,transcriber's note3 ,the listed ,addenda ,corrigenda have been applied1 and the captions to the last plate corrected from ,,cyproea to ,,cypraea4 99 99 99 99 99 ,zoological ,illustrations1 ,,or ,,original ,,figures ,,and ,,descriptions ,,of ,,new1 ,,rare1 ,,or ,,interesting ,,animals1 ,,selected ,,chiefly ,,from ,,the ,,classes ,,of ,ornithology1 ,entomology1 and ,conchology1 ,,and ,,arranged ,,on ,,the ,,principles ,,of ,,cuvier ,,and ,,other ,,modern ,,zoologists4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,by ,,william ,,swainson1 ,f4,r4,s41 ,f4,l4,s41 ,,member ,,of ,,the ,,wernerian ,,society ,,of ,,edinburgh1 ,,etc4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,vol4 ,,iii4 99 99 99 99 99 ,london3 ,,printed ,,by ,,james ,,moyes1 ,,greville ,,street2 ,,for ,,baldwin1 ,,cradock1 ,,and ,,joy1 ,,paternoster-,,row2 ,,and ,w4 ,,wood1 ,,strand4 99 99 99 99 99 #ahbb-c4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,preface4 99 99 99 99 99 ,in concluding the last volume of these ,illustrations1 ,i may be allowed to express the satisfaction ,i feel1 at the favourable manner in which the work has been received1 both in this country and on the continent4 ,several objections have been urged1 even by sensible writers1 against miscellaneous works on ,zoology4 ,first1 that they range over the whole animal kingdom1 without completing the history of any one tribe4 ,secondly1 that their authors1 while professing to illustrate only what is new or little known1 intrude a large proportion of subjects to be found in all the common natural histories4 ,and thirdly1 that this rapid mode of publishing new discoveries1 is an infringement on the right1 and is detrimental to the labours1 of those naturalists who direct their attention to one particular branch4 ,these objections1 however1 are not unanswerable2 for1 in the first place1 these miscellanies should more properly be considered as graphic illustrations1 or collections of figures1 wherein the efforts of the artist1 aided by scientific knowledge1 are called forth1 to complete1 by his pencil1 the more minute and detailed descriptions which should proceed from the pen of the monographer4 ,the most perfect works in the science are undoubtedly those which unite the labours of both2 but1 in proportion as this perfection is attained1 the general utility of such works is diminished4 ,they become so enormously expensive1 that they are only to be seen in universities and princely libraries2 for the most part inaccessible to the naturalist1 and nearly unknown to the public at large4 ,the works of ,le ,vaillant1 ,desmarest1 ,vieillot1 ,ferussac1 and several others1 published in ,france and ,germany1 are of this description2 and while in one sense they have considerably benefitted the science1 they have in another proved very detrimental to its general diffusion4 ,no sensible naturalist will risk his fame1 by giving his observations to the world1 without knowing what has been done by those who have preceded him2--until1 in fact1 he has proper materials to work upon4 ,he knows that these sumptuous authors should be consulted2 he has not the means of so doing2 and he relinquishes his purpose in despair4 ,such has been the result in two or three instances which ,i could mention3 and the power of materially extending the bounds of science is thus confined to those favoured few1 who are so fortunate as to possess1 or to have the power of consulting1 those splendid publications4 ,the second objection is well grounded2 but in whatever degree it may apply elsewhere1 ,i trust the following pages will evince my anxiety to render the work replete with subjects hitherto unknown or unrecorded2 and my own collections1 in most cases1 have given me ample means for examining and comparing both the genera and species of nearly all the subjects ,i have attempted to illustrate4 ,in several instances my opinions will be found to differ from those of many celebrated naturalists of the day2 but ,i have endeavoured to put the reader in possession of the reasons which have led to the conclusions ,i have adopted4 ,this is but justice towards those who have preceded me1 and to the great body of naturalists1 by whom such questions will ultimately be decided4 ,the age is past wherein the ipse dixit of a great name was enough to check all inquiries after truth4 ,assertions must now be proved before they are admitted3 and those writers who lay before the public tribunal of science their facts1 their arguments1 and their deductions1 can alone hope to have their opinions generally adopted4 ,the third and last objection is as new as it is singular2 and has been urged against ,miscellanies in general by an anonymous ,french writer4#a ,however an author may feel annoyance or disappointment1 that another should be the first to publish discoveries1 which he fancies belong exclusively to himself1 he surely has no title to complain4 ,the field of ,nature is open to the inquiries of all4 ,in her domain there are not yet established any scientific preserves4#b ,if occupation or indolence does not permit one labourer to make known his discoveries1 is another 7who perhaps unconsciously has been working on the same ground7 to hide the knowledge he has gained8 ,this is surely a principle at once illiberal and unjust4 ,at this time1 there is not perhaps a single department of ,zoology which is not employing the attention of more than one writer4 ,it is to the honour1 and to the lasting benefit of science1 that it should be so3 and although a great part of the new objects collected during my travels in ,europe and ,brazil have recently been made public by ,,mm4 ,temminck and ,godart1 ,i feel rejoiced that this has been done by such distinguished men4 ,i have been induced to enter 7perhaps too fully7 into a general defence of ,zoological miscellanies1 from the opinion ,i entertain of their great utility4 ,first1 in diffusing a general knowledge1 and exciting a taste for such pursuits among the great mass of readers2 and secondly1 as being a prompt and interesting channel of communicating new discoveries to the scientific world4 ,their periodical appearances and comparative cheapness renders them of easy access to the student2 and1 if well conducted1 they unite all that is essential from the pen and the pencil4 ,several foreign journals have noticed the appearance of these ,illustrations1 and generally in such terms as to stamp a value on their contents4 ,one of these1 however1#c contains several misrepresentations1 which have doubtless escaped the notice of the editor2 and which1 therefore1 it may be as well to explain in this place4 ,the writer in this journal1 while noticing my ,illustrations1 seems to have mixed up with it criticisms intended for another periodical miscellany1#d to which this has1 perhaps1 given birth1 and which professes to be on a similar plan4 ,he states that these ,illustrations are to be completed in sixty numbers1 making five volumes4 ,no such declaration1 to my knowledge1 has ever been made1 although such is the averred plan of the ,naturalist's ,repository4 ,the reviewer goes on to state3 ,il suit pour l',entomologie et la ,conchologie la classification surannee de ,linnaeus4 ,this is not a very respectful mode of speaking of the labours of the greatest naturalist whom his age produced2 but the proposition is a total mistake2 the charge is refuted by almost every page of my work2 and1 what is rather extraordinary1 by the very quotations of the reviewer4 ,in reply to the regret expressed1 que l'auteur n'indique pas toujours les ouvrages les plus recens1 ,i should have been thankful had he subjoined what works these were2 as ,i do not find1 in the monthly lists of the ,bulletin1 any one which ,i have not consulted or referred to1 if connected with the objects here described4#e ,m4 de ,ferussac's work has been regularly cited1 but his ,prodromus ,i have never been able to procure1 either in ,england or ,paris4 ,and here ,i cannot refrain from adverting to the great number of ,zoological publications which have appeared in this country during the last three years2 a number far exceeding in proportion that of any period in the annals of the science4 ,dr4 ,horsfield has commenced a beautiful work on the ,animals of ,java2 and ,mr4 ,sowerby is prosecuting his ,genera of ,shells with much zeal1 and with increased ability4 ,both these appear periodically4 ,they are conducted on the modern principles of science1 and do credit to their authors4 ,the ,naturalist's ,repository1 before alluded to1 likewise appears monthly1 but is carried on according to the ,linnaean system1 pure and unadulterated4 ,all these1 however1 unite in showing how rapidly the taste for such works has increased4 ,added to these1 a new quarterly ,journal1 exclusively devoted to ,zoology1 has been announced1 and1 if conducted on liberal principles1 its utility will be very great4 ,but nothing1 perhaps1 has more fully evinced the state of public feeling on this point among men of enlightened minds1 than the discussions which have arisen on the present state of the ,british ,museum4 ,it is a subject on which ,i might be tempted to say much1 did ,i not feel1 that among those who do not know me1 ,i might be suspected of interested or unworthy motives4 ,but from the retirement of a country life1 ,i may now be allowed perhaps to say a few words4 ,it is indeed most true1 that1 in the ,zoological department1 this institution is a full century behind the rest of ,europe2 ,i might almost add1 of ,america4 ,but the fault is deep-rooted2 and does not spring from the person 7whoever he may be7 to whom this overwhelming charge is given4 ,it is ridiculous to suppose that the exertions of any one person 7however great his talents1 his zeal1 and his assiduity17 are sufficient to discharge the duties of so complicated an office4 ,such a supposition implies the expectation of a moral impossibility2 and so long as such a ,herculean task is allotted him1 so long will the ,museum continue1 with little alteration1 in its present state4 ,where we have one ,zoologist1 the museums of ,paris1 ,berlin1 and ,vienna have many2 each is charged with the care of one particular branch2 and1 by their united efforts1 the whole is displayed to the examination of the scientific1 and to the view of the public4 ,each professor has thus leisure to prosecute the most important objects of his duty2 i4 e4 to examine1 compare1 and describe1 to detect analogies1 to investigate affinities1 and to give to the world the fruits of his studies4 ,to ,france more particularly this honour is due4 ,and what has been the result8 ,why1 that ,paris has become the ,zoological university of ,europe2 and that the principles which have emanated from it1 are now considered the only true ones by which ,nature is to be studied4 ,it is not my object to attach reproach to any body of men collectively1 or to any one individually2 but truth is not to be concealed4 ,every writer who has the advancement of his favourite study at heart1 is bound 7however feebly7 to advocate its cause4 ,the truth of the preceding remarks cannot be questioned2 and it remains with those in power1 to consider well1 whether such a state of things is consistent with the honour and reputation of the country2 with the justice due to those great men who founded the institution2 and to the expectations of the public1 by whom it is supported4 ,warwick1 ,october1 #ahbc4 99 99 99 99 99 ,pl4 #abj ,illustration ,,ampullaria corrugata1 ,wrinkled ,apple ,snail4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,generic ,,character4--,see ,pl4 #ajc4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,specific ,,character4 ,a4 testa globosa1 corrugata1 olivacea2 spirae prominentis1 acutae1 anfractibus ventricosis2 aperturae margine crasso1 fulvo1 sulcato2 umbilico parvo1 juxta labii interioris mediam posito2 operculo testaceo4 ,shell globose1 wrinkled1 olive2 spire prominent1 acute1 the whorls ventricose2 margin of the aperture thick1 fulvous1 grooved2 umbilicus small1 linear1 near the middle of the inner lip2 operculum shelly4 ,helix ,ampullacea4 ,linn4 ,gmelin1 p4 #cfbf4 ,ampullaria rugosa4 ,sowerby1 ,genera of ,shells1 fas4 #d4 fig4 #a4 #b4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the annexed figures of this hitherto undefined species will clearly show its distinction from ,amp4 globosa1 7pl4 #aai72 and the specific characters now framed for these two shells1 will1 ,i think1 sufficiently distinguish them from each other4 ,in comparison with ,a4 globosa1 this 7even in the young state7 is a wrinkled1 not a smooth shell1 having the umbilicus placed near the middle1 not towards the base1 of the inner lip3 the spiral whorls are elevated and ventricose1 not depressed1 and slightly convex2 and the basal volution1 instead of being very wide on the upper part1 7near the suture17 is widest only in the middle4 ,in young shells1 the wrinkles and the marginated aperture are less defined4 ,when divested of its epidermis1 the colour is blueish white1 with a few narrow bands of obscure purple4 ,a specimen in my own collection has the epidermis so thin1 that the colours beneath it are very conspicuous4 ,the mouth inside is dark chesnut1 with blackish bands2 the margin being pale yellow and slightly reflected4 ,the umbilicus1 both in this and in ,a4 globosa1 is small and contracted1 while in the real ,a4 rugosa ,lam4 7,helix urceus ,lin47 it is very large1 round1 and deep4 ,this latter shell1 also1 differs from both of the former1 by having a thin1 and not a margined aperture4 ,mr4 ,sowerby appears the only writer who has figured this shell1 which he has mistaken for the ,a4 rugosa of ,lamarck4 ,i am informed by ,mr4 ,humphreys it is a native of ,india4 99 99 99 99 99 ,pl4 #aba ,illustration ,,cinnyris ,javanica1 ,javanese ,creeper4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,generic ,,character4--,see ,pl4 #ie4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,specific ,,character4 ,c4 supra nitide purpureo-aerata1 subtus olivaceo-crocea2 scapulis1 uropygio1 strigaque laterali a rostro ad pectus descendente nitide violaceis2 jugulo castaneo2 cauda nigra4 ,above glossy metallic purple2 beneath olive yellow2 scapulars1 rump1 and lateral stripe from the bill to the breast1 shining violet2 throat chesnut2 tail black4 ,nectarinia ,javanica4 ,horsfield in ,linn4 ,tran4 vol4 #ac4 i4 p4 #afg4 99 99 99 99 99 ,under the full conviction that nature has defined1 in the most complete manner1 the geographic limits of the various tribes of birds subsisting on vegetable juices1 ,i am particularly anxious to rectify any mistakes that may shake this hypothesis1 in which ,i find myself supported1 in the fullest manner1 by the opinion of ,professor ,temminck1 in the last edition of his ,manuel4 ,dr4 ,horsfield1 in his account of the birds of ,java1 describes two species under the names of ,nectarinia ,javanica and ,pectoralis4 ,it happens1 however1 that specimens of both these birds are in my own cabinet1 and have enabled me to ascertain that they are both decided species of ,cinnyris1 perfectly agreeing with the characters laid down by ,cuvier1 ,temminck1 and myself1 for this group4 ,it is difficult to say how this oversight has occurred1 because ,dr4 ,h41 just before1 introduces the genus ,cinnyris1 and describes under it two new species4 ,in short1 no doubt remains in my own mind1 that ,cinnyris is a genus as strictly confined to the tropical latitudes of the old1 as ,nectarinia is to the new world4 ,the figure is the size of life2 the outline of the bill will illustrate the generic characters1 of which one of the most important is the nostrils4 ,nothing can exceed the richness and variety of tints with which this splendid little creature is ornamented2 particularly on the head1 which is glossed alternately with lilac1 sea-green1 and violet1 and appears as if covered with some metallic substance2 the blue on the wings1 back1 and edges of the tail is very deep1 shining1 and glossed with purple2 all the wing-feathers are edged with olive1 and some of the lesser quills with chesnut4 99 99 99 99 99 ,pl4 #abb ,illustration ,,achatina virginea1 var4 ,common ,striped ,achatina1 var4 #b and #c4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,generic ,,character4--,see ,pl4 #cj4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,specific ,,character4 ,a4 testa elongata1 fasciis numerosis nigris1 viridibus et flavis ornata2 anfractus basalis latitudine altitudinem superante2 apertura rotundata2 labio exteriore integro2 basi profunde emarginata4 ,var4 #b4 testa fasciis fuscis ornata2 labio interiore albo4 ,var4 #c4 testa fasciis rufis ornata2 labio interiore roseo4 ,shell elongated1 with crowded bands of black1 green1 and yellow2 basal volution broader than high2 aperture rounded2 outer lip entire2 base deeply notched4 ,bulla virginea4 ,gm4 #cdbi4 ,chemnitz1 #i4 t4 #aag4 f4 #ajjj1 #a4 ,dill4 #dia4 ,bulimus virgineus4 ,brug4 p4 #cfc4--,lister1 #ae4 #aj4 ,seba1 t4 #dj4 f4 #ch4 ,ferrusac1 pl4 #abj4 f4 #c1 #d1 #e4 ,var4 #b4 ,shell banded with brown2 inner lip white4 ,ferrusac1 t4 #abj4 f4 #b4 ,var4 #c4 ,shell banded with rufous2 inner lip rosy4 ,chemnitz1 #aj4 #agc4 f4 #afhb1 #afhc1 7reversed47 99 99 99 99 99 ,the shell generally known as the ,ach4 virginea 7,bulla virginea ,lin47 is so common1 that few collectors do not possess it4 ,the varieties1 however1 of this species are rare1 and differ so remarkably in their colouring1 as to require illustration4 ,several kindred species of this family ,i have already described2 and on the same principle of establishing specific distinctions from formation instead of colour1 ,i shall now endeavour to point out those characters which are common1 more or less1 to all the varieties of this species1 and which distinguish it from its allies4 ,a4 virginea may be known by the comparative shortness of the basal whorl1 which in general is broader than high2 the margin of the outer lip is entire1 and sloping in an oblique direction2 the aperture is wide1 and nearly round2 the lower part of the columella takes a concave direction1 and between its base and that of the outer lip is a very deep notch4 ,the basal whorl is so broad that the shell1 if placed on a table with its mouth downwards1 will remain erect4 ,both these and the two next varieties are in ,mr4 ,dubois' cabinet4 ,their locality is unknown2 but my young friend1 ,mr4 ,frederick ,parkes1 has recently sent me shells of the common variety1 found by himself near ,kingston1 ,jamaica4 99 99 99 99 99 ,pl4 #abc ,illustration ,,achatina virginea1 var4 #c and #d4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,generic ,,character4--,see ,pl4 #cj4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,specific ,,character4--,see ,pl4 #abb4 ,a4 virginea1 var4 #c4 testa ampliore1 albescente1 fasciis rufis nigrisque ornata2 apertura purpurea2 labio interiore albo4 ,var4 #d4 testa ampliore1 alba1 fasciis #c angustis1 fuscis ornata2 apertura labioque interiore albis2 anfractu basali medio subcarinato4 ,a4 virginea1 var4 #c4 ,shell larger1 whitish1 with rufous and black bands1 aperture purple2 inner lip white4 ,middle figures4 ,var4 #d4 ,shell larger1 white1 with three narrow brown bands2 aperture and inner lip white2 basal whorl in the middle slightly carinated4 ,upper and lower figures4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the two varieties of ,a4 virginea on this plate1 are still more removed from the type of the species than those last figured2 they are both much larger in size1 and var4 #d presents a slight difference of formation1 in having the basal volution somewhat carinated round the middle2 but as in every other essential character it agrees with the rest1 ,i have refrained from separating it as a distinct species4 ,the four varieties ,i have now illustrated of ,ach4 virginea1 tend to establish1 in a very complete manner1 the correctness of the principles on which ,i have framed the specific characters of this genus2 here are four shells1 with a total difference in the colouring of each1 yet all agreeing in the same formation4 ,it should be observed likewise1 that ,a4 pallida1 figured at pl4 #da of this work1 and ,a4 virginea1 var4 #d1 are nearly the same in colour1 while in formation they are completely at variance4 ,i do not think it has been hitherto remarked1 that the elegant green lines which ornament the common variety1 are only external2 they resemble1 in this respect1 the epidermis of other shells1 for they may be taken off by a knife without any injury to the enamel4 ,m4 ,ferrusac has figured several other varieties in his beautiful work on ,land ,shells4 99 99 99 99 99 ,pl4 #abd ,illustration ,,licinia ,crisia4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,generic ,,character4--,see ,pl4 #ae4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,specific ,,character4 ,a4 mas4 ,alis anticis falcato-acuminatis1 fuscis1 fascia media margineque postico flavo2 posticis infra flavescentibus colore griseo variis1 basi maculis #d fulvis4 ,fem4 ,alis infra albentibus colore griseo variis2 anticis integris1 supra fuscis1 fascia media margineque postico albentibus2 posticarum basi maculis #d fulvis4 ,male4 ,anterior wings angulated1 brown1 with a central band and hind margin yellow2 posterior beneath yellowish marbled with grey1 base with #d fulvous spots4 ,female4 ,anterior wings entire1 above brown1 with a central band and hind margin whitish2 all the wings beneath whitish marbled with grey2 base of the posterior with #d fulvous spots4 ,pieris ,crisia4 ,godart4 ,en4 ,meth4 p4 #aig4 ,male4 ,drury1 v4 #c4 pl4 #cg4 f4 #a4 #b8 99 99 99 99 99 ,the extraordinary difference existing between the sexes of exotic ,lepidoptera1 and particularly among the ,butterflies1 7,papilionidae ,lin47 is a subject which hitherto has received but little attention2 nor am ,i aware of any entomological writer who has described those characters which absolutely distinguish the sexes3 characters which1 ,i am persuaded1 will hereafter be found of the first importance in a natural arrangement of these insects4 ,but in the prosecution of this desirable object1 the naturalist1 as far as regards foreign ,lepidoptera1 will have to encounter serious obstacles2 many individuals must be examined of each species1 and some of these dissected4 ,it falls to the lot of few to pursue their inquiries in the native regions of these insects4 ,collections in this country are very few1 and some of these are not always open to the scientific labourer2 neither can specimens be sacrificed for dissection1 where there are not more than two or three individuals of a species4 ,this is in general a very rare insect2 observed for the first time by ,dr4 ,langsdorff and myself early in ,june 7the tropical autumn71 in a wood adjoining the ,organ ,mountains at ,rio de ,janeiro4 ,from its local abundance1 we were able to ascertain the sexes4 ,the two upper figures are of the female1 and the lower of the male insect4 99 99 99 99 99 ,pl4 #abe ,illustration ,,papilio ,nerius4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,generic ,,character4--,see ,pl4 #ib4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,specific ,,character4 ,p4 7,gr4 ,ecaud47 ,alis nigris1 fascia communi maculisque viridibus2 posticis dentatis breviter caudatis2 his subtus fascia subargentea1 marginali1 nervis divisa4 ,godart4 ,p4 7,gr4 ,ecaud47 ,wings black1 with spots and a common band of green2 posterior wings dentated1 obsoletely tailed1 beneath with a silvery marginal band1 divided by the nerves4 ,p4 ,nireus4 ,fab4 ,sys4 ,ent4 #c4 p4 #cf4 ,godart ,ency4 ,meth4 #i4 #a4 p4 #dh4 ,drury #b4 pl4 #d4 fig4 #a4 #b4 ,cramer1 p4 #ahg4 ,a4 ,b4 7mas47 pl4 #cgh4 ,f4 ,g4 7fem47 99 99 99 99 99 ,i have figured this insect1 principally because it will fully illustrate the first section 7a47 in the arrangement of this beautiful family proposed at plate #ib4 ,the two divisions there adopted1 after the manner of ,linnaeus1 7,graeci et ,trojani7 ,i am fully aware1 are purely artificial2 but the facility this distribution will give to the student1 in searching after a particular species1 is so obvious1 that it need hardly be pointed out4 ,i have only had the opportunity of examining the individual from which the figure was taken4 ,it is a male1 having the anal valves rather lengthened and obtuse1 with a small hook between them1 which projects from the last segment of the abdomen4 ,this circumstance proves the error of ,cramer1 in having mistaken the sexes of this species1 both of which he seems to have figured4 ,that which ,i apprehend is the female 7,cramer1 pl4 #cgh1 fig4 ,f4 ,g47 ,i have not myself seen4 ,the blue-green on the upper surface of the wings is very resplendent and changeable1 and the palpi and thorax beneath are covered with numerous whitish spots4 ,on the under side of the inferior wings1 near their base1 is a paler band1 rayed with the nerves1 and in some lights shining with a pale silvery reflection4 ,mr4 ,smeathman sent this species from ,sierra ,leone1 in ,africa1 to ,mr4 ,drury4 ,the locality1 therefore1 of ,india1 given by ,linnaeus and ,fabricius1 must be incorrect4 99 99 99 99 99 ,pl4 #abf ,illustration ,,conus vitulinus1 var4 ,orange ,fox ,cone1,brown-tipp'd variety4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,generic ,,character4--,see ,pl4 #fe4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,specific ,,character4 ,c4 testa fulva seu fusca1 fasciis #b interruptis ornata2 spirae brevis1 levatae1 conicae1 maculatae anfractibus concavis1 subgranose striatis2 basi granosa1 alba4 ,var4 testa flavescente1 fasciis obscuris1 subalbidis ornata2 basi rufa4 7,fig4 nos47 ,shell fulvous or brown1 with #b interrupted white bands2 spire short1 elevated1 conic1 spotted1 volutions concave with subgranulated striae2 base granulated1 white4 ,conus vitulinus4 ,brug4 p4 #fdh4 ,lamarck4 ,ann4 #ae4 p4 #bfe4 ,knorr4 vol4 #e4 tab4 #a4 fig4 #d 7optime74 ,dillwyn #cgg4 ,lam4 ,syst4 #g4 p4 #dfg4 #ee4 ,var4 ,shell yellowish1 with obscure whitish bands2 the base rufous4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i received this very uncommon shell from the ,island of ,amboyna2 and although in size and colour it is widely different from the usual appearance of ,c4 vitulinus1 ,i have no hesitation in considering it as a remarkable variety only of that species4 ,c4 vitulinus in general is a small shell4 ,the best representation of it ,i have seen is given by ,knorr2 an author not in general very accurate in his figures4 ,it varies considerably in colour1 and approaches very near to ,c4 vulpinus ,lam4 from which it principally differs in having an elevated1 though short1 spire1 instead of one nearly flat3 the base is granulated1 and generally white2 ,c4 vulpinus also has the body whorl carinated and thickest round the upper margin1 whereas1 in ,vitulinus1 it is gently swelled in the middle4 ,m4 ,lamarck is1 ,i think1 mistaken in the synonyms of this shell1 which is represented in the ,ency4 ,meth4 plate #cbf1 fig4 #b and #d44 ,the shell at fig4 #h4 appears to me as the granulated variety of ,c4 vulpinus4 ,inhabits the ,asiatic ,ocean4 99 99 99 99 99 ,pl4 #abg ,illustration ,,conus ,maldivus1 ,spanish ,admiral ,cone4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,generic ,,character4--,see ,pl4 #fe4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,specific ,,character4 ,c4 testa laevi1 postice gracili ferruginea1 maculis albis subtrigonis1 cingulisque numerosis fuscis1 albo punctatis1 ornata2 basi nigra2 spirae brevis apice acuto1 anfractibus laevibus1 planis4 ,shell smooth1 posterior end slender1 ferruginous1 with angular white spots1 and white bands dotted with brown2 base black2 spire short1 tip acute1 the whorls smooth and flat4 ,c4 ,maldivus4 ,brug4 7#aghi47 p4 #fdd4 ,lam4 ,ann4 v4 #ae4 p4 #bfd4 ,c4 ,jaspideus4 ,humphreys in ,mus4 ,cal4 7#agig7 p4 #ab4 ,no4 #ahe4 ,conus ,generalis4 ,var4 ,b4 ,dillwyn4 #eci4 #aa4 ,lam4 ,syst4 #g4 p4 #dfe4 #ej4 ,var4 #a4 ,band in the middle narrow2 upper figure4 ,ency4 ,meth4 pl4 #cbe4 fig4 #f4 ,var4 #b4 ,band broader2 lower figure4 ,var4 #c4 ,band very broad1 with dotted transverse lines2 middle figure4 ,seba4 pl4 #ed4 fig4 #aa4 #ab4 ,ency4 ,meth4 pl4 #cbe4 fig4 #e4 #g4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the general similarity existing between the ,spanish ,admiral1 and two other cones1 figured in this work1 ,i have before alluded to2 it has been placed by the ,linnaean writers as a variety of ,c4 ,generalis1 from which1 however1 it invariably differs1 in being a much thicker shell1 with a shorter spire1 and the whorls without any concavity4 ,the colour of the two species varies considerably in different individuals1 but ,c4 ,maldivus is always destitute of the dark brown longitudinal stripes at the top of the body whorl1 peculiar to ,c4 ,generalis2 the white bands are either broken into somewhat triangular spots1 or are banded with minute dots2 these triangular white spots are sometimes scattered in other parts of the shell1 and the white band in the middle varies much in breadth2 of all the varieties ,i have yet seen1 the middle figure is that which makes the nearest approach to ,c4 ,generalis4 ,the very applicable name given to this shell by ,mr4 ,humphreys1 in the ,museum ,calonnianum1 ,i should have adopted1 had not ,bruguiere previously affixed to it that of ,maldivus1 as being a native of the ,maldivian ,islands4 99 99 99 99 99 ,pl4 #abh ,illustration ,,conus ,maldivus1 var4 ,spanish ,admiral ,cone1,chesnut variety4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,generic ,,character4--,see ,pl4 #fe4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,specific ,,character4--,see ,pl4 #abg4 ,conus ,maldivus4 ,var4 ,b4 testa castanea1 fascia albescente media angusta ornata2 anfractus basalis basi et margine albis4 ,var4 ,b4 ,chesnut1 with a narrow whitish band in the middle2 base and margin of the body whorl white4 99 99 99 99 99 ,as a further illustration of the last plate1 ,i have been induced to figure this very rare variety1 from a specimen ,i met with at ,mrs4 ,mawe's4 ,in the disposition of its markings1 it approaches near to the shell represented in the ,ency4 ,meth4 plate #cbe1 f4 #f1 but the white band in the middle is narrower1 and quite destitute of the circular dotted lines there expressed4 ,no shells require a greater accuracy of delineation than the ,cones1 particularly in expressing the peculiarity in the form and sculpture of their spires4 ,i am well persuaded that a great number of the mistakes committed by authors have originated in the wretched figures contained in ,favanne's work1 and in the early volumes of ,martini4 ,those of ,favanne are generally so loose and inaccurate1 7although remarkably well engraved17 that ,i do not wish1 by quoting1 to make them any authority2 and most of the ,cones figured by ,martini are equally bad4 ,bruguiere and ,lamarck have both given the character of spira canaliculata to this species1 which is altogether a mistake4 ,the spiral whorls are all but perfectly flat1 and the suture is quite closed up1 although sometimes uneven2 originating1 as in many other shells1 either from the inequalities of growth1 or from an accidental sea-break1 which the animal may have repaired4 99 99 99 99 99 ,pl4 #abi ,illustration ,,melliphaga torquata1 ,white-collared ,honeysucker4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,generic ,,character4--,see ,pl4 #dc4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,specific ,,character4 ,m4 olivaceo-fulva1 infra alba2 capite auribusque nigris2 torque nuchali lunato1 albo2 superciliorum cute rubra4 ,fulvous olive1 beneath white2 head and ears black2 nape with a white crescent1 skin of the eyebrows red4 ,black-crowned ,honeysucker4 ,lewin's ,birds of ,n4 ,holland1 pl4 #bd4 99 99 99 99 99 ,an elegant1 though not a richly coloured bird2 remarkable for the bright red of the skin above the eyes1 and the milk-white collar at the back of the head4 ,it is from ,new ,holland1 and1 like others of its tribe1 derives its nourishment chiefly from the nectar of flowers2 as more particularly mentioned in my first observations on this genus at pl4 #dc4 ,the figure is of the natural size3 excepting the crown and sides of the head 7which are deep black71 the whole upper plumage is olive yellow3 the shoulders1 quills1 and tail brown2 the two latter margined with olive1 but the exterior quills with white3 the throat1 breast1 and collar round the nape pure white2 skin of the eyebrows red4 ,the ,lunated ,creeper of ,dr4 ,shaw 7,le ,fuscalben of ,vieillot1 ,certh4 pl4 #fa4 p4 #abb47 is1 ,i apprehend1 a distinct species4 ,it is described as being cinnamon brown above1 with a bright red spot of feathers behind the eye4 ,in the temperate climate of ,new ,holland1 that variation from the usual colouring of particular species1 so frequent in tropical birds1 is seldom met with2 neither can these two birds be sexes of one species1 because ,lewin1 who wrote on the spot1 particularly remarks that the female of this is like the male2 he further adds1 it is found near ,paramatta1 and the ,hawkesbury river1 in thick bushy woods4 ,lewin's figure is so excellent1 that ,i should not again have represented this bird1 had not the plate been prepared previous to the publication of his work4 ,the outline figure of the bill will show more clearly the uncommon length of the nostrils1 a character which is peculiar to this genus4 ,pl4 #acj ,illustration ,pl4 #aca ,illustration 99 99 99 99 99 ,,specific ,,character4 ,t4 viridi-aureus1 subtus canus2 remigum primorum 7in maribus7 scapis dilatato-incurvatis2 rectricium pennis #d mediis viridibus apice nigro1 lateralibus albis basi nigra2 rostro vix recto4 ,golden green1 beneath grey2 greater quills 7in the male7 with the shafts dilated and incurved4 ,four middle tail-feathers green tipped with black1 lateral feathers white with a black base2 bill nearly straight4 ,t4 latipennis4 ,lath4 ,in4 ,orn4 #a4 p4 #caj4 ,gen4 ,zool4 #h4 #a4 #cah4 ,t4 campylopterus4 ,gm4 ,sys4 ,nat4 #dii4 n4 #fe4 ,l',o4 mouche a larges tuyaux4 ,vieillot ,ois4 ,d'or4 p4 #ba4 p4 #ei4 ,broad-shafted ,h4 ,bird4 ,lath4 ,syn4 v4 #b4 p4 #gfe4 ,gen4 ,zool4 #h4 #cah4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the opinion ,i expressed on the unusual formation of the wings in two species of ,humming-birds1 figured at pl4 #hc and #ajg1 appears to receive the fullest confirmation from the birds here represented4 ,one of these 7pl4 #aca7 is clearly the ,t4 latipennis1 or ,broad-shafted ,humming-bird of authors2 while the other presents not the slightest difference except in the shafts of the quills1 which1 instead of being thickened and dilated1 are of the ordinary size4 ,not having myself dissected these birds1 ,i cannot decidedly say they are male and female2 but ,i think no reasonable doubt can remain that such is the fact1 and that these singular quill-feathers are characteristic only of the male sex4 ,both the birds are represented the size of life1 and may be included in one description3 the upper plumage obscure blueish green1 glossed with a coppery or golden tinge and shaded with brown1 the plumage beneath entirely grey2 ears and sides of the neck the same1 the latter with some spots of greenish4 ,tail large1 even1 and broad2 the two middle feathers green1 tipt 7in the male7 with blackish2 the next pair black1 with the base green1 and the extreme points whitish2 the remainder black1 with their ends more or less white4 ,wings violet brown1 the shafts of the three outer quills1 in the male1 dilated and compressed1 but simple in the female4 ,said to inhabit ,cayenne4 ,although the bill of this species is all but straight1 it belongs naturally to the curved-bill division4 99 99 99 99 99 ,pl4 #acb ,illustration ,,macroglossum annulosum1 ,upper figure 99 99 99 99 99 ,,generic ,,character4--,see ,pl4 #fd4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,specific ,,character4 ,m4 alis nigris1 anticis fasciis #b hyaline maculatis ornatis2 abdominis nigri1 segmento tertio niveo4 ,wings black1 anterior with two bands of hyaline spots2 abdomen black1 the third segment snowy4 99 99 99 99 99 ,an elegant insect2 so closely allied to ,sphinx ,tantalus1 ,lin4 7,drury1 v4 #a4 pl4 #bf4 f4 #e47 as to excite a doubt if it should be considered as a separate species4 ,drury's figure and description1 however1 of that insect1 induce me to think they are most probably distinct4 ,s4 ,tantalus is without the two bands of hyaline spots1 and is much smaller in size4 ,in this insect are three small1 white1 snowy dots1 on the sides of the lower segments of the abdomen1 and the same beneath3 the anal segment is grey2 with the margin1 and spot in the middle1 black4 ,inhabits ,brazil1 but is a rare insect4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,macroglossum fasciatum1 ,lower figure4 99 99 99 99 99 ,m4 alis nigricantibus1 anticis fusco variis1 posticis striga aurantiaca centrali ornatis2 thorace grisea2 corporis lateribus1 maculis aurantiacis1 nigris et pallide fulvis insignibus2 antennis gracilibus2 unco producto4 ,wings blackish1 anterior variegated with brown1 posterior with a central orange stripe2 thorax grey1 sides of the body with orange1 black1 and pale yellow spots2 antennae slender1 hook lengthened4 ,sphinx ceculus4 ,cramer1 pl4 #adf4 f4 ,g4 99 99 99 99 99 ,this is another ,brazilian species1 much more frequent than the last4 ,in ,cramer1 at pl4 #adf1 g4 is figured an insect under the name of ,ceculus1 which no author appears to have quoted2 but which 7miserably inaccurate as it is71 ,i have no doubt the artist intended as a representation of this insect2 particularly as ,cramer's description1 though short1 is very applicable4 ,the colours beneath are uniform dark brown2 the thorax1 legs1 and base of the wings1 whitish2 near the exterior margin of the superior wings is a small white dot1 and two others on each side of the middle segments of the body4 99 99 99 99 99 ,pl4 #acc ,illustration ,,thecla ,macaria1 ,chesnut-spotted ,hair-,streak4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,generic ,,character4--,see ,pl4 #fi4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,specific ,,character4 ,t4 alis supra fuscis2 anticis ad basin caeruleis1 infra ferrugineis1 punctis #b mediis nigris ornatis2 posticis infra castaneis1 antice pallidioribus1 maculo nigro ad basin ornatis4 ,wings above brown2 anterior blue at the base1 beneath ferruginous1 with two central black spots2 posterior beneath chesnut1 paler on the fore part1 with a black spot near the base4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i have selected this insect as one of the rarest among a vast number of species of this elegant tribe1 collected during my travels in ,brazil4 ,two specimens of the male1 and one of the female insect1 were captured in the woods near ,pernambuco1 in lat4 #h;deg #ab' ,s4 ,the male insects1 in the majority of the ,hair-,streaks1 have either a velvet or eye-like spot in the middle of the anterior wings1 adjoining their outer margin2 these spots are without lustre1 and frequently appear as if caused by being rubbed3 the colours1 likewise1 on the upper surface of the wings in the males1 generally differ from those of the females4 ,wings brown2 anterior1 with the half next the base blue2 central spot blackish1 enclosing an obscure eye-like spot margined with grey1 the pupil black with a white dot4 ,posterior wings two-tailed2 exterior tail very short1 interior lengthened2 anal angle two-lobed1 margin whitish4 ,anterior wings beneath1 pale chesnut brown1 tips chesnut2 in the middle are two black dots1 one of which is small2 above these are three others1 which form a short transverse line united to the margin4 ,posterior wings beneath1 dark chesnut2 with two central blackish dots in the middle2 below are two undulated brown lines1 parallel to the posterior margin2 the anterior margin pale1 with a large black dot near the base2 anal angle1 clouded with grey and tipt with a black spot3 another spot is also at the base of the exterior tail4 ,in the female1 all the wings above are brown1 with a pale blue base2 but the under surface1 except in being paler1 resembles that of the male4 99 99 99 99 99 ,pl4 #acd ,illustration ,,strombus exustus1 ,burnt1 or ,purple-mouthed ,strombus--7,upper figure47 99 99 99 99 99 ,,generic ,,character4--,see ,pl4 #aj4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,specific ,,character4 ,s4 testa nodosa2 labio interiore albo1 laevi2 labii exterioris inflexi1 supra sinuati1 intus purpureo-atri1 striati2 lobo basali edentulo4 ,shell nodulous2 inner lip smooth1 whitish2 outer lip inflected1 above sinuated1 within striated1 blackish purple2 basal lobe not toothed4 ,young4 ,s4 papilio4 ,chem4 x4 t4 #aeh4 f4 #aeaj1 #aa4 ,dillw4 #ffa4 #abj4 #aa4 ,adult4 ,strombus exustus4 ,humphreys in ,mus4 ,cal4 p4 #ch4 n4 #gad4 ,s4 lentiginosus4 ,martini1 iii4 t4 #hj4 f4 #hbe1 #hbf4 ,gmelin4 #ceaj4 7var4 beta47 ,dillwyn4 #ffj4 ,seba1 t4 #eb4 f4 #ag4 #ah4 ,knorr4 #c4 t4 #bf4 f4 #b4 #c8 99 99 99 99 99 ,specimens now before me prove that the ,s4 papilio of ,chemnitz is a young shell of ,s4 exustus1 a species named by ,mr4 ,humphreys in the ,calonne ,catalogue1 and described in his own manuscripts4 ,in a young state1 the aperture is smooth and nearly white1 but when full grown1 the outer lip is strongly striated1 and the aperture reddish purple1 dark red1 or reddish chesnut3 the outer lip is but slightly sinuated above1 and the basal lobe never toothed1 as in the next species4 ,inhabits the island of ,haynam1 in the ,east ,indies1 and is very rare4 ,described by ,lamarck 7,syst4 #g4 p4 #baa7 under the name of ,s4 ,papilio4 ,the first of these names1 however1 has the right of priority4 7,see ,mus4 ,cal4 #agig47 ,the figures of ,martini1 tom4 #c4 tab4 #h4 f4 #hbe1 #hbf1 clearly represent this species2 although ,lamarck has quoted them for ,s4 lentiginosus4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,strombus lentiginosus1 ,tuberculated ,strombus 99 99 99 99 99 ,s4 testa nodosa2 labii exterioris supra rotundati ad spiram annexi1 profunde bilobati1 margine crasso inflexo1 sub-nodoso2 lobo basali dentato2 apertura laevi4 ,shell nodulous1 outer lip above rounded1 attached to the spire1 deeply bilobated1 margin thick1 inflexed1 slightly nodulous2 basal lobe toothed2 aperture smooth4 ,young4 ,seba1 t4 #fb4 f4 #cg4 #dj4 optime4 ,martini1 #c4 t4 #hi4 f4 #hga4 t4 #ia4 f4 #hia4 #hib8 ,lister1 #hic4 #ab8 ,adult4 ,s4 lentiginosus4 ,gmelin1 #ceaj4 ,dillwyn4 #ffj4 ,martini1 #c4 t4 #ha4 f4 #hbg1 #hbh4 ,seba1 #fb4 f4 #aa4 #cj4 7optime47 ,lister1 #hfa4 #ah4 ,gualt4 #cb4 f4 ,a4 ,lam4 ,syst4 #g4 p4 #bjc4 ,knorr1 #c4 tab4 #ac1 f4 #b4 ,lamarck has omitted to quote any of the figures representing the young shells of this and the following species4 99 99 99 99 99 ,this common shell requires little description1 and is only introduced to contrast more fully the difference between these two species3 the upper part of the lip has two deep notches1 which form three prominent lobes2 the basal lobe is toothed1 similar to the ,pterocerae3 the aperture 7in those shells from the ,east ,indies7 is light pink inside4 ,a large and fine variety comes from the ,mauritia islands1 having the mouth within pale golden yellow4 99 99 99 99 99 ,pl4 #ace ,illustration ,,strombus tricornis1 ,horned ,strombus4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,generic ,,character4--,see ,pl4 #aj4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,specific ,,character4 ,s4 testa ponderosa1 nodis longitudinaliter compressis armata2 labio exteriore inflexo1 margine crasso1 supra attenuato et ultra spiram producto2 canali truncato4 ,shell ponderous1 with longitudinally compressed nodules2 outer lip inflexed1 the margin thick1 above attenuated and produced beyond the spire2 channel truncated4 ,in young stages of growth4 ,seba1 pl4 #fb4 f4 #cf1 #aj4 ,martini #c4 tab4 #ia4 f4 #hij4 tab4 #he4 f4 #hdg4 ,lam4 ,syst4 #g4 p4 #bja4 ,var4 ,a4 ,shell whitish1 outer lip much produced4 ,upper figure4 ,martini1 vol4 #c4 tab4 #hd4 f4 #hdd1 #hde4 ,sw4 ,ex4 ,conch4 part #d4 ,var4 ,b4 ,shell varied with chesnut1 outer lip shorter4 ,lower figure4 ,ency4 ,meth4 t4 #djh4 f4 #a4 t4 #dji4 f4 #b4 ,martini1 #c4 tab4 #hd4 f4 #hdc4 ,lister1 #hga4 f4 #be4 #hgc4 f4 #bi4 99 99 99 99 99 ,martini was the first conchological writer who separated this species from the ,strombus ,gallus of ,linnaeus2 under which name are included three shells1 so remarkably different from each other1 that they hardly possess a single character in common4 ,the original name of ,linnaeus ,i have retained to that species figured by ,seba1 tab4 #fb4 fig4 #a and #b1 and by myself in ,exotic ,conchology1 ,part #d4 ,strombus tricornis1 although figured1 has never yet1 ,i believe1 been defined4 ,two varieties of this shell are met with2 one having the attenuated process of the lip much produced1 the margins folded inward1 and the tip somewhat spatulate1 or spoon-shaped3 the colour of this variety is generally white1 slightly varigated with brown stripes or irregular spots4 ,a very fine specimen of this variety1 having these characters remarkably developed1 is in my own cabinet1 and is figured in ,exotic ,conchology1 part #d4 ,the second variety has the process of the lip shorter1 and the margins not folded2 the colour usually brownish1 richly clouded and variegated with chesnut2 the aperture within is tinged with pale red or rosy2 but that of the other variety is pure white4 ,i believe this species inhabits the coasts of ,america2 it is a heavy shell1 and sometimes measures seven inches in extreme length4 99 99 99 99 99 ,pl4 #acf ,illustration ,,ampullaria crassa1 ,thick ,apple ,snail1,upper and lower figures4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,generic ,,character4--,see ,pl4 #ajc4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,specific ,,character4 ,a4 testa globosa1 laevi1 7sub epidermide7 alba1 fasciis fuscis ornata2 spirae levatae apice obtuso2 aperturae margine albo1 crasso2 umbilico caret4 ,shell globose1 smooth1 beneath the epidermis white with brown bands2 spire elevated1 tip obtuse2 margin of the aperture thick1 white2 umbilicus none4 ,martini #i4 t4 #abh4 f4 #aace4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a distinct species1 well characterised by the absence of the umbilicus1 the situation of which is indicated only by a slight depression3 the margin of the aperture all round is thickened1 and white2 but1 from no groove being discernible1 ,i suspect the operculum may be horny4 ,the only specimen ,i have1 is divested of the epidermis2 it is obviously an old shell2 and appears to agree with the figure of ,martini1 also taken from an uncoated specimen4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,ampullaria oblonga1 ,oblong ,apple ,snail 99 99 99 99 99 ,a4 testa oblonga1 laevi1 tenui1 fusca2 spira levata1 crassa1 obtusa2 aperturae elongatae basi contracta2 umbilico vix obsoleto4 ,shell oblong1 smooth1 thin1 brown2 spire elevated1 thick1 obtuse2 aperture lengthened1 base contracted2 umbilicus nearly obsolete4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a rare1 and undescribed shell1 presenting a singular deviation from the general globose form of the ,ampullariae4 ,the inner lip is wanting on the upper part of the aperture1 and on the lower is thin1 white1 and reflected over the umbilicus1 which is nearly obsolete4 ,both these shells were in the late ,mrs4 ,bligh's collection1 without any habitat being affixed to them4 99 99 99 99 99 ,pl4 #acg ,illustration ,,papilio ,polybius4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,generic ,,character4--,see ,pl4 #ib4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,specific ,,character4 ,p4 alis nigris2 anticis maculo albo centrali2 posticis dentato-caudatis maculo rubro centrali nervis diviso2 abdomine striga laterali2 thorace punctis flavis subtus1 ornatis4 ,p4 7,tr4 caud47 wings black2 anterior with a central spot of white2 posterior dentated and tailed1 with a central red spot1 divided by the nerves2 stripe on each side the abdomen and spots on the thorax beneath1 yellow4 99 99 99 99 99 ,an insect neither described nor figured by any author4 ,to my liberal friend1 ,dr4 ,langsdorff1 ,i am indebted for the two specimens in my own cabinet1 collected by himself in the interior of ,minas ,geraes1 or the ,diamond district of ,brazil4 ,i am not aware of the insect having been found in any other part of that vast country4 ,an unusual character is presented in this species1 alone sufficient to distinguish it from any other contained in the division to which it belongs4 ,this consists in the thorax beneath being spotted with yellow1 and the body1 on each side of the under surface1 having a narrow yellow stripe2 the basal margin of the inferior wings is also yellow4 ,strictly speaking1 these yellow spots would remove it from the section ,trojani1 but it would then be improperly separated from ,p4 ,lysithous1 ,agavus1 and others to which it is1 in every respect1 closely allied4 99 99 99 99 99 ,pl4 #ach ,illustration ,,malurus garrulus1 ,noisy ,soft-tail ,warbler4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,generic ,,character4 ,rostrum validius1 breve1 totum valde compressum1 altius quam latius1 culmine prominente plumas frontales dividente et ad apicem aliquando emarginatum1 vix incurvo4 ,nares basales membrana tectae1 apertura laterali4 ,alae brevissimae1 rotundatae1 remigum #c primorum longitudine proximorum #d longitudinem superante4 ,cauda plerumque longa1 cuneata1 radiis mollibus1 decompositis4 ,pedes validi1 digito exteriore ad digiti medii basin annexo4 ,hallux validus4 ,ob4 ,rostri basi vibrissis setaceis sparsis instructa4 ,tem4 ,bill rather strong1 short1 much compressed its whole length1 higher than broad1 the ridge prominent1 dividing the frontal feathers1 and bent at the tip1 which is sometimes notched4 ,nostrils basal1 covered by a membrane1 the aperture lateral4 ,wings very short1 rounded1 the three first quills shorter than the four next4 ,tail generally long1 cuneated1 the radii soft and decomposed4 ,legs strong2 the outer toe connected to the base of the middle toe4 ,hind claw strong4 ,ob4 ,base of the bill with setaceous hairs4 ,temminck4 ,generic ,types--,turdus brachypterus4 ,lath4 ,le ,fluteur4 ,vail4 ,ois4 d',af4 #c4 pl4 #aab4 f4 #b4 ,le ,capolier4 ,do4 pl4 #abi4 pl4 #acj4 f4 #a4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,specific ,,character4 ,m4 fuscus1 infra albescentibus2 plumis frontalibus rigidis1 acuminatis1 rufis2 strigis ante et pone oculos albescentibus2 cauda mediocri1 rotundata4 ,m4 brown1 beneath whitish1 feathers on the front of the head rigid1 pointed1 and rufous2 lines before and behind the eye whitish3 tail moderate1 rounded4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the colours of this bird are altogether plain2 but it is remarkable for its very singular nest1 which is so large1 as to form a feature in the woodland scenery of ,bahia1 the only part of ,brazil where ,i observed it3 the nest is built in low trees1 formed externally of dried sticks1 without any neatness1 and is usually three or four feet long1 resembling at a distance a thick twist of bean stalks thrown in the branches by accident3 sometimes two of these nests appear as if joined together1 and there is an opening on the side1 besides one at the top4 ,the sexes are generally seen near the nest1 uttering a shrill1 incessant1 monotonous chirp1 particularly in the morning and evening4 ,i never could bring myself to tear one of their nests to pieces1 merely to see its construction4 ,all the birds of this genus are stated by ,professor ,temminck to be natives either of the old world1 or of the southern hemisphere2 but the observations ,i have made1 lead me to think otherwise4 ,two of the generic types ,m4 ,temminck has given1 are the same as those ,i have selected2 these birds are now before me2 the other 7,le ,capolier17 is so like the species here figured1 that 7judging from ,le ,vaillant's plate7 they might easily pass for the same bird4 ,two other species1 with characters perfectly resembling ,m4 garrulus1 are likewise found in ,brazil4 ,from a consideration1 therefore1 of the affinities and habits of these birds1 ,i conceive they may constitute a very natural genus1 closely allied to ,sylvia1 having very compressed bills1 short wings1 russet coloured plumage1 with soft and generally long tails1 and building rather large and cylindrical nests4 ,on the other hand1 if the whole of the birds mentioned by ,p4 ,temminck are retained in the genus1 ,i apprehend it will become entirely artificial2 inasmuch as it will include not only the birds above mentioned1 but the ,motacilla superba1 and a large non-descript bird from ,new ,holland1 the size of a thrush1 which in habit1 though not in characters1 resembles a shrike4 ,m4 ,vieillot first proposed this genus1 but his definition is so short and obscure1 that little can be gained from it4 ,the slight sketch in the distance1 introduced in the plate1 will give some idea of the singular nest of this bird4 99 99 99 99 99 ,pl4 #aci ,illustration ,,sylvia plumbea1 ,grey-backed ,warbler4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,generic ,,character4 ,rostri recti1 tenuis1 basi altiore quam latiore1 mandibula superiori aliquando emarginata1 inferiori recta4 ,nares basales1 laterales1 membrana partim tectae4 ,crura longiora digito medio1 qui digito exteriori ad basin annectitur4 ,ungue posteriore mediocri1 digito posteriore breviore et arcuato4 ,remigum pinna prima brevissima aliquando caret4 ,tectrices remigibus multo breviores4 ,temm4 ,bill straight1 slender1 base higher than broad2 superior mandible sometimes notched1 the inferior straight4 ,nostrils basal1 lateral1 partly covered by a membrane4 ,legs longer than the middle toe1 which is united to the exterior toe at the base2 hinder claw moderate1 shorter than the toe1 and curved4 ,wings2 the first quill very short1 or wanting1 greater covers much shorter than the quills4 ,temminck4 ,generic ,types--,turdus arundinaceus4 ,lath4 ,sylvia locustella4 ,luscinia4 ,trochilus4 ,regulus4 7,temminck47 99 99 99 99 99 ,,specific ,,character4 ,s4 caeruleo-grisea1 infra aurea2 dorso olivaceo2 tectricium apicibus albis4 ,blue grey1 beneath golden yellow2 back olive2 wing-covers tipt with white4 99 99 99 99 99 ,there is an elegance of shape1 and a harmony of colouring1 in the ,warblers1 that render these delicate little birds very interesting4 ,the species are exceedingly numerous1 and are spread over most parts of the world2 several abound in our own woods and hedges1 and the sacred bird of our childhood1 the ,robin ,redbreast1 is among the number4 ,that now before us is a native of ,brazil1 from whence it was received by ,mr4 ,leadbeater2 ,i never met with it myself4 ,the first quill feather is hardly shorter than the three next1 which are all of equal length2 the tail-feathers are even1 and rather pointed2 their colour black1 margined with grey2 the two outer with a white spot on the inner web2 the under wing and tail-covers white4 ,i have made no material alteration in ,prof4 ,temminck's definition of this overgrown genus1 being convinced it might lead to confusion1 while the generality of the birds composing it remain so little known4 ,this bird greatly resembles the female of ,s4 pusilla of ,wilson 7yellow-backed ,warbler1 ,latham71 yet differs in having the belly golden yellow instead of white3 ,i was told1 moreover1 that this was a male bird3 the one inhabits ,north1 and the other ,south ,america4 ,latham's description of his yellow-backed ,warbler1 ,i should think1 is not quite accurate2 as he only alludes to one white bar on the wing covers1 whereas both ,wilson and ,vieillot say there are two4 99 99 99 99 99 ,pl4 #adj ,illustration ,,troglodytes rectirostris1 ,straight-billed ,wren4 99 99 99 99 99 ,troglodytes4 ,ray4 ,cuvier4 ,vieillot4 ,sylvia4 ,latham4 ,temminck4 ,,generic ,,character4 99 99 99 99 99 ,rostrum curvatum1 raro rectum1 lateribus compressis2 apice vix emarginato4 ,nares basales4 ,alae brevissimae1 rotundatae1 remigum majorum #c exteriorum longitudine quartae longitudinem superante1 caeteris paribus et vix remigibus minoribus longioribus4 ,rectrices breves1 fasciculatae1 erectae4 ,hallux digito medio brevior4 ,plumae fuscae4 ,bill curved2 rarely straight1 the sides compressed1 the tip slightly notched4 ,nostrils basal4 ,wings remarkably short1 rounded1 the three exterior greater quills shorter than the fourth2 the remainder of equal length1 and hardly longer than the lesser quills4 ,tail-feathers weak1 short1 fasciculated1 and generally carried erect4 ,hind toe shorter than the middle toe4 ,plumage brown4 ,generic ,types ,motacillae troglodytes et furva4 ,gm4 ,certhiae familiaris1 palustris1 et ,caroliniana4 ,wilson1 ,am4 ,orn4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,specific ,,character4 ,t4 fuscus1 jugulo pectoreque pallidioribus2 mento nigricante2 corpore medio niveo2 rectricibus angustis1 nigris2 mandibulae superiore apice adunco4 ,brown2 throat and breast paler2 chin blackish1 middle of the body snowy1 feathers of the tail black and narrow2 tip of the upper mandible hooked4 99 99 99 99 99 ,this singular little bird agrees more in its general character with ,troglodytes1 than with any other established genus2 yet with this its similitude is but slight4 ,anxious1 nevertheless1 to avoid what might hereafter prove an unnecessary innovation1 ,i have placed it with the ,wrens1 under the distinguishing name of rectirostris2 although ,i am more inclined to think it constitutes a distinct genus4 ,troglodytis1 originally instituted as a genus by our illustrious countryman ,ray1 has been adopted both by ,m4,m4 ,cuvier and ,vieillot4 ,professor ,temminck1 on the contrary1 has included it with ,sylvia2 an immense genus1 already burthened with more species than are rightly understood1 or that really belong to it4 ,figure the natural size4 ,bill straight1 triangular at the base1 the sides compressed1 tip of the upper mandible bent down and notched2 nostrils large1 lengthened1 covered by a membrane1 which 7except at the base17 is naked2 the aperture terminal1 near the edge of the bill1 narrow1 and oblong3 the feathers on the rump and flanks remarkably long2 the three fore toes slender1 and all connected at their base as far as the first joint3 tail even1 and longer than the generality of ,wrens1 the feathers very narrow1 weak1 and deep black4 ,plumage above light or reddish brown2 sides of the head1 neck1 breast1 and body1 the same1 but tinged with fulvous2 the chin and upper part of the throat blackish1 but the margin of the feathers partly white3 lower part of the throat and breast dusky3 middle of the body pure white2 under wing covers1 inside margin of the quills1 and edge of the shoulders1 white4 ,mr4 ,leadbeater favoured me with this bird1 which he received from ,brazil4 ,the comparative length of the bill in this genus1 7leaving the present bird out of consideration17 offers no generic distinction1 because it varies greatly in different species4 ,some of those found in ,brazil have the bill nearly double the length of the common ,european ,wren4 99 99 99 99 99 ,pl4 #ada ,illustration ,,psittacus chryseurus1 ,golden-tailed ,parrot4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,generic ,,character4--,see ,pl4 #a4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,specific ,,character4 ,p4 nitide viridis2 fronte genisque fulvo colore tinctis2 rectricium brevium1 parium1 pennis mediis viridibus1 caeteris aureis1 omnium apicibus nigris4 ,shining green2 front and sides of the head tinged with fulvous2 tail short1 even1 tipt with black1 the two middle feathers green1 the rest golden4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i was fortunate in procuring both sexes of this very rare bird in the vicinity of ,pernambuco1 being the only individuals ,i ever met with in ,brazil3 they appeared as if tired from a long flight1 which led me to suppose they had migrated from the interior towards the coast4 ,i do not find the species noticed by any writer1 nor have ,i seen it in any collection4 ,the total length is six inches and a half2 the plumage generally of a rich emerald green1 rather obscure on the top and sides of the head1 but very bright on the back and rump1 where it is tinged with blue2 the feathers round the base of the bill1 front1 and sides of the head1 are tinged with buff colour2 the scapulary feathers 7protecting the base of the wings and lesser quills7 are chocolate brown1 the quills themselves black1 margined externally with green and internally with olive4 ,the most beautiful part of the bird is the tail1 which is short and even1 each feather having the tips margined by a narrow line of black1 the middle pair being green1 and all the rest of a rich golden yellow colour2 the under plumage and wing covers are nearly of as deep a green as the wings1 but on the flanks there is a tinge of olive4 99 99 99 99 99 ,pl4 #adb ,illustration ,,nectarinia flaveola1 var4 ,yellow-bellied ,nectarinia4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,generic ,,character4--,see ,pl4 #aag4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,specific ,,character4 ,n4 nigricans1 infra flava2 mento1 superciliis rectriciumque trium exteriarum apicibus1 albis2 fascia uropygiali olivacea4 ,blackish brown2 beneath yellow2 chin1 eyebrows1 and tips of the three outer tail-feathers white2 band on the rump olive4 ,certhia flaveola4 ,gmelin1 #dgi4 ,lath4 ,ind4 ,orn4 v4 #a4 p4 #big4 ,gen4 ,zool4 v4 #h4 p4 #bdh4 ,turton1 p4 #big4 ,certhia1 ,no4 #cc4 ,brisson4 ,orn4 v4 #f4 ,app4 p4 #aag4 ,syn4 #b4 p4 #ai4 ,black and yellow ,creeper4 ,edwards1 pl4 #abb4 pl4 #cfb4 ,lath4 ,syn4 v4 #b4 p4 #gcg4 ,gen4 ,zool4 v4 #h4 p4 #bdh4 ,turton4 p4 #big4 ,le ,guit-,guit ,sucrier4 ,vieill4 ,ois4 ,dor4 ,certh4 pl4 #ea4 p4 #ajb4 99 99 99 99 99 ,this pretty little bird1 under different varieties of plumage1 appears to be scattered over the greatest part of tropical ,america1 and is one of the most common of its tribe4 ,the best1 and indeed the only detailed account of its economy1 is given by ,m4 ,vieillot2 who remarks1 that its nest is suspended on the tops of those tall climbing plants1 which1 in those countries1 form a matting over the most lofty trees3 the entrance to the nest is at the bottom2 the interior is divided into two compartments1 in one of which only the young are contained4 ,it feeds both on small insects1 and the nectar of flowers4 ,all the above synonyms refer to the different varieties authors have enumerated of this species4 ,most of these have a white spot at the base of the exterior quills2 others vary in having the throat entirely black2 and some again have a yellow rump2 but none of these agree with the variety here figured1 which ,i believe came from ,trinidad4 ,probably a more perfect knowledge of these supposed varieties will show they contain two or three distinct species4 ,notwithstanding the shortness of the bill1 this is a decided ,nectarinia1 according to a natural1 but not an artificial arrangement4 ,it forms1 in some degree1 a passage from the shining coloured ,nectariniae of ,america1 to the short-billed ,melliphagae of the southern hemisphere4 ,on a future occasion ,i shall offer more detailed observations on the genus ,dicaeum of ,cuvier4 ,the figure is the size of life2 and1 with the specific character1 renders a further description unnecessary4 99 99 99 99 99 ,pl4 #adc ,illustration ,,ampullaria sordida1 ,brown ,apple ,snail f4 #a4 #b4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,generic ,,character4--,see ,pl4 #ajc4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,specific ,,character4 ,a4 testa globosa1 ferruginea1 lineis transversis subcarinatis instructa aperturae margine tenui2 umbilico magno2 operculo corneo8 ,shell globose1 ferruginous1 with obsolete transverse subcarinated lines2 margin of the aperture thin2 umbilicus large2 operculum horny8 99 99 99 99 99 ,the only species of ,ampullaria with which this may be confounded is ,a4 fasciata1 p4 #ajc1 in comparison with which it is a more globose shell1 the aperture narrower1 and the spire more obtuse2 the umbilicus is larger1 round1 and not contracted2 the suture is not sunk1 the shell is not banded with coloured lines1 nor is the surface smooth2 on the contrary1 it is marked with transverse1 obscurely carinated lines2 while the shell is uniform brown1 the aperture within is white1 margined with brown4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,ampullaria puncticulata ,oval1 punctured ,apple ,snail ,a4 testa ovata1 subtilissime punctata2 spira obtusa2 labii exterioris margine1 interiorisque basi rufis1 incrassatis2 operculo corneo8 ,shell oval1 minutely punctured1 spire obtuse2 margin of the exterior lip within1 and base of the inner lip thick and rufous2 operculum horny8 99 99 99 99 99 ,this and ,a4 oblonga are the only species ,i am yet acquainted with1 whose form is not globose4 ,it never grows to a size much larger than the figure2 the whole shell is marked by fine longitudinal striae1 and transverse lines of minute dots1 discernible only by the aid of a common magnifier2 the aperture within is brownish flesh-colour2 the margin is strong and reddish1 and1 within that of the outer lip1 is a thickened rim2 which1 should the operculum be testaceous1 may supply the place of the groove for its reception observable in ,a4 globosa and corrugata4 ,the localities of both these species are unknown to me4 99 99 99 99 99 ,pl4 #add ,illustration ,,eburna ,valentiana1 ,arabian ,eburna4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,generic ,,character4 ,testa turrita1 laevis1 nitida1 umbilicata1 basi truncata1 emarginata4 ,aperturae angulus superior interne canaliculatus4 ,animal marinum4 ,shell turrited1 smooth1 polished1 umbilicated1 base truncated1 emarginate4 ,upper angle of the aperture with an internal channel4 ,animal marine4 ,generic ,type ,buccinum ,spiratum ,lin4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,specific ,,character4 ,e4 testa ventricosa1 maculata2 aperturae longitudine spirae longitudinem superante2 spira anfractibus #e convexis1 suturis alveatis2 basi balteo concavo cincta4 ,shell ventricose1 spotted2 spire shorter than the aperture1 of five convex volutions2 suture channelled2 base with a concave belt4 ,eburna ,valentiana4 ,sw4 ,appendix to ,bligh ,cat4 p4 #f4 lot #ijd4 99 99 99 99 99 ,few species are known of ,eburnae1 and these are neither well defined1 nor correctly figured4 ,the species selected by most authors as the type of this genus is ,buccinum glabratum of ,linnaeus1 a shell which1 as it unites the characters of ,eburna and ,ancilia1 should not have been chosen for this purpose4 ,types of genera are alone intended to represent the usual appearance of those characters on which the genus has been founded2 they should therefore be selected from such species only1 as represent these characters in their perfect development4 ,e4 ,valentiana was first characterized by myself1 in the ,appendix to the ,bligh ,collection4 ,it was brought from the ,red ,sea by ,lord ,valentia1 in honour of whom it is named4 ,the very short spire and concave belt at the base1 easily distinguish this shell from ,e4 spirata4 99 99 99 99 99 ,pl4 #ade ,illustration ,,eburna tessellata1 ,tessellated ,eburna4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,generic ,,character4--,see ,pl4 #add4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,specific ,,character4 ,e4 testa maculis fuscis seu purpureis tessellatis fasciata2 sutura vix canaliculata2 anfractuum marginibus convexis4 ,shell with bands of tessellated brown or purple spots2 suture slightly channelled2 margin of the volutions convex4 ,buccinum ,spiratum4 var4 ,linn4 ,gmelin1 #cdhg4 ,dill4 #fbj4 ,brug4 p4 #bfb4 #bf4 ,turton1 #d4 p4 #djj4 var4 #b4 ,lister1 #iha4 #da4 7bad47 ,seba1 t4 #gc4 f4 #be4 #bf4 ,martini1 #d4 pl4 #abb4 #aabj4 #aaba4 ,e4 ,arcolata1 ,lam4 ,syst4 #g4 p4 #bhb4 #d4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a shell hitherto placed as a variety of ,e4 spirata1 7,buccinum spiratum1 ,lin47 but from which ,i am disposed to consider it as specifically distinct4 ,the channel or sulcation round the suture of each whorl is very slight1 and the adjoining margin obtuse and convex2 whereas in ,e4 spirata the channel is broad and deep1 having the margin sharply carinated3 so far the essential characters of the two shells are at variance2 but their difference in colour is so obvious that no one can mistake them4 ,the form of the umbilicus in this species appears to be constant3 it is wide1 deep1 placed near to the upper angle of the aperture1 and margined externally by a convex belt4 ,with the exception of ,seba's figures1 7which1 through the carelessness of the engraver1 are reversed17 not a tolerable representation of this shell can be found2 for those given by the authors above named1 are almost too inaccurate for citation4 ,it inhabits the ,indian ,ocean4 99 99 99 99 99 ,pl4 #adf ,illustration ,,eburna ,pacifica1 ,south ,sea ,eburna4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,generic ,,character4--,see ,pl4 #add4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,specific ,,character4 ,e4 testa ventricosa1 maculis fulvis fasciisque albis ornata2 spirae angustae1 acutae1 suturis integris4 ,shell ventricose1 with fulvous spots and white bands2 spire slender1 acute2 suture entire4 ,eburna ,pacifica4 ,swainson1 ,appendix to ,bligh ,cat4 p4 #f4 lot #ijd4 ,eburna lutosa8 ,ency4 ,meth4 pl4 #dja4 f4 #d4 ,e4 lutosa8 ,lam4 ,syst4 #g4 #bhb4 #e4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a delicate and rather uncommon shell3 first defined in the ,appendix ,i subjoined to the ,catalogue of the ,bligh collection1 dispersed by auction last spring4 ,mrs4 ,mawe informs me she has received this1 along with other shells1 from the ,pacific ,ocean4 ,a species at once distinguished by the entire suture and narrow-pointed spire2 the inner lip is very thick1 with a longitudinal sulcation near the umbilicus4 ,whether this is the shell represented in the ,ency4 ,meth4 at pl4 #dja1 f4 #d1 admits of doubt3 a short description would have explained the characters1 but not one word is said about it4 ,i have already adverted to this novel mode of creating species at pl4 #ca4 ,if authors will not be at the trouble of defining new species1 they have no right to expect their names should be adopted by subsequent and more laborious writers1 to whom they leave the more scientific task1 of defining characters and collating synonyms4 99 99 99 99 99 ,pl4 #adg ,illustration ,,muscipeta carinata1 ,keel-billed ,flycatcher4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,generic ,,character4--,see ,pl4 #aaf4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,specific ,,character4 ,m4 plumbea1 infra ferruginea2 fronte juguloque nigris2 temporibus albentibus2 rostri culmine carinato4 ,plumbeous2 body beneath ferruginous2 front and throat black2 sides of the head whitish2 top of the bill carinated4 99 99 99 99 99 ,mr4 ,brookes1 the celebrated anatomist1 first drew my attention to this singular bird2 the peculiarity of the bill suggested to us the idea of creating a genus for its reception2 but a closer comparison of its other characters with several of the exotic ,muscipetae induces me1 at least for the present1 to associate it with those birds4 ,the ,flycatchers1 as they now stand in the works of ,latham1 ,shaw1 and other ,linnaean writers1 undistinguished even by sections or subdivisions1 present a mass of confusion1 which renders the search after an individual1 in this immense genus1 almost hopeless4 ,total length1 six inches and a half2 front1 throat1 and margin of the shoulders1 deep black2 the whole upper plumage is of a delicate lead colour1 which is paler on the breast1 and nearly white on the sides of the head and neck2 body and inner wing covers rufous2 the first quill is half the length of the second1 which is rather shorter than the three next2 feet slender1 weak1 and short2 the outer toe united1 the inner cleft4 ,the bill at the base is triangular1 but not elevated2 the sides compressed2 the culmin1 or top1 is sharp1 elevated1 and curved2 the tip of both mandibles notched3 nostrils simple1 small1 round1 without a membrane1 and partly hid by the thick-set frontal feathers1 and lengthened setaceous bristles round the bill4 ,these parts are delineated on the plate of their natural size2 and must form the basis of any future generic alteration in the arrangement of this bird4 ,the figure was from a specimen belonging to ,mr4 ,brookes2 since which1 ,i have received two others from ,new ,holland4 99 99 99 99 99 ,pl4 #adh ,illustration ,,emberiza cristata1 ,crested ,bunting4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,generic ,,character4 ,rostrum breve1 conicum1 compressum1 basi aliquatenus hians1 mandibula superiore inflexa1 inferiore superiorem magnitudine superantem4 ,nares basales1 rotundi1 basi plumulis obtecta4 ,pedes sedentes1 digitis tribus anticis basi divisis1 halluce plerumque brevi1 curvo1 aliquando recto4 ,ob4 ,remigum penna prima brevi1 secunda tertiaque longissimis4 ,bill short1 strong1 conic1 compressed2 the base slightly gaping2 upper mandible inflexed2 under mandible largest4 ,nostrils basal1 round1 covered at the base by small feathers4 ,feet sitting1 the three anterior toes divided at the base2 the hind claw in general short and curved1 in some species straight4 ,ob4 ,the first quill of the wings shorter than the second and third1 which are the longest4 ,generic ,types 7,temminck7 i4 ,emb4 citrinella4 miliaria ,lin4 ii4 ,em4 nivalis4 ,fring4 ,lapponica4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,specific ,,character4 ,e4 olivacea1 infra flavescens2 capite cristato2 jugulo nigro2 striga oculari1 scapulis rectricibusque lateralibus flavis4 ,olive1 beneath yellowish1 head crested2 throat black2 eye stripe1 shoulders1 and lateral tail feathers1 yellow4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the elegant crest of narrow-pointed feathers on the head of this new bird1 at once distinguishes it from all others of the same family4 ,mr4 ,brookes favoured me with the individual here described2 it was purchased alive at one of the ,brazilian ports2 but ,i strongly suspect it had been first brought from ,africa1 by some one of the slave ships4 ,the figure is of the natural size2 down the shaft of each feather on the back is a black line2 the tail is rather long1 and even2 the two middle feathers black2 the rest pure yellow1 with black shafts1 and brown exterior terminal margins2 the upper mandible of the bill is sinuated2 the base not gaping1 but with a few incumbent bristles4 ,i have taken the authority of ,professor ,temminck for the accuracy of the generic types of this genus under its present modification4 99 99 99 99 99 ,pl4 #adi ,illustration ,,castnia ,fabricii1 ,red underwing ,day-moth4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,generic ,,character4 ,antennae clavatae1 clavo elongato1 cylindraceo1 fusiformi1 ad apicem unco brevi1 acuto armato4 ,palpi breves1 graciles1 haud prominentes1 articulo ultimo nudo1 oblique verticales4 ,vertex ocellatus8 ocello oculum juxta utrumque posito4 ,obs4 ,caput parvum2 alarum basis squamis conspicuis1 elongatis imbricata4 ,antennae clubbed2 club elongated1 rounded1 fusiform1 ending in a short acute hook4 ,palpi short1 slender1 not projecting beyond the front1 the last joint naked1 obliquely vertical4 ,crown with a small ocellus8 adjoining each eye4 ,ob4 ,head small3 base of the wings covered with conspicuous1 lengthened1 imbricate scales4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,specific ,,character4 ,c4 alis anticis1 supra ferrugineis2 posticis rufis1 fasciis #c undatis1 nigris1 masculis ovatis interstinctis1 ornatis4 ,anterior wings above ferruginous2 posterior rufous1 with three waved bands of black1 between which are imperfect oval spots4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the insects of this genus form one of the most singular groups among the ,lepidoptera2 they are few in number1 and confined to the tropical regions of ,america2 flying only during the meridian heat1 and then with incredible rapidity3 they frequent the narrow inlets of thick forests1 occasionally resting1 far above the ground1 on the trunks of trees4 ,the species here figured is very rare1 and came from the ,diamond district of ,brazil3 it is named after the illustrious entomologist who first founded the genus4 ,the bases of the wings beneath are furnished1 in the male1 with a spiral socket and horny spring1 similar to those of the ,phalaenidae4 99 99 99 99 99 ,pl4 #aej ,illustration ,,sphinx fasciata4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,generic ,,character4--,see ,pl4 #ha4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,specific ,,character4 ,s4 alis anticis subdentatis1 supra fuscis1 margine postico striga pallida ornato2 posticis fulvis1 margine nigro2 abdomine annuloso1 annulis nigris1 interruptis1 interstitiis albis4 ,anterior wings subdentated1 above brown1 posterior margin with a pale stripe2 posterior wings fulvous1 margin black2 body with black interrupted rings1 the interstices white4 99 99 99 99 99 ,this approaches so near to the ,sphinx ,alope of ,drury1 that it is not without hesitation ,i have ventured to separate them2 it will1 however1 be seen1 that neither in his figure or description is any notice taken of the pale testaceous band on the superior wings2 the body likewise is described as encircled with rings of brown and dark ash colour2 in this1 the rings are black1 on nearly a white ground3 the under sides of the superior wings1 in ,drury's insect1 are spotted along their external edges with long yellowish spots2 in this1 they are uniform pale brown4 ,these differences 7greatly strengthened by his figure7 induce me to consider them as distinct2 particularly as both insects appear to have come from ,jamaica3 the upper side of the antennae are white1 the lower brown4 ,cramer's figure of ,s4 ,alope affords little or no clue to illustrate the question4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,sphinx ,leachii4 99 99 99 99 99 ,s4 alis anticis subdentatis1 griseo-fuscis1 maculis mediis #c nigris2 posticis fulvis1 margine nigro2 abdomine griseo1 annulis nigris1 interruptis4 ,anterior wings subdentated1 greyish brown1 with three medial black spots2 posterior fulvous1 margin black2 abdomen grey1 with interrupted black rings4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i cannot reconcile this with any one species described by ,fabricius2 at the anal angle of the lower wings1 is a pale greyish spot1 with two short blackish lines3 ,i have named it in honour of that laborious and eminent zoologist1 ,dr4 ,leach2 who presented me with the specimen here figured4 ,the upper figure is of ,sphinx ,leachii1 and the under of ,s4 fasciata4 99 99 99 99 99 ,pl4 #aea ,illustration ,,alcedo semitorquata1 ,half-collared ,kingsfisher4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,generic ,,character4--,see ,pl4 #bf4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,specific ,,character4 ,a4 caeruleo-viridis1 infra ochracea2 capite cyaneo1 lineis nigris transversis ornato2 dorso nitide caeruleo2 pectore torque caeruleo-viridi interrupto insigni4 ,bluish green1 beneath buff colour2 head blue1 with transverse black lines2 back shining light blue2 breast with an interrupted blue-green collar4 99 99 99 99 99 ,in a small collection of birds1 procured on the borders of the ,great ,fish ,river of the ,cape1 ,i met with this new and elegant ,kingsfisher4 ,i was fortunate in detecting in the same parcel several other unknown and interesting birds2 which ,i hope to record and illustrate in this work1 particularly as they have since been sent to a foreign museum4 ,this species considerably exceeds the size of the ,asiatic ,kingsfisher1 being nearly eight inches and a half long3 the bill is black1 two inches from the gape1 and one and three quarters from the base of the nostrils3 head blue1 the crown crossed by dusky black lines2 hind head somewhat crested1 the sides deep and rich mazarine blue2 ears and sides of the neck greenish blue1 the latter having a stripe of white2 the blue on the sides of the neck advances on the breast in the shape of a half-formed collar3 wings and scapula covers bluish green1 with lighter spots on the tip of each of the wing covers2 down the back is a stripe of vivid light blue1 similar to the common ,kingsfisher3 tail dark-blue1 edged with greenish1 the base black4 ,the plumage beneath1 from the chin to the end of the throat1 white2 changing on the breast to pale fawn colour1 which deepens to ferruginous on the body1 under tail covers1 and thighs3 legs red3 between the bill and eye a dusky white line4 99 99 99 99 99 ,pl4 #aeb ,illustration ,,achatina melastoma1 ,black-mouthed ,achatina4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,generic ,,character4--,see ,pl4 #cj4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,specific ,,character4 ,a4 testa strigis longitudinalibus1 nebulosis1 purpureis ornata2 spira elongata2 labio exteriore castaneo-nigro2 columella crassa1 gibba2 basi integra4 ,shell with clouded purple longitudinal stripes2 spire lengthened2 inner lip chesnut-black2 columella thickened1 gibbous2 base entire4 ,helix regina4 ,ferussac ,moll4 liv4 #ai4 pl4 #aai4 ,var4 7reversed47 ,a4 perversa4 ,zool4 ,illust4 vol4 #a4 pl4 #cj4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i have not the least doubt that this shell is specifically the same with that figured at ,plate #cj of this work3 it has only recently come under my inspection1 and ,i therefore hasten to give a further illustration of this beautiful species1 and to substitute a new specific character1 which will be applicable to both varieties4 ,although much more ventricose than the reverse variety1 this has the same unusual formation of that part of the columella seen at the base of the mouth1 where it is very thick1 and appears as if swelled3 the epidermis1 in this specimen1 obscures the white ground colour of the shell4 ,i have seen also another variety1 even more slender than that at ,plate #cj1 and with the aperture not reversed4 ,these new facts point out the necessity of the specific name of perversa being changed to one more applicable4 ,the figure is from a specimen lent to me by ,mr4 ,dubois1 and is probably from ,brazil4 99 99 99 99 99 ,pl4 #aec ,illustration ,,strombus lobatus1 ,lobed1 or ,brindled ,strombus4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,generic ,,character4--,see ,pl4 #aj4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,specific ,,character4 ,s4 testa nodulosa2 spira brevi1 inermi2 labio exteriore supra repando1 bilobo1 margine crasso1 reflexo2 apertura laevi1 rubescente2 canale brevi4 ,shell nodulous2 spire short1 unarmed2 outer lip above spreading1 two-lobed1 margin thick1 reflected2 aperture smooth1 reddish2 channel short4 ,seba1 tab4 #fb4 f4 #d4 #e4 7optime7 #i4 #ab4 #ad4 #ae4 #bg4 tab4 #fc4 f4 #f4 ,mart4 #c4 tab4 #hc4 f4 #hcf1 #hcg4 ,gualt4 tab4 #cb4 f4 ,f4 ,knorr #c4 tab4 #aa4 f4 #a-f4 tab4 #bi4 f4 #h4 ,strombus ,gallus1 7beta7 ,gmelin1 #ceaa4 #aa4 ,s4 ,raninus1 ,gmelin1 #ceaa4 #aj4 ,s4 bituberculatus1 ,lam4 ,syst4 #g4 p4 #bjb4 #f 99 99 99 99 99 ,it will appear extraordinary1 that this very common shell should have been unknown to ,linnaeus2 and still more1 that no other systematic writer should have noticed it1 excepting ,gmelin1 by whom it is placed as a variety of ,s4 gallus1 although his ,s4 raninus is obviously made from a bad figure in ,knorr of this same shell4 ,on referring to ,mr4 ,dillwyn's account of ,s4 gallus1 ,i find all the references of ,gmelin to this shell expunged2 and a note at the head of the genus states1 that ,s4 raninus is undeserving of notice2 thus every trace of the shell1 in this work1 is altogether lost4 ,the two lobes at the top of the outer lip form a strong and peculiar distinction of this species3 the colour of the mouth is variable2 though usually tinged with pink1 it is often reddish1 or red blended with yellow1 and sometimes nearly white2 within the upper part of the aperture1 round the inner lip1 are one or two strong plaits1 with sulcated grooves on each side2 and near the lobe at the base of the outer lip1 the aperture has a few obsolete striae3 the nodules on the body whorl are triangular1 and the two nearest the lip are1 in general1 very large3 the channel 7or base7 is short1 and turned up in an oblique direction4 ,found1 in great abundance1 in various parts of the ,west ,india seas4 99 99 99 99 99 ,pl4 #aed ,illustration ,,psittacus ,malaccensis1 ,blue-rumped ,parrot4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,generic ,,character4--,see ,pl4 #a4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,specific ,,character4 ,p4 viridis2 vertice uropygioque nitide caeruleis2 tectricibus interioribus1 corporisque lateribus coccineis2 cauda flavescente2 rostro magno1 dentato4 ,green2 crown and rump sapphire blue2 inner wing covers and sides of the body crimson2 tail yellowish2 bill large1 toothed4 ,p4 ,malaccensis4 ,general ,zoology1 vol4 #h4 #b4 p4 #eed4 ,blue-rumped ,parrakeet4 ,lath4 ,syn4 ,sup4 #a4 p4 #ff4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i think this may be the bird described 7according to ,latham7 by ,sonnerat1 under the name of ,petite perruche de ,malacca1 and from which both ,latham and ,shaw have framed their account of the ,blue-rumped ,parrot4 ,on comparing their descriptions with the following1 some differences and omissions will be found1 but not sufficient1 ,i think1 to justify the idea of this being a distinct species3 ,i have1 as yet1 seen only one specimen 7and that not perfect7 of this rare and little known bird4 ,total length six inches2 bill unusually large and strong1 being three quarters of an inch 7in a straight line7 long1 and nearly the same in height at the base2 upper mandible with a sharp tooth in the middle1 and reddish orange2 under mandible violet grey2 front and crown of the head violet blue1 changing to blackish green on the back1 and greyish green on the sides of the head1 neck1 and breast2 body and vent green2 rump and upper tail covers vivid azure blue2 spurious wings greenish blue2 wing covers dark but bright green1 margined more or less with yellowish2 quills blue green1 their inner webs black2 under wing covers and sides of the body crimson2 tail short1 even1 the two middle feathers above green1 the rest yellow with green edges and black shafts2 beneath1 these feathers are all yellow1 the shafts white2 the wings1 for the size of the bird1 are very long1 measuring four inches and a half4 99 99 99 99 99 ,pl4 #aee ,illustration ,,psittacus viridissimus1 ,green ,parrot4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,generic ,,character4--,see ,pl4 #a4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,specific ,,character4 ,p4 pallide viridis2 pennis infra nitide thalassinis2 tegminum1 remigum1 scapulariumque marginibus flavescentibus2 linea ante-oculari flava2 rectricium basi rubra4 ,pale green1 quills beneath changeable sea-green2 wing covers1 quills and scapulars margined with yellowish2 before the eye a yellow line2 base of the tail feathers red4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the uniform green which pervades the plumage of this ,parrot1 induces me to think it may1 possibly1 be the female of some other species2 a few pale red feathers1 close to the axilla1 and the faint red on the tail feathers1 appear to strengthen this supposition4 ,among those species which are recorded1 this approaches nearest to ,latham's ,green ,parrakeet2 but the figure this writer quotes1 7,pl4 ,enl4 #hcg47 is at variance both with his description1 and with the bird now before us2 it may1 therefore1 be considered as undescribed4 ,total length nine inches2 bill pale2 upper mandible three-quarters of an inch long1 the margin undulated4 ,the whole plumage is of a beautiful and delicate green1 darkest above2 with a tinge of blue on the crown1 spurious wings1 and greater quills2 the orbits are naked1 between which and the eye is a blackish line1 bordered above by another of pure yellow2 all the wing covers and quills are margined with yellowish4 ,the colour of the inferior side of the quills is a pale but beautiful blue green1 reflecting brighter tints of the same colour1 when held in certain lights2 the under side of the tail has likewise these reflections1 but above is yellowish1 with a dusky red spot at the base of each lateral feather3 under the wings there are three or four dull red feathers2 feet pale4 ,this bird is in my own collection1 and is the only one ,i have as yet seen2 neither am ,i acquainted with its native country4 99 99 99 99 99 ,pl4 #aef ,illustration ,,fringilla oryzivora1 ,paddy bird1 ,rice bird1 or ,java ,sparrow4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,generic ,,character4 ,rostrum breve1 validum1 crassum1 rectum1 conicum2 mandibulae2 superioris gibbae apice vix inflexo1 integro2 culminis convexi basi angulata4 ,nares basales1 rotundae1 pone culminis basin positae1 plumulis vix obtectae4 ,pedes sedentes4 ,alae breves4 ,bill short1 strong1 thick1 straight1 conic2 upper mandible swelled1 the tip slightly inflexed1 entire2 culmine convex1 the base angulated4 ,nostrils basal1 round1 placed behind the base of the culmine1 and partially covered by the frontal feathers4 ,feet sitting4 ,wings short4 ,generic ,types4 ,loxiae ,javensis1 ,braziliana4 ,emberiza principalis1 cicris4 ,tanagria caerulea1 c4 7,temminck47 99 99 99 99 99 ,,specific ,,character4 ,f4 cana2 capite caudaque nigris2 rostro rubro2 crisso roseo-albente2 auribus 7in maribus7 niveis4 ,lead-coloured2 head and tail black2 bill red2 belly obscure rosy2 ears 7in the male7 snowy4 ,loxia oryzivora4 ,gm4 ,i4 #cjb4 ,lath4 ,ind4 ,orn4 #a4 #chj4 ,gen4 ,zool4 #i4 #b4 #caf4 ,brisson1 #a4 #cgd4 #g4 ,java ,grosbeak4 ,lath4 ,syn4 #c4 #abi4 ,supp4 #aea4 ,gen4 ,zool4 #i4 #caf4 pl4 #ea4 99 99 99 99 99 ,this elegant bird has been so distorted1 in the representations given of it by the older ornithologists1 that little apology is thought necessary for introducing more accurate figures of both sexes in this publication4 ,it is said to inhabit the ,cape and various parts of ,india1 causing much damage to the rice plantations1 and is frequently brought to this country alive4 ,the figure is of the size of life1 the bill bright red1 but whitish towards the tip2 it is very strong1 thickened round the basal margins1 and forms a sharp angle between the frontal feathers3 the nostrils are small1 round1 and placed behind the thick margin of the bill1 and not on its outer surface4 ,legs flesh-coloured2 the orbits are said to be red in the live bird4 ,i have followed the example of ,illiger and ,temminck in uniting the greatest part of the ,linnaean ,loxiae and ,fringillae under the latter genus1 retaining only the ,cross-bills under the former4 99 99 99 99 99 ,pl4 #aeg ,illustration ,,ampullaria effusa1 ,ribbon ,apple ,snail4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,generic ,,character4--,see ,pl4 #ajc4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,specific ,,character4 ,a4 testa globosa1 laevi1 fasciis purpureo-fuscis cincta2 spira depressa1 apice prominente2 apertura angusta2 umbilico magno1 profundo2 columella obsoleta4 ,shell globose1 smooth1 with purple brown bands2 spire depressed1 the tip prominent2 aperture narrow2 umbilicus large1 deep2 pillar obsolete4 ,helix glauca4 ,linn4 ,dillw4 #iah4 ,helix ampullucea1 7var4 gamma7 ,gmelin1 #cfbf4 ,bulimus effusus4 ,brug4 p4 #bif4 ,no4 #a4 ,lister1 #abi4 #bi4 ,seba1 tab4 #ch4 f4 #ci4 tab4 #dj4 f4 #c4 #d4 #e4 7optime47 ,martini1 #i4 tab4 #abi4 f4 #aadd-e4 ,knorr1 #d4 tab4 #e4 f4 #c4 ,lam4 ,syst4 #f4 #b4 p4 #agh4 #e4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i concur with ,mr4 ,dillwyn in believing that this shell is the ,helix glauca of ,linnaeus2 but1 as it is now removed to another genus1 ,i think no real advantage would result from continuing its original specific name2 particularly as the identity may be questioned by others1 without a chance of the question ever being settled3 the adoption of the specific names given to species slightly or incorrectly described by the older naturalists1 inevitably tends to increase the original obscurity1 in all cases where the point cannot be cleared up4 ,a4 effusa may be distinguished from all others by the columella being nearly obsolete2 this part existing only in the two terminal whorls of the spire4 ,this species therefore forms a transition to the ,planorbes3 there is a variety1 with narrower stripes1 double the size of that here figured4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,ampullaria luteostoma1 ,yellow-mouthed ,apple ,snail4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a4 testa globosa1 striata1 olivacea1 lineis remotis fuscis fasciata2 spira levata1 apice acuto2 apertura effusa intus marginata2 umbilico magno4 ,shell globose1 striated1 olive1 with remote transverse brown lines1 spire elevated1 the tip acute2 aperture wide1 within margined2 umbilicus large4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the umbilicus of this shell is not so deep as the last1 but is larger than in any other known species2 the columella is likewise perfect1 and the aperture is wider and more oblique than in ,a4 effusa4 99 99 99 99 99 ,pl4 #aeh ,illustration ,,pinna bullata1 7var47 ,rufous ,pinna4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,generic ,,character4 ,testa longitudinalis1 cuneiformis1 aequivalvis1 apice hians1 basi acuta2 natibus rectis4 ,cardo lateralis1 edentulus4 ,ligamentum marginale1 lineare1 praelongum subinternum4--,lamarck1 ,sys4 vol4 vi4 p4 i4 p4 #abi4 ,shell longitudinal1 wedge-shaped1 equivalve1 the valves gaping2 the umbones straight1 pointed4 ,hinge lateral1 without teeth4 ,ligament marginal1 linear1 very long1 subinternal4 ,generic ,types4 ,pinnae rudis4 ,pectinata4 ,muricata4 ,linn4 ,pennant1 c4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,specific ,,character4 ,p4 testa tenui1 pellucida1 rufa1 aequilatera1 striis remotis1 sulcatis1 transversim squamiferis1 subspinosis2 marginibus lateralibus rectis2 margine inferiore oblique truncato4 ,shell thin1 pellucid1 rufous1 equilateral1 with remote sulcated striae1 crossed by transverse scales and obtuse spines2 lateral margins straight2 inferior margin obliquely truncate4 ,p4 bullata4 ,gmelin1 p4 #ccfg4 ,gualt4 tab4 #gi4 f4 c4 ,chemnitz4 #h4 tab4 #hg4 f4 #gfi4 ,knorr1 #b4 #bc4 f4 #a4 ,p4 marginata4 ,lam4 ,sys4 #f4 p4 #acb4 #g4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i have little doubt that this shell is a smooth variety of the ,pinna bullata of ,gmelin1 and the ,p4 marginata of ,lamarck2 both these authors refer to the same figure in ,gualtieri1 but both also have overlooked that of ,chemnitz1 above quoted1 as well as ,knorr's1 which latter1 although it represents the shell nearly smooth 7similar to that here figured71 ,i apprehend is only a variety4 ,no doubt therefore having existed as to ,gmelin's bullata1 ,m4 ,lamarck had no plea for altering its specific name to marginata4 ,i have consequently recorded it under ,gmelin's name4 ,the ,pinnae are rather numerous1 although many of the species remain in obscurity2 they attach themselves to rocks1 deep in the sea1 by a silky byssus4 ,it has been commonly stated1 that gloves and stockings are fabricated in the ,mediterranean from this byssus1 as articles of commerce2 such1 however1 is not now the case2 though articles1 so fabricated1 are sometimes shown in ,naples and ,sicily as subjects of curiosity4 ,pinna bullata is1 ,i believe1 found in the ,west ,indies4 ,the vaulted spires on this and other species1 easily fall off2 and become1 therefore1 a very uncertain specific character4 99 99 99 99 99 ,pl4 #aei ,illustration ,,satyrus argenteus4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,generic ,,character4 ,antennae mediocres1 clavo elongato1 gracili4 ,palpi porrecti1 compressi1 vix recurvi1 remoti1 pilis ciliatis1 longis1 hirsutissimi2 articulo ultimo elongato1 nudo1 gracili1 acuto4 ,alae posticae orbiculares1 integrae1 raro dentatae4 ,antennae moderate1 the club lengthened and slender4 ,palpi porrected1 compressed1 slightly recurved1 remote1 with long ciliated hairs2 the last joints long1 naked1 slender1 acute4 ,posterior wings orbicular1 entire1 rarely dentated4 ,generic ,types4 ,pap4 ,hyperanthus1 ,galathea1 ,semele1 c4 ,lin4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,specific ,,character4 ,s4 alis fuscis2 posticarum disco supra flavescente1 maculis #b fuscis fucato1 infra albente1 margine postico fulvo1 maculis #b atris guttisque #g-h argenteis ornato4 ,wings brown2 posterior above with a yellowish disk and two brown spots1 beneath whitish1 the hind margin fulvous1 with two black spots and #g-h silver dots4 99 99 99 99 99 ,without being ornamented by rich or vivid colouring1 this is1 nevertheless1 one of the most chastely beautiful little butterflies found in ,brazil4 ,i met with it very plentifully in a small wood not far distant from ,cashoera1 on the western extremity of ,st4 ,salvador's bay3 to this particular spot it seemed confined1 for ,i never saw a single specimen in any other part of ,brazil4 ,no colouring can imitate the richness of the silvery spots on the under wings1 which appear embossed1 or as if solid drops of silver had fallen on the insect when it first emerged into life4 ,the two sexes are perfectly similar4 ,the insects of this genus are usually brown1 with dark or paler shadings1 and eye-like spots on their upper or under wings4 ,they principally inhabit the woods of tropical regions1 and the hedge sides and lanes of ,european countries2 this circumstance probably induced ,latreille to change their name from ,hipparchia 7,fabricius7 to ,satyrus2 which1 although an innovation on the rules of nomenclature1 may in this instance be allowed4 99 99 99 99 99 ,pl4 #afj ,illustration ,,anodon purpurascens1 ,purple ,anodon1 or ,horse ,mussel4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,generic ,,character4--,see ,pl4 #if4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,specific ,,character4 ,a4 testa transversim oblonga1 crassa1 depressa1 intus purpurascente1 lamina cardinali crassa1 truncata1 dente lamellari in utraque valva supposito2 umbonibus retusis4 ,shell transversely oblong1 thick1 depressed1 within purple2 hinge plate thick1 truncate1 with an obsolete lamellar tooth in each valve2 umbones retuse4 99 99 99 99 99 ,this is an entirely new and very rare shell1 remarkable for its shape and internal colour2 it is also highly interesting1 as exhibiting the generic characters of ,anodon1 blended 7in some degree7 with those of ,unio3 according to the principles of ,lamarck1 it might therefore be made into a genus2 but ,i feel convinced too much importance has already been attached by that naturalist and his followers to the hinge of bivalve shells2 and that the nomenclature of the science is burthened with genera1 trivial in themselves1 bewildering to the scientific1 and unintelligible to the student4 ,from having paid some attention to the ,fluviatile ,bivalves1 and possessing a most extensive collection of specimens1 ,i am clearly of opinion that no permanent characters will be found sufficient to retain either the genera ,dipsas 7,leach71 ,hyria 7,lamarck71 or ,alasmodonta of ,say1 much less that of ,damaris 7,leach71 and another1 whose name ,i forget1 made by ,dr4 ,turton from the same shell as ,leach's ,damaris1 viz4 ,mya ,margaritifera of ,linnaeus4 ,in fact1 the line of demarcation between ,unio and ,anodon appears to rest on the first possessing cardinal teeth1 and the latter having none4 ,i have several valves 7in different stages of growth71 and one perfect specimen of this shell2 they were sent to me from the back settlements of ,north ,america4 99 99 99 99 99 ,pl4 #afa ,illustration ,,voluta punctata1 ,red-dotted ,volute4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,generic ,,character4 ,testa ovata4 ,spira apertura brevior1 apice papillari4 ,basis truncata1 emarginata4 ,columella plicata1 plicis inferioribus majoribus4 ,shell ovate4 ,spire shorter than the aperture1 the tip papillary4 ,base truncated1 emarginate4 ,pillar plaited1 the inferior plaits generally largest4 ,generic ,types4 ,volutae ,olla1 ,imperialis1 ,pacifica1 c4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,specific ,,character4 ,v4 testa ovata1 subfusiformi1 tuberculata1 pallide rubella fasciis #b maculatis1 rubris1 punctis minutis interstinctis2 columella #d plicata4 ,shell ovate1 subfusiform1 tuberculated1 flesh-coloured1 with two bands of red spots interspersed with minute dots2 pillar #d plaited4 99 99 99 99 99 ,in ,exotic ,conchology1 ,i have commenced1 and intend to complete1 a copious illustration of this noble family of shells2 which 7if the simile be admissible7 may be termed the nobles of testaceous animals1 with as much truth as ,linnaeus has called ,palms the princes of the vegetable world4 ,the ,volutes1 indeed1 are imposing shells2 both from their size1 rarity1 and their rich 7but not gaudy7 colouring2 and it is not improbable that the value of a choice collection of the principal species1 would be equal to their own weight in solid gold4 ,the species now under consideration is only known from an injured specimen in ,mr4 ,dubois' cabinet2 although much rubbed on one side1 it presents on the other a true pattern of its original markings2 the margin of the outer lip1 and the tip of the spire1 are both injured2 yet1 notwithstanding these defects1 there are abundant characters remaining to evince its total dissimilarity from any other recorded species4 ,i have preferred subjoining only the essential generic characters of this genus1 as most intelligible to students2 particularly as its natural characters are fully detailed in the first part of ,exotic ,conchology4 99 99 99 99 99 ,pl4 #afb ,illustration ,,achatina fasciata1 7var47 ,banded ,achatina1 7#c varieties47 99 99 99 99 99 ,,generic ,,character4--,see ,pl4 #cj4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,specific ,,character4--,see ,pl4 #gd4 7,young47 ,apertura basi integra4 ,base of the aperture entire4 ,ach4 pallida4 ,zool4 ,ill4 vol4 #a4 pl4 #da4 99 99 99 99 99 ,since the first illustration of this elegant species appeared1 at plate #gd of this work1 ,i have had the means of ascertaining a very extraordinary circumstance which takes place in the progressive growth of the young shell to the adult state2 and that is the change effected in the form and termination of the pillar or columella4 ,in the noble collection of shells formed by the late ,earl of ,tankerville1 there is a numerous series of this species2 from these ,i have ascertained1 that in the young shells the base of the columella unites with the termination of the outer lip1 making the aperture entire1 similar to the lengthened ,helices2 but1 as the shell advances in growth1 the base of the columella becomes thick1 detached1 as it were1 from the marginal rim1 so as to produce an intervening notch1 and thus gives the old and the young shell not only an appearance of being distinct species1 but of belonging to separate genera4 ,from these facts1 ,i have drawn the conclusion1 that ,achatina pallida 7pl4 #da71 is but the young shell 7having the margin of the aperture as yet entire7 of ,achatina fasciata2 and the three additional varieties now figured1 will1 ,i hope1 prove an interesting addition to the history of this species4 99 99 99 99 99 ,pl4 #afc ,illustration ,,hemipodius nivosus1 ,white-spotted ,turnix4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,generic ,,character4 ,rostrum mediocre1 gracile1 rectum1 valde compressum culmine levato1 ad apicem sub-incurvo4 ,nares laterales1 lineares1 sulcatae1 membrana convexa cornea vix tectae1 apertura fissa1 elongata4 ,pedes longi1 digitis tribus anticis divisis4 ,halluce caret4 ,cauda brevissima tectricibus obtecta4 ,alae mediocres4 ,bill moderate1 slender1 straight1 much compressed1 culmen elevated1 towards the tip slightly incurved4 ,nostrils lateral1 linear1 sulcated1 partially covered by a convex horny membrane1 the aperture narrow and elongated2 legs long1 with three toes before1 divided at their base4 ,hind toe none4 ,tail very short1 concealed by the covers4 ,wings moderate4 ,generic ,type4 ,perdix nigricollis4 ,lath4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,specific ,,character4 ,h4 supra ferrugineo varius2 mento albescente2 jugulo pectoreque pallide ferrugineis1 maculis albis1 nitidis1 ornatis2 corpore albo2 uropygio caudaeque tectricibus superioribus rufis1 immaculatis4 ,above varied with ferruginous2 chin whitish2 throat and breast pale ferruginous1 with white shining spots2 body white2 rump and upper tail-covers rufous1 unspotted4 ,h4 nivosus4 ,swainson1 in ,tilloch's ,phil4 ,magazine1 vol4 #fj4 p4 #cec4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i have represented this delicate little bird of its natural size2 which is so small1 as scarcely to equal that of a ,lark4 ,the ,turnix inhabits the sandy deserts of ,africa and ,india1 and seems to form a race of pigmy ,bustards1 all the species yet discovered 7fourteen in number7 being very diminutive4 ,little is known of their habits in a state of nature1 further than that they migrate1 and fly with great rapidity4 ,the specific character will distinguish ,h4 nivosus as a species2 and ,i have already given a more detailed description of it in the ,journal above quoted4 ,mr4 ,leadbeater received it from ,senegal4 99 99 99 99 99 ,pl4 #afd ,illustration ,,sylvia annulosa1 ,white-eyed ,warbler4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,generic ,,character4--,see ,pl4 #aci4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,specific ,,character4 ,s4 olivaceo-viridis1 infra albescens2 jugulo flavescente2 palpebris plumis niveis insignibus4 ,olive-green1 beneath whitish2 throat yellowish2 eyes encircled by a ring of snowy feathers4 ,sylvia ,madagascariensis4 ,lath4 ,ind4 ,orn4 #b4 #ecc4 ,gm4 #a4 #iha4 ,white-eyed ,warbler4 ,lath4 ,gen4 ,syn4 #d4 #dge4 ,gen4 ,zool4 #aj4 #b4 #gbj4 ,ficedula ,madagascariensis minor4 ,briss4 ,ois4 #d4 p4 #dih4 t4 #bh4 f4 #b4 7male47 ,briss4 ,orn4 #a4 #ddf4 ,le ,figuier ,tcheric1 ,le ,vaill4 ,ois4 d',af4 #c4 pl4 #acb4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a delicate ring of snow-white feathers encircles the eyes of this pretty bird4 ,it is far from being peculiar to ,madagascar 7as ,dr4 ,latham's name of ,madagascariensis would seem to imply71 but is spread over a wide extent of the eastern hemisphere2 being found both in the ,isle of ,france1 the ,cape of ,good ,hope1 and ,madras4 ,the name1 therefore1 is peculiarly inapplicable2 but this is not all3 for we find that the same author1 a few pages after1 has given this identical name to another very different bird2 the same error is transferred into ,shaw's ,zoology4 ,figure1 the size of life3 colour above1 olive green2 ears and sides of the head the same3 chin1 throat1 and under tail covers yellow2 breast cinereous1 changing to dusky brown on the flanks2 the middle of the body whitish2 between the eye and bill a velvet-black line1 which forms a partial margin to the snowy feathers of the eyelids2 wings and tail dusky black1 margined with olive4 ,very indifferent figures of both sexes will be found in ,vaillant's ,african birds2 from his description it seems to be a gregarious species4 ,i regret not being able1 at this moment1 to refer to the work4 99 99 99 99 99 ,pl4 #afe ,illustration ,,sylvia annulosa1 7var4 beta47 ,white-eyed ,warbler4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,generic ,,character4--,see ,pl4 #aci4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,specific ,,character4 ,s4 supra cinerea1 infra albescens1 capite1 alis uropygioque olivaceo-flavis2 jugulo flavescente2 palpebris plumis niveis insignibus4 ,above cinereous1 beneath whitish2 head1 wings1 and rump1 olive yellow2 throat yellowish2 eyes encircled by a ring of snowy feathers4 99 99 99 99 99 ,on first receiving this bird from ,new ,holland1 ,i was inclined to think it a distinct species from the ,african ,white-eyed ,warbler2 but further consideration has led me to adopt a different opinion3 it is true that ,i am unacquainted with any one land bird which is common to both countries1 and much weight should be attached to the geographic distribution both of families and species4 ,these two birds1 however1 differ in their colour1 and somewhat in their size4 ,on the other hand1 the ,white-eyed ,warbler1 as before observed1 is found both in ,africa and ,india2 and is1 therefore1 probably migratory4 ,nature1 moreover1 is not bound by laws to which there are no exceptions2 and the leading points of resemblance between these birds are very strong4 ,on the whole1 therefore1 ,i am inclined to consider them as varieties of one species1 forming a solitary exception to the general dissimilarity between the birds of ,africa and those of ,new ,holland4 ,size of the ,wood ,wren3 the head and ears are olive yellow1 changing to brighter yellow on the chin1 and part of the throat2 the neck and back cinereous1 graduating to yellowish olive on the rump and upper tail covers2 wings the same1 the inside of the quills blackish2 sides of the throat cinereous2 body and under tail covers whitish2 the sides tinged with ferruginous2 the stripe between the bill and eye is more brown than black2 and the white feathers round the eye1 not so conspicuous as in the ,african variety4 99 99 99 99 99 ,pl4 #aff ,illustration ,,bulimus citrinus1 7var47 ,citron ,bulimus1 7#c varieties47 99 99 99 99 99 ,,generic ,,character4--,see ,pl4 #d4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,specific ,,character4--,see ,pl4 #df4 ,,varieties4 ,a4 ,yellow1 with black lines4 ,zool4 ,ill4 pl4 #df4 ,b4 ,yellow1 with black lines and chesnut stripes4 ,zool4 ,ill4 p4 #dg4 ,c4 ,yellow1 variegated with green2 inner lip obsolete4 ,fig4 #a4 ,b4 virescens4 ,sw4 ,bligh ,cat4 p4 #ac4 ,d4 ,green1 striped with yellow2 inner lip white4 ,fig4 #b4 #c4 ,e4 ,orange1 with flame-coloured waved stripes4 ,fig4 #d4 ,f4 ,pale yellow1 with brown waved stripes4 ,lam4 ,syst4 #f4 #b4 p4 #agh4 #e4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the beautiful shells here selected as a further illustration of the ,citron ,bulimus not only show the great variability of the species1 but clearly prove that ,b4 virescens is1 as ,i suspected1 only a variety of ,b4 citrinus4 ,in the shell at fig4 #a4 the upper part of the inner lip 7like that described in the ,bligh ,appendix71 is entirely wanting2 although it bears1 in every other respect1 the appearance of a full-grown shell2 the umbilicus likewise is open2 but in the shell at fig4 #b4 and #c4 the inner lip is quite perfect1 and consequently folds over the umbilicus2 thus the connexion between the green and yellow varieties is completely established4 ,i have subjoined a slight arrangement of the principal varieties2 and have only further to observe1 that the specific character ,i first proposed1 appears to me the only one by which this species may be truly distinguished4 ,since the description of ,b4 aureus at pl4 #dg was written1 ,i have seen several other specimens2 all of which tend to confirm my belief that it is distinct from ,b4 citrinus4 99 99 99 99 99 ,pl4 #afg ,illustration ,,anodon crassus1 ,thick ,anodon1 or ,horse ,mussel4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,generic ,,character4--,see ,pl4 #if4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,specific ,,character4 ,a4 testa ovata1 lata1 crassa2 margine cardinali subarcuato1 extremitate utraque angulata alata2 umbonibus prominentibus1 apicibus retusis4 ,shell oval1 broad1 thick2 hinge margin subarcuated1 the extremities winged and angulated2 umbones prominent1 the tips retuse4 99 99 99 99 99 ,it is only recently that travellers have directed their attention to the less attractive shells of distant regions2 and our cabinets now begin to be enriched by the numerous land and fresh-water species of those countries4 ,among these new acquisitions1 the fresh-water bivalves appear the most extraordinary in their formation1 and the most numerous in species4 ,of the ,anodons1 it may be doubted whether the great ,linnaeus was acquainted with more than three or four species2 ,lamarck enumerates fifteen1 but a much greater number have passed under my own examination4 ,the species now illustrated is very peculiar2 it is a strong1 thick shell2 in form resembling ,hyria corrugata1 ,lamarck2 having both extremities winged and compressed2 the umbonial slope#f elevated1 and somewhat angulated2 the umbones thick and prominent1 but obtuse1 or nearly truncate1 at their apex2 the outside of the shell of a dark grass-green colour1 and nearly smooth1 excepting at the posterior side1 which is marked by sulcated striae following the lines of growth2 the inside is opaque and whitish1 with rich iridescent margins3 the muscular impressions deep1 and the hinge margin quite smooth4 ,i know of no other specimen than one in ,mr4 ,dubois' collection1 and am altogether unacquainted with its locality2 although its habit leads me to think it is from ,south ,america4 99 99 99 99 99 ,pl4 #afh ,illustration ,,ramphastos ambiguus1 ,doubtful ,toucan4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,generic ,,character4--,see ,pl4 #de4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,specific ,,character4 ,r4 niger2 jugulo flavo2 mandibulae superioris parte superiore flava1 transverse maculata1 striga viridi oblique divisa2 mandibula inferiore nigra4 ,black2 throat yellow1 upper mandible black1 the upper half yellow1 with an oblique green stripe and transverse spots2 the under mandible black4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the obscurity with which modern ornithologists have described these remarkable birds1 would have induced me1 long ago1 to have attempted a more perfect account of all the species in this work2 but as this might have been considered1 by some1 an infringement on the miscellaneous plan on which it was commenced1 ,i feel obliged to confine myself only to their occasional illustration4 ,the species now selected is one ,i have never seen2 but ,i have no doubt of its existence1 and little of the accuracy of its delineation4 ,i before alluded to several drawings of ,toucans which had come to my hands1 executed by an unknown artist3 among them is a figure of that now published2 with a note subjoined1 stating it was drawn from the bird just dead4 ,the other drawings of the same artist represent several of the common species1 and their accuracy is presumptive evidence that this also is represented correctly4 ,the singular colouring of the bill at once separates it from all known species2 and for its further history1 we must trust to the exertions of those travellers1 visiting ,south ,america1 who may feel an interest in illustrating these singular birds4 ,i more than once heard1 when in ,brazil1 of a ,blue ,toucan2 but it was said to be very rare1 and ,i never was fortunate enough to meet with one4 99 99 99 99 99 ,pl4 #afi ,illustration ,,pteroglossus viridis1 ,green ,aracari1 7male47 99 99 99 99 99 ,,generic ,,character4--,see ,pl4 #dd4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,specific ,,character4 ,p4 nigro virescens2 capite juguloque nigris1 foeminae castaneis2 corpore flavo2 rostro serrato1 tomiis albis1 mandibula superiore aurantiaca1 linea longitudinali1 laterali1 media1 nigra1 mandibula inferiore caerulea4 ,blackish green2 head and neck black 7in the female chesnut71 body yellow2 bill toothed1 the margins white1 upper mandible orange1 with a black longitudinal line2 lower mandible blue4 ,ramphastos viridis4 ,linn4 ,gmelin1 #a4 p4 #cec4 ,lath4 ,ind4 ,orn4 #a4 #ach4 ,gen4 ,zool4 #h4 #b4 p4 #cgj4 ,green ,toucan4 ,lath4 ,syn4 #a4 #cca4 ,tucana ,cayanensis viridis4 ,briss4 ,ois4 #d4 #dbc4 pl4 #cc4 f4 #a4 ,id4 ,orn4 #b4 #afb4 ,pl4 ,enl4 #gbg4 mas4 #gbh4 foem4 99 99 99 99 99 ,this is a common bird1 known to the older ornithologists2 but here introduced1 for the purpose of representing the vivid colours which ornament the bill of the live bird3 the figures likewise above referred to are so very loosely drawn1 that a more correct representation of the species appeared desirable4 ,a remarkable character pervades all the ,aracaris1 7with the exception of ,p4 sulcatus1 pl4 #dd17 the head and throat being black in the male1 and chesnut or grey in the female birds2 the bills also of the latter are always the smallest2 that of the ,green ,aracari is larger1 thicker1 and more curved than in any other species2 the serratures strong and unequal2 the top1 and upper half of the superior mandible1 pure yellow2 the lower half orange2 these colours being divided by a slender isolated black line2 the under mandible blue1 with the base rosy2 its general plumage bears a resemblance to several other species4 ,dr4 ,latham says the orbits are yellow2 this1 however1 is a mistake1 for both the orbits and irides are grass-green2 this writer likewise refers to ,edwards1 pl4 #cbi1 for this bird2 which plate1 in fact1 represents a ,toucan1 and is that bird which ,i have described and figured under the name of ,r4 carinatus1 pl4 #de4 ,i believe this species is confined to the northern parts of ,south ,america4 ,mr4 ,charles ,edmonston brought home fine specimens from ,demerara2 they were preserved with so much skill1 that the colours of the bill almost retained their primitive brightness2 ,le ,vaillant1 ,i believe1 has figured this bird2 but ,i have not1 at this time1 access to his valuable book4 99 99 99 99 99 ,pl4 #agj ,illustration ,,malurus ,africanus1 ,african ,soft-tail4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,generic ,,character4--,see ,pl4 #agj4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,specific ,,character4 ,m4 supra rufescens1 strigis nigris varius2 genis mentoque albentibus1 striga nigra intermedia2 rectricibus attenuatis1 nigris1 rufo marginatis4 ,above rufous brown with black stripes2 sides of the head and chin whitish1 divided by a black stripe2 tail feathers attenuated1 black1 the margins rufous4 ,motacilla ,africana4 ,gmelin1 #a4 p4 #ieh4 ,sylvia ,africana4 ,lath4 ,ind4 ,orn4 #b4 p4 #eah4 ,gen4 ,zool4 #aj4 #b4 p4 #fae4 ,african ,warbler4 ,lath4 ,syn4 #d4 p4 #dcf4 ,curruca naevia4 ,c4 ,b4 ,spei4 ,brisson4 ,ois4 #c4 p4 #cij4 tab4 #bb4 f4 #b4 ,orn4 #a4 p4 #dai4 ,le ,fluteur4 ,vaill4 ,ois4 d',afrique4 ,le ,vaill4 ,ois4 d',af4 #c4 pl4 #aab4 f4 #b4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the characters of ,malurus1 together with a few observations on the birds composing it1 ,i have already given at plate #agj of this work4 ,yet as the species are scattered in several distinct genera of the ,linnaean school1 ,i have here represented that which may be termed the type of the genus1 as instituted by ,professor ,temminck1 and as modified by myself4 ,on comparing the characters of ,timalia 7a new genus of ,dr4 ,horsfield's7 with those of ,malurus1 they will be found to designate one and the same group of birds4 ,indeed1 the minute and interesting details1 which ,dr4 ,horsfield has given1 put the question almost beyond doubt1 and lead me to conclude1 that the ,doctor was not aware1 at the time1 that his genus was already recorded4 ,this bird is not uncommon at the ,cape of ,good ,hope4 ,the notes of the male 7according to ,m4 ,le ,vaillant7 are soft and agreeable1 much resembling those of a flute2 the shortness of the wings renders its flight very low4 ,the figure is of the natural size2 and the bird has been so well described by ,brisson and ,latham1 that it is needless to repeat what they have said2 the figures both of ,le ,vaillant and ,brisson are by no means accurate4 ,the tail feathers are delicate and transparent2 and those of the whole body very soft1 with detached webs or radii1 similar to ,dr4 ,horsfield's ,timalia pileata1 and gularis4 99 99 99 99 99 ,pl4 #aga ,illustration ,,unio fragilis4 ,fragile ,river ,mussel4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,generic ,,character4--,see ,pl4 #eh4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,specific ,,character4 ,u4 testa transversim ovata1 tenui1 intus purpurascente2 dentibus cardinalibus tuberculatis1 sub-obsoletis4 ,shell transversely oval1 thin1 within purple2 cardinal teeth tuberculated1 nearly obsolete4 99 99 99 99 99 ,most fresh water bivalves are remarkably destitute of that variety of colouring1 which diversifies the exterior of marine shells1 and renders their distinction comparatively easy4 ,a uniform olive green1 or brown tint1 pervades all the fluviatile genera2 their specific distinctions rest on characters which frequently require long and perplexing descriptions1 but which can be explained by the artist with ease and precision4 ,it follows1 therefore1 that accurate figures of these shells are more particularly wanted2 for1 although ,lamarck has described so many1 the short descriptions which he has given1 and the want of figures to elucidate them1 render it impossible to determine accurately one half of the species which he has enumerated4 ,unio fragilis is principally distinguished by the cardinal teeth3 those in the right valves are #b2 short1 obtuse1 and nearly obsolete1 more resembling tubercles1 than the crenated or striated teeth of this genus4 ,the left valve has one tooth rather sharper4 ,in young shells the ligamental margin is nearly straight1 and its extremity somewhat angulated2 but old shells lose these appearances1 and become perfectly oval4 ,in both stages of growth the shell is very thin1 convex1 and the inside 7near the umbones7 purple4 ,the slight development of the cardinal teeth brings this shell nearer to the genus ,anodon1 than any other ,unio which ,i have seen4 ,it inhabits the rivers of ,north ,america1 and was sent to me by ,professor ,rafinesque4 99 99 99 99 99 ,pl4 #agb ,illustration ,,ampullaria reflexa1 ,purple ,apple ,snail4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,generic ,,character4--,see ,pl4 #ajc4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,specific ,,character4 ,a4 testa ovato-globosa1 laevi2 spira ventricosa1 obtusa1 sub epidermide purpurea2 apertura nigro-purpurascente2 labio exteriore tenui1 margine reflexo4 ,shell ovate-globose1 smooth2 spire ventricose1 obtuse2 beneath the epidermis1 purple2 aperture blackish purple2 outer lip thin1 the margin reflected4 ,knorr1 vol4 #e4 pl4 #e4 f4 #b4 7uncoated47 ,ampullaria reflexa4 ,swainson1 in ,tilloch's ,ph4 ,mag4 vol4 #fa4 p4 #cgg4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the only record that ,i can find 7in the works of the old writers7 for this ,ampullaria1 is the figure by ,knorr above quoted2 it is obviously drawn from an uncoated specimen1 although ,i have seen instances1 where the blackish purple on the spire was so intense1 as to obscure the thin epidermis which covered it4 ,the peculiar character of the species1 and in which it differs from all others1 is in the outer margin of the lip2 which is thin1 rather spread out1 and slightly reflected2 the form of the shell resembles ,a4 fasciata1 but the spire1 instead of being pointed1 is obtuse2 the umbilicus1 likewise1 is smaller and more concealed4 ,from the absence of a groove round the aperture1 ,i conclude the operculum is horny4 ,the size varies2 perfect shells are in my possession much smaller than the figure1 and ,i have seen others much larger1 and with the aperture more chesnut than purple4 ,i am not acquainted with its locality4 99 99 99 99 99 ,pl4 #agc ,illustration ,,gallinula ruficollis1 var4 ,black-bellied ,gallinule var4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,generic ,,character4 ,gallinula4 ,briss4 ,cuv4 ,tem4 ,lath4 ,fulica1 ,rallus4 ,linn4 ,crex4 ,illiger4 ,rostrum capite brevius1 valde compressum1 conicum1 rectum1 apice compresso1 mandibula inferiore angulata4 ,nares sulcatae1 membrana obtectae2 apertura magna1 oblonga1 pervia1 vix media4 ,pedes elongati1 grallarii1 genibus nudis1 digitis gracilibus tribus1 halluce mediocri4 ,bill shorter than the head1 much compressed1 conic1 straight1 the tips compressed1 inferior mandible angulated4 ,nostrils sulcated1 covered by a membrane2 aperture large1 oblong1 pervious1 nearly medial4 ,feet long1 wading1 knees naked1 fore toes three1 long1 slender1 hind toe 7or thumb7 short4 ,generic type4 ,rallus porzana4 ,linn4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,specific ,,character4 ,gall4 ruficollis var4 ,a8 ,olivaceo-fusca2 cervice cinerea2 pectore1 abdomine1 alisque rufis2 crisso1 uropygio1 caudaque nigris2 tectricibus interioribus rufis1 nigro-fasciatis2 pedibus rubris4 ,olive brown2 neck cinereous2 breast1 body1 and wings rufous2 belly1 rump1 and tail black2 interior wing covers rufous1 banded with black2 legs red4 ,fulica ruficollis4 ,gmelin1 #a4 p4 #gjj4 ,turton1 #a4 p4 #dbc4 ,gallinula ruficollis4 ,lath4 ,ind4 ,orn4 #b4 #gfg4 ,black-bellied ,gallinule4 ,lath4 ,syn4 #a4 p4 #bec4 99 99 99 99 99 ,this is one of the largest water hens found in ,brazil1 where it is very rare4 ,i am indebted to ,dr4 ,langsdorff for the only specimen which ,i brought from that country4 ,it differs considerably from the ,black-bellied ,gallinule of ,latham1 yet1 perhaps1 not sufficiently to record it as a distinct species4 ,total length fifteen inches and a half2 bill one and a half2 the base 7in the dead bird7 orange1 the other half green2 frontlet none2 the crown and nape are grey brown1 the sides cinereous1 and the throat whitish2 the neck both above and beneath for about two thirds its length is lead-coloured2 it then changes to rufous1 which spreads over the breast1 body1 wing covers1 and greater quills2 the lower part of the neck above1 with the back1 scapulars1 and lesser quills1 brownish olive2 the belly1 thighs1 tail1 and rump black2 the inner wing covers are remotely barred with black2 legs 7in the live bird7 red4 ,latham describes the ,black-bellied ,g4 as seventeen inches long2 the bill two inches2 the quills greenish brown1 with rufous margins2 the fore part of the neck and breast bright rufous2 and the flanks with black bands4 99 99 99 99 99 ,pl4 #agd ,illustration ,,tanagra canicapilla1 ,grey-crowned ,tanager4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,generic ,,character4 ,rostrum breve1 validum1 conicum1 basi trigona1 lateribus compressis1 culmine levato1 mandibula superiore ad apicem deflexa et emarginata1 inferioris brevioris rectae basi crassa1 ambarum marginibus inflexis4 ,nares parvae1 basi plumosa1 apertura rotundata1 nuda4 ,alae mediocres4 ,bill short1 strong1 conic1 base trigonal1 sides compressed1 culmin elevated1 upper mandible towards the tip deflexed and notched1 under mandible shorter and straight1 the base thick1 the margins of both inflexed4 ,nostrils small1 the base feathered1 the aperture round1 naked4 ,wings moderate4 ,generic ,types4 ,tanagra ,jacapa1 tricolor4 ,motacilla velia4 ,lin4 ,pipra musica4 ,lin4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,specific ,,character4 ,t4 olivaceo-viridis1 infra flava2 vertice cinereo1 striga oculari auribusque nigris2 rostro gracili4 ,olive green1 beneath yellow2 crown cinereous1 eye stripe and ears black2 bill slender4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,tanagers are a numerous1 and1 in general1 a beautiful tribe1 including some of the most richly coloured birds of ,america2 to which continent modern ornithologists consider they are exclusively confined4 ,m4 ,temminck proposes to unite with the ,tanagers1 several birds scattered in the ,linnaean ,genera of ,lanius1 ,loxia1 ,fringilla1 ,pipra1 and ,motacilla4 ,this view of the subject1 it may not be superfluous to add1 is in perfect unison with my own4 ,in fact1 ,i had meditated a similar arrangement2 but the appearance of ,m4 ,temminck's work rendered the publication of my own remarks no longer necessary4 ,the bird here figured belongs to that division which forms a transition to the ,sylviae1 from which they are readily distinguished by the thickened base of the under mandible4 ,it is not uncommon in the ,west ,indies2 but ,i cannot find it described either among the ,tanagers1 ,finches1 or ,warblers of the ,linnaean school3 in this1 however1 ,i may possibly be mistaken4 ,it is represented the size of life1 and is sufficiently distinguished by its specific character4 99 99 99 99 99 ,pl4 #age ,illustration ,,ampullaria leucostoma1 ,white-mouthed ,apple ,snail4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,generic ,,character4--,see ,pl4 #ih4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,specific ,,character4 ,a testa ovata1 rugosa1 epidermide olivaceo-fusca2 labio exteriore tenui2 apertura alba2 umbilico vix clauso4 ,shell oval1 wrinkled2 epidermis olive-brown2 outer lip thin2 aperture white2 umbilicus nearly closed4 99 99 99 99 99 ,in prosecuting my illustrations of this genus1 ,i have carefully examined all the specimens in the cabinets of my friends1 and have added many to my own4 ,these materials have thrown some additional light on those species which ,i have already described1 and have enabled me to detect several others altogether new4 ,among the latter is the shell here figured1 and which is so rare1 that ,i know but one example of it in this country4 ,its form is more oval than that of ,a4 rugosa1 from which it is likewise distinguished by a very small umbilicus1 nearly concealed by the inner lip2 the wrinkles are numerous and unequal1 the spire pointed1 and the aperture milk-white4 ,since my remarks on the ,planorbis cornu-arietis of ,lamarck were published1 it has been discovered that the shell is furnished with an operculum3 one of these is in the possession of ,mr4 ,sowerby3 thus what was a matter of doubt becomes a fact1 and affords the only substantial argument for terming it an ,ampullaria4 ,on the other hand1 its affinities to ,planorbis 7marked by its discoid1 depressed form1 and the total absence of the pillar17 remain in no degree impaired4 ,the weight of argument on both sides now appears to be so equal1 that it is a matter of no moment whether this shell be placed in the system at the end of the ,ampullariae1 or at the commencement of the ,planorbes4 ,to the generality of conchologists1 the latter collocation would appear the most simple2 but1 on the whole1 ,i incline more to the propriety of considering it the terminal species of the ,ampullariae1 or that which marks their transition 7as ,i before observed7 to the ,planorbes4 99 99 99 99 99 ,pl4 #agf ,illustration ,,anodon elongatus1 ,lengthened ,anodon4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,generic ,,character4--,see ,pl4 #if4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,specific ,,character4 ,a4 testa transversim oblonga1 crassa1 antice compressa1 extremitate utraque rotundata2 umbonibus valde prominentibus1 crassis2 lamina cardinali convexa4 ,shell transversely oblong1 thick1 anteriorly compressed1 both extremities rounded2 umbones very prominent1 thick2 hinge-plate convex4 99 99 99 99 99 ,this extremely rare shell bears not the least resemblance to any which ,lamarck has described1 or with which ,i am acquainted4 ,it was formerly in the late ,mr4 ,forster's collection1 and is now in the possession of ,mrs4 ,mawe4 ,its form is like that of ,unio ovatus 7,mya ovata of ,montague71 but it is a much thicker and stronger shell2 the posterior end is greatly compressed1 but round2 the umbones convex1 remarkably thick1 and deeply eroded2 the inside pearly and iridescent1 with a strong flesh-coloured tinge2 the ligamental or hinge-plate is perfectly smooth1 and rather convex2 the muscular impressions are deep4 ,one valve of the specimen above alluded to 7the only one ,i have seen71 is uncoated1 and beautifully iridescent4 ,its country is unknown--but ,i think it may prove a native of the ,south ,american rivers4 99 99 99 99 99 ,pl4 #agg ,illustration ,,turbinellus spirillus1 ,carinated ,turnip ,shell4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,generic ,,character4 ,testa pyriformis vel fusiformis1 sub-ponderosa4 ,apex papillosus4 ,columella plicata4 ,labium interius margine dilatatum4 ,canalis elongatus1 rectus4 ,shell pear-shaped or fusiform1 heavy4 ,apex papillary4 ,pillar plaited4 ,interior lip with the margin dilated4 ,canal lengthened1 straight4 ,generic ,type4 ,voluta ,pyrum4 ,lin4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,specific ,,character4 ,t4 pyriformi2 spira depressa1 apice prominente2 anfractu basali carinato2 labio interiore dilatato1 albo2 columellae basi plicata4 ,shell pear-shaped2 spire depressed1 apex prominent2 basal whorl carinated1 interior lip dilated1 white2 base of the pillar one-plaited4 ,murex spirillus4 ,gmelin1 #cedd4 ,dillwyn1 #gba4 ,martini1 #c4 tab4 #aae4 f4 #ajfi4 ,knorr1 #f4 tab4 #bd4 f4 #c4 ,pyrula ,spirillus4 ,lam4 ,syst4 #g4 p4 #adb4 99 99 99 99 99 ,in assigning a situation1 under the modern system1 to the ,murex spirillus of ,linnaeus1 no genus appears to me more adapted for its reception than that of ,turbinellus4 ,these shells were formerly blended with the ,linnaean ,volutes1 but are now detached from them as a distinct genus4 ,the most striking peculiarity consists in the prolongation of the base into a long and straight canal2 they possess1 in common with the ,volutes1 a papillary spire1 and1 in general1 their surface is smooth4 ,there are1 however1 other shells classed by the ,french conchologists with this genus1 from their having a plaited columella2 in these1 the apex of the spire is acute1 the base truncated1 and the outside rough with nodules or obtuse spines2 characters so greatly at variance1 and so very distinct from those first mentioned1 that it becomes questionable whether these latter shells should not rather be classed as a distinct group3 in fact1 they are much more nearly allied to ,mitra and ,cancellaria1 which have acute spires1 sculptured volutions1 and truncate bases1 than to the smooth ,turbinelli1 which differ so strikingly in all these particulars4 ,this shell is common to many parts of the ,indian ,ocean2 and1 like most of the smooth ,turbinelli1 has the inner lip dilated4 99 99 99 99 99 ,pl4 #agh ,illustration ,,buceros coronatus1 ,coronated ,hornbill4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,generic ,,character4 ,rostrum elongatum1 crassum1 inane1 deflexum1 marginibus obtuse crenatis1 epithemate inani1 forma vario1 in mandibulam superiorem imposito4 ,nares basales1 ovatae1 7lingua brevis1 angusta1 acuta4 ,illiger47 ,pedes gressorii4 ,bill elongated1 thick1 hollow1 deflexed1 the margins obtusely crenated1 with excrescences of various forms placed on the upper mandible4 ,nostrils basal1 oval4 ,tongue short1 narrow1 pointed4 ,feet gressorial4 ,generic ,types4 ,b4 ,rhinoceros1 bicornis4 ,linn4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,specific ,,character4 ,b4 niger1 abdomine1 stria utrinque occipitali1 apiceque rectricium albis2 rostro subcristato1 7carinato17 rubro4 ,shaw4 ,black ,hornbill1 with the abdomen1 stripe on each side of the nape1 and tip of the tail white4 ,bill slightly crested1 7carinated17 and red4 ,le ,calao ,couronne male4 ,le ,vaill4 ,ois4 d',af4 vol4 v4 p4 #aag4 pl4 #bcd4 ,buceros coronatus1 ,coronated ,hornbill4 ,shaw in ,gen4 ,zool4 #h4 p4 #ce4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the bills of these birds present a more uncouth appearance than even those of the ,toucans2 many species having knobs or excrescences which seem to grow out of the bill itself1 and give a strange appearance to the bird4 ,the whole tribe are natives only of the tropical parts of ,africa and ,asia2 feeding on animal substances1 either living or dead4 ,le ,vaillant discovered this bird in ,caffraria2 congregating in flocks of near #ejj1 along with crows and vultures1 over the remains of slaughtered elephants4 ,it frequents forests1 perching on high1 and generally withered trees2 it likewise destroys insects4 ,the specimen now before me is about the size of a magpie2 the white collar only surrounds the back of the head1 and is not well defined2 the carinated process on the bill ends abruptly1 and not gradually1 as seen in ,le ,vaillant's figure2 the margins are obtusely crenated1 the tail even1 and the two middle feathers entirely black4 99 99 99 99 99 ,pl4 #agi ,illustration ,,muscipeta labrosa1 ,red-lipped ,flycatcher4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,generic ,,character4--,see ,pl4 #aaf4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,specific ,,character4 ,m4 nitide nigra2 rictu labroso1 rubro2 cruribus infra genua plumatis4 ,glossy black2 gape margined by a red skin2 legs feathered beyond the knees4 99 99 99 99 99 ,this bird1 though unattractive in its colours1 is nevertheless very remarkable4 ,it may be almost said to have lips2 for round the gape1 at each angle of the mouth1 is a narrow loose skin2 perfectly naked1 and rather projecting4 ,this singularity is increased by its colour in the live bird2 which1 by a note attached to the specimen1 is stated to be of a beautiful red4 ,it seems a species hitherto unknown1 and was found near the ,great ,fish ,river of ,southern ,africa4 ,the figure is rather less than the natural size2 the whole plumage deep black2 glossed with bluish green in every part but the quill and tail feathers2 the quills inside are grey1 margined with olive2 the first of these is very short1 the second and third shorter than the fourth1 and the two next are nearly of equal length4 ,the tail has ten feathers1 and is even1 except the two outer pair1 which are progressively shorter4 ,the bill rather thick and strong1 the culmine not very apparent1 the upper mandible strongly notched1 the under but slightly2 the nostrils are hid by thickset incumbent feathers1 mixed with hairs2 these cover the aperture1 which is rather large1 round1 and encircled by a narrow membrane4 ,the legs are very short1 the three fore-toes united as far as the first joint1 the hind-toe short2 the claws of all are small1 and the sole of the foot perfectly flat1 like the ,bee-eaters4 ,i have been minute in noting these characters1 because1 although the bird will stand at present in the great family of the ,flycatchers1 there is no doubt they will hereafter be divided into distinct groups4 99 99 99 99 99 ,pl4 #ahj ,illustration ,,turdus vociferans1 ,calling ,thrush4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,specific ,,character4 ,t4 cinereus1 infra ferrugineus2 temporibus auribusque nigris2 caudae rotundatae pennis mediis nigris1 lateribus ferrugineis4 ,cinereous1 beneath ferruginous2 ears and sides of the head black2 tail rounded1 middle feathers black1 lateral feathers ferruginous4 ,le ,reclammeur4 ,le ,vaill4 ,ois4 d',af4 tom4 #c4 p4 #cc1 pl4 #ajd4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i can find no account of this bird in any writer besides ,le ,vaillant1 who discovered it during his travels in ,southern ,africa4 ,he says the note of the male bird is loud and melodious1 and is heard in the morning and evening from the highest branches of lofty trees2 the sexes being usually seen together4 ,le ,vaillant relates an amusing anecdote1 which well illustrates the peculiar note of the male3--,one of his ,dutch ,hottentots1 by name ,piet1 having shot a female1 its mate continued to fly around him1 uttering its cry1 which so much resembled the ,dutch words of ,piet myn vrow1 7or1 ',peter--my wife1'7 that the poor lad 7perfectly astonished7 took to his heels1 and vowed never more to handle a gun4 ,length seven inches and a half2 the upper plumage is dark cinereous3 on each side the head is a stripe of black1 which encircles the eye1 and forms a patch on the ears3 the whole of the under plumage is clear ferruginous yellow or bright buff colour2 the rump and lateral tail feathers the same1 the middle pair being entirely black2 the next pair has likewise a narrow margin of the same colour3 quills and wing-covers dusky brown1 with pale cinereous margins4 ,tail rounded3 legs pale3 irides hazel3 bill rather small and black1 compressed the whole length1 and having weak bristles at its base4 ,this bird obviously belongs to the ,thrushes2 but as ,i have not yet defined the extent of the genus to my own satisfaction1 ,i refrain at present from proposing its characters4 99 99 99 99 99 ,pl4 #aha ,illustration ,,voluta ,pusio1 ,dwarf ,volute4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,generic ,,character4--,see ,pl4 #afa4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,specific ,,character4 ,v4 testa ovato-obtusa1 flavescente1 fasciis pallidis1 maculis fulvis interstinctis cincta2 anfractu basali obtuse nodoso2 spira brevissima1 acuta2 columella incrassata1 multiplicata4 ,shell ovate-obtuse1 yellowish1 with pale bands and fulvous spots2 body whorl crowned by compressed obtuse nodules2 spire very short1 acute2 pillar thickened with many plaits4 ,voluta ,pusio4 ,swainson1 in ,tilloch's ,ph4 ,journal1 vol4 #fa4 p4 #cgh4 99 99 99 99 99 ,lamarck's recent account of this genus1 in the last volume of his ,animaux1 contains but two species in addition to those long ago described by him in the ,annales du ,mus42 thus omitting many of those new ,volutes which of late years have been discovered4 ,on the other hand1 this naturalist has created five species from the varieties of ,v4 musica ,lin4 resting their characters on colour1 bands1 and the number of the lesser or spurious plaits on the pillar4 ,it requires no argument to prove that these principles of distinction are the most uncertain he could have chosen2 scarcely two specimens of ,v4 musica being found alike4 ,these supposed species must1 therefore1 again merge into one4 ,the shell before us has more important characters2 the body whorl is quite smooth1 but crowned by compressed truncated nodules2 the spire remarkably short1 and the tip acute2 in other respects it approaches to ,v4 virescens ,sol4 7,polyzonalis ,lam47 and to ,v4 fulva ,lam4 ,i have neither of these shells at present before me2 but if ,lamarck's description of them1 and the figures which he has cited1 be correct1 ,i have no doubt they are but one species2 ,v4 polyzonalis being the smooth1 and ,v4 fulva being the nodulous variety of ,solander's ,v4 virescens4 ,in fact1 ,lamarck says both shells are transversely striated4 ,v4 pusio is a shell of the greatest rarity1 and is described from a specimen in the collection of my friend ,mr4 ,broderip4 ,its form is perfect1 but its colours are somewhat faded4 99 99 99 99 99 ,pl4 #ahb ,illustration ,,cypraea spadicea1 ,chesnut ,cowry4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,generic ,,character4--,see ,pl4 #aaa4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,specific ,,character4 ,c4 testa ovata1 oblonga1 immaculata2 dorso rufo2 ventre albo2 lateribus lividis4 ,shell ovate-oblong1 unspotted2 the back reddish chesnut2 belly white2 sides livid4 ,c4 spadicea4 ,swainson1 in ,tilloch's ,ph4 ,mag4 vol4 #fa4 p4 #cgf4 99 99 99 99 99 ,in shape and general aspect this shell somewhat resembles ,c4 onyx2 but its colours are so peculiar1 that it cannot be mistaken for that or any other known species3 the under side 7or belly7 is convex and pure white2 the sulcations between the teeth of the aperture wide1 short1 and but faintly marked2 the sides livid1 tinged with flesh colour4 ,three specimens have fallen under my observation2 one of which1 being young1 showed the internal colour of the back to be dull purple2 they were all received by ,mrs4 ,mawe from the ,south ,seas4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,cypraea sanguinolenta 7,middle figures47 99 99 99 99 99 ,c4 testa ovato-oblonga1 dorso punctis fuscis1 nebulosis1 obsito2 lateribus incarnato-violaceis1 livide guttatis2 ventre depresso4 ,shell ovate-oblong1 the back clouded1 and dotted with brown2 sides flesh-coloured violet1 with dark livid spots2 belly depressed4 ,c4 testa ovato-oblonga1 cinereo-caerulescente1 fulvo vel fusco fasciata1 lateribus incarnato-violaceis1 sanguineo-punctatis4 ,lam4 ,syst4 #g4 p4 #cif4 ,c4 sanguinolenta4 ,gmelin1 #cdjf4 ,turton1 #d4 p4 #cce4 ,dill4 #dde4 ,martini1 #a4 t4 #bf4 f4 #bfe1 #bff4 ,ency4 ,meth4 pl4 #cef4 f4 #ab4 ,c4 purpurascens4 ,sw4 in ,tilloch's ,ph4 ,mag4 #fa4 p4 #cgf4 99 99 99 99 99 ,gmelin and ,lamarck have both described the lateral spots on this shell as blood-red4 ,their descriptions in other respects are loose1 and the figures by ,martini so bad1 that it is with some doubt ,i have here placed my purpurascens as a variety of ,gmelin's sanguinolenta4 ,the back of the shell is minutely freckled with brown2 the under part 7or belly7 is flattened2 the spots on the sides dark livid purple1 and the base of the aperture effuse4 ,it is1 ,i believe1 a native of ,southern ,africa4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,general ,,index ,,of ,,latin ,,and ,,english ,,names ,,to ,,vol4 ,,iii4 ,,in ,,the ,,order ,,of ,,publication4 ,pl4 ,pl4 ,ampullaria corrugata #abj ,wrinkled ,apple-snail #abj ,cinnyris ,javanica #aba ,javanese ,creeper #aba ,achatina virginea1 var4 #a #abb ,common striped ,achatina #abb and #b ditto1 var4 #c and #d #abc ditto #abc ,licinia ,crisia #abd ,licinia ,crisia #abd ,papilio ,nerius #abe ,papilio ,nerius #abe ,conus vitulinus1 var4 #abf ,orange fox ,cone #abf maldivus #abg ,spanish-,admiral ,cone #abg ditto chesnut1 var4 #abh ditto chesnut1 var4 #abh ,melliphaga torquata #abi ,white-collared ,honeysucker #abi ,trochilus latipennis1 male #acj ,grey sickle-winged ,h4 ,bird #acj ditto1 female #aca ditto1 female #aca ,macroglossum annulosum #acb ,macroglossum annulosum #acb fasciatum ib4 fasciatum ib4 ,thecla ,macaria #acc ,chesnut-spotted ,hair-streak #acc ,strombus exustus #acd ,burnt-mouthed ,strombus #acd lentiginosus ib4 ,tuberculated ,strombus ib4 tricornis #ace ,horned ,strombus #ace ,ampullaria crassa #acf ,thick ,apple-snail #acf oblonga ib4 ,oblong ditto ib4 ,papilio ,polybius #acg ,papilio ,polybius #acg ,malurus garrulus #ach ,noisy ,soft-tail ,warbler #ach ,sylvia plumbea #aci ,grey-backed ,warbler #aci ,troglodytes rectirostris #adj ,straight-billed ,wren #adj ,psittacus chryseurus #ada ,golden-tailed ,parrot #ada ,nectarinia flaveola #adb ,yellow-bellied ,nectarinia #adb ,ampullaria sordida #adc ,brown ,apple-snail #adc puncticulata ib4 ,oval1 punctured ditto ib4 ,eburna ,valentiana #add ,arabian ,eburna #add tessellata #ade ,tessellated ditto #ade ,pacifica #adf ,south ,sea ditto #adf ,muscipeta carinata #adg ,keel-billed ,flycatcher #adg ,emberiza cristata #adh ,crested ,bunting #adh ,castnia ,fabricii #adi ,red underwing ,day-moth #adi ,sphinx fasciata #aej ,sphinx fasciata #aej ,leachii ib4 ,leachii ib4 ,alcedo semitorquata #aea ,half-collared ,kingsfisher #aea ,achatina melastoma #aeb ,black-mouthed ,achatina #aeb ,strombus lobatus #aec ,lobed or brindled ,strombus #aec ,psittacus ,malaccensis #aed ,blue-rumped ,parrot #aed ,psittacus viridissimus #aee ,green ,parrot #aee ,fringilla oryzivora #aef ,paddy-bird1 or ,java ,sparrow #aef ,ampullaria effusa #aeg ,ribbon ,apple-snail #aeg luteostoma ib4 ,yellow-mouthed ditto ib4 ,pinna bullata #aeh ,rufous ,pinna #aeh ,satyrus argenteus #aei ,satyrus argenteus #aei ,anodon purpurascens #afj ,purple ,anodon #afj ,voluta punctata #afa ,red-dotted ,volute #afa ,achatina fasciata1 var4 #afb ,banded ,achatina1 #c var4 #afb ,hemipodius nivosus #afc ,white-spotted ,turnix #afc ,sylvia annulosa #afd ,white-eyed ,warbler #afd ditto1 var4 beta #afe ,ditto1 ,new ,holland variety #afe ,bulimus citrinus #aff ,citron ,bulimus1 #c var4 #aff ,anodon crassus #afg ,thick ,anodon #afg ,ramphastos ambiguus #afh ,doubtful ,toucan #afh ,pteroglossus viridis #afi ,green ,aracari 7male7 #afi ,malurus ,africanus #agj ,african ,soft-tail #agj ,unio fragilis #aga ,fragile ,river-mussel #aga ,ampullaria reflexa #agb ,purple ,apple-snail #agb ,gallinula ruficollis1 var4 #agc ,black-bellied ,gallinule #agc ,tanagra canicapilla #agd ,grey-crowned ,tanager #agd ,ampullaria leucostoma #age ,white-mouthed ,apple-snail #age ,anodon elongatus #agf ,lengthened ,anodon #agf ,turbinellus spirillus #agg ,carinated ,turnip-shell #agg ,buceros coronatus #agh ,coronated ,hornbill #agh ,muscipeta labrosa #agi ,red-lipped ,flycatcher #agi ,turdus vociferans #ahj ,calling ,thrush #ahj ,voluta pusio #aha ,dwarf ,volute #aha ,cypraea spadicea #ahb ,cypraea spadicea #ahb sanguinolenta ib4 sanguinolenta ib4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,general ,,alphabetic ,,index ,,of ,,latin ,,and ,,english ,,names ,,to ,,volume ,,iii4 ,pl4 ,achatina fasciata1 var41 #afb melostoma1 #aeb virginea1 var41 #abb ditto1 ditto1 #abc banded1 #afb black-mouthed1 #aeb common1 striped1 #abb ditto1 var41 #abc ,alcedo semitorquata1 #aea ,ampullaria corrugata1 #abj crassa1 #acf effusa1 #aeg leucostoma1 #age leuteostoma1 #aeg oblonga1 #acf puncticulata1 #adc reflexa1 #agb sordida1 #adc ,anodon crassus1 #afg elongatus1 #agf purpurascens1 #afj lengthened1 #agf thick1 #afg purple1 #afj ,apple-snail1 brown1 #adc oblong1 #acf oval1 punctured1 #adc purple1 #agb ribbon1 #aeg thick1 #acf white-mouthed1 #age wrinkled1 #abj yellow-mouthed1 #age ,aracari1 green1 #afi ,bulimus citrinus1 var41 #aff citron1 green variety1 ib4 ,buceros1 ,gen4 ,char41 #agh coronatus1 ib4 ,bunting1 crested1 #adh ,castnia1 ,gen4 ,char41 #adi ,fabricii1 ib4 ,cinnyris ,javanica1 #aba ,conus maldivus1 #abg ditto1 var41 #abh vitulinus1 var41 #abf ,cone1 ,spanish-,admiral1 #abg ditto1 chesnut variety1 #abh orange1 fox1 #abf ,creeper1 ,javanese1 #aba ,cypraea spadicea1 #ahb sanguinolenta1 ib4 ,day-moth1 red underwing1 #adi ,eburna1 ,gen4 ,char41 #add ,pacifica1 #adf tessellata1 #ade ,valentiana1 #add ,arabian1 ib4 ,south ,sea1 #adf tesselated1 #ade ,emberiza1 ,gen4 ,char41 #adh cristata1 ib4 ,flycatcher1 keel-billed1 #adg red-lipped1 #agi ,fringilla1 ,gen4 ,char41 #aef oryzivora1 ib4 ,gallinula1 ,gen4 ,char41 #agc ruficollis1 var41 ib4 ,gallinule1 black-bellied1 var41 ib4 ,hair-streak1 chesnut-spotted1 #acc ,hemipodius1 ,gen4 ,char41 #afc nivosus1 ib4 ,honey-sucker1 while-collared1 #abi ,humming-bird1 ,grey sickle-wing1 #acj ditto1 female1 #aca ,java ,sparrow1 or ,paddy-bird1 #aef ,kingsfisher1 half-collared1 #aea ,licinia ,crisia1 #abd ,macroglossum annulosum1 #acb fasciatum1 ib4 ,malurus1 ,gen4 ,char41 #ach ,africanus1 #agj garrulus1 #ach ,melliphaga torquata1 #abi ,muscipeta carinata1 #adg labrosa1 #agi ,nectarina flaveola1 #adb yellow-bellied1 ib4 ,paddy-bird1 or ,java ,sparrow1 #aef ,papilio ,nerius1 #abe ,polybius1 #acg ,parrot1 golden-tailed1 #ada blue-rumped1 #aed green1 #aee ,pinna1 ,gen4 ,char41 #aeh bullata1 ib4 ,pinna1 rufous1 ib4 ,psittacus chryseurus1 #ada ,malaccensis1 #aed viridissimus1 #aee ,pteroglossus viridis1 #afi ,ramphastos ambiguus1 #afh ,river-mussel1 fragile1 #aga ,satyrus1 ,gen4 ,char41 #aei argenteus1 ib4 ,strombus exustus1 #acd lentiginosus1 ib4 lobatus1 #aec tricornis1 #ace burnt-mouthed1 #acd tuberculated1 ib4 ,strombus1 horned1 #ace lobed1 or brindled1 #aec ,sphinx fasciata1 #aej ,leachii1 ib4 ,sylvia1 ,gen4 ,char41 #aci annulosa1 #afd ditto1 var41 #afe plumbea1 #aci ,soft-tail1 noisy1 #ach ,african1 #agj ,tanagra1 ,gen4 ,char41 #agd canicapilla1 ib4 ,tanager1 grey-crowned1 ib4 ,thecla ,macaria1 #acc ,thrush1 calling1 #ahj ,trochilus latipennis1 male1 #acj ditto1 female1 #aca ,troglodytes1 ,gen4 ,char41 #adj rectirostris1 ib4 ,turbinellus1 ,gen4 ,char41 #agg spirillus1 ib4 ,turdus vociferans1 #ahj ,turnip-shell1 carinated1 #agg ,turnix1 white-spotted1 #afc ,voluta1 ,gen4 ,char41 #afa pusio1 #aha punctata1 #afa ,volute1 dwarf1 #aha red-dotted1 #afa ,unio fragilis1 #aga ,warbler1 olive-backed1 #aci white-eyed1 #afd ,new ,holland variety1 #afe ,wren1 straight-billed1 #adj 99 99 99 99 99 ,,systematic ,,index4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,vertebrosa4 ,,part ,,iii4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,ornithology4 ,pl4 ,,cinnyris ,javanica #aba ,,melliphaga torquata #abi ,,trochilus latipennis1 male #acj ditto1 female #aca ,,malurus garrulus #ach ,africanus #agj ,,sylvia plumbea #aci annulosa #afd ditto1 ,new ,holland variety #afe ,,troglodytes rectirostris #adj ,,psittacus chryseurus #ada ,malaccensis #aed viridissimus #aee ,,nectarinia flaveola #adb ,,muscipeta carinata #adg labrosa #agi ,,emberiza cristata #adh ,,alcedo semitorquata #aea ,,fringilla oryzivora #aef ,,hemipodius nivosus #afc ,,ramphastos ambiguus #afh ,,pteroglossus viridis #afi ,,gallinula ruficollis #agc ,,tanagra canicapilla #agd ,,buceros coronatus #agh ,,turdus vociferans #ahj 99 99 99 99 99 ,,systematic ,,index4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,entomology4 ,,part ,,iii4 ,pl4 ,,licinia ,crisia #abd ,,papilio ,nerius #abe ,polybius #acg ,,thecla ,macaria #acc ,,macroglossum annulosum #acb fasciatum ib4 ,,sphinx fasciata #aej ,leachii ib4 ,,castnia ,fabricii #adi ,,satyrus argenteus #aei 99 99 99 99 99 ,,systematic ,,index4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,conchology4 ,,part ,,iii4 99 99 99 99 99 ,univalves4 ,pl4 ,,ampullaria corrugata #abj crassa #acf oblonga ib4 sordida #adc puncticulata ib4 effusa #aeg luteostoma ib4 reflexa #agb leucostoma #age ,,achatina virginea1 var4 #a1 #b4 #abb ditto1 var4 #c1 #d4 #abc melastoma #aeb fasciata1 #c var4 #afb ,,bulimus citrinus #aff ,,conus vitulinus #abf ,maldivus #abg ditto1 variety #abh ,,strombus exustus #acd lentiginosus ib4 tricornis #ace lobatus #aec ,,cypraea spadicea #ahb sanguinolenta ib4 ,,eburna ,valentiana #add tessellata #ade ,pacifica #adf ,,voluta punctata #afa pusio #aha ,,turbinellus spirillus #agg ,bivalves4 ,,pinna bullata #aeh ,,anodon purpurascens #afj crassus #afg elongatus #agf ,,unio fragilis #aga 99 99 99 99 99 ,,addenda ,,et ,,corrigenda4 ,in the ,systematic ,index1 ,conchology1 ,part ,i4 for ,acephalis read ,acephales4 ,pl4 #ib4 page #a4 line #ac1 for caudi1 read caudis4 #bc1 for ,dentatis read ,dentati4 -- #c4 -- #aa from the bottom1 for ,lepidopterae read ,lepidoptera4 -- #ajb4 ,add to the ,synonyms1 ,a4 virginea4 ,lamarck4 ,syst4 tom4 #f4 part #b4 p4 #aca4 ,sowerby's ,genera4 ,achatina1 f4 #b4 -- #abd4 last line1 for female read male2 and in the line above1 for male read female4 -- #abe4 for ,p4 ,nireus read ,p4 ,nerius4 -- #abf4 ,add to the ,syn4 ,lam4 ,syst4 #g4 p4 #dfg4 #ee2 and for ,ency4 ,meth4 pl4 #cbf4 f4 #bjd41 read pl4 #cbf4 fig4 #b and #d4 -- #abg4 ,add to the ,syn4 ,lam4 ,syst4 #g4 p4 #dfe4 #ej4 -- #acd4 ,strombus exustus1 described by ,lamarck 7,syst4 #g4 p4 #baa7 under the name of ,s4 ,papilio4 ,the first of these names1 however1 has the right of priority4 7,see ,mus4 ,cal4 #agig47 ,the figures of ,martini1 tom4 #c4 tab4 #h4 f4 #hbe1 #hbf1 clearly represent this species2 although ,lamarck has quoted them for ,s4 lentiginosus4 ,strombus lentiginosus4 ,add to the ,synonyms1 ,lam4 ,syst4 #g4 p4 #bjc4 ,knorr1 #c4 tab4 #ac1 f4 #b4 ,lamarck has omitted to quote any of the figures representing the young shells of this and the following species4 -- #ace4 ,st4 tricornis4 ,add to the ,syn4 ,lam4 ,syst4 #g4 p4 #bja4 -- #aci4 ,sylvia plumbea4 ,this bird greatly resembles the female of ,s4 pusilla of ,wilson 7yellow-backed ,warbler1 ,latham71 yet differs in having the belly golden yellow instead of white3 ,i was told1 moreover1 that this was a male bird3 the one inhabits ,north1 and the other ,south ,america4 ,latham's description of his yellow-backed ,warbler1 ,i should think1 is not quite accurate2 as he only alludes to one white bar on the wing covers1 whereas both ,wilson and ,vieillot say there are two4 -- #ade4 ,eburna tessellata4 ,add to the ,syn4 ,e4 ,arcolata1 ,lam4 ,syst4 #g4 p4 #bhb4 #d4 -- #adf4 ,eburna ,pacifica4 ,add to the ,syn4 ,e4 lutosa8 ,lam4 ,syst4 #g4 #bhb4 #e4 -- #aej4 ,the upper figure is of ,sphinx ,leachii1 and the under of ,s4 fasciata4 -- #aeb4 ,add to the ,syn4 ,helix regina4 ,ferussac ,moll4 liv4 #ai4 pl4 #aai4 -- #aec4 ,ditto ,s4 bituberculatus1 ,lam4 ,syst4 #g4 p4 #bjb4 #f4 -- #aeg4 ,amp4 ,effusa4 ,ditto1 ,lam4 ,syst4 #f4 #b4 p4 #agh4 #e4 -- #afd4 ,add to the ,syn4 ,le ,figuier ,tcheric1 ,le ,vaill4 ,ois4 d',af4 #c4 pl4 #acb4 -- #aff4 ,ditto ,lam4 ,syst4 #f4 #b4 p4 #agh4 #e4 -- #agj4 ,ditto ,le ,vaill4 ,ois4 d',af4 #c4 pl4 #aab4 f4 #b4 -- #agg4 ,ditto ,pyrula ,spirillus4 ,lam4 ,syst4 #g4 p4 #adb4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,notes #a ,pendant que les naturalistes font des monographies1 des ouvrages generaux ou la synonymie1 les coupes systematiques sont1 a force de temps et de soins1 etablies avec rigueur1 les auteurs des miscellanees1 avec quelques phrases et des noms nouveaux1 font des genres ou des especes1 et publient #ej cahiers dans lesquels les fruits de dix ans de recherches ou de voyages sont enleves a leurs auteurs4 7,f47--,bulletin des ,annonces et des ,nouvelles ,scientifiques2 publie sous la direction de ,m4 le ,b4 de ,ferussac4 ,n4 #d4 p4 #ec4 #b ,see the ,sketch ,book of ,g4 ,crayon1 vol4 i4 p4 #acj4 #c ,bulletin des ,annonces et des ,nouvelles ,scientifiques1 ,n4 #f4 p4 #dch4 #d ,donovan's ,naturalist's ,repository4 #e ,the additional list of synonyms subjoined at the end of this volume almost entirely refer to one or two books which have been subsequently published3 the date of #ahbb1 affixed to the seventh volume of ,lamarck's ,h4 ,n4 des ,animaux sans ,vertebres1 is considerably before the time it was issued to the public4 #f ,i have applied this term to the oblique descent made by the umbo1 towards the basal extremity of the anterior side of bivalves4