,,popul> ,,sci5tific ,,lectures4 ,,by ,,! ,,same ,,au?or4 ,,! ,,sci5ce ,,( ,,me*anics4 ,translat$ f ! ,second ,g]man ,edition by ,t4 ,j4 ,mc,cormack4 #bej ,cuts & ,illu/rations4 #ecd ,pages4 ,half ,morocco1 ,gilt ,top4 ,price1 #b4ej4 ,,contributions ,,to ,,! ,,analysis ,,( ,,! ,,s5sations4 ,translat$ by ,c4 ,m4 ,williams4 ,) ,notes & ,new ,additions by ! ,au?or4 #bjj ,pages4 #cf ,cuts4 ,price1 #a4jj4 ,,popul> ,,sci5tific ,,lectures4 ,translat$ by ,t4 ,j4 ,mc,cormack4 ,?ird ,revis$ & ,enl>g$ ,edition4 #daa ,pages4 #ei ,cuts4 ,clo?1 #a4ej2 ,pap]1 #ej c5ts4 ,,! ,,op5 ,,c\rt ,,publi%+ ,,co41 #cbd ,,de>born ,,/41 ,,*icago4 ,,popul> ,,sci5tific ,,lectures ,,by ,,ern/ ,,ma* ,,=m]ly ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,physics ,,9 ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,prague1 ,,n[ ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,& ,,!ory ,,( ,,inductive ,,sci5ce ,,9 ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,vi5na ,,translat$ ,,by ,,?omas ,j4 ,mc,c,o,r,m,a,c,k ,,?ird ,,edition1 ,,revis$ ,,& ,,enl>g$ ,,) ,,fifty-,,n9e ,,cuts ,,& ,,diagrams ,,*icago ,,! ,,op5 ,,c\rt ,,publi%+ ,,company ,,= ,,sale ,,by ,,kegan ,,paul1 ,,tr5*1 ,,truebn] ,,co41 ,,london #ahih ,,copyright ,,by ,,! ,,op5 ,,c\rt ,,publi%+ ,,co4 ,pages #a-beh 9 #ahid4 ,pages #cch-cgd ,pages #bei-bha 9 #ahif4 ,pages #bhb-cjh 9 #ahig4 ,pages #cji-ccg 9 #ahih4 ,,au?or',s ,,preface ,,to ,,! ,,fir/ ,,edition4 ,popul> lectures1 ow+ to ! k !y presuppose1 & ! "t !y occupy1 c af=d only a modicum ( in/ruction4 ,!y mu/ select = ?is purpose easy subjects1 & re/rict !mselves to ! exposition ( ! simple/ & ! mo/ ess5tial po9ts4 ,nev]!less1 by an appropriate *oice ( ! matt]1 ! *>m & ! poetry ( rese>* c be convey$ by !m4 ,x is only necess>y to set =? ! attractive & ! allur+ features ( a problem1 & to %[ :at broad doma9s ( fact c be illum9at$ by ! light radiat+ f ! solution ( a s+le & (ttimes unobtrusive po9t4 ,fur!rmore1 su* lectures c ex]cise a favorable influ5ce by %[+ ! sub/antial sam5ess ( sci5tific & e-day ?\ght4 ,! public1 9 ?is way1 loses its %yness t[>ds sci5tific que/ions1 & acquires an int]e/ 9 sci5tific "w :i* is a great help to ! inquir]4 ,! latt]1 9 8 turn1 is br\ght to und]/& t 8 "w is a small "p only ( ! univ]sal process ( life1 & t ! results ( 8 labors mu/ r$\nd to ! b5efit n only ( himself & a few ( 8 associates1 b to t ( ! collective :ole4 ,i s9c]ely hope t ^! lectures1 9 ! pres5t excell5t translation1 w be productive ( good 9 ! direction indicat$4 ,e4 ,,ma*4 ,,prague1 ,decemb]1 #ahid4 ,,translator',s ,,note ,,to ,,! ,,?ird ,,edition4 ,! pres5t ?ird edition ( ?is "w has be5 enl>g$ by ! addition ( a new lecture1 ,on ,"s ,ph5om5a ,att5d+ ! ,flight ( ,projectiles4 ,! additions to ! second consi/$ ( ! foll[+ f\r lectures & articles3 ,pr(essor ,ma*'s ,vi5na ,inaugural ,lecture1 ,! ,"p ,play$ by ,accid5t 9 ,inv5tion & ,discov]y1 ! lecture on ,s5sations ( ,ori5tation1 rec5tly deliv]$ & summ+ up ! results ( an important psy*ological inve/igation1 & two hi/orical articles 7see ,app5dix7 on ,ac\/ics & ,sight4 ,! lectures ext5d ov] a long p]iod1 f #ahfd to #ahih1 & diff] greatly 9 /yle1 cont5ts1 & purpose4 ,!y 7 fir/ publi%$ 9 collect$ =m 9 ,engli%2 aft]w>ds two ,g]man editions 7 call$ =4 ,z ! dates ( ! fir/ five lectures are n giv5 9 ! footnotes !y are "h app5d$4 ,! fir/ lecture1 ,on ! ,=ms ( ,liquids1 0 deliv]$ 9 #ahfh & publi%$ ) t ,on ,symmetry 9 #ahgb 7,prague74 ,! second & ?ird lectures1 on ac\/ics1 7 fir/ publi%$ 9 #ahfe 7,graz72 ! f\r? & fif?1 on optics1 9 #ahfg 7,graz74 ,!y belong to ! e>lie/ p]iod ( ,pr(essor ,ma*'s sci5tific activity1 & ) ! lectures on electro/atics & education w m ?an realise ! hope express$ 9 ! au?or's ,preface4 ,! eigh?1 n9?1 t5?1 elev5?1 & twelf? lectures are ( a m philosophical "* & deal pr9cipally ) ! me?ods & nature ( sci5tific inquiry4 ,9 ! ideas summ>is$ 9 !m w be f\nd "o ( ! mo/ important contributions to ! !ory ( k made 9 ! la/ qu>t] ( a c5tury4 ,significant h9ts 9 psy*ological me?od1 & exempl>y specim5-rese>*es 9 psy*ology & physics1 are also pres5t$2 :ile 9 physics _m ideas f9d _! fir/ discussion t aft]w>ds1 "u o!r names & o!r au?or%ip1 became rally+-cries 9 ?is dep>tm5t ( inquiry4 ,all ! pro(s ( ?is translation h be5 read by ,pr(essor ,ma* himself4 ,t4 ,j4 ,,mccormack4 ,,la ,,salle1 ,,ill41 ,may1 #ahih4 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts4 ,! ,=ms ( ,liquids #a ,! ,fibres ( ,corti #ag ,on ! ,causes ( ,h>mony #cb ,! ,velocity ( ,light #dh ,:y ,has ,man ,two ,eyes8 #ff ,on ,symmetry #hi ,on ! ,fundam5tal ,concepts ( ,electro/atics #ajg ,on ! ,pr9ciple ( ! ,cons]vation ( ,en]gy #acg ,on ! ,economical ,nature ( ,physical ,inquiry #ahf ,on ,trans=mation & ,adaptation 9 ,sci5tific ,?\ght #bad ,on ! ,pr9ciple ( ,comp>ison 9 ,physics #bcf ,on ! ,"p ,play$ by ,accid5t 9 ,inv5tion & ,discov]y #bei ,on ,s5sations ( ,ori5tation #bhb ,on ,"s ,ph5om5a ,att5d+ ! ,flight ( ,projectiles #cji ,on ,in/ruction 9 ! ,classics & ! ,ma!matico-,physical ,sci5ces #cch ,app5dixes4 ,i4 ,a ,contribution to ! ,hi/ory ( ,ac\/ics #cge ,,ii4 ,rem>ks on ! ,!ory ( ,spatial ,vision #chf ,index #cic ,,! ,,=ms ,,( ,,liquids4 ,:at ?9ke/ ?\1 de> ,eu?yphron1 t ! holy is1 & ! j1 & ! good8 ,is ! holy holy because ! gods love x1 or are ! gods holy because !y love ! holy8 ,by su* easy que/ions did ! wise ,socrates make ! m>ket-place ( ,a!ns unsafe & relieve presumptu\s "y /atesm5 ( ! burd5 ( imag9>y k1 by %[+ !m h[ confus$1 uncle>1 & self-contradictory _! ideas 74 ,y "k ! fate ( ! importunate que/ion]4 ,s call$ good society avoid$ him on ! prom5ade4 ,only ! ignorant accompani$ him4 ,& f9ally he drank ! cup ( hemlock--a lot :i* we (ttimes wi% w\ld fall to mod]n critics ( 8 /amp4 ,:at we h le>n$ f ,socrates1 h[ev]1--our inh]itance f him1--is sci5tific criticism4 ,e "o :o busies himself ) sci5ce recognises h[ unsettl$ & indef9ite ! notions are :i* he has br\ght ) him f common life1 & h[1 on a m9ute exam9ation ( ?+s1 old diff]5ces are effac$ & new ones introduc$4 ,! hi/ory ( sci5ce is full ( examples ( ?is con/ant *ange1 developm5t1 & cl>ification ( ideas4 ,b we w n l+] by ?is g5]al consid]ation ( ! fluctuat+ "* ( ideas1 :i* becomes a s\rce ( real uncom=tabl5ess1 :5 we reflect t x applies to almo/ e notion ( life4 ,r %all we obs]ve by ! /udy ( a physical example h[ mu* a ?+ *anges :5 x is closely exam9$1 & h[ x assumes1 :5 ?us consid]$1 increas+ def9it5ess ( =m4 ,! majority ( y ?9k1 p]haps1 y "k q well ! di/9ction betwe5 a liquid & a solid4 ,& precisely p]sons :o h nev] busi$ !mselves ) physics w consid] ?is "q "o ( ! easie/ t c be put4 ,b ! physici/ kn[s t x is "o ( ! mo/ difficult4 ,i %all m5tion "h only ! exp]im5ts ( ,tresca1 :i* %[ t solids subject$ to high pressures behave exactly z liquids d2 = example1 may be made to fl[ out 9 ! =m ( jets f orifices 9 ! bottoms ( vessels4 ,! suppos$ diff]5ce ( k9d betwe5 liquids & solids is ?us %[n to be a m]e diff]5ce ( degree4 ,! common inf]5ce t because ! e>? is oblate 9 =m1 x 0 orig9ally fluid1 is an error1 9 ! light ( ^! facts4 ,true1 a rotat+ sph]e1 a few in*es 9 diamet] w assume an oblate =m only if x is v s(t1 = example1 is compos$ ( fre%ly knead$ clay or "s visc\s /uff4 ,b ! e>?1 ev5 if x consi/$ ( ! rigide/ /one1 c\ld n help be+ cru%$ by its trem5d\s weight1 & mu/ p]=ce behave z a fluid4 ,ev5 our m\nta9s c\ld n ext5d beyond a c]ta9 height )\t crumbl+4 ,! e>? may once h be5 fluid1 b ?is by no means foll[s f its oblat5ess4 ,! p>ticles ( a liquid are displac$ on ! application ( ! slighte/ pressure2 a liquid con=ms exactly to ! %apes ( ! vessels 9 :i* x is conta9$2 x possesses no =m ( its own1 z y h all le>n$ 9 ! s*ools4 ,accommodat+ itself 9 ! mo/ trifl+ respects to ! conditions ( ! vessel 9 :i* x is plac$1 & %[+1 ev5 on its surface1 :]e "o w\ld suppose x _h ! free/ play1 no?+ b a poli%$1 smil+1 expressionless c\nt5ance1 x is ! c\rti] p> excell5ce ( ! natural bodies4 ,liquids h no =m ( _! own6 ,no1 n = ! sup]ficial obs]v]4 ,b p]sons :o h obs]v$ t a ra9drop is r\nd & nev] angul>1 w n be dispos$ to accept ?is dogma s unconditionally4 ,x is fair to suppose t e man1 ev5 ! weake/1 w\ld possess a "*1 if x 7 n too difficult 9 ?is _w to keep x4 ,s1 too1 we mu/ suppose t liquids w\ld possess =ms ( _! own1 if ! pressure ( ! circum/ances p]mitt$ x1--if !y 7 n cru%$ by _! own weights4 ,an a/ronom] once calculat$ t human be+s c\ld n exi/ on ! sun1 ap>t f its great heat1 because !y w\ld be cru%$ to pieces !re by _! own weight4 ,! great] mass ( ?is body w\ld also make ! weight ( ! human body !re mu* great]4 ,b on ! moon1 because "h we %\ld be mu* light]1 we c\ld jump z high z ! *ur*-/eeples )\t any difficulty1 ) ! same muscul> p[] :i* we n[ possess4 ,/atues & pla/] ca/s ( syrup are und\bt$ly ?+s ( fancy1 ev5 on ! moon1 b maple-syrup w\ld fl[ s sl[ly !re t we c\ld easily build a maple-syrup man on ! moon1 = ! fun ( ! ?+1 j z our *ildr5 "h build sn[-m54 ,accord+ly1 if liquids h no =m ( _! own ) u on e>?1 !y h1 p]haps1 a =m ( _! own on ! moon1 or on "s small] & light] heav5ly body4 ,! problem1 !n1 simply is to get rid ( ! effects ( gravity2 &1 ?is done1 we %all be able to f9d out :at ! peculi> =ms ( liquids are4 ,! problem 0 solv$ by ,plateau ( ,gh5t1 ^: me?od 0 to imm]se ! liquid 9 ano!r ( ! same specific gravity4#a ,he employ$ = 8 exp]im5ts oil & a mixture ( alcohol & wat]4 ,by ,ar*im$es's well-kn[n pr9ciple1 ! oil 9 ?is mixture loses its entire weight4 ,x no long] s9ks b5ea? its weight2 its =mative =ces1 be !y ev] s weak1 are n[ 9 full play4 ,z a fact1 we n[ see1 to our surprise1 t ! oil1 in/ead ( spread+ out into a lay]1 or ly+ 9 a =mless mass1 assumes ! %ape ( a beautiful & p]fect sph]e1 freely susp5d$ 9 ! mixture1 z ! moon is 9 space4 ,we c con/ruct 9 ?is way a sph]e ( oil sev]al in*es 9 diamet]4 ,if1 n[1 we affix a ?9 plate to a wire & ins]t ! plate 9 ! oil sph]e1 we c1 by twi/+ ! wire betwe5 our f+]s1 set ! :ole ball 9 rotation4 ,do+ ?is1 ! ball assumes an oblate %ape1 & we c1 if we are skilful en\gh1 sep>ate by su* rotation a r+ f ! ball1 l t :i* surr\nds ,saturn4 ,?is r+ is f9ally r5t asund]1 &1 break+ up into a numb] ( small] balls1 exhibits to u a k9d ( model ( ! orig9 ( ! planet>y sy/em accord+ to ! hypo!sis ( ,kant & ,laplace4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,/ill m curi\s are ! ph5om5a exhibit$ :5 ! =mative =ces ( ! liquid are p>tly di/urb$ by putt+ 9 contact ) ! liquid's surface "s rigid body4 ,if we imm]se1 = example1 ! wire framework ( a cube 9 our mass ( oil1 ! oil w ev]y:]e /ick to ! wire framework4 ,if ! quantity ( oil is exactly suffici5t we %all obta9 an oil cube ) p]fectly smoo? walls4 ,if !re is too mu* or too little oil1 ! walls ( ! cube w bulge out or cave 94 ,9 ?is mann] we c produce all k9ds ( geometrical figures ( oil1 = example1 a ?ree-sid$ pyramid1 a cyl9d] 7by br++ ! oil betwe5 two wire r+s71 & s on4 ,int]e/+ is ! *ange ( =m t occurs :5 we gradually suck out ! oil by means ( a glass tube f ! cube or pyramid4 ,! wire holds ! oil fa/4 ,! figure gr[s small] & small]1 until x is at la/ q ?94 ,ultimately x consi/s simply ( a numb] ( ?91 smoo? plates ( oil1 :i* ext5d f ! edges ( ! cube to ! c5tre1 :]e !y meet 9 a small drop4 ,! same is true ( ! pyramid4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,! idea n[ sugge/s itself t liquid figures z ?9 z ?is1 & possess+1 !re=e1 s slight a weight1 _c be cru%$ or de=m$ by _! weight2 j z a small1 s(t ball ( clay is n affect$ 9 ?is respect by its weight4 ,?is be+ ! case1 we no long] ne$ our mixture ( alcohol & wat] = ! production ( figures1 b c con/ruct !m 9 ! op5 air4 ,& ,plateau1 9 fact1 f\nd t ^! ?9 figures1 or at lea/ v simil> ones1 c\ld be produc$ 9 ! air1 by dipp+ ! wire nets describ$ 9 a solution ( soap & wat] & quickly draw+ !m out aga94 ,! exp]im5t is n difficult4 ,! figure is =m$ ( itself4 ,! prec$+ draw+ repres5ts to ! eye ! =ms obta9$ ) cubical & pyramidal nets4 ,9 ! cube1 ?91 smoo? films ( soap-suds proce$ f ! edges to a small1 quadratic film 9 ! c5tre4 ,9 ! pyramid1 a film proce$s f ea* edge to ! c5tre4 ,^! figures are s beautiful t !y h>dly admit ( appropriate description4 ,_! great regul>ity & geometrical exactness evokes surprise f all :o see !m = ! fir/ "t4 ,un=tunately1 !y are ( only %ort duration4 ,!y bur/1 on ! dry+ ( ! solution 9 ! air1 b only aft] exhibit+ to u ! mo/ brilliant play ( colors1 su* z is (t5 se5 9 soap-bubbles4 ,p>tly _! beauty ( =m & p>tly our desire to exam9e !m m m9utely induces u to conceive ( me?ods ( end[+ !m ) p]man5t =m4 ,?is is v simply done4#b ,in/ead ( dipp+ ! wire nets 9 solutions ( soap1 we dip !m 9 pure melt$ colophonium 7res974 ,:5 drawn out ! figure at once =ms & solidifies by contact ) ! air4 ,x is to be rem>k$ t also solid fluid-figures c be con/ruct$ 9 ! op5 air1 if _! weight be light en\gh1 or ! wire nets ( v small dim5sions4 ,if we make1 = example1 ( v f9e wire a cubical net ^: sides measure ab\t "o-eigh? ( an in* 9 l5g?1 we ne$ simply to dip ?is net 9 wat] to obta9 a small solid cube ( wat]4 ,) a piece ( blott+ pap] ! sup]flu\s wat] may be easily remov$ & ! sides ( ! cube made smoo?4 ,yet ano!r simple me?od may be devis$ = obs]v+ ^! figures4 ,a drop ( wat] on a greas$ glass plate w n run if x is small en\gh1 b w be flatt5$ by its weight1 :i* presses x aga9/ its support4 ,! small] ! drop ! less ! flatt5+4 ,! small] ! drop ! ne>] x approa*es ! =m ( a sph]e4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a drop susp5d$ f a /ick is elongat$ by its weight4 ,! und]mo/ p>ts ( a drop ( wat] on a support are press$ aga9/ ! support1 & ! upp] p>ts are press$ aga9/ ! l[] p>ts because ! latt] _c yield4 ,b :5 a drop falls freely d[nw>d all its p>ts move equally fa/2 no "p is imp$$ by ano!r2 no "p presses aga9/ ano!r4 ,a freely fall+ drop1 accord+ly1 is n affect$ by its weight2 x acts z if x 7 weightless2 x assumes a sph]ical =m4 ,a mom5t's glance at ! soap-film figures produc$ by our v>i\s wire models1 reveals to u a great multiplicity ( =m4 ,b great z ?is multiplicity is1 ! common features ( ! figures also are easily disc]nible4 ,all =ms ( ,nature are alli$1 ?\gh none is ! same z ! o!r2 ,?us1 _! common *orus po9ts to a hidd5 law4 ,?is hidd5 law ,plateau discov]$4 ,x may be express$1 some:at prosily1 z foll[s3 #a7 ,if sev]al plane liquid films meet 9 a figure !y are always ?ree 9 numb]1 &1 tak5 9 pairs1 =m1 ea* ) ano!r1 ne>ly equal angles4 #b7 ,if sev]al liquid edges meet 9 a figure !y are always f\r 9 numb]1 &1 tak5 9 pairs1 =m1 ea* ) ano!r1 ne>ly equal angles4 ,?is is a /range law1 & its reason is n evid5t4 ,b we might apply ?is criticism to almo/ all laws4 ,x is n always t ! motives ( a law-mak] are disc]nible 9 ! =m ( ! law he con/ructs4 ,b our law admits ( analysis into v simple elem5ts or reasons4 ,if we closely exam9e ! p>agraphs :i* /ate x1 we %all f9d t _! mean+ is simply ?is1 t ! surface ( ! liquid assumes ! %ape ( smalle/ area t is possible "u ! circum/ances4 ,if1 !re=e1 "s extraord9>ily intellig5t tailor1 possess+ a k ( all ! artifices ( ! high] ma!matics1 %\ld set himself ! task ( s cov]+ ! wire frame ( a cube ) clo? t e piece ( clo? %\ld be connect$ ) ! wire & jo9$ ) ! rema9+ clo?1 & %\ld seek to accompli% ?is feat ) ! greate/ sav+ ( mat]ial1 he w\ld con/ruct no o!r figure ?an t :i* is "h =m$ on ! wire frame 9 our solution ( soap & wat]4 ,nature acts 9 ! con/ruction ( liquid figures on ! pr9ciple ( a covet\s tailor1 & gives no ?\ght 9 h] "w to ! fa%ions4 ,b1 /range to say1 9 ?is "w1 ! mo/ beautiful fa%ions are ( !mselves produc$4 ,! two p>agraphs :i* /ate our law apply prim>ily only to soap-film figures1 & are n applicable1 ( c\rse1 to solid oil-figures4 ,b ! pr9ciple t ! sup]ficial area ( ! liquid %all be ! lea/ possible "u ! circum/ances1 is applicable to all fluid figures4 ,he :o und]/&s n only ! lett] b also ! reason ( ! law w n be at a loss :5 confront$ ) cases to :i* ! lett] does n accurately apply4 ,& ?is is ! case ) ! pr9ciple ( lea/ sup]ficial area4 ,x is a sure guide = u ev5 9 cases 9 :i* ! above-/at$ p>agraphs are n applicable4 ,our fir/ task w n[ be1 to %[ by a palpable illu/ration ! mode ( =mation ( liquid figures by ! pr9ciple ( lea/ sup]ficial area4 ,! oil on ! wire pyramid 9 our mixture ( alcohol & wat]1 be+ unable to leave ! wire edges1 cl+s to !m1 & ! giv5 mass ( oil /rives s to %ape itself t its surface %all h ! lea/ possible area4 ,suppose we attempt to imitate ?is ph5om5on4 ,we take a wire pyramid1 draw ov] x a /\t film ( rubb]1 & 9 place ( ! wire h&le ins]t a small tube lead+ into ! int]ior ( ! space enclos$ by ! rubb] 7,fig4 #c74 ,?r\gh ?is tube we c bl[ 9 or suck out air4 ,! quantity ( air 9 ! enclosure repres5ts ! quantity ( oil4 ,! /ret*$ rubb] film1 :i*1 cl++ to ! wire edges1 does its utmo/ to contract1 repres5ts ! surface ( ! oil endeavor+ to decrease its area4 ,by bl[+ 91 & draw+ out ! air1 n[1 we actually obta9 all ! oil pyramidal figures1 f ^? bulg$ out to ^? holl[$ 94 ,f9ally1 :5 all ! air is pump$ or suck$ out1 ! soap-film figure is exhibit$4 ,! rubb] films /rike toge!r1 assume ! =m ( planes1 & meet at f\r %>p edges 9 ! c5tre ( ! pyramid4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,! t5d5cy ( soap-films to assume small] =ms may be directly demon/rat$ by a me?od ( ,van d] ,m5sbrugghe4 ,if we dip a squ>e wire frame to :i* a h&le is atta*$ into a solution ( soap & wat]1 we %all obta9 on ! frame a beautiful1 plane film ( soap-suds4 7,fig4 #d47 ,on ?is we lay a ?read hav+ its two ends ti$ toge!r4 ,if1 n[1 we puncture ! "p enclos$ by ! ?read1 we %all obta9 a soap-film hav+ a circul> hole 9 x1 ^: circumf]5ce is ! ?read4 ,! rema9d] ( ! film decreas+ 9 area z mu* z x c1 ! hole assumes ! l>ge/ area t x c4 ,b ! figure ( l>ge/ area1 ) a giv5 p]iph]y1 is ! circle4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,simil>ly1 by ! pr9ciple ( lea/ sup]ficial area1 a freely susp5d$ mass ( oil assumes ! %ape ( a sph]e4 ,! sph]e is ! =m ( lea/ surface = a giv5 cont5t4 ,?is is evid5t4 ,! m we put into a travell+-bag1 ! ne>] its %ape approa*es ! sph]ical =m4 ,! connexion ( ! two above-m5tion$ p>agraphs ) ! pr9ciple ( lea/ sup]ficial area may be %[n by a yet simpl] example4 ,picture to y\rselves f\r fix$ pulleys1 a1 b1 c1 d1 & two movable r+s f1 g 7,fig4 #e72 ab\t ! pulleys & ?r\gh ! r+s imag9e a smoo? cord pass$1 fa/5$ at "o extremity to a nail e1 & load$ at ! o!r ) a weight h4 ,n[ ?is weight always t5ds to s9k1 or1 :at is ! same ?+1 always t5ds to make ! portion ( ! /r+ e h z long z possible1 & consequ5tly ! rema9d] ( ! /r+1 w\nd r\nd ! pulleys1 z %ort z possible4 ,! /r+s mu/ rema9 connect$ ) ! pulleys1 & on acc\nt ( ! r+s also ) ea* o!r4 ,! conditions ( ! case1 accord+ly1 are simil> to ^? ( ! liquid figures discuss$4 ,! result also is a simil> "o4 ,:51 z 9 ! "r h& figure ( ! cut1 f\r pairs ( /r+s meet1 a diff]5t configuration mu/ be e/abli%$4 ,! consequ5ce ( ! endeavor ( ! /r+ to %ort5 itself is t ! r+s sep>ate f ea* o!r1 & t n[ at all po9ts only ?ree pairs ( /r+s meet1 e two at equal angles ( "o hundr$ & tw5ty degrees4 ,z a fact1 by ?is arrangem5t ! greate/ possible %ort5+ ( ! /r+ is atta9$2 z c be easily prov$ by geometry4 ,?is w help u to "s ext5t to und]/& ! creation ( beautiful & complicat$ figures by ! simple t5d5cy ( liquids to assume surfaces ( lea/ sup]ficial area4 ,b ! "q arises1 ,:y d liquids seek surfaces ( lea/ sup]ficial area8 ,! p>ticles ( a liquid cl+ toge!r4 ,drops br\ght into contact coalesce4 ,we c say1 liquid p>ticles attract ea* o!r4 ,if s1 !y seek to come z close z !y c to ea* o!r4 ,! p>ticles at ! surface w endeavor to p5etrate z f> z !y c into ! int]ior4 ,?is process w n /op1 _c /op1 until ! surface has become z small z "u ! circum/ances x possibly c become1 until z few p>ticles z possible rema9 at ! surface1 until z _m p>ticles z possible h p5etrat$ into ! int]ior1 until ! =ces ( attraction h no m "w to p]=m4#c ,! root ( ! pr9ciple ( lea/ surface is to be s\ght1 accord+ly1 9 ano!r & mu* simpl] pr9ciple1 :i* may be illu/rat$ by "s su* analogy z ?is4 ,we c conceive ( ! natural =ces ( attraction & repulsion z purposes or int5tions ( nature4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 t int]ior pressure :i* we feel be=e an act & :i* we call an int5tion or purpose1 is n1 9 a f9al analysis1 s ess5tially diff]5t f ! pressure ( a /one on its support1 or ! pressure ( a magnet on ano!r1 t x is necess>ily unall[able to use = bo? ! same t]m--at lea/ = well-def9$ purposes4#d ,x is ! purpose ( nature1 accord+ly1 to br+ ! iron ne>] ! magnet1 ! /one ne>] ! c5tre ( ! e>?1 & s =?4 ,if su* a purpose c be realis$1 x is c>ri$ out4 ,b :]e %e _c realise h] purposes1 nature does no?+4 ,9 ?is respect %e acts exactly z a good man ( bus9ess does4 ,x is a con/ant purpose ( nature to br+ weights l[]4 ,we c raise a weight by caus+ ano!r1 l>g] weight to s9k2 t is1 by satisfy+ ano!r1 m p[]ful1 purpose ( nature4 ,if we fancy we are mak+ nature s]ve our purposes 9 ?is1 x w be f\nd1 ^u clos] exam9ation1 t ! contr>y is true1 & t nature has employ$ u to atta9 h] purposes4 ,equilibrium1 re/1 exi/s only1 b !n always1 :5 nature is br\ght to a halt 9 h] purposes1 :5 ! =ces ( nature are z fully satisfi$ z1 "u ! circum/ances1 !y c be4 ,?us1 = example1 heavy bodies are 9 equilibrium1 :5 _! s-call$ c5tre ( gravity lies z l[ z x possibly c1 or :5 z mu* weight z ! circum/ances admit ( has sunk z l[ z x c4 ,! idea =cibly sugge/s itself t p]haps ?is pr9ciple also holds good 9 o!r realms4 ,equilibrium exi/s also 9 ! /ate :5 ! purposes ( ! p>ties are z fully satisfi$ z = ! "t be+ !y c be1 or1 z we may say1 je/+ly1 9 ! language ( physics1 :5 ! social pot5tial is a maximum4#e ,y see1 our mis]ly m]cantile pr9ciple is replete ) consequ5ces4#f ,! result ( sob] rese>*1 x has become z fruitful = physics z ! dry que/ions ( ,socrates = sci5ce g5]ally4 ,if ! pr9ciple seems to lack 9 ideality1 ! m ideal are ! fruits :i* x be>s4 ,b :y1 tell me1 %\ld sci5ce be a%am$ ( su* a pr9ciple8 ,is sci5ce#g itself any?+ m ?an--a bus9ess8 ,is n its task to acquire ) ! lea/ possible "w1 9 ! lea/ possible "t1 ) ! lea/ possible ?\ght1 ! greate/ possible "p ( et]nal tru?8 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #a3 ,/atique exprim5tale et ?orique des liquids1 #ahgc4 ,see also ,! ,sci5ce ( ,me*anics1 p4 #chd et seqq41 ,! ,op5 ,c\rt ,publi%+ ,co41 ,*icago1 #ahic4 ,footnote #b3 ,comp>e ,ma*1 ,ueb] die ,molecul>wirkung d] ,flssigkeit51 ,reports ( ! ,vi5na ,academy1 #ahfb4 ,footnote #c3 ,9 almo/ all bran*es ( physics t are well work$ out su* maximal & m9imal problems play an important "p4 ,footnote #d3 ,comp>e ,ma*1 ,vortrge b] ,psy*ophysik1 ,vi5na1 #ahfc1 page #da2 ,comp5dium d] ,physik fr ,m$ic9]1 ,vi5na1 #ahfc1 page #bcd2 & also ,! ,sci5ce ( ,me*anics1 ,*icago1 #ahic1 pp4 #hd & #dfd4 ,footnote #e3 ,l reflexions are f\nd 9 ,qutelet1 ,du sy/me sociale4 ,footnote #f3 ,= ! full developm5t ( ?is idea see ! essay ,on ! ,economical ,nature ( ,physical ,inquiry1 p4 #ahf1 & ! *apt] on ,! ,economy ( ,sci5ce1 9 my ,me*anics 7,*icago3 ,! ,op5 ,c\rt ,publi%+ ,company1 #ahic71 p4 #dha4 ,footnote #g3 ,sci5ce may be reg>d$ z a maximum or m9imum problem1 exactly z ! bus9ess ( ! m]*ant4 ,9 fact1 ! intellectual activity ( natural inquiry is n s greatly diff]5t f t ex]cis$ 9 ord9>y life z is usually suppos$4 ,,! ,,fibres ,,( ,,corti4 ,:oev] has roam$ ?r\gh a beautiful c\ntry kn[s t ! t\ri/'s delights increase ) 8 progress4 ,h[ pretty t wood$ dell mu/ look f yond] hill6 ,:i!r does t cle> brook fl[1 t hides itself 9 yond] s$ge8 ,if ,i only knew h[ ! l&scape look$ beh9d t m\nta96 ,?us ev5 ! *ild ?9ks 9 8 fir/ rambles4 ,x is also true ( ! natural philosoph]4 ,! fir/ que/ions are =c$ ^u ! att5tion ( ! inquir] by practical consid]ations2 ! subsequ5t ones are n4 ,an irresi/ible attraction draws him to ^!2 a nobl] int]e/ :i* f> transc5ds ! m]e ne$s ( life4 ,let u look at a special case4 ,= a long "t ! /ructure ( ! organ ( he>+ has actively engag$ ! att5tion ( anatomi/s4 ,a consid]able numb] ( brilliant discov]ies has be5 br\ght to light by _! labors1 & a spl5did array ( facts & tru?s e/abli%$4 ,b ) ^! facts a ho/ ( new enigmas has be5 pres5t$4 ,:il/ 9 ! !ory ( ! organisation & functions ( ! eye comp>ative cle>ness has be5 atta9$2 :il/1 h& 9 h& ) ?is1 oph?almology has rea*$ a degree ( p]fection :i* ! prec$+ c5tury c\ld h>dly h dream$ (1 & by ! help ( ! oph?almoscope ! obs]v+ physician p5etrates into ! pr(\nde/ recesses ( ! eye1 ! !ory ( ! e> is /ill mu* %r\d$ 9 my/]i\s d>kness1 full ( attraction = ! inve/igator4 ,look at ?is model ( ! e>4 ,ev5 at t famili> "p by ^: ext5t we measure ! quantity ( p's intellig5ce1 ev5 at ! ext]nal e>1 ! problems beg94 ,y see "h a succession ( helixes or spiral w9d+s1 at times v pretty1 ^: significance we _c accurately /ate1 yet = :i* !re mu/ c]ta9ly be "s reason4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,! %ell or con*a ( ! e>1 a 9 ! annex$ diagram1 conducts ! s\nd into ! curv$ auditory passage b1 :i* is t]m9at$ by a ?9 membrane1 ! s-call$ tympanic membrane1 e4 ,?is membrane is set 9 motion by ! s\nd1 & 9 its turn sets 9 motion a s]ies ( little bones ( v peculi> =mation1 c4 ,at ! end ( all is ! labyr9? d4 ,! labyr9? consi/s ( a gr\p ( cavities fill$ ) a liquid1 9 :i* ! innum]able fibres ( ! n]ve ( he>+ are imb$d$4 ,by ! vibration ( ! *a9 ( bones c1 ! liquid ( ! labyr9? is %ak51 & ! auditory n]ve excit$4 ,"h ! process ( he>+ beg9s4 ,s mu* is c]ta94 ,b ! details ( ! process are "o & all unansw]$ que/ions4 ,to ^! old puzzles1 ! ,m>*ese ,corti1 z late z #ahea1 add$ a new enigma4 ,&1 /range to say1 x is ?is la/ enigma1 :i*1 p]haps1 has fir/ receiv$ its correct solution4 ,?is w be ! subject ( our rem>ks to-day4 ,corti f\nd 9 ! co*lea1 or snail-%ell ( ! labyr9?1 a l>ge numb] ( microscopic fibres plac$ side by side 9 geometrically graduat$ ord]4 ,accord+ to ,kllik] _! numb] is ?ree ?\s&4 ,!y 7 also ! subject ( inve/igation at ! h&s ( ,max ,s*ultze & ,deit]s4 ,a description ( ! details ( ?is organ w\ld only we>y y1 besides n r5d]+ ! matt] mu* cle>]4 ,i pref]1 !re=e1 to /ate briefly :at 9 ! op9ion ( prom95t inve/igators l ,helmholtz & ,fe*n] is ! peculi> function ( ,corti's fibres4 ,! co*lea1 x seems1 conta9s a l>ge numb] ( ela/ic fibres ( graduat$ l5g?s 7,fig4 #g71 to :i* ! bran*es ( ! auditory n]ve are atta*$4 ,^! fibres1 call$ ! fibres1 pill>s1 or rods ( ,corti1 be+ ( unequal l5g?1 mu/ also be ( unequal ela/icity1 &1 consequ5tly1 pit*$ to diff]5t notes4 ,! co*lea1 !re=e1 is a species ( pian(orte4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4 ,:at1 n[1 may be ! (fice ( ?is /ructure1 :i* is f\nd 9 no o!r organ ( s5se8 ,may x n be connect$ ) "s special prop]ty ( ! e>8 ,x is q probable2 = ! e> possesses a v simil> p[]4 ,y "k t x is possible to foll[ ! individual voices ( a symphony4 ,inde$1 ! feat is possible ev5 9 a fugue ( ,ba*1 :]e x is c]ta9ly no inconsid]able a*ievem5t4 ,! e> c pick out ! s+le con/itu5t tonal p>ts1 n only ( a h>mony1 b ( ! wilde/ cla% ( music imag9able4 ,! musical e> analyses e agglom]ation ( tones4 ,! eye does n possess ?is ability4 ,:o1 = example1 c\ld tell f ! m]e sight ( :ite1 )\t a previ\s exp]im5tal k ( ! fact1 t :ite is compos$ ( a mixture ( o!r colors8 ,c\ld x be1 n[1 t ^! two facts1 ! prop]ty ( ! e> j m5tion$1 & ! /ructure discov]$ by ,corti1 are really connect$8 ,x is v probable4 ,! enigma is solv$ if we assume t e note ( def9ite pit* has its special /r+ 9 ?is pian(orte ( ,corti1 &1 !re=e1 its special bran* ( ! auditory n]ve atta*$ to t /r+4 ,b be=e ,i c make ?is po9t p]fectly pla9 to y1 ,i mu/ ask y to foll[ me a few /eps into ! dry doma9 ( physics4 ,look at ?is p5dulum4 ,=c$ f its position ( equilibrium by an impulse1 x beg9s to sw+ ) a def9ite "t ( oscillation1 dep5d5t ^u its l5g?4 ,long] p5dulums sw+ m sl[ly1 %ort] ones m quickly4 ,we w suppose our p5dulum to execute "o to-&-fro movem5t 9 a second4 ,?is p5dulum1 n[1 c be ?r[n into viol5t vibration 9 two ways2 ei!r by a s+le heavy impulse1 or by a numb] ( prop]ly communicat$ slight impulses4 ,= example1 we imp>t to ! p5dulum1 :ile at re/ 9 its position ( equilibrium1 a v slight impulse4 ,x w execute a v small vibration4 ,z x passes a ?ird "t its position ( equilibrium1 a second hav+ elaps$1 we imp>t to x aga9 a slight %ock1 9 ! same direction ) ! fir/4 ,aga9 aft] ! lapse ( a second1 on its fif? passage ?r\gh ! position ( equilibrium1 we /rike x aga9 9 ! same mann]2 & s cont9ue4 ,y see1 by ?is process ! %ocks imp>t$ augm5t cont9ually ! motion ( ! p5dulum4 ,aft] ea* slight impulse1 ! p5dulum rea*es out a little fur!r 9 its sw+1 & f9ally acquires a consid]able motion4#h ,b ?is is n ! case "u all circum/ances4 ,x is possible only :5 ! impulses imp>t$ syn*ronise ) ! sw+s ( ! p5dulum4 ,if we %\ld communicate ! second impulse at ! end ( half a second & 9 ! same direction ) ! fir/ impulse1 its effects w\ld c\nt]act ! motion ( ! p5dulum4 ,x is easily se5 t our little impulses help ! motion ( ! p5dulum m & m1 accord+ z _! "t accords ) ! "t ( ! p5dulum4 ,if we /rike ! p5dulum 9 any o!r "t ?an 9 t ( its vibration1 9 "s in/ances1 x is true1 we %all augm5t its vibration1 b 9 o!rs aga91 we %all ob/ruct x4 ,our impulses w be less effective ! m ! motion ( our own h& dep>ts f ! motion ( ! p5dulum4 ,:at is true ( ! p5dulum holds true ( e vibrat+ body4 ,a tun+-=k :5 x s\nds1 also vibrates4 ,x vibrates m rapidly :5 its s\nd is high]2 m sl[ly :5 x is deep]4 ,! /&>d ,a ( our musical scale is produc$ by ab\t f\r hundr$ & fifty vibrations 9 a second4 ,i place by ! side ( ea* o!r on ?is table two tun+-=ks1 exactly alike1 re/+ on resonant cases4 ,i /rike ! fir/ "o a %>p bl[1 s t x emits a l\d note1 & imm$iately grasp x aga9 ) my h& to qu5* its note4 ,nev]!less1 y /ill he> ! note di/9ctly s\nd$1 & by feel+ x y may conv9ce y\rselves t ! o!r =k :i* 0 n /ruck n[ vibrates4 ,i n[ atta* a small bit ( wax to "o ( ! =ks4 ,x is ?r[n ?us out ( tune2 its note is made a little deep]4 ,i n[ repeat ! same exp]im5t ) ! two =ks1 n[ ( unequal pit*1 by /rik+ "o ( !m & aga9 grasp+ x ) my h&2 b 9 ! pres5t case ! note ceases ! v in/ant ,i t\* ! =k4 ,:at has happ5$ "h 9 ^! two exp]im5ts8 ,simply ?is4 ,! vibrat+ =k imp>ts to ! air & to ! table f\r hundr$ & fifty %ocks a second1 :i* are c>ri$ ov] to ! o!r =k4 ,if ! o!r =k is pit*$ to ! same note1 t is to say1 if x vibrates :5 /ruck 9 ! same "t ) ! fir/1 !n ! %ocks fir/ emitt$1 no matt] h[ slight !y may be1 are suffici5t to ?r[ ! second =k into rapid sympa!tic vibration4 ,b :5 ! "t ( vibration ( ! two =ks is slightly diff]5t1 ?is does n take place4 ,we may /rike z _m =ks z we w1 ! =k tun$ to ,a is p]fectly indiff]5t to _! notes2 is deaf1 9 fact1 to all except its own2 & if y /rike ?ree1 or f\r1 or five1 or any numb] :atsoev]1 ( =ks all at ! same "t1 s z to make ! %ocks :i* come f !m ev] s great1 ! ,a =k w n jo9 9 ) _! vibrations unless ano!r =k ,a is f\nd 9 ! collection /ruck4 ,x picks out1 9 o!r words1 f all ! notes s\nd$1 t :i* accords ) x4 ,! same is true ( all bodies :i* c yield notes4 ,tumbl]s res\nd :5 a piano is play$1 on ! /rik+ ( c]ta9 notes1 & s d w9d[ panes4 ,nor is ! ph5om5on )\t analogy 9 o!r prov9ces4 ,take a dog t answ]s to ! "n ,n]o4 ,he lies "u y\r table4 ,y speak ( ,domitian1 ,vespasian1 & ,m>cus ,aurelius ,anton9us1 y call ^u all ! names ( ! ,roman ,emp]ors t occur to y1 b ! dog does n /ir1 al?\gh a slight tremor ( 8 e> tells y ( a fa9t response ( 8 consci\sness4 ,b ! mom5t y call ,n]o he jumps joyfully t[>ds y4 ,! tun+-=k is l y\r dog4 ,x answ]s to ! "n ,a4 ,y smile1 ladies4 ,y %ake y\r heads4 ,! simile does n cat* y\r fancy4 ,b ,i h ano!r1 :i* is v ne> to y3 & = puni%m5t y %all he> x4 ,y1 too1 are l tun+-=ks4 ,_m are ! he>ts t ?rob ) ardor = y1 ( :i* y take no notice1 b are cold4 ,yet :at does x pr(it y6 ,soon ! he>t w come t beats 9 j ! prop] rhy?m1 & !n y\r knell1 too1 has /ruck4 ,!n y\r he>t1 too1 w beat 9 unison1 :e!r y w or no4 ,! law ( sympa!tic vibration1 "h prop\nd$ = s\nd+ bodies1 suff]s "s modification = bodies incompet5t to yield notes4 ,bodies ( ?is k9d vibrate to almo/ e note4 ,a high silk hat1 we "k1 w n s\nd2 b if y w hold y\r hat 9 y\r h& :5 att5d+ y\r next conc]t y w n only he> ! pieces play$1 b also feel !m ) y\r f+]s4 ,x is exactly s ) m54 ,p :o are !mselves able to give tone to _! surr\nd+s1 bo!r little ab\t ! prattle ( o!rs4 ,b ! p]son )\t "* t>ries ev]y:]e3 9 ! temp]ance hall1 & at ! b> ( ! public-h\se--ev]y:]e :]e a committee is =m$4 ,! high silk hat is among bells :at ! weakl+ is among m5 ( conviction4 ,a sonor\s body1 !re=e1 always s\nds :5 its special note1 ei!r alone or 9 company ) o!rs1 is /ruck4 ,we may n[ g a /ep fur!r4 ,:at w be ! behavi\r ( a gr\p ( sonor\s bodies :i* 9 ! pit* ( _! notes =m a scale8 ,let u picture to ourselves1 = example 7,fig4 #h71 a s]ies ( rods or /r+s pit*$ to ! notes c d e f g4444 ,on a musical in/rum5t ! accord c e g is /ruck4 ,e "o ( ! rods ( ,fig4 #h w see if its special note is conta9$ 9 ! accord1 & if x f9ds x1 x w respond4 ,! rod c w give at once ! note c1 ! rod e ! note e1 ! rod g ! note g4 ,all ! o!r rods w rema9 at re/1 w n s\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4 ,we ne$ n look ab\t u long = su* an in/rum5t4 ,e piano is an in/rum5t ( ?is k9d1 ) :i* ! exp]im5t m5tion$ may be execut$ ) spl5did success4 ,two pianos /& "h by ! side ( ea* o!r1 bo? tun$ alike4 ,we w employ ! fir/ = excit+ ! notes1 :ile we w all[ ! second to respond2 aft] hav+ fir/ press$ ^u ! l\d p$al1 s z to r5d] all ! /r+s capable ( motion4 ,e h>mony /ruck ) vigor on ! fir/ piano is di/9ctly repeat$ on ! second4 ,to prove t x is ! same /r+s t are s\nd$ 9 bo? pianos1 we repeat ! exp]im5t 9 a slightly *ang$ =m4 ,we let g ! l\d p$al ( ! second piano & press+ on ! keys c e g ( t in/rum5t vigor\sly /rike ! h>mony c e g on ! fir/ piano4 ,! h>mony c e g is n[ also s\nd$ on ! second piano4 ,b if we press only on "o key g ( "o piano1 :ile we /rike c e g on ! o!r1 only g w be s\nd$ on ! second4 ,x is ?us always ! l /r+s ( ! two pianos t excite ea* o!r4 ,! piano c reproduce any s\nd t is compos$ ( its musical notes4 ,x w reproduce1 = example1 v di/9ctly1 a v[el s\nd t is sung into x4 ,& 9 tru? physics has prov$ t ! v[els may be reg>d$ z compos$ ( simple musical notes4 ,y see t by ! excit+ ( def9ite tones 9 ! air q def9ite motions are set up ) me*anical necessity 9 ! piano4 ,! idea might be made use ( = ! p]=mance ( "s pretty pieces ( wiz>dry4 ,imag9e a box 9 :i* is a /ret*$ /r+ ( def9ite pit*4 ,?is is ?r[n into motion z (t5 z its note is sung or :i/l$4 ,n[ x w\ld n be a v difficult task = a skilful me*anic to s con/ruct ! box t ! vibrat+ cord w\ld close a galvanic circuit & op5 ! lock4 ,& x w\ld n be a mu* m difficult task to con/ruct a box :i* w\ld op5 at ! :i/l+ ( a c]ta9 melody4 ,sesame6 & ! bolts fall4 ,truly1 we %\ld h "h a v]itable puzzle-lock4 ,/ill ano!r fragm5t rescu$ f t old k+dom ( fables1 ( :i* our day has realis$ s mu*1 t _w ( fairy-/ories to :i* ! late/ contributions are ,casselli's telegraph1 by :i* "o c write at a di/ance 9 "o's own h&1 & ,pr(4 ,eli%a ,gray's telautograph4 ,:at w\ld ! good old ,h]odotus h said to ^! ?+s :o ev5 9 ,egypt %ook 8 head at mu* t he saw8 ,greek3 emoi m5 ou pi/a1 j z simple-he>t$ly z !n1 :5 he he>d ( ! circumnavigation ( ,africa4 ,a new puzzle-lock6 ,b :y inv5t "o8 ,are n we human be+s ourselves puzzle-locks8 ,?9k ( ! /up5d\s gr\ps ( ?\ghts1 feel+s1 & emotions t c be ar\s$ 9 u by a ^w6 ,are !re n mom5ts 9 all our lives :5 a m]e "n drives ! blood to our he>ts8 ,:o t has att5d$ a l>ge mass-meet+ has n exp]i5c$ :at trem5d\s quantities ( en]gy & motion c be evolv$ by ! innoc5t words1 ,lib]ty1 ,equality1 ,frat]nity4 ,b let u return to ! subject prop] ( our disc\rse4 ,let u look aga9 at our piano1 or :at w d j z well1 at "s o!r contrivance ( ! same "*4 ,:at does ?is in/rum5t d8 ,pla9ly1 x decomposes1 x analyses e agglom]ation ( s\nds set up 9 ! air into its individual compon5t p>ts1 ea* tone be+ tak5 up by a diff]5t /r+2 x p]=ms a real spectral analysis ( s\nd4 ,a p]son completely deaf1 ) ! help ( a piano1 simply by t\*+ ! /r+s or exam9+ _! vibrations ) a microscope1 might inve/igate ! sonor\s motion ( ! air1 & pick out ! sep>ate tones excit$ 9 x4 ,! e> has ! same capacity z ?is piano4 ,! e> p]=ms = ! m9d :at ! piano p]=ms = a p]son :o is deaf4 ,! m9d )\t ! e> is deaf4 ,b a deaf p]son1 ) ! piano1 does he> aft] a fa%ion1 ?\gh mu* less vividly1 & m clumsily1 ?an ) ! e>4 ,! e>1 ?us1 also decomposes s\nd into its compon5t tonal p>ts4 ,i %all n[ n be deceiv$1 ,i ?9k1 if ,i assume t y already h a pres5tim5t ( :at ! function ( ,corti's fibres is4 ,we c make ! matt] v pla9 to ourselves4 ,we w use ! "o piano = excit+ ! s\nds1 & we %all imag9e ! second "o 9 ! e> ( ! obs]v] 9 ! place ( ,corti's fibres1 :i* is a model ( su* an in/rum5t4 ,to e /r+ ( ! piano 9 ! e> we w suppose a special fibre ( ! auditory n]ve atta*$1 s t ?is fibre & ?is alone1 is irritat$ :5 ! /r+ is ?r[n into vibration4 ,if we /rike n[ an accord on ! ext]nal piano1 = e tone ( t accord a def9ite /r+ ( ! int]nal piano w s\nd & z _m diff]5t n]v\s fibres w be irritat$ z !re are notes 9 ! accord4 ,! simultane\s s5se-impressions due to diff]5t notes c ?us be pres]v$ unm+l$ & be sep>at$ by ! att5tion4 ,x is ! same z ) ! five f+]s ( ! h&4 ,) ea* f+] ,i c t\* some?+ diff]5t4 ,n[ ! e> has ?ree ?\s& su* f+]s1 & ea* "o is design$ = ! t\*+ ( a diff]5t tone4#i ,our e> is a puzzle-lock ( ! k9d m5tion$4 ,x op5s at ! magic melody ( a s\nd4 ,b x is a /up5d\sly +5i\s lock4 ,n only "o tone1 b e tone makes x op52 b ea* "o diff]5tly4 ,to ea* tone x replies ) a diff]5t s5sation4 ,m ?an once x has happ5$ 9 ! hi/ory ( sci5ce t a ph5om5on pr$ict$ by !ory1 has n be5 br\ght )9 ! range ( actual obs]vation until long aft]w>ds4 ,lev]ri] pr$ict$ ! exi/5ce & ! place ( ! planet ,neptune1 b x 0 n until sometime lat] t ,galle actually f\nd ! planet at ! pr$ict$ spot4 ,hamilton unfold$ !oretically ! ph5om5on ( ! s-call$ conical refraction ( light1 b x 0 res]v$ = ,lloyd "s "t subsequ5tly to obs]ve ! fact4 ,! =tunes ( ,helmholtz's !ory ( ,corti's fibres h be5 some:at simil>4 ,?is !ory1 too1 receiv$ its sub/antial confirmation f ! subsequ5t obs]vations ( ,v4 ,h5s54 ,on ! free surface ( ! bodies ( ,cru/acea1 connect$ ) ! auditory n]ves1 r[s ( little hairy filam5ts ( v>y+ l5g?s & ?icknesses are f\nd1 :i* to "s ext5t are ! analogues ( ,corti's fibres4 ,h5s5 saw ^! hairs vibrate :5 s\nds 7 excit$1 & :5 diff]5t notes 7 /ruck diff]5t hairs 7 set 9 vibration4 ,i h comp>$ ! "w ( ! physical inquir] to ! j\rney ( ! t\ri/4 ,:5 ! t\ri/ asc5ds a new hill he obta9s ( ! :ole di/rict a diff]5t view4 ,:5 ! inquir] has f\nd ! solution ( "o enigma1 ! solution ( a ho/ ( o!rs falls into 8 h&s4 ,surely y h (t5 felt ! /range impression exp]i5c$ :5 9 s++ ?r\gh ! scale ! octave is rea*$1 & ne>ly ! same s5sation is produc$ z by ! fundam5tal tone4 ,! ph5om5on f9ds its explanation 9 ! view "h laid d[n ( ! e>4 ,& n only ?is ph5om5on b all ! laws ( ! !ory ( h>mony may be grasp$ & v]ifi$ f ?is po9t ( view ) a cle>ness be=e undreamt (4 ,un=tunately1 ,i mu/ cont5t myself to-day ) ! simple indication ( ^! beautiful prospects4 ,_! consid]ation w\ld lead u too f> aside into ! fields ( o!r sci5ces4 ,! se>*] ( nature1 too1 mu/ re/ra9 himself 9 8 pa?4 ,he also is drawn along f "o beauty to ano!r z ! t\ri/ f dale to dale1 & z circum/ances g5]ally draw m5 f "o condition ( life into o!rs4 ,x is n he s mu* t makes ! que/s1 z t ! que/s are made ( him4 ,yet let him pr(it by 8 "t1 & let n 8 glance rove aimlessly hi!r & ?i!r4 ,= soon ! ev5+ sun w %9e1 & ere he has caught a full glimpse ( ! wond]s close by1 a mighty h& w seize him & lead him away into a diff]5t _w ( puzzles4 ,respect$ he>]s1 sci5ce once /ood 9 an entirely diff]5t relation to poetry4 ,! old ,h9du ma!maticians wrote _! !orems 9 v]ses1 & lotus-fl[]s1 roses1 & lilies1 beautiful sc5]ies1 lakes1 & m\nta9s figur$ 9 _! problems4 ,?\ goe/ =? on ?is lake 9 a boat4 ,a lily juts =?1 "o palm above ! wat]4 ,a breeze b5ds x d[nw>ds1 & x vani%es two palms f its previ\s spot b5ea? ! surface4 ,quick1 ma!matician1 tell me h[ deep is ! lake6 ,?us spoke an anci5t ,h9du s*ol>4 ,?is poetry1 & rightly1 has disappe>$ f sci5ce1 b f its dry leaves ano!r poetry is waft$ al(t :i* _c be describ$ to him :o has nev] felt x4 ,:oev] w fully enjoy ?is poetry mu/ put 8 h& to ! pl\gh1 mu/ himself inve/igate4 ,!re=e1 en\gh ( ?is6 ,i %all reckon myself =tunate if y d n rep5t ( ?is brief excursion into ! fl[]$ dale ( physiology1 & if y take ) y\rselves ! belief t we c say ( sci5ce :at we say ( poetry1 ,:o ! song w\ld und]/&1 ,ne$s mu/ seek ! song's own l&2 ,:o ! m9/rel und]/& ,ne$s mu/ seek ! m9/rel's l&4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #h3 ,?is exp]im5t1 ) its associat$ reflexions1 is due to ,galileo4 ,footnote #i3 ,a developm5t ( ! !ory ( musical audition diff]+ 9 _m po9ts f ! !ory ( ,helmholtz "h exp\nd$1 w be f\nd 9 my ,contributions to ! ,analysis ( ! ,s5sations 7,engli% translation by ,c4 ,m4 ,williams71 ,*icago1 ,! ,op5 ,c\rt ,publi%+ ,company1 #ahig4 ,,on ,,! ,,causes ,,( ,,h>mony4 ,we are to speak to-day ( a !me :i* is p]haps ( some:at m g5]al int]e/--! causes ( ! h>mony ( musical s\nds4 ,! fir/ & simple/ exp]i5ces relative to h>mony are v anci5t4 ,n s ! explanation ( its laws4 ,^! 7 fir/ suppli$ by ! inve/igators ( a rec5t epo*4 ,all[ me an hi/orical retrospect4 ,py?agoras 7#ehf ,b4 ,c47 knew t ! note yield$ by a /r+ ( /eady t5sion 0 conv]t$ into its octave :5 ! l5g? ( ! /r+ 0 r$uc$ "o-half1 & into its fif? :5 r$uc$ two-?irds2 & t !n ! fir/ fundam5tal tone 0 consonant ) ! two o!rs4 ,he knew g5]ally t ! same /r+ "u fix$ t5sion gives consonant tones :5 successively divid$ into l5g?s t are 9 ! proportions ( ! simple/ natural numb]s2 t is1 9 ! proportions ( #a3b1 #b3c1 #c3d1 #d3e4 ,py?agoras fail$ to reveal ! causes ( ^! laws4 ,:at h consonant tones to d ) ! simple natural numb]s8 ,t is ! "q we %\ld ask to-day4 ,b ?is circum/ance mu/ h appe>$ less /range ?an inexplicable to ,py?agoras4 ,?is philosoph] s\ght = ! causes ( h>mony 9 ! occult1 miracul\s p[]s ( numb]s4 ,8 proc$ure 0 l>gely ! cause ( ! upgr[? ( a num]ical my/icism1 ( :i* ! traces may /ill be detect$ 9 our oneirocritical books & among "s sci5ti/s1 to :om m>vels are m attractive ?an lucidity4 ,euclid 7#cjj ,b4 ,c47 gives a def9ition ( consonance & dissonance t c\ld h>dly be improv$ ^u1 9 po9t ( v]bal accuracy4 ,! consonance 7,greek3 symphnia7 ( two tones1 he says1 is ! mixture1 ! bl5d+ 7,greek3 krasis7 ( ^? two tones2 dissonance 7,greek3 diaphnia71 on ! o!r h&1 is ! incapacity ( ! tones to bl5d 7,greek3 amixia71 :]eby !y are made h>% = ! e>4 ,! p]son :o kn[s ! correct explanation ( ! ph5om5on he>s x1 s to speak1 rev]b]at$ 9 ^! words ( ,euclid4 ,/ill1 ,euclid did n "k ! true cause ( h>mony4 ,he _h unwitt+ly come v ne> to ! tru?1 b )\t really grasp+ x4 ,leibnitz 7#afdf-agaf ,a4 ,d47 resum$ ! "q :i* 8 pr$ecessors _h left unsolv$4 ,he1 ( c\rse1 knew t musical notes 7 produc$ by vibrations1 t twice z _m vibrations correspond$ to ! octave z to ! fundam5tal tone1 etc4 ,a passionate lov] ( ma!matics1 he s\ght = ! cause ( h>mony 9 ! secret computation & comp>ison ( ! simple numb]s ( vibrations & 9 ! secret satisfaction ( ! s\l at ?is occupation4 ,b h[1 we ask1 if "o does n "k t musical notes are vibrations8 ,! computation & ! satisfaction at ! computation mu/ inde$ be pretty secret if x is unkn[n4 ,:at que] ideas philosoph]s h6 ,c\ld any?+ m we>isome be imag9$ ?an computation z a pr9ciple ( /hetics8 ,yes1 y are n utt]ly wrong 9 y\r conjecture1 yet y may be sure t ,leibnitz's !ory is n :olly nons5se1 al?\gh x is difficult to make out precisely :at he meant by 8 secret computation4 ,! great ,eul] 7#agjg-aghc7 s\ght ! cause ( h>mony1 almo/ z ,leibnitz did1 9 ! pleasure :i* ! s\l d]ives f ! contemplation ( ord] 9 ! numb]s ( ! vibrations4#aj ,rameau & ,d',alemb]t 7#agag-aghc7 approa*$ ne>] to ! tru?4 ,!y knew t 9 e s\nd available 9 music besides ! fundam5tal note also ! twelf? & ! next high] ?ird c\ld be he>d2 & fur!r t ! resemblance betwe5 a fundam5tal tone & its octave 0 always /rongly m>k$4 ,accord+ly1 ! comb9ation ( ! octave1 fif?1 ?ird1 etc41 ) ! fundam5tal tone appe>$ to !m natural4 ,!y possess$1 we mu/ admit1 ! correct po9t ( view2 b ) ! simple naturalness ( a ph5om5on no inquir] c re/ cont5t2 = x is precisely ?is naturalness = :i* he seeks 8 explanations4 ,rameau's rem>k dragg$ along ?r\gh ! :ole mod]n p]iod1 b )\t lead+ to ! full discov]y ( ! tru?4 ,m>x places x at ! head ( 8 !ory ( composition1 b makes no fur!r application ( x4 ,also ,goe! & ,zelt] 9 _! correspond5ce 71 s to speak1 on ! br9k ( ! tru?4 ,zelt] knew ( ,rameau's view4 ,f9ally1 y w be appall$ at ! difficulty ( ! problem1 :5 ,i tell y t till v rec5t times ev5 pr(essors ( physics 7 dumb :5 ask$ :at 7 ! causes ( h>mony4 ,n till q rec5tly did ,helmholtz f9d ! solution ( ! "q4 ,b to make ?is solution cle> to y ,i mu/ fir/ speak ( "s exp]im5tal pr9ciples ( physics & psy*ology4 #a7 ,9 e process ( p]ception1 9 e obs]vation1 ! att5tion plays a highly important "p4 ,we ne$ n look ab\t u long = pro(s ( ?is4 ,y receive1 = example1 a lett] writt5 9 a v poor h&4 ,d y\r be/1 y _c make x out4 ,y put toge!r n[ ^!1 n[ ^? l9es1 yet y _c con/ruct f !m a s+le intelligible "*4 ,n until y direct y\r att5tion to gr\ps ( l9es :i* really belong toge!r1 is ! read+ ( ! lett] possible4 ,manuscripts1 ! lett]s ( :i* are =m$ ( m9ute figures & scrolls1 c only be read at a consid]able di/ance1 :]e ! att5tion is no long] div]t$ f ! significant outl9es to ! details4 ,a beautiful example ( ?is class is furni%$ by ! fam\s iconographs ( ,giuseppe ,arcimboldo 9 ! basem5t ( ! ,belv$]e gall]y at ,vi5na4 ,^! are symbolic repres5tations ( wat]1 fire1 etc43 human heads compos$ ( aquatic animals & ( combu/ibles4 ,at a %ort di/ance "o sees only ! details1 at a great] di/ance only ! :ole figure4 ,yet a po9t c be easily f\nd at :i*1 by a simple volunt>y movem5t ( ! att5tion1 !re is no difficulty 9 see+ n[ ! :ole figure & n[ ! small] =ms ( :i* x is compos$4 ,a picture is (t5 se5 repres5t+ ! tomb ( ,napoleon4 ,! tomb is surr\nd$ by d>k trees betwe5 :i* ! bright heav5s are visible z backgr\nd4 ,"o c look a long "t at ?is picture )\t notic+ any?+ except ! trees1 b sudd5ly1 on ! att5tion be+ accid5tally direct$ to ! bright backgr\nd1 "o sees ! figure ( ,napoleon betwe5 ! trees4 ,?is case %[s u v di/9ctly ! important "p :i* att5tion plays4 ,! same s5su\s object c1 solely by ! int]position ( att5tion1 give rise to :olly diff]5t p]ceptions4 ,if ,i /rike a h>mony1 or *ord1 on ?is piano1 by a m]e ef=t ( att5tion y c fix e tone ( t h>mony4 ,y !n he> mo/ di/9ctly ! fix$ tone1 & all ! re/ appe> z a m]e addition1 alt]+ only ! quality1 or ac\/ic color1 ( ! prim>y tone4 ,! effect ( ! same h>mony is ess5tially modifi$ if we direct our att5tion to diff]5t tones4 ,/rike 9 succession two h>monies1 = example1 ! two repres5t$ 9 ! annex$ diagram1 & fir/ fix by ! att5tion ! upp] note e1 aft]w>ds ! base e-a2 9 ! two cases y w he> ! same sequ5ce ( h>monies diff]5tly4 ,9 ! fir/ case1 y h ! impression z if ! fix$ tone rema9$ un*ang$ & simply alt]$ its timbre2 9 ! second case1 ! :ole ac\/ic agglom]ation seems to fall s5sibly 9 dep?4 ,!re is an art ( composition to guide ! att5tion ( ! he>]4 ,b !re is also an art ( he>+1 :i* is n ! gift ( e p]son4 ,music3 ,fig4 #i4 ,! piano-play] kn[s ! rem>kable effects obta9$ :5 "o ( ! keys ( a *ord t is /ruck is let loose4 ,b> #a play$ on ! piano s\nds almo/ l b> #b4 ,! note :i* lies next to ! key let loose res\nds aft] its release z if x 7 fre%ly /ruck4 ,! att5tion no long] occupi$ ) ! upp] note is by t v fact ins5sibly l$ to ! upp] note4 ,music3 ,fig4 #aj4 ,any tol]ably cultivat$ musical e> c p]=m ! resolution ( a h>mony into its compon5t p>ts4 ,by mu* practice we c g ev5 fur!r4 ,!n1 e musical s\nd h]et(ore reg>d$ z simple c be resolv$ into a subord9ate succession ( musical tones4 ,= example1 if ,i /rike on ! piano ! note #a1 7annex$ diagram17 we %all he>1 if we make ! requisite ef=t ( att5tion1 besides ! l\d fundam5tal note ! feebl]1 high] ov]tones1 or h>monics1 #b 444 #g1 t is1 ! octave1 ! twelf?1 ! d\ble octave1 & ! ?ird1 ! fif?1 & ! sev5? ( ! d\ble octave4 ,music3 ,fig4 #aa4 ,! same is true ( e musically available s\nd4 ,ea* yields1 ) v>y+ degrees ( int5sity1 besides its fundam5tal note1 also ! octave1 ! twelf?1 ! d\ble octave1 etc4 ,! ph5om5on is obs]vable ) special facility on ! op5 & clos$ flue-pipes ( organs4 ,accord+1 n[1 z c]ta9 ov]tones are m or less di/9ctly emphasis$ 9 a s\nd1 ! timbre ( ! s\nd *anges--t peculi> quality ( ! s\nd by :i* we di/+ui% ! music ( ! piano f t ( ! viol91 ! cl>9et1 etc4 ,on ! piano ^! ov]tones c be v easily r5d]$ audible4 ,if ,i /rike1 = example1 %>ply note #a ( ! =ego+ s]ies1 :il/ ,i simply press d[n ^u1 "o aft] ano!r1 ! keys #b1 #c1 444 #g1 ! notes #b1 #c1 444 #g w cont9ue to s\nd aft] ! /rik+ ( #a1 because ! /r+s correspond+ to ^! notes1 n[ fre$ f _! damp]s1 are ?r[n into sympa!tic vibration4 ,z y "k1 ?is sympa!tic vibration ( ! l-pit*$ /r+s ) ! ov]tones is really n to be conceiv$ z sympa?y1 b r z lifeless me*anical necessity4 ,we mu/ n ?9k ( ?is sympa!tic vibration z an +5i\s j\rnali/ pictur$ x1 :o tells a gruesome /ory ( ,bee?ov5's ,f m9or sonata1 ,op4 #b1 t ,i _c )hold f y4 ,at ! la/ ,london ,indu/rial ,exhibition n9ete5 virtuosos play$ ! ,f m9or sonata on ! same piano4 ,:5 ! tw5tie? /epp$ up to ! in/rum5t to play by way ( v>iation ! same production1 to ! t]ror ( all pres5t ! piano began to r5d] ! sonata ( its own accord4 ,! ,ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury1 :o happ5$ to be pres5t1 0 set to "w & =?) expell$ ! ,f m9or devil4 ,al?\gh1 n[1 ! ov]tones or h>monics :i* we h discuss$ are he>d only ^u a special ef=t ( ! att5tion1 nev]!less !y play a highly important "p 9 ! =mation ( musical timbre1 z also 9 ! production ( ! consonance & dissonance ( s\nds4 ,?is may /rike y z s+ul>4 ,h[ c a ?+ :i* is he>d only "u exceptional circum/ances be ( importance g5]ally = audition8 ,b consid] "s famili> incid5ts ( y\r e-day life4 ,?9k ( h[ _m ?+s y see :i* y d n notice1 :i* nev] /rike y\r att5tion until !y are miss+4 ,a fri5d calls ^u y2 y _c und]/& :y he looks s *ang$4 ,n until y make a close exam9ation d y discov] t 8 hair has be5 cut4 ,x is n difficult to tell ! publi%] ( a "w f its lett]-press1 & yet no "o c /ate precisely ! po9ts by :i* ?is /yle ( type is s /rik+ly diff]5t f t /yle4 ,i h (t5 recognis$ a book :i* ,i 0 9 se>* ( f a simple piece ( unpr9t$ :ite pap] t peep$ out f und]nea? ! heap ( books cov]+ x1 & yet ,i _h nev] c>efully exam9$ ! pap]1 nor c\ld ,i h /at$ its diff]5ce f o!r pap]s4 ,:at we mu/ rememb]1 !re=e1 is t e s\nd t is musically available yields1 besides its fundam5tal note1 its octave1 its twelf?1 its d\ble octave1 etc41 z ov]tones or h>monics1 & t ^! are important = ! agreeable comb9ation ( sev]al musical s\nds4 #b7 ,"o o!r fact /ill rema9s to be dealt )4 ,look at ?is tun+-=k4 ,x yields1 :5 /ruck1 a p]fectly smoo? tone4 ,b if y /rike 9 company ) x a second =k :i* is ( slightly diff]5t pit*1 & :i* alone also gives a p]fectly smoo? tone1 y w he>1 if y set bo? =ks on ! table1 or hold bo? be=e y\r e>1 a uni=m tone no long]1 b a numb] ( %ocks ( tones4 ,! rapidity ( ! %ocks increases ) ! diff]5ce ( ! pit* ( ! =ks4 ,^! %ocks1 :i* become v disagreeable = ! e> :5 !y am\nt to ?irty-?ree 9 a second1 are call$ beats4 ,always1 :5 "o ( two l musical s\nds is ?r[n out ( unison ) ! o!r1 beats arise4 ,_! numb] increases ) ! div]g5ce f unison1 & simultane\sly !y gr[ m unpleasant4 ,_! r\ghness rea*es its maximum at ab\t ?irty-?ree beats 9 a second4 ,on a /ill fur!r dep>ture f unison1 & a consequ5t increase ( ! numb] ( beats1 ! unpleasant effect is dim9i%$1 s t tones :i* are widely ap>t 9 pit* no long] produce (f5sive beats4 ,to give y\rselves a cle> idea ( ! production ( beats1 take two metronomes & set !m almo/ alike4 ,y c1 = t matt]1 set ! two exactly alike4 ,y ne$ n fe> t !y w /rike alike4 ,! metronomes usually = sale 9 ! %ops are poor en\gh to yield1 :5 set alike1 appreciably unequal /rokes4 ,set1 n[1 ^! two metronomes1 :i* /rike at unequal int]vals1 9 motion2 y w readily see t _! /rokes alt]nately co9cide & conflict ) ea* o!r4 ,! alt]nation is quick] ! great] ! diff]5ce ( "t ( ! two metronomes4 ,if metronomes are n to be _h1 ! exp]im5t may be p]=m$ ) two wat*es4 ,beats arise 9 ! same way4 ,! rhy?mical %ocks ( two s\nd+ bodies1 ( unequal pit*1 sometimes co9cide1 sometimes int]f]e1 :]eby !y alt]nately augm5t & enfeeble ea* o!r's effects4 ,h5ce ! %ock-l1 unpleasant swell+ ( ! tone4 ,n[ t we h made ourselves acqua9t$ ) ov]tones & beats1 we may proce$ to ! answ] ( our ma9 "q1 ,:y d c]ta9 relations ( pit* produce pleasant s\nds1 consonances1 o!rs unpleasant s\nds1 dissonances8 ,x w be readily se5 t all ! unpleasant effects ( simultane\s s\nd-comb9ations are ! result ( beats produc$ by ^? comb9ations4 ,beats are ! only s91 ! sole evil ( music4 ,consonance is ! coalesc5ce ( s\nds )\t appreciable beats4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4 ,to make ?is p]fectly cle> to y ,i h con/ruct$ ! model :i* y see 9 ,fig4 #ab4 ,x repres5ts a claviatur4 ,at its top a movable /rip ( wood aa ) ! m>ks #a1 #b 444 #f is plac$4 ,by sett+ ?is /rip 9 any position1 = example1 9 t :]e ! m>k #a is ov] ! note c ( ! claviatur1 ! m>ks #b1 #c 444 #f1 z y see1 /& ov] ! ov]tones ( c4 ,! same happ5s :5 ! /rip is plac$ 9 any o!r position4 ,a second1 exactly simil> /rip1 bb1 possesses ! same prop]ties4 ,?us1 toge!r1 ! two /rips1 9 any two positions1 po9t out by _! m>ks all ! tones br\ght into play ^u ! simultane\s s\nd+ ( ! notes indicat$ by ! m>ks #a4 ,! two /rips1 plac$ ov] ! same fundam5tal note1 %[ t also all ! ov]tones ( ^? notes co9cide4 ,! fir/ note is simply int5sifi$ by ! o!r4 ,! s+le ov]tones ( a s\nd lie too f> ap>t to p]mit appreciable beats4 ,! second s\nd supplies no?+ new1 consequ5tly1 also1 no new beats4 ,unison is ! mo/ p]fect consonance4 ,mov+ "o ( ! two /rips along ! o!r is equival5t to a dep>ture f unison4 ,all ! ov]tones ( ! "o s\nd n[ fall alongside ^? ( ! o!r2 beats are at once produc$2 ! comb9ation ( ! tones becomes unpleasant3 we obta9 a dissonance4 ,if we move ! /rip fur!r & fur!r along1 we %all f9d t z a g5]al rule ! ov]tones always fall alongside ea* o!r1 t is1 always produce beats & dissonances4 ,only 9 a few q def9ite positions d ! ov]tones p>tially co9cide4 ,su* positions1 !re=e1 signify high] degrees ( euphony--!y po9t out ! consonant int]vals4 ,^! consonant int]vals c be readily f\nd exp]im5tally by cutt+ ,fig4 #ab out ( pap] & mov+ bb l5g?wise along aa4 ,! mo/ p]fect consonances are ! octave & ! twelf?1 s9ce 9 ^! two cases ! ov]tones ( ! "o s\nd co9cide absolutely ) ^? ( ! o!r4 ,9 ! octave1 = example1 #a;b falls on #b;a1 #b;b on #d;a1 #c;b on #f;a4 ,consonances1 !re=e1 are simultane\s s\nd-comb9ations n accompani$ by disagreeable beats4 ,?is1 by ! way1 is1 express$ 9 ,engli%1 :at ,euclid said 9 ,greek4 ,only su* s\nds are consonant z possess 9 common "s portion ( _! p>tial tones4 ,pla9ly we mu/ recognise betwe5 su* s\nds1 also :5 /ruck "o aft] ano!r1 a c]ta9 aff9ity4 ,= ! second s\nd1 by virtue ( ! common ov]tones1 w produce p>tly ! same s5sation z ! fir/4 ,! octave is ! mo/ /rik+ exemplification ( ?is4 ,:5 we rea* ! octave 9 ! asc5t ( ! scale we actually fancy we he> ! fundam5tal tone repeat$4 ,! f\ndations ( h>mony1 !re=e1 are ! f\ndations ( melody4 ,consonance is ! coalesc5ce ( s\nds )\t appreciable beats6 ,?is pr9ciple is compet5t to introduce wond]ful ord] & logic into ! doctr9es ( ! fundam5tal bass4 ,! comp5diums ( ! !ory ( h>mony :i* 7,heav5 be witness67 h /ood hi!rto little beh9d ! cook-books 9 subtlety ( logic1 are r5d]$ extraord9>ily cle> & simple4 ,& :at is m1 all t ! great ma/]s1 su* z ,pale/r9a1 ,moz>t1 ,bee?ov51 unconsci\sly got "r1 & ( :i* h]et(ore no text-book c\ld r5d] j acc\nt1 receives f ! prec$+ pr9ciple its p]fect v]ification4 ,b ! beauty ( ! !ory is1 t x be>s ^u its face ! /amp ( tru?4 ,x is no phantom ( ! bra94 ,e musician c he> = himself ! beats :i* ! ov]tones ( 8 musical s\nds produce4 ,e musician c satisfy himself t = any giv5 case ! numb] & ! h>%ness ( ! beats c be calculat$ be=eh&1 & t !y occur 9 exactly ! measure t !ory det]m9es4 ,?is is ! answ] :i* ,helmholtz gave to ! "q ( ,py?agoras1 s f> z x c be expla9$ ) ! means n[ at my comm&4 ,a long p]iod ( "t lies betwe5 ! rais+ & ! solv+ ( ?is "q4 ,m ?an once 7 em95t inquir]s ne>] to ! answ] ?an !y dream$ (4 ,! inquir] seeks ! tru?4 ,i d n "k if ! tru? seeks ! inquir]4 ,b 7 t s1 !n ! hi/ory ( sci5ce w\ld vividly rem9d u ( t classical r5dezv\s1 s (t5 immortalis$ by pa9t]s & poets4 ,a high g>d5 wall4 ,at ! "r a y\?1 at ! left a maid54 ,! y\? sighs1 ! maid5 sighs6 ,bo? wait4 ,nei!r dreams h[ ne> ! o!r is4 ,i l ?is simile4 ,tru? suff]s h]self to be c\rt$1 b %e has evid5tly no desire to be won4 ,%e flirts at times disgracefully4 ,above all1 %e is det]m9$ to be m]it$1 & has naught b contempt = ! man :o w w9 h] too quickly4 ,& if1 =soo?1 "o breaks 8 head 9 8 ef=ts ( conque/1 :at matt] is x1 ano!r w come1 & tru? is always "y4 ,at times1 inde$1 x really seems z if %e 7 well dispos$ t[>ds h] admir]1 b t admitt$--nev]6 ,only :5 ,tru? is 9 exceptionally good spirits does %e be/[ ^u h] woo] a glance ( enc\ragem5t4 ,=1 ?9ks ,tru?1 if ,i d n d some?+1 9 ! end ! fell[ w n seek me at all4 ,?is "o fragm5t ( tru?1 !n1 we h1 & x %all nev] escape u4 ,b :5 ,i reflect :at x has co/ 9 labor & 9 ! lives ( ?9k+ m51 h[ x pa9fully grop$ its way ?r\gh c5turies1 a half-matur$ ?\ght1 be=e x became complete2 :5 ,i reflect t x is ! toil ( m ?an two ?\s& ye>s t speaks out ( ?is unobtrusive model ( m9e1 !n1 )\t dissimulation1 ,i almo/ rep5t me ( ! je/ ,i h made4 ,& ?9k ( h[ mu* we /ill lack6 ,:51 sev]al ?\s& ye>s h5ce1 boots1 top-hats1 hoops1 pianos1 & bass-viols are dug out ( ! e>?1 out ( ! newe/ alluvium z fossils ( ! n9ete5? c5tury2 :5 ! sci5ti/s ( t "t %all pursue _! /udies bo? ^u ^! wond]ful /ructures & ^u our mod]n ,broadways1 z we to-day make /udies ( ! implem5ts ( ! /one age & ( ! prehi/oric lake-dwell+s--!n1 too1 p]haps1 p w be unable to compreh5d h[ we c\ld come s ne> to _m great tru?s )\t grasp+ !m4 ,& ?us x is = all "t ! unsolv$ dissonance1 = all "t ! tr\blesome sev5?1 t ev]y:]e res\nds 9 our e>s2 we feel1 p]haps1 t x w f9d its solution1 b we %all nev] live to see ! day ( ! pure triple accord1 nor %all our remote/ desc5dants4 ,ladies1 if x is ! sweet purpose ( y\r life to s[ confusion1 x is ! purpose ( m9e to be cle>2 & s ,i mu/ confess to y a slight transgression t ,i h be5 guilty (4 ,on "o po9t ,i h told y an untru?4 ,b y w p>don me ?is falsehood1 if 9 full rep5tance ,i make x good4 ,! model repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #ab does n tell ! :ole tru?1 = x is bas$ ^u ! s-call$ ev5 temp]am5t sy/em ( tun+4 ,! ov]tones1 h[ev]1 ( musical s\nds are n temp]$1 b purely tun$4 ,by means ( ?is slight inexactness ! model is made consid]ably simpl]4 ,9 ?is =m x is fully adequate = ord9>y purposes1 & no "o :o makes use ( x 9 8 /udies ne$ be 9 fe> ( appreciable error4 ,if y %\ld dem& ( me1 h[ev]1 ! full tru?1 ,i c\ld give y t only by ! help ( a ma!matical =mula4 ,i %\ld h to take ! *alk into my h&s &--?9k ( x6--reckon 9 y\r pres5ce4 ,?is y might take amiss4 ,nor %all x happ54 ,i h resolv$ to d no m reckon+ = to-day4 ,i %all reckon n[ only ^u y\r =be>ance1 & ?is y w surely n ga9say me :5 y reflect t ,i h made only a limit$ use ( my privilege to we>y y4 ,i c\ld h tak5 up mu* m ( y\r "t1 & may1 !re=e1 ju/ly close ) ,less+'s epigram3 ,if ?\ ha/ f\nd 9 all ^! pages naught t's wor? ! ?anks1 ,at lea/ h gratitude = :at ,i've sp>$ !e4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #aj3 ,sauveur also set out f ,leibnitz's idea1 b arriv$ by indep5d5t rese>*es at a diff]5t !ory1 :i* 0 v ne> to t ( ,helmholtz4 ,comp>e on ?is po9t ,sauveur1 ,mmoires de l',acadmie des ,sci5ces1 ,p>is1 #agjj-agje1 & ,r4 ,smi?1 ,h>monics1 ,cambridge1 #agdi4 7,see ,app5dix1 p4 #cdf47 ,,! ,,velocity ,,( ,,light4 ,:5 a crim9al judge has a "r crafty knave be=e him1 "o well v]s$ 9 ! arts ( prev>ication1 8 ma9 object is to wr+ a confession f ! culprit by a few skilful que/ions4 ,9 almo/ a simil> position ! natural philosoph] seems to be plac$ ) respect to nature4 ,true1 8 functions "h are m ^? ( ! spy ?an ! judge2 b 8 object rema9s pretty mu* ! same4 ,h] hidd5 motives & laws ( action is :at nature mu/ be made to confess4 ,:e!r a confession w be extract$ dep5ds ^u ! %rewdness ( ! inquir]4 ,n )\t reason1 !re=e1 did ,"l ,bacon call ! exp]im5tal me?od a que/ion+ ( nature4 ,! art consi/s 9 s putt+ our que/ions t !y may n rema9 unansw]$ )\t a brea* ( etiquette4 ,look1 too1 at ! c\ntless tools1 eng9es1 & in/rum5ts ( torture ) :i* man conducts 8 inquisitions ( nature1 & :i* mock ! poet's words3 ,my/]i\s ev5 9 op5 day1 ,nature reta9s h] veil1 despite our clamors2 ,t :i* %e do? n will+ly display ,_c be wr5*$ f h] ) lev]s1 screws1 & hamm]s4 ,look at ^! in/rum5ts & y w see t ! comp>ison ) torture also is admissible4#aa ,?is view ( nature1 z ( some?+ design$ly conceal$ f man1 t c be unveil$ only by =ce or di%one/y1 *im$ 9 bett] ) ! conceptions ( ! anci5ts ?an ) mod]n notions4 ,a ,grecian philosoph] once said1 9 (f]+ 8 op9ion ( ! natural sci5ce ( 8 "t1 t x c\ld only be displeas+ to ! gods to see m5 endeavor+ to spy out :at ! gods 7 n m9d$ to reveal to !m4#ab ,( c\rse all ! contempor>ies ( ! speak] 7 n ( 8 op9ion4 ,traces ( ?is view may /ill be f\nd to-day1 b ^u ! :ole we are n[ n s n>r[-m9d$4 ,we believe no long] t nature design$ly hides h]self4 ,we "k n[ f ! hi/ory ( sci5ce t our que/ions are sometimes mean+less1 & t1 !re=e1 no answ] c be =?com+4 ,soon we %all see h[ man1 ) all 8 ?\ghts & que/s1 is only a fragm5t ( nature's life4 ,picture1 !n1 z y\r fancy dictates1 ! tools ( ! physici/ z in/rum5ts ( torture or z eng9es ( ende>m5t1 at all ev5ts a *apt] f ! hi/ory ( ^? implem5ts w be ( int]e/ to y1 & x w n be unpleasant to le>n :at 7 ! peculi> difficulties t l$ to ! inv5tion ( su* /range app>atus4 ,galileo 7born at ,pisa 9 #aefd1 di$ at ,arcetri 9 #afdb7 0 ! fir/ :o ask$ :at 0 ! velocity ( light1 t is1 :at "t x w\ld take = a light /ruck at "o place to become visible at ano!r1 a c]ta9 di/ance away4#ac ,! me?od :i* ,galileo devis$ 0 z simple z x 0 natural4 ,two practis$ obs]v]s1 ) muffl$ lant]ns1 7 to take up positions 9 a d>k night at a consid]able di/ance f ea* o!r1 "o at ,a & "o at ,b4 ,at a mom5t previ\sly fix$ ^u1 ,a 0 in/ruct$ to unmask 8 lant]n2 :ile z soon z ,b saw ! light ( ,a's lant]n he 0 to unmask 84 ,n[ x is cle> t ! "t :i* ,a c\nt$ f ! uncov]+ ( 8 lant]n until he caught sight ( ! light ( ,b's w\ld be ! "t :i* x w\ld take light to travel f ,a to ,b & f ,b back to ,a4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4 ,! exp]im5t 0 n execut$1 nor c\ld x1 9 ! nature ( ! case1 h be5 a success4 ,z we n[ "k1 light travels too rapidly to be ?us not$4 ,! "t elaps+ betwe5 ! arrival ( ! light at ,b & its p]ception by ! obs]v]1 ) t betwe5 ! decision to uncov] & ! uncov]+ ( ! lant]n1 is1 z we n[ "k1 incomp>ably great] ?an ! "t :i* x takes light to travel ! greate/ e>?ly di/ances4 ,! great velocity ( light w be made app>5t1 if we reflect t a fla% ( lightn+ 9 ! night illum9ates in/antane\sly a v ext5sive region1 :il/ ! s+le reflect$ claps ( ?und] arrive at ! obs]v]'s e> v gradually & 9 appreciable succession4 ,dur+ 8 life1 !n1 ! ef=ts ( ,galileo to det]m9e ! velocity ( light rema9$ uncr[n$ ) success4 ,b ! subsequ5t hi/ory ( ! measurem5t ( ! velocity ( light is intimately associat$ ) 8 "n1 = ) ! telescope :i* he con/ruct$ he discov]$ ! f\r satellites ( ,jupit]1 & ^! furni%$ ! next occasion = ! det]m9ation ( ! velocity ( light4 ,! t]re/rial spaces 7 too small = ,galileo's exp]im5t4 ,! measurem5t 0 fir/ execut$ :5 ! spaces ( ! planet>y sy/em 7 employ$4 ,olaf ,rm]1 7born at ,a>huus 9 #afdd1 di$ at ,cop5hag5 9 #agaj7 accompli%$ ! feat 7#afge-afgf71 :ile wat*+ ) ,cass9i at ! obs]vatory ( ,p>is ! revolutions ( ,jupit]'s moons4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4 ,let ,,ab 7,fig4 #ad7 be ,jupit]'s orbit4 ,let ,s /& = ! sun1 ,e = ! e>?1 ,j = ,jupit]1 & ,t = ,jupit]'s fir/ satellite4 ,:5 ! e>? is at ,e we see ! satellite ent] regul>ly into ,jupit]'s %ad[1 & by wat*+ ! "t betwe5 two successive eclipses1 c calculate its "t ( revolution4 ,! "t :i* ,rm] not$ 0 =ty-two h\rs1 tw5ty-eight m9utes1 & ?irty-five seconds4 ,n[1 z ! e>? passes along 9 its orbit t[>ds ,e1 ! revolutions ( ! satellite gr[ app>5tly long] & long]3 ! eclipses take place lat] & lat]4 ,! greate/ ret>dation ( ! eclipse1 :i* occurs :5 ! e>? is at ,e1 am\nts to sixte5 m9utes & tw5ty-six seconds4 ,z ! e>? passes back aga9 to ,e1 ! revolutions gr[ app>5tly %ort]1 & !y occur 9 exactly ! "t t !y fir/ did :5 ! e>? arrives at ,e4 ,x is to be rem>k$ t ,jupit] *anges only v slightly its position dur+ "o revolution ( ! e>?4 ,rm] guess$ at once t ^! p]iodical *anges ( ! "t ( revolution ( ,jupit]'s satellite 7 n actual1 b app>5t *anges1 :i* 7 9 "s way connect$ ) ! velocity ( light4 ,let u make ?is matt] cle> to ourselves by a simile4 ,we receive regul>ly by ! po/1 news ( ! political /atus at our capital4 ,h[ev] f> away we may be f ! capital1 we he> ! news ( e ev5t1 lat] x is true1 b ( all equally late4 ,! ev5ts rea* u 9 ! same succession ( "t z t 9 :i* !y took place4 ,b if we are travell+ away f ! capital1 e successive po/ w h a great] di/ance to pass ov]1 & ! ev5ts w rea* u m sl[ly ?an !y took place4 ,! rev]se w be ! case if we are approa*+ ! capital4 ,at re/1 we he> a piece ( music play$ 9 ! same tempo at all di/ances4 ,b ! tempo w be seem+ly accel]at$ if we are c>ri$ rapidly t[>ds ! b&1 or ret>d$ if we are c>ri$ rapidly away f x4#ad ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4 ,picture to y\rself a cross1 say ! sails ( a w9d-mill 7,fig4 #ae71 9 uni=m rotation ab\t its c5tre4 ,cle>ly1 ! rotation ( ! cross w appe> to y m sl[ly execut$ if y are c>ri$ v rapidly away f x4 ,= ! po/ :i* 9 ?is case conveys to y ! light & br+s to y ! news ( ! successive positions ( ! cross w h to travel 9 ea* successive in/ant ov] a long] pa?4 ,n[ ?is mu/ also be ! case ) ! rotation 7! revolution7 ( ! satellite ( ,jupit]4 ,! greate/ ret>dation ( ! eclipse 7#af m9utes71 due to ! passage ( ! e>? f ,e to ,e1 or to its removal f ,jupit] by a di/ance equal to ! diamet] ( ! orbit ( ! e>?1 pla9ly corresponds to ! "t :i* x takes light to trav]se a di/ance equal to ! diamet] ( ! e>?'s orbit4 ,! velocity ( light1 t is1 ! di/ance describ$ by light 9 a second1 z det]m9$ by ?is calculation1 is #caa1jjj kilometres1#ae or #aic1jjj miles4 ,a subsequ5t correction ( ! diamet] ( ! e>?'s orbit1 gives1 by ! same me?od1 ! velocity ( light z approximately #ahf1jjj miles a second4 ,! me?od is exactly t ( ,galileo2 only bett] conditions are select$4 ,in/ead ( a %ort t]re/rial di/ance we h ! diamet] ( ! e>?'s orbit1 ?ree hundr$ & sev5 million kilometres2 9 place ( ! uncov]$ & cov]$ lant]ns we h ! satellite ( ,jupit]1 :i* alt]nately appe>s & disappe>s4 ,galileo1 !re=e1 al?\gh he c\ld n c>ry out himself ! propos$ measurem5t1 f\nd ! lant]n by :i* x 0 ultimately execut$4 ,physici/s did n long rema9 satisfi$ ) ?is beautiful discov]y4 ,!y s\ght aft] easi] me?ods ( measur+ ! velocity ( light1 su* z might be p]=m$ on ! e>?4 ,?is 0 possible aft] ! difficulties ( ! problem 7 cle>ly expos$4 ,a measurem5t ( ! k9d ref]r$ to 0 execut$ 9 #ahdi by ,fizeau 7born at ,p>is 9 #ahai74 ,i %all endeavor to make ! pr9ciple ( ,fizeau's app>atus cle> to y4 ,let s 7,fig4 #af7 be a disk free to rotate ab\t its c5tre1 & p]=at$ at its rim ) a s]ies ( holes4 ,let l be a lum9\s po9t ca/+ its light on an unsilv]$ glass1 a1 incl9$ at an angle ( =ty-five degrees to ! axis ( ! disk4 ,! ray ( light1 reflect$ at ?is po9t1 passes ?r\gh "o ( ! holes ( ! disk & falls at "r angles ^u a mirror b1 erect$ at a po9t ab\t five miles di/ant4 ,f ! mirror b ! light is aga9 reflect$1 passes once m ?r\gh ! hole 9 s1 &1 p5etrat+ ! glass plate1 f9ally /rikes ! eye1 o1 ( ! obs]v]4 ,! eye1 o1 ?us1 sees ! image ( ! lum9\s po9t l ?r\gh ! glass plate & ! hole ( ! disk 9 ! mirror b4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4 ,if1 n[1 ! disk be set 9 rotation1 ! unpi]c$ spaces betwe5 ! ap]tures w alt]nately take ! place ( ! ap]tures1 & ! eye o w n[ see ! image ( ! lum9\s po9t 9 b only at int]rupt$ int]vals4 ,on increas+ ! rapidity ( ! rotation1 h[ev]1 ! int]ruptions = ! eye become aga9 unnoticeable1 & ! eye sees ! mirror b uni=mly illum9at$4 ,b all ?is holds true only = relatively small velocities ( ! disk1 :5 ! light s5t ?r\gh an ap]ture 9 s to b on its return /rikes ! ap]ture at almo/ ! same place & passes ?r\gh x a second "t4 ,conceive1 n[1 ! spe$ ( ! disk to be s increas$ t ! light on its return f9ds be=e x an unpi]c$ space in/ead ( an ap]ture1 x w !n no long] be able to rea* ! eye4 ,we !n see ! mirror b only :5 no light is emitt$ f x1 b only :5 light is s5t to x2 x is cov]$ :5 light comes f x4 ,9 ?is case1 accord+ly1 ! mirror w always appe> d>k4 ,if ! velocity ( rotation at ?is po9t 7 /ill fur!r increas$1 ! light s5t ?r\gh "o ap]ture c\ld n1 ( c\rse1 on its return pass ?r\gh ! same ap]ture b might /rike ! next & rea* ! eye by t4 ,h5ce1 by con/antly increas+ ! velocity ( ! rotation1 ! mirror b may be made to appe> alt]nately bright & d>k4 ,pla9ly1 n[1 if we "k ! numb] ( ap]tures ( ! disk1 ! numb] ( rotations p] second1 & ! di/ance sb1 we c calculate ! velocity ( light4 ,! result agrees ) t obta9$ by ,rm]4 ,! exp]im5t is n q z simple z my exposition might lead y to believe4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 t ! light %all travel back & =? ov] ! miles ( di/ance sb & bs undisp]s$4 ,?is difficulty is obviat$ by means ( telescopes4 ,if we exam9e ,fizeau's app>atus closely1 we %all recognise 9 x an old acqua9tance3 ! arrangem5t ( ,galileo's exp]im5t4 ,! lum9\s po9t l is ! lant]n ,a1 :ile ! rotation ( ! p]=at$ disk p]=ms me*anically ! uncov]+ & cov]+ ( ! lant]n4 ,in/ead ( ! unskilful obs]v] ,b we h ! mirror b1 :i* is unfail+ly illum9at$ ! in/ant ! light arrives f s4 ,! disk s1 by alt]nately transmitt+ & int]cept+ ! reflect$ light1 assi/s ! obs]v] o4 ,galileo's exp]im5t is "h execut$1 s to speak1 c\ntless times 9 a second1 yet ! total result admits ( actual obs]vation4 ,if ,i might be p>don$ ! use ( a phrase ( ,d>w9's 9 ?is field1 ,i %\ld say t ,fizeau's app>atus 0 ! desc5dant ( ,galileo's lant]n4 ,a /ill m ref9$ & delicate me?od = ! measurem5t ( ! velocity ( light 0 employ$ by ,f\cault1 b a description ( x "h w\ld lead u too f> f our subject4 ,! measurem5t ( ! velocity ( s\nd is easily execut$ by ! me?od ( ,galileo4 ,x 0 unnecess>y1 !re=e1 = physici/s to rack _! bra9s fur!r ab\t ! matt]2 b ! idea :i* ) light grew out ( necessity 0 appli$ also 9 ?is field4 ,ko5ig ( ,p>is con/ructs an app>atus = ! measurem5t ( ! velocity ( s\nd :i* is closely alli$ to ! me?od ( ,fizeau4 ,! app>atus is v simple4 ,x consi/s ( two electrical clock-works :i* /rike simultane\sly1 ) p]fect precision1 t5?s ( seconds4 ,if we place ! two clock-works directly side by side1 we he> _! /rokes simultane\sly1 :]ev] we /&4 ,b if we take our /& by ! side ( "o ( ! works & place ! o!r at "s di/ance f u1 9 g5]al a co9cid5ce ( ! /rokes w n[ n be he>d4 ,! companion /rokes ( ! remote clock-"w arrive1 z s\nd1 lat]4 ,! fir/ /roke ( ! remote "w is he>d1 = example1 imm$iately aft] ! fir/ ( ! adjac5t "w1 & s on4 ,b by increas+ ! di/ance we may produce aga9 a co9cid5ce ( ! /rokes4 ,= example1 ! fir/ /roke ( ! remote "w co9cides ) ! second ( ! ne> "w1 ! second ( ! remote "w ) ! ?ird ( ! ne> "w1 & s on4 ,if1 n[1 ! works /rike t5?s ( seconds & ! di/ance betwe5 !m is increas$ until ! fir/ co9cid5ce is not$1 pla9ly t di/ance is travell$ ov] by ! s\nd 9 a t5? ( a second4 ,we meet frequ5tly ! ph5om5on "h pres5t$1 t a ?\ght :i* c5turies ( sl[ & pa9ful endeavor are necess>y to produce1 :5 once develop$1 fairly ?rives4 ,x spreads & runs ev]y:]e1 ev5 ent]+ m9ds 9 :i* x c\ld nev] h aris54 ,x simply _c be eradicat$4 ,! det]m9ation ( ! velocity ( light is n ! only case 9 :i* ! direct p]ception ( ! s5ses is too sl[ & clumsy = use4 ,! usual me?od ( /udy+ ev5ts too fleet = direct obs]vation consi/s 9 putt+ into reciprocal action ) !m o!r ev5ts already kn[n1 ! velocities ( all ( :i* are capable ( comp>ison4 ,! result is usually unmi/akable1 & susceptible ( direct inf]5ce respect+ ! "* ( ! ev5t :i* is unkn[n4 ,! velocity ( electricity _c be det]m9$ by direct obs]vation4 ,b x 0 asc]ta9$ by ,:eat/one1 simply by ! exp$i5t ( wat*+ an electric sp>k 9 a mirror rotat+ ) trem5d\s kn[n velocity4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah4 ,if we wave a /aff irregul>ly hi!r & ?i!r1 simple obs]vation _c det]m9e h[ quickly x moves at ea* po9t ( its c\rse4 ,b let u look at ! /aff ?r\gh holes 9 ! rim ( a rapidly rotat+ disk 7,fig4 #ag74 ,we %all !n see ! mov+ /aff only 9 c]ta9 positions1 namely1 :5 a hole passes 9 front ( ! eye4 ,! s+le pictures ( ! /aff rema9 = a "t impress$ ^u ! eye2 we ?9k we see sev]al /affs1 hav+ "s su* disposition z t repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #ah4 ,if1 n[1 ! holes ( ! disk are equally f> ap>t1 & ! disk is rotat$ ) uni=m velocity1 we see cle>ly t ! /aff has mov$ sl[ly f a to b1 m quickly f b to c1 /ill m quickly f c to d1 & ) its greate/ velocity f d to e4 ,a jet ( wat] fl[+ f an orifice 9 ! bottom ( a vessel has ! appe>ance ( p]fect quiet & uni=mity1 b if we illum9ate x = a second1 9 a d>k room1 by means ( an electric fla% we %all see t ! jet is compos$ ( sep>ate drops4 ,by _! quick desc5t ! images ( ! drops are oblit]at$ & ! jet appe>s uni=m4 ,let u look at ! jet ?r\gh ! rotat+ disk4 ,! disk is suppos$ to be rotat$ s rapidly t :ile ! second ap]ture passes into ! place ( ! fir/1 drop #a falls into ! place ( #b1 #b into ! place ( #c1 & s on4 ,we see drops !n always 9 ! same places4 ,! jet appe>s to be at re/4 ,if we turn ! disk a trifle m sl[ly1 !n :ile ! second ap]ture passes into ! place ( ! fir/1 drop #a w h fall5 some:at l[] ?an #b1 #b some:at l[] ?an #c1 etc4 ,?r\gh e successive ap]ture we %all see drops 9 successively l[] positions4 ,! jet w appe> to be fl[+ sl[ly d[nw>ds4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai4 ,n[ let u turn ! disk m rapidly4 ,!n :ile ! second ap]ture is pass+ into ! place ( ! fir/1 drop #a w n q h rea*$ ! place ( #b1 b w be f\nd slightly above #b1 #b slightly above #c1 etc4 ,?r\gh ! successive ap]tures we %all see ! drops at successively high] places4 ,x w n[ look z if ! jet 7 fl[+ upw>ds1 z if ! drops 7 ris+ f ! l[] vessel into ! high]4 ,y see1 physics gr[s gradually m & m t]rible4 ,! physici/ w soon h x 9 8 p[] to play ! "p ( ! fam\s lob/] *a9$ to ! bottom ( ! ,lake ( ,mohr91 ^: direful mission1 if ev] lib]at$1 ! poet ,kopis* humor\sly describes z t ( a rev]sal ( all ! ev5ts ( ! _w2 ! raft]s ( h\ses become trees aga91 c[s calves1 honey fl[]s1 *ick5s eggs1 & ! poet's own poem fl[s back into 8 ink/&4 99 99 99 99 99 ,y w n[ all[ me ! privilege ( a few g5]al rem>ks4 ,y h se5 t ! same pr9ciple (t5 lies at ! basis ( l>ge classes ( app>atus design$ = diff]5t purposes4 ,frequ5tly x is "s v unobtrusive idea :i* is productive ( s mu* fruit & ( su* ext5sive trans=mations 9 physical te*nics4 ,x is n o!rwise "h ?an 9 practical life4 ,! :eel ( a waggon appe>s to u a v simple & insignificant creation4 ,b its inv5tor 0 c]ta9ly a man ( g5ius4 ,! r\nd trunk ( a tree p]haps fir/ accid5tally l$ to ! obs]vation ( ! ease ) :i* a load c be mov$ on a roll]4 ,n[1 ! /ep f a simple support+ roll] to a fix$ roll]1 or :eel1 appe>s a v easy "o4 ,at lea/ x appe>s v easy to u :o are accu/om$ f *ildhood up to ! action ( ! :eel4 ,b if we put ourselves vividly into ! position ( a man :o nev] saw a :eel1 b _h to inv5t "o1 we %all beg9 to h "s idea ( its difficulties4 ,inde$1 x is ev5 d\btful :e!r a s+le man c\ld h accompli%$ ?is feat1 :e!r p]haps c5turies 7 n necess>y to =m ! fir/ :eel f ! primitive roll]4#af ,hi/ory does n "n ! progressive m9ds :o con/ruct$ ! fir/ :eel2 _! "t lies f> back ( ! hi/oric p]iod4 ,no sci5tific academy cr[n$ _! ef=ts1 no society ( eng9e]s elect$ !m honor>y memb]s4 ,!y /ill live only 9 ! /up5d\s results :i* !y call$ =?4 ,take f u ! :eel1 & little w rema9 ( ! arts & indu/ries ( mod]n life4 ,all disappe>s4 ,f ! sp9n+-:eel to ! sp9n+-mill1 f ! turn+-la! to ! roll+-mill1 f ! :eelb>r[ to ! railway tra91 all vani%es4 ,9 sci5ce ! :eel is equally important4 ,:irl+ ma*9es1 z ! simple/ means ( obta9+ quick motions ) inconsid]able *anges ( place1 play a "p 9 all bran*es ( physics4 ,y "k ,:eat/one's rotat+ mirror1 ,fizeau's :eel1 ,plateau's p]=at$ rotat+ disks1 etc4 ,almo/ ! same pr9ciple lies at ! basis ( all ^! app>atus4 ,!y diff] f "o ano!r no m ?an ! p5-knife diff]s1 9 ! purposes x s]ves1 f ! knife ( ! anatomi/ or ! knife ( ! v9e-dress]4 ,almo/ ! same might be said ( ! screw4 ,x w n[ p]haps be cle> to y t new ?\ghts d n spr+ up sudd5ly4 ,?\ghts ne$ _! "t to rip51 gr[1 & develop 91 l e natural product2 = man1 ) 8 ?\ghts1 is also a "p ( nature4 ,sl[ly1 gradually1 & labori\sly "o ?\ght is trans=m$ into a diff]5t ?\ght1 z 9 all likelihood "o animal species is gradually trans=m$ into new species4 ,_m ideas arise simultane\sly4 ,!y fight ! battle = exi/5ce n o!rwise ?an d ! ,i*?yosaurus1 ! ,brahman1 & ! horse4 ,a few rema9 to spread rapidly ov] all fields ( k1 to be r$evelop$1 to be aga9 split up1 to beg9 aga9 ! /ruggle f ! />t4 ,z _m animal species long s9ce conqu]$1 ! relicts ( ages pa/1 /ill live 9 remote regions :]e _! enemies _c rea* !m1 s also we f9d conqu]$ ideas /ill liv+ on 9 ! m9ds ( _m m54 ,:oev] w look c>efully into 8 own s\l w ackn[l$ge t ?\ghts battle z ob/9ately = exi/5ce z animals4 ,:o w ga9say t _m vanqui%$ modes ( ?\ght /ill haunt obscure crannies ( 8 bra91 too fa9t-he>t$ to /ep out into ! cle> light ( reason8 ,:at inquir] does n "k t ! h>de/ battle1 9 ! trans=mation ( 8 ideas1 is f\ght ) himself4 ,simil> ph5om5a meet ! natural inquir] 9 all pa?s & 9 ! mo/ trifl+ matt]s4 ,! true inquir] seeks ! tru? ev]y:]e1 9 8 c\ntry-walks & on ! /reets ( ! great city4 ,if he is n too le>n$1 he w obs]ve t c]ta9 ?+s1 l ladies' hats1 are con/antly subject to *ange4 ,i h n pursu$ special /udies on ?is subject1 b z long z ,i c rememb]1 "o =m has always gradually *ang$ into ano!r4 ,fir/1 !y wore hats ) long project+ rims1 )9 :i*1 sc>cely accessible ) a telescope1 lay conceal$ ! face ( ! beautiful we>]4 ,! rim grew small] & small]2 ! bonnet %rank to ! irony ( a hat4 ,n[ a trem5d\s sup]/ructure is beg9n+ to gr[ up 9 its place1 & ! gods only "k :at its limits w be4 ,x is n o!rwise ) ladies' hats ?an ) butt]flies1 ^: multiplicity ( =m (t5 simply comes f a slight excresc5ce on ! w+ ( "o species develop+ 9 a cognate species to a trem5d\s fold4 ,nature1 too1 has its fa%ions1 b !y la/ ?\s&s ( ye>s4 ,i c\ld elucidate ?is idea by _m additional examples2 = in/ance1 by ! hi/ory ( ! evolution ( ! coat1 if ,i 7 n fe>ful t my gossip might prove irksome to y4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we h n[ w&]$ ?r\gh an odd corn] ( ! hi/ory ( sci5ce4 ,:at h we le>n$8 ,! solution ( a small1 ,i might almo/ say insignificant1 problem--! measurem5t ( ! velocity ( light4 ,& m ?an two c5turies h work$ at its solution6 ,?ree ( ! mo/ em95t natural philosoph]s1 ,galileo1 an ,italian1 ,rm]1 a ,dane1 & ,fizeau1 a ,fr5*man1 h fairly %>$ its labors4 ,& s x is ) c\ntless o!r que/ions4 ,:5 we contemplate ?us ! _m blossoms ( ?\ght t mu/ )] & fall be=e "o %all bloom1 !n %all we fir/ truly appreciate ,*ri/'s weighty b little consolatory words3 ,_m be call$ b few are *os54 ,su* is ! te/imony ( e page ( hi/ory4 ,b is hi/ory "r8 ,are really only ^? *os5 :om %e names8 ,h ^? liv$ & battl$ 9 va91 :o h won no prize8 ,i d\bt x4 ,& s w e "o :o has felt ! pangs ( sleepless nights sp5t 9 ?\ght1 at fir/ fruitless1 b 9 ! end successful4 ,no ?\ght 9 su* /ruggles 0 ?\ght 9 va92 ea* "o1 ev5 ! mo/ insignificant1 nay1 ev5 ! errone\s ?\ght1 t :i* app>5tly 0 ! lea/ productive1 s]v$ to prep>e ! way = ^? t aft]w>ds bore fruit4 ,& z 9 ! ?\ght ( ! individual naught is 9 va91 s1 also1 x is 9 t ( humanity4 ,galileo wi%$ to measure ! velocity ( light4 ,he _h to close 8 eyes be=e 8 wi% 0 realis$4 ,b he at lea/ f\nd ! lant]n by :i* 8 successor c\ld accompli% ! task4 ,& s ,i may ma9ta9 t we all1 s f> z incl9ation goes1 are work+ at ! civilisation ( ! future4 ,if only we all /rive = ! "r1 !n are we all call$ & all *os56 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #aa3 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,jules ,&rieu1 ! idea t nature mu/ be tortur$ to reveal h] secrets is pres]v$ 9 ! "n crucible--f ! ,lat9 crux1 a cross4 ,b1 m probably1 crucible is d]iv$ f "s ,old ,fr5* or ,teutonic =m1 z cru*e1 kroes1 krus1 etc41 a pot or jug 7cf4 ,mod]n ,engli% crock1 cruse1 & ,g]man ,krug74--,trans4 ,footnote #ab3 ,x5ophon1 ,memorabilia iv1 #g1 puts into ! m\? ( ,socrates ^! words3 ,greek3 oute g> heureta an?rpois auta enomiz5 e9ai1 oute *aoize/hai !ois an hgeito ton zt\nta ha eke9oi saphnisai ouk eb\l?san4 ,footnote #ac3 ,galilei1 ,discorsi e dimo/razione matemati*e4 ,leyd51 #afch4 ,dialogo ,primo4 ,footnote #ad3 ,9 ! same way1 ! pit* ( a locomotive-:i/le is high] z ! locomotive rapidly approa*es an obs]v]1 & l[] :5 rapidly leav+ him ?an if ! locomotive 7 at re/4--,trans4 ,footnote #ae3 ,a kilometre is #j4fba or ne>ly five-eigh?s ( a /atute mile4 ,footnote #af3 ,obs]ve1 also1 ! respect 9 :i* ! :eel is held 9 ,india1 ,japan & o!r ,buddhi/ic c\ntries1 z ! emblem ( p[]1 ord]1 & law1 & ( ! sup]iority ( m9d ov] matt]4 ,! consci\sness ( ! importance ( ?is inv5tion seems to h l+]$ long 9 ! m9ds ( ^! nations4--,tr4 ,,:y ,,has ,,man ,,two ,,eyes8 ,:y has man two eyes8 ,t ! pretty symmetry ( 8 face may n be di/urb$1 ! arti/ answ]s4 ,t 8 second eye may furni% a sub/itute = 8 fir/ if t be lo/1 says ! f>-sight$ economi/4 ,t we may weep ) two eyes at ! s9s ( ! _w1 replies ! religi\s en?usia/4 ,odd op9ions6 ,yet if y %\ld approa* a mod]n sci5ti/ ) ?is "q y might consid] y\rself =tunate if y escap$ ) less ?an a rebuff4 ,p>don me1 madam1 or my de> sir1 he w\ld say1 ) /]n expression1 man fulfils no purpose 9 ! possession ( 8 eyes2 nature is n a p]son1 & consequ5tly n s vulg> z to pursue purposes ( any k9d4 ,/ill an unsatisfactory answ]6 ,i once knew a pr(essor :o w\ld %ut ) horror ! m\?s ( 8 pupils if !y put to him su* an unsci5tific "q4 ,b ask a m tol]ant p]son1 ask me4 ,i1 ,i c&idly confess1 d n "k exactly :y man has two eyes1 b ! reason p>tly is1 ,i ?9k1 t ,i may see y "h be=e me to-night & talk ) y ^u ?is delightful subject4 ,aga9 y smile incr$ul\sly4 ,n[ ?is is "o ( ^? que/ions t a hundr$ wise m5 toge!r c\ld n answ]4 ,y h he>d1 s f>1 only five ( ^! wise m54 ,y w c]ta9ly want to be sp>$ ! op9ions ( ! o!r n9ety-five4 ,to ! fir/ y w reply t we %\ld look j z pretty if we 7 born ) only "o eye1 l ! ,cyclops2 to ! second we %\ld be mu* bett] (f1 accord+ to 8 pr9ciple1 if we _h f\r or eight eyes1 & t 9 ?is respect we are va/ly inf]ior to spid]s2 to ! ?ird1 t y are n j 9 ! mood to weep2 to ! f\r?1 t ! unqualifi$ int]diction ( ! "q excites r ?an satisfies y\r curiosity2 :ile ( me y w dispose by say+ t my pleasure is n z int5se z ,i ?9k1 & c]ta9ly n great en\gh to ju/ify ! exi/5ce ( a d\ble eye 9 man s9ce ! fall ( ,adam4 ,b s9ce y are n satisfi$ ) my brief & obvi\s answ]1 y h only y\rselves to blame = ! consequ5ces4 ,y mu/ n[ li/5 to a long] & m le>n$ explanation1 su* z x is 9 my p[] to give4 ,z ! *ur* ( sci5ce1 h[ev]1 deb>s ! "q ,:y8 let u put ! matt] 9 a purely or?odox way3 ,man has two eyes1 :at m c he see ) two ?an ) "o8 ,i w invite y to take a walk ) me8 ,we see be=e u a wood4 ,:at is x t makes ?is real wood contra/ s favorably ) a pa9t$ wood1 no matt] h[ p]fect ! pa9t+ may be8 ,:at makes ! "o s mu* m lovely ?an ! o!r8 ,is x ! vividness ( ! color+1 ! di/ribution ( ! lights & ! %ad[s8 ,i ?9k n4 ,on ! contr>y1 x seems to me t 9 ?is respect pa9t+ c accompli% v mu*4 ,! cunn+ h& ( ! pa9t] c conjure up ) a few /rokes ( 8 bru% =ms ( wond]ful pla/icity4 ,by ! help ( o!r means ev5 m c be atta9$4 ,photographs ( reliefs are s pla/ic t we (t5 imag9e we c actually lay hold ( ! elevations & depressions4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj4 ,b "o ?+ ! pa9t] nev] c give ) ! vividness t nature does--! diff]5ce ( ne> & f>4 ,9 ! real woods y see pla9ly t y c lay hold ( "s trees1 b t o!rs are inaccessibly f>4 ,! picture ( ! pa9t] is rigid4 ,! picture ( ! real woods *anges on ! slighte/ movem5t4 ,n[ ?is bran* is hidd5 beh9d t2 n[ t beh9d ?is4 ,! trees are alt]nately visible & invisible4 ,let u look at ?is matt] a little m closely4 ,= conv5i5ce sake we %all rema9 ^u ! highway1 ,i1 ,,ii4 7,fig4 #bj47 ,to ! "r & ! left lies ! =e/4 ,/&+ at ,i1 we see1 let u say1 ?ree trees 7#a1 #b1 #c7 9 a l9e1 s t ! two remote ones are cov]$ by ! ne>e/4 ,mov+ fur!r along1 ?is *anges4 ,at ,,ii we %all n h to look r\nd s f> to see ! remote/ tree #c z to see ! ne>] tree #b1 nor s f> to see ?is z to see #a4 ,h5ce1 z we move onw>d1 objects t are ne> to u seem to lag beh9d z comp>$ ) objects t are remote f u1 ! lagg+ increas+ ) ! proximity ( ! objects4 ,v remote objects1 t[>ds :i* we mu/ always look 9 ! same direction z we proce$1 appe> to travel along ) u4 ,if we %\ld see1 !re=e1 jutt+ above ! br[ ( yond] hill ! tops ( two trees ^: di/ance f u we 7 9 d\bt ab\t1 we %\ld h 9 our h&s a v easy means ( decid+ ! "q4 ,we %\ld take a few /eps =w>d1 say to ! "r1 & ! tree-top :i* rec$$ mo/ to ! left w\ld be ! "o ne>] to u4 ,9 tru?1 f ! am\nt ( ! recession a geomet] c\ld actually det]m9e ! di/ance ( ! trees f u )\t ev] go+ ne> !m4 ,x is simply ! sci5tific developm5t ( ?is p]ception t enables u to measure ! di/ances ( ! />s4 ,h5ce1 f *ange ( view 9 =w>d motion ! di/ances ( objects 9 our field ( vision c be measur$4 ,rigor\sly1 h[ev]1 ev5 =w>d motion is n necess>y4 ,= e obs]v] is compos$ really ( two obs]v]s4 ,man has two eyes4 ,! "r eye is a %ort /ep ahead ( ! left eye 9 ! "r-h& direction4 ,h5ce1 ! two eyes receive diff]5t pictures ( ! same woods4 ,! "r eye w see ! ne> trees displac$ to ! left1 & ! left eye w see !m displac$ to ! "r1 ! displacem5t be+ great]1 ! great] ! proximity4 ,?is diff]5ce is suffici5t = =m+ ideas ( di/ance4 ,we may n[ readily conv9ce ourselves ( ! foll[+ facts3 #a4 ,) "o eye1 ! o!r be+ %ut1 y h a v unc]ta9 judgm5t ( di/ances4 ,y w f9d x1 = example1 no easy task1 ) "o eye %ut1 to ?ru/ a /ick ?r\gh a r+ hung up be=e y2 y w miss ! r+ 9 almo/ e in/ance4 #b4 ,y see ! same object diff]5tly ) ! "r eye f :at y d ) ! left4 ,place a lamp-%ade on ! table 9 front ( y ) its broad op5+ turn$ d[nw>ds1 & look at x f above4 7,fig4 #ba47 ,y w see ) y\r "r eye ! image #b1 ) y\r left eye ! image #a4 ,aga91 place ! %ade ) its wide op5+ turn$ upw>ds2 y w receive ) y\r "r eye ! image #d1 ) y\r left eye ! image #c4 ,euclid m5tions ph5om5a ( ?is "*4 #c4 ,f9ally1 y "k t x is easy to judge ( di/ances ) bo? eyes4 ,accord+ly y\r judgm5t mu/ spr+ 9 "s way f a co-op]ation ( ! two eyes4 ,9 ! prec$+ example ! op5+s 9 ! diff]5t images receiv$ by ! two eyes seem displac$ ) respect to "o ano!r1 & ?is displacem5t is suffici5t = ! inf]5ce t ! "o op5+ is ne>] ?an ! o!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba4 ,i h no d\bt t y1 ladies1 h frequ5tly receiv$ delicate complim5ts ^u y\r eyes1 b ,i feel sure t no "o has ev] told y1 & ,i "k n :e!r x w flatt] y1 t y h 9 y\r eyes1 be !y blue or black1 little geometricians4 ,y say y "k no?+ ( !m8 ,well1 = t matt]1 nei!r d ,i4 ,b ! facts are z ,i tell y4 ,y und]/& little ( geometry8 ,i %all accept t confession4 ,yet ) ! help ( y\r two eyes y judge ( di/ances8 ,surely t is a geometrical problem4 ,& :at is m1 y "k ! solution ( ?is problem3 = y e/imate di/ances correctly4 ,if1 !n1 y d n solve ! problem1 ! little geometricians 9 y\r eyes mu/ d x cl&e/9ely & :isp] ! solution to y4 ,i d\bt n !y are fleet little fell[s4 ,:at amazes me mo/ "h is1 t y "k no?+ ab\t ^! little geometricians4 ,b p]haps !y also "k no?+ ab\t y4 ,p]haps !y are models ( punctuality1 r\t9e cl]ks :o bo!r ab\t no?+ b _! fix$ "w4 ,9 t case we may be able to deceive ! g5tlem54 ,if we pres5t to our "r eye an image :i* looks exactly l ! lamp-%ade = ! "r eye1 & to our left eye an image :i* looks exactly l a lamp-%ade = ! left eye1 we %all imag9e t we see ! :ole lamp-%ade bodily be=e u4 ,y "k ! exp]im5t4 ,if y are practis$ 9 squ9t+1 y c p]=m x directly ) ! figure1 look+ ) y\r "r eye at ! "r image1 & ) y\r left eye at ! left image4 ,9 ?is way ! exp]im5t 0 fir/ p]=m$ by ,elliott4 ,improv$ & p]fect$1 its =m is ,:eat/one's /]eoscope1 made s popul> & useful by ,brew/]4 ,by tak+ two photographs ( ! same object f two diff]5t po9ts1 correspond+ to ! two eyes1 a v cle> ?ree-dim5sional picture ( di/ant places or build+s c be produc$ by ! /]eoscope4 ,b ! /]eoscope accompli%es /ill m ?an ?is4 ,x c visualise ?+s = u :i* we nev] see ) equal cle>ness 9 real objects4 ,y "k t if y move mu* :ile y\r photograph is be+ tak51 y\r picture w come out l t ( a ,h9du deity1 ) sev]al heads or sev]al arms1 :i*1 at ! spaces :]e !y ov]lap1 %[ =? ) equal di/9ctness1 s t we seem to see ! "o picture ?r\gh ! o!r4 ,if a p]son moves quickly away f ! cam]a be=e ! impression is complet$1 ! objects beh9d him w also be impr9t$ ^u ! photograph2 ! p]son w look transp>5t4 ,photographic gho/s are made 9 ?is way4 ,"s v useful applications may be made ( ?is discov]y4 ,= example1 if we photograph a ma*9e /]eoscopically1 successively remov+ dur+ ! op]ation ! s+le p>ts 7:]e ( c\rse ! impression suff]s int]ruptions71 we obta9 a transp>5t view1 end[$ ) all ! m>ks ( spatial solidity1 9 :i* is di/9ctly visualis$ ! int]action ( p>ts normally conceal$4 ,i h employ$ ?is me?od = obta9+ transp>5t /]eoscopic views ( anatomical /ructures4 ,y see1 photography is mak+ /up5d\s advances1 & !re is great dang] t 9 "t "s malici\s arti/ w photograph 8 innoc5t patrons ) solid views ( _! mo/ secret ?\ghts & emotions4 ,h[ tranquil politics w !n be6 ,:at ri* h>ve/s our detective =ce w reap6 99 99 99 99 99 ,by ! jo9t action ( ! two eyes1 !re=e1 we arrive at our judgm5ts ( di/ances1 z also ( ! =ms ( bodies4 ,p]mit me to m5tion "h a few additional facts connect$ ) ?is subject1 :i* w assi/ u 9 ! compreh5sion ( c]ta9 ph5om5a 9 ! hi/ory ( civilisation4 ,y h (t5 he>d1 & "k f p]sonal exp]i5ce1 t remote objects appe> p]spectively dw>f$4 ,9 fact1 x is easy to satisfy y\rself t y c cov] ! image ( a man a few feet away f y simply by hold+ up y\r f+] a %ort di/ance 9 front ( y\r eye4 ,/ill1 z a g5]al rule1 y d n notice ?is %r9kage ( objects4 ,on ! contr>y1 y imag9e y see a man at ! end ( a l>ge hall1 z l>ge z y see him ne> by y4 ,= y\r eye1 9 its measurem5t ( ! di/ances1 makes remote objects correspond+ly l>g]4 ,! eye1 s to speak1 is aw>e ( ?is p]spective contraction & is n deceiv$ by x1 al?\gh its possessor is unconsci\s ( ! fact4 ,all p]sons :o h attempt$ to draw f nature h vividly felt ! difficulty :i* ?is sup]ior dext]ity ( ! eye causes ! p]spective conception4 ,n until "o's judgm5t ( di/ances is made unc]ta91 by _! size1 or f lack ( po9ts ( ref]5ce1 or f be+ too quickly *ang$1 is ! p]spective r5d]$ v prom95t4 ,on sweep+ r\nd a curve on a rapidly mov+ railway tra91 :]e a wide prospect is sudd5ly op5$ up1 ! m5 ^u di/ant hills appe> l dolls4#ag ,y h at ! mom5t1 "h1 no kn[n ref]5ces = ! measurem5t ( di/ances4 ,! /ones at ! entrance ( a tunnel gr[ visibly l>g] z we ride t[>ds x2 !y %r9k visibly 9 size z we ride f x4 ,usually bo? eyes "w toge!r4 ,z c]ta9 views are frequ5tly repeat$1 & lead always to sub/antially ! same judgm5ts ( di/ances1 ! eyes 9 "t mu/ acquire a special skill 9 geometrical con/ructions4 ,9 ! end1 und\bt$ly1 ?is skill is s increas$ t a s+le eye alone is (t5 tempt$ to ex]cise t (fice4 ,p]mit me to elucidate ?is po9t by an example4 ,is any sight m famili> to y ?an t ( a vi/a d[n a long /reet8 ,:o has n look$ ) hopeful eyes "t & aga9 into a /reet & measur$ its dep?4 ,i w take y n[ into an art-gall]y :]e ,i w suppose y to see a picture repres5t+ a vi/a into a /reet4 ,! arti/ has n sp>$ 8 rul]s to get 8 p]spective p]fect4 ,! geometrician 9 y\r left eye ?9ks1 ,ah ha6 ,i h comput$ t case a hundr$ times or m4 ,i "k x by he>t4 ,x is a vi/a into a /reet1 he cont9ues2 :]e ! h\ses are l[] is ! remote end4 ,! geometrician 9 ! "r eye1 too mu* at 8 ease to "q 8 possibly peevi% comrade 9 ! matt]1 answ]s ! same4 ,b ! s5se ( duty ( ^! punctual little fell[s is at once re>\s$4 ,!y set to "w at _! calculations & imm$iately f9d t all ! po9ts ( ! picture are equally di/ant f !m1 t is1 lie all ^u a plane surface4 ,:at op9ion w y n[ accept1 ! fir/ or ! second8 ,if y accept ! fir/ y w see di/9ctly ! vi/a4 ,if y accept ! second y w see no?+ b a pa9t$ %eet ( di/ort$ images4 ,x seems to y a trifl+ matt] to look at a picture & und]/& its p]spective4 ,yet c5turies elaps$ be=e humanity came fully to appreciate ?is trifle1 & ev5 ! majority ( y fir/ le>n$ x f education4 ,i c rememb] v di/9ctly t at ?ree ye>s ( age all p]spective draw+s appe>$ to me z gross c>icatures ( objects4 ,i c\ld n und]/& :y arti/s made tables s broad at "o end & s n>r[ at ! o!r4 ,real tables seem$ to me j z broad at "o end z at ! o!r1 because my eye made & int]pret$ its calculations )\t my int]v5tion4 ,b t ! picture ( ! table on ! plane surface 0 n to be conceiv$ z a plane pa9t$ surface b /ood = a table & s 0 to be imag$ ) all ! attributes ( ext5sion 0 a joke t ,i did n und]/&4 ,b ,i h ! consolation t :ole nations h n und]/ood x4 ,+5u\s p !re are :o take ! mock murd]s ( ! /age = real murd]s1 ! dissembl$ actions ( ! play]s = real actions1 & :o c sc>cely re/ra9 !mselves1 :5 ! *>act]s ( ! play are sorely press$1 f runn+ 9 deep indignation to _! assi/ance4 ,o!rs1 aga91 c nev] =get t ! beautiful l&scapes ( ! /age are pa9t$1 t ,ri*>d ,,iii4 is only ! actor1 ,mr4 ,boo?1 :om !y h met "t & aga9 at ! clubs4 ,bo? po9ts ( view are equally mi/ak54 ,to look at a drama or a picture prop]ly "o mu/ und]/& t bo? are %[s1 simply d5ot+ some?+ real4 ,a c]ta9 prepond]ance ( ! intellectual life ov] ! s5su\s life is requisite = su* an a*ievem5t1 :]e ! intellectual elem5ts are safe f de/ruction by ! direct s5su\s impressions4 ,a c]ta9 lib]ty 9 *oos+ "o's po9t ( view is necess>y1 a sort ( humor1 ,i might say1 :i* is /rongly want+ 9 *ildr5 & 9 *ildlike peoples4 ,let u look at a few hi/orical facts4 ,i %all n take y z f> back z ! /one age1 al?\gh we possess sket*es f ?is epo* :i* %[ v orig9al ideas ( p]spective4 ,b let u beg9 our sight-see+ 9 ! tombs & ru9$ temples ( anci5t ,egypt1 :]e ! numb]less reliefs & gorge\s color+s h defi$ ! ravages ( ?\s&s ( ye>s4 ,a ri* & motley life is "h op5$ to u4 ,we f9d ! ,egyptians repres5t$ 9 all conditions ( life4 ,:at at once /rikes our att5tion 9 ^! pictures is ! delicacy ( _! te*nical execution4 ,! cont\rs are extremely exact & di/9ct4 ,b on ! o!r h& only a few bright colors are f\nd1 unbl5d$ & )\t trace ( transition4 ,%ad[s are totally want+4 ,! pa9t is laid on ! surfaces 9 equal ?icknesses4 ,%ock+ = ! mod]n eye is ! p]spective4 ,all ! figures are equally l>ge1 ) ! exception ( ! k+1 ^: =m is unduly exagg]at$4 ,ne> & f> appe> equally l>ge4 ,p]spective contraction is n[h]e employ$4 ,a pond ) wat]-f[l is repres5t$ flat1 z if its surface 7 v]tical4 ,human figures are portray$ z !y are nev] se51 ! legs f ! side1 ! face 9 pr(ile4 ,! brea/ lies 9 its full bread? across ! plane ( repres5tation4 ,! heads ( cattle appe> 9 pr(ile1 :ile ! horns lie 9 ! plane ( ! draw+4 ,! pr9ciple :i* ! ,egyptians foll[$ might be be/ express$ by say+ t _! figures are press$ 9 ! plane ( ! draw+ z plants are press$ 9 a h]b>ium4 ,! matt] is simply expla9$4 ,if ! ,egyptians 7 accu/om$ to look+ at ?+s +5u\sly ) bo? eyes at once1 ! con/ruction ( p]spective pictures 9 space c\ld n be famili> to !m4 ,!y saw all arms1 all legs on real m5 9 _! natural l5g?s4 ,! figures press$ into ! planes resembl$ m closely1 ( c\rse1 9 _! eyes ! orig9als ?an p]spective pictures c\ld4 ,?is w be bett] und]/ood if we reflect t pa9t+ 0 develop$ f relief4 ,! m9or dissimil>ities betwe5 ! press$ figures & ! orig9als mu/ gradually h compell$ m5 to ! adoption ( p]spective draw+4 ,b physiologically ! pa9t+ ( ! ,egyptians is j z mu* ju/ifi$ z ! draw+s ( our *ildr5 are4 ,a slight advance beyond ! ,egyptians is %[n by ! ,assyrians4 ,! reliefs rescu$ f ! ru9$ m\nds ( ,nimrod at ,mossul are1 ^u ! :ole1 simil> to ! ,egyptian reliefs4 ,!y 7 made kn[n to u pr9cipally by ,lay>d4 ,pa9t+ ent]s on a new phase among ! ,*9ese4 ,?is p h a m>k$ feel+ = p]spective & correct %ad+1 yet )\t be+ v logical 9 ! application ( _! pr9ciples4 ,"h1 too1 x seems1 !y took ! fir/ /ep b did n g f>4 ,9 h>mony ) ?is immobility is _! con/itution1 9 :i* ! muzzle & ! bamboo-rod play significant functions4 ,9 accord ) x1 too1 is _! language1 :i* l ! language ( *ildr5 has n yet develop$ into a gramm>1 or1 r1 accord+ to ! mod]n conception1 has n yet deg5]at$ into a gramm>4 ,x is ! same also ) _! music :i* is satisfi$ ) ! five-ton$ scale4 ,! mural pa9t+s at ,h]culaneum & ,pompeii are di/+ui%$ by grace ( repres5tation1 z also by a pron\nc$ s5se = p]spective & correct illum9ation1 yet !y are n at all scrupul\s 9 con/ruction4 ,"h /ill we f9d abbreviations avoid$4 ,b to (fset ?is defect1 ! memb]s ( ! body are br\ght into unnatural positions1 9 :i* !y appe> 9 _! full l5g?s4 ,abridgem5ts are m frequ5tly obs]v$ 9 clo!d ?an 9 unclo!d figures4 ,a satisfactory explanation ( ^! ph5om5a fir/ occurr$ to me on ! mak+ ( a few simple exp]im5ts :i* %[ h[ diff]5tly "o may see ! same object1 aft] "s ma/]y ( "o's s5ses has be5 atta9$1 simply by ! arbitr>y movem5t ( ! att5tion4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb4 ,look at ! annex$ draw+ 7,fig4 #bb74 ,x repres5ts a fold$ %eet ( pap] ) ei!r its depress$ or its elevat$ side turn$ t[>ds y1 z y wi%4 ,y c conceive ! draw+ 9 ei!r s5se1 & 9 ei!r case x w appe> to y diff]5tly4 ,if1 n[1 y h a real fold$ %eet ( pap] on ! table be=e y1 ) its %>p edges turn$ t[>ds y1 y c1 on look+ at x ) "o eye1 see ! %eet alt]nately elevat$1 z x really is1 or depress$4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 a rem>kable ph5om5on is pres5t$4 ,:5 y see ! %eet prop]ly1 nei!r illum9ation nor =m pres5ts any?+ conspicu\s4 ,:5 y see x b5t back y see x p]spectively di/ort$4 ,light & %ad[ appe> mu* bright] or d>k]1 or z if ov]laid ?ickly ) bright colors4 ,light & %ad[ n[ appe> devoid ( all cause4 ,!y no long] h>monise ) ! body's =m1 & are ?us r5d]$ mu* m prom95t4 ,9 common life we employ ! p]spective & illum9ation ( objects to det]m9e _! =ms & position4 ,h5ce we d n notice ! lights1 ! %ad[s1 & ! di/ortions4 ,!y fir/ p[]fully ent] consci\sness :5 we employ a diff]5t con/ruction f ! usual spatial "o4 ,9 look+ at ! plan> image ( a cam]a obscura we are amaz$ at ! pl5itude ( ! light & ! pr(undity ( ! %ad[s1 bo? ( :i* we d n notice 9 real objects4 ,9 my e>lie/ y\? ! %ad[s & lights on pictures appe>$ to me z spots void ( mean+4 ,:5 ,i began to draw ,i reg>d$ %ad+ z a m]e cu/om ( arti/s4 ,i once drew ! portrait ( our pa/or1 a fri5d ( ! family1 & %ad$1 f no necessity1 b simply f hav+ se5 some?+ simil> 9 o!r pictures1 ! :ole half ( 8 face black4 ,i 0 subject$ = ?is to a sev]e criticism on ! "p ( my "m1 & my deeply (f5d$ arti/'s pride is probably ! reason t ^! facts rema9$ s /rongly impress$ ^u my memory4 ,y see1 !n1 t _m /range ?+s1 n only 9 ! life ( individuals1 b also 9 t ( humanity1 & 9 ! hi/ory ( g5]al civilisation1 may be expla9$ f ! simple fact t man has two eyes4 ,*ange man's eye & y *ange 8 conception ( ! _w4 ,we h obs]v$ ! tru? ( ?is fact among our ne>e/ k91 ! ,egyptians1 ! ,*9ese1 & ! lake-dwell]s2 h[ mu/ x be among "s ( our remot] relatives1--) monkeys & o!r animals8 ,nature mu/ appe> totally diff]5t to animals equipp$ ) sub/antially diff]5t eyes f ^? ( m51 z1 = example1 to insects4 ,b = ! pres5t sci5ce mu/ =ego ! pleasure ( portray+ ?is appe>ance1 z we "k v little z yet ( ! mode ( op]ation ( ^! organs4 ,x is an enigma ev5 h[ nature appe>s to animals closely relat$ to man2 z to birds1 :o see sc>cely any?+ ) two eyes at once1 b s9ce _! eyes are plac$ on opposite sides ( _! heads1 h a sep>ate field ( vision = ea*4#ah ,! s\l ( man is p5t up 9 ! prison-h\se ( 8 head2 x looks at nature ?r\gh its two w9d[s1 ! eyes4 ,x w\ld also fa9 "k h[ nature looks ?r\gh o!r w9d[s4 ,a desire app>5tly nev] to be fulfill$4 ,b our love = nature is inv5tive1 & "h1 too1 mu* has be5 accompli%$4 ,plac+ be=e me an angul> mirror1 consi/+ ( two plane mirrors slightly incl9$ to ea* o!r1 ,i see my face twice reflect$4 ,9 ! "r-h& mirror ,i obta9 a view ( ! "r side1 & 9 ! left-h& mirror a view ( ! left side1 ( my face4 ,also ,i %all see ! face ( a p]son /&+ 9 front ( me1 m to ! "r ) my "r eye1 m to ! left ) my left4 ,b 9 ord] to obta9 su* widely diff]5t views ( a face z ^? %[n 9 ! angul> mirror1 my two eyes w\ld h to be set mu* fur!r ap>t f ea* o!r ?an !y actually are4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc4 ,squ9t+ ) my "r eye at ! image 9 ! "r-h& mirror1 ) my left eye at ! image 9 ! left-h& mirror1 my vision w be ! vision ( a giant hav+ an enorm\s head ) 8 two eyes set f> ap>t4 ,?is1 also1 is ! impression :i* my own face makes ^u me4 ,i see x n[1 s+le & solid4 ,fix+ my gaze1 ! relief f second to second is magnifi$1 ! eyebr[s />t =? prom95tly f above ! eyes1 ! nose seems to gr[ a foot 9 l5g?1 my mu/a*e %oots =? l a f\nta9 f my lip1 ! tee? seem to retreat immeasurably4 ,b by f> ! mo/ horrible aspect ( ! ph5om5on is ! nose4 ,int]e/+ 9 ?is connexion is ! tele/]eoscope ( ,helmholtz4 ,9 ! tele/]eoscope we view a l&scape by look+ ) our "r eye 7,fig4 #bd7 ?r\gh ! mirror a into ! mirror ,a1 & ) our left eye ?r\gh ! mirror b into ! mirror ,b4 ,! mirrors ,a & ,b /& f> ap>t4 ,aga9 we see ) ! widely sep>at$ eyes ( a giant4 ,ev]y?+ appe>s dw>f$ & ne> u4 ,! di/ant m\nta9s look l moss-cov]$ /ones at our feet4 ,betwe51 y see ! r$uc$ model ( a city1 a v]itable ,liliput4 ,y are tempt$ almo/ to /roke ) y\r h& ! s(t =e/ & city1 did y n fe> t y might prick y\r f+]s on ! %>p1 ne$le-%ap$ /eeples1 or t !y might crackle & break (f4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd4 ,liliput is no fable4 ,we ne$ only ,swift's eyes1 ! tele/]eoscope1 to see x4 ,picture to y\rself ! rev]se case4 ,let u suppose ourselves s small t we c\ld take long walks 9 a =e/ ( moss1 & t our eyes 7 correspond+ly ne> ea* o!r4 ,! moss-fibres w\ld appe> l trees4 ,on !m we %\ld see /range1 un%apely mon/]s creep+ ab\t4 ,bran*es ( ! oak-tree1 at ^: base our moss-=e/ lay1 w\ld seem to u d>k1 immovable1 myriad-bran*$ cl\ds1 pa9t$ high on ! vault ( heav52 j z ! inhabitants ( ,saturn1 =soo?1 might see _! enorm\s r+4 ,on ! tree-trunks ( our mossy woodl& we %\ld f9d colossal globes sev]al feet 9 diamet]1 brilliantly transp>5t1 sway$ by ! w9ds ) sl[1 peculi> motions4 ,we %\ld approa* inquisitively & %\ld f9d t ^! globes1 9 :i* "h & !re animals 7 gaily sport+1 7 liquid globes1 9 fact t !y 7 wat]4 ,a %ort1 incauti\s /ep1 ! slighte/ contact1 & woe betide u1 our arm is irresi/ibly drawn by an invisible p[] into ! int]ior ( ! sph]e & held !re unrel5t+ly fa/6 ,a drop ( dew has engulf$ 9 its capill>y maw a manik91 9 rev5ge = ! ?\s&s ( drops t its big human c\nt]p>ts h quaff$ at breakfa/4 ,?\ %\ld/ h kn[n1 ?\ pygmy natural sci5ti/1 t ) ?y pres5t puny bulk ?\ %\ld/ n joke ) capill>ity6 ,my t]ror at ! accid5t br+s me back to my s5ses4 ,i see ,i h turn$ idyllic4 ,y mu/ p>don me4 ,a pat* ( gre5sw>d1 a moss or hea!r =e/ ) its t9y inhabitants h incomp>ably m *>ms = me ?an _m a bit ( lit]ature ) its apo!osis ( human "*4 ,if ,i _h ! gift ( writ+ novels ,i %\ld c]ta9ly n make ,john & ,m>y my *>act]s4 ,nor %\ld ,i transf] my lov+ pair to ! ,nile1 nor to ! age ( ! old ,egyptian ,ph>aohs1 al?\gh p]haps ,i %\ld *oose t "t 9 pref]5ce to ! pres5t4 ,= ,i mu/ c&idly confess t ,i hate ! rubbi% ( hi/ory1 int]e/+ ?\gh x may be z a m]e ph5om5on1 because we _c simply obs]ve x b mu/ also feel x1 because x comes to u mo/ly ) sup]cili\s arrogance1 mo/ly unvanqui%$4 ,! h]o ( my novel w\ld be a cock*af]1 v5tur+ =? 9 8 fif? ye> = ! fir/ "t ) 8 newly gr[n w+s into ! light1 free air4 ,truly x c\ld d no h>m if man w\ld ?us ?r[ (f 8 inh]it$ & acquir$ n>r[ness ( m9d by mak+ himself acqua9t$ ) ! _w-view ( alli$ creatures4 ,he c\ld n help ga9+ incomp>ably m 9 ?is way ?an ! inhabitant ( a small t[n w\ld 9 circumnavigat+ ! globe & gett+ acqua9t$ ) ! views ( /range peoples4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i h n[ conduct$ y1 by _m pa?s & by-ways1 rapidly ov] h$ge & dit*1 to %[ y :at wide vi/as we may rea* 9 e field by ! rigor\s pursuit ( a s+le sci5tific fact4 ,a close exam9ation ( ! two eyes ( man has conduct$ u n only into ! dim recesses ( humanity's *ildhood1 b has also c>ri$ u f> beyond ! b\rne ( human life4 ,x has surely (t5 /ruck y z /range t ! sci5ces are divid$ into two great gr\ps2 t ! s-call$ humani/ic sci5ces1 belong+ to ! s-call$ high] education1 are plac$ 9 almo/ a ho/ile attitude to ! natural sci5ces4 ,i mu/ confess ,i d n ov]mu* believe 9 ?is p>tition ( ! sci5ces4 ,i believe t ?is view w appe> z *ildlike & +5u\s to a matur$ age z ! want ( p]spective 9 ! old pa9t+s ( ,egypt does to u4 ,c x really be t high] culture is to be gott5 only f a few old pots & palimpse/s1 :i* are at be/ m]e scraps ( nature1 or t m is to be le>n$ f !m alone ?an f all ! re/ ( nature8 ,i believe t bo? ^! sci5ces are simply p>ts ( ! same sci5ce1 :i* h begun at diff]5t ends4 ,if ^! two ends /ill act t[>ds ea* o!r z ! ,montagues & ,capulets1 if _! reta9]s /ill indulge 9 lively tilts1 ,i believe t aft] all !y are n 9 e>ne/4 ,on ! "o side !re is surely a ,romeo1 & on ! o!r a ,juliet1 :o1 "s day1 x is hop$1 w unite ! two h\ses ) a less tragic sequel ?an t ( ! play4 ,philology began ) ! unqualifi$ rev]5ce & apo!osis ( ! ,greeks4 ,n[ x has begun to draw o!r languages1 o!r peoples & _! hi/ories1 into its sph]e2 x has1 ?r\gh ! m$iation ( comp>ative l+ui/ics1 already /ruck up1 ?\gh z yet some:at cauti\sly1 a fri5d%ip ) physiology4 ,physical sci5ce began 9 ! wit*'s kit*54 ,x n[ embraces ! organic & inorganic worlds1 & ) ! physiology ( articulation & ! !ory ( ! s5ses1 has ev5 pu%$ its rese>*es1 at times imp]t95tly1 into ! prov9ce ( m5tal ph5om5a4 ,9 %ort1 we come to ! und]/&+ ( mu* )9 u solely by direct+ our glance )\t1 & vice v]sa4 ,e object belongs to bo? sci5ces4 ,y1 ladies1 are v int]e/+ & difficult problems = ! psy*ologi/1 b y are also extremely pretty ph5om5a ( nature4 ,*ur* & ,/ate are objects ( ! hi/orian's rese>*1 b n less ph5om5a ( nature1 & 9 "p1 inde$1 v curi\s ph5om5a4 ,if ! hi/orical sci5ces h inaugurat$ wide ext5sions ( view by pres5t+ to u ! ?\ghts ( new & /range peoples1 ! physical sci5ces 9 a c]ta9 s5se d ?is 9 a /ill great] degree4 ,9 mak+ man disappe> 9 ! ,all1 9 annihilat+ him1 s to speak1 !y =ce him to take an unprejudic$ position )\t himself1 & to =m 8 judgm5ts by a diff]5t /&>d f t ( ! petty human4 ,b if y %\ld ask me n[ :y man has two eyes1 ,i %\ld answ]3 ,t he may look at nature ju/ly & accurately2 t he may come to und]/& t he himself1 ) all 8 views1 correct & incorrect1 ) all 8 haute politique1 is simply an evanesc5t %r$ ( nature2 t1 to speak ) ,mephi/opheles1 he is a "p ( ! "p1 & t x is absolutely unju/ifi$1 ,= man1 ! microcosmic fool1 to see ,himself a :ole s frequ5tly4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #ag3 ,?is effect is p>ticul>ly noticeable 9 ! size ( workm5 on high *imneys & *ur*-/eeples--/eeple ,jacks4 ,:5 ! cables 7 slung f ! t[]s ( ! ,brooklyn bridge 7#bgg feet high71 ! m5 s5t out 9 baskets to pa9t !m1 appe>$1 aga9/ ! broad backgr\nd ( heav5 & wat]1 l flies4--,trans4 ,footnote #ah3 ,see ,joh4 ,mll]1 ,v]glei*5de ,physiologie des ,gesi*tss9nes1 ,leipsic1 #ahbf4 ,,on ,,symmetry4#ai ,an anci5t philosoph] once rem>k$ t p :o cudgell$ _! bra9s ab\t ! nature ( ! moon rem9d$ him ( m5 :o discuss$ ! laws & in/itutions ( a di/ant city ( :i* !y _h he>d no m ?an ! "n4 ,! true philosoph]1 he said1 %\ld turn 8 glance )91 %\ld /udy himself & 8 notions ( "r & wrong2 only !nce c\ld he d]ive real pr(it4 ,?is anci5t =mula = happ9ess might be re/at$ 9 ! famili> words ( ! ,psalm3 ,dwell 9 ! l&1 & v]ily ?\ %alt be f$4 ,to-day1 if he c\ld rise f ! dead & walk ab\t among u1 ?is philosoph] w\ld m>vel mu* at ! diff]5t turn :i* matt]s h tak54 ,! motions ( ! moon & ! o!r heav5ly bodies are accurately kn[n4 ,our k ( ! motions ( our own body is by f> n s complete4 ,! m\nta9s & natural divisions ( ! moon h be5 accurately outl9$ on maps1 b physiologi/s are j beg9n+ to f9d _! way 9 ! geography ( ! bra94 ,! *emical con/itution ( _m fix$ />s has already be5 inve/igat$4 ,! *emical processes ( ! animal body are que/ions ( mu* great] difficulty & complexity4 ,we h our ,mcanique cle/e4 ,b a ,mcanique sociale or a ,mcanique morale ( equal tru/wor?9ess rema9s to be writt54 ,our philosoph] w\ld inde$ admit t we h made great progress4 ,b we h n foll[$ 8 advice4 ,! pati5t has recov]$1 b he took = 8 recov]y exactly ! opposite ( :at ! doctor prescrib$4 ,humanity is n[ return$1 mu* wis]1 f its j\rney 9 cele/ial space1 aga9/ :i* x 0 s solemnly w>n$4 ,m51 aft] hav+ become acqua9t$ ) ! great & simple facts ( ! _w )\t1 are n[ beg9n+ to exam9e critically ! _w )94 ,x s\nds absurd1 b x is true1 t only aft] we h ?\ght ab\t ! moon are we able to take up ourselves4 ,x 0 necess>y t we %\ld acquire simple & cle> ideas 9 a less complicat$ doma91 be=e we ent]$ ! m intricate "o ( psy*ology1 & ) ^! ideas a/ronomy pr9cipally furni%$ u4 ,to attempt any description ( t /up5d\s movem5t1 :i*1 orig9ally spr++ out ( ! physical sci5ces1 w5t beyond ! doma9 ( physics & is n[ occupi$ ) ! problems ( psy*ology1 w\ld be presumptu\s 9 ?is place4 ,i %all only attempt "h1 to illu/rate to y by a few simple examples ! me?ods by :i* ! prov9ce ( psy*ology c be rea*$ f ! facts ( ! physical _w--especially ! adjac5t prov9ce ( s5se-p]ception4 ,& ,i wi% x to be rememb]$ t my brief attempt is n to be tak5 z a measure ( ! pres5t /ate ( su* sci5tific que/ions4 99 99 99 99 99 ,x is a well-kn[n fact t "s objects please u1 :ile o!rs d n4 ,g5]ally speak+1 any?+ t is con/ruct$ accord+ to fix$ & logically foll[$ rules1 is a product ( tol]able beauty4 ,we see ?us nature h]self1 :o always acts accord+ to fix$ rules1 con/antly produc+ su* pretty ?+s4 ,e day ! physici/ is confront$ 9 8 work%op ) ! mo/ beautiful vibration-figures1 tone-figures1 ph5om5a ( pol>isation1 & =ms ( diffraction4 ,a rule always presupposes a repetition4 ,repetitions1 !re=e1 w probably be f\nd to play "s important "p 9 ! production ( agreeable effects4 ,( c\rse1 ! nature ( agreeable effects is n exhau/$ by ?is4 ,fur!rmore1 ! repetition ( a physical ev5t becomes ! s\rce ( agreeable effects only :5 x is connect$ ) a repetition ( s5sations4 ,an excell5t example t repetition ( s5sations is a s\rce ( agreeable effects is furni%$ by ! copy-book ( e s*oolboy1 :i* is usually a treasure-h\se ( su* ?+s1 & only 9 ne$ ( an ,abb ,dom5e* to become celebrat$4 ,any figure1 no matt] h[ crude or poor1 if sev]al times repeat$1 ) ! repetitions plac$ 9 l9e1 w produce a tol]able frieze4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be4 ,also ! pleasant effect ( symmetry is due to ! repetition ( s5sations4 ,let u ab&on ourselves a mom5t to ?is ?\ght1 yet n imag9e :5 we h develop$ x1 t we h fully exhau/$ ! nature ( ! agreeable1 mu* less ( ! beautiful4 ,fir/1 let u get a cle> conception ( :at symmetry is4 ,& 9 pref]5ce to a def9ition let u take a liv+ picture4 ,y "k t ! reflexion ( an object 9 a mirror has a great lik5ess to ! object itself4 ,all its proportions & outl9es are ! same4 ,yet !re is a diff]5ce betwe5 ! object & its reflexion 9 ! mirror1 :i* y w readily obs]ve4 ,hold y\r "r h& be=e a mirror1 & y w see 9 ! mirror a left h&4 ,y\r "r glove w produce its mate 9 ! glass4 ,= y c\ld nev] use ! reflexion ( y\r "r glove1 if x 7 pres5t to y z a real ?+1 = cov]+ y\r "r h&1 b only = cov]+ y\r left4 ,simil>ly1 y\r "r e> w give z its reflexion a left e>2 & y w at once p]ceive t ! left half ( y\r body c\ld v easily be sub/itut$ = ! reflexion ( y\r "r half4 ,n[ j z 9 ! place ( a miss+ "r e> a left e> _c be put1 unless ! lobule ( ! e> be turn$ upw>ds1 or ! op5+ into ! con*a backw>ds1 s1 despite all simil>ity ( =m1 ! reflexion ( an object c nev] take ! place ( ! object itself4#bj ,! reason ( ?is diff]5ce betwe5 ! object & its reflexion is simple4 ,! reflexion appe>s z f> beh9d ! mirror z ! object is 9 front ( x4 ,! p>ts ( ! object1 accord+ly1 :i* are ne>e/ ! mirror w also be ne>e/ ! mirror 9 ! reflexion4 ,consequ5tly1 ! succession ( ! p>ts 9 ! reflexion w be rev]s$1 z may be/ be se5 9 ! reflexion ( ! face ( a wat* or ( a manuscript4 ,x w also be readily se51 t if a po9t ( ! object be jo9$ ) its reflexion 9 ! image1 ! l9e ( junction w cut ! mirror at "r angles & be bisect$ by x4 ,?is holds true ( all correspond+ po9ts ( object & image4 ,if1 n[1 we c divide an object by a plane into two halves s t ea* half1 z se5 9 ! reflect+ plane ( division1 is a reproduction ( ! o!r half1 su* an object is t]m$ symmetrical1 & ! plane ( division is call$ ! plane ( symmetry4 ,if ! plane ( symmetry is v]tical1 we c say t ! body is v]tically symmetrical4 ,an example ( v]tical symmetry is a ,go?ic ca!dral4 ,if ! plane ( symmetry is horizontal1 we c say t ! object is horizontally symmetrical4 ,a l&scape on ! %ores ( a lake ) its reflexion 9 ! wat]1 is a sy/em ( horizontal symmetry4 ,exactly "h is a noticeable diff]5ce4 ,! v]tical symmetry ( a ,go?ic ca!dral /rikes u at once1 :]eas we c travel up & d[n ! :ole l5g? ( ! ,rh9e or ! ,hudson )\t becom+ aw>e ( ! symmetry betwe5 objects & _! reflexions 9 ! wat]4 ,v]tical symmetry pleases u1 :il/ horizontal symmetry is indiff]5t1 & is notic$ only by ! exp]i5c$ eye4 ,:5ce arises ?is diff]5ce8 ,i say f ! fact t v]tical symmetry produces a repetition ( ! same s5sation1 :ile horizontal symmetry does n4 ,i %all n[ %[ t ?is is s4 ,let u look at ! foll[+ lett]s3 d b q p ,x is a fact kn[n to all mo!rs & tea*]s1 t *ildr5 9 _! fir/ attempts to read & write1 con/antly conf\nd d & b1 & q & p1 b nev] d & q1 or b & p4 ,n[ d & b & q & p are ! two halves ( a v]tically symmetrical figure1 :ile d & q1 & b & p are two halves ( a horizontally symmetrical figure4 ,! fir/ two are conf\nd$2 b confusion is only possible ( ?+s t excite 9 u ! same or simil> s5sations4 ,figures ( two fl[]-girls are frequ5tly se5 on ! decorations ( g>d5s & ( draw+-rooms1 "o ( :om c>ries a fl[]-basket 9 h] "r h& & ! o!r a fl[]-basket 9 h] left4 ,all "k h[ apt we are1 unless we are v c>eful1 to conf\nd ^! figures ) "o ano!r4 ,:ile turn+ a ?+ r\nd f "r to left is sc>cely notic$1 ! eye is n at all indiff]5t to ! turn+ ( a ?+ upside d[n4 ,a human face :i* has be5 turn$ upside d[n is sc>cely recognisable z a face1 & makes an impression :i* is altoge!r /range4 ,! reason ( ?is is n to be s\ght 9 ! unwont$ness ( ! sight1 = x is j z difficult to recognise an arabesque t has be5 inv]t$1 :]e !re c be no "q ( a habit4 ,?is curi\s fact is ! f\ndation ( ! famili> jokes play$ ) ! portraits ( unpopul> p]sonages1 :i* are s drawn t 9 ! upright position ( ! page an exact picture ( ! p]son is pres5t$1 b on be+ inv]t$ "s popul> animal is %[n4 ,x is a fact1 !n1 t ! two halves ( a v]tically symmetrical figure are easily conf\nd$ & t !y !re=e probably produce v ne>ly ! same s5sations4 ,! "q1 accord+ly1 arises1 :y d ! two halves ( a v]tically symmetrical figure produce ! same or simil> s5sations8 ,! answ] is3 ,because our app>atus ( vision1 :i* consi/s ( our eyes & ( ! accompany+ muscul> app>atus is itself v]tically symmetrical4#ba ,:atev] ext]nal resemblances "o eye may h ) ano!r !y are /ill n alike4 ,! "r eye ( a man _c take ! place ( a left eye any m ?an a left e> or left h& c take ! place ( a "r "o4 ,by artificial means1 we c *ange ! "p :i* ea* ( our eyes plays4 7,:eat/one's pseudoscope47 ,b we !n f9d ourselves 9 an entirely new & /range _w4 ,:at is convex appe>s concave2 :at is concave1 convex4 ,:at is di/ant appe>s ne>1 & :at is ne> appe>s f>4 ,! left eye is ! reflexion ( ! "r4 ,& ! light-feel+ ret9a ( ! left eye is a reflexion ( ! light-feel+ ret9a ( ! "r1 9 all its functions4 ,! l5se ( ! eye1 l a magic lant]n1 ca/s images ( objects on ! ret9a4 ,& y may picture to y\rself ! light-feel+ ret9a ( ! eye1 ) its c\ntless n]ves1 z a h& ) innum]able f+]s1 adapt$ to feel+ light4 ,! ends ( ! visual n]ves1 l our f+]s1 are end[$ ) v>y+ degrees ( s5sitiv5ess4 ,! two ret9 act l a "r & a left h&2 ! s5sation ( t\* & ! s5sation ( light 9 ! two in/ances are simil>4 ,exam9e ! "r-h& portion ( ?is lett] ,t3 namely1 ,t4 ,in/ead ( ! two ret9 on :i* ?is image falls1 imag9e feel+ ! object1 my two h&s4 ,! ,t1 grasp$ ) ! "r h&1 gives a diff]5t s5sation f t :i* x gives :5 grasp$ ) ! left4 ,b if we turn our "* ab\t f "r to left1 ?us3 ,t1 x w give ! same s5sation 9 ! left h& t x gave be=e 9 ! "r4 ,! s5sation is repeat$4 ,if we take a :ole ,t1 ! "r half w produce 9 ! "r h& ! same s5sation t ! left half produces 9 ! left1 & vice v]sa4 ,! symmetrical figure gives ! same s5sation twice4 ,if we turn ! ,t ov] ?us3 ,t1 or inv]t ! half ,t ?us3 ,l1 s long z we d n *ange ! position ( our h&s we c make no use ( ! =ego+ reason+4 ,! ret91 9 fact1 are exactly l our two h&s4 ,!y1 too1 h _! ?umbs & index f+]s1 ?\gh !y are ?\s&s 9 numb]2 & we may say ! ?umbs are on ! side ( ! eye ne> ! nose1 & ! rema9+ f+]s on ! side away f ! nose4 ,) ?is ,i hope to h made p]fectly cle> t ! pleas+ effect ( symmetry is *iefly due to ! repetition ( s5sations1 & t ! effect 9 "q takes place 9 symmetrical figures1 only :]e !re is a repetition ( s5sation4 ,! pleas+ effect ( regul> figures1 ! pref]5ce :i* /raight l9es1 especially v]tical & horizontal /raight l9es1 enjoy1 is f\nd$ on a simil> reason4 ,a /raight l9e1 bo? 9 a horizontal & 9 a v]tical position1 c ca/ on ! two ret9 ! same image1 :i* falls moreov] on symmetrically correspond+ spots4 ,?is also1 x w\ld appe>1 is ! reason ( our psy*ological pref]5ce ( /raight to curv$ l9es1 & n _! prop]ty ( be+ ! %orte/ di/ance betwe5 two po9ts4 ,! /raight l9e is felt1 to put ! matt] briefly1 z symmetrical to itself1 :i* is ! case also ) ! plane4 ,curv$ l9es are felt z deviations f /raight l9es1 t is1 z deviations f symmetry4#bb ,! pres5ce ( a s5se = symmetry 9 p possess+ only "o eye f bir?1 is inde$ a riddle4 ,( c\rse1 ! s5se ( symmetry1 al?\gh prim>ily acquir$ by means ( ! eyes1 _c be :olly limit$ to ! visual organs4 ,x mu/ also be deeply root$ 9 o!r p>ts ( ! organism by ages ( practice & c ?us n be elim9at$ =?) by ! loss ( "o eye4 ,also1 :5 an eye is lo/1 ! symmetrical muscul> app>atus is left1 z is also ! symmetrical app>atus ( inn]vation4 ,x appe>s1 h[ev]1 unque/ionable t ! ph5om5a m5tion$ h1 9 ! ma91 _! orig9 9 ! peculi> /ructure ( our eyes4 ,x w !re=e be se5 at once t our notions ( :at is beautiful & ugly w\ld und]go a *ange if our eyes 7 diff]5t4 ,also1 if ?is view is correct1 ! !ory ( ! s-call$ et]nally beautiful is some:at mi/ak54 ,x c sc>cely be d\bt$ t our culture1 or =m ( civilisation1 :i* /amps ^u ! human body its unmi/akable traces1 %\ld n also modify our conceptions ( ! beautiful4 ,0 n =m]ly ! developm5t ( all musical beauty re/rict$ to ! n>r[ limits ( a five-ton$ scale8 ,! fact t a repetition ( s5sations is productive ( pleasant effects is n re/rict$ to ! realm ( ! visible4 ,to-day1 bo? ! musician & ! physici/ "k t ! h>monic or ! melodic addition ( "o tone to ano!r affects u agreeably only :5 ! add$ tone reproduces a "p ( ! s5sation :i* ! fir/ "o excit$4 ,:5 ,i add an octave to a fundam5tal tone1 ,i he> 9 ! octave a "p ( :at 0 he>d 9 ! fundam5tal tone4 7,helmholtz47 ,b x is n my purpose to develop ?is idea fully "h4#bc ,we %all only ask to-day1 :e!r !re is any?+ simil> to ! symmetry ( figures 9 ! prov9ce ( s\nds4 ,look at ! reflexion ( y\r piano 9 ! mirror4 ,y w at once rem>k t y h nev] se5 su* a piano 9 ! actual _w1 = x has its high keys to ! left & its l[ ones to ! "r4 ,su* pianos are n manufactur$4 ,if y c\ld sit d[n at su* a piano & play 9 y\r usual mann]1 pla9ly e /ep :i* y imag9$ y 7 p]=m+ 9 ! upw>d scale w\ld be execut$ z a correspond+ /ep 9 ! d[nw>d scale4 ,! effect w\ld be n a little surpris+4 ,= ! practis$ musician :o is always accu/om$ to he>+ c]ta9 s\nds produc$ :5 c]ta9 keys are /ruck1 x is q an anomal\s spectacle to wat* a play] 9 ! glass & to obs]ve t he always does ! opposite ( :at we he>4 ,b /ill m rem>kable w\ld be ! effect ( attempt+ to /rike a h>mony on su* a piano4 ,= a melody x is n indiff]5t :e!r we execute a /ep 9 an upw>d or a d[nw>d scale4 ,b = a h>mony1 s great a diff]5ce is n produc$ by rev]sal4 ,i always reta9 ! same consonance :e!r ,i add to a fundam5tal note an upp] or a l[] ?ird4 ,only ! ord] ( ! int]vals ( ! h>mony is rev]s$4 ,9 po9t ( fact1 :5 we execute a movem5t 9 a major key on our reflect$ piano1 we he> a s\nd 9 a m9or key1 & vice v]sa4 ,x n[ rema9s to execute ! exp]im5ts indicat$4 ,in/ead ( play+ ^u ! piano 9 ! mirror1 :i* is impossible1 or ( hav+ a piano ( ?is k9d built1 :i* w\ld be some:at exp5sive1 we may p]=m our exp]im5ts 9 a simpl] mann]1 z foll[s3 #a7 ,we play on our own piano 9 our usual mann]1 look into ! mirror1 & !n repeat on our real piano :at we see 9 ! mirror4 ,9 ?is way we trans=m all /eps upw>ds into correspond+ /eps d[nw>ds4 ,we play a movem5t1 & !n ano!r movem5t1 :i*1 ) respect to ! key-bo>d1 is symmetrical to ! fir/4 #b7 ,we place a mirror b5ea? ! music 9 :i* ! notes are reflect$ z 9 a body ( wat]1 & play accord+ to ! notes 9 ! mirror4 ,9 ?is way also1 all /eps upw>ds are *ang$ into correspond+1 equal /eps d[nw>ds4 #c7 ,we turn ! music upside d[n & read ! notes f "r to left & f bel[ upw>ds4 ,9 do+ ?is1 we mu/ reg>d all %>ps z flats & all flats z %>ps1 because !y correspond to half l9es & spaces4 ,besides1 9 ?is use ( ! music we c only employ ! bass clef1 z only 9 ?is clef are ! notes n *ang$ by symmetrical rev]sal4 ,y c judge ( ! effect ( ^! exp]im5ts f ! examples :i* appe> 9 ! annex$ musical cut4 7,page #ajb47 ,! movem5t :i* appe>s 9 ! upp] l9es is symmetrically rev]s$ 9 ! l[]4 ,! effect ( ! exp]im5ts may be briefly =mulat$4 ,! melody is r5d]$ unrecognisable4 ,! h>mony suff]s a transposition f a major into a m9or key & vice v]sa4 ,! /udy ( ^! pretty effects1 :i* h long be5 famili> to physici/s & musicians1 0 reviv$ "s ye>s ago by ,von ,oett+54#bd ,music3 ,fig4 #bf4 7,see pages #aja & #ajc47 ,n[1 al?\gh 9 all ! prec$+ examples ,i h transpos$ /eps upw>d into equal & simil> /eps d[nw>d1 t is1 z we may ju/ly say1 h play$ = e movem5t ! movem5t :i* is symmetrical to x1 yet ! e> notices ei!r little or no?+ ( symmetry4 ,! transposition f a major to a m9or key is ! sole indication ( symmetry rema9+4 ,! symmetry is !re = ! m9d1 b is want+ = s5sation4 ,no symmetry exi/s = ! e>1 because a rev]sal ( musical s\nds conditions no repetition ( s5sations4 ,if we _h an e> = height & an e> = dep?1 j z we h an eye = ! "r & an eye = ! left1 we %\ld also f9d t symmetrical s\nd-/ructures exi/$ = our auditory organs4 ,! contra/ ( major & m9or = ! e> corresponds to inv]sion = ! eye1 :i* is also only symmetry = ! m9d1 b n = s5sation4 ,by way ( supplem5t to :at ,i h said1 ,i w add a brief rem>k = my ma!matical read]s4 ,our musical notation is ess5tially a graphical repres5tation ( a piece ( music 9 ! =m ( curves1 :]e ! "t is ! absciss1 & ! log>i?ms ( ! numb] ( vibrations ! ord9ates4 ,! deviations ( musical notation f ?is pr9ciple are only su* z facilitate int]pretation1 or are due to hi/orical accid5ts4 ,if1 n[1 x be fur!r obs]v$ t ! s5sation ( pit* also is proportional to ! log>i?m ( ! numb] ( vibrations1 & t ! int]vals betwe5 ! notes correspond to ! diff]5ces ( ! log>i?ms ( ! numb]s ( vibrations1 ! ju/ification w be f\nd 9 ^! facts ( call+ ! h>monies & melodies :i* appe> 9 ! mirror1 symmetrical to ! orig9al ones4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i simply wi% to br+ home to y\r m9ds by ^! fragm5t>y rem>ks t ! progress ( ! physical sci5ces has be5 ( great help to ^? bran*es ( psy*ology t h n scorn$ to consid] ! results ( physical rese>*4 ,on ! o!r h&1 psy*ology is beg9n+ to return1 z x 71 9 a _s ( ?ankfulness1 ! p[]ful /imulus :i* x receiv$ f physics4 ,! !ories ( physics :i* r$uce all ph5om5a to ! motion & equilibrium ( smalle/ p>ticles1 ! s-call$ molecul> !ories1 h be5 gravely ?reat5$ by ! progress ( ! !ory ( ! s5ses & ( space1 & we may say t _! days are numb]$4 ,i h %[n else:]e#be t ! musical scale is simply a species ( space--a space1 h[ev]1 ( only "o dim5sion1 & t1 a "o-sid$ "o4 ,if1 n[1 a p]son :o c\ld only he>1 %\ld attempt to develop a conception ( ! _w 9 ?is1 8 l9e> space1 he w\ld become involv$ 9 _m difficulties1 z 8 space w\ld be incompet5t to compreh5d ! _m sides ( ! relations ( reality4 ,b is x any m ju/ifiable = u1 to attempt to =ce ! :ole _w into ! space ( our eye1 9 aspects 9 :i* x is n accessible to ! eye8 ,yet ?is is ! dilemma ( all molecul> !ories4 ,we possess1 h[ev]1 a s5se1 :i*1 ) respect to ! scope ( ! relations :i* x c compreh5d1 is ri*] ?an any o!r4 ,x is our reason4 ,?is /&s above ! s5ses4 ,x alone is compet5t to f\nd a p]man5t & suffici5t view ( ! _w4 ,! me*anical conception ( ! _w has p]=m$ wond]s s9ce ,galileo's "t4 ,b x mu/ n[ yield to a broad] view ( ?+s4 ,a fur!r developm5t ( ?is idea is beyond ! limits ( my pres5t purpose4 ,"o m po9t & ,i h done4 ,! advice ( our philosoph] to re/rict ourselves to :at is ne> at h& & useful 9 our rese>*es1 :i* f9ds a k9d ( exemplification 9 ! pres5t cry ( inquir]s = limitation & division ( labor1 mu/ n be too slavi%ly foll[$4 ,9 ! seclusion ( our closets1 we (t5 rack our bra9s 9 va9 to fulfil a "w1 ! means ( accompli%+ :i* lies be=e our v doors4 ,if ! inquir] mu/ be p]=ce a %oemak]1 tapp+ con/antly at 8 la/1 x may p]haps be p]mitt$ him to be a %oemak] ( ! type ( ,hans ,sa*s1 :o did n deem x b5ea? him to take a look n[ & !n at 8 neighbor's "w & to comm5t on ! latt]'s do+s4 ,let ?is be my apology1 !re=e1 if ,i h =sak5 = a mom5t to-day ! la/ ( my specialty4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #ai3 ,deliv]$ be=e ! ,g]man ,cas9o ( ,prague1 9 ! w9t] ( #ahga4 ,a full] treatm5t ( ! problems ( ?is lecture w be f\nd 9 my ,contributions to ! ,analysis ( ! ,s5sations 7,j5a1 #ahhf71 ,engli% ,translation1 ,*icago1 #ahie4 ,j4 ,p4 ,soret1 ,sur la p]ception du beau 7,g5eva1 #ahib71 also reg>ds repetition z a pr9ciple ( /hetics4 ,8 discussions ( ! /hetical side ( ! subject are mu* m detail$ ?an m9e4 ,b ) respect to ! psy*ological & physiological f\ndation ( ! pr9ciple1 ,i am conv9c$ t ! ,contributions to ! ,analysis ( ! ,s5sations g deep]4--,,ma* 7#ahid74 ,footnote #bj3 ,kant1 9 8 ,prolegom5a zu j$] knftig5 ,metaphysik1 also ref]s to ?is fact1 b = a diff]5t purpose4 ,footnote #ba3 ,comp>e ,ma*1 ,fi*te's ,zeits*rift fr ,philosophie1 #ahfd1 p4 #a4 ,footnote #bb3 ,! fact t ! fir/ & second diff]5tial coeffici5ts ( a curve are directly se51 b ! high] coeffici5ts n1 is v simply expla9$4 ,! fir/ gives ! position ( ! tang5t1 ! decl9ation ( ! /raight l9e f ! position ( symmetry1 ! second ! decl9ation ( ! curve f ! /raight l9e4 ,x is1 p]haps1 n unpr(itable to rem>k "h t ! ord9>y me?od ( te/+ rul]s & plane surfaces 7by rev]s$ applications7 asc]ta9s ! deviation ( ! object f symmetry to itself4 ,footnote #bc3 ,see ! lecture ,on ! ,causes ( ,h>mony4 ,footnote #bd3 ,a4 von ,oett+51 ,h>moniesy/em 9 dual] ,entwicklung4 ,leipsic & ,dorpat1 #ahff4 ,footnote #be3 ,comp>e ,ma*'s ,zur ,!orie des ,gehrorgans1 ,vi5na ,academy1 #ahfc4 ,,on ,,! ,,fundam5tal ,,concepts ,,( ,,electro/atics4#bf ,! task has be5 assign$ me to develop be=e y 9 a popul> mann] ! fundam5tal quantitative concepts ( electro/atics--quantity ( electricity1 pot5tial1 capacity1 & s =?4 ,x w\ld n be difficult1 ev5 )9 ! brief limits ( an h\r1 to delight ! eye ) ho/s ( beautiful exp]im5ts & to fill ! imag9ation ) num]\s & v>i$ conceptions4 ,b we %\ld1 9 su* a case1 be /ill f> f a lucid & easy grasp ( ! ph5om5a4 ,! means w\ld /ill fail u = reproduc+ ! facts accurately 9 ?\ght--a proc$ure :i* = ! !oretical & practical man is ( equal importance4 ,^! means are ! metrical concepts ( electricity4 ,z long z ! pursuit ( ! facts ( a giv5 prov9ce ( ph5om5a is 9 ! h&s ( a few isolat$ inve/igators1 z long z e exp]im5t c be easily repeat$1 ! fix+ ( ! collect$ facts by provisional description is ord9>ily suffici5t4 ,b ! case is diff]5t :5 ! :ole _w mu/ make use ( ! results rea*$ by _m1 z happ5s :5 ! sci5ce acquires broad] f\ndations & scope1 & p>ticul>ly s :5 x beg9s to supply intellectual n\ri%m5t to an important bran* ( ! practical arts1 & to draw f t prov9ce 9 return /up5d\s empirical results4 ,!n ! facts mu/ be s describ$ t individuals 9 all places & at all times c1 f a few easily obta9$ elem5ts1 put ! facts accurately toge!r 9 ?\ght1 & reproduce !m f ! description4 ,?is is done ) ! help ( ! metrical concepts & ! int]national measures4 ,! "w :i* 0 begun 9 ?is direction 9 ! p]iod ( ! purely sci5tific developm5t ( ! sci5ce1 especially by ,c\lomb 7#aghd71 ,gauss 7#ahcc71 & ,web] 7#ahdf71 0 p[]fully /imulat$ by ! requirem5ts ( ! great te*nical und]tak+s manife/$ s9ce ! lay+ ( ! fir/ transatlantic cable1 & br\ght to a brilliant conclusion by ! labors ( ! ,briti% ,association1 #ahfa1 & ( ! ,p>is ,congress1 #ahha1 *iefly ?r\gh ! ex]tions ( ,sir ,william ,?omson4 ,x is pla91 t 9 ! "t allott$ to me ,i _c conduct y ov] all ! long & tortu\s pa?s :i* ! sci5ce has actually pursu$1 t x w n be possible at e /ep to rem9d y ( all ! little precautions = ! avoidance ( error :i* ! e>ly /eps h taught u4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,i mu/ make %ift ) ! simple/ & rude/ tools4 ,i %all conduct y by ! %orte/ pa?s f ! facts to ! ideas1 9 do+ :i*1 ( c\rse1 x w n be possible to anticipate all ! /ray & *ance ideas :i* may & mu/ arise f prospects into ! by-pa?s :i* we leave untrodd54 99 99 99 99 99 ,"h are two small1 light bodies 7,fig4 #bg7 ( equal size1 freely susp5d$1 :i* we electrify ei!r by friction ) a ?ird body or by contact ) a body already electrifi$4 ,at once a repulsive =ce is set up :i* drives ! two bodies away f ea* o!r 9 opposition to ! action ( gravity4 ,?is =ce c\ld accompli% anew ! same me*anical "w :i* 0 exp5d$ to produce x4#bg ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bg4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bh4 ,c\lomb1 n[1 by means ( delicate exp]im5ts ) ! torsion-balance1 satisfi$ himself t if ! bodies 9 "q1 say at a di/ance ( two c5timetres1 repell$ ea* o!r ) ! same =ce ) :i* a milligramme-weight /rives to fall to ! gr\nd1 at half t di/ance1 or at "o c5timetre1 !y w\ld repel ea* o!r ) ! =ce ( f\r milligrammes1 & at d\ble t di/ance1 or at f\r c5timetres1 !y w\ld repel ea* o!r ) ! =ce ( only "o-f\r? ( a milligramme4 ,he f\nd t ! electrical =ce acts inv]sely z ! squ>e ( ! di/ance4 ,let u imag9e1 n[1 t we possess$ "s means ( measur+ electrical repulsion by weights1 a means :i* w\ld be suppli$1 = example1 by our electrical p5dulums2 !n we c\ld make ! foll[+ obs]vation4 ,! body ,a 7,fig4 #bh7 is repell$ by ! body ,k at a di/ance ( two c5timetres ) a =ce ( "o milligramme4 ,if we t\* ,a1 n[1 ) an equal body ,b1 ! half ( ?is =ce ( repulsion w pass to ! body ,b2 bo? ,a & ,b1 n[1 at a di/ance ( two c5timetres f ,k1 are repell$ only ) ! =ce ( "o-half a milligramme4 ,b bo? toge!r are repell$ /ill ) ! =ce ( "o milligramme4 ,h5ce1 ! divisibility ( electrical =ce among bodies 9 contact is a fact4 ,x is a useful1 b by no means a necess>y supplem5t to ?is fact1 to imag9e an electrical fluid pres5t 9 ! body ,a1 ) ! quantity ( :i* ! electrical =ce v>ies1 & half ( :i* fl[s ov] to ,b4 ,=1 9 ! place ( ! new physical picture1 ?us1 an old1 famili> "o is sub/itut$1 :i* moves spontane\sly 9 its wont$ c\rses4 ,adh]+ to ?is idea1 we def9e ! unit ( electrical quantity1 accord+ to ! n[ almo/ univ]sally adopt$ c5timetre-gramme-second 7,c4 ,g4 ,s47 sy/em1 z t quantity :i* at a di/ance ( "o c5timetre repels an equal quantity ) unit ( =ce1 t is1 ) a =ce :i* 9 "o second w\ld imp>t to a mass ( "o gramme a velocity-increm5t ( a c5timetre4 ,z a gramme mass acquires ?r\gh ! action ( gravity a velocity-increm5t ( ab\t #iha c5timetres 9 a second1 accord+ly1 a gramme is attract$ to ! e>? ) #iha1 or1 9 r\nd numb]s1 #ajjj units ( =ce ( ! c5timetre-gramme-second sy/em1 :ile a milligramme-weight w\ld /rive to fall to ! e>? ) approximately ! unit =ce ( ?is sy/em4 ,we may easily obta9 by ?is means a cle> idea ( :at ! unit quantity ( electricity is4 ,two small bodies1 ,k1 weigh+ ea* a gramme1 are hung up by v]tical ?reads1 five metres 9 l5g? & almo/ weightless1 s z to t\* ea* o!r4 ,if ! two bodies be equally electrifi$ & move ap>t ^u electrification to a di/ance ( "o c5timetre1 _! *>ge is approximately equival5t to ! electro/atic unit ( electric quantity1 = ! repulsion !n holds 9 equilibrium a gravitational =ce-compon5t ( approximately "o milligramme1 :i* /rives to br+ ! bodies toge!r4 ,v]tically b5ea? a small sph]e susp5d$ f ! equilibrat$ beam ( a balance a second sph]e is plac$ at a di/ance ( a c5timetre4 ,if bo? be equally electrifi$ ! sph]e susp5d$ f ! balance w be r5d]$ app>5tly light] by ! repulsion4 ,if by add+ a weight ( "o milligramme equilibrium is re/or$1 ea* ( ! sph]es conta9s 9 r\nd numb]s ! electro/atic unit ( electrical quantity4 ,9 view ( ! fact t ! same electrical bodies ex]t at diff]5t di/ances diff]5t =ces ^u "o ano!r1 exception might be tak5 to ! measure ( quantity "h develop$4 ,:at k9d ( a quantity is t :i* n[ weighs m1 & n[ weighs less1 s to speak8 ,b ?is app>5t deviation f ! me?od ( det]m9ation commonly us$ 9 practical life1 t by weight1 is1 closely consid]$1 an agreem5t4 ,on a high m\nta9 a heavy mass also is less p[]fully attract$ to ! e>? ?an at ! level ( ! sea1 & if x is p]mitt$ u 9 our det]m9ations to neglect ! consid]ation ( level1 x is only because ! comp>ison ( a body ) fix$ conv5tional weights is inv>iably effect$ at ! same level4 ,9 fact1 if we 7 to make "o ( ! two weights equilibrat$ on our balance approa* s5sibly to ! c5tre ( ! e>?1 by susp5d+ x f a v long ?read1 z ,pr(4 von ,jolly ( ,muni* sugge/$1 we %\ld make ! gravity ( t weight1 its heav9ess1 proportionately great]4 ,let u picture to ourselves1 n[1 two diff]5t electrical fluids1 a positive & a negative fluid1 ( su* nature t ! p>ticles ( ! "o attract ! p>ticles ( ! o!r accord+ to ! law ( ! inv]se squ>es1 b ! p>ticles ( ! same fluid repel ea* o!r by ! same law2 9 non-electrical bodies let u imag9e ! two fluids uni=mly di/ribut$ 9 equal quantities1 9 electric bodies "o ( ! two 9 excess2 9 conductors1 fur!r1 let u imag9e ! fluids mobile1 9 non-conductors immobile2 hav+ =m$ su* pictures1 we possess ! conception :i* ,c\lomb develop$ & to :i* he gave ma!matical precision4 ,we h only to give ?is conception free play 9 our m9ds & we %all see z 9 a cle> picture ! fluid p>ticles1 say ( a positively *>g$ conductor1 rec$+ f "o ano!r z f> z !y c1 all mak+ = ! surface ( ! conductor & !re seek+ out ! prom95t p>ts & po9ts until ! greate/ possible am\nt ( "w has be5 p]=m$4 ,on increas+ ! size ( ! surface1 we see a disp]sion1 on decreas+ its size we see a cond5sation ( ! p>ticles4 ,9 a second1 non-electrifi$ conductor br\ght into ! vic9ity ( ! fir/1 we see ! two fluids imm$iately sep>ate1 ! positive collect+ itself on ! remote & ! negative on ! adjac5t side ( its surface4 ,9 ! fact t ?is conception reproduces1 lucidly & spontane\sly1 all ! data :i* ardu\s rese>* only sl[ly & gradually discov]$1 is conta9$ its advantage & sci5tific value4 ,) ?is1 too1 its value is exhau/$4 ,we mu/ n seek 9 nature = ! two hypo!tical fluids :i* we h add$ z simple m5tal adjuncts1 if we w\ld n g a/ray4 ,c\lomb's view may be replac$ by a totally diff]5t "o1 = example1 by t ( ,f>aday1 & ! mo/ prop] c\rse is always1 aft] ! g5]al survey is obta9$1 to g back to ! actual facts1 to ! electrical =ces4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bi4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cj4 ,we w n[ make ourselves famili> ) ! concept ( electrical quantity1 & ) ! me?od ( measur+ or e/imat+ x4 ,imag9e a common ,leyd5 j> 7,fig4 #bi71 ! inn] & out] coat+s ( :i* are connect$ toge!r by means ( two common metallic knobs plac$ ab\t a c5timetre ap>t4 ,if ! inside coat+ be *>g$ ) ! quantity ( electricity q1 on ! out] coat+ a di/ribution ( ! electricities w take place4 ,a positive quantity almo/ equal#bh to ! quantity q fl[s (f to ! e>?1 :ile a correspond+ quantity-q is /ill left on ! out] coat+4 ,! knobs ( ! j> receive _! portion ( ^! quantities & :5 ! quantity q is suffici5tly great a rupture ( ! insulat+ air betwe5 ! knobs1 accompani$ by ! self-dis*>ge ( ! j>1 takes place4 ,= any giv5 di/ance & size ( ! knobs1 a *>ge ( a def9ite electric quantity q is always necess>y = ! spontane\s dis*>ge ( ! j>4 ,let u insulate1 n[1 ! out] coat+ ( a ,lane's unit j> ,l1 ! j> j describ$1 & put 9 connexion ) x ! inn] coat+ ( a j> ,f ext]iorly connect$ ) ! e>? 7,fig4 #cj74 ,e "t t ,l is *>g$ ) q1 a l quantity q is collect$ on ! inn] coat+ ( ,f1 & ! spontane\s dis*>ge ( ! j> ,l1 :i* is n[ aga9 empty1 takes place4 ,! numb] ( ! dis*>ges ( ! j> ,l furni%es u1 ?us1 ) a measure ( ! quantity collect$ 9 ! j> ,f1 & if aft] #a1 #b1 #c1 444 spontane\s dis*>ges ( ,l ! j> ,f is dis*>g$1 x is evid5t t ! *>ge ( ,f has be5 proportionately augm5t$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ca4 ,let u supply n[1 to effect ! spontane\s dis*>ge1 ! j> ,f ) knobs ( ! same size & at ! same di/ance ap>t z ^? ( ! j> ,l 7,fig4 #ca74 ,if we f9d1 !n1 t five dis*>ges ( ! unit j> take place be=e "o spontane\s dis*>ge ( ! j> ,f occurs1 pla9ly ! j> ,f1 = equal di/ances betwe5 ! knobs ( ! two j>s1 equal /rik+ di/ances1 is able to hold five times ! quantity ( electricity t ,l c1 t is1 has five times ! capacity ( ,l4#bi ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cb4 ,we w n[ replace ! unit j> ,l1 ) :i* we measure electricity1 s to speak1 into ! j> ,f1 by a ,frankl9's pane1 consi/+ ( two p>allel flat metal plates 7,fig4 #cb71 sep>at$ only by air4 ,if "h1 = example1 ?irty spontane\s dis*>ges ( ! pane are suffici5t to fill ! j>1 t5 dis*>ges w be f\nd suffici5t if ! air-space betwe5 ! two plates be fill$ ) a cake ( sulphur4 ,h5ce1 ! capacity ( a ,frankl9's pane ( sulphur is ab\t ?ree times great] ?an t ( "o ( ! same %ape & size made ( air1 or1 z x is ! cu/om to say1 ! specific inductive capacity ( sulphur 7t ( air be+ tak5 z ! unit7 is ab\t #c4cj ,we are "h arriv$ at a v simple fact1 :i* cle>ly %[s u ! significance ( ! numb] call$ dielectric con/ant1 or specific inductive capacity1 ! k ( :i* is s important = ! !ory ( subm>9e cables4 ,let u consid] a j> ,a1 :i* is *>g$ ) a c]ta9 quantity ( electricity4 ,we c dis*>ge ! j> directly4 ,b we c also dis*>ge ! j> ,a 7,fig4 #cc7 p>tly into a j> ,b1 by connect+ ! two out] coat+s ) ea* o!r4 ,9 ?is op]ation a portion ( ! quantity ( electricity passes1 accompani$ by sp>ks1 into ! j> ,b1 & we n[ f9d bo? j>s *>g$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cc4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cd4 ,x may be %[n z foll[s t ! conception ( a con/ant quantity ( electricity c be reg>d$ z ! expression ( a pure fact4 ,picture to y\rself any sort ( electrical conductor 7,fig4 #cd72 cut x up into a l>ge numb] ( small pieces1 & place ^! pieces by means ( an insulat$ rod at a di/ance ( "o c5timetre f an electrical body :i* acts ) unit ( =ce on an equal & l-con/itut$ body at ! same di/ance4 ,take ! sum ( ! =ces :i* ?is la/ body ex]ts on ! s+le pieces ( ! conductor4 ,! sum ( ^! =ces w be ! quantity ( electricity on ! :ole conductor4 ,x rema9s ! same1 :e!r we *ange ! =m & ! size ( ! conductor1 or :e!r we br+ x ne> or move x away f a second electrical conductor1 s long z we keep x insulat$1 t is1 d n dis*>ge x4 ,a basis ( reality = ! notion ( electric quantity seems also to pres5t itself f ano!r qu>t]4 ,if a curr5t1 t is1 9 ! usual view1 a def9ite quantity ( electricity p] second1 is s5t ?r\gh a column ( acidulat$ wat]2 9 ! direction ( ! positive /ream1 hydrog51 b 9 ! opposite direction1 oxyg5 is lib]at$ at ! extremities ( ! column4 ,= a giv5 quantity ( electricity a giv5 quantity ( oxyg5 appe>s4 ,y may picture ! column ( wat] z a column ( hydrog5 & a column ( oxyg51 fitt$ into ea* o!r1 & may say ! electric curr5t is a *emical curr5t & vice v]sa4 ,al?\gh ?is notion is m difficult to adh]e to 9 ! field ( /atical electricity & ) non-decomposable conductors1 its fur!r developm5t is by no means hopeless4 ,! concept quantity ( electricity1 ?us1 is n s a]ial z might appe>1 b is able to conduct u ) c]ta9ty ?r\gh a multitude ( v>i$ ph5om5a1 & is sugge/$ to u by ! facts 9 almo/ palpable =m4 ,we c collect electrical =ce 9 a body1 measure x out ) "o body into ano!r1 c>ry x ov] f "o body into ano!r1 j z we c collect a liquid 9 a vessel1 measure x out ) "o vessel into ano!r1 or p\r x f "o into ano!r4 ,= ! analysis ( me*anical ph5om5a1 a metrical notion1 d]iv$ f exp]i5ce1 & be>+ ! designation "w1 has prov$ itself useful4 ,a ma*9e c be set 9 motion only :5 ! =ces act+ on x c p]=m "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ce4 ,let u consid]1 = example1 a :eel & axle 7,fig4 #ce7 hav+ ! radii #a & #b metres1 load$ respectively ) ! weights #b & #a kilogrammes4 ,on turn+ ! :eel & axle1 ! #a kilogramme-weight1 let u say1 s9ks two metres1 :ile ! #b kilogramme-weight rises "o metre4 ,on bo? sides ! product ,,kgr4 ,m4 ,,kgr4 ,m4 #a #b #b #a4 is equal4 ,s long z ?is is s1 ! :eel & axle w n move ( itself4 ,b if we take su* loads1 or s *ange ! radii ( ! :eels1 t ?is product 7kgr4 metre7 on displacem5t is 9 excess on "o side1 t side w s9k4 ,z we see1 ?is product is *>act]i/ic = me*anical ev5ts1 & = ?is reason has be5 inve/$ ) a special "n1 "w4 ,9 all me*anical processes1 & z all physical processes pres5t a me*anical side1 9 all physical processes1 "w plays a det]m9ative "p4 ,electrical =ces1 also1 produce only *anges 9 :i* "w is p]=m$4 ,to ! ext5t t =ces come into play 9 electrical ph5om5a1 electrical ph5om5a1 be !y :at !y may1 ext5d into ! doma9 ( me*anics & are subject to ! laws :i* hold 9 ?is doma94 ,! univ]sally adopt$ measure ( "w1 n[1 is ! product ( ! =ce into ! di/ance ?r\gh :i* x acts1 & 9 ! ,c4 ,g4 ,s4 sy/em1 ! unit ( "w is ! action ?r\gh "o c5timetre ( a =ce :i* w\ld imp>t 9 "o second to a gramme-mass a velocity-increm5t ( "o c5timetre1 t is1 9 r\nd numb]s1 ! action ?r\gh a c5timetre ( a pressure equal to ! weight ( a milligramme4 ,f a positively *>g$ body1 electricity1 yield+ to ! =ce ( repulsion & p]=m+ "w1 fl[s (f to ! e>?1 provid+ conduct+ connexions exi/4 ,to a negatively *>g$ body1 on ! o!r h&1 ! e>? "u ! same circum/ances gives (f positive electricity4 ,! electrical "w possible 9 ! int]action ( a body ) ! e>?1 *>act]ises ! electrical condition ( t body4 ,we w call ! "w :i* mu/ be exp5d$ on ! unit quantity ( positive electricity to raise x f ! e>? to ! body ,k ! pot5tial ( ! body ,k4#ca ,we ascribe to ! body ,k 9 ! ,c4 ,g4 ,s4 sy/em ! pot5tial #a1 if we mu/ exp5d ! unit ( "w to raise ! positive electro/atic unit ( electric quantity f ! e>? to t body2 ! pot5tial -#a1 if we ga9 9 ?is proc$ure ! unit ( "w2 ! pot5tial #j1 if no "w at all is p]=m$ 9 ! op]ation4 ,! diff]5t p>ts ( "o & ! same electrical conductor 9 electrical equilibrium h ! same pot5tial1 = o!rwise ! electricity w\ld p]=m "w & move ab\t ^u ! conductor1 & equilibrium w\ld n h exi/$4 ,diff]5t conductors ( equal pot5tial1 put 9 connexion ) "o ano!r1 d n ex*ange electricity any m ?an bodies ( equal temp]ature 9 contact ex*ange heat1 or 9 connect$ vessels1 9 :i* ! same pressures exi/1 liquids fl[ f "o vessel to ! o!r4 ,ex*ange ( electricity takes place only betwe5 conductors ( diff]5t pot5tials1 b 9 conductors ( giv5 =m & position a def9ite diff]5ce ( pot5tial is necess>y = a sp>k1 :i* pi]ces ! insulat+ air1 to pass betwe5 !m4 ,on be+ connect$1 e two conductors assume at once ! same pot5tial4 ,) ?is ! means is giv5 ( det]m9+ ! pot5tial ( a conductor ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( a second conductor expressly adapt$ to ! purpose call$ an electromet]1 j z we det]m9e ! temp]ature ( a body ) a !rmomet]4 ,! values ( ! pot5tials ( bodies obta9$ 9 ?is way simplify va/ly our analysis ( _! electrical behavior1 z w be evid5t f :at has be5 said4 ,?9k ( a positively *>g$ conductor4 ,d\ble all ! electrical =ces ex]t$ by ?is conductor on a po9t *>g$ ) unit quantity1 t is1 d\ble ! quantity at ea* po9t1 or :at is ! same ?+1 d\ble ! total *>ge4 ,pla9ly1 equilibrium /ill subsi/s4 ,b c>ry1 n[1 ! positive electro/atic unit t[>ds ! conductor4 ,ev]y:]e we %all h to ov]come d\ble ! =ce ( repulsion we did be=e1 ev]y:]e we %all h to exp5d d\ble ! "w4 ,by d\bl+ ! *>ge ( ! conductor a d\ble pot5tial has be5 produc$4 ,*>ge & pot5tial g h& 9 h&1 are proportional4 ,consequ5tly1 call+ ! total quantity ( electricity ( a conductor ,q & its pot5tial ,v1 we c write3 ,q ,,cv1 :]e ,c /&s = a con/ant1 ! import ( :i* w be und]/ood simply f not+ t ,c ,q_/,v4#cb ,b ! division ( a numb] repres5t+ ! units ( quantity ( a conductor by ! numb] repres5t+ its units ( pot5tial tells u ! quantity :i* falls to ! %>e ( ! unit ( pot5tial4 ,n[ ! numb] ,c "h we call ! capacity ( a conductor1 & h sub/itut$1 ?us1 9 ! place ( ! old relative det]m9ation ( capacity1 an absolute det]m9ation4#cc ,9 simple cases ! connexion betwe5 *>ge1 pot5tial1 & capacity is easily asc]ta9$4 ,our conductor1 let u say1 is a sph]e ( radius r1 susp5d$ free 9 a l>ge body ( air4 ,!re be+ no o!r conductors 9 ! vic9ity1 ! *>ge q w !n di/ribute itself uni=mly ^u ! surface ( ! sph]e1 & simple geometrical consid]ations yield = its pot5tial ! expression ,v q_/r4 ,h5ce1 q_/,v r2 t is1 ! capacity ( a sph]e is measur$ by its radius1 & 9 ! ,c4 ,g4 ,s4 sy/em 9 c5timetres4#cd ,x is cle> also1 s9ce a pot5tial is a quantity divid$ by a l5g?1 t a quantity divid$ by a pot5tial mu/ be a l5g?4 ,imag9e 7,fig4 #cf7 a j> compos$ ( two conc5tric conductive sph]ical %ells ( ! radii r & r1 hav+ only air betwe5 !m4 ,connect+ ! outside sph]e ) ! e>?1 & *>g+ ! inside sph]e by means ( a ?91 insulat$ wire pass+ ?r\gh ! fir/1 ) ! quantity ,q1 we %all h ,v 7r-r7_/7rr7,q1 & = ! capacity 9 ?is case 7rr7_/7r-r71 or1 to take a specific example1 if r #af & r #ai1 a capacity ( ab\t #ajj c5timetres4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cf4 ,we %all n[ use ^! simple cases = illu/rat+ ! pr9ciple by :i* capacity & pot5tial are det]m9$4 ,fir/1 x is cle> t we c use ! j> compos$ ( conc5tric sph]es ) its kn[n capacity z our unit j> & by means ( ?is asc]ta91 9 ! mann] above laid d[n1 ! capacity ( any giv5 j> ,f4 ,we f9d1 = example1 t #cg dis*>ges ( ?is unit j> ( ! capacity #ajj1 j *>ges ! j> inve/igat$ at ! same /rik+ di/ance1 t is1 at ! same pot5tial4 ,h5ce1 ! capacity ( ! j> inve/igat$ is #cgjj c5timetres4 ,! l>ge batt]y ( ! ,prague physical laboratory1 :i* consi/s ( sixte5 su* j>s1 all ( ne>ly equal size1 has a capacity1 !re=e1 ( some?+ l #ej1jjj c5timetres1 or ! capacity ( a sph]e1 a kilometre 9 diamet]1 freely susp5d$ 9 atmosph]ic space4 ,?is rem>k di/9ctly %[s u ! great sup]iority :i* ,leyd5 j>s possess = ! /orage ( electricity z comp>$ ) common conductors4 ,9 fact1 z ,f>aday po9t$ out1 j>s diff] f simple conductors ma9ly by _! great capacity4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cg4 ,= det]m9+ pot5tial1 imag9e ! inn] coat+ ( a j> ,f1 ! out] coat+ ( :i* communicates ) ! gr\nd1 connect$ by a long1 ?9 wire ) a conductive sph]e ,k plac$ free 9 a l>ge atmosph]ic space1 comp>$ ) ^: dim5sions ! radius ( ! sph]e vani%es4 7,fig4 #cg47 ,! j> & ! sph]e assume at once ! same pot5tial4 ,b on ! surface ( ! sph]e1 if t be suffici5tly f> remov$ f all o!r conductors1 a uni=m lay] ( electricity w be f\nd4 ,if ! sph]e1 hav+ ! radius r1 conta9s ! *>ge q1 its pot5tial is ,v q_/r4 ,if ! upp] half ( ! sph]e be sev]$ f ! l[] half & equilibrat$ on a balance ) "o ( ^: beams x is connect$ by silk ?reads1 ! upp] half w be repell$ f ! l[] half ) ! =ce ,p q_/#hr #a_/h,v4 ,?is repulsion ,p may be c\nt]-balanc$ by additional weights plac$ on ! beam-end1 & s asc]ta9$4 ,! pot5tial is !n ,v sqrt7#h,p74#ce ,t ! pot5tial is proportional to ! squ>e root ( ! =ce is n difficult to see4 ,a d\bl+ or trebl+ ( ! pot5tial means t ! *>ge ( all ! p>ts is d\bl$ or trebl$2 h5ce _! comb9$ p[] ( repulsion quadrupl$ or nonupl$4 ,let u consid] a special case4 ,i wi% to produce ! pot5tial #dj on ! sph]e4 ,:at additional weight mu/ ,i give to ! half sph]e 9 grammes t ! =ce ( repulsion %all ma9ta9 ! balance 9 exact equilibrium8 ,z a gramme weight is approximately equival5t to #ajjj units ( =ce1 we h only ! foll[+ simple example to "w out3 #djdj #h #ajjj4x1 :]e x /&s = ! numb] ( grammes4 ,9 r\nd numb]s we get x #j4b gramme4 ,i *>ge ! j>4 ,! balance is deflect$2 ,i h rea*$1 or r pass$1 ! pot5tial #dj1 & y see :5 ,i dis*>ge ! j> ! associat$ sp>k4#cf ,! /rik+ di/ance betwe5 ! knobs ( a ma*9e increases ) ! diff]5ce ( ! pot5tial1 al?\gh n proportionately to t diff]5ce4 ,! /rik+ di/ance increases fa/] ?an ! pot5tial diff]5ce4 ,= a di/ance betwe5 ! knobs ( "o c5timetre on ?is ma*9e ! diff]5ce ( pot5tial is #aaj4 ,x c easily be increas$ t5fold4 ,( ! trem5d\s diff]5ces ( pot5tial :i* occur 9 nature "s idea may be obta9$ f ! fact t ! /rik+ di/ances ( lightn+ 9 ?und]-/orms is c\nt$ by miles4 ,! diff]5ces ( pot5tial 9 galvanic batt]ies are consid]ably small] ?an ^? ( our ma*9e1 = x takes fully "o hundr$ elem5ts to give a sp>k ( microscopic /rik+ di/ance4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we %all n[ employ ! ideas rea*$ to %$ "s light ^u ano!r important relation betwe5 electrical & me*anical ph5om5a4 ,we %all inve/igate :at is ! pot5tial en]gy1 or ! /ore ( "w1 conta9$ 9 a *>g$ conductor1 = example1 9 a j>4 ,if we br+ a quantity ( electricity up to a conductor1 or1 to speak less pictorially1 if we g5]ate by "w electrical =ce 9 a conductor1 ?is =ce is able to produce anew ! "w by :i* x 0 g5]at$4 ,h[ great1 n[1 is ! en]gy or capacity = "w ( a conductor ( kn[n *>ge ,q & kn[n pot5tial ,v8 ,imag9e ! giv5 *>ge ,q divid$ into v small p>ts q1 q1 q 4441 & ^! little p>ts successively c>ri$ up to ! conductor4 ,! fir/ v small quantity q is br\ght up )\t any appreciable "w & produces by its pres5ce a small pot5tial ,v'4 ,to br+ up ! second quantity1 accord+ly1 we mu/ d ! "w q',v'1 & simil>ly = ! quantities :i* foll[ ! "w q'',v''1 q''',v'''1 & s =?4 ,n[1 z ! pot5tial rises proportionately to ! quantities add$ until ! value ,v is rea*$1 we h1 agreeably to ! graphical repres5tation ( ,fig4 #ch1 = ! total "w p]=m$1 ,w #a_/b,,qv1 :i* corresponds to ! total en]gy ( ! *>g$ conductor4 ,us+ ! equation ,q ,,cv1 :]e ,c /&s = capacity1 we also h1 ,w #a_/b;,,cv1 or ,w ,q_/#b;,c4 ,x w be helpful1 p]haps1 to elucidate ?is idea by an analogy f ! prov9ce ( me*anics4 ,if we pump a quantity ( liquid1 ,q1 gradually into a cyl9drical vessel 7,fig4 #ci71 ! level ( ! liquid 9 ! vessel w gradually rise4 ,! m we h pump$ 91 ! great] ! pressure we mu/ ov]come1 or ! high] ! level to :i* we mu/ lift ! liquid4 ,! /or$-up "w is r5d]$ aga9 available :5 ! heavy liquid ,q1 :i* rea*es up to ! level h1 fl[s out4 ,?is "w ,w corresponds to ! fall ( ! :ole liquid weight ,q1 ?r\gh ! di/ance h_/#b or ?r\gh ! altitude ( its c5tre ( gravity4 ,we h ,w #a_/b,qh4 ,fur!r1 s9ce ,q ,kh1 or s9ce ! weight ( ! liquid & ! height h are proportional1 we get also ,w #a_/b,kh & ,w ,q_/#b,k4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ch4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ci4 ,z a special case let u consid] our j>4 ,its capacity is ,c #cgjj1 its pot5tial ,v #aaj2 accord+ly1 its quantity ,q ,,cv #djg1jjj electro/atic units & its en]gy ,w #a_/b,,qv #bb1che1jjj ,c4 ,g4 ,s4 units ( "w4 ,! unit ( "w ( ! ,c4 ,g4 ,s4 sy/em is n readily appreciable by ! s5ses1 nor does x well admit ( repres5tation1 z we are accu/om$ to "w ) weights4 ,let u adopt1 !re=e1 z our unit ( "w ! gramme-c5timetre1 or ! gravitational pressure ( a gramme-weight ?r\gh ! di/ance ( a c5timetre1 :i* 9 r\nd numb]s is #ajjj times great] ?an ! unit assum$ above2 9 ?is case1 our num]ical result w be approximately #ajjj times small]4 ,aga91 if we pass1 z m famili> 9 practice1 to ! kilogramme-metre z our unit ( "w1 our unit1 ! di/ance be+ increas$ a hundr$ fold1 & ! weight a ?\s& fold1 w be #ajj1jjj times l>g]4 ,! num]ical result express+ ! "w done is 9 ?is case #ajj1jjj times less1 be+ 9 r\nd numb]s #j4bb kilogramme-metre4 ,we c obta9 a cle> idea ( ! "w done "h by lett+ a kilogramme-weight fall #bb c5timetres4 ,?is am\nt ( "w1 accord+ly1 is p]=m$ on ! *>g+ ( ! j>1 & on its dis*>ge appe>s aga91 accord+ to ! circum/ances1 p>tly z s\nd1 p>tly z a me*anical disruption ( insulators1 p>tly z light & heat1 & s =?4 ,! l>ge batt]y ( ! ,prague physical laboratory1 ) its sixte5 j>s *>g$ to equal pot5tials1 furni%es1 al?\gh ! effect ( ! dis*>ge is impos+1 a total am\nt ( "w ( only ?ree kilogramme-metres4 ,9 ! developm5t ( ! ideas above laid d[n we are n re/rict$ to ! me?od !re pursu$2 9 fact1 t me?od 0 select$ only z "o especially fitt$ to famili>ise u ) ! ph5om5a4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! connexion ( ! physical processes is s multif>i\s t we c come at ! same ev5t f v diff]5t directions4 ,p>ticul>ly are electrical ph5om5a connect$ ) all o!r physical ev5ts2 & s intimate is ?is connexion t we might ju/ly call ! /udy ( electricity ! !ory ( ! g5]al connexion ( physical processes4 ,) respect to ! pr9ciple ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy :i* unites electrical ) me*anical ph5om5a1 ,i %\ld l to po9t out briefly two ways ( foll[+ up ! /udy ( ?is connexion4 ,a few ye>s ago ,pr(essor ,rosetti1 tak+ an influ5ce-ma*9e1 :i* he set 9 motion by means ( weights alt]nately 9 ! electrical & non-electrical condition ) ! same velocities1 det]m9$ ! me*anical "w exp5d$ 9 ! two cases & 0 ?us enabl$1 aft] d$uct+ ! "w ( friction1 to asc]ta9 ! me*anical "w consum$ 9 ! developm5t ( ! electricity4 ,i myself h made ?is exp]im5t 9 a modifi$1 &1 z ,i ?9k1 m advantage\s =m4 ,in/ead ( det]m9+ ! "w ( friction by special trial1 ,i arrang$ my app>atus s t x 0 elim9at$ ( itself 9 ! measurem5t & c\ld consequ5tly be neglect$4 ,! s-call$ fix$ disk ( ! ma*9e1 ! axis ( :i* is plac$ v]tically1 is susp5d$ some:at l a *&eli] by ?ree v]tical ?reads ( equal l5g?s l at a di/ance r f ! axis4 ,only :5 ! ma*9e is excit$ does ?is fix$ disk1 :i* repres5ts a ,prony's brake1 receive1 ?r\gh its reciprocal action ) ! rotat+ disk1 a deflexion alpha & a mom5t ( torsion :i* is express$ by ,d 7,pr_/l7alpha1 :]e ,p is ! weight ( ! disk4#cg ,! angle alpha is det]m9$ by a mirror set 9 ! disk4 ,! "w exp5d$ 9 n rotations is giv5 by #bnpi,d4 ,if we close ! ma*9e1 z ,rosetti did1 we obta9 a cont9u\s curr5t :i* has all ! prop]ties ( a v weak galvanic curr5t2 = example1 x produces a deflexion 9 a multipli] :i* we int]pose1 & s =?4 ,we c directly asc]ta91 n[1 ! me*anical "w exp5d$ 9 ! ma9t5ance ( ?is curr5t4 ,if we *>ge a j> by means ( a ma*9e1 ! en]gy ( ! j> employ$ 9 ! production ( sp>ks1 9 ! disruption ( ! insulators1 etc41 corresponds to a "p only ( ! me*anical "w exp5d$1 a second "p ( x be+ consum$ 9 ! arc :i* =ms ! circuit4#ch ,?is ma*9e1 ) ! int]pos$ j>1 af=ds 9 m9iature a picture ( ! transf]5ce ( =ce1 or m prop]ly ( "w4 ,& 9 fact ne>ly ! same laws hold "h = ! economical coeffici5t z obta9 = l>ge dynamo-ma*9es4 ,ano!r means ( inve/igat+ electrical en]gy is by its trans=mation into heat4 ,a long "t ago 7#ahch71 be=e ! me*anical !ory ( heat _h atta9$ its pres5t popul>ity1 ,riess p]=m$ exp]im5ts 9 ?is field ) ! help ( 8 electrical air-!rmomet] or !rmo-electromet]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dj4 ,if ! dis*>ge be conduct$ ?r\gh a f9e wire pass+ ?r\gh ! globe ( ! air-!rmomet]1 a developm5t ( heat is obs]v$ proportional to ! expression above-discuss$ ,w #a_/b,,qv4 ,al?\gh ! total en]gy has n yet be5 trans=m$ into measurable heat by ?is means1 9 z mu* z a portion is left beh9d 9 ! sp>k 9 ! air outside ! !rmomet]1 /ill ev]y?+ t5ds to %[ t ! total heat develop$ 9 all p>ts ( ! conductor & along all ! pa?s ( dis*>ge is ! equival5t ( ! "w #a_/b,,qv4 ,x is n important "h :e!r ! electrical en]gy is trans=m$ all at once or p>tly1 by degrees4 ,= example1 if ( two equal j>s "o is *>g$ ) ! quantity ,q at ! pot5tial ,v ! en]gy pres5t is #a_/b,,qv4 ,if ! fir/ j> be dis*>g$ into ! second1 ,v1 s9ce ! capacity is n[ d\bl$1 falls to ,v_/#b4 ,accord+ly1 ! en]gy #a_/d,,qv rema9s1 :ile #a_/d,,qv is trans=m$ 9 ! sp>k ( dis*>ge into heat4 ,! rema9d]1 h[ev]1 is equally di/ribut$ betwe5 ! two j>s s t ea* on dis*>ge is /ill able to trans=m #a_/h,,qv into heat4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we h "h discuss$ electricity 9 ! limit$ ph5om5al =m 9 :i* x 0 kn[n to ! inquir]s be=e ,volta1 & :i* has be5 call$1 p]haps n v felicit\sly1 /atical electricity4 ,x is evid5t1 h[ev]1 t ! nature ( electricity is ev]y:]e "o & ! same2 t a sub/antial diff]5ce betwe5 /atical & galvanic electricity does n exi/4 ,only ! quantitative circum/ances 9 ! two prov9ces are s widely diff]5t t totally new aspects ( ph5om5a may appe> 9 ! second1 = example1 magnetic effects1 :i* 9 ! fir/ rema9$ unnotic$1 :il/1 vice v]sa1 9 ! second field /atical attractions & repulsions are sc>cely appreciable4 ,z a fact1 we c easily %[ ! magnetic effect ( ! curr5t ( dis*>ge ( an influ5ce-ma*9e on ! galvanoscope al?\gh we c\ld h>dly h made ! orig9al discov]y ( ! magnetic effects ) ?is curr5t4 ,! /atical di/ant action ( ! wire poles ( a galvanic elem5t also w\ld h>dly h be5 notic$ _h n ! ph5om5on be5 kn[n f a diff]5t qu>t] 9 a /rik+ =m4 ,if we wi%$ to *>act]ise ! two fields 9 _! *ief & mo/ g5]al features1 we %\ld say t 9 ! fir/1 high pot5tials & small quantities come into play1 9 ! second small pot5tials & l>ge quantities4 ,a j> :i* is dis*>g+ & a galvanic elem5t deport !mselves some:at l an air-gun & ! bell[s ( an organ4 ,! fir/ gives =? sudd5ly "u a v high pressure a small quantity ( air2 ! latt] lib]ates gradually "u a v slight pressure a l>ge quantity ( air4 ,9 po9t ( pr9ciple1 too1 no?+ prev5ts our reta9+ ! electro/atical units 9 ! doma9 ( galvanic electricity & 9 measur+1 = example1 ! /r5g? ( a curr5t by ! numb] ( electro/atic units :i* fl[ p] second ?r\gh its cross-section4 ,b ?is w\ld be 9 a d\ble aspect impractical4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 we %\ld totally neglect ! magnetic facilities = measurem5t s conv5i5tly (f]$ by ! curr5t1 & sub/itute = ?is easy means a me?od :i* c be appli$ only ) difficulty & is n capable ( great exactness4 ,9 ! second place our units w\ld be mu* too small1 & we %\ld f9d ourselves 9 ! pr$icam5t ( ! a/ronom] :o attempt$ to measure cele/ial di/ances 9 metres in/ead ( 9 radii ( ! e>? & ! e>?'s orbit2 = ! curr5t :i* by ! magnetic ,c4 ,g4 ,s4 /&>d repres5ts ! unit1 w\ld require a fl[ ( "s #cj1jjj1jjj1jjj electro/atic units p] second ?r\gh its cross-section4 ,accord+ly1 diff]5t units mu/ be adopt$ "h4 ,! developm5t ( ?is po9t1 h[ev]1 lies beyond my pres5t task4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #bf3 ,a lecture deliv]$ at ! ,int]national ,electrical ,exhibition1 9 ,vi5na1 on ,septemb] #d1 #ahhc4 ,footnote #bg3 ,if ! two bodies 7 oppositely electrifi$ !y w\ld ex]t attractions ^u ea* o!r4 ,footnote #bh3 ,! quantity :i* fl[s (f is 9 po9t ( fact less ?an q4 ,x w\ld be equal to ! quantity q only if ! inn] coat+ ( ! j> 7 :olly encompass$ by ! out] coat+4 ,footnote #bi3 ,rigor\sly1 ( c\rse1 ?is is n correct4 ,fir/1 x is to be not$ t ! j> ,l is dis*>g$ simultane\sly ) ! electrode ( ! ma*9e4 ,! j> ,f1 on ! o!r h&1 is always dis*>g$ simultane\sly ) ! out] coat+ ( ! j> ,l4 ,h5ce1 if we call ! capacity ( ! electrode ( ! ma*9e ,e1 t ( ! unit j> ,l1 t ( ! out] coat+ ( ,l1 ,a1 & t ( ! pr9cipal j> ,f1 !n ?is equation w\ld exi/ = ! example 9 ! text3 7,f ,a7_/7,l ,e7 #e4 ,a cause ( fur!r dep>ture f absolute exactness is ! residual *>ge4 ,footnote #cj3 ,mak+ all[ance = ! corrections indicat$ 9 ! prec$+ footnote1 ,i h obta9$ = ! dielectric con/ant ( sulphur ! numb] #c4b1 :i* agrees practically ) ! results obta9$ by m delicate me?ods4 ,= ! highe/ atta9able precision "o %\ld by rights imm]se ! two plates ( ! cond5s] fir/ :olly 9 air & !n :olly 9 sulphur1 if ! ratio ( ! capacities is to correspond to ! dielectric con/ant4 ,9 po9t ( fact1 h[ev]1 ! error :i* arises f ins]t+ simply a plate ( sulphur t exactly fills ! space betwe5 ! two plates1 is ( no consequ5ce4 ,footnote #ca3 ,z ?is def9ition 9 its simple =m is apt to give rise to misund]/&+s1 elucidations are usually add$ to x4 ,x is cle> t we _c lift a quantity ( electricity to ,k1 )\t *ang+ ! di/ribution on ,k & ! pot5tial on ,k4 ,h5ce1 ! *>ges on ,k mu/ be conceiv$ z fix$1 & s small a quantity rais$ t no appreciable *ange is produc$ by x4 ,tak+ ! "w ?us exp5d$ z _m times z ! small quantity 9 "q is conta9$ 9 ! unit ( quantity1 we %all obta9 ! pot5tial4 ,! pot5tial ( a body ,k may be briefly & precisely def9$ z foll[s3 ,if we exp5d ! elem5t ( "w d,w to raise ! elem5t ( positive quantity d,q f ! e>? to ! conductor1 ! pot5tial ( a conductor ,k w be giv5 by ,v d,w_/d,q4 ,footnote #cb3 ,9 ?is article ! solidus or slant /roke is us$ = ! usual fractional sign ( division4 ,:]e plus or m9us signs occur 9 ! num]ator or d5om9ator1 brackets or a v9culum is us$4--,tr4 ,footnote #cc3 ,a sort ( agreem5t exi/s betwe5 ! notions ( !rmal & electrical capacity1 b ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two ideas also %\ld be c>efully borne 9 m9d4 ,! !rmal capacity ( a body dep5ds solely ^u t body itself4 ,! electrical capacity ( a body ,k is influ5c$ by all bodies 9 its vic9ity1 inasmu* z ! *>ge ( ^! bodies is able to alt] ! pot5tial ( ,k4 ,to give1 !re=e1 an unequivocal significance to ! notion ( ! capacity 7,c7 ( a body ,k1 ,c is def9$ z ! relation ,q_/,v = ! body ,k 9 a c]ta9 giv5 position ( all neighbor+ bodies1 & dur+ connexion ( all neighbor+ conductors ) ! e>?4 ,9 practice ! situation is mu* simpl]4 ,! capacity1 = example1 ( a j>1 ! inn] coat+ ( :i* is almo/ envelop$ by its out] coat+1 communicat+ ) ! gr\nd1 is n s5sibly affect$ by *>g$ or un*>g$ adjac5t conductors4 ,footnote #cd3 ,^! =mul easily foll[ f ,newton's !orem t a homog5e\s sph]ical %ell1 ^: elem5ts obey ! law ( ! inv]se squ>es1 ex]ts no =ce :atev] on po9ts )9 x b acts on po9ts )\t z if ! :ole mass 7 conc5trat$ at its c5tre4 ,! =mul next adduc$ also fl[ f ?is proposition4 ,footnote #ce3 ,! en]gy ( a sph]e ( radius r *>g$ ) ! quantity q is #a_/b7q_/r74 ,if ! radius increase by ! space dr a loss ( en]gy occurs1 & ! "w done is #a_/b7q_/r7dr4 ,lett+ p d5ote ! uni=m electrical pressure on unit ( surface ( ! sph]e1 ! "w done is also #drpipdr4 ,h5ce p 7#a_/hrpi77q_/r74 ,subject$ to ! same sup]ficial pressure on all sides1 say 9 a fluid1 our half sph]e w\ld be an equilibrium4 ,h5ce we mu/ make ! pressure p act on ! surface ( ! great circle to obta9 ! effect on ! balance1 :i* is rpip #a_/h7q_/r7 #a_/h,v4 ,footnote #cf3 ,! arrangem5t describ$ is = sev]al reasons n fitt$ = ! actual measurem5t ( pot5tial4 ,?omson's absolute electromet] is bas$ ^u an +5i\s modification ( ! electrical balance ( ,h>ris & ,volta4 ,( two l>ge plane p>allel plates1 "o communicates ) ! e>?1 :ile ! o!r is br\ght to ! pot5tial to be measur$4 ,a small movable sup]ficial portion f ( ?is la/ hangs f ! balance = ! det]m9ation ( ! attraction ,p4 ,! di/ance ( ! plates f ea* o!r be+ ,d we get ,v ,dsqrt7#hpi,p_/f74 ,footnote #cg3 ,?is mom5t ( torsion ne$s a supplem5t>y correction1 on acc\nt ( ! v]tical electric attraction ( ! excit$ disks4 ,?is is done by *ang+ ! weight ( ! disk by means ( additional weights & by mak+ a second read+ ( ! angles ( deflexion4 ,footnote #ch3 ,! j> 9 our exp]im5t acts l an accumulator1 be+ *>g$ by a dynamo ma*9e4 ,! relation :i* obta9s betwe5 ! exp5d$ & ! available "w may be ga!r$ f ! foll[+ simple exposition4 ,a ,holtz ma*9e ,h 7,fig4 #dj7 is *>g+ a unit j> ,l1 :i* aft] n dis*>ges ( quantity q & pot5tial v1 *>ges ! j> ,f ) ! quantity ,q at ! pot5tial ,v4 ,! en]gy ( ! unit-j> dis*>ges is lo/ & t ( ! j> ,f alone is left4 ,h5ce ! ratio ( ! available "w to ! total "w exp5d$ is ,,qv_/,,qv 7n_/#b7qv & z ,q nq1 also ,v_/7,v v74 ,if1 n[1 we int]pose no unit j>1 /ill ! p>ts ( ! ma*9e & ! wires ( conduction are !mselves virtually su* unit j>s & ! =mula /ill subsi/s ,v_/7,v sumv71 9 :i* sumv repres5ts ! sum ( all ! successively introduc$ diff]5ces ( pot5tial 9 ! circuit ( connexion4 ,,on ,,! ,,pr9ciple ,,( ,,! ,,cons]vation ,,( ,,en]gy4#ci ,9 a popul> lecture1 di/+ui%$ = its *>m+ simplicity & cle>ness1 :i* ,j\le deliv]$ 9 ! ye> #ahdg1dj t fam\s physici/ decl>es t ! liv+ =ce :i* a heavy body has acquir$ by its desc5t ?r\gh a c]ta9 height & :i* x c>ries ) x 9 ! =m ( ! velocity ) :i* x is impress$1 is ! equival5t ( ! attraction ( gravity ?r\gh ! space fall5 ?r\gh1 & t x w\ld be absurd to assume t ?is liv+ =ce c\ld be de/roy$ )\t "s re/itution ( t equival5t4 ,he !n adds3 ,y w !re=e be surpris$ to he> t until v rec5tly ! univ]sal op9ion has be5 t liv+ =ce c\ld be absolutely & irrevocably de/roy$ at any "o's option4 ,let u add t to-day1 aft] =ty-sev5 ye>s1 ! law ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy1 :]ev] civilisation exi/s1 is accept$ z a fully e/abli%$ tru? & receives ! wide/ applications 9 all doma9s ( natural sci5ce4 ,! fate ( all mom5t\s discov]ies is simil>4 ,on _! fir/ appe>ance !y are reg>d$ by ! majority ( m5 z errors4 ,j4 ,r4 ,may]'s "w on ! pr9ciple ( en]gy 7#ahdb7 0 reject$ by ! fir/ physical j\rnal ( ,g]many2 ,helmholtz's treatise 7#ahdg7 met ) no bett] success2 & ev5 ,j\le1 to judge f an intimation ( ,playfair1 seems to h enc\nt]$ difficulties ) 8 fir/ publication 7#ahdc74 ,gradually1 h[ev]1 p are l$ to see t ! new view 0 long prep>$ = & ready = enunciation1 only t a few favor$ m9ds _h p]ceiv$ x mu* e>li] ?an ! re/1 & 9 ?is way ! opposition ( ! majority is ov]come4 ,) pro(s ( ! fruitfulness ( ! new view1 ) its success1 confid5ce 9 x increases4 ,! majority ( ! m5 :o employ x _c ent] into a deep-go+ analysis ( x2 = !m1 its success is its pro(4 ,x c ?us happ5 t a view :i* has l$ to ! greate/ discov]ies1 l ,black's !ory ( caloric1 9 a subsequ5t p]iod 9 a prov9ce :]e x does n apply may actually become an ob/acle to progress by its bl9d+ our eyes to facts :i* d n fit 9 ) our favorite conceptions4 ,if a !ory is to be protect$ f ?is dubi\s rle1 ! gr\nds & motives ( its evolution & exi/5ce mu/ be exam9$ f "t to "t ) ! utmo/ c>e4 ,! mo/ multif>i\s physical *anges1 !rmal1 electrical1 *emical1 & s =?1 c be br\ght ab\t by me*anical "w4 ,:5 su* alt]ations are rev]s$ !y yield anew ! me*anical "w 9 exactly ! quantity :i* 0 requir$ = ! production ( ! "p rev]s$4 ,?is is ! pr9ciple ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy2 en]gy be+ ! t]m :i* has gradually come into use = t inde/ructible some?+ ( :i* ! measure is me*anical "w4 ,h[ did we acquire ?is idea8 ,:at are ! s\rces f :i* we h drawn x8 ,?is "q is n only ( int]e/ 9 itself1 b also = ! important reason above t\*$ ^u4 ,! op9ions :i* are held conc]n+ ! f\ndations ( ! law ( en]gy /ill div]ge v widely f "o ano!r4 ,_m trace ! pr9ciple to ! impossibility ( a p]petual motion1 :i* !y reg>d ei!r z suffici5tly prov$ by exp]i5ce1 or z self-evid5t4 ,9 ! prov9ce ( pure me*anics ! impossibility ( a p]petual motion1 or ! cont9u\s production ( "w )\t "s p]man5t alt]ation1 is easily demon/rat$4 ,accord+ly1 if we />t f ! !ory t all physical processes are purely me*anical processes1 motions ( molecules & atoms1 we embrace also1 by ?is me*anical conception ( physics1 ! impossibility ( a p]petual motion 9 ! :ole physical doma94 ,at pres5t ?is view probably c\nts ! mo/ adh]5ts4 ,o!r inquir]s1 h[ev]1 are = accept+ only a purely exp]im5tal e/abli%m5t ( ! law ( en]gy4 ,x w appe>1 f ! discussion to foll[1 t all ! factors m5tion$ h co-op]at$ 9 ! developm5t ( ! view 9 "q2 b t 9 addition to !m a logical & purely =mal factor1 hi!rto little consid]$1 has also play$ a v important "p4 ,i4 ,,! ,,pr9ciple ,,( ,,! ,,exclud$ ,,p]petual ,,motion4 ,! law ( en]gy 9 its mod]n =m is n id5tical ) ! pr9ciple ( ! exclud$ p]petual motion1 b x is v closely relat$ to x4 ,! latt] pr9ciple1 h[ev]1 is by no means new1 = 9 ! prov9ce ( me*anics x has controll$ = c5turies ! ?\ghts & inve/igations ( ! greate/ ?9k]s4 ,let u conv9ce ourselves ( ?is by ! /udy ( a few hi/orical examples4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #da4 ,s4 ,/ev9us1 9 8 fam\s "w ,hypomnemata ma!matica1 ,tom4 ,,iv1 ,de /atica1 7,leyd51 #afje1 p4 #cd71 treats ( ! equilibrium ( bodies on incl9$ planes4 ,ov] a triangul> prism ,,abc1 "o side ( :i*1 ,,ac1 is horizontal1 an endless cord or *a9 is slung1 to :i* at equal di/ances ap>t f\rte5 balls ( equal weight are atta*$1 z repres5t$ 9 cross-section 9 ,figure #da4 ,s9ce we c imag9e ! l[] symmetrical "p ( ! cord ,,abc tak5 away1 ,/ev9us concludes t ! f\r balls on ,,ab hold 9 equilibrium ! two balls on ,,bc4 ,= if ! equilibrium 7 = a mom5t di/urb$1 x c\ld nev] subsi/3 ! cord w\ld keep mov+ r\nd =ev] 9 ! same direction1--we %\ld h a p]petual motion4 ,he says3 ,b if ?is took place1 our r[ or r+ ( balls w\ld come once m into _! orig9al position1 & f ! same cause ! eight globes to ! left w\ld aga9 be heavi] ?an ! six to ! "r1 & !re=e ^? eight w\ld s9k a second "t & ^! six rise1 & all ! globes w\ld keep up1 ( !mselves1 a cont9u\s & un5d+ motion1 :i* is false4#da ,/ev9us1 n[1 easily d]ives f ?is pr9ciple ! laws ( equilibrium on ! incl9$ plane & num]\s o!r fruitful consequ5ces4 ,9 ! *apt] ,hydro/atics ( ! same "w1 page #aad1 ,/ev9us sets up ! foll[+ pr9ciple3 ,aquam datam1 datum sibi intra aquam locum s]v>e1--a giv5 mass ( wat] pres]ves )9 wat] its giv5 place4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #db4 ,?is pr9ciple is demon/rat$ z foll[s 7see ,fig4 #db73 ,=1 assum+ x to be possible by natural means1 let u suppose t ,a does n pres]ve ! place assign$ to x1 b s9ks d[n to ,d4 ,?is be+ posit$1 ! wat] :i* succe$s ,a w1 = ! same reason1 also fl[ d[n to ,d2 ,a w be =c$ out ( its place 9 ,d2 & ?us ?is body ( wat]1 = ! conditions 9 x are ev]y:]e ! same1 w set up a p]petual motion1 :i* is absurd4#db ,f ?is all ! pr9ciples ( hydro/atics are d$uc$4 ,on ?is occasion ,/ev9us also fir/ develops ! ?\ght s fruitful = mod]n analytical me*anics t ! equilibrium ( a sy/em is n de/roy$ by ! addition ( rigid connexions4 ,z we "k1 ! pr9ciple ( ! cons]vation ( ! c5tre ( gravity is n[ sometimes d$uc$ f ,d',alemb]t's pr9ciple ) ! help ( t rem>k4 ,if we 7 to reproduce ,/ev9us's demon/ration to-day1 we %\ld h to *ange x slightly4 ,we f9d no difficulty 9 imag9+ ! cord on ! prism possess$ ( un5d+ uni=m motion if all h9drances are ?\ght away1 b we %\ld prote/ aga9/ ! assumption ( an accel]at$ motion or ev5 aga9/ t ( a uni=m motion1 if ! resi/ances 7 n remov$4 ,moreov]1 = great] precision ( pro(1 ! /r+ ( balls might be replac$ by a heavy homog5e\s cord ( inf9ite flexibility4 ,b all ?is does n affect 9 ! lea/ ! hi/orical value ( ,/ev9us's ?\ghts4 ,x is a fact1 ,/ev9us d$uces app>5tly mu* simpl] tru?s f ! pr9ciple ( an impossible p]petual motion4 ,9 ! process ( ?\ght :i* conduct$ ,galileo to 8 discov]ies at ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 ! foll[+ pr9ciple plays an important "p1 t a body 9 virtue ( ! velocity acquir$ 9 its desc5t c rise exactly z high z x fell4 ,?is pr9ciple1 :i* appe>s frequ5tly & ) mu* cle>ness 9 ,galileo's ?\ght1 is simply ano!r =m ( ! pr9ciple ( exclud$ p]petual motion1 z we %all see x is also 9 ,huyg5s4 ,galileo1 z we "k1 arriv$ at ! law ( uni=mly accel]at$ motion by a priori consid]ations1 z t law :i* 0 ! simple/ & mo/ natural1 aft] hav+ fir/ assum$ a diff]5t law :i* he 0 compell$ to reject4 ,to v]ify 8 law he execut$ exp]im5ts ) fall+ bodies on incl9$ planes1 measur+ ! times ( desc5t by ! weights ( ! wat] :i* fl[$ out ( a small orifice 9 a l>ge vessel4 ,9 ?is exp]im5t he assumes z a fundam5tal pr9ciple1 t ! velocity acquir$ 9 desc5t d[n an incl9$ plane always corresponds to ! v]tical height desc5d$ ?r\gh1 a conclusion :i* = him is ! imm$iate outcome ( ! fact t a body :i* has fall5 d[n "o incl9$ plane c1 ) ! velocity x has acquir$1 rise on ano!r plane ( any incl9ation only to ! same v]tical height4 ,?is pr9ciple ( ! height ( asc5t also l$ him1 z x seems1 to ! law ( in]tia4 ,let u he> 8 own ma/]ful words 9 ! ,dialogo t]zo 7,op]e1 ,padova1 #agdd1 ,tom4 ,,iii74 ,on page #if we read3 ,i take x = grant$ t ! velocities acquir$ by a body 9 desc5t d[n planes ( diff]5t incl9ations are equal if ! heights ( ^? planes are equal4#dc ,!n he makes ,salviati say 9 ! dialogue3#dd ,:at y say seems v probable1 b ,i wi% to g fur!r & by an exp]im5t s to increase ! probability ( x t x %all am\nt almo/ to absolute demon/ration4 ,suppose ?is %eet ( pap] to be a v]tical wall1 & f a nail driv5 9 x a ball ( lead weigh+ two or ?ree ounces to hang by a v f9e ?read ,,ab f\r or five feet long4 7,fig4 #dc47 ,on ! wall m>k a horizontal l9e ,,dc p]p5dicul> to ! v]tical ,,ab1 :i* latt] ought to hang ab\t two in*es f ! wall4 ,if n[ ! ?read ,,ab ) ! ball atta*$ take ! position ,,ac & ! ball be let g1 y w see ! ball fir/ desc5d ?r\gh ! arc ,,cb & pass+ beyond ,b rise ?r\gh ! arc ,,bd almo/ to ! level ( ! l9e ,,cd1 be+ prev5t$ f rea*+ x exactly by ! resi/ance ( ! air & ( ! ?read4 ,f ?is we may truly conclude t its impetus at ! po9t ,b1 acquir$ by its desc5t ?r\gh ! arc ,,cb1 is suffici5t to urge x ?r\gh a simil> arc ,,bd to ! same height4 ,hav+ p]=m$ ?is exp]im5t & repeat$ x sev]al times1 let u drive 9 ! wall1 9 ! projection ( ! v]tical ,,ab1 z at ,e or at ,f1 a nail five or six in*es long1 s t ! ?read ,,ac1 c>ry+ z be=e ! ball ?r\gh ! arc ,,cb1 at ! mom5t x rea*es ! position ,,ab1 %all /rike ! nail ,e1 & ! ball be ?us compell$ to move up ! arc ,,bg describ$ ab\t ,e z c5tre4 ,!n we %all see :at ! same impetus w "h accompli%1 acquir$ n[ z be=e at ! same po9t ,b1 :i* !n drove ! same mov+ body ?r\gh ! arc ,,bd to ! height ( ! horizontal ,,cd4 ,n[ g5tlem51 y w be pleas$ to see ! ball rise to ! horizontal l9e at ! po9t ,g1 & ! same ?+ also happ5 if ! nail be plac$ l[] z at ,f1 9 :i* case ! ball w\ld describe ! arc ,,bj1 always t]m9at+ its asc5t precisely at ! l9e ,,cd4 ,if ! nail be plac$ s l[ t ! l5g? ( ?read bel[ x does n rea* to ! height ( ,,cd 7:i* w\ld happ5 if ,f 7 ne>] ,b ?an to ! int]section ( ,,ab ) ! horizontal ,,cd71 !n ! ?read w w9d itself ab\t ! nail4 ,?is exp]im5t leaves no room = d\bt z to ! tru? ( ! supposition4 ,= z ! two arcs ,,cb1 ,,db are equal & simil>ly situat$1 ! mom5tum acquir$ 9 ! desc5t ( ! arc ,,cb is ! same z t acquir$ 9 ! desc5t ( ! arc ,,db2 b ! mom5tum acquir$ at ,b by ! desc5t ?r\gh ! arc ,,cb is capable ( driv+ up ! same mov+ body ?r\gh ! arc ,,bd2 h5ce also ! mom5tum acquir$ 9 ! desc5t ,,db is equal to t :i* drives ! same mov+ body ?r\gh ! same arc f ,b to ,d1 s t 9 g5]al e mom5tum acquir$ 9 ! desc5t ( an arc is equal to t :i* causes ! same mov+ body to asc5d ?r\gh ! same arc2 b all ! mom5ta :i* cause ! asc5t ( all ! arcs ,,bd1 ,,bg1 ,,bj1 are equal s9ce !y are made by ! same mom5tum acquir$ 9 ! desc5t ,,cb1 z ! exp]im5t %[s3 !re=e all ! mom5ta acquir$ 9 ! desc5t ( ! arcs ,,db1 ,,gb1 ,,jb are equal4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dc4 ,! rem>k relative to ! p5dulum may be appli$ to ! incl9$ plane & leads to ! law ( in]tia4 ,we read on page #abd3de ,x is pla9 n[ t a movable body1 />t+ f re/ at ,a & desc5d+ d[n ! incl9$ plane ,,ab1 acquires a velocity proportional to ! increm5t ( its "t3 ! velocity possess$ at ,b is ! greate/ ( ! velocities acquir$1 & by its nature immutably impress$1 provid$ all causes ( new accel]ation or ret>dation are tak5 away3 ,i say accel]ation1 hav+ 9 view its possible fur!r progress along ! plane ext5d$2 ret>dation1 9 view ( ! possibility ( its be+ rev]s$ & made to m\nt ! asc5d+ plane ,,bc4 ,b 9 ! horizontal plane ,,gh its equable motion1 accord+ to its velocity z acquir$ 9 ! desc5t f ,a to ,b1 w be cont9u$ ad inf9itum4 7,fig4 #dd47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dd4 ,huyg5s1 ^u ^: %\ld]s ! mantel ( ,galileo fell1 =ms a %>p] conception ( ! law ( in]tia & g5]alises ! pr9ciple respect+ ! heights ( asc5t :i* 0 s fruitful 9 ,galileo's h&s4 ,he employs ! latt] pr9ciple 9 ! solution ( ! problem ( ! c5tre ( oscillation & is p]fectly cle> 9 ! /atem5t t ! pr9ciple respect+ ! heights ( asc5t is id5tical ) ! pr9ciple ( ! exclud$ p]petual motion4 ,! foll[+ important passages !n occur 7,hug5ii1 ,horologium oscillatorium1 p>s secunda74 ,hypo!ses3 ,if gravity did n exi/1 nor ! atmosph]e ob/ruct ! motions ( bodies1 a body w\ld keep up =ev] ! motion once impress$ ^u x1 ) equable velocity1 9 a /raight l9e4#df ,9 "p f\r ( ! ,horologium de c5tro oscillationis we read3 ,if any numb] ( weights be set 9 motion by ! =ce ( gravity1 ! common c5tre ( gravity ( ! weights z a :ole _c possibly rise high] ?an ! place :i* x occupi$ :5 ! motion began4 ,t ?is hypo!sis ( ours may ar\se no scruples1 we w /ate t x simply imports1 :at no "o has ev] d5i$1 t heavy bodies d n move upw>ds4--,& truly if ! devis]s ( ! new ma*9es :o make su* futile attempts to con/ruct a p]petual motion w\ld acqua9t !mselves ) ?is pr9ciple1 !y c\ld easily be br\ght to see _! errors & to und]/& t ! ?+ is utt]ly impossible by me*anical means4#dg ,!re is possibly a ,jesuitical m5tal res]vation conta9$ 9 ! words me*anical means4 ,"o might be l$ to believe f !m t ,huyg5s held a non-me*anical p]petual motion = possible4 ,! g5]alisation ( ,galileo's pr9ciple is /ill m cle>ly put 9 ,prop4 ,,iv ( ! same *apt]3 ,if a p5dulum1 compos$ ( sev]al weights1 set 9 motion f re/1 complete any "p ( its full oscillation1 & f t po9t onw>ds1 ! individual weights1 ) _! common connexions dissolv$1 *ange _! acquir$ velocities upw>ds & asc5d z f> z !y c1 ! common c5tre ( gravity ( all w be c>ri$ up to ! same altitude ) t :i* x occupi$ be=e ! beg9n+ ( ! oscillation4#dh ,on ?is la/ pr9ciple n[1 :i* is a g5]alisation1 appli$ to a sy/em ( masses1 ( "o ( ,galileo's ideas respect+ a s+le mass & :i* f ,huyg5s's explanation we recognise z ! pr9ciple ( exclud$ p]petual motion1 ,huyg5s gr\nds 8 !ory ( ! c5tre ( oscillation4 ,lagrange *>act]ises ?is pr9ciple z prec>i\s & is rejoic$ at ,james ,b]n\lli's successful attempt1 9 #afha1 to r$uce ! !ory ( ! c5tre ( oscillation to ! laws ( ! lev]1 :i* appe>$ to him cle>]4 ,all ! great inquir]s ( ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies broke a lance on ?is problem1 & x l$ ultimately1 9 conjunction ) ! pr9ciple ( virtual velocities1 to ! pr9ciple enunciat$ by ,d',alemb]t 9 #agdc 9 8 ,trait de dynamique1 ?\gh previ\sly employ$ 9 a some:at diff]5t =m by ,eul] & ,h]mann4 ,fur!rmore1 ! ,huyg5ian pr9ciple respect+ ! heights ( asc5t became ! f\ndation ( ! law ( ! cons]vation ( liv+ =ce1 z t 0 enunciat$ by ,john & ,daniel ,b]n\lli & employ$ ) su* signal success by ! latt] 9 8 ,hydrodynamics4 ,! !orems ( ! ,b]n\llis diff] 9 =m only f ,lagrange's expression 9 ! ,analytical ,me*anics4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ,torricelli rea*$ 8 fam\s law ( efflux = liquids leads aga9 to our pr9ciple4 ,torricelli assum$ t ! liquid :i* fl[s out ( ! basal orifice ( a vessel _c by its velocity ( efflux asc5d to a great] height ?an its level 9 ! vessel4 ,let u next consid] a po9t :i* belongs to pure me*anics1 ! hi/ory ( ! pr9ciple ( virtual motions or virtual velocities4 ,?is pr9ciple 0 n fir/ enunciat$1 z is usually /at$1 & z ,lagrange also ass]ts1 by ,galileo1 b e>li]1 by ,/ev9us4 ,9 8 ,tro*leo/atica ( ! above-cit$ "w1 page #gb1 he says3 ,obs]ve t ?is axiom ( /atics holds good "h3 ,z ! space ( ! body act+ is to ! space ( ! body act$ ^u1 s is ! p[] ( ! body act$ ^u to ! p[] ( ! body act+4#di ,galileo1 z we "k1 recognis$ ! tru? ( ! pr9ciple 9 ! consid]ation ( ! simple ma*9es1 & also d$uc$ ! laws ( ! equilibrium ( liquids f x4 ,torricelli c>ries ! pr9ciple back to ! prop]ties ( ! c5tre ( gravity4 ,! condition controll+ equilibrium 9 a simple ma*9e1 9 :i* p[] & load are repres5t$ by weights1 is t ! common c5tre ( gravity ( ! weights %all n s9k4 ,conv]sely1 if ! c5tre ( gravity _c s9k equilibrium obta9s1 because heavy bodies ( !mselves d n move upw>ds4 ,9 ?is =m ! pr9ciple ( virtual velocities is id5tical ) ,huyg5s's pr9ciple ( ! impossibility ( a p]petual motion4 ,john ,b]n\lli1 9 #agag1 fir/ p]ceiv$ ! univ]sal import ( ! pr9ciple ( virtual movem5ts = all sy/ems2 a discov]y /at$ 9 a lett] to ,v>ignon4 ,f9ally1 ,lagrange gives a g5]al demon/ration ( ! pr9ciple & f\nds ^u x 8 :ole ,analytical ,me*anics4 ,b ?is g5]al demon/ration is bas$ aft] all ^u ,huyg5s & ,torricelli's rem>ks4 ,lagrange1 z is kn[n1 conceives simple pulleys arrang$ 9 ! directions ( ! =ces ( ! sy/em1 passes a cord ?r\gh ^! pulleys1 & app5ds to its free extremity a weight :i* is a common measure ( all ! =ces ( ! sy/em4 ,) no difficulty1 n[1 ! numb] ( elem5ts ( ea* pulley may be s *os5 t ! =ces 9 "q %all be replac$ by !m4 ,x is !n cle> t if ! weight at ! extremity _c s9k1 equilibrium subsi/s1 because heavy bodies _c ( !mselves move upw>ds4 ,if we d n g s f>1 b wi% to abide by ,torricelli's idea1 we may conceive e individual =ce ( ! sy/em replac$ by a special weight susp5d$ f a cord pass+ ov] a pulley 9 ! direction ( ! =ce & atta*$ at its po9t ( application4 ,equilibrium subsi/s !n :5 ! common c5tre ( gravity ( all ! weights toge!r _c s9k4 ,! fundam5tal supposition ( ?is demon/ration is pla9ly ! impossibility ( a p]petual motion4 ,lagrange tri$ 9 e way to supply a pro( free f extrane\s elem5ts & fully satisfactory1 b )\t complete success4 ,nor 7 8 successors m =tunate4 ,! :ole ( me*anics1 ?us1 is bas$ ^u an idea1 :i*1 ?\gh unequivocal1 is yet unwont$ & n coequal ) ! o!r pr9ciples & axioms ( me*anics4 ,e /ud5t ( me*anics1 at "s /age ( 8 progress1 feels ! uncom=tabl5ess ( ?is /ate ( affairs2 e "o wi%es x remov$2 b seldom is ! difficulty /at$ 9 words4 ,accord+ly1 ! zeal\s pupil ( ! sci5ce is highly rejoic$ :5 he reads 9 a ma/] l ,po9sot 7,?orie gnrale de l'quilibre et du m\vem5t des sy/mes7 ! foll[+ passage1 9 :i* t au?or is giv+ 8 op9ion ( ! ,analytical ,me*anics3 ,9 ! meantime1 because our att5tion 9 t "w 0 fir/ :olly engross$ ) ! consid]ation ( its beautiful developm5t ( me*anics1 :i* seem$ to spr+ complete f a s+le =mula1 we naturally believ$ t ! sci5ce 0 complet$ or t x only rema9$ to seek ! demon/ration ( ! pr9ciple ( virtual velocities4 ,b t que/ br\ght back all ! difficulties t we _h ov]come by ! pr9ciple itself4 ,t law s g5]al1 :]e9 are m+l$ ! vague & unfamili> ideas ( inf9itely small movem5ts & ( p]turbations ( equilibrium1 only grew obscure ^u exam9ation2 & ! "w ( ,lagrange supply+ no?+ cle>] ?an ! m>* ( analysis1 we saw pla9ly t ! cl\ds _h only appe>$ lift$ f ! c\rse ( me*anics because !y _h1 s to speak1 be5 ga!r$ at ! v orig9 ( t sci5ce4 ,at bottom1 a g5]al demon/ration ( ! pr9ciple ( virtual velocities w\ld be equival5t to ! e/abli%m5t ( ! :ole ( me*anics ^u a diff]5t basis3 = ! demon/ration ( a law :i* embraces a :ole sci5ce is nei!r m nor less ?an ! r$uction ( t sci5ce to ano!r law j z g5]al1 b evid5t1 or at lea/ m simple ?an ! fir/1 & :i*1 consequ5tly1 w\ld r5d] t useless4#ej ,accord+ to ,po9sot1 !re=e1 a pro( ( ! pr9ciple ( virtual movem5ts is tantam\nt to a total rehabilitation ( me*anics4 ,ano!r circum/ance ( discom=t to ! ma!matician is1 t 9 ! hi/orical =m 9 :i* me*anics at pres5t exi/s1 dynamics is f\nd$ on /atics1 :]eas x is desirable t 9 a sci5ce :i* pret5ds to d$uctive complet5ess ! m special /atical !orems %\ld be d$ucible f ! m g5]al dynamical pr9ciples4 ,9 fact1 a great ma/]1 ,gauss1 gave expression to ?is desire 9 8 pres5tm5t ( ! pr9ciple ( lea/ con/ra9t 7,crelle's ,j\rnal fr re9e und angew&te ,ma!matik1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #bcc7 9 ! foll[+ words3 ,prop] z x is t 9 ! gradual developm5t ( a sci5ce1 & 9 ! in/ruction ( individuals1 ! easy %\ld prec$e ! difficult1 ! simple ! complex1 ! special ! g5]al1 yet ! m9d1 :5 once x has rea*$ a high] po9t ( view1 dem&s ! contr>y c\rse1 9 :i* all /atics %all appe> simply z a special case ( me*anics4 ,gauss's own pr9ciple1 n[1 possesses all ! requisites ( univ]sality1 b its difficulty is t x is n imm$iately intelligible & t ,gauss d$uc$ x ) ! help ( ,d',alemb]t's pr9ciple1 a proc$ure :i* left matt]s :]e !y 7 be=e4 ,:5ce1 n[1 is d]iv$ ?is /range "p :i* ! pr9ciple ( virtual motion plays 9 me*anics8 ,= ! pres5t ,i %all only make ?is reply4 ,x w\ld be difficult = me to tell ! diff]5ce ( impression :i* ,lagrange's pro( ( ! pr9ciple made on me :5 ,i fir/ took x up z a /ud5t & :5 ,i subsequ5tly resum$ x aft] hav+ made hi/orical rese>*es4 ,x fir/ appe>$ to me insipid1 *iefly on acc\nt ( ! pulleys & ! cords :i* did n fit 9 ) ! ma!matical view1 & ^: action ,i w\ld mu* r h discov]$ f ! pr9ciple itself ?an h tak5 = grant$4 ,b n[ t ,i h /udi$ ! hi/ory ( ! sci5ce ,i _c imag9e a m beautiful demon/ration4 ,9 fact1 ?r\gh all me*anics x is ?is self-same pr9ciple ( exclud$ p]petual motion :i* accompli%es almo/ all1 :i* displeas$ ,lagrange1 b :i* he /ill _h to employ1 at lea/ tacitly1 9 8 own demon/ration4 ,if we give ?is pr9ciple its prop] place & sett+1 ! p>adox is expla9$4 ,! pr9ciple ( exclud$ p]petual motion is ?us no new discov]y2 x has be5 ! guid+ idea1 = ?ree hundr$ ye>s1 ( all ! great inquir]s4 ,b ! pr9ciple _c prop]ly be bas$ ^u me*anical p]ceptions4 ,= long be=e ! developm5t ( me*anics ! conviction ( its tru? exi/$ & ev5 contribut$ to t developm5t4 ,its p[] ( conviction1 !re=e1 mu/ h m univ]sal & deep] roots4 ,we %all rev]t to ?is po9t4 ,,ii4 ,,me*anical ,,physics4 ,x _c be d5i$ t an unmi/akable t5d5cy has prevail$1 f ,democritus to ! pres5t day1 to expla9 all physical ev5ts me*anically4 ,n to m5tion e>li] obscure expressions ( t t5d5cy we read 9 ,huyg5s ! foll[+3#ea ,!re c be no d\bt t light consi/s ( ! motion ( a c]ta9 sub/ance4 ,= if we exam9e its production1 we f9d t "h on e>? x is pr9cipally fire & flame :i* eng5d] x1 bo? ( :i* conta9 beyond d\bt bodies :i* are 9 rapid movem5t1 s9ce !y dissolve & de/roy _m o!r bodies m solid ?an !y3 :ile if we reg>d its effects1 we see t :5 light is accumulat$1 say by concave mirrors1 x has ! prop]ty ( combu/ion j z fire has1 t is to say1 x disunites ! p>ts ( bodies1 :i* is assur$ly a pro( ( motion1 at lea/ 9 ! true philosophy1 9 :i* ! causes ( all natural effects are conceiv$ z me*anical causes4 ,:i* 9 my judgm5t mu/ be accompli%$ or all hope ( ev] und]/&+ physics r5\nc$4#eb ,s4 ,c>not1#ec 9 introduc+ ! pr9ciple ( exclud$ p]petual motion into ! !ory ( heat1 makes ! foll[+ apology3 ,x w be object$ "h1 p]haps1 t a p]petual motion prov$ impossible = purely me*anical actions1 is p]haps n s :5 ! influ5ce ( heat or ( electricity is employ$4 ,b c ph5om5a ( heat or electricity be ?\ght ( z due to any?+ else ?an to c]ta9 motions ( bodies1 & z su* mu/ !y n be subject to ! g5]al laws ( me*anics8#ed ,^! examples1 :i* might be multipli$ by quotations f rec5t lit]ature indef9itely1 %[ t a t5d5cy to expla9 all ?+s me*anically actually exi/s4 ,?is t5d5cy is also intelligible4 ,me*anical ev5ts z simple motions 9 space & "t be/ admit ( obs]vation & pursuit by ! help ( our highly organis$ s5ses4 ,we reproduce me*anical processes almo/ )\t ef=t 9 our imag9ation4 ,pressure z a circum/ance t produces motion is v famili> to u f daily exp]i5ce4 ,all *anges :i* ! individual p]sonally produces 9 8 environm5t1 or humanity br+s ab\t by means ( ! arts 9 ! _w1 are effect$ ?r\gh ! in/rum5tality ( motions4 ,almo/ ( necessity1 !re=e1 motion appe>s to u z ! mo/ important physical factor4 ,moreov]1 me*anical prop]ties may be discov]$ 9 all physical ev5ts4 ,! s\nd+ bell trembles1 ! heat$ body exp&s1 ! electrifi$ body attracts o!r bodies4 ,:y1 !re=e1 %\ld we n attempt to grasp all ev5ts "u _! me*anical aspect1 s9ce t is s easily appreh5d$ & mo/ accessible to obs]vation & measurem5t8 ,9 fact1 no objection is to be made to ! attempt to elucidate ! prop]ties ( physical ev5ts by me*anical analogies4 ,b mod]n physics has proce$$ v f> 9 ?is direction4 ,! po9t ( view :i* ,wundt repres5ts 9 8 excell5t treatise ,on ! ,physical ,axioms is probably %>$ by ! majority ( physici/s4 ,! axioms ( physics :i* ,wundt sets up are z foll[s3 #a4 ,all natural causes are motional causes4 #b4 ,e motional cause lies outside ! object mov$4 #c4 ,all motional causes act 9 ! direction ( ! /raight l9e ( junction1 & s =?4 #d4 ,! effect ( e cause p]si/s4 #e4 ,e effect involves an equal c\nt]effect4 #f4 ,e effect is equival5t to its cause4 ,^! pr9ciples might be /udi$ prop]ly en\gh z fundam5tal pr9ciples ( me*anics4 ,b :5 !y are set up z axioms ( physics1 _! enunciation is simply tantam\nt to a negation ( all ev5ts except motion4 ,accord+ to ,wundt1 all *anges ( nature are m]e *anges ( place4 ,all causes are motional causes 7page #bf74 ,any discussion ( ! philosophical gr\nds on :i* ,wundt supports 8 !ory w\ld lead u deep into ! speculations ( ! ,eleatics & ! ,h]b>tians4 ,*ange ( place1 ,wundt holds1 is ! only *ange ( a ?+ 9 :i* a ?+ rema9s id5tical ) itself4 ,if a ?+ *ang$ qualitatively1 we %\ld be oblig$ to imag9e t some?+ 0 annihilat$ & some?+ else creat$ 9 its place1 :i* is n to be reconcil$ ) our idea ( ! id5tity ( ! object obs]v$ & ( ! inde/ructibility ( matt]4 ,b we h only to rememb] t ! ,eleatics enc\nt]$ difficulties ( exactly ! same sort 9 motion4 ,c we n also imag9e t a ?+ is de/roy$ 9 "o place & 9 ano!r an exactly simil> ?+ creat$8 ,aft] all1 d we really "k m :y a body leaves "o place & appe>s 9 ano!r1 ?an :y a cold body gr[s w>m8 ,grant$ t we _h a p]fect k ( ! me*anical processes ( nature1 c\ld we & %\ld we1 = t reason1 put out ( ! _w all o!r processes t we d n und]/&8 ,on ?is pr9ciple x w\ld really be ! simple/ c\rse to d5y ! exi/5ce ( ! :ole _w4 ,?is is ! po9t at :i* ! ,eleatics ultimately arriv$1 & ! s*ool ( ,h]b>t /opp$ little %ort ( ! same goal4 ,physics treat$ 9 ?is s5se supplies u simply ) a diagram ( ! _w1 9 :i* we d n "k reality aga94 ,x happ5s1 9 fact1 to m5 :o give !mselves up to ?is view = _m ye>s1 t ! _w ( s5se f :i* !y />t z a prov9ce ( ! greate/ famili>ity1 sudd5ly becomes1 9 _! eyes1 ! supreme _w-riddle4 ,intelligible z x is1 !re=e1 t ! ef=ts ( ?9k]s h always be5 b5t ^u ! r$uction ( all physical processes to ! motions ( atoms1 x mu/ yet be affirm$ t ?is is a *im]ical ideal4 ,?is ideal has (t5 play$ an effective "p 9 popul> lectures1 b 9 ! work%op ( ! s]i\s inquir] x has dis*>g$ sc>cely ! lea/ function4 ,:at has really be5 a*iev$ 9 me*anical physics is ei!r ! elucidation ( physical processes by m famili> me*anical analogies1 7= example1 ! !ories ( light & ( electricity17 or ! exact quantitative asc]ta9m5t ( ! connexion ( me*anical processes ) o!r physical processes1 = example1 ! results ( !rmodynamics4 ,,iii4 ,,! ,,pr9ciple ,,( ,,en]gy ,,9 ,,physics4 ,we c "k only f exp]i5ce t me*anical processes produce o!r physical trans=mations1 or vice v]sa4 ,! att5tion 0 fir/ direct$ to ! connexion ( me*anical processes1 especially ! p]=mance ( "w1 ) *anges ( !rmal conditions by ! inv5tion ( ! /eam-eng9e1 & by its great te*nical importance4 ,te*nical int]e/s & ! ne$ ( sci5tific lucidity meet+ 9 ! m9d ( ,s4 ,c>not l$ to ! rem>kable developm5t f :i* !rmodynamics fl[$4 ,x is simply an accid5t ( hi/ory t ! developm5t 9 "q 0 n connect$ ) ! practical applications ( electricity4 ,9 ! det]m9ation ( ! maximum quantity ( "w t1 g5]ally1 a heat-ma*9e1 or1 to take a special case1 a /eam-eng9e1 c p]=m ) ! exp5diture ( a giv5 am\nt ( heat ( combu/ion1 ,c>not is guid$ by me*anical analogies4 ,a body c d "w on be+ heat$1 by exp&+ "u pressure4 ,b to d ?is ! body mu/ receive heat f a hott] body4 ,heat1 !re=e1 to d "w1 mu/ pass f a hott] body to a cold] body1 j z wat] mu/ fall f a high] level to a l[] level to put a mill-:eel 9 motion4 ,diff]5ces ( temp]ature1 accord+ly1 repres5t =ces able to d "w exactly z d diff]5ces ( height 9 heavy bodies4 ,c>not pictures to himself an ideal process 9 :i* no heat fl[s away unus$1 t is1 )\t do+ "w4 ,) a giv5 exp5diture ( heat1 accord+ly1 ?is process furni%es ! maximum ( "w4 ,an analogue ( ! process w\ld be a mill-:eel :i* scoop+ its wat] out ( a high] level w\ld sl[ly c>ry x to a l[] level )\t ! loss ( a drop4 ,a peculi> prop]ty ( ! process is1 t ) ! exp5diture ( ! same "w ! wat] c be rais$ aga9 exactly to its orig9al level4 ,?is prop]ty ( rev]sibility is also %>$ by ! process ( ,c>not4 ,8 process also c be rev]s$ by ! exp5diture ( ! same am\nt ( "w1 & ! heat aga9 br\ght back to its orig9al temp]ature level4 ,suppose1 n[1 we _h two diff]5t rev]sible processes ,a1 ,b1 su* t 9 ,a a quantity ( heat1 ,q1 fl[+ (f f ! temp]ature t to ! l[] temp]ature t %\ld p]=m ! "w ,w1 b 9 ,b "u ! same circum/ances x %\ld p]=m a great] quantity ( "w ,w ,w'2 !n1 we c\ld jo9 ,b 9 ! s5se assign$ & ,a 9 ! rev]se s5se into a s+le process4 ,"h ,a w\ld rev]se ! trans=mation ( heat produc$ by ,b & w\ld leave a surplus ( "w ,w'1 produc$1 s to speak1 f no?+4 ,! comb9ation w\ld pres5t a p]petual motion4 ,) ! feel+1 n[1 t x makes little diff]5ce :e!r ! me*anical laws are brok5 directly or indirectly 7by processes ( heat71 & conv9c$ ( ! exi/5ce ( a univ]sal law-rul$ connexion ( nature1 ,c>not "h excludes = ! fir/ "t f ! prov9ce ( g5]al physics ! possibility ( a p]petual motion4 ,b x foll[s1 !n1 t ! quantity ( "w ,w1 produc$ by ! passage ( a quantity ( heat ,q f a temp]ature t to a temp]ature t1 is indep5d5t ( ! nature ( ! sub/ances z also ( ! "* ( ! process1 s f> z t is unaccompani$ by loss1 b is :olly dep5d5t ^u ! temp]ature t1 t4 ,?is important pr9ciple has be5 fully confirm$ by ! special rese>*es ( ,c>not himself 7#ahbd71 ( ,clapeyron 7#ahcd71 & ( ,sir ,william ,?omson 7#ahdi71 n[ ,"l ,kelv94 ,! pr9ciple 0 rea*$ )\t any assumption :atev] conc]n+ ! nature ( heat1 simply by ! exclusion ( a p]petual motion4 ,c>not1 x is true1 0 an adh]5t ( ! !ory ( ,black1 accord+ to :i* ! sum-total ( ! quantity ( heat 9 ! _w is con/ant1 b s f> z 8 inve/igations h be5 hi!rto consid]$ ! decision on ?is po9t is ( no consequ5ce4 ,c>not's pr9ciple l$ to ! mo/ rem>kable results4 ,w4 ,?omson 7#ahdh7 f\nd$ ^u x ! +5i\s idea ( an absolute scale ( temp]ature4 ,james ,?omson 7#ahdi7 conceiv$ a ,c>not process to take place ) wat] freez+ "u pressure &1 !re=e1 p]=m+ "w4 ,he discov]$1 ?us1 t ! freez+ po9t is l[]$ #jjjge ,celsius by e additional atmosph]e ( pressure4 ,?is is m5tion$ m]ely z an example4 ,ab\t tw5ty ye>s aft] ! publication ( ,c>not's book a fur!r advance 0 made by ,j4 ,r4 ,may] & ,j4 ,p4 ,j\le4 ,may]1 :ile engag$ z a physician 9 ! s]vice ( ! ,dut*1 obs]v$1 dur+ a process ( ble$+ 9 ,java1 an unusual r$ness ( ! v5\s blood4 ,9 agreem5t ) ,liebig's !ory ( animal heat he connect$ ?is fact ) ! dim9i%$ loss ( heat 9 w>m] climates1 & ) ! dim9i%$ exp5diture ( organic combu/ibles4 ,! total exp5diture ( heat ( a man at re/ mu/ be equal to ! total heat ( combu/ion4 ,b s9ce all organic actions1 ev5 ! me*anical actions1 mu/ be set d[n to ! cr$it ( ! heat ( combu/ion1 "s connexion mu/ exi/ betwe5 me*anical "w & exp5diture ( heat4 ,j\le />t$ f q simil> convictions conc]n+ ! galvanic batt]y4 ,a heat ( association equival5t to ! consumption ( ! z9c c be made to appe> 9 ! galvanic cell4 ,if a curr5t is set up1 a "p ( ?is heat appe>s 9 ! conductor ( ! curr5t4 ,! int]position ( an app>atus = ! decomposition ( wat] causes a "p ( ?is heat to disappe>1 :i* on ! burn+ ( ! explosive gas =m$1 is reproduc$4 ,if ! curr5t runs an electromotor1 a portion ( ! heat aga9 disappe>s1 :i*1 on ! consumption ( ! "w by friction1 aga9 makes its appe>ance4 ,accord+ly1 bo? ! heat produc$ & ! "w produc$1 appe>$ to ,j\le also z connect$ ) ! consumption ( mat]ial4 ,! ?\ght 0 !re=e pres5t1 bo? to ,may] & to ,j\le1 ( reg>d+ heat & "w z equival5t quantities1 s connect$ ) ea* o!r t :at is lo/ 9 "o =m univ]sally appe>s 9 ano!r4 ,! result ( ?is 0 a sub/antial conception ( heat & ( "w1 & ultimately a sub/antial conception ( en]gy4 ,"h e physical *ange ( condition is reg>d$ z en]gy1 ! de/ruction ( :i* g5]ates "w or equival5t heat4 ,an electric *>ge1 = example1 is en]gy4 ,9 #ahdb ,may] _h calculat$ f ! physical con/ants !n univ]sally accept$ t by ! disappe>ance ( "o kilogramme-calorie #cfe kilogramme-metres ( "w c\ld be p]=m$1 & vice v]sa4 ,j\le1 on ! o!r h&1 by a long s]ies ( delicate & v>i$ exp]im5ts beg9n+ 9 #ahdc ultimately det]m9$ ! me*anical equival5t ( ! kilogramme-calorie1 m exactly1 z #dbe kilogramme-metres4 ,if we e/imate e *ange ( physical condition by ! me*anical "w :i* c be p]=m$ ^u ! disappe>ance ( t condition1 & call ?is measure en]gy1 !n we c measure all physical *anges ( condition1 no matt] h[ diff]5t !y may be1 ) ! same common measure1 & say3 ! sum-total ( all en]gy rema9s con/ant4 ,?is is ! =m t ! pr9ciple ( exclud$ p]petual motion receiv$ at ! h&s ( ,may]1 ,j\le1 ,helmholtz1 & ,w4 ,?omson 9 its ext5sion to ! :ole doma9 ( physics4 ,aft] x _h be5 prov$ t heat mu/ disappe> if me*anical "w 0 to be done at its exp5se1 ,c>not's pr9ciple c\ld no long] be reg>d$ z a complete expression ( ! facts4 ,its improv$ =m 0 fir/ giv51 9 #ahej1 by ,clausius1 :om ,?omson foll[$ 9 #ahea4 ,x runs ?us3 ,if a quantity ( heat ,q' is trans=m$ into "w 9 a rev]sible process1 ano!r quantity ( heat ,q ( ! absolute#ee temp]ature ,t is l[]$ to ! absolute temp]ature ,t4 ,"h ,q' is dep5d5t only on ,q1 ,t1 ,t1 b is indep5d5t ( ! sub/ances us$ & ( ! "* ( ! process1 s f> z t is unaccompani$ by loss4 ,ow+ to ?is la/ fact1 x is suffici5t to f9d ! relation :i* obta9s = "s "o well-kn[n physical sub/ance1 say a gas1 & "s def9ite simple process4 ,! relation f\nd w be ! "o t holds g5]ally4 ,we get1 ?us1 ,q'_/7,q' ,q7 7,t-,t7_/,t 7#a7 t is1 ! quoti5t ( ! available heat ,q' trans=m$ into "w divid$ by ! sum ( ! trans=m$ & transf]r$ heats 7! total sum us$71 ! s-call$ economical coeffici5t ( ! process1 is1 7,t-,t7_/,t4 ,,iv4 ,,! ,,conceptions ,,( ,,heat4 ,:5 a cold body is put 9 contact ) a w>m body x is obs]v$ t ! fir/ body is w>m$ & t ! second body is cool$4 ,we may say t ! fir/ body is w>m$ at ! exp5se ( ! second body4 ,?is sugge/s ! notion ( a ?+1 or heat-sub/ance1 :i* passes f ! "o body to ! o!r4 ,if two masses ( wat] m1 m'1 ( unequal temp]atures1 be put toge!r1 x w be f\nd1 ^u ! rapid equalisation ( ! temp]atures1 t ! respective *anges ( temp]atures u & u' are inv]sely proportional to ! masses & ( opposite signs1 s t ! algebraical sum ( ! products is1 mu m'u' #j4 ,black call$ ! products mu1 m'u'1 :i* are decisive = our k ( ! process1 quantities ( heat4 ,we may =m a v cle> picture ( ^! products by conceiv+ !m ) ,black z measures ( ! quantities ( "s sub/ance4 ,b ! ess5tial ?+ is n ?is picture b ! con/ancy ( ! sum ( ^! products 9 simple processes ( conduction4 ,if a quantity ( heat disappe>s at "o po9t1 an equally l>ge quantity w make its appe>ance at "s o!r po9t4 ,! ret5tion ( ?is idea leads to ! discov]y ( specific heat4 ,black1 f9ally1 p]ceives t also some?+ else may appe> = a vani%$ quantity ( heat1 namely3 ! fusion or vaporisation ( a def9ite quantity ( matt]4 ,he adh]es "h /ill to ?is favorite view1 ?\gh ) "s fre$om1 & consid]s ! vani%$ quantity ( heat z /ill pres5t1 b z lat5t4 ,! g5]ally accept$ notion ( a caloric1 or heat-/uff1 0 /rongly %ak5 by ! "w ( ,may] & ,j\le4 ,if ! quantity ( heat c be increas$ & dim9i%$1 p said1 heat _c be a sub/ance1 b mu/ be a motion4 ,! subord9ate "p ( ?is /atem5t has become mu* m popul> ?an all ! re/ ( ! doctr9e ( en]gy4 ,b we may conv9ce ourselves t ! motional conception ( heat is n[ z uness5tial z 0 =m]ly its conception z a sub/ance4 ,bo? ideas 7 favor$ or imp$$ solely by accid5tal hi/orical circum/ances4 ,x does n foll[ t heat is n a sub/ance f ! fact t a me*anical equival5t exi/s = quantity ( heat4 ,we w make ?is cle> by ! foll[+ "q :i* bright /ud5ts h sometimes put to me4 ,is !re a me*anical equival5t ( electricity z !re is a me*anical equival5t ( heat8 ,yes1 & no4 ,!re is no me*anical equival5t ( quantity ( electricity z !re is an equival5t ( quantity ( heat1 because ! same quantity ( electricity has a v diff]5t capacity = "w1 accord+ to ! circum/ances 9 :i* x is plac$2 b !re is a me*anical equival5t ( electrical en]gy4 ,let u ask ano!r "q4 ,is !re a me*anical equival5t ( wat]8 ,no1 !re is no me*anical equival5t ( quantity ( wat]1 b !re is a me*anical equival5t ( weight ( wat] multipli$ by its di/ance ( desc5t4 ,:5 a ,leyd5 j> is dis*>g$ & "w !reby p]=m$1 we d n picture to ourselves t ! quantity ( electricity disappe>s z "w is done1 b we simply assume t ! electricities come into diff]5t positions1 equal quantities ( positive & negative electricity be+ unit$ ) "o ano!r4 ,:at1 n[1 is ! reason ( ?is diff]5ce ( view 9 our treatm5t ( heat & ( electricity8 ,! reason is purely hi/orical1 :olly conv5tional1 &1 :at is /ill m important1 is :olly indiff]5t4 ,i may be all[$ to e/abli% ?is ass]tion4 ,9 #aghe ,c\lomb con/ruct$ 8 torsion balance1 by :i* he 0 enabl$ to measure ! repulsion ( electrifi$ bodies4 ,suppose we h two small balls1 ,a1 ,b1 :i* ov] _! :ole ext5t are simil>ly electrifi$4 ,^! two balls w ex]t on "o ano!r1 at a c]ta9 di/ance r ( _! c5tres1 a c]ta9 repulsion p4 ,we br+ into contact ) ,b n[ a ball ,c1 suff] bo? to be equally electrifi$1 & !n measure ! repulsion ( ,b f ,a & ( ,c f ,a at ! same di/ance r4 ,! sum ( ^! repulsions is aga9 p4 ,accord+ly some?+ has rema9$ con/ant4 ,if we ascribe ?is effect to a sub/ance1 !n we inf] naturally its con/ancy4 ,b ! ess5tial po9t ( ! exposition is ! divisibility ( ! electric =ce p & n ! simile ( sub/ance4 ,9 #ahch ,riess con/ruct$ 8 electrical air-!rmomet] 7! !rmoelectromet]74 ,?is gives a measure ( ! quantity ( heat produc$ by ! dis*>ge ( j>s4 ,?is quantity ( heat is n proportional to ! quantity ( electricity conta9$ 9 ! j> by ,c\lomb's measure1 b if ,q be ?is quantity & ,c be ! capacity1 is proportional to ,q_/#b;,c1 or1 m simply /ill1 to ! en]gy ( ! *>g$ j>4 ,if1 n[1 we dis*>ge ! j> completely ?r\gh ! !rmomet]1 we obta9 a c]ta9 quantity ( heat1 ,w4 ,b if we make ! dis*>ge ?r\gh ! !rmomet] into a second j>1 we obta9 a quantity less ?an ,w4 ,b we may obta9 ! rema9d] by completely dis*>g+ bo? j>s ?r\gh ! air-!rmomet]1 :5 x w aga9 be proportional to ! en]gy ( ! two j>s4 ,on ! fir/1 incomplete dis*>ge1 accord+ly1 a "p ( ! electricity's capacity = "w 0 lo/4 ,:5 ! *>ge ( a j> produces heat its en]gy is *ang$ & its value by ,riess's !rmomet] is decreas$4 ,b by ,c\lomb's measure ! quantity rema9s unalt]$4 ,n[ let u imag9e t ,riess's !rmomet] _h be5 inv5t$ be=e ,c\lomb's torsion balance1 :i* is n a difficult feat1 s9ce bo? inv5tions are indep5d5t ( ea* o!r2 :at w\ld be m natural ?an t ! quantity ( electricity conta9$ 9 a j> %\ld be measur$ by ! heat produc$ 9 ! !rmomet]8 ,b !n1 ?is s-call$ quantity ( electricity w\ld decrease on ! production ( heat or on ! p]=mance ( "w1 :]eas x n[ rema9s un*ang$2 9 t case1 !re=e1 electricity w\ld n be a sub/ance b a motion1 :]eas n[ x is /ill a sub/ance4 ,! reason1 !re=e1 :y we h o!r notions ( electricity ?an we h ( heat1 is purely hi/orical1 accid5tal1 & conv5tional4 ,?is is also ! case ) o!r physical ?+s4 ,wat] does n disappe> :5 "w is done4 ,:y8 ,because we measure quantity ( wat] ) scales1 j z we d electricity4 ,b suppose ! capacity ( wat] = "w 7 call$ quantity1 & _h to be measur$1 !re=e1 by a mill in/ead ( by scales2 !n ?is quantity also w\ld disappe> z x p]=m$ ! "w4 ,x may1 n[1 be easily conceiv$ t _m sub/ances are n s easily got at z wat]4 ,9 t case we %\ld be unable to c>ry out ! "o k9d ( measurem5t ) ! scales :il/ _m o!r modes ( measurem5t w\ld /ill be left u4 ,9 ! case ( heat1 n[1 ! hi/orically e/abli%$ measure ( quantity is accid5tally ! "w-value ( ! heat4 ,accord+ly1 its quantity disappe>s :5 "w is done4 ,b t heat is n a sub/ance foll[s f ?is z little z does ! opposite conclusion t x is a sub/ance4 ,9 ,black's case ! quantity ( heat rema9s con/ant because ! heat passes into no o!r =m ( en]gy4 ,if any "o to-day %\ld /ill wi% to ?9k ( heat z a sub/ance1 we might all[ t p]son ?is lib]ty ) little ado4 ,he w\ld only h to assume t t :i* we call quantity ( heat 0 ! en]gy ( a sub/ance ^: quantity rema9$ unalt]$1 b ^: en]gy *ang$4 ,9 po9t ( fact we might mu* bett] say1 9 analogy ) ! o!r t]ms ( physics1 en]gy ( heat1 in/ead ( quantity ( heat4 ,:5 we wond]1 !re=e1 at ! discov]y t heat is motion1 we wond] at some?+ t 0 nev] discov]$4 ,x is p]fectly indiff]5t & possesses n ! slighte/ sci5tific value1 :e!r we ?9k ( heat z a sub/ance or n4 ,! fact is1 heat behaves 9 "s connexions l a sub/ance1 9 o!rs n4 ,heat is lat5t 9 /eam z oxyg5 is lat5t 9 wat]4 ,v4 ,,! ,,con=mity ,,9 ,,! ,,deportm5t ,,( ,,! ,,en]gies4 ,! =ego+ reflexions w ga9 9 lucidity f a consid]ation ( ! con=mity :i* obta9s 9 ! behavior ( all en]gies1 a po9t to :i* ,i call$ att5tion long ago4#ef ,a weight ,p at a height ,h repres5ts an en]gy ,w ,,ph4 ,if we suff] ! weight to s9k to a l[] height ,h1 dur+ :i* "w is done1 & ! "w done is employ$ 9 ! production ( liv+ =ce1 heat1 or an electric *>ge1 9 %ort1 is trans=m$1 !n ! en]gy ,w ,,ph is /ill left4 ,! equation subsi/s ,w_/,h ,w_/,h1 7#b7 or1 d5ot+ ! trans=m$ en]gy by ,w' ,w-,w & ! transf]r$ en]gy1 t transport$ to ! l[] level1 by ,w ,w1 ,w'_/7,w' ,w7 7,h-,h7_/,h1 7#c7 an equation 9 all respects analog\s to equation 7#a7 at page #afe4 ,! prop]ty 9 "q1 !re=e1 is by no means peculi> to heat4 ,equation 7#b7 gives ! relation betwe5 ! en]gy tak5 f ! high] level & t deposit$ on ! l[] level 7! en]gy left beh9d72 x says t ^! en]gies are proportional to ! heights ( ! levels4 ,an equation analog\s to equation 7#b7 may be set up = e =m ( en]gy2 h5ce ! equation :i* corresponds to equation 7#c71 & s to equation 7#a71 may be reg>d$ z valid = e =m4 ,= electricity1 = example1 ,h1 ,h signify ! pot5tials4 ,:5 we obs]ve = ! fir/ "t ! agreem5t "h indicat$ 9 ! trans=mative law ( ! en]gies1 x appe>s surpris+ & unexpect$1 = we d n p]ceive at once its reason4 ,b to him :o pursues ! comp>ative hi/orical me?od t reason w n long rema9 a secret4 ,s9ce ,galileo1 me*anical "w1 ?\gh long "u a diff]5t "n1 has be5 a fundam5tal concept ( me*anics1 z also a v important notion 9 ! appli$ sci5ces4 ,! trans=mation ( "w into liv+ =ce1 & ( liv+ =ce into "w1 sugge/s directly ! notion ( en]gy--! idea hav+ be5 fir/ fruitfully employ$ by ,huyg5s1 al?\gh ,?omas ,"y fir/ call$ x by ! "n ( en]gy4 ,let u add to ?is ! con/ancy ( weight 7really ! con/ancy ( mass7 & we %all see t ) respect to me*anical en]gy x is involv$ 9 ! v def9ition ( ! t]m t ! capacity = "w or ! pot5tial en]gy ( a weight is proportional to ! height ( ! level at :i* x is1 9 ! geometrical s5se1 & t x decreases on ! l[]+ ( ! weight1 on trans=mation1 proportionally to ! height ( ! level4 ,! z]o level "h is :olly arbitr>y4 ,) ?is1 equation 7#b7 is giv51 f :i* all ! o!r =ms foll[4 ,:5 we reflect on ! trem5d\s />t :i* me*anics _h ov] ! o!r bran*es ( physics1 x is n to be wond]$ at t ! attempt 0 always made to apply ! notions ( t sci5ce :]ev] ?is 0 possible4 ,?us ! notion ( mass1 = example1 0 imitat$ by ,c\lomb 9 ! notion ( quantity ( electricity4 ,9 ! fur!r developm5t ( ! !ory ( electricity1 ! notion ( "w 0 likewise imm$iately introduc$ 9 ! !ory ( pot5tial1 & heights ( electrical level 7 measur$ by ! "w ( unit ( quantity rais$ to t level4 ,b ) ?is ! prec$+ equation ) all its consequ5ces is giv5 = electrical en]gy4 ,! case ) ! o!r en]gies 0 simil>4 ,!rmal en]gy1 h[ev]1 appe>s z a special case4 ,only by ! peculi> exp]im5ts m5tion$ c\ld x be discov]$ t heat is an en]gy4 ,b ! measure ( ?is en]gy by ,black's quantity ( heat is ! outcome ( =tuit\s circum/ances4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! accid5tal slight v>iability ( ! capacity = heat c ) ! temp]ature1 & ! accid5tal slight deviation ( ! usual !rmometrical scales f ! scale d]iv$ f ! t5sions ( gases1 br+s x ab\t t ! notion quantity ( heat c be set up & t ! quantity ( heat ct correspond+ to a diff]5ce ( temp]ature t is ne>ly proportional to ! en]gy ( ! heat4 ,x is a q accid5tal hi/orical circum/ance t ,amontons hit ^u ! idea ( measur+ temp]ature by ! t5sion ( a gas4 ,x is c]ta9 9 ?is t he did n ?9k ( ! "w ( ! heat4#eg ,b ! numb]s /&+ = temp]ature1 ?us1 are made proportional to ! t5sions ( gases1 t is1 to ! "w done by gases1 ) o!rwise equal *anges ( volume4 ,x ?us happ5s t temp]ature heights & level heights ( "w are proportional to "o ano!r4 ,if prop]ties ( ! !rmal condition v>y+ greatly f ! t5sions ( gases _h be5 *os51 ?is relation w\ld h assum$ v complicat$ =ms1 & ! agreem5t betwe5 heat & ! o!r en]gies above consid]$ w\ld n subsi/4 ,x is v in/ructive to reflect ^u ?is po9t4 ,a natural law1 !re=e1 is n impli$ 9 ! con=mity ( ! behavior ( ! en]gies1 b ?is con=mity is r condition$ by ! uni=mity ( our modes ( conception & is also p>tly a matt] ( good =tune4 ,,vi4 ,,! ,,diff]5ces ,,( ,,! ,,en]gies ,,& ,,! ,,limits ,,( ,,! ,,pr9ciple ,,( ,,en]gy4 ,( e quantity ( heat ,q :i* does "w 9 a rev]sible process 7"o unaccompani$ by loss7 betwe5 ! absolute temp]atures ,t1 ,t1 only ! portion 7,t-,t7_/,t is trans=m$ into "w1 :ile ! rema9d] is transf]r$ to ! l[] temp]ature-level ,t4 ,?is transf]r$ portion c1 ^u ! rev]sal ( ! process1 ) ! same exp5diture ( "w1 aga9 be br\ght back to ! level ,t4 ,b if ! process is n rev]sible1 !n m heat ?an 9 ! =ego+ case fl[s to ! l[] level1 & ! surplus c no long] be br\ght back to ! high] level ,t )\t "s special exp5diture4 ,w4 ,?omson 7#aheb71 accord+ly1 drew att5tion to ! fact1 t 9 all non-rev]sible1 t is1 9 all real !rmal processes1 quantities ( heat are lo/ = me*anical "w1 & t accord+ly a dissipation or wa/e ( me*anical en]gy is tak+ place4 ,9 all cases1 heat is only p>tially trans=m$ into "w1 b frequ5tly "w is :olly trans=m$ into heat4 ,h5ce1 a t5d5cy exi/s t[>ds a dim9ution ( ! me*anical en]gy & t[>ds an increase ( ! !rmal en]gy ( ! _w4 ,= a simple1 clos$ cyclical process1 accompani$ by no loss1 9 :i* ! quantity ( heat ,q is tak5 f ! level ,t1 & ! quantity ,q is deposit$ ^u ! level ,t1 ! foll[+ relation1 agreeably to equation 7#b71 exi/s1 -7,q_/,t7 7,q_/,t7 #j4 ,simil>ly1 = any numb] ( comp\nd rev]sible cycles ,clausius f9ds ! algebraical sum sum,q_/,t #j1 & suppos+ ! temp]ature to *ange cont9u\sly1 integrald,q_/,t #j 7#d7 ,"h ! elem5ts ( ! quantities ( heat d$uct$ f a giv5 level are reckon$ negative1 & ! elem5ts imp>t$ to x1 positive4 ,if ! process is n rev]sible1 !n expression 7#d71 :i* ,clausius calls entropy1 increases4 ,9 actual practice ?is is always ! case1 & ,clausius f9ds himself l$ to ! /atem5t3 #a4 ,t ! en]gy ( ! _w rema9s con/ant4 #b4 ,t ! entropy ( ! _w t5ds t[>d a maximum4 ,once we h not$ ! above-indicat$ con=mity 9 ! behavior ( diff]5t en]gies1 ! peculi>ity ( !rmal en]gy "h m5tion$ mu/ /rike u4 ,:5ce is ?is peculi>ity d]iv$1 =1 g5]ally e en]gy passes only p>tly into ano!r =m1 :i* is also true ( !rmal en]gy8 ,! explanation w be f\nd 9 ! foll[+4 ,e trans=mation ( a special k9d ( en]gy ,a is accompani$ ) a fall ( pot5tial ( t p>ticul> k9d ( en]gy1 includ+ heat4 ,b :il/ = ! o!r k9ds ( en]gy a trans=mation & !re=e a loss ( en]gy on ! "p ( ! k9d s9k+ 9 pot5tial is connect$ ) ! fall ( ! pot5tial1 ) heat ! case is diff]5t4 ,heat c suff] a fall ( pot5tial )\t su/a9+ a loss ( en]gy1 at lea/ accord+ to ! cu/om>y mode ( e/imation4 ,if a weight s9ks1 x mu/ create p]=ce k9etic en]gy1 or heat1 or "s o!r =m ( en]gy4 ,also1 an electrical *>ge _c suff] a fall ( pot5tial )\t loss ( en]gy1 i4 e41 )\t trans=mation4 ,b heat c pass ) a fall ( temp]ature to a body ( great] capacity & ! same !rmal en]gy /ill be pres]v$1 s long z we reg>d e quantity ( heat z en]gy4 ,?is x is t gives to heat1 besides its prop]ty ( en]gy1 9 _m cases ! "* ( a mat]ial sub/ance1 or quantity4 ,if we look at ! matt] 9 an unprejudic$ light1 we mu/ ask if !re is any sci5tific s5se or purpose 9 /ill consid]+ z en]gy a quantity ( heat t c no long] be trans=m$ into me*anical "w1 7= example1 ! heat ( a clos$ equably w>m$ mat]ial sy/em74 ,! pr9ciple ( en]gy c]ta9ly plays 9 ?is case a :olly sup]flu\s rle1 :i* is assign$ to x only f habit4#eh ,to ma9ta9 ! pr9ciple ( en]gy 9 ! face ( a k ( ! dissipation or wa/e ( me*anical en]gy1 9 ! face ( ! increase ( entropy is equival5t almo/ to ! lib]ty :i* ,black took :5 he reg>d$ ! heat ( liquefaction z /ill pres5t b lat5t4#ei ,x is to be rem>k$ fur!r1 t ! expressions en]gy ( ! _w & entropy ( ! _w are slightly p]meat$ ) s*ola/icism4 ,en]gy & entropy are metrical notions4 ,:at mean+ c !re be 9 apply+ ^! notions to a case 9 :i* !y are n applicable1 9 :i* _! values are n det]m9able8 ,if we c\ld really det]m9e ! entropy ( ! _w x w\ld repres5t a true1 absolute measure ( "t4 ,9 ?is way is be/ se5 ! utt] tautology ( a /atem5t t ! entropy ( ! _w increases ) ! "t4 ,"t1 & ! fact t c]ta9 *anges take place only 9 a def9ite s5se1 are "o & ! same ?+4 ,,vii4 ,,! ,,s\rces ,,( ,,! ,,pr9ciple ,,( ,,en]gy4 ,we are n[ prep>$ to answ] ! "q1 ,:at are ! s\rces ( ! pr9ciple ( en]gy8 ,all k ( nature is d]iv$ 9 ! la/ in/ance f exp]i5ce4 ,9 ?is s5se !y are "r :o look ^u ! pr9ciple ( en]gy z a result ( exp]i5ce4 ,exp]i5ce tea*es t ! s5se-elem5ts alpha beta gamma delta 444 into :i* ! _w may be decompos$1 are subject to *ange4 ,x tells u fur!r1 t c]ta9 ( ^! elem5ts are connect$ ) o!r elem5ts1 s t !y appe> & disappe> toge!r2 or1 t ! appe>ance ( ! elem5ts ( "o class is connect$ ) ! disappe>ance ( ! elem5ts ( ! o!r class4 ,we w avoid "h ! notions ( cause & effect because ( _! obscurity & equivocalness4 ,! result ( exp]i5ce may be express$ z foll[s3 ,! s5su\s elem5ts ( ! _w 7alpha beta gamma delta 4447 %[ !mselves to be int]dep5d5t4 ,?is int]dep5d5ce is be/ repres5t$ by "s su* conception z is 9 geometry t ( ! mutual dep5d5ce ( ! sides & angles ( a triangle1 only mu* m v>i$ & complex4 ,z an example1 we may take a mass ( gas enclos$ 9 a cyl9d] & possess$ ( a def9ite volume 7alpha71 :i* we *ange by a pressure 7beta7 on ! pi/on1 at ! same "t feel+ ! cyl9d] ) our h& & receiv+ a s5sation ( heat 7gamma74 ,increase ( pressure dim9i%es ! volume & increases ! s5sation ( heat4 ,! v>i\s facts ( exp]i5ce are n 9 all respects alike4 ,_! common s5su\s elem5ts are plac$ 9 relief by a process ( ab/raction & ?us impress$ ^u ! memory4 ,9 ?is way ! expression is obta9$ ( ! features ( agreem5t ( ext5sive gr\ps ( facts4 ,! simple/ s5t5ce :i* we c utt] is1 by ! v nature ( language1 an ab/raction ( ?is k9d4 ,b acc\nt mu/ also be tak5 ( ! diff]5ces ( relat$ facts4 ,facts may be s ne>ly relat$ z to conta9 ! same k9d ( a alpha beta gamma 4441 b ! relation be su* t ! alpha beta gamma 444 ( ! "o diff] f ! alpha beta gamma 444 ( ! o!r only by ! numb] ( equal p>ts into :i* !y c be divid$4 ,su* be+ ! case1 if rules c be giv5 = d$uc+ f "o ano!r ! numb]s :i* are ! measures ( ^! alpha beta gamma 4441 !n we possess 9 su* rules ! mo/ g5]al expression ( a gr\p ( facts1 z also t expression :i* corresponds to all its diff]5ces4 ,?is is ! goal ( quantitative inve/igation4 ,if ?is goal be rea*$ :at we h f\nd is t betwe5 ! alpha beta gamma 444 ( a gr\p ( facts1 or bett]1 betwe5 ! numb]s :i* are _! measures1 a numb] ( equations exi/s4 ,! simple fact ( *ange br+s x ab\t t ! numb] ( ^! equations mu/ be small] ?an ! numb] ( ! alpha beta gamma 4444 ,if ! =m] be small] by "o ?an ! latt]1 !n "o portion ( ! alpha beta gamma 444 is uniquely det]m9$ by ! o!r portion4 ,! que/ ( relations ( ?is la/ k9d is ! mo/ important function ( special exp]im5tal rese>*1 because we are enabl$ by x to complete 9 ?\ght facts t are only p>tly giv54 ,x is self-evid5t t only exp]i5ce c asc]ta9 t betwe5 ! alpha beta gamma 444 relations exi/ & ( :at k9d !y are4 ,fur!r1 only exp]i5ce c tell t ! relations t exi/ betwe5 ! alpha beta gamma 444 are su* t *anges ( !m c be rev]s$4 ,if ?is 7 n ! fact all occasion = ! enunciation ( ! pr9ciple ( en]gy1 z is easily se51 w\ld be want+4 ,9 exp]i5ce1 !re=e1 is buri$ ! ultimate well-spr+ ( all k ( nature1 & consequ5tly1 9 ?is s5se1 also ! ultimate s\rce ( ! pr9ciple ( en]gy4 ,b ?is does n exclude ! fact t ! pr9ciple ( en]gy has also a logical root1 z w n[ be %[n4 ,let u assume on ! basis ( exp]i5ce t "o gr\p ( s5su\s elem5ts alpha beta gamma 444 det]m9es uniquely ano!r gr\p lambda mu nu 4444 ,exp]i5ce fur!r tea*es t *anges ( alpha beta gamma 444 c be rev]s$4 ,x is !n a logical consequ5ce ( ?is obs]vation1 t e "t t alpha beta gamma 444 assume ! same values ?is is also ! case ) lambda mu nu 4444 ,or1 t purely p]iodical *anges ( alpha beta gamma 444 c produce no p]man5t *anges ( lambda mu nu 4444 ,if ! gr\p lambda mu nu 444 is a me*anical gr\p1 !n a p]petual motion is exclud$4 ,x w be said t ?is is a vici\s circle1 :i* we w grant4 ,b psy*ologically1 ! situation is ess5tially diff]5t1 :e!r ,i ?9k simply ( ! unique det]m9ation & rev]sibility ( ev5ts1 or :e!r ,i exclude a p]petual motion4 ,! att5tion takes 9 ! two cases diff]5t directions & diffuses light ov] diff]5t sides ( ! "q1 :i* logically ( c\rse are necess>ily connect$4 ,surely t firm1 logical sett+ ( ! ?\ghts noticeable 9 ! great inquir]s1 ,/ev9us1 ,galileo1 & ! re/1 :i*1 consci\sly or in/9ctively1 0 support$ by a f9e feel+ = ! slighte/ contradictions1 has no o!r purpose ?an to limit ! b\nds ( ?\ght & s exempt x f ! possibility ( error4 ,9 ?is1 !re=e1 ! logical root ( ! pr9ciple ( exclud$ p]petual motion is giv51 namely1 9 t univ]sal conviction :i* exi/$ ev5 be=e ! developm5t ( me*anics & co-op]at$ 9 t developm5t4 ,x is p]fectly natural t ! pr9ciple ( exclud$ p]petual motion %\ld h be5 fir/ develop$ 9 ! simple doma9 ( pure me*anics4 ,t[>ds ! transf]5ce ( t pr9ciple into ! doma9 ( g5]al physics ! idea contribut$ mu* t all physical ph5om5a are me*anical ph5om5a4 ,b ! =ego+ discussion %[s h[ little ess5tial ?is notion is4 ,! issue really involv$ is ! recognition ( a g5]al int]connexion ( nature4 ,?is once e/abli%$1 we see ) ,c>not t x is indiff]5t :e!r ! me*anical laws are brok5 directly or circuit\sly4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! exclud$ p]petual motion is v closely relat$ to ! mod]n pr9ciple ( en]gy1 b x is n id5tical ) x1 = ! latt] is to be d$uc$ f ! =m] only by means ( a def9ite =mal conception4 ,z may be se5 f ! prec$+ exposition1 ! p]petual motion c be exclud$ )\t our employ+ or possess+ ! notion ( "w4 ,! mod]n pr9ciple ( en]gy results prim>ily f a sub/antial conception ( "w & ( e *ange ( physical condition :i* by be+ rev]s$ produces "w4 ,! /rong ne$ ( su* a conception1 :i* is by no means necess>y1 b 9 a =mal s5se is v conv5i5t & lucid1 is exhibit$ 9 ! case ( ,j4 ,r4 ,may] & ,j\le4 ,x 0 be=e rem>k$ t ?is conception 0 sugge/$ to bo? inquir]s by ! obs]vation t bo? ! production ( heat & ! production ( me*anical "w 7 connect$ ) an exp5diture ( sub/ance4 ,may] says3 ,ex nihilo nil fit1 & 9 ano!r place1 ,! creation or de/ruction ( a =ce 7"w7 lies )\t ! prov9ce ( human activity4 ,9 ,j\le we f9d ?is passage3 ,x is manife/ly absurd to suppose t ! p[]s ) :i* ,god has end[$ matt] c be de/roy$4 ,"s writ]s h obs]v$ 9 su* /atem5ts ! attempt at a metaphysical e/abli%m5t ( ! doctr9e ( en]gy4 ,b we see 9 !m simply ! =mal ne$ ( a simple1 cle>1 & liv+ grasp ( ! facts1 :i* receives its developm5t 9 practical & te*nical life1 & :i* we c>ry ov]1 z be/ we c1 into ! prov9ce ( sci5ce4 ,z a fact1 ,may] writes to ,gries+]3 ,if1 f9ally1 y ask me h[ ,i became involv$ 9 ! :ole affair1 my answ] is simply ?is3 ,engag$ dur+ a sea voyage almo/ exclusively ) ! /udy ( physiology1 ,i discov]$ ! new !ory = ! suffici5t reason t ,i vividly felt ! ne$ ( x4 ,! sub/antial conception ( "w 7en]gy7 is by no means a necess>y "o4 ,& x is f> f true t ! problem is solv$ ) ! recognition ( ! ne$ ( su* a conception4 ,r let u see h[ ,may] gradually endeavor$ to satisfy t ne$4 ,he fir/ reg>ds quantity ( motion1 or mom5tum1 mv1 z ! equival5t ( "w1 & did n light1 until lat]1 on ! notion ( liv+ =ce 7mv_/#b74 ,9 ! prov9ce ( electricity he 0 unable to assign ! expression :i* is ! equival5t ( "w4 ,?is 0 done lat] by ,helmholtz4 ,! =mal ne$1 !re=e1 is fir/ pres5t1 & our conception ( nature is subsequ5tly gradually adapt$ to x4 ,! lay+ b>e ( ! exp]im5tal1 logical1 & =mal root ( ! pres5t pr9ciple ( en]gy w p]haps contribute mu* to ! removal ( ! my/icism :i* /ill cl+s to ?is pr9ciple4 ,) respect to our =mal ne$ ( a v simple1 palpable1 sub/antial conception ( ! processes 9 our environm5t1 x rema9s an op5 "q h[ f> nature corresponds to t ne$1 or h[ f> we c satisfy x4 ,9 "o phase ( ! prec$+ discussions x w\ld seem z if ! sub/antial notion ( ! pr9ciple ( en]gy1 l ,black's mat]ial conception ( heat1 has its natural limits 9 facts1 beyond :i* x c only be artificially adh]$ to4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #ci3 ,publi%$ 9 ,vol4 #e1 ,no4 ,i1 ( ,! ,moni/1 ,octob]1 #ahid1 be+ 9 "p a re-elaboration ( ! treatise ,ueb] die ,erhaltung d] ,arbeit1 ,prague1 #ahgb4 ,footnote #dj3 ,on ,matt]1 ,liv+ ,=ce1 & ,heat1 ,j\le3 ,sci5tific ,pap]s1 ,london1 #ahhd1 ,i1 p4 #bfe4 ,footnote #da3 ,atqui hoc si sit1 globorum s]ies sive corona eundem situm cum priore habebit1 eademque de causa octo globi s9i/ri pond]osiores erunt sex dextris1 ideoque rursus octo illi desc5d5t1 sex illi asc5d5t1 i/ique globi ex sese cont9uum et aet]num motum effici5t1 quod e/ falsum4 ,footnote #db3 ,a igitur1 7si ullo modo p] naturam fi]i possit7 locum sibi tributum non s]vato1 ac delabatur 9 ,d2 quibus positis aqua quae ipsi ,a succ$it e&em ob causam deffluet 9 ,d1 eademque ab alia i/9c expelletur1 atque adeo aqua haec 7cum ubique eadem ratio sit7 motum in/ituet p]petuum1 quod absurdum fu]it4 ,footnote #dc3 ,accipio1 gradus velocitatis ejusdem mobilis sup] div]sas planorum incl9ationes acquisitos tunc esse aequales1 cum eorundum planorum elevationes aequales s9t4 ,footnote #dd3 ,voi molto probabilm5te discorrete1 ma oltre al v]i simile voglio con una esp]i5za cresc] tanto la probabilit1 *e poco gli man*i all'agguagli>si ad una b5 necess>ia dimo/razione4 ,figuratevi que/o foglio ess]e una p>ete eretta all'orizzonte1 e da un *iodo fitto 9 essa p5d]e una palla di piombo d'un'oncia1 o due1 sospesa dal sottil filo ,,ab lungo due1 o tre braccia p]p5dicol>e all'orizzonte1 e nella p>ete segnate una l9ea orizontale ,,dc segante a squadra il p]p5dicolo ,,ab1 il quale sia lontano dalla p>ete due dita 9 circa1 trasf]5do poi il filo ,,ab colla palla 9 ,,ac1 lasciata essa palla 9 lib]t1 la quale primi]am5te v$rete sc5d]e descriv5do l'arco ,,cbd1 e di tanto trapass>e il t]m9e ,b1 *e scorr5do p] l'arco ,,bd sormont] f9o quasi alla segnata p>allela ,,cd1 re/&o di p] v]nirvi p] piccolissimo int]vallo1 toltogli il precisam5te arriv>vi dall'imp$im5to dell'aria1 e del filo4 ,dal *e possiamo v]acem5te conclud]e1 *e l'impeto acqui/ato nel punto ,b dalla palla nello sc5d]e p] l'arco ,,cb1 fu tanto1 *e ba/ a risosp+]si p] un simile arco ,,bd alla m$esima altezza2 fatta1 e pi volte reit]ata cotale esp]i5za1 voglio1 *e fie*iamo nella p>ete ras5te al p]p5dicolo ,,ab un *iodo come 9 ,e1 ovv]o 9 ,f1 *e sporga 9 fuori c9que1 o sei dita1 e que/o accioc* il filo ,,ac torn&o come prima a riport> la palla ,c p] l'arco ,,cb1 giunta *e ella sia 9 ,b1 inopp&o il filo nel *iodo ,e1 sia co/retta a camm9>e p] la circonf]5za ,,bg descritta 9 torno al c5tro ,e1 dal *e v$remo quello1 *e potr f> quel m$esimo impeto1 *e dianzi concepizo nel m$esimo t]m9e ,b1 sosp9se l'i/esso mobile p] l'arco ,,ed all'altezza dell'orizzonale ,,cd4 ,ora1 ,signori1 voi v$rete con gu/o condursi la palla all'orizzontale nel punto ,g1 e l'i/esso accad]e1 l'intoppo si metesse pi basso1 come 9 ,f1 dove la palla descriv]ebbe l'arco ,,bj1 t]m9&o sempre la sua salita precisam5te nella l9ea ,,cd1 e qu&o l'intoppe del *iodo fusse tanto basso1 *e l'avanzo del filo sotto di lui non arivasse all'altezza di ,,cd 7il *e accad]ebbe1 qu&o fusse pi vic9o al punto ,b1 *e al segam5to dell' ,,ab coll'orizzontale ,,cd71 allora il filo caval*]ebbe il *iodo1 e segli avolg]ebbe intorno4 ,que/a esp]i5za non lascia luogo di dubit>e della v]it del suppo/o3 imp]oc* ess5do li due ar*i ,,cb1 ,,db equali e similm5to po/i1 l'acqui/o di mom5to fatto p] la scesa nell'arco ,,cb1 il m$esimo1 *e il fatto p] la scesa dell'arco ,,db2 ma il mom5to acqui/ato 9 ,b p] l'arco ,,cb pot5te a risosp+]e 9 su il m$esimo mobile p] l'arco ,,bd2 adunque anco il mom5to acqui/ato nella scesa ,,db eguale a quello1 *e sospigne l'i/esso mobile pel m$esimo arco da ,b 9 ,d1 sic*e univ]sal-m5te ogni mem5to acqui/ato p] la scesa d'un arco eguale a quello1 *e pu f> risalire l'i/esso mobile pel m$esimo arco3 ma i mom5ti tutti *e fanno resalire p] tutti gli ar*i ,,bd1 ,,bg1 ,,bj sono eguali1 poi* son fatti dal i/esso m$esimo mom5to acqui/ato p] la scesa ,,cb1 come mo/ra l'esp]i5za3 adunque tutti i mom5ti1 *e si acqui/ano p] le scese negli ar*i ,,db1 ,,gb1 ,,jb sono eguali4 ,footnote #de3 ,con/at jam1 quod mobile ex quiete 9 ,a desc5d5s p] ,,ab1 gradus acquirit velocitatis juxta temporis ipsius increm5tum3 gradum v]o 9 ,b esse maximum acquisitorum1 et suapte natura immutabilit] impressum1 sublatis scilicet causis accel]ationis novae1 aut ret>dationis3 accel]ationis inquam1 si adhuc sup] ext5so plano ult]ius progr$]etur2 ret>dationis v]o1 dum sup] planum acclive ,,bc fit reflexio3 9 horizontali autem ,,gh aequabilis motus juxta gradum velocitatis ex ,a 9 ,b acquisitae 9 inf9itum ext5d]etur4 ,footnote #df3 ,si gravitas non esset1 neque ar motui corporum (fic]et1 unumquodque eorum1 acceptum semel motum cont9uaturum velocitate aequabili1 secundum l9eam rectam4 ,footnote #dg3 ,si pond]a quotlibet1 vi gravitatis suae1 mov]i incipiant2 non posse c5trum gravitatis ex ipsis compositae altius1 quam ubi incipi5te motu rep]iebatur1 asc5d]e4 ,ipsa v]o hypo!sis no/ra quom9us scrupulum moveat1 nihil aliud sibi velle o/5demus1 quam1 quod nemo unquam negavit1 gravia nempe sursum non f]ri4--,et sane1 si hac eadem uti scir5t novorum op]um ma*9atores1 qui motum p]petuum irrito conatu moliuntur1 facile suos ipsi errores depreh5d]5t1 intellig]5tque rem eam me*anica ratione haud quaquam possibilem esse4 ,footnote #dh3 ,si p5dulum e pluribus pond]ibus compositum1 atque e quiete dimissum1 p>tem quamcunque oscillationis integrae confec]it1 atque inde porro intelligantur pond]a ejus s+ula1 relicto communi v9culo1 cel]itates acquisitas sursum conv]t]e1 ac qu\sque possunt asc5d]e2 hoc facto c5trum gravitatis ex omnibus compositae1 ad e&em altitud9em rev]sum erit1 quam ante inceptam oscillationem obt9ebat4 ,footnote #di3 ,notato autem hic illud /aticum axioma etiam locum hab]e3 ,ut spatium ag5tis ad spatium pati5tis ,sic pot5tia pati5tis ad pot5tiam ag5tis4 ,footnote #ej3 ,cep5dant1 comme dans cet ouvrage on ne fut d'abord att5tif qu' considr] ce beau dveloppem5t de la mcanique qui semblait sortir t\t entire d'une seule et mme =mule1 on crut naturellem5t que la sci5ce etait faite1 et qu'il ne re/ait plus qu' *]*] la dmon/ration du pr9cipe des vitesses virtuelles4 ,mais cette re*]*e ram5a t\tes les difficults qu'on avait fran*ies p> le pr9cipe mme4 ,cette loi si gnrale1 o se ml5t des ides vagues et trangres de m\vem5ts inf9em5t petits et de p]turbation d'quilibre1 ne fit en quelque sorte que s'obsurcir l'exam52 et le livre de ,lagrange n'(frant plus alors ri5 de clair que la m>*e des calculs1 on vit bi5 que les nuages n'avai5t p>u lev sur le c\rs de la mcanique que p>cequ'ils tai5t1 p\r a9si dire1 rassembls l'orig9e mme d cette sci5ce4 ,une dmon/ration gnrale du pr9cipe des vitesses virtuelles devait au fond rev5ir a tablir le mcanique entire sur une autre base3 c> la demon/ration d'une loi qui embrasse t\te une sci5ce ne peut tre autre *ose qua la r$uction de cette sci5ce une autre loi aussi gnrale1 mais vid5te1 ou du mo9s plus simple que la premire1 et qui p>tant la r5de inutile4 ,footnote #ea3 ,trait de la lumire1 ,leyd51 #afij1 p4 #b4 ,footnote #eb3 ,l'on ne saurait d\t] que la lumire ne consi/e dans le m\vem5t de c]ta9e matire4 ,c> soit qu'on reg>de sa production1 on tr\ve qu'iy sur la t]re c'e/ pr9cipalem5t le feu et la flamme qui l'eng5dr5t1 lesquels conti5t sans d\te des corps qui sont dans un m\vem5t rapide1 puis qu'ils dissolv5t et fond5t plusieurs autres corps des plus solides3 soit qu'on reg>de ses effets1 on voit que qu& la lumire e/ ramasse1 comme p> des miroires concaves1 elle a la v]tu de brl] comme le feu4 c-e/--dire qu'elle desunit les p>ties des corps2 ce qui m>que assurm5t du m\vem5t1 au mo9s dans la vraye ,philosophie1 dans laquelle on conoit la cause de t\s les effets naturels p> des raisons de me*anique4 ,ce qu'il faut faire mon avis1 ou bi5 r5onc] t\t esprance de jamais ri5 compr5dre dans la ,physique4 ,footnote #ec3 ,sur la puissance motrice du feu4 7,p>is1 #ahbd47 ,footnote #ed3 ,on objectra peut-tre ici que le m\vem5t p]ptuel1 dmontr impossible p> les seules actions mcaniques1 ne l'e/ peut-tre pas lorsqu'on emploie l'influ5ce soit de la *aleur1 soit de l'lectricit2 mais p5t-on concevoir les phnomnes de la *aleur et de l'lectricit comme dus autre *ose qu' des m\vem5ts quelconques des corps et comme tels ne doiv5t-ils pas tre s\mis aux lois gnrales de la mcanique8 ,footnote #ee3 ,by ?is is meant ! temp]ature ( a ,celsius scale1 ! z]o ( :i* is #bgc bel[ ! melt+-po9t ( ice4 ,footnote #ef3 ,i fir/ drew att5tion to ?is fact 9 my treatise ,ueb] die ,erhaltung d] ,arbeit1 ,prague1 #ahgb4 ,be=e ?is1 ,zeun] _h po9t$ out ! analogy betwe5 me*anical & !rmal en]gy4 ,i h giv5 a m ext5sive developm5t ( ?is idea 9 a communication to ! ,sitzungsb]i*te d] ,wi5] ,akademie1 ,decemb]1 #ahib1 entitl$ ,ges*i*te und ,kritik des ,c>not's*5 ,wrmegesetzes4 ,comp>e also ! works ( ,popp] 7#ahhd71 ,helm 7#ahhg71 ,wronsky 7#ahhh71 & ,o/wald 7#ahib74 ,footnote #eg3 ,sir ,william ,?omson fir/ consci\sly & int5tionally introduc$ 7#ahdh1 #ahea7 a me*anical measure ( temp]ature simil> to ! electric measure ( pot5tial4 ,footnote #eh3 ,comp>e my ,analysis ( ! ,s5sations1 ,j5a1 #ahhf3 ,engli% translation1 ,*icago1 #ahig4 ,footnote #ei3 ,a bett] t]m9ology appe>s highly desirable 9 ! place ( ! usual mislead+ "o4 ,sir ,william ,?omson 7#aheb7 appe>s to h felt ?is ne$1 & x has be5 cle>ly express$ by ,f4 ,wald 7#ahhi74 ,we %\ld call ! "w :i* corresponds to a vani%$ quantity ( heat its me*anical sub/itution-value2 :ile t "w :i* c be actually p]=m$ 9 ! passage ( a !rmal condition ,a to a condition ,b1 alone des]ves ! "n ( ! en]gy-value ( ?is *ange ( condition4 ,9 ?is way ! arbitr>y sub/antial conception ( ! processes w\ld be pres]v$ & misappreh5sions =e/all$4 ,,! ,,economical ,,nature ,,( ,,physical ,,inquiry4#fj ,:5 ! human m9d1 ) its limit$ p[]s1 attempts to mirror 9 itself ! ri* life ( ! _w1 ( :i* x is itself only a small "p1 & :i* x c nev] hope to exhau/1 x has e reason = proce$+ economically4 ,h5ce t t5d5cy1 express$ 9 ! philosophy ( all times1 to compass by a few organic ?\ghts ! fundam5tal features ( reality4 ,life und]/&s n dea?1 nor dea? life4 ,s spake an old ,*9ese philosoph]4 ,yet 9 8 unceas+ desire to dim9i% ! b\nd>ies ( ! incompreh5sible1 man has always be5 engag$ 9 attempts to und]/& dea? by life & life by dea?4 ,among ! anci5t civilis$ peoples1 nature 0 fill$ ) demons & spirits hav+ ! feel+s & desires ( m54 ,9 all ess5tial features1 ?is animi/ic view ( nature1 z ,tylor#fa has aptly t]m$ x1 is %>$ 9 common by ! feti%-wor%ipp] ( mod]n ,africa & ! mo/ advanc$ nations ( antiquity4 ,z a !ory ( ! _w x has nev] completely disappe>$4 ,! mono!ism ( ! ,*ri/ians nev] fully ov]came x1 no m ?an did t ( ! ,jews4 ,9 ! belief 9 wit*craft & 9 ! sup]/itions ( ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies1 ! c5turies ( ! rise ( natural sci5ce1 x assum$ frightful pa?ological dim5sions4 ,:il/ ,/ev9us1 ,kepl]1 & ,galileo 7 sl[ly re>+ ! fabric ( mod]n physical sci5ce1 a cruel & rel5tless w> 0 wag$ ) firebr& & rack aga9/ ! devils t gl[]$ f e corn]4 ,to-day ev51 ap>t f all survivals ( t p]iod1 ap>t f ! traces ( feti%ism :i* /ill inh]e 9 our physical concepts1#fb ^? v ideas /ill cov]tly lurk 9 ! practices ( mod]n spiritualism4 ,by ! side ( ?is animi/ic conception ( ! _w1 we meet f "t to "t1 9 diff]5t =ms1 f ,democritus to ! pres5t day1 ano!r view1 :i* likewise claims exclusive compet5cy to compreh5d ! univ]se4 ,?is view may be *>act]is$ z ! physico-me*anical view ( ! _w4 ,to-day1 t view holds1 indisputably1 ! fir/ place 9 ! ?\ghts ( m51 & det]m9es ! ideals & ! "* ( our times4 ,! com+ ( ! m9d ( man into ! full consci\sness ( its p[]s1 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 0 a p]iod ( g5u9e disillusionm5t4 ,x produc$ ! spl5did prec$5t ( a life really wor?y ( man1 compet5t to ov]come ! old b>b>ism 9 ! practical fields ( life2 x creat$ ! ,critique ( ,pure ,reason1 :i* bani%$ into ! realm ( %ad[s ! %am-ideas ( ! old metaphysics2 x press$ into ! h&s ( ! me*anical philosophy ! re9s :i* x n[ holds4 ,! (t-quot$ words ( ! great ,laplace1#fc :i* ,i w n[ give1 h ! r+ ( a jubilant toa/ to ! sci5tific a*ievem5ts ( ! eighte5? c5tury3 ,a m9d to :i* 7 giv5 = a s+le in/ant all ! =ces ( nature & ! mutual positions ( all its masses1 if x 7 o!rwise p[]ful en\gh to subject ^! problems to analysis1 c\ld grasp1 ) a s+le =mula1 ! motions ( ! l>ge/ masses z well z ( ! smalle/ atoms2 no?+ w\ld be unc]ta9 = x2 ! future & ! pa/ w\ld lie reveal$ be=e its eyes4 ,9 writ+ ^! words1 ,laplace1 z we "k1 _h also 9 m9d ! atoms ( ! bra94 ,t idea has be5 express$ m =cibly /ill by "s ( 8 foll[]s1 & x is n too mu* to say t ,laplace's ideal is sub/antially t ( ! great majority ( mod]n sci5ti/s4 ,gladly d we accord to ! creator ( ! ,mcanique cle/e ! s5se ( l(ty pleasure awak5$ 9 him by ! great success ( ! ,enlight5m5t1 to :i* we too owe our intellectual fre$om4 ,b to-day1 ) m9ds undi/urb$ & be=e new tasks1 x becomes physical sci5ce to secure itself aga9/ self-deception by a c>eful /udy ( its "*1 s t x c pursue ) great] sur5ess its true objects4 ,if ,i /ep1 !re=e1 beyond ! n>r[ prec9cts ( my specialty 9 ?is discussion1 to trespass on fri5dly neighbor+ doma9s1 ,i may plead 9 my excuse t ! subject-matt] ( k is common to all doma9s ( rese>*1 & t fix$1 %>p l9es ( dem>cation _c be drawn4 ,! belief 9 occult magic p[]s ( nature has gradually di$ away1 b 9 its place a new belief has aris51 ! belief 9 ! magical p[] ( sci5ce4 ,sci5ce ?r[s h] treasures1 n l a caprici\s fairy into ! laps ( a favor$ few1 b into ! laps ( all humanity1 ) a lavi% extravagance t no leg5d ev] dreamt (6 ,n )\t app>5t ju/ice1 !re=e1 d h] di/ant admir]s impute to h] ! p[] ( op5+ up unfa?omable abysses ( nature1 to :i* ! s5ses _c p5etrate4 ,yet %e :o came to br+ light into ! _w1 c well disp5se ) ! d>kness ( my/]y1 & ) pomp\s %[1 :i* %e ne$s nei!r = ! ju/ification ( h] aims nor = ! adornm5t ( h] pla9 a*ievem5ts4 ,! homely beg9n+s ( sci5ce w be/ reveal to u its simple1 un*angeable "*4 ,man acquires 8 fir/ k ( nature half-consci\sly & automatically1 f an in/9ctive habit ( mimick+ & =eca/+ facts 9 ?\ght1 ( supplem5t+ sluggi% exp]i5ce ) ! swift w+s ( ?\ght1 at fir/ only = 8 mat]ial welf>e4 ,:5 he he>s a noise 9 ! und]bru% he con/ructs !re1 j z ! animal does1 ! enemy :i* he fe>s2 :5 he sees a c]ta9 r9d he =ms m5tally ! image ( ! fruit :i* he is 9 se>* (2 j z we m5tally associate a c]ta9 k9d ( matt] ) a c]ta9 l9e 9 ! spectrum or an electric sp>k ) ! friction ( a piece ( glass4 ,a k ( causality 9 ?is =m c]ta9ly rea*es f> bel[ ! level ( ,s*op5hau]'s pet dog1 to :om x 0 ascrib$4 ,x probably exi/s 9 ! :ole animal _w1 & confirms t great ?9k]'s /atem5t reg>d+ ! w :i* creat$ ! intellect = its purposes4 ,^! primitive psy*ical functions are root$ 9 ! economy ( our organism n less firmly ?an are motion & dige/ion4 ,:o w\ld d5y t we feel 9 !m1 too1 ! elem5tal p[] ( a long practis$ logical & physiological activity1 bequea!d to u z an heirloom f our =efa!rs8 ,su* primitive acts ( k con/itute to-day ! solide/ f\ndation ( sci5tific ?\ght4 ,our in/9ctive k1 z we %all briefly call x1 by virtue ( ! conviction t we h consci\sly & int5tionally contribut$ no?+ to its =mation1 confronts u ) an au?ority & logical p[] :i* consci\sly acquir$ k ev5 f famili> s\rces & ( easily te/$ fallibility c nev] possess4 ,all s-call$ axioms are su* in/9ctive k4 ,n consci\sly ga9$ k alone1 b p[]ful intellectual in/9ct1 jo9$ ) va/ conceptive p[]s1 con/itute ! great inquir]4 ,! greate/ advances ( sci5ce h always consi/$ 9 "s successful =mulation1 9 cle>1 ab/ract1 & communicable t]ms1 ( :at 0 in/9ctively kn[n long be=e1 & ( ?us mak+ x ! p]man5t prop]ty ( humanity4 ,by ,newton's pr9ciple ( ! equality ( pressure & c\nt]pressure1 ^: tru? all be=e him _h felt1 b :i* no pr$ecessor _h ab/ractly =mulat$1 me*anics 0 plac$ by a s+le /roke on a high] level4 ,our /atem5t might also be hi/orically ju/ifi$ by examples f ! sci5tific labors ( ,/ev9us1 ,s4 ,c>not1 ,f>aday1 ,j4 ,r4 ,may]1 & o!rs4 ,all ?is1 h[ev]1 is m]ely ! soil f :i* sci5ce />ts4 ,! fir/ real beg9n+s ( sci5ce appe> 9 society1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! manual arts1 :]e ! necessity = ! communication ( exp]i5ce arises4 ,"h1 :]e "s new discov]y is to be describ$ & relat$1 ! compulsion is fir/ felt ( cle>ly def9+ 9 consci\sness ! important & ess5tial features ( t discov]y1 z _m writ]s c te/ify4 ,! aim ( in/ruction is simply ! sav+ ( exp]i5ce2 ! labor ( "o man is made to take ! place ( t ( ano!r4 ,! mo/ wond]ful economy ( communication is f\nd 9 language4 ,words are comp>able to type1 :i* sp>e ! repetition ( writt5 signs & ?us s]ve a multitude ( purposes2 or to ! few s\nds ( :i* our numb]less diff]5t words are compos$4 ,language1 ) its helpmate1 conceptual ?\ght1 by fix+ ! ess5tial & reject+ ! uness5tial1 con/ructs its rigid pictures ( ! fluid _w on ! plan ( a mosaic1 at a sacrifice ( exactness & fidelity b ) a sav+ ( tools & labor4 ,l a piano-play] ) previ\sly prep>$ s\nds1 a speak] excites 9 8 li/5] ?\ghts previ\sly prep>$1 b fitt+ _m cases1 :i* respond to ! speak]'s summons ) alacrity & little ef=t4 ,! pr9ciples :i* a prom95t political economi/1 ,e4 ,h]mann1#fd has =mulat$ = ! economy ( ! indu/rial arts1 are also applicable to ! ideas ( common life & ( sci5ce4 ,! economy ( language is augm5t$1 ( c\rse1 9 ! t]m9ology ( sci5ce4 ,) respect to ! economy ( writt5 int]c\rse !re is sc>cely a d\bt t sci5ce itself w realise t gr& old dream ( ! philosoph]s ( a ,univ]sal ,real ,"*4 ,t "t is n f> di/ant4 ,our num]al *>act]s1 ! symbols ( ma!matical analysis1 *emical symbols1 & musical notes1 :i* might easily be supplem5t$ by a sy/em ( color-signs1 toge!r ) "s phonetic alphabets n[ 9 use1 are all beg9n+s 9 ?is direction4 ,! logical ext5sion ( :at we h1 jo9$ ) a use ( ! ideas :i* ! ,*9ese ideography furni%es u1 w r5d] ! special inv5tion & promulgation ( a ,univ]sal ,"* :olly sup]flu\s4 ,! communication ( sci5tific k always involves description1 t is1 a mimetic reproduction ( facts 9 ?\ght1 ! object ( :i* is to replace & save ! tr\ble ( new exp]i5ce4 ,aga91 to save ! labor ( in/ruction & ( acquisition1 concise1 abridg$ description is s\ght4 ,?is is really all t natural laws are4 ,kn[+ ! value ( ! accel]ation ( gravity1 & ,galileo's laws ( desc5t1 we possess simple & comp5di\s directions = reproduc+ 9 ?\ght all possible motions ( fall+ bodies4 ,a =mula ( ?is k9d is a complete sub/itute = a full table ( motions ( desc5t1 because by means ( ! =mula ! data ( su* a table c be easily con/ruct$ at a mom5t's notice )\t ! lea/ burd5+ ( ! memory4 ,no human m9d c\ld compreh5d all ! individual cases ( refraction4 ,b kn[+ ! index ( refraction = ! two m$ia pres5t$1 & ! famili> law ( ! s9es1 we c easily reproduce or fill out 9 ?\ght e conceivable case ( refraction4 ,! advantage "h consi/s 9 ! disburd5+ ( ! memory2 an end imm5sely fur!r$ by ! writt5 pres]vation ( ! natural con/ants4 ,m ?an ?is compreh5sive & cond5s$ report ab\t facts is n conta9$ 9 a natural law ( ?is sort4 ,9 reality1 ! law always conta9s less ?an ! fact itself1 because x does n reproduce ! fact z a :ole b only 9 t aspect ( x :i* is important = u1 ! re/ be+ ei!r int5tionally or f necessity omitt$4 ,natural laws may be lik5$ to intellectual type ( a high] ord]1 p>tly movable1 p>tly /]eotyp$1 :i* la/ on new editions ( exp]i5ce may become d[nright imp$im5ts4 ,:5 we look ov] a prov9ce ( facts = ! fir/ "t1 x appe>s to u div]sifi$1 irregul>1 confus$1 full ( contradictions4 ,we fir/ succe$ 9 grasp+ only s+le facts1 unrelat$ ) ! o!rs4 ,! prov9ce1 z we are wont to say1 is n cle>4 ,by & by we discov] ! simple1 p]man5t elem5ts ( ! mosaic1 out ( :i* we c m5tally con/ruct ! :ole prov9ce4 ,:5 we h rea*$ a po9t :]e we c discov] ev]y:]e ! same facts1 we no long] feel lo/ 9 ?is prov9ce2 we compreh5d x )\t ef=t2 x is expla9$ = u4 ,let me illu/rate ?is by an example4 ,z soon z we h grasp$ ! fact ( ! rectil9e> propagation ( light1 ! regul> c\rse ( our ?\ghts /umbles at ! ph5om5a ( refraction & diffraction4 ,z soon z we h cle>$ matt]s up by our index ( refraction we discov] t a special index is necess>y = ea* color4 ,soon aft] we h accu/om$ ourselves to ! fact t light add$ to light increases its int5sity1 we sudd5ly come across a case ( total d>kness produc$ by ?is cause4 ,ultimately1 h[ev]1 we see ev]y:]e 9 ! ov]:elm+ multif>i\sness ( optical ph5om5a ! fact ( ! spatial & temporal p]iodicity ( light1 ) its velocity ( propagation dep5d5t on ! m$ium & ! p]iod4 ,?is t5d5cy ( obta9+ a survey ( a giv5 prov9ce ) ! lea/ exp5diture ( ?\ght1 & ( repres5t+ all its facts by "s "o s+le m5tal process1 may be ju/ly t]m$ an economical "o4 ,! greate/ p]fection ( m5tal economy is atta9$ 9 t sci5ce :i* has rea*$ ! highe/ =mal developm5t1 & :i* is widely employ$ 9 physical inquiry1 namely1 9 ma!matics4 ,/range z x may s\nd1 ! p[] ( ma!matics re/s ^u its evasion ( all unnecess>y ?\ght & on its wond]ful sav+ ( m5tal op]ations4 ,ev5 ^? arrangem5t-signs :i* we call numb]s are a sy/em ( m>vell\s simplicity & economy4 ,:5 we employ ! multiplication-table 9 multiply+ numb]s ( sev]al places1 & s use ! results ( old op]ations ( c\nt+ in/ead ( p]=m+ ! :ole ( ea* op]ation anew2 :5 we consult our table ( log>i?ms1 replac+ & sav+ ?us new calculations by old ones already p]=m$2 :5 we employ det]m9ants in/ead ( always beg9n+ afre% ! solution ( a sy/em ( equations2 :5 we resolve new integral expressions into famili> old integrals2 we see 9 ?is simply a feeble reflexion ( ! intellectual activity ( a ,lagrange or a ,cau*y1 :o1 ) ! ke5 disc]nm5t ( a great milit>y comm&]1 sub/itut$ = new op]ations :ole ho/s ( old ones4 ,no "o w dispute me :5 ,i say t ! mo/ elem5t>y z well z ! highe/ ma!matics are economically-ord]$ exp]i5ces ( c\nt+1 put 9 =ms ready = use4 ,9 algebra we p]=m1 z f> z possible1 all num]ical op]ations :i* are id5tical 9 =m once = all1 s t only a remnant ( "w is left = ! individual case4 ,! use ( ! signs ( algebra & analysis1 :i* are m]ely symbols ( op]ations to be p]=m$1 is due to ! obs]vation t we c mat]ially disburd5 ! m9d 9 ?is way & sp>e its p[]s = m important & m difficult duties1 by impos+ all me*anical op]ations ^u ! h&4 ,"o result ( ?is me?od1 :i* atte/s its economical "*1 is ! con/ruction ( calculat+ ma*9es4 ,! ma!matician ,babbage1 ! inv5tor ( ! diff]5ce-eng9e1 0 probably ! fir/ :o cle>ly p]ceiv$ ?is fact1 & he t\*$ ^u x1 al?\gh only cursorily1 9 8 "w1 ,! ,economy ( ,manufactures & ,ma*9]y4 ,! /ud5t ( ma!matics (t5 f9ds x h>d to ?r[ (f ! uncom=table feel+ t 8 sci5ce1 9 ! p]son ( 8 p5cil1 surpasses him 9 intellig5ce1--an impression :i* ! great ,eul] confess$ he (t5 c\ld n get rid (4 ,?is feel+ f9ds a sort ( ju/ification :5 we reflect t ! majority ( ! ideas we deal ) 7 conceiv$ by o!rs1 (t5 c5turies ago4 ,9 great measure x is really ! intellig5ce ( o!r p t confronts u 9 sci5ce4 ,! mom5t we look at matt]s 9 ?is light1 ! uncann9ess & magical "* ( our impressions cease1 especially :5 we rememb] t we c ?9k ov] aga9 at w any "o ( ^? ali5 ?\ghts4 ,physics is exp]i5ce1 arrang$ 9 economical ord]4 ,by ?is ord] n only is a broad & compreh5sive view ( :at we h r5d]$ possible1 b also ! defects & ! ne$ful alt]ations are made manife/1 exactly z 9 a well-kept h\sehold4 ,physics %>es ) ma!matics ! advantages ( succ9ct description & ( brief1 comp5di\s def9ition1 :i* precludes confusion1 ev5 9 ideas :]e1 ) no app>5t burd5+ ( ! bra91 ho/s ( o!rs are conta9$4 ,( ^! ideas ! ri* cont5ts c be produc$ at any mom5t & display$ 9 _! full p]ceptual light4 ,?9k ( ! sw>m ( well-ord]$ notions p5t up 9 ! idea ( ! pot5tial4 ,is x wond]ful t ideas conta9+ s mu* f9i%$ labor %\ld be easy to "w )8 ,our fir/ k1 ?us1 is a product ( ! economy ( self-pres]vation4 ,by communication1 ! exp]i5ce ( _m p]sons1 individually acquir$ at fir/1 is collect$ 9 "o4 ,! communication ( k & ! necessity :i* e "o feels ( manag+ 8 /ock ( exp]i5ce ) ! lea/ exp5diture ( ?\ght1 compel u to put our k 9 economical =ms4 ,b "h we h a clue :i* /rips sci5ce ( all its my/]y1 & %[s u :at its p[] really is4 ,) respect to specific results x yields u no?+ t we c\ld n rea* 9 a suffici5tly long "t )\t me?ods4 ,!re is no problem 9 all ma!matics t _c be solv$ by direct c\nt+4 ,b ) ! pres5t implem5ts ( ma!matics _m op]ations ( c\nt+ c be p]=m$ 9 a few m9utes :i* )\t ma!matical me?ods w\ld take a lifetime4 ,j z a s+le human be+1 re/rict$ :olly to ! fruits ( 8 own labor1 c\ld nev] amass a =tune1 b on ! contr>y ! accumulation ( ! labor ( _m m5 9 ! h&s ( "o is ! f\ndation ( weal? & p[]1 s1 also1 no k wor?y ( ! "n c be ga!r$ up 9 a s+le human m9d limit$ to ! span ( a human life & gift$ only ) f9ite p[]s1 except by ! mo/ exquisite economy ( ?\ght & by ! c>eful amassm5t ( ! economically ord]$ exp]i5ce ( ?\s&s ( co-work]s4 ,:at /rikes u "h z ! fruits ( sorc]y are simply ! rew>ds ( excell5t h\sekeep+1 z are ! l results 9 civil life4 ,b ! bus9ess ( sci5ce has ?is advantage ov] e o!r ent]prise1 t f its amassm5t ( weal? no "o suff]s ! lea/ loss4 ,?is1 too1 is its bless+1 its free+ & sav+ p[]4 ,! recognition ( ! economical "* ( sci5ce w n[ help u1 p]haps1 to und]/& bett] c]ta9 physical notions4 ,^? elem5ts ( an ev5t :i* we call cause & effect are c]ta9 sali5t features ( x1 :i* are important = its m5tal reproduction4 ,_! importance wanes & ! att5tion is transf]r$ to fre% *>act]s ! mom5t ! ev5t or exp]i5ce 9 "q becomes famili>4 ,if ! connexion ( su* features /rikes u z a necess>y "o1 x is simply because ! int]polation ( c]ta9 int]m$iate l9ks ) :i* we are v famili>1 & :i* possess1 !re=e1 high] au?ority = u1 is (t5 att5d$ ) success 9 our explanations4 ,t ready exp]i5ce fix$ 9 ! mosaic ( ! m9d ) :i* we meet new ev5ts1 ,kant calls an innate concept ( ! und]/&+ 7,v]/&esbegriff74 ,! gr&e/ pr9ciples ( physics1 resolv$ into _! elem5ts1 diff] 9 no wise f ! descriptive pr9ciples ( ! natural hi/orian4 ,! "q1 ,:y8 :i* is always appropriate :]e ! explanation ( a contradiction is conc]n$1 l all prop] habitudes ( ?\ght1 c ov]rea* itself & be ask$ :]e no?+ rema9s to be und]/ood4 ,suppose we 7 to attribute to nature ! prop]ty ( produc+ l effects 9 l circum/ances2 j ^! l circum/ances we %\ld n "k h[ to f9d4 ,nature exi/s once only4 ,our s*ematic m5tal imitation alone produces l ev5ts4 ,only 9 ! m9d1 !re=e1 does ! mutual dep5d5ce ( c]ta9 features exi/4 ,all our ef=ts to mirror ! _w 9 ?\ght w\ld be futile if we f\nd no?+ p]man5t 9 ! v>i$ *anges ( ?+s4 ,x is ?is t impels u to =m ! notion ( sub/ance1 ! s\rce ( :i* is n diff]5t f t ( ! mod]n ideas relative to ! cons]vation ( en]gy4 ,! hi/ory ( physics furni%es num]\s examples ( ?is impulse 9 almo/ all fields1 & pretty examples ( x may be trac$ back to ! nurs]y4 ,:]e does ! light g to :5 x is put out8 asks ! *ild4 ,! sudd5 %rivell+ up ( a hydrog5 balloon is inexplicable to a *ild2 x looks ev]y:]e = ! l>ge body :i* 0 j !re b is n[ gone4 ,:]e does heat come f8 ,:]e does heat g to8 ,su* *ildi% que/ions 9 ! m\?s ( mature m5 %ape ! "* ( a c5tury4 ,9 m5tally sep>at+ a body f ! *angeable environm5t 9 :i* x moves1 :at we really d is to extricate a gr\p ( s5sations on :i* our ?\ghts are fa/5$ & :i* is ( relatively great] /ability ?an ! o!rs1 f ! /ream ( all our s5sations4 ,absolutely unalt]able ?is gr\p is n4 ,n[ ?is1 n[ t memb] ( x appe>s & disappe>s1 or is alt]$4 ,9 its full id5tity x nev] recurs4 ,yet ! sum ( its con/ant elem5ts z comp>$ ) ! sum ( its *angeable ones1 especially if we consid] ! cont9u\s "* ( ! transition1 is always s great t = ! purpose 9 h& ! =m] usually appe> suffici5t to det]m9e ! body's id5tity4 ,b because we c sep>ate f ! gr\p e s+le memb] )\t ! body's ceas+ to be = u ! same1 we are easily l$ to believe t aft] ab/ract+ all ! memb]s some?+ additional w\ld rema94 ,x ?us comes to pass t we =m ! notion ( a sub/ance di/9ct f its attributes1 ( a ?+-9-itself1 :il/ our s5sations are reg>d$ m]ely z symbols or indications ( ! prop]ties ( ?is ?+-9-itself4 ,b x w\ld be mu* bett] to say t bodies or ?+s are comp5di\s m5tal symbols = gr\ps ( s5sations--symbols t d n exi/ outside ( ?\ght4 ,?us1 ! m]*ant reg>ds ! labels ( 8 boxes m]ely z indexes ( _! cont5ts1 & n ! contr>y4 ,he inve/s _! cont5ts1 n _! labels1 ) real value4 ,! same economy :i* induces u to analyse a gr\p & to e/abli% special signs = its compon5t p>ts1 p>ts :i* also g to make up o!r gr\ps1 may likewise induce u to m>k out by "s s+le symbol a :ole gr\p4 ,on ! old ,egyptian monum5ts we see objects repres5t$ :i* d n reproduce a s+le visual impression1 b are compos$ ( v>i\s impressions4 ,! heads & ! legs ( ! figures appe> 9 pr(ile1 ! head-dress & ! brea/ are se5 f ! front1 & s on4 ,we h "h1 s to speak1 a mean view ( ! objects1 9 =m+ :i* ! sculptor has reta9$ :at he deem$ ess5tial1 & neglect$ :at he ?\ght indiff]5t4 ,we h liv+ exemplifications ( ! processes put into /one on ! walls ( ^! old temples1 9 ! draw+s ( our *ildr51 & we also obs]ve a fai?ful analogue ( !m 9 ! =mation ( ideas 9 our own m9ds4 ,only 9 virtue ( "s su* facility ( view z t indicat$1 are we all[$ to speak ( a body4 ,:5 we speak ( a cube ) trimm$ corn]s--a figure :i* is n a cube--we d s f a natural in/9ct ( economy1 :i* pref]s to add to an old famili> conception a correction in/ead ( =m+ an entirely new "o4 ,?is is ! process ( all judgm5t4 ,! crude notion ( body c no m /& ! te/ ( analysis ?an c ! art ( ! ,egyptians or t ( our little *ildr54 ,! physici/ :o sees a body flex$1 /ret*$1 melt$1 & vaporis$1 cuts up ?is body into small] p]man5t p>ts2 ! *emi/ splits x up into elem5ts4 ,yet ev5 an elem5t is n unalt]able4 ,take sodium4 ,:5 w>m$1 ! :ite1 silv]y mass becomes a liquid1 :i*1 :5 ! heat is increas$ & ! air %ut out1 is trans=m$ into a violet vapor1 & on ! heat be+ /ill m increas$ gl[s ) a yell[ light4 ,if ! "n sodium is /ill reta9$1 x is because ( ! cont9u\s "* ( ! transitions & f a necess>y in/9ct ( economy4 ,by cond5s+ ! vapor1 ! :ite metal may be made to reappe>4 ,inde$1 ev5 aft] ! metal is ?r[n into wat] & has pass$ into sodium hydroxide1 ! vani%$ prop]ties may by skilful treatm5t /ill be made to appe>2 j z a mov+ body :i* has pass$ beh9d a column & is lo/ to view = a mom5t may make its appe>ance aft] a "t4 ,x is unque/ionably v conv5i5t always to h ready ! "n & ?\ght = a gr\p ( prop]ties :]ev] t gr\p by any possibility c appe>4 ,b m ?an a comp5di\s economical symbol = ^! ph5om5a1 t "n & ?\ght is n4 ,x w\ld be a m]e empty ^w = "o 9 :om x did n awak5 a l>ge gr\p ( well-ord]$ s5se-impressions4 ,& ! same is true ( ! molecules & atoms into :i* ! *emical elem5t is /ill fur!r analys$4 ,true1 x is cu/om>y to reg>d ! cons]vation ( weight1 or1 m precisely1 ! cons]vation ( mass1 z a direct pro( ( ! con/ancy ( matt]4 ,b ?is pro( is dissolv$1 :5 we g to ! bottom ( x1 into su* a multitude ( in/rum5tal & intellectual op]ations1 t 9 a s5se x w be f\nd to con/itute simply an equation :i* our ideas 9 imitat+ facts h to satisfy4 ,t obscure1 my/]i\s lump :i* we involunt>ily add 9 ?\ght1 we seek = 9 va9 outside ! m9d4 ,x is always1 ?us1 ! crude notion ( sub/ance t is slipp+ unnotic$ into sci5ce1 prov+ itself con/antly insuffici5t1 & ev] "u ! necessity ( be+ r$uc$ to small] & small] _w-p>ticles4 ,"h1 z else:]e1 ! l[] /age is n r5d]$ indisp5sable by ! high] :i* is built ^u x1 no m ?an ! simple/ mode ( locomotion1 walk+1 is r5d]$ sup]flu\s by ! mo/ elaborate means ( transportation4 ,body1 z a comp\nd ( light & t\* s5sations1 knit toge!r by s5sations ( space1 mu/ be z famili> to ! physici/ :o seeks x1 z to ! animal :o hunts its prey4 ,b ! /ud5t ( ! !ory ( k1 l ! geologi/ & ! a/ronom]1 mu/ be p]mitt$ to reason back f ! =ms :i* are creat$ be=e 8 eyes to o!rs :i* he f9ds ready made = him4 ,all physical ideas & pr9ciples are succ9ct directions1 frequ5tly involv+ subord9ate directions1 = ! employm5t ( economically classifi$ exp]i5ces1 ready = use4 ,_! concis5ess1 z also ! fact t _! cont5ts are r>ely exhibit$ 9 full1 (t5 inve/s !m ) ! semblance ( indep5d5t exi/5ce4 ,poetical my?s reg>d+ su* ideas1--= example1 t ( ,"t1 ! produc] & dev\r] ( all ?+s1--d n conc]n u "h4 ,we ne$ only rem9d ! read] t ev5 ,newton speaks ( an absolute "t indep5d5t ( all ph5om5a1 & ( an absolute space--views :i* ev5 ,kant did n %ake (f1 & :i* are (t5 s]i\sly ent]ta9$ to-day4 ,= ! natural inquir]1 det]m9ations ( "t are m]ely abbreviat$ /atem5ts ( ! dep5d5ce ( "o ev5t ^u ano!r1 & no?+ m4 ,:5 we say ! accel]ation ( a freely fall+ body is #ihaj metres p] second1 we mean ! velocity ( ! body ) respect to ! c5tre ( ! e>? is #ihaj metres great] :5 ! e>? has p]=m$ an additional #hfdjj? "p ( its rotation--a fact :i* itself c be det]m9$ only by ! e>?'s relation to o!r heav5ly bodies4 ,aga91 9 velocity is conta9$ simply a relation ( ! position ( a body to ! position ( ! e>?4#fe ,in/ead ( ref]r+ ev5ts to ! e>? we may ref] !m to a clock1 or ev5 to our int]nal s5sation ( "t4 ,n[1 because all are connect$1 & ea* may be made ! measure ( ! re/1 ! illusion easily arises t "t has significance indep5d5tly ( all4#ff ,! aim ( rese>* is ! discov]y ( ! equations :i* subsi/ betwe5 ! elem5ts ( ph5om5a4 ,! equation ( an ellipse expresses ! univ]sal conceivable relation betwe5 its co-ord9ates1 ( :i* only ! real values h geometrical significance4 ,simil>ly1 ! equations betwe5 ! elem5ts ( ph5om5a express a univ]sal1 ma!matically conceivable relation4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 = _m values only c]ta9 directions ( *ange are physically admissible4 ,z 9 ! ellipse only c]ta9 values satisfy+ ! equation are realis$1 s 9 ! physical _w only c]ta9 *anges ( value occur4 ,bodies are always accel]at$ t[>ds ! e>?4 ,diff]5ces ( temp]ature1 left to !mselves1 always gr[ less2 & s on4 ,simil>ly1 ) respect to space1 ma!matical & physiological rese>*es h %[n t ! space ( exp]i5ce is simply an actual case ( _m conceivable cases1 ab\t ^: peculi> prop]ties exp]i5ce alone c in/ruct u4 ,! elucidation :i* ?is idea diffuses _c be que/ion$1 despite ! absurd uses to :i* x has be5 put4 ,let u endeavor n[ to summ>ise ! results ( our survey4 ,9 ! economical s*ematism ( sci5ce lie bo? its /r5g? & its weakness4 ,facts are always repres5t$ at a sacrifice ( complet5ess & nev] ) great] precision ?an fits ! ne$s ( ! mom5t4 ,! incongru5ce betwe5 ?\ght & exp]i5ce1 !re=e1 w cont9ue to subsi/ z long z ! two pursue _! c\rse side by side2 b x w be cont9ually dim9i%$4 ,9 reality1 ! po9t involv$ is always ! completion ( "s p>tial exp]i5ce2 ! d]ivation ( "o portion ( a ph5om5on f "s o!r4 ,9 ?is act our ideas mu/ be bas$ directly ^u s5sations4 ,we call ?is measur+4#fg ,! condition ( sci5ce1 bo? 9 its orig9 & 9 its application1 is a great relative /ability ( our environm5t4 ,:at x tea*es u is int]dep5d5ce4 ,absolute =eca/s1 consequ5tly1 h no significance 9 sci5ce4 ,) great *anges 9 cele/ial space we %\ld lose our co-ord9ate sy/ems ( space & "t4 ,:5 a geomet] wi%es to und]/& ! =m ( a curve1 he fir/ resolves x into small rectil9e> elem5ts4 ,9 do+ ?is1 h[ev]1 he is fully aw>e t ^! elem5ts are only provisional & arbitr>y devices = compreh5d+ 9 p>ts :at he _c compreh5d z a :ole4 ,:5 ! law ( ! curve is f\nd he no long] ?9ks ( ! elem5ts4 ,simil>ly1 x w\ld n become physical sci5ce to see 9 its self-creat$1 *angeable1 economical tools1 molecules & atoms1 realities beh9d ph5om5a1 =getful ( ! lately acquir$ sapi5ce ( h] old] si/]1 philosophy1 9 sub/itut+ a me*anical my?ology = ! old animi/ic or metaphysical s*eme1 & ?us creat+ no end ( suppositi\s problems4 ,! atom mu/ rema9 a tool = repres5t+ ph5om5a1 l ! functions ( ma!matics4 ,gradually1 h[ev]1 z ! intellect1 by contact ) its subject-matt]1 gr[s 9 discipl9e1 physical sci5ce w give up its mosaic play ) /ones & w seek out ! b\nd>ies & =ms ( ! b$ 9 :i* ! liv+ /ream ( ph5om5a fl[s4 ,! goal :i* x has set itself is ! simple/ & mo/ economical ab/ract expression ( facts4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! "q n[ rema9s1 :e!r ! same me?od ( rese>* :i* till n[ we h tacitly re/rict$ to physics1 is also applicable 9 ! psy*ical doma94 ,?is "q w appe> sup]flu\s to ! physical inquir]4 ,our physical & psy*ical views spr+ 9 exactly ! same mann] f in/9ctive k4 ,we read ! ?\ghts ( m5 9 _! acts & facial expressions )\t kn[+ h[4 ,j z we pr$ict ! behavior ( a magnetic ne$le plac$ ne> a curr5t by imag9+ ,ampre's swimm] 9 ! curr5t1 simil>ly we pr$ict 9 ?\ght ! acts & behavior ( m5 by assum+ s5sations1 feel+s1 & wills simil> to our own connect$ ) _! bodies4 ,:at we "h in/9ctively p]=m w\ld appe> to u z "o ( ! subtle/ a*ievem5ts ( sci5ce1 f> out/ripp+ 9 significance & +5uity ,ampre's rule ( ! swimm]1 7 x n t e *ild unconsci\sly accompli%$ x4 ,! "q simply is1 !re=e1 to grasp sci5tifically1 t is1 by conceptional ?\ght1 :at we are already famili> ) f o!r s\rces4 ,& "h mu* is to be accompli%$4 ,a long sequ5ce ( facts is to be disclos$ betwe5 ! physics ( expression & movem5t & feel+ & ?\ght4 ,we he> ! "q1 ,b h[ is x possible to expla9 feel+ by ! motions ( ! atoms ( ! bra98 ,c]ta9ly ?is w nev] be done1 no m ?an light or heat w ev] be d$uc$ f ! law ( refraction4 ,we ne$ n deplore1 !re=e1 ! lack ( +5i\s solutions ( ?is "q4 ,! problem is n a problem4 ,a *ild look+ ov] ! walls ( a city or ( a =t into ! moat bel[ sees ) a/oni%m5t liv+ p 9 x1 & n kn[+ ( ! portal :i* connects ! wall ) ! moat1 _c und]/& h[ !y c\ld h got d[n f ! high ramp>ts4 ,s x is ) ! notions ( physics4 ,we _c climb up into ! prov9ce ( psy*ology by ! ladd] ( our ab/ractions1 b we c climb d[n into x4 ,let u look at ! matt] )\t bias4 ,! _w consi/s ( colors1 s\nds1 temp]atures1 pressures1 spaces1 times1 & s =?1 :i* n[ we %all n call s5sations1 nor ph5om5a1 because 9 ei!r t]m an arbitr>y1 "o-sid$ !ory is embodi$1 b simply elem5ts4 ,! fix+ ( ! flux ( ^! elem5ts1 :e!r m$iately or imm$iately1 is ! real object ( physical rese>*4 ,z long z1 neglect+ our own body1 we employ ourselves ) ! int]dep5d5ce ( ^? gr\ps ( elem5ts :i*1 includ+ m5 & animals1 make up =eign bodies1 we are physici/s4 ,= example1 we inve/igate ! *ange ( ! r$ color ( a body z produc$ by a *ange ( illum9ation4 ,b ! mom5t we consid] ! special influ5ce on ! r$ ( ! elem5ts con/itut+ our body1 outl9$ by ! well-kn[n p]spective ) head invisible1 we are at "w 9 ! doma9 ( physiological psy*ology4 ,we close our eyes1 & ! r$ toge!r ) ! :ole visible _w disappe>s4 ,!re exi/s1 ?us1 9 ! p]spective field ( e s5se a portion :i* ex]cises on all ! re/ a diff]5t & m p[]ful influ5ce ?an ! re/ ^u "o ano!r4 ,) ?is1 h[ev]1 all is said4 ,9 ! light ( ?is rem>k1 we call all elem5ts1 9 s f> z we reg>d !m z dep5d5t on ?is special "p 7our body71 s5sations4 ,t ! _w is our s5sation1 9 ?is s5se1 _c be que/ion$4 ,b to make a sy/em ( conduct out ( ?is provisional conception1 & to abide its slaves1 is z unnecess>y = u z w\ld be a simil> c\rse = a ma!matician :o1 9 v>y+ a s]ies ( v>iables ( a function :i* 7 previ\sly assum$ to be con/ant1 or 9 int]*ang+ ! indep5d5t v>iables1 f9ds 8 me?od to be ! s\rce ( "s v surpris+ ideas = him4#fh ,if we look at ! matt] 9 ?is unbiass$ light x w appe> indubitable t ! me?od ( physiological psy*ology is none o!r ?an t ( physics2 :at is m1 t ?is sci5ce is a "p ( physics4 ,its subject-matt] is n diff]5t f t ( physics4 ,x w unque/ionably det]m9e ! relations ! s5sations be> to ! physics ( our body4 ,we h already le>n$ f a memb] ( ?is academy 7,h]+7 t 9 all probability a sixfold manifoldness ( ! *emical processes ( ! visual sub/ance corresponds to ! sixfold manifoldness ( color-s5sation1 & a ?reefold manifoldness ( ! physiological processes to ! ?reefold manifoldness ( space-s5sations4 ,! pa?s ( reflex actions & ( ! w are foll[$ up & disclos$2 x is asc]ta9$ :at region ( ! bra9 subs]ves ! function ( spee*1 :at region ! function ( locomotion1 etc4 ,t :i* /ill cl+s to our body1 namely1 our ?\ghts1 w1 :5 ^? inve/igations are f9i%$1 pres5t no difficulties new 9 pr9ciple4 ,:5 exp]i5ce has once cle>ly exhibit$ ^! facts & sci5ce has m>%all$ !m 9 economic & p]spicu\s ord]1 !re is no d\bt t we %all und]/& !m4 ,= o!r und]/&+ ?an a m5tal ma/]y ( facts nev] exi/$4 ,sci5ce does n create facts f facts1 b simply ord]s kn[n facts4 ,let u look1 n[1 a little m closely into ! modes ( rese>* ( physiological psy*ology4 ,we h a v cle> idea ( h[ a body moves 9 ! space encompass+ x4 ,) our optical field ( sight we are v famili>4 ,b we are unable to /ate1 z a rule1 h[ we h come by an idea1 f :at corn] ( our intellectual field ( sight x has ent]$1 or by :at region ! impulse to a motion is s5t =?4 ,moreov]1 we %all nev] get acqua9t$ ) ?is m5tal field ( view f self-obs]vation alone4 ,self-obs]vation1 9 conjunction ) physiological rese>*1 :i* seeks out physical connexions1 c put ?is field ( vision 9 a cle> light be=e u1 & w ?us fir/ really reveal to u our inn] man4 ,prim>ily1 natural sci5ce1 or physics1 9 its wide/ s5se1 makes u acqua9t$ ) only ! firme/ connexions ( gr\ps ( elem5ts4 ,provisorily1 we may n be/[ too mu* att5tion on ! s+le con/itu5ts ( ^? gr\ps1 if we are desir\s ( reta9+ a compreh5sible :ole4 ,in/ead ( equations betwe5 ! primitive v>iables1 physics gives u1 z mu* ! easie/ c\rse1 equations betwe5 functions ( ^? v>iables4 ,physiological psy*ology tea*es u h[ to sep>ate ! visible1 ! tangible1 & ! audible f bodies--a labor :i* is subsequ5tly ri*ly requit$1 z ! division ( ! subjects ( physics well %[s4 ,physiology fur!r analyses ! visible into light & space s5sations2 ! fir/ into colors1 ! la/ also into _! compon5t p>ts2 x resolves noises into s\nds1 ^! into tones1 & s on4 ,unque/ionably ?is analysis c be c>ri$ mu* fur!r ?an x has be54 ,x w be possible 9 ! end to exhibit ! common elem5ts at ! basis ( v ab/ract b def9ite logical acts ( l =m1--elem5ts :i* ! acute juri/ & ma!matician1 z x 71 feels out1 ) absolute c]ta9ty1 :]e ! un9itiat$ he>s only empty words4 ,physiology1 9 a ^w1 w reveal to u ! true real elem5ts ( ! _w4 ,physiological psy*ology be>s to physics 9 its wide/ s5se a relation simil> to t :i* *emi/ry be>s to physics 9 its n>r[e/ s5se4 ,b f> great] ?an ! mutual support ( physics & *emi/ry w be t :i* natural sci5ce & psy*ology w r5d] ea* o!r4 ,& ! results t %all spr+ f ?is union w1 9 all likelihood1 f> out/rip ^? ( ! mod]n me*anical physics4 ,:at ^? ideas are ) :i* we %all compreh5d ! _w :5 ! clos$ circuit ( physical & psy*ological facts %all lie complete be=e u1 7t circuit ( :i* we n[ see only two disjo9$ p>ts17 _c be =ese5 at ! outset ( ! "w4 ,! m5 w be f\nd :o w see :at is "r & w h ! c\rage1 in/ead ( w&]+ 9 ! intricate pa?s ( logical & hi/orical accid5t1 to ent] on ! /raight ways to ! heights f :i* ! mighty /ream ( facts c be survey$4 ,:e!r ! notion :i* we n[ call matt] w cont9ue to h a sci5tific significance beyond ! crude purposes ( common life1 we d n "k4 ,b we c]ta9ly %all wond] h[ colors & tones :i* 7 su* inn]mo/ p>ts ( u c\ld sudd5ly get lo/ 9 our physical _w ( atoms2 h[ we c\ld be sudd5ly surpris$ t some?+ :i* outside u simply click$ & beat1 9 our heads %\ld make light & music2 & h[ we c\ld ask :e!r matt] c feel1 t is to say1 :e!r a m5tal symbol = a gr\p ( s5sations c feel8 ,we _c m>k out 9 h>d & fa/ l9es ! sci5ce ( ! future1 b we c =esee t ! rigid walls :i* n[ divide man f ! _w w gradually disappe>2 t human be+s w n only confront ea* o!r1 b also ! entire organic & s-call$ lifeless _w1 ) less selfi%ness & ) liveli] sympa?y4 ,j su* a pres5tim5t z ?is p]haps possess$ ! great ,*9ese philosoph] ,licius "s two ?\s& ye>s ago :51 po9t+ to a heap ( m\ld]+ human bones1 he said to 8 s*ol>s 9 ! rigid1 lapid>y /yle ( 8 tongue3 ,^! & ,i alone h ! k t we nei!r live nor are dead4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #fj3 ,an address deliv]$ be=e ! anniv]s>y meet+ ( ! ,imp]ial ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 at ,vi5na1 ,may #be1 #ahhb4 ,footnote #fa3 ,primitive ,culture4 ,footnote #fb3 ,tylor1 loc4 cit4 ,footnote #fc3 ,essai philosophique sur les probabilits4 #f? ,ed4 ,p>is1 #ahdj1 p4 #d4 ,! necess>y consid]ation ( ! initial velocities is lack+ 9 ?is =mulation4 ,footnote #fd3 ,pr9cipi5 d] ,wir?s*aftslehre1 ,vi5na1 #ahgc4 ,footnote #fe3 ,x is cle> f ?is t all s-call$ elem5t>y 7diff]5tial7 laws involve a relation to ! :ole4 ,footnote #ff3 ,if x be object$1 t 9 ! case ( p]turbations ( ! velocity ( rotation ( ! e>?1 we c\ld be s5sible ( su* p]turbations1 & be+ oblig$ to h "s measure ( "t1 we %\ld resort to ! p]iod ( vibration ( ! waves ( sodium light1--all t ?is w\ld %[ is t = practical reasons we %\ld select t ev5t :i* be/ s]v$ u z ! simple/ common measure ( ! o!rs4 ,footnote #fg3 ,measurem5t1 9 fact1 is ! def9ition ( "o ph5om5on by ano!r 7/&>d7 ph5om5on4 ,footnote #fh3 ,i h repres5t$ ! po9t ( view "h tak5 = m ?an ?irty ye>s & develop$ x 9 v>i\s writ+s 7,erhaltung d] ,arbeit1 #ahgb1 p>ts ( :i* are publi%$ 9 ! article on ,! ,cons]vation ( ,en]gy 9 ?is collection2 ,! ,=ms ( ,liquids1 #ahgb1 also publi%$ 9 ?is collection2 & ! ,bewegungsempf9dung51 #ahge74 ,! idea1 ?\gh kn[n to philosoph]s1 is unfamili> to ! majority ( physici/s4 ,x is a matt] ( deep regret to me1 !re=e1 t ! title & au?or ( a small tract :i* accord$ ) my views 9 num]\s details & :i* ,i rememb] hav+ caught a glance ( 9 a v busy p]iod 7#ahgi-ahhj71 h s completely disappe>$ f my memory t all ef=ts to obta9 a clue to !m h hi!rto be5 fruitless4 ,,on ,,trans=mation ,,& ,,adaptation ,,9 ,,sci5tific ,,?\ght4#fi ,x 0 t[>ds ! close ( ! sixte5? c5tury t ,galileo ) a sup]b indiff]5ce to ! dialectic arts & sophi/ic subtleties ( ! ,s*oolm5 ( 8 "t1 turn$ ! att5tion ( 8 brilliant m9d to nature4 ,by nature 8 ideas 7 trans=m$ & releas$ f ! fett]s ( inh]it$ prejudice4 ,at once ! mighty revolution 0 felt1 t 0 !re) effect$ 9 ! realm ( human ?\ght--felt inde$ 9 circles f> remote & :olly unrelat$ to ! sph]e ( sci5ce1 felt 9 /rata ( society t hi!rto _h only indirectly recognis$ ! influ5ce ( sci5tific ?\ght4 ,& h[ great & h[ f>-rea*+ t revolution 06 ,f ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury till its close we see aris+1 at lea/ 9 embryo1 almo/ all t plays a "p 9 ! natural & te*nical sci5ce ( to-day1 almo/ all t 9 ! two c5turies foll[+ s wond]fully trans=m$ ! facial appe>ance ( ! e>?1 & all t is mov+ onw>d 9 process ( su* mighty evolution to-day4 ,& all ?is1 ! direct result ( ,galilean ideas1 ! direct outcome ( t fre%ly awak5$ s5se = ! inve/igation ( natural ph5om5a :i* taught ! ,tuscan philosoph] to =m ! concept & ! law ( fall+ bodies f ! obs]vation ( a fall+ /one6 ,galileo began 8 inve/igations )\t an implem5t wor?y ( ! "n2 he measur$ "t 9 ! mo/ primitive way1 by ! efflux ( wat]4 ,yet soon aft]w>ds ! telescope1 ! microscope1 ! b>omet]1 ! !rmomet]1 ! air-pump1 ! /eam eng9e1 ! p5dulum1 & ! electrical ma*9e 7 inv5t$ 9 rapid succession4 ,! fundam5tal !orems ( dynamical sci5ce1 ( optics1 ( heat1 & ( electricity 7 all disclos$ 9 ! c5tury t foll[$ ,galileo4 ,( sc>cely less importance1 x seems1 0 t movem5t :i* 0 prep>$ = by ! illu/ri\s biologi/s ( ! hundr$ ye>s j pa/1 & =mally begun by ! late ,mr4 ,d>w94 ,galileo quick5$ ! s5se = ! simpl] ph5om5a ( inorganic nature4 ,& ) ! same simplicity & frankness t m>k$ ! ef=ts ( ,galileo1 & )\t ! aid ( te*nical or sci5tific in/rum5ts1 )\t physical or *emical exp]im5t1 b solely by ! p[] ( ?\ght & obs]vation1 ,d>w9 grasps a new prop]ty ( organic nature--:i* we may briefly call its pla/icity4#gj ,) ! same directness ( purpose1 ,d>w91 too1 pursues 8 way4 ,) ! same c&or & love ( tru?1 he po9ts out ! /r5g? & ! weakness ( 8 demon/rations4 ,) ma/]ly equanimity he holds alo( f ! discussion ( irrelevant subjects & w9s alike ! admiration ( 8 adh]5ts & ( 8 adv]s>ies4 ,sc>cely ?irty ye>s h elaps$#ga s9ce ,d>w9 fir/ prop\nd$ ! pr9ciples ( 8 !ory ( evolution4 ,yet1 already we see 8 ideas firmly root$ 9 e bran* ( human ?\ght1 h[ev] remote4 ,ev]y:]e1 9 hi/ory1 9 philosophy1 ev5 9 ! physical sci5ces1 we he> ! wat*words3 h]$ity1 adaptation1 selection4 ,we speak ( ! /ruggle = exi/5ce among ! heav5ly bodies & ( ! /ruggle = exi/5ce 9 ! _w ( molecules4#gb ,! impetus giv5 by ,galileo to sci5tific ?\ght 0 m>k$ 9 e direction2 ?us1 8 pupil1 ,borelli1 f\nd$ ! s*ool ( exact m$ic9e1 f :5ce proce$$ ev5 di/+ui%$ ma!maticians4 ,& n[ ,d>w9ian ideas1 9 ! same way1 are animat+ all prov9ces ( rese>*4 ,x is true1 nature is n made up ( two di/9ct p>ts1 ! inorganic & ! organic2 nor mu/ ^! two divisions be treat$ p]=ce by totally di/9ct me?ods4 ,_m sides1 h[ev]1 nature has4 ,nature is l a ?read 9 an intricate tangle1 :i* mu/ be foll[$ & trac$1 n[ f ?is po9t1 n[ f t4 ,b we mu/ nev] imag9e1--& ?is physici/s h le>n$ f ,f>aday & ,j4 ,r4 ,may]1--t progress along pa?s once ent]$ ^u is ! only means ( rea*+ ! tru?4 ,x w devolve ^u ! speciali/s ( ! future to det]m9e ! relative t5ability & fruitfulness ( ! ,d>w9ian ideas 9 ! diff]5t prov9ces4 ,"h ,i wi% simply to consid] ! gr[? ( natural k 9 ! light ( ! !ory ( evolution4 ,= k1 too1 is a product ( organic nature4 ,& al?\gh ideas1 z su*1 d n comport !mselves 9 all respects l indep5d5t organic individuals1 & al?\gh viol5t comp>isons %\ld be avoid$1 /ill1 if ,d>w9 reason$ rightly1 ! g5]al impr9t ( evolution & trans=mation mu/ be noticeable 9 ideas also4 ,i %all waive "h ! consid]ation ( ! fruitful topic ( ! transmission ( ideas or r ( ! transmission ( ! aptitude = c]ta9 ideas4#gc ,nor w\ld x come )9 my prov9ce to discuss psy*ical evolution 9 any =m1 z ,sp5c]#gd & _m o!r mod]n psy*ologi/s h done1 ) v>y+ success4 ,nei!r %all ,i ent] ^u a discussion ( ! /ruggle = exi/5ce & ( natural selection among sci5tific !ories4#ge ,we %all consid] "h only su* processes ( trans=mation z e /ud5t c easily obs]ve 9 8 own m9d4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! *ild ( ! =e/ picks out & pursues ) m>vell\s acut5ess ! trails ( animals4 ,he outwits & ov]rea*es 8 foes ) surpass+ cunn+4 ,he is p]fectly at home 9 ! sph]e ( 8 peculi> exp]i5ce4 ,b confront him ) an unwont$ ph5om5on2 place him face to face ) a te*nical product ( mod]n civilisation1 & he w lapse into impot5cy & helplessness4 ,"h are facts :i* he does n compreh5d4 ,if he endeavors to grasp _! mean+1 he mis9t]prets !m4 ,he fancies ! moon1 :5 eclips$1 to be torm5t$ by an evil _s4 ,to 8 m9d a puff+ locomotive is a liv+ mon/]4 ,! lett] accompany+ a commission ) :i* he is entru/$1 hav+ once reveal$ 8 ?ievi%ness1 is 9 8 imag9ation a consci\s be+1 :i* he mu/ hide b5ea? a /one1 be=e v5tur+ to commit a fre% trespass4 ,ari?metic to him is l ! art ( ! geomanc]s 9 ! ,arabian ,nights1--an art :i* is able to accompli% e imag9able impossibility4 ,&1 l ,voltaire's +nu1 :5 plac$ 9 our social _w1 he plays1 z we ?9k1 ! madde/ pranks4 ,) ! man :o has made ! a*ievem5ts ( mod]n sci5ce & civilisation 8 own1 ! case is q diff]5t4 ,he sees ! moon pass tempor>ily into ! %ad[ ( ! e>?4 ,he feels 9 8 ?\ghts ! wat] gr[+ hot 9 ! boil] ( ! locomotive2 he feels also ! increase ( ! t5sion :i* pu%es ! pi/on =w>d4 ,:]e he is n able to trace ! direct relation ( ?+s he has rec\rse to 8 y>d-/ick & table ( log>i?ms1 :i* aid & facilitate 8 ?\ght )\t pr$om9at+ ov] x4 ,su* op9ions z he _c concur 91 are at lea/ kn[n to him1 & he kn[s h[ to meet !m 9 argum5t4 ,n[1 :]e9 does ! diff]5ce betwe5 ^! two m5 consi/8 ,! tra9 ( ?\ght habitually employ$ by ! fir/ "o does n correspond to ! facts t he sees4 ,he is surpris$ & nonpluss$ at e /ep4 ,b ! ?\ghts ( ! second man foll[ & anticipate ev5ts1 8 ?\ghts h become adapt$ or accommodat$ to ! l>g] field ( obs]vation & activity 9 :i* he is locat$2 he conceives ?+s z !y are4 ,! ,indian's sph]e ( exp]i5ce1 h[ev]1 is q diff]5t2 8 bodily organs ( s5se are 9 con/ant activity2 he is ev] int5sely al]t & on ! wat* = 8 foes2 or1 8 entire att5tion & en]gy are engag$ 9 procur+ su/5ance4 ,n[1 h[ c su* a creature project 8 m9d into futurity1 =esee or prophesy8 ,?is is n possible until our fell[-be+s h1 9 a measure1 reliev$ u ( our conc]n = exi/5ce4 ,x is !n t we acquire fre$om = obs]vation1 & n infrequ5tly too t n>r[ness ( ?\ght :i* society helps & tea*es u to disreg>d4 ,if we move = a "t )9 a fix$ circle ( ph5om5a :i* recur ) unv>y+ uni=mity1 our ?\ghts gradually adapt !mselves to our environm5t2 our ideas reflect unconsci\sly our surr\nd+s4 ,! /one we hold 9 our h&1 :5 dropp$1 n only falls to ! gr\nd 9 reality2 x also falls 9 our ?\ghts4 ,iron-fil+s d>t t[>ds a magnet 9 imag9ation z well z 9 fact1 &1 :5 ?r[n into a fire1 !y grew hot 9 conception z well4 ,! impulse to complete m5tally a ph5om5on t has be5 only p>tially obs]v$1 has n its orig9 9 ! ph5om5on itself2 ( ?is fact1 we are fully s5sible4 ,& we well "k t x does n lie )9 ! sph]e ( our volition4 ,x seems to confront u r z a p[] & a law impos$ f )\t & controll+ bo? ?\ght & facts4 ,! fact t we are able by ! help ( ?is law to prophesy & =eca/1 m]ely proves a sam5ess or uni=mity ( environm5t suffici5t to effect a m5tal adaptation ( ?is k9d4 ,a necessity ( fulfilm5t1 h[ev]1 is n conta9$ 9 ?is compulsory pr9ciple :i* controls our ?\ghts2 nor is x 9 any way det]m9$ by ! possibility ( pr$iction4 ,we are always oblig$1 9 fact1 to await ! completion ( :at has be5 pr$ict$4 ,errors & dep>tures are con/antly disc]nible1 & are slight only 9 prov9ces ( great rigid con/ancy1 z 9 a/ronomy4 ,9 cases :]e our ?\ghts foll[ ! connexion ( ev5ts ) ease1 & 9 in/ances :]e we positively =efeel ! c\rse ( a ph5om5on1 x is natural to fancy t ! latt] is det]m9$ by & mu/ con=m to our ?\ghts4 ,b ! belief 9 t my/]i\s ag5cy call$ causality1 :i* holds ?\ght & ev5t 9 unison1 is viol5tly %ak5 :5 a p]son fir/ ent]s a prov9ce ( inquiry 9 :i* he has previ\sly _h no exp]i5ce4 ,take = in/ance ! /range int]action ( electric curr5ts & magnets1 or ! reciprocal action ( curr5ts1 :i* seem to defy all ! res\rces ( me*anical sci5ce4 ,let him be confront$ ) su* ph5om5a & he w imm$iately feel himself =sak5 by 8 p[] ( pr$iction2 he w br+ no?+ ) him into ?is /range field ( ev5ts b ! hope ( soon be+ able to adapt 8 ideas to ! new conditions !re pres5t$4 ,a p]son con/ructs f a bone ! rema9+ anatomy ( an animal2 or f ! visible "p ( a half-conceal$ w+ ( a butt]fly he inf]s & recon/ructs ! "p conceal$4 ,he does s ) a feel+ ( highe/ confid5ce 9 ! accuracy ( 8 results2 & 9 ^! processes we f9d no?+ pret]natural or transc5d5t4 ,b :5 physici/s adapt _! ?\ghts to con=m to ! dynamical c\rse ( ev5ts 9 "t1 we inv>iably surr\nd _! inve/igations ) a metaphysical halo2 yet ^! latt] adaptations be> q ! same "* z ! =m]1 & our only reason = inve/+ !m ) a metaphysical g>b1 p]haps1 is _! high practical value4#gf ,let u consid] = a mom5t :at takes place :5 ! field ( obs]vation to :i* our ideas h be5 adapt$ & n[ con=m1 becomes enl>g$4 ,we _h1 let u say1 always se5 heavy bodies s9k :5 _! support 0 tak5 away2 we _h also se51 p]haps1 t ! s9k+ ( heavi] bodies =c$ light] bodies upw>ds4 ,b n[ we see a lev] 9 action1 & we are sudd5ly /ruck ) ! fact t a light] body is lift+ ano!r ( mu* great] weight4 ,our cu/om>y tra9 ( ?\ght dem&s its rights2 ! new & unwont$ ev5t likewise dem&s its rights4 ,f ?is conflict betwe5 ?\ght & fact ! problem arises2 out ( ?is p>tial contr>iety spr+s ! "q1 ,:y8 ,) ! new adaptation to ! enl>g$ field ( obs]vation1 ! problem disappe>s1 or1 9 o!r words1 is solv$4 ,9 ! in/ance cit$1 we mu/ adopt ! habit ( always consid]+ ! me*anical "w p]=m$4 ,! *ild j awak5+ into consci\sness ( ! _w1 kn[s no problem4 ,! bright fl[]1 ! r++ bell1 are all new to x2 yet x is surpris$ at no?+4 ,! out & out ,phili/9e1 ^: only ?\ghts lie 9 ! beat5 pa? ( 8 e-day pursuits1 likewise has no problems4 ,ev]y?+ goes its wont$ c\rse1 & if p]*ance a ?+ g wrong at times1 x is at mo/ a m]e object ( curiosity & n wor? s]i\s consid]ation4 ,9 fact1 ! "q ,:y8 loses all w>rant 9 relations :]e we are famili> ) e aspect ( ev5ts4 ,b ! capable & tal5t$ "y man has 8 head full ( problems2 he has acquir$1 to a great] or less degree1 c]ta9 habitudes ( ?\ght1 & at ! same "t he is con/antly obs]v+ :at is new & unwont$1 & 9 8 case !re is no end to ! que/ions1 ,:y8 ,?us1 ! factor :i* mo/ promotes sci5tific ?\ght is ! gradual wid5+ ( ! field ( exp]i5ce4 ,we sc>cely notice ev5ts we are accu/om$ to2 ! latt] d n really develop _! intellectual significance until plac$ 9 contra/ ) some?+ to :i* we are unaccu/om$4 ,?+s t at home are pass$ by unnotic$1 delight u :5 abroad1 ?\gh !y may appe> 9 only slightly diff]5t =ms4 ,! sun %9es ) height5$ radiance1 ! fl[]s bloom 9 bright] colors1 our fell[-m5 acco/ u ) light] & happi] looks4 ,&1 return+ home1 we f9d ev5 ! old famili> sc5es m inspir+ & sugge/ive ?an be=e4 ,e motive t prompts & /imulates u to modify & trans=m our ?\ghts1 proce$s f :at is new1 uncommon1 & n und]/ood4 ,novelty excites wond] 9 p]sons ^: fix$ habits ( ?\ght are %ak5 & dis>rang$ by :at !y see4 ,b ! elem5t ( wond] nev] lies 9 ! ph5om5on or ev5t obs]v$2 its place is 9 ! p]son obs]v+4 ,p ( m vigor\s m5tal type aim at once at an adaptation ( ?\ght t w con=m to :at !y h obs]v$4 ,?us does sci5ce ev5tually become ! natural foe ( ! wond]ful4 ,! s\rces ( ! m>vell\s are unveil$1 & surprise gives way to calm int]pretation4 ,let u consid] su* a m5tal trans=mative process 9 detail4 ,! circum/ance t heavy bodies fall to ! e>? appe>s p]fectly natural & regul>4 ,b :5 a p]son obs]ves t wood floats ^u wat]1 & t flames & smoke rise 9 ! air1 !n ! contr>y ( ! fir/ ph5om5on is pres5t$4 ,an old5 !ory endeavors to expla9 ^! facts by imput+ to sub/ances ! p[] ( volition1 z t attribute :i* is mo/ famili> to man4 ,x ass]t$ t e sub/ance seeks its prop] place1 heavy bodies t5d+ d[nw>ds & light ones upw>ds4 ,x soon turn$ out1 h[ev]1 t ev5 smoke _h weight1 t x1 too1 s\ght its place bel[1 & t x 0 =c$ upw>ds only because ( ! d[nw>d t5d5cy ( ! air1 z wood is =c$ to ! surface ( wat] because ! wat] ex]ts ! great] d[nw>d pressure4 ,aga91 we see a body ?r[n into ! air4 ,x asc5ds4 ,h[ is x t x does n seek its prop] place8 ,:y does ! velocity ( its viol5t motion decrease z x rises1 :ile t ( its natural fall increases z x desc5ds4 ,if we m>k closely ! relation betwe5 ^! two facts1 ! problem w solve itself4 ,we %all see1 z ,galileo did1 t ! decrease ( velocity 9 ris+ & ! increase ( velocity 9 fall+ are "o & ! same ph5om5on1 viz41 an increase ( velocity t[>ds ! e>?4 ,accord+ly1 x is n a place t is assign$ to ! body1 b an increase ( velocity t[>ds ! e>?4 ,by ?is idea ! movem5ts ( heavy bodies are r5d]$ p]fectly famili>4 ,newton1 n[1 firmly grasp+ ?is new way ( ?9k+1 sees ! moon & ! planets mov+ 9 _! pa?s ^u pr9ciples simil> to ^? :i* det]m9e ! motion ( a projectile ?r[n into ! air4 ,yet ! movem5ts ( ! planets 7 m>k$ by peculi>ities :i* compell$ him once m to modify slightly 8 cu/om>y mode ( ?\ght4 ,! heav5ly bodies1 or r ! p>ts compos+ !m1 d n move ) con/ant accel]ations t[>ds ea* o!r1 b attract ea* o!r1 directly z ! mass & inv]sely z ! squ>e ( ! di/ance4 ,?is latt] notion1 :i* includes ! "o apply+ to t]re/rial bodies z a special case1 is1 z we see1 q diff]5t f ! conception f :i* we />t$4 ,h[ limit$ 9 scope 0 ! orig9al idea & to :at a multitude ( ph5om5a is n ! pres5t "o applicable6 ,yet !re is a trace1 aft] all1 ( ! se>* = place 9 ! expression attraction4 ,& x w\ld be folly1 inde$1 = u to avoid1 ) punctili\s dread1 ?is conception ( attraction z be>+ m>ks ( its p$igree4 ,x is ! hi/orical base ( ! ,newtonian conception & x /ill cont9ues to direct our ?\ghts 9 ! pa?s s long famili> to u4 ,?us1 ! happie/ ideas d n fall f heav51 b spr+ f notions already exi/+4 ,simil>ly1 a ray ( light 0 fir/ reg>d$ z a cont9u\s & homog5e\s /raight l9e4 ,x !n became ! pa? ( projection = m9ute missiles2 !n an aggregate ( ! pa?s ( c\ntless diff]5t k9ds ( missiles4 ,x became p]iodic2 x acquir$ v>i\s sides2 & ultimately x ev5 lo/ its motion 9 a /raight l9e4 ,! electric curr5t 0 conceiv$ orig9ally z ! fl[ ( a hypo!tical fluid4 ,to ?is conception 0 soon add$ ! notion ( a *emical curr5t1 ! notion ( an electric1 magnetic1 & anisotropic optical field1 intimately connect$ ) ! pa? ( ! curr5t4 ,& ! ri*] a conception becomes 9 foll[+ & keep+ pace ) facts1 ! bett] adapt$ x is to anticipate !m4 ,adaptive processes ( ?is k9d h no assignable beg9n+1 inasmu* z e problem t incites to new adaptation1 presupposes a fix$ habitude ( ?\ght4 ,moreov]1 !y h no visible end2 9 s f> z exp]i5ce nev] ceases4 ,sci5ce1 accord+ly1 /&s midway 9 ! evolution>y process2 & sci5ce may advantage\sly direct & promote ?is process1 b x c nev] take its place4 ,t sci5ce is inconceivable ! pr9ciples ( :i* w\ld enable a p]son ) no exp]i5ce to con/ruct ! _w ( exp]i5ce1 )\t a k ( x4 ,"o might j z well expect to become a great musician1 solely by ! aid ( !ory1 & )\t musical exp]i5ce2 or to become a pa9t] by foll[+ ! directions ( a text-book4 ,9 glanc+ ov] ! hi/ory ( an idea ) :i* we h become p]fectly famili>1 we are no long] able to appreciate ! full significance ( its gr[?4 ,! deep & vital *anges t h be5 effect$ 9 ! c\rse ( its evolution1 are recognisable only f ! a/\nd+ n>r[ness ( view ) :i* great contempor>y sci5ti/s h occasionally oppos$ ea* o!r4 ,huyg5s's wave-!ory ( light 0 incompreh5sible to ,newton1 & ,newton's idea ( univ]sal gravity 0 un9telligible to ,huyg5s4 ,b a c5tury aft]w>ds bo? notions 7 reconcilable1 ev5 9 ord9>y m9ds4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! orig9al creations ( pione] intellects1 unconsci\sly =m$1 d n assume a =eign g>b2 _! =m is _! own4 ,9 !m1 *ildlike simplicity is jo9$ to ! maturity ( manhood1 & !y are n to be comp>$ ) processes ( ?\ght 9 ! av]age m9d4 ,! latt] are c>ri$ on z are ! acts ( p]sons 9 ! /ate ( mesm]ism1 :]e actions involunt>ily foll[ ! images :i* ! words ( o!r p]sons sugge/ to _! m9ds4 ,! ideas t h become mo/ famili> ?r\gh long exp]i5ce1 are ! v ones t intrude !mselves into ! conception ( e new fact obs]v$4 ,9 e in/ance1 ?us1 !y become involv$ 9 a /ruggle = self-pres]vation1 & x is j !y t are seiz$ by ! inevitable process ( trans=mation4 ,^u ?is process re/s sub/antially ! me?od ( expla9+ by hypo!sis new & uncompreh5d$ ph5om5a4 ,?us1 in/ead ( =m+ entirely new notions to expla9 ! movem5ts ( ! heav5ly bodies & ! ph5om5a ( ! tides1 we imag9e ! mat]ial p>ticles compos+ ! bodies ( ! univ]se to possess weight or gravity ) respect to "o ano!r4 ,simil>ly1 we imag9e electrifi$ bodies to be freight$ ) fluids t attract & repel1 or we conceive ! space betwe5 !m to be 9 a /ate ( ela/ic t5sion4 ,9 s do+1 we sub/itute = new ideas di/9ct & m famili> notions ( old exp]i5ce--notions :i* to a great ext5t run unimp$$ 9 _! c\rses1 al?\gh !y too mu/ suff] p>tial trans=mation4 ,! animal _c con/ruct new memb]s to p]=m e new function t circum/ances & fate dem& ( x4 ,on ! contr>y x is oblig$ to make use ( ^? x already possesses4 ,:5 a v]tebrate animal *ances into an environm5t :]e x mu/ le>n to fly or swim1 an additional pair ( extremities is n gr[n = ! purpose4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! animal mu/ adapt & trans=m a pair t x already has4 ,! con/ruction ( hypo!ses1 !re=e1 is n ! product ( artificial sci5tific me?ods4 ,?is process is unconsci\sly c>ri$ on 9 ! v infancy ( sci5ce4 ,ev5 lat]1 hypo!ses d n become detrim5tal & dang]\s to progress except :5 m reliance is plac$ on !m ?an on ! facts !mselves2 :5 ! cont5ts ( ! =m] are m highly valu$ ?an ! latt]1 & :51 rigidly adh]+ to hypo!tical notions1 we ov]e/imate ! ideas we possess z comp>$ ) ^? we h to acquire4 ,! ext5sion ( our sph]e ( exp]i5ce always involves a trans=mation ( our ideas4 ,x matt]s n :e!r ! face ( nature becomes actually alt]$1 pres5t+ new & /range ph5om5a1 or :e!r ^! ph5om5a are br\ght to light by an int5tional or accid5tal turn ( obs]vation4 ,9 fact1 all ! v>i$ me?ods ( sci5tific inquiry & ( purposive m5tal adaptation enum]at$ by ,john ,/u>t ,mill1 ^? ( obs]vation z well z ^? ( exp]im5t1 are ultimately recognisable z =ms ( "o fundam5tal me?od1 ! me?od ( *ange1 or v>iation4 ,x is ?r\gh *ange ( circum/ances t ! natural philosoph] le>ns4 ,?is process1 h[ev]1 is by no means conf9$ to ! inve/igator ( nature4 ,! hi/orian1 ! philosoph]1 ! juri/1 ! ma!matician1 ! arti/1 ! /hetician1#gg all illum9ate & unfold _! ideas by produc+ f ! ri* treasures ( memory simil>1 b diff]5t1 cases2 ?us1 !y obs]ve & exp]im5t 9 _! ?\ghts4 ,ev5 if all s5se-exp]i5ce %\ld sudd5ly cease1 ! ev5ts ( ! days pa/ w\ld meet 9 diff]5t attitudes 9 ! m9d & ! process ( adaptation w\ld /ill cont9ue--a process :i*1 9 contradi/9ction to ! adaptation ( ?\ghts to facts 9 practical sph]es1 w\ld be /rictly !oretical1 be+ an adaptation ( ?\ghts to ?\ghts4 ,! me?od ( *ange or v>iation br+s be=e u l cases ( ph5om5a1 hav+ p>tly ! same & p>tly diff]5t elem5ts4 ,x is only by comp>+ diff]5t cases ( refract$ light at *ang+ angles ( incid5ce t ! common factor1 ! con/ancy ( ! refractive index1 is disclos$4 ,& only by comp>+ ! refractions ( light ( diff]5t colors1 does ! diff]5ce1 ! inequality ( ! indices ( refraction1 arre/ ! att5tion4 ,comp>ison bas$ ^u *ange leads ! m9d simultane\sly to ! highe/ ab/ractions & to ! f9e/ di/9ctions4 ,und\bt$ly1 ! animal also is able to di/+ui% betwe5 ! simil> & dissimil> ( two cases4 ,its consci\sness is ar\s$ by a noise or a ru/l+1 & its motor c5tre is put 9 read9ess4 ,! sight ( ! creature caus+ ! di/urbance1 w1 accord+ to its size1 provoke flight or prompt pursuit2 & 9 ! latt] case1 ! m exact di/9ctions w det]m9e ! mode ( attack4 ,b man alone atta9s to ! faculty ( volunt>y & consci\s comp>ison4 ,man alone c1 by 8 p[] ( ab/raction1 rise1 9 "o mom5t1 to ! compreh5sion ( pr9ciples l ! cons]vation ( mass or ! cons]vation ( en]gy1 & 9 ! next obs]ve & m>k ! arrangem5t ( ! iron l9es 9 ! spectrum4 ,9 ?us deal+ ) ! objects ( 8 conceptual life1 8 ideas unfold & exp&1 l 8 n]v\s sy/em1 into a widely ramifi$ & organically articulat$ tree1 on :i* he may foll[ e limb to its f>!rmo/ bran*es1 &1 :5 occasion dem&s1 return to ! trunk f :i* he />t$4 ,! ,engli% philosoph] ,:ewell has rem>k$ t two ?+s are requisite to ! =mation ( sci5ce3 facts & ideas4 ,ideas alone lead to empty speculation2 m]e facts c yield no organic k4 ,we see t all dep5ds ^u ! capacity ( adapt+ exi/+ notions to fre% facts4 ,ov]-read9ess to yield to e new fact prev5ts fix$ habits ( ?\ght f aris+4 ,excessively rigid habits ( ?\ght imp$e fre$om ( obs]vation4 ,9 ! /ruggle1 9 ! compromise betwe5 judgm5t & prejudgm5t 7prejudice71 if we may use ! t]m1 our und]/&+ ( ?+s broad5s4 ,habitual judgm5t1 appli$ to a new case )\t antec$5t te/s1 we call prejudgm5t or prejudice4 ,:o does n "k its t]rible p[]6 ,b we ?9k less (t5 ( ! importance & utility ( prejudice4 ,physically1 no "o c\ld exi/1 if he _h to guide & regulate ! circulation1 respiration1 & dige/ion ( 8 body by consci\s & purposive acts4 ,s1 too1 no "o c\ld exi/ intellectually if he _h to =m judgm5ts on e pass+ exp]i5ce1 in/ead ( all[+ himself to be controll$ by ! judgm5ts he has already =m$4 ,prejudice is a sort ( reflex motion 9 ! prov9ce ( intellig5ce4 ,on prejudices1 t is1 on habitual judgm5ts n te/$ 9 e case to :i* !y are appli$1 reposes a goodly portion ( ! ?\ght & "w ( ! natural sci5ti/4 ,on prejudices reposes mo/ ( ! conduct ( society4 ,) ! sudd5 disappe>ance ( prejudice society w\ld hopelessly dissolve4 ,t pr9ce display$ a deep insight into ! p[] ( intellectual habit1 :o quell$ ! l\d m5aces & dem&s ( 8 body-gu>d = arre>s ( pay & compell$ !m to turn ab\t & m>*1 by simply pron\nc+ ! regul> ^w ( comm&2 he well knew t !y w\ld be unable to resi/ t4 ,n until ! discrepancy betwe5 habitual judgm5ts & facts becomes great is ! inve/igator implicat$ 9 appreciable illusion4 ,!n tragic complications & cata/rophes occur 9 ! practical life ( individuals & nations--crises :]e man1 plac+ cu/om above life1 in/ead ( press+ x into ! s]vice ( life1 becomes ! victim ( 8 error4 ,! v p[] :i* 9 intellectual life advances1 fo/]s1 & su/a9s u1 may 9 o!r circum/ances delude & de/roy u4 99 99 99 99 99 ,ideas are n all ( life4 ,!y are only mom5t>y effloresc5ces ( light1 design$ to illum9ate ! pa?s ( ! w4 ,b z delicate reag5ts on our organic evolution our ideas are ( p>am\nt importance4 ,no !ory c ga9say ! vital trans=mation :i* we feel tak+ place )9 u ?r\gh _! ag5cy4 ,nor is x necess>y t we %\ld h a pro( ( ?is process4 ,we are imm$iately assur$ ( x4 ,! trans=mation ( ideas ?us appe>s z a "p ( ! g5]al evolution ( life1 z a "p ( its adaptation to a con/antly wid5+ sph]e ( action4 ,a granite b\ld] on a m\nta9-side t5ds t[>ds ! e>? bel[4 ,x mu/ abide 9 its re/+-place = ?\s&s ( ye>s be=e its support gives way4 ,! %rub t gr[s at its base is f>!r advanc$2 x accommodates itself to summ] & w9t]4 ,! fox :i*1 ov]com+ ! =ce ( gravity1 creeps to ! summit :]e he has sc5t$ 8 prey1 is fre] 9 8 movem5ts ?an ei!r4 ,! arm ( man rea*es fur!r /ill2 & sc>cely any?+ ( note happ5s 9 ,africa or ,asia t does n leave an impr9t ^u 8 life4 ,:at an imm5se portion ( ! life ( o!r m5 is reflect$ 9 ourselves2 _! joys1 _! affections1 _! happ9ess & mis]y6 ,& ?is too1 :5 we survey only our imm$iate surr\nd+s1 & conf9e our att5tion to mod]n lit]ature4 ,h[ mu* m d we exp]i5ce :5 we travel ?r\gh anci5t ,egypt ) ,h]odotus1 :5 we /roll ?r\gh ! /reets ( ,pompeii1 :5 we c>ry ourselves back to ! gloomy p]iod ( ! crusades or to ! gold5 age ( ,italian art1 n[ mak+ ! acqua9tance ( a physician ( ,molire1 & n[ t ( a ,did]ot or ( a ,d',alemb]t4 ,:at a great "p ( ! life ( o!rs1 ( _! "* & _! purpose1 d we n absorb ?r\gh poetry & music6 ,& al?\gh !y only g5tly t\* ! *ords ( our emotions1 l ! memory ( y\? s(tly brea?+ ^u ! _s ( an ag$ man1 we h nev]!less liv$ !m ov] aga9 9 "p4 ,h[ great & compreh5sive does self become 9 ?is conception2 & h[ insignificant ! p]son6 ,egoi/ical sy/ems bo? ( optimism & pessimism p]i% ) _! n>r[ /&>d ( ! import ( intellectual life4 ,we feel t ! real pe>ls ( life lie 9 ! ev] *ang+ cont5ts ( consci\sness1 & t ! p]son is m]ely an indiff]5t symbolical ?read on :i* !y are /rung4#gh ,we are prep>$1 ?us1 to reg>d ourselves & e "o ( our ideas z a product & a subject ( univ]sal evolution2 & 9 ?is way we %all advance /urdily & unimp$$ along ! pa?s :i* ! future w ?r[ op5 to u4#gi ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #fi3 ,inaugural ,address1 deliv]$ on assum+ ! ,rectorate ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,prague1 ,octob] #ah1 #ahhc4 ,! idea pres5t$ 9 ?is essay is nei!r new nor remote4 ,i h t\*$ ^u x myself on sev]al occasions 7fir/ 9 #ahfg71 b h nev] made x ! subject ( a =mal disquisition4 ,d\btless1 o!rs1 too1 h treat$ x2 x lies1 s to speak1 9 ! air4 ,h[ev]1 z _m ( my illu/rations 7 well receiv$1 al?\gh kn[n only 9 an imp]fect =m f ! lecture itself & ! newspap]s1 ,i h1 contr>y to my orig9al int5tion1 decid$ to publi% x4 ,x is n my int5tion to trespass "h ^u ! doma9 ( biology4 ,my /atem5ts are to be tak5 m]ely z ! expression ( ! fact t no "o c escape ! influ5ce ( a great & f>-rea*+ idea4 ,footnote #gj3 ,at fir/ sight an app>5t contradiction arises f ! admission ( bo? h]$ity & adaptation2 & x is und\bt$ly true t a /rong disposition to h]$ity precludes great capability ( adaptation4 ,b imag9e ! organism to be a pla/ic mass :i* reta9s ! =m transmitt$ to x by =m] influ5ces until new influ5ces modify x2 ! "o prop]ty ( pla/icity w !n repres5t capability ( adaptation z well z p[] ( h]$ity4 ,analog\s to ?is is ! case ( a b> ( magnetis$ /eel ( high co]cive =ce3 ! /eel reta9s its magnetic prop]ties until a new =ce displaces !m4 ,take also a body 9 motion3 ! body reta9s ! velocity acquir$ 9 7inh]it$ f7 ! int]val ( "t j prec$+1 except x be *ang$ 9 ! next mom5t by an accel]at+ =ce4 ,9 ! case ( ! body 9 motion ! *ange ( velocity 7,abnd]ung7 0 look$ ^u z a matt] ( c\rse1 :ile ! discov]y ( ! pr9ciple ( in]tia 7or p]si/5ce7 creat$ surprise2 9 ,d>w9's case1 on ! contr>y1 h]$ity 7or p]si/5ce7 0 tak5 = grant$1 :ile ! pr9ciple ( v>iation 7,abnd]ung7 appe>$ novel4 ,fully adequate views are1 ( c\rse1 to be rea*$ only by a /udy ( ! orig9al facts emphasis$ by ,d>w91 & n by ^! analogies4 ,! example ref]r+ to motion1 if ,i am n mi/ak51 ,i fir/ he>d1 9 conv]sation1 f my fri5d ,j4 ,popp]1 ,esq41 ( ,vi5na4 ,_m inquir]s look ^u ! /ability ( ! species z some?+ settl$1 & oppose to x ! ,d>w9ian !ory4 ,b ! /ability ( ! species is itself a !ory4 ,! ess5tial modifications :i* ,d>w9's views also are und]go+ w be se5 f ! works ( ,wallace & ,weismann1 b m especially f a book ( ,w4 ,h4 ,rolph1 ,biologis*e ,probleme1 ,leipsic1 #ahhb4 ,un=tunately1 ?is la/ tal5t$ inve/igator is no long] numb]$ among ! liv+4 ,footnote #ga3 ,writt5 9 #ahhc4 ,footnote #gb3 ,see ,pfaundl]1 ,pogg4 ,ann41 ,jubelb&1 p4 #ahb4 ,footnote #gc3 ,see ! beautiful discussions ( ?is po9t 9 ,h]+'s ,memory z a ,g5]al ,function ( ,organis$ ,matt] 7#ahgj71 ,*icago1 ,! ,op5 ,c\rt ,publi%+ ,co41 #ahhg4 ,comp>e also ,dubois1 ,ueb] die ,uebung1 ,b]l91 #ahha4 ,footnote #gd3 ,sp5c]1 ,! ,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology4 ,london1 #ahgb4 ,footnote #ge3 ,see ! article ,! ,velocity ( ,light1 page #fc4 ,footnote #gf3 ,i am well aw>e t ! endeavor to conf9e oneself 9 natural rese>* to facts is (t5 c5sur$ z an exagg]at$ fe> ( metaphysical spooks4 ,b ,i w\ld obs]ve1 t1 judg$ by ! mis*ief :i* !y h wr\ght1 ! metaphysical1 ( all spooks1 are ! lea/ fabul\s4 ,x is n to be d5i$ t _m =ms ( ?\ght 7 n orig9ally acquir$ by ! individual1 b 7 antec$5tly =m$1 or r prep>$ =1 9 ! developm5t ( ! species1 9 "s su* way z ,sp5c]1 ,haeckel1 ,h]+1 & o!rs h suppos$1 & z ,i myself h h9t$ on v>i\s occasions4 ,footnote #gg3 ,comp>e1 = example1 ,s*ill]1 ,z]/reute ,betra*tung5 b] v]s*i$5e /hetis*e ,geg5/nde4 ,footnote #gh3 ,we mu/ n be deceiv$ 9 imag9+ t ! happ9ess ( o!r p is n a v consid]able & ess5tial portion ( our own4 ,x is common capital1 :i* _c be creat$ by ! individual1 & :i* does n p]i% ) him4 ,! =mal & mat]ial limitation ( ! ego is necess>y & suffici5t only = ! crude/ practical objects1 & _c subsi/ 9 a broad conception4 ,humanity 9 its entirety may be lik5$ to a polyp-plant4 ,! mat]ial & organic bonds ( individual union h1 inde$1 be5 sev]$2 !y w\ld only h imp$$ fre$om ( movem5t & evolution4 ,b ! ultimate aim1 ! psy*ical connexion ( ! :ole1 has be5 atta9$ 9 a mu* high] degree ?r\gh ! ri*] developm5t ?us made possible4 ,footnote #gi3 ,c4 ,e4 von ,ba]1 ! subsequ5t oppon5t ( ,d>w9 & ,haeckel1 has discuss$ 9 two beautiful addresses 7,das allgeme9/e ,gesetz d] ,natur 9 all] ,entwickelung1 & ,wel*e ,auffassung d] leb5d5 ,natur i/ die ri*tige1 und wie i/ diese ,auffassung auf die ,entomologie anzuw5d587 ! n>r[ness ( ! view :i* reg>ds an animal 9 its exi/+ /ate z f9i%$ & complete1 in/ead ( conceiv+ x z a phase 9 ! s]ies ( evolution>y =ms & reg>d+ ! species itself z a phase ( ! developm5t ( ! animal _w 9 g5]al4 ,,on ,,! ,,pr9ciple ,,( ,,comp>ison ,,9 ,,physics4#hj ,tw5ty ye>s ago :5 ,kir*h(f def9$ ! object ( me*anics z ! description1 9 complete & v simple t]ms1 ( ! motions occurr+ 9 nature1 he produc$ by ! /atem5t a peculi> impression4 ,f\rte5 ye>s subsequ5tly1 ,boltzmann1 9 ! life-l picture :i* he drew ( ! great inquir]1 c\ld /ill speak ( ! univ]sal a/oni%m5t at ?is novel me?od ( treat+ me*anics1 & we meet ) epi/emological treatises to-day1 :i* pla9ly %[ h[ difficult is ! acceptance ( ?is po9t ( view4 ,a mode/ & small b& ( inquir]s !re 71 h[ev]1 to :om ,kir*h(f's few words 7 tid+s ( a welcome & p[]ful ally 9 ! epi/emological field4 ,n[1 h[ does x happ5 t we yield our ass5t s reluctantly to ! philosophical op9ion ( an inquir] = ^: sci5tific a*ievem5ts we h only words ( praise8 ,"o reason probably is t few inquir]s c f9d "t & leisure1 amid ! exact+ employm5ts dem&$ = ! acquisition ( new k1 to inquire closely into t trem5d\s psy*ical process by :i* sci5ce is =m$4 ,fur!r1 x is inevitable t mu* %\ld be put into ,kir*h(f's rigid words t !y 7 n orig9ally int5d$ to convey1 & t mu* %\ld be f\nd want+ 9 !m t _h always be5 reg>d$ z an ess5tial elem5t ( sci5tific k4 ,:at c m]e description accompli%8 ,:at has become ( explanation1 ( our insight into ! causal connexion ( ?+s8 99 99 99 99 99 ,p]mit me1 = a mom5t1 to contemplate n ! results ( sci5ce1 b ! mode ( its gr[?1 9 a frank & unbiass$ mann]4 ,we "k ( only "o s\rce ( imm$iate revelation ( sci5tific facts--our s5ses4 ,re/rict$ to ?is s\rce alone1 ?r[n :olly ^u 8 own res\rces1 oblig$ to />t always anew1 :at c\ld ! isolat$ individual accompli%8 ,( a /ock ( k s acquir$ ! sci5ce ( a di/ant negro hamlet 9 d>ke/ ,africa c\ld h>dly give u a suffici5tly humiliat+ conception4 ,= !re t v]itable miracle ( ?\ght-transf]5ce has already begun its "w1 comp>$ ) :i* ! miracles ( ! spirituali/s are rank mon/rosities--communication by language4 ,reflect1 too1 t by means ( ! magical *>act]s :i* our libr>ies conta9 we c raise ! spirits ( ! ! sov]eign dead ( old f ,f>aday to ,galileo & ,ar*im$es1 ?r\gh ages ( "t--spirits :o d n dismiss u ) ambigu\s & d]isive oracles1 b tell u ! be/ !y "k2 !n %all we feel :at a /up5d\s & indisp5sable factor 9 ! =mation ( sci5ce communication is4 ,n ! dim1 half-consci\s surmises ( ! acute obs]v] ( nature or critic ( humanity belong to sci5ce1 b only t :i* !y possess cle>ly en\gh to communicate to o!rs4 ,b h[1 n[1 d we g ab\t ?is communication ( a newly acquir$ exp]i5ce1 ( a newly obs]v$ fact8 ,z ! diff]5t calls & battle-cries ( greg>i\s animals are unconsci\sly =m$ signs = a common obs]vation or action1 irrespective ( ! causes :i* produce su* action--a fact t already involves ! g]m ( ! concept2 s also ! words ( human language1 :i* is only m highly specialis$1 are names or signs = univ]sally kn[n facts1 :i* all c obs]ve or h obs]v$4 ,if ! m5tal repres5tation1 accord+ly1 foll[s ! new fact at once & passively1 !n t new fact mu/1 ( itself1 imm$iately be con/itut$ & repres5t$ 9 ?\ght by facts already univ]sally kn[n & commonly obs]v$4 ,memory is always ready to put =w>d = comp>ison kn[n facts :i* resemble ! new ev5t1 or agree ) x 9 c]ta9 features1 & s r5d]s possible t elem5t>y int]nal judgm5t :i* ! mature & def9itively =mulat$ judgm5t soon foll[s4 ,comp>ison1 z ! fundam5tal condition ( communication1 is ! mo/ p[]ful inn] vital elem5t ( sci5ce4 ,! zologi/ sees 9 ! bones ( ! w+-membranes ( bats1 f+]s2 he comp>es ! bones ( ! cranium ) ! v]tebr1 ! embryos ( diff]5t organisms ) "o ano!r1 & ! diff]5t /ages ( developm5t ( ! same organism ) "o ano!r4 ,! geograph] sees 9 ,lake ,g>da a fjord1 9 ! ,sea ( ,aral a lake 9 process ( dry+ up4 ,! philologi/ comp>es diff]5t languages ) "o ano!r1 & ! =mations ( ! same language z well4 ,if x is n cu/om>y to speak ( comp>ative physics 9 ! same s5se t we speak ( comp>ative anatomy1 ! reason is t 9 a sci5ce ( su* great exp]im5tal activity ! att5tion is turn$ away too mu* f ! contemplative elem5t4 ,b l all o!r sci5ces1 physics lives & gr[s by comp>ison4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! mann] 9 :i* ! result ( ! comp>ison f9ds expression 9 ! communication1 v>ies ( c\rse v mu*4 ,:5 we say t ! colors ( ! spectrum are r$1 yell[1 gre51 blue1 & violet1 ! designations employ$ may possibly h be5 d]iv$ f ! te*nology ( tattoo+1 or !y may subsequ5tly h acquir$ ! significance ( /&+ = ! colors ( ! rose1 ! lemon1 ! leaf1 ! corn-fl[]1 & ! violet4 ,f ! frequ5t repetition ( su* comp>isons1 h[ev]1 made "u ! mo/ manifold circum/ances1 ! incon/ant features1 z comp>$ ) ! p]man5t congru5t features1 get s oblit]at$ t ! latt] acquire a fix$ significance indep5d5t ( e object & connexion1 or take on z we say an ab/ract or conceptual import4 ,no "o ?9ks at ! ^w r$ ( any o!r agreem5t ) ! rose ?an t ( color1 or at ! ^w /raight ( any o!r prop]ty ( a /ret*$ cord ?an ! sam5ess ( direction4 ,j s1 too1 numb]s1 orig9ally ! names ( ! f+]s ( ! h&s & feet1 f be+ us$ z arrangem5t-signs = all k9ds ( objects1 7 lift$ to ! plane ( ab/ract concepts4 ,a v]bal report 7communication7 ( a fact t uses only ^! purely ab/ract implem5ts1 we call a direct description4 ,! direct description ( a fact ( any great ext5t is an irksome task1 ev5 :]e ! requisite notions are already completely develop$4 ,:at a simplification x involves if we c say1 ! fact ,a n[ consid]$ comports itself1 n 9 "o1 b 9 _m or 9 all its features1 l an old & well-kn[n fact ,b4 ,! moon comports itself z a heavy body does ) respect to ! e>?2 light l a wave-motion or an electric vibration2 a magnet1 z if x 7 lad5 ) gravitat+ fluids1 & s on4 ,we call su* a description1 9 :i* we appeal1 z x 71 to a description already & else:]e =mulat$1 or p]haps /ill to be precisely =mulat$1 an indirect description4 ,we are at lib]ty to supplem5t ?is description1 gradually1 by direct description1 to correct x1 or to replace x altoge!r4 ,we see1 ?us1 )\t difficulty1 t :at is call$ a !ory or a !oretical idea1 falls "u ! category ( :at is "h t]m$ indirect description4 99 99 99 99 99 ,:at1 n[1 is a !oretical idea8 ,:5ce d we get x8 ,:at does x accompli% = u8 ,:y does x occupy a high] place 9 our judgm5t ?an ! m]e hold+ fa/ to a fact or an obs]vation8 ,"h1 too1 memory & comp>ison alone are 9 play4 ,b in/ead ( a s+le feature ( resemblance cull$ f memory1 9 ?is case a great sy/em ( resemblances confronts u1 a well-kn[n physiognomy1 by means ( :i* ! new fact is imm$iately trans=m$ into an old acqua9tance4 ,besides1 x is 9 ! p[] ( ! idea to (f] u m ?an we actually see 9 ! new fact1 at ! fir/ mom5t2 x c ext5d ! fact1 & enri* x ) features :i* we are fir/ induc$ to seek f su* sugge/ions1 & :i* are (t5 actually f\nd4 ,x is ?is rapidity 9 ext5d+ k t gives to !ory a pref]5ce ov] simple obs]vation4 ,b t pref]5ce is :olly quantitative4 ,qualitatively1 & 9 real ess5tial po9ts1 !ory diff]s f obs]vation nei!r 9 ! mode ( its orig9 nor 9 its la/ results4 ,! adoption ( a !ory1 h[ev]1 always involves a dang]4 ,= a !ory puts 9 ! place ( a fact ,a 9 ?\ght1 always a diff]5t1 b simpl] & m famili> fact ,b1 :i* 9 "s relations c m5tally repres5t ,a1 b = ! v reason t x is diff]5t1 9 o!r relations _c repres5t x4 ,if n[1 z may readily happ51 suffici5t c>e is n ex]cis$1 ! mo/ fruitful !ory may1 9 special circum/ances1 become a d[nright ob/acle to inquiry4 ,?us1 ! emission-!ory ( light1 9 accu/om+ ! physici/ to ?9k ( ! projectile pa? ( ! light-p>ticles z an undiff]5tiat$ /raight-l9e1 demon/rably imp$$ ! discov]y ( ! p]iodicity ( light4 ,by putt+ 9 ! place ( light ! m famili> ph5om5a ( s\nd1 ,huyg5s r5d]s light 9 _m ( its features a famili> ev5t1 b ) respect to pol>isation1 :i* lacks ! longitud9al waves ) :i* alone he 0 acqua9t$1 x _h = him a d\bly /range aspect4 ,he is unable ?us to grasp 9 ab/ract ?\ght ! fact ( pol>isation1 :i* is be=e 8 eyes1 :il/ ,newton1 m]ely by adapt+ to ! obs]vation 8 ?\ghts1 & putt+ ?is "q1 ,annon radiorum lum9is div]sa sunt lat]a8 ab/ractly grasp$ pol>isation1 t is1 directly describ$ x1 a c5tury be=e ,malus4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! agreem5t ( ! fact ) ! idea !oretically repres5t+ x1 ext5ds fur!r ?an its inv5tor orig9ally anticipat$1 !n we may be l$ by x to unexpect$ discov]ies1 ( :i* conical refraction1 circul> pol>isation by total reflexion1 ,h]tz's waves (f] ready examples1 9 contra/ to ! illu/rations giv5 above4 ,our insight into ! conditions indicat$ w be improv$1 p]haps1 by contemplat+ ! developm5t ( "s !ory or o!r m 9 detail4 ,let u consid] a magnetis$ b> ( /eel by ! side ( a second unmagnetis$ b>1 9 all o!r respects ! same4 ,! second b> gives no indication ( ! pres5ce ( iron-fil+s2 ! fir/ attracts !m4 ,also1 :5 ! iron-fil+s are abs5t1 we mu/ ?9k ( ! magnetis$ b> z 9 a diff]5t condition f t ( ! unmagnetis$4 ,=1 t ! m]e pres5ce ( ! iron-fil+s does n induce ! ph5om5on ( attraction is prov$ by ! second unmagnetis$ b>4 ,! +5u\s man1 :o f9ds 9 8 w1 z 8 mo/ famili> s\rce ( p[]1 ! be/ facilities = comp>ison1 conceives a species ( _s 9 ! magnet4 ,! behavior ( a w>m body or ( an electrifi$ body sugge/s simil> ideas4 ,?is is ! po9t ( view ( ! olde/ !ory1 feti%ism1 :i* ! inquir]s ( ! e>ly ,middle ,ages _h n yet ov]come1 & :i* 9 its la/ ve/iges1 9 ! conception ( =ces1 /ill fl\ri%es 9 mod]n physics4 ,we see1 ?us1 ! dramatic elem5t ne$ no m be abs5t 9 a sci5tific description1 ?an 9 a ?rill+ novel4 ,if1 on subsequ5t exam9ation1 x be obs]v$ t a cold body1 9 contact ) a hot body1 w>ms itself1 s to speak1 at ! exp5se ( ! hot body2 fur!r1 t :5 ! sub/ances are ! same1 ! cold body1 :i*1 let u say1 has twice ! mass ( ! o!r1 ga9s only half ! numb] ( degrees ( temp]ature t ! o!r loses1 a :olly new impression arises4 ,! demoniac "* ( ! ev5t vani%es1 = ! suppos$ _s acts n by caprice1 b accord+ to fix$ laws4 ,9 its place1 h[ev]1 in/9ctively ! notion ( a sub/ance is sub/itut$1 "p ( :i* fl[s ov] f ! "o body to ! o!r1 b ! total am\nt ( :i*1 repres5table by ! sum ( ! products ( ! masses into ! respective *anges ( temp]ature1 rema9s con/ant4 ,black 0 ! fir/ to be p[]fully /ruck ) ?is resemblance ( !rmal processes to ! motion ( a sub/ance1 & "u its guidance discov]$ ! specific heat1 ! heat ( fusion1 & ! heat ( vaporisation ( bodies4 ,ga9+ /r5g? & fixity1 h[ev]1 f ^! successes1 ?is notion ( sub/ance subsequ5tly /ood 9 ! way ( sci5tific advancem5t4 ,x bl9d$ ! eyes ( ! successors ( ,black1 & prev5t$ !m f see+ ! manife/ fact1 :i* e savage kn[s1 t heat is produc$ by friction4 ,fruitful z t notion 0 = ,black1 helpful z x /ill is to ! le>n] to-day 9 ,black's special field1 p]man5t & univ]sal validity z a !ory x c\ld nev] ma9ta94 ,b :at is ess5tial1 conceptually1 9 x1 viz41 ! con/ancy ( ! product-sum above m5tion$1 reta9s its value & may be reg>d$ z a direct description ( ,black's facts4 ,x /&s to reason t ^? !ories :i* pu% !mselves =w>d uns\ght1 in/9ctively1 & :olly ( _! own accord1 %\ld h ! greate/ p[]1 %\ld c>ry our ?\ghts mo/ ) !m1 & exhibit ! /aun*e/ p[]s ( self-pres]vation4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x may also be obs]v$ t :5 critically scrut9is$ su* !ories are extremely apt to lose _! cog5cy4 ,we are con/antly busi$ ) sub/ance1 its modes ( action h /amp$ !mselves indelibly ^u our ?\ghts1 our vivide/ & cle>e/ rem9isc5ces are associat$ ) x4 ,x %\ld cause u no surprise1 !re=e1 t ,rob]t ,may] & ,j\le1 :o gave ! f9al bl[ to ,black's sub/antial conception ( heat1 %\ld h re-introduc$ ! same notion ( sub/ance 9 a m ab/ract & modifi$ =m1 only apply+ to a mu* m ext5sive field4 ,"h1 too1 ! psy*ological circum/ances :i* imp>t to ! new conception its p[]1 lie cle>ly be=e u4 ,by ! unusual r$ness ( ! v5\s blood 9 tropical climates ,may]'s att5tion is direct$ to ! less5$ exp5diture ( int]nal heat & to ! proportionately less5$ consumption ( mat]ial by ! human body 9 ^? climates4 ,b z e ef=t ( ! human organism1 includ+ its me*anical "w1 is connect$ ) ! consumption ( mat]ial1 & z "w by friction c eng5d] heat1 !re=e heat & "w appe> 9 k9d equival5t1 & betwe5 !m a proportional relation mu/ subsi/4 ,n e quantity1 b ! appropriately calculat$ sum ( ! two1 z connect$ ) a proportionate consumption ( mat]ial1 appe>s sub/antial4 ,by exactly simil> consid]ations1 relative to ! economy ( ! galvanic elem5t1 ,j\le arriv$ at 8 view2 he f\nd exp]im5tally t ! sum ( ! heat evolv$ 9 ! circuit1 ( ! heat consum$ 9 ! combu/ion ( ! gas develop$1 ( ! electro-magnetic "w ( ! curr5t1 prop]ly calculat$1--9 %ort1 ! sum ( all ! effects ( ! batt]y1--is connect$ ) a proportionate consumption ( z9c4 ,accord+ly1 ?is sum itself has a sub/antial "*4 ,may] 0 s absorb$ ) ! view atta9$1 t ! inde/ructibility ( =ce1 9 our phraseology "w1 appe>$ to him a priori evid5t4 ,! creation or annihilation ( a =ce1 he says1 lies )\t ! prov9ce ( human ?\ght & p[]4 ,j\le express$ himself to a simil> effect3 ,x is manife/ly absurd to suppose t ! p[]s ) :i* ,god has end[$ matt] c be de/roy$4 ,/range to say1 on ! basis ( su* utt]ances1 n ,j\le1 b ,may]1 0 /amp$ z a metaphysician4 ,we may be sure1 h[ev]1 t bo? m5 7 m]ely giv+ expression1 & t half-unconsci\sly1 to a p[]ful =mal ne$ ( ! new simple view1 & t bo? w\ld h be5 extremely surpris$ if x _h be5 propos$ to !m t _! pr9ciple %\ld be submitt$ to a philosophical congress or ecclesia/ical synod = a decision ^u its validity4 ,b ) all agreem5ts1 ! attitude ( ^! two m51 9 o!r respects1 0 totally diff]5t4 ,:il/ ,may] repres5t$ ?is =mal ne$ ) all ! /up5d\s in/9ctive =ce ( g5ius1 we might say almo/ ) ! ardor ( fanaticism1 yet 0 )al n want+ 9 ! conceptive ability to compute1 prior to all o!r inquir]s1 ! me*anical equival5t ( heat f old physical con/ants long kn[n & at ! disposal ( all1 & s to set up = ! new doctr9e a programme embrac+ all physics & physiology2 ,j\le1 on ! o!r h&1 appli$ himself to ! exact v]ification ( ! doctr9e by beautifully conceiv$ & ma/]fully execut$ exp]im5ts1 ext5d+ ov] all dep>tm5ts ( physics4 ,soon ,helmholtz too attack$ ! problem1 9 a totally indep5d5t & *>act]i/ic mann]4 ,aft] ! pr(essional virtuosity ) :i* ?is physici/ grasp$ & dispos$ ( all ! po9ts unsettl$ by ,may]'s programme & m besides1 :at especially /rikes u is ! consummate critical lucidity ( ?is "y man ( tw5ty-six ye>s4 ,9 8 exposition is want+ t vehem5ce & impetuosity :i* m>k$ ,may]'s4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy is no self-evid5t or a priori proposition = him4 ,:at foll[s1 on ! assumption t t proposition obta9s8 ,9 ?is hypo!tical =m1 he subjugates 8 matt]4 ,i mu/ confess1 ,i h always m>vell$ at ! /hetic & e?ical ta/e ( _m ( our contempor>ies :o h manag$ to fabricate out ( ?is relation ( ?+s1 odi\s national & p]sonal que/ions1 in/ead ( prais+ ! good =tune t made sev]al su* m5 "w toge!r & ( rejoic+ at ! in/ructive div]sity & idiosyncrasies ( great m9ds fraught ) su* ri* consequ5ces = u4 ,we "k t /ill ano!r !oretical conception play$ a "p 9 ! developm5t ( ! pr9ciple ( en]gy1 :i* ,may] held alo( f1 namely1 ! conception t heat1 z also ! o!r physical processes1 are due to motion4 ,b once ! pr9ciple ( en]gy has be5 rea*$1 ^! auxili>y & transitional !ories dis*>ge no ess5tial function1 & we may reg>d ! pr9ciple1 l t :i* ,black gave1 z a contribution to ! direct description ( a widely ext5d$ doma9 ( facts4 ,x w\ld appe> f su* consid]ations n only advisable1 b ev5 necess>y1 ) all due recognition ( ! helpfulness ( !oretic ideas 9 rese>*1 yet gradually1 z ! new facts gr[ famili>1 to sub/itute = indirect description direct description1 :i* conta9s no?+ t is uness5tial & re/ricts itself absolutely to ! ab/ract appreh5sion ( facts4 ,we might almo/ say1 t ! descriptive sci5ces1 s call$ ) a t9cture ( condesc5sion1 h1 9 respect ( sci5tific "*1 out/ripp$ ! physical expositions lately 9 vogue4 ,( c\rse1 a virtue has be5 made ( necessity "h4 ,we mu/ admit1 t x is n 9 our p[] to describe directly e fact1 on ! mom5t4 ,inde$1 we %\ld succumb 9 utt] despair if ! :ole weal? ( facts :i* we come /ep by /ep to "k1 7 pres5t$ to u all at once4 ,happily1 only deta*$ & unusual features fir/ /rike u1 & su* we br+ ne>] to ourselves by comp>ison ) e-day ev5ts4 ,"h ! notions ( ! common spee* are fir/ develop$4 ,! comp>isons !n gr[ m manifold & num]\s1 ! fields ( facts comp>$ m ext5sive1 ! concepts t make direct description possible1 proportionately m g5]al & m ab/ract4 ,fir/ we become famili> ) ! motion ( freely fall+ bodies4 ,! concepts ( =ce1 mass1 & "w are !n c>ri$ ov]1 ) appropriate modifications1 to ! ph5om5a ( electricity & magnetism4 ,a /ream ( wat] is said to h sugge/$ to ,f\ri] ! fir/ di/9ct picture ( curr5ts ( heat4 ,a special case ( vibrations ( /r+s inve/igat$ by ,taylor1 cle>$ up = him a special case ( ! conduction ( heat4 ,mu* 9 ! same way t ,daniel ,b]n\lli & ,eul] con/ruct$ ! mo/ div]se =ms ( vibrations ( /r+s f ,taylor's cases1 s ,f\ri] con/ructs out ( simple cases ( conduction ! mo/ multif>i\s motions ( heat2 & t me?od has ext5d$ itself ov] ! :ole ( physics4 ,ohm =ms 8 conception ( ! electric curr5t 9 imitation ( ,f\ri]'s4 ,! latt]1 also1 adopts ,fick's !ory ( diffusion4 ,9 an analog\s mann] a conception ( ! magnetic curr5t is develop$4 ,all sorts ( /ation>y curr5ts are ?us made to exhibit common features1 & ev5 ! condition ( complete equilibrium 9 an ext5d$ m$ium %>es ^! features ) ! dynamical condition ( equilibrium ( a /ation>y curr5t4 ,?+s z remote z ! magnetic l9es ( =ce ( an electric curr5t & ! /ream-l9es ( a frictionless liquid vortex ent] 9 ?is way into a peculi> relation%ip ( simil>ity4 ,! concept ( pot5tial1 orig9ally enunciat$ = a re/rict$ prov9ce1 acquires a wide-rea*+ applicability4 ,?+s z dissimil> z pressure1 temp]ature1 & electromotive =ce1 n[ %[ po9ts ( agreem5t 9 relation to ideas d]iv$ by def9ite me?ods f t concept3 viz41 fall ( pressure1 fall ( temp]ature1 fall ( pot5tial1 z also ) ! fur!r notions ( liquid1 !rmal1 & electric /r5g? ( curr5t4 ,t relation%ip betwe5 sy/ems ( ideas 9 :i* ! dissimil>ity ( e two homolog\s concepts z well z ! agreem5t 9 logical relations ( e two homolog\s pairs ( concepts1 is cle>ly br\ght to light1 is call$ an analogy4 ,x is an effective means ( ma/]+ het]og5e\s fields ( facts 9 unit>y compreh5sion4 ,! pa? is pla9ly %[n 9 :i* a univ]sal physical ph5om5ology embrac+ all doma9s1 w be develop$4 ,9 ! process describ$ we atta9 = ! fir/ "t to :at is indisp5sable 9 ! direct description ( broad fields ( fact--! wide-rea*+ ab/ract concept4 ,& n[ ,i mu/ put a "q smack+ ( ! s*ool-ma/]1 b unavoidable3 ,:at is a concept8 ,is x a hazy repres5tation1 admitt+ )al ( m5tal visualisation8 ,no4 ,m5tal visualisation accompanies x only 9 ! simple/ cases1 & !n m]ely z an adjunct4 ,?9k1 = example1 ( ! coeffici5t ( self-induction1 & seek = its visualis$ m5tal image4 ,or is1 p]haps1 ! concept a m]e ^w8 ,! adoption ( ?is =lorn idea1 :i* has be5 actually propos$ ( late by a reput$ ma!matician w\ld only ?r[ u back a ?\s& ye>s into ! deepe/ s*ola/icism4 ,we mu/1 !re=e1 reject x4 ,! solution is n f> to seek4 ,we mu/ n ?9k t s5sation1 or repres5tation1 is a purely passive process4 ,! l[e/ organisms respond to x ) a simple reflex motion1 by engulf+ ! prey :i* approa*es !m4 ,9 high] organisms ! c5tripetal /imulus enc\nt]s 9 ! n]v\s sy/em ob/acles & aids :i* modify ! c5trifugal process4 ,9 /ill high] organisms1 :]e prey is pursu$ & exam9$1 ! process 9 "q may g ?r\gh ext5sive pa?s ( circul> motions be=e x comes to relative re/4 ,our own life1 too1 is enact$ 9 su* processes2 all t we call sci5ce may be reg>d$ z p>ts1 or middle t]ms1 ( su* activities4 ,x w n surprise u n[ if ,i say3 ! def9ition ( a concept1 &1 :5 x is v famili>1 ev5 its "n1 is an impulse to "s accurately det]m9$1 (t5 complicat$1 critical1 comp>ative1 or con/ructive activity1 ! usually s5se-p]ceptive result ( :i* is a t]m or memb] ( ! concept's scope4 ,x matt]s n :e!r ! concept draws ! att5tion only to "o c]ta9 s5se 7z sight7 or to a phase ( a s5se 7z color1 =m71 or is ! />t+-po9t ( a complicat$ action2 nor :e!r ! activity 9 "q 7*emical1 anatomical1 & ma!matical op]ations7 is muscul> or te*nical1 or p]=m$ :olly 9 ! imag9ation1 or only intimat$4 ,! concept is to ! physici/ :at a musical note is to a piano-play]4 ,a tra9$ physici/ or ma!matician reads a memoir l a musician reads a score4 ,b j z ! piano-play] mu/ fir/ le>n to move 8 f+]s s+ly & collectively1 be=e he c foll[ 8 notes )\t ef=t1 s ! physici/ or ma!matician mu/ g ?r\gh a long appr5tice%ip be=e he ga9s control1 s to speak1 ( ! manifold delicate inn]vations ( 8 muscles & imag9ation4 ,?9k ( h[ frequ5tly ! beg9n] 9 physics or ma!matics p]=ms m1 or less1 ?an is requir$1 or ( h[ frequ5tly he conceives ?+s diff]5tly f :at !y are6 ,b if1 aft] hav+ _h suffici5t discipl9e1 he lights ^u ! phrase coeffici5t ( self-induction1 he kn[s imm$iately :at t t]m requires ( him4 ,long & ?or\ghly practis$ actions1 :i* h _! orig9 9 ! necessity ( comp>+ & repres5t+ facts by o!r facts1 are ?us ! v k]nel ( concepts4 ,9 fact1 positive & philosophical philology bo? claim to h e/abli%$ t all roots repres5t concepts & /ood orig9ally = muscul> activities alone4 ,! sl[ ass5t ( physici/s to ,kir*h(f's dictum n[ becomes intelligible4 ,!y be/ c\ld feel ! va/ am\nt ( individual labor1 !ory1 & skill requir$ be=e ! ideal ( direct description c\ld be realis$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,suppose1 n[1 ! ideal ( a giv5 prov9ce ( facts is rea*$4 ,does description accompli% all t ! inquir] c ask8 ,9 my op9ion1 x does4 ,description is a build+ up ( facts 9 ?\ght1 & ?is build+ up is1 9 ! exp]im5tal sci5ces1 (t5 ! condition ( actual execution4 ,= ! physici/1 to take a special case1 ! metrical units are ! build+-/ones1 ! concepts ! directions = build+1 & ! facts ! result ( ! build+4 ,our m5tal imag]y is almo/ a complete sub/itute = ! fact1 & by means ( x we c asc]ta9 all ! fact's prop]ties4 ,we d n "k t wor/ :i* we ourselves h made4 ,p require ( sci5ce t x %\ld prophesy1 & ,h]tz uses t expression 9 8 po/hum\s ,me*anics4 ,b1 natural z x is1 ! expression is too n>r[4 ,! geologi/ & ! palontologi/1 at times ! a/ronom]1 & always ! hi/orian & ! philologi/1 prophesy1 s to speak1 backw>ds4 ,! descriptive sci5ces1 l geometry & ma!matics1 prophesy nei!r =w>d or backw>ds1 b seek f giv5 conditions ! condition$4 ,let u say r3 ,sci5ce completes 9 ?\ght facts t are only p>tly giv54 ,?is is r5d]$ possible by description1 = description presupposes ! int]dep5d5ce ( ! descriptive elem5ts3 o!rwise no?+ w\ld be describ$4 ,x is said1 description leaves ! s5se ( causality unsatisfi$4 ,9 fact1 _m imag9e !y und]/& motions bett] :5 !y picture to !mselves ! pull+ =ces2 & yet ! accel]ations1 ! facts1 accompli% m1 )\t sup]flu\s additions4 ,i hope t ! sci5ce ( ! future w disc>d ! idea ( cause & effect1 z be+ =mally obscure2 & 9 my feel+ t ^! ideas conta9 a /rong t9cture ( feti%ism1 ,i am c]ta9ly n alone4 ,! m prop] c\rse is1 to reg>d ! ab/ract det]m9ative elem5ts ( a fact z int]dep5d5t1 9 a purely logical way1 z ! ma!matician or geomet] does4 ,true1 by comp>ison ) ! w1 =ces are br\ght ne>] to our feel+2 b x may be t ultimately ! w itself w be made cle>] by comp>ison ) ! accel]ations ( masses4 ,if we are ask$1 c&idly1 :5 is a fact cle> to u1 we mu/ say :5 we c reproduce x by v simple & v famili> intellectual op]ations1 su* z ! con/ruction ( accel]ations1 or ! geometrical summation ( accel]ations1 & s =?4 ,! requirem5t ( simplicity is ( c\rse to ! exp]t a diff]5t matt] f :at x is to ! novice4 ,= ! fir/1 description by a sy/em ( diff]5tial equations is suffici5t2 = ! second1 a gradual con/ruction out ( elem5t>y laws is requir$4 ,! fir/ disc]ns at once ! connexion ( ! two expositions4 ,( c\rse1 x is n disput$ t ! arti/ic value ( mat]ially equival5t descriptions may n be diff]5t4 ,mo/ difficult is x to p]suade /rang]s t ! gr& univ]sal laws ( physics1 su* z apply indiscrim9ately to mat]ial1 electrical1 magnetic1 & o!r sy/ems1 are n ess5tially diff]5t f descriptions4 ,z comp>$ ) _m sci5ces1 physics occupies 9 ?is respect a position ( vantage t is easily expla9$4 ,take1 = example1 anatomy4 ,z ! anatomi/ 9 8 que/ = agreem5ts & diff]5ces 9 animals asc5ds to ev] high] & high] classifications1 ! individual facts t repres5t ! ultimate t]ms ( ! sy/em1 are /ill s diff]5t t !y mu/ be s+ly not$4 ,?9k1 = example1 ( ! common m>ks ( ! ,v]tebrates1 ( ! class-*>act]s ( ,mammals & ,birds on ! "o h& & ( ,fi%es on ! o!r1 ( ! d\ble circulation ( ! blood on ! "o h& & ( ! s+le on ! o!r4 ,9 ! end1 always isolat$ facts rema91 :i* %[ only a slight lik5ess to "o ano!r4 ,a sci5ce /ill m closely alli$ to physics1 *emi/ry1 is (t5 9 ! same /rait4 ,! abrupt *ange ( ! qualitative prop]ties1 9 all likelihood condition$ by ! slight /ability ( ! int]m$iate /ates1 ! remote resemblance ( ! co-ord9at$ facts ( *emi/ry r5d] ! treatm5t ( its data difficult4 ,pairs ( bodies ( diff]5t qualitative prop]ties unite 9 diff]5t mass-ratios2 b no connexion betwe5 ! fir/ & ! la/ is to be not$1 at fir/4 ,physics1 on ! o!r h&1 reveals to u wide doma9s ( qualitatively homog5e\s facts1 diff]+ f "o ano!r only 9 ! numb] ( equal p>ts into :i* _! *>act]i/ic m>ks are divisible1 t is1 diff]+ only quantitatively4 ,ev5 :]e we h to deal ) qualities 7colors & s\nds71 quantitative *>act]s ( ^? qualities are at our disposal4 ,"h ! classification is s simple a task t x r>ely impresses u z su*1 :il/ 9 inf9itely f9e gradations1 9 a cont9uum ( facts1 our numb]-sy/em is ready be=eh& to foll[ z f> z we wi%4 ,! co-ord9at$ facts are "h extremely simil> & v closely aff9$1 z are also _! descriptions :i* consi/ 9 ! det]m9ation ( ! num]ical measures ( "o giv5 set ( *>act]s f ^? ( a diff]5t set by means ( famili> ma!matical op]ations--me?ods ( d]ivation4 ,?us1 ! common *>act]i/ics ( all descriptions c be f\nd "h2 & ) !m a succ9ct1 compreh5sive description1 or a rule = ! con/ruction ( all s+le descriptions1 is assign$1--& ?is we call law4 ,well-kn[n examples are ! =mul = freely fall+ bodies1 = projectiles1 = c5tral motion1 & s =?4 ,if physics app>5tly accompli%es m by its me?ods ?an o!r sci5ces1 we mu/ rememb] t 9 a s5se x has pres5t$ to x mu* simpl] problems4 ,! rema9+ sci5ces1 ^: facts also pres5t a physical side1 ne$ n be envi\s ( physics = ?is sup]iority2 = all its acquisitions ultimately r$\nd to _! b5efit z well4 ,b also 9 o!r ways ?is mutual help %all & mu/ *ange4 ,*emi/ry has advanc$ v f> 9 mak+ ! me?ods ( physics h] own4 ,ap>t f old] attempts1 ! p]iodical s]ies ( ,lo?> ,mey] & ,m5delejeff are a brilliant & adequate means ( produc+ an easily survey$ sy/em ( facts1 :i* by gradually becom+ complete1 w take ! place almo/ ( a cont9uum ( facts4 ,fur!r1 by ! /udy ( solutions1 ( dissociation1 9 fact g5]ally ( ph5om5a :i* pres5t a cont9uum ( cases1 ! me?ods ( !rmodynamics h f\nd entrance into *emi/ry4 ,simil>ly we may hope t1 at "s future day1 a ma!matician1 lett+ ! fact-cont9uum ( embryology play be=e 8 m9d1 :i* ! palontologi/s ( ! future w suppos$ly h enri*$ ) m int]m$iate & d]ivative =ms betwe5 ,saurian & ,bird ?an ! isolat$ ,pt]odactyl1 ,ar*opt]yx1 ,i*?yornis1 & s =?1 :i* we n[ h--t su* a ma!matician %all trans=m1 by ! v>iation ( a few p>amet]s1 z 9 a dissolv+ view1 "o =m into ano!r1 j z we trans=m "o conic section into ano!r4 ,rev]t+ n[ to ,kir*h(f's words1 we c come to "s agreem5t reg>d+ _! import4 ,no?+ c be built )\t build+-/ones1 mort>1 scaffold+1 & a build]'s skill4 ,yet assur$ly ! wi% is well f\nd$1 t w %[ to po/]ity ! complete /ructure 9 its f9i%$ =m1 b]eft ( unsightly scaffold+4 ,x is ! pure logical & /hetic s5se ( ! ma!matician t speaks out ( ,kir*h(f's words4 ,mod]n expositions ( physics aspire aft] 8 ideal2 t1 too1 is intelligible4 ,b x w\ld be a poor didactic %ift1 = "o ^: bus9ess x 0 to tra9 ar*itects1 to say3 ,"h is a spl5did edifice2 if ?\ w\ld/ really build1 g ?\ & d likewise4 ,! b>ri]s betwe5 ! special sci5ces1 :i* make division ( "w & conc5tration possible1 b :i* appe> to u aft] all z cold & conv5tional re/rictions1 w gradually disappe>4 ,bridge ^u bridge is ?r[n ov] ! gaps4 ,cont5ts & me?ods1 ev5 ( ! remote/ bran*es1 are comp>$4 ,:5 ! ,congress ( ,natural ,sci5ti/s %all meet a hundr$ ye>s h5ce1 we may expect t !y w repres5t a unity 9 a high] s5se ?an is possible to-day1 n 9 s5tim5t & aim alone1 b 9 me?od also4 ,9 ! meantime1 ?is great *ange w be help$ by our keep+ con/antly be=e our m9ds ! fact ( ! intr9sic relation%ip ( all rese>*1 :i* ,kir*h(f *>act]is$ ) su* classical simplicity4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #hj3 ,an address deliv]$ be=e ! ,g5]al ,session ( ! ,g]man ,association ( ,naturali/s & ,physicians1 at ,vi5na1 ,sept4 #bd1 #ahid4 ,,! ,,"p ,,play$ ,,by ,,accid5t ,,9 ,,inv5tion ,,& ,,discov]y4#ha ,x is *>act]i/ic ( ! nave & sangu9e beg9n+s ( ?\ght 9 y\?ful m5 & nations1 t all problems are held to be soluble & fundam5tally intelligible on ! fir/ appe>ance ( success4 ,! sage ( ,miletus1 on see+ plants take _! rise f moi/ure1 believ$ he _h compreh5d$ ! :ole ( nature1 & he ( ,samos1 on discov]+ t def9ite numb]s correspond$ to ! l5g?s ( h>monic /r+s1 imag9$ he c\ld exhau/ ! nature ( ! _w by means ( numb]s4 ,philosophy & sci5ce 9 su* p]iods are bl5d$4 ,wid] exp]i5ce1 h[ev]1 spe$ily discloses ! error ( su* a c\rse1 gives rise to criticism1 & leads to ! division & ramification ( ! sci5ces4 ,at ! same "t1 ! necessity ( a broad & g5]al view ( ! _w rema9s2 & to meet ?is ne$ philosophy p>ts company ) special inquiry4 ,x is true1 ! two are (t5 f\nd unit$ 9 gigantic p]sonalities4 ,b z a rule _! ways div]ge m & m widely f ea* o!r4 ,& if ! e/rangem5t ( philosophy f sci5ce c rea* a po9t :]e data unwor?y ( ! nurs]y are n deem$ too scanty z f\ndations ( ! _w1 on ! o!r h& ! ?or\gh-pac$ speciali/ may g to ! extreme ( reject+ po9t-blank ! possibility ( a broad] view1 or at lea/ ( deem+ x sup]flu\s1 =getful ( ,voltaire's apoph!gm1 n[h]e m applicable ?an "h1 ,le sup]flu--*ose trs ncessaire4 ,x is true1 ! hi/ory ( philosophy1 ow+ to ! insuffici5cy ( its con/ructive data1 is & mu/ be l>gely a hi/ory ( error4 ,b x w\ld be ! height ( +ratitude on our "p to =get t ! se$s ( ?\ghts :i* /ill fructify ! soil ( special rese>*1 su* z ! !ory ( irrationals1 ! conceptions ( cons]vation1 ! doctr9e ( evolution1 ! idea ( specific en]gies1 & s =?1 may be trac$ back 9 di/ant ages to philosophical s\rces4 ,fur!rmore1 to h def]r$ or ab&on$ ! attempt at a broad philosophical view ( ! _w f a full k ( ! insuffici5cy ( our mat]ials1 is q a diff]5t ?+ f nev] hav+ und]tak5 x at all4 ,! rev5ge ( its neglect1 moreov]1 is con/antly visit$ ^u ! speciali/ by 8 committal ( ! v errors :i* philosophy long ago expos$4 ,z a fact1 9 physics & physiology1 p>ticul>ly dur+ ! fir/ half ( ?is c5tury1 are to be met intellectual productions :i* = nave simplicity are n a jot inf]ior to ^? ( ! ,ionian s*ool1 or to ! ,platonic ideas1 or to t mu* revil$ ontological pro(4 ,latt]ly1 !re has be5 evid5ce ( a gradual *ange 9 ! situation4 ,rec5t philosophy has set itself m mode/ & m atta9able ends2 x is no long] inimical to special inquiry2 9 fact1 x is zeal\sly tak+ "p 9 t inquiry4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! special sci5ces1 ma!matics & physics1 no less ?an philology1 h become em95tly philosophical4 ,! mat]ial pres5t$ is no long] accept$ uncritically4 ,! glance ( ! inquir] is b5t ^u neighbor+ fields1 :5ce t mat]ial has be5 d]iv$4 ,! diff]5t special dep>tm5ts are /riv+ = clos] union1 & gradually ! conviction is ga9+ gr\nd t philosophy c consi/ only ( mutual1 complem5tal criticism1 int]p5etration1 & union ( ! special sci5ces into a consolidat$ :ole4 ,z ! blood 9 n\ri%+ ! body sep>ates into c\ntless capill>ies1 only to be collect$ aga9 & to meet 9 ! he>t1 s 9 ! sci5ce ( ! future all ! rills ( k w ga!r m & m into a common & undivid$ /ream4 ,x is ?is view--n an unfamili> "o to ! pres5t g5]ation--t ,i purpose to advocate4 ,ent]ta9 no hope1 or r fe>1 t ,i %all con/ruct sy/ems = y4 ,i %all rema9 a natural inquir]4 ,nor expect t x is my int5tion to skirt all ! fields ( natural inquiry4 ,i c attempt to be y\r guide only 9 t bran* :i* is famili> to me1 & ev5 !re ,i c assi/ 9 ! fur!rm5t ( only a small portion ( ! allott$ task4 ,if ,i %all succe$ 9 r5d]+ pla9 to y ! relations ( physics1 psy*ology1 & ! !ory ( k1 s t y may draw f ea* pr(it & light1 r$\nd+ to ! advantage ( ea*1 ,i %all reg>d my "w z n hav+ be5 9 va94 ,!re=e1 to illu/rate by an example h[1 consonantly ) my p[]s & views1 ,i conceive su* inquiries %\ld be conduct$1 ,i %all treat to-day1 9 ! =m ( a brief sket*1 ( ! foll[+ special & limit$ subject--( ! "p :i* accid5tal circum/ances play 9 ! developm5t ( inv5tions & discov]ies4 99 99 99 99 99 ,:5 we ,g]mans say ( a man t he 0 n ! inv5tor ( gunp[d]1#hb we impli$ly ca/ a grave suspicion on 8 abilities4 ,b ! expression is n a felicit\s "o1 z !re is probably no inv5tion 9 :i* delib]ate ?\ght _h a small]1 & pure luck a l>g]1 %>e ?an 9 ?is4 ,x is well to ask1 ,are we ju/ifi$ 9 plac+ a l[ e/imate on ! a*ievem5t ( an inv5tor because accid5t has assi/$ him 9 8 "w8 ,huyg5s1 ^: discov]ies & inv5tions are ju/ly suffici5t to entitle him to an op9ion 9 su* matt]s1 lays great emphasis on ?is factor4 ,he ass]ts t a man capable ( inv5t+ ! telescope )\t ! concurr5ce ( accid5t mu/ h be5 gift$ ) sup]human g5ius4#hc ,a man liv+ 9 ! mid/ ( civilisation f9ds himself surr\nd$ by a ho/ ( m>vell\s inv5tions1 consid]+ none o!r ?an ! means ( satisfy+ ! ne$s ( daily life4 ,picture su* a man transport$ to ! epo* prec$+ ! inv5tion ( ^! +5i\s appliances1 & imag9e him und]tak+ 9 a s]i\s mann] to compreh5d _! orig94 ,at fir/ ! intellectual p[] ( ! m5 capable ( produc+ su* m>vels w /rike him z incr$ible1 or1 if we adopt ! anci5t view1 z div9e4 ,b 8 a/oni%m5t is consid]ably allay$ by ! dis5*ant+ yet elucidative revelations ( ! hi/ory ( primitive culture1 :i* to a l>ge ext5t prove t ^! inv5tions took _! rise v sl[ly & by imp]ceptible degrees4 ,a small hole 9 ! gr\nd ) fire k9dl$ 9 x con/itut$ ! primitive /ove4 ,! fle% ( ! qu>ry1 wrapp$ ) wat] 9 its sk91 0 boil$ by contact ) heat$ /ones4 ,cook+ by /ones 0 also done 9 wood5 vessels4 ,holl[ g\rds 7 protect$ f ! fire by coats ( clay4 ,?us1 f ! burn$ clay accid5tally orig9at$ ! envelop+ pot1 :i* r5d]$ ! g\rd sup]flu\s1 al?\gh = a long "t !reaft] ! clay 0 /ill spread ov] ! g\rd1 or press$ into wov5 wick]-"w be=e ! pott]'s art assum$ its f9al indep5d5ce4 ,ev5 !n ! wick]-"w ornam5t 0 reta9$1 z a sort ( atte/ ( its orig94 ,we see1 ?us1 x is by accid5tal circum/ances1 or by su* z lie )\t our purpose1 =esight1 & p[]1 t man is gradually l$ to ! acqua9tance ( improv$ means ( satisfy+ 8 wants4 ,let ! read] picture to himself ! g5ius ( a man :o c\ld h =ese5 )\t ! help ( accid5t t clay h&l$ 9 ! ord9>y mann] w\ld produce a useful cook+ ut5sil6 ,! majority ( ! inv5tions made 9 ! e>ly /ages ( civilisation1 includ+ language1 writ+1 money1 & ! re/1 c\ld n h be5 ! product ( delib]ate me?odical reflexion = ! simple reason t no idea ( _! value & significance c\ld h be5 _h except f practical use4 ,! inv5tion ( ! bridge may h be5 sugge/$ by ! trunk ( a tree :i* _h fall5 a?w>t a m\nta9-torr5t2 t ( ! tool by ! use ( a /one accid5tally tak5 into ! h& to crack nuts4 ,! use ( fire probably />t$ 9 & 0 dissem9at$ f regions :]e volcanic eruptions1 hot spr+s1 & burn+ jets ( natural gas af=d$ opportunity = quietly obs]v+ & turn+ to practical acc\nt ! prop]ties ( fire4 ,only aft] t _h be5 done c\ld ! significance ( ! fire-drill be appreciat$1 an in/rum5t :i* 0 probably discov]$ f bor+ a hole ?r\gh a piece ( wood4 ,! sugge/ion ( a di/+ui%$ inquir] t ! inv5tion ( ! fire-drill orig9at$ on ! occasion ( a religi\s c]emony is bo? fanta/ic & incr$ible4 ,& z to ! use ( fire1 we %\ld no m attempt to d]ive t f ! inv5tion ( ! fire-drill ?an we %\ld f ! inv5tion ( sulphur mat*es4 ,unque/ionably ! opposite c\rse 0 ! real "o4#hd ,simil> ph5om5a1 ?\gh /ill l>gely veil$ 9 obscurity1 m>k ! initial transition ( nations f a hunt+ to a nomadic life & to agriculture4#he ,we %all n multiply examples1 b cont5t ourselves ) ! rem>k t ! same ph5om5a recur 9 hi/orical times1 9 ! ages ( great te*nical inv5tions1 &1 fur!r1 t reg>d+ !m ! mo/ :imsical notions h be5 circulat$--notions :i* ascribe to accid5t an unduly exagg]at$ "p1 & "o :i* 9 a psy*ological respect is absolutely impossible4 ,! obs]vation ( /eam escap+ f a tea-kettle & ( ! clatt]+ ( ! lid is suppos$ to h l$ to ! inv5tion ( ! /eam-eng9e4 ,j ?9k ( ! gap betwe5 ?is spectacle & ! conception ( ! p]=mance ( great me*anical "w by /eam1 = a man totally ignorant ( ! /eam-eng9e6 ,let u suppose1 h[ev]1 t an eng9e]1 v]s$ 9 ! practical con/ruction ( pumps1 %\ld accid5tally dip into wat] an inv]t$ bottle t _h be5 fill$ ) /eam = dry+ & /ill reta9$ its /eam4 ,he w\ld see ! wat] ru% viol5tly into ! bottle1 & ! idea w\ld v naturally sugge/ itself ( f\nd+ on ?is exp]i5ce a conv5i5t & useful atmosph]ic /eam-pump1 :i* by imp]ceptible degrees1 bo? psy*ologically possible & imm$iate1 w\ld !n und]go a natural & gradual trans=mation into ,watt's /eam-eng9e4 ,b grant+ t ! mo/ important inv5tions are br\ght to man's notice accid5tally & 9 ways t are beyond 8 =esight1 yet x does n foll[ t accid5t alone is suffici5t to produce an inv5tion4 ,! "p :i* man plays is by no means a passive "o4 ,ev5 ! fir/ pott] 9 ! primeval =e/ mu/ h felt "s /irr+s ( g5ius )9 him4 ,9 all su* cases1 ! inv5tor is oblig$ to take note ( ! new fact1 he mu/ discov] & grasp its advantage\s feature1 & mu/ h ! p[] to turn t feature to acc\nt 9 ! realisation ( 8 purpose4 ,he mu/ isolate ! new feature1 impress x ^u 8 memory1 unite & int]weave x ) ! re/ ( 8 ?\ght2 9 %ort1 he mu/ possess ! capacity to pr(it by exp]i5ce4 ,! capacity to pr(it by exp]i5ce might well be set up z a te/ ( intellig5ce4 ,?is p[] v>ies consid]ably 9 m5 ( ! same race1 & increases enorm\sly z we advance f ! l[] animals to man4 ,! =m] are limit$ 9 ?is reg>d almo/ entirely to ! reflex actions :i* !y h inh]it$ ) _! organism1 !y are almo/ totally incapable ( individual exp]i5ce1 & consid]+ _! simple wants are sc>cely 9 ne$ ( x4 ,! ivory-snail 7,eburna spirata7 nev] le>ns to avoid ! c>nivor\s ,act9ia1 no matt] h[ (t5 x may w9ce "u ! latt]'s %[] ( ne$les1 app>5tly hav+ no memory = pa9 :atev]4#hf ,a spid] c be lur$ =? repeat$ly f its hole by t\*+ its web ) a tun+-=k4 ,! mo? plunges aga9 & aga9 into ! flame :i* has burnt x4 ,! humm+-bird hawk-mo?#hg da%es repeat$ly aga9/ ! pa9t$ roses ( ! wall-pap]1 l ! unhappy & desp]ate ?9k] :o nev] we>ies ( attack+ ! same insoluble *im]ical problem4 ,z aimlessly almo/ z ,maxwell's gase\s molecules & 9 ! same unreason+ mann] common flies 9 _! se>* = light & air /ream aga9/ ! glass pane ( a half-op5$ w9d[ & rema9 !re f %e] inability to f9d _! way ar\nd ! n>r[ frame4 ,b a pike sep>at$ f ! m9n[s ( 8 aqu>ium by a glass p>tition1 le>ns aft] ! lapse ( a few mon?s1 ?\gh only aft] hav+ butt$ himself half to dea?1 t he _c attack ^! fi%es ) impunity4 ,:at is m1 he leaves !m 9 peace ev5 aft] ! removal ( ! p>tition1 ?\gh he w bolt a /range fi% at once4 ,consid]able memory mu/ be attribut$ to birds ( passage1 a memory :i*1 probably ow+ to ! abs5ce ( di/urb+ ?\ghts1 acts ) ! precision ( t ( "s idiots4 ,f9ally1 ! susceptibility to tra9+ ev9c$ by ! high] v]tebrates is indisputable pro( ( ! ability ( ^! animals to pr(it by exp]i5ce4 ,a p[]fully develop$ me*anical memory1 :i* recalls vividly & fai?fully old situations1 is suffici5t = avoid+ def9ite p>ticul> dang]s1 or = tak+ advantage ( def9ite p>ticul> opportunities4 ,b m is requir$ = ! developm5t ( inv5tions4 ,m ext5sive *a9s ( images are necess>y "h1 ! excitation by mutual contact ( widely diff]5t tra9s ( ideas1 a m p[]ful1 m manifold1 & ri*] connexion ( ! cont5ts ( memory1 a m p[]ful & impressionable psy*ical life1 height5$ by use4 ,a man /&s on ! bank ( a m\nta9-torr5t1 :i* is a s]i\s ob/acle to him4 ,he rememb]s t he has cross$ j su* a torr5t be=e on ! trunk ( a fall5 tree4 ,h>d by trees are gr[+4 ,he has (t5 mov$ ! trunks ( fall5 trees4 ,he has also fell$ trees be=e1 & !n mov$ !m4 ,to fell trees he has us$ %>p /ones4 ,he goes 9 se>* ( su* a /one1 & z ! old situations t cr[d into 8 memory & are held !re 9 liv+ reality by ! def9ite p[]ful int]e/ :i* he has 9 cross+ j ?is torr5t1--z ^! impressions are made to pass be=e 8 m9d 9 ! inv]se ord] 9 :i* !y 7 "h evok$1 he inv5ts ! bridge4 ,!re c be no d\bt b ! high] v]tebrates adapt _! actions 9 "s mod]ate degree to circum/ances4 ,! fact t !y give no appreciable evid5ce ( advance by ! accumulation ( inv5tions1 is satisfactorily expla9$ by a diff]5ce ( degree or int5sity ( intellig5ce z comp>$ ) man2 ! assumption ( a diff]5ce ( k9d is n necess>y4 ,a p]son :o saves a little e day1 be x ev] s little1 has an incalculable advantage ov] him :o daily squ&]s t am\nt1 or is unable to keep :at he has accumulat$4 ,a slight quantitative diff]5ce 9 su* ?+s expla9s enorm\s diff]5ces ( advancem5t4 ,! rules :i* hold good 9 prehi/oric times also hold good 9 hi/orical times1 & ! rem>ks made on inv5tion may be appli$ almo/ )\t modification to discov]y2 = ! two are di/+ui%$ solely by ! use to :i* ! new k is put4 ,9 bo? cases ! inve/igator is conc]n$ ) "s newly obs]v$ relation ( new or old prop]ties1 ab/ract or concrete4 ,x is obs]v$1 = example1 t a sub/ance :i* gives a *emical reaction ,a is also ! cause ( a *emical reaction ,b4 ,if ?is obs]vation fulfils no purpose b t ( fur!r+ ! sci5ti/'s insight1 or ( remov+ a s\rce ( intellectual discom=t1 we h a discov]y2 b an inv5tion1 if 9 us+ ! sub/ance giv+ ! reaction ,a to produce ! desir$ reaction ,b1 we h a practical end 9 view1 & seek to remove a s\rce ( mat]ial discom=t4 ,! phrase1 disclosure ( ! connexion ( reactions1 is broad en\gh to cov] discov]ies & inv5tions 9 all dep>tm5ts4 ,x embraces ! ,py?agorean proposition1 :i* is a comb9ation ( a geometrical & an ari?metical reaction1 ,newton's discov]y ( ! connexion ( ,kepl]'s motions ) ! law ( ! inv]se squ>es1 z p]fectly z x does ! detection ( "s m9ute b appropriate alt]ation 9 ! con/ruction ( a tool1 or ( "s appropriate *ange 9 ! me?ods ( a dye+ e/abli%m5t4 ,! disclosure ( new prov9ces ( facts be=e unkn[n c only be br\ght ab\t by accid5tal circum/ances1 "u :i* are rem>k$ facts t commonly g unnotic$4 ,! a*ievem5t ( ! discov]] "h consi/s 9 8 %>p5$ att5tion1 :i* detects ! uncommon features ( an occurr5ce & _! det]m9+ conditions f _! mo/ evanesc5t m>ks1#hh & discov]s means ( submitt+ !m to exact & full obs]vation4 ,"u ?is head belong ! fir/ disclosures ( electrical & magnetic ph5om5a1 ,grimaldi's obs]vation ( int]f]5ce1 ,arago's discov]y ( ! increas$ *eck suff]$ by a magnetic ne$le vibrat+ 9 a copp] envelope z comp>$ ) t obs]v$ 9 a b&box1 ,f\cault's obs]vation ( ! /ability ( ! plane ( vibration ( a rod accid5tally /ruck :ile rotat+ 9 a turn+-la!1 ,may]'s obs]vation ( ! increas$ r$ness ( v5\s blood 9 ! tropics1 ,kir*h(f's obs]vation ( ! augm5tation ( ! ,d-l9e 9 ! sol> spectrum by ! int]position ( a sodium lamp1 ,s*nbe9's discov]y ( ozone f ! phosphoric smell emitt$ on ! disruption ( air by electric sp>ks1 & a ho/ ( o!rs4 ,all ^! facts1 ( :i* unque/ionably _m 7 se5 numb]s ( times be=e !y 7 notic$1 are examples ( ! inauguration ( mom5t\s discov]ies by accid5tal circum/ances1 & place ! importance ( /ra9$ att5tion 9 a brilliant light4 ,b n only is a significant "p play$ 9 ! beg9n+ ( an inquiry by co-op]ative circum/ances beyond ! =esight ( ! inve/igator2 _! influ5ce is also active 9 its prosecution4 ,dufay1 ?us1 :il/ foll[+ up ! behavior ( "o electrical /ate :i* he _h assum$1 discov]s ! exi/5ce ( two4 ,fresnel le>ns by accid5t t ! int]f]5ce-b&s receiv$ on gr\nd glass are se5 to bett] advantage 9 ! op5 air4 ,! diffraction-ph5om5on ( two slits prov$ to be consid]ably diff]5t f :at ,fraunh(] _h anticipat$1 & 9 foll[+ up ?is circum/ance he 0 l$ to ! important discov]y ( grat+-spectra4 ,f>aday's induction-ph5om5on dep>t$ widely f ! initial conception :i* occasion$ 8 exp]im5ts1 & x is precisely ?is deviation t con/itutes 8 real discov]y4 ,e man has pond]$ on "s subject4 ,e "o ( u c multiply ! examples cit$1 by less illu/ri\s ones f 8 own exp]i5ce4 ,i %all cite b "o4 ,on r\nd+ a railway curve once1 ,i accid5tally rem>k$ a /rik+ app>5t incl9ation ( ! h\ses & trees4 ,i inf]r$ t ! direction ( ! total resultant physical accel]ation ( ! body reacts physiologically z ! v]tical4 ,aft]w>ds1 9 attempt+ to inquire m c>efully into ?is ph5om5on1 & ?is only1 9 a l>ge :irl+ ma*9e1 ! collat]al ph5om5a conduct$ me to ! s5sation ( angul> accel]ation1 v]tigo1 ,fl\r5's exp]im5ts on ! section ( ! semi-circul> canals etc41 f :i* gradually result$ views relat+ to s5sations ( direction :i* are also held by ,breu] & ,br[n1 :i* 7 at fir/ conte/$ on all h&s1 b are n[ reg>d$ on _m sides z correct1 & :i* h be5 rec5tly enri*$ by ! int]e/+ inquiries ( ,breu] conc]n+ ! macula acu/ica1 & ,kreidel's exp]im5ts ) magnetically ori5table cru/acea4#hi ,n disreg>d ( accid5t b a direct & purposeful employm5t ( x advances rese>*4 ,! m p[]ful ! psy*ical connexion ( ! memory pictures is1--& x v>ies ) ! individual & ! mood1--! m apt is ! same accid5tal obs]vation to be productive ( results4 ,galileo kn[s t ! air has weight2 he also kn[s ( ! resi/ance to a vacuum1 express$ bo? 9 weight & 9 ! height ( a column ( wat]4 ,b ! two ideas dwelt asund] 9 8 m9d4 ,x rema9$ = ,torricelli to v>y ! specific gravity ( ! liquid measur+ ! pressure1 & n till !n 0 ! air includ$ 9 ! li/ ( pressure-ex]t+ fluids4 ,! rev]sal ( ! l9es ( ! spectrum 0 se5 repeat$ly be=e ,kir*h(f1 & _h be5 me*anically expla9$4 ,b x 0 left = 8 p5etrat+ vision to disc]n ! evid5ce ( ! connexion ( ?is ph5om5on ) que/ions ( heat1 & to him alone ?r\gh p]si/5t labor 0 reveal$ ! sweep+ significance ( ! fact = ! mobile equilibrium ( heat4 ,suppos+1 !n1 t su* a ri* organic connexion ( ! elem5ts ( memory exi/s1 & is ! prime di/+ui%+ m>k ( ! inquir]1 next 9 importance c]ta9ly is t int5se int]e/ 9 a def9ite object1 9 a def9ite idea1 :i* fa%ions advantage\s comb9ations ( ?\ght f elem5ts be=e disconnect$1 & obtrudes t idea into e obs]vation made1 & into e ?\ght =m$1 mak+ x ent] into relation%ip ) all ?+s4 ,?us ,bradley1 deeply engross$ ) ! subject ( ab]ration1 is l$ to its solution by an exce$+ly unobtrusive exp]i5ce 9 cross+ ! ,?ames4 ,x is p]missible1 !re=e1 to ask :e!r accid5t leads ! discov]]1 or ! discov]] accid5t1 to a successful outcome 9 sci5tific que/s4 ,no man %\ld dream ( solv+ a great problem unless he is s ?or\ghly saturat$ ) 8 subject t ev]y?+ else s9ks into comp>ative insignificance4 ,dur+ a hurri$ meet+ ) ,may] 9 ,heidelb]g once1 ,jolly rem>k$1 ) a r dubi\s implication1 t if ,may]'s !ory 7 correct wat] c\ld be w>m$ by %ak+4 ,may] w5t away )\t a ^w ( reply4 ,sev]al weeks lat]1 & n[ unrecognis$ by ,jolly1 he ru%$ into ! latt]'s pres5ce exclaim+3 ,es is*t aso6 7,x is s1 x is s67 ,x 0 only aft] consid]able explanation t ,jolly f\nd out :at ,may] want$ to say4 ,! incid5t ne$s no comm5t4#ij ,a p]son dead5$ to s5sory impressions & giv5 up solely to ! pursuit ( 8 own ?\ghts1 may also light on an idea t w div]t 8 m5tal activity into totally new *annels4 ,9 su* cases x is a psy*ical accid5t1 an intellectual exp]i5ce1 z di/+ui%$ f a physical accid5t1 to :i* ! p]son owes 8 discov]y--a discov]y :i* is "h made d$uctively by means ( m5tal copies ( ! _w1 in/ead ( exp]im5tally4 ,purely exp]im5tal inquiry1 moreov]1 does n exi/1 =1 z ,gauss says1 virtually we always exp]im5t ) our ?\ghts4 ,& x is precisely t con/ant1 corrective int]*ange or intimate union ( exp]im5t & d$uction1 z x 0 cultivat$ by ,galileo 9 8 ,dialogues & by ,newton 9 8 ,optics1 t is ! f\ndation ( ! b5ign fruitfulness ( mod]n sci5tific inquiry z contra/$ ) t ( antiquity1 :]e obs]vation & reflexion (ttimes pursu$ _! respective c\rses l two /rang]s4 ,we h to wait = ! appe>ance ( a favorable physical accid5t4 ,! movem5t ( our ?\ghts obeys ! law ( association4 ,9 ! case ( meagre exp]i5ce ! result ( ?is law is simply ! me*anical reproduction ( def9ite s5sory exp]i5ces4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! psy*ical life is subject$ to ! incessant influ5ces ( a p[]ful & ri* exp]i5ce1 !n e repres5tative elem5t 9 ! m9d is connect$ ) s _m o!rs t ! actual & natural c\rse ( ! ?\ghts is easily influ5c$ & det]m9$ by insignificant circum/ances1 :i* accid5tally are decisive4 ,h]eupon1 ! process t]m$ imag9ation produces its protean & inf9itely div]sifi$ =ms4 ,n[ :at c we d to guide ?is process1 see+ t ! comb9atory law ( ! images is )\t our rea*8 ,r let u ask1 :at influ5ce c a p[]ful & con/antly recurr+ idea ex]t on ! movem5t ( our ?\ghts8 ,accord+ to :at has prec$$1 ! answ] is involv$ 9 ! "q itself4 ,! idea dom9ates ! ?\ght ( ! inquir]1 n ! latt] ! =m]4 ,let u see1 n[1 if we c acquire a pr(\nd] insight into ! process ( discov]y4 ,! condition ( ! discov]] is1 z ,james has aptly rem>k$1 n unlike ! situation ( a p]son :o is try+ to rememb] some?+ t he has =gott54 ,bo? are s5sible ( a gap1 & h only a remote pres5tim5t ( :at is miss+4 ,suppose ,i meet 9 a company a well-kn[n & affable g5tleman ^: "n ,i h =gott51 & :o to my horror asks to be introduc$ to "s "o4 ,i set to "w accord+ to ,li*t5b]g's rule1 & run d[n ! alphabet 9 se>* ( ! initial lett] ( 8 "n4 ,a vague sympa?y holds me at ! lett] ,g4 ,t5tatively ,i add ! second lett] & am arre/$ at e1 & long be=e ,i h tri$ ! ?ird lett] r1 ! "n ,g]son s\nds sonor\sly ^u my e>1 & my angui% is gone4 ,:ile tak+ a walk ,i meet a g5tleman f :om ,i receive a communication4 ,on return+ home1 & 9 att5d+ to weighti] affairs1 ! matt] slips my m9d4 ,moodily1 b 9 va91 ,i ransack my memory4 ,f9ally ,i obs]ve t ,i am go+ ov] my walk aga9 9 ?\ght4 ,on ! /reet corn] 9 "q ! self-same g5tleman /&s be=e me & repeats 8 communication4 ,9 ?is process are successively recall$ to consci\sness all ! p]cepts :i* 7 connect$ ) ! p]cept t 0 lo/1 & ) !m1 f9ally1 t1 too1 is br\ght to light4 ,9 ! fir/ case--:]e ! exp]i5ce _h already be5 made & is p]man5tly impress$ on our ?\ght--a sy/ematic proc$ure is bo? possible & easy1 = we "k t a "n mu/ be compos$ ( a limit$ numb] ( s\nds4 ,b at ! same "t x %\ld be obs]v$ t ! labor involv$ 9 su* a comb9atorial task w\ld be enorm\s if ! "n 7 long & ! responsiv5ess ( ! m9d weak]4 ,x is (t5 said1 & n :olly )\t ju/ification1 t ! sci5ti/ has solv$ a riddle4 ,e problem 9 geometry may be clo!d 9 ! g>b ( a riddle4 ,?us3 ,:at ?+ is t ,m :i* has ! prop]ties ,a1 ,b1 ,c8 ,:at circle is t :i* t\*es ! /raight l9es ,a1 ,b1 b t\*es ,b 9 ! po9t ,c8 ,! fir/ two conditions m>%al be=e ! imag9ation ! gr\p ( circles ^: c5tres lie 9 ! l9e ( symmetry ( ,a1 ,b4 ,! ?ird condition rem9ds u ( all ! circles hav+ c5tres 9 ! /raight l9e t /&s at "r angles to ,b 9 ,c4 ,! common t]m1 or common t]ms1 ( ! two gr\ps ( images solves ! riddle--satisfies ! problem4 ,puzzles deal+ ) ?+s or words induce simil> processes1 b ! memory 9 su* cases is ex]t$ 9 _m directions & m v>i$ & less cle>ly ord]$ prov9ces ( ideas are survey$4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! situation ( a geomet] :o has a con/ruction to make1 & t ( an eng9e]1 or a sci5ti/1 confront$ ) a problem1 is simply ?is1 t ! fir/ moves 9 a field ) :i* he is ?or\ghly acqua9t$1 :]eas ! two latt] are oblig$ to famili>ise !mselves ) ?is field subsequ5tly1 & 9 a measure f> transc5d+ :at is commonly requir$4 ,9 ?is process ! me*anical eng9e] has at lea/ always a def9ite goal be=e him & def9ite means to accompli% 8 aim1 :il/ 9 ! case ( ! sci5ti/ t aim is 9 _m in/ances pres5t$ only 9 vague & g5]al outl9es4 ,(t5 ! v =mulation ( ! riddle devolves on him4 ,frequ5tly x is n until ! aim has be5 rea*$ t ! broad] outlook requisite = sy/ematic proc$ure is obta9$4 ,by f> ! l>g] portion ( 8 success1 !re=e1 is cont+5t on luck & in/9ct4 ,x is immat]ial1 s f> z its "* is conc]n$1 :e!r ! process 9 "q is br\ght rapidly to a conclusion 9 ! bra9 ( "o man1 or :e!r x is spun out = c5turies 9 ! m9ds ( a long succession ( ?9k]s4 ,! same relation t a ^w solv+ a riddle be>s to t riddle is borne by ! mod]n conception ( light to ! facts discov]$ by ,grimaldi1 ,rm]1 ,huyg5s1 ,newton1 ,"y1 ,malus1 & ,fresnel1 & only by ! help ( ?is sl[ly develop$ conception is our m5tal vision enabl$ to embrace ! broad doma9 ( facts 9 "q4 ,a welcome complem5t to ! discov]ies :i* ! hi/ory ( civilisation & comp>ative psy*ology h furni%$1 is to be f\nd 9 ! confessions ( great sci5ti/s & arti/s4 ,sci5ti/s & arti/s1 we might say1 = ,liebig boldly decl>$ !re 0 no ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 ! two4 ,are we to reg>d ,leon>do da ,v9ci z a sci5ti/ or z an arti/8 ,if ! arti/ builds up 8 "w f a few motives1 ! sci5ti/ discov]s ! motives :i* p]meate reality4 ,if sci5ti/s l ,lagrange or ,f\ri] are 9 a c]ta9 measure arti/s 9 ! pres5tation ( _! results1 on ! o!r h&1 arti/s l ,%akespe>e or ,ruysdael are sci5ti/s 9 ! insight :i* mu/ h prec$$ _! creations4 ,newton1 :5 que/ion$ ab\t 8 me?ods ( "w1 c\ld give no o!r answ] b t he 0 wont to pond] aga9 & aga9 on a subject2 & simil> utt]ances are accr$it$ to ,d',alemb]t & ,helmholtz4 ,sci5ti/s & arti/s bo? recomm5d p]si/5t labor4 ,aft] ! repeat$ survey ( a field has af=d$ opportunity = ! int]position ( advantage\s accid5ts1 has r5d]$ all ! traits t suit ) ! mood or ! dom9ant ?\ght m vivid1 & has gradually relegat$ to ! backgr\nd all ?+s t are inappropriate1 mak+ _! future appe>ance impossible2 !n f ! teem+1 swell+ ho/ ( fancies :i* a free & high-fl[n imag9ation calls =?1 sudd5ly t p>ticul> =m arises to ! light :i* h>monises p]fectly ) ! rul+ idea1 mood1 or design4 ,!n x is t t :i* has result$ sl[ly z ! result ( a gradual selection1 appe>s z if x 7 ! outcome ( a delib]ate act ( creation4 ,?us are to be expla9$ ! /atem5ts ( ,newton1 ,moz>t1 ,ri*>d ,wagn]1 & o!rs1 :5 !y say t ?\ghts1 melodies1 & h>monies _h p\r$ 9 ^u !m1 & t !y _h simply reta9$ ! "r ones4 ,und\bt$ly1 ! man ( g5ius1 too1 consci\sly or in/9ctively1 pursues sy/ematic me?ods :]ev] x is possible2 b 9 8 delicate pres5tim5t he w omit _m a task or ab&on x aft] a ha/y trial on :i* a less end[$ man w\ld squ&] 8 en]gies 9 va94 ,?us1 ! g5ius accompli%es#ia 9 a brief space ( "t und]tak+s = :i* ! life ( an ord9>y man w\ld f> f suffice4 ,we %all h>dly g a/ray if we reg>d g5ius z only a slight deviation f ! av]age m5tal end[m5t--z possess+ simply a great] s5sitiv5ess ( c]ebral reaction & a great] swiftness ( reaction4 ,! m5 :o1 obey+ _! inn] impulses1 make sacrifices = an idea in/ead ( advanc+ _! mat]ial welf>e1 may appe> to ! full-blood$ ,phili/9e z fools2 yet we %all sc>cely adopt ,lombroso's view1 t g5ius is to be reg>d$ z a disease1 al?\gh x is un=tunately true t ! s5sitive bra9s & fragile con/itutions succumb mo/ readily to sickness4 ,! rem>k ( ,c4 ,g4 ,j4 ,jacobi t ma!matics is sl[ ( gr[? & only rea*es ! tru? by long & devi\s pa?s1 t ! way to its discov]y mu/ be prep>$ = long be=eh&1 & t !n ! tru? w make its long-def]r$ appe>ance z if impell$ by "s div9e necessity#ib--;all ?is holds true ( e sci5ce4 ,we are a/\nd$ (t5 to note t x requir$ ! comb9$ labors ( _m em95t ?9k]s = a full c5tury to rea* a tru? :i* x takes u only a few h\rs to ma/] & :i* once acquir$ seems extremely easy to rea* "u ! "r sort ( circum/ances4 ,to our humiliation we le>n t ev5 ! greate/ m5 are born m = life ?an = sci5ce4 ,! ext5t to :i* ev5 !y are indebt$ to accid5t--to t s+ul> conflux ( ! physical & ! psy*ical life 9 :i* ! cont9u\s b yet imp]fect & nev]-end+ adaptation ( ! latt] to ! =m] f9ds its di/9ct expression--t has be5 ! subject ( our rem>ks to-day4 ,jacobi's poetical ?\ght ( a div9e necessity act+ 9 sci5ce w lose none ( its l(t9ess = u if we discov] 9 ?is necessity ! same p[] t de/roys ! unfit & fo/]s ! fit4 ,= l(ti]1 nobl]1 & m romantic ?an poetry is ! tru? & ! reality4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #ha3 ,inaugural lecture deliv]$ on assum+ ! ,pr(essor%ip ( ! ,hi/ory & ,!ory ( ,inductive ,sci5ce 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,vi5na1 ,octob] #ba1 #ahie4 ,footnote #hb3 ,! phrase is1 ,er hat das ,pulv] ni*t erfund54 ,footnote #hc3 ,quod si quis tanta indu/ria ex/itisset1 ut ex naturae pr9cipiis at geometria hanc rem eru]e potuisset1 eum ego supra mortalium sortem +5io valuisse dic5dum cr$]em4 ,s$ hoc tantum abe/1 ut =tuito rep]ti artificii rationem non adhuc satis explic>i potu]9t viri doctissimi4--,hug5ii ,dioptrica 7de telescopiis74 ,footnote #hd3 ,i mu/ n be und]/ood z say+ t ! fire-drill has play$ no "p 9 ! wor%ip ( fire or ( ! sun4 ,footnote #he3 ,comp>e on ?is po9t ! extremely int]e/+ rem>ks ( ,dr4 ,paul ,c>us 9 8 ,philosophy ( ! ,tool1 ,*icago1 #ahic4 ,footnote #hf3 ,mbius1 ,naturwiss5s*aftli*] ,v]e9 fr ,s*leswig-,hol/e91 ,kiel1 #ahic1 p4 #aac et seq4 ,footnote #hg3 ,i am indebt$ = ?is obs]vation to ,pr(essor ,hats*eck4 ,footnote #hh3 ,cf4 ,hoppe1 ,entdeck5 und ,f9d51 #ahgj4 ,footnote #hi3 ,see ! lecture ,s5sations ( ,ori5tation1 p4 #bhb et seq4 ,footnote #ij3 ,?is /ory 0 relat$ to me by ,jolly1 & subsequ5tly repeat$ 9 a lett] f him4 ,footnote #ia3 ,i d n "k :e!r ,swift's academy ( s*em]s 9 ,lagado1 9 :i* great discov]ies & inv5tions 7 made by a sort ( v]bal game ( dice1 0 int5d$ z a satire on ,francis ,bacon's me?od ( mak+ discov]ies by means ( huge synoptic tables con/ruct$ by scribes4 ,x c]ta9ly w\ld n h be5 ill-plac$4 ,footnote #ib3 ,crescunt discipl9ae l5te t>deque2 p] v>ios errores s]o p]v5itur ad v]itatem4 ,omnia praep>ata esse deb5t diuturno et assiduo labore ad introitum v]itatis novae4 ,jam illa c]to temporis mom5to div9a quadam necessitate coacta em]get4 ,quot$ by ,simony1 ,9 e9 r+frmiges ,b& e95 ,knot5 zu ma*51 ,vi5na1 #ahha1 p4 #da4 ,,on ,,s5sations ,,( ,,ori5tation4#ic ,?r\gh ! co-op]ation ( a succession ( inquir]s1 among :om are p>ticul>ly to be m5tion$ ,goltz ( ,/rassburg & ,breu] ( ,vi5na1 consid]able advances h be5 made dur+ ! la/ tw5ty-five ye>s 9 our k ( ! means by :i* we asc]ta9 our position 9 space & ! direction ( our motion1 or ori5t ourselves1 z ! phrase goes4 ,i presume t y are already acqua9t$ ) ! physiological "p ( ! processes ) :i* our s5sations ( movem5t1 or1 m g5]ally speak+1 our s5sations ( ori5tation1 are connect$4 ,"h ,i %all consid] m p>ticul>ly ! physical side ( ! matt]4 ,9 fact1 ,i 0 orig9ally l$ to ! consid]ation ( ^! que/ions by ! obs]vation ( extremely simple & p]fectly well-kn[n physical facts1 be=e ,i _h any great acqua9tance ) physiology & :ile pursu+ unbias$ly my natural ?\ghts2 & ,i am ( ! conviction t ! way :i* ,i h pursu$1 & :i* is entirely free f hypo!ses1 w1 if y w foll[ my exposition1 be t ( easie/ acquisition = ! mo/ ( y4 ,no man ( s\nd common s5se c\ld ev] h d\bt$ t a pressure or =ce is requisite to set a body 9 motion 9 a giv5 direction & t a contr>y pressure is requir$ to /op sudd5ly a body 9 motion4 ,?\gh ! law ( in]tia 0 fir/ =mulat$ ) any?+ l exactness by ,galileo1 ! facts at ! basis ( x 7 kn[n long previ\sly to m5 ( ! /amp ( ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 ,rabelais1 & o!rs1 & 7 illu/rat$ by !m ) appropriate exp]im5ts4 ,leon>do knew t by a swift /roke ) a rul] "o c knock out f a v]tical column ( *eck]s a s+le *eck] )\t ov]-?r[+ ! column4 ,! exp]im5t ) a co9 re/+ on a piece ( pa/ebo>d cov]+ a goblet1 :i* falls into ! goblet :5 ! pa/ebo>d is j]k$ away1 l all exp]im5ts ( ! k9d1 is c]ta9ly v old4 ,) ,galileo ! exp]i5ce 9 "q assumes great] cle>ness & =ce4 ,9 ! fam\s dialogue on ! ,cop]nican sy/em :i* co/ him 8 fre$om1 he expla9s ! tides 9 an unfelicit\s1 ?\gh 9 pr9ciple correct mann]1 by ! analogue ( a platt] ( wat] swung to & fro4 ,9 opposition to ! ,ari/otelians ( 8 "t1 :o believ$ ! desc5t ( a heavy body c\ld be accel]at$ by ! sup]position ( ano!r heavy body1 he ass]t$ t a body c\ld nev] be accel]at$ by "o ly+ ^u x unless ! fir/ 9 "s way imp$$ ! sup]pos$ body 9 its desc5t4 ,to seek to press a fall+ body by means ( ano!r plac$ ^u x1 is z s5seless z try+ to prod a man ) a lance :5 ! man is spe$+ away f "o ) ! same velocity z ! lance4 ,ev5 ?is little excursion into physics c expla9 mu* to u4 ,y "k ! peculi> s5sation :i* "o has 9 fall+1 z :5 "o jumps f a high spr+bo>d into ! wat]1 & :i* is also exp]i5c$ 9 "s measure at ! beg9n+ ( ! desc5t ( elevators & sw+s4 ,! reciprocal gravitational pressure ( ! diff]5t p>ts ( our body1 :i* is c]ta9ly felt 9 "s mann]1 vani%es 9 free desc5t1 or1 9 ! case ( ! elevator1 is dim9i%$ on ! beg9n+ ( ! desc5t4 ,a simil> s5sation w\ld be exp]i5c$ if we 7 sudd5ly transport$ to ! moon :]e ! accel]ation ( gravity is mu* less ?an ^u ! e>?4 ,i 0 l$ to ^! consid]ations 9 #ahff by a sugge/ion 9 physics1 & hav+ also tak5 into acc\nt ! alt]ations ( ! blood-pressure 9 ! cases 9 "q1 ,i f\nd ,i co9cid$ )\t kn[+ x ) ,wolla/on & ,purk9je4 ,! fir/ z e>ly z #ahaj 9 8 ,croonian lecture _h t\*$ on ! subject ( sea-sickness & expla9$ x by alt]ations ( ! blood-pressure1 & lat] _h laid simil> consid]ations at ! basis ( 8 explanation ( v]tigo 7#ahbj-ahbf74id ,newton 0 ! fir/ to enunciate ) p]fect g5]ality t a body c *ange ! velocity & direction ( its motion only by ! action ( a =ce1 or ! action ( a second body4 ,a coroll>y ( ?is law :i* 0 fir/ expressly d$uc$ by ,eul] is t a body c nev] be set rotat+ or made to cease rotat+ ( itself b only by =ces & o!r bodies4 ,= example1 turn an op5 wat* :i* has run d[n freely backw>ds & =w>ds 9 y\r h&4 ,! balance-:eel w n fully cat* ! rapid rotations1 x does n ev5 respond fully to ! ela/ic =ce ( ! spr+ :i* proves too weak to c>ry ! :eel entirely ) x4 ,let u consid] n[ t :e!r we move ourselves by means ( our legs1 or :e!r we are mov$ by a vehicle or a boat1 at fir/ only a "p ( our body is directly mov$ & ! re/ ( x is aft]w>ds set 9 motion by ! fir/ "p4 ,we see t pressures1 pulls1 & t5sions are always produc$ betwe5 ! p>ts ( ! body 9 ?is action1 :i* pressures1 pulls1 & t5sions give rise to s5sations by :i* ! =w>d or rot>y movem5ts 9 :i* we are engag$ are made p]ceptible4#ie ,b x is q natural t s5sations s famili> %\ld be little notic$ & t att5tion %\ld be drawn to !m only "u special circum/ances :5 !y occur unexpect$ly or ) unusual /r5g?4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #de4 ,?us my att5tion 0 drawn to ?is po9t by ! s5sation ( fall+ & subsequ5tly by ano!r s+ul> occurr5ce4 ,i 0 r\nd+ a %>p railway curve once :5 ,i sudd5ly saw all ! trees1 h\ses1 & factory *imneys along ! track sw]ve f ! v]tical & assume a /rik+ly incl9$ position4 ,:at _h hi!rto appe>$ to me p]fectly natural1 namely1 ! fact t we di/+ui% ! v]tical s p]fectly & %>ply f e o!r direction1 n[ /ruck me z enigmatical4 ,:y is x t ! same direction c n[ appe> v]tical to me & n[ _c8 ,by :at is ! v]tical di/+ui%$ = u8 7,comp>e ,figure #de47 ,! rails are rais$ on ! convex or outw>d side ( ! track 9 ord] to insure ! /ability ( ! c>riage z aga9/ ! action ( ! c5trifugal =ce1 ! :ole be+ s arrang$ t ! comb9ation ( ! =ce ( gravity ) ! c5trifugal =ce ( ! tra9 %all give rise to a =ce p]p5dicul> to ! plane ( ! rails4 ,let u assume1 n[1 t "u all circum/ances we someh[ s5se ! direction ( ! total resultant mass-accel]ation :5cesoev] x may arise z ! v]tical4 ,!n bo? ! ord9>y & ! extraord9>y ph5om5a w be alike r5d]$ intelligible4#if ,i 0 n[ desir\s ( putt+ ! view ,i _h rea*$ to a m conv5i5t & exact te/ ?an 0 possible on a railway j\rney :]e "o has no control ov] ! det]m9+ circum/ances & _c alt] !m at w4 ,i accord+ly _h ! simple app>atus con/ruct$ :i* is repres5t$ 9 ,figure #df4 ,9 a l>ge frame ,,bb1 :i* is fa/5$ to ! walls1 rotates ab\t a v]tical axis ,,aa a second frame ,,rr1 & )9 ! latt] a ?ird "o rr1 :i* c be set at any di/ance & position f ! axis1 made /ation>y or movable1 & is provid$ ) a *air = ! obs]v]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #df4 ,f ,ma*'s ,bewegungsempf9dung51 ,leipsic1 ,engelmann1 #ahge4 ,! obs]v] takes 8 seat 9 ! *air & to prev5t di/urbances ( judgm5t is enclos$ 9 a pap] box4 ,if ! obs]v] toge!r ) ! frame rr be !n set 9 uni=m rotation1 he w feel & see ! beg9n+ ( ! rotation bo? z to direction & am\nt v di/9ctly al?\gh e outw>d visible or tangible po9t ( ref]5ce is want+4 ,if ! motion be uni=mly cont9u$ ! s5sation ( rotation w gradually cease entirely & ! obs]v] w imag9e himself at re/4 ,b if rr be plac$ outside ! axis ( rotation1 at once on ! rotation beg9n+1 a /rik+ly app>5t1 palpable1 actually visible incl9ation ( ! entire pap] box is produc$1 slight :5 ! rotation is sl[1 /rong :5 ! rotation is rapid1 & cont9u+ z long z ! rotation la/s4 ,x is absolutely impossible = ! obs]v] to escape p]ceiv+ ! incl9ation1 al?\gh "h also all outw>d po9ts ( ref]5ce are want+4 ,if ! obs]v]1 = example1 is seat$ s z to look t[>ds ! axis1 he w feel ! box /rongly tipp$ backw>ds1 z x necess>ily mu/ be if ! direction ( ! total resultant =ce is p]ceiv$ z ! v]tical4 ,= o!r positions ( ! obs]v] ! situation is simil>4#ig ,once1 :ile p]=m+ "o ( ^! exp]im5ts1 & aft] rotat+ s long t ,i 0 no long] consci\s ( ! movem5t1 ,i sudd5ly caus$ ! app>atus to be /opp$1 :]eupon ,i imm$iately felt & saw myself ) ! :ole box rapidly flung r\nd 9 rotation 9 ! opposite direction1 al?\gh ,i knew t ! :ole app>atus 0 at re/ & e outw>d po9t ( ref]5ce = ! p]ception ( motion 0 want+4 ,e "o :o disbelieves 9 s5sations ( movem5t %\ld be made acqua9t$ ) ^! ph5om5a4 ,_h ,newton kn[n !m & _h he ev] obs]v$ h[ we may actually imag9e ourselves turn$ & displac$ 9 space )\t ! assi/ance ( /ation>y bodies z po9ts ( ref]5ce1 he w\ld c]ta9ly h be5 confirm$ m ?an ev] 9 8 un=tunate speculations reg>d+ absolute space4 ,! s5sation ( rotation 9 ! opposite direction aft] ! app>atus has be5 /opp$1 sl[ly & gradually ceases4 ,b on accid5tally incl9+ my head once dur+ ?is occurr5ce1 ! axis ( app>5t rotation 0 also obs]v$ to incl9e 9 exactly ! same mann] bo? z to direction & z to am\nt4 ,x is accord+ly cle> t ! accel]ation or ret>dation ( rotation is felt4 ,! accel]ation op]ates z a /imulus4 ,! s5sation1 h[ev]1 l almo/ all s5sations1 ?\gh x gradually decreases1 la/s p]ceptibly long] ?an ! /imulus4 ,h5ce ! long cont9u$ app>5t rotation aft] ! /opp+ ( ! app>atus4 ,! organ1 h[ev]1 :i* causes ! p]si/5ce ( ?is s5sation mu/ h its seat 9 ! head1 s9ce o!rwise ! axis ( app>5t rotation c\ld n assume ! same motion z ! head4 ,if ,i 7 to say1 n[1 t a light _h fla%$ ^u me 9 mak+ ^! la/ obs]vations1 ! expression w\ld be a feeble "o4 ,i ought to say ,i exp]i5c$ a p]fect illum9ation4 ,my juv5ile exp]i5ces ( v]tigo occurr$ to me4 ,i rememb]$ ,fl\r5s's exp]im5ts relative to ! section ( ! semi-circul> canals ( ! labyr9?s ( doves & rabbits1 :]e ?is inquir] _h obs]v$ ph5om5a simil> to v]tigo1 b :i* he pref]r$ to int]pret1 f 8 bias to ! ac\/ic !ory ( ! labyr9?1 z ! expression ( pa9ful auditive di/urbances4 ,i saw t ,goltz _h ne>ly b n q hit ! bull's eye ) 8 !ory ( ! semi-circul> canals4 ,?is inquir]1 :o1 f 8 happy habit ( foll[+ 8 own natural ?\ghts )\t reg>d = tradition1 has cle>$ up s mu* 9 sci5ce1 spoke1 z e>ly z #ahgj1 on ! gr\nd ( exp]im5ts1 z foll[s3 ,x is unc]ta9 :e!r ! semi-circul> canals are auditive organs or n4 ,9 any ev5t !y =m an app>atus :i* s]ves = ! pres]vation ( equilibrium4 ,!y are1 s to speak1 ! s5se-organs ( equilibrium ( ! head & indirectly ( ! :ole body4 ,i rememb]$ ! galvanic dizz9ess :i* _h be5 obs]v$ by ,ritt] & ,purk9je on ! passage ( a curr5t ?r\gh ! head1 :5 ! p]sons exp]im5t$ ^u imag9$ !y 7 fall+ t[>ds ! ca?ode4 ,! exp]im5t 0 imm$iately repeat$1 & sometime lat] 7#ahgd7 ,i 0 enabl$ to demon/rate ! same objectively ) fi%es1 all ( :i* plac$ !mselves sidewise & 9 ! same direction 9 ! field ( ! curr5t z if at comm&4#ih ,mll]'s doctr9e ( specific en]gies n[ appe>$ to me to br+ all ^! new & old obs]vations into a simple1 connect$ unity4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dg4 ,! labyr9? ( a dove 7/]eoscopically reproduc$71 f ,r4 ,ewald1 ,n]vus ,octavus1 ,wiesbad51 ,b]gmann1 #ahib4 ,let u picture to ourselves ! labyr9? ( ! e> ) its ?ree semi-circul> canals ly+ 9 ?ree mutually p]p5dicul> planes 7,comp4 ,fig4 #dg71 ! my/]i\s position ( :i* inquir]s h endeavor$ to expla9 9 e possible & impossible way4 ,let u conceive ! n]ves ( ! ampull1 or ! dilat$ ext5sions ( ! semi-circul> canals1 equipp$ ) a capacity = respond+ to e imag9able /imulus ) a s5sation ( rotation j z ! n]ves ( ! ret9a ( ! eye :5 excit$ by pressures1 by electrical or *emical /imuli always respond ) ! s5sation ( light2 let u picture to ourselves1 fur!r1 t ! usual excitation ( ! ampull n]ves is produc$ by ! in]tia ( ! cont5ts ( ! semi-circul> canals1 :i* cont5ts on suitable rotations 9 ! plane ( ! semi-circul> canal are left beh9d 9 ! motion1 or at lea/ h a t5d5cy to rema9 beh9d & consequ5tly ex]t a pressure4 ,x w be se5 t on ?is supposition all ! s+le facts :i* )\t ! !ory appe> z s _m diff]5t individual ph5om5a1 become f ?is s+le po9t ( view cle> & intelligible4 ,i _h ! satisfaction1 imm$iately aft] ! communication 9 :i* ,i set =? ?is idea1#ii ( see+ a pap] by ,breu] appe>#ajj 9 :i* ?is au?or _h arriv$ by entirely diff]5t me?ods at results t agre$ 9 all ess5tial po9ts ) my own4 ,a few weeks lat] appe>$ ! rese>*es ( ,crum ,br[n ( ,ed9burgh1 ^: me?ods 7 ev5 /ill ne>] m9e4 ,breu]'s pap] 0 f> ri*] 9 physiological respects ?an m9e1 & he _h p>ticul>ly gone into great] detail 9 8 inve/igation ( ! collat]al effects ( ! reflex motions & ori5tation ( ! eyes 9 ! ph5om5a "u consid]ation4#aja ,9 addition c]ta9 exp]im5ts :i* ,i _h sugge/$ 9 my pap] z a te/ ( ! correctness ( ! view 9 "q _h already be5 p]=m$ by ,breu]4 ,breu] has also r5d]$ s]vices ( ! highe/ ord] 9 ! fur!r elaboration ( ?is field4 ,b 9 a physical reg>d1 my pap] 01 ( c\rse1 m complete4 ,9 ord] to portray to ! eye ! behavior ( ! semi-circul> canals1 ,i h con/ruct$ "h a little app>atus4 7,see ,fig4 #dh47 ,! l>ge rotatable disc repres5ts ! osse\s semi-circul> canal1 :i* is cont9u\s ) ! bones ( ! head2 ! small disc1 :i* is free to rotate on ! axis ( ! fir/1 repres5ts ! mobile & p>tly liquid cont5ts ( ! semi-circul> canal4 ,on rotat+ ! l>ge disc1 ! small disc z y see rema9s beh9d4 ,i h to turn "s "t be=e ! small disc is c>ri$ along ) ! l>ge "o by friction4 ,b if ,i n[ /op ! l>ge disc ! small disc z y see cont9ues to rotate4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dh4 ,model repres5t+ ! action ( ! semi-circul> canals4 ,simply assume n[ t ! rotation ( ! small disc1 say 9 ! direction ( ! h&s ( a wat*1 w\ld give rise to a s5sation ( rotation 9 ! opposite direction1 & conv]sely1 & y already und]/& a good portion ( ! facts above set =?4 ,! explanation /ill holds1 ev5 if ! small disc does n p]=m appreciable rotations b is *eck$ by a contrivance simil> to an ela/ic spr+1 ! t5sion ( :i* dis5gages a s5sation4 ,conceive1 n[1 ?ree su* contrivances ) _! mutually p]p5dicul> planes ( rotation jo9$ toge!r s z to =m a s+le app>atus2 !n to ?is app>atus z a :ole1 no rotation c be imp>t$ )\t its be+ indicat$ by ! small mobile discs or by ! spr+s :i* are atta*$ to !m4 ,conceive bo? ! "r & ! left e> equipp$ ) su* an app>atus1 & y w f9d t x answ]s all ! purposes ( ! semi-circul> canals1 :i* y see repres5t$ /]eoscopically 9 ,fig4 #dg = ! e> ( a dove4 ,( ! _m exp]im5ts :i* ,i h made on my own p]son1 & ! results ( :i* c\ld be pr$ict$ by ! new view accord+ to ! behavior ( ! model & consequ5tly accord+ to ! rules ( me*anics1 ,i %all cite b "o4 ,i fa/5 a horizontal bo>d 9 ! frame ,,rr ( my rotatory app>atus1 lie d[n ^u ! same ) my "r e> ^u ! bo>d1 & cause ! app>atus to be uni=mly rotat$4 ,z soon z ,i no long] p]ceive ! rotation1 ,i turn ar\nd ^u my left e> & imm$iately ! s5sation ( rotation aga9 />ts up ) m>k$ vividness4 ,! exp]im5t c be repeat$ z (t5 z "o wi%es4 ,a slight turn ( ! head ev5 is suffici5t = reviv+ ! s5sation ( rotation :i* 9 ! p]fectly quiesc5t /ate at once disappe>s altoge!r4 ,we w imitate ! exp]im5t on ! model4 ,i turn ! l>ge disc until f9ally ! small disc is c>ri$ along ) x4 ,if1 n[1 :ile ! rotation cont9ues uni=m1 ,i burn (f a little ?read :i* y see "h1 ! small disc w be flipp$ r\nd by a spr+ into its own plane #ahj1 s z n[ to pres5t its opposite side to y1 :5 ! rotation at once beg9s 9 ! opposite direction4 ,we h consequ5tly a v simple means = det]m9+ :e!r "o is actually ! subject or n ( uni=m & imp]ceptible rotations4 ,if ! e>? rotat$ mu* m rapidly ?an x really does1 or if our semi-circul> canals 7 mu* m s5sitive1 a ,nans5 sleep+ at ! ,nor? ,pole w\ld be wak$ by a s5sation ( rotation e "t he turn$ ov]4 ,f\cault's p5dulum exp]im5t z a demon/ration ( ! e>?'s rotation w\ld be sup]flu\s "u su* circum/ances4 ,! only reason we _c prove ! rotation ( ! e>? ) ! help ( our model1 lies 9 ! small angul> velocity ( ! e>? & 9 ! consequ5t liability to great exp]im5tal errors4#ajb ,ari/otle has said t ,! sweete/ ( all ?+s is k4 ,& he is "r4 ,b if y 7 to suppose t ! publication ( a new view 7 productive ( unb\nd$ sweetness1 y w\ld be mightily mi/ak54 ,no "o di/urbs 8 fell[-m5 ) a new view unpuni%$4 ,nor %\ld ! fact be made a subject ( reproa* to ^! fell[-m54 ,to presume to revolutionise ! curr5t way ( ?9k+ ) reg>d to any "q1 is no pleasant task1 & above all n an easy "o4 ,!y :o h advanc$ new views "k be/ :at s]i\s difficulties /& 9 _! way4 ,) hone/ & praisewor?y zeal1 m5 set to "w 9 se>* ( ev]y?+ t does n suit ) !m4 ,!y seek to discov] :e!r !y _c expla9 ! facts bett] or z well1 or approximately z well1 by ! traditional views4 ,& t1 too1 is ju/ifi$4 ,b at times "s extremely artless animadv]sions are he>d t almo/ nonplus u4 ,if a six? s5se exi/$ x c\ld n fail to h be5 discov]$ ?\s&s ( ye>s ago4 ,inde$2 !re 0 a "t1 !n1 :5 only sev5 planets c\ld h exi/$6 ,b ,i d n believe t any "o w lay any weight on ! philological "q :e!r ! set ( ph5om5a :i* we h be5 consid]+ %\ld be call$ a s5se4 ,! ph5om5a w n disappe> :5 ! "n disappe>s4 ,x 0 fur!r said to me t animals exi/ :i* h no labyr9?1 b :i* c yet ori5tate !mselves1 & t consequ5tly ! labyr9? has no?+ to d ) ori5tation4 ,we d n walk =soo? ) our legs1 because snakes propel !mselves )\t !m6 ,b if ! promulgator ( a new idea _c hope = any great pleasure f its publication1 yet ! critical process :i* 8 views und]go is extremely helpful to ! subject-matt] ( !m4 ,all ! defects :i* necess>ily adh]e to ! new view are gradually discov]$ & elim9at$4 ,ov]-rat+ & exagg]ation give way to m sob] e/imates4 ,& s x came ab\t t x 0 f\nd unp]missible to attribute all functions ( ori5tation exclusively to ! labyr9?4 ,9 ^! critical labors ,delage1 ,aub]t1 ,breu]1 ,ewald1 & o!rs h r5d]$ di/+ui%$ s]vices4 ,x c also n fail to happ5 t fre% facts become kn[n 9 ?is process :i* c\ld h be5 pr$ict$ by ! new view1 :i* actually 7 pr$ict$ 9 "p1 & :i* consequ5tly furni% a support = ! new view4 ,breu] & ,ewald succe$$ 9 electrically & me*anically excit+ ! labyr9?1 & ev5 s+le p>ts ( ! labyr9?1 & ?us 9 produc+ ! movem5ts t belong to su* /imuli4 ,x 0 %[n t :5 ! semi-circul> canals 7 abs5t v]tigo c\ld n be produc$1 :5 ! entire labyr9? 0 remov$ ! ori5tation ( ! head 0 no long] possible1 t )\t ! labyr9? galvanic v]tigo c\ld n be induc$4 ,i myself con/ruct$ z e>ly z #ahge an app>atus = obs]v+ animals 9 rotation1 :i* 0 subsequ5tly re9v5t$ 9 v>i\s =ms & has s9ce receiv$ ! "n ( cyclo/at4#ajc ,9 exp]im5ts ) ! mo/ v>i$ k9ds ( animals x 0 %[n t1 = example1 ! l>v ( frogs are n subject to v]tigo until _! semi-circul> canals :i* at ! />t are want+ are develop$ 7,k4 ,s*f]74 ,a l>ge p]c5tage ( ! deaf & dumb are afflict$ ) grave affections ( ! labyr9?4 ,! ,am]ican psy*ologi/1 ,william ,james1 has made :irl+ exp]im5ts ) _m deaf & dumb subjects1 & 9 a l>ge numb] ( !m f\nd t susceptibility to gidd9ess is want+4 ,he also f\nd t _m deaf & dumb p on be+ duck$ "u wat]1 :]eby !y lose _! weight & consequ5tly h no long] ! full assi/ance ( _! muscul> s5se1 utt]ly lose _! s5se ( position 9 space1 d n "k :i* is up & :i* is d[n1 & are ?r[n into ! greate/ con/]nation1--results :i* d n occur 9 normal m54 ,su* facts are conv9c+ pro( t we d n ori5tate ourselves entirely by means ( ! labyr9?1 important z x is = u4 ,dr4 ,kreidl has made exp]im5ts simil> to ^? ( ,james & f\nd t n only is v]tigo abs5t 9 deaf & dumb p :5 :irl$ ab\t1 b t also ! reflex movem5ts ( ! eyes :i* are normally induc$ by ! labyr9? are want+4 ,f9ally1 ,dr4 ,pollak has f\nd t galvanic v]tigo does n exi/ 9 a l>ge p]c5tage ( ! deaf & dumb4 ,nei!r ! j]k+ movem5ts nor ! uni=m movem5ts ( ! eyes 7 obs]v$ :i* normal human be+s exhibit 9 ! ,ritt] & ,purk9je exp]im5t4 ,aft] ! physici/ has arriv$ at ! idea t ! semi-circul> canals are ! organ ( s5sation ( rotation or ( angul> accel]ation1 he is next con/ra9$ to ask = ! organs t m$iate ! s5sation ( accel]ation notic$ 9 =w>d movem5ts4 ,9 se>*+ = an organ = ?is function1 he ( c\rse is n apt to select "o t /&s 9 no anatomical & spatial relation ) ! semi-circul> canals4 ,& 9 addition !re are physiological consid]ations to be weigh$4 ,! preconceiv$ op9ion once hav+ be5 ab&on$ t ! entire labyr9? is auditory 9 its function1 !re rema9s aft] ! co*lea is res]v$ = s5sations ( tone & ! semi-circul> canals = ! s5sation ( angul> accel]ation1 ! ve/ibule = ! dis*>ge ( additional functions4 ,! ve/ibule1 p>ticul>ly ! "p ( x kn[n z ! sacculus1 appe>$ to me1 by reason ( ! s-call$ otoli?s :i* x conta9s1 em95tly adapt$ = be+ ! organ ( s5sation ( =w>d accel]ation or ( ! position ( ! head4 ,9 ?is conjecture ,i aga9 closely co9cid$ ) ,breu]4 ,t a s5sation ( position1 ( direction & am\nt ( mass-accel]ation exi/s1 our exp]i5ce 9 elevators z well z ( movem5t 9 curv$ pa?s is suffici5t pro(4 ,i h also attempt$ to produce & de/roy sudd5ly great velocities ( =w>d movem5t by means ( v>i\s contrivances ( :i* ,i %all m5tion only "o "h4 ,if1 :ile enclos$ 9 ! pap] box ( my l>ge :irl+ app>atus at "s di/ance f ! axis1 my body is 9 uni=m rotation :i* ,i no long] feel1 & ,i !n loos5 ! connexions ( ! frame rr ) ,r ?us mak+ ! =m] moveable & ,i !n sudd5ly /op ! l>g] frame1 my =w>d motion is abruptly imp$$ :ile ! frame rr cont9ues to rotate4 ,i imag9e n[ t ,i am spe$+ on 9 a /raight l9e 9 a direction opposite to t ( ! *eck$ motion4 ,un=tunately1 = _m reasons x _c be prov$ conv9c+ly t ! organ 9 "q has its seat 9 ! head4 ,accord+ to ! op9ion ( ,delage1 ! labyr9? has no?+ to d ) ?is p>ticul> s5sation ( movem5t4 ,breu]1 on ! o!r h&1 is ( ! op9ion t ! organ ( =w>d movem5t 9 man is /unt$ & ! p]si/5ce ( ! s5sation 9 "q is too brief to p]mit our in/itut+ exp]im5ts z obvi\s z 9 ! case ( rotation4 ,9 fact1 ,crum ,br[n once obs]v$ :ile 9 an irritat$ condition peculi> v]tical ph5om5a 9 8 own p]son1 :i* 7 all satisfactorily expla9$ by an abnormally long p]si/5ce ( ! s5sation ( rotation1 & ,i myself 9 an analog\s case on ! /opp+ ( a railway tra9 felt ! app>5t backw>d motion 9 /rik+ int5sity & = an unusual l5g? ( "t4 ,!re is no d\bt :atev] t we feel *anges ( v]tical accel]ation1 & x w appe> f ! foll[+ extremely probable t ! otoli?s ( ! ve/ibule are ! s5se-organ = ! direction ( ! mass-accel]ation4 ,x w !n be incompatible ) a really logical view to reg>d ! latt] z incapable ( s5s+ horizontal accel]ations4 ,9 ! l[] animals ! analogue ( ! labyr9? is %runk to a little vesicle fill$ ) a liquid & conta9+ t9y cry/als1 auditive /ones1 or otoli?s1 ( great] specific gravity1 susp5d$ on m9ute hairs4 ,^! cry/als appe> physically well adapt$ = indicat+ bo? ! direction ( gravity & ! direction ( incipi5t movem5ts4 ,t !y dis*>ge ! =m] function1 ,delage 0 ! fir/ to conv9ce himself by exp]im5ts ) l[] animals :i* on ! removal ( ! otoli?s utt]ly lo/ _! be>+s & c\ld no long] rega9 _! normal position4 ,loeb also f\nd t fi%es )\t labyr9?s swim n[ on _! bellies & n[ on _! backs4 ,b ! mo/ rem>kable1 mo/ beautiful1 & mo/ conv9c+ exp]im5t is t :i* ,dr4 ,kreidl in/itut$ ) cru/aceans4 ,accord+ to ,h5s51 c]ta9 ,cru/acea on sl\gh+ spontane\sly introduce f9e gra9s ( s& z auditive /ones into _! otoli? vesicle4 ,at ! +5i\s sugge/ion ( ,s4 ,exn]1 ,dr4 ,kreidl con/ra9$ "s ( ^! animals to put up ) iron fil+s 7f]rum limatum74 ,if ! pole ( an electro-magnet be br\ght ne> ! animal1 x w at once turn its back away f ! pole accompany+ ! movem5t ) appropriate reflex motions ( ! eye ! mom5t ! curr5t is clos$1 exactly z if gravity _h be5 br\ght to be> ^u ! animal 9 ! same direction z ! magnetic =ce4#ajd ,?is1 9 fact1 is :at %\ld be expect$ f ! function ascrib$ to ! otoli?s4 ,if ! eyes be cov]$ ) asphalt v>ni%1 & ! auditive sacs remov$1 ! cru/aceans lose _! s5se ( direction utt]ly1 tumble head ov] heels1 lie on _! side or _! back indiff]5tly4 ,?is does n happ5 :5 ! eyes only are cov]$4 ,= v]tebrates1 ,breu] has demon/rat$ by se>*+ inve/igations t ! otoli?s1 or bett]1 /atoli?s1 slide 9 ?ree planes p>allel to ! planes ( ! semi-circul> canals1 & are consequ5tly p]fectly adapt$ = indicat+ *anges bo? 9 ! am\nt & ! direction ( ! mass-accel]ation4#aje ,i h already rem>k$ t n e function ( ori5tation c be ascrib$ exclusively to ! labyr9?4 ,! deaf & dumb :o h to be imm]s$ 9 wat]1 & ! cru/aceans :o mu/ h _! eyes clos$ if !y are to be p]fectly disori5tat$1 are pro( ( ?is fact4 ,i saw a bl9d cat at ,h]+'s laboratory :i* to "o :o 0 n a v att5tive obs]v] behav$ exactly l a see+ cat4 ,x play$ nimbly ) objects roll+ on ! floor1 /uck its head inquisitively into op5 draw]s1 sprang dext]\sly ^u *airs1 ran ) p]fect accuracy ?r\gh op5 doors1 & nev] bump$ aga9/ clos$ ones4 ,! visual s5se _h "h be5 rapidly replac$ by ! tactual & auditive s5ses4 ,& x appe>s f ,ewald's inve/igations t ev5 aft] ! labyr9?s h be5 remov$1 animals gradually le>n to move ab\t aga9 q 9 ! normal fa%ion1 presumably because ! elim9at$ function ( ! labyr9? is n[ p]=m$ by "s "p ( ! bra94 ,a c]ta9 peculi> weakness ( ! muscles alone is p]ceptible :i* ,ewald ascribes to ! abs5ce ( ! /imulus :i* is o!rwise con/antly emitt$ by ! labyr9? 7! labyr9?-tonus74 ,b if ! "p ( ! bra9 :i* dis*>ges ! deput$ function be remov$1 ! animals are aga9 completely disori5tat$ & absolutely helpless4 ,x may be said t ! views enunciat$ by ,breu]1 ,crum ,br[n & myself 9 #ahgc & #ahgd1 & :i* are sub/antially a full] & ri*] developm5t ( ,goltz's idea1 h ^u ! :ole be5 sub/antiat$4 ,at lea/ !y h ex]cis$ a helpful & /imulative influ5ce4 ,new problems h ( c\rse aris5 9 ! c\rse ( ! inve/igation :i* /ill await solution1 & mu* "w rema9s to be done4 ,at ! same "t we see h[ fruitful ! r5ew$ co-op]ation ( ! v>i\s special dep>tm5ts ( sci5ce may become aft] a p]iod ( isolation & invigorat+ labor ap>t4 ,i may be p]mitt$1 !re=e1 to consid] ! relation betwe5 he>+ & ori5tation f ano!r & m g5]al po9t ( view4 ,:at we call ! auditive organ is 9 ! l[] animals simply a sac conta9+ auditive /ones4 ,z we asc5d ! scale1 #a1 #b1 #c semi-circul> canals gradually develop f !m1 :il/ ! /ructure ( ! otoli? organ itself becomes m complicat$4 ,f9ally1 9 ! high] v]tebrates1 & p>ticul>ly 9 ! mammals1 a "p ( ! latt] organ 7! lag5a7 becomes ! co*lea1 :i* ,helmholtz expla9$ z ! organ = s5sations ( tone4 ,9 ! belief t ! entire labyr9? 0 an auditive organ1 ,helmholtz1 contr>y to ! results ( 8 own ma/]ly analysis1 orig9ally s\ght to int]pret ano!r "p ( ! labyr9? z ! organ ( noises4 ,i %[$ a long "t ago 7#ahgc7 t e tonal /imulus by %ort5+ ! duration ( ! excitation to a few vibrations1 gradually loses its "* ( pit* & takes on t ( a %>p1 dry report or noise4#ajf ,all ! int]v5+ /ages betwe5 tones & noises c be exhibit$4 ,su* be+ ! case1 x w h>dly be assum$ t "o organ is sudd5ly & at "s giv5 po9t replac$ 9 function by ano!r4 ,on ! basis ( diff]5t exp]im5ts & reason+s ,s4 ,exn] also reg>ds ! assumption ( a special organ = ! s5s+ ( noises z unnecess>y4 ,if we w b reflect h[ small a portion ( ! labyr9? ( high] animals is app>5tly 9 ! s]vice ( ! s5se ( he>+1 & h[ l>ge1 on ! o!r h&1 ! portion is :i* v likely s]ves ! purposes ( ori5tation1 h[ mu* ! fir/ anatomical beg9n+s ( ! auditive sac ( l[] animals resemble t "p ( ! fully develop$ labyr9? :i* does n he>1 ! view is irresi/ibly sugge/$ :i* ,breu] & ,i 7#ahgd1 #ahge7 express$1 t ! auditive organ took its developm5t f an organ = s5s+ movem5ts by adaptation to weak p]iodic motional /imuli1 & t _m app>atuses 9 ! l[] animals :i* are held to be organs ( he>+ are n auditive organs at all4#ajg ,?is view appe>s to be p]ceptibly ga9+ gr\nd4 ,dr4 ,kreidl by skilfully-plann$ exp]im5ts has arriv$ at ! conclusion t ev5 fi%es d n he>1 :]eas ,e4 ,h4 ,web]1 9 8 day1 reg>d$ ! ossicles :i* unite ! air-bladd] ( fi%es ) ! labyr9? z organs expressly design$ = conduct+ s\nd f ! =m] to ! latt]4#ajh ,/r5s5 has inve/igat$ ! excitation ( s\nds by ! air-bladd] ( fi%es1 z also ! conduction ( %ocks ?r\gh ,web]'s ossicles4 ,he reg>ds ! air-bladd] z p>ticul>ly adapt$ = receiv+ ! noises made by o!r fi%es & conduct+ !m to ! labyr9?4 ,he has he>d ! l\d grunt+ tones ( ! fi%es 9 ,s\? ,am]ican riv]s1 & is ( ! op9ion t !y allure & f9d ea* o!r 9 ?is mann]4 ,accord+ to ^! views c]ta9 fi%es are nei!r deaf nor dumb4#aji ,! "q "h involv$ might be solv$ p]haps by %>ply di/+ui%+ betwe5 ! s5sation ( he>+ prop]1 & ! p]ception ( %ocks4 ,! fir/-m5tion$ s5sation may1 ev5 9 ! case ( _m v]tebrates1 be extremely re/rict$1 or p]haps ev5 absolutely want+4 ,b besides ! auditive function1 ,web]'s ossicles may p]fectly well dis*>ge "s o!r function4 ,al?\gh1 z ,moreau has %[n1 ! air-bladd] itself is n an organ ( equilibrium 9 ! simple physical s5se ( ,borelli1 yet d\btless "s function ( ?is "* is /ill res]v$ = x4 ,! union ) ! labyr9? favors ?is conception1 & s a ho/ ( new problems rises "h be=e u4 ,i %\ld l to close ) a rem9isc5ce f ! ye> #ahfc4 ,helmholtz's ,s5sations ( ,tone _h j be5 publi%$ & ! function ( ! co*lea n[ appe>$ cle> to ! :ole _w4 ,9 a private conv]sation :i* ,i _h ) a physician1 ! latt] decl>$ x to be an almo/ hopeless und]tak+ to seek to fa?om ! function ( ! o!r p>ts ( ! labyr9?1 :]eas ,i 9 y\?ful boldness ma9ta9$ t ! "q c\ld h>dly fail to be solv$1 & t v soon1 al?\gh ( c\rse ,i _h !n no glimm]+ ( h[ x 0 to be done4 ,t5 ye>s lat] ! "q 0 sub/antially solv$4 ,to-day1 aft] hav+ tri$ my p[]s frequ5tly & 9 va9 on _m que/ions1 ,i no long] believe t we c make %ort "w ( ! problems ( sci5ce4 ,nev]!less1 ,i %\ld n consid] an ignorabimus z an expression ( mode/y1 b r z ! opposite4 ,t expression is a suitable "o only ) reg>d to problems :i* are wrongly =mulat$ & :i* are !re=e n problems at all4 ,e real problem c & w be solv$ 9 due c\rse ( "t )\t sup]natural div9ation1 entirely by accurate obs]vation & close1 se>*+ ?\ght4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #ic3 ,a lecture deliv]$ on ,febru>y #bd1 #ahig1 be=e ! ,v]e9 zur ,v]breitung naturwiss5s*aftli*] ,k5ntnisse 9 ,wi54 ,footnote #id3 ,wolla/on1 ,philosophical ,transactions1 ,royal ,society1 #ahaj4 ,9 ! same place ,wolla/on also describes & expla9s ! creak+ ( ! muscles4 ,my att5tion 0 rec5tly call$ to ?is "w by ,dr4 ,w4 ,pas*eles4--,cf4 also ,purk9je1 ,prag] m$ic94 ,jahrb*]1 ,bd4 #f1 ,wi51 #ahbj4 ,footnote #ie3 ,simil>ly _m ext]nal =ces d n act at once on all p>ts ( ! e>?1 & ! int]nal =ces :i* produce de=mations act at fir/ imm$iately only ^u limit$ p>ts4 ,if ! e>? 7 a feel+ be+1 ! tides & o!r t]re/rial ev5ts w\ld provoke 9 x simil> s5sations to ^? ( our movem5ts4 ,p]haps ! slight alt]ations ( ! altitude ( ! pole :i* are at pres5t be+ /udi$ are connect$ ) ! cont9ual slight de=mations ( ! c5tral ellipsoid occasion$ by seismical happ5+s4 ,footnote #if3 ,= ! popul> explanation by unconsci\s inf]5ce ! matt] is extremely simple4 ,we reg>d ! railway c>riage z v]tical & unconsci\sly inf] ! incl9ation ( ! trees4 ,( c\rse ! opposite conclusion t we reg>d ! trees z v]tical & inf] ! incl9ation ( ! c>riage1 un=tunately1 is equally cle> on ?is !ory4 ,footnote #ig3 ,x w be obs]v$ t my way ( ?9k+ & exp]im5t+ "h is relat$ to t :i* l$ ,knight to ! discov]y & inve/igation ( ! geotropism ( plants4 ,philosophical ,transactions1 ,janu>y #i1 #ahjf4 ,! relations betwe5 vegetable & animal geotropism h be5 m rec5tly inve/igat$ by ,j4 ,loeb4 ,footnote #ih3 ,?is exp]im5t is d\btless relat$ to ! galvanotropic exp]im5t ) ! l>v ( frogs describ$ t5 ye>s lat] by ,l4 ,h]mann4 ,comp>e on ?is po9t my rem>ks 9 ! ,anzeig] d] ,wi5] ,akademie1 #ahhf1 ,no4 #ba4 ,rec5t exp]im5ts 9 galvanotropism are due to ,j4 ,loeb4 ,footnote #ii3 ,wi5] ,akad41 #f ,novemb]1 #ahgc4 ,footnote #ajj3 ,wi5] ,gesells*aft d] ,a]zte1 #ad ,novemb]1 #ahgd4 ,footnote #aja3 ,i h made a contribution to ?is la/ "q 9 my ,analysis ( ! ,s5sations1 7#ahhf71 ,engli% translation1 #ahig4 ,footnote #ajb3 ,9 my ,grundl9i5 d] ,lehre von d5 ,bewegungsempf9dung51 #ahge1 ! matt] occupy+ l9es #d to #ac ( page #bj f bel[1 :i* re/s on an error1 is1 z ,i h also else:]e rem>k$1 to be /rick5 out4 ,= ano!r exp]im5t relat$ to t ( ,f\cault1 comp>e my ,me*anics1 p4 #cjc4 ,footnote #ajc3 ,anzeig] d] ,wi5] ,akad41 #cj ,decemb]1 #ahge4 ,footnote #ajd3 ,! exp]im5t 0 specially int]e/+ = me z ,i _h already attempt$ 9 #ahgd1 al?\gh ) v little confid5ce & )\t success1 to excite electromagnetically my own labyr9? ?r\gh :i* ,i _h caus$ a curr5t to pass4 ,footnote #aje3 ,p]haps ! discussion conc]n+ ! peculi>ity ( cats always fall+ on _! feet1 :i* occupi$ ! ,p>isian ,academy1 &1 incid5tally1 ,p>isian society a few ye>s ago1 w be rememb]$ "h4 ,i believe t ! que/ions :i* arose are dispos$ ( by ! consid]ations advanc$ 9 my ,bewegungsempf9dung5 7#ahge74 ,i also p>tly gave1 z e>ly z #ahff1 ! app>atus conceiv$ by ! ,p>isian sci5ti/s to illu/rate ! ph5om5a 9 "q4 ,"o difficulty 0 left unt\*$ 9 ! ,p>isian debate4 ,! otoli? app>atus ( ! cat c r5d] x no s]vice 9 free desc5t4 ,! cat1 h[ev]1 :ile at re/1 d\btless kn[s its position 9 space & is in/9ctively consci\s ( ! am\nt ( movem5t :i* w put x on its feet4 ,footnote #ajf3 ,see ! ,app5dix to ! ,engli% edition ( my ,analysis ( ! ,s5sations1 ,*icago1 #ahig4 ,footnote #ajg3 ,comp>e my ,analysis ( ,s5sations1 p4 #abc ff4 ,footnote #ajh3 ,e4 ,h4 ,web]1 ,de aure et auditu hom9is et animalium1 ,lipsiae1 #ahbj4 ,footnote #aji3 ,/r5s51 ,j\rn4 ,anat4 ,phys41 ,london1 ,vol4 #bi 7#ahie74 ,,on ,,"s ,,ph5om5a ,,att5d+ ,,! ,,flight ,,( ,,projectiles4#aaj ,i h l$ my ragamuff9s :]e !y 7 pepp]$4--,fal/aff4 ,he goes b to see a noise t he he>d4--,midsumm] ,night's ,dream4 ,to %oot1 9 ! %orte/ "t possible1 z _m holes z possible 9 "o ano!r's bodies1 & n always = exactly p>donable objects & ideals1 seems to h ris5 to ! dignity ( a duty ) mod]n m51 :o1 by a s+ul> inconsi/5cy1 & 9 subs]vi5ce to a diametrically contr>y ideal1 are b\nd by ! equally holy obligation ( mak+ ^! holes z small z possible1 &1 :5 made1 ( /opp+ !m up & ( heal+ !m z spe$ily z possible4 ,s9ce1 !n1 %oot+ & all t app]ta9s !reto1 is a v important1 if n ! mo/ important1 affair ( mod]n life1 y w d\btless n be av]se to giv+ y\r att5tion = an h\r to "s exp]im5ts :i* h be5 und]tak51 n = advanc+ ! ends ( w>1 b = promot+ ! ends ( sci5ce1 & :i* ?r[ "s light on ! ph5om5a att5d+ ! flight ( projectiles4 ,mod]n sci5ce /rives to con/ruct its picture ( ! _w n f speculations b s f> z possible f facts4 ,x v]ifies its con/ructs by rec\rse to obs]vation4 ,e newly obs]v$ fact completes its _w-picture1 & e div]g5ce ( a con/ruct f obs]vation po9ts to "s imp]fection1 to "s lacuna 9 x4 ,:at is se5 is put to ! te/ (1 & supplem5t$ by1 :at is ?\ght1 :i* is aga9 naught b ! result ( ?+s previ\sly se54 ,x is always peculi>ly fasc9at+1 !re=e1 to subject to direct v]ification by obs]vation1 t is1 to r5d] palpable to ! s5ses1 some?+ :i* we h only !oretically excogitat$ or !oretically surmis$4 ,9 #ahha1 on he>+ 9 ,p>is ! lecture ( ! ,belgian artill]i/ ,mels5s1 :o haz>d$ ! conjecture t projectiles travell+ at a high rate ( spe$ c>ry masses ( compress$ air be=e !m :i* are in/rum5tal 9 produc+ 9 bodies /ruck by ! projectiles c]ta9 well-kn[n facts ( ! nature ( explosions1 ! desire arose 9 me ( exp]im5tally te/+ 8 conjecture & ( r5d]+ ! ph5om5on1 if x really exi/$1 p]ceptible4 ,! desire 0 ! /rong] z ,i c\ld say t all ! means = realis+ x exi/$1 & t ,i _h 9 "p already us$ & te/$ !m = o!r purposes4 ,& fir/ let u get cle> reg>d+ ! difficulties :i* h to be surm\nt$4 ,our task is t ( obs]v+ a bullet or o!r projectile :i* is ru%+ ?r\gh space at a velocity ( _m hundr$ y>ds a second1 toge!r ) ! di/urbances :i* ! bullet causes 9 ! surr\nd+ atmosph]e4 ,ev5 ! opaque solid body itself1 ! projectile1 is only exceptionally visible "u su* circum/ances--only :5 x is ( consid]able size & :5 we see its l9e ( flight 9 /rong p]spective abridgem5t s t ! velocity is app>5tly dim9i%$4 ,we see a l>ge projectile q cle>ly :5 we /& beh9d ! cannon & look /eadily along its l9e ( flight or 9 ! less pleasant case :5 ! projectile is spe$+ t[>ds u4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a v simple & effective me?od ( obs]v+ swiftly mov+ bodies ) z little tr\ble z if !y 7 held at re/ at "s po9t 9 _! pa?4 ,! me?od is t ( illum9ation by a brilliant electric sp>k ( extremely %ort duration 9 a d>k room4 ,b s9ce1 = ! full intellectual compreh5sion ( a picture pres5t$ to ! eye1 a c]ta91 n inconsid]able int]val ( "t is necess>y1 ! me?od ( in/antane\s photography w naturally also be employ$4 ,! pictures1 :i* are ( extremely m9ute duration1 are ?us p]man5tly record$ & c be exam9$ & analys$ at "o's conv5i5ce & leisure4 ,) ! difficulty j m5tion$ is associat$ /ill ano!r & great] difficulty :i* is due to ! air4 ,! atmosph]e 9 its usual condition is g5]ally n visible ev5 :5 at re/4 ,b ! task pres5t$ to u is to r5d] visible masses ( air :i* 9 addition are mov+ ) a high velocity4 ,to be visible1 a body mu/ ei!r emit light itself1 mu/ %9e1 or mu/ affect 9 "s way ! light :i* falls ^u x1 mu/ take up t light entirely or p>tly1 absorb x1 or mu/ h a deflective effect ^u x1 t is1 reflect or refract x4 ,we _c see ! air z we c a flame1 = x %9es only exceptionally1 z 9 a ,geissl]'s tube4 ,! atmosph]e is extremely transp>5t & colorless2 x _c be se51 !re=e1 z a d>k or color$ body c1 or z *lor9e gas c1 or vapor ( brom9e or iod9e4 ,air1 f9ally1 has s small an index ( refraction & s small a deflective influ5ce ^u light1 t ! refractive effect is commonly imp]ceptible altoge!r4 ,a glass rod is visible 9 air or 9 wat]1 b x is almo/ invisible 9 a mixture ( b5zol & bisulphuret ( c>bon1 :i* has ! same mean index ( refraction z ! glass4 ,p[d]$ glass 9 ! same mixture has a vivid color+1 because ow+ to ! decomposition ( ! colors ! indices are ! same = only "o color :i* trav]ses ! mixture unimp$$1 :il/ ! o!r colors und]go repeat$ reflexions4#aaa ,wat] is invisible 9 wat]1 alcohol 9 alcohol4 ,b if alcohol be mix$ ) wat] ! floccul5t /reaks ( ! alcohol 9 ! wat] w be se5 at once & vice v]sa4 ,& 9 l mann] ! air1 too1 "u favorable circum/ances1 may be se54 ,ov] a ro( heat$ by ! burn+ sun1 a tremul\s wav]+ ( objects is noticeable1 z !re is also ov] r$-hot /oves1 radiators1 & regi/]s4 ,9 all ^! cases t9y floccul5t masses ( hot & cold air1 ( slightly diff]+ refrangibility1 are m+l$ toge!r4 ,9 l mann] ! m highly refract+ p>ts ( non-homog5e\s masses ( glass1 ! s-call$ /ri or imp]fections ( ! glass1 are readily detectible among ! less refract+ p>ts :i* con/itute ! bulk ( ! same4 ,su* glasses are uns]viceable = optical purposes1 & special att5tion has be5 devot$ to ! inve/igation ( ! me?ods = elim9at+ or avoid+ ^! defects4 ,! result has be5 ! developm5t ( an extremely delicate me?od = detect+ optical faults--! s-call$ me?od ( ,f\cault & ,toepl]--:i* is suitable also = our pres5t purpose4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #di4 ,ev5 ,huyg5s :5 try+ to detect ! pres5ce ( /ri 9 poli%$ glasses view$ !m "u oblique illum9ation1 usually at a consid]able di/ance1 s z to give full scope to ! ab]rations1 & _h rec\rse = great] exactitude to a telescope4 ,b ! me?od 0 c>ri$ to its highe/ pit* ( p]fection 9 #ahfg by ,toepl] :o employ$ ! foll[+ proc$ure3 ,a small lum9\s s\rce a 7,fig4 #di7 illum9ates a l5s ,l :i* ?r[s an image b ( ! lum9\s s\rce4 ,if ! eye be s plac$ t ! image falls on ! pupil1 ! entire l5s1 if p]fect1 w appe> equally illum9at$1 = ! reason t all po9ts ( x s5d out rays to ! eye4 ,co>se imp]fections ( =m or ( homog5eity are r5d]$ visible only 9 case ! ab]rations are s l>ge t ! light f _m spots passes by ! pupil ( ! eye4 ,b if ! image b be p>tly int]cept$ by ! edge ( a small slide1 !n ^? spots 9 ! l5s z ?us p>tly d>k5$ w appe> bright] ^: light by its great] ab]rations /ill rea*es ! eye 9 spite ( ! int]cept+ slide1 :ile ^? spots w appe> d>k] :i* 9 consequ5ce ( ab]ration 9 ! o!r direction ?r[ _! light entirely ^u ! slide4 ,?is artifice ( ! int]cept+ slide :i* _h previ\sly be5 employ$ by ,f\cault = ! inve/igation ( ! optical imp]fections ( mirrors enhances enorm\sly ! delicacy ( ! me?od1 :i* is /ill fur!r augm5t$ by ,toepl]'s employm5t ( a telescope beh9d ! slide4 ,toepl]'s me?od1 accord+ly1 enjoys all ! advantages ( ! ,huyg5s & ! ,f\cault proc$ure comb9$4 ,x is s delicate t ! m9ute/ irregul>ities 9 ! air surr\nd+ ! l5s c be r5d]$ di/9ctly visible1 z ,i %all %[ by an example4 ,i place a c&le be=e ! l5s ,l 7,fig4 #ej7 & s arrange a second l5s ,m t ! flame ( ! c&le is imag$ ^u ! scre5 ,s4 ,z soon z ! int]cept+ slide is pu%$ into ! focus1 b1 ( ! light issu+ f a1 y see ! images ( ! *anges ( d5sity & ! images ( ! movem5ts induc$ 9 ! air by ! flame q di/9ctly ^u ! scre54 ,! di/9ctness ( ! ph5om5on z a :ole dep5ds ^u ! position ( ! int]cept+ slide b4 ,! removal ( b increases ! illum9ation b decreases ! di/9ctness4 ,if ! lum9\s s\rce a be remov$1 we see ! image ( ! c&le flame only ^u ! scre5 ,s4 ,if we remove ! flame & all[ a to cont9ue %9+1 ! scre5 ,s w appe> uni=mly illum9at$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ej4 ,aft] ,toepl] _h s\ght long & 9 va9 to r5d] ! irregul>ities produc$ 9 air by s\nd-waves visible by ?is pr9ciple1 he 0 at la/ conduct$ to 8 goal by ! favorable circum/ances att5d+ ! production ( electric sp>ks4 ,! waves g5]at$ 9 ! air by electric sp>ks & accompany+ ! explosive snapp+ ( ! same1 are ( suffici5tly %ort p]iod & suffici5tly p[]ful to be r5d]$ visible by ^! me?ods4 ,?us we see h[ by a c>eful reg>d = ! m]e/ & mo/ %ad[y indications ( a ph5om5on & by slight progressive & appropriate alt]ations ( ! circum/ances & ! me?ods1 ultimately ! mo/ a/\nd+ results c be atta9$4 ,consid]1 = example1 two su* ph5om5a z ! rubb+ ( amb] & ! electric light+ ( mod]n /reets4 ,a p]son ignorant ( ! myriad m9ute l9ks t jo9 ^! two ?+s toge!r1 w be absolutely nonpluss$ at _! connexion1 & w compreh5d x no m ?an ! ord9>y obs]v] :o is unacqua9t$ ) embryology1 anatomy1 & paleontology w und]/& ! connexion betwe5 a saurian & a bird4 ,! high value & significance ( ! co-op]ation ( inquir]s ?r\gh c5turies1 :]e ea* has b to take up ! ?read ( "w ( 8 pr$ecessors & sp9 x onw>ds1 is r5d]$ =cibly evid5t by su* examples4 ,& su* k de/roys1 too1 9 ! cle>e/ mann] imag9able t impression ( ! m>vell\s :i* ! spectator may receive f sci5ce1 & at ! same "t is a mo/ salut>y admoni%m5t to ! work] 9 sci5ce aga9/ sup]cili\sness4 ,i h also to add ! sob]+ rem>k t all our art w\ld be 9 va9 did n nature h]self af=d at lea/ "s slight guid+ ?reads lead+ f a hidd5 ph5om5on into ! doma9 ( ! obs]vable4 ,& s x ne$ n surprise u t once "u p>ticul>ly favorable circum/ances an extremely p[]ful s\nd-wave :i* _h be5 caus$ by ! explosion ( sev]al hundr$ p\nds ( dynamite ?rew a directly visible %ad[ 9 ! sunlight1 z ,boys has rec5tly told u4 ,if ! s\nd-waves 7 absolutely )\t influ5ce ^u ! light1 ?is c\ld n h occurr$1 & all our artifices w\ld !n1 too1 be 9 va94 ,& s1 simil>ly1 ! ph5om5on accompany+ projectiles :i* ,i am ab\t to %[ y 0 once 9 a v imp]fect mann] incid5tally se5 by a ,fr5* artill]i/1 ,j\rne1 :ile t obs]v] 0 simply foll[+ ! l9e ( flight ( a projectile ) a telescope1 j z also ! undulations produc$ by c&le flames are 9 a weak degree directly visible & 9 ! bright sunlight are imag$ 9 %ad[y waves ^u a uni=m :ite backgr\nd4 ,in/antane\s illum9ation by ! electric sp>k1 ! me?od ( r5d]+ visible small optical diff]5ces or /ri1 :i* may h5ce be call$ ! /riate1 or diff]5tial1 me?od1#aab inv5t$ by ,f\cault & ,toepl]1 & f9ally ! record+ ( ! image by a photographic plate1--^! !re=e are ! *ief means :i* are to lead u to our goal4 ,i in/itut$ my fir/ exp]im5ts 9 ! summ] ( #ahhd ) a t>get-pi/ol1 %oot+ ! bullet ?r\gh a /riate field z describ$ above1 & tak+ c>e t ! projectile :il/ 9 ! field %\ld dis5gage an illum9at+ electric sp>k f a ,leyd5 j> or ,frankl9's pane1 :i* sp>k produc$ a photographic impression ( ! projectile ^u a plate1 especially arrang$ = ! purpose4 ,i obta9$ ! image ( ! projectile at once & )\t difficulty4 ,i also readily obta9$1 ) ! /ill r defective dry plate :i* ,i 0 us+1 exce$+ly delicate images ( ! s\nd-waves 7sp>k-waves74 ,b no atmosph]ic cond5sation produc$ by ! projectile 0 visible4 ,i n[ det]m9$ ! velocity ( my projectile & f\nd x to be only #bdj metres p] second1 or consid]ably less ?an ! velocity ( s\nd 7:i* is #cdj metres p] second74 ,i saw imm$iately t "u su* circum/ances no noticeable compression ( ! air c\ld be produc$1 = any atmosph]ic compression mu/ ( necessity travel =w>d at ! same spe$ ) s\nd 7#cdj metres p] second7 & consequ5tly w\ld be always ahead ( & spe$+ away f ! projectile4 ,i 0 s ?or\ghly conv9c$1 h[ev]1 ( ! exi/5ce ( ! suppos$ ph5om5on at a velocity exce$+ #cdj metres p] second1 t ,i reque/$ ,pr(essor ,sal*]1 ( ,fiume1 an ,au/rian port on ! ,gulf ( ,qu>n]o1 to und]take ! exp]im5t ) projectiles travell+ at a high rate ( spe$4 ,9 ! summ] ( #ahhf ,sal*] 9 conjunction ) ,pr(essor ,riegl] conduct$ 9 a spaci\s & suitable ap>tm5t plac$ at _! disposal by ! ,directors ( ! ,royal ,imp]ial ,naval ,academy1 exp]im5ts ( ! k9d indicat$ & con=m+ 9 me?od exactly to ^? :i* ,i _h in/itut$1 ) ! precise results expect$4 ,! ph5om5on1 9 fact1 accord$ p]fectly ) ! a priori sket* ( x :i* ,i _h draft$ previ\sly to ! exp]im5t4 ,z ! exp]im5t+ 0 cont9u$1 new & un=ese5 features made _! appe>ance4 ,x w\ld be unfair1 ( c\rse1 to expect f ! v fir/ exp]im5ts faultless & highly di/9ct photographs4 ,x 0 suffici5t t success 0 secur$ & t ,i _h conv9c$ myself t fur!r labor & exp5diture w\ld n be va94 ,& on ?is score ,i am greatly indebt$ to ! two g5tlem5 above m5tion$4 ,! ,au/rian ,naval ,dep>tm5t subsequ5tly plac$ a cannon at ,sal*]'s disposal 9 ,pola1 an ,adriatic seaport1 & ,i myself1 toge!r ) my son1 !n a /ud5t ( m$ic9e1 hav+ receiv$ & accept$ a c\rte\s invitation f ,krupp1 repair$ to ,mepp51 a t[n 9 ,hanov]1 :]e we conduct$ ) only ! necess>y app>atus sev]al exp]im5ts on ! op5 artill]y range4 ,all ^! exp]im5ts furni%$ tol]ably good & complete pictures4 ,"s little progress1 too1 0 made4 ,! outcome ( our exp]i5ce on bo? artill]y ranges1 h[ev]1 0 ! settl$ conviction t really good results c\ld be obta9$ only by ! mo/ c>eful conduct ( ! exp]im5ts 9 a laboratory especially adapt$ to ! purpose4 ,! exp5siv5ess ( ! exp]im5ts on a l>ge scale 0 n ! det]m9+ consid]ation "h1 = ! size ( ! projectile is indiff]5t4 ,giv5 ! same velocity & ! results are q simil>1 :e!r ! projectiles are l>ge or small4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 a laboratory ! exp]im5t] has p]fect control ov] ! initial velocity1 :i*1 provid$ ! prop] equipm5t is at h&1 c be alt]$ at w simply by alt]+ ! *>ge & ! weight ( ! projectile4 ,! requisite exp]im5ts 7 accord+ly conduct$ by me 9 my laboratory at ,prague1 p>tly 9 conjunction ) my son & p>tly aft]w>ds by him alone4 ,! latt] are ! mo/ p]fect & ,i %all accord+ly speak 9 detail "h ( ^! only4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ea4 ,picture to y\rself an app>atus = detect+ optical /ri set up 9 a d>k room4 ,9 ord] n to make ! description too complicat$1 ,i %all give ! ess5tial features only ( ! app>atus1 leav+ out ( acc\nt altoge!r ! m9ut] details :i* are r ( consequ5ce = ! te*nical p]=mance ( ! exp]im5t ?an = its und]/&+4 ,we suppose ! projectile spe$+ on its pa?1 accord+ly1 ?r\gh ! field ( our diff]5tial optical app>atus4 ,on rea*+ ! c5tre ( ! field 7,fig4 #ea7 ! projectile dis5gages an illum9at+ electric sp>k a1 & ! image ( ! projectile1 s produc$1 is photographically impress$ ^u ! plate ( ! cam]a beh9d ! int]cept+ slide b4 ,9 ! la/ & be/ exp]im5ts ! l5s ,l 0 replac$ by a sph]ical silv]$-glass mirror made by ,k4 ,frits* 7=m]ly ,prokes*7 ( ,vi5na1 :]eby ! app>atus 0 naturally m complicat$ ?an x appe>s 9 our diagram4 ,! projectile hav+ be5 c>efully aim$ passes 9 cross+ ! diff]5tial field betwe5 two v]tical isolat$ wires :i* are connect$ ) ! two coat+s ( a ,leyd5 j>1 & completely fill+ ! space betwe5 ! wires dis*>ges ! j>4 ,9 ! axis ( ! diff]5tial app>atus ! circuit has a second gap a :i* furni%es ! illum9at+ sp>k1 ! image ( :i* falls on ! int]cept+ slide b4 ,! wires 9 ! diff]5tial field hav+ occasion$ manifold di/urbances 7 subsequ5tly done away )4 ,9 ! new arrangem5t ! projectile passes ?r\gh a r+ 7see dott$ l9e1 ,fig4 #ea71 to ! air 9 :i* x imp>ts a %>p impulse :i* travels =w>d 9 ! tube r z a s\nd-wave hav+ ! approximate velocity ( #cdj metres p] second1 topples ov] ?r\gh ! ap]ture ( an electric scre5 ! flame ( a c&le situat$ at ! o!r op5+ ( ! tube1 & s dis*>ges ! j>4 ,! l5g? ( ! tube r is s adju/$ t ! dis*>ge occurs ! mom5t ! projectile ent]s ! c5tre ( ! n[ fully cle> & free field ( vision4 ,we w also leave out ( acc\nt ! fact t to secure fully ! success ( ! exp]im5t1 a l>ge j> is fir/ dis*>g$ by ! flame1 & t by ! ag5cy ( ?is fir/ dis*>ge ! dis*>ge ( a second small j> hav+ a sp>k ( v %ort p]iod :i* furni%es ! sp>k really illum9at+ ! projectile is effect$4 ,sp>ks f l>ge j>s h an appreciable duration1 & ow+ to ! great velocity ( ! projectiles furni% blurr$ photographs only4 ,by c>efully husb&+ ! light ( ! diff]5tial app>atus1 & ow+ to ! fact t mu* m light rea*es ! photographic plate 9 ?is way ?an w\ld o!rwise rea* x1 we c obta9 beautiful1 /rong1 & %>p photographs ) incr$ibly small sp>ks4 ,! cont\rs ( ! pictures appe> z v delicate & v %>p1 closely adjac5t d\ble l9es4 ,f _! di/ance f "o ano!r1 & f ! velocity ( ! projectile1 ! duration ( ! illum9ation1 or ( ! sp>k1 is f\nd to be #a_/hjjjjj ( a second4 ,x is evid5t1 !re=e1 t exp]im5ts ) me*anical snap slides c furni% no results wor?y ( ! "n4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eb4 ,let u consid] n[ fir/ ! picture ( a projectile 9 ! r\gh1 z repres5t$ 9 ,figure #eb1 & !n let u exam9e x 9 its photographic =m z se5 9 ,figure #ec4 ,! latt] picture is ( a %ot f an ,au/rian ,mannli*] rifle4 ,if ,i 7 n to tell y :at ! picture repres5t$ y w\ld v likely imag9e x to be a bird's eye view ( a boat b mov+ swiftly ?r\gh ! wat]4 ,9 front y see ! b[-wave & beh9d ! body a ph5om5on k :i* closely resembles ! eddies =m$ 9 ! wake ( a %ip4 ,& z a matt] ( fact ! d>k hyp]boloid arc :i* /reams f ! tip ( ! projectile really is a compress$ wave ( air exactly analog\s to ! b[-wave produc$ by a %ip mov+ ?r\gh ! wat]1 ) ! exception t ! wave ( air is n a surface-wave4 ,! air-wave is produc$ 9 atmosph]ic space & encompasses ! projectile 9 ! =m ( a %ell on all sides4 ,! wave is visible = ! same reason t ! heat$ %ell ( air surr\nd+ ! c&le flame ( our =m] exp]im5ts is visible4 ,& ! cyl9d] ( friction-heat$ air :i* ! projectile ?r[s (f 9 ! =m ( vortex r+s really does answ] to ! wat] 9 ! wake ( a vessel4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ec4 ,photograph ( a blunt$ projectile4 ,n[ j z a sl[ly mov+ boat produces no b[-wave1 b ! b[-wave is se5 only :5 ! boat moves ) a spe$ :i* is great] ?an ! velocity ( propagation ( surface-waves 9 wat]1 s1 9 l mann]1 no wave ( compression is visible 9 front ( a projectile s long z ! spe$ ( ! projectile is less ?an ! velocity ( s\nd4 ,b if ! spe$ ( ! projectile rea*es & exce$s ! velocity ( s\nd1 !n ! head-wave1 z we %all call x1 augm5ts noticeably 9 p[]1 & is m & m ext5d$1 t is1 ! angle made by ! cont\rs ( ! wave ) ! direction ( flight is m & m dim9i%$1 j z :5 ! spe$ ( a boat is increas$ a simil> ph5om5on is notic$ 9 connexion ) ! b[-wave4 ,9 fact1 we c f an in/antane\s photograph s tak5 approximately e/imate ! spe$ ) :i* ! projectile is travell+4 ,! explanation ( ! b[-wave ( a %ip & t ( ! head-wave ( a body travell+ 9 atmosph]ic space bo? repose ^u ! same pr9ciple1 long ago employ$ by ,huyg5s4 ,conceive a numb] ( pebbles to be ca/ into a pond ( wat] at regul> int]vals 9 su* wise t all ! spots /ruck are situate 9 ! same /raight l9e1 & t e spot subsequ5tly /ruck lies a %ort space f>!r to ! "r4 ,! spots fir/ /ruck w furni% !n ! wave-circles :i* are wide/1 & all ( !m toge!r w1 at ! po9ts :]e !y are ?icke/1 =m a sort ( cornucopia closely resembl+ ! b[-wave4 7,fig4 #ed47 ,! resemblance is great] ! small] ! pebbles are1 & ! m quickly !y succe$ ea* o!r4 ,if a rod be dipp$ into ! wat] & quickly c>ri$ along its surface1 ! fall+ ( ! pebbles w !n take place1 s to speak1 un9t]rupt$ly1 & we %all h a real b[-wave4 ,if we put ! compress$ air-wave 9 ! place ( ! surface-waves ( ! wat]1 we %all h ! head-wave ( ! projectile4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ed4 ,y may be dispos$ to say n[1 x is all v pretty & int]e/+ to obs]ve a projectile 9 its flight1 b ( :at practical use is x8 ,x is true1 ,i reply1 "o _c wage w> ) photograph$ projectiles4 ,& ,i h likewise (t5 _h to say to m$ical /ud5ts att5d+ my lectures on physics1 :5 !y inquir$ = ! practical value ( "s physical obs]vation1 ,y _c1 g5tlem51 cure diseases ) x4 ,i _h also once to give my op9ion reg>d+ h[ mu* physics %\ld be taught at a s*ool = mill]s1 suppos+ ! in/ruction !re to be conf9$ exactly to :at 0 necess>y = a mill]4 ,i 0 oblig$ to reply3 ,a mill] always ne$s exactly z mu* physics z he kn[s4 ,k :i* "o does n possess "o _c use4 ,let u =ego entirely ! consid]ation t z a g5]al ?+ e sci5tific advance1 e new problem elucidat$1 e ext5sion or enri*m5t ( our k ( facts1 af=ds a bett] f\ndation = practical pursuits4 ,let u r put ! special "q1 ,is x n possible to d]ive "s really practical k f our !oretical acqua9tance ) ! ph5om5a :i* take place 9 ! space surr\nd+ a projectile8 ,no physici/ :o has ev] /udi$ waves ( s\nd or photograph$ !m w h ! lea/ d\bt reg>d+ ! s\nd-wave "* ( ! atmosph]ic cond5sation encompass+ ! head ( a fly+ projectile4 ,we h !re=e1 )\t ado1 call$ ?is cond5sation ! head-wave4 ,kn[+ ?is1 x foll[s t ! view ( ,mels5s accord+ to :i* ! projectile c>ries along ) x masses ( air :i* x =ces into ! bodies /ruck1 is unt5able4 ,a =w>d-mov+ s\nd-wave is n a =w>d-mov+ mass ( matt] b a =w>d-mov+ =m ( motion1 j z a wat]-wave or ! waves ( a field ( :eat are only =w>d-mov+ =ms ( motion & n movem5ts ( masses ( wat] or masses ( :eat4 ,by int]f]5ce-exp]im5ts1 on :i* ,i _c t\* "h b :i* w be f\nd r\ghly repres5t$ 9 ,figure #ee1 x 0 f\nd t ! bell-%ap$ head-wave 9 "q is an extremely ?9 %ell & t ! cond5sations ( ! same are q mod]ate1 sc>cely exce$+ two-t5?s ( an atmosph]e4 ,!re c be no "q1 !re=e1 ( explosive effects 9 ! body /ruck by ! projectile ?r\gh s slight a degree ( atmosph]ic compression4 ,! ph5om5a att5d+ w\nds f rifle balls1 = example1 are n to be expla9$ z ,mels5s & ,bus* expla9 !m1 b are due1 z ,ko*] & ,reg] ma9ta91 to ! effects ( ! impact ( ! projectile itself4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ee4 ,a simple exp]im5t w %[ h[ insignificant is ! "p play$ by ! friction ( ! air1 or ! suppos$ conveyance ( ! air along ) ! mov+ projectile4 ,if ! photograph ( ! projectile be tak5 :ile pass+ ?r\gh a flame1 i4 e41 a visible gas1 ! flame w be se5 to be1 n torn & de=m$1 b smoo?ly & cleanly p]=at$1 l any solid body4 ,)9 & ar\nd ! flame ! cont\rs ( ! head-wave w be se54 ,! flick]+1 ! ext9ction ( ! flame1 etc41 take place only aft] ! projectile has travell$ on a consid]able di/ance 9 its pa?1 & is !n affect$ by ! p[d] gases :i* hurry aft] ! bullet or by ! air prec$+ ! p[d]-gases4 ,! physici/ :o exam9es ! head-wave & recognises its s\nd-wave "* also sees t ! wave 9 "q is ( ! same k9d ) ! %ort %>p waves produc$ by electric sp>ks1 t x is a noise-wave4 ,h5ce1 :5ev] any portion ( ! head-wave /rikes ! e> x w be he>d z a report4 ,appe>ances po9t to ! conclusion t ! projectile c>ries ?is report along ) x4 ,9 addition to ?is report1 :i* advances ) ! velocity ( ! projectile & s usually travels at a spe$ great] ?an ! velocity ( s\nd1 !re is also to be he>d ! report ( ! explod+ p[d] :i* travels =w>d ) ! ord9>y velocity ( s\nd4 ,h5ce two explosions w be he>d1 ea* di/9ct 9 "t4 ,! circum/ance t ?is fact 0 long miscon/ru$ by practical obs]v]s b :5 actually notic$ frequ5tly receiv$ grotesque explanations & t ultimately my view 0 accept$ z ! correct "o1 appe>s to me 9 itself a suffici5t ju/ification t rese>*es su* z we are "h speak+ ( are n utt]ly sup]flu\s ev5 9 practical directions4 ,t ! fla%es & s\nds ( dis*>g+ artill]y are us$ = e/imat+ ! di/ances ( batt]ies is well kn[n1 & x /&s to reason t any uncle> !oretical conception ( ! facts "h involv$ w s]i\sly affect ! correctness ( practical calculations4 ,x may appe> a/oni%+ to a p]son he>+ x = ! fir/ "t1 t a s+le %ot has a d\ble report due to two diff]5t velocities ( propagation4 ,b ! reflexion t projectiles ^: velocity is less ?an ! velocity ( s\nd produce no head-waves 7because e impulse imp>t$ to ! air travels =w>d1 t is1 ahead1 ) exactly ! velocity ( s\nd71 ?r[s full light :5 logically develop$ ^u ! peculi> circum/ance above m5tion$4 ,if ! projectile moves fa/] ?an s\nd1 ! air ahead ( x _c rec$e f x quickly en\gh4 ,! air is cond5s$ & w>m$1 & !reupon1 z all "k1 ! velocity ( s\nd is augm5t$ until ! head-wave travels =w>d z rapidly z ! projectile itself1 s t !re is no ne$ :atev] ( any additional augm5tation ( ! velocity ( propagation4 ,if su* a wave 7 left entirely to itself1 x w\ld increase 9 l5g? & soon pass into an ord9>y s\nd-wave1 travell+ ) less velocity4 ,b ! projectile is always beh9d x & s ma9ta9s x at its prop] d5sity & velocity4 ,ev5 if ! projectile p5etrates a piece ( c>dbo>d or a bo>d ( wood1 :i* cat*es & ob/ructs ! head-wave1 !re w1 z ,figure #ef %[s1 imm$iately appe> at ! em]g+ apex a newly =m$1 n to say newly born1 head-wave4 ,we may obs]ve on ! c>dbo>d ! reflexion & diffraction ( ! head-wave1 & by means ( a flame its refraction1 s t no d\bt z to its nature c rema94 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ef4 ,p]mit me1 n[1 to illu/rate ! mo/ ess5tial ( ! po9ts t ,i h j adduc$1 by means ( a few r\gh draw+s tak5 f old] & less p]fect photographs4 ,9 ! sket* ( ,figure #eg y see ! projectile1 :i* has j left ! b>rel ( ! rifle1 t\* a wire & dis5gage ! illum9at+ sp>k4 ,at ! apex ( ! projectile y already see ! beg9n+s ( a p[]ful head-wave1 & 9 front ( ! wave a transp>5t fungi=m clu/]4 ,?is latt] is ! air :i* has be5 =c$ out ( ! b>rel by ! projectile4 ,circul> s\nd-waves1 noise-waves1 :i* are soon ov]tak5 by ! projectile1 also issue f ! b>rel4 ,b beh9d ! projectile opaque puffs ( p[d]-gas ru% =?4 ,x is sc>cely necess>y to add t _m o!r que/ions 9 balli/ics may be /udi$ by ?is me?od1 z1 = example1 ! movem5t ( ! gun-c>riage4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eg4 ,a di/+ui%$ ,fr5* artill]i/1 ,m4 ,gossot1 has appli$ ! views ( ! head-wave "h giv5 9 q a diff]5t mann]4 ,! practice 9 measur+ ! velocity ( projectiles is to cause ! projectile to pass ?r\gh wire scre5s plac$ at diff]5t po9ts 9 its pa?1 & by ! te>+ ( ^! scre5s to give rise to electro-magnetic "t-signals on fall+ slabs or rotat+ drums4 ,gossot caus$ ^! signals to be made directly by ! impact ( ! head-wave1 did away ?us ) ! wire scre5s1 & c>ri$ ! me?od s f> z to be able to measure ! velocities ( projectiles travell+ 9 high altitudes1 :]e ! use ( wire scre5s 0 q out ( ! "q4 ,! laws ( ! resi/ance ( fluids & ( air to bodies travell+ 9 !m =m an extremely complicat$ problem1 :i* c be reason$ out v simply & prettily z a matt] ( pure philosophy b practice (f]s n a few difficulties4 ,! same body hav+ ! velocity #b1 #c1 #d 444 displaces 9 ! same int]val #b1 #c1 #d 444 times ! same mass ( air1 or ! same mass ( fluid1 & imp>ts to x 9 addition #b1 #c1 #d 444 times ! same velocity4 ,b = ?is1 pla9ly1 #d1 #i1 #af 444 times ! orig9al =ce is requir$4 ,h5ce1 ! resi/ance1 x is said1 increases ) ! squ>e ( ! velocity4 ,?is is all v pretty & simple & obvi\s4 ,b practice & !ory are at dagg]s' po9ts "h4 ,practice tells u t :5 we increase ! velocity1 ! law ( ! resi/ance *anges4 ,= e portion ( ! velocity ! law is diff]5t4 ,! /udies ( ! tal5t$ ,engli% naval ar*itect1 ,fr\de1 h ?r[n light ^u ?is "q4 ,fr\de has %[n t ! resi/ance is condition$ by a comb9ation ( ! mo/ multif>i\s ph5om5a4 ,a %ip 9 motion is subject$ to ! friction ( ! wat]4 ,x causes eddies & x g5]ates 9 addition waves :i* radiate outw>d f x4 ,e "o ( ^! ph5om5a are dep5d5t ^u ! velocity 9 "s diff]5t mann]1 & x is consequ5tly n a/oni%+ t ! law ( ! resi/ance %\ld be a complicat$ "o4 ,! prec$+ obs]vations sugge/ q analog\s reflexions = projectiles4 ,"h also we h friction1 ! =mation ( eddies1 & ! g5]ation ( waves4 ,"h1 also1 !re=e1 we %\ld n be surpris$ at f9d+ ! law ( ! resi/ance ( ! air a complicat$ "o1 nor puzzl$ at le>n+ t 9 actuality ! law ( resi/ance *anges z soon z ! spe$ ( ! projectile exce$s ! velocity ( s\nd1 = ?is is ! precise po9t at :i* "o important elem5t ( ! resi/ance1 namely1 ! =mation ( waves1 fir/ comes into play4 ,no "o d\bts t a po9t$ bullet pi]ces ! air ) less resi/ance ?an a blunt bullet4 ,! photographs !mselves %[ t ! head-wave is weak] = a po9t$ projectile4 ,x is n impossible1 simil>ly1 t =ms ( bullets w be inv5t$ :i* g5]ate few] eddies1 etc41 & t we %all /udy ^! ph5om5a also by photography4 ,i am ( op9ion f ! few exp]im5ts :i* ,i h made 9 ?is direction t n mu* m c be done by *ang+ ! =m ( ! projectile :5 ! velocity is v great1 b ,i h n gone into ! "q ?or\ghly4 ,rese>*es ( ! k9d we are consid]+ c c]ta9ly n be detrim5tal to practical artill]y1 & x is no less c]ta9 t exp]im5ts by artill]i/s on a l>ge scale w be ( und\bt$ b5efit to physics4 ,no "o :o has _h ! opportunity ( /udy+ mod]n guns & projectiles 9 _! m>vell\s p]fection1 _! p[] & precision1 c help confess+ t a high te*nical & sci5tific a*ievem5t has f\nd its inc>nation 9 ^! objects4 ,we may surr5d] ourselves s completely to ?is impression z to =get = a mom5t ! t]rible purposes !y s]ve4 ,p]mit me1 !re=e1 be=e we sep>ate1 to say a few words on ?is gl>+ contra/4 ,! greate/ man ( w> & ( sil5ce :i* ! pres5t age has produc$ once ass]t$ t p]petual peace is a dream1 & n a beautiful dream at t4 ,we may accord to ?is pr(\nd /ud5t ( mank9d a judgm5t 9 ^! matt]s & c also appreciate ! soldi]'s horror ( /agnation f all too l5g?y peace4 ,b x requires a /rong belief 9 ! insup]abl5ess ( m$ival b>b>ism to hope = & to expect no great improvem5t 9 int]national relations4 ,?9k ( our =efa!rs & ( ! times :5 club law rul$ supreme1 :5 )9 ! same c\ntry & ! same /ate brutal assaults & equally brutal self-def5ce 7 univ]sal & self-evid5t4 ,?is /ate ( affairs grew s oppressive t f9ally a ?\s& & "o circum/ances compell$ p to put an end to x1 & ! cannon _h mo/ to say 9 accompli%+ ! "w4 ,yet ! rule ( club law 0 n aboli%$ s quickly aft] all4 ,x _h simply pass$ to o!r clubs4 ,we mu/ n ab&on ourselves to dreams ( ! ,r\sseau type4 ,que/ions ( law w 9 a s5se =ev] rema9 que/ions ( might4 ,ev5 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates :]e e "o is z a matt] ( pr9ciple entitl$ to ! same privileges1 ! ballot accord+ to ,/allo's p]t95t rem>k is b a mild] sub/itute = ! club4 ,nor ne$ ,i tell y t _m ( our own fell[-citiz5s are /ill enamor$ ( ! old orig9al me?ods4 ,v1 v gradually1 h[ev]1 z civilisation progresses1 ! int]c\rse ( m5 takes on g5tl] =ms1 & no "o :o really kn[s ! good old times w ev] hone/ly wi% !m back aga91 h[ev] beautifully !y may be pa9t$ & rhym$ ab\t4 ,9 ! int]c\rse ( ! nations1 h[ev]1 ! old club law /ill reigns supreme4 ,b s9ce its rule is tax+ ! intellectual1 ! moral1 & ! mat]ial res\rces ( ! nations to ! utmo/ & con/itutes sc>cely less a burd5 9 peace ?an 9 w>1 sc>cely less a yoke = ! victor ?an = ! vanqui%$1 x mu/ necess>ily gr[ m & m un5durable4 ,reason1 =tunately1 is no long] ! exclusive possession ( ^? :o mode/ly call !mselves ! upp] t5 ?\s&4 ,"h1 z ev]y:]e1 ! evil itself w awak5 ! intellectual & e?ical =ces :i* are de/9$ to mitigate x4 ,let ! hate ( races & ( nationalities run riot z x may1 ! int]c\rse ( nations w /ill increase & gr[ m intimate4 ,by ! side ( ! problems :i* sep>ate nations1 ! great & common ideals :i* claim ! exclusive p[]s ( ! m5 ( ! future appe> "o aft] ano!r 9 great] di/9ctness & 9 great] might4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #aaj3 ,a lecture deliv]$ on ,nov4 #aj1 #ahig4 ,footnote #aaa3 ,*ri/ians51 ,wi$emann's ,annal51 ,,xxiii4 ,s4 #bih1 ,,xxiv41 p4 #dci 7#ahhd-ahhe74 ,footnote #aab3 ,! ,g]man phrase is ,s*li]5me?ode1 by :i* t]m ! me?od is kn[n ev5 by ,am]ican physici/s4 ,x is also call$ 9 ,engli% ! %ad[-me?od4 ,b a t]m is necess>y :i* w cov] all ! d]ivatives1 & s we h employ$ alt]natively ! words /riate & diff]5tial4 ,! etymology ( s*li]51 x w\ld seem1 is unc]ta94 ,its pres5t use is d]iv$ f its te*nological signification 9 glass-manufactur+1 :]e by die ,s*li]5 are meant ! wavy /reaks & imp]fections 9 glass4 ,h5ce its application to ! me?od = detect+ small optical diff]5ces & faults g5]ally4 ,pr(essor ,crew ( ,evan/on sugge/s to ! translator t s*li]5 may be relat$ to our slur 7,l4 ,g41 slr51 to trail1 to draggle71 a conjecture :i* is d\btless correct & agrees bo? ) ! mean+ ( s*li]5 z giv5 9 ! l>ge ,g]man diction>ies & ) ! intransitive use ( our own v]b slur1 ! faults 9 "q be+ conceiv$ z trail+s1 /reak+s1 etc4--,trans4 ,,on ,,in/ruction ,,9 ,,! ,,classics ,,& ,,! ,,sci5ces4#aac ,p]haps ! mo/ fanta/ic proposition t ,maup]tuis1#aad ! r5[n$ presid5t ( ! ,b]l9 ,academy1 ev] put =w>d = ! approval ( 8 contempor>ies 0 t ( f\nd+ a city 9 :i*1 to in/ruct & discipl9e "y /ud5ts1 only ,lat9 %\ld be spok54 ,maup]tuis's ,lat9 city rema9$ an idle wi%4 ,b = c5turies ,lat9 & ,greek in/itutions exi/ 9 :i* our *ildr5 sp5d a goodly portion ( _! days1 & ^: atmosph]e con/antly surr\nds !m1 ev5 :5 )\t _! walls4 ,= c5turies in/ruction 9 ! anci5t languages has be5 zeal\sly cultivat$4 ,= c5turies its necessity has be5 alt]nately *ampion$ & conte/$4 ,m /rongly ?an ev] are au?oritative voices n[ rais$ aga9/ ! prepond]ance ( in/ruction 9 ! classics & 9 favor ( an education m suit$ to ! ne$s ( ! "t1 especially = a m g5]\s treatm5t ( ma!matics & ! natural sci5ces4 ,9 accept+ y\r invitation to speak "h on ! relative educational value ( ! classical & ! ma!matico-physical sci5ces 9 colleges & high s*ools1 ,i f9d my ju/ification 9 ! duty & ! necessity laid ^u e tea*] ( =m+ f 8 own exp]i5ces an op9ion ^u ?is important "q1 z p>tly also 9 ! special circum/ance t 9 my y\? ,i 0 p]sonally "u ! influ5ce ( s*ool-life = only a %ort "t1 j previ\s to my ent]+ ! univ]sity1 & _h1 !re=e1 ample opportunity to obs]ve ! effects ( widely diff]5t me?ods ^u my own p]son4 ,pass+ n[1 to a review ( ! argum5ts :i* ! advocates ( in/ruction 9 ! classics advance1 & ( :at ! adh]5ts ( in/ruction 9 ! physical sci5ces 9 _! turn adduce1 we f9d ourselves 9 r a p]plex+ position ) respect to ! argum5ts ( ! fir/ nam$4 ,= ^! h be5 diff]5t at diff]5t times1 & !y are ev5 n[ ( a v multif>i\s "*1 z mu/ be :]e m5 advance1 9 favor ( an in/itution t exi/s & :i* !y are det]m9$ to reta9 at any co/1 ev]y?+ !y c possibly ?9k (4 ,we %all f9d "h mu* t has evid5tly be5 br\ght =w>d only to impress ! m9ds ( ! ignorant2 mu*1 too1 t 0 advanc$ 9 good fai? & :i* is n :olly )\t f\ndation4 ,we %all get a fair idea ( ! reason+ employ$ by consid]+1 fir/1 ! argum5ts t h gr[n out ( ! hi/orical circum/ances connect$ ) ! orig9al introduction ( ! classics1 &1 la/ly1 ^? :i* 7 subsequ5tly adduc$ z accid5tal aft]?\ghts4 99 99 99 99 99 ,in/ruction 9 ,lat91 z ,pauls5#aae has m9utely %[n1 0 introduc$ by ! ,roman ,*ur* along ) ,*ri/ianity4 ,) ! ,lat9 language 7 also transmitt$ ! scant & meagre remnants ( anci5t sci5ce4 ,:oev] wi%$ to acquire ?is anci5t education1 !n ! only "o wor?y ( ! "n1 = him ! ,lat9 language 0 ! only & indisp5sable means2 su* a p]son _h to le>n ,lat9 to rank among educat$ p4 ,! wide-spread influ5ce ( ! ,roman ,*ur* wr\ght _m & v>i\s results4 ,among ^? = :i* all are glad1 we may safely c\nt ! e/abli%m5t ( a sort ( uni=mity among ! nations & ( a regul> int]national int]c\rse by means ( ! ,lat9 language1 :i* did mu* to unite ! nations 9 ! common "w ( civilisation1 c>ri$ on f ! fifte5? to ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,! ,lat9 language 0 ?us long ! language ( s*ol>s1 & in/ruction 9 ,lat9 ! road to a lib]al education--a %ibbole? /ill employ$1 ?\gh long inappropriate4 ,= s*ol>s z a class1 x is to be regrett$1 p]haps1 t ,lat9 has ceas$ to be ! m$ium ( int]national communication4 ,b ! attribut+ ( ! loss ( ?is function by ! ,lat9 language to its incapacity to accommodate itself to ! num]\s new ideas & conceptions :i* h aris5 9 ! c\rse ( ! developm5t ( sci5ce is1 9 my op9ion1 :olly errone\s4 ,x w\ld be difficult to f9d a mod]n sci5ti/ :o _h enri*$ sci5ce ) z _m new ideas z ,newton has1 yet ,newton knew h[ to express ^? ideas v correctly & precisely 9 ! ,lat9 language4 ,if ?is view 7 correct1 x w\ld also hold true ( e liv+ language4 ,orig9ally e language has to adapt itself to new ideas4 ,x is f> m likely t ,lat9 0 displac$ z ! lit]>y vehicle ( sci5ce by ! influ5ce ( ! nobility4 ,by _! desire to enjoy ! fruits ( lit]ature & sci5ce1 ?r\gh a less irksome m$ium ?an ,lat91 ! nobility p]=m$ = ! p at l>ge an und5iable s]vice4 ,= ! days 7 n[ pa/ :5 acqua9tance ) ! language & lit]ature ( sci5ce 0 re/rict$ to a ca/e1 & 9 ?is /ep1 p]haps1 0 made ! mo/ important advance ( mod]n times4 ,to-day1 :5 int]national int]c\rse is firmly e/abli%$ 9 spite ( ! _m languages employ$1 no "o w\ld ?9k ( re9troduc+ ,lat94#aaf ,! facility ) :i* ! anci5t languages l5d !mselves to ! expression ( new ideas is evid5c$ by ! fact t ! great majority ( our sci5tific ideas1 z survivals ( ?is p]iod ( ,lat9 int]c\rse1 be> ,lat9 & ,greek designations1 :ile 9 great measure sci5tific ideas are ev5 n[ inve/$ ) names f ^! s\rces4 ,b to d$uce f ! exi/5ce & use ( su* t]ms ! necessity ( /ill le>n+ ,lat9 & ,greek on ! "p ( all :o employ !m is c>ry+ ! conclusion too f>4 ,all t]ms1 appropriate & inappropriate1--& !re are a l>ge numb] ( inappropriate & mon/r\s comb9ations 9 sci5ce1--re/ on conv5tion4 ,! ess5tial ?+ is1 t p %\ld associate ) ! sign ! precise idea t is designat$ by x4 ,x matt]s little :e!r a p]son c correctly d]ive ! words telegraph1 tang5t1 ellipse1 evolute1 etc41 if ! correct idea is pres5t 9 8 m9d :5 he uses !m4 ,on ! o!r h&1 no matt] h[ well he may "k _! etymology1 8 k w be ( little use to him if ! correct idea is abs5t4 ,ask ! av]age & fairly educat$ classical s*ol> to translate a few l9es = y f ,newton's ,pr9cipia1 or f ,huyg5s's ,horologium1 & y w discov] at once :at an extremely subord9ate rle ! m]e k ( language plays 9 su* ?+s4 ,)\t its associat$ ?\ght a ^w rema9s a m]e s\nd4 ,! fa%ion ( employ+ ,greek & ,lat9 designations--= x c be t]m$ no?+ else--has a natural root 9 hi/ory2 x is impossible = ! practice to disappe> sudd5ly1 b x has fall5 ( late consid]ably into disuse4 ,! t]ms gas1 ohm1 ,ampre1 volt1 etc41 are 9 int]national use1 b !y are n ,lat9 nor ,greek4 ,only ! p]son :o rates ! uness5tial & accid5tal husk high] ?an its cont5ts1 c speak ( ! necessity ( le>n+ ,lat9 or ,greek = su* reasons1 to say no?+ ( sp5d+ eight or t5 ye>s on ! task4 ,w n a diction>y supply 9 a few seconds all ! in=mation we wi% on su* subjects8#aag ,x is indisputable t our mod]n civilisation took up ! ?reads ( ! anci5t civilisation1 t at _m po9ts x beg9s :]e ! latt] left (f1 & t c5turies ago ! rema9s ( ! anci5t culture 7 ! only culture exi/+ 9 ,europe4 ,!n1 ( c\rse1 a classical education really 0 ! lib]al education1 ! high] education1 ! ideal education1 = x 0 ! sole education4 ,b :5 ! same claim is n[ rais$ 9 behalf ( a classical education1 x mu/ be uncompromis+ly conte/$ z b]eft ( all f\ndation4 ,= our civilisation has gradually atta9$ its indep5d5ce2 x has lift$ itself f> above ! anci5t civilisation1 & has ent]$ g5]ally new directions ( progress4 ,its note1 its *>act]i/ic feature1 is ! enlight5m5t t has come f ! great ma!matical & physical rese>*es ( ! la/ c5turies1 & :i* has p]meat$ n only ! practical arts & indu/ries b is also gradually f9d+ its way into all fields ( ?\ght1 includ+ philosophy & hi/ory1 sociology & l+ui/ics4 ,^? traces ( anci5t views t are /ill discov]able 9 philosophy1 law1 art1 & sci5ce1 op]ate m z h9drances ?an helps1 & w n long /& be=e ! developm5t ( indep5d5t & m natural views4 ,x ill becomes classical s*ol>s1 !re=e1 to reg>d !mselves1 at ?is day1 z ! educat$ class p> excell5ce1 to condemn z un$ucat$ all p]sons :o d n und]/& ,lat9 & ,greek1 to compla9 t ) su* p pr(itable conv]sations are n to be c>ri$ on1 etc4 ,! mo/ delectable /ories h got into circulation1 illu/rative ( ! defective education ( sci5ti/s & eng9e]s4 ,a r5[n$ inquir]1 = example1 is said to h once ann\nc$ 8 int5tion ( hold+ a free c\rse ( univ]sity lectures1 ) ! ^w fru/ra2 an eng9e] :o sp5t 8 leisure h\rs 9 collect+ insects is said to h decl>$ t he 0 /udy+ etymology4 ,x is true1 incid5ts ( ?is "* make u %udd] or smile1 accord+ to our mood or temp]am5t4 ,b we mu/ admit1 ! next mom5t1 t 9 giv+ way to su* feel+s we h m]ely succumb$ to a *ildi% prejudice4 ,a lack ( tact b c]ta9ly no lack ( education is display$ 9 ! use ( su* half-und]/ood expressions4 ,e c&id p]son w confess t !re are _m bran*es ( k ab\t :i* he _h bett] be sil5t4 ,we %all n be s un*>itable z to turn ! tables & discuss ! impression t classical s*ol>s might make on a sci5ti/ or eng9e]1 9 speak+ ( sci5ce4 ,possibly _m ludicr\s /ories might be told ( !m1 & ( f> m s]i\s import1 :i* %\ld fully comp5sate = ! blund]s ( ! o!r p>ty4 ,! mutual sev]ity ( judgm5t :i* we h "h come ^u1 may also =cibly br+ home to u h[ really sc>ce a true lib]al culture is4 ,we may detect 9 ?is mutual attitude1 too1 some?+ ( t n>r[1 m$ival arrogance ( ca/e1 :]e a man began1 accord+ to ! special po9t ( view ( ! speak]1 ) ! s*ol>1 ! soldi]1 or ! nobleman4 ,little s5se or appreciation is to be f\nd 9 x = ! common task ( humanity1 little feel+ = ! ne$ ( mutual assi/ance 9 ! great "w ( civilisation1 little bread? ( m9d1 little truly lib]al culture4 ,a k ( ,lat91 & p>tly1 also1 a k ( ,greek1 is /ill a necessity = ! memb]s ( a few pr(essions by nature m or less directly conc]n$ ) ! civilisations ( antiquity1 z = lawy]s1 !ologians1 philologi/s1 hi/orians1 & g5]ally = a small numb] ( p]sons1 among :om f "t to "t ,i c\nt myself1 :o are compell$ to seek = in=mation 9 ! ,lat9 lit]ature ( ! c5turies j pa/4#aah ,b t all "y p]sons 9 se>* ( a high] education %\ld pursue = ?is reason ,lat9 & ,greek to su* excess2 t p]sons int5d+ to become physicians & sci5ti/s %\ld come to ! univ]sities defectively educat$1 or ev5 mis$ucat$2 & t !y %\ld be compell$ to come only f s*ools t d n supply !m ) ! prop] prep>atory k is go+ a little bit too f>4 99 99 99 99 99 ,aft] ! conditions :i* _h giv5 to ! /udy ( ,lat9 & ,greek _! high import _h ceas$ to exi/1 ! traditional curriculum1 naturally1 0 reta9$4 ,!n1 ! diff]5t effects ( ?is me?od ( education1 good & bad1 :i* no "o _h ?\ght ( at its introduction1 7 realis$ & not$4 ,z natural1 too1 0 x t ^? :o _h /rong int]e/s 9 ! pres]vation ( ^! /udies1 f kn[+ no o!rs or f liv+ by !m1 or = /ill o!r reasons1 %\ld emphasise ! good results ( su* in/ruction4 ,!y po9t$ to ! good effects z if !y _h be5 consci\sly aim$ at by ! me?od & c\ld be atta9$ only ?r\gh its ag5cy4 ,"o real b5efit t /ud5ts might d]ive f a rightly conduct$ c\rse 9 ! classics w\ld be ! op5+ up ( ! ri* lit]>y treasures ( antiquity1 & intimacy ) ! conceptions & views ( ! _w held by two advanc$ nations4 ,a p]son :o has read & und]/ood ! ,greek & ,roman au?ors has felt & exp]i5c$ m ?an "o :o is re/rict$ to ! impressions ( ! pres5t4 ,he sees h[ m5 plac$ 9 diff]5t circum/ances judge q diff]5tly ( ! same ?+s f :at we d to-day4 ,8 own judgm5ts w be r5d]$ ?us m indep5d5t4 ,aga91 ! ,greek & ,lat9 au?ors are indisputably a ri* f\nta9 ( recreation1 ( enlight5m5t1 & ( intellectual pleasure aft] ! day's toil1 & ! individual1 n less ?an civilis$ humanity g5]ally1 w rema9 grateful to !m = all "t4 ,:o does n recall ) pleasure ! w&]+s ( ,ulysses1 :o does n li/5 joyfully to ! simple n>ratives ( ,h]odotus1 :o w\ld ev] rep5t ( hav+ made ! acqua9tance ( ,plato's ,dialogues1 or ( hav+ ta/$ ,lucian's div9e humor8 ,:o w\ld give up ! glances he has obta9$ into ! private life ( antiquity f ,cic]o's lett]s1 f ,plautus or ,t]5ce8 ,to :om are n ! portraits ( ,suetonius undy+ rem9isc5ces8 ,:o1 9 fact1 w\ld ?r[ away any k he _h once ga9$8 ,yet p :o draw f ^! s\rces only1 :o "k only ?is culture1 h surely no "r to dogmatise ab\t ! value ( "s o!r culture4 ,z objects ( rese>* = individuals1 ?is lit]ature is extremely valuable1 b x is a diff]5t "q :e!r x is equally valuable z ! almo/ exclusive means ( education ( our y\?4 ,d n o!r nations & o!r lit]atures exi/ f :i* we ought to le>n8 ,is n nature h]self our fir/ s*ool-mi/ress8 ,are our highe/ models always to be ! ,greeks1 ) _! n>r[ prov9ciality ( m9d1 t divid$ ! _w into ,greeks & b>b>ians1 ) _! sup]/itions1 ) _! et]nal que/ion+ ( oracles8 ,ari/otle ) 8 incapacity to le>n f facts1 ) 8 ^w-sci5ce2 ,plato ) 8 heavy1 int]m9able dialogues1 ) 8 b>r51 at times *ildi%1 dialectics--are !y unsurpassable8#aai ,! ,romans ) _! apa?y1 _! pomp\s ext]nality1 set (f by fulsome & bomba/ic phrases1 ) _! n>r[-m9d$1 phili/9e philosophy1 ) _! fr5zi$ s5suality1 ) _! cruel & be/ial indulg5ce 9 animal & man bait+1 ) _! outrage\s maltreatm5t & plund]+ ( _! subjects--are !y patt]ns wor?y ( imitation8 ,or %all1 p]haps1 our sci5ce edify itself ) ! works ( ,pl9y :o cites midwives z au?orities & himself /&s on _! po9t ( view8 ,besides1 if an acqua9tance ) ! anci5t _w really 7 atta9$1 we might come to "s settlem5t ) ! advocates ( classical education4 ,b x is words & =ms1 & =ms & words only1 t are suppli$ to our y\?2 & ev5 collat]al subjects are =c$ into ! /rait-jacket ( ! same rigid me?od & made a sci5ce ( words1 %e] feats ( me*anical memory4 ,really1 we feel ourselves set back a ?\s& ye>s into ! dull cloi/]-cells ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,?is mu/ be *ang$4 ,x is possible to get acqua9t$ ) ! views ( ! ,greeks & ,romans by a %ort] road ?an ! intellect dead5+ process ( eight or t5 ye>s ( decl9+1 conjugat+1 analys+1 & extemporisation4 ,!re are to-day pl5ty ( educat$ p]sons :o h acquir$ ?r\gh good translations vivid]1 cle>]1 & m j views ( classical antiquity ?an ! graduates ( our gymnasiums & colleges4#abj ,= u mod]ns1 ! ,greeks & ! ,romans are simply two objects ( ar*ological & hi/orical rese>* l all o!rs4 ,if we put !m be=e our y\? 9 fre% & liv+ pictures1 & n m]ely 9 words & syllables1 ! effect w be assur$4 ,we d]ive a totally diff]5t enjoym5t f ! ,greeks :5 we approa* !m aft] a /udy ( ! results ( mod]n rese>* 9 ! hi/ory ( civilisation4 ,we read _m a *apt] ( ,h]odotus diff]5tly :5 we attack 8 works equipp$ ) a k ( natural sci5ce1 & ) in=mation ab\t ! /one age & ! lake-dwell]s4 ,:at our classical in/itutions pret5d to give c & actually w be giv5 to our y\? ) mu* m fruitful results by compet5t hi/orical in/ruction1 :i* mu/ supply1 n names & numb]s alone1 nor ! m]e hi/ory ( dyna/ies & w>s1 b be 9 e s5se ( ! ^w a true hi/ory ( civilisation4 ,! view /ill widely prevails t al?\gh all high]1 ideal culture1 all ext5sion ( our view ( ! _w1 is acquir$ by philological & 9 a less] degree by hi/orical /udies1 /ill ! ma!matics & natural sci5ces %\ld n be neglect$ on acc\nt ( _! usefulness4 ,?is is an op9ion to :i* ,i mu/ refuse my ass5t4 ,x 7 /range if man c\ld le>n m1 c\ld draw m intellectual n\ri%m5t1 f ! %>ds ( a few old brok5 jugs1 f inscrib$ /ones1 or yell[ p>*m5ts1 ?an f all ! re/ ( nature4 ,true1 man is man's fir/ conc]n1 b he is n 8 sole conc]n4 ,9 ceas+ to reg>d man z ! c5tre ( ! _w2 9 discov]+ t ! e>? is a top :irl$ ab\t ! sun1 :i* spe$s (f ) x into inf9ite space2 9 f9d+ t 9 ! fix$ />s ! same elem5ts exi/ z on e>?2 9 meet+ ev]y:]e ! same processes ( :i* ! life ( man is m]ely a vani%+ly small "p--9 su* ?+s1 too1 is a wid5+ ( our view ( ! _w1 & edification1 & poetry4 ,!re are "h p]haps gr&] & m significant facts ?an ! bell[+ ( ! w\nd$ ,ares1 or ! *>m+ isl& ( ,calypso1 or ! ocean-/ream engirdl+ ! e>?4 ,he only %\ld speak ( ! relative value ( ^! two doma9s ( ?\ght1 ( _! poetry1 :o kn[s bo?4 ,! utility ( physical sci5ce is1 9 a measure1 only a collat]al product ( t flight ( ! intellect :i* produc$ sci5ce4 ,no "o1 h[ev]1 %\ld und]rate ! utility ( sci5ce :o has %>$ 9 ! realisation by mod]n indu/rial art ( ! ,ori5tal _w ( fables1 mu* less "o ^u :om ^? treasures h be5 p\r$1 z x 71 f ! f\r? dim5sion1 )\t 8 aid or und]/&+4 ,nor may we believe t sci5ce is useful only to ! practical man4 ,its influ5ce p]meates all our affairs1 our :ole life2 ev]y:]e its ideas are decisive4 ,h[ diff]5tly does ! juri/1 ! legislator1 or ! political economi/ ?9k1 :o kn[s1 = example1 t a squ>e mile ( ! mo/ f]tile soil c support ) ! sol> heat annually consum$ only a def9ite numb] ( human be+s1 :i* no art or sci5ce c increase4 ,_m economical !ories1 :i* op5 new air-pa?s ( progress1 air-pa?s 9 ! lit]al s5se ( ! ^w1 w\ld be made impossible by su* k4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! eulogi/s ( classical education love to emphasise ! cultivation ( ta/e :i* comes f employm5t ) ! anci5t models4 ,i c&idly confess t !re is some?+ absolutely revolt+ 9 ?is to me4 ,to =m ! ta/e1 !n1 our y\?s mu/ sacrifice t5 ye>s ( _! life6 ,luxury takes prec$5ce ov] necessity4 ,h ! future g5]ations1 9 ! face ( ! difficult problems1 ! great social que/ions1 :i* !y mu/ meet1 & t ) /r5g!n$ m9d & he>t1 no m important duties to fulfil ?an ^!8 ,b let u assume t ?is end 7 desirable4 ,c ta/e be =m$ by rules & precepts8 ,d n ideals ( beauty *ange8 ,is x n a /up5d\s absurdity to =ce "o's self artificially to admire ?+s :i*1 ) all _! hi/orical int]e/1 ) all _! beauty 9 individual po9ts1 are = ! mo/ "p =eign to ! re/ ( our ?\ghts & feel+s1 provid$ we h su* ( our own4 ,a nation t is truly su*1 has its own ta/e & w n g to o!rs = x4 ,& e individual p]fect man has 8 own ta/e4#aba ,& :at1 aft] all1 does ?is cultivation ( ta/e consi/ 98 ,9 ! acquisition ( ! p]sonal lit]>y /yle ( a few select au?ors6 ,:at %\ld we ?9k ( a p t w\ld =ce its y\? a ?\s& ye>s f n[1 by ye>s ( practice1 to ma/] ! tortu\s or bomba/ic /yle ( "s successful lawy] or politician ( to-day8 ,%\ld we n ju/ly accuse !m ( a w(ul lack ( ta/e8 ,! evil effects ( ?is imag9$ cultivation ( ! ta/e f9d expression (t5 en\gh4 ,! "y savant :o reg>ds ! composition ( a sci5tific essay z a rhetorical ex]cise in/ead ( a simple & unadorn$ pres5tation ( ! facts & ! tru?1 /ill sits unconsci\sly on ! s*ool-b5*1 & /ill unwitt+ly repres5ts ! po9t ( view ( ! ,romans1 by :om ! elaboration ( spee*es 0 reg>d$ z a s]i\s sci5tific 767 employm5t4 99 99 99 99 99 ,f> be x f me to und]rate ! value ( ! developm5t ( ! in/9ct ( spee* & ( ! increas$ compreh5sion ( our own language :i* comes f philological /udies4 ,by ! /udy ( a =eign language1 especially ( "o :i* diff]s widely f ours1 ! signs & =ms ( words are fir/ cle>ly di/+ui%$ f ! ?\ghts :i* !y express4 ,words ( ! close/ possible correspond5ce 9 diff]5t languages nev] co9cide absolutely ) ! ideas !y /& =1 b place 9 relief slightly diff]5t aspects ( ! same ?+1 & by ! /udy ( language ! att5tion is direct$ to ^! %ades ( diff]5ce4 ,b x w\ld be f> f admissible to cont5d t ! /udy ( ,lat9 & ,greek is ! mo/ fruitful & natural1 let alone ! only1 means ( atta9+ ?is end4 ,any "o :o w give himself ! pleasure ( a few h\rs' companion%ip ) a ,*9ese gramm>2 :o w seek to make cle> to himself ! mode ( spee* & ?\ght ( a p :o nev] advanc$ z f> z ! analysis ( articulate s\nds1 b /opp$ at ! analysis ( syllables1 to :om our alphabetical *>act]s1 !re=e1 are an inexplicable puzzle1 & :o express all _! ri* & pr(\nd ?\ghts by means ( a few syllables ) v>iable emphasis & position1--su* a p]son1 p]haps1 w acquire new1 & extremely elucidative ideas ^u ! relation ( language & ?\ght4 ,b %\ld our *ildr51 !re=e1 /udy ,*9ese8 ,c]ta9ly n4 ,no m1 !n1 %\ld !y be burd5$ ) ,lat91 at lea/ 9 ! measure !y are4 ,x is a beautiful a*ievem5t to reproduce a ,lat9 ?\ght 9 a mod]n language ) ! maximum fidelity ( mean+ & expression--= ! translator4 ,moreov]1 we %all be v grateful to ! translator = 8 p]=mance4 ,b to dem& ?is feat ( e educat$ man1 )\t consid]ation ( ! sacrifice ( "t & labor :i* x entails1 is unreasonable4 ,& = ?is v reason1 z classical tea*]s admit1 t ideal is nev] p]fectly atta9$1 except 9 r>e cases ) s*ol>s possess$ ( special tal5ts & great indu/ry4 ,)\t slurr+1 !re=e1 ! high importance ( ! /udy ( ! anci5t languages z a pr(ession1 we may yet feel sure t ! in/9ct = spee* :i* is "p ( e lib]al education c1 & mu/1 be acquir$ 9 a diff]5t way4 ,%\ld we1 inde$1 be =ev] lo/ if ! ,greeks _h n liv$ be=e u8 ,! fact is1 we mu/ c>ry our dem&s fur!r ?an ! repres5tatives ( classical philology4 ,we mu/ ask ( e educat$ man a fair sci5tific conception ( ! nature & value ( language1 ( ! =mation ( language1 ( ! alt]ation ( ! mean+ ( roots1 ( ! deg5]ation ( fix$ =ms ( spee* to grammatical =ms1 9 brief1 ( all ! ma9 results ( mod]n comp>ative philology4 ,we %\ld judge t ?is 7 atta9able by a c>eful /udy ( our "m tongue & ( ! languages next alli$ to x1 & subsequ5tly ( ! m anci5t tongues f :i* ! =m] are d]iv$4 ,if any "o object t ?is is too difficult & entails too mu* labor1 ,i %\ld advise su* a p]son to place side by side an ,engli%1 a ,dut*1 a ,dani%1 a ,sw$i%1 & a ,g]man ,bible1 & to comp>e a few l9es ( !m2 he w be amaz$ at ! multitude ( sugge/ions t (f] !mselves4#abb ,9 fact1 ,i believe t a really progressive1 fruitful1 rational1 & in/ructive /udy ( languages c be conduct$ only on ?is plan4 ,_m ( my audi5ce w rememb]1 p]haps1 ! bright & enc\rag+ effect1 l t ( a ray ( sunlight on a gloomy day1 :i* ! meagre & furtive rem>ks on comp>ative philology 9 ,curtius's ,greek gramm> wr\ght 9 t b>r5 & lifeless des]t ( v]bal quibbles4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! pr9cipal result obta9$ by ! pres5t me?od ( /udy+ ! anci5t languages is t :i* comes f ! /ud5t's employm5t ) _! complicat$ gramm>s4 ,x consi/s 9 ! %>p5+ ( ! att5tion & 9 ! ex]cise ( ! judgm5t by ! practice ( subsum+ special cases "u g5]al rules1 & ( di/+ui%+ betwe5 diff]5t cases4 ,obvi\sly1 ! same result c be rea*$ by _m o!r me?ods2 = example1 by difficult games ( c>ds4 ,e sci5ce1 ! ma!matics & ! physical sci5ces includ$1 accompli% z mu*1 if n m1 9 ?is discipl9+ ( ! judgm5t4 ,9 addition1 ! matt] treat$ by ^? sci5ces has a mu* high] intr9sic int]e/ = "y p1 & s engages spontane\sly _! att5tion2 :ile on ! o!r h& !y are elucidative & useful 9 o!r directions 9 :i* gramm> c accompli% no?+4 ,:o c>es1 s f> z ! matt] ( x is conc]n$1 :e!r we say hom9um or hom9orum 9 ! g5itive plural1 int]e/+ z ! fact may be = ! philologi/8 ,& :o w\ld dispute t ! intellectual ne$ ( causal insight is awak5$ n by gramm> b by ! natural sci5ces8 ,x is n our int5tion1 !re=e1 to ga9say 9 ! lea/ ! good influ5ce :i* ! /udy ( ,lat9 & ,greek gramm> also ex]cises on ! %>p5+ ( ! judgm5t4 ,9 s f> z ! /udy ( words z su* mu/ greatly promote lucidity & accuracy ( expression1 9 s f> z ,lat9 & ,greek are n yet :olly indisp5sable to _m bran*es ( k1 we will+ly conc$e to !m a place 9 our s*ools1 b w\ld dem& t ! disproportionate am\nt ( "t allott$ to !m1 wrongly )drawn f o!r useful /udies1 %\ld be consid]ably curtail$4 ,t 9 ! end ,lat9 & ,greek w n be employ$ z ! univ]sal means ( education1 we are fully conv9c$4 ,!y w be relegat$ to ! closet ( ! s*ol> or pr(essional philologi/1 & gradually make way = ! mod]n languages & ! mod]n sci5ce ( language4 ,long ago ,locke r$uc$ to _! prop] limits ! exagg]at$ notions :i* obta9$ ( ! close connexion ( ?\ght & spee*1 ( logic & gramm>1 & rec5t inve/igators h e/abli%$ on /ill sur] f\ndations 8 views4 ,h[ little a complicat$ gramm> is necess>y = express+ delicate %ades ( ?\ght is demon/rat$ by ! ,italians & ,fr5*1 :o1 al?\gh !y h almo/ totally disc>d$ ! grammatical r$undancies ( ! ,romans1 are yet n surpass$ by ! latt] 9 accuracy ( ?\ght1 & ^: poetical1 b especially ^: sci5tific lit]ature1 z no "o w dispute1 c be> favorable comp>ison ) ! ,roman4 ,review+ aga9 ! argum5ts advanc$ 9 favor ( ! /udy ( ! anci5t languages1 we are oblig$ to say t 9 ! ma9 & z appli$ to ! pres5t1 !y are :olly devoid ( =ce4 ,9 s f> z ! aims :i* ?is /udy !oretically pursues are /ill wor?y ( atta9m5t1 !y appe> to u z altoge!r too n>r[1 & are surpass$ 9 ?is only by ! means employ$4 ,z almo/ ! sole1 indisputable result ( ?is /udy we mu/ c\nt ! increase ( ! /ud5t's skill & precision 9 expression4 ,"o incl9$ to be un*>itable might say t our gymnasiums & classical academies turn out m5 :o c speak & write1 b1 un=tunately1 h little to write or speak ab\t4 ,( t broad1 lib]al view1 ( t fam$ univ]sal culture1 :i* ! classical curriculum is suppos$ to yield1 s]i\s words ne$ n be lo/4 ,?is culture might1 p]haps1 m prop]ly be t]m$ ! contract$ or lopsid$ culture4 99 99 99 99 99 ,:ile consid]+ ! /udy ( languages we ?rew a few side glances at ma!matics & ! natural sci5ces4 ,let u n[ inquire :e!r ^!1 z bran*es ( /udy1 _c accompli% mu* t is to be atta9$ 9 no o!r way4 ,i %all meet ) no contradiction :5 ,i say t )\t at lea/ an elem5t>y ma!matical & sci5tific education a man rema9s a total /rang] 9 ! _w 9 :i* he lives1 a /rang] 9 ! civilisation ( ! "t t be>s him4 ,:atev] he meets 9 nature1 or 9 ! indu/rial _w1 ei!r does n appeal to him at all1 f 8 hav+ nei!r eye nor e> = x1 or x speaks to him 9 a totally un9telligible language4 ,a real und]/&+ ( ! _w & its civilisation1 h[ev]1 is n ! only result ( ! /udy ( ma!matics & ! physical sci5ces4 ,mu* m ess5tial = ! prep>atory s*ool is ! =mal cultivation :i* comes f ^! /udies1 ! /r5g!n+ ( ! reason & ! judgm5t1 ! ex]cise ( ! imag9ation4 ,ma!matics1 physics1 *emi/ry1 & ! s-call$ descriptive sci5ces are s mu* alike 9 ?is respect1 t1 ap>t f a few po9ts1 we ne$ n sep>ate !m 9 our discussion4 ,logical sequ5ce & cont9uity ( ideas1 s necess>y = fruitful ?\ght1 are p> excell5ce ! results ( ma!matics2 ! ability to foll[ facts ) ?\ghts1 t is1 to obs]ve or collect exp]i5ces1 is *iefly develop$ by ! natural sci5ces4 ,:e!r we notice t ! sides & ! angles ( a triangle are connect$ 9 a def9ite way1 t an equilat]al triangle possesses c]ta9 def9ite prop]ties ( symmetry1 or :e!r we notice ! deflexion ( a magnetic ne$le by an electric curr5t1 ! dissolution ( z9c 9 dilut$ sulphuric acid1 :e!r we rem>k t ! w+s ( a butt]fly are slightly color$ on ! "u1 & ! =e-w+s ( ! mo? on ! upp]1 surface3 indiscrim9ately "h we proce$ f obs]vations1 f individual acts ( imm$iate intuitive k4 ,! field ( obs]vation is m re/rict$ & lies clos] at h& 9 ma!matics2 x is m v>i$ & broad] b m difficult to compass 9 ! natural sci5ces4 ,! ess5tial ?+1 h[ev]1 is = ! /ud5t to le>n to make obs]vations 9 all ^! fields4 ,! philosophical "q :e!r our acts ( k 9 ma!matics are ( a special k9d is "h ( no importance = u4 ,x is true1 ( c\rse1 t ! obs]vation c be practis$ by languages also4 ,b no "o1 surely1 w d5y1 t ! concrete1 liv+ pictures pres5t$ 9 ! fields j m5tion$ possess diff]5t & m p[]ful attractions = ! m9d ( ! y\? ?an ! ab/ract & hazy figures :i* language (f]s1 & on :i* ! att5tion is c]ta9ly n s spontane\sly be/[$1 nor ) su* good results4#abc ,obs]vation hav+ reveal$ ! diff]5t prop]ties ( a giv5 geometrical or physical object1 x is discov]$ t 9 _m cases ^! prop]ties dep5d 9 "s way ^u "o ano!r4 ,?is int]dep5d5ce ( prop]ties 7say t ( equal sides & equal angles at ! base ( a triangle1 ! relation ( pressure to motion17 is n[h]e s di/9ctly m>k$1 n[h]e is ! necessity & p]man5cy ( ! int]dep5d5ce s pla9ly noticeable1 z 9 ! fields m5tion$4 ,h5ce ! cont9uity & logical consequ5ce ( ! ideas :i* we acquire 9 ^? fields4 ,! relative simplicity & p]spicuity ( geometrical & physical relations supply "h ! conditions ( natural & easy progress4 ,relations ( equal simplicity are n met ) 9 ! fields :i* ! /udy ( language op5s up4 ,_m ( y1 d\btless1 h (t5 wond]$ at ! little respect = ! notions ( cause & effect & _! connexion t is sometimes f\nd among pr(ess$ repres5tatives ( ! classical /udies4 ,! explanation is probably to be s\ght 9 ! fact t ! analog\s relation ( motive & action famili> to !m f _! /udies1 pres5ts no?+ l ! cle> simplicity & det]m9at5ess t ! relation ( cause & effect does4 ,t p]fect m5tal grasp ( all possible cases1 t economical ord] & organic union ( ! ?\ghts :i* comes f x1 :i* has gr[n = e "o :o has ev] ta/$ x a p]man5t ne$ :i* he seeks to satisfy 9 e new prov9ce1 c be develop$ only by employm5t ) ! relative simplicity ( ma!matical & sci5tific inve/igations4 ,:5 a set ( facts comes into app>5t conflict ) ano!r set ( facts1 & a problem is pres5t$1 its solution consi/s ord9>ily 9 a m ref9$ di/9ction or 9 a m ext5d$ view ( ! facts1 z may be aptly illu/rat$ by ,newton's solution ( ! problem ( disp]sion4 ,:5 a new ma!matical or sci5tific fact is demon/rat$1 or expla9$1 su* demon/ration also re/s simply ^u %[+ ! connexion ( ! new fact ) ! facts already kn[n2 = example1 t ! radius ( a circle c be laid (f z *ord exactly six times 9 ! circle is expla9$ or prov$ by divid+ ! regul> hexagon inscrib$ 9 ! circle into equilat]al triangles4 ,t ! quantity ( heat develop$ 9 a second 9 a wire convey+ an electric curr5t is quadrupl$ on ! d\bl+ ( ! /r5g? ( ! curr5t1 we expla9 f ! d\bl+ ( ! fall ( ! pot5tial due to ! d\bl+ ( ! curr5t's int5sity1 z also f ! d\bl+ ( ! quantity fl[+ ?r\gh1 9 a ^w1 f ! quadrupl+ ( ! "w done4 ,9 po9t ( pr9ciple1 explanation & direct pro( d n diff] mu*4 ,he :o solves sci5tifically a geometrical1 physical1 or te*nical problem1 easily rem>ks t 8 proc$ure is a me?odical m5tal que/1 r5d]$ possible by ! economical ord] ( ! prov9ce--a simplifi$ purposeful que/ z contra/$ ) unme?odical1 unsci5tific guess-"w4 ,! geomet]1 = example1 :o has to con/ruct a circle t\*+ two giv5 /raight l9es1 ca/s 8 eye ov] ! relations ( symmetry ( ! desir$ con/ruction1 & seeks ! c5tre ( 8 circle solely 9 ! l9e ( symmetry ( ! two /raight l9es4 ,! p]son :o wants a triangle ( :i* two angles & ! sum ( ! sides are giv51 grasps 9 8 m9d ! det]m9at5ess ( ! =m ( ?is triangle & re/ricts 8 se>* = x to a c]ta9 gr\p ( triangles ( ! same =m4 ,"u v diff]5t circum/ances1 !re=e1 ! simplicity1 ! intellectual p]vi\sness1 ( ! subject-matt] ( ma!matics & natural sci5ce is felt1 & promotes bo? ! discipl9e & ! self-confid5ce ( ! reason4 ,unque/ionably1 mu* m w be atta9$ by in/ruction 9 ! ma!matics & ! natural sci5ces ?an n[ is1 :5 m natural me?ods are adopt$4 ,"o po9t ( importance "h is t "y /ud5ts %\ld n be spoil$ by premature ab/raction1 b %\ld be made acqua9t$ ) _! mat]ial f liv+ pictures ( x be=e !y are made to "w ) x by purely ratioc9ative me?ods4 ,a good /ock ( geometrical exp]i5ce c\ld be obta9$1 = example1 f geometrical draw+ & f ! practical con/ruction ( models4 ,9 ! place ( ! unfruitful me?od ( ,euclid1 :i* is only fit = special1 re/rict$ uses1 a broad] & m consci\s me?od mu/ be adopt$1 z ,hankel has po9t$ out4#abd ,!n1 if1 on review+ geometry1 & aft] x pres5ts no sub/antial difficulties1 ! m g5]al po9ts ( view1 ! pr9ciples ( sci5tific me?od are plac$ 9 relief & br\ght to consci\sness1 z ,von ,nagel1#abe ,j4 ,k4 ,beck]1#abf ,mann1#abg & o!rs h well done1 fruitful results w be surely atta9$4 ,9 ! same way1 ! subject-matt] ( ! natural sci5ces %\ld be made famili> by pictures & exp]im5t be=e a pr(\nd] & reason$ grasp ( ^! subjects is attempt$4 ,"h ! emphasis ( ! m g5]al po9ts ( view is to be po/pon$4 ,be=e my pres5t audi5ce x w\ld be sup]flu\s = me to cont5d fur!r t ma!matics & natural sci5ce are ju/ifi$ con/itu5ts ( a s\nd education1--a claim t ev5 philologi/s1 aft] "s resi/ance1 h conc$$4 ,"h ,i may c\nt ^u ass5t :5 ,i say t ma!matics & ! natural sci5ces pursu$ alone z means ( in/ruction yield a ri*] education 9 matt] & =m1 a m g5]al education1 an education bett] adapt$ to ! ne$s & _s ( ! "t1--?an ! philological bran*es pursu$ alone w\ld yield4 ,b h[ %all ?is idea be realis$ 9 ! curricula ( our int]m$iate educational in/itutions8 ,x is unque/ionable 9 my m9d t ! ,g]man ,reals*ul5 & ,realgymnasi51 :]e ! exclusive classical c\rse is = ! mo/ "p replac$ by ma!matics1 sci5ce1 & mod]n languages1 give ! av]age man a m timely education ?an ! gymnasium prop]1 al?\gh !y are n yet reg>d$ z fit prep>atory s*ools = future !ologians & pr(essional philologi/s4 ,! ,g]man gymnasiums are too "o-sid$4 ,) ^! ! fir/ *anges are to be made2 ( ^! alone we %all speak "h4 ,possibly a s+le prep>atory s*ool1 suitably plann$1 might s]ve all purposes4 ,%all we1 !n1 9 our gymnasiums fill out ! h\rs ( /udy :i* /& at our disposal1 or are /ill to be wre/$ f ! classici/s1 ) z great & z v>i$ a quantity ( ma!matical & sci5tific matt] z possible8 ,expect no su* proposition f me4 ,no "o w sugge/ su* a c\rse :o has himself be5 actively engag$ 9 sci5tific ?\ght4 ,?\ghts c be awak5$ & fructifi$ z a field is fructifi$ by sun%9e & ra94 ,b ?\ghts _c be juggl$ out & worri$ out by heap+ up mat]ials & ! h\rs ( in/ruction1 nor by any sort ( precepts3 !y mu/ gr[ naturally ( _! own free accord4 ,fur!rmore1 ?\ghts _c be accumulat$ beyond a c]ta9 limit 9 a s+le head1 any m ?an ! produce ( a field c be increas$ beyond c]ta9 limits4 ,i believe t ! am\nt ( matt] necess>y = a useful education1 su* z %\ld be (f]$ to all ! pupils ( a prep>atory s*ool1 is v small4 ,if ,i _h ! requisite influ5ce1 ,i %\ld1 9 all composure1 & fully conv9c$ t ,i 0 do+ :at 0 be/1 fir/ greatly curtail 9 ! l[] classes ! am\nt ( matt] 9 bo? ! classical & ! sci5tific c\rses2 ,i %\ld cut d[n consid]ably ! numb] ( ! s*ool h\rs & ! "w done outside ! s*ool4 ,i am n ) _m tea*]s ( op9ion t t5 h\rs "w a day = a *ild is n too mu*4 ,i am conv9c$ t ! mature m5 :o (f] ?is advice s lightly are !mselves unable to give _! att5tion successfully = z long a "t to any subject t is new to !m1 7= example1 to elem5t>y ma!matics or physics17 & ,i w\ld ask e "o :o ?9ks ! contr>y to make ! exp]im5t ^u himself4 ,le>n+ & tea*+ are n r\t9e (fice-"w t c be kept up me*anically = long p]iods4 ,b ev5 su* "w tires 9 ! end4 ,if our "y m5 are n to ent] ! univ]sities ) blunt$ & impov]i%$ m9ds1 if !y are n to leave 9 ! prep>atory s*ools _! vital en]gy1 :i* !y %\ld !re ga!r1 great *anges mu/ be made4 ,waiv+ ! injuri\s effects ( ov]work ^u ! body1 ! consequ5ces ( x = ! m9d seem to me positively dreadful4 ,i "k ( no?+ m t]rible ?an ! poor creatures :o h le>n$ too mu*4 ,in/ead ( t s\nd p[]ful judgm5t :i* w\ld probably h gr[n up if !y _h le>n$ no?+1 _! ?\ghts creep timidly & hypnotically aft] words1 pr9ciples1 & =mul1 con/antly by ! same pa?s4 ,:at !y h acquir$ is a spid]'s web ( ?\ghts too weak to furni% sure supports1 b complicat$ en\gh to produce confusion4 ,b h[ %all bett] me?ods ( ma!matical & sci5tific education be comb9$ ) ! decrease ( ! subject-matt] ( in/ruction8 ,i ?9k1 by ab&on+ sy/ematic in/ruction altoge!r1 at lea/ 9 s f> z t is requir$ ( all "y pupils4 ,i see no necessity :atev] t ! graduates ( our high s*ools & prep>atory s*ools %\ld be little philologi/s1 & at ! same "t little ma!maticians1 physici/s1 & botani/s2 9 fact1 ,i d n see ! possibility ( su* a result4 ,i see 9 ! endeavor to atta9 ?is result1 9 :i* e in/ructor seeks = 8 own bran* a place ap>t f ! o!rs1 ! ma9 mi/ake ( our :ole sy/em4 ,i %\ld be satisfi$ if e "y /ud5t c\ld come into liv+ contact ) & pursue to _! ultimate logical consequ5ces m]ely a few ma!matical or sci5tific discov]ies4 ,su* in/ruction w\ld be ma9ly & naturally associat$ ) selections f ! great sci5tific classics4 ,a few p[]ful & lucid ideas c\ld ?us be made to take root 9 ! m9d & receive ?or\gh elaboration4 ,?is accompli%$1 our y\? w\ld make a diff]5t %[+ f :at !y d to-day4#abh ,:at ne$ is !re1 = example1 ( burd5+ ! head ( a "y /ud5t ) all ! details ( botany8 ,! /ud5t :o has botanis$ "u ! guidance ( a tea*] f9ds on all h&s1 n indiff]5t ?+s1 b kn[n or unkn[n ?+s1 by :i* he is /imulat$1 & 8 ga9 made p]man5t4 ,i express "h1 n my own1 b ! op9ion ( a fri5d1 a practical tea*]4 ,aga91 x is n at all necess>y t all ! matt] t is (f]$ 9 ! s*ools %\ld be le>n$4 ,! be/ t we h le>n$1 t :i* has rema9$ ) u = life1 outliv$ ! te/ ( exam9ation4 ,h[ c ! m9d ?rive :5 matt] is heap$ on matt]1 & new mat]ials pil$ con/antly on old1 undige/$ mat]ials8 ,! "q "h is n s mu* t ( ! accumulation ( positive k z ( intellectual discipl9e4 ,x seems also unnecess>y t all bran*es %\ld be treat$ at s*ool1 & t exactly ! same /udies %\ld be pursu$ 9 all s*ools4 ,a s+le philological1 a s+le hi/orical1 a s+le ma!matical1 a s+le sci5tific bran*1 pursu$ z common subjects ( in/ruction = all pupils1 are suffici5t to accompli% all t is necess>y = ! intellectual developm5t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a :olesome mutual /imulus w\ld be produc$ by ?is great] v>iety 9 ! positive culture ( m54 ,uni=ms are excell5t = soldi]s1 b !y w n fit heads4 ,*>les ,v4 le>n$ ?is1 & x %\ld nev] be =gott54 ,on ! contr>y1 tea*]s & pupils bo? ne$ consid]able latitude1 if !y are to yield good results4 ,) ,john ,k>l ,beck] ,i am ( ! op9ion t ! utility & am\nt = individuals ( e /udy %\ld be precisely det]m9$4 ,all t exce$s ?is am\nt %\ld be unconditionally bani%$ f ! l[] classes4 ,) respect to ma!matics1 ,beck]1#abi 9 my judgm5t1 has admirably solv$ ?is "q4 ,) respect to ! upp] classes ! dem& assumes a diff]5t =m4 ,"h also ! am\nt ( matt] obligatory on all pupils ought n to exce$ a c]ta9 limit4 ,b 9 ! great mass ( k t a "y man mu/ acquire to-day = 8 pr(ession x is no long] j t t5 ye>s ( 8 y\? %\ld be wa/$ ) m]e preludes4 ,! upp] classes %\ld supply a truly useful prep>ation = ! pr(essions1 & %\ld n be modell$ ^u ! wants m]ely ( future lawy]s1 m9i/]s1 & philologi/s4 ,aga91 x w\ld be bo? fooli% & impossible to attempt to prep>e ! same p]son prop]ly = all ! diff]5t pr(essions4 ,9 su* case ! function ( ! s*ools w\ld be1 z ,li*t5b]g fe>$1 simply to select ! p]sons be/ fitt$ = be+ drill$1 :il/ precisely ! f9e/ special tal5ts1 :i* d n submit to indiscrim9ate discipl9e1 w\ld be exclud$ f ! conte/4 ,h5ce1 a c]ta9 am\nt ( lib]ty 9 ! *oice ( /udies mu/ be introduc$ 9 ! upp] classes1 by means ( :i* x w be free = e "o :o is cle> ab\t ! *oice ( 8 pr(ession to devote 8 *ief att5tion ei!r to ! /udy ( ! philologico-hi/orical or to t ( ! ma!matico-sci5tific bran*es4 ,!n ! matt] n[ treat$ c\ld be reta9$1 & 9 "s bran*es1 p]haps1 judici\sly ext5d$1#acj )\t burd5+ ! s*ol> ) _m bran*es or increas+ ! numb] ( ! h\rs ( /udy4 ,) m homog5e\s "w ! /ud5t's capacity = "w increases1 "o "p ( 8 labor support+ ! o!r in/ead ( ob/ruct+ x4 ,if1 h[ev]1 a "y man %\ld subsequ5tly *oose a diff]5t pr(ession1 !n x is 8 bus9ess to make up :at he has lo/4 ,no h>m c]ta9ly w come to society f ?is *ange1 nor c\ld x be reg>d$ z a mis=tune if philologi/s & lawy]s ) ma!matical educations or physical sci5ti/s ) classical educations %\ld n[ & !n appe>4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! view is n[ wide-spread t a ,lat9 & ,greek education no long] meets ! g5]al wants ( ! times1 t a m opportune1 a m lib]al education exi/s4 ,! phrase1 a lib]al education1 has be5 greatly misus$4 ,a truly lib]al education is unque/ionably v r>e4 ,! s*ools c h>dly (f] su*2 at be/ !y c only br+ home to ! /ud5t ! necessity ( x4 ,x is1 !n1 8 bus9ess to acquire1 z be/ he c1 a m or less lib]al education4 ,x w\ld be v difficult1 too1 at any "o "t to give a def9ition ( a lib]al education :i* w\ld satisfy e "o1 /ill m difficult to give "o :i* w\ld hold good = a hundr$ ye>s4 ,! educational ideal1 9 fact1 v>ies mu*4 ,to "o1 a k ( classical antiquity appe>s n too de>ly b\ght ) e>ly dea?4 ,we h no objection to ?is p]son1 or to ^? :o ?9k l him1 pursu+ _! ideal aft] _! own fa%ion4 ,b we may c]ta9ly prote/ /rongly aga9/ ! realisation ( su* ideals on our own *ildr54 ,ano!r1--,plato1 = example1--puts m5 ignorant ( geometry on a level ) animals4#aca ,if su* n>r[ views _h ! magical p[]s ( ! sorc]ess ,circe1 _m a man :o p]haps ju/ly ?\ght himself well educat$ w\ld become consci\s ( a n v flatt]+ trans=mation ( himself4 ,let u seek1 !re=e1 9 our educational sy/em to meet ! wants ( ! pres5t1 & n e/abli% prejudices = ! future4 ,b h[ does x come1 we mu/ ask1 t in/itutions s antiquat$ z ! ,g]man gymnasiums c\ld subsi/ s long 9 opposition to public op9ion8 ,! answ] is simple4 ,! s*ools 7 fir/ organis$ by ! ,*ur*2 s9ce ! ,re=mation !y h be5 9 ! h&s ( ! ,/ate4 ,on s l>ge a scale1 ! plan pres5ts _m advantages4 ,means c be plac$ at ! disposal ( education su* z no private s\rce1 at lea/ 9 ,europe1 c\ld furni%4 ,"w c be conduct$ ^u ! same plan 9 _m s*ools1 & s exp]im5ts made ( ext5sive scope :i* w\ld be o!rwise impossible4 ,a s+le man ) influ5ce & ideas c "u su* circum/ances d great ?+s = ! promotion ( education4 ,b ! matt] has also its rev]se aspect4 ,! p>ty 9 p[] works = its own int]e/s1 uses ! s*ools = its special purposes4 ,educational competition is exclud$1 = all successful attempts at improvem5t are impossible unless und]tak5 or p]mitt$ by ! ,/ate4 ,by ! uni=mity ( ! p's education1 a prejudice once 9 vogue is p]man5tly e/abli%$4 ,! highe/ intellig5ces1 ! /ronge/ wills _c ov]?r[ x sudd5ly4 ,9 fact1 z ev]y?+ is adapt$ to ! view 9 "q1 a sudd5 *ange w\ld be physically impossible4 ,! two classes :i* virtually hold ! re9s ( p[] 9 ! ,/ate1 ! juri/s & !ologians1 "k only ! "o-sid$1 pr$om9antly classical culture :i* !y h acquir$ 9 ! ,/ate s*ools1 & w\ld h ?is culture alone valu$4 ,o!rs accept ?is op9ion f cr$ulity2 o!rs1 und]e/imat+ _! true wor? = society1 b[ be=e ! p[] ( ! preval5t op9ion2 o!rs1 aga91 affect ! op9ion ( ! rul+ classes ev5 aga9/ _! bett] judgm5t1 s z to abide on ! same plane ( respect ) ! latt]4 ,i w make no *>ges1 b ,i mu/ confess t ! deportm5t ( m$ical m5 ) respect to ! "q ( ! qualification ( graduates ( y\r ,reals*ul5 has frequ5tly made t impression ^u me4 ,let u rememb]1 f9ally1 t an influ5tial /atesman1 ev5 )9 ! b\nd>ies :i* ! law & public op9ion set him1 c d s]i\s h>m to ! cause ( education by consid]+ 8 own "o-sid$ views infallible1 & 9 en=c+ !m recklessly & inconsid]ately--:i* n only c happ51 b has1 repeat$ly1 happ5$4#acb ,! monopoly ( education by ! ,/ate#acc ?us assumes 9 our eyes a some:at diff]5t aspect4 ,& to rev]t to ! "q above ask$1 !re is n ! slighte/ d\bt t ! ,g]man gymnasiums 9 _! pres5t =m w\ld h ceas$ to exi/ long ago if ! ,/ate _h n support$ !m4 ,all ?is mu/ be *ang$4 ,b ! *ange w n be made ( itself1 nor )\t our en]getic int]f]5ce1 & x w be made sl[ly4 ,b ! pa? is m>k$ out = u1 ! w ( ! p mu/ acquire & ex]t ^u our s*ool legislation a great] & m p[]ful influ5ce4 ,fur!rmore1 ! que/ions at issue mu/ be publicly & c&idly discuss$ t ! views ( ! p may be cl>ifi$4 ,all :o feel ! insuffici5cy ( ! exi/+ rgime mu/ comb9e into a p[]ful organisation t _! views may acquire impressiv5ess & ! op9ions ( ! individual n die away unhe>d4 ,i rec5tly read1 g5tlem51 9 an excell5t book ( travels1 t ! ,*9ese speak ) unwill+ness ( politics4 ,conv]sations ( ?is sort are usually cut %ort ) ! rem>k t !y may bo!r ab\t su* ?+s ^: bus9ess x is & :o are paid = x4 ,n[ x seems to me t x is n only ! bus9ess ( ! ,/ate1 b a v s]i\s conc]n ( all ( u1 h[ our *ildr5 %all be educat$ 9 ! public s*ools at our co/4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #aac3 ,an address deliv]$ be=e ! ,congress ( ,delegates ( ! ,g]man ,reals*ulmnn]v]e91 at ,dortmund1 ,april #af1 #ahhf4 ,! full title ( ! address reads3 ,on ! ,relative ,educational ,value ( ! ,classics & ! ,ma!matico-,physical ,sci5ces 9 ,colleges & ,high ,s*ools4 ,al?\gh sub/antially conta9$ 9 an address :i* ,i 0 to h made at ! meet+ ( ,natural ,sci5ti/s at ,salzburg 9 #ahha 7def]r$ on acc\nt ( ! ,p>is ,exposition71 & 9 ! ,introduction to a c\rse ( lectures on ,physical ,in/ruction 9 ,prep>atory ,s*ools1 :i* ,i deliv]$ 9 #ahhc1 ! invitation ( ! ,g]man ,reals*ulmnn]v]e9 af=d$ me ! fir/ opportunity ( putt+ my views ^u ?is subject be=e a l>ge circle ( read]s4 ,ow+ to ! place & circum/ances ( deliv]y1 my rem>ks apply ( c\rse1 prim>ily1 only to ,g]man s*ools1 b1 ) slight modifications1 made 9 ?is translation1 are n )\t =ce = ! in/itutions ( o!r c\ntries4 ,9 giv+ "h expression to a /rong p]sonal conviction =m$ long ago1 x is a matt] ( deep satisfaction to me to f9d t !y agree 9 _m po9ts ) ! views rec5tly advanc$ 9 indep5d5t =m by ,pauls5 7,ges*i*te des gelehrt5 ,unt]ri*ts1 ,leipsic1 #ahhe7 & ,fr>y 7,la "q du lat91 ,p>is1 ,c]f1 #ahhe74 ,x is n my desire nor ef=t "h to say mu* t is new1 b m]ely to contribute my mite t[>ds br++ ab\t ! inevitable revolution n[ prep>+ 9 ! _w ( elem5t>y in/ruction4 ,9 ! op9ion ( exp]i5c$ educationi/s ! fir/ result ( t revolution w be to make ,greek & ma!matics alt]nately optional subjects 9 ! high] classes ( ! ,g]man ,gymnasium & 9 ! correspond+ in/itutions ( o!r c\ntries1 z has be5 done 9 ! spl5did sy/em ( in/ruction 9 ,d5m>k4 ,! gap betwe5 ! ,g]man classical ,gymnasium & ! ,g]man ,realgymnasium1 or betwe5 classical & sci5tific s*ools g5]ally1 c ?us be bridg$ ov]1 & ! rema9+ inevitable trans=mations w !n be accompli%$ 9 relative peace & quiet4 7,prague1 ,may1 #ahhf47 ,footnote #aad3 ,maup]tuis1 ,oeuvres1 ,dresd51 #ageb1 p4 #cci4 ,footnote #aae3 ,f4 ,pauls51 ,ges*i*te des gelehrt5 ,unt]ri*ts1 ,leipsic1 #ahhe4 ,footnote #aaf3 ,!re is a peculi> irony ( fate 9 ! fact t :ile ,leibnitz 0 ca/+ ab\t = a new vehicle ( univ]sal l+ui/ic int]c\rse1 ! ,lat9 language :i* /ill subs]v$ ?is purpose ! be/ ( all1 0 dropp+ m & m out ( use1 & t ,leibnitz himself contribut$ n ! lea/ to ?is result4 ,footnote #aag3 ,z a rule1 ! human bra9 is too mu*1 & wrongly1 burd5$ ) ?+s :i* might be m conv5i5tly & accurately pres]v$ 9 books :]e !y c\ld be f\nd at a mom5t's notice4 ,9 a rec5t lett] to me f ,dsseldorf1 ,judge ,h>twi* writes3 ,a ho/ ( words exi/ :i* are out & out ,lat9 or ,greek1 yet are employ$ ) p]fect correctness by p ( good education :o nev] _h ! good luck to be taught ! anci5t languages4 ,= example1 words l 'dyna/y4' 444 ,! *ild le>ns su* words z p>ts ( ! common /ock ( spee*1 or ev5 z p>ts ( 8 "m-tongue1 j z he does ! words 'fa!r1' '"m1' 'bread1' 'milk4' ,does ! ord9>y mortal "k ! etymology ( ^! ,saxon words8 ,did x n require ! almo/ incr$ible indu/ry ( ! ,grimms & o!r ,teutonic philologi/s to ?r[ ! m]e/ glimm]+s ( light ^u ! orig9 & gr[? ( our own "m-tongue8 ,besides1 d n ?\s&s ( p ( s-call$ classical education use e mom5t ho/s ( words ( =eign orig9 ^: d]ivation !y d n "k8 ,v few ( !m ?9k x wor? :ile to look up su* words 9 ! diction>ies1 al?\gh !y love to ma9ta9 t p %\ld /udy ! anci5t languages = ! sake ( etymology alone4 ,footnote #aah3 ,/&+ remote f ! legal pr(ession ,i %\ld n h v5tur$ to decl>e t ! /udy ( ,greek 0 n necess>y = ! juri/s2 yet ?is view 0 tak5 9 ! debate t foll[$ ?is lecture by pr(essional juri/s ( high /&+4 ,accord+ to ?is op9ion1 ! prep>atory education obta9$ 9 ! ,g]man ,realgymnasium w\ld also be suffici5t = ! future juri/s & insuffici5t only = !ologians & philologi/s4 ,9 ,engl& & ,am]ica n only is ,greek n necess>y1 b ! law-,lat9 is s peculi> t ev5 p]sons ( good classical education _c und]/& x4--,tr4 ,footnote #aai3 ,9 emphasis+ "h ! weak sides ( ! writ+s ( ,plato & ,ari/otle1 =c$ on my att5tion :ile read+ !m 9 ,g]man translations1 ,i1 ( c\rse1 h no int5tion ( und]rat+ ! great m]its & ! high hi/orical importance ( ^! two m54 ,_! importance mu/ n be measur$ by ! fact t our speculative philosophy /ill moves to a great ext5t 9 _! pa?s ( ?\ght4 ,! m probable conclusion is t ?is bran* has made v little progress 9 ! la/ two ?\s& ye>s4 ,natural sci5ce also 0 implicat$ = c5turies 9 ! me%es ( ! ,ari/otelian ?\ght1 & owes its rise ma9ly to hav+ ?r[n (f ^? fett]s4 ,footnote #abj3 ,i w\ld n = a mom5t cont5d t we d]ive exactly ! same pr(it f read+ a ,greek au?or 9 a translation z f read+ him 9 ! orig9al2 b ! diff]5ce1 ! excess ( ga9 9 ! second case1 appe>s to me1 & probably w to mo/ m5 :o are n pr(essional philologi/s1 to be too de>ly b\ght ) ! exp5diture ( eight ye>s ( valuable "t4 ,footnote #aba3 ,! temptation1 ,judge ,h>twi* writes1 to reg>d ! 'ta/e' ( ! anci5ts z s l(ty & unsurpassable appe>s to me to h its *ief orig9 9 ! fact t ! anci5ts 7 unexcell$ 9 ! repres5tation ( ! nude4 ,fir/1 by _! unremitt+ c>e ( ! human body !y produc$ spl5did models2 & secondly1 9 _! gymnasiums & 9 _! a?letic games !y _h ^! models con/antly be=e _! eyes4 ,no wond]1 !n1 t _! /atues /ill excite our admiration6 ,= ! =m1 ! ideal ( ! human body has n *ang$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! c5turies4 ,b ) intellectual matt]s x is totally diff]5t2 !y *ange f c5tury to c5tury1 nay1 f dec5nium to dec5nium4 ,x is v natural n[1 t p %\ld unconsci\sly apply :at is ?us s easily se51 namely1 ! works ( sculpture1 z a univ]sal crit]ion ( ! highly develop$ ta/e ( ! anci5ts--a fallacy aga9/ :i* p _c1 9 my judgm5t1 be too /rongly w>n$4 ,footnote #abb3 ,engli%3 ,9 ! beg9n+ ,god creat$ ! heav5 & ! e>?4 ,& ! e>? 0 )\t =m & void2 & d>kness 0 ^u ! face ( ! deep4 ,& ! _s ( ,god mov$ ^u ! face ( ! wat]s4--,dut*3 ,9 het beg9 s*iep ,god d5 hemel en de a>de4 ,de a>de nu 0 woe/ en l$ig1 en dui/]nis 0 op d5 afgrond2 en de ,gee/ ,gods zwefde op de wat]54--,dani%3 ,i ,begyndels5 skabte ,gud ,himmel5 og ,jord54 ,og ,jord5 v> ode og tom1 og d] v> morkt ov5ov] ,afgrund51 og ,guds ,a& svoev$e ov5ov] ,v&5e4--,sw$i%3 ,i begynnels5 skapade ,gud ,himmel o* ,jord4 ,o* ,jord5 w> de o* tom1 o* mrk] w> p djupet1 o* ,gods ,&e swfde fw] wattnet4--,g]man3 ,am ,anfang s*uf ,gott ,himmel und ,erde4 ,und die ,erde w> w/ und le]1 und es w> f9/] auf d] ,tiefe2 und d] ,gei/ ,gottes s*webte auf dem ,wass]4 ,footnote #abc3 ,comp>e ,h]z5's excell5t rem>ks1 ,de l'enseignem5t secondaire dans la ,suisse rom&e1 ,lausanne1 #ahhf4 ,footnote #abd3 ,ges*i*te d] ,ma!matik1 ,leipsic1 #ahgd4 ,footnote #abe3 ,geometris*e ,analyse1 ,ulm1 #ahhf4 ,footnote #abf3 ,9 8 text-books ( elem5t>y ma!matics ,footnote #abg3 ,abh&lung5 aus dem ,gebiete d] ,ma!matik1 ,wrzburg1 #ahhc4 ,footnote #abh3 ,my idea "h is an appropriate selection ( read+s f ,galileo1 ,huyg5s1 ,newton1 etc4 ,! *oice is s easily made t !re c be no "q ( difficulties4 ,! cont5ts w\ld be discuss$ ) ! /ud5ts1 & ! orig9al exp]im5ts p]=m$ ) !m4 ,^? s*ol>s alone %\ld receive ?is in/ruction 9 ! upp] classes :o did n look =w>d to sy/ematical in/ruction 9 ! physical sci5ces4 ,i d n make ?is proposition ( re=m "h = ! fir/ "t4 ,i h no d\bt1 moreov]1 t su* radical *anges w only be sl[ly introduc$4 ,footnote #abi3 ,die ,ma!matik als ,lehrgeg5/& des ,gymnasiums1 ,b]l91 #ahhc4 ,footnote #acj3 ,wrong z x is to burd5 future physicians & sci5ti/s ) ,greek = ! sake ( ! !ologians & philologi/s1 x w\ld be j z wrong to compel !ologians & philologi/s1 on acc\nt ( ! physicians1 to /udy su* subjects z analytical geometry4 ,moreov]1 ,i _c believe t ignorance ( analytical geometry w\ld be a s]i\s h9drance to a physician t 0 o!rwise well v]s$ 9 quantitative ?\ght4 ,no special advantage g5]ally is obs]vable 9 ! graduates ( ! ,au/rian gymnasiums1 all ( :om h /udi$ analytical geometry4 ,ref]s to an ass]tion ( ,dubois-,reymond4 ,footnote #aca3 ,comp>e ,m4 ,cantor1 ,ges*i*te d] ,ma!matik1 ,leipsic1 #ahhj1 ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #aic4 ,footnote #acb3 ,comp>e ,pauls51 l4 c41 pp4 #fjg1 #fhh4 ,footnote #acc3 ,x is to be hop$ t ! ,am]icans w jeal\sly gu>d _! s*ools & univ]sities aga9/ ! influ5ce ( ! ,/ate4 ,,app5dix4 ,i4 ,a ,,contribution ,,to ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,ac\/ics4#acd ,:ile se>*+ = pap]s by ,amontons1 sev]al volumes ( ! ,memoirs ( ! ,p>is ,academy = ! fir/ ye>s ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 fell into my h&s4 ,x is difficult to portray ! delight :i* "o exp]i5ces 9 runn+ ov] ! leaves ( ^! volumes4 ,"o sees z an actual spectator almo/ ! rise ( ! mo/ important discov]ies & witnesses ! progress ( _m fields ( k f almo/ total ignorance to relatively p]fect cle>ness4 ,i propose to discuss "h ! fundam5tal rese>*es ( ,sauveur 9 ,ac\/ics4 ,x is a/oni%+ h[ extraord9>ily ne> ,sauveur 0 to ! view :i* ,helmholtz 0 ! fir/ to adopt 9 its full ext5t a hundr$ & fifty ye>s lat]4 ,! ,hi/oire de l',acadmie = #agjj1 p4 #aca1 tells u t ,sauveur _h succe$$ 9 mak+ music an object ( sci5tific rese>*1 & t he _h inve/$ ! new sci5ce ) ! "n ( ac\/ics4 ,on five successive pages a numb] ( discov]ies are record$ :i* are m fully discuss$ 9 ! volume = ! ye> foll[+4 ,sauveur reg>ds ! simplicity ( ! ratios obta9+ betwe5 ! rates ( vibration ( consonances z some?+ univ]sally kn[n4#ace ,he is 9 hope1 by fur!r rese>*1 ( det]m9+ ! *ief rules ( musical composition & ( fa?om+ ! metaphysics ( ! agreeable1 ! ma9 law ( :i* he ass]ts to be ! union ( simplicity ) multiplicity4 ,precisely z ,eul]#acf did a numb] ( ye>s lat]1 he reg>ds a consonance z m p]fect accord+ z ! ratio ( its vibrational rates is express$ 9 small] :ole numb]s1 because ! small] ^! :ole numb]s are ! (t5] ! vibrations ( ! two tones co9cide1 & h5ce ! m readily !y are appreh5d$4 ,z ! limit ( consonance1 he takes ! ratio #e3f1 al?\gh he does n conceal ! fact t practice1 %>p5$ att5tion1 habit1 ta/e1 & ev5 prejudice play collat]al rles 9 ! matt]1 & t consequ5tly ! "q is n a purely sci5tific "o4 ,sauveur's ideas took _! developm5t f 8 hav+ in/itut$ at all po9ts m exact quantitative inve/igations ?an 8 pr$ecessors4 ,he is fir/ desir\s ( det]m9+ z ! f\ndation ( musical tun+ a fix$ note ( "o hundr$ vibrations :i* c be reproduc$ at any "t2 ! fix+ ( ! notes ( musical in/rum5ts by ! common tun+ pipes !n 9 use ) rates ( vibration unkn[n1 appe>+ to him inadequate4 ,accord+ to ,m]s5ne 7,h>monie ,univ]selle1 #afcf71 a giv5 cord sev5te5 feet long & weight$ ) eight p\nds executes eight visible vibrations 9 a second4 ,by dim9i%+ its l5g? !n 9 a giv5 proportion we obta9 a proportionately augm5t$ rate ( vibration4 ,b ?is proc$ure appe>s too unc]ta9 to ,sauveur1 & he employs = 8 purpose ! beats 7battem5s71 :i* 7 kn[n to ! organ-mak]s ( 8 day1 & :i* he correctly expla9s z due to ! alt]nate co9cid5ce & non-co9cid5ce ( ! same vibrational phases ( diff]5tly pit*$ notes4#acg ,at e co9cid5ce !re is a swell+ ( ! s\nd1 & h5ce ! numb] ( beats p] second w be equal to ! diff]5ce ( ! rates ( vibration4 ,if we tune two ( ?ree organ-pipes to ! rema9+ "o 9 ! ratio ( ! m9or & major ?ird1 ! mutual ratio ( ! rates ( vibration ( ! fir/ two w be z #bd3 #be1 t is to say1 = e #bd vibrations to ! l[] note !re w be #be to ! high]1 & "o beat4 ,if ! two pipes give toge!r f\r beats 9 a second1 !n ! high] has ! fix$ tone ( #ajj vibrations4 ,! op5 pipe 9 "q w consequ5tly be five feet 9 l5g?4 ,we also det]m9e by ?is proc$ure ! absolute rates ( vibration ( all ! o!r notes4 ,x foll[s at once t a pipe eight times z long or #dj feet 9 l5g? w yield a vibrational rate ( #ab1 :i* ,sauveur ascribes to ! l[e/ audible tone1 & fur!r also t a pipe #fd times z small w execute #f1djj vibrations1 :i* ,sauveur took = ! highe/ audible limit4 ,! au?or's delight at 8 successful enum]ation ( ! imp]ceptible vibrations is unmi/akably ass]t$ "h1 & x is ju/ifi$ :5 we reflect t to-day ev5 ,sauveur's pr9ciple1 slightly modifi$1 con/itutes ! simple/ & mo/ delicate means we h = exactly det]m9+ rates ( vibration4 ,f> m important /ill1 h[ev]1 is a second obs]vation :i* ,sauveur made :ile /udy+ beats1 & to :i* we %all rev]t lat]4 ,/r+s ^: l5g?s c be alt]$ by movable bridges are mu* easi] to h&le ?an pipes 9 su* inve/igations1 & x 0 natural t ,sauveur %\ld soon resort to _! use4 ,"o ( 8 bridges accid5tally n hav+ be5 br\ght into full & h>d contact ) ! /r+1 & consequ5tly only imp]fectly imp$+ ! vibrations1 ,sauveur discov]$ ! h>monic ov]tones ( ! /r+1 at fir/ by ! unaid$ e>1 & conclud$ f ?is fact t ! /r+ 0 divid$ into aliquot p>ts4 ,! /r+ :5 pluck$1 & :5 ! bridge /ood at ! ?ird division = example1 yield$ ! twelf? ( its fundam5tal note4 ,at ! sugge/ion ( "s academician#ach probably1 v>i\sly color$ pap] rid]s 7 plac$ at ! nodes 7noeuds7 & v5tral segm5ts 7v5tres71 & ! division ( ! /r+ due to ! excitation ( ! ov]tones 7sons h>moniques7 belong+ to its fundam5tal note 7son fondam5tal7 ?us r5d]$ visible4 ,= ! clumsy bridge ! m conv5i5t fea!r or bru% 0 soon sub/itut$4 4 ,:ile engag$ 9 ^! inve/igations ,sauveur also obs]v$ ! sympa!tic vibration ( a /r+ induc$ by ! excitation ( a second "o 9 unison ) x4 ,he also discov]$ t ! ov]tone ( a /r+ c respond to ano!r /r+ tun$ to its note4 ,he ev5 w5t fur!r & discov]$ t on excit+ "o /r+ ! ov]tone :i* x has 9 common ) ano!r1 diff]5tly pit*$ /r+ c be produc$ on t o!r2 = example1 on /r+s hav+ = _! vibrational ratio #c3d1 ! f\r? ( ! l[] & ! ?ird ( ! high] may be made to respond4 ,x foll[s indisputably f ?is t ! excit$ /r+ yields ov]tones simultane\sly ) its fundam5tal tone4 ,previ\sly to ?is ,sauveur's att5tion _h be5 drawn by o!r obs]v]s to ! fact t ! ov]tones ( musical in/rum5ts c be pick$ out by att5tive li/5+1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! night4#aci ,he himself m5tions ! simultane\s s\nd+ ( ! ov]tones & ! fundam5tal tone4#adj ,t he did n give ! prop] consid]ation to ?is circum/ance 01 z w aft]w>ds be se51 fatal to 8 !ory4 ,:ile /udy+ beats ,sauveur makes ! rem>k t !y are displeas+ to ! e>4 ,he held ! beats 7 di/9ctly audible only :5 less ?an six occurr$ 9 a second4 ,l>g] numb]s 7 n di/9ctly p]ceptible & gave rise accord+ly to no di/urbance4 ,he !n attempts to r$uce ! diff]5ce betwe5 consonance & dissonance to a "q ( beats4 ,let u he> 8 own words4#ada ,beats are unpleas+ to ! e> because ( ! unev5ness ( ! s\nd1 & x may be held ) mu* plausibility t ! reason :y octaves are s pleas+ is t we nev] he> _! beats4#adb ,9 foll[+ out ?is idea1 we f9d t ! *ords ^: beats we _c he> are precisely ^? :i* ! musicians call consonances & t ^? ^: beats are he>d are ! dissonances1 & t :5 a *ord is a dissonance 9 "o octave & a consonance 9 ano!r1 x beats 9 ! "o & does n beat 9 ! o!r4 ,consequ5tly x is call$ an imp]fect consonance4 ,x is v easy by ! pr9ciples ( ,m4 ,sauveur1 "h e/abli%$1 to asc]ta9 :at *ords beat & 9 :at octaves1 above or bel[ ! fix$ note4 ,if ?is hypo!sis be correct1 x w disclose ! true s\rce ( ! rules ( composition1 hi!rto unkn[n to sci5ce1 & giv5 ov] almo/ entirely to judgm5t by ! e>4 ,^! sorts ( natural judgm5t1 m>vell\s ?\gh !y may sometimes appe>1 are n s b h v real causes1 ! k ( :i* belongs to sci5ce1 provid$ x c ga9 possession !re(4#adc ,sauveur ?us correctly disc]ns 9 beats ! cause ( ! di/urbance ( consonance1 to :i* all di%>mony is probably to be ref]r$4 ,x w be se51 h[ev]1 t accord+ to 8 view all di/ant int]vals mu/ necess>ily be consonances & all ne> int]vals dissonances4 ,he also ov]looks ! absolute diff]5ce 9 po9t ( pr9ciple betwe5 8 old view1 m5tion$ at ! outset1 & 8 new view1 r attempt+ to oblit]ate x4 ,r4 ,smi?#add takes note ( ! !ory ( ,sauveur & calls att5tion to ! fir/ ( ! above-m5tion$ defects4 ,be+ himself ess5tially involv$ 9 ! old view ( ,sauveur1 :i* is usually attribut$ to ,eul]1 he yet approa*es 9 8 criticism a brief /ep ne>] to ! mod]n !ory1 z appe>s f ! foll[+ passage4#ade ,! tru? is1 ?is g5tleman conf\nds ! di/9ction betwe5 p]fect & imp]fect consonances1 by comp>+ imp]fect consonances :i* beat because ! succession ( _! %ort cycles#adf is p]iodically confus$ & int]rupt$1 ) p]fect ones :i* _c beat1 because ! succession ( _! %ort cycles is nev] confus$ nor int]rupt$4 ,! flutt]+ r\ghness above m5tion$ is p]ceivable 9 all o!r p]fect consonances1 9 a small] degree 9 proportion z _! cycles are %ort] & simpl]1 & _! pit* is high]2 & is ( a diff]5t k9d f ! smoo!r beats & undulations ( temp]$ consonances2 because we c alt] ! rate ( ! latt] by alt]+ ! temp]am5t1 b n ( ! =m]1 ! consonance be+ p]fect at a giv5 pit*3 ,& because a judici\s e> c (t5 he>1 at ! same "t1 bo? ! flutt]+s & ! beats ( a temp]$ consonance2 suffici5tly di/9ct f ea* o!r4 ,= no?+ gives great] (f5ce to ! he>]1 ?\gh ignorant ( ! cause ( x1 ?an ^? rapid1 pi]c+ beats ( high & l\d s\nds1 :i* make imp]fect consonances ) "o ano!r4 ,& yet a few sl[ beats1 l ! sl[ undulations ( a close %ake n[ & !n introduc$1 are f> f be+ disagreeable4 ,smi? is accord+ly cle> t o!r r\ghnesses exi/ besides ! beats :i* ,sauveur consid]$1 & if ! inve/igations _h be5 cont9u$ on ! basis ( ,sauveur's idea1 ^! additional r\ghnesses w\ld h turn$ out to be ! beats ( ! ov]tones1 & ! !ory ?us h atta9$ ! po9t ( view ( ,helmholtz4 ,review+ ! diff]5ces betwe5 ,sauveur's & ,helmholtz's !ories1 we f9d ! foll[+3 #a4 ,! !ory accord+ to :i* consonance dep5ds on ! frequ5t & regul> co9cid5ce ( vibrations & _! ease ( enum]ation1 appe>s f ! new po9t ( view inadmissible4 ,! simplicity ( ! ratios obta9+ betwe5 ! rates ( vibration is inde$ a ma!matical *>act]i/ic ( consonance z well z a physical condition !re(1 = ! reason t ! co9cid5ce ( ! ov]tones z also _! fur!r physical & physiological consequ5ces is connect$ ) ?is fact4 ,b no physiological or psy*ological explanation ( consonance is giv5 by ?is fact1 = ! simple reason t 9 ! ac\/ic n]ve-process no?+ correspond+ to ! p]iodicity ( ! sonant /imulus is discov]able4 #b4 ,9 ! recognition ( beats z a di/urbance ( consonance1 bo? !ories agree4 ,sauveur's !ory1 h[ev]1 does n take into acc\nt ! fact t clangs1 or musical s\nds g5]ally1 are composite & t ! di/urbance 9 ! consonances ( di/ant int]vals pr9cipally arise f ! beats ( ! ov]tones4 ,fur!rmore1 ,sauveur 0 wrong 9 ass]t+ t ! numb] ( beats mu/ be less ?an six 9 a second 9 ord] to produce di/urbances4 ,ev5 ,smi? kn[s t v sl[ beats are n a cause ( di/urbance1 & ,helmholtz f\nd a mu* high] numb] 7#cc7 = ! maximum ( di/urbance4 ,f9ally1 ,sauveur did n consid] t al?\gh ! numb] ( beats increases ) ! recession f unison1 yet _! /r5g? is dim9i%$4 ,on ! basis ( ! pr9ciple ( specific en]gies & ( ! laws ( sympa!tic vibration ! new !ory f9ds t two atmosph]ic motions ( l amplitude b diff]5t p]iods1 a s97rt7 & a s97r rho77t tau71 _c be communicat$ ) ! same amplitude to ! same n]v\s end-organ4 ,on ! contr>y1 an end-organ t reacts be/ to ! p]iod r responds m weakly to ! p]iod r rho1 ! two amplitudes be>+ to ea* o!r ! proportion a3 phia4 ,"h phi decreases :5 rho increases1 & :5 rho #j x becomes equal to #a1 s t only ! portion ( ! /imulus phia is subject to beats1 & ! portion 7#a-phi7a cont9ues smoo?ly onw>d )\t di/urbance4 ,if !re is any moral to be drawn f ! hi/ory ( ?is !ory1 x is t consid]+ h[ ne> ,sauveur's errors 7 to ! tru?1 x behooves u to ex]cise "s caution also ) reg>d to ! new !ory4 ,& 9 reality !re seems to be reason = do+ s4 ,! fact t a musician w nev] conf\nd a m p]fectly consonant *ord on a poorly tun$ piano ) a less p]fectly consonant *ord on a well tun$ piano1 al?\gh ! r\ghness 9 ! two cases may be ! same1 is suffici5t indication t ! degree ( r\ghness is n ! only *>act]i/ic ( a h>mony4 ,z ! musician kn[s1 ev5 ! h>monic beauties ( a ,bee?ov5 sonata are n easily effac$ on a poorly tun$ piano2 !y sc>cely suff] m ?an a ,raphael draw+ execut$ 9 r\gh unf9i%$ /rokes4 ,! positive physiologico-psy*ological *>act]i/ic :i* di/+ui%es "o h>mony f ano!r is n giv5 by ! beats4 ,nor is ?is *>act]i/ic to be f\nd 9 ! fact t1 = example1 9 s\nd+ a major ?ird ! fif? p>tial tone ( ! l[] note co9cides ) ! f\r? ( ! high] note4 ,?is *>act]i/ic comes into consid]ation only = ! inve/igat+ & ab/ract+ reason4 ,if we %\ld reg>d x also z *>act]i/ic ( ! s5sation1 we %\ld lapse into a fundam5tal error :i* w\ld be q analog\s to t cit$ 9 7#a74 ,! positive physiological *>act]i/ics ( ! int]vals w\ld d\btless be spe$ily reveal$ if x 7 possible to conduct ap]iodic1 = example galvanic1 /imuli to ! s+le s\nd-s5s+ organs1 9 :i* case ! beats w\ld be totally elim9at$4 ,un=tunately su* an exp]im5t c h>dly be reg>d$ z practicable4 ,! employm5t ( ac\/ic /imuli ( %ort duration & consequ5tly also free f beats1 involves ! additional difficulty ( a pit* n precisely det]m9able4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #acd3 ,?is article1 :i* appe>$ 9 ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,g]man ,ma!matical ,society ( ,prague = ! ye> #ahib1 is pr9t$ z a supplem5t to ! article on ,! ,causes ( ,h>mony1 at page #cb4 ,footnote #ace3 ,! pres5t exposition is tak5 f ! volumes = #agjj 7publi%$ 9 #agjc7 & = #agja 7publi%$ 9 #agjd71 & p>tly also f ! ,hi/oire de l',acadmie & p>tly f ! ,mmoires4 ,sauveur's lat] works ent] less into consid]ation "h4 ,footnote #acf3 ,eul]1 ,t5tam5 novae !oriae musicae1 ,petropoli1 #agci4 ,footnote #acg3 ,9 attempt+ to p]=m 8 exp]im5t ( beats be=e ! ,academy1 ,sauveur 0 n q successful4 ,hi/oire de l',acadmie1 ,anne #agjj1 p4 #acf4 ,footnote #ach3 ,hi/oire de l',acadmie1 ,anne #agja1 p4 #acd4 ,footnote #aci3 ,ibid41 p4 #bih4 ,footnote #adj3 ,hi/oire de l',acadmie1 ,anne #agjb1 p4 #ia4 ,footnote #ada3 ,f ! ,hi/oire de l',acadmie1 ,anne #agjj1 p4 #aci4 ,footnote #adb3 ,because all octaves 9 use 9 music (f] too great diff]5ces ( rates ( vibration4 ,footnote #adc3 ,les battem5s ne plais5t pas l',oreille1 cause de l'9galit du son1 et l'on peut croire avec beauc\p d'app>5ce que ce qui r5d les ,octaves si agrables1 c'e/ qu'on n'y ent5d jamais de battem5s4 ,en suivant cette ide1 on tr\ve que les accords dont on ne peut ent5dre les battem5s1 sont ju/em5t ceux que les ,musici5s trait5t de ,consonances1 et que ceux dont les battem5s se font s5tir1 sont les ,dissonances1 et que qu& un accord e/ ,dissonance dans une c]ta9e octave et ,consonance dans une autre1 c'e/ qu'il bat dans l'une1 et qu'il ne bat pas dans l'autre4 ,aussi e/ il trait de ,consonance imp>faite4 ,il e/ =t ais p> les pr9cipes de ,mr4 ,sauveur qu'on a tablis ici1 de voir quels accords batt5t1 et dans quelles ,octaves au-dessus on au-dess\s du son fixe4 ,si cette hypo?se e/ vraye1 elle dc\vrira la vritable s\rce des ,rgles de la composition1 inconnue jusqu' prs5t la ,philosophie1 qui s'en remettait presque entirem5t au jugem5t de l',oreille4 ,ces sortes de jugem5s naturels1 quelque bis>res qu'ils p>oiss5t quelquefois1 ne le sont po9t1 ils ont des causes trs relles1 dont la connaissance app>ti5t la ,philosophie1 p\rvue qu'elle s'en puisse mettre en possession4 ,footnote #add3 ,h>monics or ! ,philosophy ( ,musical ,s\nds1 ,cambridge1 #agdi4 ,i saw ?is book only ha/ily 9 #ahfd & drew att5tion to x 9 a "w publi%$ 9 #ahff4 ,i did n come into its actual possession until ?ree ye>s ago & !n only did ,i le>n its exact cont5ts4 ,footnote #ade3 ,h>monics1 pp4 #aah & #bdc4 ,footnote #adf3 ,%ort cycle is ! p]iod 9 :i* ! same phases ( ! two co-op]ant tones are repeat$4 ,,ii4 ,,rem>ks ,,on ,,! ,,!ory ,,( ,,spatial ,,vision4#adg ,accord+ to ,h]b>t1 spatial vision re/s on reproduction-s]ies4 ,9 su* an ev5t1 ( c\rse1 & if ! supposition is correct1 ! magnitudes ( ! residua ) :i* ! p]cepts or repres5tations are coalesc$ 7! helps to coalesc5ce7 are ( c>d9al influ5ce4 ,fur!rmore1 s9ce ! coalesc5ces mu/ fir/ be fully p]fect$ be=e !y make _! appe>ance1 & s9ce ^u _! appe>ance ! inhibitory ratios are br\ght into play1 ultimately1 !n1 if we leave out ( acc\nt ! accid5tal ord] ( "t 9 :i* ! p]cepts are giv51 ev]y?+ 9 spatial vision dep5ds on ! oppositions & aff9ities1 or1 9 brief1 on ! qualities ( ! p]cepts1 :i* ent] into s]ies4 ,let u see h[ ! !ory /&s ) respect to ! special facts involv$4 #a4 ,if int]sect+ s]ies only1 runn+ ant]iorly & po/]iorly1 are requisite = ! production ( spatial s5sation1 :y are n analogues ( !m f\nd 9 all ! s5ses8 #b4 ,:y d we measure diff]5tly color$ objects & v>iegat$ objects ) "o & ! same spatial measure8 ,h[ d we recognise diff]5tly color$ objects z ! same 9 size8 ,:]e d we get our measure ( space f & :at is x8 #c4 ,:y is x t diff]5tly color$ figures ( ! same =m reproduce "o ano!r & are recognis$ z ! same8 ,"h are difficulties en\gh4 ,h]b>t is unable to solve !m by 8 !ory4 ,! unprejudic$ /ud5t sees at once t 8 inhibition by reason ( =m & pref]5ce by reason ( =m are absolutely impossible4 ,?9k ( ,h]b>t's example ( ! r$ & black lett]s4 ,! help to coalesc5ce is a passport1 s to speak1 made out to ! "n & p]son ( ! p]cept4 ,a p]cept :i* is coalesc$ ) ano!r _c reproduce all o!rs qualitatively diff]5t f x = ! simple reason t ! latt] are 9 l mann] coalesc$ ) "o ano!r4 ,two qualitatively diff]5t s]ies c]ta9ly d n reproduce !mselves because !y pres5t ! same ord] ( degree ( coalesc5ce4 ,if x is c]ta9 t only ?+s simultane\s & ?+s :i* are alike are reproduc$1 a basic pr9ciple ( ,h]b>t's psy*ology :i* ev5 ! mo/ absolute empirici/s w n d5y1 no?+ rema9s b to modify ! !ory ( spatial p]ception or to inv5t 9 its place a new pr9ciple 9 ! mann] indicat$1 a /ep :i* h>dly any "o w\ld s]i\sly und]take4 ,! new pr9ciple c\ld n fail to ?r[ all psy*ology into ! mo/ dreadful confusion4 ,z to ! modification :i* is ne$$ !re c be h>dly any d\bt z to h[ 9 ! face ( ! facts & con=mably to ,h]b>t's own pr9ciples x is to be c>ri$ out4 ,if two diff]5tly color$ figures ( equal size reproduce ea* o!r & are recognis$ z equal1 ! result c be due to no?+ b to ! exi/5ce 9 bo? s]ies ( pres5tations ( a pres5tation or p]cept :i* is qualitatively ! same4 ,! colors are diff]5t4 ,consequ5tly1 l or equal p]cepts mu/ be connect$ ) ! colors :i* are yet indep5d5t ( ! colors4 ,we h n to look long = !m1 = !y are ! l effects ( ! muscul> feel+s ( ! eye :5 confront$ by ! two figures4 ,we might say we rea* ! vision ( space by ! regi/]+ ( light-s5sations 9 a s*$ule ( graduat$ muscle-s5sations4#adh ,a few consid]ations w %[ ! likelihood ( ! rle ( ! muscle-s5sations4 ,! muscul> app>atus ( "o eye is unsymmetrical4 ,! two eyes toge!r =m a sy/em :i* is v]tical 9 symmetry4 ,?is already expla9s mu*4 #a4 ,! position ( a figure influ5ces its view4 ,accord+ to ! position 9 :i* objects are view$ diff]5t muscle-s5sations come into play & ! impression is alt]$4 ,to recognise inv]t$ lett]s z su* long exp]i5ce is requir$4 ,! be/ pro( ( ?is are ! lett]s d1 b1 p1 q1 :i* are repres5t$ by ! same figure 9 diff]5t positions & yet are always di/+ui%$ z diff]5t4#adi #b4 ,x w n escape ! att5tive obs]v] t = ! same reasons & ev5 ) ! same figure & 9 ! same position ! fixation po9t is also decisive4 ,! figure seems to *ange dur+ ! act ( vision4 ,= example1 an eight-po9t$ /> con/ruct$ by successively jo9+ 9 a regul> octagon ! fir/ corn] ) ! f\r?1 ! f\r? ) ! sev5?1 etc41 skipp+ 9 e case two corn]s1 assumes alt]nately1 accord+ to :]e we suff] ! c5tre ( vision to re/1 a pr$om9antly ar*itectonic or a fre] & m op5 "*4 ,v]tical & horizontal l9es are always diff]5tly appreh5d$ f :at oblique l9es are4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #eh4 #c4 ,! reason :y we pref] v]tical symmetry & reg>d x z some?+ special 9 its k9d1 :]eas we d n recognise horizontal symmetry at all imm$iately1 is due to ! v]tical symmetry ( ! muscul> app>atus ( ! eye4 ,! left-h& side a ( ! accompany+ v]tically-symmetrical figure induces 9 ! left eye ! same muscul> feel+s z ! "r-h& side b does 9 ! "r eye4 ,! pleas+ effect ( symmetry has its cause prim>ily 9 ! repetition ( muscul> feel+s4 ,t a repetition actually occurs "h1 sometimes suffici5tly m>k$ 9 "* z to lead to ! conf\nd+ ( objects1 is prov$ ap>t f ! !ory by ! fact :i* is famili> to e "o quem dii od]unt t *ildr5 frequ5tly rev]se figures f ! "r to ! left1 b nev] f above d[nw>ds2 = example1 write epsilon in/ead ( #c until !y f9ally come to notice ! slight diff]5ce4 ,figure #ej %[s h[ pleas+ ! repetition ( muscul> feel+s may be4 ,z w be readily und]/ood1 v]tical & horizontal l9es exhibit relations simil> to symmetrical figures :i* are imm$iately di/urb$ :5 oblique positions are *os5 = ! l9es4 ,comp>e :at ,helmholtz says reg>d+ ! repetition & co9cid5ce ( p>tial tones4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ei4 ,i may be p]mitt$ to add a g5]al rem>k4 ,x is a q univ]sal ph5om5on 9 psy*ology t c]ta9 qualitatively q diff]5t s]ies ( p]cepts mutually awak5 & reproduce "o ano!r & 9 a c]ta9 aspect produce ! appe>ance ( sam5ess or simil>ity4 ,we say ( su* s]ies t !y are ( l or ( simil> =m1 nam+ _! ab/ract$ lik5ess =m4 #a4 ,( spatial figures we h already spok54 #b4 ,we call two melodies l melodies :5 !y pres5t ! same succession ( pit*-ratios2 ! absolute pit* 7or key7 may be z diff]5t z c be4 ,we c s select ! melodies t n ev5 two p>tial tones ( ! notes 9 ea* are common4 ,yet we recognise ! melodies z alike4 ,&1 :at is m1 we notice ! =m ( ! melody m readily & recognise x aga9 m easily ?an ! key 7! absolute pit*7 9 :i* x 0 play$4 #c4 ,we recognise 9 two diff]5t melodies ! same rhy?m no matt] h[ diff]5t ! melodies may be o!rwise4 ,we "k & recognise ! rhy?m m easily ev5 ?an ! absolute duration 7! tempo74 ,^! examples w suffice4 ,9 all ^! & 9 all simil> cases ! recognition & lik5ess _c dep5d ^u ! qualities ( ! p]cepts1 = ^! are diff]5t4 ,on ! o!r h& recognition1 con=mably to ! pr9ciples ( psy*ology1 is possible only ) p]cepts :i* are ! same 9 quality4 ,consequ5tly !re is no o!r escape ?an to imag9e ! qualitatively unlike p]cepts ( ! two s]ies z necess>ily connect$ ) o!r p]cepts :i* are qualitatively alike4 ,s9ce 9 diff]5tly color$ figures ( l =m1 l muscul> feel+s are necess>ily induc$ if ! figures are recognis$ z alike1 s !re mu/ necess>ily lie at ! basis ( all =ms also1 & we might ev5 say at ! basis ( all ab/ractions1 p]cepts ( a peculi> quality4 ,& ?is holds true = space & =m z well z = "t1 rhy?m1 pit*1 ! =m ( melodies1 int5sity1 etc4 ,b :5ce is psy*ology to d]ive all ^! qualities8 ,h no fe>1 !y w all be f\nd1 z 7 ! s5sations ( muscles = ! !ory ( space4 ,! organism is at pres5t /ill ri* en\gh to meet all ! requirem5ts ( psy*ology 9 ?is direction1 & x is ev5 "t to give s]i\s e> to ! "q ( corporeal resonance :i* psy*ology s loves to dwell on4 ,diff]5t psy*ical qualities appe> to be> a v intimate mutual relation to "o ano!r4 ,special rese>* on ! subject1 z well also z ! demon/ration t ?is rem>k may be g5]ally employ$ 9 physics1 w foll[ lat]4#aej ,,footnotes3 ,footnote #adg3 ,?is article1 design$ to illu/rate hi/orically t on ,symmetry1 at page #hi1 fir/ appe>$ 9 ,fi*te's ,zeits*rift fr ,philosophie1 = #ahfe4 ,footnote #adh3 ,comp4 ,cornelius1 ,ueb] das ,seh52 ,wundt1 ,!orie d] ,s9neswahrnehmung4 ,footnote #adi3 ,comp4 ,ma*1 ,ueb] das ,seh5 von ,lag5 & ,w9keln4 ,sitzungsb4 d] ,wi5] ,akademie1 #ahfa4 ,footnote #aej3 ,comp4 ,ma*1 ,zur ,!orie des ,gehrorgans4 ,sitsungsb]1 d] ,wi5] ,akad41 #ahfc4--,ueb] e9ige ,ers*e9ung5 d] physiolog4 ,aku/ik4 ,ibid41 #ahfd4 ,,index4 ,absolute1 temp]ature1 #afb2 "t1 #bjd2 =eca/s1 h no signification 9 sci5ce1 #bjf4 ,ab/ract1 mean+ ( ! t]m1 #bdj4 ,ab/raction1 #ahj1 #bjj1 #bjh1 #bca4 ,accel]ation1 organ = =w>d1 #bii et seq4 ,accel]ations1 #bjd1 #baf1 footnote1 #bbe-bbf1 #bec4 ,accid5t1 logical & hi/orical1 9 sci5ce1 #afj1 #afh1 #agj1 #bac2 9 inv5tions & discov]ies1 #bfb et seq4 ,accord1 ! pure triple1 #df4 ,accumulators1 electrical1 #abe et seq42 #acb1 footnote4 ,ac\/ic color1 #cf4 ,ac\/ics1 ,sauveur on1 #cge et seq4 ,action & reaction1 importance ( ! pr9ciple (1 #aia4 ,adaptation1 9 organic & inorganic matt]1 #baf1 #bbi2 9 sci5tific ?\ght1 #bad-bce4 /hetics1 computation z a pr9ciple (1 #cd2 rese>*es 91 #hi1 footnote2 repetition1 a pr9ciple (1 #ia4 ,africa1 #ahf1 #bcd1 #bcg4 ,agreeable effects1 due to repetition ( s5sations1 #ib1 #ig et seq4 ,agriculture1 transition to1 #bfe4 ,air-gun1 #ace4 ,alcohol & wat]1 mixture ( oil &1 9 ,plateau's exp]im5ts1 #d4 ,algebra1 economy (1 #aif4 ,ali5 ?\ghts 9 sci5ce1 #aif4 ,all1 !1 #hh4 ,amontons1 #agd1 #cdf4 ,ampre1 ! ^w1 #cad4 ,ampre's swimm]1 #bjg4 ,analogies1 me*anical1 #aeg1 #afj2 g5]ally1 #bcf-beh4 ,analogy1 def9$1 #bej4 ,analysis1 #ahh4 ,analytical geometry1 n necess>y to physicians1 #cgj1 footnote4 ,anatomic /ructures1 transp>5t /]eoscopic views (1 #gd4 ,anatomy1 "* ( rese>* 91 #bee4 ,&rieu1 ,jules1 #di1 footnote4 ,animals1 ! psy*ical activity (1 #aij1 #bca2 ! language (1 #bch2 _! capacity = exp]i5ce1 #bff et seq4 ,animism1 #ahf1 #ahg1 #bdc1 #bed4 ,anisotropic optical fields1 #bbg4 ,app>atus = produc+ movem5ts ( rotation1 #bhg et seq4 ,arabesque1 an inv]t$1 #ie4 ,arabian ,nights1 #bai4 ,arago1 #bgj4 ,aral1 ! ,sea (1 #bci4 ,ar*opt]yx1 #beg4 ,ar*im$es1 #d1 #bcg4 ,arcimboldo1 ,giuseppe1 #cf4 ,area1 pr9ciple ( lea/ sup]ficial1 #aj et seq4 ,ares1 ! bell[+ ( ! w\nd$1 #bgb4 ,ari/otelians1 #bhc4 ,ari/otle1 #cdh1 #bif4 ,art1 developm5t (1 #bh et seq4 ,artill]y1 practical1 #ccd-cce4 ,arti/ic value ( sci5tific descriptions1 #bed4 ,arts1 practical1 #ajh4 ,asc5t1 heights (1 #adc-aea4 ,asia1 #bcd4 ,assyrians1 ! art (1 #gi4 ,a/ronom]1 measures cele/ial by t]re/rial di/ances1 #acf4 ,a/ronomy1 antec$5t to psy*ology1 #ij2 rigidity ( its tru?s1 #bba4 ,atomic !ories1 #ajd4 ,atoms1 #bjg4 ,att5tion1 ! rle (1 9 s5su\s p]ception1 #ce et seq4 ,attraction1 g5]ally1 #bbf2 ( liquid p>ticles1 #ac-ad2 9 electricity1 #aji et seq4 ,aub]t1 #bih4 ,audition4 ,see ,e>4 ,au/rian gymnasiums1 #cgj1 footnote4 ,axioms1 in/9ctive k1 #aij4 ,babbage1 on ! economy ( ma*9]y1 #aif4 ,ba*1 #bj4 ,backw>ds1 prophesy+1 #bec4 ,bacon1 ,"l1 #dh1 #bhj4 ,ba]1 ,c4 ,e4 von1 #bce4 ,balance1 electrical1 #abg1 footnote2 torsion1 #aji1 #afh4 ,balloon1 a hydrog51 #aii4 ,b>b>ism & civilisation1 #cce et seq4 ,bass-clef1 #aja4 ,bass1 fundam5tal1 #dd4 ,beats1 #dj-de1 #cgg et seq4 ,beautiful1 our notions (1 v>iable1 #ii4 ,beauty1 objects (1 9 nature1 #ia4 ,beck]1 ,j4 ,k41 #cfd1 #cfi4 ,bee?ov51 #ci1 #dd4 ,beg9n+s ( sci5ce1 #ahi1 #aia4 ,belv$]e ,gall]y at ,vi5na1 #cf4 ,b]n\lli1 ,daniel1 on ! cons]vation ( liv+ =ce1 #adi2 on ! vibrations ( /r+s1 #bdi4 ,b]n\lli1 ,james1 on ! c5tre ( oscillation1 #adi4 ,b]n\lli1 ,john1 on ! cons]vation ( liv+ =ce1 #adi2 on ! pr9ciple ( virtual velocities1 #aea4 ,bible1 p>allel passages f1 = language /udy1 #cef4 ,b9ocul> vision1 #ff et seq4 ,black1 8 !ory ( caloric1 #ach1 #afb2 on quantity ( heat1 #aff1 #agd2 on lat5t heat1 #afg1 #agh2 rese>*es 9 heat g5]ally1 #bdd4 ,bl9d cat1 #cjc4 ,bodies1 heavy1 seek _! places1 #bbd et seq42 rotat+1 #bhe4 ,body1 a m5tal symbol = gr\ps ( s5sations1 #bjj-bjc2 ! human1 our k (1 #ij4 ,boltzmann1 #bcf4 ,boo?1 ,mr41 #gg4 ,borelli1 #bag4 ,b\ld]1 a granite1 #bcc4 ,b[-wave ( %ips & mov+ projectiles1 #cbc et seq4 ,boys1 #cag4 ,bradley1 #bgc4 ,brahman1 !1 #fc4 ,bra91 localisation ( functions 91 #baj4 ,breu]1 #bgb1 #bhb et seq41 #bic1 #bih1 #cjj1 #cja1 #cjc1 #cjf4 ,brew/]1 8 /]eoscope1 #gc4 ,bridge1 inv5tion ( !1 #bfd1 #bfh4 ,briti% ,association1 #ajh4 ,brooklyn ,bridge1 #ge1 footnote4 ,br[n1 ,crum1 #bic1 #cja4 ,build+1 our concepts directions =1 #bec2 facts ! result (1 #bec2 sci5ce comp>$ to1 #beg4 ,build+-/ones1 metrical units are1 #bec4 ,bus*1 #cbh4 ,bus9ess ( a m]*ant1 sci5ce comp>$ to !1 #af4 ,butt]fly1 a1 #bb4 ,calculat+ ma*9es1 _! economical "*1 #aif4 ,caloric1 !ory (1 /ood 9 ! way ( sci5tific advancem5t1 #ach1 #afg4 ,calypso1 ! isl& (1 #cea4 ,cant]bury1 ,ar*bi%op (1 #ci4 ,cantor1 ,m41 #cfa1 footnote4 ,capacity1 electrical1 #aaf et seq41 #abc2 !rmal1 #abc2 specific inductive1 #aag4 ,capulets & ,montagues1 #hg4 ,c>ds1 difficult games (1 #ceg4 ,c>not1 ,s41 excludes p]petual motion 9 heat1 #aef1 #afb2 8 me*anical view ( physics1 #aef2 on !rmodynamics1 #afj et seq42 8 pr9ciple1 #afb2 also1 #aia4 ,c>us1 ,dr4 ,paul1 #bfe1 footnote4 ,casselli's telegraph1 #bf4 ,cass9i1 #ea4 ,cau*y1 "* ( ! intellectual activity ( a1 #aie4 ,causal insight1 awak5$ by sci5ce1 #ceg4 ,causality1 #aeg-aei1 #aij1 #aih et seq41 #bba et seq41 #bcg1 #bec1 #bed4 ,cause & effect1 #aih et seq4 ,see also ,causality4 ,c5timetre-gramme-second sy/em1 #aaa4 ,c5tre ( gravity1 mu/ lie z l[ z possible = equilibrium to subsi/1 #ae2 ,torricelli's pr9ciple (1 #aej et seq4 ,c5tre ( oscillation1 #adi4 ,*ange1 me?od (1 9 sci5ce1 #bcj4 ,*angeable "* ( bodies1 #bjb4 ,*anges1 physical1 h[ !y occur1 #bje4 ,"*1 a ,univ]sal ,real1 #aib4 ,"*1 l ! =ms ( liquids1 #c2 p]sons (1 #bd4 ,*>les ! ,fif?1 #cfi4 ,*emical1 elem5ts1 #bjb2 symbols1 #aib2 curr5t1 #aah4 ,*emi/ry1 "* ( rese>* 91 #bee2 ! me?od ( !rmodynamics 91 #beg4 ,*ild1 a1 modes ( ?\ght (1 #bbc2 look+ into a moat1 #bjh4 ,*ild ( ! =e/1 8 int]pretation ( new ev5ts1 #bah-bai4 ,*ildi% que/ions1 #aii-bjj4 ,*ildr51 ! draw+s (1 #bja-bjb4 ,*9ese language1 economy (1 #aib2 /udy (1 #ced4 ,*9ese philosoph]1 an old1 #ahf4 ,*9ese1 speak ) unwill+ness ( politics1 #cgd2 ! art (1 #gi-hj4 ,*os51 _m are call$ b few are1 #fe4 ,*ri/1 say+ (1 #fe4 ,*ri/ianity1 ,lat9 introduc$ )1 #caa4 ,*ri/ians & ,jews1 mono!ism ( !1 #ahg4 ,*ur* & ,/ate1 #hh4 ,cic]o1 #cah4 ,circe1 #cgb4 ,circle1 ! figure ( lea/ area ) giv5 p]iph]y1 #ab4 ,circul> pol>isation1 #bdb4 ,civilisation & b>b>ism1 #cce et seq4 ,civilisation1 "s ph5om5a (1 expla9$ by b9ocul> vision1 #gd4 ,civilis$ man1 8 modes ( conception & int]pretation1 #bai4 ,clapeyron1 #afb4 ,class-*>act]s ( animals1 #bee4 ,classical1 culture1 ! good & bad effects (1 #cdg2 s*ol>s1 n ! only educat$ p1 #cde4 ,classics1 on in/ruction 91 #cch-cgd2 ! sci5tific1 #cfh4 ,classification 9 sci5ce1 #bee4 ,clausius1 on !rmodynamics1 #afe2 on rev]sible cycles1 #agf4 ,claviatur1 ,ma*'s1 #db-dc4 ,club-law1 #cce4 ,co*lea1 !1 a species ( piano-=te1 #ai4 ,cock*af]1 #hf4 ,coeffici5t ( self-induction1 #bej1 #beb4 ,colophonium1 solution (1 #g4 ,color1 ac\/ic1 #cf4 ,color-s5sation1 #baj4 ,color-signs1 _! economy1 #aib4 ,colors1 orig9 ( ! names (1 #bci4 ,column1 body mov+ beh9d a1 #bjb4 ,communication1 its functions1 import & fruits1 #aig1 #bch et seq42 by language1 #bcg2 high importance (1 #aia et seq4 ,comp>ative physics1 #bci4 ,comp>ison 9 sci5ce1 #bca1 #bch et seq4 ,computation1 a pr9ciple ( /hetics1 #cd4 ,concepts1 ab/ract1 def9$1 #bej-beb2 metrical1 9 electricity1 #ajg et seq4 ,conceptual1 mean+ ( ! t]m1 #bdj4 ,conceptual ?\ght1 #aib4 ,con*a1 #ah4 ,cond5s]s1 electrical1 #abe et seq4 #acb1 footnote4 ,conductors & non-conductors4 ,see ,electrical1 etc4 ,con=mity 9 ! deportm5t ( ! en]gies1 #aga-age4 ,confusion ( objects1 cause (1 #ie4 ,conic sections1 #beg4 ,conical refraction1 #bi1 #bdb4 ,cons]vation ( en]gy1 #acg et seq4 ,see ,en]gy4 ,cons]vation ( weight or mass1 #bjc4 ,consonance1 connexion ( ! simple natural numb]s )1 #cc2 ,euclid's def9ition (1 #cc2 explanation (1 #db2 sci5tific def9ition (1 #dd2 & dissonance r$uc$ to beats1 #cgf1 #cgj1 #chc4 ,consonant int]vals1 #dc4 ,con/ancy ( matt]1 #bjc4 ,con/ant1 ! dielectric1 #aag4 ,con/ants1 ! natural1 #aic4 ,cont9uum ( facts1 #bef et seq4 ,cornelius1 #chh1 footnote4 ,corti1 ! ,m>*ese1 8 discov]y ( m9ute rods 9 ! labyr9? 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conceptions ( heat &1 #afh et seq41 rle ( "w 91 #abj et seq42 galvanic1 #acd4 ,see ,electrical4 ,electromet]1 ,w4 ,?omson's absolute1 #abg1 footnote4 ,electromet]s1 #abb1 #abg4 ,electro/atic unit1 #aaa4 ,electro/atics1 concepts (1 #ajg et seq4 ,elem5ts1 int]dep5d5ce ( ! s5su\s1 #agi2 ( bodies1 #bjb2 ( ph5om5a1 equations betwe51 #bje2 ( s5sations1 #bjj2 us$ in/ead ( s5sations1 #bjh-bji4 ,ellipse1 equation (1 #bje2 ! ^w1 #cdb4 ,embryology1 possible future /ate (1 #beg4 ,en]gies1 con=mity 9 ! deportm5t (1 #aga-age2 diff]5ces (1 #age4 ,en]gy1 a metrical notion1 #agh2 cons]vation (1 #acg et seq42 def9$1 #aci2 metaphysical e/abli%m5t ( ! doctr9e (1 #ahc2 k9etic1 #agg2 pot5tial1 #abh et seq42 sub/antial conception (1 #afd1 #ahe1 #bdd et seq42 cons]vation (1 9 electrical ph5om5a1 #aca et seq42 limits ( pr9ciple (1 #age2 pr9ciple (1 9 physics1 #afj-aff2 s\rces ( pr9ciple (1 #agi1 #aha2 !rmal1 #agg2 ,?omas ,"y on1 #agc4 ,en]gy-value ( heat1 #agh1 footnote4 ,enlight5m5t1 !1 #ahh4 ,entropy1 a metrical notion1 #agh4 ,environm5t1 /ability ( our1 #bjf4 ,equations = obta9+ facts1 #ahj2 betwe5 ! elem5ts ( ph5om5a1 #bje4 ,equilibrium1 conditions (1 9 simple ma*9es1 #aea2 figures ( liquid1 #d et seq42 g5]al condition (1 #ae2 9 ! ,/ate1 #ae4 ,etymology1 ! ^w1 misus$ = entomology1 #caf4 ,euclid1 on consonance & dissonance1 #cc2 8 geometry1 #cfd4 ,eul]1 on ! causes ( h>mony1 #cd2 impression ( ! ma!matical processes on1 #aif2 on ! vibrations ( /r+s1 #bdi1 #bhe1 #cgf4 ,eul] & ,h]mann's pr9ciple1 #adi4 ,eu?yphron1 que/ion$ by ,socrates1 #a4 ,evolute1 ! ^w1 #cdb4 ,evolution1 !ory (1 z appli$ to ideas1 #baf et seq4 ,ewald1 #bih1 #cjd4 ,exclud$ p]petual motion1 logical root ( ! pr9ciple (1 #ahb4 ,exn]1 ,s41 #cjb1 #cje4 ,exp]i5ce1 communication (1 #aia2 our ready1 #aii2 ! pr9ciple ( en]gy d]iv$ f1 #agi2 ! wellspr+ ( all k ( nature1 #aha2 incongru5ce betwe5 ?\ght &1 #bjf4 ,exp]im5tal rese>*1 function (1 #aha4 ,explanation1 nature (1 #aid1 #bcg1 #cfb4 ,eye1 _c analyse colors1 #bj2 rese>*es 9 ! !ory ( !1 #ah et seq42 loss (1 z affect+ vision1 #ih4 ,eyes1 purpose (1 #ff et seq42 _! /ructure symmetrical n id5tical1 #if4 ,face1 human1 inv]t$1 #ie4 ,facts & ideas1 necess>y to sci5ce1 #bca4 ,facts1 description (1 #ajh2 agreem5t (1 #ahj2 relations (1 #ahj2 h[ repres5t$1 #bjf2 reflect$ 9 imag9ation1 #bbj et seq42 ! result ( con/ructions1 #bec2 a cont9uum (1 #bef et seq42 equations = obta9+1 #ahj4 ,fall+ bodies1 #bjd1 #bae2 ,galileo on ! law (1 #adc et seq41 #bhd4 ,fall+1 cats1 #cjc1 footnote4 ,fal/aff1 #cji4 ,famili> int]m$iate l9ks ( ?\ght1 #aih4 ,f>aday1 #aia1 #bag1 #bcg2 8 conception ( electricity1 #aad1 #bga4 ,fe*n]1 !ory ( ,corti's fibres1 #ai et seq4 ,feel+1 _c be expla9$ by motions ( atoms1 #bjh et seq4 ,feti%ism1 #ahf1 #bdc1 #bed2 9 our physical concepts1 #ahg4 ,fibres ( ,corti1 #ag et seq4 ,fick1 8 !ory ( diffusion1 #bdi4 ,figures1 symmetry (1 #ib et seq4 ,figures ( liquid equilibrium1 #d et seq4 ,fire1 use (1 #bfd4 ,fi%es1 #cjf4 ,fix$ note1 det]m9+ ( a1 #cgg4 ,fizeau1 8 det]m9ation ( ! velocity ( light1 #ee et seq4 ,flats1 rev]s$ into %>ps1 #aja4 ,fl\r5's exp]im5ts1 #bgb1 #bij4 ,fl[]-girl1 ! baskets ( a1 #ie4 ,fluids1 electrical1 #aab et seq4 ,=ce1 electric1 #aaj1 #aai1 #afh2 unit ( #aaa2 liv+1 #acg1 #adi1 #ahd2 g5]ally #bec4 ,see ! relat$ head+s4 ,=ces1 w comp>$ to1 #bed4 ,=esee+ ev5ts1 #bbj et seq4 ,=mal conceptions1 rle (1 #ahc4 ,=mal ne$ ( a cle> view ( facts1 #ahc1 #bdf2 h[ f> x corresponds to nature1 #ahd4 ,=mative =ces ( liquids1 #d4 ,=ms ( liquids1 #c et seq4 ,=w>d movem5t1 s5sation (1 #cjj4 ,=w>ds1 prophesy+1 #bec4 ,f\cault1 #eg1 #gj1 #bif4 ,f\cault & ,toepl]1 me?od (1 = detect+ optical faults1 #cac et seq41 #cbj4 ,f\ndation ( sci5tific ?\ght1 primitive acts ( k1 !1 #aij4 ,f\ri]1 on processes ( heat1 #bdi1 #bgh4 ,fox1 a1 #bcd4 ,frankl9's pane1 #aaf4 ,fr>y1 #cch1 footnote4 ,fraunh(]1 #bga4 ,freez+-po9t1 l[]$ by pressure1 #afb4 ,fresnel1 #bga4 ,frits*1 #cba4 ,frogs1 l>v (1 n subject to v]tigo1 #bih4 ,fr\de1 #ccc4 ,fru/ra1 misuse ( ! ^w1 #cde4 ,future1 sci5ce ( !1 #bac4 ,galileo1 on ! motion ( p5dulums1 #ba2 8 attempt$ measurem5t ( ! velocity ( light1 #ej et seq42 8 exclusion ( a p]petual motion1 #adc2 on velocities acquir$ 9 free desc5t1 #adc-adg2 on ! law ( in]tia1 #adf-adg2 on virtual velocities1 #aej2 on "w1 #agb2 8 laws ( desc5t1 #aic2 on fall+ bodies1 #bbe2 great results ( 8 /udy ( nature1 #bad et seq42 8 rude sci5tific implem5ts1 #bae2 selections f 8 works = use 9 in/ruction1 #cfh2 also #aje1 #ahb1 #ahg1 #bcg1 #bgb1 #bgd1 #bhc4 ,galle1 obs]ves ! planet ,neptune1 #bi4 ,galvanic1 electricity1 #acd2 curr5t1 #acb2 dizz9ess1 #bia2 v]tigo1 #bih4 ,galvanoscope1 #ace4 ,galvanotropism1 #bia4 ,g>da1 ,lake1 #bci4 ,gas1 ! ^w1 #bfd2 mass (1 enclos$ 9 a cyl9d]1 #agi4 ,gases1 t5sions (1 = scales ( temp]ature1 #agd4 ,gauss1 on ! f\ndations ( dynamics1 #aed2 8 pr9ciple1 #aed2 also1 #ajh1 #bgd4 ,g5ius1 #bgi1 #bhj4 ,geography1 comp>ison 91 #bci4 ,geomet]s1 9 our eyes1 #gb4 ,geotropism1 #bhi4 ,g]man s*ools & gymnasiums1 #cgb1 #cgc1 #cch1 footnote4 ,gho/s1 photographic1 #gc4 ,glass1 invisible 9 a mixture ( ! same refrangibility1 #cab2 p[d]$1 visible 9 a mixture ( ! same refrangibility1 #cab4 ,glove1 9 a mirror1 #ic4 ,goe!1 quotations f1 #i1 #ca1 #di1 #hh2 on ! cause ( h>mony1 #ce4 ,goltz1 #bhb1 #bia4 ,gossot1 #ccb4 ,go?ic ca!dral1 #id4 ,gravitation1 discov]y (1 #bbe et seq4 ,gravity1 h[ to get rid ( ! effects (1 9 liquids1 #d2 also #bbh4 ,gray1 ,eli%a1 8 telautograph1 #bf4 ,greas$ plate1 drop ( wat] on a1 #h4 ,great m9ds1 idiosyncrasies (1 #bdg4 ,greek language1 sci5tific t]ms d]iv$from1 #cdb-cdc2 common words d]iv$ f1 #cdc1 footnote2 /ill necess>y = "s pr(essions1 #cdf2 its lit]>y weal?1 #cdg-cdh2 n>r[ness & "o-sid$ness ( its lit]ature1 #cdh-cdi2 its excessive /udy useless1 #cdi-cej2 its /udy %>p5s ! judgm5t1 #ceg-ceh2 a k ( x n necess>y to a lib]al education1 #cga4 ,greeks1 _! prov9ciality & n>r[-m9d$ness1 #cdi2 n[ only objects ( hi/orical rese>*1 #cej4 ,gries+]1 #ahd4 ,grimaldi1 #bgj4 ,grimm1 #cdd1 footnote4 ,grunt+ fi%es1 #cjf4 ,habitudes ( ?\ght1 #aii1 #bbd1 #bbg1 #bcb4 ,haeckel1 #bbb1 #bce4 ,hamilton1 d$uction ( ! conical refraction ( light1 #bi4 ,hankel1 #cfd4 ,h>monics1 #ch1 #dj4 ,h>mony1 on ! causes (1 #cb et seq42 laws ( ! !ory (1 expla9$1 #cj2 ! inve/igation ( ! anci5ts conc]n+1 #cb2 g5]ally1 #ajc4 ,see ,consonance4 ,h>ris1 electrical balance (1 #abg1 footnote4 ,h>twi*1 ,judge1 #cdc1 #cec1 footnote4 ,hat1 a high silk1 #bd4 ,hats1 ladies'1 developm5t (1 #fd4 ,head-wave ( a projectile1 #cbc et seq4 ,he>+ & ori5tation1 relation betwe51 #cjd et seq4 ,heat1 a mat]ial sub/ance1 #agg2 diff]5ce betwe5 ! conceptions ( electricity &1 #afh et seq42 sub/antial conception (1 #bdc et seq42 ,c>not on1 #aef1 #afj et seq42 ,f\ri] on ! conduction (1 #bdi2 n necess>ily a motion1 #afg1 #agj1 #aga2 me*anical equival5t (1 #afd1 #afg2 ( liquefaction1 #agh2 quantity (1 #aff2 lat5t1 #afg1 #agh1 #bdd2 specific1 #aff1 #bdd2 ! conceptions (1 #afj-aga2 ma*9e1 #afj2 a measure ( electrical en]gy1 #acc et seq42 me*anical !ory (1 #acc2 :]e does x come f8 #bjj4 ,heavy bodies1 s9k+ (1 #bbb4 ,heights ( asc5t1 #adc-aea4 ,helm1 #agb4 ,helmholtz1 applies ! pr9ciple ( en]gy to electricity1 #ahd2 8 tele/]eoscope1 #hd2 8 !ory ( ,corti's fibres1 #ai et seq42 on h>mony1 #ce1 #ii2 on ! cons]vation ( en]gy1 #afe1 #bdg2 8 me?od ( ?\ght1 #bdg2 also #ach1 #cje1 #cjg1 #cge1 #chc4 ,h5s51 ,v41 on ! auditory function ( ! filam5ts ( ,cru/acea1 #bi1 #cjb4 ,h]b>t1 #chf et seq4 ,h]b>tians1 on motion1 #aeh4 ,h]culaneum1 art 91 #hj4 ,h]$ity1 9 organic & inorganic matt]1 #baf1 footnote4 ,h]+1 on developm5t1 #bbb2 on vision1 #baj4 ,h]mann1 ,e41 on ! economy ( ! indu/rial arts1 #aib4 ,h]mann1 ,l41 #bia4 ,h]odotus1 #bf1 #bcd1 #cdg1 #cej4 ,h]tz1 8 waves1 #bdb2 8 use ( ! phrase prophesy1 #bec4 ,h]z51 #cfa1 footnote4 ,h9du ma!maticians1 _! beautiful problems1 #cj4 ,holtz's electric ma*9e1 #acb4 ,horse1 #fc4 ,h\sehold1 physics comp>$ to a well-kept1 #aig4 ,h\sekeep+ 9 sci5ce & civil life1 #aih4 ,hudson1 !1 #id4 ,human be+s1 puzzle-locks1 #bg4 ,human body1 our k (1 #ij4 ,human m9d1 mu/ proce$ economically1 #ahf4 ,humanity1 lik5$ to a polyp-plant1 #bce4 ,huyg5s1 8 me*anical view ( physics1 #aee2 on ! nature ( light & heat1 #aee-aef2 8 pr9ciple ( ! heights ( asc5t1 #adi2 on ! law ( in]tia & ! motion ( a comp\nd p5dulum1 #adg-adi2 on ! impossible p]petual motion1 #adg-adh2 on "w1 #agc2 selections f 8 works = use 9 in/ruction1 #cfh2 8 view ( light1 #bbg-bbh1 #bfb4 ,huyg5s1 optical me?od = detect+ imp]fections 9 optical glasses #cac4 ,hydrog5 balloon1 #aii4 ,hydro/atics1 ,/ev9us's pr9ciple (1 #ada4 ,hypo!ses1 _! rle 9 explanation1 #bbh et seq4 ,i*?yornis1 #beg4 ,i*?yosaurus1 #fc4 ,idea8 :at is a !oretical1 #bda4 ,idealism1 #bji4 ,ideas1 a product ( organic nature1 #bag et seq42 & facts1 necess>y to sci5ce1 #bca2 n all ( life1 #bcc2 _! gr[? & importance1 #bcc2 a product ( univ]sal evolution1 #bce2 ! hi/ory (1 #bbg et seq42 9 great m9ds1 #bbh2 ! ri* cont5ts (1 #aig2 _! unsettl$ "* 9 common life1 _! cl>ification 9 sci5ce1 #a-b4 ,ideography1 ! ,*9ese1 #aib4 ,imag]y1 m5tal1 #bec4 ,imag9ation1 facts reflect$ 91 #bbj et seq4 ,incl9$ plane1 law (1 #adj-ada4 ,incompreh5sible1 !1 #ahf4 ,indian1 8 modes ( conception & int]pretation1 #bah et seq4 ,individual1 a ?read on :i* pe>ls are /rung1 #bcd-bce4 ,indu/rial arts1 economy ( !1 ,e4 ,h]mann on1 #aib4 ,in]tia1 law (1 #adc et seq41 #adf et seq41 #baf1 footnote1 #bhc et seq4 ,innate concepts ( ! und]/&+1 ,kant on1 #aii4 ,inn]vation1 visual1 #ii4 ,inquir]1 8 division ( labor1 #aje2 comp>$ to a %oemak]1 #aje-ajf2 :at con/itutes ! great1 #aia2 ! true1 seeks ! tru? ev]y:]e1 #fc et seq42 !1 comp>$ to a woo]1 #de4 ,in/9ctive k1 #ahi1 #aij4 ,in/ruction1 aim (1 ! sav+ ( exp]i5ce1 #aia2 9 ! classics1 ma!matics1 & sci5ces1 #cch-cgd2 limitation ( matt] (1 #cfe et seq4 ,insulators1 #acj4 ,integrals1 #aie4 ,intellectual developm5t1 conditions (1 #bhf et seq4 ,int5tions1 acts ( nature comp>$ to1 #ad-ae4 ,int]connexion ( nature1 #ahb4 ,int]dep5d5ce1 ( prop]ties1 #cfa2 ( ! s5su\s elem5ts ( ! _w1 #agi4 ,int]f]5ce exp]im5ts ) ! head-wave ( mov+ projectiles1 #cbg-cbh4 ,int]national int]c\rse1 e/abli%$ by ,lat91 #cda4 ,int]national measures1 #ajh4 ,inv5tion1 discov]y &1 di/9ction betwe51 #bfi4 ,inv5tions1 requisites = ! developm5t (1 #bff1 #bfh et seq4 ,iron-fil+s1 #bbj1 #bdc4 ,italian art1 #bcd4 ,jacobi1 ,c4 ,g4 ,j41 on ma!matics1 #bhj4 ,james1 ,w41 #bge1 #bii4 ,java1 #afc4 ,jews & ,*ri/ians1 mono!ism ( !1 #ahg4 ,jolly1 ,pr(essor von1 #aab1 #bgd4 ,j\le1 ,j4 ,p41 on ! cons]vation ( en]gy1 #afc-afe1 #afg1 #ahc2 8 conception ( en]gy1 #bde2 8 metaphysics1 #ahc1 #bdf2 8 me?od ( ?\ght1 #bdg2 also #acg1 #ach4 ,j\rne1 #cag4 ,judge1 crim9al1 ! natural philosoph] comp>$ to a1 #dh4 ,judgm5t1 ess5tially economy ( ?\ght1 #bja-bjb2 %>p5$ by languages & sci5ces1 #ceg-ceh2 also #bcb-bcc1 #bch4 ,juliet1 ,romeo &1 #hg4 ,jupit]1 its satellites employ$ 9 ! det]m9ation ( ! velocity ( light1 #ea et seq4 ,jurisprud5ce1 ,lat9 & ,greek unnecess>y = ! /udy (1 #cdf1 footnote4 ,kant1 8 hypo!sis ( ! orig9 ( ! planet>y sy/em1 #e2 8 ,critique ( ,pure ,reason1 #ahh2 on innate concepts ( ! und]/&+1 #aii2 on "t1 #bjd2 also footnote1 #ic4 ,kepl]1 #ahg1 #bgj4 ,k9etic en]gy1 #agg4 ,kir*h(f1 8 epi/emological ideas1 #beg-beh2 8 def9ition ( me*anics1 #bcf1 #beh1 #bga1 #bgc4 ,knight1 #bhi4 ,k1 a product ( organic nature1 #bag et seq41 #bce2 in/9ctive1 #aij2 made possible by economy ( ?\ght1 #aih2 our fir/1 d]iv$ f ! economy ( self-pres]vation1 #aig2 ! !ory (1 #bjc2 our primitive acts ( ! f\ndation ( sci5ce1 #aij4 ,ko*]1 #cbh4 ,ko5ig1 measurem5t ( ! velocity ( s\nd1 #eg et seq4 ,kllik]1 #ai4 ,kopis*1 #fa4 ,kreidl1 #bii1 #cjb1 #cjf2 8 exp]im5ts1 #bgb4 ,krupp1 #cai4 ,labels1 ! value (1 #bja4 ,labor1 ! accumulation (1 ! f\ndation ( weal? & p[]1 #aih2 inquir]'s division (1 #aje1 #beh4 ,labyr9?1 ( ! e>1 #ah1 #bia1 #cje4 ,lactantius1 on ! /udy ( moral & physical sci5ce1 #hi4 ,ladd] ( our ab/raction1 !1 #bjh4 ,ladies1 _! eyes1 #ga2 l tun+-=ks1 #bc-bd4 ,lagrange1 on ,huyg5s's pr9ciple1 #adi2 on ! pr9ciple ( virtual velocities1 #aej-aee2 "* ( ! intellectual activity ( a1 #aie1 #bgh4 ,lake-dwell]s1 #df1 #bga4 ,lamp-%ade1 #gj4 ,lane's unit j>1 #aae4 ,language1 k ( ! nature (1 dem&$ by a lib]al education1 #cef2 relation%ip betwe51 & ?\ght1 #ceh2 communication by #bcg2 economy (1 #aia et seq42 human its "*1 #bch2 ( animals1 #bch2 in/ruction 91 #cch et seq42 its me?ods1 #aib4 ,laplace1 on ! atoms ( ! bra91 #ahh2 on ! sci5tific a*ievem5ts ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 #ahh2 8 hypo!sis ( ! orig9 ( ! planet>y sy/em1 #e4 ,lat5t heat1 #afg1 #agh1 #bdd4 ,lat9 city ( ,maup]tuis1 #cci4 ,lat91 in/ruction 91 #caa et seq42 introduc$ ) ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 #cdj2 ! language ( s*ol>s1 ! m$ium ( int]national int]c\rse1 its p[]1 utility1 & f9al ab&onm5t1 #cda-cdg2 ! weal? ( its lit]ature1 #cdh2 ! excessive /udy (1 #cdf1 #cdi1 #ced1 #cee2 its p[] to %>p5 ! judgm5t1 #ceg-ceh4 ,lavi% extravagance ( sci5ce1 #ahi4 ,law1 a1 def9$1 #bef2 a natural1 n conta9$ 9 ! con=mity ( ! en]gies1 #age4 ,law-mak]1 motives ( n always disc]nible1 #i4 ,lay>d1 #gi4 ,le>n+1 its nature1 #cff et seq4 ,lea/ sup]ficial area1 pr9ciple (1 acc\nt$ = by ! mutual attractions ( liquid p>ticles1 #ac-ad2 illu/rat$ by a pulley arrangem5t1 #ab-ac2 also #i et seq4 ,leibnitz1 on h>mony1 #cc2 on int]national int]c\rse1 #cdb1 footnote4 ,less+1 quotation f1 #dg4 ,lett]s ( ! alphabet1 _! symmetry1 #id1 #ig4 ,level heights ( "w1 #agb-agd4 ,lev]1 a1 9 action1 #bbb4 ,lev]ri]1 pr$iction ( ! planet ,neptune1 #bi4 ,leyd5 j>1 #aad4 ,lib]al education1 a1 #cda et seq41 #cei1 #cga4 ,libr>ies1 ?\ghts /or$ up 91 #bcg4 ,li*t5b]g1 on in/ruction1 #bgf1 #cgj4 ,licius1 a ,*9ese philosoph]1 #bac4 ,liebig1 #afc1 #bgh4 ,life & dea?1 #ahf4 ,light1 hi/ory ( z elucidat+ h[ !ories ob/ruct rese>*1 #bdb2 ,huyg5s's & ,newton's views (1 #bbg-bbh2 its diff]5t conceptions1 #bbf2 rectil9e> propagation (1 #aid2 rle (1 9 vision1 #ha2 spatial & temporal p]iodicity (1 expla9s optical ph5om5a1 #aid2 num]ical velocity (1 #eh2 :]e does x g to8 #aii2 g5]ally1 #dh et seq4 ,l effects 9 l circum/ances1 #aii4 ,lik5ess1 #chh1 #cia4 ,lilliput1 #hd4 ,l9es1 /raight1 _! symmetry1 #ih2 curv$1 _! asymmetry1 #ih2 ( =ce1 #bdi4 ,l9ks ( ?\ght1 int]m$iate1 #aih4 ,liquefaction1 lat5t heat (1 #agh4 ,liquid1 efflux1 law (1 #aej2 equilibrium1 figures (1 #d et seq42 ! latt] produc$ 9 op5 air1 #g-h2 _! beauty & multiplicity ( =m1 #g1 #h2 made p]man5t by melt$ colophonium1 #g4 ,liquids1 =ms (1 #a-af2 diff]5ce betwe51 & solids1 #b2 _! mobility & adaptiv5ess ( =m1 #c2 ! c\rti]s p> excell5ce ( ! natural bodies1 #c2 possess "u c]ta9 circum/ances =ms ( _! own1 #c4 ,liv+ =ce1 #acg1 #ahd2 law ( ! cons]vation (1 #adi4 ,lloyd1 obs]vation ( ! conical refraction ( light1 #bi4 ,lob/]1 ( ,lake ,mohr91 !1 #fa4 ,localisation1 c]ebral1 #baj4 ,locke1 on language & ?\ght1 #ceh4 ,locomotive1 /eam 9 ! boil] (1 #bai4 ,loeb1 ,j41 #bhi1 #bia1 #cjb4 ,log>i?ms1 #aie1 #bai2 9 music1 #ajc-ajd4 ,logical root1 ( ! pr9ciple ( en]gy1 #aha2 ( ! pr9ciple ( exclud$ p]petual motion1 #ahb4 ,lombroso1 #bhj4 ,lucian1 #cdg4 ,macula acu/ica1 #bgb4 ,magic lant]n1 #if4 ,magic p[]s ( nature1 #ahi4 ,magical p[] ( sci5ce1 belief 9 !1 #ahi4 ,magnet1 a1 #bbj2 w comp>$ to ! pressure ( a1 #ad2 co]cive =ce ( a1 #baf4 ,magnetic ne$le1 ne> a curr5t1 #bjg4 ,magnetis$ b> ( /eel1 #bdb-bdc4 ,major & m9or keys 9 music1 #ajj et seq4 ,malus1 #bdb4 ,man1 a fragm5t ( nature's life1 #di2 8 life embraces o!rs1 #bcd4 ,mann1 #cfd4 ,manuscript 9 a mirror1 #ic4 ,maple syrup1 /atues (1 on ,moon1 #d4 ,m>x1 #ce4 ,mat]ial1 ! relations ( "w ) heat & ! consumption (1 #bde et seq4 ,ma!matical me?ods1 _! "*1 #aig-aih4 ,ma!matics1 economy (1 #aie2 on in/ruction 91 #cch-cgd2 ,c4 ,g4 ,j4 ,jacobi on1 #bhj4 ,matt]1 con/ancy (1 #bjc2 its nature1 #bjc2 ! notion (1 #bac4 ,maup]tuis1 8 ,lat9 city1 #cch4 ,maximal & m9imal problems1 _! rle 9 physics1 #ad1 footnote4 ,may]1 ,j4 ,r41 8 conception ( en]gy1 #bde1 #bdf2 8 me?ods ( ?\ght1 #bdg2 on ! cons]vation ( en]gy1 #afc1 #afd1 #afe1 #afg1 #ahc1 #ahd2 8 metaphysical utt]ances1 #ahc1 #bdf2 also #ach1 #ahd1 #aia1 #bag1 #bga1 #bgd4 ,measurem5t1 def9ition (1 #bjf4 ,measures1 int]national1 #ajh4 ,mcanique cle/e1 #ij1 #ahh2 sociale1 & morale1 !1 #ij4 ,me*anical1 conception ( ! _w1 #aje1 #aee et seq41 #ahh1 #bjg2 en]gy1 ,w4 ,?omson on wa/e (1 #age2 analogies betwe5 ---- & !rmal en]gy1 #ag et seq42 equival5t ( heat1 electricity1 etc41 #afd1 #afg et seq42 my?ology1 #bjg2 ph5om5a1 physical ev5ts z1 #ahb2 philosophy1 #ahh2 physics1 #aee-afj1 #bab2 sub/itution-value ( heat1 #agh1 footnote4 ,me*anics1 ,kir*h(f's def9ition (1 #bcf4 ,m$ic9e1 /ud5ts (1 #cbf4 ,melody1 #aja4 ,mels5s1 #caj1 #cbg4 ,memory1 a treasure-h\se = comp>ison1 #bcj2 common elem5ts impress$ ^u !1 #ahj2 its importance1 #bch2 sci5ce disburd5s !1 #aic4 ,m5delejeff1 8 p]iodical s]ies1 #bef4 ,m5tal1 adaptation1 #bad-bce2 completion ( ph5om5a1 #bbj2 imag]y1 #bec2 imitation1 our s*ematic1 #aii2 processes1 economical1 #aie2 reproduction1 #aih2 visualisation1 #bej4 ,mephi/opheles1 #hh4 ,m]cantile pr9ciple1 a mis]ly1 at ! basis ( sci5ce1 #ae4 ,m]s5ne1 #cgg4 ,mesm]ism1 ! m5tal /ate ( ord9>y m9ds1 #bbh4 ,metaphysical e/abli%m5t ( doctr9e ( en]gy1 #ahc4 ,metaphysical spooks1 #bbb4 ,metrical1 concepts ( electricity1 #ajg et seq42 notions1 en]gy & entropy are1 #agh2 units1 ! build+-/ones ( ! physici/1 #bec4 ,metronomes1 #da4 ,mey]1 ,lo?>1 8 p]iodical s]ies1 #bef4 ,middle ,ages1 #bdc1 #cdi4 ,midsumm] ,night's ,dream1 #cji4 ,mill1 ,john ,/u>t1 #bcj4 ,mill]s1 s*ool =1 #cbf4 ,mill-:eel1 do+ "w1 #afa4 ,mimick+ facts 9 ?\ght1 #ahi1 #aic4 ,m9or & major keys 9 music1 #ajj et seq4 ,mirror1 symmetrical rev]sion ( objects 91 #ib et seq4 ,mis]ly m]cantile pr9ciple at ! basis ( sci5ce1 #ae4 ,moat1 *ild look+ into1 #bjh4 ,mod]n sci5ti/s1 adh]5ts ( ! me*anical philosophy1 #ahh4 ,molecul> !ories1 #ajd4 ,molecules1 #bjc1 #bjg4 ,molire1 #bcd4 ,mom5tum1 #ahd4 ,monocul> vision1 #ih4 ,mono!ism ( ! ,*ri/ians & ,jews1 #ahg4 ,montagues & ,capulets1 #hg4 ,moon1 eclipse (1 #bai2 lightness ( bodies on1 #d2 ! /udy ( !1 #ij1 #bhd4 ,moreau1 #cjg4 ,mosaic ( ?\ght1 #aib4 ,motion1 a p]petual1 #aha2 quantity (1 #ahd2 ! ,eleatics on1 #aeh2 ,wundt on1 #aeh2 ! ,h]b>tians on1 #aeh4 ,motions1 natural & viol5t1 #bbf2 _! famili> "*1 #aeg4 ,m\nta9s ( ! e>?1 w\ld crumble if v l>ge1 #c2 weight ( bodies on1 #aab4 ,moz>t1 #dd1 #bgi4 ,mll]1 ,johann1 #bia4 ,multiplication-table1 #aie4 ,multipli]1 #acb4 ,music1 b& (1 its tempo accel]at$ & ret>d$1 #ec2 ! pr9ciple ( repetition 91 #ii et seq42 its notation1 ma!matically illu/rat$1 #ajc-ajd4 ,musical notes1 rev]sion (1 #aja et seq42 _! economy1 #aib4 ,musical scale1 a species ( "o-dim5sional space1 #aje4 ,my/]y1 9 physics1 #bbb2 sci5ce c disp5se )1 #ahi4 ,my/icism1 num]ical1 #cc2 9 ! pr9ciple ( en]gy1 #ahd4 ,my?ology1 ! me*anical1 ( philosophy1 #bjg4 ,nagel1 von1 #cfd4 ,nans51 #bif4 ,napoleon1 picture repres5t+ ! tomb (1 #cf4 ,nations1 int]c\rse & ideas (1 #ccf-ccg4 ,natural con/ants1 #aic4 ,natural law1 a1 n conta9$ 9 ! con=mity ( ! en]gies1 #age4 ,natural laws1 abridg$ descriptions1 #aic2 lik5$ to type1 #aic4 ,natural motions1 #bbe4 ,natural selection 9 sci5tific !ories1 #fc1 #bah4 ,nature1 exp]i5ce ! well-spr+ ( all k (1 #aha2 fa%ions (1 #fd2 fir/ k (1 in/9ctive1 #ahi2 g5]al int]connexion (1 #ahb2 has _m sides1 #bag2 h] =ces comp>$ to purposes1 #ad-ae2 lik5$ to a good man ( bus9ess1 #ae2 ! economy ( h] actions1 #ae2 h[ %e appe>s to o!r animals1 #hc et seq42 inquiry (1 view$ z a torture1 #dh-di2 view (1 z some?+ design$ly conceal$ f man1 #di2 l a covet\s tailor1 #i-aj2 magic p[]s (1 #ahi2 our view (1 modifi$ by b9ocul> vision1 #hb2 ! exp]im5tal me?od a que/ion+ (1 #dh4 ,negro hamlet1 ! sci5ce ( a1 #bcg4 ,neptune1 pr$iction & discov]y ( ! planet1 #bi4 ,new views1 #bif et seq4 ,newton1 describes pol>isation1 #bdb2 expresses 8 weal? 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effects ( gravity1 #d4 ,plates ( oil1 ?91 #f4 ,plato1 #cdg1 #cga4 ,plautus1 #cdg4 ,playfair1 #ach4 ,pleasant effects1 cause (1 #id et seq4 ,pl9y1 #cdi4 ,poetry & sci5ce1 #cj1 #ca1 #cea4 ,po9sot1 on ! f\ndations ( me*anics1 #aeb et seq4 ,pol>isation1 #ia2 ab/ractly describ$ by ,newton1 #bdb4 ,politics1 ,*9ese speak ) unwill+ness (1 #cgd4 ,pollak1 #bii4 ,polyp plant1 humanity lik5$ to a1 #bce4 ,pompeii1 #bcd2 art 91 #hj4 ,popp] ,j41 #agb1 #baf4 ,pot5tial1 social1 #ae2 electrical1 #aba et seq42 measurem5t (1 #abf2 fall (1 #agg2 sw>m ( notions 9 ! idea (1 #aig2 its wide scope1 #bej4 ,pott]y1 inv5tion (1 #bfc4 ,pr$iction1 #bba et seq4 ,prejudice1 ! function1 p[]1 & dang]s (1 #bcb-bcc4 ,prep>atory s*ools1 ! defects ( ! ,g]man1 #cdf-cdg2 :at !y %\ld tea*1 #cfd et seq4 ,pressure ( a /one or ( a magnet1 w comp>$ to1 #ad2 also #aeg4 ,primitive acts ( k ! f\ndation ( sci5tific ?\ght1 #aij4 ,problem1 nature ( a1 #bbc4 ,problems :i* are wrongly =mulat$1 #cjh4 ,process1 ,c>not's1 #afa et seq4 ,projectiles1 ! effects ( ! impact (1 #caj1 #cbg-cbh2 se5 ) ! nak$ eye1 #caa1 #cag2 measur+ ! velocity (1 #ccb2 photography (1 #cji-ccg4 ,prony's brake1 #acb4 ,pro(1 nature (1 #bhd4 ,prophesy+ ev5ts1 #bbj et seq4 ,psalms1 quotation f !1 #hi4 ,pseudoscope1 ,:eat/one's1 #if4 ,psy*ology1 prec$$ by a/ronomy1 #ij2 h[ rea*$1 #ia et seq42 helps physical sci5ce1 #ajd2 its me?od ! same z t ( physics1 #bjg et seq4 ,pully arrangem5t1 illu/rat+ pr9ciple ( lea/ sup]ficial area1 #ab-ac4 ,purk9je1 #bhd1 #bhe1 #bia1 #bii4 ,purposes1 ! acts ( nature comp>$ to1 #ad-ae2 nature pursues no1 #ff4 ,puzzle-lock1 a1 #bf4 ,puzzles1 #bgg4 ,pyramid ( oil1 #f4 ,py?agoras1 8 discov]y ( ! laws ( h>mony1 #cb1 #bei4 ,quality ( tones1 #cf4 ,quantitative inve/igation1 ! goal (1 #ahj4 ,quantity ( electricity1 #aaa1 #aah1 #aai1 #afg-agj1 #agc2 ( heat1 #aff1 #afg-aga1 #agd1 #agg1 #bdd2 ( motion1 #ahd4 ,que/s made ( ! inquir]1 n by him1 #cj4 ,qutelet1 #ae1 footnote4 ,rabelais1 #bhc4 ,ra9drop1 =m (1 #c4 ,rameau1 #cd4 ,reaction & action1 pr9ciple (1 #aia4 ,reactions1 disclosure ( ! connexion (1 #bgj et seq4 ,realgymnasi51 #cfe4 ,reals*ul51 #cfe1 #cgc4 ,reason1 /&s above ! s5ses1 #aje4 ,reflex action1 #baj4 ,reflexion1 produces symmetrical rev]sion ( objects1 #ic et seq4 ,refraction1 #bi1 #aic1 #aid1 #bjh1 #bcj1 #bca4 ,reg]1 #cbh4 ,reliefs1 photographs (1 #fh4 ,repetition1 its rle 9 /hetics1 #hi1 footnote1 #ia et seq41 #ig1 #ih et seq41 #cij4 ,reproduction ( facts 9 ?\ght1 #ahi1 #aic1 #aih1 #bec4 ,repulsion1 electric1 #aji et seq41 #afh4 ,rese>*1 function ( exp]im5tal #aha2 ! aim (1 #bje4 ,resemblances betwe5 facts1 #bee4 ,res91 solution (1 #g4 ,resi/ance1 laws (1 = bodies travell+ 9 air & fluids1 #ccc et seq4 ,resonance1 corporeal1 #cib4 ,response ( sonor\s bodies1 #be4 ,ret9a1 ! correspond+ spots ( #ih2 n]ves ( comp>$ to f+]s ( a h&1 #if et seq4 ,rev]sible processes1 #afa et seq41 #age1 #agf1 #aha1 #ahb4 ,rh9e1 !1 #id4 ,ri*>d ! ,?ird1 #gg4 ,riddles1 #bgg4 ,rid]s1 #cgi4 ,riegl]1 #cai4 ,riess1 exp]im5t ) ! !rmo-electromet]1 #acc et seq41 #afi4 ,rigid connexions1 #adb4 ,r9d ( a fruit1 #aij4 ,r+s ( oil1 illu/rat+ =mation ( r+s ( ,saturn1 #e4 ,ritt]1 #bia1 #bii4 ,rods ( ,corti1 #ai4 ,rolph1 ,w4 ,h41 #baf4 ,roman ,*ur*1 ,lat9 introduc$ ) !1 #cdj et seq4 ,romans1 _! prov9ciality & n>r[-m9d$ness1 #bgj4 ,romeo & ,juliet1 #hg4 ,rm]1 ,olaf1 #ea et seq4 ,roots1 ! nature (1 9 language1 #beb4 ,rosetti1 8 exp]im5t on ! "w requir$ to develop electricity1 #aca4 ,rotat+ bodies1 #bhe4 ,rotation1 app>atus (1 9 physics1 #ei et seq42 s5sations (1 #bhh et seq4 ,r\sseau1 #ccf4 ,rubb] pyramid1 illu/rat+ ! pr9ciple ( lea/ sup]ficial area1 #aj-aa4 ,ruysdael1 #bgi4 ,sa*s1 ,hans1 #ajf4 ,sal*]1 ,pr(4 #cai4 ,salviati1 #add4 ,saturn1 r+s (1 _! =mation illu/rat$1 #e4 ,saurians1 #beg4 ,sauveur1 on ac\/ics1 #cd1 #cge et seq4 ,savage1 modes ( conception & int]pretation ( a1 #bah et seq4 ,s*f]1 ,k41 #bih4 ,s*li]5me?ode1 #cag4 ,s*nbe9's discov]y ( ozone1 #bga4 ,s*ool-boy1 copy-book (1 #ib4 ,s*oolm51 #bad4 ,s*ools1 ,/ate-control (1 #cgb et seq4 ,s*op5hau]1 #aij4 ,s*ultze1 ,max1 #ai4 ,sci5ce1 a mis]ly m]cantile pr9ciple at its basis1 #ae2 comp>$ to a bus9ess1 #af2 view$ z a maximum or m9imum problem1 #af1 footnote2 its process n greatly diff]5t f ! intellectual activity ( ord9>y life1 #af1 footnote2 economy ( its task1 #af2 relation (1 to poetry1 #cj1 #ca1 #cea2 ! *ur* (1 #fg2 beg9n+s (1 #ahi1 #aia2 belief 9 ! magical p[] (1 #ahi2 c disp5se ) my/]y1 #ahi2 lavi% extravagance (1 #ahi2 economy ( ! t]m9ology (1 #aib2 p>tly made up ( ! intellig5ce ( o!rs1 #aif2 /ripp$ ( my/]y1 #aig2 its true p[]1 #aig2 ! economical s*ematism (1 #bjf2 ! object (1 #bjf2 ! tools (1 #bjg2 does n create facts1 #baa2 ( ! future1 #bac2 revolution 91 dat+ f ,galileo1 #bad et seq42 ! natural foe ( ! m>vell\s1 #bbd2 *>act]is$1 #bbg2 gr[? (1 #bcg2 dramatic elem5t 91 #bdc2 describ$1 #bea2 its function1 #bec2 classification 91 #bee1 #bei et seq42 ! way ( discov]y 91 #caf4 ,see also ,physics4 ,sci5ces1 p>tition ( !1 #hf2 ! b>ri]s & relations betwe5 ! #beg-beh2 on in/ruction 9 !1 #cch-cgd4 ,sci5tific1 criticism1 ,socrates ! fa!r (1 #a1 #af2 discov]ies1 _! fate1 #ach2 k1 involves description1 #aic2 ?\ght1 trans=mation & adaptation 91 #bad-bce2 ?\ght1 advanc$ by new exp]i5ces1 #bbc et seq42 ?\ght1 ! difficulty (1 #cff2 t]ms1 #cdb-cdc2 f\nd$ on primitive acts ( k1 #aij4 ,sci5ti/s1 /ories ab\t _! ignorance1 #cdb4 ,screw1 !1 #fb4 ,sea-sickness1 #bhd4 ,secret computation1 ,leibnitz's1 #cc4 ,seek _! places1 bodies1 #bbf4 ,self-induction1 coeffici5t (1 #bej1 #beb4 ,self-obs]vation1 #baa4 ,self-pres]vation1 our fir/ k d]iv$ f ! economy (1 #aig2 /ruggle =1 among ideas1 #bbh4 ,semi-circul> canals1 #bij et seq4 ,s5sation ( r\nd+ a railway curve1 #bhf4 ,s5sations1 analys$1 #bea2 :5 simil>1 produce agreeable effects1 #if2 _! "*1 #bjj2 def9$1 #bji2 ( ori5tation1 #bhb et seq4 ,s5se-elem5ts1 #agi4 ,s5ses1 !ory (1 #ajd2 ! s\rce ( our k ( facts1 #bcg4 ,sev5?1 ! tr\blesome1 #df4 ,%ad[ me?od1 #cac et seq41 #cag footnote4 ,%ad[s1 rle (1 9 vision1 #ha4 ,%akespe>e1 #bgh4 ,%>ps1 rev]s$ into flats1 #aja4 ,%ell1 sph]ical1 law ( attraction = a1 #abd1 footnote4 ,%oemak]1 inquir] comp>$ to1 #aje-ajf4 ,%oot+1 #cji4 ,%ots1 d\ble report (1 #bbi et seq4 ,simil>ity1 #bdi4 ,simony1 #bhj4 ,simplicity1 a v>y+ elem5t 9 description1 #bed4 ,s9es1 law ( !1 #aic4 ,s9k+ ( heavy bodies1 #bbb4 ,six? s5se1 #big4 ,smi?1 ,r41 on ac\/ics1 #cd1 #cha1 #chc4 ,soap-films1 ,van d] ,m5sbrugghe's exp]im5t )1 #aa-ab4 ,soapsuds1 films & figures (1 #g4 ,social pot5tial1 #ae4 ,socrates1 ! fa!r ( sci5tific criticism1 #a1 #af4 ,sodium1 #bjb4 ,sodium-light1 vibrations (1 z a measure ( "t1 #bje4 ,solidity1 conception (1 by ! eye1 #ga et seq42 spatial1 photographs (1 #gc4 ,solids1 & liquids1 _! diff]5ce m]ely "o ( degree1 #b4 ,sonor\s bodies1 #bd et seq4 ,soret1 ,j4 ,p41 #hi4 ,s\nds1 symmetry (1 #ii et seq42 g5]ally1 #bb-dg1 #bab4 ,s\nd-waves r5d]$ visible1 #cae et seq4 ,s\rces ( ! pr9ciple ( en]gy1 #agi et seq4 ,space1 #bje2 s5sation (1 #baj4 ,sp>k1 electric1 #aag1 #abg1 #acb1 #acc1 #aij4 ,spatial vision1 #chf4 ,species1 /ability (1 a !ory1 #baf4 ,specific en]gies1 #bia4 ,specific heat1 #aff1 #bdd4 ,specific inductive capacity1 #aag4 ,spectral analysis ( s\nd1 #bg4 ,spectrum1 m5tal associations ( !1 #aij4 ,spee*1 ! in/9ct (1 cultivat$ by languages1 #ced4 ,sp5c]1 #bah1 #bbb4 ,sph]e1 a s(t rotat+1 #b2 ! figure ( lea/ surface1 #ab2 electrical capacity (1 #abc et seq4 ,sph]ical %ell1 law ( attraction = #abd1 footnote4 ,spid]s1 ! eyes (1 #fg4 ,spirits1 z explanation ( ! _w #ahf1 #bdc4 ,spiritualism1 mod]n1 #ahg4 ,spooks1 metaphysical1 #bbb4 ,squ9t+1 #gb4 ,/ability ( our environm5t1 #bjf4 ,/allo1 #ccf4 ,/>s1 ! fix$1 #ij4 ,/ate1 b5efits & evils ( its control ( ! s*ools1 #cgb et seq42 ! ,*ur* &1 #hh4 ,/atical electricity1 #acd4 ,/ation>y curr5ts1 #bdi4 ,/atoli?s1 #cjc4 ,/eam-eng9e1 #afj1 #bfe4 ,/eeple-jacks1 #ge4 ,/]eoscope1 ,:eat/one & ,brew/]'s1 #gc4 ,/ev9us1 on ! incl9$ plane1 #adj2 on hydro/atics1 #ada2 on ! equilibrium ( sy/ems1 #adb2 discov]s ! pr9ciple ( virtual velocities1 #aej2 *>act]isation ( 8 ?\ght1 #adb2 also #ahb1 #ahg1 #aia4 ,/one ,age1 #df1 #cba4 ,/r5s51 #cjf4 ,/ove1 primitive1 #bfc4 ,/raight l9e1 a1 its symmetry1 #ih4 ,/raight1 mean+ ( ! ^w1 #bdj4 ,/reet1 vi/a into a1 #ge4 ,/riae1 9 glass1 #cac4 ,/riate me?od1 = detect+ optical imp]fections1 #cag4 ,/rik+ di/ance1 #aae1 #abg4 ,/r+s1 vibrations (1 #bdi4 ,/ruggle = exi/5ce among ideas1 #bag4 ,sub/ance1 heat conceiv$ z a1 #agg1 #bdc et seq42 electricity z a1 #agj2 ! s\rce ( our notion (1 #aii2 rle ( ! notion (1 #bjc1 #bdd et seq42 en]gy conceiv$ z a1 #afd1 #ahe1 #bdd et seq4 ,sub/itution-value ( heat1 #agh1 footnote4 ,suetonius1 #cdh4 ,sulphur1 specific inductive capacity (1 #aag4 ,sun1 human be+s c\ld n exi/ on1 #c4 ,swift1 #hd1 #bhj4 ,swimm]1 ,ampre's1 #bjg4 ,symmetry1 def9ition (1 #ib2 figures (1 #ib et seq42 plane (1 #id2 v]tical & horizontal1 #id2 9 music1 #ii et seq4 ,sympa!tic vibration1 #bb et seq41 #cgi4 ,tailor1 nature l a covet\s1 #i-aj4 ,tang5t1 ! ^w1 #bfc4 ,ta/e1 d\btful cultivation (1 by ! classics1 #ceb-cec2 ( ! anci5ts1 #cec4 ,taylor1 on ! vibration ( /r+s1 #bdi4 ,tea*+1 its nature1 #cff et seq4 ,telegraph1 ! ^w1 #bfc4 ,telescope1 #bfb4 ,tele/]eoscope1 !1 #hd4 ,temp]am5t1 ev51 9 tun+1 #dg4 ,temp]ature1 absolute1 #afb2 diff]5ces (1 #bje2 diff]5ces (1 view$ z level surfaces1 #afa2 heights (1 #agd2 scale (1 d]iv$ f t5sions ( gases1 #agd4 ,t]5ce1 #cdg4 ,t]ms1 sci5tific1 #cdb-cdc4 ,?ales1 #bei4 ,!ories1 _! scope1 function1 & p[]1 #bda-bdb2 mu/ be replac$ by direct description1 #bdh4 ,!rmal1 en]gy1 #agd1 #agg2 capacity1 #abc1 footnote4 ,!rmodynamics1 #afj et seq4 ,!rmoelectromet]1 ,riess's1 #acc1 #afi4 ,?+-9-itself1 !1 #bjj4 ,?+s1 m5tal symbols = gr\ps ( s5sations1 #bjj-bja4 ,?omson1 ,james1 on ! l[]+ ( ! freez+-po9t ( wat] by pressure1 #afb4 ,?omson1 ,w41 8 absolute electromet]1 #abg1 footnote2 on !rmodynamics1 #afb2 on ! cons]vation ( en]gy1 #afe2 on ! me*anical measures ( temp]ature1 #agd1 footnote2 on wa/e ( me*anical en]gy1 #age2 also #ajh1 #agc1 footnote4 ,?\ght1 habitudes (1 #aii1 #bbd1 #bbg1 #bcb2 relation%ip betwe5 language &1 #cbi2 incongru5ce betwe5 exp]i5ce &1 #bjf2 luxuriance ( a fully develop$1 #eh2 trans=mation 9 sci5tific1 #bad-bce4 ,?\ghts1 _! 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:o are curi\s to le>n h[ ! pr9ciples ( me*anics h be5 evolv$1 f :at s\rce !y take _! orig91 & h[ f> !y c be deem$ ( positive & p]man5t value1 w f9d ,dr4 ,ma*'s able treatise entranc+ly int]e/+4444 ,! book is a rem>kable "o 9 _m respects1 :ile ! mixture ( hi/ory ) ! late/ sci5tific pr9ciples & absolute ma!matical d$uctions makes x exce$+ly attractive4--,me*anical ,_w1 ,man*e/] & ,london1 ,engl&4 ,ma*'s ,me*anics is unique4 ,x is n a text-book1 b =ms a useful supplem5t to ! ord9>y text-book4 ,! latt] is usually a skeleton outl9e1 full ( ma!matical symbols & o!r ab/ractions4 ,ma*'s book has 'muscle & clo?+1' & be+ writt5 f ! hi/orical /&po9t1 introduces ! lead+ contributors 9 succession1 tells :at !y did & h[ !y did x1 & (t5 :at mann] ( m5 !y 74 ,?us x is t ! pages gl[1 z x 71 ) a c]ta9 humanism1 q delightful 9 a sci5tific book4444 ,! book is h&somely pr9t$1 & des]ves a w>m reception f all int]e/$ 9 ! progress ( sci5ce4--,! ,physical ,review1 ,new ,york & ,london4 ,mr4 ,t4 ,j4 ,mc,cormack1 by 8 effective translation1 :]e translation 0 no light task1 ( ?is ma/]ly treatise ^u ! e>lie/ & mo/ fundam5tal ( ! sci5ces1 has r5d]$ no slight s]vice to ! ,engli% speak+ /ud5t4 ,! ,g]man & ,engli% languages are g5]ally acc\nt$ second to none 9 _! value z in/rum5ts = ! expression ( sci5tific ?\ght2 b ! conv]sion bodily ( an ab/ruse "w f "o into ! o!r1 s z to pres]ve all ! mean+ & _s ( ! orig9al & to set x easily & naturally into its new =m1 is a task ( ! greate/ difficulty1 & :5 p]=m$ s well z 9 ! pres5t in/ance1 m]its great comm5dation4 ,dr4 ,ma* has creat$ = 8 own works ! sev]e/ possible /&>d ( judgm5t4 ,to expect no m f ! books ( su* a ma/] ?an f ! elem5t>y productions ( an ord9>y tea*] 9 ! sci5ce w\ld be undue mod]ation4 ,our au?or has lift$ :at1 to _m ( u1 0 at "o "t a c\rse ( seem+ly unpr(itable m5tal gymna/ics1 encompass$ only at va/ exp5diture ( intellectual ef=t1 into a /udy possess+ a deep philosophical value & in/9ct ) life & int]e/4 ',no pr(it gr[s :]e is no pleasure ta'en1' & ! emancipat$ collegian w turn ) pleasure f ! n>r[ me?ods ( ! text-book to :]e ! sci5ce is made to illu/rate1 by a treatm5t at once broad & deep1 ! fundam5tal connexion betwe5 all ! physical sci5ces1 tak5 toge!r4--,! ,m9+ ,j\rnal1 ,london1 ,engl&4 ,z a hi/ory ( me*anics1 ! "w is admirable4--,! ,nation1 ,new ,york4 ,an excell5t book1 admirably illu/rat$4--,! ,lit]>y ,_w1 ,london1 ,engl&4 ,sets =? ! elem5ts ( its subject ) a lucidity1 cle>ness1 & =ce unkn[n 9 ! ma!matical text-books 444 is admirably fitt$ to s]ve /ud5ts z an introduction on hi/orical l9es to ! pr9ciples ( me*anical sci5ce4--,canadian ,m9+ & ,me*anical ,review1 ,ottawa1 ,c4 ,a ma/]ly book4444 ,to any "o :o feels t he does n "k z mu* z he ought to ab\t physics1 we c comm5d x mo/ he>tily z a s*ol>ly & able treatise 444 bo? int]e/+ & pr(itable4--,a4 ,m4 ,well+ton1 9 ,eng9e]+ ,news1 ,new ,york4 ,! book z a :ole is unique1 & is a valuable addition to any libr>y ( sci5ce or philosophy4444 ,reproductions ( qua9t old portraits & vignettes give piquancy to ! pages4 ,! num]\s m>g9al titles =m a complete epitome ( ! "w2 & !re is t invaluable adjunct1 a good index4 ,altoge!r ! publi%]s are to be congratulat$ ^u produc+ a te*nical "w t is ?or\ghly attractive 9 its make-up4--,pr(4 ,d4 ,w4 ,h]+1 9 ,sci5ce4 ,!re is "o o!r po9t ^u :i* ?is volume %\ld be comm5d$1 & t is ! p]fection ( ! translation4 ,x is a common fault t books ( ! greate/ int]e/ & value 9 ! orig9al are (t5e/ but*]$ or made ridicul\s by a clumsy translator4 ,! pres5t is a notewor?y exception4--,railway ,age4 ,! book is admirably pr9t$ & b\nd4444 ,! presswork is unexcell$ by any te*nical books t h come to our h&s = "s "t1 & ! engrav+s & figures are all cle>ly & well execut$4--,railroad ,gazette4 ,,te/imonials ,,( ,,prom95t ,,educators4 ,i am delight$ ) ,pr(essor ,ma*'s ,sci5ce ( ,me*anics4--,m4 ,e4 ,cooley1 ,pr(essor ( ,me*anical ,eng9e]+1 ,ann ,arbor1 ,mi*4 ,y h done a good s]vice to sci5ce 9 publi%+ ,ma*'s ,sci5ce ( ,me*anics 9 ,engli%4 ,i %all take e opportunity to recomm5d x to "y /ud5ts z a s\rce ( mu* int]e/+ in=mation & inspiration4--,m4 ,i4 ,pup91 ,pr(essor ( ,me*anics1 ,columbia ,college1 ,new ,york4 ,ma*'s ,sci5ce ( ,me*anics is an admirable 444 book4--,pr(4 ,e4 ,a4 ,fu]tes1 ,director ( ! ,college ( ,civil ,eng9e]+ ( ,cornell ,univ]sity1 ,i?aca1 ,n4 ,y4 ,i congratulate y ^u produc+ ! "w 9 su* good /yle & 9 s good a translation4 ,i b\ght a copy ( x a ye> ago1 v %ortly aft] y issu$ x4 ,! book itself is des]v+ ( ! highe/ admiration2 & y are entitl$ to ! ?anks ( all ,engli%-speak+ physici/s = ! publication ( ?is translation4--,d4 ,w4 ,h]+1 ,pr(essor ( ,physics1 ,univ]sity ( ! ,city ( ,new ,york1 ,new ,york4 ,i h read ,ma*'s ,sci5ce ( ,me*anics ) great pleasure4 ,! book is exce$+ly int]e/+4--,w4 ,f4 ,magie1 ,pr(essor ( ,physics1 ,pr9ceton ,univ]sity1 ,pr9ceton1 ,n4 ,j4 ,! ,sci5ce ( ,me*anics by ,ma*1 translat$ by ,t4 ,j4 ,mc,cormack1 ,i reg>d z a mo/ valuable "w1 n only = acqua9t+ ! /ud5t ) ! hi/ory ( ! developm5t ( ,me*anics1 b z s]v+ to pres5t to him mo/ favorably ! fundam5tal ideas ( ,me*anics & _! rational connexion ) ! highe/ ma!matical developm5ts4 ,x is a mo/ pr(itable book to read along ) ! /udy ( a text-book ( ,me*anics1 & ,i %all take pleasure 9 recomm5d+ its p]usal by my /ud5ts4--,s4 ,w4 ,rob9son1 ,pr(essor ( ,me*anical ,eng9e]+1 ,ohio ,/ate ,univ]sity1 ,columbus1 ,ohio4 ,i am delight$ ) ,ma*'s ',me*anics4' ,i w call ! att5tion to x ( /ud5ts & in/ructors :o h ! ,me*anics or ,physics to /udy or tea*4--,j4 ,e4 ,davies1 ,univ]sity ( ,wiscons91 ,madison1 ,wis4 ,!re c be b "o op9ion z to ! value ( ,ma*'s "w 9 ?is translation4 ,no in/ructor 9 physics %\ld be )\t a copy ( x4--,h5ry ,crew1 ,pr(essor ( ,physics 9 ! ,nor?we/]n ,univ]sity1 ,evan/on1 ,ill4 ,,popul> ,,sci5tific ,,lectures4 ,a ,,portrayal ,,( ,,! ,,_s ,,& ,,me?ods ,,( ,,sci5ce4 ,by ,,dr4 ,,ern/ ,,ma*4 ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,& ,,!ory ,,( ,,inductive ,,sci5ce ,,9 ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,vi5na4 ,translat$ by ,,?omas ,j4 ,mc,c,o,r,m,a,c,k4 ,?ird ,edition1 ,revis$ ,?r\gh\t & ,greatly ,enl>g$4 ,clo?1 ,gilt ,top4 ,exhau/ively ,index$4 ,pages1 #dae4 ,cuts1 #ei4 ,price1 #a4ej4 ,,titles ,,( ,,! ,,lectures4 ,! ,=ms ( ,liquids4 ,! ,fibres ( ,corti4 ,on ! ,causes ( ,h>mony4 ,on ! ,velocity ( ,light4 ,:y ,has ,man ,two ,eyes8 ,on ,symmetry4 ,on ! ,fundam5tal ,concepts ( ,/atic ,electricity4 ,on ! ,pr9ciple ( ! ,cons]vation ( ,en]gy4 ,on ! ,economical ,nature ( ,physical ,inquiry4 ,on ! ,pr9ciple ( ,comp>ison 9 ,physics4 ,on ! ,"p ,play$ by ,accid5t 9 ,inv5tion & ,discov]y4 ,on ,s5sations ( ,ori5tation4 ,on ! ,relative ,educational ,value ( ! ,classics & ! ,ma!matico-,physical ,sci5ces4 ,a ,contribution to ! ,hi/ory ( ,ac\/ics4 ,rem>ks on ! ,!ory ( ,spatial ,vision4 ,on ,trans=mation & ,adaptation 9 ,sci5tific ,?\ght4 ,,press ,,notices4 ,a mo/ fasc9at+ volume1 treat+ ( ph5om5a 9 :i* all are int]e/$1 9 a delightful /yle & ) wond]ful cle>ness4 ,= lightness ( t\* & yet solid value ( in=mation ! *apt] ',:y ,has ,man ,two ,eyes8' has sc>cely a rival 9 ! :ole realm ( popul> sci5tific writ+4--,! ,bo/on ,travell]4 ,truly rem>kable 9 ! insight !y give into ! relation%ip ( ! v>i\s fields cultivat$ "u ! "n ( ,physics4444 ,a ve9 ( humor is met "h & !re rem9d+ ! read] ( ,heaviside1 nev] (f5d+ "o's ta/e4 ,^! features1 toge!r ) ! lightness ( t\* ) :i* ,mr4 ,mc,cormack has r5d]$ !m1 make ! volume "o t may be fairly call$ r>e4 ,! _s ( ! au?or is pres]v$ 9 su* attractive1 really delightful1 ,engli% t "o is assur$ no?+ has be5 lo/ by translation4--,pr(4 ,h5ry ,crew1 9 ,! ,a/rophysical ,j\rnal4 ,a v delightful & useful book4444 ,! au?or treats "s ( ! mo/ recondite problems ( natural sci5ce1 9 s *>m+ly unte*nical a way1 ) su* a weal? ( bright illu/ration1 z makes 8 mean+ cle> to ! p]son ( ord9>y intellig5ce & education4444 ,?is is a "w t %\ld f9d a place 9 e libr>y1 & t p %\ld be enc\rag$ to read4--,daily ,picayune1 ,new ,orleans4 ,9 8 translation ,mr4 ,mc,cormack has well pres]v$ ! frank1 simple1 & pleas+ /yle ( ?is fam\s lectur] on sci5tific topics4 ,pr(essor ,ma* deals ) ! live facts1 ! sali5t po9ts ( sci5ce1 & n ) its my/icism or dead traditions4 ,he uses ! simple/ ( illu/rations & expresses himself cle>ly1 t]sely1 & ) a delightful fre%ness t makes ent]ta9+ read+ ( :at 9 o!r h&s w\ld be dull & prosy4--,eng9e]+ ,news1 ,n4 ,y4 ,! g5]al read] is l$ by pla9 & easy /eps along a delightful way ?r\gh :at w\ld be to him )\t su* a help a complicat$ maze ( difficulties4 ,m>vels are inv5t$ & sci5ce is reveal$ z ! natural foe to my/]ies4--,! ,*autauquan4 ,! beautiful quality ( ! "w is n m>r$ by ab/ruse discussions :i* w\ld require a sci5ti/ to fa?om1 b is s simple & s cle> t x br+s u into direct contact ) ! matt] treat$4--,! ,bo/on ,po/4 ,a ma/]ly exposition ( important sci5tific tru?s4--,scotsman1 ,ed9burgh4 ,^! lectures by ,dr4 ,ma* are delightfully simple & frank2 !re is no dryness or d>kness ( te*nicalities1 & sci5ce & common life d n seem sep>at$ by a gulf4444 ,! /yle is admirable1 & ! :ole volume seems glori\sly alive & human4--,provid5ce ,j\rnal1 ,r4 ,i4 ,! non-sci5tific read] :o desires to le>n some?+ ( mod]n sci5tific !ories1 & ! reasons = _! exi/5ce1 _c d bett] ?an c>efully /udy ^! lectures4 ,! ,engli% is excell5t ?r\gh\t1 & reflects great cr$it on ! translator4--,manufactur] & ,build]4 ,we l ! quiet1 consid]ate intellig5ce ( ^! lectures4--,indep5d5t1 ,new ,york4 ,pr(essor ,ma*'s lectures are s pleasantly writt5 & illum9$ ) su* *>m ( illu/ration t !y h all ! int]e/ ( lively fiction4--,new ,york ,com4 ,adv]tis]4 ,! lit]>y & philosophical sugge/iv5ess ( ! book is v ri*4 ,h>t=d ,sem9>y ,record4 ,all are pres5t$ s skilfully t "o c imag9e t ,pr(essor ,ma*'s he>]s dep>t$ f 8 lecture-room ) ! conviction t sci5ce 0 a matt] = abec$>ians4 ,w please ^? :o f9d ! fairy tales ( sci5ce m absorb+ ?an fiction4--,! ,pilot1 ,bo/on4 ,pr(essor ,ma* 444 is a ma/] 9 physics4444 ,8 book is a good "o & w s]ve a good purpose1 bo? = in/ruction & sugge/ion4--,pr(4 ,a4 ,e4 ,dolbe>1 9 ,! ,dial4 ,! mo/ beautiful ideas are unfold$ 9 ! exposition4--,ca?olic ,_w1 ,new ,york4 ,,! ,,analysis ,,( ,,! ,,s5sations ,by ,,dr4 ,,ern/ ,,ma*4 ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,& ,,!ory ,,( ,,inductive ,,sci5ce ,,9 ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,vi5na4 ,pages1 #bjh4 ,illu/rations1 #cg4 ,index$4 7,price1 ,clo?1 #a4be47 ,,cont5ts4 ,introductory3 ,antimetaphysical4 ,! ,*ief ,po9ts ( ,view = ! ,inve/igation ( ! ,s5ses4 ,! ,space-,s5sations ( ! ,eye4 ,space-,s5sation1 ,cont9u$4 ,! ,relations ( ! ,sight-,s5sations to ,"o ,ano!r & to ! ,o!r ,psy*ical ,elem5ts4 ,! ,s5sation ( ,"t4 ,! ,s5sation ( ,s\nd4 ,influ5ce ( ! ,prec$+ ,inve/igations on ! ,mode ( ,conceiv+ ,physics4 ,a wond]fully orig9al little book4 ,l ev]y?+ he writes a "w ( g5ius4--,pr(4 ,w4 ,james ( ,h>v>d4 ,i consid] ea* "w ( ,pr(essor ,ma* a di/9ct acquisition to a libr>y ( sci5ce4--,pr(4 ,d4 ,w4 ,h]+1 ,new ,york ,univ]sity4 ,!re is no "w kn[n to ! writ] :i*1 9 its g5]al sci5tific be>+s1 is m likely to repay ri*ly ?or\gh /udy4 ,we are all int]e/$ 9 nature 9 "o way or ano!r1 & our int]e/s c only be height5$ & cl>ifi$ by ,ma*'s wond]fully orig9al & :olesome book4 ,x is n say+ too mu* to ma9ta9 t e intellig5t p]son %\ld h a copy ( x1--& %\ld /udy t copy4--,pr(4 ,j4 ,e4 ,trevor1 ,cornell4 ,/ud5ts may "h make ! acqua9tance ( "s ( ! op5 que/ions ( s5sation & at ! same "t take a lesson 9 ! *>m ( sci5tific mode/y t c h>dly be excell$4--,pr(4 ,e4 ,c4 ,san=d1 ,cl>k ,univ]sity4 ,x exhibits ke5 obs]vation & acute ?\ght1 ) _m new & int]e/+ exp]im5ts by way ( illu/ration4 ,moreov]1 ! /yle is light & ev5 lively--a r>e m]it 9 a ,g]man prose "w1 & /ill r>] 9 a translation ( "o4--,! 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