feel all ! great] satisfaction at su* a di/+ui%$ inve/igator z ,ta9e1 aft] draw+ =? numb]less docum5ts f ,p>isian ar*ives1 com+ to absolutely ! same conclusion4 ,all ,i h he>d 9 ! way ( objection to 8 /atem5ts is utt]ly unimportant4 ,z x is n possible to drive ! facts he has prov$ f orig9al docum5ts out ( exi/5ce1 ! obs]vation is made t ?\gh 8 in=mation may be true1 x is "o-sid$2 t :ile he nev] we>ies ( describ+ revolts & misde$s1 he does n suffici5tly po9t out 9 h[ _m places ! ,civil ,gu>d bravely & loyally upheld civil ord]4 ,ta9e w\ld be ! la/ to dispute ?is fact2 _h x n be5 s !re w\ld h be5 no long] any ,france left 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,b he w\ld v5ture to inquire :e!r praise be des]v$ by an ,assembly :i*1 z rul] ( a great ,/ate1 surr5d]$ )\t resi/ance n[ ! ?ird ( x1 n[ ! half1 dur+ ?ree ye>s1 to a bloody an>*y2 :e!r we c speak ( fair days or humane ,revolution1 :5 9 ?is %ort p]iod six horrible ,jacqu]ies laid ! l& wa/e1 :5 c\ntless political murd]s rema9$ unpuni%$1 & milit>y emeutes & ecclesia/ical brawls ?ru/ ! weapons ( civil w> into ! h&s ( ! masses4 ,we are told ( a pure & ideal inspiration !n fill+ millions ( lib]ty-lov+ & patriotic spirits2 & well may we call t a fair "t 9 :i* noble aims & inf9ite hopes set all pulses beat+ high]1 & /imulate a :ole p to y\?ful ef=ts1 & fill x ) fre% & en]getic life4 ,yes1 !re 7 mom5ts ( gold5 dreams & illusions l ^!4 ,only !y %\ld h la/$ long]4 ,x is n ?r\gh _! feel+s1 spee*es1 wi%es1 b _! de$s1 t nations assume _! hi/orical position & receive _! hi/orical s5t5ce4 ,ta9e writes ! la/1 inde$1 ) an incisive p51 & (t5 ) gl>+ col\rs1 b ess5tially he gives no?+ b :at foll[s by indissoluble sequ5ce f ! facts ( ! ,revolution4 ,on c]ta9 po9ts1 inde$1 "o may notice a few omissions 9 8 "w1 or raise a few objections1 ?\gh !y d n affect x z a :ole4 ,space does n p]mit me to dwell on all p>ticul> in/ances2 ,i mu/ be satisfi$ ) po9t+ out a few4 ,:ile dur+ ! fir/ mon?s ( ! ,revolution ! agitation ( ! l[] classes 0 id5tical 9 t[n & c\ntry1 & ! lawless viol5ce ( artisans & peasants pursu$ ! same ends by ! same means1 "o ( ! mo/ prom95t features ( ! lat] phase1 ! ,t]ror1 0 ! gradual introduction ( a w> ( int]e/ betwe5 ! p ( ! capital & ! villages4 ,! m ! p[] ( ! ,m\nta9 & ! ,p>isian ,commune increas$1 ! m absolutely ! booty ( ! ,revolution fell to ! %>e ( ! t[n proletaires1 at ! co/ n only ( ! great l&$ proprietors1 b ! small f>m]s z well4 ,our fir/ impression at ! aspect ( ?is rivalry is ! selfi%ness & gre$ ( ! ,p>isian demagogues2 b we may easily conv9ce ourselves t ^! c\ld nev] h atta9$ to s ext5d$ an activity if exi/+ circum/ances _h n (f]$ ! possibility ( a class w>4 ,b = any disquisition on ?is subject1 or allusion to ! causes t1 9 ! fir/ ye>s ( ! ,revolution1 prep>$ its way1 we look ?r\gh ,ta9e's pages 9 va94 ,aga91 9 ! repres5tation ( ! ,anci5 ,regime1 8 att5tion is pre-em95tly turn$ to social relations connect$ ) ! l&4 ,_h he ) an equally compreh5sive & m9ute c>e /udi$ ! diff]5t /rata1 ! int]e/s & wants ( ! t[n population1 ! problem allud$ to w\ld h solv$ itself4 ,x is ) admirable insight & incontrov]tible reason+ t ,ta9e %[s ! logical unt5abl5ess & practical mis*ief ( ! !ory ( equality1 bo? 9 ! writ+s ( ,r\sseau & ! action ( ! ,con/itu5t ,assembly4 ,he proves ! contradiction betwe5 ?is equality & ! v nature ( man1 & h[1 consequ5tly1 pure democracy r5d]$ ! developm5t ( political lib]ty unatta9able4 ,9 p]fect agreem5t ) ,tocqueville1 he po9ts to ! absolute necessity1 "u ! circum/ances ( ! "t1 ( ari/ocratic in/itutions1 = ! creation & pres]vation ( a free ,/ate1 & expla9s h[ deeply seat$ ^! are 9 ! ne$s & claims ( human nature4 ,?is portion ( 8 "w is inde$ ma/]ly2 & ! m widely ext5d$ ! equalit>ian sup]/ition among ! ,lib]al p>ties ( our day1 ! m "o c\ld desire ,ta9e's views to ex]cise a /rong & wide-spread influ5ce4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 x appe>s to me t by ?is v conception ( political in/itutions1 our au?or has be5 l$ to %[ himself some?+ m ?an j 9 ! s5t5ce he passes on ! repres5tatives ( ?is p]iod1 ! nobles & prelates ( #aghi4 ,?is is "o ( ! few incongruities already allud$ to betwe5 ! fir/ & second volume4 ,aft] read+ ( ! luxury1 artificiality1 & idl5ess ( ari/ocratic society 9 ! =m]1 & com+ ) ! au?or to ! conviction t t]rible consequ5ces mu/ att5d su* a condition1 "o is surpris$ to f9d 9 ! latt] t ^! privileg$ ones 7 ! be/1 ! mo/ disc]n+ & patriotic portion ( ! nation1 ^: annihilation or exile br\ght ab\t ! same injuri\s results t ! expulsion ( ! ,hugu5ots _h done4 ,?is contradiction is n cle>$ up by ! fact t 9 ! ye>s imm$iately prec$+ ! ,revolution1 & *iefly ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( ,r\sseau1 a s5tim5tal humanity _h prevail$ 9 high circles1 t "h1 too1 x 0 ! fa%ion to speak ( a return to an idyllic life ( nature1 ( univ]sal bro!rly love1 & ( ! relief ( e =m ( di/ress4 ,= ^! trans=mations rema9$1 9 po9t ( fact1 only fanciful phrases ( ! salons4 ,:5 ,l\is ,,xvi41 ,turgot1 & ,calonne1 really desir$ to set ab\t su* philan?ropic re=ms 9 good e>ne/1 x 01 z we h already se51 ^! s5tim5tal nobles !mselves :o h9d]$ _! ef=t1 & by nullify+ re=m br\ght ab\t ! ,revolution4 ,:5 ! cata/rophe came1 _m ( !m _h suffici5t insight into ! new position ( affairs to make ha/e & repudiate ^? privileges :i* ?r\gh\t ! l& _h be5 already trampl$ "u foot by an un*a9$ p4 ,! horrible p]secution to :i* !y 7 subject$1 9 utt] disreg>d ( all exi/+ rights & all human feel+1 ) blood?ir/y cruelty & %ameless gre$1 mu/ ev] insure = ! victims ! compassion & sympa?y ( e "r-m9d$ obs]v]2 & 9 ord] fully to ju/ify revolution>y laws aga9/ emigrants1 "o w\ld be driv5 to advance sophisms only1 n argum5ts4 ,b all ?is does n affect ! "q1 :e!r1 z ,ta9e assumes1 ^! p]secut$ ones did hold a di/+ui%$ place 9 ! nation = political virtue1 intellectual culture1 & capacity = action4 ,neighb\r+ nations1 s f> z ,i "k1 )\t exception took at ! "t an entirely diff]5t view4 ,d\btless1 !re 7 among ! emigrants _m :o won respect & reg>d 9 ! regions :i!r _! flight _h l$ !m4 ,b ! great majority1 by _! ?\ghtless arrogance1 mutual bick]+s1 & %ameless frivolity1 left beh9d !m a bad reputation2 :]eas a hundr$ ye>s be=e ! exil$ ,hugu5ots1 by _! unity1 e>ne/ness1 & indu/ry1 won1 :]ev] !y w5t1 ! respect & gratitude ( _! new c\ntrym54 ,,he9ri* ,,von ,,sybel4 ,,:at ,,is ,,! ,,actual ,,condition ,,( ,,irel&8 ,return+ to settle 9 ,irel& aft] an abs5ce t began m ?an tw5ty ye>s ago1 ,i f\nd two ?+s /rongly claim+ my att5tion4 ,"o1 0 ! v great advance 9 mat]ial well-be+ :i* my c\ntry appe>$ to h made4 ,! o!r1 0 ! fact t bo? ,engli%m5 & ,iri%m5 appe>$ resolutely to ignore ?is progress4 ,ne>ly all :o write & speak ab\t ,irel&1 ei!r dwell ^u h] grievances or assume pov]ty z h] normal condition4 ,i "k n ( any :o h attempt$ to record h] return+ prosp]ity4 ,yet !re are few facts 9 mod]n hi/ory bett] wor?y ( notice ?an ! advance 9 mat]ial weal? :i* has tak5 place 9 ,irel& dur+ ! ?irty ye>s betwe5 #ahdf & #ahgf4 ,! ye> #ahgi m>ks ! close ( j "o-?ird ( a c5tury f ! great fam9e4 ,! fir/ ?irty ye>s ( ?is p]iod1 #ahdf-gf1 7 ye>s ( cont9ual advance 9 well-be+4 ,f #ahgg & d[n to ! pres5t ye> a reaction has be5 go+ on1 :i* is l>gely connect$ ) a g5]al depression ( trade all ov] ! _w4 ,= reasons :i* w appe> h]eaft]1 ,i d n hold t ?is reaction is likely to be p]man5t4 ,x is true t at ! beg9n+ ( t p]iod ! c\ntry 0 9 ! v l[e/ dep?s ( pov]ty & depression4 ,! />t+-po9t !re=e 0 a v backw>d "o3 & ! wond] is t s mu* advance %\ld h be5 made1 consid]+ n only ! backw>dness ( ! />t+-po9t b ! difficulties ( ! road4 ,i %all n attempt to depict ! /ate ( ?+s :i* prevail$ at ! close ( ! great potato fam9e4 ,! condition ( ! c\ntry is well kn[n2 ! facts are 9 ! recollection ( _m p]sons n[ liv+2 & ! evid5ce is )9 ! rea* ( all inquir]s4 ,i may safely assume t ,irel& !n 0 among ! v poore/ ( all ! c\ntries 9 ,europe4 ,:at is h] position n[8 ,9 discuss+ ! social condition ( any c\ntry1 ! population "q naturally comes to ! front4 ,is ! population press+ unduly on ! means ( subsi/5ce8 !n !re is some?+ wrong1 & until ?is is set "r progress is impossible4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! population is s sp>se z to leave ! res\rces ( ! c\ntry undevelop$1 !re is also some?+ wrong1 ?\gh 9 ?is case ! evil is f> less4 ,! population1 su* z x is1 may be prosp]\s & advanc+1 ?\gh x is n produc+ all x might4 ,! =m] 0 notori\sly ! /ate ( ?+s 9 ,irel& be=e #ahdg4ba ,9 #ahde 7! ye> imm$iately prec$+ ! fam9e7 ! population 0 at ! highe/ po9t x atta9$ dur+ ! pres5t c5tury1 & probably ! highe/ x ev] rea*$4 ,x 0 e/imat$ at #h1bie1jfa4 ,9 #ahdg1 ! ye> :5 ! fam9e 0 at its height1 ! numb]s are giv5 z #h1jbe1bgd4 ,9 #ahge1 j ?irty ye>s aft] ! maximum1 ! numb]s _h fall5 to #e1cji1did4 ,9 #ahgg !y 7 e/imat$ at #e1cch1ijf1 %[+ an increase ov] #ahge ( #bi1dab4 ,x is a famili> fact t ! population ( #ahde & #ahdg 0 excessive4 ,:e!r ! pres5t population may n be defective 9 reg>d ( productive p[] is a "q n )\t importance1 b n imm$iately relevant4 ,:at we are n[ deal+ ) is ! mat]ial welf>e ( ! exi/+ population2 & x is cle> t five millions c live :]e eight _c4 ,b are ! five millions bett] (f 9 "s proportion to ! price ! c\ntry has paid = ! decrease 9 population8 ,& is !re a real advance 9 ! condition ( ! p1 n a m]e rise out ( begg>y & />vation8 ,9 attempt+ an answ] to a "q ( ?is nature1 "o looks naturally to ! rate ( wages fir/4 ,b ?is te/ is an imp]fect "o3 p>tly because local v>iations are /ill consid]able2 p>tly because money paym5ts 9 _m places & among l>ge classes are m or less supplem5t$ by subsi/5ce drawn directly f ! l&4 ,besides1 a m]e increase 9 money wages may mean little or no?+1 unless ! increas$ wages possess increas$ pur*as+ p[]1 & !re be at ! same "t an upw>d t5d5cy 9 ! /&>d ( liv+4 ,putt+ aside ! wages "q accord+ly 7to be discuss$ h]eaft]71 let u try to f9d o!r indications ( ! ext5t & nature ( ! *anges 9 ! p's condition s9ce ! fam9e4 ,a te/ ( "s value1 ?\gh n absolutely conclusive by itself1 w be af=d$ by *anges 9 ! area ( f>ms4 ,x is notori\s t "o ( ! causes :i* mo/ contribut$ to br+ ab\t ! fam9e & its mis]ies 0 ! small size ( hold+s4 ,n[ ! c5sus returns %[ t f #ahea1 v %ortly aft] ! fam9e1 !re has be5 a /eady decrease 9 ! numb] ( f>ms "u fifte5 acres1 & a /eady increase 9 ! numb] ( f>ms betwe5 fifte5 & ?irty acres1 z well z 9 f>ms exce$+ ?irty acres 9 area4 ,up to #ahfa ! numb] ( hold+s n exce$+ fifte5 acres _h decl9$ fifty-five p] c5t41 :ile ^? above fifte5 acres _h increas$ #acc p] c5t4 ,! numb] ( f>ms betwe5 fifte5 & ?irty acres 0 9 #ahfa d\ble :at x _h be5 9 #ahda1 & ! f>ms above ?irty acres am\nt$ 9 #ahfa to #aeg1hcc1 aga9/ #dh1fbe1 :i* _h be5 _! numb] tw5ty ye>s be=e4 ,betwe5 #ahfa & #ahga f>ms "u fifte5 acres decreas$ by #ab1edh1 & f>ms above ?irty acres increas$ by #adgj4 ,accord+ to ! late/ returns 7#ahge7 ! f>ms n exce$+ "o acre 9 area 7 #ea1dei2 ^? ( "o to five acres 7 #fi1jih2 ^? ( five to fifte5 acres1 #aff1iei2 fifte5 to ?irty acres1 #acg1ffi2 ! total above ?irty acres be+ #afj1bih hold+s4 ,?is di/ribution ( ! l& seems to indicate a consid]able improvem5t comp>$ ) ! /ate ( ?+s prevail+ be=e ! fam9e4 ,un=tunately ! increase 9 ! size ( hold+s has n be5 att5d$ by a correspond+ decrease 9 ! numb] held on an insecure t5ure4 ,t5ancy at w cont9ues to be ! rule1 & p]man5cy ! exception1 9 our l& t5ure4 ,i h made an attempt to e/imate r\ghly ! classes ( l&hold]s4 ,! ,domesday li/ ( proprietors ( l& gives ! numb] ( own]s ( "o acre & "u t5 z #fhib1 hold+ #bh1ifh acres1 or an av]age ( a little ov] f\r acres ea*3 betwe5 t5 acres & fifty !re are #ggdf own]s1 hold+ #aie1ebe acres1 or an av]age a little ov] tw5ty-six acres3 betwe5 fifty acres & a hundr$ !re are #cdgi own]s1 hold+ #bej1adg acres1 or an av]age ( j "u sev5ty-two acres4 ,^! make up a body ( small proprietors1 own+ f "o to a hundr$ acres1 numb]+ #ah1aag4 ,eason's ,almanac = #ahgi1 :i* has be5 publi%$ :ile ,i write1 e/imates ! numb] ( proprietors 9 fee ( agricultural hold+s at #bj1bag4 ,! same au?ority gives ! numb] ( leasehold]s 9 p]petuity z #aj1bih2 = t]ms ( ye>s exce$+ ?irty-"o z #ac1gab2 = ?irty-"o ye>s & "u1 #dg1fbc 7_m ( :i* may be %ort leases72 & ( leases = lives1 or lives & ye>s alt]native1 z #fc1gei4 ,! numb] ( t5ancies at w is #ebf1fbh1 or #gg4b p] c5t1 ( ! :ole numb] ( hold+s4 ,^! /ati/ics 7 collect$ 9 #ahgj1 & !y h d\btless be5 9 "s degree modifi$ by ! work+ ( ! ,*ur* ,act & ! ,l& ,act4 ,i h omitt$ f my extracts f ! ,domesday li/ ! proprietors ( "u "o acre4 ,^! are giv5 9 ,?om's ,directory z #cf1add1 hold+ #ijfe acres2 b _! hold+s d n affect ! pres5t "q1 z !y are mo/ly non-agricultural4 ,! e/imate 9 ,eason's ,almanac purports to relate :olly to agricultural hold+s4 ,domesday includes all classes4 ,ano!r index ( ! condition ( a p may be f\nd 9 ! way !y are h\s$4 ,mean & com=tless dwell+s imply n only a l[ /&>d ( com=t1 b (t5 a l[ morality4 ,let u see h[ ?is matt] has /ood 9 ,irel&4 ,! ,c5sus ,commission]s ( #ahda divid$ ! dwell+s ( ! p into f\r classes4 ,! f\r?1 or l[e/1 compris$ all mud cab9s hav+ only "o room4 ,( ?is class !re 7 9 all ,irel&1 accord+ to ! #ahda c5sus1 #dia1bgh4 ,9 ! la/ c5sus1 #ahga1 ! numb] _h fall5 to #aee1fge4 ,! ?ird-class dwell+s 7 also built ( mud1 b conta9$ ?ree or f\r rooms1 ) w9d[s2 ! latt] conv5i5ce be+ by no means univ]sally pres5t 9 ! "o-room$ cab9 ( ! f\r? class4 ,( ! ?ird class ! c5sus ( #ahda enum]at$ #ecc1big2 by #ahga ?is numb] _h fall5 to #ceg1abf4 ,! second class are describ$ z good f>mh\ses1 & 9 t[ns1 h\ses hav+ f five to n9e rooms4 ,( ?is class 9 #ahda !re 7 #bfd1ahd2 & 9 #ahga ! numb] _h increas$ to #chg1ffj4 ,! fir/ class ( h\ses increas$ dur+ ! same p]iod f #dj1jhj to #fj1iai4 ,let u see n[ 9 :at way ! population has be5 di/ribut$ 9 ! diff]5t classes ( h\ses4 ,9 #ahda ! numb] ( families occupy+ fir/-class h\ses 0 #ca1ccc4 ,9 #ahga ! numb] _h ris5 to #di1fic4 ,dur+ ! same p]iod ! numb] ( families 9 second-class h\ses rose f #bda1ffd to #ceg1geb4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! families 9 ?ird-class h\ses decreas$ f #egd1chf to #dcb1ggd2 & ^? 9 ! f\r?-class1 or "o-room$ cab9s1 f #fbe1cef to #bbg1cgi4 ,by a curi\s co9cid5ce1 ! proportion ( families to h\ses 0 ! same 9 #ahda & 9 #ahga--"o hundr$ & elev5 families to "o hundr$ h\ses4 ,9 ?is way ! v great %ift+ 9 ! classes is all ! m cle>ly prov$ to indicate a real rise 9 ! condition ( ! p4 ,9 connection ) ?is "p ( my subject1 ,i may n[ proce$ to discuss ! wages "q & ! condition ( ! lab\r+ population4 ,( ! actual numb] ( ?is class ,i c f9d no accurate return4 ,b we h already se5 t ! numb] ( families inhabit+ ! l[e/ class ( h\ses 7& ^! may be assum$ all to belong to ! l[e/ class ( lab\r]s7 0 ab\t #bbg1djj4 ,z ! c5sus ( #ahga gave ! av]age numb] ( a family z #e4jg1 or #ejg p]sons to #ajj families1 we may e/imate ! numb] ( ?is class at #bbgd multipli$ by #ejg1 or #a1aeb1iah4 ,^? :o inhabit a bett] class ( h\se may be safely assum$ on ! :ole to be bett] (f 9 o!r respects4 ,n[ ! money wages ( ! ord9>y agricultural lab\r] are #as4 #f;d4 a day 9 ! mo/ remote & backw>d places4 ,?is is ! m9imum1 & 9 h>ve/ "t ! lab\r]s e>n #bs4 #f;d4 a day4 ,a great _m lab\r]s h small hold+s2 b z ^! are n r5t-free !y d n c\nt directly z an elem5t 9 wages4 ,! way 9 :i* !y d c\nt is t ! p are n s ov]work$ b t ! lab\r] & 8 family c att5d to ! hold+1 gr[ _! own potatoes1 fe$ ! pig1 c4--!reby ek+ out ! actual money paym5t4 ,! diet ( ^! lab\r]s 7,i am /ill ref]r+ to ! mo/ backw>d & remote p>ts ( ,irel&7 is tea & bread = breakfa/1 potatoes & a little bacon = d9n]1 & oatmeal porridge = supp]4 ,! p h q ris5 out ( ! potatoes & po9t /age ( fe$+4 ,( c\rse1 on ,fridays & o!r fa/-days1 ,roman ,ca?olics ab/a9 f fle% meat2 b !re are few places s remote f ! sea t fre% h]r+s are n to be _h1 & at any rate salt ones are always available4 ,on ! o!r h&1 on ,sundays & holidays _m ( ! lab\r+ families contrive to h but*]'s meat2 & ,i am told t 9 c]ta9 di/ricts !re is "o day 9 ! ye> :5 e family among ! peasantry makes an inv>iable rule to eat a d9n] ( fre% meat1 "s animal 7(t5 a f[l7 be+ kill$ on purpose to furni% ?is meal4 ,?is is probably "s relic ( a sacrificial obs]vance4 ,! condition ( ! p be+ su* z ,i h describ$1 "o w\ld naturally expect n to f9d paup]ism v preval5t4 ,z a matt] ( fact x is n4 ,! av]age daily numb] ( paup]s 9 ! workh\ses ?r\gh\t #ahgf 0 #dc1bce1 & ( recipi5ts ( out-door relief #ca1fjj3 br++ up ! total to #gd1hce4 ,! av]age ( p]sons 9 receipt ( relief 0 #adj4f 9 #aj1jjj ( population4 ,?is daily av]age repres5ts ! curr5t subsi/+ mass ( paup]ism1 & is 9 a consid]able measure made up ( ! old1 infirm1 & sick4 ,( able-bodi$ paup]s1 ! males 7 only #afig 9 ! daily av]age ( workh\se inmates1 & ! females 7 #dacj4 ,!re 7 #aj1acd heal?y *ildr5 "u fifte5 9 ! workh\ses1 & ! o!r inmates 7 ei!r sick 9 hospital or p]man5tly unable to "w4 ,^! figures seem to be ! v rev]se ( al>m+4 ,p]man5t paup]ism is n a v virul5t social disord] :5 only two able-bodi$ p]sons to e five hundr$ ( ! population are 9 receipt ( 9-door relief1 & :5 ! :ole p]man5t paup] population b>ely exce$s f\rte5 9 a ?\s&4 ,b ?\gh p]man5t paup]ism may be well 9 h&1 casual paup]ism may be at a high pit*4 ,let u see h[ ?is matt] has /ood4 ,i %all fir/ take ! /ati/ics ( #ahgf1 & !n try to modify my conclusions by su* lat] figures z may be available4 ,9 #ahgf ! population ( ,engl& & ,wales /ood at #bd1bdd1jjj1 & ! total ( paup]s 9 receipt ( relief1 9-door & out-door1 on ! #a/ ( ,janu>y ( t ye>1 0 #geb1hhg2 ,scotl&1 ) a population ( #c1ebg1jjj1 _h a total paup] population on ! #a/ ( ,janu>y1 #ahgf1 ( #ff1gcc4 ,9 ,irel&1 on ! same date1 ! total population be+ #e1cba1fjj1 ! paup]s am\nt$ to #gg1iac4 ,9 o!r words1 at a r\gh e/imate1 on ! #a/ ( ,janu>y1 #ahgf1 ab\t "o p]son 9 e ?irty-?ree 9 ,engl& & ,wales 0 9 receipt ( relief z a paup]2 9 ,scotl&1 ab\t "o 9 e fifty-?ree2 :ile 9 ,irel& ! proportion 0 only "o 9 sixty-eight4 ,a simil> proportion appe>s 9 ! incid5ce ( ! poor-rate4 ,9 #ahgf ,engl& & ,wales paid at ! rate ( #fs4 #j-c_/d;d4 p] head ( population2 ,scotl& #es4 #j-a_/b;d42 ,irel& only #cs4 #d;d4 ,( c\rse ^! figures mu/ und]go modification 9 view ( ! alt]$ circum/ances ( ! pres5t "t4 ,! /ati/ics ( #ahgf are n an accurate guide to ! facts ( #ahgi4 ,dur+ ! la/ ?ree ye>s !re has be5 consid]able depression ( trade2 & x may v well be t ! returns ( ?is ye> w indicate an ebb 9 ! tide ( prosp]ity4 ,b1 unless ,i am v mu* mi/ak51 aft] mak+ all all[ances1 x w probably be f\nd t ,irel& is ! "p ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom lea/ affect$ by ! pres5t prolong$ comm]cial crisis4#bb ,! figures & facts record$ above w probably a/oni% ! consid]able class ( p]sons to :om ! ^w ,iri% has an air ( want+ some?+1 unless x is foll[$ by paup]4 ,a small] b p]haps n less intellig5t class--t ( ,engli% travell]s 9 ,irel&--w promptly jump to ! conclusion t ! figures are cook$2 !y w argue1 ,we h travell$ 9 ,irel&1 & h be5 beset ) begg>s2 h[1 !n1 c ! c\ntry be s free f paup]ism8 ,surely ! true /ate ( ! case is t ! p keep out ( ! workh\ses m]ely 9 ord] to live on public *>ity 9 ano!r =m8 ,x _c1 ,i regret to say1 be d5i$ t m5dicancy is v common 9 ,irel&2 s common z to be little less ?an a national sc&al4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 some?+ to be said 9 mitigation ( judgm5t1 ?\gh p]haps n 9 def5ce4 ,x is a matt] 9 :i* figures are ( little use2 = no "o c\ld1 by any possibility1 e/imate h[ _m p]sons live :olly by begg+4 ,t !re are 9 e community "s p]sons :o d may be tak5 z c]ta94 ,t _! numb] is l>g] 9 proportion to ! bulk ( ! population 9 a ,roman ,ca?olic ?an 9 a ,prote/ant community1 is antec$5tly probable4 ,! !ory ( ! ,roman ,ca?olic religion positively enc\rages m5dicancy4 ,x is held to be no s9 to live on alms1 & to be a positive m]it to give alms4 ,nev] turn away ?y face f any poor man1 is a text act$ on by dev\t ,romani/s 9 its mo/ lit]al acceptation4 ,! result is n difficult to =esee4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be record$ to ! cr$it ( ! ,iri% ,ca?olic cl]gy1 t !y are beg9n+ to see ! folly ( indiscrim9ate almsgiv+2 & ?\gh !y are hamp]$ 9 no small degree by ! traditions ( _! ,*ur*1 !y h made _m successful ef=ts 9 ! direction ( ! organization ( *>ity4 ,ano!r influ5ce1 :i* l>gely contributes to ! exi/5ce ( ! m5dicancy t sc&alizes ! travell]1 is ! tradition ( rec5t pov]ty4 ,! habits ( c5turies are n effac$ 9 a g5]ation4 ,n mu* m ?an tw5ty ye>s ago1 begg+ 0 a recogniz$ necessity 9 ! life ( ! ,iri% poor4 ,b n[1 :5 times are mod]ately prosp]\s1 begg+ is limit$ almo/ :olly to old p :o hang ab\t ! doors ( ,ca?olic *apels1 & ab\t places frequ5t$ by t\ri/s4 ,on ! roads lead+ to su* %[ places1 also1 ! t\ri/ w be (t5 beset by little knots ( *ildr5 clam\r+ = half-p5ce2 b ^! are no m pr(essional begg>s ?an a g5tleman :o amuses himself ) pheasant %oot+ is a pr(essional deal] 9 game4 ,x is a =m ( excitem5t ) !m2 n a v high "o to be sure1 b n mean] or m vici\s ?an bacc>at or r\ge-et-noir4 ,/ill1 :5 all is said1 !re is m m5dicancy 9 ,irel& ?an w\ld exi/ if ?+s 7 9 a heal?i] /ate2 & :]e m5dicancy is common1 paup]ism mu/ fluctuate l>gely4 ,9 m prosp]\s times1 a l>g] numb] ( m5dicants c f9d support f a m copi\s supply ( alms4 ,:5 evil times curtail ! fund :5ce alms are suppli$1 ! m5dicant mu/ fall back on legal relief4 ,f ?is po9t ( view ! small increase ( six 9 t5 ?\s&1 already ref]r$ to1#bc seems to %[ t ! comm]cial depression ( #ahgg has n l>gely t\*$ ! rev5ues ( ! ,iri% m5dicant6 ,an acc\nt ( ! condition ( ! ,iri% p w\ld be incomplete )\t "s ref]5ce to ! /ati/ics ( drunk5ness & crime4 ,"h we %all f9d "s results ( a r surpris+ k9d4 ,?us1 9 ,engl& & ,wales 9 #ahgf1 ! population be+ #bd1bdd1jjj1 ! numb] ( drunk>ds br\ght be=e magi/rates 0 #bje1efg2 be+1 at an approximate e/imate1 "o 9 e #aah ( ! population4 ,9 ,scotl&1 ! population be+ #c1ebg1hjj1 ! drunk>ds arre/$ numb]$ #bf1bji1 or ab\t "o 9 #acd4 ,9 ,irel&1 ! population be+ #e1cba1fjj1 ! drunk>ds br\ght be=e magi/rates 7 #aab1bec2 %[+ ! enorm\s proportion ( "o 9 e #dg ( ! p4 ,( c\rse ^! figures 9 all ?ree k+doms include v _m cases ( repeat$ conviction1 s t x w\ld n be fair to say t "o man 9 e #aah 9 ,engl&1 /ill less 9 e #dg 9 ,irel&1 is actually a drunk>d4 ,all ! same1 ?is comp>ison is suffici5tly al>m+ z well z p]plex+4 ,x is r p>adoxical to f9d ,scotl& %[+ a small] proportion ( app>5t drunk>ds ?an ei!r ( ! o!r k+doms2 & "s p might be ill-natur$ en\gh to h9t t ?is result dep5d$ ma9ly on great] skill 9 keep+ out ( ! h&s ( ! police4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a patriotic ,iri%man might1 )\t any v flagrant p>adox1 argue t ! fact ( s _m ,iri% be+ arre/$ = be+ drunk proves t !y are actually a m sob] p4 ,x takes less to make an ,iri%man drunk1 p>tly because he is m excitable 9 temp]am5t1 & p>tly because he dr9ks b seldom4 ,! habitually temp]ate man1 :5 he does casually exce$1 %[s 8 condition v promptly2 ! habitual top] c dissemble x f> long]4 ,ano!r reason t may be giv5 = ! /ate ( ?+s "h indicat$1 is t ! police =ce is m num]\s 9 ,irel& 9 proportion to ! population ?an 9 ,engl& or ,scotl&2#bd & z1 = reasons :i* w be h]eaft] se51 ! police h actually less to d1 !y are able to exp5d a quantity ( surplus en]gy 9 arre/+ drunk>ds :om ! busi] con/ables ( ,engl& & ,scotl& w\ld all[ to /agg] quietly home4 ,t "s or all ^! causes are 9 op]ation to br+ ab\t ! />tl+ excess ( app>5t drunk5ness 9 ,irel&1 is manife/ :5 we come to discuss ! /ati/ics ( crime4 ,! connection ( crime ) dr9k is a commonplace ( morali/s2 b1 l mo/ o!r commonplaces1 x requires to be s]i\sly te/$ by ! light ( facts4 ,! crimes ) :i* dr9k is mo/ closely connect$ are naturally ^? :i* come "u ! class ( (f5ces aga9/ ! p]son4 ,dr9k may1 inde$1 prompt (f5ces aga9/ prop]ty2 b *iefly 9 an indirect fa%ion4 ,a drunk>d is v likely to be 9 want ( ?+s :i* he may seek to obta9 by !ft2 b dr9k is n ! sole cause ( pov]ty1 & pr(essional ?ieves are n habitual drunk>ds4 ,ref]r+ !n to ! class ( (f5ces aga9/ ! p]son1 we f9d t 9 #ahgf only f\r p]sons 7 s5t5c$ to dea? 9 all ,irel&4 ,! numb] s5t5c$ 9 ,engl& 0 #cb4 ,"h is already a consid]able discrepancy2 = ! population ( ,engl& is to t ( ,irel& 9 ! proportion ( only ab\t f\r & two-fif?s to "o1 & ! dea? s5t5ces 9 ,engl& 7 eight times z num]\s z 9 ,irel&4#be ,b ?is is n all4 ,ne>ly all ! murd]s 9 ,irel& are agr>ian1 & ) ^! dr9k is only casually if at all connect$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ne>ly e murd] 9 ,engl& is committ$ m or less "u ! influ5ce ( intoxication4 ,turn+ to ! second>y puni%m5ts1 we f9d twelve s5t5ces ( p5al s]vitude = life 9 ,engl&1 :ile !re 7 none 9 ,irel&4 ,t5 ( ^! twelve ought p]haps to be disc\nt$1 z repres5t+ t5 commutations ( capital puni%m5t1 = ( ! ?irty-two p]sons s5t5c$ to dea? 9 ,engl& only tw5ty-two 7 execut$4 ,b ! mo/ rem>kable discrepancy is se5 :5 we come to s5t5ces ( p5al s]vitude = t]ms ( ye>s4 ,( ^! !re 7 only fifty 9 ,irel& aga9/ #bhj 9 ,engl&4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( returns ( crime actually committ$ 7includ+ undetect$ (f5ces71 x is n easy to pron\nce an op9ion ( mu* value2 b f ! /ati/ics ( conviction x w\ld appe> t viol5t crimes aga9/ ! p]son are mu* less preval5t 9 proportion to ! population 9 ,irel& ?an 9 ,engl&4 ,^! results are by no means contr>y to reasonable expectation1 :5 we consid] ! va/ conge/ion ( population 9 ,london & o!r cities 9 ,engl&1 to :i* !re is no p>allel any:]e 9 ,irel&4 ,b1 su* z !y are1 !y seem to %[ t ! app>5t addiction ( ,iri%m5 to /rong dr9k is n att5d$ by a proportionate addiction to ! m s]i\s =ms ( crime4 ,on ! o!r h& 7& ?is mu/ be record$ = :atev] x may be wor?71 we h #ajgh s5t5ces ( imprisonm5t & o!r m9or p5alties inflict$ 9 ,irel&1 aga9/ only #aecc simil> s5t5ces 9 ,engl&4 ,turn+ n[ to ! class ( (f5ces aga9/ prop]ty ) viol5ce1 we f9d two s5t5ces ( p5al s]vitude = life 9 ,engl&1 aga9/ none 9 ,irel&2 #bga s5t5ces = t]ms ( ye>s 9 ,engl&1 aga9/ #bf 9 ,irel&2 #hih s5t5ces ( m9or t]ms ( imprisonm5t aga9/ only #fi 9 ,irel&4 ,9 cases ( ?is nature "o might naturally expect dr9k to be a consid]able pr$ispos+ cause4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re is no assignable connection betwe5 dr9k & crime unaccompani$ by viol5ce1 except 9 s f> z pov]ty is an effect ( dr9k & a cause = crime4 ,ev5 "h1 h[ev]1 ! proportion fails2 = ! convictions = m9or (f5ces aga9/ prop]ty 9 ,irel& 7 only #gih1 aga9/ #aj1fgd 9 ,engl&3 & ( ^! only #ajd suff]$ p5al s]vitude = t]ms ( ye>s1 aga9/ #ajfc 9 ,engl&4 ,all ?is1 x may be said1 simply %[s t !re mu/ be a great deal ( undetect$ crime 9 ,irel&4 ,to a c]ta9 ext5t1 no d\bt1 ?is is true2 b ! rem>k applies *iefly to "s ( ! m s]i\s crimes1 especially agr>ian murd]4 ,!re is n ! same motive = conceal+ m9or =ms ( crime1 nor p]haps w\ld ev5 ! ,ribbon organization make su* concealm5t practicable4 ,to be sure x may be urg$ t1 ?\gh m9or crime is n purposely conceal$1 ! police are too busy keep+ ! peace & look+ aft] ,f5ians & ,ribbonm5 to h "t = detect+ ord9>y !fts4 ,?is fact may1 inde$1 h some?+ to d ) ! app>5t sc>city ( petty crime 9 ,irel&2 b ?is is c]ta9ly n ! aspect ( ! case usually dwelt ^u1 by ,judges ( ,assizes1 = in/ance1 :5 a ,gr& ,jury s5ds up a pair ( :ite gloves in/ead ( a %eaf ( crim9al indictm5ts4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 ,i m]ely record ! facts z ,i f9d !m2 leav+ read]s1 = ! mo/ "p1 to draw :at inf]5ces ! facts seem to sugge/4 ,"o inf]5ce !y sugge/ to me is1 t ,iri%m5 are n su* v drunk5 animals aft] all2 or else t !y are someh[ or o!r an exception to ! rule :i* connects dr9k & crime4 ,! und5iable blot on ! ,iri% "*--agr>ian outrage--is n to be acc\nt$ = by dr9k4 ,! true explanation is famili> to all :o really "k ! c\ntry4 ,! ,iri% peasant is v l>gely dep5d5t on ! soil = 8 support1 & believes himself to be :olly s4 ,he also believes himself to h a moral & a hi/orical "r to ! possession ( ! soil2 a belief :i* conta9s a consid]able admixture ( tru?1 provid$ x be /at$ ) ! prop] limitations4 ,unluckily1 ! ,iri% peasant holds x )\t any limitation at all2 & h]e9 lies ! secret ( 8 ho/ility to ! law4 ,! peasant eject$1 or 9 fe> ( ejectm5t1 looks on himself z a ru9$ man 7:i* he ne$ n be71 & z a wrong$ man 7:i* he is only v p>tially74 ,m5 ru9$ & wrong$ h always be5 raw mat]ial = brig&s2 & ! ,ribbonman is simply a brig& 9 a frieze coat4 ,i h no desire to compose an ,essay on ! ,l& ,"q2 b x is absolutely impracticable to discuss ,iri% social economy )\t f9d+ ! ,l& ,"q 9 "o's way4 ,x is ! "q :i* mo/ closely conc]ns ! indu/rial classes2 = ! l& is ! ma9/ay ( ,iri% indu/ry4 ,x is ! pivot ^u :i* all ,iri% politics turn2 = al?\gh prie/ly influ5ce c\nts = a great deal1 t influ5ce itself dep5ds 9 great measure on ! l& hung] ( ! peasantry4 ,i feel t ,i %\ld be leav+ ,hamlet out ( ! play if ,i did n say a few words on ! matt]4 ,z ,i h already h9t$1 ! ,iri% peasant has ?ree reasons = 8 desire to be root$ 9 ! soil4 ,"o is a traditional reason4 ,he ?9ks t 8 =efa!rs 7 unju/ly ou/$ by =eign conqu]ors4 ,8 belief re/s on an utt]ly di/ort$ view ( hi/ory4 ,x is true t eight hundr$ ye>s ago a few ( ! ance/ors ( a few ( ! exi/+ peasantry might 9 a sort ( s5se h be5 call$ l&[n]s4 ,b s f> z ! ,gaelic race survives1 x w\ld be equally true to say t ! ance/ors ( ! exi/+ peasantry _h be5 ! s]fs or ! slaves ( b>b>\s *iefta9s4 ,! old ,gaelic tribal own]%ip1 if left to itself1 might or might n h rip5$ into a peasant propriet>y2 b ! only real grievance :i* ! exi/+ ,gaelic peasantry c allege1 is t ! ,engli% conque/ =cibly int]rupt$ ! natural process ( evolution4 ,moreov]1 a l>ge numb] ( ! exi/+ peasants are no true ,gael at all1 b ! desc5dants ( ,danes1 ,normans1 & ! v>i\s waves ( ,saxon settl]s f ,elizabe? to ,william ( ,orange4 ,9 p>ts ( ,irel& !re are ev5 to be f\nd ! desc5dants ( ,fr5* ,hugu5ots1 ( ,scot* fugitives involv$ 9 ! ,/u>t insurrections1 & ( refugees ( #agic4 ,t su* a colluvies g5tium %\ld claim to be ! heirs ( ,septs :i* occupi$ ! l& ,ere ! em]ald gem ( ! ,we/]n _w ,_h be5 set 9 ! cr[n ( a /rang]1 is simply a pro( ( pr(\nd ignorance ( hi/ory4 ,su*1 h[ev]1 is ! vague traditional belief2 & x is complicat$ ) a moral s5tim5t1 t he :o tills ! l& has a "r to live by ! l&4 ,! s5tim5t is op5 to no objection1 provid$ x be und]/ood t ! l& is an in/rum5t ( production 9 :i* ! :ole community is int]e/$4 ,! cultivator has ! same "r to live by ! l& z ! artisan to live by 8 h&icraft1 & no m--t is1 bo? peasant & artisan h a "r to expect t ! social sy/em %all be s adju/$ t nei!r %all be unju/ly depriv$ ( ! fruit ( 8 lab\r4 ,b nei!r peasant nor artisan c claim t any in/rum5t ( production %all be us$ = ! sole sake ( ! produc]4 ,h5ce1 ev5 if peasant proprietor%ip 7 und5iably ! be/ ?+ = ! peasant1 x does n foll[ t he has a moral "r to x1 unless x be good = ! :ole community z well4 ,?is consid]ation is too (t5 neglect$ by ! ?or\gh-go+ advocates ( peasant proprietor%ip4 ,!y assume t ! int]e/s ( ! peasants are ! only int]e/s to be consid]$4 ,9 ,irel&1 inde$1 !y are n f> wrong2 = ! peasantry are v ne>ly ! :ole community4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 only raises ! previ\s "q1 :e!r peasant proprietor%ip w\ld be a success 9 ,irel&--( :i* h]eaft]4 ,! la/ & mo/ practical ( ! agr>ian argum5ts is t a t5ant evict$ is a man ru9$4 ,ev5 ?is is only p>tially true1 & at mo/ is only an argum5t aga9/ caprici\s eviction4 ,x is conclusive z aga9/ ! sy/em ( t5ancy at w1 or any ( ^? %ort t5ures :i* are1 9 fact1 a /&+ notice to quit4 ,x holds good 9 fav\r ( peasant proprietor%ip to ?is ext5t--t ! ru9 ( a peasant proprietor c only occur ?r\gh 8 own fault or mis=tune1 & n ?r\gh ! caprice ( a l&lord4 ,9 %ort1 ! discont5t ( ! ,iri% peasantry proves t ! ,anglo-,iri% sy/em ( t5ure is ab\t ! wor/ ( all possible sy/ems2 b x proves little or no?+ 9 fav\r ( peasant own]%ip4 ,my own op9ion 7valeat quantum7 is t ! soil & climate ( ,irel& r5d] ! c\ntry utt]ly unfit to ma9ta9 a consid]able body ( peasant proprietors2 b t1 nev]!less1 x w\ld be wise & politic to e/abli% peasant prop]ties z widely z may be practicable4 ,! climate is notori\sly damp1 & v>iable 9 ! extreme4 ,gra9 crops are inf]ior & prec>i\s--root crops are n mu* bett]--ev5 mead[s are untru/wor?y1 because ( ! difficulty ( haymak+--b ,iri% pa/ure is p]haps ! be/ 9 ! _w4 ,natural conditions m>k out ,irel& z a pa/oral & cattle-bre$+ c\ntry2 & su* a c\ntry is ! de/9$ home ( latifundia4 ,x is n m]ely t cattle require l>ge spaces ( pa/ure2 b ! trade 9 cattle requires capital1 & requires ! p[] ( /ay+ ?r\gh seasons ( adv]sity4 ,an attempt to bre$ or deal 9 cattle by a class ( peasant proprietors1 act+ s+ly1 c\ld only end 9 ru92 a ru9 ev5 m complete ?an bad seasons w\ld br+ ^u unsuccessful cultivators ( gra94 ,ano!r product = :i* ,irel& is em95tly fitt$ is timb]4#bf ,?is also obvi\sly requires spaces ( l&1 & int]vals ( idle capital1 utt]ly incompatible ) any sy/em ( small hold+s4 ,nature w\ld seem to h m>k$ out ,irel& z a c\ntry to be ?9ly populat$2 hi/orical accid5t once made h] "o ( ! mo/ popul\s ( c\ntries1 & we all "k :at came ( x4 ,! p 7 dep5d5t on a s+le k9d ( food2 x fail$1 & mis]y ensu$ su* z mod]n ,europe _h nev] beheld4 ,! sc5es ( #ahdg we may dev\tly hope w nev] be witness$ aga92 b su* a season z #ahgh-gi w\ld be a trial t few peasant proprietors c\ld /&4 ,:y !n d ,i say t a peasant propriet>y ought to be creat$8 ,because ,i believe t 9 ! exp]im5t is to be f\nd ! sole me?od ( conv9c+ ! ,iri% peasants t _! true int]e/ lies 9 q ano!r direction4 ,! peasant n[ believes t all he wants 9 ord] to be prosp]\s is to be root$ 9 ! soil4 ,x is ( no use to appeal to ab/ract reason+4 ,he kn[s t he has to pay r5t1 & t he is liable to eviction = non-paym5t4 ,c>efully z rec5t legislation has gu>d$ him aga9/ caprici\s eviction1 he kn[s t if 8 l&lord *ooses to pay = turn+ him out1 out he mu/ g4 ,! few ( 8 neighb\rs :o d acquire freeholds1 he p]ceives to be comp>atively prosp]\s4 ,he does n take into acc\nt t ! prosp]ity ( ! freehold] is ma9ta9$ by precisely ! same exceptional en]gy & ?rift :i* 9 ! fir/ in/ance enabl$ him to secure ! freehold4 ,besides1 x is und5iable t caet]is p>ibus a man :o holds r5t-free is likely to be bett] (f ?an "o :o pays r5t2 & s long z r5t is ! rule & freehold ! exception1 ! few freehold]s w seem at lea/ to possess an advantage ov] ! _m r5tpay]s4 ,9 %ort1 ! peasant f>m] w nev] cease to believe own]%ip a panacea = all 8 ills1 until he %all h tri$ x1 & fail$4 ,( c\rse x does n absolutely foll[ t ! exp]im5t ( creat+ a peasant propriet>y mu/ ne$s fail4 ,x may succe$2 & !n ! ,iri% l& problem is solv$4 ,= ! reasons giv5 above1 h[ev]1 ,i ?9k x w\ld fail4 ,if all ! hold+s ( fifte5 acres & "u 7!re are #bhe1jjjbg ( !m1 or ne>ly half ! :ole numb] ( f>ms 9 ,irel&7 7 turn$ into peasant prop]ties tomorr[1 ,i believe !y w\ld 9 ?irty1 or at mo/ 9 fifty1 ye>s be reca/ into l>ge cattle f>ms1 own$ probably = ! mo/ "p by jo9t-/ock companies4 ,! process ( consolidation w\ld be p>tly ! buy+ out ( ru9$ peasants aft] "s su* seasons z we are n[ und]go+2 p>tly a volunt>y union ( ! residue1 :o w\ld f9d association desirable 9 ord] to secure a suffici5cy ( l& & capital4 ,b ^? :o might be compell$ to "p ) _! l&s c\ld no long] ascribe _! ru9 to ! t5ure by :i* !y held4 ,x w\ld be made cle> to !m & to all conc]n$ t x is ! laws ( ,nature & n ! laws ( ,engl& :i* h9d] ,irel& f ma9ta9+ a d5se agricultural population4 ,x may be urg$ aga9/ :at ,i h "h said1 t x is h>dly wor? :ile engag+ 9 a social revolution m]ely 9 ord] t ! la/ /ate ( ?+s may turn out on ! :ole v simil> to ! fir/4 ,i _c d5y ! =ce ( ?is rem>k2 ?\gh ,i may sugge/1 9 my turn1 t p]haps x is wor? :ile to make "s sacrifice = ! sake ( atta9+ /able equilibrium 9 ! social sy/em4 ,i am p]suad$ t ! "o great difficulty 9 ,iri% affairs is to conv9ce ! peasant t ! law is a p[] n ho/ile b fri5dly to him4 ,?is is no easy task4 ,x is n s v long s9ce ! law actually 0 ! h>d ma/] x is /ill suppos$ to be4 ,nor is ! peasant's own attitude ( m9d a v easy "o to deal )4 ,he clam\rs l\dly to be root$ 9 ! soil1 or1 9 o!r words1 to be made absolute own] ( 8 f>m2 b he clam\rs n less l\dly aga9/ ! abs5tee%ip ( 8 l&lord4 ,he utt]ly fails to p]ceive ! inconsi/5cy ( 8 position4 ,he _c eat 8 cake & h 8 cake4 ,he _c be at "o & ! same "t t5ant to a resid5t "l ( ! manor1 & own] 9 fee-simple ( 8 own hold+4 ,absolute peasant own]%ip is prima facie incompatible ) ! v exi/5ce ( a l&$ ari/ocracy2 & x may be "s p]ception ( ?is t induces c]ta9 ( ! l& agitators to propose fixity ( t5ure at a quit-r5t r ?an absolute peasant proprietor%ip4 ,b x is cle> t ?is is a m]e evasion ( ! difficulty4 ,a l&lord1 :o is m]ely a r5t-*>g]1 has no m motive to reside on 8 e/ate ?an if he sold x & liv$ on ! int]e/ ( ! pur*ase-money4 ,!re is no d\bt a s5se 9 :i* ! two ?+s are n absolutely incompatible4 ,peasant prop]ties might be int]mix$ ) l>ge e/ates own$ by resid5t l&lords4 ,& ?is w\ld c]ta9ly con/itute a /ate ( ?+s by no means undesirable2 9 fact1 x is :at might possibly em]ge f ! exp]im5t ,i h m5tion$ above4 ,i ?9k x m ?an probable t a great deal ( ! l&1 aft] su* an exp]im5t1 w\ld fall into ! h&s ( jo9t-/ock companies2 b a consid]able portion might also be b\ght up by individuals1 :o might *oose to become resid5t l&lords4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be rememb]$ t !re are _m ?+s besides agr>ian agitation :i* tempt ,iri% l&lords to become abs5tees4 ,resid5ce 9 ,irel& is att5d$ ) _m drawbacks & discom=ts1 ev5 :5 a l&lord is on ! be/ ( t]ms ) 8 t5antry4 ,abs5teeism is no new compla9t2 ,adam ,smi? discuss$ proposals = an abs5tee-tax4 ,its preval5ce is n uncommonly ascrib$ to ! ,union1 b x might z well be ascrib$ to ! ,deluge4 ,! mo/ pot5t causes ( abs5teeism 9 ! latt] half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury are ! ,city ( ,dubl9 ,/eam ,navigation ,company1 & ! ,london & ,nor?-,we/]n ,railway4 ,^!1 & k9dr$ in/itutions1 are also ! *annels :i* conduct a va/ deal ( weal? into ,irel&2 & if abs5teeism con/itutes a p]5nial dra9 on h] res\rces1 ! facilities ( locomotion cause ! dra9 to return t5-fold4#bh ,if ^! facilities did n exi/1 x does n foll[ t ! l&lords :o rema9$ at home w\ld necess>ily be ( mu* use to ! community4 ,! squires & squire5s 9 ,lev]'s & ,maxwell's novels are v amus+ to read ab\t2 b !y are a race t nobody at ! pres5t day w\ld s]i\sly wi% to revive4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 !re is little inducem5t = ! exi/+ l&lords to rema9 resid5t 9 a c\ntry :]e !y are cont9ually ?reat5$1 & occasionally %ot4 ,i _c help ?9k+ t 9 ! t5d5cy to abs5teeism1 c\rage\s /atesman%ip might f9d ! means ( solv+ ! ,l& problem4 ,!re %\ld be little difficulty1 "o w\ld imag9e1 9 p]suad+ a numb] ( exi/+ ,iri% l&lords to "p ) _! e/ates = a reasonable comp5sation4#bi ,! ,*ur* ,surplus is at h& to provide ! pur*ase-money4 ,aft] d$uct+ ! sums to be paid to ! ,int]m$iate ,education ,bo>d1 & to ! ,national ,s*ool ,tea*]s' ,p5sion ,fund1 !re w rema9 ne>ly f\r millions 9 ! h&s ( ! ,temporalities ,commission4 ,?is money judici\sly advanc$ to t5ant f>m]s w\ld enable a consid]able numb] ( !m to acquire ! freehold ( _! f>ms1 & ?us ! f\ndations ( a peasant propriet>y might be laid )\t any confiscation or di/urbance ( ve/$ rights4 ,! ,royal ,commission on ,agriculture w\ld p]haps be a good m$ium = acquir+ in=mation on ?is subject4 ,!y might include 9 ! scope ( _! inquiry ! be/ me?od ( c>ry+ out "s su* s*eme z has be5 "h indicat$4 ,hav+ set out ) no int5tion beyond t ( (f]+ a g5]al view ( a few lead+ facts & figures relat+ to ,iri% affairs1 ,i f9d myself ins5sibly glid+ into a political discussion4 ,s f> z ,i h any excuse = ?is1 x mu/ be f\nd 9 ! irrepressible "* ( ! ,l& problem2 :i*1 z ,i be=e rem>k$1 c by no possibility be evad$ by any "o :o writes on ,iri% social economy4 ,yet ?is problem itself is 9 "o aspect simply a phase ( ! /ruggle go+ on all ov] ! _w betwe51 lab\r & capital4 ,side by side ) ?is !re is yet ano!r /ruggle go+ on1 :i* is also a phase ( a _w-wide conflict4 ,x is ! old /ory ( ,prie/hood aga9/ ,free ,?\ght2 b 9 ,irel&1 l ne>ly all ?+s ,iri%1 x be>s a peculi> aspect ( its own4 ,_m a man "h w\ld be amaz$ to be told t he is fight+ on ! side ( ! prie/s2 yet ! ,iri% ,orange ,tory1 & to "s ext5t ev5 ! ,iri% ,evangelical cl]gyman1 is really & truly 7?\gh ( c\rse unconsci\sly7 help+ ! policy ( ! ,roman ,*ur*4 ,b x w\ld ext5d my essay beyond all reasonable limits to discuss ?is matt]2 & besides1 ,i set out to write on /ati/ics1 & n on politics4#cj ,,edw>d ,,/anley ,,rob]tson4 ,,footnotes3 #ba ,! /ati/ics 9 ?is ,essay are *iefly tak5 f ,?om's ,almanac & ,(ficial ,directory = #ahgh4 ,! tables giv5 9 t ,almanac are = ! mo/ "p br\ght d[n no lat] ?an #ahgf4 ,x s happ5s1 h[ev]1 t #ahgf is a v conv5i5t date = ! purpose ( ?is pap]4 ,x m>ks ! conclusion ( a p]iod ( j ?irty ye>s f ! wor/ crisis ( ! ,potato ,fam9e2 & x m>ks also ! conclusion ( a cycle ( comm]cial inflation1 "s ( ^: results 7 /rongly felt 9 ,irel&4 ,i h1 ( c\rse1 consult$ o!r au?orities besides ,?om's ,directory1 b ,i %all specify ^! z occasion arises4 ,:5 no special ref]5ce is giv51 my au?ority is ,?om4 #bb ,:ile ,i write ,eason's ,almanac = #ahgi has be5 publi%$4 ,?is au?ority gives ! total av]age ( paup]s daily 9 receipt ( relief ?r\gh #ahgg z #gh1bbc1 or #adf4e 9 #aj1jjj ( ! population4 ,an increase ( less ?an six 9 t5 ?\s& is n v al>m+1 & ! fact seems 9 "s measure to ju/ify ! op9ion ,i h v5tur$ to express 9 ! text1 t ,irel& w be f\nd to suff] less f ! pres5t crisis ?an o!r p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be tak5 into consid]ation t ! pres5t ye> 7#ahgi7 ?reat5s a v poor h>ve/3 & ?is circum/ance is absolutely c]ta9 to enhance :atev] di/ress already exi/s4 #bc ,see note on previ\s page4 #bd ,! #bd-a_/d millions 9 ,engl& & ,wales are kept 9 ord] by a police =ce ( #bi1fhi4 ,9 ,scotl& #c-a_/b millions ( population h only #ccef policem54 ,9 ,irel&1 ) a population well "u #e-a_/b millions1 !re are #ab1jha policem54 ,& yet1 z w appe> pres5tly1 !re is f> less crime 9 ,irel& relatively ?an 9 ei!r ( ! o!r k+doms4 #be ,x is only j to admit t ! dea? s5t5ces are n a fair te/4 ,too _m murd]s rema9 undetect$1 ow+ to ! exi/5ce ( agr>ian conspiracy4 ,! numb] ( murd]s kn[n to h be5 committ$ is unluckily n to be f\nd 9 ! returns to :i* ,i h access4 ,b ! v fact ( _! rema9+ undetect$ is a pro( t !y are n directly connect$ ) intoxication1 = x %[s t !y are = ! mo/ "p agr>ian4 #bf ,x has be5 calculat$1 app>5tly on tru/wor?y data1 t an acre ( l& plant$ ) l>* or fir1 at an exp5se ( ab\t #bj1 w\ld be wor? #bjjj at ! end ( =ty ye>s1 besides ! int]m$iate yield f cle>+s ( "y timb]1 game cov]1 & s =?4 ,?is is a v high return = a small outlay2 b x is completely beyond ! means ( any peasant proprietor4 #bg ,eason's ,almanac1 #ahgi4 ,! actual numb] is #bhe1dfd4 ,! total ( agricultural hold+s is #eha1ifc4 #bh ,i h un=tunately be5 unable to obta9 any /ati/ics ( ! cross-*annel trade4 ,i f9d x /at$ 9 ,?om's ,directory t ! trade ( ,belfa/ alone 0 valu$ 9 ! ye> #ahff at #bd1ccb1jjj--viz41 #ab1dag1jjj imports & #aa1iae1jjj exports4 ,! ye> #ahff 0 a bad ye>3 s x may be assum$ t ^! figures repres5t a l[ av]age4 ,i f9d no means ( e/imat+ ! import & export trade ( ,cork & ,dubl94 ,i may m5tion "h t "o cause ( int]ruption 9 ! composition ( ?is pap] 0 an unsuccessful se>* = complete trade /ati/ics4 #bi ,a few ( ! ,home ,rule ,m4,p4's :o are n[ /ump+ ! c\ntry on ! ,l& grievance are !mselves l&lords4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t !y %\ld introduce fixity ( t5ure on _! e/ates1 9 "o or o!r ( its v>i\s =ms4 ,mr4 ,err+ton 7:o is n "o ( ! /ump orators ( ! p>ty7 has1 ,i am told1 notifi$ 8 int5tion to give long leases to 8 t5antry4 ,9 a case l ?is ! argum5tum ad hom9em1 ?\gh a p]fectly fair "o1 is a p]fectly useless "o4 #cj ,i h ref]r$ above 7note1 p4 #dfc7 to my failure to obta9 trade /ati/ics4 ,?is circum/ance has caus$ me to fail also 9 fully c>ry+ out ! orig9al plan ( ?is pap]4 ,i _h int5d$ n only to give a g5]al view ( ! rec5t condition ( ! ,iri% p1 b to ent] some:at fully into its causes1 & discuss ! probabilities ( ! future4 ,! great revival 9 prosp]ity1 :i* ,i h imp]fectly sket*$1 0 closely connect$ ) ! cross-*annel trade4 ,at pres5t1 affairs look suffici5tly gloomy bo? "h & 9 ,engl&2 & ! =eca/ ( ! future dep5ds ma9ly ^u ! prospect ( revival 9 ,engli% trade4 ,,! ,,deluge3 ,,its ,,traditions ,,9 ,,anci5t ,,nations4 ,( all traditions relat+ to ! hi/ory ( primitive humanity1 by f> ! mo/ univ]sal is t ( ! ,deluge4 ,our pres5t purpose is to pass "u review ! pr9cipal v]sions ( x extant among ! lead+ races ( m54 ,! concordance ( ^! ) ! ,biblical n>rative w br+ out _! prim>y unity1 & we %all ?us be able to recognize ! fact ( ?is tradition be+ "o ( ^? :i* date be=e ! disp]sion ( peoples1 g back to ! v dawn ( ! civiliz$ _w1 & c only ref] to a real & def9ite ev5t4 ,b we h previ\sly to get rid ( c]ta9 leg5d>y recollections errone\sly associat$ ) ! ,biblical ,deluge1 _! ess5tial features =bidd+ s\nd criticism to assimilate !m !re)4 ,we allude to su* z ref] to local ph5om5a1 & are ( hi/oric & comp>atively rec5t date4 ,d\btless ! tradition ( ! great primitive cataclysm may h be5 confus$ ) ^!1 & ?us h l$ to an exagg]ation ( _! importance2 b ! *>act]i/ic po9ts ( ! n>rative admitt$ into ! ,book ( ,g5esis are want+1 & ev5 "u ! leg5d>y =m x has assum$ ^! ev5ts reta9 a decid$ly special & re/rict$ "*4 ,to gr\p recollections ( ?is nature ) ^? t really relate to ! ,deluge w\ld be to invalidate1 r ?an confirm1 ! consequ5ces we are entitl$ to draw f ! latt]4 ,take1 = in/ance1 ! great inundation plac$ by ! hi/oric books ( ,*9a 9 ! reign ( ,yao4 ,?is has no real relation1 or ev5 resemblance1 to ! ,biblical ,deluge2 x is a purely local ev5t1 ! date ( :i*1 spite ( ! unc]ta9ty ( ,*9ese *ronology previ\s to ! eigh? c5tury ,b4,c41 we may yet det]m9e z long subsequ5t to ! fully hi/oric p]iods ( ,egypt & ,babylon4#ca ,*9ese au?ors describe ,yu1 m9i/] & eng9e] ( ! day1 z re/or+ ! c\rse ( riv]s1 rais+ dykes1 digg+ canals1 & regulat+ ! taxation ( e prov9ce ?r\gh\t ,*9a4 ,a le>n$ ,s9ologi/1 ,ed\>d ,biot1 has prov$1 9 a treatise on ! *anges ( ! l[] c\rse ( ! ,hoang-ho1 t x 0 to "o ( its frequ5t inundations ! above cata/rophe 0 due1 & t ! e>ly ,*9ese settlem5ts on its banks _h _h mu* to suff] f ?is cause4 ,^! works ( ,yu 7 b ! beg9n+ ( embankm5ts necess>y to conta9 its wat]s1 c>ri$ on fur!r 9 foll[+ ages4 ,a celebrat$ inscription grav5 on ! rocky face ( "o ( ! m\nta9 peaks ( ,ho-nan passes = contemporane\s ) ^! works1 & is consequ5tly ! mo/ anci5t specim5 ( ,*9ese epigraphy extant4 ,?is inscription appe>s to pres5t an intr9sically au!ntic "*1 suffici5t to dispel ! d\bts sugge/$ by ,mr4 ,legge1 al?\gh !re is ?is r suspici\s fact connect$ ) x1 t we are only acqua9t$ ) x ?r\gh anci5t copies1 & t = _m c5turies pa/ ! m9ute/ rese>* has fail$ to re-discov] ! orig9al4 ,nor is ! "* ( a m]e local ev5t less conspicu\s 9 ! leg5d ( ,bot*ica1 su* z we h x report$ by ! ,muyscas1 ! anci5t inhabitants ( ! prov9ce ( ,cund9am>ca1 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 al?\gh "h my?ological fable is m+l$ mu* m l>gely ) ! fundam5tal hi/oric elem5t4 ,huy?aca1 ! wife ( a div9e man1 or r a god1 call$ ,bot*ica1 hav+ practis$ abom9able wit*craft 9 ord] to make ! riv] ,funzha leave its b$1 ! :ole pla9 ( ,bogota is deva/at$ by its wat]s2 m5 & bea/s p]i% 9 ! inundation1 & only a few escape by flight to ! l(tie/ m\nta9s4 ,! tradition adds t ,bot*ica broke asund] ! rocks inclos+ ! valley ( ,canoas & ,tequ5dama1 9 ord] to facilitate ! escape ( ! wat]s1 next reassembl$ ! disp]s$ remnant ( ! ,muyscas1 taught !m ,sun-wor%ip1 & w5t up to heav51 aft] hav+ liv$ #ejj ye>s 9 ,cund9am>ca4 ,i4 ,*aldean & ,biblical ,n>ratives4--,( ! traditions relat+ to ! great cataclysm ! mo/ curi\s1 no d\bt1 is t ( ! ,*aldeans4 ,its influ5ce has /amp$ itself 9 an unmi/akable mann] on ! tradition ( ,india2 &1 ( all ! acc\nts ( ! ,deluge1 x comes ne>e/ to t 9 ,g5esis4 ,to :oev] comp>es ! two x becomes evid5t t !y mu/ h be5 "o & ! same up to ! "t :5 ,t]ah & 8 family left ,ur ( ! ,*aldees to g into ,pale/9e4 ,we h two v]sions ( ! ,*aldean /ory--unequally develop$ inde$1 b exhibit+ a rem>kable agreem5t4 ,! "o mo/ anci5tly kn[n1 & also ! %ort]1 is t :i* ,b]osus took f ! sacr$ books ( ,babylon & introduc$ into ! hi/ory t he wrote = ! use ( ! ,greeks4#cb ,aft] speak+ ( ! la/ n9e ant$iluvian k+s1 ! ,*aldean prie/ cont9ues ?us3-- ,ob>tes ,elb>atutu be+ dead1 8 son ,xisu?ros 7,khasisatra7 reign$ eighte5 s>es 7#fd1hjj ye>s74 ,x 0 "u him t ! ,great ,deluge took place1 ! hi/ory ( :i* is told 9 ! sacr$ docum5ts z foll[s3--,cronos 7,ea7 appe>$ to him 9 8 sleep1 & ann\nc$ t on ! fifte5? ( ! mon? ( ,daisios 7! ,assyrian mon? ,sivan--a little be=e ! summ] sol/ice71 all m5 %\ld p]i% by a flood4 ,he !re=e comm&$ him to take ! beg9n+1 ! middle1 & ! end ( :atev] 0 consign$ to writ+1#cc & to bury x 9 ! ,city ( ! ,sun1 at ,sipp>a2 !n to build a vessel1 & to ent] into x ) 8 family & de>e/ fri5ds2 to place 9 ?is vessel provisions to eat & dr9k1 & to cause animals1 birds1 & quadrup$s to ent] x2 la/ly1 to prep>e ev]y?+ = navigation4 ,& :5 ,xisu?ros inquir$ 9 :at direction he %\ld /e] 8 b>k1 he 0 answ]$1 't[>ds ! gods1' & enjo9$ to pray t good might come ( x = m54 ,xisu?ros obey$1 & con/ruct$ a vessel five /adia long & five broad2 he collect$ all t _h be5 prescrib$ to him1 & emb>k$ 8 wife1 8 *ildr51 & 8 intimate fri5ds4 ,! ,deluge hav+ come1 & soon go+ d[n1 ,xisu?ros loos$ "s ( ! birds4 ,^! f9d+ no food nor place to alight on return$ to ! %ip4 ,a few days lat] ,xisu?ros aga9 let !m free1 b !y return$ aga9 to ! vessel1 _! feet full ( mud4 ,f9ally1 loos$ ! ?ird "t ! birds came no m back4 ,!n ,xisu?ros und]/ood t ! e>? 0 b>e4 ,he made an op5+ 9 ! ro( ( ! %ip1 & saw t x _h gr\nd$ on ! top ( a m\nta94 ,he !n desc5d$ ) 8 wife1 8 daught]1 & 8 pilot1 wor%ipp$ ! e>?1 rais$ an alt>1 & !re sacrific$ to ! gods2 at ! same mom5t he vani%$ ) ^? :o accompani$ him4 ,mean:ile ^? :o _h rema9$ 9 ! vessel n see+ ,xisu?ros return1 desc5d$ too & began to seek him1 call+ him by 8 "n4 ,!y saw ,xisu?ros no m2 b a voice f heav5 0 he>d comm&+ !m piety t[>ds ! gods2 t he1 inde$1 0 receiv+ ! rew>d ( 8 piety 9 be+ c>ri$ away to dwell !nce=? 9 ! mid/ ( ! gods1 & t 8 wife1 8 daught]1 & ! pilot ( ! %ip %>$ ! same hon\r4 ,! voice fur!r said t !y 7 to return to ,babylon1 & con=mably to ! decrees ( fate1 dis9t] ! writ+s buri$ at ,sipp>a 9 ord] to transmit !m to m54 ,x add$ t ! c\ntry 9 :i* !y f\nd !mselves 0 ,arm5ia4 ,^!1 !n1 hav+ he>d ! voice1 sacrific$ to ! gods & return$ on foot to ,babylon4 ,( ! vessel ( ,xisu?ros1 :i* _h f9ally l&$ 9 ,arm5ia1 a portion is /ill to be f\nd 9 ! ,gordyan ,m\nta9s 9 ,arm5ia1 & pilgrims br+ !nce asphalte t !y h scrap$ f its fragm5ts4 ,x is us$ to keep (f ! influ5ce ( wit*craft4 ,z to ! companions ( ,xisu?ros1 !y came to ,babylon1 dis9t]r$ ! writ+s left at ,sipp>a1 f\nd$ num]\s cities1 built temples1 & re/or$ ,babylon4 ,by ! side ( ?is v]sion1 :i*1 int]e/+ ?\gh x be1 is1 aft] all1 second h&1 we are n[ able to place an orig9al ,*aldeo-,babylonian edition1 :i* ! lam5t$ ,george ,smi? 0 ! fir/ to deciph] on ! cunei=m tablets exhum$ at ,n9eveh & n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,"h ! n>rative ( ! ,deluge appe>s z an episode 9 ! elev5? tablet1 or elev5? *aunt ( ! great epic ( ! t[n ( ,uruk4 ,! h]o ( ?is poem1 a k9d ( ,h]cules1 ^: "n has n z yet be5 made out ) c]ta9ty1#cd be+ attack$ by disease 7a k9d ( leprosy71 goes1 ) a view to its cure1 to consult ! patri>* sav$ f ! ,deluge1 ,khasisatra1 9 ! di/ant l& to :i* ! gods h transport$ him1 !re to enjoy et]nal felicity4 ,he asks ,khasisatra to reveal ! secret ( ! ev5ts :i* l$ to 8 obta9+ ! privilege ( immortality1 & ?us ! patri>* is induc$ to relate ! cataclysm4 ,by a comp>ison ( ! ?ree copies ( ! poem t ! libr>y ( ! palace ( ,n9eveh conta9$1 x has be5 possible to re/ore ! n>rative ) h>dly any breaks4#ce ,^! ?ree copies 71 by ord] ( ! ,k+ ( ,assyria1 ,as%urbanabal1 made 9 ! eigh? c5tury ,b4,c41 f a v anci5t specim5 9 ! sac]dotal libr>y ( ! t[n ( ,uruk1 f\nd$ by ! mon>*s ( ! fir/ ,*aldean empire4 ,x is difficult precisely to fix ! date ( ! orig9al1 copi$ by ,assyrian scribes1 b x c]ta9ly goes back to ! anci5t empire1 sev5te5 c5turies1 at lea/1 be=e our era1 & ev5 probably beyond2 x 0 !re=e mu* ant]ior to ,moses1 & ne>ly contemporane\s ) ,abraham4 ,! v>iations pres5t$ by ! ?ree exi/+ copies prove t ! orig9al 0 9 ! primitive mode ( writ+ call$ ! hi]atic1 a "* :i* mu/ h already become difficult to deciph] 9 ! eigh? c5tury ,b4,c41 z ! copyi/s h diff]$ z to ! int]pretation to be giv5 to c]ta9 signs1 & 9 o!r cases h simply reproduc$ exactly ! =ms ( su* z !y did n und]/&4 ,f9ally1 x results f a comp>ison ( ^! v>iations1 t ! orig9al1 transcrib$ by ord] ( ,as%urbanabal1 mu/ itself h be5 a copy ( "s /ill m anci5t manuscript1 9 :i* ! orig9al text _h already receiv$ int]l9e> comm5ts4 ,"s ( ! copyi/s h introduc$ ^! into _! text1 o!rs h omitt$ !m4 ,) ^! prelim9>y obs]vations ,i proce$ to give integrally ! n>rative ascrib$ 9 ! poem to ,khasisatra3-- ,i w reveal to !e1 ,o ,izdhub>1 ! hi/ory ( my pres]vation--& tell to !e ! decision ( ! gods4 ,! t[n ( ,%urippak1 a t[n :i* ?\ kn[e/1 is situat$ on ! ,euphrates--x 0 anci5t & 9 x m5 did n hon\r ! gods4 ,i alone1 ,i 0 _! s]vant1 to ! great gods--,! gods took c\nsel on ! appeal ( ,anu--a deluge 0 propos$ by ,bel--& approv$ by ,nabon1 ,n]gal & ,ad>4 ,& ! god ,ea ! immutable "l1--repeat$ ?is comm& 9 a dream4--,i li/5$ to ! decree ( fate t he ann\nc$1 & he said to me3--',man ( ,%iruppak1 son ( ,ub>atutu--?\1 build a vessel & f9i% x quickly4--,by a deluge ,i w de/roy sub/ance & life4--,cause ?\ to g up into ! vessel ! sub/ance ( all t has life4--,! vessel ?\ %all build--#fjj cubits %all be ! measure ( its l5g?--& #fj cubits ! am\nt ( its bread? & ( its height4--,laun* x ?us on ! ocean & cov] x ) a ro(4'--,i und]/ood1 & ,i said to ,ea1 my "l3--',! vessel t ?\ comm&e/ me to build ?us--:5 ,i %all d x1--"y & old %all laugh at me4'--,ea op5$ 8 m\? & spoke4--,he said to me1 8 s]vant3--',if !y laugh at !e ?\ %alt say to !m3 %all be puni%$ he :o has insult$ me1 = ! protection ( ! gods is ov] me4-- 444 l to cav]ns 444 ---- 444 ,i w ex]cise my judgm5t on t :i* is on high & t :i* is bel[ 444 ---- 444 ,close ! vessel 444 ---- 444 ,at a giv5 mom5t t ,i %all cause !e to "k1--ent] into x & draw ! door ( ! %ip t[>ds !e4--,)9 x1 ?y gra9s1 ?y furniture1 ?y provisions1--?y ri*es1 ?y m5-s]vants1 & ?y maid-s]vants1 & ?y "y p--! cattle ( ! field & ! wild bea/s ( ! pla9 t ,i w assemble--& t ,i w s5d !e1 %all be kept beh9d ?y door4'--,khasisatra op5$ 8 m\? & spoke2--he said to ,ea1 8 "l3--',no "o has made su* a %ip4--,on ! pr[ ,i w fix4444--,i %all see 444 & ! vessel 444--! vessel ?\ comm&e/ me to build ?us--:i* 94444#cf ,on ! fif? day ! two sides ( ! b>k 7 rais$4--,9 its cov]+ f\rte5 9 all 7 its raft]s--f\rte5 9 all did x c\nt above4--,i plac$ its ro( & ,i cov]$ x4--,i emb>k$ 9 x on ! six? day2 ,i divid$ its floors on ! sev5?2--,i divid$ ! int]ior comp>tm5ts on ! eigh?4 ,i /opp$ up ! *9ks ?r\gh :i* ! wat] ent]$ 92--,i visit$ ! *9ks & add$ :at 0 want+4--,i p\r$ on ! ext]ior ?ree times #c1fjj measures ( asphalte1--& ?ree times #c1fjj measures ( asphalte )94--,?ree times #c1fjj m51 port]s1 br\ght on _! heads ! *e/s ( provisions4--,i kept #c1fjj *e/s = ! n\ri%m5t ( my family1--& ! m>9]s divid$ among !mselves twice #c1fjj *e/s4--,= provision+ ,i _h ox5 sla92--,i in/itut$ rations = ea* day4--,9 anticipation ( ! ne$ ( dr9ks1 ( b>rels & ( w9e--,i collect$ 9 quantity l to ! wat]s ( a riv]1 ( provisions 9 quantity l to ! du/ ( ! e>?4--,to arrange !m 9 ! *e/s ,i set my h& to4-- 444 ( ! sun 444 ! vessel 0 complet$4-- 444 /rong &--,i _h c>ri$ above & bel[ ! furniture ( ! %ip4--,?is lad+ fill$ ! two-?irds4 ,all t ,i possess$ ,i ga!r$ toge!r2 all ,i possess$ ( silv] ,i ga!r$ toge!r2 all t ,i possess$ ( gold ,i ga!r$--all t ,i possess$ ( ! sub/ance ( life ( e k9d ,i ga!r$ toge!r4--,i made all asc5d into ! vessel2 my s]vants male & female1--! cattle ( ! fields1 ! wild bea/s ( ! pla9s1 & ! sons ( ! p1 ,i made !m all asc5d4 ,%ama% 7! sun7 made ! mom5t det]m9$ &----he ann\nc$ x 9 ^! t]ms3 ',9 ! ev5+ ,i w cause x to ra9 abundantly f heav52 ent] into ! vessel & close ! door4'----,! fix$ mom5t _h arriv$1 :i* he ann\nc$ 9 ^! t]ms3 ',9 ! ev5+ ,i w cause x to ra9 abundantly f heav54'----,:5 ! ev5+ ( t day arriv$1 ,i 0 afraid1----,i ent]$ into ! vessel & %ut my door4----,9 %utt+ ! vessel1 to ,buzur-%adi-rabi1 ! pilot----,i confid$ ?is dwell+1 ) all t x conta9$4 ,mu-%]i-ina-nam>i#cg--rose f ! f\ndations ( heav5 9 a black cl\d2--,ramman#ch ?und]$ 9 ! mid/ ( ! cl\d--& ,nabon & ,%>ru m>*$ be=e2--!y m>*$1 deva/at+ ! m\nta9 & ! pla92--,n]gal#ci ! p[]ful1 dragg$ *a/isem5ts aft] him2--,ad>#dj advanc$1 ov]?r[+ be=e him2--! ,ar*angels ( ! abyss br\ght de/ruction--9 _! t]rors !y agitat$ ! e>?4--,! inundation ( ,ramman swell$ up to ! sky--& ! e>? became )\t lu/re1 0 *ang$ into a des]t4 ,!y broke 444 ( ! surface ( ! e>? l 4442--!y de/roy$ ! liv+ be+s ( ! surface ( ! e>?4--,! t]rible ,deluge on m5 swell$ up to heav54--,! bro!r no long] saw 8 bro!r2 m5 no long] knew ea* o!r4 ,9 heav5--! gods became afraid ( ! wat]-sp\t1 &--s\ght a refuge2 !y m\nt$ up to ! heav5 ( ,anu4#da--,! gods 7 /ret*$ out motionless1 press+ "o aga9/ ano!r l dogs4--,i%t> wail$ l a *ild1--! great goddess pron\nc$ h] disc\rse3--',"h is humanity return$ into mud1 &--?is is ! mis=tune t ,i h ann\nc$ 9 ! pres5ce ( ! gods4--,s ,i ann\nc$ ! mis=tune 9 ! pres5ce ( ! gods1--= ! evil ,i ann\nc$ ! t]rible *a/isem5t ( m5 :o are m9e4--,i am ! "m :o gave bir? to m51 &--l to ! race ( fi%es1 !re !y are fill+ ! sea2--& ! gods by reason ( t--:i* ! ar*angels ( ! abyss are do+1 weep ) me4'--,! gods on _! seats 7 seat$ 9 te>s--& !y held _! lips clos$1 revolv+ future ?+s4 ,six days & z _m nights pass$2 ! w9d1 ! wat]-sp\t1 & ! diluvian ra9 7 9 all _! /r5g?4 ,at ! approa* ( ! sev5? day ! diluvian ra9 grew weak]1 ! t]rible wat]-sp\t--:i* _h assail$ aft] ! fa%ion ( an e>?quake--grew calm1 ! sea incl9$ to dry up1 & ! w9d & ! wat]-sp\t came to an end4 ,i look$ at ! sea1 att5tively obs]v+--& ! :ole ( humanity _h return$ to mud2 l unto seawe$s ! corpses float$4 ,i op5$ ! w9d[1 & ! light smote on my face4 ,i 0 seiz$ ) sadness2 ,i sat d[n & ,i wept2--& my te>s came ov] my face4 ,i look$ at ! regions b\nd+ ! sea2 t[>ds ! twelve po9ts ( ! horizon2 n any cont95t4--,! vessel 0 borne above ! l& ( ,nizir--! m\nta9 ( ,nizir arre/$ ! vessel1 & did n p]mit x to pass ov]4--,a day & a second day ! m\nta9 ( ,nizir arre/$ ! vessel1 & did n p]mit x to pass ov]2--! ?ird & f\r? day ! m\nta9 ( ,nizir arre/$ ! vessel1 & did n p]mit x to pass ov]2--! fif? & six? day ! m\nta9 ( ,nizir arre/$ ! vessel1 & did n p]mit x to pass ov]4--,at ! approa* ( ! sev5? day1 ,i s5t out & loos$ a dove4 ,! dove w5t1 turn$1 &--f\nd no place to light on1 & x came back4 ,i s5t out & loos$ a swall[2 ! swall[ w5t1 turn$1 &--f\nd no place to light on1 & x came back4 ,i s5t out & loos$ a rav52 ! rav5 w5t & saw ! corpses on ! wat]s2 x ate1 re/$1 turn$ & came n back4 ,i !n s5t out 7:at 0 9 ! vessel7 t[>ds ! f\r w9ds1 & ,i (f]$ a sacrifice4 ,i rais$ ! pile ( my burnt (f]+ on ! peak ( ! m\nta92 sev5 by sev5 ,i dispos$ ! measur$ vases1#db--;& b5ea? ,i spread ru%es1 c$>1 & junip] wood4 ,! gods 7 seiz$ ) ! desire ( x--! gods 7 seiz$ ) a b5evol5t desire ( x2--& ! gods assembl$ l flies above ! ma/] ( ! sacrifice4 ,f af>1 9 approa*+1 ! great goddess rais$ ! great zones t ,anu has made = _! glory 7! gods74#dc ,^! gods1 lum9\s cry/al be=e me1 ,i w nev] leave !m2 9 t day ,i pray$ t ,i might nev] leave !m4 ',let ! gods come to my sacrificial pile6--b nev] may ,bel come to my sacrificial pile6 = he did n ma/] himself1 & he has made ! wat]-sp\t = ! ,deluge1 & he has numb]$ my m5 = ! pit4' ,f f>1 9 draw+ ne>1 ,bel--saw ! vessel1 & ,bel /opp$2--he 0 fill$ ) ang] aga9/ ! gods & ! cele/ial ar*angels3-- ',no "o %all come out alive6 ,no man %all be pres]v$ f ! abyss6'--,ad> op5$ 8 m\? & said2 he said to ! w>rior ,bel3--',:at o!r ?an ,ea %\ld h =m$ ?is resolution8--= ,ea possesses k & he =esees all4'--,ea op5$ 8 m\? & spake2 he said to ! w>rior ,bel3--',o ?\1 h]ald ( ! gods1 w>rior1--z ?\ did/ n ma/] ?yself1 ?\ ha/ made ! wat]-sp\t ( ! deluge4--,let ! s9n] c>ry ! weight ( 8 s9s1 ! blasphem] ! weight ( 8 blasphemy4--,please ?yself ) ?is good pleasure & x %all nev] be infr+$2 fai? 9 x nev] %all be violat$4--,in/ead ( ?y mak+ a new deluge1 let lions appe> & r$uce ! numb] ( m52 in/ead ( ?y mak+ a new deluge1 let hy5as appe> & r$uce ! numb] ( m52--in/ead ( ?y mak+ a new deluge1 let !re be fam9e & let ! e>? be deva/at$2--in/ead ( ?y mak+ a new deluge1 let ,dibb>a#dd appe>1 & let m5 be m[n d[n4 ,i h n reveal$ ! decision ( ! great gods2--x is ,khasisatra :o int]pret$ a dream & compreh5d$ :at ! gods _h decid$4' ,!n1 :5 8 resolve 0 arre/$1 ,bel ent]$ into ! vessel4--,he took my h& & made me rise4--,he made my wife rise & made h] place h]self at my side4--,he turn$ ar\nd u & /opp$ %ort2 he approa*$ our gr\p4--',until n[ ,khasisatra has made "p ( p]i%able humanity2--b lo1 n[1 ,khasisatra & 8 wife are go+ to be c>ri$ away to live l ! gods1--& ,khasisatra w reside af> at ! m\? ( ! riv]s4'--,!y c>ri$ me away & e/abli%$ me 9 a remote place at ! m\? ( ! /reams4 ,?is n>rative foll[s ) great exactness ! same c\rse z t1 or r z ^? ( ,g5esis1 & ! analogies are on bo? sides /rik+4 ,x is well kn[n1 & has long be5 critically demon/rat$1 t *apt]s vi41 vii41 viii4 & ix4 ( ,g5esis conta9 two diff]5t n>ratives ( ! ,deluge1 ! "o tak5 f ! ,elohi/ docum5t1 ! o!r f ! ,jehovi/1 bo? be+ skilfully comb9$ by ! f9al editor4 ,rev]5c+ _! text1 :i* he evid5tly consid]$ sacr$1 he omitt$ no fact giv5 by ei!r1 s t we h ! :ole /ory twice n>rat$ 9 diff]5t t]ms2 &1 9 spite ( ! way ! v]ses are mix$ up1 x is easy s to dis5tangle ! two v]sions z t ea* %\ld =m a cont9u\s & unbrok5 n>rative4 ,"s critics h rec5tly pret5d$ t1 ) reg>d to ! /ories ( ! ,creation & ,deluge1 bo? cunei=m docum5ts disprov$ ! di/9ction betwe5 ! two s\rces ( ,g5esis1 & prov$ ! primitive unity ( its composition2 t ! same repetitions1 9 effect1 7 to be f\nd !re4 ,?is 0 a premature conclusion1 drawn f translations v imp]fect z yet1 & requir+ ?or\gh revision2 &1 inde$1 conf9+ ourselves to ! /ory ( ! ,deluge1 su* revision1 c>ri$ on accord+ to /rict philological pr9ciples1 does away ) ! argum5ts t _h be5 bas$ on ! v]sion ( ,george ,smi?4 ,none ( ! repetitions ( ! f9al text ( ,g5esis are obs]vable 9 ! ,*aldean poem2 :i*1 on ! contr>y1 decisively confirms ! di/9ction made betwe5 ! two n>ratives1 ! ,elohi/ & ,jehovi/1 int]wov5 by ! la/ compil] ( ! ,p5tateu*4 ,x is ) ea* ( ^! sep>ately--:5 dis5tangl$ & comp>$--t ! ,*aldean n>rative co9cides 9 its ord]--x is n ) ! result ( _! comb9ation4 ,& no?+ c\ld be easi] ?an to demon/rate ?is by a synoptic table1 9 :i* ! ?ree n>ratives 7 collat$4 ,su* a table w\ld at once %[ _! agreem5t & _! diff]5ce1 :at ! ?ree records h 9 common1 & :at ea* has add$ ( its own to ! primitive outl9e4 ,!y are c]ta9ly ?ree v]sions ( ! same traditional hi/ory1 & ) ! ,*aldeo-,babylonians on ! "o h&1 & ! ,hebrews on ! o!r1 we h two p>allel /reams proce$+ f "o s\rce4 ,nev]!less1 we mu/ note on bo? sides div]g5ces ( c]ta9 importance :i* prove ! bifurcation ( ! two traditions to h tak5 place at a v remote era1 & ! "o ( :i* ! ,bible af=ds u ! expression to be n m]ely an edition ( t pres]v$ by ! ,*aldean prie/hood1 expurgat$ f a sev]ely mono!i/ic po9t ( view4 ,! ,biblical n>rative be>s ! impress ( an inl& p1 ignorant ( navigation4 ,9 ,g5esis1 ! "n ( ! ark1 tebah1 signifies c(f]1 & n vessel4 ,no?+ is said ab\t ! laun*+ ( ! ark2 !re is no m5tion made ( ! sea1 or ( navigation2 !re is no pilot4 ,9 ! ,epic ( ,uruk1 on ! contr>y1 ev]y?+ %[s x to h be5 compos$ amid/ a m>itime population2 e circum/ance be>s a reflex ( ! mann]s & cu/oms ( p liv+ on ! %ore ( ! ,p]sian ,gulf4 ,khasisatra ent]s a vessel1 prop]ly s call$2 x is laun*$1 und]goes a trial trip1 all its seams are caulk$ ) bitum51 x is entru/$ to a pilot4 ,! ,*aldeo-,babylonian n>rative repres5ts ,khasisatra z a k+1 :o goes up into ! %ip surr\nd$ by a :ole population ( s]vants & companions2 9 ! ,bible1 we h only ,noah & 8 family :o are sav$2 ! new human race has no o!r s\rce ?an ! patri>*'s ?ree sons4 ,nor is !re any trace 9 ! ,*aldean poem ( ! di/9ction 79 ! ,bible peculi> inde$ only to ! ,jehovi/7 betwe5 clean & unclean bea/s1 & ( ea* k9d ( ! =m] be+ numb]$ by sev5s1 al?\gh 9 ,babylonia ! numb] sev5 _h a specially sacram5tal "*4 ,z to ! dim5sions ( ! ark1 we f9d a disagreem5t n only betwe5 ! ,bible & ! tablet copi$ by ord] ( ,as%urbanabal1 b betwe5 ! latt] & ,b]osus4 ,bo? ,g5esis & ! cunei=m docum5ts measure ! ark's dim5sions by cubits1 ,b]osus by /adia4 ,g5esis /ates its l5g? & bread? to h be5 9 ! proportion ( #f to #a1 ,b]osus ( #e to #b1 ! tablet 9 ! ,briti% ,museum ( #aj to #a4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! fragm5ts ( ,b]osus d n treat ( ! relative dim5sions ( height & bread?1 & ! tablet gives !m z equal1 :ile ! ,bible speaks ( ?irty cubits ( height & fifty ( bread?4 ,b ^! diff]5ces z to figures h b a second>y importance2 no?+ s liable to alt]ations & v>iations 9 diff]5t editions ( ! same n>rative4 ,we may obs]ve1 h[ev]1 t 9 ,g5esis x is only ! ,elohi/--always mu* addict$ to figures--:o gives ! dim5sions ( ! ark4 ,&1 on ! o!r h&1 x is ! ,jehovi/ alone :o tells ( ! s5d+ =? ( ! birds1 :i* occupies a consid]able place 9 ! ,*aldean tradition4 ,z to ! v>iations "h betwe5 ! ,biblical /ory & t 9 ! poem ( ,uruk1 ! latt] add+ ! swall[ to ! dove & ! rav51 & n attribut+ to ! dove ! "p ( a mess5g] ( good tid+s1 ,i d n ?9k !y g = mu*4 ,! agreem5t z to ! ma9 po9t is1 9 my eyes1 ( f> m importance4 ,b :at is1 on ! contr>y1 ( v decid$ importance1 is ! absolute disagreem5t z to ! duration ( ! ,deluge betwe5 ! ,elohi/ & ,jehovi/1 z well z betwe5 ! two & ! ,*aldeo-,babylonian n>rator4 ,"h we h a manife/ trace ( diff]5t sy/ems apply+ to ! anci5t tradition cal5drical conceptions1 dissimil> 9 ea* record1 & yet all seem+ to h proce$$ f ,*aldea4 ,by ! ,elohi/ ! p]iods ( ! ,deluge are indicat$ by ! ord9al numb]s ( ! mon?s1 b ^! ord9al numb]s relate to a lun> ye>1 beg9n+ on ! #a/ ( ,ti%ri 7,septemb]-,octob]71 at ! autumnal equ9ox4 ,?is is admitt$ by ,josephus1 & by ! ,au?or ( ! ,t>gum ( ! pseudo-,jona?an1 z well z by ,ra%i & ,kim*i1 among ! ,jewi% comm5tators ( ! ,middle ,ages2 & prov$1 z ,i conceive1 by ,mi*aelis among ! mod]ns4 ,! ra9 beg9s to fall1 & ,noah ent]s into ! ark ! #ag? day ( ! second mon?--i4e41 ,m>*e%van4 ,! great =ce ( ! wat]s la/s #aej days1 & ! #ag? ( ! sev5? mon?--i4e41 ,nisan 7,m>*-,april7--! ark gr\nds on ,m\nt ,ar>at4 ,! #a/ day ( ! t5? mon?1 or ,tammuz 7,june-,july71 ab\t ! summ] sol/ice1 ! m\nta9s are laid b>e4 ,! #a/ day ( ! fir/ mon? ( ! foll[+ ye>--t is1 ( ,ti%ri1 at ! autumnal equ9ox--! wat]s h completely retir$1 & ,noah leaves ! ark on ! #bg? ( ! second mon?4 ,?us ! ,deluge la/$ a :ole lun> ye>1 plus elev5 days--t is to say1 z ,ewald well rem>ks1 a sol> ye> ( #cfe days4 ,n[1 "u ! climatic conditions ( ,babylonia & ,assyria1 ! ra9s ( late autumn beg9 t[>ds ! end ( ,novemb]1 & at once ! level ( ! ,euphrates & ,tigris rises4 ,! p]iodic ov]fl[ ( ! two riv]s occurs 9 ! middle ( ,m>*1 & culm9ates at ! end ( ,may1 f :i* "t ! wat]s g d[n4 ,at ! end ( ,june !y h left ! pla9s1 & f ,augu/ to ,novemb] are at _! l[e/ level4 ,n[ ! dates ( ! ,deluge1 giv5 by ! ,elohi/1 & re-/at$ z we h be5 do+ accord+ to ,mi*aelis & ,knobel1 accord p]fectly ) ^! phases ( ! ris+ & fall+ ( ! two ,mesopotamian riv]s4 ,!y accord ev5 bett] 9 ! primitive sy/em :i* s]v$ = />t+-po9t to t ( ! ,elohi/1 & :i* has be5 s +5i\sly re/or$ by ,m4 ,s*ra$]1#de a sy/em attribut+ to ! ,deluge #cjj days 9 all1 or a t5 mon?s' duration3 #aej days = its greate/ height & #aej = its decrease4 ,accord+ to ?is sy/em1 ! leav+ ( ! ark mu/ h tak5 place on ! fir/ day ( ! #fja/ ye> ( ,noah's life--t is to say1 on ! #a/ ( ,ti%ri1 at ! autumnal equ9ox4 ,?us ! deliv]ance ( ! fa!r ( ! new humanity1 z well z ! ,cov5ant made by ,god ) him & 8 race1 7 fix$ on ! v day to :i* an anci5t op9ion :i* has ma9ta9$ itself among ! ,jews assign$ ! creation ( ! _w4 ,z to ! beg9n+ ( ! ,deluge1 x occurr$1 accord+ to ! same sy/em1 on ! #a/ day ( ! ?ird mon?--t is to say1 at ! comm5cem5t ( ! lunation ^: end co9cid$ ) ! ,sun's entry into ,capricorn1 :5 ! conjunction ( planets br\ght ab\t p]iodic deluges accord+ to an a/rological conception ( ,*aldean orig91 :i* does n inde$ appe> a v anci5t "o2 b mu/ h be5 bas$ on data adopt$ by "s ( ! sac]dotal s*ools ( ,babylonia z to ! epo* ( ! cataclysm4 ,x is also ) ! w9t] ra9s1 & n ) ! swell+ ( ! ,euphrates & ,tigris 9 spr+1 t ! cal5drical con/ruction1 accord+ to :i* ! ant$iluvian k+s or patri>*s h be5 plac$ 9 relation ) sol> mansions 7a con/ruction foll[$ 9 ,uruk's ,epic poem71 causes ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,deluge to co9cide4 ,x connects1 9 po9t ( fact1 ! tradition ( ! cataclysm ) ! mon? ( ,%abut 7,janu>y-,febru>y71 & ) ! sign ( ,aqu>ius4 ,accord+ly1 ,i f9d great difficulty 9 admitt+ ! exactness ( ! date1 #ae? ( ,daisios1 giv5 9 ! extract ( ,alex&] ,polybi/]1 z t assign$ by ,b]osus to ! ,deluge1 = ?is w\ld make ! ev5t occur 9 ! middle ( ! ,assyrian mon? ,sivan1 at ! beg9n+ ( ,july1 9 a season ( complete dr\ght1 :5 ! riv]s h rea*$ _! l[e/ level4 ,i hold ?is to be an evid5t error1 due n to ! au?or ( ! ,*aldean ,hi/ory himself1 b to 8 transcrib]4 ,b]osus mu/ h writt5 m5os ogd\2 pempte kai dekate ! #ae? ( ! eigh? mon?1 translat+ into ,greek ! ,assyrian "n ( ! ,arakh-,%an9a4 ,& by a readily explicable error ,cornelius ,alex&] mu/ h turn$ x into ,daisios1 :i* 0 ! eigh? mon? ( ! ,syro-,mac$onian ,cal5d>1 =gett+ ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! initial po9t ( its ye> & t ( ! ,*aldeo-,assyrian4 ,9 reality1 !n1 ! date giv5 by ,b]osus only diff]$ by two days f t adopt$ by ! ,elohi/ compil] ( ,g5esis4 ,besides1 z ,knobel rightly insi/s1 9 plac+ ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,deluge at ! #ae? or #ag? ( a mon?1 we place x always at ! full moon1 = x is also ) ?is phase ( ! light t lights ! night t popul> belief 9 ,egypt & ,mesopotamia l9ks ! p]iodic rise ( ,nile or ,tigris4 ,! sy/em ( ! ,jehovi/ is q a diff]5t "o4 ,accord+ to him1 ,jahveh ann\nces ! ,deluge to ,noah only sev5 days be=eh&4 ,! wat]s are at _! height = =ty days1 & decrease dur+ =ty m4 ,aft] ^! eighty days ,noah s5ds out ! ?ree birds at int]vals ( sev5 days1 & ?us x is on ! #ba/ day aft] he has op5$ ! w9d[ ( ! ark = ! fir/ "t t he1 too1 goes out ( ! ark & (f]s 8 sacrifice to ! ,"l4 ,"h ! phases ( ! cataclysm are evid5tly calculat$ on ^? ( ! annual spr+ outfl[ ( ! ,euphrates & ,tigris1 s t we ne$ n hesitate to assign ! orig9 ( ! v =m ( ! tradition receiv$ by ! ,jehovi/ writ]1 to ! cradle ( ! race ( ! ,t]ahites 9 ,*aldea4 ,! ov]fl[ ( ! two riv]s ( ,mesopotamia la/s1 9 fact1 = an av]age ( sev5ty-five days f ! middle ( ,m>* to ! end ( ,may2 & tw5ty-six days lat]--t is1 at ! end ( ! #aja 9 all 7#hj #ba #ge #bf #aja71 :5 ! ,jehovi/ makes ,noah leave ! ark--! l&s :i* h be5 inundat$ become once m practicable4 ,:at1 moreov]1 9 ! ,jehovi/ n>rative be>s a v m>k$ impress ( ,*aldean orig9 is ! "p play$ 9 x by sept5nial p]iods2 sev5 days int]v5+ betwe5 ! ann\ncem5t & ! beg9n+ ( ! ,deluge1 sev5 betwe5 ea* s5d+ =? ( ! birds4 ,t religi\s & my/ic importance atta*$ to ! heptade :i* gave rise to ! conception ( ! sev5 days ( creation1 & to ! inv5tion ( ! week1 is an ess5tially ,*aldean idea4 ,x is among ! ,*aldeo-,babylonians t we discov] its orig9 & f9d its mo/ num]\s applications4 ,! /ory ( ,khasisatra1 9 ! poem ( ,uruk1 inv>iably proce$s hebdomadally4 ,! viol5ce ( ! ,deluge la/s sev5 days1 & s does ! /ay ( ! vessel on ,m\nt ,nizir :5 ! wat]s beg9 to g d[n4 ,x is true1 inde$1 t ! build+ ( ! vessel occupies eight in/ead ( sev5 days2 b we mu/ add ! "t necess>y = ! emb>kation ( provisions1 animals1 pass5g]s1 & ?is w enable u to calculate ! :ole duration ( ,khasisatra's prep>ations betwe5 ! vision s5t him by ,ea & ! mom5t :5 he closes ! vessel at ! approa* ( ! ra91 z consi/+ ( f\rte5 days or two hebdomades4 ,?is be+ grant$1 if ! poem does n /ate precisely ! int]vals at :i* ! ?ree birds 7 s5t =?1 we are ju/ifi$ 9 apply+ "h ! figures us$ by ! ,jehovi/ 9 ,g5esis1 & c\nt+ sev5 days betwe5 ! fir/ & second s5d+ =?1 sev5 betwe5 ! second & ?ird1 & sev51 la/ly1 betwe5 ! dep>ture ( ! bird :i* does n return1 & ! leav+ ! vessel4 ,! :ole int]val1 !n1 betwe5 ! w>n+ ( ,ea & ! sacrifice ( ,khasisatra1 am\nts to sev5 hebdomades--pla9ly a numb] int5tionally assign$4 ,& ! :ole duration ( ! ,deluge is d\bl$ by ! sacr$ writ]1 :o 0 ! au?or ( ! ,jehovi/ docum5t1 #g #b #g1 in/ead ( #g #g2 t is1 f\rte5 weeks ) j ?ree days ov]1 ow+ to ! writ] hav+ employ$ ! r\nd numb]s #dj #dj #hj days1 in/ead ( ! precise numb] sev5ty-sev5 days or elev5 hebdomades 7#g #d #g71 to indicate ! int]val betwe5 ! beg9n+ ( ! diluvian ra9 & ! s5d+ =? ( ! fir/ bird4 ,& n[1 if we keep c\nt ( ! "t betwe5 ! ann\nc+ ( ! cataclysm by ,jahveh & its comm5cem5t1 ! figures ( ! ,jehovi/ are 9 all #g #b #g #g days1 & ^? ( ! sy/em ( ! ,*aldean poem #g #g4 ,b !y are on bo? sides comb9ations ( sev54 ,:]e ! ,*aldeo-,babylonian n>rative & t ( ! ,bible absolutely div]ge1 is 9 _! /atem5t ( :at1 aft] ! ,deluge1 befell ! righte\s man sav$ f x4 ,accord+ to ! figures ( ! ,elohi/1 ,noah lives on among 8 desc5dants = #cej ye>s1 & dies at ! age ( #iej4 ,khasisatra receives ! privilege ( immortality2 is c>ri$ away to live l ! gods1 & transport$ into a di/ant place1 :]e ! h]o ( ,uruk goes to visit him 9 ord] to le>n ! secrets ( life & dea?4 ,b 9 ! ,bible we h some?+ ( ! same k9d told u ( ,noah's great-gr&fa!r ,eno*1 :o walk$ ) ,god1 & 0 n1 because ,god took him4 ,we see1 !n1 t ! ,babylonian tradition unit$ 9 ! p]son ( ,khasisatra facts :i* ! ,bible di/ributes betwe5 ,eno* & ,noah1 ! two :om ,holy ,scripture equally *>act]izes z hav+ walk$ ) ,god4 ,! au?or ( ! treatise ,on ! ,syrian ,goddess1 errone\sly attribut$ to ,lucian1 acqua9ts u ) ! diluvian tradition ( ! ,arameans1 directly d]iv$ f t ( ,*aldea1 z x 0 n>rat$ 9 ! celebrat$ ,sanctu>y ( ,hi]apolis or ,bambyce4 ,! g5]ality ( p1 he says1 tell u t ! f\nd] ( ! temple 0 ,deucalion ,sisy!s1 t ,deucalion 9 ^: "t ! great inundation occurr$4 ,i h also he>d ! acc\nt giv5 by ! ,greeks !mselves ( ,deucalion2 ! my? runs ?us3--,! actual race ( m5 is n ! fir/1 = !re 0 a previ\s "o1 all ! memb]s ( :i* p]i%$4 ,we belong to a second race1 desc5d$ f ,deucalion1 & multipli$ 9 ! c\rse ( "t4 ,z to ! =m] m51 !y are said to h be5 full ( insol5ce & pride1 committ+ _m crimes1 disreg>d+ _! oa?1 neglect+ ! rights ( hospitality1 unsp>+ to suppliants1 accord+ly !y 7 puni%$ by an imm5se disa/]4 ,all on a sudd5 enorm\s volumes ( wat] issu$ f ! e>?1 & ra9s ( extraord9>y abundance began to fall2 ! riv]s left _! b$s1 & ! sea ov]fl[$ its %ores2 ! :ole e>? 0 cov]$ ) wat]1 & all m5 p]i%$4 ,deucalion alone1 because ( 8 virtue & piety1 0 pres]v$ alive to give bir? to a new race4 ,?is is h[ he 0 sav$3--,he plac$ himself1 8 *ildr51 & 8 wives 9 a great c(f] t he _h1 9 :i* pigs1 horses1 lions1 s]p5ts1 & all o!r t]re/rial animals came to seek refuge ) him4 ,he receiv$ !m all1 & :ile !y 7 9 ! c(f] ,zeus inspir$ !m ) reciprocal amity :i* prev5t$ _! dev\r+ "o ano!r4 ,9 ?is mann]1 %ut up )9 "o s+le c(f]1 !y float$ z long z ! wat]s rema9$ 9 =ce4 ,su* is ! acc\nt giv5 by ! ,greeks ( ,deucalion4 ,b to ?is :i* !y equally tell1 ! p ( ,hi]apolis add a m>vell\s n>rative3--,t 9 _! c\ntry a great *asm op5$1 into :i* all ! wat]s ( ! deluge p\r$4 ,!n ,deucalion rais$ an alt> & d$icat$ a temple to ,h]a 7,at>gatis7 close to ?is v *asm4 ,i h se5 x2 x is v n>r[1 & situat$ "u ! temple4 ,:e!r x 0 once l>ge & has n[ %runk1 ,i d n "k2 b ,i h se5 x1 & x is q small4 ,9 memory ( ! ev5t ! foll[+ is ! rite accompli%$3--,twice a ye> sea wat] is br\ght to ! temple4 ,?is is n only done by ! prie/s1 b num]\s pilgrims come f ! :ole ( ,syria & ,arabia1 & ev5 f beyond ! ,euphrates1 br++ wat]4 ,x is p\r$ out 9 ! temple & goes into ! cleft :i*1 n>r[ z x is1 swall[s up a consid]able quantity4 ,?is is said to be 9 virtue ( a religi\s law in/itut$ by ,deucalion to pres]ve ! memory ( ! cata/rophe & ( ! b5efits t he receiv$ f ! gods4 ,su* is ! anci5t tradition ( ! temple4 ,x appe>s to me difficult n to recognize an e*o ( fables popul> 9 all ,semitic c\ntries ab\t ?is *asm ( ,hi]apolis1 & ! "p x play$ 9 ! ,deluge1--9 ! enigmatic expressions ( ! ,koran respect+ ! ov5 tannur :i* began to bubble & disgorge wat] all ar\nd at ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,deluge4 ,we "k t ?is tannur has be5 ! occasion ( mo/ grotesque imag9+s ( ,mussulman comm5tators1 :o _h lo/ ! tradition ( ! /ory to :i* ,mahomet made allusion4 ,&1 moreov]1 ! ,koran =mally /ates t ! wat]s ( ! ,deluge 7 absorb$ 9 ! bosom ( ! e>?4 ,,ii4 ,indian ,traditions4--,india1 9 its turn1 af=ds u an acc\nt ( ! ,deluge1 :i* by its pov]ty /rik+ly contra/s ) t ( ! ,bible & ! ,*aldeans4 ,its mo/ simple & anci5t =m is f\nd 9 ! ,catapa?a ,brahmana ( ! ,rig-,v$a4 ,x has be5 translat$ = ! fir/ "t by ,m4 ,max ,mull]4 ,"o morn+ wat] = wa%+ 0 br\ght to ,manu1 & :5 he _h wa%$ himself a fi% rema9$ 9 8 h&s4 ,& x address$ ^! words to him3--',protect me & ,i w save !e4' ',f :at wilt ?\ save me8' ',a deluge w sweep all creatures away2 x is f t ,i w save !e4' ',h[ %all ,i protect !e8' ,! fi% repli$3 ',:ile we are small we run great dang]s1 = fi% swall[ fi%4 ,keep me at fir/ 9 a vase2 :5 ,i become too l>ge = x dig a bas9 to put me into4 ,:5 ,i %all h gr[n /ill m1 ?r[ me into ! ocean2 !n ,i %all be pres]v$ f de/ruction4' ,soon x grew a l>ge fi%4 ,x said to ,manu1 ',! v ye> ,i %all h rea*$ my full gr[? ! ,deluge w happ54 ,!n build a vessel & wor%ip me4 ,:5 ! wat]s rise1 ent] ! vessel & ,i w save !e4' ,aft] keep+ him ?us1 ,manu c>ri$ ! fi% to ! sea4 ,9 ! ye> indicat$ ,manu built a vessel & wor%ipp$ ! fi%4 ,& :5 ! ,deluge came he ent]$ ! vessel4 ,!n ! fi% came swimm+ up to him1 & ,manu fa/5$ ! cable ( ! %ip to ! horn ( ! fi%1 by :i* means ! latt] made x pass ov] ! m\nta9 ( ! ,nor?4 ,! fi% said1 ',i h sav$ !e2 fa/5 ! vessel to a tree t ! wat] may n sweep x away :ile ?\ art on ! m\nta92 & 9 proportion z ! wat]s decrease ?\ %alt desc5d4' ,manu desc5d$ ) ! wat]s1 & ?is is :at is call$ ! desc5t ( ,manu on ! m\nta9 ( ! ,nor?4 ,! deluge _h c>ri$ away all creatures1 & ,manu rema9$ alone4 ,next 9 ord] ( date & complication1 :i* always goes on load+ ! n>rative m & m ) fanta/ic & p>asitical details1 comes ! v]sion 9 ! enorm\s epic ( ,mahabh>ata4 ,t ( ! poem call$ ,bhagavata-,purana is /ill m rec5t & fabul\s4 ,f9ally1 ! same tradition =ms ! subject ( an entire poem ( v l[ date1 ! ,matsya-,purana1 ( :i* an analysis has be5 giv5 by ! great ,indian s*ol>1 ,wilson4 ,9 ! preface to ! ?ird volume ( 8 edition ( ,bhagavata-,purana1 ,eug5e ,burn\f has c>efully comp>$ ! ?ree n>ratives kn[n at ! "t he wrote 7t ( ! ,catapa?a ,brahmana has be5 s9ce discov]$71 ) a view to cle>+ up ! orig9 ( ! ,indian tradition ( ! ,deluge4 ,he po9ts out 9 a discussion t des]ves to rema9 a model ( erudition & subtle criticism1 t x is absolutely want+ 9 ! ,v$ic hymns1 :]e we only f9d di/ant allusions to x t seem to belong to a diff]5t k9d ( leg5d altoge!r1 & also t ?is tradition 0 primitively =eign to ! ess5tially ,indian sy/em ( ,manvant>as1 or p]iodic de/ructions ( ! _w4 ,he !nce concludes t x mu/ h be5 import$ into ,india subsequ5tly to ! adoption ( ?is sy/em1 :i* is1 h[ev]1 v anci5t1 be+ common to ,brahmanism & ,buddhism1 & !re=e incl9es to look ^u x z a ,semitic importation t took place 9 hi/oric times1 n1 inde$1 ( ,g5esis1 b m probably ( ! ,babylonian tradition4 ,! discov]y ( an orig9al edition ( ! latt] confirms ! !ory ( ! ,fr5* savant4 ,! lead+ feature :i* di/+ui%es ! ,indian n>rative is ! "p assign$ to a god :o puts on ! =m ( a fi%1 9 ord] to w>n ,manu1 to guide 8 vessel & save him f ! flood4 ,! nature ( ! metamorphosis is ! only fundam5tal & primitive po9t1 = diff]5t v]sions v>y z to ! p]sonality ( ! god :o assumes ?is =m--! ,brahmana leaves x unc]ta91 ! ,mahabh>ata fixes on ,brahma1 & ! compil]s ( ! ,puranas on ,vi%nu4 ,?is is ! m rem>kable t ?is metamorphosis into a fi% ,matsyavat>a rema9s isolat$ 9 ,indian my?ology1 is =eign to its habitual symbolism1 & gives rise to no ult]ior developm5ts3 no trace be+ f\nd 9 ,india ( t fi%-wor%ip :i* 0 s important & widespread among o!r anci5t p4 ,burn\f rightly saw 9 ?is a sign ( importation f )\t1 & especially ( its ,babylonian orig91 = classic te/imony1 rec5tly confirm$ by native monum5ts1 %[s u t 9 ! religion ( ,babylon ! conception ( i*?yomorphic gods held a m prom95t place ?an else:]e4 ,! "p play$ by ! div9e fi% ) reg>d to ,manu 9 ! ,indian leg5d1 is attribut$ bo? by ! ,epic ( ,uruk & by ,b]osus to ! god ,ea1 :o is also designat$ ,s*alman1 ! ,savi\r4 ,n[ ?is god1 ^: type ( repres5tation we n[ "k c]ta9ly f ,assyrian & ,babylonian monum5ts1 is ess5tially ! i*?yomorphic god1 & 8 image almo/ inv>iably comb9es ! =ms ( fi% & man4 ,9 a/ronomical tables frequ5t m5tion is made ( ! cata/]ism ( ! fi% ( ,ea1 :i* is indubitably our sign ,pisces1 s9ce x presides ov] ! mon? ,ad>4 ,x is to a connection ( ideas bas$ on ! diluvian record1 t we mu/ attribute ! plac+ ( ,pisces--prim>ily ( ! fi% ( ,ea--next to ,aqu>ius1 ^: relation to ! hi/ory ( ! ,deluge we h already po9t$ out4 ,"h we h an evid5t allusion to ! "p ( ,savi\r attribut$ by ! p :o inv5t$ ! ,zodiac1 to ! god ,ea 9 ! flood1 & to ! idea ( an i*?yomorphic nature especially belong+ to ?is aspect ( 8 p]sonality4 ,ea is1 moreov]1 ! ,oannes1 lawgiv] ( ! fragm5ts ( ,b]osus1 half-man1 half-fi%1 ^: =m1 answ]+ to ! description giv5 by ! ,*aldean hi/ory1 has be5 discov]$ 9 ! sculptures ( ,assyrian palaces & on cyl9d]s1 ! ,euahanes ( ,hyg91 & ! ,oes ( ,helladios4#df ,:5ev] we f9d among two diff]5t peoples "o same leg5d1 ) z special a circum/ance :i* does n spr+ naturally & necess>ily f ! fundam5tal facts ( ! n>rative1 & :51 moreov]1 ?is circum/ance is closely connect$ ) ! :ole religi\s conceptions ( "o ( ^! peoples1 & rema9s isolat$ & ali5 f ! cu/om>y symbolism ( ! o!r1 criticism lays x d[n z an absolute rule t we mu/ conclude ! leg5d to h be5 transmitt$ f ! "o to ! o!r 9 an already fix$ =m1 to be a =eign importation1 sup]impos$1 n fus$ ) ! national1 & z x 7 g5ial1 traditions ( ! p1 :o h receiv$1 )\t hav+ creat$ x4 ,we mu/ also rem>k t 9 ! ,puranas x is no long] ,manu ,vaivasata t ! div9e fi% saves f ! ,deluge1 b a diff]5t p]sonage1 ! ,k+ ( ! ,dasas--i4e41 fi%]s1 ,satyravata1 ! man :o loves ju/ice & tru?1 /rik+ly correspond+ to ! ,*aldean ,khasisatra4 ,nor is ! ,puranic v]sion ( ! ,leg5d ( ! ,deluge to be despis$1 ?\gh x be ( rec5t date & full ( fanta/ic & (t5 pu]ile details4 ,9 c]ta9 aspects x is less ,aryaniz$ ?an t ( ,brahmana or ?an ! ,mahabh>ata1 & above all x gives "s circum/ances omitt$ 9 ^! e>li] v]sions1 :i* mu/ yet h belong$ to ! orig9al f\ndation1 s9ce !y appe> 9 ! ,babylonian leg5d2 a circum/ance pres]v$ no d\bt by ! oral tradition--popul> & n ,brahmanic--) :i* ! ,puranas are s deeply imbu$4 ,?is has be5 already obs]v$ by ,pictet1 :o lays due /ress on ! foll[+ passage ( ! ,bhagavata-,purana3 ,9 sev5 days1 said ,vi%nu to ,satyravata1 ! ?ree worlds %all be subm]g$4 ,!re is no?+ l ?is 9 ! ,brahmana nor ! ,mahabh>ata1 b 9 ,g5esis ! ,"l says to ,noah1 ,yet sev5 days & ,i w cause x to ra9 ^u ! e>?2 & a little fur!r we read1 ,aft] sev5 days ! wat]s ( ! flood 7 ^u ! e>?4 ,& we h j po9t$ out ! p>ts play$ by hebdomades z successive p]iods 9 t sy/em ( ! duration ( ! flood1 adopt$ by ! au?or ( ! ,jehovi/ docum5ts ins]t$ 9 ,g5esis1 z well z by ! compil] ( ! ,*aldean ,epic ( ,uruk4 ,nor mu/ we pay less att5tion to :at ! ,bhagavata-,purana says ( ! directions giv5 by ! fi%-god to ,satyravata = ! plac+ ( ! sacr$ ,scriptures 9 a safe place 9 ord] to pres]ve !m f ,hayagriva1 a m>9e horse dwell+ 9 ! abyss1 & ( ! conflict ( ! god ) ?is ,hayagriva1 :o _h /ol5 ! ,v$as & ?us produc$ ! cataclysm by di/urb+ ! ord] ( ! _w4 ,?is circum/ance too is want+ 9 ! m anci5t compositions1 ev5 9 ! ,mahabh>ata1 b x is a mo/ important "o1 & _c be look$ on z a spontane\s product ( ,indian soil1 = we recognize 9 x "u an ,indian g>b ! v tradition ( ! int]m5t ( ! sacr$ writ+s at ,sipp>a by ,khasisatra1 su* z we h x 9 ! fragm5ts ( ,b]osus4 ,x is ! ,*aldean =m1 !n1 ( ! tradition t ! ,indians h adopt$ ow+ to communications :i* ! comm]cial relations betwe5 ! c\ntries r5d] hi/orically natural1 & !y aft]w>ds amplifi$ x ) ! exub]ance peculi> to _! imag9ation4 ,b !y mu/ h adopt$ x all ! m readily because x agre$ ) a tradition1 :i* "u a some:at diff]5t =m _h be5 br\ght by _! ance/ors f ! primitive cradle ( ! ,aryan race4 ,t ! recollection ( ! flood did inde$ =m "p ( ! orig9al gr\ndwork ( ! leg5ds z to ! orig9 ( ! _w held by ?is great race1 is beyond all d\bt4 ,= if ,indians h accept$ ! ,*aldean =m ( ! /ory1 s ne>ly alli$ to t ( ,g5esis1 all o!r nations ( ,aryan desc5t %[ !mselves possess$ ( entirely orig9al v]sions ( ! cataclysm :i* _c be held to h be5 borr[$ ei!r f ,babylonian or ,hebrew s\rces4 ,,iii4 ,traditions ( o!r ,aryan ,peoples4--,among ! ,iranians1 9 ! sacr$ books conta9+ ! fundam5tal ,zoroa/rian doctr9es1 & dat+ v f> back1 we meet ) a tradition :i* mu/ assur$ly be look$ ^u z a v>iety ( t ( ! ,deluge1 ?\gh possess+ a special "*1 & div]g+ 9 "s ess5tial p>ticul>s f ^? we h be5 exam9+4 ,x relates h[ ,yima1 :o 9 ! orig9al & primitive conception 0 ! fa!r ( ! human race1 0 w>n$ by ,ahuramazda1 ! good deity1 ( ! e>? be+ ab\t to be deva/at$ by a flood4 ,! god ord]$ ,yima to con/ruct a refuge1 a squ>e g>d51 v>a1 protect$ by an enclosure1 & to cause ! g]ms ( m51 bea/s1 & plants to ent] x1 9 ord] to escape annihilation4 ,accord+ly1 :5 ! inundation occurr$1 ! g>d5 ( ,yima ) all t x conta9$ 0 alone sp>$1 & ! message ( safety 0 br\ght ?i!r by ! bird ,k>%ipta1 ! envoy ( ,ahuramazda4#dg ,a comp>ison has also be5 made1 b errone\sly z ,i ?9k1 betwe5 ! ,biblical & ,*aldean ,deluge & a /ory only f\nd complete 9 ! ,bundahe%-pahlavi2#dh ?\gh1 z a few ( ! old] books conta9 allusions to "s ( its circum/ances2#di x mu/ date fur!r back ?an ?is edition ( x1 :i* is rec5t4 ,ahuramazda det]m9es to de/roy ! ,khafctras--i4e41 ! malefic5t spirits creat$ by ,angroma9yus1 ! _s ( evil3 ,ti/rya1 ! g5ius ( ! /> ,sirius1 desc5ds at 8 comm& to e>?1 &1 assum+ ! =m ( a man1 causes x to ra9 = t5 days4 ,! wat]s cov] ! e>?1 & all malefic5t be+s are dr[n$4 ,a viol5t w9d dries ! e>?1 b "s g]ms ( ! evil _s's creation rema91 & may reappe>1 !re=e ,ti/rya desc5ds aga9 "u ! =m ( a :ite horse1 & produces a second ,deluge by ano!r ra9fall ( t5 days4 ,to prev5t him accompli%+ 8 task1 ! demon ,apu%a assumes ! appe>ance ( a black horse1 & engages 9 combat2 b he is /ruck ) lightn+ by ,ahuramazda1 z well z ! demon ,cp5djaghra1 :o _h come to 8 aid4 ,f9ally1 to br+ ab\t ! complete de/ruction ( evil1 ,ti/rya desc5ds ! ?ird "t "u ! =m ( a bull1 & produces a ?ird ,deluge by a ?ird ra9fall ( t5 days1 aft] :i* ! wat]s divide to =m ! f\r great & ! tw5ty-f\r small seas4 ,n[ all ?is relates to a cosmogonic fact1 ant]ior to ! creation ( man4 ,! ,khafctras1 f :i* ,ti/rya und]takes to purge ! e>?1 are ! hurtful & v5om\s bea/s creat$ by ,angroma9yus :i* f]v5t ,maz$ans make x a duty to de/roy 9 our actual _w--su* z scorpions1 liz>ds1 toads1 s]p5ts1 rats1 c4 ,!re is no allusion "h to humanity1 or ! puni%m5t ( its s9s4 ,if we 7 b5t on f9d+ 9 our ,bible any p>allel to ?is fir/ ra9 fall+ on ! surface ( ! e>?--:i* bo? de/roys ! hurtful creatures by :i* x 0 infe/$ & r5d]s x productive ( a f]tile vegetation--we %\ld turn1 n to ! acc\nt ( ! ,deluge1 b to :at is said 9 ,g54 ii4 #e1 #f4 ,! ,greeks _h two pr9cipal leg5ds z to ! cataclysm by :i* primitive humanity 0 de/roy$4 ,! fir/ 0 connect$ ) ! "n ( ,ogyges1 ! mo/ anci5t ( ! k+s ( ,boeotia or ,attica2 a q my?ical p]sonage1 lo/ 9 ! night ( ages1 8 v "n seem+ly d]iv$ f "o signify+ deluge 9 ,aryan idioms1 9 ,sanscrit ,angha4 ,x is said t 9 8 "t ! :ole l& 0 cov]$ by a flood1 ^: wat]s rea*$ ! sky1 & f :i* he1 toge!r ) "s companions1 escap$ 9 a vessel4 ,! second tradition is ! ,!ssalian leg5d ( ,deucalion4 ,zeus hav+ work$ to de/roy ! m5 ( ! age ( bronze1 ) ^: crimes he 0 wro?1 ,deucalion1 by ! advice ( ,prome!us1 8 fa!r1 con/ruct$ a c(f]1 9 :i* he took refuge ) 8 wife1 ,pyrrha4 ,! ,deluge came1 ! *e/ or c(f] float$ at ! m]cy ( ! waves = n9e days & n9e nights1 & 0 f9ally /r&$ on ,m\nt ,p>nassus4 ,deucalion & ,pyrrha leave x1 (f] sacrifice1 & accord+ to ! comm& ( ,zeus re-p ! _w by ?r[+ beh9d !m ! bones ( ! e>?--namely1 /ones1 :i* *ange into m54 ,?is ,deluge ( ,deucalion is 9 ,grecian tradition :at mo/ resembles a univ]sal ,deluge4 ,_m au?ors affirm t x ext5d$ to ! :ole e>?1 & t ! :ole human race p]i%$4 ,at ,a!ns1 9 memory ( ! ev5t1 & to appease ! manes ( its victims1 a c]emony call$ ,hydrophoria 0 obs]v$1 hav+ s close a resemblance to t 9 use at ,hi]apolis 9 ,syria1 t we c h>dly fail to look ^u x z a ,syro-,pho5ician importation1 & ! result ( an assimilation e/abli%$ 9 remote antiquity betwe5 ! ,deluge ( ,deucalion & t ( ,khasisatra1 z describ$ by ! au?or ( ! treatise ,on ! ,syrian ,goddess4#ej ,close to ! temple ( ! ,olympian ,zeus a fissure 9 ! soil 0 %[n1 9 l5g? b "o cubit1 ?r\gh :i* x 0 said ! wat]s ( ! ,deluge _h be5 swall[$ up4 ,?us1 e ye>1 on ! ?ird day ( ! fe/ival ( ! ,an!/]ia1 a day ( m\rn+ consecrat$ to ! dead1--t is1 on ! ?irte5? ( ! mon? ( ,an!/]ion1 t[>ds ! beg9n+ ( ,m>*--x 0 cu/om>y1 z at ,bambyce1 to p\r wat] into ! fissure1 toge!r ) fl\r mix$ ) honey1 p\r$ also into ! tr5* dug to ! we/ ( ! tomb1 9 ! fun]eal sacrifices ( ! ,a!nians4 ,o!rs1 on ! contr>y1 limit ,deucalion's flood to ,greece1 ev5 decl>e t x only de/roy$ ! l>g] portion ( ! community1 a great _m m5 sav+ !mselves on ! highe/ m\nta9s4 ,?us ! ,delphian leg5d told h[ ! inhabitants ( t t[n1 foll[+ ! wolves 9 _! flight1 _h tak5 refuge 9 a cave on ! summit ( ,p>nassus1 :]e !y built ! t[n ( ,lycorea1 ^: f\ndation is1 on ! o!r h&1 attribut$ by ! ,*ronicle ( ,p>os to ,deucalion1 aft] ! reproduction by him ( a new human race4 ,lat] my?ograph]s necess>ily adopt$ ?is idea ( sev]al po9ts ( simultane\s escape f a desire to reconcile ! local leg5ds ( sev]al places 9 ,greece1 :i* nam$ "s o!r ?an ,deucalion z ! h]o sav$ f ! flood4 ,= in/ance1 at ,meg>a x 0 ! eponym ( ! city ,meg>os1 son ( ,zeus & ( "o ( ! nymphs ,si?nides1 :o1 w>n$ by ! cry ( cranes ( ! imm95ce ( ! dang]1 took refuge on ,m\nt ,g]ani54 ,aga91 !re 0 ! ,!ssalian ,c]ambos1 :o 0 said to h escap$ ! flood by ris+ into ! air on w+s giv5 him by ! nymphs1 & x 0 ,p]irrhoos1 son ( ,eolus1 t ,zeus ,naios _h pres]v$ at ,dodona4 ,= ! inhabitants ( ! ,isle ( ,cos ! h]o ( ! ,deluge 0 ,m]ops1 son ( ,hyas1 :o !re assembl$ "u 8 rule ! remnant ( humanity pres]v$ ) him4 ,! traditions ( ,rhodes only suppos$ ! ,tel*9es1 ^? ( ,crete ,jasion1 to h escap$ ! cataclysm4 ,9 ,samo?racia ! same "* 0 attribut$ to ,saon1 said to be ! son ( ,zeus or ( ,h]mes2 he seems only to h be5 a h]oic =m ( ! ,h]mes ,saos or ,socos1 ! object ( special wor%ip 9 ! isl&1 a div9ity 9 :om ,m4 ,philippe ,b]ges recognizes ) good reason a ,pho5ician importation1 ! ,sakan ( ,canaan id5tifi$ else:]e ) ,h]mes ,d>danos1 suppos$ to h arriv$ 9 ,samo?racia imm$iately aft] ^! ev5ts1 be+ driv5 by ! ,deluge f ,arcadia4 ,9 all ^! flood /ories ( ,greece we _c d\bt t ! tradition ( a cataclysm fatal to ! :ole ( humanity--a tradition common to all ,aryan peoples--0 mix$ up1 z ,knobel rightly obs]ves1 m or less precisely ) local cata/rophes produc$ by extraord9>y ov]fl[s ( lakes or riv]s1 or ! rupture ( _! natural embankm5ts1 ! s9k+ ( "s portions ( ! sea-coa/1 or tidal waves consequ5t ^u e>?quakes or sudd5 upheavals ( ! ocean b$4 ,su* ev5ts 7 frequ5t 9 ,greece1 9 ! di/rict betwe5 ,egypt & ,pale/9e1 ne> ,pelusium & ,m\nt ,casius1 z well z 9 ! ,cimbric ,*]sonese4 ,! ,greeks us$ to relate h[ (t5 _! c\ntry _h 9 primitive ages be5 ! !atre ( su* cata/rophes4 ,i/ros numb]$ f\r ( ^!1 "o ( :i* _h op5$ ! ,/raits ( ! ,bosphorus & ,hellespont1 :5 ! wat]s ( ! ,eux9e1 ru%+ into ! ,aegean1 subm]g$ ! isl&s & neighb\r+ coa/s4 ,?is is evid5tly ! ,deluge ( ,samo?racia2 :]e ! inhabitants :o succe$$ 9 sav+ !mselves did s only by ga9+ ! highe/ peak ( ! m\nta9 t rises !re2 !n1 9 gratitude = _! pres]vation1 consecrat$ ! :ole isl& by surr\nd+ its %ores ) a belt ( alt>s d$icat$ to ! gods4 ,9 l mann] ! tradition ( ! ,deluge ( ,ogyges seems connect$ ) ! recollection ( an extraord9>y rise ( ! ,lake ,capais1 inundat+ ! :ole ( ! great ,boeotian ,valley1 a recollection amplifi$ lat]--z is ev] ! case ) leg5ds--by apply+ to ! local disa/] all ! details popul>ly told ( ! primitive ,deluge :i* _h tak5 place be=e ! sep>ation ( ! ance/ors ( ! two races1 ,semitic & ,aryan4 ,x is also probable t "s ev5t t _h occurr$ 9 ,!ssaly1 or r 9 ! region ( ,p>nassus1 det]m9$ ! localization ( ! leg5d ( ,deucalion4 ,nev]!less1 x always reta9$1 z we h se51 a m g5]al "* ?an ! o!rs1 :e!r ! ,deluge be ext5d$ to ! :ole e>? or limit$ to ! :ole ( ,greece4 ,be t z x may1 ! diff]5t n>ratives 7 reconcil$ by admitt+ ?ree successive ,deluges1 ^? ( ,ogyges1 ,deucalion1 & ,d>danos4 ,! g5]al op9ion pron\nc$ ! =m] ! mo/ anci5t1 plac+ x #fjj or #bej ye>s be=e t ( ,deucalion4 ,b ?is *ronology is f> f be+ univ]sally accept$2 & ! inhabitants ( ,samo?racia ma9ta9 _! ,deluge to h be5 ! e>lie/4 ,*ri/ian *ronograph]s ( ! ?ird & f\r? c5tury1 z1 = in/ance1 ,julius ,africanus & ,eusebius1 adopt$ ! ,hell5ic dates ( ! ,deluges ( ,ogyges & ,deucalion1 & inscrib$ !m 9 _! records z diff]5t ev5ts f ! ,mosaic ,deluge1 :i*1 = _! "p1 !y fix$ at #ajjj ye>s be=e t ( ,ogyges4 ,9 ,phrygia ! diluvian tradition 0 z natural z 9 ,greece4 ,! t[n ( ,apamea d]iv$ !nce its surname ,kibotos1 or ark1 & claim$ to be ! place :]e ! ,ark _h /opp$4 ,iconium _h ! l pret5sions4 ,9 ! same way ! p ( ,milyas1 9 ,arm5ia1 %[$ ! fragm5ts ( ! ,ark on ! top ( ! m\nta9 call$ ,b>is2 & ^! 7 also exhibit$ 9 e>ly ,*ri/ian times to pilgrims on ,ar>at1 z ,b]osus tells u t 9 8 day ! remnants ( ! vessel ( ,khasisatra 7 visit$ on ! ,gordyan range4 ,9 ! second & ?ird c5turies ( our era1 by means ( ! syncretic infiltration ( ,jewi% & ,*ri/ian traditions ev5 into m9ds /ill atta*$ to ,paganism1 ! sac]dotal au?orities ( ,apamea & ,phrygia _h co9s /ruck be>+ an op5 ark1 9 :i* ! patri>* & 8 wife 7 se5 receiv+ back ! dove ) ! olive bran*1 & side by side 7 ! two same p]sonages1 hav+ left ! ,ark to retake possession ( ! e>?4 ,on ! ,ark is inscrib$ ! "n ,,noe1 ! v =m ! "n assumes 9 ! ,septuag9t4 ,?us1 at ?is "t ! ,pagan prie/hood ( ! ,phrygian city _h1 we see1 adopt$ ! ,biblical n>rative1 ev5 d[n to its names1 & _h graft$ x on ! old native tradition4 ,!y relat$ t a %ort :ile be=e ! ,deluge !re reign$ a holy man call$ ,annacos1 :o _h pr$ict$ x1 & occupi$ ! ?rone m ?an #cjj ye>s1 an evid5t reproduction ( ! ,eno* ( ! ,bible1 :o walk$ ) ,god = #cfe ye>s4 ,z to ! bran* ( ! ,celts--9 ! b>dic poems ( ,wales1 we h a tradition ( ! ,deluge1 :i*1 al?\gh rec5t "u ! concise =m ( ! ,triads1 is /ill des]v+ ( att5tion4 ,z usual1 ! leg5d is localiz$ 9 ! c\ntry1 & ! ,deluge c\nts among ?ree t]rible cata/rophes ( ! isl& ( ,pryda91 or ,brita91 ! o!r two consi/+ ( deva/ation by fire & by dr\ght4 ,! fir/ ( ^! ev5ts1 x is said1 0 ! irruption ( ,llyn-llion1 or '! lake ( waves1' & ! inundation 7bawdd7 ( ! :ole c\ntry1 by :i* all mank9d 0 dr[n$ ) ! exception ( ,dwyfan & ,dwyfa*1 :o sav$ !mselves 9 a vessel )\t rigg+1 & x 0 by !m t ! isl& ( ,pryda9 0 re-peopl$4#ea ,pictet "h obs]ves-- ,al?\gh ! triads 9 _! actual =m h>dly date fur!r ?an ! ?irte5? or f\rte5? c5tury1 "s ( !m are und\bt$ly connect$ ) v anci5t traditions1 & no?+ "h po9ts to a borr[+ f ,g5esis4 ,b x is n s1 p]haps1 ) ano!r triad#eb speak+ ( ! vessel ,nefydd-naf-,neifion1 :i* at ! "t ( ! ov]fl[ ( ,llyn-llion1 bore a pair ( all liv+ creatures1 & r too mu* resembles ! ark ( ,noah4 ,! v "n ( ! patri>* may h sugge/$ ?is triple epi!t1 obscure z to its mean+1 b evid5tly =m$ on ! pr9ciple ( ,cymric allit]ation4 ,9 ! same triad we h ! enigmatic /ory ( ! horn$ ox5 7y*a9 bannog7 ( ,hu ! mighty1 :o drew out ( ,llyn-llion ! avanc 7beav] or crocodile87 9 ord] t ! lake %\ld n ov]fl[4 ,! mean+ ( ^! enigmas c\ld only be hop$ f deciph]+ ! *aos ( b>dic monum5ts ( ! ,wel% middle age2 b mean:ile we _c d\bt t ! ,cymri possess$ an indig5\s tradition ( ! ,deluge4 ,we also f9d a ve/ige ( ! same tradition 9 ! ,sc&9avian ,ealda4#ec ,b "h ! /ory is comb9$ ) a cosmogonic my?4 ,! ?ree sons ( ,borr1 ,o?91 ,wili1 & ,we1 gr&sons ( ,buri1 ! fir/ man1 slay ,ymir1 ! fa!r ( ! ,hrim?urs> or ,ice giants1 & 8 body s]ves !m = ! con/ruction ( ! _w4 ,blood fl[s f 8 w\nds 9 su* abundance t all ! race ( giants is dr[n$ 9 x1 except ,b]gelmir1 :o saves himself1 ) 8 wife1 9 a boat1 & reproduces ! race4 ,?us1 ,pictet aga9 obs]ves1 ! my? only belongs to ! g5]al tradition ?r\gh ^! la/ features1 by :i*1 h[ev]1 we trace x up to a common s\rce4 ,( all ,european peoples ! ,li?uanians 7 ! la/ to embrace ,*ri/ianity1 & _! language rema9s ne>e/ to ! orig9al ,aryan4 ,!y h a leg5d ( ! ,deluge1 ! gr\ndwork ( :i* appe>s v anci5t1 al?\gh x has assum$ ! simple "* ( a popul> tale1 & "s ( its details may h be5 borr[$ f ,g5esis at ! "t ( ! fir/ ,*ri/ian missions4 ,accord+ to x#ed ! god ,pramzimras1 see+ ! :ole e>? to be full ( iniquity1 s5ds two giants1 ,w&u & ,wejas 7fire & w9d71 to lay x wa/e4 ,^! ov]?rew ev]y?+ 9 _! fury1 & only a few m5 sav$ !mselves on a m\nta94 ,pramzimras1 :o 0 engag$ 9 eat+ cele/ial walnuts1 dropp$ a %ell ne> ! m\nta91 & 9 x ! m5 took refuge1 ! giants respect+ x4 ,hav+ escap$ f ! calamity1 !y aft]w>ds disp]se1 & only "o v ag$ c\ple rema9 9 ! c\ntry1 greatly bewail+ _! *ildless condition4 ,pramzimras1 to console !m1 s5ds 8 ra9b[ & bids !m jump on ! bones ( ! e>?1 :i* curi\sly recalls ! oracle to ,deucalion4 ,! two old p jump n9e times1 & n9e pairs are ! result1 :o became ! ance/ors ( ! n9e ,li?uanian tribes4 ,,iv4 ,egyptian ,traditions4--,:ile ! tradition ( ! ,deluge holds s consid]able a place 9 ! leg5d>y memories ( all bran*es ( ! ,aryan race1 ! monum5ts & orig9al texts ( ,egypt1 ) _! _m cosmogonic speculations1 h n af=d$ "o1 ev5 di/ant1 allusion to ?is cataclysm4 ,:5 ! ,greeks told ! ,egyptian prie/s ( ! ,deluge ( ,deucalion1 _! reply 0 t !y _h be5 pres]v$ f x z well z f ! conflagration produc$ by ,phaeton2 !y ev5 add$ t ! ,hell5es 7 *ildi% 9 atta*+ s mu* importance to t ev5t1 z !re _h be5 sev]al o!r local cata/rophes resembl+ x4 ,accord+ to a passage 9 ,mane?o1 mu* suspect$1 h[ev]1 ( be+ an int]polation1 ,?o? or ,h]mes ,trismegi/us _h himself1 be=e ! cataclysm1 inscrib$ on /elae 9 hi]oglyphical & sacr$ language ! pr9ciples ( all k4 ,aft] x ! second ,?o? translat$ into ! vulg> tongue ! cont5ts ( ^! /elae4 ,?is w\ld be ! only ,egyptian m5tion ( ! ,deluge1 ! same ,mane?o n speak+ ( x 9 :at rema9s to u ( 8 ,dyna/ies1 8 only complete au!ntic "w4 ,! sil5ce ( all o!r my?s ( ! ,ph>aonic religion on ?is head r5d] x v likely t ! above is m]ely a =eign tradition1 rec5tly introduc$1 & no d\bt ( ,asiatic & ,*aldean orig94 ,?us1 says ,m4 ,maury1 ! ,s]iadic l&1 :]e ! passage 9 "q places ^! hi]oglyphic columns1 might v well be no o!r ?an ,*aldea4 ,?is tradition1 ?\gh n 9 ! ,bible1 exi/$ z a popul> leg5d among ! ,jews at ! beg9n+ ( our era1 :i* confirms our supposition2 z ! ,hebrews might h le>nt x dur+ ! ,babylonian captivity4 ,josephus tells u t ! patri>* ,se?1 9 ord] t wisdom & a/ronomical k %\ld n p]i%1 erect$1 9 prevision ( ! d\ble de/ruction by fire & wat] pr$ict$ by ,adam1 two columns1 ! "o 9 brick1 ! o!r 9 /one1 on :i* ?is k 0 engrav$1 & :i* subsi/$ 9 ! ,s]iadic c\ntry4 ,?is hi/ory is evid5tly only a v>iety ( ! ,*aldean leg5d ( ! t]ra-cotta tables be>+ ! div9e revelations1 & ! pr9ciples ( all sci5ces :i* ,ea ord]$ ,khasisatra to bury be=e ! ,deluge1 9 ! city ( ! ,sun at ,sipp>a1 z we h _h x above 9 ! extracts f ,b]osus4 ,nev]!less1 ! ,egyptians did admit a de/ruction by ! gods ( primal m5 on acc\nt ( _! rebellion & _! s9s4 ,?is ev5t 0 relat$ 9 a *apt] ( ! sacr$ books ( ,?o?1 ^? fam\s ,h]metic books ( ! ,egyptian prie/hood :i* are grav5 on ! sides ( "o ( ! inmo/ *amb]s ( ! fun]eal hypogeum ( ,seti ! ,fir/ at ,!bes4 ,! text has be5 publi%$ & translat$ by ,m4 ,ed\>d ,naville4#ee ,! sc5e is laid at ! close ( ! reign ( ! god ,ra1 ! e>lie/ t]re/rial reign1 accord+ to ! sy/em ( ! prie/s ( ,!bes1 ! second1 accord+ to t ( ! prie/s ( ,memphis1 :i* is ! "o foll[$ by ,mane?o1 :o plac$ at ! v orig9 ( ?+s ! reign ( ,phtah1 previ\s to t ( ,ra4 ,irritat$ by ! impiety & crimes ( ! m5 he has made1 ! god assembles ! o!r gods to hold c\nsel ) !m 9 pr(\nd secrecy1 s t m5 %\ld n see x1 nor _! he>t be afraid4 ,said by ,ra to ,nun3#ef ',?\1 ! elde/ ( ! gods1 ( :om ,i am born1 & ye anci5t gods1 "h are ! m5 :o are born f myself2 !y speak words aga9/ me1 tell me :at y w\ld d 9 ! matt]2 lo1 ,i h wait$1 & h n sla9 !m be=e he>+ y\r words4' ,said by ! ,maje/y ( ,nun3 ',my son ,ra1 a great] god ?an he :o has made him & creat$ him1 ,i /& 9 great fe> ( !e2 d ?\ delib]ate alone4' ,said by ! ,maje/y ( ,ra3 ',lo1 !y take to flight ?r\gh ! c\ntry1 & _! he>ts are afraid4444' ,said by ! ,gods3 ',let ?y face p]mit1 & let ^? m5 be smitt5 :o plot evil ?+s1 ?9e enemies1 & let none ( !m rema94' ,a goddess1 ^: "n has un=tunately disappe>$1 b :o seems to h be5 ,tefnut1 id5tifi$ ) ,ha?or & ,sekhet1 is !n s5t to accompli% ! s5t5ce ( de/ruction4 ,?is goddess left1 & slew ! m5 ^u ! e>?4 ,said by ! ,maje/y ( ?is ,god3 ',come 9 peace1 ,ha?or2 ?\ ha/ done :at 0 orda9$ !e4' ,said by ?is ,goddess3 ',?\ art liv+2 = ,i h be5 /rong] ?an m51 & my he>t is satisfi$4' ,said by ! ,maje/y ( ,ra3 ',i am liv+1 = ,i w rule ov] !m & ,i w complete _! ru94' ,& lo1 ,sekhet1 dur+ sev]al nights1 trod _! blood "u-foot z f> z ! t[n ( ,ha-kl95-su 7,h]acleopolis47 ,b ! massacre end$1 ! ang] ( ,ra 0 appeas$2 he began to rep5t ( :at he _h done4 ,a great expiatory sacrifice succe$$ 9 f9ally calm+ him4 ,fruits 7 ga!r$ ?r\gh\t ,egypt1 bruis$1 & _! juice m+l$ ) human blood1 #gjjj pit*]s be+ fill$ ) x & pres5t$ to ! god4 ,& lo1 ! ,maje/y ( ,ra1 ! god ( ,upp] & ,l[] ,egypt1 comes ) ! gods 9 ?ree days ( sail+ to see ^! vases ( dr9k1 aft] he _h ord]$ ! goddess to slay m54 ,said by ! ,maje/y ( ,ra3 ',?is is well2 ,i w protect m5 because ( x4' ,said by ,ra3 ',i raise my h& conc]n+ ?is1 to say t ,i w no m de/roy m54' ,! ,maje/y ( ,ra1 ! god ( ,upp] & ,l[] ,egypt1 comm&$ 9 ! middle ( ! night to ov]?r[ ! liquid 9 ! vases1 & ! fields 7 completely fill$ ) wat] by ! w ( ?is god4 ,! goddess arriv$ 9 ! morn+1 & f\nd ! fields full ( wat]4 ,h] face grew joy\s1 & %e drank abundantly & w5t away satisfi$4 ,%e no m p]ceiv$ any m54 ,said by ! ,maje/y ( ,ra to ! goddess3 ',come 9 peace1 graci\s goddess4' ,& he caus$ ! "y prie/esses ( ,amu to be born4 ,said by ! ,maje/y ( ,ra to ?is goddess3 ',libations %all be made to h] at ea* ( ! fe/ivals ( ! new ye>1 "u ! sup]9t5d5ce ( my prie/esses4' ,h5ce x comes t libations are made "u ! sup]9t5d5ce ( ! prie/esses ( ,ha?or by all m5 s9ce ! anci5t days4 ,nev]!less1 "s m5 h escap$ ! de/ruction comm&$ by ,ra1 & r5ew$ ! population ( ! e>?4 ,z = ! sol> god :o reigns ov] ! _w1 he feels himself old1 sick & we>y2 he has _h en\gh ( liv+ among m51 :om he regrets n to h completely annihilat$1 b has sworn h5ce=? to sp>e4 ,said by ! ,maje/y ( ,ra3 ',!re is a sm>t+ pa9 t torm5ts me2 :at is x !n t hurts me8' ,said by ! ,maje/y ( ,ra3 ',i am liv+1 b my he>t is we>y ( be+ ) !m m51 & ,i h 9 no way de/roy$ !m4 ,t de/ruction is n "o t ,i h made myself4' ,said by ! gods :o accompany him3 ',away ) lassitude1 ?\ ha/ obta9$ all ?\ did/ desire4' ,! god ,ra decides1 h[ev]1 to accept ! help ( ! m5 ( ! new human race :o (f] !mselves to him to combat 8 enemies1 & a great battle takes place1 out ( :i* !y come victori\s4 ,b 9 spite ( ?is success ! god1 disgu/$ ) e>?ly life1 resolves to quit x = ev]1 & has himself c>ri$ into heav5 by ! goddess ,nut1 :o takes ! =m ( a c[4 ,!n he creates a region ( delight1 ! fields ( ,aalu1 ! ,elysium ( ,egyptian my?ology1 :i* he peoples ) />s4 ,ent]+ into re/1 he assigns to diff]5t gods ! gov]nm5t ( diff]5t p>ts ( ! _w4 ,%u1 :o is to succe$ him z k+1 is to adm9i/] cele/ial matt]s ) ,nut2 ,seb & ,nun receive ! *>ge ( ! ?+s ( e>? & wat]4 ,f9ally1 ,ra1 a sov]eign :o has volunt>ily abdicat$1 goes to dwell ) ,?o?1 8 fav\rite son1 on :om he has be/[$ ! sup]9t5d5ce ( ! "u-_w4 ,su* is ?is /range n>rative1 9 :i*1 z ,m4 ,naville has well said1 9 ! mid/ ( fanta/ic & (t5 pu]ile inv5tions1 we d nev]!less f9d ! two t]ms ( exi/5ce z und]/ood by ! anci5t ,egyptians4 ,ra beg9s ) e>?1 & pass+ ?r\gh heav5 /ops 9 ! region ( pr(undity1 ,am5t1 9 :i* he app>5tly wi%es to soj\rn4 ,?is !n is a symbolic & religi\s repres5tation ( life1 :i* = e ,egyptian--& especially = a royal conqu]or--_h to beg9 & end l ! sun4 ,?is expla9s ! *apt] be+ inscrib$ 9 a tomb4 ,h5ce x 0 ! la/ portion ( ! n>rative--:i* we c analyse b v briefly--! abdication ( ,ra & 8 retreat1 fir/1 9 heav51 next 9 ! ,am5t1 a symbol ( dea? :i* is to be foll[$ by resurrection z ! sett+ ( ! sun by its ris+--x is ?is :i* con/itut$ its int]e/ 9 ! conception ( ! doctr9e ( a future life1 illu/rat$ 9 ! decoration ( ! int]ior ( ! tomb ( ,seti ,i4 ,= our pres5t purpose1 on ! contr>y1 x is ! beg9n+ ( ! /ory :i* con/itutes its importance1 x is t de/ruction ( primal humanity by ! gods ( :i* no m5tion has be5 hi!rto f\nd else:]e4 ,al?\gh ! means ( de/ruction employ$ by ,ra are q dissimil>1 al?\gh he does n proce$ by subm]sion b by a massacre 9 :i* ! lion-head$ goddess ,tefnut or ,sekhet1 ! dreadful =m ( ,ha?or1 is ! ag5t1 ! o!r sides ( ! /ory be> a suffici5tly /rik+ analogy to t ( ! ,mosaic or ,*aldean ,deluge to %[ t x is ! special & v individual =m assum$ 9 ,egypt by t tradition4 ,9 bo? we h human corruption excit+ div9e wra?1 & puni%$ by a div9ely orda9$ annihilation ( ! race1 f :i* !re escapes b a v small numb] de/9$ to give bir? to a new humanity4 ,f9ally1 aft] ! ev5t an expiatory sacrifice appeases ! cele/ial ang]1 & a solemn cov5ant is made betwe5 m5 & ! deity1 :o swe>s nev] s to de/roy !m aga94 ,to me1 ! agreem5t ( ^! pr9cipal features outweighs ! div]g5ce 9 detail4 ,& we h also to obs]ve h[ s+ul>ly ak9 is ! "p ascrib$ by ! ,egyptian prie/ to ,ra ) t assign$ 9 ! epic poem ( ,uruk to ! god ,bel1 9 ! deluge ( ,khasisatra4 ,! ,egyptians believ$1 z did o!r nations1 9 ! de/ruction ( mank9d2 b z inundation meant = !m prosp]ity & life1 !y *ang$ ! primitive tradition2 ! human race1 in/ead ( p]i%+ by wat]1 0 o!rwise ext]m9at$2 & ! inundation--t cr[n+ b5efit to ! valley ( ! ,nile--became 9 _! eyes ! sign t ! wra? ( ,ra 0 appeas$4 ,v4 ,am]ican ,/ories ( ! ,flood4 ,x is a v rem>kable fact1 says ,m4 ,alfr$ ,maury1 t we f9d 9 ,am]ica traditions ( ! ,deluge com+ inf9itely ne>] to t ( ! ,bible & ! ,*aldean religion ?an among any p ( ! ,old ,_w4 ,x is difficult to suppose t ! emigration t c]ta9ly took place f ,asia into ,nor? ,am]ica by ! ,k\rile & ,aleutian isl&s1 & /ill does s 9 our day1 %\ld h br\ght 9 ^! memories1 s9ce no trace is f\nd ( !m among ^? ,mongol or ,sib]ian populations1#eg :i* 7 fus$ ) ! natives ( ! ,new ,_w4444 ,no d\bt c]ta9 ,am]ican nations1 ! ,mexicans & ,p]uvians1 _h rea*$ a v advanc$ social condition at ! "t ( ! ,spani% conque/1 b ?is civilization _h a special "*1 & seems to h be5 develop$ on ! soil :]e x fl\ri%$4 ,_m v simple inv5tions1 su* z ! use ( weights1 7 unkn[n to ^! p1 & ?is %[s t _! k 0 n d]iv$ f ,india or ,japan4 ,! attempts t h be5 made to trace ! orig9 ( ,mexican civilization to ,asia h n z yet l$ to any suffici5tly conclusive facts4 ,besides1 _h ,buddhism1 :i* we d\bt1 made its way into ,am]ica1 x c\ld n h introduc$ a my? n f\nd 9 its own ,scriptures4#eh ,! cause ( ^! simil>ities betwe5 ! diluvian traditions ( ! nations ( ! ,new ,_w & t ( ! ,bible rema9s !re=e unexpla9$4 ,i h p>ticul> pleasure 9 quot+ ^! words by a man ( imm5se erudition1 because he does n belong to or?odox writ]s1 & w n !re=e be ?\ght biass$ by a preconceiv$ op9ion4 ,o!rs also1 no less rationali/ic ?an he1 h po9t$ out ?is lik5ess betwe5 ,am]ican traditions ( ! ,deluge & ^? ( ! ,bible & ! ,*aldeans4 ,! mo/ important among ! =m] are ! ,mexican1 = !y appe> to h be5 def9itively fix$ by symbolic & mnemonic pa9t+s be=e any contact ) ,europeans4 ,accord+ to ^! docum5ts1 ! ,noah ( ! ,mexican cataclysm 0 ,coxcox1 call$ by c]ta9 peoples ,teocipactli or ,tezpi4 ,he _h sav$ himself1 toge!r ) 8 wife ,xo*iquetzal1 9 a b>k1 or1 accord+ to o!r traditions1 on a raft1 made ( cypress wood 7,cupressus di/i*a74 ,pa9t+s retrac+ ! deluge ( ,coxcox h be5 discov]$ among ! ,aztecs1 ,miztecs1 ,zapotecs1 ,tlascaltecs1 & ,me*oacaneses4 ,! tradition ( ! latt] is /ill m /rik+ly 9 con=mity ) ! /ory z we h x 9 ,g5esis & 9 ,*aldean s\rces4 ,x tells h[ ,tezpi emb>k$ 9 a spaci\s vessel ) 8 wife1 8 *ildr51 & sev]al animals1 & gra91 ^: pres]vation 0 ess5tial to ! subsi/5ce ( ! human race4 ,:5 ! great god ,tezcatlipoca decre$ t ! wat]s %\ld retire1 ,tezpi s5t a vulture f ! b>k4 ,! bird1 fe$+ on ! c>cases ) :i* ! e>? 0 lad51 did n return4 ,tezpi s5t out o!r birds1 ( :i* ! humm+-bird only came back ) a leafy bran* 9 its beak4 ,!n ,tezpi1 see+ t ! c\ntry began to vegetate1 left 8 b>k on ! m\nta9 ( ,colhuacan4 ,! docum5t1 h[ev]1 t gives ! mo/ valuable in=mation z to ! cosmogony ( ! ,mexicans is "o kn[n z ,codex ,vaticanus1 f ! libr>y :]e x is pres]v$4 ,x consi/s ( f\r symbolic pictures1 repres5t+ ! f\r ages ( ! _w prec$+ ! actual "o4 ,!y 7 copi$ at ,*obula f a manuscript ant]ior to ! conque/1 & accompani$ by ! explanatory comm5t>y ( ,p$ro de los ,rios1 a ,dom9ican monk1 :o 9 #aeff1 less ?an fifty ye>s aft] ! arrival ( ,cortez1 devot$ himself to ! rese>* ( indig5\s traditions z be+ necess>y to 8 mission>y "w4 ,! fir/ age is m>k$ ) ! ciph] #acdjjf1 or #ebjf1 :i* ,alex&] von ,humboldt und]/&s z giv+ ! numb] ( ye>s ( ! p]iod1 & ,abbe ,brasseur de ,b\rb\rg z ! date ( its comm5cem5t1 f a proleptic era go+ back f ! p]iod ( ! execution ( ! manuscript4 ,?is age is call$ ,tlatonatiuh1 ,sun ( ,e>?4 ,x is t ( ! giants1 or ,qu9ames1 ! e>lie/ inhabitants ( ,anahuac1 ^: end 0 de/ruction by fam9e4 ,! numb] ( ! second age is #abdjjd1 or #dhjd1 & x is call$ ,tlatonatiuh1 ,sun ( ,fire4 ,x closes ) ! desc5t on ,e>? ( ,xiuhteu*li1 ! god ( fire4 ,mank9d are all trans=m$ into birds1 & only ?us escape ! conflagration4 ,nev]!less1 "o human pair f9d refuge 9 a cave1 & repeople ! _w4 ,z to ! ?ird age1 ,ehecatonatiuh1 ,sun ( ,w9d1 its numb] is #ajdjjaj1 or #djaj4 ,its f9al cata/rophe is a t]rible hurricane rais$ by ,quetzalcoatl1 ! god ( ! air4 ,) few exceptions1 m5 are metamorphos$ into monkeys4 ,!n comes ! f\r? age1 ,atonatiuh1 ,sun ( ,wat]1 ^: numb] is #ajdjjh1 or #djjh4 ,x ends by a great inundation1 a v]itable deluge4 ,all mank9d are *ang$ into fi%1 ) ! exception ( "o man & 8 wife1 :o save !mselves 9 a b>k made ( ! trunk ( a cypress-tree4 ,! picture repres5ts ,matlalcueye1 goddess ( wat]s1 & consort ( ,tlaloc1 god ( ra91 z d>t+ d[n t[>ds e>?4 ,coxcox & ,xo*iquetzal1 ! two human be+s pres]v$1 are se5 seat$ on a tree-trunk & float+ 9 ! mid/ ( ! wat]s4 ,?is flood is repres5t$ z ! la/ cataclysm t deva/ates ! e>?4 ,all ?is is mo/ important1 z a m9d ( ! ord] ( ,humboldt's did n hesitate to ackn[l$ge4 ,h[ev]1 ,m4 ,gir>d de ,realle wrote q rec5tly3 ,! my? ( ! deluge has be5 met ) 9 sev]al p>ts ( ,am]ica1 & ,*ri/ian writ]s h n fail$ to see 9 x a rem9isc5ce ( ! ,biblical tradition1 nay1 9 connection ) ! pyramid ( ,*obula1 !y h f\nd traces ( ! ,t[] ( ,babel4 ,we %all n wa/e "t 9 po9t+ out h[ out ( a fi%-god1 ,coxcox1 among ! ,*i*imecs1 ,teocipactli among ! ,aztecs1 & a goddess ( fl[]s1 ,xo*iquetzal1 x 0 easy to concoct ! ,mexican figures ( ,noah & 8 wife by jo9+ on to !m ! /ory ( ! ark & ! dove4 ,x is en\gh to obs]ve t all ^! leg5ds h only be5 collect$ & publi%$ at a relatively rec5t p]iod4#ei ,! fir/ *ronicl]s1 s cauti\s already despite _! hone/ simplicity1 su* z ,sahagun1 ,m5dieta1 ,olmos1 & ! ,hispano-indig5\s au?ors1 su* z ! ,tezcucan ,ix?ilxo*itl & ! ,tlascaltec ,cam>go1 nev] brea! a ^w ( /ories !y c\ld n h fail$ to br+ to light1 _h !y exi/$ 9 _! days4 ,la/ly1 we f9d 9 ,mr4 ,bancr(t's#fj "w a criticism ( ^! leg5ds1 due to ,don ,jose ,f]n&o ,ramirez1 keep] ( ! ,national ,museum1 :i* proves inconte/ably t all ^! /ories spr+ f all too ready & t5d5cy-fraught int]pretations ( old ,mexican pa9t+s1 :i* accord+ to him only repres5t episodes 9 ! migration ( ,aztecs ar\nd ! c5tral lakes ( ! plateau ( ,anahuac4 ,i mu* fe> t ! t5d5cy "h is n on ! side ( writ]s :o are look$ on z gr\nd to p[d] by ! epi!t ,*ri/ian2 :i*1 inde$1 be x said 9 pass+1 might well surprise a few among !m4 ,& ?is t5d5cy1 :5 resolv$ at any co/ to attack ! ,bible1 is z anti-sci5tific z :5 grasp+ at any uncritical argum5t 9 its def5ce4 ,no d\bt ! id5tical "* ( ,xo*iquetzal or ,maciulxo*iquetzal1 z goddess ( ! f]tiliz+ ra9 & ( vegetation1 ) t ( ,*al*ihuitlicue or ,mallalcueye1 is a well-kn[n fact1 m c]ta9 ev5 ?an ! "* ( fi%-god ( ,coxcox or ,teocipactli4 ,b ! trans=mation ( gods into h]oes is a v common fact 9 all poly!isms1 & mo/ common 9 ! k9d ( unconsci\s euhem]ism f :i* infant peoples nev] free !mselves4 ,!re is !re=e no?+ "h to contradict ! fact t ^! two div9e p]sonages1 contemplat$ z h]oes1 may be tak5 z ! two survivors ( ! ,flood1 & ! ance/ors ( ! new humanity4 ,z to ! !ory ( ,don ,jose ,ramirez1 ab\t ! symbolic pictures t h be5 int]pret$ z express+ ! diluvian tradition1 x is v +5i\s & sci5tifically pres5t$1 b n s absolutely prov$ z ,m4 ,gir>d de ,realle consid]s4 ,b ev5 grant+ its inconte/ability1 x only removes "p ( ! evid5ce :i* may h be5 un9t5tionally =c$ by ^? naturally dispos$ to see 9 x a p>allel to ,g5esis2 z = in/ance1 ) reg>d to ! s5d+ out ! birds by ,tezpi4 ,/ill ! exi/5ce ( ! tradition among ,mexican peoples w\ld n be %ak51 = x re/s ^u a :ole ( indubitable te/imony1 confirm+ 9 a /rik+ mann] ! int]pretation hi!rto giv5 ( ! ,codex ,vaticanus4 ,! valuable "w 9 ! ,aztec language1 & 9 ,lat9 lett]s1 compil$ by a native1 subsequ5tly to ! ,spani% conque/1 call$ ,codex ,*imalpopoca by ,abbe ,brasseur de ,b\rb\rg1 :o gives an analysis & p>tial translation ( x 9 ! fir/ volume ( 8 ,hi/oire des ,nations ,civilisees du ,mexique1 conta9s 9 its ?ird portion a hi/ory ( ! suns1 or successive ages ( ! _w4 ,ea* takes its "n f ! way 9 :i* humanity is de/roy$ at its close4 ,! fir/ is ! age ( jagu>s1 :o dev\r ! primordial giants2#fa ! second1 ! age ( w9d2 at its close m5 lo/ !mselves1 & 7 c>ri$ (f by ! hurricane1 & trans=m$ !mselves into monkeys4 ,h\ses1 woods1 ev]y?+ 0 swept away by ! w9d4 ,!n comes ! age ( fire1 ^: sun is call$ ,tlalocan-,teuctli1 ,"l ( ! l[] regions1 ! usual appellation ( ,mictlanteuctli1 ! ,mexican ,pluto1 :i* seems to po9t to ! idea ( an age ( special volcanic activity4 ,at its close1 mank9d is de/roy$ by a ra9 ( fire1 & su* z d n p]i% escape "u ! =m ( birds4 ,f9ally1 ! f\r? age is t ( wat]1 :i* imm$iately prec$es our pres5t epo*1 & closes ) ! ,deluge4 ,"h is ! n>rative accord+ to ,abbe ,brasseur's v]sion1 held correct by ,am]icani/s3-- ,?is is ! sun call$ ,nahui-atl1 '#d wat]4'#fb ,n[ ! wat] 0 tranquil = =ty ye>s1 plus twelve1 & m5 liv$ = ! ?ird & f\r? times4 ,:5 ! sun ,nahui-atl came !re _h pass$ away f\r hundr$ ye>s1 plus two ages1 plus sev5ty-six ye>s4 ,!n all mank9d 0 lo/ & dr[n$ & f\nd !mselves *ang$ into fi%4 ,! sky came ne>] ! wat]4 ,9 a s+le day all 0 lo/ & ! day ,nahui-xo*itl '#d fl[]1' de/roy$ all our fle%4 ,& t ye> 0 t ( ce-calli1 '#a h\se1'#fc & ! day ,nahui-atl all 0 lo/4 ,ev5 ! m\nta9s sank into ! wat]1 & ! wat] rema9$ tranquil = fifty-two spr+s4 ,n[ at ! end ( ! ye> ! god ,titlacahuan _h w>n$ ,nata & 8 sp\se ,n5a1 say+3 ',make no m w9e ( ,agave1 b beg9 to holl[ out a great cypress1 & y w ent] into x :5 9 ! mon? ,tozontli ! wat] approa*es ! sky4' ,!n !y ent]$ 91 & :5 ! god _h clos$ ! door he said3 ',?\ %alt eat b "o e> ( maize & ?y wife "o also4' ,b z soon z !y _h f9i%$ !y w5t out1 & ! wat] rema9$ calm1 = ! wood no long] mov$1 & on op5+ x !y began to see fi%4 ,!n !y lit a fire1 by rubb+ toge!r pieces ( wood1 & !y roa/$ fi%4 ,! gods ,citlall9icue & ,citlalatonac in/antly look+ d[n said3 ',div9e ,"l1 :at is t fire t is mak+ !re4 ,:y d !y ?us smoke ! sky8' ,at once ,titlacahuan-,tezcatlipoca desc5d$4 ,he began to *ide1 say+1 ',:o has made ?is fire "h8' ,& seiz+ hold ( ! fi% he %ap$ _! lo9s & heads1 & !y 7 trans=m$ into dogs 7*i*ime74 ,?is la/ t\* is a satire on ! ,*i*imecs1 or b>b>ians ( ! ,nor?1 f\nd]s ( ! k+dom ( ,tezcuco4 ,x proves ! decid$ly indig5\s "* ( ! /ory1 & removes any su* suspicion ( a ,biblical imitation1 z ! date might h l$ to4 ,! manuscript1 writt5 9 ,spani% by ,motol9a1 :o belong$ to ! g5]ation ( ! conqui/adores1 has hi!rto only be5 kn[n by extracts giv5 f x by ,abbe ,brasseur 9 8 ,re*]*es sur les ,ru9es de ,pal5que1 a "w conta9+ _m useful docum5ts1 ?\gh already p]vad$ by ! delusions :i* t[>ds ! end ( 8 c>e] s /rangely misl$ ?is le>n$ pione] ( ,mexican antiqu>ianism4 ,"h1 too1 we f9d ! !ory ( ! f\r suns1 or f\r ages1 giv5 9 ! same ord] z by ! au?or ( ! ,codex ,*imalpopoca4 ,! fir/ is call$ age ( ,tezcatlipoca1 because t god _h !n add$ on a half to ! sun1 :i* 0 only half lum9\s1 or _h made himself sun 9 its place4 ,?is 0 ! age ( ! ,qu9ames1 or giants1 :o 7 almo/ all ext]m9at$ by fam9e4 ,aft] ?is1 ,quetzlcoatl1 ! god ( ! air1 hav+ arm$ himself ) a great /ick1 /ruck ,tezcatlipoca ) x1 ?rew him into ! wat]1 & & made himself sun 9 8 place4 ,! fall5 god1 trans=m+ himself into a jagu>1 dev\r$ su* ( ! ,qu9ames z _h escap$ f ! fam9e4 ,! /atem5ts ( ! ,codex ,vaticanus & ! ,codex ,*imalpopoca z to ! f9al cata/rophe ( ! _w's fir/ age1 are ?us reconcil$ by ?is la/ n>rative4 ,motol9a calls ! two next ages ^? ( w9d & fire2 !y are clos$ 9 ! way we h se54 ,! f\r? is ! age ( ! ,sun ( ,wat]1 plac$ "u ! patronage ( ! goddess ,*al*ihuitlicue4 ,! ,deluge t]m9ates x1 & aft] ?is la/ cataclysm1 we ent] ^u our pres5t era4 ,we come next to ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,*i*imecs1 by ,don ,f]n&o d',alva ,ixtlilxo*itl1 desc5dant ( ! old pagan k+s ( ,tezcuco1 ^: pret5d$ sil5ce on ! subject we h se5 appeal$ to z disprov+ ! au!nticity ( ^! ,mexican diluvian traditions4 ,9 ! fir/ *apt] ( 8 fir/ book1 ,ixtlilxo*itl relates ! /ory ( ! cosmic ages accord+ to ! traditions ( 8 native city4 ,he only gives f\r 9 all1 includ+ ! actual p]iod4 ,! fir/ is ! ,atonatiuh1 or ,sun ( ,wat]s1 :i* beg9s ) ! creation1 & ends ) a univ]sal deluge4 ,!n comes ! ,?la*itonatiuh1 or ,sun ( ,e>?1 :5 ! giants call$ ,qu9ametziu-,tzocuilhioxime liv$1 desc5dants ( ! survivors ( ! fir/ epo*4 ,a frightful e>?quake1 ov]?r[+ ! m\nta9s1 & de/roy+ ! great] "p ( ! dwell]s on e>?1 closes ?is age4 ,x is 9 ! ?ird age1 ,ehecatonatiuh1 ,sun ( ,w9d1 t ,olmecs & ,xicalanques came f ! ea/ to settle 9 ! s\? ( ,mexico4 ,at fir/ !y 7 conqu]$ by ! remnant ( ! ,qu9ames1 b end$ by massacr+ ^!4 ,quetzalcoatl next appe>s z a religi\s re=m]1 b is n li/5$ to by m51 ^: indocility is puni%$ by ! appall+ hurricane dur+ :i* su* z escap$ became monkeys4 ,!n beg9s ! pres5t age1 ,tlatonatiuh1 or ,sun ( ,fire1 ?us call$ because x is to end by a ra9 ( fire4 ,we see1 !re=e1 t ,ixtlilxo*itl 0 p]fectly acqua9t$ ) ! diluvian tradition1 & if he does n ent] into its details1 he assigns x an important place 9 8 s]ies ( ages4 ,!re=e we mu/ ne$s ackn[l$ge ! diluvian tradition to be really indig5\s 9 ,mexico & n an inv5tion ( mission>ies4 ,we may d\bt z to "s p>ticul>s 9 "s ( ! v]sions1 ?\gh ?is arises *iefly f a preconceiv$ idea1 because !y too mu* resemble ! /ory 9 ,g5esis2 b z to ! fundam5tal tradition x is unassailable1 & intimately connect$ ) a conception n drawn f ! ,bible--& univ]sally admitt$ to h exi/$--t1 namely1 ( ! f\r ages ( ! _w4 ,betwe5 ?is conception1 & t ( ! f\r ages or ,yugas ( ,india1 & ( ! manvant>as :]e ! de/ruction ( ! _w & ! r5ewals ( humanity alt]nate1 !re is an analogy :i* appe>$ v significant to ,humboldt1 ,mac,culloch1 & ,m4 ,maury4 ,x is "o t ju/ifies u 9 ask+ :e!r ! ,mexicans devis$ x indep5d5tly or borr[$ x m or less directly f ,india4 ,! sy/em ( ! f\r ages1 insep>able 9 ,mexico f t ( ! diluvian tradition1 confronts u ) ! problem--ev] recurr+ ) reg>d to ,am]ican civilization--( h[ f> ^! are spontane\s & h[ f> d]iv$ f ,asia ?r\gh ,buddhi/ or o!r mission>ies4 ,9 ! pres5t /ate ( our k we c z little solve ?is problem negatively z affirmatively1 & all attempts made to come to a positive conclusion are premature & unproductive4 ,be=e discov]+ :5ce ,am]ican civilizations came1 we mu/ ?or\ghly "k :at !y 71 nor attempt ! ardu\s & obscure "q ( _! orig9 till we frame a real ,am]ican ar*aeology on ! same sci5tific basis & by ! same me?ods z o!r ar*aeologies4 ,& 9 ?is respect ,messrs4 ,t4 ,g4 ,mull] & ,h]b]t ,bancr(t appe> to me greatly 9 advance ( _! precursors 9 ?is field ( inquiry4 ,= ! pres5t1 all t c be done is1 z ,i h attempt$ ) ,flood /ories1 to det]m9e facts )\t pret5d+ to draw inf]5ces4 ,h5ce ,i %\ld no long] boldly write1 z ,i did eight ye>s ago3 ,! ,flood /ories ( ,mexico positively prove ! tradition ( ! ,deluge to be "o ( ! olde/ held by humanity--a tradition s primitive z to be ant]ior to ! disp]sion ( human families & ! f9al developm5ts ( mat]ial civilization2 :i* ! ,r$ race peopl+ ,am]ica br\ght f ! common cradle ( our species into _! new home1 at ! same "t t ! ,semites1 ,*aldeans1 & ,aryans respectively c>ri$ x into !irs4#fd ,! fact is t among ,am]ican peoples ?is tradition may n be primitive4 ,we may inde$ affirm t x 0 n borr[$ f ! ,bible aft] ! arrival ( ! ,spani>ds1 b we _c be equally confid5t t x 0 n ! result ( "s previ\s =eign importation1 ! precise date ( :i* we h no means ( fix+4 ,be t z x may1 ! doctr9es ( successive ages1 & ( ! de/ruction ( ! m5 ( ! fir/ age by a ,deluge1 is also f\nd 9 ! curi\s book ( ,popol-vuh t collection ( ! my?ological traditions ( ,guatemala1 writt5 aft] ! conque/ 9 ! native tongue1 by a secret adept ( ! old religion2 discov]$1 copi$1 & translat$ into ,spani% 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! la/ c5tury by ! ,dom9ican ,francisco ,xim5ez1 cure ( ,/4 ,?omas ( ,*iula4 ,8 ,spani% v]sion has be5 publi%$ by ,m4 ,s*elz]1 ! orig9al text ) a ,fr5* translation by ,abbe ,brasseur4 ,"h we read t ! gods1 see+ t animals 7 nei!r capable ( speak+ nor ( ador+ !m1 det]m9$ to make m5 9 _! own image4 ,!y fa%ion$ !m at fir/ 9 clay4 ,b ^? m5 _h no consi/5cy1 c\ld n turn _! heads2 spoke1 inde$1 b und]/ood no?+4 ,! gods !n de/roy$ _! imp]fect "w by a ,deluge4 ,sett+ ab\t x = ! second "t1 !y made a man ( wood & a woman ( res94 ,^! creatures 7 f> sup]ior to ! =m]2 !y mov$ & liv$1 b only l o!r animals2 !y spoke1 b un9telligibly2 & gave no ?\ght to ! gods4 ,!n ,hurakan1 ! he>t ( heav51 ! god ( /orm1 caus$ a ra9 ( burn+ res9 to fall1 :ile ! gr\nd 0 %ak5 by a fe>ful e>?quake4 ,all ! desc5dants ( ! wood-&-res9 pair p]i%$1 ) a few exceptions1 :o became monkeys ( ! =e/4 ,f9ally1 out ( :ite & yell[ maize1 ! gods produc$ f\r p]fect m53 ,balam-,quitze1 ! smil+ jagu>2 ,balam-agab1 ! jagu> ( ! night2 ,mahu5tah1 ! di/+ui%$ "n2 & ,igi-,balam1 ! jagu> ( ! moon4 ,!y 7 tall & /rong2 saw & knew ev]y?+1 & r5d]$ ?anks to ! gods4 ,b ! latt] 7 al>m$ at ?is _! f9al success1 & fe>$ = _! supremacy3 accord+ly1 !y ?rew a light veil1 l a mi/1 ov] ! vision ( ! f\r m51 :i* became l t ( ! m5 ( to-day4 ,:ile !y slept ! gods creat$ = !m f\r wives ( great beauty1 & f ?ree ( ^! pairs ! ,qui*es 7 born--,igi-,balam & 8 wife ,cakixaha hav+ no *ildr54 ,?is s]ies ( awkw>d attempts at creation is suffici5tly remov$ f ! ,biblical n>rative to d away ) any suspicion ( ,*ri/ian mission>y influ5ce ov] ?is indig5\s quadr5nial leg5d1 :]e1 z usual1 we f9d ! belief 9 ! de/ruction ( primal mank9d by a great flood4 ,we meet ) x 9 ,nic>agua z well4 ,ovi$o relates t ,p$s>ias ,davila1 gov]nor ( ! prov9ce 9 #aech1 *>g$ ,f4 ,bobadilla1 ( ! ,ord] ( ,/4 ,dom9ic1 to inquire into ! spiritual condition ( ^? ,indians :om 8 pr$ecessors boa/$ ( hav+ conv]t$ 9 great numb]s to ,ca?olicism1 :i* he1 ,davila1 ) good reason1 d\bt$4 ,! monk accord+ly exam9$ ! natives1 & ,ovi$o has transmitt$ sev]al dialogues :i* %[ u ! cre$ ( ! ,nic>aguans a few ye>s aft] ! ,spani% conque/4 ,! foll[+ be>s directly on our subject3-- ,"q by ,bobadilla4 ,:o has creat$ heav5 & e>?1 ! />s & moon1 man & all else8 ,answ] 7by ! ,cacique ,avogoaltegoan74 ,tamaga/ad & ,cippatoval1 ! "o is a man1 ! o!r a woman4 ,q4 ,:o creat$ t man & woman8 ,a4 ,no "o4 ,on ! contr>y1 all m5 & wom5 desc5d f !m4 ,q4 ,did !y create ,*ri/ians8 ,a4 ,i d n "k1 b ! ,indians desc5d f ,tamaga/ad & ,cippatoval4 ,q4 ,are !re any gods great] ?an !y8 ,a4 ,no2 we believe !m to be ! greate/4 99 99 99 99 99 ,q4 ,are !y gods ( fle% or wood1 or any o!r sub/ance8 ,a4 ,!y are ( fle%2 !y are man & woman1 br[n 9 col\r l u ,indians4 ,!y walk$ on e>? dress$ l u1 & ate :at ,indians eat4 ,q4 ,:o gave !m to eat8 ,a4 ,ev]y?+ belongs to !m4 ,q4 ,:]e are !y n[8 ,a4 ,9 heav51 accord+ to :at our ance/ors h told u4 ,q4 ,h[ did !y asc5d ?i!r8 ,a4 ,i only "k t x is _! home4 ,i d n "k h[ !y 7 born1 = !y h no fa!r nor "m4 ,q4 ,h[ d !y live at pres5t8 ,a4 ,!y eat :at ,indians eat1 = maize & all food proce$s f ! place :]e dwell ! teotes 7gods74 ,q4 ,d y "k1 or h y he>d tell1 :e!r s9ce ! teotes creat$ ! _w x has be5 de/roy$8 ,a4 ,be=e ! pres5t race exi/$1 ! _w 0 de/roy$ by wat] & all became sea4 ,q4 ,h[ did t man & woman escape8 ,a4 ,!y 7 9 heav51 = t 0 _! dwell+1 & aft]w>ds !y came d[n to e>? & re-made all ?+s z !y n[ are1 & we are _! issue4 ,q4 ,y say ! :ole _w 0 de/roy$ by wat]4 ,did n "s individuals save !mselves 9 a canoe1 or by "s o!r way8 ,a4 ,no4 ,all ! _w 0 dr[n$1 accord+ to :at my ance/ors told me4 ,! great god ,tamaga/ad1 ( :om m5tion is made 9 ?is dialogue1 is evid5tly ! same z ,?omagata1 ! awful-visag$ _s ( fire1 ^: cultus 0 ant]ior among a portion ( ! ,muyscas at ,tunga & ,sogamosa to t ( ,bot*ica4 ,?is1 !re=e1 br+s u back to ! religi\s & cosmogonic traditions ( ! v advanc$ civilization 9 ! high table-l& ( ,cund9am>ca1 & we are l$ to recognize 9 ! ,flood-leg5d ( ,bot*ica a c]ta9 e*o ( ! s univ]sally spread tradition ( ! ,deluge ( e>ly ages1 m+l$ ) ! memory ( a local ev5t1 f :i* ! ance/ors ( ! ,muyscas _h suff]$ at ! "t ( _! fir/ settlem5t4 ,nei!r mu/ we =get t ,bot*ica & 8 wick$ sp\se1 :o br\ght ab\t ! inundation ( ,cund9am>ca1 are no o!r ?an p]sonifications ( ! sun & moon1 z 7 ! pair ,manco-,capac & ,mama-,oello 9 ! empire ( ! ,incas4 ,! moon ( ,p]u is g5tle & b5efic5t1 well obs]ves ,m4 ,gir>d de ,realle1 %e helps h] bro!r & husb& 9 ! "w ( civilization2 on ! plateau ( ,cund9am>ca1 on ! contr>y1 %e is a wit*1 a v]itable deity ( night & ( evil1 wor?ily repres5t$ by ! lugubri\s owl4 ,"s h believ$ !mselves to h discov]$ ! ,flood-tradition among ! ,p]uvians1 b c>eful criticism disproves ?is4 ,= x only arises f an un9tellig5t int]pretation ( ! my? ( ,viraco*a or ,con1 god ( wat]s1 or m precisely1 ! p]sonification ( ! elem5t1 z %[n by ! leg5d :i* repres5ts him z hav+ no bones1 & yet /ret*+ himself out af>1 l[]+ ! m\nta9s & fill+ up ! valleys 9 8 c\rse4 ,he 0 ! *ief god ( ! ,aym>as1 :o1 accord+ to !m1 _h creat$ ! e>?2 & :o1 issu+ f ,lake ,titicaca1 to manife/ himself on e>?1 _h assembl$ ! e>lie/ m5 at ,tiahuanaco4 ,lat]1 ! (ficial cosmogony ( ! ,incas l$ to 8 und]go+ an euhem]i/ic trans=mation dim9i%+ 8 religi\s importance2 & he is repres5t$ z "o ( ! sons ( ! ,sun1 come ^u e>? to dwell among & civilize mank9d1 a y\ng] bro!r ( ,manco-,capac4 ,n[ x is "u ! gov]nm5t ( ,viraco*a t ! ,deluge is plac$ by ! writ]s ( v rec5t date1 :o m5tion ?is ev5t1 ( :i* ! native tradition 0 unkn[n to ! ,inca ,g>cilaso de la ,vega1 to ,montes9os1 ,balboa1 ,gom>a1 ,f4 ,oliva1 &1 9 %ort1 to all au?orities ( any weight 9 ,p]uvian matt]s4 ,mac,culloch does inde$ quote ,aco/a & ,h]r]a1 b ^! au?ors nev] speak ( a ,deluge involv+ all humanity2 !y only say t ,viraco*a gave laws to ! e>lie/ m5 at ! close ( a primordial p]iod ant]ior to _! creation1 :5 ! :ole surface ( ! e>? _h be5 "u wat]4 ,num]\s leg5ds ( ! great inundation ( e>lie/ times h be5 f\nd among ! savage tribes ( ,am]ica4 ,b by _! v nature ^! leave room = d\bt4 ,!y h n be5 committ$ to writ+ by ! natives1 we only "k !m by int]m$i>ies :o may1 9 p]fectly good fai?1 h alt]$ !m consid]ably 9 an unconsci\s desire to assimilate !m to ! ,bible /ory4 ,besides1 !y h be5 only collect$ v lately1 :5 ! tribes _h be5 = a long "t 9 contact ) ,europeans1 & _h (t5 _h liv+ among !m m ?an "o adv5tur] :o might well h introduc$ new elem5ts into _! traditions4 ,!y are !re=e v inf]ior 9 importance to ^? we h f\nd exi/+ 9 ,mexico1 ,guatemala1 & ,nic>agua1 previ\s to ! arrival ( ! ,spani% conqu]ors4 ,! mo/ rem>kable ( !m1 z exclud+ by its v =m ! idea ( ,european communication1 is t ( ! ,*]okees4 ,x seems a *ildi% v]sion ( ! ,indian tradition1 only t x is a dog in/ead ( a fi% :o plays ! "p ( deliv]] to ! man :o escapes ! cata/rophe2 b ?is br+s u back to a my? special to ,am]ica--t ( ! trans=mation ( fi% into dogs1 z we h se5 9 ! ,flood-/ory ( ! ,codex ,*imalpopoca4 ,! dog1 says ! leg5d ( ! ,*]okees1 nev] ceas$ = sev]al days to run up & d[n ! banks ( ! riv]1 look+ fix$ly at ! wat] & h[l+ z 9 di/ress4 ,8 ma/] 0 annoy$ by 8 ways & r\ghly ord]$ him to g home1 ^u :i* he began speak+ & reveal$ ! imp5d+ calamity1 end+ 8 pr$iction by say+ t ! only way 9 :i* 8 ma/] & 8 family c\ld escape 0 by ?r[+ him at once into ! wat]1 = he w\ld become _! deliv]] by swimm+ to seek a boat1 b t !re 0 n a mom5t to lose1 = a t]rible ra9 0 at h& :i* w\ld lead to a g5]al inundation 9 :i* ev]y?+ w\ld p]i%4 ,! man obey$ 8 dog1 0 sav$ ) 8 family1 & !y repeopl$ ! e>?4 ,x is said t ! ,tamanakis1 a ,c>ib tribe on ! banks ( ! ,or9oco1 h a leg5d ( ! man & woman :o escap$ ! flood by rea*+ ! summit ( ,m\nt ,tapanacu4 ,!re !y ?rew cocoa-nuts beh9d !m1 f :i* sprung a new race ( m5 & wom54 ,if ! report be true1 :i*1 h[ev]1 we _c affirm1 ?is w\ld be a v s+ul> agreem5t ) "o ( ! di/9ctive features ( ! ,greek /ory ( ,deucalion & ,pyrrha4 ,russian explor]s h report$ a *ildlike n>rative ( ! flood 9 ! ,aleutian ,isl&s1 =m+ ! geographical l9k betwe5 ,asia & ,nor? ,am]ica1 & at ! extremity ( ! nor?-ea/ ( ,am]ica among ! ,kolosks4 ,h5ry ! travell] gives ! foll[+ tradition z curr5t among ! ,indians ( ! ,great ,lakes3-- ,9 =m] times ! fa!r ( ! ,indian tribes dwelt t[>ds ! ris+ sun4 ,hav+ be5 w>n$ 9 a dream t a deluge 0 com+ ^u ! e>?1 he built a raft1 on :i* he sav$ himself ) 8 family & all ! animals4 ,he float$ ?us = sev]al mon?s4 ,! animals1 :o at t "t spoke1 l\dly compla9$ & murmur$ aga9/ him4 ,at la/ a new e>? appe>$1 on :i* he l&$ ) all ! animals1 :o f t "t lo/ ! p[] ( spee* z a puni%m5t = _! murmurs aga9/ _! deliv]]4 ,accord+ to ,fa!r ,*>levoix1 ! tribes ( ,canada & ! valley ( ! ,mississippi relate 9 _! rude leg5ds t all mank9d 0 de/roy$ by a flood1 & t ! good _s1 to repeople ! e>?1 _h *ang$ animals into m54 ,x is to ,j4 ,s4 ,kohl we owe our acqua9tance ) ! v]sion ( ! ,*ippeways--full ( grotesque & p]plex+ t\*es--9 :i* ! man sav$ f ! deluge is call$ ,m5abo%u4#fe ,to "k if ! e>? be dry+ he s5ds a bird1 ! div]1 out ( 8 b>k2 !n becomes ! re/or] ( ! human race & ! f\nd] ( exi/+ society4 ,catl9 relates a /ory1 curr5t among ! ,m&ans1 ( ! e>? be+ a great tortoise borne on ! wat]s1 & t :5 "o day1 9 digg+ ! soil1 a tribe ( :ite m5 pi]c$ ! %ell ( ! tortoise1 x sank1 & ! wat] cov]+ x dr[n$ all m51 ) ! exception ( "o1 :o sav$ himself 9 a boat2 & :5 ! e>? re-em]g$1 s5t out a dove1 :o return$ ) a bran* ( will[ 9 its beak4 ,"h we h ,noah's dove1 z 9 ! /ory ( ,tezpi & ,m5abo%u we h o!r birds sub/itut$ = x4 ,b ! native orig9ality ( ?is detail1 z ( ! :ole diluvian tradition among ! ,m&ans1 may well be d\bt$ :5 we rememb] t ! physical peculi>ities ( ?is curi\s tribe on ! banks ( ! ,miss\ri l$ ,catl9 to consid] x ( mix$ blood1 & p>tly :ite orig94 ,9 ! songs ( ! inhabitants ( ,new ,cali=nia allusion 0 made to a v remote p]iod :5 ! sea left its b$ & cov]$ ! e>?4 ,! :ole race ( m5 & animals p]i%$ 9 ?is deluge1 s5t by ! supreme god ,*9ig*9ig1 ) ! exception ( a few :o _h tak5 refuge on a high m\nta9 :i* ! wat] fail$ to rea*4 ,! ,commission]s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates :o explor$ ,new ,mexico be=e its annexation1 tell ( ! exi/5ce ( a simil> tradition among ! diff]5t native tribes ( t va/ t]ritory4 ,o!r travell]s give u k9dr$ n>ratives1 m or less /rik+ly resembl+ ! ,bible record4 ,b = ! mo/ "p !y are too vaguely report$ to be entirely tru/$4 ,,vi4 ,polynesian ,traditions4--,9 ,oceania ev51 & n among ! ,pelagian negroes or ,papoos1#ff b ! ,polynesian1 rac5atives ( ! ar*ipelago ( ,au/ralasia1 ! diluvian tradition has be5 trac$1 m+l$ ) recollections ( sudd5 rises ( ! sea1 :i* are "o ( ! mo/ frequ5t sc\rges ( ^? isl&s4 ,! mo/ not$ is t ( ,tahiti1 :i* has be5 specially ref]r$ to ! primeval tradition4 ,"h x is z giv5 by ,m4 ,gauss91#fg :o has publi%$ a translation ( x1 z well z ! ,tahitian text1 writt5 by a native nam$ ,m>e3-- ,two m5 _h gone out to sea to fi% ) ! l9e1 ,roo & ,teahoroa by "n4 ,!y ?rew _! hooks into ! sea1 :i* caught 9 ! hair ( ! god ,ruahatu4 ,!y exclaim$1 ',a fi%6' ,!y drew up ! l9e & saw t x 0 a man !y _h caught4 ,at sight ( ! god !y b\nd$ to ! o!r end ( _! b>k1 & 7 half dead ) fe>4 ,ruahatu ask$ !m1 ',:at is ?is8' ,! two fi%]m5 repli$1 ',we came to fi%1 & we did n "k t our hooks w\ld cat* !e4' ,! god !n said1 ',unfa/5 my hair2' & !y did s4 ,!n ,ruahatu ask$1 ',:at are y\r names8' ,!y repli$1 ',roo & ,teahoroa4' ,ruahatu next said1 ',return to ! %ore1 & tell m5 t ! e>? w be cov]$ ) wat]1 & all ! _w w p]i%4 ,to-morr[ morn+ repair to ! islet call$ ,toa-m>ama2 x w be a place ( safety = y & y\r *ildr54' ,ruahatu caus$ ! sea to cov] ! l&s4 ,all 7 cov]$1 & all m5 p]i%$ except ,roo1 ,teahoroa1 & _! families4 ,?is /ory1 l all 9 ?is "p ( ! _w curr5tly ref]r$ to ! memory ( ! ,deluge1 has assum$ ! *ildi% "* peculi> to ,polynesian leg5ds1 & moreov]1 z ,m4 ,maury ju/ly obs]ves1 x may be naturally expla9$ by ! recollection ( "o ( ^? tidal waves s common 9 ,polynesia4 ,! mo/ ess5tial feature ( all traditions prop]ly call$ diluvian is want+ "h4 ,! isl&1 obs]ves ,m4 ,maury1 has no resemblance to ! ,ark4#fh ,x is true t "o ( ! v]sions ( ! ,tahitian leg5d /ates t ! two fi%]m5 repair$ to ,toa-m>ama1 n only ) _! families1 b ) a pig1 a dog1 & a c\ple ( f[ls1 :i* recalls ! entry ( ! animals into ! ,ark4 ,on ! o!r h&1 "s details ( a simil> /ory among ! ,fijis1 especially "o 9 :i*1 = _m ye>s aft] ! ev5t1 canoes 7 kept ready 9 case ( its repetition1 f> bett] fit a local ph5om5on1 a tidal wave1 ?an a univ]sal deluge4 ,h[ev]1 if all ^! leg5ds 7 exclusively relat$ to local cata/rophes1 x w\ld be /range t !y %\ld appe> & be almo/ simil> 9 a c]ta9 numb] ( localities at a great di/ance f ea* o!r1 & only :]e ! ,polynesian race has tak5 root1 or left indubitable traces ( its passage2--?is race1 indig5\s 9 ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago1 n hav+ migrat$ !nce till ab\t ! f\r? c5tury ( ! ,*ri/ian era--i4e41 at a "t :51 9 consequ5ce ( ! communication betwe5 ,india & a portion ( ,malaysia1#fi ! ,flood-tradition "u its ,indian =m might well h ent]$ 94 ,)\t1 !re=e1 decid+ ! "q "o way or o!r1 we d n ?9k t t op9ion c absolutely be condemn$ :i* f9ds 9 ^! ,polynesian leg5ds an e*o ( ! tradition ( ! ,deluge1 mu* weak5$1 mu* *ang$1 & m inextricably confus$ ?an any:]e else ) local disa/]s ( rec5t date4 ,! result1 !n1 ( ?is long review au?orizes u to affirm ! /ory ( ! ,deluge to be a univ]sal tradition among all bran*es ( ! human race1 ) ! "o exception1 h[ev]1 ( ! black4 ,n[ a recollection ?us precise & concordant _c be a my? volunt>ily inv5t$4 ,no religi\s or cosmogonic my? pres5ts ?is "* ( univ]sality4 ,x mu/ arise f ! rem9isc5ce ( a real & t]rible ev5t1 s p[]fully impress+ ! imag9ation ( ! fir/ ance/ors ( our race1 z nev] to h be5 =gott5 by _! desc5dants4 ,?is cataclysm mu/ h occurr$ ne> ! fir/ cradle ( mank9d1 & be=e ! disp]sion ( ! families f :i* ! pr9cipal races 7 to spr+2 = x w\ld be at once improbable & uncritical to admit t at z _m diff]5t po9ts ( ! globe z we %\ld h to assume 9 ord] to expla9 ! wide spread ( ^! traditions--local ph5om5a s exactly alike %\ld h occurr$1 _! memory hav+ assum$ an id5tical =m1 & pres5t+ circum/ances t ne$ n necess>ily h occurr$ to ! m9d 9 su* cases4 ,let u obs]ve1 h[ev]1 t probably ! diluvian tradition is n primitive b import$ 9 ,am]ica2 t x und\bt$ly we>s ! aspect ( an importation among ! r>e populations ( ! yell[ race :]e x is f\nd2 & la/ly1 t x is d\btful among ! ,polynesians ( ,oceania4 ,!re w /ill rema9 ?ree great races to :i* x is und\bt$ly peculi>1 :o h n borr[$ x f ea* o!r1 b among :om ! tradition is primitive1 & goes back to ! mo/ anci5t times2 & ^! ?ree races are precisely ! only ones ( :i* ! ,bible speaks z be+ desc5d$ f ,noah1 ^? ( :i* x gives ! e?nic filiation 9 ! t5? *apt] ( ,g5esis4 ,?is obs]vation1 :i* ,i hold to be und5iable1 atta*es a s+ul>ly hi/oric & exact value to ! tradition z record$ by ! ,sacr$ ,book1 ev5 if1 on ! o!r h&1 x may lead to giv+ x a m limit$ geographical & e?nological significance4 ,9 ano!r pap] ,i propose to inquire :e!r1 9 ! conception ( ! inspir$ writ]s1 ! ,deluge really 0 univ]sal1 9 ! s5se cu/om>ily suppos$4 ,b z ! case n[ /&s1 we d n hesitate to decl>e t1 f> f be+ a my?1 ! ,biblical ,deluge is a real & hi/orical fact1 hav+1 to say ! lea/1 left its impress on ! ance/ors ( ?ree races--,aryan or ,indo-,european1 ,semitic or ,syro-,arabian1 ,*amitic or ,ku%ite--t is to say1 on ! ?ree great civiliz$ races ( ! anci5t _w1 ^? :i* con/itute ! high] humanity--be=e ! ance/ors ( ^? races _h z yet sep>at$1 & 9 ! "p ( ,asia !y toge!r inhabit$4 ,,francois ,,l5ormant4 ,,footnotes3 #ca ,! date ( ! t]m9ation ( ! works und]tak5 by ,yu1 9 ord] to repair ! damage done by ?is flood1 lies betwe5 #bbgh & #bjfb ,b4,c4 accord+ to ! *ronological sy/em adopt$4 #cb ,?is "w ( ,b]osus 0 already out ( exi/5ce 9 ! f\r? c5tury ( our era1 :5 ,eusebius ( ,ces>ea1 to :om we owe su* fragm5ts z we possess1 wrote4 ,only two abridgm5ts rema9$1 due to lat] polygraph]s1 ,abyd5us & ,alex&] ,polybi/or4 ,eusebius gives ! v]sion ( ea* editor1 ! "o ,i quote is t ( ,alex&]4 #cc ,abyd5us says1 all t compos$ ! scriptures4 #cd ,he is provisionally call$ ,izdhub> or ,ghirdhub>1 transcrib+ = want ( a m c]ta9 me?od1 accord+ to _! phonetic value1 ! *>act]s compos+ ! ideographic spell+ ( 8 "n4 #ce ,! text is publi%$ 9 ,cunei=m ,inscriptions ( ,we/]n ,asia1 vol4 iv4 pp4 #ej & #ea4 ,! two pr9cipal translations hi!rto giv5 are ^? ( ,george ,smi? & ,m4 ,opp]t4 ,! "o we n[ (f] conta9s a l>ge %>e ( p]sonal "w4 ,we avail ourselves ( ! lab\rs ( our illu/ri\s precursors1 b believe t we h also add$ "s important /eps t[>ds a precise und]/&+ ( ! text4 #cf ,"h sev]al v]ses are want+4 #cg ,! wat] ( ! twilight at break ( day1 "o ( ! p]sonifications ( ra94 #ch ,! god ( ?und]4 #ci ,! god ( w> & dea?4 #dj ,! ,*aldeo-,assyrian ,h]cules4 #da ,! sup]ior heav5 ( ! fix$ />s4 #db ,vases ( ! measure call$ 9 ,hebrew ,seah4 ,?is relates to a detail ( ! rituali/ic prescriptions = sacrifice4 #dc ,^! metaphorical expressions appe> to designate ! ra9b[4 #dd ,! god ( epidemics4 #de ,/udi5 zur ,kritik und ,erkl>ung d] ,biblis*5 ,urges*i*te1 p4 #aej4 #df ,oannes & ,euahanes belong to an ,accadian =m3 ,ea-,khan1 ,ea ! fi%2 ,oes to ! simple ,ea1 z ! ,aos ( ,damascus4 #dg ,v5didad1 ii4 #df4 #dh ,*apt] vii4 #di ,see especially ,ye%t viii41 #ac ,v5didad1 xix4 #ace4 #ej ,x is 9 virtue ( ?is assimilation t ,plut>* 7,de ,sol]t anim4 #ac7 speaks ( ! dove s5t out by ,deucalion to see if ! ,deluge _h ceas$1 a circum/ance m5tion$ by no o!r ,greek my?ograph]4 #ea ,myvyrian ,ar*aeology ( ,wales1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ej1 triad #ac4 #eb ,ibid4 p4 #ga1 triad #ig4 #ec ,vaf?rudnismal1 /4 #bi4 #ed ,hanws*1 ,slawis*] ,my?us1 p4 #bcd4 #ee ,transactions ( ! ,society ( ,biblical ,ar*aeology1 vol4 iv4 pp4 #a-ai4 #ef ,p]sonification ( ! primordial abyss4 #eg ,nev]!less1 ! ,deluge holds an important place among ! cosmogonic traditions--decid$ly orig9al 9 "*--:i* ,reguly has f\nd among ! ,voguls4 ,we also he> ( a diluvian /ory among ! ,eulets or ,kalmuks1 :]e x seems to h come 9 ) ,buddhism4 #eh ,we mu/1 h[ev]1 obs]ve t ,buddhi/ mission>ies appe> to h introduc$ ! diluvian tradition ( ,judea into ,*9a4 ,gutzlaff1 ,on ,buddhism 9 ,*9a1 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,royal ,asiatic ,society 7#a/ s]ies1 vol4 xii4 p4 #gh71 affirms t he saw its pr9cipal episode repres5t$ 9 a v f9e pa9t+ ( a temple to ! goddess ,kivan-y94 #ei ,rec5tly publi%$1 n rec5tly collect$4 ,! date ( ,p$ro de los ,rios %[s ?is4 #fj ,! ,native ,races ( ! ,pacific ,/ates1 vol4 iii4 p4 #fh4 #fa ,by a s+ul> alt]ation ( ! text x is said t ! jagu>s 7 dev\r$1 in/ead ( !y dev\r$4 #fb ,f ! day ( ! ye> :5 ! f9al cataclysm 0 suppos$ to h occurr$4 #fc ,?is designation ( ! ye> accords ) ! sy/em ( ,mexican cycles1 conta9+ f\r gr\ps ( ye>s1 ea* nam$ aft] "s object or animal4 #fd ,essai de comm5taire des fragm5ts de ,b]ose1 p4 #bhc4 #fe ,?is "n looks l a corruption ( t ( ! ,indian ,manu ,vaivasvata4 #ff ,except 9 ! ,fiji ,isl&s1 :]e ! ,polynesians h be5 = "s "t settl$ among ! ,melanians1 & h only be5 de/roy$ by ^! aft] hav+ infus$ into ! population an elem5t suffici5tly m>k$ to r5d] ! ,fijis a mix$ r ?an a purely black race4 #fg ,gauss93 ,du ,dialecte de ,tahiti et de la ,langue polynesi5ne1 p4 #bce4 ,see also ,ellis's ,polynesian ,rese>*es4 #fh ,we may1 h[ev]1 obs]ve t 9 ! ,iranian my? ( ,yima1 :i* we h report$ above1 a squ>e enclosure 7v>a7 miracul\sly pres]v$ f ! deluge1 holds ! place ( ! ,biblical ,ark & ( ! vessel ( ,*aldean tradition4 #fi ,! date ( ! fir/ e/abli%m5t ( ,indian ,brahmani/s 9 ,java rema9s unc]ta91 b f ! end ( ! second c5tury ,b4,c4 ! ,greek ,iambulos 7,diod4 ,sicul4 ii4 #eg7 v exactly describ$ z ! way ( writ+ 9 ?is isl& ! syllabic sy/em ,kavi1 borr[$ f ,india4 ,,susp5d$ ,,animation4 ,"s "t s9ce an article appe>$ 9 ! ,times1 quot$ f ! ,brisbane ,c\ri] 7an ,au/ralian pap] ( good cr$it71 /at+ t "o ,signor ,rotura _h devis$ a plan by :i* animals might be congeal$ = weeks or mon?s )\t be+ actually depriv$ ( life1 s t !y might be %ipp$ f ,au/ralia = ,engli% ports z dead meat1 yet on _! arrival "h be re/or$ to full life & activity4 ,_m reg>d$ ?is acc\nt z int5d$ to be receiv$ s]i\sly1 ?\gh a few days lat] an article appe>$1 ! op5+ words ( :i* impli$ t only p]sons f nor? ( ! ,twe$ %\ld h tak5 ! article au gr& s]ieux4 ,( c\rse x 0 a hoax2 b x is wor?y ( notice t ! editor ( ! ,brisbane ,c\ri] _h really be5 misl$1 z he admitt$ a few weeks lat]1 ) a c&\r :i* did him cr$it4#gj ,?is wond]ful discov]y1 h[ev]1 besides be+ wor? publi%+ z a joke 7?\gh r a mis*iev\s "o1 z w pres5tly be %[n71 did good s]vice also by elicit+ f a di/+ui%$ physician c]ta9 /atem5ts respect+ ! possibility ( susp5d+ animation1 :i* o!rwise might h rema9$ = "s "t unpubli%$4 ,i propose "h to consid] ^! /atem5ts1 & ! /range possibilities :i* "s ( !m seem to sugge/4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 h[ev]1 x may be wor? :ile to recall ! *ief /atem5ts 9 ! clev] ,au/ralian /ory1 z "s ( ,dr4 ,ri*>dson's /atem5ts ref] specially to t n>rative4 ,i %all take ! opportunity ( indicat+ c]ta9 curi\s features ( resemblance betwe5 ! ,au/ralian /ory1 :i* really _h its orig9 9 ,am]ica 7,i am assur$ t x 0 publi%$ a ye> e>li] 9 a ,new ,york pap]71 & an ,am]ican hoax :i* acquir$ a wide celebrity "s =ty ye>s ago1 ! s-call$ ,lun> ,hoax4 ,z x is c]ta9 t ! two /ories came f diff]5t p]sons1 ! resemblance ref]r$ to seems to sugge/ t ! special m5tal qualities 7defects1 bi5 ent5du7 :i* cause "s to take delight 9 su* inv5tions1 are commonly associat$ ) a *>act]i/ic /yle ( writ+4 ,if ,buffon 0 "r1 inde$1 9 say+1 ,le /yle c'e/ de l'homme meme1 we c readily und]/& t clev] hoax]s %\ld ?us h a /yle peculi> to !mselves4 ,x c h>dly be consid]$ ess5tial to ! "r compreh5sion ( sci5tific exp]im5ts t a picturesque acc\nt %\ld be giv5 ( ! place :]e ! exp]im5ts 7 made4 ,! hi/ory ( ! wond]ful ,au/ralian discov]y op5s nev]!less z foll[s3--,_m ( ! read]s ( ! ,brisbane ,c\ri] :o "k ,sydney ,h>b\r w rememb] ! long inlet opposite ! heads kn[n z ,middle ,h>b\r1 :i*1 9 a succession ( l&-lock$ rea*es1 /ret*es away l a *a9 ( lakes = ov] tw5ty miles4 ,on "o ( ^! rea*es1 made m ?an ord9>ily picturesque by ! bold headl&s t drop almo/ %e] into ! wat]1 /&1 on ab\t an acre ( grassy flat1 fr+$ by :ite bea* on :i* ! cle> wat]s ( ! h>b\r lap1 two l[ brick build+s4 ,"h1 9 p]fect seclusion1 & ) a c>eful avoidance ( publicity1 is be+ conduct$ an exp]im5t1 ! success ( :i*1 n[ e/abli%$ beyond any d\bt1 mu/ h a wid] effect ^u ! future prosp]ity ( ,au/ralia ?an any project ev] contemplat$4 ,x 0 precisely 9 ?is tone t ! au?or ( ! ,lun> ,hoax#ga op5$ 8 acc\nt ( ^? rec5t discov]ies 9 a/ronomy :i* w build an imp]i%able monum5t to ! age 9 :i* we live1 & conf] ^u ! pres5t g5]ation ( ! human race a pr\d di/9ction ?r\gh all future "t4 ,x has be5 poetically said1 he rem>ks--?\gh probably he w\ld h f\nd "s difficulty 9 say+ :]e or by :om ?is _h be5 said1--t ! />s ( heav5 are ! h]$it>y regalia ( man1 z ! intellectual sov]eign ( ! animal creation2 he may n[ fold ! zodiac ar\nd him ) a l(ti] consci\sness ( 8 m5tal supremacy 7a sublime idea1 irresi/ibly sugge/ive ( ! description :i* an ,am]ican hum\ri/ gave ( a c]ta9 actor's repres5tation ( ! dea? ( ,ri*>d ,,iii41 he wrapp$ ! />-spangl$ bann] r\nd him1 & di$ l ! son ( a hoss74 ,x next becomes necess>y to describe ! p]sons engag$ 9 pursu+ ! exp]im5ts by :i* ! art ( freez+ animals alive is to be atta9$4 ,! g5tlem5 engag$ 9 ?is ent]prise are ,signor ,rotura1 ^: rese>*es into ! botany & natural hi/ory ( ,s\? ,am]ica h r5d]$ 8 "n em95t2 & ,mr4 ,james ,grant1 a pupil ( ! late ,mr4 ,nicolle1 s long associat$ ) ,mr4 ,?omas ,mort 9 8 freez+ process4 ,next to ! late ,mr4 ,nicolle1 ,mr4 ,james ,grant c claim pre-em95ce ( k 9 ! sci5ce ( g5]at+ cold1 & 8 freez+ *amb] at ,woolh>a has long be5 kn[n z ! seat ( valuable exp]im5ts orig9at$ 9 81 ,mr4 ,nicolle's1 lifetime4 ,is x m]ely an accid5t1 by ! way1 or is x due to ! circum/ance t exceptional p[]s ( inv5tion 9 g5]al matt]s are (t5 f\nd 9 company ) s+ul> pov]ty ( inv5tion z to details1 t two ( ! names "h m5tion$ closely resemble names connect$ ) ! ,lun> ,hoax8 ,x 0 ,nicollet :o 9 reality devis$ ! ,lun> ,hoax1 ?\gh ,ri*>d ,alton ,locke1 ! reput$ au?or1 probably gave to ! /ory its f9al =m2 &1 aga91 ! /ory purport$ to come f ,dr4 ,grant1 ( ,glasg[4 ,9 ! e>li] n>rative1 aga91 z 9 ! lat]1 due c>e 0 tak5 to impress read]s ) ! belief t ^? :o _h made ! discov]y1 or tak5 "p 9 ! "w1 7 wor?y ( all confid5ce4 ,sir ,w4 ,h]s*el 0 ! inv5tor ( ! optical device by :i* ! inhabitants ( ! moon 7 to be r5d]$ visible1 a plan :i* ev9c$ ! mo/ pr(\nd rese>* 9 optical sci5ce1 & ! mo/ dext]\s +5uity 9 me*anical contrivance4 ,b 8 son1 ,sir ,john ,h]s*el1 nurs$ & cradl$ 9 ! obs]vatory1 & a practical a/ronom] f 8 boyhood1 det]m9$ ^u te/+ x at :atev] co/4 ,among 8 companions he _h ,dr4 ,&rew ,grant1 ,lieut5ant ,drummond ( ! ,royal ,eng9e]s1 & a l>ge p>ty ( ! be/ ,engli% me*anics4 ,! acc\nts ( prelim9>y rese>*es1 d\bts1 & difficulties are 9 bo? cases v simil> 9 tone4 ,x appe>s t five mon?s ago1 says ! n>rator ( ! ,au/ralian hoax1 ,signor ,rotura call$ ^u ,mr4 ,grant to invoke 8 assi/ance 9 a s*eme = ! transmission ( live /ock to ,europe4 ,signor ,rotura av]r$ t he _h discov]$ a ,s\? ,am]ican vegetable poison1 alli$ to ! well-kn[n wool>a 7sic7 t _h ! p[] ( p]fectly susp5d+ animation1 & t ! trance ?us produc$ cont9u$ until ! application ( ano!r vegetable ess5ce caus$ ! blood to resume its circulation & ! he>t its functions4 ,s p]fect1 moreov]1 0 ?is susp5sion ( life t ,signor ,rotura _h f\nd 9 a w>m climate decomposition set 9 at ! extremities aft] a week ( ?is liv+ dea?1 & he imag9$ t if ! body 9 ?is in]t /ate 7 r$uc$ to a temp]ature suffici5tly l[ to arre/ decomposition1 ! trance might be kept up = mon?s1 possibly = ye>s4 ,he frankly own$ t he _h nev] tri$ ?is pres]v+ ( ! tissues by cold1 & c\ld n confid5tly speak z to its effect ^u ! aft]-re/oration ( ! animal op]at$ on4 ,be=e he left ,mr4 ,grant he _h turn$ t g5tleman's d\bts into wond]+ curiosity by exp]im5t+ on 8 dog4 ,! acc\nt ( ?is exp]im5t ,i def] = a mom5t till ,i h %[n h[ closely 9 sev]al respects ?is portion ( ! ,au/ralian hoax resembles ! correspond+ "p ( ! ,am]ican /ory4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ! great discov]y is pres5t$ z simply a v surpris+ developm5t ( a process :i* is /rictly )9 ! limits1 n only ( :at is possible1 b ( :at is kn[n4 ,s also 9 ! case ( ! ,lun> ,hoax1 ! amaz+ magnify+ p[] by :i* liv+ creatures 9 ! moon 7 said to h be5 r5d]$ visible1 0 pres5t$ z simply a v rem>kable developm5t ( ! famili> prop]ties ( ! telescope4 ,9 bo? cases1 ! circum/ances :i* 9 reality limit ! possible ext5sion ( ! prop]ties 9 "q 7 kept conv5i5tly conceal$ f view4 ,9 bo? cases1 d\bts & difficulties 7 urg$ ) an app>5t frankness int5d$ to dis>m suspicion4 ,9 bo? cases1 also1 ! inv5tor ( ! new me?od by :i* difficulties 7 to be ov]come is repres5t$ z 9 conf]5ce ) a man ( ne>ly equal skill1 :o urges ! d\bts naturally sugge/$ by ! wond]ful nature ( ! promis$ a*ievem5ts4 ,9 ! ,lun> ,hoax1 ,sir ,john ,h]s*el & ,sir ,david ,brew/] are ?us repres5t$ 9 conf]5ce4 ,h]s*el asks :e!r ! difficulty aris+ f defici5t illum9ation may n be ov]come by effect+ a transfusion ( artificial light ?r\gh ! focal image4 ,brew/]1 />tl$ at ! novel ?\ght1 z he well might be1 hesitat+ly ref]s to ! refrangibility ( rays & ! angle ( incid5ce1 :i* is effective ?\gh glori\s 9 its absurdity4 7,yet x has be5 gravely ass]t$ t ?is nons5se deceiv$ ,arago47 ,sir ,john1 gr[n m confid5t1 adduc$ ! example ( ! ,newtonian reflector1 9 :i* ! refrangibility 0 arre/$ by ! second speculum & ! angle ( incid5ce re/or$ by ! ?ird 7a bewild]+ly ridicul\s /atem5t74 ',&1' cont9u$ he1 ':y _c ! illum9at$ microscope1 say ! hydro-oxyg51 be appli$ to r5d] di/9ct1 & if necess>y ev5 to magnify1 ! focal object8' ,sir ,david sprang f 8 *air 9 an ec/asy ( conviction1 & leap+ half-way to ! ceil+ 7f :i* we may inf] t he 0 some:at m ?an tete montee71 exclaim$1 ',?\ art ! man6' ,! me?od devis$ 9 ea* case be+ once accept$ z s\nd1 ! re/ ( c\rse readily foll[s4 ,9 ! case ( ! ,lun> ,hoax a numb] ( discov]ies are made :i* ne$ n "h be describ$#gb 7?\gh ,i %all take occasion pres5tly to quote "s passages relat+ to !m :i* closely resemble 9 /yle c]ta9 passages 9 ! ,au/ralian n>rative74 ,9 ! lat] hoax1 ! illu/rative exp]im5ts are =?) introduc$4 ,signor ,rotura1 hav+ s f> p]suad$ ,mr4 ,grant ( ! validity ( ! plan z to induce him to all[ a fav\rite dog to be exp]im5t$ ^u1 inject$ two drops ( 8 liquid1 mix$ ) a little glyc]9e1 into a small puncture made 9 ! dog's e>4 ,9 ?ree or f\r m9utes ! animal 0 p]fectly rigid1 ! f\r legs /ret*$ backw>d1 eyes wide op51 pupils v mu* dilat$1 & exhibit+ symptoms v simil> to ^? caus$ by /ry*n9e1 except t !re _h be5 no previ\s /ruggle or pa94 ,begg+ 8 own] to h no appreh5sion = ! life ( 8 fav\rite animal1 ,signor ,rotura lift$ ! dog c>efully & plac$ him on a %elf 9 a cupbo>d1 :]e he begg$ he might be left till ! foll[+ day1 :5 he promis$ to call at t5 o'clock & revive ! app>5tly dead brute4 ,mr4 ,grant cont9ually dur+ t day & night visit$ ! cupbo>d1 & s p]fectly 0 life susp5d$ 9 8 fav\rite--no motion ( ! pulse or he>t giv+ any indication ( ! possibility ( revival--t he confesses he felt all ! %>pe/ reproa*es ( remorse at hav+ sacrific$ a fai?ful fri5d to a d\btful & dang]\s exp]im5t4 ,! temp]ature ( ! body1 too1 9 ! fir/ f\r h\rs gradually l[]$ to #be degrees ,fahr5heit bel[ ord9>y blood temp]ature1 :i* increas$ 8 fe>s z to ! result2 & by morn+ ! body 0 z cold z 9 natural dea?4 ,at t5 o'clock next morn+1 accord+ to promise1 ,signor ,rotura pres5t$ himself1 & laugh+ at ,mr4 ,grant's fe>s1 reque/$ a tub ( w>m wat] to be br\ght4 ,he te/$ ?is ) ! !rmomet] at #cb degrees ,fahr5heit 7:i*1 be+ ! temp]ature ( freez+ wat]1 c h>dly be call$ w>m71 & 9 ?is laid ! dog1 head "u4 ,9 reply to ,mr4 ,grant's objections ,signor ,rotura assur$ him t1 z animation mu/ rema9 entirely susp5d$ until ! adm9i/ration ( ! antidote1 no wat] c\ld be drawn into ! lungs1 & t ! imm]sion ( ! body 0 simply to br+ x aga9 to a blood-heat4 ,aft] ab\t t5 m9utes ( ?is ba? ! body 0 tak5 out1 & ano!r liquid inject$ 9 a puncture made 9 ! neck4 ,mr4 ,grant tells me1 proce$s ! v]aci\s n>rator1 t ! revival ( ,turk 0 ! mo/ />tl+ ?+ he ev] witness$2 & hav+ s9ce se5 ! exp]im5t made ^u a %eep1 ,i c fully confirm 8 /atem5t4 ,! dog fir/ %[$ ! return ( life 9 ! eye 7w9k+1 d\btless1 at ! joke71 & aft] five & a half m9utes he drew a long brea?1 & ! rigidity left 8 limbs4 ,9 a few m9utes m he comm5c$ g5tly wagg+ 8 tail1 & !n sl[ly got up1 /ret*$ himself1 & trott$ (f z ?\gh no?+ _h happ5$4 ,f ?is mom5t ,mr4 ,grant _h full fai? 9 ,signor ,rotura's discov]y1 & promis$ him all ! assi/ance 9 8 p[]4 ,!y next det]m9$ to try freez+ ! body4 ,b ! fir/ two exp]im5ts 7 n enc\rag+4 ,mr4 ,grant =tunately did n all[ 8 fav\rite dog to be exp]im5t$ ^u fur!r1 s a /range dog 0 put into ! freez+ room at ,mr4 ,grant's works = f\r days1 aft] hav+ 9 ! fir/ place _h 8 animation susp5d$ by ,signor ,rotura4 ,al?\gh ?is animal surviv$ s f> z to draw a long brea?1 ! vital en]gies appe>$ too exhau/$ = a complete rally1 & ! animal di$4 ,s also did ! next two animals exp]im5t$ on1 a cat & a dog4 ,9 ! meantime1 h[ev]1 ,dr4 ,b>k] _h be5 tak5 into _! c\nsels1 & at 8 sugge/ion respiration 0 enc\rag$1 z 9 ! case ( p]sons dr[n$1 by artificial compression & expansion ( ! lungs4 ,dr4 ,b>k] 0 ( op9ion t1 z ! he>t 9 e case began to beat1 x 0 a want ( vital =ce to set ! lungs 9 prop] motion t caus$ dea?4 ,! result %[$ 8 surmises to be entirely correct4 ,a numb] ( animals ^: lives _h be5 seal$ up 9 ?is artificial dea? h be5 kept 9 ! freez+ *amb] f "o to five weeks1 & x is f\nd t ?\gh ! %ock to ! sy/em f ?is freez+ is v great1 x is n increas$ by duration ( "t4 ,i ne$ n foll[ ! hoax]'s acc\nt ( ! build+s erect$ = ! fur!r prosecution ( ^! rese>*es4 ,"o po9t1 h[ev]1 may be m5tion$ illu/rat+ ! resemblance to :i* ,i h already ref]r$ z exi/+ betwe5 ?is ,au/ralian n>rative & ! ,lun> ,hoax4 ,9 describ+ ! works erect$ at ,middle ,h>b\r1 ! ,au/ralian acc\nt c>efully notes t ! necess>y funds 7 provid$ by ,mr4 ,*ri/oph] ,newton1 ( ,pitt ,/reet4 ,9 l mann]1 9 ! ,lun> ,hoax we are told t ! plate-glass requir$ = ! optical arrangem5t devis$ by ,sir ,j4 ,h]s*el 0 obta9$1 by cons5t be x obs]v$1 f ! %op-w9d[ ( ,m4 ,desanges1 ! jewell] to 8 ex-maje/y ,*>les ,x41 9 ,high ,/reet4 ,n[ comes ! culm9at+ exp]im5t1 ! circum/ances ( :i* are ! m wor?y ( be+ c>efully not$1 because x is di/9ctly /at$ by ,dr4 ,ri*>dson t none ( ! exp]im5ts describ$ 9 ?is n>rative1 apocryphal ?\gh !y may really be1 c be reg>d$ z beyond ! range ( sci5tific possibilities3--,arriv$ at ! works 9 ,middle ,h>b\r1 ,i 0 tak5 into ! build+ t conta9s ,mr4 ,grant's app>atus = g5]at+ cold4444 ,atta*$ to ?is is ! freez+ *amb]1 a small1 d>k room1 ab\t eight feet by t54 ,"h 7 f\rte5 %eep1 f\r lambs1 & ?ree pigs1 /ack$ on _! sides 9 a heap1 alive1 :i* ,mr4 ,grant told me _h be5 9 _! pres5t position = n9ete5 days1 & 7 to rema9 !re = ano!r ?ree mon?s4 ,select+ "o ( ! lambs1 ,signor ,rotura put x on 8 %\ld]1 & c>ri$ x outside into ! o!r build+1 :]e a numb] ( %all[ cem5t$ tanks 7 9 ! floor1 hav+ hot & cold wat] taps to ea* tank1 ) a !rmomet] hang+ alongside4 ,"o ( ^! tanks 0 quickly fill$1 & its temp]ature te/$ by ! ,signor1 ,i meantime exam9+ ) ! greate/ curiosity & wond] ! n9ete5-days-dead lamb4 ,! days ( miracles truly seem to h come back to u1 & _m ( ^? /ories disc>d$ z absurdities seem to me less improbable ?an ?is fact1 witness$ by myself4 ,!re 0 ! lamb1 to all appe>ance dead1 & z h>d almo/ z a /one1 ! only diff]5ce p]ceptible to me betwe5 8 condition & actual dea? be+ ! abs5ce ( dull glass9ess ab\t ! eye1 :i* /ill reta9$ its brilliant transp>5cy4 ,inde$1 ?is brilliancy ( ! eye1 :i* is height5$ by ! enl>gem5t ( ! pupil1 is v /rik+1 & l5ds a r weird appe>ance to ! bodies4 ,! lamb 0 g5tly dropp$ into ! w>m ba?1 & 0 all[$ to rema9 9 x ab\t tw5ty-?ree m9utes1 its head be+ rais$ above ! wat] twice = ! introduction ( ! !rmomet] into its m\?1 & !n x 0 tak5 out & plac$ on its side on ! floor1 ,signor ,rotura quickly divid+ ! wool on its neck1 & ins]t+ ! %>p po9t ( a small silv] syr+e "u ! sk9 & inject+ ! antidote4 ,?is 0 a pale gre5 liquid1 &1 z ,i believe1 a decoction f ! root ( ! ,a/ra*>lis1 f\nd 9 ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,! lamb 0 !n turn$ on its back1 ,signor ,rotura /&+ across x1 g5tly compress+ its ribs ) 8 knees & h&s 9 su* a mann] z to imitate _! natural depression & expansion dur+ brea?+4 ,9 t5 m9utes ! animal 0 /ruggl+ to free itself1 & :5 releas$ skipp$ out ?r\gh ! door & w5t gamboll+ & bleat+ ov] ! little g>d5 9 front4 ,no?+ has ev] impress$ me s entirely ) a s5se ( ! m>vell\s4 ,"o is almo/ tempt$ to ask1 9 ! pres5ce ( su* a discov]y1 :e!r dea? itself may n ultimately be baffl$ by sci5tific inve/igation4 ,9 ! ,lun> ,hoax !re is a passage resembl+ 9 tone ! lively acc\nt ( ! lamb's behavi\r :5 releas$4 ,h]ds ( agile creatures l antelopes 7 se5 9 ! moon1 ab\nd+ 9 ! acclivit\s glades ( ! woods4 ,?is beautiful creature af=d$ u1 says ! n>rator1 ! mo/ exquisite amusem5t4 ,! mimicry ( its movem5ts ^u our :ite-pa9t$ canvas 0 z fai?ful & lum9\s z t ( animals )9 a few y>ds ( ! cam]a obscura4 ,frequ5tly1 :5 attempt+ to put our f+]s ^u its be>d1 x w\ld sudd5ly b\nd away1 z if consci\s ( our e>?ly imp]t95ce2 b !n o!rs w\ld appe>1 :om we c\ld n prev5t nibbl+ ! h]bage1 say or d to !m :at we w\ld4 ,& aga91 a little fur!r on1 ,we fairly laugh$ at ! recognition ( s famili> an acqua9tance z a %eep 9 s di/ant a l&--a good l>ge %eep1 :i* w\ld n h disgrac$ ! f>ms ( ,leice/]%ire or ! %ambles ( ,lead5hall ,m>ket2 pres5tly !y appe>$ 9 great numb]s1 & on r$uc+ ! l5ses we f\nd !m 9 flocks ov] a great "p ( ! valley4 ,i ne$ n say h[ desir\s we 7 ( f9d+ %eph]ds to ^! flocks1 & ev5 a man ) blue apron & roll$-up sleeves w\ld h be5 a welcome sight to u1 if n to ! %eep2 b !y f$ 9 peace1 lords ( _! own pa/ures1 )\t ei!r protector or de/roy] 9 human %ape4 ,n less amus+1 ?\gh m gravely writt51 is ! acc\nt ( ! b5efits likely to foll[ f ! use ( ! wond]ful process = freez+ animals alive4 ,c>goes ( live %eep c be readily s5t f ,au/ralia to ,europe4 ,any t _c be re/or$ to life w /ill be good meat2 :ile ! re/ c be turn$ to pa/ure or driv5 alive to m>ket4 ,) bullocks ! case w\ld n be q s simple1 because ( _! great] size & weight1 :i* w\ld r5d] !m m difficult to h&le ) safety4 ,! c>cass be+ r5d]$ brittle by freez+1 !y are s mu* ! m liable to injury4 ,x s\nd$ odd to he> ,mr4 ,grant & ,signor ,rotura lay+ /ress ^u ! dang] ( breakage 9 a long voyage4 ,?is "o c readily imag9e4 ,"s ( ! remot] consequ5ces ( ! discov]y are t\*$ on by ! n>rator1 ?\gh b lightly1 z if he saw ! necessity ( keep+ 8 wond]s )9 reasonable limits4 ,signor ,rotura1 ?\gh he _h nev] attempt$ 8 exp]im5t on a human be+1 :i* 0 consid]ate on 8 "p1 _h no d\bt at all z to its p]fect safety4 ,he _h reque/$ ,sir ,h5ry ,p>kes to all[ him to op]ate on ! next felon "u capital s5t5ce4 ,?is1 by ! way1 0 a compromis+ /atem5t on our hoax]'s "p4 ,x requires v little acqua9tance ) our laws to "k t no "o c\ld all[ a felon condemn$ to dea? to be exp]im5t$ on 9 ?is or 9 any o!r mann]4 ,su* a man is condemn$ to die1 & to die )\t any prelim9>y tortures1 bodily or m5tal1 o!r ?an ^? insep>able f ! legally adopt$ me?od ( br++ dea? ab\t4 ,he c nei!r be all[$ to rema9 alive aft] an exp]im5t1 & necess>ily free 7because he has n be5 condemn$ to o!r puni%m5t ?an ! dea? p5alty71 nor c he be fir/ exp]im5t$ ^u & !n hang$4 ,s t t s+le s5t5ce 9 ! n>rative %\ld h %[n e "o t x 0 a hoax1 ev5 if ! inh]5t absurdity ( _m o!r p>ts ( ! /ory _h n %[n ?is v cle>ly4 ,z to :e!r a tempor>y susp5sion ( ! vital faculties w\ld affect ! longevity ( ! pati5t1 ,signor ,rotura express$ himself some:at d\btful2 he believ$1 h[ev]1 t ! duration ( life might 9 ?is way be prolong$ = ye>s4 ,i 0 anxi\s1 says ! hoax]1 to "k if a p]iod (1 say1 five ye>s ( ?is in]tness 7 submitt$ to1 :e!r x w\ld be s mu* cut out ( "o's life1 or if x w\ld be simply five ye>s ( unconsci\s exi/5ce tack$ on to "o's s5ti5t life4 ,signor ,rotura c\ld give no positive answ]1 b he believes1 z no *ange takes place or c take place :ile ?is froz5 trance cont9ues1 no consumption1 de/ruction1 or rep>ation ( tissue be+ possible1 x w\ld be s _m unvalu$ & pr(itless ye>s add$ to a lifetime4 ,( "s ( ! /range ideas sugge/$ by ?is conception ,i %all take occasion to speak fur!r on2 ,i mu/ = ! pres5t turn1 h[ev]1 f ! consid]ation ( ?is +5i\s hoax to discuss ! sci5tific possibilities :i* und]lie ! n>rative1 or at lea/ "s p>ts ( ! n>rative4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x mu/ be notic$ t 9 ! ph5om5a ( hib]nation we h :at at a fir/ view seems closely to resemble ! results ( ,signor ,rotura's apocryphal exp]im5ts4 ,z 0 rem>k$ 9 ! ,times1 ! idea und]ly+ ! ,au/ralian /ory is t ! hib]nation ( animals c be artificially imitat$ & ext5d$1 s t z c]ta9 animals lie 9 a /ate ( torpor & ins5sibility ?r\gh\t ! w9t] mon?s1 all animals also may p]haps be caus$ to lie 9 su* a /ate = an indef9ite l5g? ( "t1 if only a suitable degree ( cold is ma9ta9$1 & "s special contrivance adopt$ to prev5t ins5sibility f pass+ into dea?4 ,! ph5om5a ( hib]nation are inde$ s surpris+1 :5 rightly und]/ood1 t inexp]i5c$ p]sons might well believe 9 almo/ any wond]s result+ f ! artificial production 7:i*1 be x rememb]$1 is altoge!r possible7 ( ! hib]nat+ condition1 & ! artificial ext5sion ( ?is condition to o!r animals ?an ^? :i* at pres5t hib]nate1 & to long p]iods ( "t4 ,x has be5 ju/ly said1 t if hib]nation _h only be5 notic$ among cold-blood$ animals1 its possibility 9 ! case ( mammals w\ld h seem$ inconceivable4 ,! fir/ news t ! bat & h$gehog pass into ! /ate ( complete hib]nation1 w\ld probably h bean receiv$ z ei!r a d>+ hoax or a v gross blund]4 ,let u consid] :at hib]nation really is4 ,:51 z w9t] approa*es & _! insect food disappe>s1 ! bat & ! h$gehog resign !mselves to torpor1 ! processes :i* we are 9 ! habit ( associat+ ) vitality gradually dim9i% 9 activity4 ,! brea?+ becomes sl[] & sl[]1 ! he>t beats m & m sl[ly1 m & m feebly4 ,at la/ ! brea?+ ceases altoge!r4 ,! circulation does n :olly cease1 h[ev]4 ,s f> z is kn[n1 ! life ( w>m-blood$ animals _c cont9ue aft] ! circulation has entirely ceas$ = m ?an a c]ta9 n v consid]able l5g? ( "t4#gc ,! *emical *anges on :i* animal heat dep5ds1 & )\t :i* !re c be no active vitality1 cease ) ! cessation ( respiration4 ,b dormant vitality is /ill ma9ta9$ 9 hib]nation1 because ! he>t's fibre1 excit$ to contract by ! c>boniz$ blood1 cont9ues to propel ! blood ?r\gh ! torpid body4 ,?is sl[ circulation ( v5\s blood cont9ues dur+ ! :ole p]iod ( hib]nation4 ,x is ! only vital process :i* c be recognis$2 & x is n easy to und]/& h[ ! life ( any w>m-blood$ animal c be ma9ta9$ 9 ?is way4 ,! explanation usually (f]$ is t ! mat]ial convey$ by ! absorb5ts suffices to c\nt]balance ! process ( wa/e occasion$ by ! sl[ circulation4 ,b ?is does n 9 reality t\* ! *ief difficulty pres5t$ by ! ph5om5a ( hib]nation4 ,s f> z m]e wa/e is conc]n$ 7z ,i h else:]e po9t$ out7 ! imag9$ ,au/ralian process is z effectual z hib]nation2 9 t process1 ( c\rse ! circulation w\ld be z completely *eck$ z ! respiration2 ?us !re w\ld be no wa/e1 & ! absorb5ts 7:i* w\ld also be absolutely dormant7 w\ld n h to d ev5 t slight am\nt ( "w :i* !y accompli% dur+ hib]nation4 ,sci5ce c only say t ! kn[n cases ( hib]nation among w>m-blood$ animals %[ t ! vital =ces may be r$uc$ mu* l[] )\t de/roy+ life1 ?an b = !m we %\ld h deem$ conceivable4 ,b next let u consid] :at sci5ce has to say z to ! artificial susp5sion ( vitality4 ,9 ,dr4 ,ri*>dson's pap] on ?is subject !re is mu* :i* seems almo/ z surpris+ z any?+ 9 ! ,au/ralian /ory4 ,inde$1 he seems sc>cely to h felt assur$ t t /ory really 0 a hoax4 ,! /atem5ts1 he says1 :i*1 "u ! head ( ',a ,wond]ful ,discov]y1' are copi$ f ! ,brisbane ,c\ri]1 seem greatly to h a/oni%$ ! read+ public4 ,to :at ext5t ! /atem5ts are true or untrue x is impossible to say4 ,! :ole may be a clev]ly-writt5 fiction1 & c]ta9 ( ! words & names us$ seem1 accord+ to "s read]s1 to sugge/ t view2 b be ?is s or n1 ,i wi% to indicate t "s "p at all ev5ts ( :at is /at$ might be true1 & is c]ta9ly )9 ! range ( possibility4 ,! discov]y1 he proce$s1 :i* is describ$ 9 ! communication "u notice1 is n 9 pr9ciple new2 on ! subject ( susp5sion ( animation ,i h myself be5 mak+ exp]im5tal inquiries = tw5ty-five ye>s at lea/1 & h communicat$ to ! sci5tific _w _m essays1 lectures1 & demon/rations1 relat+ to x4 ,i h twice read pap]s be>+ on ?is inquiry to ! ,royal ,society1 once to ! ,briti% ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce1 two or ?ree times 9 my lectures on ,exp]im5tal & ,practical ,m$ic9e1 & publi%$ "o 9 ,nature4 ,9 respect to ! p>ticul> po9t ( ! pres]vation ( animal bodies = food1 ,i dwelt on ?is topic 9 ! lectures deliv]$ be=e ! ,society ( ,arts1 9 ,april & ,may ( la/ ye> 7#ahgh71 expla9+ v def9itely t ! c\rse ( rese>* 9 ! direction ( pres]vation mu/ ultimately lead to a process by :i* we %\ld keep ! /ructures ( animals 9 a =m ( susp5d$ molecul> life4 ,9 o!r words1 ,dr4 ,ri*>dson _h indicat$ ! possibility ( do+ precisely t :i* w\ld h con/itut$ ! *ief value ( ! ,au/ralian discov]y1 if ?is _h be5 real4 ,let u next consid] :at is kn[n respect+ ! possibility ( susp5d+ a consci\s & active life4 ,?is is fir/ /at$ 9 g5]al t]ms by ,dr4 ,ri*>dson1 z foll[s3--,if an animal p]fectly free f disease be subject$ to ! action ( "s *emical ag5ts or physical ag5cies :i* h ! prop]ty ( r$uc+ to ! extreme/ limit ! motor =ces ( ! body1 ! muscul> irritability1 & ! n]v\s /imulus to muscul> action1 & if ! susp5sion ( ! muscul> irritability & ( ! n]v\s excitation be made at once & equally1 ! body ev5 ( a w>m-blood$ animal may be br\ght d[n to a condition s closely resembl+ dea?1 t ! mo/ c>eful exam9ation may fail to detect any signs ( life4 ,?is g5]al /atem5t mu/ be c>efully /udi$ if ! read] desires ?or\ghly to und]/& at once ! p[] & ! limits ( ! p[] ( sci5ce 9 ?is direction4 ,! motor =ces1 ! muscul> irritability1 & ! n]v\s /imulus to muscul> action1 c be r$uc$ to a c]ta9 ext5t )\t de/roy+ life1 b n absolutely )\t de/roy+ life4 ,! r$uction ( ! muscul> irritability mu/ be made at once & equally2 if ! muscul> irritability is r$uc$ to its l[e/ limit :ile ! n]v\s excitation rema9s unalt]$1 or is less r$uc$1 dea? ensues2 & vice v]sa1 if ! n]v\s excitation is r$uc$ to its l[e/ limits :ile ! muscul> irritability rema9s unalt]$1 or is little r$uc$1 dea? equally foll[s4 ,!n x is to be notic$ t ?\gh :5 ! /ate ( seem+ dea? is br\ght ab\t1 ! mo/ c>eful exam9ation may fail to detect any signs ( life1 x does n foll[ t sci5ce may n f9d p]fectly sure means ( detect+ cases :]e life /ill exi/s b is at its v l[e/4 ,( c\rse all ! ord9>y te/s1 9 :i* s _m place complete reliance--a mirror plac$ close to ! m\?1 a f+] on ! pulse1 h&1 or e> appli$ to ! brea/#gd ov] ! he>t1 & s =?--w\ld be utt]ly inadequate1 9 su* a case1 to reveal any signs ( life4 ,t doctors h be5 deceiv$ by cases ( susp5d$ vitality n artificially produc$1 b pres5t+ simil> ph5om5a1 is well kn[n4 ,a case 9 po9t may n be out ( place "h1 z illu/rat+ well c]ta9 features ( susp5d$ animation1 & %[+ ! possibility t 9 "s cases consci\sness may rema91 ev5 :5 ! mo/ c>eful exam9ation detects no traces ( life4 ,! case is describ$ by ,dr4 ,alex&] ,cri*ton1 9 8 ,inquiry into ! ,nature & ,orig9 ( ,m5tal ,d]angem5t4 ,a "y lady1 :o _h seem$ gradually to s9k until %e di$1 _h be5 plac$ 9 h] c(f91 c>eful scrut9y reveal+ no signs ( vitality4 ,on ! day appo9t$ = h] fun]al1 sev]al hymns 7 sung be=e h] door4 ,%e 0 consci\s ( all t happ5$ ar\nd h]1 & he>d h] fri5ds lam5t+ h] dea?4 ,%e felt !m put on ! dead-clo!s1 & lay h] 9 ! c(f91 :i* produc$ an indescribable m5tal anxiety4 ,%e tri$ to cry1 b h] m9d 0 )\t p[]1 & c\ld n act on ! body4 ,x 0 equally impossible to h] to /ret* out h] arms or to op5 h] eyes or to cry1 al?\gh %e cont9ually endeav\r$ to d s4 ,! int]nal angui% ( h] m9d 01 h[ev]1 at its utmo/ height :5 ! fun]al hymns began to be sung & :5 ! lid ( ! c(f9 0 ab\t to be nail$ on4 ,! ?\ght t %e 0 to be buri$ alive 0 ! fir/ "o :i* gave activity to h] m9d1 & caus$ x to op]ate on h] corporeal frame4 ,j z ! p 7 ab\t to nail on ! lid1 a k9d ( p]spiration 0 obs]v$ to appe> on ! surface ( ! body4 ,x grew great] e mom5t1 & at la/ a k9d ( convulsive motion 0 obs]v$ 9 ! h&s & feet ( ! corpse4 ,a few m9utes aft]1 dur+ :i* fre% signs ( return+ life appe>$1 %e at once op5$ h] eyes1 & utt]$ a mo/ pitiable %riek4 ,9 ?is case x 0 consid]$ t ! /ate ( trance _h be5 br\ght ab\t by ! excessive contractile action ( ! n]v\s c5tres4 ,/4 ,augu/9e1 by ! way1 rem>ks 9 8 ,de ,civitate ,dei on ! case ( a c]ta9 prie/ call$ ,re/itutus 7appropriately en\gh71 :o c\ld :5 he wi%$ )draw himself f life 9 su* sort t he did n feel :5 twit*$ or /ung1 b might ev5 be burn$ )\t suff]+ pa9 except aft]w>ds f ! w\nd s produc$4 ,n only did he n /ruggle or ev5 move1 b l a dead p]son he did n brea!1 yet aft]w>ds he said t he c\ld he> ! voices ( ^? ar\nd him 7if !y spoke l\dly7 z if f a great di/ance 7de long9quo74 ,to return1 h[ev]1 to ,dr4 ,ri*>dson's discussion ( ! artificial susp5sion ( active life4 ,he recognises ?ree degrees ( muscul> irritability1 to :i* he has giv5 ! names ( active effici5t1 passive effici5t1 & negative1--?\gh d\btless he w\ld recognize ! probability t ! l9e sep>at+ ! fir/ f ! second may n always be easily trac$1 & t1 ?\gh !re is a mo/ def9ite di/9ction betwe5 ! second & ! ?ird1 ! actual position ( ! b\nd>y l9e has n z yet be5 det]m9$4 ,9 o!r words1 s f> z ! fir/ & second /ates are conc]n$1 !re are n two degrees only1 b _m4 ,z reg>ds ! ?ird or negative /ate1 :i* is only ano!r way ( describ+ dea?1 !re is1 ( c\rse1 only "o degree1 ?\gh ! evid5ce z to ! exi/5ce ( ?is /ate may be m or less complete & obvi\s4 ,dr4 ,ri*>dson def9es ! active effici5t /ate ( muscul> irritability z t repres5t$ 9 ! ord9>y liv+ muscle 9 :i* ! he>t is work+ at full t5sion1 & all p>ts ( ! body are ?or\ghly suppli$ ) blood1 ) p]fection ( consci\sness 9 wak+ h\rs1 &1 9 a ^w1 full life4 ,! second1 or passive effici5t /ate1 is repres5t$ 9 susp5d$ animation1 9 :i* ! he>t is work+ regul>ly b at l[ t5sion1 supply+ ! muscles & o!r p>ts ) suffici5t blood to ma9ta9 ! molecul> life1 b no m4 ,! ?ird ( ^! /ates--! negative--is repres5t$ :5 !re is no motion :atev] ( blood ?r\gh ! body1 z 9 an animal entirely froz54 ,) ! fir/ & ?ird ( ^! /ates ,i h 9 reality no?+ to d1 unless inde$ x c\ld be %[n t ! ?ird or negative /ate c be produc$ )\t caus+ dea?4 ,p]haps 9 assum+1 z ,i did above1 t ?is /ate is id5tical ) ! /ate ( ! dead1 ,i 01 9 fact1 assum+ :at sci5ce has yet to demon/rate4 ,i may at any rate1 h[ev]1 say )\t fe> ( valid contradiction1 t sci5ce has z yet nev] succe$$ 9 %[+ t ?is negative /ate may be atta9$ ev5 = a mom5t )\t dea? ensu+2 & ! probability 7almo/ am\nt+ to c]ta9ty7 is t dea? & ?is *ange ( /ate h 9 e in/ance be5 simultane\s4 ,dr4 ,ri*>dson speaks ( ! second /age z t 9 :i* animation is usually susp5d$2 b he does n %[ t ! ?ird /age c ev5 possibly be atta9$ )\t dea?4 ,! second /age1 or /age ( passive effici5cy1 closely resembles ! ?ird1 b diff]s f x 9 t1 "u fav\r+ circum/ances1 ! :ole ( ! ph5om5a ( ! active effici5t /age may be p]fectly resum$1 ! he>t sudd5ly enl>g+ 9 volume f its fill+ ) blood1 & reanimat+ ! :ole organism by ! =ce ( its r5ew$ /roke 9 full t5sion4 ,s f> z we h yet proce$$1 cont9ues ,dr4 ,ri*>dson1 ! :ole ph5om5a ( re/oration f dea? are accompli%$ dur+ ?is /age2 mean+1 x w\ld seem1 t 9 all in/ances ( re/oration ! re/oration has be5 f ! second1 nev] f ! ?ird /age4 ,to ^? :o are n accu/om$ to see !m !y are no d\bt v wond]ful1 look+ l v]itable re/orations f dea?4 ,!y surprise ev5 m$ical m5 ! fir/ "t !y are witness$ by !m4 ,he gives an int]e/+ illu/ration4 ,at a meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,m$ical ,association at ,le$s1 a memb] ( ! ,association 0 %[+ to a l>ge audi5ce ! action ( nitr\s oxide gas1 us+ a rabbit z ! subject ( 8 demon/ration4 ,! animal 0 remov$ f ! n>cotiz+ *amb] a little too late1 = x _h ceas$ to brea!1 & x 0 plac$ on ! table to all appe>ance dead4 ,at ?is /age1 he proce$s1 ,i w5t to ! table1 & by use ( a small pair ( d\ble-act+ bell[s re/or$ respiration4 ,9 ab\t f\r m9utes !re 0 revival ( active irritability 9 ! abdom9al muscles1 & two m9utes lat] ! animal leap$ aga9 into life1 z if x _h m]ely be5 asleep4 ,!re 0 no?+ rem>kable 9 ! fact2 b x excit$1 ev5 9 s cultivat$ an audi5ce z 0 !n pres5t1 ! livelie/ surprise4 ,b :5 we le>n ! condition necess>y t a body :i* has once be5 r$uc$ to ! /ate ( passive effici5cy %\ld be re/or$ to active life1 we recognise t ev5 :5 sci5ce has le>n$ h[ to r$uce vitality to a m9imum )\t de/roy+ x1 few w c>e to risk ! process1 ei!r 9 _! own p]sons or 9 ! case ( ^? de> to !m4 ,besides ! condition already indicat$1 t ! muscul> irritability & ! n]v\s excitation mu/ be simultane\sly & equally r$uc$1 x is ess5tial t ! blood1 ! muscul> fluid1 & ! n]v\s fluid %\ld all ?ree rema9 9 :at ,dr4 ,ri*>dson calls ! aque\s condition1 & n become :at he calls pect\s1 a ^w :i* we mu/ und]/& to be> ! same relation to ! ^w solid or cry/all9e t ! ^w aque\s1 z us$ by ,dr4 ,ri*>dson1 be>s to ! ^w wat]y4 ,if all ?ree fluids rema9 9 ! aque\s condition1 ! p]iod dur+ :i* life may be re/or$ is left undef9$4 ,x may be a v long p]iod1 includ+ weeks1 & possibly mon?s1 grant+ t decomposition ( ! tissues is n e/abli%$2 & ev5 aft] a limit$ process ( decomposition1 !re may be r5ewal ( life 9 cold-blood$ animals4 ,b if pect\s *ange beg9s 9 any "o ( ! /ructures ,i h nam$1 x ext5ds l a cry/allization quickly ?r\gh all ! /ructures1 & !reupon recov]y is impossible1 = ! *ange 9 "o ( ! p>ts is suffici5t to prev5t ! re/oration ( all4 ,?us ! he>t may be beat+1 b ! blood be+ pect\s x beats 9 va92 or ! he>t may beat & ! blood may fl[1 b ! volunt>y muscles be+ pect\s ! circulat+ action is va92 or ! he>t may beat1 ! blood may fl[1 & ! muscles may rema9 9 ! aque\s condition1 b ! n]ves be+ pect\s ! circulat+ action is 9 va92 or sometimes ! he>t may come to re/1 & ! o!r p>ts may rema9 susceptible1 b ! motion ( ! he>t & blood n be+ pres5t to quick5 !m into activity1 _! life is 9 va94 ,add to ?is1 t ! re/oration ( ! motor =ces1 ( ! muscul> irritability1 & ( ! n]v\s excitation1 mu/ be z simultane\s & z equal z _! r$uction _h be51 & we beg9 to recognise decid$ objections to ! too frequ5t susp5sion ( animation1 ev5 :5 ! mo/ p]fect artificial means h be5 devis$ = br++ ab\t t int]e/+ result4 ,al?\gh1 h[ev]1 we may n feel enc\rag$ to believe t _m w c>e to h exp]im5ts tri$ on !mselves 9 ?is direction1 we may /ill exam9e ) int]e/ ! results ( exp]im5tal rese>* & exp]i5ce4 ,^! agree 9 %[+ t !re are means by :i* active life may be susp5d$1 :ile at ! same "t ! aque\s condition ( ! fluids m5tion$ above 7! blood1 ! muscul> fluid1 & ! n]v\s fluid1 ! two latt] ( :i* are = conv5i5ce call$ ! colloidal animal fluids1 & are d]iv$ f ! blood7 is reta9$4 ,! fir/ & 9 "s respects ! mo/ effici5t ( ^! means is cold4 ,! blood & ! colloidal fluids rema9 9 ! aque\s condition :5 ! body is expos$ to cold at freez+-po9t4 ,at ?is same po9t all vital acts1 except+ p]haps ! motion ( ! he>t 7x is ,dr4 ,ri*>dson1 be x rememb]$1 :o ?us uses ! significant ^w p]haps71 may be tempor>ily arre/$ 9 an animal1 & !n "s animals may cont9ue app>5tly dead = long int]vals ( "t1 & may yet return to life "u conditions fav\rable to recov]y4 ,dr4 ,ri*>dson gives a s+ul> illu/ration ( ?is1 describ+ an exp]im5t :i* mu/ h appe>$ ev5 m surpris+ to ^? :o witness$ x ?an t 9 :i* ! rabbit 0 re/or$ to life4 ,9 "o ( my lectures on dea? f cold1 he says1 :i* ,i deliv]$ 9 ! w9t] session ( #ahfg1 "s fi% :i* dur+ a h>d fro/ _h be5 froz5 9 a tank at ,newca/le-on-,tyne1 7 s5t up to me by rail4 ,!y 7 produc$ 9 ! completely froz5 /ate at ! lecture1 & by c>eful ?aw+ _m ( !m 7 re/or$ to p]fect life4 ,at my ,croomian lecture on muscul> irritability aft] sy/emic dea?1 a simil> fact 0 illu/rat$ f frogs4 ,x w\ld appe>1 inde$1 t s f> z cold-blood$ animals are conc]n$1 !re is no recognisable limit to ! "t dur+ :i* !y may rema9 ?us froz5 yet aft]w>ds recov]4 ,b1 ev5 9 _! case1 mu* skill is requir$ to make ! recov]y sure4 ,if 9 ?aw+ !m ! utmo/ c>e is n tak5 to ?aw gradually1 & at a temp]ature always bel[ ! natural temp]ature ( ! liv+ animal1 ! fluids w pass f ! froz5 /ate ?r\gh ! aque\s into ! pect\s s rapidly t dea? f pect\s *ange w be pron\nc$ )\t p]ceiv+ any int]m$iate or life /age at all4 ,naturally x is mu* m difficult to re/ore life 9 ! case ( w>m-blood$ animals4 ,inde$1 ,dr4 ,ri*>dson rem>ks1 t 9 ! case ( ! m complex & diff]5tly %ield$ organs ( w>m-blood$ animals1 x is next to impossible to ?aw equally & simultane\sly all ! colloidal fluids4 ,9 v "y animals x c be done4 ,"y kitt5s1 a day or two old1 t h be5 dr[n$ 9 ice-cold wat]1 w recov] aft] two h\rs' imm]sion almo/ to a c]ta9ty1 if br\ght into dry air at a temp]ature ( #ih degrees ,fahr5heit4 ,! g5tle/ motion ( ! body w be suffici5t to re-/>t ! respiration1 & !re) ! life4 ,rem>k+ on su* cases z ^!1 ,dr4 ,ri*>dson notes t ! ne>e/ natural approa* to ! /age ( passive effici5cy is se5 9 hib]nat+ animals4 ,he /ates1 h[ev]1 t 9 hib]nation ! complete /ate ( passive effici5cy is n produc$4 ,he does n accept ! op9ion ( ^? :o consid] t 9 true hib]nation brea?+ ceases z above describ$4 ,a sl[ respiration cont9ues1 he believes1 z well z t l[ /age ( active effici5cy ( circulation :i* we h already indicat$4 ,! hib]nat+ animal sleeps only2 & :ile sleep+ x consumes or wa/es2 & if ! cold be prolong$ x may die f wak+4 ,m decisive1 because sur]1 is ! evid5ce d]iv$ f ! possibility ( wak+ ! hib]nat+ animals by ! common me?ods us$ = wak+ a sleep]4 ,?is c]ta9ly seems to %[ t animation is n positively susp5d$4 ,he asks next ! "q :e!r an animal l a fi%1 froz5 equally ?r\gh all its /ructures1 is to be reg>d$ z actually dead 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! ^w or n1 see+ t if x be uni=mly & equally ?aw$ x may recov] f ?is p]fectly froz5 /ate4 ,9 l mann]1 he says1 x may be d\bt$ :e!r a heal?y w>m-blood$ animal sudd5ly & equally froz5 ?r\gh all its p>ts is dead1 al?\gh x is n recov]able4 ,if1 z seems c]ta9ly to be ! case1 ! animal dies because 9 ! v act ( try+ to re/ore x "s inequality 9 ! process is almo/ sure to det]m9e a fatal issue1 "s vital c5tre pass+ into ! pect\s /ate1 ! animal c\ld n h be5 dead be=e re/oration 0 attempt$2 = ! dead _c die aga94 ,albeit1 ! outlook is n enc\rag+1 at any rate s f> z ! use ( cold alone = ma9ta9+ susp5d$ animation 9 full-gr[n w>m-blood$ animals is conc]n$4 ,cold w1 h[ev]1 = a long "t ma9ta9 ready = motion active organs locally subject to x ,ev5 aft] dea? ?is effect ( cold may be locally demon/rat$1 ,dr4 ,ri*>dson tells u1 & has sometimes be5 s demon/rat$ to ! wond] ( ! _w4 ,= in/ance1 on ,janu>y #ag1 9 ! ye> #ahjc1 ,ald9i1 ! nephew ( ,galvani1 creat$ ! greate/ a/oni%m5t 9 ,london by a s]ies ( exp]im5ts :i* he conduct$ on a malefactor1 tw5ty-six ye>s old1 nam$ ,john ,=/]1 :o 0 execut$ at ,newgate1 & ^: body1 an h\r aft] execution1 0 deliv]$ ov] to ,mr4 ,keate1 ,ma/] ( ! ,college ( ,surgeons1 = rese>*4 ,! body _h be5 expos$ = an h\r to an atmosph]e two degrees bel[ freez+-po9t1#ge & f t cause1 ?\gh ,ald9i does n seem to h recognis$ ! fact1 ! volunt>y muscles reta9$ _! irritability to su* a degree t :5 ,ald9i began to pass voltaic curr5ts ?r\gh ! body1 "s ( ! by/&]s seem to h conclud$ t ! un=tunate malefactor _h come aga9 to life4 ,x is significant also t ,ald9i 9 8 report says t 8 object 0 n to produce reanimation1 b to obta9 a practical k h[ f> galvanism might be employ$ z an auxili>y to revive p]sons :o 7 accid5tally suffocat$1 z ?\gh he himself 7 9 "s d\bt1--t is1 n 9 d\bt only ab\t ! p[] ( galvanism1 b 9 d\bt :e!r ,=/] _h be5 re/or$ to life = a :ile1 or n6 ,dr4 ,ri*>dson has himself repeat$1 on l[] animals1 ^! exp]im5ts ( ,ald9i's1 except t ! animals on :i* he has exp]im5t$ h pass$ into dea? "u *lor(orm1 n ?r\gh suffocation4 ,8 object1 9 fact1 0 to det]m9e ! be/ treatm5t = human be+s :o s9k "u *lor(orm & o!r anae/hetics4 ,he f9ds t 9 w>m wea!r he fails to get ! same results4 ,notic+ ?is1 he says1 ,i exp]im5t$ at & bel[ ! freez+-po9t1 & !n f\nd t bo? by ! electrical dis*>ge1 & by injection ( wat] heat$ to #acj degrees 7aga9 ?is t]rible inexactness ( expression7 into ! muscles ?r\gh ! art]ies1 active muscul> movem5ts c\ld be produc$ 9 w>m-blood$ animals _m h\rs aft] dea?4 ,?us1 = lecture exp]im5t1 ,i h remov$ "o muscle f ! body ( an animal t _h slept to dea? f *lor(orm1 & putt+ ! muscle 9 a glass tube surr\nd$ ) ice & salt1 ,i h kept x = sev]al days 9 a condition = its mak+ a f9al muscul> contraction1 &1 by g5tly ?aw+ x1 h made x1 9 ! act ( f9al contraction1 d "s me*anical "w1 su* z mov+ a long ne$le on ! face ( a dial1 or dis*>g+ a pi/ol4 ,9 muscles s remov$ f ! body & pres]v$ ready = motion !re is1 h[ev]1 only "o f9al act4 ,= z ! blood & n]v\s supply are bo? cut (f f x1 !re is no?+ left 9 x b ! res]v$ some?+ t 0 fix$ by ! cold4 ,b ,i d n see any reason :y ?is %\ld n be ma9ta9$ 9 res]vation = weeks or mon?s1 z easily z = days1 9 a fix$ cold atmosph]e4 ,cold be+1 h[ev]1 obvi\sly insuffici5t ( itself = ! susp5sion ( active life 9 w>m-blood$ animals1 at lea/ if su* life is ev5tually to be re/or$1 let u next consid] "s ( ! ag5cies :i* ei!r alone or aid$ by cold may susp5d )\t de/roy+ life4 ,! fir/ kn[n ( all su* ag5cies 0 m&ragora4 ,dioscorides describes a w9e1 call$ morion1 :i* 0 made f ! leaves & ! root ( m&ragora1 & possess$ prop]ties resembl+ ^? ( *loral hydrate4 ,t x mu/ h be5 an effective n>cotic is %[n by ! circum/ance t pa9ful op]ations 7 p]=m$ on pati5ts subject$ to its influ5ce1 )\t _! suff]+ ! lea/ pa91 or ev5 feel+4 ,! sleep ?us produc$ la/$ sev]al h\rs4 ,dr4 ,ri*>dson consid]s t ! use ( ?is ag5t 0 probably cont9u$ until ! twelf? or ?irte5? c5tury4 ,f ! use ( x d\btless came1 he says1 ! ,%aksp]ian leg5d ( ,juliet4 ,he /rangely omits to notice t ,%akspe>e else:]e speaks ( ?is n>cotic by "n1 :]e ,iago says ( ,o!llo3 ,n poppy1 nor m&ragora1 ,nor all ! dr[sy syrups ( ! _w1 ,%all ev] m$'c9e !e to t sweet sleep ,:i* ?\ own'd/ ye/]day4 ,probably ! use ( m&ragora z a n>cotic may h cont9u$ mu* lat] ?an ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,9 e>li] times x 0 c]ta9ly us$ z opium is n[ us$1 n = m$ic9al purposes1 b to produce = a :ile an agreeable s5sation ( dreamy dr[s9ess4 ,!re 7 ^?1 says ,dr4 ,ri*>dson1 9 8 int]e/+ article on ,n>cotics 9 ! ,,contempor>y ,,review = ,july la/1 :o drank ( x = ta/e or pleasure1 & :o 7 spok5 ( z 'm&ragorites1' z we might speak ( 'alcoholi/s' or '*lorali/s4' ,!y pass$ into ! l& ( sleep & dream1 & wak+ up 9 sc>e & al>m 7 ! scream+ m&rakes ( an anci5t civilization4 ,he has himself made ! morion ( ! anci5ts1 disp5s+ ! prescription ( ,dioscorides & ,pl9y4 ,! same *emi/1 ,mr4 ,hanbury1 he says1 :o fir/ put *loral into my h&s = exp]im5t1 also procur$ = me ! root ( ! true m&ragora4 ,f t root ,i made ! morion1 te/$ x on myself1 tri$ its effects1 & re-prov$1 aft] a lapse p]haps ( f\r or five c5turies1 t x _h all ! prop]ties orig9ally ascrib$ to x4 ,! deadly night%ade has simil> prop]ties4 7,9 fact1 morion 0 orig9ally made f ! ,atropa belladonna1 n f its ally ! ,atropa m&ragora47 ,9 #ahea1 ,dr4 ,ri*>dson att5d$ two *ildr5 :o 7 poison$ = a "t f eat+ ! b]ries & *ew+ ! leaves ( ! night%ade1 :i* !y _h ga!r$ ne> ,ri*mond4 ,!y 7 br\ght home ins5sible1 he says1 & !y lay 9 a condition ( susp5d$ life = sev5 h\rs1 ! greate/ c>e be+ requir$ to detect ei!r ! respiration or ! movem5ts ( ! he>t2 !y nev]!less recov]$4 ,) ! nitrite ( amyl1 ,dr4 ,ri*>dson has susp5d$ ! life ( a frog = n9e days1 yet ! creature 0 !n re/or$ to full & vigor\s life4 ,he has %[n also t ! same p[] ( susp5sion1 ?\gh 9 less degree1 c\ld be produc$ 9 w>m-blood$ animals1 & t ! he>t ( a w>m-blood$ animal w\ld contract = a p]iod ( eighte5 h\rs aft] app>5t dea?4 ,! action ( nitrite ( amyl seems to resemble t ( cold4 ,9 ! pleas+ language ( ! doctors1 x prev5ts ! pect\s *ange ( colloidal matt]1 & s prev5ts rigor mortis1 coagulation ( blood1 & solidification ( n]v\s c5tres & cords4 ,s long z ?is *ange is prev5t$1 active life c be re/or$4 ,b :5 9 ^! exp]im5ts ! pect\s *ange occurr$1 all 0 ov]1 & resolution into new =ms ( matt] by putrefaction 0 ! result4 ,f ! analogy ( "s ( ! symptoms result+ f ! use ( nitrite ( amyl ) ! symptoms ( catalepsy1 ,dr4 ,ri*>dson has v5tur$ to sugge/ t "u "s abnormal conditions ! human body itself1 9 its own *emi/ry1 may produce an ag5t :i* causes ! susp5d$ life obs]v$ dur+ ! cataleptic condition4 ,! sugge/ion has an int]e/ ap>t f ! "q ( ! possibility ( safely susp5d+ animation = consid]able p]iods ( "t3 x might be possible to detect ! nature ( ! ag5t ?us produc$ by ! *emi/ry ( ! human body 7if ! !ory is correct71 & ?us to le>n h[ its p[] might be c\nt]act$4 ,*loral hydrate seems s+ul>ly effici5t 9 produc+ ! semblance ( dea?1--s completely1 inde$1 z to deceive ev5 ! elect4 ,dr4 ,ri*>dson /ates t at ! meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association at ,exet]1 "s pigeons :i* _h be5 put to sleep by ! ne$le injection ( a l>ge dose ( *loral1 fell into su* complete resemblance ( dea? t !y pass$ = dead among an audi5ce conta9+ _m physiologi/s & o!r m5 ( sci5ce4 ,= my own "p1 he proce$s1 ,i c\ld detect no sign ( life 9 !m1 & !y 7 laid 9 "o ( ! out-(fices ( ! museum ( ! infirm>y z dead4 ,9 ?is condition !y 7 left late at night1 b 9 ! foll[+ morn+ !y 7 f\nd alive1 & z well z if no?+ hurtful _h happ5$ to !m4 ,simil> effects seem to be produc$ by ! deadly poisons cyanog5 gas & hydrocyanic acid1 ?\gh 9 ! foll[+ case1 n>rat$ by ,dr4 ,ri*>dson1 ! animal exp]im5t$ ^u 7n ) ! idea ( ev5tually re/or+ x to life7 belong$ to a race s specially t5aci\s ( life t "s may consid] only "o ( its prov]bial n9e lives to h be5 affect$4 ,9 ! laboratory ( a l>ge drug e/abli%m5t a cat1 by reque/ ( its own]1 0 kill$1 z 0 assum$1 in/antane\sly & pa9lessly by a l>ge dose ( ,s*eele's acid4 ,! animal appe>$ to die )\t a pang1 &1 pres5t+ e appe>ance ( dea?1 0 laid 9 a s9k to be remov$ on ! next morn+4 ,at night ! animal 0 ly+ /ill 9 =m ( dea? 9 ! tank b5ea? a tap4 ,9 ! morn+ x 0 f\nd alive & well1 b ) ! fur wet f ! dropp+ ( wat] f ! tap4 ,?is fact 0 communicat$ to ,dr4 ,ri*>dson by an em95t *emi/ "u ^: direct obs]vation x occurr$1 9 corroboration ( an obs]vation ( 8 own simil> 9 "*4 ,our old fri5d alcohol 7if fri5d x c be call$7 possesses ! p[] ( susp5d+ active vitality )\t de/roy+ life1 or at any rate )\t depriv+ ! muscles ( _! excitability4 ,dr4 ,ri*>dson records ! case ( a drunk5 man :o1 :ile on ! ice at ! ,wel% ,h>p lake1 fell into ! wat] ?r\gh an op5+ 9 ! ice1 & 0 = m ?an fifte5 m9utes completely imm]s$4 ,he 0 extricat$ to all appe>ance dead1 b "u artificial respiration 0 re/or$ to consci\sness1 ?\gh he did n survive = _m h\rs4 ,on ! :ole1 alcoholic susp5sion ( life does n appe> to be ! be/ me?od available4 ,to te/ x1 ! pati5t mu/ fir/ get v1 v drunk1 & ev5 !n1 l ! soldi]s 9 ! old song1 mu/ g on dr9k+1 le/ ! exp]im5t %\ld t]m9ate simply 9 ! fiasco ( a drunk5 sleep4 ,! la/ ag5t = susp5d+ life ref]r$ to by ,dr4 ,ri*>dson is pure oxyg54 ,b he has n yet obta9$ su* in=mation on ! p[] ( oxyg5 9 ?is respect z he hopes to d4 ,summ+ up ! results ( ! v>i\s exp]im5ts made ) n>cotics & o!r ag5ts = susp5d+ life1 ,dr4 ,ri*>dson rem>ks t mu* is already kn[n 9 ! _w ( sci5ce 9 respect to ! susp5sion ( animal life by artificial means3 cold z well z v>i\s *emical ag5ts has ?is p[]1 & x is wor?y ( note t cold1 toge!r ) ! ag5ts nam$1 is antiseptic1 z ?\gh :atev] susp5d$ liv+ action1 susp5d$ also by "s necess>y & correlative influ5ce ! process ( putrefactive *ange4 ,he po9ts out t if ! news f ,brisbane 7 reliable1 x w\ld be cle> t :at _h be5 done _h be5 effect$ by ! comb9ation ( "o ( ! *emical ag5ts above nam$1 or ( a simil> ag5t1 ) cold4 ,! only "q :i* w\ld rema9 z ( mom5t is1 n :e!r a new pr9ciple has be5 develop$1 b :e!r 9 matt] ( detail a new product has be5 discov]$ :i*1 bett] ?an any ( ! ag5ts we already possess1 de/roys & susp5ds animation4 ,9 organic *emi/ry1 he proce$s1 !re are1 ,i d\bt n1 hundr$s ( sub/ances :i*1 l m&ragora & nitrite ( amyl1 w\ld susp5d ! vital process1 & x may be a new exp]im5t] has met ) su* an ag5t4 ,x is n incr$ible1 inde$1 t ! ,indian ,fakirs possess a vegetable extract or ess5ce :i* possesses ! same p[]1 & by means ( :i* !y p]=m _! z yet unexpla9$ feat ( prolong$ liv+ burial4 ,b he is c>eful to note ! weak po9ts ( ! ,au/ralian /ory--viz41 fir/1 ! /atem5t t ! me?od us$ is a secret1 = m5 ( true sci5ce "k no su* ^w2 secondly1 t ! exp]im5t] has himself to g to ,am]ica to procure m supplies ( 8 ag5ts2 &1 ?irdly1 t he requires two ag5ts1 "o ( :i* is an antidote to ! o!r4 ,z respects ?is ?ird po9t1 he asks v p]t95tly h[ an antidote c be absorb$ & ent] into ! circulation 9 a body practically dead4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 n[ well kn[n t ! :ole /ory 0 a hoax1 & a mis*iev\s "o4 ,sev]al ,au/ralian f>m]s travell$ long di/ances to ,sydney to make inquiries ab\t a me?od :i* promis$ su* important results1 only to f9d t !re 0 n a p>ticle ( tru? 9 ! /ory4 ,,ri*>d ,a4 ,,proctor4 ,,footnotes3 #gj ,_m fail to see a joke :5 x is gravely prop\nd$ 9 pr9t1 :o w\ld at once recognise x z su*1 7 x utt]$ v]bally1 ) h[ev] s]i\s a c\nt5ance4 ,possibly ?is is due to ! necess>y abs5ce 9 ! pr9t$ acc\nt ( ! indications by :i* we recognise t a speak] is je/+--z a c]ta9 expression ( c\nt5ance1 or a c]ta9 intonation ( voice1 by :i* ! grave utt]] ( a spok5 je/ conveys 8 real mean+4 ,9 a pap] :i* rec5tly appe>$ 9 ! ,g5tleman's ,magaz9e1 ,mr4 ,fo/] 7,?omas ( t ilk7 prop\nd$ v gravely ! !ory t our ,nurs]y ,rhymes h 9 reality _h _! orig9 9 ,nature ,my?s4 ,he expla9$1 = in/ance1 t ! rhymes relat+ to ,little ,jack ,horn] 7 orig9ally descriptive ( sunrise 9 w9t]3 ,little ,jack is ! sun 9 w9t]1 ! ,*ri/mas pie is ! cl\d-cov]$ sky2 ! ?umb repres5ts ! sun's fir/ ray pi]c+ ?r\gh ! cl\ds2 & ,jack's rejoic+ means ! brightness ( full sunlight4 ,s also ! rhymes beg9n+ ,hey ,diddle ,diddle are %[n to be ( deep & solemn import1 all 9 manife/ burlesque ( "s rec5t extravagant int]pretations ( c]ta9 anci5t /ories by ,goldzih]1 ,/e9?al1 & o!rs4 ,yet ?is fun 0 s]i\sly criticiz$ by m ?an half ! critics1 by "s approv+ly1 by "s o!rwise4 #ga ,= a full acc\nt ( ?is clev] hoax ! read] is ref]r$ to my ,my?s & ,m>vels ( ,a/ronomy4 #gb ,! mo/ curi\s are giv5 9 ! n9? essay ( my "w ref]r$ to 9 ! prec$+ note4 #gc ,few probably are aw>e h[ long "s animals may rema9 )\t brea?+ & yet survive4 ,kitt5s & puppies h be5 br\ght to life aft] be+ imm]s$ 9 wat] = ne>ly ?ree-qu>t]s ( an h\r4 #gd ,objection has be5 tak5 to ! italiciz$ words 9 ! foll[+ passage f ,no ,?or\ghf>e 7"o ( ! p>ts c]ta9ly writt5 by ,dick5s & n by ,wilkie ,coll9s73 ,! cry came up3 ',8 he>t /ill beats aga9/ m9e4 ,i w>m him 9 my arms4 ,i h ca/ (f ! rope1 = ! ice melts "u u1 & ! rope w\ld sep>ate me f him2 b ,i am n afraid4' 444 ,! cry came up1 ',we are s9k+ l[]1 b 8 he>t /ill beats aga9/ m9e4' 444 ,! cry came up1 ',we are s9k+ /ill1 & we are deadly cold4 ,8 he>t no long] beats aga9/ m9e4 ,let no "o come d[n to add to our weight4 ,l[] ! rope only4' 444 ,! cry came up ) a dea?ly sil5ce1 ',raise6 s(tly6' 444 ,%e broke f !m all & sank ov] him on 8 litt]1 ) bo? h] lov+ h&s ^u ! he>t t /ood /ill4 ,x has be5 suppos$ t ,dick5s wilfully dep>t$ "h f tru?1 9 ord] to leave ! impression on ! read] t ,v5dale 0 assur$ly dead4 ,t he wi%$ to convey ?is impression is obvi\s4 ,he (t5 %[$ simil> c>e to remove1 if possible1 all hope f ! anxi\s read]'s m9d 7m>k$ly s 9 8 late/ & unf9i%$ "w1 :]e nev]!less any "o well acqua9t$ ) ,dick5s's mann] kn[s n only t ,drood is alive1 b t disguis$ z ,dat*]y he 0 to h wat*$ ,jasp] to ! end74 ,b 9 reality1 x has happ5$ m ?an once t p]sons h be5 re/or$ to life :o h be5 f\nd 9 sn[-drifts n m]ely r$uc$ to complete ins5sibility1 b )\t any recognisable he>t-beat4 ,dick5s _h probably he>d ( su* cases :5 9 ,switz]l&4 #ge ,dr4 ,ri*>dson w c]ta9ly excite ! contempt ( ! nor!rn pr(essor :o rebuk$ me rec5tly = speak+ ( heat :5 ,i %\ld h said temp]ature4 ,an atmosph]e two degrees bel[ freez+-po9t is an expression z inadmissible1 if we mu/ be punctili\s 9 su* matt]s1 z ! expressions blood-heat1 a heat ( t5 degrees1 & s =?4 ,possibly1 h[ev]1 x is n desirable to be punctili\s :5 !re is no possibility ( be+ misund]/ood1 especially z x may be notic$ 7! ,ed9burgh pr(essor has (t5 af=d$ /rik+ illu/rations ( ! fact by errors ( 8 own7 t too great an ef=t to be punctili\s (t5 results 9 v rem>kable incorrectness ( expression4 ,,john ,,/u>t ,,mill',s ,,philosophy ,,te/$4 ,,iv4--,,utilit>ianism4 ,9 "s respects ,mill's ,essays1 publi%$ "u ! title ,utilit>ianism1 are among 8 be/ writ+s4 ,!y h1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! excell5ce ( brevity4 ,n9ety-six pages1 pr9t$ 9 h&some type1 make b a light task = ! /ud5t :o wi%es to ent] into ! intricacies ( moral doctr9e4 ,moreov]1 ! la/ ,essay consi/s ( a digression conc]n+ ! nature & orig9 ( ! idea ( ,ju/ice1 & x occupies ne>ly "o-?ird ( ! :ole book4 ,?us ,mill manag$ to compress 8 discussion ( s important a subject z ! f\ndations ( ,moral ,"r & ,wrong into "s sixty pleasant pages4 ,& pleasant pages !y c]ta9ly are1 = !y are writt5 9 ,mill's v be/ /yle4 ,n[ ,mill1 ev5 :5 he is mo/ prolix1 :5 he is pursu+ ! intricacies ( ! mo/ involv$ po9ts ( logic & philosophy1 c seldom or nev] be *>g$ ) dulness & heav9ess4 ,8 language is too easy1 poli%$1 & app>5tly lucid4 ,9 ^! ,essays on ,utilit>ianism1 he rea*es 8 own highe/ /&>d ( /yle4 ,!re is h>dly any o!r book 9 ! range ( philosophy1 s f> z my read+ has gone1 :i* c be read ) less ef=t4 ,!re is some?+ entic+ 9 ! easy fl[ ( s5t5ces & ideas1 & )\t app>5t difficulty ! read] f9ds himself agreeably borne into ! mid/ ( ! mo/ pr(\nd que/ions ( e?ical philosophy1 que/ions :i* h be5 ! battle-gr\nd ( ! human intellect = two ?\s& five hundr$ ye>s4 ,p>tly to ?is excell5ce ( /yle1 p>tly to ,mill's imm5se reputation1 acquir$ by o!r works & 9 o!r ways1 mu/ we attribute ! importance :i* has be5 g5]ally atta*$ to ^! n9ety-six pages4 ,probably no o!r mod]n "w ( ! same small typographical ext5t has be5 equally discuss$1 criticiz$1 & admir$1 unless1 inde$1 x be ! ,essay on ,lib]ty ( ! same au?or4 ,! result is1 t ,mill has be5 g5]ally reg>d$ z ! late/ & be/ exp\nd] ( ! great ,utilit>ian ,doctr9e--t doctr9e :i* is1 by "o & no d\bt ! prepond]at+ s*ool1 reg>d$ z ! f\ndation ( all moral & legislative progress4 ,_m !re are :o ?9k t1 :at ,hume & ,paley & ,j]emy ,b5?am began1 ,mill has c>ri$ ne>ly to p]fection 9 ^! agreeable ,essays4 ,no?+ c be m pla91 too1 ?an t ,mill himself believ$ he 0 dutifully exp\nd+ ! doctr9es ( 8 fa!r1 ( 8 fa!r's fri5d1 ! great ,b5?am1 & ( ! o!r unque/ionable ,utilit>ians among :om he grew up4 ,mill seems to pride himself ^u hav+ be5 ! fir/1 n inde$ to inv5t1 b to br+ into g5]al acceptance ! "n ( ! s*ool to :i* he suppos$ himself to belong4 ,he says3#gf ,! au?or ( ?is essay has reason = believ+ himself to be ! fir/ p]son :o br\ght ! ^w utilit>ian into use4 ,he did n inv5t x1 b adopt$ x f a pass+ expression 9 ,mr4 ,galt's ',annals ( ! ,p>i%4' ,aft] us+ x z a designation = sev]al ye>s1 he & o!rs ab&on$ x f a gr[+ dislike to any?+ resembl+ a badge or wat*word ( sect>ian di/9ction4 ,b z a "n = "o s+le op9ion1 n a set ( op9ions--to d5ote ! recognition ( utility z a /&>d1 n any p>ticul> way ( apply+ x--! t]m supplies a want 9 ! language1 & (f]s1 9 _m cases1 a conv5i5t mode ( avoid+ tiresome circumlocution4 ,9 ! ,autobiography 7p4 #gi71 ,mill makes a /atem5t to ! same effect1 say+-- ,i did n inv5t ! ^w1 b f\nd x 9 "o ( ,galt's novels1 ! ',annals ( ! ,p>i%1' 9 :i* ! ,scot* cl]gyman1 ( :om ! book is a suppos$ autobiography1 is repres5t$ z w>n+ 8 p>i%ion]s n to leave ! ,gospel & become utilit>ians4 ,) a boy's fondness = a "n & a bann] ,i seiz$ on ! ^w1 & = "s ye>s call$ myself & o!rs by x z a sect>ian appellation2 & x came to be occasionally us$ by "s o!rs hold+ ! op9ions x 0 int5d$ to designate4 ,z ^? op9ions attract$ m notice1 ! t]m 0 repeat$ by /rang]s & oppon5ts1 & got into r common use j ab\t ! "t :5 ^? :o _h orig9ally assum$ x1 laid d[n t along ) o!r sect>ian *>act]i/ics4 ,x is po9t$ out1 h[ev]1 by ,mr4 ,sidgwick 9 8 article on ,b5?amism1#gg t ,b5?am himself sugge/$ ! "n ,utilit>ian1 9 a lett] to ,dumont1 z f> back z ,june1 #ahjb4 ,mill explicitly /ates t x 0 8 purpose 9 ^! ,essays on ,utilit>ianism to exp\nd a previ\sly receiv$ doctr9e ( utility4 ,t[>ds ! close ( 8 fir/ *apt]1 conta9+ ,g5]al ,rem>ks1 he says 7p4 #f73 ,on ! pres5t occasion1 ,i %all1 )\t fur!r discussion ( ! o!r !ories1 attempt to contribute some?+ t[>ds ! und]/&+ & appreciation ( ! ,utilit>ian or ,happ9ess !ory1 & t[>ds su* pro( z x is susceptible (4 ,he proce$s to expla9 t a prelim9>y condition ( ! rational acceptance or rejection ( a doctr9e is t its =mula %\ld be correctly und]/ood4 ,! v imp]fect notion ord9>ily =m$ ( ! ,utilit>ian =mula 0 ! *ief ob/acle :i* imp$$ its reception2 ! ma9 "w to be done1 !re=e1 by a ,utilit>ian writ] 0 to cle> ! doctr9e f ! gross] misconceptions4 ,?us ! "q w\ld be greatly simplifi$1 & a l>ge proportion ( its difficulties remov$4 ,8 ,essays purport ?r\gh\t to be a def5ce & exposition ( ! ,utilit>ian doctr9e4 ,b "o *>act]i/ic ( ,mill's writ+s is t !re is (t5 a wide gulf betwe5 :at he int5ds & :at he a*ieves4 ,!re is ev5 a want ( security t :at he is at any mom5t urg+ may n be ! logical contr>y ( :at he ?9ks he is urg+4 ,?is happ5s to be palpably ! case ) ! celebrat$ ,essays be=e u4 ,mill expla9s & def5ds 8 fav\rite doctr9e ) s mu* affection & s mu* c&\r t he f9ally expla9s himself into ! opposite doctr9e4 ,yet ) t simplicity :i* is a pleas+ feature ( 8 p]sonal "*1 ,mill cont9ues to reg>d himself z a ,utilit>ian long aft] he has left ! gr\nds ( ,paley & ,b5?am4 ,l9es ( logical di/9ction & que/ions ( logical consi/5cy are ( little acc\nt to "o :o _c di/+ui% betwe5 fact & feel+1 betwe5 s5se & s5tim5t4 ,x is possible t no small "p ( ! fav\r ) :i* ^! ,essays h always be5 receiv$ by ! g5]al public is due to ! happy way 9 :i* ,mill has comb9$ ! bitt] & ! sweet4 ,! uncompromis+ rigidity ( ! ,b5?ami/ =mulas is s(t5$ & ton$ d[n4 ,an app>5tly sci5tific treatm5t is comb9$ ) s _m noble s5tim5ts & high aspirations1 t almo/ any "o except a logician may be dis>m$4 ,b no?+ c endure if x be n logical4 ,^! ,essays may be v agreeable read+2 !y may make read]s congratulate !mselves on s easily becom+ moral philosoph]s2 b !y _c really advance moral sci5ce if !y repres5t "o ?+ z be+ ano!r ?+4 ,i make x my bus9ess !re=e 9 ?is article to %[ t ,mill 0 intellectually unfitt$ to decide :at 0 utilit>ian & :at 0 n4 ,9 remov+ ! ob/acles to ! reception ( 8 fav\rite doctr9e he remov$ its l&m>ks too1 & confus$ ev]y?+4 ,x is true t ,i come r late 9 ! day to %[ ?is4 ,"s scores1 if n hundr$s1 ( critics h %[n ! same fact m or less cle>ly4 ,em95t m5 ( ! mo/ diff]5t s*ools & tones ( ?\ght--su* z ! ,rev4 ,dr4 ,m>t9eau1 ,mr4 ,sidgwick1 ,dr4 ,w>d1 ,pr(essor ,birks1 ! late ,pr(essor ,grote--h criticiz$ & refut$ ,mill "t aft] "t4 ,s9ce comm5c+ my analysis ( ,mill's ,philosophy1 ,i h be5 surpris$ to f9d1 too1 t "s :o 7 suppos$ to support ,mill's s*ool ?r\gh ?ick & ?91 h long s9ce discov]$ ! inconsi/5cies :i* ,i w\ld n[ expose1 at su* we>isome l5g? z if !y 7 new discov]ies4 ,su* is ! gr\nd :i* my fri5d1 ,pr(essor ,croom ,rob]tson1 takes 9 8 qu>t]ly review1 ,m9d1 :i* mu/ be consid]$ our be/ au?ority on philosophical que/ions4 ,z to ?is matt] ( ,utilit>ianism1 a v em95t au?or1 =m]ly a fri5d ( ,mill himself1 assures me t ! subject is q ?re%$ out1 & implies t !re is no ne$ = me to tr\ble ! public any m ab\t x4 ,9 fact1 x w\ld seem to be all[$ )9 philosophical circles t ,mill's works are (t5 wronghead$ & unphilosophical4 ,yet ^! works are suppos$ to h done s mu* good t obloquy atta*es to any "o :o w\ld seek to dim9i% ! respect paid to !m by ! public at l>ge4 ,philosoph]s1 & tea*]s ( ! la/ g5]ation at lea/1 h done _! be/ to give ,mill's gr\ndless philosophy a hold ^u all ! s*ools & all ! press1 & yet we ( ?is g5]ation are to wait calmly until ?is influ5ce dissolves ( its own accord4 ,we are to d no?+ to less5 ! natural respect paid to ! memory ( ! dead1 especially ( ! dead :o h unque/ionably lab\r$ ) s+le-m9d$ purpose = :at !y consid]$ ! good ( _! fell[-creatures4 ,b 9 no?+ is x m true ?an 9 philosophy1 t ! evil t m5 d lives aft] !m2 ! good is (t int]r$ ) _! bones4 ,words & false argum5ts _c be recall$4 ,?r[ a /one into ! surface ( ! /ill sea1 & y are p[]less to prev5t ! circle ( di/urbance f spread+ m & m widely4 ,true x is1 t "o di/urbance may be ov]come & app>5tly oblit]at$ by o!r deep] di/urbances2 b ,mill's works & op9ions 7 dissem9at$ by ! imm5se =m] influ5ce ( ! unit$ b& ( ,b5?ami/ philosoph]s4 ,he is criticiz$ & discuss$ & repeat$1 9 almo/ e philosophical "w ( ! la/ ?irty or =ty ye>s4 ,he is tak5 ?r\gh\t ! _w z ! repres5tative ( ,briti% philosophy1 & x is n suffici5t = a few em95t ?9k]s 9 ,ox=d1 or ,cambridge1 or ,london1 or ,ed9burgh1 or ,ab]de51 to ackn[l$ge 9 a tacit sort ( way t ?is doctr9e & t doctr9e is wrong4 ,ev5tually1 no d\bt1 ! op9ion ( ! ,lecture ,halls & ,comb9ation ,rooms w guide ! public op9ion2 b x may take a g5]ation = tacit op9ions to p]meate society4 ,we mu/ h !m di/9ctly & boldly express$4 ,x is especially to be rememb]$ t ! public press ?r\gh\t ! ,engli%-speak+ c\ntries is mo/ly conduct$ by m5 educat$ 9 ! "t :5 ,mill's works 7 entirely pr$om9ant4 ,^! m5 are n[ = ! mo/ "p cut (f1 by geographical or pr(essional ob/acles1 f ! direct influ5ce ( ,ox=d or ,cambridge4 ,! circle ( di/urbance has spread beyond ! imm$iate rea* ( ^? c5tres ( ?\ght4 ,to be brief1 ,i d n believe t ,mill's imm5se philosophical influ5ce1 f\nd$ z x is on confusion ( ?\ght1 w readily collapse4 ,i fe> t x may rema9 z a p]man5t ob/acle 9 ! way ( s\nd ?9k+4 ,citius em]git v]itas ex errore1 quam ex confusione4 ,_h ,mill simply err$ z did ,hobbes ab\t elem5t>y geometry1 & ,b]keley ab\t inf9itesimals1 x w\ld be necess>y m]ely to po9t out ! errors & consign !m to m]ciful oblivion4 ,b x is n s easy to consign to oblivion pond]\s works s full ( confusion ( ?\ght t e inexp]i5c$ & unw>n$ read] is sure to lose 8 way 9 !m1 & to take = pr(\nd philosophy t :i* is really a k9d ( kaleidoscopic pres5tation ( philosophic ideas & phrases1 9 a succession ( v>i\s b usually inconsi/5t comb9ations4 ,to ! public at l>ge1 ,mill's works /ill und\bt$ly rema9 z ! /&>d ( accurate ?9k+1 & ! mo/ e/eem$ rep]tory ( philosophy4 ,i _c !re=e consid] my criticism sup]flu\s1 & at ! risk ( repeat+ mu* t has be5 said by ! em95t critics already m5tion$1 or by o!rs1 ,i mu/ %[ t ,mill has ?r[n e?ical philosophy into confusion z f> z c\ld well be done 9 n9ety-six pages4 ,! nature ( ! ,utilit>ian doctr9e is expla9$ by ,mill ) suffici5t accuracy 9 pp4 #i & #aj1 :]e he says-- ,! cre$ :i* accepts z ! f\ndation ( morals1 ,utility1 or ! ,greate/ ,happ9ess ,pr9ciple1 holds t actions are "r 9 proportion z !y t5d to promote happ9ess1 wrong z !y t5d to produce ! rev]se ( happ9ess4 ,by happ9ess is int5d$ pleasure1 & ! abs5ce ( pa92 by unhapp9ess1 pa91 & ! privation ( pleasure4 ,to give a cle> view ( ! moral /&>d set up by ! !ory1 mu* m requires to be said2 9 p>ticul>1 :at ?+s x includes 9 ! ideas ( pa9 & pleasure2 & to :at ext5t ?is is left an op5 "q4 ,b ^! supplem5t>y explanations d n affect ! !ory ( life on :i* ?is !ory ( morality is gr\nd$--namely1 t pleasure1 & fre$om f pa91 are ! only ?+s desirable z ends2 & t all desirable ?+s 7:i* are z num]\s 9 ! utilit>ian z any o!r s*eme7 are desirable ei!r = ! pleasure inh]5t 9 !mselves1 or z means to ! promotion ( pleasure & ! prev5tion ( pa94 ,mill proce$s to say t su* a !ory ( life excites invet]ate dislike 9 _m m9ds1 & among !m "s ( ! mo/ e/imable 9 feel+ & purpose4 ,to hold =? no bett] end ?an pleasure is felt to be utt]ly mean & grovell+--a doctr9e wor?y only ( sw9e4 ,mill accord+ly proce$s to inquire :e!r !re is any?+ really grovell+ 9 ! doctr9e--:e!r1 on ! contr>y1 we may n include "u pleasure1 feel+s & motives :i* are 9 ! highe/ degree noble & elevat+4 ,! :ole inquiry turns ^u ?is "q--,d pleasures diff] 9 quality z well z 9 quantity8 ,c a small am\nt ( pleasure ( v elevat$ "* outweigh a l>ge am\nt ( pleasure ( l[ quality8 ,we %\ld nev] ?9k ( e/imat+ pictures by _! size & numb]4 ,! productions ( ,we/ & ,fuseli1 :i* 7 ! wond] & admiration ( our gr&p>5ts1 c n[ be b\ght by ! squ>e y>d1 to cov] ! b>e walls ( eat+-h\ses & music-halls4 ,sic transit gloria mundi4 ,b a *oice sket* by ,turn] sometimes sells = _m p\nds p] squ>e in*4 ,x is cle>1 !n1 t 9 ! op9ion ( connoisseurs1 :i* mu/1 = our pres5t purpose1 be consid]$ f9al1 high art is almo/ :olly a matt] ( quality4 ,two great pictures by ,we/ may be ne>ly twice z valuable z "o2 & two equally *oice sket*es by ,turn] are twice z good z "o2 b x w\ld seem h>dly possible 9 ! pres5t day = ! disciple ( high art to br+ ,we/ & ,turn] into ! same category ( ?\ght4 ,i suppose t ev5 ,turn] w pres5tly beg9 to wane be=e ! high] criticism4 ,a correspond+ difficulty lies at ! v basis ( ! ,utilit>ian !ory ( e?ics4 ,! tippl] may e/eem two p9ts ( be] d\bly z mu* z "o2 ! h]o may feel d\ble satisfaction 9 sav+ two lives in/ead ( "o2 b :o %all weigh ! pleasure ( a p9t ( be] aga9/ ! pleasure ( sav+ a fell[-creature's life4 ,paley1 inde$1 cut ! ,gordian knot ( ?is difficulty 9 a summ>y mann]2 he d5i$ altoge!r t !re is any diff]5ce betwe5 pleasures1 except 9 cont9uance & int5sity4 ,x mu/ h requir$ "s moral c\rage to write ! p>agraph to be next quot$2 yet ,paley1 h[ev] mu* he may be said to h temporiz$ & equivocat$ ab\t oa?s & subscription to ,articles1 _c be accus$ ( want ( explicitness 9 ?is passage4 ,!re is a directness & cle>-hitt+ ( ! po9t 9 ,paley's writ+s :i* always *>ms me4 ,9 /rictness1 any condition may be d5om9at$ happy1 9 :i* ! am\nt or aggregate ( pleasure exce$s t ( pa92 & ! degree ( happ9ess dep5ds ^u ! quantity ( ?is excess4 ,& ! greate/ quantity ( x ord9>ily atta9able 9 human life1 is :at we mean by happ9ess1 :5 we inquire or pron\nce :at human happ9ess consi/s 94 ,9 :i* inquiry ,i w omit mu* usual declamation on ! dignity & capacity ( our nature2 ! sup]iority ( ! s\l to ! body1 ( ! rational to ! animal "p ( our con/itution2 ^u ! wor?9ess1 ref9em5t1 & delicacy ( "s satisfactions1 or ! meanness1 grossness1 & s5suality ( o!rs2 because ,i hold t pleasures diff] 9 no?+1 b 9 cont9uance & int5sity3 f a j computation ( :i*1 confirm$ by :at we obs]ve ( ! app>5t *e]fulness1 tranquillity1 & cont5tm5t1 ( m5 ( diff]5t ta/es1 temp]s1 /ations1 & pursuits1 e "q conc]n+ human happ9ess mu/ receive its decision4#gh ,b5?am1 x ne$ h>dly be said1 adopt$ ! same idea z ! basis ( 8 e?ical & legislative !ories4 ,9 8 uncompromis+ /yle he tells u#gi t ,nature has plac$ mank9d "u ! gov]nance ( two sov]eign ma/]s1 pa9 & pleasure4 ,x is = !m alone to po9t out :at we ought to d1 z well z to det]m9e :at we %all d4 ,on ! "o h& ! /&>d ( "r & wrong1 on ! o!r ! *a9 ( causes & effects1 are fa/5$ to _! ?rone4 ,!y gov]n u 9 all we d1 9 all we say1 9 all we ?9k3 e ef=t we c make to ?r[ (f our subjection w s]ve b to demon/rate & confirm x4 ,9 words a man may pret5d to abjure _! empire3 b 9 reality he w rema9 subject to x all ! :ile4 ,! pr9ciple ( utility recognises ?is subjection1 & assumes x = ! f\ndation ( t sy/em1 ! object ( :i* is to re> ! fabric ( felicity by ! h&s ( reason & ( law4 ,sy/ems :i* attempt to "q x1 deal 9 s\nds in/ead ( s5se1 9 caprice in/ead ( reason1 9 d>kness in/ead ( light4 ,else:]e ,b5?am proce$s to %[ h[ we may e/imate ! values ( pleasures & pa9s1 mean+ obvi\sly by values ! quantities or =ces4 ,z ^! feel+s are bo? ! ends & ! in/rum5ts ( ! morali/ & legislator1 x especially behoves u to le>n h[ to e/imate ^! values aright1 & ,b5?am tells u mo/ di/9ctly4#hj ,to a p]son1 he says1 consid]$ by himself1 ! value ( a pleasure or pa9 consid]$ by itself1 w be great] or less1 accord+ to ! f\r foll[+ circum/ances4 #a4 ,its int5sity4 #b4 ,its duration4 #c4 ,its c]ta9ty or unc]ta9ty4 #d4 ,its prop9quity or remot5ess4 ,b :5 ! value ( any pleasure or pa9 is to be consid]$ = ! purpose ( e/imat+ ! g5]al t5d5cy ( ! act1 we h to take into acc\nt also1 #e4 ,! fecundity1 or ! *ance x has ( be+ foll[$ by s5sations ( ! same k9d1 t is1 pleasures1 if x be a pleasure2 pa9s1 if x be a pa94 #f4 ,its purity1 or ! *ance x has ( n be+ foll[$ by s5sations ( ! opposite k9d3 t is1 pa9s1 if x be a pleasure2 pleasures1 if x be a pa94 ,f9ally1 :5 we consid] ! int]e/s ( a numb] ( p]sons1 we mu/ also e/imate a pleasure or pa9 ) ref]5ce to1 #g4 ,its ext5t2 t is ! numb] ( p]sons to :om x ext5ds1 or :o are affect$ by x4 ,?us did ,b5?am cle>ly & explicitly lay ! f\ndations ( ! moral & political sci5ces1 & to impress ^! fundam5tal propositions on ! memory he fram$ ! foll[+ curi\s mnemonic l9es1 :i* may be quot$ = ! sake ( _! qua9tness3-- ,int5se1 long1 c]ta91 spe$y1 fruitful1 pure---- ,su* m>ks 9 pleasures & 9 pa9s endure4 ,su* pleasures seek1 if private be ?y end3 ,if x be public1 wide let !m ext5d4 ,su* pa9s avoid1 :i*ev] be ?y view3 ,if pa9s mu/ come1 let !m ext5d to few4 ,9 all t ,b5?am says ab\t pleasure & pa91 !re is n a ^w ab\t ! intr9sic sup]iority ( "o pleasure to ano!r4 ,he advocates our seek+ pure pleasures2 b ) him a pure pleasure 0 cle>ly def9$ z "o n likely to be foll[$ by feel+s ( ! opposite k9d2 ! pleasure ( opium-eat+1 = in/ance1 w\ld be call$ impure1 simply because x is likely to lead to bad heal? & consequ5t pa92 if n s foll[$ by evil consequ5ces1 ! pleasure w\ld be z pure z any o!r pleasure4 ,) ,b5?am morality became1 z x 71 a "q ( ! l$g] & ! balance-%eet2 all feel+s 7 r$uc$ to ! same d5om9ation ( value1 & :5ev] we indulge 9 a little enjoym5t1 or endure a pa91 ! consequ5ces 9 reg>d to subsequ5t enjoym5t or suff]+ are to be inexorably scor$ = or aga9/ u1 z ! case may be4 ,our conduct mu/ be judg$ wise or fooli% accord+ z1 9 ! long-run1 we f9d a fav\rable h$onic balance-%eet4 ,:at ,mill 9 8 e>li] life ?\ght ab\t ^! f\ndations ( ! utilit>ian doctr9e1 & ! elaborate /ructure re>$ !refrom by ,b5?am1 he has told u 9 8 ,autobiography1 pp4 #fd to #gj4 ,subsequ5tly ,mill revolt$1 z we all "k1 aga9/ ! n>r[ness ( ! ,b5?ami/ cre$4 ,:ile wi%+ to reta9#ha ! precision ( expression1 ! def9it5ess ( mean+1 ! contempt ( declamatory phrases & vague g5]alities1 :i* 7 s hon\rably *>act]i/ic bo? ( ,b5?am & ( 8 own fa!r1 ,james ,mill1 ,john ,/u>t decid$ to give a wid] basis & a m free & g5ial "* to ! utilit>ian speculations4 ,let u consid] h[ ,mill proce$$ to give ?is g5ial "* to ! utilit>ian philosophy4 ,x mu/ be admitt$1 he says1#hb t utilit>ian writ]s 9 g5]al h plac$ ! sup]iority ( m5tal ov] bodily pleasures *iefly 9 ! great] p]man5cy1 safety1 unco/l9ess1 c41 ( ! =m]--t is1 9 _! circum/antial advantages r ?an 9 _! intr9sic nature4 ,z reg>ds ,b5?am1 at lea/1 ,mill might h omitt$ ! ^w *iefly4 ,b accord+ to ,mill1 !re is no ne$ :y !y %\ld h tak5 su* a gr\nd4 ,!y might h tak5 ! o!r1 &1 z x may be call$1 high] gr\nd1 ) entire consi/5cy4 ,x is q compatible ) ! pr9ciple ( utility to recognise ! fact1 t "s k9ds ( pleasure are m desirable & m valuable ?an o!rs4 ,x w\ld be absurd1 t :ile1 9 e/imat+ all o!r ?+s1 quality is consid]$ z well z quantity1 ! e/imation ( pleasures %\ld be suppos$ to dep5d on quantity alone4 ,!n ,mill proce$s to po9t out1 ) all ! p]suasiv5ess ( 8 be/ /yle1 t !re are high] feel+s :i* we w\ld n sacrifice = any quantity ( a l[] feel+4 ,few human creatures1 he holds1 w\ld cons5t to be *ang$ into any ( ! l[] animals = a promise ( ! fulle/ all[ance ( a bea/'s pleasures2 no intellig5t human be+ w\ld cons5t to be a fool1 no in/ruct$ p]son w\ld be an ignoramus1 no p]son ( feel+ & consci5ce w\ld be selfi% & base1 & s =?4 ,mill1 9 fact1 treats u to a good deal ( :at ,paley s cynically call$ ! usual declamation1 on ! dignity & capacity ( our nature1 & ! wor?9ess ( "s satisfactions comp>$ ) ! grossness & s5suality ( o!rs4 ,x mu/ be all[$ t ,mill has ! be/ ( x1 at lea/ ) ! majority ( read]s4 ,paley is simply brutal z to ! way 9 :i* he depresses ev]y?+ to ! same level ( app>5t s5suality4 ,mill ov]fl[s ) g5ial & noble aspirations2 he h>dly deigns to c\nt ! l[] pleasures z wor? putt+ 9 ! scale2 x is bett]1 he ?9ks1 to be a human be+ dissatisfi$ ?an a pig satisfi$2 bett] to be ,socrates dissatisfi$ ?an a fool satisfi$4 ,if ! pig or ! fool is ( a diff]5t op9ion1 x is because !y only "k _! own side ( ! "q4 ,! o!r p>ty to ! comp>ison kn[s bo? sides4 ,9 ! pages :i* foll[ !re is mu* nobl5ess & elevation ( ?\ght4 ,b :]e is ! logic8 ,we are no?+ if we are n logical4 ,b does ,mill1 9 ! f]v\r ( 8 revolt aga9/ ! cold1 n>r[ re/ra9ts ( ! ,b5?ami/ =mulas1 consid] ! consi/5cy & /ability ( 8 position8 ,let u exam9e 9 "s detail ! position to :i* he has br\ght himself4 ,x is pla91 9 ! fir/ place1 t pleasure is ) ,mill ! ultimate purpose ( exi/5ce2 = ! philosophy is t ( utilit>ianism1 & ,mill di/9ctly assures u 7,autobiography1 p4 #agh7 t he nev] ceas$ to be a utilit>ian4 ,we mu/1 ( c\rse1 di/+ui% betwe5 ! pleasure ( ! individual & ! pleasure ( o!r individuals ( ! race1 betwe5 ,egoi/ic & ,univ]sali/ic ,h$onism1 z ,mr4 ,sidgwick calls ^! v diff]5t doctr9es4 ,b ! happ9ess ( ! race is1 ( c\rse1 made up ( ! happ9ess ( its units1 s t unless mo/ ( ! individuals pursue a c\rse ensur+ happ9ess1 ! race _c be happy 9 ! aggregate4 ,n[1 to acquire happ9ess ! individual mu/1 ( c\rse1 select t l9e ( conduct :i* is likely to--t is1 w 9 ! majority ( cases--br+ happ9ess4 ,he mu/ aim at some?+ :i* is capable ( be+ rea*$4 ,mill tells u 7p4 #ah7 t if by happ9ess be meant a cont9uity ( highly pleasurable excitem5t1 x is evid5t en\gh t ?is is impossible to atta94 ,a /ate ( exalt$ pleasure la/s only mom5ts1 or 9 "s cases1 & ) "s int]missions1 h\rs or days1 & is ! occasional brilliant fla% ( enjoym5t1 n its p]man5t & /eady flame4 ,( ?is ! philosoph]s :o h taught t happ9ess is ! end ( life 7 z fully aw>e z ^? :o taunt !m4 ,! happ9ess :i* !y meant 0 n a life ( rapture2 b mom5ts ( su*1 9 an exi/5ce made up ( few & transitory pa9s1 _m & v>i\s pleasures1 ) a decid$ pr$om9ance ( ! actual ov] ! passive1 & hav+ z ! f\ndation ( ! :ole1 n to expect m f life ?an x is capable ( be/[+4#hc ,a life ?us compos$1 to ^? :o h be5 =tunate en\gh to obta9 x1 has always appe>$ wor?y ( ! "n ( happ9ess4 ,!n ,mill goes on to po9t out :at he consid]s has be5 suffici5t to satisfy great numb]s ( mank9d 7p4 #ai73 ,! ma9 con/itu5ts ( a satisfi$ life appe> to be two1 ei!r ( :i* by itself is (t5 f\nd suffici5t = ! purpose3 tranquillity1 & excitem5t4 ,) mu* tranquillity1 _m f9d t !y c be cont5t ) v little pleasure3 ) mu* excitem5t1 _m c reconcile !mselves to a consid]able quantity ( pa94 ,!re is assur$ly no inh]5t impossibility 9 enabl+ ev5 ! mass ( mank9d to unite bo?4 ,f ^! passages we mu/ ga!r t at any rate ! mass ( mank9d w atta9 happ9ess if !y are satisfi$ ) ^! ma9 con/itu5ts1 & we are especially told t ! f\ndation ( ! :ole utilit>ian philosophy 7,mill does n specify ! sub/antive to :i* ! adjective :ole applies 9 ! above quotation1 b x mu/ f ! context be ei!r utilit>ian philosophy1 se>* = happ9ess1 or "s closely equival5t idea7 is n to expect f life m ?an x is capable ( be/[+4 ,! "q1 !n1 may fairly arise :e!r ^u a fair calculation ( probabilities !y are n wise1 ^u ,mill's own %[+1 :o aim at mod]ate a*ievem5ts 9 life1 s t 9 accompli%+ ^! !y may insure a satisfi$ life4 ,?is seems ! m reasonable1 if1 z ,mill else:]e tells u1 ! nobl] feel+s are v apt to be kill$ (f by ! *illy realities ( life4 ,_m1 he says 7p4 #ad71 :o beg9 ) y\?ful en?usiasm = ev]y?+ noble1 z !y advance 9 ye>s s9k into indol5ce & selfi%ness4 ,b ,i d n believe t ^? :o und]go ?is v common *ange1 volunt>ily *oose ! l[] description ( pleasure 9 pref]5ce to ! high]1 ,i believe t be=e !y devote !mselves exclusively to ! "o1 !y h already become incapable ( ! o!r4 ,capacity = ! nobl] feel+s is 9 mo/ natures a v t5d] plant1 easily kill$1 n only by ho/ile influ5ces1 b by m]e want ( su/5ance2 & 9 ! majority ( "y p]sons x spe$ily dies away if ! occupations to :i* _! position 9 life has devot$ !m1 & ! society into :i* x has ?r[n !m1 are n fav\rable to keep+ t high] capacity 9 ex]cise4 ,m5 lose _! high aspirations z !y lose _! intellectual ta/es1 because !y h n "t or opportunity = indulg+ !m2 & !y addict !mselves to inf]ior pleasures1 n because !y delib]ately pref] !m1 b because !y are ei!r ! only ones to :i* !y h access1 or ! only ones :i* !y are any long] capable ( enjoy+4 ,x may be que/ion$ :e!r any "o :o has rema9$ equally susceptible to bo? classes ( pleasure1 ev] kn[+ly & calmly pref]r$ ! l[]2 ?\gh _m1 9 all ages1 h brok5 d[n 9 an ineffectual attempt to comb9e bo?4 ,x w\ld seem1 !n1 t = ! mass ( mank9d !re is small prospect inde$ ( a*iev+ happ9ess ?r\gh high aspirations4 ,!y w n h "t nor opportunity = indulg+ !m4 ,if !y look = happ9ess solely to su* aspirations !y mu/ be disappo9t$1 & _c h a satisfi$ life2 if !y attempt to comb9e ! high] & l[] lives !y are likely to break d[n 9 ! ineffectual attempt4 ,n[1 ,i submit t1 "u ^! circum/ances1 x is folly1 accord+ to ,mill's s*eme ( morality1 to aim high2 x is equival5t to go+ into a life-lott]y1 9 :i* !re are no d\bt high prizes to be ga9$1 b few & f> betwe54 ,x is simply gambl+ ) h$onic /akes2 pref]r+ a small *ance ( high enjoym5t to comp>ative c]ta9ty ( mod]ate pleasures4 ,mill cle>ly admits ?is :5 he says 7p4 #ad71 ,x is indisputable t ! be+ ^: capacities ( enjoym5t are l[ has ! greate/ *ance ( hav+ !m fully satisfi$2 & a highly end[$ be+ w always feel t any happ9ess :i* he c look =1 z ! _w is con/itut$1 is imp]fect4 ,al?\gh1 !n1 ! f\ndation ( ! :ole is n to expect f life m ?an x is capable ( be/[+1 we are actually to pref] becom+ highly end[$1 al?\gh we _c expect life to satisfy ! correspond+ aspirations4 ,t is to say1 al?\gh seek+ = happ9ess1 we are to pref] ! c\rse 9 :i* we are approximately c]ta9 ( n obta9+ x4 ,b ,mill goes on to give "s explanations4 ,he says t ! highly end[$ be+ c le>n to be> ! imp]fections ( 8 happ9ess1 if !y are at all be>able 7p4 #ad74 ,?is is small com=t if !y happ5 to be n at all be>able1 an alt]native :i* is n fur!r pursu$ by ,mill4 ,& w n ?is intol]able fate be mo/ likely to befall ^? ^: aspirations h be5 pit*$ mo/ highly8 ,b ,mill goes on3 ,!y 7t is1 ! imp]fections ( life or happ9ess87 w n make him envy ! be+ :o is inde$ unconsci\s ( ! imp]fections1 b only because he feels n at all ! good :i* ^? imp]fections qualify4 ,x is bett] to be a human be+ dissatisfi$1 ?an a pig satisfi$2 bett] to be ,socrates dissatisfi$1 ?an a fool satisfi$4 ,& if ! fool1 or ! pig1 is ( a diff]5t op9ion1 x is because !y only "k _! own side ( ! "q4 ,! o!r p>ty to ! comp>ison kn[s bo? sides4 ,conc]n+ ?is position ( affairs ! mo/ apposite rem>k ,i c make is conta9$ 9 ! some:at trite & vulg> say+1 ,:]e ignorance is bliss1 'tis folly to be wise4 ,if ,socrates is pretty sure to be dissatisfi$1 & yet1 ow+ to 8 wisdom1 _c help wi%+ to be ,socrates1 he seems to h no *ance ( t individual happ9ess :i* dep5ds on be+ satisfi$1 & n expect+ f life m ?an x is capable ( be/[+4 ,! great majority ( p :o d n "k :at x is l to be ,socrates1 are surely to be congratulat$ t !y c1 )\t scruple or remorse1 seek a prize ( happ9ess :i* !re is a fair prospect ( secur+4 ,b ,mill tells u t ^? :o *oose ! l[] life d s because !y only "k _! own side ( ! "q4 ,! o!r p>ty to ! comp>ison kn[s bo? sides4 ,!n ,mill introduces a p>agraph1 already p>tially quot$1 9 :i* he all[s t m5 (t5 d1 f infirmity ( "*1 make _! selection = ! ne>] good1 ?\gh !y "k x to be ! less valuable4 ,_m :o beg9 ) y\?ful en?usiasm = ev]y?+ noble1 s9k 9 lat] ye>s into indol5ce & selfi%ness4 ,! capacity = ! nobl] feel+s is easily kill$1 & m5 lose _! high aspirations because !y h n "t & opportunity = indulg+ !m4 ,i submit t1 f ,mill's po9t ( view1 ^! are all valid reasons :y !y %\ld n *oose ! high] life4 ,we are consid]+ "h1 n ^? :o h always be5 devoid ( ! nobl] feel+s1 b ^? :o h 9 e>li] life be5 full ( en?usiasm & high aspirations4 ,if su* m51 ) few exceptions1 decide ev5tually 9 fav\r ( ! l[] life1 !y are p>ties :o d "k bo? sides ( ! comp>ison1 & delib]ately *oose n to be ,socrates1 ) ! prospect ( ! v imp]fect happ9ess 7probably involv+ %ort rations7 :i* is incid5t to ! life ( ,socrates4 ,mill1 inde$1 calmly assumes t ! vote goes 9 8 own & ,socrates' fav\r4 ,he says 7p4 #ae73 ,f ?is v]dict ( ! only compet5t judges1 ,i appreh5d !re c be no appeal4 ,on a "q :i* is ! be/ wor? hav+ ( two pleasures1 or :i* ( two modes ( exi/5ce is ! mo/ grateful to ! feel+s1 ap>t f its moral attributes & f its consequ5ces1 ! judgm5t ( ^? :o are qualifi$ by k ( bo?1 or1 if !y diff]1 t ( ! majority among !m1 mu/ be admitt$ z f9al4 ,& !re ne$ be ! less hesitation to accept ?is judgm5t respect+ ! quality ( pleasures1 s9ce !re is no o!r tribunal to be ref]r$ to1 ev5 on ! "q ( quantity4 ,:at means are !re ( det]m9+ :i* is ! acute/ ( two pa9s1 or ! int5se/ ( two pleasurable s5sations1 except ! g5]al suffrage ( ^? :o are famili> ) bo?8 ,n[1 7 we deal+ ) a writ] ( av]age logical accuracy !re w\ld be consid]able presumption t :5 he adduces evid5ce & claims a result 9 8 own fav\r 9 ?is confid5t way1 !re w\ld be "s gr\nd = ! claim4 ,b my scrut9y ( ,mill's ,sy/em ( ,logic has taught me caution 9 admitt+ su* presumptions 9 respect ( 8 writ+s1 & "h is a case 9 po9t4 ,he claims t ! suffrage ( ! majority is 9 fav\r ( ,socrates' life1 al?\gh he has admitt$ t ! va/ majority ( m5 someh[ or o!r elect n to be ,socrates4 ,he assumes1 inde$1 t ?is is because _! aspirations h be5 fir/ kill$ (f by unfav\rable circum/ances2 8 only residuum ( fact is conta9$ 9 ?is some:at hesitat+ conclusion already quot$3-- ,x may be que/ion$ :e!r any "o :o has rema9$ equally susceptible to bo? classes ( pleasures1 ev] kn[+ly & calmly pref]r$ ! l[]2 ?\gh _m1 9 all ages1 h brok5 d[n 9 an ineffectual attempt to comb9e bo?4 ,al?\gh1 !n1 millions & millions are cont9ually decid+ aga9/ ,socrates' life1 = "o reason or ano!r 7& _m 9 all ages :o make ! ineffectual attempt at a comb9ation break d[n71 ,mill gratuit\sly assumes t !y are none ( !m compet5t witnesses1 because !y mu/ h lo/ _! high] feel+s be=e !y c\ld h desc5d$ to ! l[] level2 !n ! comp>atively few :o d *oose ! high] life & succe$ 9 atta9+ x are adduc$ z giv+ a l>ge majority1 or ev5 a unanim\s vote 9 fav\r ( _! own *oice4 ,i submit t ?is is a fallacy probably to be be/ class$ z a petitio pr9cipii2 ,mill entirely begs ! "q :5 he assumes t e witness aga9/ him is an incapacitat$ witness1 because he mu/ h lo/ 8 capacity = ! nobl] feel+s be=e he c\ld h decid$ 9 fav\r ( ! l[]4 ,! v]dict :i* ,mill takes 9 fav\r ( 8 high-quality pleasures is entirely t ( a pack$ jury4 ,x is on a p> ) ! v]dict :i* w\ld be giv5 by veget>ians 9 fav\r ( a vegetable diet4 ,no d\bt1 ^? :o call !mselves veget>ians w\ld almo/ unanim\sly say t x is ! be/ & highe/ diet2 b !n1 all ^? :o h tri$ su* diet & f\nd x impracticable h disappe>$ f ! jury1 toge!r ) all ^? ^: common s5se1 or sci5tific k1 or weak /ate ( heal?1 or o!r circum/ances1 h prev5t$ !m f attempt+ ! exp]im5t4 ,by ! same me?od ( decision1 we might all be requir$ to get up at five o'clock 9 ! morn+ & d f\r h\rs ( head-"w be=e breakfa/1 because ! few h>d-head$ & h>d-bodi$ individuals :o d ?is sort ( ?+ are unanim\sly ( op9ion t x is a heal?ly & pr(itable way ( beg9n+ ! day4 ,( c\rse1 x w be und]/ood t ,i am n d5y+ ! moral sup]iority ( "s pleasures & c\rses ( life ov] o!rs4 ,i am only %[+ t ,mill's attempt to reconcile 8 ideas on ! subject ) ! ,utilit>ian !ory hopelessly fails4 ,! few pleasant pages 9 :i* he makes ?is attempt 7,utilit>ianism1 pp4 #h-bh71 =m1 9 fact1 a mo/ notable piece ( sophi/ical reason+4 ,mu* ( ! int]e/ ( ^! und\bt$ly int]e/+ passages arises f ! kaleidoscopic way 9 :i* ! /&+ difficulties ( e?ical sci5ce are wov5 toge!r1 z if !y 7 logically coh]5t 9 ,mill's mode ( pres5tation4 ,! ideas involv$ are z old z ,plato & ,ari/otle4 ,! high aspirations correspond to to kalon ( ,plato4 ,! sup]ior man :o c judge bo? sides ( ! "q is ! belti/os an] ( ,ari/otle4 ,! ,utilit>ian doctr9e is t ( ,epicurus4 ,n[1 ,mill manag$ to p]suade himself t he c\ld 9 tw5ty pages reconcile ! controv]sies ( ages4 ,nor is x to be suppos$ t ,b5?am1 9 mak+ 8 analysis ( ! conditions ( pleasure1 ov]look$ ! diff]5ce ( high & l[2 he did n ov]look x at all--he analyz$ x4 ,a pleasure to be high mu/ h ! m>ks ( int5sity1 l5g?1 c]ta9ty1 fruitfulness1 & purity1 or ( "s ( ^! at lea/2 & :5 we take ,altruism into acc\nt1 ! feel+s mu/ be ( wide ext5t--t is1 fruitful ( pleasure & devoid ( evil to great numb]s ( p4 ,x is a high] pleasure to build a ,free ,libr>y ?an to e/abli% a new ,race ,c\rse2 n because !re is a ,free-,libr>y-build+ emotion1 :i* is ess5tially bett] ?an a ,race-,c\rse-e/abli%+ emotion1 ea* be+ a simple unanalyzable feel+2 b because we may1 aft] ! model ( inquiry giv5 by ,b5?am1 resolve into its elem5ts ! effect ( "o action & ! o!r ^u ! happ9ess ( ! community4 ,?us1 we %\ld f9d t ,mill propos$ to give g5iality to ! ,utilit>ian philosophy by ?r[+ into confusion :at x 0 ! v m]it ( ,b5?am to h di/+ui%$ & arrang$ sci5tifically4 ,we mu/ hold to ! dry old ,j]emy1 if we are to h any *ance ( progress 9 ,e?ics4 ,mill1 at "s crisis 9 8 m5tal hi/ory1 decid$ 9 fav\r ( a g5ial in/ead ( a logical & sci5tific ,e?ics1 & ! result is ! mixture ( s5tim5t & sophi/ry conta9$ 9 ! attractive pages "u review4 ,9 ord] to treat adequately ( ,mill's e?ical doctr9es x w\ld no d\bt be necess>y to g on to o!r p>ts ( ! ,essays1 & to inquire h[ he treats o!r moral elem5ts1 su* z ! ,social or ,altrui/ic ,feel+s4 ,! exi/5ce ( su* feel+s is admitt$ on p4 #df1 &1 inde$1 insi/$ on z a basis ( p[]ful natural s5tim5t1 con/itut+ ! /r5g? ( ! ,utilit>ian morality4 ,b x w\ld be an endless "w to exam9e all phases ( ,mill's doctr9es1 & to %[ :e!r or n !y are logically consi/5t int] se4 ,!y are really n wor? ! tr\ble4 ,j let u notice1 h[ev]1 h[ he treats ! "q :e!r moral feel+s are innate or n4 ,on ?is po9t ,mill gives 7p4 #de7 ! foll[+ *>act]i/ic deliv]ance3--,if1 z is my own belief1 ! moral feel+s are n innate1 b acquir$1 !y are n = t reason ! less natural4 ,x is natural to man to speak1 to reason1 to build cities1 to cultivate ! gr\nd1 ?\gh ^! are acquir$ faculties4 ,! moral feel+s are n inde$ a "p ( our nature1 9 ! s5se ( be+ 9 any p]ceptible degree pres5t 9 all ( u2 b ?is1 unhappily1 is a fact admitt$ by ^? :o believe ! mo/ /r5u\sly 9 _! transc5d5tal orig94 ,l ! o!r acquir$ capacities above ref]r$ to1 ! moral faculty1 if n a "p ( our nature1 is a natural outgr[? f x2 capable1 l !m1 9 a c]ta9 small degree1 ( spr++ up spontane\sly2 & susceptible ( be+ br\ght by cultivation to a high degree ( developm5t4 ,if life 7 long en\gh1 ,i %\ld l1 ) ! assi/ance ( ! ,me?ods ( ,e?ics1 to analyze ! ideas involv$ 9 ?is passage4 ,i c m]ely sugge/ ! foll[+ que/ions3--,if acquir$ capacities are equally natural ) ^? n acquir$1 :at is ! use ( introduc+ a di/9ction )\t a diff]5ce8 ,if moral feel+s c spr+ up spontane\sly1 ev5 9 ! smalle/ degree1 & !n be develop$ by natural outgr[?s1 h[ d any ( our feel+s diff] f natural ones8 ,:at does ,mill mean1 at ! top ( ! next page1 by speak+ ( moral associations :i* are :olly ( artificial creation8 ,are ^! also n ! less natural because !y are ( artificial creation8 ,if n1 we %\ld l to "k h[ to draw ! l9e betwe5 acquir$ & artificial capacities4 ,h[1 aga91 are we to int]pret ! use ( ! ^w natural1 on p4 #ej1 :]e1 speak+ ( ! deeply-root$ conception :i* e individual ev5 n[ has ( himself z a social be+1 he says-- ,?is feel+ 9 mo/ individuals is mu* inf]ior 9 /r5g? to _! selfi% feel+s1 & is (t5 want+ altoge!r4 ,b to ^? :o h x1 x possesses all ! *>act]s ( a natural feel+4 ,x does n pres5t itself to _! m9ds z a sup]/ition ( education1 c4 ,"h a natural feel+ is contra/$ to ! product ( education1 al?\gh we 7 be=e told t acquir$ capacities1 l speak+1 build+1 cultivat+1 7 none ! less natural4 ,b ,i mu/ c&idly confess t :5 ,mill introduces ! words nature & natural1 ,i am completely baffl$4 ,i give x up4 ,i c no long] f9d any logical m>ks to assi/ me 9 track+ out 8 c\rse ( ?\ght4 ,! ^w nature may be ,mill's key to a pr(\nd philosophy2 b ,i r ?9k x is ! key to _m ( 8 fallacies4 ,i (t5 amuse myself by try+ to imag9e :at ,b5?am w\ld h said ( ,b5?amism exp\nd$ by ,mill4 ,especially w\ld x be int]e/+ to he> ,b5?am on ,mill's use ( ! ^w natural4 ,no passage 9 :i* ,b5?am analyzes ! mean+ ( nature1 or natural1 occurs to me1 b ! foll[+ is 8 treatm5t ( ! ^w unnatural1 z employ$ 9 ,e?ics3-- ,unnatural1 :5 x means any?+1 means unfrequ5t3 & !re x means some?+2 al?\gh no?+ to ! pres5t purpose4 ,b "h x means no su* ?+3 = ! frequ5cy ( su* acts is p]haps ! great compla9t4 ,x !re=e means no?+2 no?+1 ,i mean1 :i* !re is 9 ! act itself4 ,all x c s]ve to express is1 ! disposition ( ! p]son :o is talk+ ( x3 ! disposition he is 9 to be angry at ! ?\ghts ( x4#hd ,w\ld t ! gr& old man1 z he /ill sits b5ignly pond]+ 9 8 own prop] bones & clo!s1 9 ! upp] regions ( a well-kn[n in/itution1 c\ld be got to deliv] himself 9 l /yle ab\t feel+s :i* are n ! less natural because !y are acquir$4 ,be=e pass+ on1 h[ev]1 ,i mu/ po9t out1 9 ! extract f p4 #de1 ! *>act]i/ic habit :i* ,mill has ( m9imiz+ ?+s :i* he is oblig$ to admit4 ,in/ead ( d5y+ /raight=w>dly t we h moral feel+s1 he says !y are n pres5t 9 all ( u 9 any p]ceptible degree4 ,! moral faculty is capable ( spr++ up spontane\sly 9 a c]ta9 small degree4 ,?is w rem9d e read] ( ! way 9 :i*1 9 8 ,essays on ,religion1 in/ead ( flatly adopt+ ,a!ism or ,!ism1 :i* are cle> logical negatives ea* ( ! o!r1 he concludes t ?\gh ,god is almo/ prov$ n to exi/1 ,he may possibly exi/1 & we mu/ imag9e ?is *ance to be z l>ge z we c1 ?\gh x belongs only to "o ( ! l[] degrees ( probability4 ,exactly ! same mann] ( meet+ a weighty "q w be discov]$ aga9 9 8 demon/ration ( ! non-exi/5ce ( necess>y tru?s4 ,i %all hope to exam9e c>efully 8 treatm5t ( ?is important "p ( philosophy on a future occasion4 ,we %all !n f9d1 ,i believe1 t 8 argum5t proves non-exi/5ce ( su* ?+s z necess>y tru?s1 because ^? tru?s :i* _c be expla9$ on ! association pr9ciple are v few inde$4 ,i beg p>don = introduc+ an incongru\s illu/ration1 b ,mill's mann] ( m9imiz+ an all-important admission (t5 irresi/ibly rem9ds me ( ! "y woman :o1 be+ tax$ ) hav+ borne a *ild1 repli$ t x 0 only a v small "o4 ,su* are ! intricacies & wide ext5t ( e?ical que/ions1 t x is n practicable to pursue ! analysis ( ,mill's doctr9e 9 at all a full mann]4 ,we _c detect ! fallaci\s reason+ ) ! same precision z 9 matt]s ( geometric & logical sci5ce4 ,?is analysis is ! less ne$ful too1 because1 s9ce ,mill's ,essays appe>$1 ,moral ,philosophy has und]gone a revolution4 ,i d n s mu* allude to ! re=m effect$ by ,mr4 ,sidgwick's ,me?ods ( ,e?ics1 ?\gh t is a great "o1 introduc+ z x does a precision ( ?\ght & nom5clature :i* 0 previ\sly want+4 ,i allude1 ( c\rse1 to ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,sp5c]ian ,!ory ( ,morals1 :i* has made a new era 9 philosophy4#he ,mill has be5 s+ul>ly un=tunate f ?is po9t ( view4 ,he might be def9$ z ! la/ great philosophic writ] conspicu\s = 8 ignorance ( ! pr9ciples ( evolution4 ,he br\ght to confusion ! philosophy ( 8 ma/]1 ,b5?am2 he ignor$ t :i* 0 p>tly to replace1 p>tly to complete x4 ,i am aw>e t1 9 h] ,introductory ,notice to ! ,essays on ,religion 7p4 viii471 ,miss ,hel5 ,taylor apologizes = ,mill hav+ omitt$ any ref]5ces to ! works ( ,mr4 ,d>w9 & ,sir ,h5ry ,ma9e 9 passages :]e !re is co9cid5ce ( ?\ght ) ^? writ]s1 or :]e subjects are treat$ :i* !y h s9ce discuss$ 9 a mann] to :i* ! ,au?or ( ^! ,essays w\ld c]ta9ly h ref]r$ _h _! works be5 publi%$ be=e ^! 7 writt54#hf ,"h x is impli$ t ,mill anticipat$ ! au?ors ( ! ,evolution philosophy 9 "s ( _! ?\ghts1 & x is a mo/ amiable & p>donable bias :i* leads ,miss ,taylor to f9d 9 ! works ( "o s de> to h] t :i* is n !re4 ,! fact is t ! :ole tone ( ,mill's moral & political writ+s is totally oppos$ to ! tea*+ ( ,d>w9 & ,sp5c]1 ,taylor & ,ma9e4 ,mill's idea ( human nature 0 t we came into ! _w l lumps ( s(t clay1 to be %ap$ by ! accid5ts ( life1 or ! c>e ( ^? :o educate u4 ,au/9 insi/$ on ! evid5ce :i* hi/ory & daily exp]i5ce af=d ( ! extraord9>y pliability ( human nature1 & ,mill borr[$ ! phrase f him4#hg ,no phrase c\ld bett] express ! misappreh5sions ( human nature :i*1 x is to be hop$1 w cease = ev] ) ! la/ g5]ation ( writ]s4 ,human nature is "o ( ! la/ ?+s :i* c be call$ pliable4 ,granite rocks c be m easily m\ld$ ?an ! poor savages t hide among !m4 ,we are all ( u full ( deep spr+s ( unconqu]able "*1 :i* education may 9 "s degree s(t5 or develop1 b c nei!r create nor de/roy4 ,! m9d c be %ap$ ab\t z mu* z ! body2 x may be />v$ into feebl5ess1 or f$ & ex]cis$ into vig\r & fulness2 b we />t always ) inh]5t h]$it>y p[]s ( gr[?4 ,! non-recognition ( ?is fact is ! great defect 9 ! moral sy/em ( ,b5?am4 ,! great ,j]emy 0 accu/om$ to make %ort "w ) ! ?+s :i* he did n und]/&1 & x is ?us he disposes ( ! pret5d$ sy/em ( a moral s5se3#hh ,"o man says he has a ?+ made on purpose to tell him :at is "r & :at is wrong1 & t x is call$ a moral s5se2 & !n he goes to 8 "w at 8 ease1 & says su* a ?+ is "r & su* a ?+ is wrong--,:y8 because my moral s5se tells me x is4 ,b5?am !n bluntly ignor$ ! validity ( innate feel+s1 b ?is omission1 ?\gh a great defect1 did n mu* dim9i% ! value ( 8 analysis ( ! good & bad effects ( actions4 ,mill disc>d$ ! admirable ,b5?ami/ analysis1 b fail$ to introduce ! true ,evolutioni/ pr9ciples2 ?us he falls betwe5 ! two4 ,x is to ,h]b]t ,sp5c] we mu/ look = a m tru?ful philosophy ( morals ?an 0 possible be=e 8 "t4 ,! publication ( ! fir/ "p ( 8 ,pr9ciples ( ,morality1 "u ! title ,! ,data ( ,e?ics1 gives u1 9 a def9ite =m1 & 9 8 =m1 :at we c\ld previ\sly only inf] f ! g5]al c\rse ( 8 philosophy & f 8 brief lett] on ,utilit>ianism address$ to ,mill4 ,al?\gh b fragm5ts1 ^! writ+s enable u to see t a def9ite /ep has be5 made 9 a matt] debat$ s9ce ! dawn ( intellect4 ,! moral s5se doctr9e1 s rudely treat$ by ,b5?am1 is no long] incapable ( reconciliation ) ! greate/ happ9ess pr9ciple1 only x n[ becomes a mov+ & developable moral s5se4 ,an absolute & unalt]able moral /&>d 0 oppos$ to ! palpable fact t cu/oms & feel+s diff] widely1 & ,paley1 on ?is gr\nd1 0 induc$ to reject x4 ,n[ we p]ceive t we all h a moral s5se2 b ! moral s5se ( "o individual1 & /ill m ( "o race1 may diff] f t ( ano!r individual or race4 ,ea* is m or less fitt$ to its circum/ances1 & ! be/ is asc]ta9$ by ev5tual success4 ,at ! tail end ( an article x is1 ( c\rse1 impossible to discuss ! gr\nds or results ( ! ,sp5c]ian philosophy4 ,to me x pres5ts itself1 9 its ma9 features1 z unque/ionably true2 inde$1 x is already difficult to look back & imag9e h[ philosoph]s c\ld h d5i$ ( ! human m9d & actions :at is s obvi\sly true ( ! animal races g5]ally4 ,z a reaction f ! old views ab\t innate ideas1 ! philosoph]s ( ! eighte5? c5tury wi%$ to believe t ! human m9d 0 a k9d ( tabula rasa1 or c>te blan*e1 ^u :i* education c\ld impress any "*4 ,b if s1 :y n h>ness ! lion1 & tea* ! %eep to drive away ! wolf8 ,if ! moral1 n to speak ( ! physical *>act]i/ics ( ! l[] animals1 are s di/9ct1 :y %\ld !re n be moral & m5tal diff]5ces among ourselves1 desc5d+1 z we obvi\sly d1 f diff]5t /ocks ) diff]5t physical *>act]i/ics8 ,notice :at ,mr4 ,d>w9 says on ?is po9t3-- ,mr4 ,j4 ,s4 ,mill speaks1 9 8 celebrat$ "w1 ',utilit>ianism' 7#ahfd1 p4 #df71 ( ! social feel+s z a 'p[]ful natural s5tim5t1' & z '! natural basis ( s5tim5t = utilit>ian morality2' b on ! previ\s page he says1 'if1 z is my own belief1 ! moral feel+s are n innate1 b acquir$1 !y are n = t reason less natural4' ,x is ) hesitation t ,i v5ture to diff] f s pr(\nd a ?9k]1 b x c h>dly be disput$ t ! social feel+s are in/9ctive or innate 9 ! l[] animals2 & :y %\ld !y n be s 9 man8 ,mr4 ,ba9 & o!rs believe t ! moral s5se is acquir$ by ea* individual dur+ 8 lifetime4 ,on ! g5]al !ory ( evolution ?is is at lea/ extremely improbable4#hi ,_m p]sons may be incl9$ to l ! philosophy ( ,sp5c] no bett] ?an t ( ,mill4 ,b1 if ! "o be true & ! o!r false1 lik+ & dislik+ h no place 9 ! matt]4 ,!re may be _m ?+s :i* we _c possibly l2 b if !y are1 !y are4 ,x is possible t ! ,pr9ciples ( ,evolution1 z exp\nd$ by ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 may seem z want+ 9 g5iality z ! =mulas ( ,b5?am4 ,!re is no?+ g5ial1 x mu/ be confess$1 ab\t ! mollusca & o!r cold-blood$ organisms ) :i* ,mr4 ,sp5c] p]petually illu/rates 8 pr9ciples4 ,heav5 =bid t any "o %\ld try to give g5iality to ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s views ( e?ics by any op]ation comp>able to t :i* ,mill p]=m$ ^u ,b5?amism4 ,nev]!less1 ,i fully believe t all :i* is s9i/] & ung5ial 9 ! ,philosophy ( ,evolution is ei!r ! expression ( unque/ionable facts1 or else x is ! outcome ( mis9t]pretation4 ,x is impossible to see h[ ,mr4 ,sp5c]1 any m ?an o!r p1 c expla9 away ! exi/5ce ( pa9 & evil4 ,nobody has done ?is2 p]haps nobody ev] %all d x2 c]ta9ly sy/ems ( ,!ology w n d x4 ,a true philosoph] w n expect to solve ev]y?+4 ,b if we admit ! pat5t fact t pa9 exi/s1 let u obs]ve also ! t5d5cy :i* ,sp5c] & ,d>w9 e/abli% t[>ds its m9imization4 ,evolution is a /riv+ ev] t[>ds ! bett] & ! happi]4 ,!re may be almo/ inf9ite p[]s aga9/ u1 b at lea/ !re is a deep-laid s*eme work+ t[>ds goodness & happ9ess4 ,s pr(\nd & wide-spread is ?is conf$]acy ( ! p[]s ( good1 t no failure & no s]ies ( failures c disconc]t x4 ,let mank9d be ?r[n back a hundr$ times1 & a hundr$ times ! bett] t5d5cies ( evolution w re-ass]t !mselves4 ,paley po9t$ out h[ _m beautiful contrivances !re are 9 ! human =m1 t5d+ to our b5efit4 ,sp5c] has po9t$ out t ! ,univ]se is "o deep-laid framework = ! production ( su* b5efic5t contrivances4 ,paley call$ ^u u to admire su* exquisite inv5tions z a h& or an eye4 ,sp5c] calls ^u u to admire a ma*9e :i* is ! mo/ compreh5sive ( all ma*9es1 because x is ev] engag$ 9 inv5t+ b5eficial inv5tions ad inf9itum4 ,su* at lea/ is my way ( reg>d+ 8 ,philosophy4 ,d>w91 inde$1 cautions u aga9/ suppos+ t natural selection always leads t[>ds ! production ( high] & happi] types ( life4 ,retrogression may result z well z progression4 ,b ,i appreh5d t retrogression c only occur :]e ! environm5t ( a liv+ species is alt]$ to its detrim5t4 ,mank9d deg5]ates :5 =c$1 l ! ,esquimaux1 to inhabit ! ,arctic regions4 ,/ill 9 retrograd+1 9 a s5se1 ! be+ becomes m suit$ to its circum/ances--m capable !re=e ( happ9ess4 ,! inv5t+ ma*9e ( ,evolution w\ld be work+ badly if x work$ o!rwise4 ,b1 h[ev] ?is may be1 we mu/ accept ! philosophy if x be true1 &1 = my "p1 ,i d s )\t reluctance4 ,accord+ to ,mill1 we are little self-dep5d5t gods1 fight+ ) a malignant & murd]\s p[] call$ ,nature1 sure1 "o w\ld ?9k1 to be wor/$ 9 ! /ruggle4 ,accord+ to ,sp5c]1 z ,i v5ture to int]pret 8 !ory1 we are ! late/ manife/ation ( an all-prevail+ t5d5cy t[>ds ! good--! happy4 ,creation is n yet conclud$1 & !re is no "o ( u :o may n become consci\s 9 8 he>t t he is no ,automaton1 no m]e lump ( ,protoplasm1 b ! ,creature ( a ,creator4 ,w4 ,,/anley ,,jevons4 ,,footnotes3 #gf ,utilit>ianism1 fif? edition1 p4 #i1 foot-note4 ,except :]e o!rwise specifi$1 ! ref]5ces ?r\gh\t ?is article w be to ! pages ( ! fif? edition ( ,utilit>ianism4 #gg ,=tnightly ,review1 ,may1 #ahgg1 vol4 xxi4 p4 #fdh4 #gh ,! ,pr9ciples ( ,moral & ,political ,philosophy1 ,book ,i4 *ap4 vi4 #bnd p>agraph4 #gi ,an ,introduction to ! ,pr9ciples ( ,morals & ,legislation1 p4 #a4 #hj ,pr9ciples1 c4 *ap4 iv4 sect4 #b-e4 ,! /atem5t is n a v]batim extract b an abridgm5t ( ! sections nam$4 #ha ,autobiography1 p4 #bad4 #hb ,utilit>ianism1 p4 #aa4 #hc ,italicis$ by ! pres5t writ]4 #hd ,pr9ciples ( ,morals & ,legislation1 ed4 #ahbc1 vol4 i4 p4 #ca4 #he ,a v important article by ,dr4 ,e4 ,l4 ,y\mans ^u ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s philosophy has j appe>$ 9 ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,review = ,octob]1 #ahgi4 ,dr4 ,y\mans traces ! hi/ory ( ! ,evolution doctr9es1 & proves ! orig9ality & indep5d5ce ( ,mr4 ,sp5c] z reg>ds ! closely relat$ views ( ,mr4 ,d>w91 ,mr4 ,wallace1 & ,pr(essor ,huxley4 ,! em95t m5 9 "q are no d\bt 9 p]fect agreem5t2 b ,dr4 ,y\mans seems to ?9k t read]s 9 g5]al d n prop]ly und]/& ! s+ul> orig9ality & boldness ( ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s va/ & p>tially accompli%$ ent]prise 9 philosophy4 #hf ,mr4 ,morley does n seem to c\nt5ance any su* claims4 ,on ! contr>y1 he rem>ks 9 8 ,critical ,miscellanies1 p4 #cbd1 t ,mill's ,essays lose 9 int]e/ by n deal+ ) ! ,d>w9ian hypo!sis4 #hg ,autobiography1 p4 #ahg4 #hh ,pr9ciples ( ,morals1 c41 p4 #bi4 #hi ,! ,desc5t ( ,man1 & ,selection 9 ,relation to ,sex1 #ahga1 vol4 i4 p4 #ga4 ,i _c help ?9k+ t ,mr4 ,d>w9 felt ! inconsi/5cy & confusion ( ideas 9 ! passages quot$1 al?\gh he does n s express himself4 ,o!rwise1 :y does he quote f two pages8