,,religions ,,anci5t ,,& ,,mod]n    ,,! 
,,psy*ological ,,orig9   ,,& ,,!        
,,nature ,,( ,,religion     ,,religions3
 ,,anci5t ,,& ,,mod]n  ,animism4 ,by    
,,edw>d ,,clodd1 au?or ( ,! ,/ory (     
,creation4  ,pan!ism4 ,by ,,james       
,,allanson ,,picton1 au?or ( ,!         
,religion ( ! ,univ]se4  ,! ,religions (
 ,anci5t ,*9a4 ,by ,pr(essor ,,giles1   
,,ll4,d41 ,pr(essor ( ,*9ese 9 !        
,univ]sity ( ,cambridge4  ,! ,religion (
 ,anci5t ,greece4 ,by ,,jane ,,h>rison1 
,lectur] at ,newnham ,college1          
,cambridge1 au?or ( ,prolegom5a to ,/udy
 ( ,greek ,religion4  ,islam4 ,by ! ,rt4
 ,hon4 ,,ame] ,,ali ,,sy$1 ( ! ,judicial
 ,committee ( ,8 ,maje/y's ,privy       
,c\ncil1 au?or ( ,! ,_s ( ,islam &      
,e?ics ( ,islam4  ,magic & ,feti%ism4   
,by ,dr4 ,a4 ,c4 ,,haddon1 ,f4,r4,s41   
,lectur] on ,e?nology at ,cambridge     
,univ]sity4  ,! ,religion ( ,anci5t     
,egypt4 ,by ,pr(essor ,w4 ,m4 ,,fl9d]s  
,,petrie1 ,f4,r4,s4  ,! ,religion (     
,babylonia & ,assyria4 ,by ,,!ophilus   

,g4 ,,p9*es1 late ( ! ,briti% ,museum4  
,e>ly ,buddhism4 ,by ,pr(essor ,,rhys   
,,davids1 ,,ll4,d41 late ,secret>y ( ,! 
,royal ,asiatic ,society4  ,h9duism4 ,by
 ,dr4 ,l4 ,d4 ,,b>nett1 ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( 
,ori5tal ,pr9t$ ,books & ,,mss41 ,briti%
 ,museum4  ,sc&9avian ,religion4 ,by    
,,william ,a4 ,,craigie1 ,jo9t ,editor (
 ! ,ox=d ,engli% ,diction>y4  ,celtic   
,religion4 ,by ,pr(essor ,,anwyl1       
,pr(essor ( ,wel% at ,univ]sity         
,college1 ,ab]y/wy?4  ,! ,my?ology (    
,anci5t ,brita9 & ,irel&4 ,by ,,*>les   
,,squire1 au?or ( ,! ,my?ology ( !      
,briti% ,isl&s4  ,judaism4 ,by ,,israel 
,,abrahams1 ,lectur] 9 ,talmudic        
,lit]ature 9 ,cambridge ,univ]sity1     
au?or ( ,jewi% ,life 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 
,! ,religion ( ,anci5t ,rome4 ,by       
,,cyril ,,bailey1 ,m4,a4  ,%9to1 ,!     
,anci5t ,religion ( ,japan4 ,by ,w4 ,g4 
,,a/on1 ,c4 ,m4 ,g4  ,! ,religion (     
,anci5t ,mexico & ,p]u4 ,by ,,lewis     
,,sp5ce1 ,m4,a4  ,e>ly ,*ri/ianity4 ,by 
,s4 ,b4 ,,black1 ,pr(essor at ,m',gill  

,univ]sity4  ,! ,psy*ological ,orig9 &  
,nature ( ,religion4 ,by ,pr(essor ,j4  
,h4 ,,leuba4  ,! ,religion ( ,anci5t    
,pale/9e4 ,by ,,/anley ,a4 ,,cook4      
,mi?raism4 ,by ,w4 ,j4                  
,,phy?ian-,,adams4   ,,philosophies     
,e>ly ,greek ,philosophy4 ,by ,a4 ,w4   
,,b5n1 au?or ( ,! ,philosophy ( ,greece1
 ,rationalism 9 ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury4     
,/oicism4 ,by ,pr(essor ,,/4 ,,george   
,,/ock1 au?or ( ,d$uctive ,logic1 editor
 ( ! ,apology ( ,plato1 etc4  ,plato4   
,by ,pr(essor ,a4 ,e4 ,,taylor1 ,/4     
,&rews ,univ]sity1 au?or ( ,! ,problem (
 ,conduct4  ,s*ola/icism4 ,by ,fa!r     
,,rickaby1 ,s4,j4  ,hobbes4 ,by         
,pr(essor ,a4 ,e4 ,,taylor4  ,locke4 ,by
 ,pr(essor ,,alex&]1 ( ,ow5s ,college4  
,comte & ,mill4 ,by ,t4 ,,:ittak]1 au?or
 ( ,! ,neoplatoni/s ,apollonius ( ,tyana
 & o!r ,essays4  ,h]b]t ,sp5c]4 ,by ,w4 
,h4 ,,hudson1 au?or ( ,an ,introduction 
to ,sp5c]'s ,philosophy4  ,s*op5hau]4   
,by ,t4 ,,:ittak]4  ,b]keley4 ,by       
,pr(essor ,,campbell ,,fras]1 ,d4,c4,l41

 ,,ll4,d4  ,sw$5borg4 ,by ,dr4 ,,sewall4
  ,nietzs*e3 ,8 ,life & ,works4 ,by     
,,an?ony ,m4 ,,ludovi*4  ,b]gson4 ,by   
,,joseph ,,solomon4  ,rationalism4 ,by  
,j4 ,m4 ,,rob]tson4  ,pragmatism4 ,by   
,d4 ,l4 ,,murray4  ,rudolf ,euck54 ,by  
,w4 ,,tudor-,,jones4  ,epicurus4 ,by    
,pr(essor ,a4 ,e4 ,,taylor4  ,william   
,james4 ,by ,,h[>d ,v4 ,,knox4       ,,!
 ,,psy*ological ,,orig9   ,,& ,,!       
,,nature ,,( ,,religion     ,by ,,james 
,h4 ,,leuba   ,,bryn ,,mawr ,,college1  
,u4,s4,a4     ,,london   ,,con/able     
,,company ,,ltd   #aj ,,& #ab ,,orange  
,,/reet ,,leice/] ,,squ>e ,w4,c4#b      
#aiba     ,,preface   ,?is little book1 
! la/ ( a s]ies ( simil> volumes ea*    
conta9+ an exposition by a recognis$    
au?ority ( "o ( ! _m ,religions ! _w has
 kn[n1 might h be5 put ) z mu* propriety
 at ! head ( ! s]ies1 !re to %[ h[      
,religion orig9at$ 9 ! m9d ( man1 :at   
m5tal p[]s x presupposes1 :at is its    
nature & :at its relation to !          
non-religi\s life4 ,b "o is1 no d\bt1   

bett] able to take up pr(itably ^!      
problems aft] hav+ famili>is$ oneself ) 
! sev]al aspects ( religi\s life4 ,!re=e
 ,! ,psy*ological ,orig9 & ! ,nature (  
,religion 0 plac$ at ! end1 :]e x       
fulfils ! additional purpose ( l9k+ !   
conclud$ s]ies ( ,hi/ories ( ,religions 
) a cognate "o1 n[ be+ prep>$ by ! same 
publi%]s1 on ,anci5t & ,mod]n ,sy/ems ( 
,philosophy4     ,,cont5ts     ,,*ap4   
,,page      ,i4 ,,! ,,fundam5tal        
,,nature ,,( ,,religion1                
#a     ,,ii4 ,,?ree ,,types ,,(         
,,behavi\r ,,diff]5tiat$1               
#aa    ,,iii4 ,,orig9 ,,( ,,! ,,ideas   
,,( ,,gho/s1 ,,nature-,,be+s1 ,,&       
,,gods1        #ci     ,,iv4 ,,magic ,,&
 ,,religion1                            
#dh         ,magic classifi$1           
#di         ,two ,!ses ma9ta9$3 7#a7 !  
probable priority ( ,magic2        7#b7 
! indep5d5ce ( ,religion f ,magic1      
#ec         ,magic & ,religion comb9e1 b
 nev] fuse1                    #fe      
,:at did ,magic contribute to ! mak+ (  

,religion8           #fh         ,magic 
& ! ,orig9 ( ,sci5ce1                   
#gd      ,v4 ,,! ,,orig9al ,,emotion ,,(
 ,,primitive ,,religi\s ,,life1         
#hj     ,,vi4 ,,conclud+ ,,rem>ks ,,on  
,,! ,,nature ,,& ,,! ,,function ,,(     
,,religion1                             
#hg     ,,! ,,psy*ological ,,orig9 ,,&  
,,! ,,nature ,,( ,,religion     ,,*apt] 
,i  ,,! ,,fundam5tal ,,nature ,,(       
,,religion   ,! op9ions advanc$ 9 ?is   
essay & ! argum5ts ) :i* !y are support$
 w be m readily appreciat$ if !         
fundam5tal nature ( ,religion is set =? 
9 a few introductory pages4  ,! /ud5ts (
 ,religion h usually be5 cont5t to      
describe x ei!r 9 intellectual or 9     
affective t]ms4 ',?is p>ticul> idea or  
belief1' or '?is p>ticul> feel+ or      
emotion1' is1 !y h said1 '! ess5ce' or !
 'vital elem5t' ( ,religion4 ,s t mo/ ( 
! hundr$s ( def9itions :i* h be5 propos$
 fall into two classes4 ,we h1 on ! "o  
h&1 ! def9itions ( ,sp5c]1 ,max ,muell]1
 ,romanes1 ,goblet d',alviella1 & o!rs1 

= :om ,religion is '! recognition ( a   
my/]y press+ = int]pretation1' or 'a    
dep>tm5t ( ?\ght1' or 'a belief 9       
sup]human be+s'2 &1 on ! o!r1 ! =mulas (
 ,s*lei]ma*]1 ! ,rits*lian !ologians1   
,tiele1 etc41 :o hold t ,religion is 'a 
feel+ ( absolute dep5d5ce ^u ,god1' or  
't pure & rev]5tial disposition or frame
 ( m9d we call piety4' ,accord+ to      
,tiele1 '! ess5ce ( piety1 &1 !re=e1 !  
ess5ce ( ,religion1 is adoration4'  ,!  
rec5t advance ( psy*ological sci5ce & ! 
increas+ly c>eful & m9ute "w (          
e?nographi/s h t5d$ to discr$it ^!      
"o-sid$ conceptions4 ,to-day x has      
become cu/om>y to admit t '9 ,religion  
all sides ( ! p]sonality p>ticipate4 ,w1
 feel+1 & intellig5ce are necess>y &    
insep>able con/itu5ts ( ,religion4' ,b  
/atem5ts su* z ?is "o d n necess>ily    
imply a correct und]/&+ ( ! functional  
relation ( ! ?ree aspects ( psy*ic life4
 ,"o may be acqua9t$ ) ! ?ree bran*es ( 
gov]nm5t--legislative1 executive1 &     
judicial--& nev]!less grossly misund]/& 

_! respective functions4 ,pfleid]]1 =   
in/ance1 ha/5s to add to ! s5t5ces la/  
quot$1 ',( c\rse we mu/ recognise t kn[+
 & will+ are "h 9 religion n ends 9     
!mselves1 z 9 sci5ce & 9 morality1 b r  
subord9ate to feel+ z ! real c5tre (    
religi\s consci\sness4' ,?us feel+      
reappe>s z ! real c5tre ( religi\s      
consci\sness4 ,:at ! au?or may well h   
meant "h by 'c5tre1' ,i d n "k4 ,a      
simil> criticism is applicable to ,max  
,muell] & to ,guyau4 ,! latt] beg9s     
promis+ly ) a criticism ( ! "o-sid$     
=mulas ( ,s*lei]ma*] & ( ,feu]ba*1 &    
decl>es t !y %\ld be comb9$4 ',!        
religi\s s5tim5t1' says he1 is 'prim>ily
 no d\bt a feel+ ( dep5d5ce4 ,b ?is     
feel+ ( dep5d5ce really to give bir? to 
,religion mu/ provoke 9 "o a reaction--a
 desire = deliv]ance4' ,v good1 inde$6  
,b1 on proce$+1 ! read] discov]s t !    
op9ion ! book def5ds is t ',religion is 
! outcome ( an ef=t to expla9 all       
?+s--physical1 metaphysical1 & moral--by
 analogies drawn f human society1       

imag9atively & symbolically consid]$4 ,9
 %ort1 x is a univ]sal1 sociological    
hypo!sis1 my?ical 9 =m4'#a ,:at is ?is b
 once m ! intellectuali/ic position8    
,religion aris+ f an ef=t to expla92    
,religion an hypo!sis6 ,x is ,h]b]t     
,sp5c] ov] aga9 ) an additional /atem5t 
conc]n+ ! way 9 :i* man attempts to     
expla9 '! my/]y press+ = int]pretation4'
  ,x mu/ be admitt$1 h[ev]1 t sev]al ( !
 m rec5t def9itions h completely brok5 )
 ?is bad psy*ology4 ,among ^! are ^? (  
,j4 ,g4 ,fraz]1 ( ,a4 ,sabati]1 & (     
,william ,james4 ,! fir/ und]/&s by     
,religion 'propitiation1 or conciliation
 ( p[]s sup]ior to man1 :i* are believ$ 
to direct & control ! c\rse ( nature & (
 human life4'#b ,= ,a4 ,sabati]1        
,religion 'is a comm]ce1 a consci\s &   
will$ relation into :i* ! s\l 9 di/ress 
ent]s ) ! my/]i\s p[] on :i* x feels t x
 & its de/9y dep5d4'#c ,william ,james  
expresses 8 m9d ?us3 ',9 broade/ & mo/  
g5]al t]ms possible1 "o might say t     
religi\s life consi/s 9 ! belief t !re  

is an unse5 ord]1 & t our supreme good  
lies 9 h>moni\sly adju/+ ourselves      
!reto4 ,?is belief & ?is adju/m5t are ! 
religi\s attitude ( ! s\l4 ,9 ! ord9>y  
s5se ( ! ^w1 h[ev]1 no attitude is      
acc\nt$ religi\s unless x be grave &    
s]i\s2 ! trifl+1 sne]+ attitude ( a     
,voltaire mu/ be ?r[n out if we w\ld n  
/ra9 ! ord9>y use ( language4 ,moreov]1 
!re mu/ be some?+ solemn1 s]i\s1 & t5d] 
ab\t any attitude :i* we d5om9ate       
,religion4 ,if glad1 x mu/ n gr9 or     
snigg]2 if sad1 x mu/ n scream or curse4
 ,! sallies ( a ,s*op5hau] & a ,nietzs*e
 lack ! purgatorial note :i* religi\s   
sadness gives =?4 ,& f9ally we mu/      
exclude also ! *ill+ reflections (      
,m>cus ,aurelius on ! et]nal reason1 z  
well z ! passionate outcry ( ,job4'#d   
,b ! battle aga9/ intellectuali/ic &    
affectivi/ic conceptions ( ,religion is 
n yet won4 ,! rec5t def9itions ( ,tiele 
& ( ,kaftan %[ only too cle>ly h[ /rong 
! t5d5cy rema9s to id5tify ,religion )  
"s feel+ or emotion4         99       99

       99       99       99  ,z ! amaz+ 
discrepancies & contradictions (f]$ by  
au?oris$ def9itions ( ,religion arise1 9
 my op9ion1 prim>ily f a faulty         
psy*ology1 a mom5t may pr(itably be     
devot$ to an unte*nical /atem5t ( !     
pres5t tea*+ ( t sci5ce ^u ! relation   
exi/+ betwe5 ! ?ree ackn[l$g$ modes (   
consci\sness--will+1 feel+1 & ?9k+4     
,ari/otle *>act]is$ man z ?9k+-desire4  
,9 sw++ back f ,intellectualism to      
,volunt>ism1 mod]n psy*ology has accept$
 ! fundam5tal tru? excell5tly express$  
by ! ,greek philosoph]4 ',w is n m]ely a
 function :i* sometimes accrues to      
consci\sness1 & is sometimes lack+2 x is
 an integral prop]ty ( consci\sness4'#e 
,w )\t intellig5ce may be possible2 b   
intellig5ce )\t w is n1 n ev5 9 ! case (
 s-call$ dis9t]e/$1 !oretical ?9k+4 ,!re
 is1 !re c be1 no ?9k+ )\t desire1      
int5tion1 or purpose4 ',! "o ?+ t /&s   
out1' says1 = in/ance1 ,pr(essor ,dewey1
 'is t ?9k+ is inquiry1 & t k z sci5ce  
is ! outcome ( sy/ematically direct$    

inquiry4' ,?\ght absolutely undirect$   
w\ld be n ev5 a dream--m]e mean+less1   
*aotic atoms ( ?\ght4 ,x is ! int5tion1 
! purpose1 :i* makes ?\ght :at x is2 t  
is to say1 significant4 ,we ?9k because 
we w4 ,?\ght does n exi/ = itself2 x is 
! in/rum5t ( desire4 ,to discov] ways & 
means ( gratify+ proximate or di/ant    
desires1 ne$s1 crav+s1 is ! function (  
intellig5ce4 ,! psy*ologi/ speaks1      
!re=e1 ( ! in/rum5tal "* ( ?\ght1 &     
consid]s cognition to be a function (   
conduct4 ,! ma/]y ( desire ov] ?\ght is 
abundantly illu/rat$ 9 ! hi/ory (       
belief1 & n[h]e s /rik+ly z 9 ,religion4
  ,) reg>d to ! relation ( feel+ to ! w 
& to ! intellect1 x is to be obs]v$ t   
:]e !re is desire = an object1 !re lik+ 
is pres5t2 &1 conv]sely1 :]e !re is     
lik+1 !re actual or pot5tial desire is  
felt4 ,z to s5tim5ts & emotions1 !y     
involve ideas & conative elem5ts 9      
addition to s5sations & feel+s4 ,an     
emotion is a reaction1 ! response ( an  
organism to a situation4 ,x is a =m (   

action4 ,ari/otle's *>act]isation ( man 
is ?us se5 to be adequate2 x does n     
leave out ! feel+s1 z x might seem at   
fir/4 ,?9k+-desire includes ! affection 
s9ce x is includ$ 9 desire4 ,e pulse (  
consci\sness is psy*ically comp\nd$ ( w1
 feel+1 & ?\ght4 ,successive mom5ts c   
diff] "o f ! o!r nei!r 9 ! abs5ce ( "o  
or two ( ^! ?ree con/itu5ts1 nor 9 !    
ess5tial relation !y be> to "o ano!r--t 
is fix$ & un*angeable--b only 9 !       
int5sity & vividness ( _! respective    
compon5ts4 ,?is1 !n1 is ! d\ble tea*+ ( 
psy*ology 9 ?is matt]3--7#a7 ,w1 feel+1 
& ?\ght ent] 9 "s degree into e mom5t ( 
consci\sness :i* c be look$ ^u z an     
actuality1 & n m]ely z an ab/raction2 !y
 are necess>y con/itu5ts ( consci\sness4
 ,! unit ( consci\s life is nei!r ?\ght1
 nor feel+1 nor w1 b all ?ree 9 movem5t 
t[>ds an object4 7#b7 ,! w is primal2   
or1 9 o!r words1 consci\s life is always
 ori5t$ t[>ds some?+ to be secur$ or    
avoid$ imm$iately or ultimately4  ,if1 )
 ?is conception 9 m9d1 we turn to       

,religion1 we %all und]/& x to be       
comp\nd$ ( w1 ?\ght1 & feel+1 be>+ to   
ea* o!r ! relation :i* belongs to !m 9 e
 dep>tm5t ( life4 ,& x w1 moreov]1 be   
cle> t a purpose or an ideal1 i4e4      
some?+ to be atta9$ or ma9ta9$1 mu/     
always be at ! root ( x4 ,! outcome ( ! 
application ( curr5t psy*ological tea*+ 
to religi\s life is1 !n1 to lead u to   
reg>d ,religion z a p>ticul> k9d (      
activity1 z a mode or type ( behavi\r1 &
 to make x z impossible = u to id5tify x
 ) a p>ticul> emotion or ) a p>ticul>   
belief1 z x w\ld be to id5tify1 let u   
say1 family life ) affection1 or to     
def9e trade z 'belief 9 ! productivity (
 ex*ange'2 or comm]ce z 'gre$ t\*$ ) a  
feel+ ( dep5d5ce ^u society4' ,& yet ?is
 la/ def9ition is no less in=m+ &       
adequate ?an ! f>-fam$ =mula ( ,mat!w   
,arnold1 :i* ,i =be> to repeat4 ,we     
%all1 h[ev]1 h to rememb] t ,religion is
 multi=m1 & t c]ta9 ideas1 emotions1 &  
purposes appe> 9 x prom95tly at c]ta9   
mom5ts1 & o!r ideas1 emotions1 &        

purposes at o!r times4 ,b nei!r prom95ce
 nor pr$om9ance is synonym\s ) 'ess5ce' 
or ) 'vital elem5t4'  ,i d n int5d1 at  
?is /age ( our inquiry1 to (f] a        
complete def9ition ( ,religion4 ,b ,i   
mu/ gu>d aga9/ a possible               
mis9t]pretation4 ,9 speak+ ( ,religion z
 an activity1 or z a type ( behavi\r1 ,i
 w\ld n be und]/ood to exclude f x      
:atev] does n express itself 9 ov]t     
acts1 9 rites ( propitiation1           
submission1 or adoration4 ,=1 j z man's 
relations ) 8 fell[-m5 are n all        
directly express$1 or expressible1 9    
actions1 s 8 relations ) gods1 or _!    
imp]sonal sub/itutes1 may n h any       
visible =m2 !y may rema9 purely         
subjective & none ! less ex]cise a      
def9ite guid+ & inspir+ influ5ce ov] 8  
life4  ,! adjectives passive & active   
might be us$ to sep>ate amorph\s f      
organis$ ,religion1 i4e4 !              
feel+-attitude f ! behavi\r4 ',passive1'
 us$ 9 ?is connection1 w\ld mean simply 
t ! p]son does n actively seek ^?       

advantages ! gods might procure1 b is   
cont5t to be act$ ^u by !m4  ,unorganis$
 religiosity mu/ be1 x seems1 ! necess>y
 precursor ( organis$ ,religion2 x is   
its l>val /age4 ,b x does n by any means
 disappe> f society :5 a sy/em ( def9ite
 relations ) gods1 or ) imp]sonal s\rces
 ( religi\s inspiration1 has be5        
develop$4 ,9 all societies !re is always
 a l>ge numb] ( p :o live 9 ! limbo (   
organis$ ,religion4 ,!y are op5 to !    
influ5ce ( religi\s ag5ts1 9 :i* !y     
believe m or less cold-he>t$ly1 )\t ev] 
ent]+ into def9ite & fix$ relations )   
!m4     ,,*apt] ,,ii  ,,?ree ,,types ,,(
 ,,behavi\r ,,diff]5tiat$   ,9 8 deal+s 
) ! diff]5t k9ds ( objects or =ces ) :i*
 he is1 or ?9ks himself1 9 relation1 man
 has develop$ ?ree di/9ct types (       
behavi\r4 ,a concrete illu/ration w br+ 
!m be=e u m =cibly ?an an ab/ract       
*>act]isation4 ,a /ok] 9 ! hold ( a %ip1
 ?r[+ coal into ! furnace1 repres5ts "o 
( !m4 ,8 purpose is to produce propell+ 
en]gy4 ,! am\nt ( coal he %ovels 91     

toge!r ) ! air-draught1 ! condition ( ! 
boil] & o!r factors ( ! same sort1      
det]m9e1 z he und]/&s ! matt]1 !        
velocity ( ! %ip4 ,! same man1 play+    
c>ds ( an ev5+1 & hav+ lo/ un9t]rupt$ly 
= a long "t1 might get up & walk r\nd ! 
table backw>ds 9 ord] to *ange 8 luck4  
,he w\ld !n illu/rate a second mode (   
behavi\r4 ,if a /orm ?reat5s to s9k !   
%ip1 our /ok] might be se5 fall+ on 8   
knees1 lift+ 8 h&s to heav51 & address+ 
9 passionate words an invisible be+4 ,^!
 are ! ?ree diff]5tiat$ k9ds ( responses
 he has le>n$ to make1 ! ?ree ways by   
:i* he endeav\rs to make use ( ! =ces   
ab\t him 9 8 /ruggle = ! pres]vation & !
 enri*m5t ( life4 ,we may designate !m  
z--      #a4 ,! me*anical behavi\r4     
#b4 ,! co]citive behavi\r1 or ,magic4   
#c4 ,! an?ropopa?ic behavi\r1 :i*       
includes ,religion4  ,! me*anical       
behavi\r diff]s f ! an?ropopa?ic by !   
abs5ce ( any ref]5ce to p]sonal be+s4 ,9
 ! sph]e 9 :i* x obta9s1 ?reats &       
pres5ts are equally ineffective4 ,x     

implies in/ead ! practical--n !         
!oretical--recognition ( a fairly       
def9ite & con/ant quantitative relation 
betwe5 cause & effect4 ,if sci5ce is to 
be provid$ ) an ance/or1 & only ) "o1 x 
%\ld be ?is fir/ type ( behavi\r r ?an  
,magic4 ,=1 ! mom5t ! exi/5ce ( ! fix$  
quantitative relations1 implicitly      
ackn[l$g$ 9 ! fir/ type ( behavi\r1 is  
explicitly recognis$1 sci5ce is born4   
,magic sep>ates itself1 on ! "o h&1 f ! 
me*anical behavi\r by ! abs5ce ( impli$ 
quantitative relations1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 
f an?ropopa?ic behavi\r by ! failure to 
use means ( p]sonal influ5ce2 puni%m5t &
 rew>d are j z =eign to ,magic z to     
me*anical behavi\r4 ,z to ! an?ropopa?ic
 type ( activity1 x includes ! ord9>y   
relations ( m5 ) m5 z well z ^? ) gods4 
,"o's frame ( m9d & behavi\r :5 deal+ ) 
a human p]son1 especially if exalt$ f>  
above u1 resembles ,religion s closely t
 x is prop] to place !m 9 ! same class4 
,me*anical behavi\r & ,religion are1    
obvi\sly1 by f> ! mo/ common & important

 modes ( activity among civilis$        
peoples1 :]eas 9 primitive culture !    
co]citive behavi\r 7,magic7 is ev]y:]e 9
 evid5ce & ,religion may be practically 
unkn[n4 ,z "o asc5ds f ! l[e/ /ages (   
culture1 ,magic gradually loses (ficial 
recognition4 ,among u1 ?\gh x leads only
 a surreptiti\s exi/5ce1 x has by no    
means lo/ all influ5ce4 ,! li/ ( magical
 sup]/itions t h reta9$ a hold among u  
w\ld be f\nd t$i\sly long4 ,a num]\s    
class ( !m includes ! gambl]'s me?ods ( 
secur+ luck4 ,s-call$ 'religi\s'        
practices may really be magical4 ,!     
cross1 ! ros>y1 relics1 & o!r           
accessories ( ,religion1 acquire 9 ! m9d
 ( _m ,*ri/ians a p[] ( ! co]citive     
type2 t is1 = in/ance1 ! case :5 ! sign 
( ! cross1 ( itself1 )\t ! m$iation (   
,god or ,sa9t1 is felt to h p[]2 or :5  
'say+ "o's beads' is held to possess a  
curative virtue ( ! k9d ascrib$ to sacr$
 relics by ! sup]/iti\s4 ,ev5 :5 !      
symbolism ( ! sign ( ! cross1 & ! mean+ 
( ! ,ave ,m>ia are realis$1 x happ5s n  

infrequ5tly t sign+ oneself & say+ "o's 
beads are reg>d$ z act+ ^u ! ,virg9     
,m>y1 ,jesus ,*ri/1 or ,god1 9 ! mann] (
 an incantation i4e4 magically4         
99       99       99       99       99  
,x has be5 ! habit ( mo/ /ud5ts ( !     
orig9 ( ,religion to conc]n !mselves    
exclusively ) ! orig9 ( ! god-idea1 z if
 belief 9 ! exi/5ce ( gods 0 id5tical ) 
,religion4 ,!y h ignor$ its o!r ess5tial
 compon5ts3 ! motives or desires & !    
feel+s1 z well z ! means by :i*1 9      
,religion1 ! gratification ( desire is  
s\ght4 ,b ! limitation ( ! problem (    
orig9 to t ( ! god-idea is n entirely   
amiss4 ,= !re are nei!r specifically    
religi\s motives1 nor specifically      
religi\s feel+s4 ,any & e human ne$ &   
long+ may1 at "s /age or o!r1 become a  
spr+ ( ,religion1 & conv]sely ! feel+s &
 emotions met ) 9 any =m ( ,religion    
appe> also 9 non-religi\s exp]i5ce4 ,z  
to ! practical means ( secur+ ! fav\r ( 
! gods1 x is agre$ t !y 7 at ! beg9n+   
ess5tially ! same z ^? m5 7 already 9 ! 

habit ( us+ 9 _! relations ) _!         
fell[-m54 ,x is ! ,ag5t or ! ,p[] ) :i* 
man ?9ks himself 9 relation1 & ?r\gh :om
 he endeav\rs to secure ! gratification 
( 8 desires1 :i* alone is di/9ctive (   
religi\s life4 ,& s ! orig9 ( ! idea (  
gods1 ?\gh n id5tical ) ! orig9 (       
,religion1 is at any rate its c5tral    
problem4  ,9 ! prec$+ rem>ks1 z also 9  
practically all writ+s on ! orig9 (     
,religion1 x is assum$ t ! god-concept  
prec$es1 9 ! m9d ( man1 ! e/abli%m5t (  
,religion4 ,?is op9ion is1 z we %all    
see1 ! correct "o4 ,b x _c be tak5 z a  
matt] ( c\rse4 ,actions may become      
e/abli%$ 9 o!r ways4 ,our fir/ problem  
is to discov] h[ ,religion arose1 & :at 
psy*ological capacities & conceptions x 
implies4  ,a comp>ative /udy ( ! ?ree   
modes ( behavi\r is1 aft] all1 ! %orte/ 
way ( ga9+ a satisfactory und]/&+ ( !   
orig9 ( ,religion4         99       99  
99       99       99  ,:at are ! ab/ract
 conceptions necess>y to ! e/abli%m5t ( 
! ?ree modes ( behavi\r8--,!re is       

usually little difficulty 9 det]m9+ :at 
end any p>ticul> action is int5d$ to    
secure4 ,x is q o!rwise if "o wi%es to  
asc]ta9 ! nature ( ! p[] f :i* ! desir$ 
effect is suppos$ to proce$4 ,!         
philosoph]1 suff]+ f ! illusion to :i* 8
 class is subject1 is 9 dang] ( imag9+ !
 pres5ce ( highly ab/ract notions :]e   
mu* simpl] m5tal processes actually take
 place4 ,a comp>atively easy way ( gett+
 oneself dis5tangl$ f ^! high-fl[n      
int]pretations & ( asc]ta9+ :at is !    
intellectual m9imum really involv$ 9 ^! 
types ( behavi\r1 is to exam9e !m 9 !   
lea/ develop$ m5 kn[n to u1 or1 bett]   
/ill--if !y are to be f\nd !re--among   
animals4 ,let u accord+ly turn = a mom5t
 to animal behavi\r ) ! int5tion (      
det]m9+ :at ideas ( p[]1 or ( ag5cy1 are
 involv$ 9 _! modes ( action1 & ?us take
 a prelim9>y /ep t[>ds ! solution ( our 
problem4  ,apes1 dogs1 beav]s1 9 fact   
all ! high] animals1 %[ by _! behavi\r a
 'work+ und]/&+' ( ! m common physical  
=ces4 ,!y e/imate weight1 resi/ance1    

heat1 di/ance1 etc41 & adapt _! actions 
m or less exactly to ^! factors :5      
climb+1 sw++ at ! end ( b\ghs1 break+1  
c>ry+1 etc4 ,i rememb] obs]v+ a         
*impanzee try+ to recov] a /ick :i* _h  
fall5 ?r\gh ! b>s ( 8 cage & roll$      
beyond ! rea* ( 8 arm4 ,he look$ ar\nd1 
walk$ delib]ately to ! corn] ( ! cage1  
pick$ up a piece ( burlap1 & ?rew ! end 
( x ov] ! /ick4 ,!n1 pull+ g5tly1 he    
made ! /ick roll until ne> en\gh = him  
to get hold ( x ) 8 h&4 ,?is ape dealt  
successfully ) physical =ces4 ,t[>ds    
animals & m51 animal behavi\r is q      
diff]5t4 ,a dog w beg f a man2 he w n   
beg f a ham susp5d$ out ( 8 rea*4 ,t[>ds
 animals & m51 animal behavi\r is simil>
 to t ( m5 :5 deal+ ) invisible         
an?ropopa?ic be+s4  ,"o may well believe
 t ! inn] exp]i5ces ( animals diff] 9 ^!
 modes ( behavi\r z mu* z _! ext]nal    
movem5ts4 ,! feel+s & emotions :i* appe>
 9 a dog's int]c\rse ) 8 ma/] are ( !   
same species1 if n ( ! same v>iety1 z ^?
 felt by man :5 he deals ) 8 fell[-m5 & 

) sup]human be+s4 ,c]ta9 highly gift$   
animals feel blame & approbation1       
indep5d5tly ( physical puni%m5t or      
rew>d1 & atta* !mselves to _! ma/]s ) a 
devot$ affection possess+ all ! m>ks (  
altruism4 ,! high] animals d1 !n1 )\t   
any d\bt1 practise bo? ! me*anical & !  
an?ropopa?ic types ( behavi\r1 b !y     
ex]cise ! latt] only t[>ds actually     
pres5t p]sons or animals4 ,we %all h to 
consid] subsequ5tly ! significant       
psy*ological diff]5ce to :i* ?is fact   
po9ts4  ,b1 is !re no trace 9 animal    
life ( ! co]citive behavi\r8 ,i "k (    
none1 ?\gh "s p]plexity might be caus$  
by c]ta9 reactions animals le>n "u !    
tuition ( man4 ,:at %all be said1 =     
in/ance1 ( a dog :o has le>n$ to raise  
its =epaws :5 he wi%es to be lib]at$ f  
conf9em5t "u circum/ances mak+ ! p]son  
caus+ ! door to op5 invisible to him8   
,is ?is magical behavi\r8 ,!re is       
c]ta9ly no quantitative nor any         
qualitative relation betwe5 lift+ up !  
=epaws & ! op5+ ( a door1 nei!r is !re  

any visible cont9uity betwe5 cause &    
effect4 ,t ! dog's action is n det]m9$1 
9 ?is in/ance1 9 ! same way z t ( a     
magician1 appe>s :5 x is obs]v$ t :]eas 
! latt] w\ld p]=m ! same magical rite 9 
a great v>iety ( ext]nal circum/ances1 !
 dog w seek lib]ation by lift+ its paws 
only :5 9 ! p>ticul> cage 9 :i* he has  
le>n$ ! trick1 or 9 "o v mu* l x4#f ,b m
 ab\t ?is pres5tly4 ,x is n to be       
ov]look$ t )\t ! int]f]5ce ( man1 ! dog 
w\ld nev] h le>n$ to p]=m ?is           
quasi-magical trick4 ,?is illu/ration   
s]ves1 if no o!r purpose1 at lea/ to    
indicate h[ app>5tly slight is !        
imp$im5t :i* prev5ts ! high] animals f  
sett+ up a magical art4  ,x may be a    
matt] = a/oni%m5t t two complicat$ &    
effective modes ( reaction are arriv$ at
 by animals 9 ! abs5ce ( ab/ract ideas  
ab\t =ces4 ,yet s x is2 be=e any        
speculation on p[]1 be=e any induction  
or d$uction1 be=e any ab/ract notion ( !
 nature ( _s & matt]1 animals h le>n$ to
 deal q well ) :at we call physical &   

p]sonal =ces4 ,h[ did !y d x8 ,! /udy "u
 exp]im5tal conditions ( ! e/abli%m5t ( 
new reactions 9 animals reveals !       
process v cle>ly4 ,imag9e a cat %ut up 9
 a cage1 ! door ( :i* c be op5$ by      
press+ d[n a lat*4 ,:5 we>y ( conf9em5t 
! cat beg9s to claw1 pull1 & bite1 "h1  
!re1 & ev]y:]e4 ,aft] half an h\r1 or an
 h\r ( ?is purposive1 b unreason$1      
activity1 he *ances to put 8 paw ^u !   
lat* & escapes4 ,if aga9 put into !     
cage1 he does n seem to "k any bett] ?an
 be=e h[ to proce$4 ,yet some?+ has be5 
ga9$ by ! fir/ exp]i5ce4 ,= n[ he       
directs 8 claw+1 pull+1 & bit+ m        
frequ5tly t[>ds ! "p ( ! cage occupi$ by
 ! lat*4 ,because ( ?is improvem5t he   
f9ds himself releas$ soon] ?an ! fir/   
"t4 ,! repetition ( ! exp]im5t %[s ! cat
 le>n+ to br+ 8 movem5ts to be> m & m   
exclusively ^u ! door or its imm$iate   
surr\nd+s4 ,ultimately he w h le>n$ to  
make j ! necess>y movem5t & no o!r4 ,9  
?is gradual exclusion ( useless         
movem5ts1 ! cat is guid$ entirely by    

results4 ,! psy*o-physiological end[m5t 
requir$ = acquisitions ( ?is k9d        
involves no ab/ract ideas b only 7#a7 ! 
desire to escape2 7#b7 ! impulse &      
ability to p]=m ! v>i\s movem5ts we h   
nam$2 7#c7 an indef9ite remembrance ( ! 
position occupi$ :5 success 0 a*iev$1   
comb9$ ) a t5d5cy to repeat ! same      
movem5ts :5 9 ! same situation4  ,!     
me?od illu/rat$ above by :i* animals    
le>n to deal ) =ces 9 ! mid/ ( :i* !y   
live has a mu* wid] range ( application 
9 human exi/5ce ?an is g5]ally suppos$4 
,man's fundam5tal mode ( le>n+ is also !
 unreflective1 exp]im5tal1 "o 9 :i*     
frequ5t bl9d attempts & *ance successes 
sl[ly lead to ! elim9ation ( ineffective
 movem5ts4 ,w\ld y conv9ce y\rself ( !  
va/ly exagg]at$ role ascrib$ to ab/ract 
ideas & to logical processes 9 ord9>y   
human behavi\r1 inquire h[ 'p[]' is     
conceiv$ ( by ^? :o use x4 ,:at is 9 !  
m9d ( ! /ok] :5 he ?9ks ( ! p[] ( coal8 
,:at 9 ! m9d ( ! gambl] :5 he tries to  
co]ce fate8 ,:at 9 ! m9d ( ! necromanc] 

:5 he summons ! %ades ( spirits8 ,no?+  
def9ite beyond a k ( :at is to be done 9
 ord] to secure ! desir$ results & !    
anticipation ( ^! results !m selves4 ,! 
/ok] ?9ks ( :at he sees & feels3 ! coal1
 9 burn+1 gives heat2 ! heat makes !    
wat] boil2 ! /eam pu%es ! pi/on-rod1 & s
 =?4 ,ea* "o ( ! successive l9ks 9 ! *a9
 is vaguely ?\ght ( by him z /riv+ to   
br+ ab\t ! foll[+ "o4 ,t is h[ he       
und]/&s ! coal-p[]4 ,& :at does ! ord9>y
 p]son "k1 = in/ance1 ab\t electricity8 
,simply :at is to be done 9 ord] to />t 
! dynamo1 light ! lamp1 swit* ! curr5t1 
& :at ! effect w be 9 ea* case1 no?+ m4 
,! sup]/iti\s p]son1 :e!r belong+ to a  
primitive tribe or to ! ,anglo-,saxon   
civilisation ( ! tw5tie? c5tury1 und]/&s
 9 no o!r ?an ?is practical way ! =ces  
he deals )4 ,i rememb] ! delight %[n by 
an eld]ly lady :5 a brood ( swall[s fell
 d[n our sitt+-room *imney4 ',x w br+   
luck to ! h\sehold1' said %e4 ,i did my 
be/1 pati5tly & 9 sev]al ways1 to       
asc]ta9 ! sort ( notion ! lady _h reg>d+

 ! nature ( ! p[] t 0 to br+ ab\t !     
=tunate ev5ts pr$ict$1 & also to discov]
 h] idea ( ! connection exi/+ betwe5 !  
fall ( ! swall[s & ! ex]tion ( ! 'p[]' 9
 our behalf4 ,i _h to come to !         
conclusion t !re 0 no idea :atsoev] 9 h]
 m9d beyond ^? express$ by              
'swall[s-d[n-!-*imney' &                
'happy-ev5ts-com+4' ,^! two ideas 7 9 h]
 m9d directly associat$4 ,:5 ,i decl>$  
my inability to see ! causal connection 
betwe5 ! two1 %e compla9$ ( my abnormal 
critical s5se6 ,no?+ m ?an ! imm$iate   
association ( an antec$5t ) its         
consequ5t ne$ be look$ = 9 ! m9d ( mo/  
civilis$1 sup]/iti\s p]sons1 &1 ( c\rse1
 no?+ m 9 ! m9d ( a savage4 ,t is       
suffici5t = practical purposes4  ,!     
words 'matt]' & '_s' wield a v          
consid]able influ5ce among u2 :at d !y  
mean to mo/ ( ^? :o use !m8 ,physical   
sci5ce ascribes ei!r ext5sion alone1 or 
ext5sion & weight1 to physical          
sub/ances4 ,non-mat]ial =ces are1 !n1   
accord+ to sci5ce1 bo? spaceless &      

weightless4 ,i w v5ture to affirm t n "o
 educat$ p]son 9 a ?\s& is acqua9t$ )   
?is di/9ction4 ,mo/ ( ! few :o h kn[n x 
h =gott5 x4 ,s t ! words 'matt]' & '_s' 
mean diff]5t ?+s to ! philosoph] & to ! 
layman4 ,9 ! popul> m9d1 if spirits are 
n p]ceptible x is because ! s5ses are n 
suffici5tly acute4 ,spirits are "h or   
!re1 diffus$ ov] wide areas or          
conc5trat$ 9 n>r[ spaces4 ,! av]age     
,*ri/ian1 :atev] he may say to !        
contr>y1 is1 !oretically speak+1 a      
mat]iali/1 &1 ,i might add1 a poly!i/4  
,:atev] matt] & _s mean to him1 & !y    
c]ta9ly h a sub/antial mean+1 !         
di/9ction made by ! philosoph] is = him 
non-exi/5t4 ,! foll[+ facts may be ( "s 
int]e/ 9 ?is connection4 ,a few ye>s    
ago1 9 a conv]sation ) a %op-cl]k1 ,i   
happ5$ to m5tion a lead c(f9 made       
h]metic ) sold]4 ,he 0 %ock$1 & object$ 
to a dead body be+ %ut up 9 a c(f9 ( t  
description because x prev5t$ ! escape (
 ! s\l4 ,?is man _h _h an ord9>y        
gramm>-s*ool education4 ,"h are two     

quotations tak5 f answ]s ( ,am]ican     
,college /ud5ts to que/ions reque/+ a   
description ( _! idea ( ,god4 ,x %\ld be
 add$ t ! que/ions 7 giv5 only to       
classes :i* _h n yet tak5 up1 or 7 j    
beg9n+ ! /udy ( philosophy4 ',god1 to   
me1 is a be+ ( fle% & blood1 = )\t ?is  
=m he w\ld seem unnatural & unsympa!tic 
z our lead]4' 7,female1 tw5ty ye>s      
old47--',i ?9k ( ,god z real1 actual    
fle% & blood & bones1 some?+ we %all all
 see ) our eyes "s day4' 7,male1        
tw5ty-"o ye>s old47 ,toge!r ) ^!1 & f ! 
same classes ( /ud5ts1 came a great     
numb] ( v diff]5t answ]s2 = in/ance ?is1
 ',god is an imp]sonal be+4444 ,i ?9k ( 
him z ! embodim5t ( natural laws4'      
,desc>tes' conception may s]ve z a po9t 
( comp>ison3 ',:at ! s\l itself 01 ,i   
ei!r did n /ay to consid]1 or1 if ,i    
did1 ,i imag9$ t x 0 some?+ extremely   
r>e & subtle1 l w9d or flame1 or e!r1   
spread ?r\gh my gross] p>ts4'#g  ,if !  
philosophical di/9ction betwe5 matt] &  
_s is n ord9>ily made1 ^! t]ms express  

none ! less a v def9ite practical mean+ 
( prime importance3 !y m>k ! diff]5ce   
betwe5 =ces t are n responsive to psy*ic
 influ5ces 7desire & emotion1 e?ical &  
ae/hetic consid]ations7 & ^? t are4     
99       99       99       99       99  
,! trial-&-error me?od :i* s]ves to     
e/abli% ! effici5t modes ( behavi\r     
obs]v$ 9 animals is s f> rea*+ 9 its    
possibilities t "o might be tempt$ to   
reg>d x z acc\nt+ = ! exi/5ce ( ,magic &
 ( ,religion4 ,7 ?is !ory t5able1 !     
orig9 ( ! ?ree modes ( human behavi\r   
w\ld h be5 br\ght back to "o me?od (    
le>n+1 ! unreason+1 trial-&-error me?od4
 ,b ev5 a sup]ficial consid]ation       
discov]s insup]able ob/acles 9 ! way (  
?is entic+ly simple explanation1 &      
compels ! admission t magical art &     
,religion involve ! op]ation ( m5tal    
p[]s n requir$ = ! e/abli%m5t ( !       
me*anical1 & ( ! non-religi\s           
an?ropopa?ic behavi\rs4  ,! fir/ ( ! two
 diff]5ces ,i int5d to br+ out1 is t if 
a p>ticul> action is to be le>n$ by an  

animal1 ! gratification ( ! actuat+     
desire mu/ foll[ imm$iately1 or ne>ly s1
 ^u ! p]=mance ( ! successful act1 & be 
frequ5tly repeat$ at %ort int]vals2     
:]eas 9 man1 z f> z ,magic & ,religion  
are conc]n$1 ! results may foll[ q      
irregul>ly ^u ! p]=mance1 (t5 only long 
aft]1 &1 n infrequ5tly1 n at all4 ,_h n 
! door op5$ e "t ! cat press$ ! lat*1 b1
 let u say1 only once e t5 times1 or1 if
 e "t1 "o week aft] ! movem5t1 he w\ld  
nev] h le>n$ to make 8 escape4 ,no m    
w\ld he h acquir$ ! trick1 _h he n be5  
plac$ 9 ! cage repeat$ly & at %ort      
int]vals4 ,an int]e/+ in/ance ( !       
gradual undo+ ( a habit 9 consequ5ce ( !
 abs5ce ( ! s5sory results = ! sake & "u
 ! guidance ( :i* ! action _h be5 le>n$1
 is report$ by ,lloyd ,morgan4#h ,he _h 
br\ght up 9 8 /udy a brood ( ducks4 ,!y 
_h _h a ba? e morn+ 9 a t9 tray4 ,aft] a
 :ile1 ! tray 0 plac$ empty 9 its       
accu/om$ place4 ,! ducks got into x &   
w5t ?r\gh all _! ord9>y ablutions4 ,!   
next day1 !y aga9 enjoy$ ! miss+ wat]1 b

 n z long z on ! fir/ day4 ,on ! ?ird   
day !y gave up ! useless practice ( ba?+
 9 an empty tray4  ,9 ?ree days duckl+s 
elim9ate a habit :i* has become useless1
 :]eas g5]ations aft] g5]ations ( m5 h  
gone ?r\gh innum]able1 "t-wa/+1 (t5     
co/ly & pa9ful c]emonies = results r>ely
 secur$1 &1 z we ?9k1 nev] directly     
secur$ by ! magical or ! religi\s       
c]emonies !mselves4 ,!re is "h a curi\s 
po9t ( psy*ology3 animals e/abli% habits
 "u ! guidance ( imm$iate results :ile  
man develops ! magical art & ,religion  
despite ! usual abs5ce ( ! results s\ght
 aft]4 ,! v possibility ( deceiv+       
himself reveals ! sup]iority ( man ov]  
animals1 = self-deception requires a    
degree ( indep5d5ce f s5se-obs]vation1 a
 capacity ( con/ructive imag9ation1 a   
susceptibility to auto-sugge/ion1 n to  
be f\nd 9 animals4 ,t ! fir/ glimm] ( ^!
 capacities %\ld h plung$ man 9 !       
d>kness ( primitive ,magic & ,religion1 
& made him ! ridicul\s fool he appe>s to
 be by ! side ( ! matt]-(-fact1         

intellig5t animal is1 h[ev]1 a v /rik+ &
 s+ul> fact4  ,if ! con/ant & imm$iate  
appe>ance ( ! desir$ results does n seem
 necess>y to ! e/abli%m5t ( ,magic &    
,religion1 x %\ld n be ?\ght1 h[ev]1 t  
^! arts are altoge!r useless4 ,on !     
contr>y1 !y are1 ev5 indep5d5tly ( !    
results at :i* !y aim1 ( a mo/          
sub/antial value to ! cause ( individual
 & social developm5t4 ,let x be said    
fir/1 conc]n+ ! expect$ results1 t !y   
happ5 m frequ5tly1 p]haps1 ?an ,i may h 
seem$ to imply4 ,:51 = in/ance1 ! ra9   
c]emonies are p]=m$ dur+ a spell ( dry  
wea!r1 success1 m or less di/ant1 always
 cr[ns ! ef=ts ( ! magicians3 ! ra9 does
 come & ! e>? does br+ =? its fruits4 ,!
 c]emonies = ! heal+ ( disease are (t5  
foll[$ by ! recov]y ( ! pati5t1 h[ev]   
absurd ! treatm5t may h be54 ,"o %\ld n 
=get1 9 ?is connection1 ! consid]able   
effect ( sugge/ion ^u ! cr$ul\s savage4 
,_m cures are1 no d\bt1 p]=m$ 9 ?is     
mann] by ! m$ic9e-man4 ,dav5port1 speak+
 ( tribes ( ,puget ,s\nd1 says3 ',_!    

cure = disease consi/s 9 ! memb]s ( !   
cult %ak+ 9 a circle ab\t a sick p]son1 
dress$ 9 c]emonial co/ume4 ,! religi\s  
practition] waves a clo? 9 front ( !    
pati5t1 ) a g5tle fann+ motion1 &1 bl[+ 
at ! same "t1 proce$s to drive ! disease
 out ( ! body1 beg9n+ at ! feet & work+ 
upw>d4 ,! assi/ant /&s ready to seize ! 
disease ) 8 clo? :5 x is driv5 out ( !  
head6 ,& !y are able to boa/ ( _m real  
cures4'#i ,a psy*ologi/ is n incl9$ to  
d\bt ! report ( ,curr1 t among !        
aborig9es ( ,victoria p]sons :o knew    
!mselves to h be5 devot$ to de/ruction )
 magical c]emonies h p9$ away & di$1#aj 
nor t ( ,h[itt1 :o1 allud+ to ! habit ( 
! m$ic9e-m5 ( c]ta9 tribes to knock a   
man ins5sible 9 ord] to remove ! kidney 
fat = magical purposes1 writes1 ',9 !   
,kurnai tribe m5 h di$ believ+ !mselves 
to h be5 depriv$ ( _! fat4'#aa  ,b !    
int5d$ results =m only a "p1 & t p]haps 
n ! mo/ important1 ( ! ga9s to be cr$it$
 to ! practice ( ,magic & ( ,religion4  
,! mo/ notewor?y ( ^! uns\ght           

by-products are3--7#a7 ,! gratification 
( ! lu/ = p[]4 ,! ,magician & ! ,prie/  
are m$iators betwe5 sup]ior1 my/]i\s    
p[]s & _! fell[-m54 ,! s5se ( ma/]y ov]1
 or communion )1 ^! p[]s1 & ! respect & 
fe> ) :i* ,magicians & ,prie/s are      
reg>d$1 are1 ( !mselves1 almo/ suffici5t
 to keep up ^! practices47#b7 ,bo? ^!   
modes ( behavi\r1 b especially ,magic1  
appeal to ! gambl+ in/9ct4 ,all m5 crave
 excitem5t2 ! savage is no exception4 ,9
 ! d>+ game 9 :i* ! ra9-mak] or !       
disease-heal] engages1 ! high t5sion ( !
 gambl+-table is1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1     
pres5t4 7#c7 ,less obvi\s1 p]haps1 ?an !
 prec$+ advantages1 b n less valuable1  
is ! g5]al m5tal /imulation induc$ by   
,magic & ,religion4 ,magic is ! great   
social play ( ! savage4 ,if animal plays
 s]ve a highly valuable purpose 9 af=d+ 
practice 9 s5se-obs]vation &            
motor-co-ord9ation1 ,magic makes its    
*ief call ^u ! imag9ation2 9 ?is consi/s
 "o ( its mo/ f>-rea*+ values4 ,x       
becomes a tra9+ = ! a*ievem5t ( ^? high]

 m5tal syn!ses requir+ ! mom5t>y        
disreg>d ( ! actual s5se-impressions1 f 
:i* x is s difficult to lib]ate oneself1
 9 behalf ( ! accumulat$ exp]i5ce ( a   
:ole life4  ,! second objection to !    
assumption t ! trial-&-error me?od c\ld 
h l$ to ! e/abli%m5t ( magical &        
religi\s habits arises f ! inability (  
animals to act t[>ds unp]ceiv$ objects z
 if !y 7 actually pres5t4 ,a dog nev]   
welcomes by gambols or licks ! h& ( an  
abs5t fri5d1 :ile ,religion1 & at times 
,magic1 %[ primitive man 9 m or less    
sy/ematic relations ) p[]s he has nev]  
s5s$4 ,:5 ! ,%aman draws l9es ^u ! s&1  
describes v>i\s curves ) 8 arms1 utt]s  
sundry incantations1 he does n address a
 p[] he p]ceives1 nor ev5 "o he has     
really se51 al?\gh he may believe t he1 
or "s "o else1 has se5 x4 ,t animals are
 mov$ to action by memories ( pa/       
p]ceptions1 is1 ( c\rse1 n op5 to d\bt4 
,_! :ole life is a long te/imony to t   
ability4 ,any "o w recall in/ances (    
*a9s ( conc]t$ actions indicat+ cle>ly1 

on ! "p ( "s "o ( ! high] animals1      
dome/icat$ or wild1 ! anticipation ( a  
p>ticul> p]son1 object1 or ev5t4 ,:at !y
 nev] d1 is to behave z if ! rememb]$   
object 0 really pres5t1 ?\gh n s5s$4 ,h4
 ,sp5c]1 discuss+ adv]sely ,a4 ,comte's 
op9ion t feti*i/ic conceptions are =m$  
by ! high] animals1 relates ! foll[+    
obs]vation conc]n+ a retriev] :o _h     
le>n$ = h]self to p]=m an 'act (        
propitiation4' ,%e _h associat$ ! fet*+ 
( game ) ! pleasure ( ! p]son to :om %e 
br\ght x1 & s1 'aft] wagg+ h] tail &    
gr9n+1 %e w\ld p]=m ?is act (           
propitiation z ne>ly z practicable 9 !  
abs5ce ( a dead bird4 ,seek+ ab\t1 %e   
w\ld pick up a dead leaf1 a bit ( pap]1 
a twig1 or o!r small object1 & w\ld br+ 
x ) r5ew$ manife/ations ( fri5dl9ess4   
,"s k9dr$ /ate ( m9d x is :i*1 ,i       
believe1 prompts ! savage to c]ta9      
feti*i/ic obs]vances4'#ab ,s f> ! dog   
c\ld g1 b %e c\ld n h imag9$ ! pres5ce (
 an unse5 be+ & behav$ t[>ds him 9 !    
same mann]4 ,ano!r significant po9t is t

 ! abs5t objects t[>ds :i* animals may  
direct _! actions are always1 s f> z "o 
may judge1 id5tical ) ^? actually s5s$  
by !m at "s "t1 i4e4 _! behavi\r nev]   
%[s t !y h trans=m$1 imag9atively1      
objects ) :i* _! s5ses h made !m        
famili>4 ,:]eas man c n only believe 9 !
 pres5ce ( unse5 objects1 b he c also   
imag9e be+s nev] actually s5s$ by him1 &
 behave t[>ds !m accord+ to ! traits &  
capacities ) :i* he has end[$ !m4  ,!re 
are obs]vations on record :i* compel !  
qualification ( ! ass]tion1 ,i may h    
seem$ to make 9 ! prec$+ p>agraph1 ( a  
clean break betwe5 man & animals4 ,c]ta9
 dogs are ?r[n into p>oxysms ( fe> by   
peals ( ?und]1 & run into hid+4 ,d>w9   
relates h[ 8 dog1 'full gr[n & v        
s5sible1' gr[l$ fi]cely & b>k$ :5ev] an 
op5 p>asol /&+ at "s di/ance 0 mov$ by a
 slight breeze4 ,he is ( ! op9ion t !   
dog 'mu/ h reason$ to himself1 9 a rapid
 & unconsci\s mann]1 t movem5t )\t any  
app>5t cause indicat$ ! pres5ce ( "s    
/range liv+ ag5t1 & t no /rang] _h a "r 

to be on 8 t]ritory4'#ac ,romanes1 9 a  
%ort & int]e/+ pap] entitl$ ',feti*ism 9
 ,animals1'#ad aft] report+ ! prec$+    
illu/ration1 relates ?is obs]vation t\*+
 a rem>kably 'intellig5t1' 'pugnaci\s1' 
& 'c\rage\s' dog4 ',! t]ri] ,skye 9 "q1 
l _m o!r dogs1 us$ to play ) dry bones1 
by toss+ !m 9 ! air1 ?r[+ !m to a       
di/ance1 & g5]ally giv+ !m ! appe>ance (
 animation1 9 ord] to give himself !    
ideal pleasure ( worry+ !m4 ,on "o      
occasion1 !re=e1 ,i ti$ a long & f9e    
?read to a dry bone1 & gave him ! latt] 
to play )4 ,aft] he _h toss$ x ab\t = a 
%ort "t1 ,i took an opportunity1 :5 x _h
 fall5 at a di/ance f him1 & :ile he 0  
foll[+ x up1 ( g5tly draw+ x away f him 
by means ( ! long & invisible ?read4    
,in/antly 8 :ole demean\r *ang$4 ,! bone
 :i* he _h previ\sly pret5d$ to be      
alive1 n[ began to look z if x really 7 
alive1 & 8 a/oni%m5t knew no b\nds4 ,he 
fir/ approa*$ x ) n]v\s caution z ,mr4  
,sp5c] describes1 b z ! sl[ rec$+ motion
 cont9u$1 & he became q c]ta9 t !       

movem5t c\ld n be acc\nt$ = by any      
residuum ( ! =ce :i* he _h himself      
communicat$1 8 a/oni%m5t develop$ into  
dread1 & he ran to conceal himself "u "s
 articles ( furniture1 !re to behold at 
a di/ance ! uncanny spectacle ( a dry   
bone com+ to life4' ,c]ta9 in/ances (   
in/9ctive fe> ( h>mless ?+s may help to 
int]pret ! prec$+ obs]vations4 ,g4      
,/anley ,hall m5tions a little girl :o  
w\ld scream :5 %e saw fea!rs float+     
?r\gh ! air4 ,to keep ano!r *ild 9 a    
room1 x 0 suffici5t to place a fea!r 9 !
 keyhole4#ae  ,%all we hold t ^! animals
 int]pret$ ! unusual exp]i5ces report$  
above z ! "w ( hidd5 be+s ( ! k9d kn[n  
to !m1 or %all we agree r ) ,lloyd      
,morgan1 ,romanes1 ,sp5c]1 & o!rs1 9    
?9k+ t _! behavi\r indicat$ m]ely       
surprise1 a/oni%m5t1 & fe> at !         
unexpect$ movem5ts ( famili> objects8 ,t
 explanation is probably suffici5t4 ,!  
failure ( an object to fit 9 ) !        
psy*o-physiological attitude (          
expectation :i* pa/ exp]i5ce has taught 

u to assume br+s ab\t ! sudd5 di/urbance
 call$ surprise1 a/oni%m5t1 or fe>4 ,x  
is 9 sub/ance :at w\ld happ5 to any     
p]son if1 on op5+ 8 b$ 9 ! d>k1 8 h&s   
came 9 contact ) "s object conceal$ 9 x4
 ,p]sonalisation ( ! unexpect$ object is
 n necess>y to cause fright4 ,& yet1 :o 
%all say t 9 none ( ^! in/ances is !re  
any?+ correspond+ to ! an?ropomorphic   
int]pretation ( natural ev5t s common   
among m5 ( l[ culture8 ,does n ! gr[l+ (
 ,d>w9's dog indicate z mu*8 ,x w\ld    
seem to me an unju/ifiably dogmatic     
ass]tion to affirm t no animal c ?9k (  
?und] z caus$ by a be+ l ^? ) :i* 8     
s5ses h made him famili>4 ,7 he to d s1 
he w\ld d z ! savage :o projects 8      
ord9>y notion ( animat$ be+s beh9d      
inanimate ph5om5a4 ,creative imag9ation 
is n any m requir$ = su* an             
int]pretation ?an = ! belief 9 survival 
aft] dea? :5 x is sugge/$ by app>itions 
9 dreams or trances4 ,x is q 9 po9t1 at 
any rate1 to affirm t man & bea/s are   
mu* ne>] to ea* o!r1 reg>d+ !           

possibility ( int]pret+ animi/ically    
c]ta9 /rik+ natural ev5ts1 ?an mo/ p are
 will+ to admit4  ,! mo/ significant    
diff]5ce betwe5 m5 & animals is n f\nd 9
 ! fact t animals may be unable to      
int]pret animi/ically c]ta9 /rik+       
natural ph5om5a--an op9ion op5 to "q--b 
9 _! inability to fix by means (        
communicable signs any fleet+ animi/ic  
int]pretation :i* might *ance to cross  
_! m9d4 ,)\t ! advantage conf]r$ by     
spee*1 ^u ev5 ! l[e/ savages1 to hold1  
cl>ify1 keep alive1 & br+ to fruition   
impressions ( ?is evanesc5t nature1 ,i d
 n see h[ a /able belief 9 animism c\ld 
h be5 e/abli%$4 ,! decisive role play$  
by language appe>s =cibly :5 "o consid]s
 ! "p x takes 9 introduc+ dream         
exp]i5ces into wak+ life4 ,! baffl+     
evanesc5ce ( dreams caught sight ( on   
awak5+ is famili> to e "o4 ,unless "o   
succe$s 9 putt+ !m 9 l+ui/ic =m !y are  
soon completely lo/2 v]bal expression   
makes !m "p & p>cel ( our m5tal         
possessions4  ,! m5tal diff]5ces betwe5 

man & ! high] animals to :i* ! pres5ce (
 ,magic & ,religion is to be ref]r$1 are
 n 9 !mselves />tl+1 h[ev] consid]able  
_! consequ5ces may h be54 ,psy*ological 
analysis leaves absolutely no /&+ gr\nd 
to ^? :o insi/ ^u int]pret+ ! adv5t (   
,religion z ! manife/ation ( ess5tially 
new k9ds ( p[]s1 ( ! bir? ( a 'spiritual
 life1' = in/ance4 ,we hope to h made   
cle> t ! use ( ?is t]m 9 ?is connection 
con/itutes a misrepres5tation ( ! facts4
     ,,*apt] ,,iii  ,,orig9 ,,( ,,!     
,,ideas ,,( ,,gho/s1 ,,nature-,,be+s ,,&
 ,,gods   ,e savage tribe kn[n to u has 
already pass$ beyond ! naturi/ic /age ( 
developm5t4 ,! liv+ savages believe 9   
gho/s1 9 spirits1 & all ( !m1 p]haps1   
also 9 p>ticul> spirits elevat$ to !    
dignity ( gods4 ,:5ce ^! ideas ( unse5  
p]sonal be+s8 ,!y may be trac$ to f\r   
indep5d5t s\rces4  7#a7 ,/ates (        
tempor>y loss ( consci\sness--trances1  
swoons1 sleep1 etc4--seem 9 !mselves    
suffici5t to sugge/ to ignorant obs]v]s 
! exi/5ce ( 'd\bles1' i4e4 ( be+s dwell+

 )9 ! body1 animat+ x1 & able to abs5t  
!mselves f x = a "t or p]man5tly4 ,^!   
alleg$ be+s h be5 call$ 'gho/s' or      
's\ls4' ,! belief 9 a second life ( !   
dead w\ld also spr+ easily en\gh f ^!   
obs]vations4  7#b7 ,app>itions 9 sleep1 
9 ! halluc9ations ( fev]1 ( insanity1   
etc41 ( p]sons /ill liv+ or dead1 seem  
also suffici5t to lead to a belief 9    
gho/s & 9 survival aft] dea?4  ,^! two  
di/9ct classes ( facts h no d\bt        
co-op]at$ 9 ! production ( ! belief 9   
gho/s1 s t ,i %all ref] to !m 9 ! sequel
 z ! d\ble orig9 ( ! gho/-belief4 ,e*os1
 & reflections 9 wat] & 9 poli%$        
surfaces may h play$ a subsidi>y role 9 
e/abli%+1 or confirm+1 ! belief 9 gho/s 
& 9 spirits4  7#c7 ,:5 discuss+ animal  
behavi\r1 we saw reasons to admit t a   
fleet+ p]sonification ( objects mov+ 9  
an unusual way might be )9 ! m5tal      
possibilities ( ! high] animals4 ,! ?ird
 indep5d5t s\rce ( belief 9 unse5       
p]sonal ag5ts is ! spontane\s           
p]sonification ( /rik+ natural ph5om5a1 

/orms1 tornadoes1 ?und]1 sudd5          
spr+-vegetation1 etc4 ,! report (       
,tann]#af t "o night ,pi*eto 7a ,nor?   
,am]ican ,*ief71 becom+ mu* al>m$ at !  
viol5ce ( a /orm1 got up1 (f]$ "s       
tobacco to ! ?und] & entreat$ x to /op1 
%\ld n excite surprise ev5 ?\gh x %\ld  
ref] to ! l[e/ savage4 ,!re is1 ( c\rse1
 a long way betwe5 ! sudd51 tempor>y1 & 
isolat$ p]sonification ( a natural      
ph5om5on & ! /able & g5]alis$ belief 9 !
 exi/5ce ( p]sonal ag5ts beh9d visible  
nature4 ,:at we mean to ass]t "h is     
m]ely t ! sy/ematis$ belief c h aris5   
out ( ! impulsive & occasional          
p]sonification ( awe-/rik+ & fright5+   
spectacles4  7#d7 ,_m p]sons h obs]v$ ) 
surprise ! app>ition 9 "y *ildr5 ( !    
problem ( creation4 ,a *ild notices a   
curi\sly-%ap$ /one1 & asks :o made x4   
,he is told t x 0 =m$ 9 ! /ream by !    
wat]4 ,!n1 sudd5ly1 he ?r[s out1 9 quick
 succession1 que/ions t are z mu*       
exclamations ( a/oni%m5t z qu]ies1 ',:o 
made ! /ream1 :o ! m\nta91 :o ! e>?8' ,!

 necessity ( a ,mak] is1 no d\bt1 borne 
9 ^u ! savage at a v e>ly "t1 n ^u e    
memb] ( a tribe1 b ^u "s peculi>ly gift$
 individual1 :o imp>ts to 8 fell[s !    
awe-/rik+ idea ( a my/]i\s1 all-p[]ful  
,creator4 ,! =m "u :i* ! ,creator is    
imag9$ is1 ( c\rse1 d]iv$ f ! be+s ) :i*
 8 s5ses h made ! savage famili>4  ,9   
:at *ronological ord] did ! ?ree k9ds ( 
unse5 be+s appe>8 ,:i* 0 fir/3 gho/s1   
nature-be+s1 or creator8 ,our pres5t k  
does n provide an answ] to ?is qu]y4 ,b 
?is "o may v5ture to affirm3 !y ne$ n h 
appe>$ 9 ! same ord] ev]y:]e4 ,x is     
conceivable t among c]ta9 gr\ps ( m5 !  
idea ( a creator fir/ atta9$ cle>ness & 
influ5ce1 :ile else:]e ! idea ( gho/s   
implant$ itself be=e ! o!rs4  ,a "q (   
great] importance to ! /ud5t ( ! orig9 (
 ,religion is t ( ! l9eage ( ! fir/ god 
or gods1 i4e4 ( ! fir/ unse51 p]sonal   
ag5ts ) :om m5 ent]$ into relations     
def9ite & influ5tial en\gh to des]ve !  
"n ,religion4 ,are !y desc5d$ f gho/s1  
or are !y nature-be+s1 or creators8 ,i  

say1 'desc5d$' f gho/s1 = gho/s h n1    
orig9ally1 all ! qualities requir$ ( a  
div9ity4 ,!y are at fir/ h>dly great]   
?an m51 ?\gh some:at diff]5t4 ,!y mu/ be
 magnifi$ & diff]5tiat$ f human be+s if 
!y are to g5]ate ! religi\s attitude4 ,a
 comp>ison ( ! d\ble-s\rce ( !          
gho/-belief ) ! s\rce ( ! belief 9      
nature-be+s sugge/s ! foll[+ rem>ks4    
,ph5om5a belong+ to classes "o & two    
necess>ily lead to a belief 9 unse5     
man-l be+s4 ,! famili> relation ( gho/s 
) ! tribe1 & also ! great numb] ( !m1   
(f] a def9ite resi/ance to ! process (  
deification4 ,x is o!rwise ) ! p]sonifi$
 nature-p[]s1 = !y are n necess>ily1 l  
gho/s1 m]e dead m5 9 ano!r life4 ,9     
conceiv+ ( an ag5t animat+ nature1 !    
imag9ation is n limit$ to ! ?\ght ( a   
p>ticul> human be+1 n ev5 ( a human be+ 
at all4 ,! ?und] might be ! voice ( "s  
mon/r\s animal4 ,! surpass+ v>iety1 !   
magnitude & magnific5ce ( nature1       
/imulate ! imag9ation into m orig9al    
activity ?an ! app>itions ( m5 & wom5 9 

dreams or 9 trances4 ,= ^! reasons1 if !
 *oice 0 betwe5 gho/s & nature-be+s1 x  
w\ld be advisable to fav\r ! hypo!sis t 
! fir/ gods 7 d]iv$ f ! spontane\s      
p]sonification ( /rik+ natural ev5ts4 ,b
 ! idea ( a creator mu/ take prec$5ce ( 
gho/s & nature-be+s 9 ! mak+ (          
,religion1 = a _w-creator possesses f ! 
fir/ ! greatness necess>y to ! object ( 
a cult1 & ! creature :o recognises a    
creator c h>dly fail to feel 8          
relation%ip to him4 ,a ,mak] _c1        
moreov]1 be an enemy to ^? :o issue f   
him1 b mu/1 x seems1 appe> z ! ,great   
,ance/or1 b5evol5tly incl9$ t[>ds 8     
(fspr+4 ,incomp>able greatness1 creative
 p[]1 b5evol5ce1 are z _m attributes    
fav\rable to ! appe>ance ( a ,religion 9
 ! high s5se :i*1 z we %all see1 ,w4    
,rob]tson ,smi? gives to ! ^w4  ,! ord] 
9 :i* appe>$ ! ?ree k9ds ( unse5 ag5ts  
is ( consid]able importance1 = if1 =    
in/ance1 ! gho/-belief 0 fir/1 x seems  
unavoidable t gho/s %\ld h be5 project$ 
into natural objects & us$ to expla9    

natural ph5om5a4 ,x is a task = !       
hi/orian ( ,religion to trace ! rise ( !
 idea ( ,god 9 its sev]al possible      
s\rces1 & to indicate 9 ea* p>ticul>    
case ! contribution ( ea* s\rce to !    
mak+ ( ! e>lie/ gods4         99        
99       99       99       99  ,belief 9
 ! exi/5ce ( unse51 an?ropopa?ic be+s is
 n ,religion4 ,x is only :5 man ent]s   
into relation ) !m t ,religion comes    
into exi/5ce4 ,! passage f ! animi/ic   
int]pretation ( nature1 or f ! m]e      
belief 9 gho/s1 or 9 a creator1 to      
,active ,religion is n to be tak5 z a   
matt] ( c\rse1 = x may require on ! "o  
h&1 z we h said1 a trans=mation ( !     
man-l or animal-l unse5 be+s1 su* z w   
make ent]+ into relation ) !m possible &
 wor? :ile1 &1 on ! o!r1 ! inv5tion (   
ways & means to t end1 or1 at lea/1 !   
adaptation ( old habits ( behavi\r to ! 
requirem5ts ( ! new relation4 ,! sl[ness
 ) :i* our mod]n ritual has be5 envolv$ 
%\ld be suffici5t to undeceive any "o   
incl9$ to ?9k t ! e/abli%m5t ( ! initial

 religi\s rites pres5t$ no difficulty4  
,t a belief 9 gho/s may co9cide ) only a
 pre-religi\s /age ( culture is n a m]e 
supposition4 ,!re are tribes 9 ,s\?-,ea/
 ,au/ralia among :i* x is cu/om>y to    
make fires 9 ! graves1 & to place 9 !m  
wat]1 food1 & weapons4 ,yet we are told 
t ^! p h no sy/em ( propitiation or (   
wor%ip4 ,x appe>s probable t 9 c]ta9    
in/ances ( ?is sort1 ! only motive (    
action is b5evol5ce4 ,!y wi% ! gho/ to  
be able to w>m himself1 eat1 dr9k1 &    
def5d himself aga9/ enemies4 ,at times1 
h[ev]1 ! prompt+s ( fe> are disc]nible1 
z1 = in/ance1 :5 ! legs ( ! corpse are  
brok5 9 ord] t he may n roam at night4  
,x seems t orig9ally gho/s are n end[$ )
 suffici5t mis*iev\s or b5evol5t p[] to 
cause ! appe>ance & ! organisation (    
propitiatory reactions4 ,b ev5 :5 "s    
p>ticul> gho/ or _s has be5 fabl$ into  
awe-/rik+ magnitude1 sy/ematic wor%ip is
 n necess>ily pres5t4 ,h[ f> !          
deification process c g )\t br++ ) x    
active relations1 is well %[n 9 ! case (

 ! ',fa!r' ( ! tribes ( ,s\?-,ea/       
,au/ralia4 ,diff]5t tribes call him by  
diff]5t names1 ,d>amulun1 ,baiame1 etc4 
,h[itt tells u t ,d>amulun is an        
an?ropomorphic1 sup]natural be+ :o us$  
to dwell ^u ! e>?1 b n[ lives 9 a l&    
beyond ! sky4 ,he c make himself        
visible1 & !n appe>s 9 ! =m ( an old man
 ( ! ,au/ralian race4 ',he is imag9$ z !
 ideal ( ^? qualities :i* are1 accord+  
to _! /&>d1 virtues wor?y ( be+ imitat$4
 ,su* w\ld be a man :o is skilful 9 !   
use ( weapons ( (f5ce & def5ce1         
all-p[]ful 9 magic1 b g5]\s & lib]al to 
8 p2 :o does no injury nor viol5ce to   
any "o1 yet treats ) sev]ity any brea*es
 ( cu/om or ( morality4 ,su* is1 accord+
 to my k ( ! ,au/ralian tribes1 _! ideal
 ( ! ,head-man1 & naturally x is t ( !  
,biamban1 ! ma/] ( ! sky-c\ntry4' ,n[1  
despite _! belief 9 ?is def9ite1 p[]ful1
 & b5evol5t ,fa!r1 '!re is n any wor%ip 
( him'2 b '! dances r\nd ! figure ( clay
 & ! invocat+ ( 8 "n by ! m$ic9e-m51    
c]ta9ly might h l$ up to x4'#ag ,= my   

"p1 ,i see "h an in/ance ( :at ,i h     
call$ ,passive ,religion4 ,! po9t (     
special int]e/ to u is t no?+ m ?an ^!  
simple/ ( rites co-exi/s ) ! belief 9 a 
be+ s def9ite & elevat$ s high above    
ord9>y spirits & above man z is ?is     
,all-,fa!r ( ! ,au/ralians4  ,x seems   
highly probable t = g5]ations !         
relations ma9ta9$ ) gho/s1 nature-be+s1 
& creators1 by primitive man 7 too      
occasional & un(ficial to p]mit ( our   
reg>d+ !m z any?+ m ?an /eps prelim9>y  
to ! =mation ( ,positive ,religion4     
,rites & c]emonies s]ve1 9 addition to  
_! o/5sible purpose1 to complete ! "w ( 
fixation begun by language4 ,x is only  
:5 a belief has become embodi$ 9 a sy/em
 ( actions t x has atta9$ ! full measure
 ( reality & durability ( :i* x is      
capable4     ,,*apt] ,,iv  ,,magic ,,&  
,,religion   ,9 ! prec$+ section1 ,i h  
comp>$ animal ) human behavi\r 9 an     
attempt to s+le out ! psy*ological      
traits ^: pres5ce 9 man acc\nts = 8     
possession ( ,religion & ( ,magic4 ,i   

mu/ n[ complete ! *>act]isation & !     
acc\nt ( ! orig9 ( ^! two high] types ( 
behavi\r4  ,! relation obta9+ betwe5    
,magic & ,religion has be5 v>i\sly      
und]/ood4 ,mo/ au?orities hold t ,magic 
prec$$ ,religion1 & t !y are 9 "s way   
g5etically relat$4 ,9 ! foll[+ pages we 
%all argue 9 support ( two op9ions3 7#a7
 ! prim>y =ms ( ,magic probably ant$at$ 
,religion2 7#b7 :e!r ,magic ant$at$     
,religion or n1 ,religion arose         
indep5d5tly ( ,magic2 !y are diff]5t 9  
pr9ciple & indep5d5t 9 orig94  ,b ! ^w  
,magic includes an almo/ endless numb] (
 practices s f> q inadequately          
classifi$4 ,we _c g on )\t fir/ m>k+ out
 at lea/ its m prom95t gr\ps4 ,& s9ce ! 
common bond ( ^! practices is nei!r a   
common purpose 7,magic s]ves to gratify 
e k9d ( desire71 nor a common me?od 7!  
magician's me?ods are lit]ally          
numb]less71 b ! non-p]sonal nature ( !  
p[] press$ into s]vice1 we %all make use
 ( ?is la/ elem5t z a means (           
classification4 ,?ree gr\ps are ?us     

obta9$4  ,magic classifi$4--,class #a is
 *>act]is$ by ! abs5ce ( any idea ( a   
p[] belong+ to ! op]ator or 8 in/rum5t &
 pass+ f ei!r "o ( !m to ! object ( !   
magical art4 ,to ?is class belong _m    
in/ances ( s-call$ sympa!tic ,magic2#ah 
a good _m ( ! taboo cu/oms2 mo/ *>ms2 ! 
ca/+ ( lots1 :5 a _s or god is n suppos$
 to guide ! ca/2 mo/ mod]n sup]/itions1 
^?1 = in/ance1 reg>d+ ,friday1 ! numb]  
?irte51 horse-%oes1 plant+ :5 ! tide is 
com+ 94 ,9 ^! in/ances ! effect is ?\ght
 ( z foll[+ ^u ! alleg$ cause1 )\t !    
m$iation ( a =ce conceiv$ z pass+1 let u
 say1 f ! w>m arr[ to ! w\nd & irritat+ 
x4 ,! idea ( p[] is r$uc$ "h to its lea/
 possible complexity4  ,class #b4 ,a    
p[]1 n itself p]sonal1 is suppos$ to    
belong to ! magician1 to 8 in/rum5t1 or 
to p>ticul> sub/ances1 & to pass into1  
or act ^u1 ! object4 ,h[itt relates h[  
"s native ,au/ralians begg$ him n to    
c>ry 9 a bag conta9+ qu>tz cry/als a    
too?1 extract$ at an initiation c]emony4
 ,!y ?\ght t if he did s1 ! evil p[] ( !

 cry/als w\ld ent] ! too? & s injure !  
body to :i* x _h belong$4#ai ,! pot5cy (
 _m *>ms is ( ?is nature1 :ile o!rs h a 
feti*i/ic significance1 i4e4 !y involve 
! action ( spirits1 & s d n belong to   
?is class4 ,rubb+ oneself )1 or eat+ !  
fat1 or ano!r portion1 ( a brave & /rong
 man 9 ord] to make oneself c\rage\s &  
p[]ful1 belongs also to ?is second      
class1 toge!r ) mo/ in/ances (          
contagion-magic4 ,s does1 usually1 ! p[]
 def9$ 9 ! foll[+ passage & ! simil>    
p[]s believ$ 9 & us$ 9 o!r ?an          
,melanesian populations3 ',t invisible  
p[] :i* is believ$ by ! natives to cause
 all su* effects z transc5d _!          
conception ( ! regul> c\rse ( nature1 & 
to reside 9 spiritual be+s1 :e!r 9 !    
spiritual "p ( liv+ m5 or 9 ! gho/s ( ! 
dead1 be+ imp>t$ to !m1 to _! names & to
 v>i\s ?+s t belong to !m1 su* z /ones1 
snakes1 & inde$ objects ( all sorts1 is 
t g5]ally kn[n z mana4444 ,no man1      
h[ev]1 has ?is p[] ( 8 own2 all t he    
does is done by ! aid ( p]sonal be+s1   

gho/s or spirits2 he _c be said1 z a _s 
c1 to be mana himself 444 he c be said  
to h mana4'#bj  ,class #c4 ,p]haps a    
special class %\ld be made ( ! cases 9  
:i* ! magician feels z if 8 w-ef=t 0 !  
effici5t factor4 ,?is is (t5 true (     
spells1 ( incantations1 & ( solemn      
curses4 ,a man address+ ! magical spe>1 
say+1 ',g /raight1 g /raight & kill     
him1' feels no d\bt t1 someh[1 by !     
words 9 :i* quiv]s 8 :ole s\l he directs
 ! spe> on its err& ( dea?4  ,?\gh      
,magic does n make an an?ropopa?ic      
appeal x may1 & frequ5tly does1 br+ to  
be> its peculi> co]citive virtue ^u     
an?ropopa?ic be+s4 ,x aims !n at        
compell+ s\ls1 spirits or gods1 into do+
 ! op]ator's w1 or 9 prev5t+ !m f do+ _!
 own4 ,9 necromancy1 spirits are summon$
 by means ( spells & incantations4 ,9   
old ,egypt ! art ( deal+ co]citively )  
spirits & gods rea*$ a high developm5t4 
,masp]o1 speak+ ( a /range belief reg>d+
 names1 says1 ':5 ! god 9 a mom5t (     
=getfulness or ( k9dness _h taught !m   

:at !y want$ ! sacr$ names1 !re 0 no?+  
left = him b to obey !m4'#ba ,at        
,eleusis1 x 0 n ! "n b ! intonation ( ! 
voice ( ! magician :i* produc$ ! my/]i\s
 results4#bb ,b :e!r ,magic acts ^u     
p]sonal or imp]sonal objects1 its       
effective p[] is ev] imp]sonal4  ,i w\ld
 n give ! impression 9 ?is attempt at   
classification1 t ! conceptions ( !     
savage are cle> & def9ite4 ,i hold !m to
 be1 on ! contr>y1 hazy & fluid4 ,:at   
appe>s to him imp]sonal "o mom5t may    
sudd5ly assume ! *>act]i/ics ( a _s4    
,mana1 = in/ance1 al?\gh usually an     
imp]sonal =ce /or$ into plants1 /ones1  
animals or m51 assumes at times truly   
p]sonal traits2 x becomes ! god himself4
 ,"o %\ld n be surpris$ to meet ) cases 
t fall betwe5 r ?an 9 ! classes1 = ! %>p
 l9es ( dem>cation x suits u to draw are
 n (t5 f\nd 9 nature4  ,& n[ we return  
to our two !ses4  #a4 ,! ,probable      
,priority ( ,magic4--,c]ta9 hi/orical   
facts might be held to support !        
pre-religi\s orig9 ( ,magic4 ,z "o      

desc5ds f ! high] to ! l[] social       
levels1 ,religion dw9dles & ,magic gr[s4
 ,9 ! l[e/ societies ( :i* we h ext5sive
 & accurate k1 ! ,c5tral ,au/ralian     
tribes1 ,religion is repres5t$ by m]e   
rudim5ts1 :]eas ,magic is ev]y:]e &     
always 9 evid5ce4 ,i h _h occasion 9 a  
prec$+ section to quote ,h[itt ) reg>d  
to ! slight role play$ by ,religion     
among ! ,s\?-,ea/ ,au/ralians4 ,!       
pres5ce ( ,religion 9 ! lives ( ! tribes
 inhabit+ ! c5tral portions ( ,au/ralia 
is /ill less obvi\s4 ,fraz] reflects !  
views ( ,sp5c] & ,gill51 ( ,h[itt1 &    
probably ( e rec5t fir/-h& /ud5t ( t    
c\ntry1 :5 he writes3 ',among !         
aborig9es ( ,au/ralia1 ! rude/ savages z
 to :om we possess accurate in=mation1  
,magic is univ]sally practis$1 :]eas    
,religion1 9 ! s5se ( a propitiation or 
conciliation ( ! high] p[]s1 seems to be
 ne>ly unkn[n4 ,r\ghly speak+1 all m5 9 
,au/ralia are magicians1 b n "o is a    
prie/2 ev]ybody fancies he c influ5ce 8 
fell[s or ! c\rse ( nature by sympa!tic 

magic1 b nobody dreams ( propitiat+ gods
 by pray] & sacrifice4'#bc ,if we may   
tru/ our k ( o!r savages1 ! g5]al fact  
?us affirm$ ( ! native ,au/ralians holds
 good ) reg>d to e o!r uncivilis$ tribe4
  ,b z ! lea/ civilis$ ( exi/+ tribes   
are f> f be+ 'primitive' 9 ! true s5se (
 ! ^w1 x c\ld be argu$ t ,magic is1 aft]
 all1 ! outcome ( ! corruption ( a      
primitive ,religion1 ( :i* almo/ no?+   
rema9s 9 ! savage tribes ( ! pres5t day4
 ,& s we %all h to re/ our case n ^u    
hi/orical evid5ces1 b ^u consid]ations  
reg>d+ ! psy*ological nature ( ,magic & 
,religion1 & ^u analogies we may discov]
 betwe5 !m & c]ta9 facts obs]v$ 9 *ildr5
 & 9 adults ( uncivilis$ races4  ,9 8   
attempt to support ! belief 9 ! priority
 ( ,magic1 ,fraz]1 :o has put e /ud5t ( 
,religion 9 8 debt by 8 monum5tal "w1   
affirms its great] simplicity :5 comp>$ 
) ,religion4 ,! op9ion itself is t5able1
 b ! def5ce ( x1 made z x is f ! /&po9t 
( ! old ,engli% associationism1 is      
un=tunately wor?less4 ',magic1' he tells

 u1 'is no?+ b a mi/ak5 application ( ! 
v simple/ & mo/ elem5t>y process ( !    
m9d1 namely1 ! association ( ideas by   
virtue ( resemblance or contiguity1'    
:ile ',religion assumes ! op]ation (    
consci\s or p]sonal ag5ts1 sup]ior to   
man1 beh9d ! visible scre5 ( nature4    
,obvi\sly ! concept ( p]sonal ag5t is m 
complex ?an a simple recognition ( !    
simil>ity or contiguity ( ideas4444 ,! v
 bea/s associate ! ideas ( ?+s t are l  
ea* o!r or t h be5 f\nd toge!r 9 _!     
exp]i5ce4444 ,b :o attributes to !      
animals a belief t ! ph5om5a are work$  
by a multitude ( invisible animals or by
 "o enorm\s & prodigi\sly /rong animal  
beh9d ! sc5es8'#bd ,x is und\bt$ly true 
t ! m9d ( man t5ds to pass f an object  
to o!rs l x1 or exp]i5c$ at ! same "t1 b
 ?is psy*ological fact does n 9 itself  
acc\nt = ,magic4 ,! m9d ( animals is    
regulat$ 9 a simil> mann]4 ,9 spr+-"t ! 
sight ( a fea!r makes ! bird ?9k (      
ne/-build+1 & ! smell & sight ( 8 ma/]'s
 coat br+s ! ma/] to ! dog's m9d4 ,yet  

animals d n practise ! magical art4 ,?is
 fact %\ld be suffici5t to make "o      
realise ! insuffici5cy ( 'a simple      
mi/ak5 recognition ( ! simil>ity &      
contiguity ( ideas' z an explanation ( !
 orig9 ( ,magic4 ,an animal might obs]ve
 ! col\r-lik5ess betwe5 c>rots &        
jaundice 7n1 h[ev]1 unless practical    
deal+s ) !m _h attract$ 8 att5tion to ! 
col\r71 & 'coat' & 'ma/]' might foll[   
ea* o!r 9 a dog's m9d4 ,b 9 ord] to     
treat ! coat z he w\ld ! ma/]1 & 9 ord] 
to eat c>rots or give !m to be eat5 = ! 
cure ( jaundice1 !re is requir$1 9      
addition to ! association1 ! belief t   
:atev] is done to ! coat w be suff]$ by 
! ma/]1 & t ! eat+ ( c>rots w cure !    
disease4 ,x is ! exi/5ce ( ^! ideas ) _!
 motor & affective values & ( _! dynamic
 connection :i* makes ,magic possible 9 
be+s subject to ! laws ( association4   
,?is fundam5tal diff]5ce betwe5 m]e     
association ( ideas & ! ess5tial m5tal  
processes involv$ 9 ,magic1 ,fraz] has  
completely ov]look$4 ,! diff]5ce may be 

fur!r illu/rat$ by ! in/ance ( a dog    
bit+ 9 a rage ! /ick ) :i* he is be+    
beat54 ,he is inde$ do+ to ! /ick :at he
 w\ld l to d to ! man4 ,b 9 attack+ !   
/ick he does n conceive t1 al?\gh ! /ick
 is n ! man1 ! injury done to x w hurt !
 man4 ,8 action is bl9dly impulsive1    
:ile ! =m ( ,magic 9 "q involves        
g5]alisations & o!r m5tal processes n   
express$ by ! laws ( association4#be    
,if magical actions _c be d$uc$ f !     
pr9ciple ( association1 !y c at lea/ be 
classifi$ accord+ to ! k9d ( association
 !y illu/rate4 ,=1 al?\gh ! v>i\s ideas 
br\ght toge!r 9 ,magic1 9 a relation (  
cause & effect1 are frequ5tly said to h 
come toge!r by '*ance1' "s ( !          
conditions "u :i* !y h 9 fact become    
connect$ are express$ 9 ! univ]sal laws 
( association1 namely1 association by   
simil>ity or contra/1 by contiguity or  
spatial opposition1 & by emotional      
congruity or disp>ity4 ,:5ev] magical   
acts h be5 classifi$1 x has be5 accord+ 
to ! pr9ciple ( association4#bf ,b e k9d

 ( activity involv+ m5tal op]ations     
falls 9 "s ( its relations "u ! laws (  
association1 h5ce ! relative            
unfruitfulness ( ^! classifications1    
h5ce also our attempt at gr\p+ magical  
practices accord+ to a factor ( great]  
significance1 namely1 ! nature ( ! p[]  
!y involve4  #b4 ,! ,indep5d5ce (       
,religion f ,magic4--,! foll[+          
psy*ological argum5ts appe> to me to g a
 long way t[>ds prov+ t magical behavi\r
 has _h an orig9 indep5d5t ( !          
animi/ic#bg belief1 & t "s ( its =ms1 at
 lea/1 ant$at$ x1 & !re=e also          
,religion3--  7a7 ,! absorb+ int]e/ f\nd
 by "y *ildr5 9 ! use ( ?+s1 & _!       
complete indiff]5ce at fir/ to ! modus  
op]&i1 po9t1 x w\ld seem1 to a /age 9   
human developm5t at :i* ! explanation ( 
?+s is n yet desir$4 ,x is well kn[n t  
long be=e a *ild asks 'h[8' he we>ies 8 
gu>dians ) ! "q1 ':at =8'#bh ,he wants  
to "k :at ?+s are good =1 &1 9 p>ticul>1
 :at he c d ) !m be=e he c>es = an      
und]/&+ ( _! orig91 & ( _! me*anism4    

,?is ke5 int]e/ 9 ! production (        
results1 ?is curiosity ab\t ! practical 
mean+ ( ?+s1 is app>5tly q indep5d5t (  
any ab/ract idea ( p[]4 ,s9ce ! *ild    
passes ?r\gh a pre-int]pretative /age1  
may we n admit a correspond+ p]iod 9    
racial developm5t dur+ :i* no           
explanatory s\l-!ory1 no animi/ic       
philosophy1 is ent]ta9$8 ,a m5tal       
attitude su* z ?is w\ld make ,religion  
impossible1 :ile x w\ld provide !       
ess5tial condition = a ,magic ( our fir/
 class4  7b7 ,*ildr5--& adult savages   
resemble *ildr5 9 _m respects--l to     
amuse !mselves by sett+ up prohibitions 
& back+ !m up ) ?reats ( puni%m5t4 ',if 
y d ?is1' !y w say1 't w happ5 to y4' ,!
 '?is' & ! 't' h usually no logical     
connection ) ea* o!r1 nei!r is !re 9 !  
m9d ( ! *ild any ?\ght ( a p>ticul> k9d 
( p[]1 or ag5t1 met+ out ! puni%m5t4    
,?is k9d ( play is /rik+ly simil> to a  
l>ge numb] ( magical practices4 ,c x n  
be reg>d$ z ! prototype ( mo/ taboo     
cu/oms8 ,9 taboo !re is usually no      

logical & no qualitative relation betwe5
 ! prohibition & ! puni%m5t4 ,nei!r is  
!re1 ord9>ily1 any notion ( a p>ticul>  
ag5t c>ry+ out ! ?reat4 ,x involves1 x  
seems1 no?+ m ?an ! assumption ( a      
causal connection betwe5 two facts      
br\ght toge!r by '*ance' association "u 
! pressure ( a desire = food or success 
at w>1 or = ! en=cem5t ( a rule (       
conduct4#bi ,! puni%m5t ann\nc$ is any?+
 on ! efficacy ( :i* "o may *oose to    
rely4 ,9 ,madagasc> conjugal fidelity is
 en=c$ by ! ?reat t ! betray$ husb& w be
 kill$ or w\nd$ 9 ! w>2 among ! indig5\s
 tribes ( ,s>awak1 ! belief is t !      
camphor obta9$ by ! m5 9 ! jungle w     
evaporate if ! wom5 are unfai?ful dur+ !
 abs5ce ( _! husb&s1 :ile 9 ,ea/        
,africa1 ! husb& w\ld1 9 ! same         
ev5tuality1 be kill$ or hurt by !       
elephant he is hunt+4#cj ,! high        
sanction :i* ! requirem5ts ( social life
 give to beliefs ( ?is sort is readily  
und]/ood4  7c7 ,x is a fact ( common    
obs]vation t 9 passionate mom5ts1 m5 ( e

 degree ( culture act1 9 ! abs5ce ( !   
object ( _! passion1 m or less z if x 0 
pres5t4 ,a man gr9ds 8 tee?1 %akes 8    
fi/1 gr[ls at ! abs5t enemy2 a "m       
presses to h] brea/ & talks fondly to ! 
dep>t$ babe4 ,! p5t-up motor t5d5cies   
mu/ f9d an outlet4 ,to re/ra9 e ext]nal 
sign ( "o's desires or int5tions :5 "u  
great emotional excitem5t is un5durable 
pa94 ,by ! sick-b$ ( "o belov$1 "o mu/ d
 some?+1 h[ev] useless to him4 ,:o %all 
say t we d n h 9 ?is natural t5d5cy !   
orig9 ( ! l>ge class ( magical acts     
repres5t$ by /ick+ p9s into1 or burn+1  
an effigy8 ,! less a p]son is "u !      
control ( reason1 ! m likely is he1 n   
only to yield to prompt+s ( ?is ord]1 b 
also to be s$uc$ by 8 wi% into a belief 
9 _! efficacy4  ,if any "o f9ds x       
difficult to admit t ! savage c s easily
 be deceiv$1 ,i w\ld direct 8 att5tion  
to ! well-kn[n in/ances ( *ildr5's      
self-deceptions4 ,mo/ ( !m behave1 at a 
c]ta9 age1 z if _! dolls 7 alive &1 to  
all appe>ances1 !re are "s mom5ts :5 !y 

?9k s4 ,:at !y ?9k at o!r mom5ts is     
ano!r matt]4 ,we ne$ n suppose t !      
savage _c take1 at times1 a critical    
attitude & p]haps undeceive himself4 ,x 
is suffici5t t at o!r mom5ts1 :5 "u !   
pressure ( ne$s or 9 ! excitem5t        
accompany+ c]emonies ( consid]able      
social significance or ( mu* p]sonal    
importance1 he %\ld be able to assume ! 
attitude ( ! believ]4 ,! behavi\r (     
c]ta9 m5tally d]ang$ p]sons ?r[s "s     
light on ?is po9t4 ,su* a p]son may     
believe t 8 h&s are always dirty & be   
con/antly wa%+ !m4 ,if reason$ )1 he may
 p]haps be conv9c$ t !y _c be dirty4    
,yet a few seconds lat] he w exclaim1   
',b ,i feel !y are dirty1' & return to !
 wa%-bas94 ,! savage is "u ! control ( 8
 impulses & feel+s to a degree approa*+ 
t ( ! p]son in/anc$4 ,9 ?is connection1 
! effect ( repetition1 & ( ! tribal     
sanction obta9$ by magical cu/oms1 %\ld 
n be ov]look$4 ,!y t5d to make d\bt &   
criticism next to impossible4  ,:at ne$ 
is !re 9 cases ( ?is k9d to introduce a 

middle t]m betwe5 ! actions ( ! magician
 & _! expect$ effect8 ,none :atsoev]4 ,!
 ?\ght ( an effici5t ag5t or p[] pass+  
out ( ! magician or ( 8 in/rum5t to "w  
^u ! victim is no necess>y "p ( ?is type
 ( ,magic4  7d7 ,! belief at ! root ( a 
great v>iety ( magical practices1 t 'l' 
produces 'l1' may h aris5 9 /ill o!r    
ways ?an ! "o j indicat$4 ,no?+ is m    
common ?an ! invisible passage ( ?+s1 be
 !y heat1 cold1 light1 ?und]bolt1 od\rs1
 diseases1 etc41 f "o p]son or object to
 ano!r1 ei!r by contact or ?r\gh space4 
,! frequ5t in/ances ( diseases spread+  
by infection among m51 animals1 &       
vegetables1 seem 9 !mselves suffici5t to
 sugge/ ! belief t 'l' produces 'l4' ,! 
idea ( contagion mu/ h appe>$ v e>ly    
inde$4 ,n[1 z ! savage is q unable to   
di/+ui% betwe5 ! diff]5t ag5cies involv$
 9 ! v>iety ( exp]i5ces ( ?is sort1 he  
_c draw ! l9e betwe5 ! 'likes' t really 
produce 'likes' & ^? t d n2 h5ce 8 v    
/range expectations4 ,?is class ( ,magic
 also is indep5d5t ( ! conception ( an  

ag5t effect+ ! connection betwe5 !      
objects relat$ z cause & effect4  ,s9ce 
,tylor wrote 8 memorable "w1 ! doctr9e (
 animism has become classical4 ,?is     
passage f ,primitive ,culture1#ca ',:at 
m5's eyes behold is b ! in/rum5t to be  
us$1 or ! mat]ial to be %ap$1 :ile beh9d
 x !re /&s "s prodigi\s b half-human    
creature1 :o grasps x ) 8 h&s or bl[s x 
) 8 brea?1' expresses1 no d\bt1 fairly  
correctly1 a v e>ly philosophy ( life4  
,i w\ld n object ev5 to its be+ t]m$ !  
e>lie/ philosophy1 provid$ x be grant$ t
 ! progress ( ! human race 0 already    
well "u way :5 x appe>$4 ,b :5 x is     
assum$1 z x is by _m1 t ! animi/ic      
conception ( nature is necess>y to1 &   
ant$ates1 ! e/abli%m5t ( ,magic1 ,i mu/ 
diss5t & affirm t a v l>ge numb] (      
magical practices nei!r presuppose1 nor 
9 any way involve1 a belief 9 animism1 &
 t !re are good reasons = consid]+ !m   
orig9al1 i4e4 n corruptions ( practices 
primitively imply+ t belief4 ,s mu* ,i  
tru/ to h %[n 9 ! prec$+ pages4#cb  ,i d

 n 9 ! lea/ d5y t "s ( ! magical        
practices 9 exi/5ce are d]iv$ f actions 
( a diff]5t "*4 ,_m ( ! 'sup]/itions' ( 
civilis$ c\ntries h _h a long hi/ory4   
,sev]al ( ! m>riage cu/oms2 = in/ance1 !
 cutt+ ( ! cake by ! bride1 & ! lift+ ( 
! bride ov] ! ?re%old1 are ve/iges (    
actions once necess>y or useful4#cc ,b x
 w\ld be absurd to conclude f ! exi/5ce 
( d]iv$ magical practices t ,magic1 z a 
:ole1 is to be acc\nt$ = on a !ory (    
'laps$ intellig5ce4'  ,magic & ,religion
 comb9e b nev] fuse4--,:5 gho/s &       
nature-be+s h become m5tal possessions (
 ! savage1 "o may expect ! sph]e (      
,magic to ext5d s z to include ^! unse51
 my/]i\s be+s4 ,:y %\ld n ! magical p[] 
take effect ^u gho/s & gods z well z ^u 
m58 ,! savage1 l ev]ybody else1 is      
anxi\s to use e available means to      
secure 8 pres]vation & 8 advancem5t4 ,:y
 !n %\ld he n use bo? ,magic & ! (f]+ ( 
food8 ,f ! mom5t ,religion appe>s1 until
 ! effici5cy ( ,magic is totally        
discr$it$1 we may expect to f9d ^! two  

modes ( behavi\r associat$ 9 m5's deal+s
 ) gods1 except1 h[ev]1 :]e ! god is    
cle>ly ?\ght ( z a _w-creator4 ,= !     
savage c\ld h>dly h ! presumption (     
attempt+ to control a p[] he recognises 
z ! mak] ( ! human race & ( ! _w4 ,"h   
are two in/ances ( ! comb9ation ( ,magic
 ) ,religion4 ',9 ! ,bab> ,ar*ipelago1  
:5 a woman desires to h a *ild1 %e      
invites a man1 :o is himself ! fa!r ( a 
l>ge family1 to pray on h] behalf to    
,upul]o1 ! _s ( ! sun4 ,a doll is made (
 r$ cotton1 :i* ! woman clasps 9 h]     
arms1 z if %e w\ld suckle x4 ,!n ! fa!r 
( _m *ildr5 takes a f[l & holds x by !  
legs to ! woman's head1 say+1 ,o        
,upul]o1 make use ( ! f[l2 let fall1 let
 desc5d a *ild1 ,i besee* y1 ,i entreat 
y1 let a *ild fall into my h&s & on my  
lap4 ,!n he asks ! woman1 ,has ! *ild   
come8 & %e answ]s1 ,yes1 x is suck+     
already4444 ,la/ly1 ! bird is kill$1 &  
laid1 toge!r ) "s betel1 on ! dome/ic   
plate ( sacrifice4444'#cd ,9 ?is c]emony
 pray] & sacrifice to a god are         

associat$ ) magical practices ( a       
mimetic & sympa!tic "*4 ,9 a l>ge numb] 
( c]emonies1 ! god is dealt ) religi\sly
 9 ord] to secure f him 'p[]1' & !n     
,magic is add$ to make ! p[] effective4 
,9 old ,egypt "o ( ! =mulas accord+ to  
:i* ! help ( gods 0 secur$ began ) an   
appeal to !m "u _! popul> names4 ,x 0 a 
pray] :i* !y 7 free to he$ or to        
neglect4 ,!n foll[$1 9 ord] to compel !m
 to act1 an adjuration introduc+ !      
my/ical names1 '^? writt5 at bir? 9 _!  
he>t by _! fa!r & "m4'#ce ,! magician n 
only claim$ ! p[] to =ce ! gods to d 8  
bidd+1 b also1 9 case ( disob$i5ce1 to  
puni% !m1 ev5 by de/ruction4 ,remnants (
 magical deal+s ) gods are f\nd ev5 9 ! 
,*ri/ian ,religion1 if we are to believe
 ! au?ors quot$ by ,fraz]4#cf ,magic &  
,religion are s closely int]wov5 9 !    
life ( peoples ( l[ culture t "s au?ors 
h affirm$ ! impossibility ( sep>at+ !m4 
,_! affirmation ne$ n be contradict$    
unless x be int5d$ to mean t orig9ally  
!y 7 "o & ! same ?+4 ,h[ev] closely     

int]wov5 !y may be1 ,magic & ,religion  
rema9 di/9ct1 z 9 ! above in/ances4 ,"o 
might say1 borr[+ ! language ( ! *emi/1 
t !y d n =m comp\nds1 b only mixtures4  
99       99       99       99       99  
,:at did ,magic contribute to ! mak+ (  
,religion8 ,fraz]'s ,!ory4--,our        
conclusions are1 s f>1 t ,magic has _h  
an indep5d5t orig91 t x v probably      
ant$at$ ,religion1 & t !y associate =   
common purposes )\t ev] fus+1 = !y are  
ref]able to diff]5t pr9ciples4 ,are we1 
!n1 driv5 to ! op9ion t ev5 ?\gh ,magic 
%\ld h ant$at$ ,religion & be5 (t5      
comb9$ ) x 9 common und]tak+s1 x has1   
nev]!less1 contribut$ 9 no way to !     
e/abli%m5t ( ,religion8 ,t conclusion is
 n unavoidable4 ,fraz]'s conception     
pres5ts an alt]native :i*1 h[ev]1 we _c 
accept4 ,z he recognises n only a       
fundam5tal di/9ction1 b ev5 an          
opposition ( pr9ciple betwe5 ,magic &   
,religion1 he _c ?9k ( all[+ ! =m] a    
positive influ5ce 9 ! e/abli%m5t (      
,religion4 ,yet he admits a g5etic      

relation betwe5 !m3 x is1 accord+ to    
him1 ! recognition ( ! failure ( ,magic 
t is ! cause ( ! wor%ip ( gods4 ',i w\ld
 sugge/1' writes ,fraz]1 't a t>dy      
recognition ( ! inh]5t falsehood &      
b>r5ness ( ,magic set ! m ?\ghtful "p ( 
mank9d to ca/ ab\t = a tru] !ory (      
nature & a m fruitful me?od ( turn+ h]  
res\rces to acc\nt4' ,:5 man saw t 8    
magical actions 7 n ! real cause ( !    
activity ( nature1 x occurr$ to him t1  
'if ! great _w w5t on its way )\t ! help
 ( him or 8 fell[s1 x mu/ surely be     
because !re 7 o!r be+s1 l himself1 b f> 
/rong]1 :o1 unse5 !mselves1 direct$ its 
c\rse & br\ght ab\t all ! v>i\s s]ies ( 
ev5ts :i* he _h hi!rto believ$ to be    
dep5d5t on 8 own ,magic4444 ,to ^!      
mighty be+s1 ^: h&iwork he trac$ 9 all !
 gorge\s & v>i$ pageantry ( nature1 man 
n[ address$ himself1 humbly confess+ 8  
dep5d5ce on _! invisible p[]1 & besee*+ 
!m ( _! m]cy to furni% him ) all good   
?+s4444 ,9 ?is1 or "s su* way z ?is1 !  
deep] m9ds may be conceiv$ to h made !  

transition f ,magic to ,religion4'#cg   
,sev]al obvi\s objections may be rais$  
aga9/ ?is view4 ,i w\ld rem>k fir/ ( all
 t ,fraz] does n discr$it ! s\rces ( !  
belief 9 gho/s & 9 nature-be+s m5tion$ 9
 ! prec$+ section3 sleep & trances2     
app>itions2 ! impulse to p]sonify great 
& />tl+ natural ph5om5a2 ! idea (       
creation4 ,8 hypo!sis ( ! orig9 (       
,religion is1 !re=e1 sup]flu\s1 unless  
he c\ld %[ t ! transition f ,magic to   
,religion took place 9 ! mann] he       
sugge/s be=e ! exp]i5ces & reflections  
we h nam$ _h giv5 rise to ! idea ( god4 
,! assumption on :i* ,fraz]'s hypo!sis  
re/s1 namely1 t sagaci\s m5 ( wild races
 p]suad$ !mselves & _! fell[s ( !       
ineffici5cy ( ,magic1 seems cle>ly      
contradict$ by ! hi/ory ( ! relation (  
,magic to ,religion1 & also by !        
psy*ology ( belief4 ,on ! latt] gr\nd1  
he may ju/ly be accus$ ( attribut+ nei!r
 en\gh influ5ce to ! w to believe nor to
 ! support x receives f ! _m app>5t or  
real successes ( ,magic4 ,^! successes1 

) ! help ( ! sev]al ways ( acc\nt+ =    
failures )\t giv+ up ! belief1#ch 7 9 my
 op9ion suffici5t to support a belief 9 
! effici5cy ( ,magic until long aft] !  
bir? ( ,religion4 ,is n t ! conclusion  
we mu/ draw f ! rec5t spread ( !        
spirituali/ic movem5t1 n only among !   
untutor$1 b ev5 among repres5tatives (  
our high] culture8 ,! late ga9s (       
spiritism h be5 made despite numb]less  
failures1 ! repeat$ discov]y (          
deception1 & ! satisfactory sci5tific   
explanation ( a l>ge proportion ( !     
alleg$ spiriti/ic facts1 & ?anks m]ely  
to a desire to believe1 & to a few      
que/ionable facts n readily expla9$ by  
accept$ hypo!ses4 ,to suppose t be=e    
gho/s & nature-be+s _h be5 ?\ght ( &    
made great en\gh to ex]cise a practical 
influ5ce ^u m5's conduct1 !re _h exi/$1 
9 ! b>b>\s circum/ances impli$ 9 !      
supposition1 p]sons s ke5ly obs]vant1 s 
capable ( sci5tific g5]alisation1 & s   
free f ! obscur+ influ5ces ( passion z  
to be able to reject ! _m in/ances (    

app>5t success ( ,magic1 is to posit a  
miracle :]e a satisfactory natural      
explanation already exi/s4  ,9 ,magic & 
,religion1 ,&rew ,lang directs a vigor\s
 & successful attack ^u ,fraz]'s        
hypo!sis4#ci ,a "p ( 8 argum5t1 bas$ on 
g5]ally accept$ hi/orical data1 is      
summ>is$ 9 ?is passage3 ',if we f9d t ! 
mo/ backw>d race kn[n to u believes 9 a 
p[]1 yet propitiates him nei!r by pray] 
nor sacrifice1 & if we f9d1 z we d1 t 9 
_m m advanc$ races 9 ,africa & ,am]ica1 
x is precisely ! highe/ p[] :i* is left 
unpropitiat$1 !n we really _c argue t   
gods 7 fir/ inv5t$ z p[] :o c\ld give   
good ?+s1 on receipt ( o!r good ?+s1    
sacrifice & pray]4'#dj ,he rem>ks1 9    
addition1 t al?\gh "o w\ld n expect p :o
 _h recognis$ ! uselessness ( ,magic &  
turn$ to gods1 to cont9ue ! developm5t (
 ! magical art1 yet1 9 ord] to f9d !    
highe/ ,magic "o has to g to no less a  
civilisation ?an t ( ,japan1 :]e gods   
are pl5tiful4  ,al?\gh ! hypo!sis t gods
 & ,religion are ! consequ5ce ( !       

recognition ( ! failure ( ,magic1 mu/ be
 reject$1 x does n foll[ t two modes (  
activity 9 ! s]vice ( common purposes1 z
 are ,magic & e>ly ,religion1 d n act ^u
 ea* o!r 9 _m ways4 ,if ,magic 0 fir/ 9 
! field1 we may believe t ! satisfaction
 x gave to man by its results1 app>5t & 
real1 & 9 provid+ him ) a means (       
express+ 8 desires1 t5d$ to ret>d !     
e/abli%m5t ( any o!r me?od ( secur+ !   
same ends4 ,! habit ( do+ a ?+ 9 a      
p>ticul> mann] always /&s m or less 9 ! 
way ( ! discov]y ( o!r ways ( do+ ! same
 ?+4 ,s t ,magic 01 9 ^! respects1 a    
h9drance to ! mak+ ( ,religion4 ,!re is1
 h[ev]1 a gra9 ( tru? 9 ,fraz]'s        
hypo!sis4 ,_h ,magic completely satisfi$
 man's multif>i\s desires1 he w\ld1 9   
all probability1 h paid b scant att5tion
 to ! gods1 = x is 9 times ( trial t man
 turns to !m4 ,x 0 ?us greatly          
advantage\s to ! mak+ ( ,religion t !   
inadequacy ( ,magic %\ld h be5 felt4    
,moreov]1 ,magic ex]cis$1 9 ways m5tion$
 be=e1 a v consid]able influ5ce on !    

g5]al m5tal gr[? ( savage populations2 9
 ?is s5se also x may be said to h help$ 
,religion4  ,9 a p5etrat+ comp>ison (   
,magic ) ,religion1 ,m>ett#da po9ts out 
h[ easily our ?ird class (              
,magic--,spell-,magic--assumes '! g>b ( 
an affair betwe5 p]sons1' & ?us         
approa*es v close to ,religion4 ,b ev5  
:5 ,magic involves ! 'projection ( an   
imp]ative w1' ! fundam5tal diff]5ce     
betwe5 ! two modes ( behavi\r rema9s q  
di/9ct4 ,9 anci5t ,p]u1 :5 a w>         
exp$ition 0 contemplat$1 !y 7 wont to   
/>ve c]ta9 black %eep = "s days & !n    
slay !m1 utt]+ ! incantation1 ',z !     
he>ts ( ^! bea/s are weak5$1 s let our  
enemies be weak5$4' ,if ?is utt]ance is 
to be reg>d$ z express+ an attempt to   
project ! op]ator's 'w' ^u ! enemies1 we
 are cle>ly 9 ! realm ( pure ,magic4 ,b 
if x is to be und]/ood z address$ to a  
p]sonal be+1 x is a pray]1 & !n we deal 
) an in/ance ( ! comb9ation ( ,magic )  
,religion4         99       99       99 
99       99  ,magic & ! ,orig9 (        

,sci5ce4--,a common op9ion has x t      
,magic & n ! me*anical type ( behavi\r  
is ! precursor ( sci5ce4 ,be=e br++ ?is 
*apt] to a close1 we %all try & det]m9e 
9 :at s5se ?is /atem5t is to be         
und]/ood4  ,! read] w rememb] t aft]    
discrim9at+ r\ghly1 9 ! introduction1 ! 
?ree modes ( behavi\r obs]vable 9 man1  
,i add$ t ! an?ropopa?ic behavi\r       
becomes ,religion :5 x is direct$ to    
gods1 & ! me*anical becomes sci5ce :5 ! 
pr9ciple ( quantitative proportion x    
implies is def9itively recognis$4       
,fraz]1 :o sets =? 9 8 great book !     
magical orig9 ( sci5ce1 may /& z !      
repres5tative ( t !ory4 ',magic1' he    
tells u1 'is next ( k9 to sci5ce1' =    
sci5ce 'assumes t 9 nature "o ev5t      
foll[s ano!r necess>ily & inv>iably )\t 
! int]v5tion ( any special spiritual or 
p]sonal ag5cy4 ,?us its fundam5tal      
conception is id5tical ) t ( mod]n      
sci5ce2 und]ly+ ! :ole sy/em is a fai?1 
implicit1 b real & firm1 9 ! ord] &     
uni=mity ( nature 444 8 p[] !           

magician's1 great z he believes x to be1
 is by no means arbitr>y & unlimit$4 ,he
 c wield x only s long z he /rictly     
con=ms to ! rules ( 8 art1 or to :at may
 be call$ ! laws ( nature z conceiv$ by 
him4444 ,?us ! analogy betwe5 ! magical 
& ! sci5tific conception ( ! _w is      
close4 ,9 bo? ( !m ! succession ( ev5ts 
is p]fectly regul> & c]ta91 be+ det]m9$ 
by immutable laws1 ! op]ation ( :i* c be
 =ese5 & calculat$ precisely4'#db ,^u   
?is ,i obs]ve1 fir/1 t ! ackn[l$gm5t ( a
 fix$ relation betwe5 actions or beliefs
 & _! results is n peculi> to ,magic2 x 
is impli$ also 9 ,religion &1 m         
p]fectly1 9 me*anical behavi\r4         
,salvation is by ! "r practice1 or by ! 
"r fai?1 or bo?4 ,! gods _c be approa*$ 
& conciliat$ 9 any way2 wor%ipp]1 no    
less ?an magician1 has to con=m to a    
def9ite ritual4 ,9 c]ta9 n entirely     
b>b>\s communities salvation or         
damnation is held to foll[1             
respectively1 belief or disbelief 9 no  
less ?an ?irty-n9e articles6 ,s t       

'def9ite & c]ta9 succession ( ev5ts1' _!
 det]m9ation 'by immutable laws' to !   
elim9ation ( caprice1 *ance1 or accid5t1
 are expressions :i* apply1 on ! :ole1 z
 well to ,religion z to ,magic4 ,^!     
phrases d n d5ote a k9%ip ( ,magic to   
,sci5ce1 :i* c\ld n be claim$ also by   
,religion4  ,turn+ to ano!r side ( !    
matt]1 we obs]ve t ,fraz] f9ds x        
conv5i5t to m9imise1 9 ?is connection1 !
 consid]able %>e ( ! p]sonal1 i4e4 ( !  
caprici\s1 ! incalculable1 9 ,magic4 ,! 
p]sonality ( ! magician introduces an   
indet]m9ate & undet]m9able factor ab\t  
:i* en\gh has be5 said 9 prec$+         
sections4 ,no?+ c\ld be 9 m direct      
antagonism to ! sci5tific attitude ?an  
^! two factors3 ! influ5ce accord$ to ! 
p]sonality ( ! magician & ! belief 9    
occult p[]s belong+ to p>ticul> objects 
& ev5ts4 ,s t x is tru] to ! facts to   
say t ! fundam5tal conception ( sci5ce1 
s f> f be+ id5tical ) t ( ,magic1 is    
abs5t f x4 ,= ! ess5tial presupposition 
( sci5ce--! "o t diff]5tiates x alike f 

,magic & f ,religion--is ! ackn[l$gm5t (
 def9ite & con/ant quantitative         
relations betwe5 causes & effects1      
relations :i* completely exclude !      
p]sonal elem5t & ! occult4 ,if t        
sci5tific presupposition is abs5t f     
,magic & f ,religion1 x is implicitly   
pres5t 9 me*anical behavi\r4 ,! savage  
is ne>] ! sci5tific _s & its me?od :5 he
 con/ructs a weapon to fit a p>ticul>   
purpose1 or :5 he adju/s 8 b[ & 8 arr[  
to ! direction & ! /r5g? ( ! w9d1 ?an :5
 he burns an enemy 9 effigy1 ab/a9s f   
sexual int]c\rse to promote success 9 ! 
hunt1 or exorcises diseases4  ,:at magic
 %>es ) sci5ce is n ! belief 9 !        
fundam5tal pr9ciple we h nam$1 b !      
desire to ga9 ! ma/]y ov] ! p[]s (      
nature & ! practice ( ! exp]im5tal      
me?od4 ,! exp]im5tation ( ,magic is1    
h[ev]1 s limit$ & s unconsci\s t x c    
h>dly be assimilat$ to ! mod]n sci5tific
 me?od4 ,if any "o 7 to turn to hi/ory =
 an argum5t 9 support ( ! !sis def5d$ by
 ,fraz]1 & po9t out t ! al*emi/ is !    

l9eal ance/or ( ! sci5ti/1 ! suffici5t  
answ] w\ld be--7#a7 ,hi/orical          
succession does n imply cont9uity (     
pr9ciple4 ,al?\gh ,magic1 ,al*emy1 &    
,sci5ce =m an hi/orical sequ5ce1 !      
fundam5tal pr9ciple ( ! la/ is n to be  
f\nd 9 ! o!rs4 7#b7 ,! cle> recognition 
( ! pr9ciple ( fix$ quantitative        
relations is1 :5ev] & :]ev] x appe>s1 ! 
bir? ( ,sci5ce & ! dea? ( bo? ,magic &  
,al*emy4 ,?is la/ fact demon/rates      
cle>ly ! fundam5tal enmity ( ^! arts to 
! sci5tific pr9ciple4  ,! discov]y ( !  
sci5tific pr9ciple 0 probably almo/ z   
mu* h9d]$ by ! false notions & !        
p]nici\s habits ( m9d enc\rag$ by       
,magic1 z fur!r$ by ! ga9 9 g5]al m5tal 
activity & k :i* x br\ght ab\t4 ,magic1 
no m ?an ,religion1 enc\rages ! exact   
obs]vation ( ext]nal facts1 b r         
self-deception ) reg>d to !m4           
,,*apt] ,v  ,,! ,,orig9al ,,emotion ,,( 
,,primitive ,,religi\s ,,life   ,!      
failure to recognise 9 ,religion ?ree   
functionally relat$                     

con/itu5ts--conation1 feel+1 & ?\ght--is
 responsible = a confus+ use ( ! t]m    
'orig94' ,"s h said t ,religion began ) 
! belief 9 sup]human1 my/]i\s be+s2 o!rs
 t x _h its orig9 9 ! emotional life1 & 
^! usually specify fe>2 :ile a ?ird gr\p
 h decl>$ t its g5esis is to be f\nd 9 !
 w-to-live4 ,at ?is /age ( our inquiry !
 read] realises no d\bt t ^! ?ree       
utt]ances are incomplete1 inasmu* z ea* 
"o ( !m expresses ei!r ! orig91 or !    
orig9al =m1 ( only "o ( ! con/itu5ts (  
,religion4  ,i h 9 ! prec$+ sections    
dealt ) ! e/abli%m5t ( ! religi\s       
attitude or behavi\r &1 aft]w>ds1 m     
specifically1 ) ! orig9 ( ! god-idea4 ,!
 space at my disposal does n all[ me to 
say any?+ reg>d+ ! rise ( ! me?ods by   
:i* man ent]$ 9 relation ) ! div9e be+s 
9 :om he believes4 ,= ! same reason1 ,i 
%all h to be v brief 9 deal+ ) ! orig9al
 emotional =m ( ,religion4  ,two oppos$ 
op9ions divide ! field4 ,! m widely held
 is t fe> is ! beg9n+ ( ,religion2 !    
o!r1 accept$ by a small b weighty       

m9ority1 t x has its orig9 9 a 'lov+    
rev]5ce = kn[n gods4' ,we %all h little 
difficulty 9 arriv+ at an und]/&+ ( !   
matt] 9 :i* ^! two views1 in/ead (      
oppos+1 supplem5t ea* o!r4 ,! orig9 ( ! 
two emotions m5tion$1 fe> & love1 fall1 
( c\rse1 outside ! limits ( ?is essay1  
s9ce !y bo? exi/$ be=e ,religion4  ',fe>
 begets gods1' said ,lucretius4 ,hume   
conclud$ t '! fir/ ideas ( religion     
arose 444 f a conc]n ) reg>d to ! ev5ts 
( life & fe>s :i* actuate ! human m9d4' 
,a simil> op9ion is ma9ta9$ by mo/ ( our
 contempor>ies4 ,among psy*ologi/s1     
,ribot1 = in/ance1 affirms t '! religi\s
 s5tim5t is compos$ fir/ ( all ( !      
emotion ( fe> 9 its diff]5t degrees1 f  
pr(\nd t]ror to vague uneas9ess1 due to 
fai? 9 an unkn[n1 my/]i\s1 impalpable   
,p[]4'#dc ,! fe>-!ory is well support$  
by two classes ( int]dep5d5t facts      
obs]v$1 we are told1 9 e uncivilis$ p3  
7#a7 ,evil spirits are ! fir/ to atta9 a
 c]ta9 degree ( def9it5ess2 7#b7 man    
ent]s into def9ite relations fir/ ) ^!  

evil spirits4 ,if ! read] w ref] to ,!  
,orig9 ( ,civilisation by ,"l ,avebury  
7,sir ,john ,lubbock71 #crd ed41 pp4    
#bab-bae1 he w see !re h[ widely true is
 ! op9ion express$ by                   
,s*e9fur?3--',among ! ,bongos ( c5tral  
,africa good spirits are q unrecognis$1 
&1 accord+ to ! g5]al negro idea1 no    
b5efit c ev] come f a _s4' ,9 _m o!r    
tribes ! good spirits are kn[n1 b !     
savage always 'pays m att5tion to       
deprecat+ ! wra? ( ! evil ?an secur+ !  
fav\r ( ! good be+s4' ,! t5d5cy is to   
let alone ! good spirits1 because1 be+  
good1 !y w d u good ( !mselves1 j z evil
 spirits d u h>m unsolicit$4  ,%all we1 
!n1 admit ! fe>-orig9 ( ,religion8 ,yes1
 provid$ x be und]/ood t fe> repres5ts  
only "o ( ! ?ree con/itu5ts ( ,religion1
 t x is n 9 virtue ( a p>ticul> quality 
or prop]ty t fe> is ! primitive         
emotional =m ( ,religion1 & t ?is       
admission is n int5d$ to imply !        
impossibility ( ,religion hav+ ev]      
any:]e begun ) aggressive or t5d]       

emotions4 ,reg>d+ ! second res]vation1 x
 %\ld be und]/ood t ! mak+ ( ,religion  
requires no?+ f\nd 9 fe> t is n also    
pres5t 9 o!r emotions4 ,if aggressive   
emotions are n conspicu\s at ! dawn (   
,religion1 x is only because x s happ5s 
t ! circum/ances 9 :i* ! lea/ cultur$   
peoples kn[n to u live are su* z to keep
 fe> 9 ! =egr\nd ( consci\sness4 ,fe> 0 
! fir/ ( ! well-organis$ emotional      
reactions4 ,x ant$at$ ! human species1 &
 appe>s to ?is day fir/ 9 ! "y animal1 z
 well z 9 ! infant4 ,no d\bt1 be=e !    
protective fe>-reaction c\ld h be5      
e/abli%$1 ! lu/ ( life _h work$ itself  
out into aggressive habits1 ^? = !      
secur+ ( food1 = in/ance4 ,b ^! desires 
did n1 z e>ly z 9 ! case ( fe>1 give    
rise to any emotional reaction possess+ 
! con/ancy1 def9it5ess1 & poignancy (   
fe>4 ,! place ( fe> 9 primitive         
,religion is1 !n1 due n to its intr9sic 
qualities1 b simply to circum/ances :i* 
made x appe> fir/ z a well-organis$     
emotion vitally connect$ ) ! ma9t5ance (

 life4 ,x is = exactly ! same reason t !
 dom9ant emotion 9 ! relations (        
uncivilis$ m5 ) ea* o!r1 & /ill m       
evid5tly s1 ( wild animals ) ea* o!r1 is
 usually t ( fe>4  ,:5 ,i said t fe> ne$
 n h be5 ! orig9al religi\s emotion1 ,i 
_h 9 m9d ! possibility ( gr\ps (        
primitive m5 hav+ liv$ 9 circum/ances s 
fav\rable to peace & safety t fe> 0 n v 
(t5 pres5t ) !m4 ,?is is n a prepo/]\s  
supposition4 ,wild m5 ne$ n1 any m ?an  
wild animals1 h f\nd !mselves s situat$ 
z to be kept 9 a con/ant /ate ( fright4 
,if ! ,african antelope runs = its life 
on an av]age twice a day1 z ,francis    
,galton supposes1 ! wild horse on ! ,s\?
 ,am]ican pla9s1 be=e ! hunt] appe>$ on 
8 pa/ures1 ran *iefly = 8 pleasure4     
,travell]s h borne te/imony to ! abs5ce 
( fe> 9 birds inhabit+ c]ta9 regions4   
,b1 x may be ask$1 w\ld ,religion h come
 into exi/5ce "u ^! peaceful            
circum/ances8 ,a life ( relative ease1  
com=t1 & security is n precisely        
conducive to ! e/abli%m5t ( practical   

relations ) gods4 ,:y %\ld happy &      
self-suffici5t m5 look to unse51 my/]i\s
 be+s = an assi/ance n really requir$8  
,"u ^! circum/ances ! unmix$ type (     
fe>-,religion w\ld nev] h come into     
exi/5ce4 ,religion w\ld h appe>$ lat]1 &
 f ! fir/ 9 a nobl] =m4 ,9 su* peoples a
 feel+ ( dep5d5ce ^u b5evol5t gods1     
reg>d$ probably z ,creators &           
,all-,fa!rs1 elicit+ admiration r ?an   
fe> or selfi% desire1 w\ld h *>act]is$  
its beg9n+s4 ,?is possibility %\ld n be 
reject$ a priori4  ,! o!r !ory is well  
repres5t$ by ,w4 ,rob]tson ,smi?4 ,he   
d5ies t ! attempt to appease evil be+s  
is ! f\ndation ( ,religion4 ,i quote3   
',f ! e>lie/ times religion1 z di/9ct f 
magic or sorc]y1 addresses itself to    
k9dr$ & fri5dly be+s1 :o may inde$ be   
angry ) _! p = a "t1 b are always       
placable except to ! enemies ( _!       
wor%ipp]s or to r5egade memb]s ( !      
community4 ,x is n ) a vague fe> (      
unkn[n p[]s b ) a lov+ rev]5ce = kn[n   
gods :o are knit to _! wor%ipp]s by     

/rong bonds ( k9%ip1 t religion1 9 !    
only s5se ( ! ^w1 beg9s4'#dd ,"o may    
agree ) ,rob]tson ,smi? )\t d5y+ t c]ta9
 practices int5d$ to av]t imp5d+ evils  
prec$$ ! e/abli%m5t ( affectionate      
relations ) b5evol5t p[]s4 ,z a matt] ( 
fact1 our au?or admits ?is fully4 ,:at  
he d5ies is t ! attempt to propitiate1 9
 dread1 evil spirits1 is ,religion4 ,x  
_c be d\bt$ t ! inn] exp]i5ce z well z !
 out] attitude & behavi\r ( a p]son are 
sub/antially diff]5t :5 he seeks to     
conciliate a radically evil be+ & :5 he 
communes ) a fundam5tally b5evol5t "o4  
,yet 9 bo? cases an an?ropopa?ic        
relation ) a p]sonal be+ is e/abli%$4 ,9
 ?is respect1 bo? /& oppos$ to magical  
behavi\r4 ,?is common elem5t is s       
fundam5tal t x seems to u advisable to  
make ! "n ,religion include bo? types ( 
relation4 ,& s9ce !y diff]1 nev]!less1 9
 important respects1 ! phrases ,negative
 ,religion may be us$ to designate man's
 deal+s ) radically bad spirits1 &      
,positive ,religion 8 relations )       

fundam5tally b5evol5t ones4  ,positive  
,religion is at fir/ n at all free f    
fe>4 ,! b5evol5t gods are prompt to     
wra?1 & cruelly av5ge _! brok5 laws4 ,! 
m /rik+ developm5t ( religi\s life is ! 
gradual sub/itution ( love = fe> 9      
wor%ip4#de ,?is is "o m reason = n      
completely dissociat+ ! propitiation (  
evil spirits f ! wor%ip ( k9dly gods4   
,,*apt] ,,vi  ,,conclud+ ,,rem>ks ,,on  
,,! ,,nature ,,& ,,! ,,function ,,(     
,,religion   ,! organis$1 hi/orical     
,religions are suffici5tly describ$1 9  
_! objective aspect1 z sy/ems (         
practical relations ) unse51 hyp]human1 
& p]sonal ,be+s4 ,! exp]i5ces 9 :i* ?is 
type ( ,religion consi/s1 :5            
subjectively consid]$1 are ! /ates (    
consci\sness correlat$ ) ! a=esaid      
relations4 ,judg$ accord+ to ?is        
def9ition1 sev]al savage tribes & a v   
l>ge numb] ( p]sons among civilis$      
peoples w\ld h to be acc\nt$            
non-religi\s4 ,mo/ ( !m may1 h[ev]1 lay 
claim to :at we h call$ ,passive        

,religiosity4 ,9 ^! conclud+ pages we   
propose to give increas$ precision &    
coh]5ce to ! conception ( ,religion     
pres5t$ 9 ?is essay4 ,we %all d s "u two
 heads1 7#a7 ,passive & 7#b7 ,godless   
,religions4  #a4 ,&rew ,lang's polemic  
aga9/ ,fraz]'s def9ition ( ,religion w  
s]ve z a conv5i5t text = ! introduction 
( :at we wi% to say "u ! fir/ head4     
,accord+ to ! habit ( an?ropologi/s1    
,fraz] has put =w>d z ! m>k ( ,religion 
! propitiation or ! conciliation (      
p]sonal be+s sup]ior to man & believ$ to
 direct & control ! c\rse ( nature & (  
human life4 ,lang objects1 & v prop]ly1 
t ?is def9ition is too n>r[4 ',i mean by
 ,religion1' says he1 ':at ,mr4 ,fraz]  
means & m4 ,! conciliation ( high] p[]s 
by pray] & sacrifice is ,religion1 b x  
ne$ n be ! :ole ( ,religion4 ,! belief 9
 a high] p[] :o sanctions conduct & is a
 fa!r & a lov+ "o to mank9d is also     
,religion1'#df al?\gh x %\ld n be       
accompani$ by reque/ = b5efits4 ,!      
pres5ce 9 ! high] societies & ev5 at !  

dawn ( civilisation ( p]sons /rang]s to 
any religi\s rite1 yet influ5c$ by a    
belief 9 div9e be+s _c be d5i$4 ,) reg>d
 to ! mo/ b>b>\s ( ! ,au/ralian savages 
,h[itt writes3 ',if ,religion is def9$ z
 be+ ! =mulat$ wor%ip ( a div9ity1 !n ^!
 savages h no ,religion2 b ,i v5ture to 
ass]t t x c be no long] ma9ta9$ t !y h  
no belief :i* c be call$ ,religion1 t   
is1 9 ! s5se ( beliefs :i* gov]n tribal 
& individual morality "u a sup]natural  
sanction4'#dg ,! read] w rememb] t we   
includ$ "u ! t]m ,religion ! amorph\s   
relations to :i* ,h[itt alludes4 ,b !   
diff]5ce1 objective & subjective1 betwe5
 ! organis$ ,religions1 let u say t (   
,sa9t ,ignatius1 & ! guid+ & re/ra9+    
influ5ce ex]cis$ ^u an ,african savage  
or a ,p>isian dei/ by ! appreh5sion ( a 
,great ,rul]1 ju/ifies ! use ( !        
diff]5tiat+ appellations1 ,passive &    
,active ,religion4  ,we take ?is        
opportunity ( rem>k+ h[ difficult x is  
ev5 = p>ticul>ly cle>-head$ p]sons to   
keep ,religion di/9ct f philosophy4     

,lang 0 ill-advis$ en\gh to write 9 !   
same place1 ',if m5 believe 9 a pot5t   
be+ :o orig9ally made or manufactur$ 444
 ?+s1 t is an idea s f> religi\s t x    
satisfies1 by ! figm5t ( a sup]natural  
ag5t1 ! speculative faculty4' ,:at has  
'! speculative faculty' to d )          
,religion8 ,z little z ! gratification (
 ! ae/hetic or ( any o!r 'faculty1' i4e4
 no?+ at all4 ,! outcome ( speculative  
?9k+ is philosophy1 ( :i* ,religion may 
make use1 b t is n a reason = confus+ x 
) philosophy4 ,! religi\s exp]i5ce      
consi/s n 9 seek+ to und]/& ,god1 b 9   
fe>+ ,him1 9 fe$+ ^u ,him1 9 f9d+ /r5g? 
& joy 9 ,him4 ,if believ]s 9 ,rul+ ,p[]s
 may be call$ religi\s1 x is n because  
!y possess an idea ( ^! p[]s1 b 9 virtue
 ( ! guid+ & inspir+ influ5ce ^! p[]s   
ex]t ^u !m4  #b4 ,! ,godless            
,religions4--,we h f\nd x conv5i5t up to
 ?is po9t to speak z if ,p[] _h to be   
p]sonal 9 ord] to become ! c5tre ( a    
,religion4 ,t view w\ld exclude orig9al 
,buddhism1 ! ,religion ( ,humanity1 &   

sev]al o!r v>ieties ( m5tal attitudes   
g5]ally reg>d$ z religi\s4 ,!           
significant fact t until rec5tly e exi/+
 hi/orical ,religion 0 a wor%ip ( a     
p]sonal ,div9ity1 is n a suffici5t      
reason = refus+ to recognise o!r types4 
,! aff9ity betwe5 ! wor%ip ( a ,god &   
c]ta9 relations ma9ta9$ ) non-p]sonal   
s\rces ( p[] is sub/antial en\gh to be  
recognis$ by ! use ( a "n common to bo?4
  ,:at are ! ,religions t disp5se ) a   
,god8 ,orig9al ,buddhism1 & ! ,religion 
( ,humanity =mulat$ by ,a4 ,comte1 are !
 only ones possess+ a some:at def9ite =m
 & organisation4 ,! ,buddha ,gautama    
discov]$ & (f]$ to man a way ( salvation
 9 :i* ! effici5t p[] 0 n an ext]nal1   
p]sonal p[]1 b an indwell+1 psy*ic      
pr9ciple4 ,b ! disciples spe$ily deifi$ 
! ,ma/] :o _h enjo9$ !m to adore no "o1 
& sub/itut$ = 8 tea*+ ! wor%ip ( ! ,god 
,gautama4 ,s t1 almo/ z soon z born1    
,buddhism ceas$ to exi/ z a ,godless    
,religion4  ',humanity' is qualifi$ to  
become ! c5tre ( a ,religion because its

 s]vice accompli%es = man 9 ess5ce & by 
simil> me?ods precisely :at ! ackn[l$g$ 
,religions d = _! disciples4#dh ,i quote
 f ,a4 ,comte3 ',ar\nd ?is ,real1 ,great
 ,be+1 imm$iate in/igator ( ea*         
individual & collective exi/5ce1 our    
feel+s & desires c5tre z spontane\sly z 
d our ideas & actions4444 ,m readily    
accessible to our feel+s z well z to our
 ?9k+ ?an ! *im]ical be+s ( ! exi/+     
,religions1 because ( an id5tity (      
nature :i* does n preclude its          
sup]iority ov] all its s]vants1 a       
,supreme ,be+ su* z ?is excites deeply  
an activity de/9$ to pres]ve & to       
improve x ! ,supreme ,be+4'#di ,! claim 
( orig9al ,buddhism & ( ,comtism to be  
call$ ,religions is1 9 our op9ion1      
legitimate1 because !y ea* provide an   
inclusive1 non-mat]ial s\rce ( p[] & a  
me?od ( draw+ ^u x4  ,b ! t]m ,religion 
is us$ by "s 9 a /ill wid] s5se4        
,pr(essor ,j4 ,r4 ,seeley1 = in/ance1   
be/[s t valu$ "n ^u 'any habitual &     
p]man5t admiration4'#ej ,%\ld we concur 

9 ?is ext5sion1 x w\ld be difficult to  
/op any:]e4 ,we %\ld h to admit almo/   
any?+ :i* any "o may h a fancy =        
designat+ by t mu*-abus$ ^w1 ev5 to '!  
s5se ( et]nity 9 connection ) our high] 
exp]i5ces1' & '! feel+ ( reality &      
p]man5ce ( all we mo/ value4' ,b s9ce ! 
function ( words is to delimitate1 "o   
defeats ! purpose ( language by /ret*+ !
 mean+ ( a ^w until x has lo/ all       
precision & unity ( mean+4 ,we w\ld     
!re=e ?r[ out ( our def9ition any?+ :i* 
did n include3--7#a7 ,a belief 9 a great
 & sup]ior psy*ic p[]--:e!r p]sonal or  
n4 7#b7 ,a dynamic relation--=mal &     
organis$ or o!rwise--betwe5 man & t     
,high] ,p[] t5d+ to ! pres]vation1 !    
increase1 & ! ennobl+ ( life4 ,?is      
conception is broad en\gh to include ev5
 ! uncry/allis$ =m ( ,religion          
condition$1 9 ! words ( ,pr(essor       
,james1 by 'an assurance t ?is natural  
ord] is n ultimate1 b a m]e sign or     
vision1 ! ext]nal /ag+ ( a _m-/ori$     
univ]se1 9 :i* spiritual =ces h ! la/ ^w

 & are et]nal4'         99       99     
99       99       99  ,active ,religion 
may prop]ly be look$ ^u z t portion ( ! 
/ruggle = life1 9 :i* use is made ( !   
,p[] we h r\ghly *>act]is$ z psy*ic &   
sup]human1 & = :i* o!r adjectives1      
'spiritual1' 'div9e1' = in/ance1 are    
commonly us$4 ,9 ?is biological view (  
,religion1 its necess>y & natural spr+  
is ! same z t ( non-religi\s life1 i4e4 
! 'w to live' 9 its multi=m appe>ances1 
:ile ! gr\nd ( diff]5tiation betwe5 !   
religi\s & ! secul> is nei!r specific   
feel+s nor emotions1 nor yet di/9ctive  
impulses1 desires1 or purposes1 b !     
nature ( ! =ce :i* x is attempt$ to     
press into s]vice4 ,! curr5t t]ms1      
'religi\s feel+1' 'religi\s desire1'    
'religi\s purpose1' are deceptive if !y 
are suppos$ to designate affective      
exp]i5ces1 desires & purposes met ) only
 9 religi\s life4  ,! conception ( !    
,s\rce ( ,psy*ic ,en]gy1 )\t ! belief 9 
:i* no ,religion c exi/1 has und]gone v 
int]e/+ trans=mations 9 ! c\rse (       

hi/orical developm5t4 ,! human or animal
 =m ascrib$ to ! gods 9 ! e>li]         
,religions became less & less def9ite4  
,at ! same "t ! numb] ( gods decreas$4  
,! culm9ation ( ?is d\ble process 0     
,mono!ism1 9 :i* ! ,"o1 ,et]nal1        
,creator & ,su/a9] ( life 0 no long]    
necess>ily fram$ 9 ! %ape ( man or bea/3
 ?\gh /ill an?ropopa?ic1 he might be    
=mless4 ,sympa?y1 love1 & ju/ice 7 among
 8 attributes4 ,9 a second phase1 ?is   
=mless1 b p]sonal1 ,god 0 gradually %orn
 ( all ! qualities & defects :i* make   
individuality4 ,he became ! passionless 
,absolute 9 :i* all ?+s move & h _! be+4
 ,?us1 ! p]sonify+ "w ( c5turies is     
undone1 & humanity1 aft] hav+1 z x 71   
liv$ ?r\gh\t its infancy & y\? "u !     
controll+ eye & ) ! active assi/ance (  
p]sonal div9ities1 on rea*+ maturity1   
f9ds itself b]eft ( ^! s\rces ( life4 ,!
 pres5t religi\s crisis m>ks !          
difficulty 9 ! way ( an adaptation to ! 
new situation4 ,z belief 9 a ,god seems 
no long] possible1 man seeks an         

imp]sonal1 effici5t sub/itute1 belief 9 
:i* w n mean disloyalty to sci5ce4 ,=   
man w h life1 & h x abundantly1 & he    
kn[s f exp]i5ce t its s\rces are n only 
9 meat & dr9k1 b also 9 'spiritual      
fai?4' ,x is ?is problem :i* ! ,comti/s1
 ! ,imman5ti/s1 ! ,e?ical ,culturi/s1 ! 
,m5tal ,sci5ti/s are all try+ to solve4 
,any solution w h ! "r to ! "n ,religion
 t provides = ! pres]vation & !         
p]fection+ ( life by means ( fai? 9 a   
sup]human psy*ic ,p[]4   ,pr9t$ 9 ,great
 ,brita9 by ,t4 & ,a4 ,,con/able ,,ltd4 
at ! ,ed9burgh ,univ]sity ,press        
,,footnotes3  #a ,! ,non-,religion ( !  
,future1 p4 #b4  #b ,! ,gold5 ,b\gh1    
#bnd edition1 i4 p4 #fc4  #c ,outl9es ( 
a ,philosophy ( ,religion1 p4 #bg4  #d  
,! ,v>ieties ( ,religi\s ,exp]i5ce1 pp4 
#ec1 #ch1 abbreviat$ & re>rang$4  #e    
,wu5dt's ,e?ics1 ,engli% tr41 iii4 p4   
#f4  #f ,h4 ,b4 ,davis has ?is to say on
 ! p[] ( g5]alisation ( ! raccoon1 a v  
intellig5t animal3 ',:5 an animal       
raccoon is =c$ to approa* a new fa/5+ f 

a new direction1 x is (t5 z mu* bo!r$ by
 x z by a new fa/5+4 ,nev]!less1 9 c\rse
 ( "t ! animals seem to rea* a sort (   
g5]alis$ mann] ( proc$ure :i* enables !m
 to deal m promptly ) any new fa/5+ 7n  
too diff]5t f o!rs ( _! exp]i5ce74' ',! 
,raccoon3 ,a ,/udy 9 ,animal            
,intellig5ce1' ,am]4 ,jr4 ( ,psy41 ,oct4
 #aijg1 p4 #dhf4  #g ,m$itationes1 ii4  
p4 #aj1 ,am/]dam1 #afgh4  #h ,c4 ,lloyd 
,morgan1 ,introduction to ,comp>ative   
,psy*ology 7,! ,contempor>y ,sci5ce     
,s]ies1 #ahid71 p4 #hi4  #i ,f4 ,m4     
,dav5port1 ,primitive ,traits 9         
,religi\s ,revivals1 ,macmillan 7#aije71
 p4 #cf2 quot$ f ! ,f\rte5? ,annual     
,report ( ! ,am]4 ,bureau ( ,e?nology1  
p4 #gfa4  #aj ,e4 ,m4 ,curr1 ,!         
,au/ralian ,race1 iii4 p4 #edg1 z quot$ 
by ,fraz]1 ,! ,gold5 ,b\gh1 #bnd ed41 i4
 p4 #ac4  #aa ,a4 ,w4 ,h[itt1 ,! ,native
 ,races ( ,s\?-,ea/ ,au/ralia 7#aijd71  
p4 #cgc4  #ab ,pr9ciples ( ,sociology   
7#crd edition1 #ahhe71 i4 ,app5dix ,a1  
p4 #ghh4  #ac ,! ,desc5t ( ,man1 #bnd   

ed41 i4 p4 #ade4  #ad ,nature1 xvii4    
7#ahgg-gh71 pp4 #afh-afi4 ,comp4 ,lloyd 
,morgan1 ,introd4 to ,comp>ative        
,psy*ology1 p4 #ib ff4  #ae ,a ,/udy 9  
,fe>s1 ,am4 ,j\r4 ( ,psy4 7#ahig71 viii4
 p4 #aff4  #af ,"l ,avebury1 ,on !      
,orig9 ( ,civilisation 7#crd edition1   
#ahge71 p4 #bab4  #ag ,! ,native ,tribes
 ( ,s\?-,ea/ ,au/ralia1 pp4 #ejj1       
#ejf-ejh4  #ah ,hang a root ( v]va9     
ar\nd ! neck 9 ord] to cause !          
disappe>ance ( a tum\r3 z ! plant dries 
up1 s w ! tum\r4 ,if ! fi% d n appe> 9  
due season1 make "o ( wood & put x into 
! wat]4 ,keep ! arr[ t has w\nd$ a fri5d
 9 a cool place t ! w\nd may n become   
inflam$4  #ai ,j\rnal ( !               
,an?ropological ,in/itute1 xiii4        
7#ahhd71 p4 #def1 quot$ by ,fraz]4  #bj 
,dr4 ,r4 ,h4 ,codr+ton1 ,! ,melanesians 
7,cl>5don ,press1 #ahia71 p4 #aia4  #ba 
',etudes de my?ologie et d'ar*eologie   
egypti5nes' 7,p>is1 #aijc71 ,biblio!que 
,egyptologique1 ii4 p4 #bih4  #bb       
,f\c>t1 ',re*]*es sur la ,nature des    

,my/]es d',eleusis1' ,memoires de       
l',in/itut1 xxxv4 #bnd "p1 pp4 #ca-cb4  
,comp4 ,masp]o1 ibid41 p4 #cjc4  #bc ',!
 ,beg9n+s ( ,religion1' ,=tn4 ,rev41    
lxxxiv4 7#aije71 p4 #afb4 ,comp4 ,!     
,gold5 ,b\gh1 #bnd ed41 i4 pp4 #ga-gc4  
#bd ,! ,gold5 ,b\gh1 #bnd ed41 i4 p4    
#gj4 ,old5burg 7,die ,religion des ,v$a1
 ,b]l91 #ahid7 0 fir/1 ,i believe1 9    
hold+ to a pre-religi\s magical /age (  
culture4 ,b x is ,fraz] :o fir/ made a  
cle> sep>ation1 n only betwe5 ,magic &  
,religion1 b also betwe5 ,magic & belief
 9 _s-ag5ts4  #be ,comp4 ,r4 ,r4 ,m>ett1
 ',f ,spell to ,pray]1' ,folk-,lore1 xv4
 7#aijd71 pp4 #acf-ada4  #bf ,! late/   
classification is probably t ( ,fraz] 9 
,lectures on ! ,e>ly ,hi/ory ( ! ,k+%ip 
7,macmillan1 #aije71 p4 #ed4 ,a4 van    
,g5nep1 9 a review ( t book 9 ! ,revue  
de l',hi/oire des ,religions1 liii4 pp4 
#cif-dja1 (f]s a some:at diff]5t        
classification4  #bg ,i use 'animism' 9 
! s5se :i* ,tylor gave x1 i4e4 a belief 
9 ! animation ( all ?+s by be+s simil>  

to ! 's\ls' or 'gho/s' reveal$ to !     
savage by dreams & o!r natural          
exp]i5ces4  #bh ,! int]e/$ read] w f9d a
 summ>y ( obs]vations on ?is topic 9    
,alex4 ,f4 ,*amb]la9's ,! ,*ild 7,!     
,contempor>y ,sci5ce ,s]ies1 #aijj71 pp4
 #adg-adh4 ,see also ,sully1 ,/udies (  
,*ildhood1 p4 #hb4  #bi ,see1 = in/ance1
 _m ( ! prohibitions includ$ 9 !        
initiation c]emonies ( ! ,au/ralians 9  
,sp5c] & ,gill51 loc4 cit41 *apt]s      
vii-ix4  #cj ,fraz]1 ,! ,gold5 ,b\gh1   
#bnd ed41 ,i4 pp4 #bi-ca4  #ca ,f\r? ed4
 7#aijc71 i4 p4 #bhe4  #cb ,! ^w        
naturism %\ld be adopt$ z a "n = !      
pre-animi/ic & pre-religi\s /age (      
culture1 a /age correspond+ to ! "o     
?r\gh :i* a *ild passes be=e he inquires
 into hidd5 causes & me*anisms4 ,see on 
?is an excell5t little book publi%$ 9   
?is s]ies1 ,animism1 by ,edw>d ,clodd1  
pp4 #bb-be4  #cc ,"l ,avebury1 ,on !    
,orig9 ( ,civilisation 7#crd ed41       
#ahge71 pp4 #aac-aad4  #cd ,! ,gold5    
,b\gh1 i4 p4 #ai4  #ce ,masp]o1 loc4    

cit41 pp4 #bih-bii4  #cf ,amelie        
,bosquet1 ,la ,norm&ie romanesque et    
m]veilleuse 7,p>is et ,r\51 #ahde71 p4  
#cjh4  #cg ,loc4 cit4 i41 pp4 #ge-gh4   
#ch ,a widespread op9ion ascribes !     
failures ( ! magician to a rival or to !
 c\nt]-influ5ce ( "s evil _s4  ',if a   
man di$ 9 spite ( ! m$ic9e-man1 !y !    
,*ep>a ( ,s\?-,ea/ ,africa said x 0     
,wulle1 an evil be+1 t kill$            
him4'--,h[itt1 loc4 cit41 p4 #che4  #ci 
,*ap4 iii4  #dj ,ibid41 p4 #ei4  #da ,r4
 ,r4 ,m>ett1 ',f ,spell to ,pray]1'     
,folk-,lore1 xv4 7#aijd71 pp4 #acb-afe4 
#db ,loc4 cit41 pp4 #fa-fb4 ,9 ! ?ird   
volume 7pp4 #deh-dfa71 a *ange seems to 
h tak5 place 9 ! au?or's op9ion4 ,:at x 
am\nts to1 ,i _c exactly make out4  #dc 
,! ,psy*ology ( ! ,emotions1 p4 #cji4   
#dd ,! ,religion ( ! ,semites1 p4 #ee4  
#de ,see1 on ?is developm5t1 my article1
 ',fe>1 ,awe1 & ! ,sublime 9 ,religion1'
 ,am]ican ,jr4 ( ,religi\s ,psy4 &      
,educ41 ii4 p4 #a4  #df ,magic &        
,religion1 pp4 #dh-di1 #fi4  #dg ',on "s

 ,au/ralian ,cu/oms ( ,initiation1' ,jr4
 ( ! ,an?rop4 ,in/41 xiii4 7#ahhc-ahhd71
 p4 #dei4  #dh ,f4 ,h>rison1 ,moral &   
,religi\s ,socialism1 ,new ,ye>'s       
,address1 #ahia4  #di ,a4 ,comte1       
,cate*isme ,positivi/e1 ed4 ,apo/olique 
7#ahia71 pp4 #ec1 #ee4  #ej ,natural    
,religion1 ,macmillan 7#ahhb71 p4 #gd4  
,transcrib]'s ,notes3  ,passages 9      
italics are indicat$ by italics4        
,passages 9 bold are indicat$ by bold4